war

From Proto-Tocharian *wär (whence Tocharian A wär), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”) through a regular (endocentric) thematicization via *udrom.


eye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éy-ós, nominalized form of *h₁ey- (“to go”), where the semantics developed along the lines of the animals being herded. For similar etymological and semantic developments, compare Hittite iyant (“sheep”) and Oscan eítuvam (“wealth”) (originally meaning livestock, for which semantically compare Latin pecunia).


camel

An action noun from täm- (“be born”). Compare Tocharian A cmol.

alyek cmelne ṣpä ñäkcye cmetsi śaiṣṣene

and to be born in the divine world in another birth


ewe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewes- (“covering”), from *h₃ew- (“to put on clothes, shoes”). Cognate with Latin *uo (“to put on clothes”), Lithuanian auti (“to put on shoes”), etc.


tau

head

tau ? sg (irregular plural towä or tom or taum)

towä (irregular plural)
tom (irregular plural)
taum (irregular plural)

quote-book

Bauer, Brigitte L.M.; Pinault, Georges-Jean

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

a dry measure, roughly equivalent to ten quarts or 1.25 pecks


ek

From Proto-Tocharian *ëk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs, from *h₃okʷ- (“to see”) + the noun-forming ending *-s. Compare Tocharian A ak.

Eśane klausane ṣeycer-me kartstse yolo lkātsi klyaussisa.

"You had eyes and ears to see and hear good and evil."


oko

Related to Tocharian A oko (“id”), but through what manner is uncertain. Probably a borrowing from Tocharian B to A. From there, probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (“berry, fruit”), making it cognate with Lithuanian úoga, Russian я́года (jágoda), Old English æcern (whence English acorn), etc. Also possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“increase, grow”), in which case cognate with auk- (“to grow”), Lithuanian augti, Latin augeo, etc.


kor

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱówH- (“hollow”); compare Sanskrit शून्य (śūnya, “zero”), Latin cavus (“hollow”), Ancient Greek κύαρ (kúar, “eye of a needle, earhole”).


kunt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुन्द (kunda). Only attested in the form kuntäṣṣe.

lbor

(Botany) jasmine, especially Jasminum multiflorum


kirot

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गिलोड्य (giloḍya).


pācer

Inherited from Proto-Tocharian *pācer, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. Compare Tocharian A pācar.


mācer

From Proto-Tocharian *mācer, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian A mācar.


procer

From Proto-Tocharian *procer, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian A pracar.


ṣar

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣar, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Albanian dorë, Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Hittite 𒆠𒌍𒊬 (kessar). Compare Tocharian A tsar.


śana

From Proto-Tocharian *ćänā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéneh₂. Compare Tocharian A śäṃ.


wamer

Cognate to Tocharian A wmār, perhaps akin to Tocharian B wäm- (“disappear”).


kwarsär

From Proto-Tocharian *kwärsär, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-; cognate to Tocharian A kursär.

yojana (ancient unit of measure for distance; often translated as league)


yasar

From Proto-Tocharian *yä́sar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Compare Tocharian A ysār.


paiyye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Compare the nominative/accusative dual form, paine, presumably from Proto-Tocharian *peine du (whence also Tocharian A peṃ (nominative/accusative dual)), from an earlier *pei, from Proto-Indo-European *pódh₁e du, from *pṓds. It is from this dual form in Proto-Tocharian that the singular forms have probably been analogically built. Compare Tocharian A pe.


meñe

From Proto-Tocharian *mēñē, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s. Cognate with Tocharian A mañ, Latin mēnsis, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Russian ме́сяц (mésjac).


pärwāne

From Proto-Tocharian *pärwāne, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (compare English brow, Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū), Ancient Greek ὀφρύς (ophrús)). Compare Tocharian A pärwāṃ.


ṣñor

From Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“tendon”), from *(s)neh₁- (“to bind, knit, tie together, tie to, connect”).


āp

From Proto-Tocharian *āp, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-.


ścirye

From Proto-Tocharian *ścär-iye-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. Cognate to Tocharian A śre.


tkācer

From Proto-Tocharian *t(ŭ)kācēr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Tocharian A ckācar.


keni

From Proto-Tocharian *kenwäi (whence Tocharian A kanweṃ), from the root *kenw- (“knee”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Other cognates include Latin genū, Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu), Old English cnēow (whence English knee).

antapi kenīsa keṃ teksa


kele

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷol-o-s, from *kʷel- (“to turn”), whence also käl- (“endure”), and klutk- (“to turn”). Compare English circle, wheel, Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.


poko

From Proto-Tocharian *pokowjä-, earlier *pākewjä-, from pre-Tocharian *bʰeh₂ǵʰow-h₁en- (definite), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”). Compare Tocharian A poke.


indri

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इन्द्रिय (indriya).


arañce

From Proto-Tocharian *āräñce, whence also Tocharian A āriñc.

heart, used both as the physical organ and the seat of emotion.


keṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *tken (whence Tocharian A tkaṃ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm.


ānte

From Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-os (“forehead, front, face, surface”), from the same root as the above.


kantwo

head

kantwo m (genitive singular käntwāntse, oblique singular kantwa, oblique plural kantwaṃ)

käntwāntse (genitive singular)
kantwa (oblique singular)
kantwaṃ (oblique plural)

From Proto-Tocharian *käntwo, from metathesis of an earlier *tänkwo, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. Compare Tocharian A käntu.


āy

From Proto-Tocharian *āyä (compare Tocharian A āy, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ost-, *h₃est-.


mekwa

From Proto-Tocharian *mekwā (compare Tocharian A maku), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs.


keta

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *tḱey-
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-trom
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáytram
Sanskrit क्षेत्र॑ (kṣétra)
Pali khettalbor.
Tocharian B keta
Probably a learned borrowing from Pali khetta.


kauṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *kaun (whence Tocharian A koṃ), from there uncertain. Likely borrowed from a Turkic language (obviously into Proto-Tocharian), from Proto-Turkic *kün. Compare Crimean Tatar kün, Turkish gün, both meaning "sun" and "day" (Meilet 1914:19). While Windekens (1941) suggested a borrowing from Tocharian into Turkic, Pedersen (1944:11) was in favor of a necessarily opposite borrowing from Turkic into Tocharian. This was later acknowledged by Windekens (1976:627). This theory is also supported by combinations of the meanings "sun" and "day" being very unusual in the Indo-European languages.
Winter suggests a connection with Ancient Greek καίω (kaíō, “to kindle, set on fire”), however this root is isolated in Indo-European and further unlikely compared to the evidence for the former theory.


meske

From Proto-Tocharian *meske, from Proto-Indo-European *mosgo-. Compare Tocharian A masäk.


yasā

Cognate with Tocharian A wäs (“gold”), from Proto-Tocharian *wi̯äsā (“gold”), but of uncertain further origin. Compare Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewso- (“dawn, glow; gold”), Latin aurum (“gold”).


klīye

Cognate with Tocharian A kᵤli, from Proto-Tocharian *kʷliye, possibly from a pre-Tocharian compound *gʷneh₂-h₁en-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéneh₂ (“woman, wife”) plus *-h₁en- (“that”, determiner, used dialectally as a definitizing suffix).


āśce

Uncertain. Possibly from a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), which semantically shifted into an ear of grain, or from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


āntse

From Proto-Tocharian *ānse, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms-o-s, a form of *h₂ṓms. Cognate with Latin umeros and Ancient Greek ὦμος (ômos). Compare Tocharian A es.


wästarye

From Proto-Indo-European *udtr̥-yó-s, from *úderos.


alyiye

From Proto-Tocharian *āläi. Compare Tocharian A āle.


āppo

From Proto-Tocharian *āppo, either inherited from an earlier Proto-Indo-European nursery word or a nursery word itself. Compare Armenian ափի (apʻi), Ancient Greek ἄπφα (áppha), and Tocharian A āp.


āwe

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os. Cognate with Latin avus and Polish wuj.


kaccāp

Related to Tocharian A kāccap (“turtle”). For semantic comparing: Proto-Slavic *čerpaxa (“turtle”) from *čerpъ (“skull”).


kātso

From Proto-Tocharian *kātsān (whence also Tocharian A kāts). Further origin uncertain; most likely from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), in which case cognate with Old English cwiþ (“pregnant”). Also possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kuHtís (“skin, hide; pouch, sac”), and in that case related to Tocharian A kāc (“skin”).


kärkkālle

Possibly from kärtk- (“molder, decay”), but further connections are unknown. Related to Tocharian A kärtkāl (“stretch of water”).


kranko

From Proto-Tocharian *kräṅk-ān-, from Proto-Indo-European *krenk- (“to make a loud noise”). Cognate with English ring (“noise”), Lithuanian krankėti.


kektseñe

From Proto-Tocharian *kekts'en- (whence Tocharian A kapśañi), probably from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


cāne

From Early Middle Chinese 錢 (MC dzjen|tsjenX) or Late Old Chinese 錢 (OC *ʔslenʔ, *zlen).

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


päścane

From Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn (“teat, nipple”). Compare Proto-Germanic *spenô (“nipple”), Ancient Greek στήνιον (stḗnion, “breast, chest”), Lithuanian spenys (“(animal) teats”), Persian پستان (pestân, “breast”), Sanskrit स्तन (stana, “female breast, nipple”).

cog

(anatomy) (dual) breasts (mammary glands)


śukkär

Ultimately from Sanskrit शुक्र (śukra, “any clear liquid, semen”)


ñäkteñña

From the feminine of ñäkteññe (“divine”, adjective). Compare ñakte (“god”).


ṣank

a dry measure, roughly equal to a quart or liter


tsāro

From tsär- (“to be separated, be apart”), thus “a place set apart”.


acirne

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजीर्ण (ajīrṇa).


ajvare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अज्वर (ajvara, “id”).


karyor

From the root of käry- (“to buy, trade”) + -or (action noun suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-.


kāswo

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱas- (“white, gray”), as in peeling/diseased skin. If so, cognate with Latin canus and English hare.


kerccī

Uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos (“enclosure”), which would be cognate to Latin hortus (“garden”), Proto-Celtic *gortos (“enclosure, field”), and Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos, “farmyard”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- (“enclosure, to enclose”), which would be cognate to English yard, garden, Proto-Slavic *gordъ (“fortification, castle”), etc. Both are ultimately from *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”), in any case.


koyn

Possibly from the earlier form *koy-nu, from Proto-Tocharian *koy (whence also Tocharian A koy- (“mouth”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂óyu (“gape”, noun), from the root *ǵʰh₂ey-, extended from the original root *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape, yawn”). The verb kāyā (“to open wide, gape”) derives from the same root. Compare Latin hiō (“I stand open; I gape, yawn”), Lithuanian žióju (“I open”), Proto-Slavic *zijati (“to be open; to gape”), Old English ġinian (“to gape, yawn”).


yoñiye

Either derived ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yéwHō (“young”), or an alternative spelling of yoñiyai (“paths, ways, courses”).


apasmār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपस्मार (apasmāra).


kauᵤrṣe

From Proto-Tocharian *kauwärṣän (whence also Tocharian A keyurṣ), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-wr̥sen- (“bull”), from *gʷṓws (“cow”), the same source as keᵤ. Cognate with Sanskrit गोवृष (govṛṣa).


apramani

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अप्रमाण (apramāṇa).

infinity, any number that is large and difficult to count


käry-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-.


käl-

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”).


ammakki

From the Proto-Indo-European nursery word *amma (“mother”). Compare Old Norse amma and Latin amita.


aruci

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरुचि (aruci).


alāsk-

Either a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अलस (alasa, “lazy”) (compare *ālase), or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₁- (“heat”), as in a fever. In the latter case, compare Irish allas (“sweat”).


aśup

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशुभ (aśubha).


aśrām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आश्रम (āśrama).


āgat

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगद (agada).


ādañc

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आदंश (ādaṃśa).


āmpär

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mr, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to join together”). If so, cognate with English arm and Latin arma (whence English armor).


cāk

From Early Middle Chinese 石 (MC dzyek) or Old Chinese 石 (OC *djaɡ). In modern Chinese languages, the original sense for "weight measure" has been displaced by an alternative reading based on 擔.

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

a dry measure, roughly equivalent to 100 quarts or 3 bushels


indranīl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इन्द्रनील (indranīla).


iścem

Borrowed from an Indo-Iranian source, ultimately either from the Bactria-Margiana substrate or Proto-Indo-European *is- (“clay, dough”). Compare Sanskrit इष्टका (iṣṭakā) and Persian خشت, both meaning "brick". Possibly related to iścake (“dirt, earth”), if that term is also a borrowing from Indo-Iranian.


ikṣṣu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इक्षु (ikṣu).


itomtsa

A later form of *itauntsa, itself from īte (“full”).


upatāpi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपतापिन् (upatāpin).


upadrap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपद्रव (upadrava).


eñcil

Likely a derivative of eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


eñcal

At first glance an alternative form of eñcil (“tax, levy”), although more likely a synonym derived from the same source, eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


akaru

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगरु (agaru).


arirāk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit हरीतकी (harītakī).

Terminalia chebula
Terminalia chebula#Translingual

black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) (a type of plum)


aruṇariju

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरुणर्जु (aruṇarju).


ārk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्क (arka).

Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis gigantea#Translingual


arjuṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्जुन (arjuna).


aśamati

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अंशुमती (aṃśumatī).

Desmodium gangeticum
Desmodium gangeticum#Translingual


Aśleṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आश्लेषा (āśleṣā).


aśvakānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्वगन्ध (aśvagandha).


Aśviṇi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्विनी (aśvinī).


asaṃkhyai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya). Compare Tocharian A asaṃkhye.


asāṃ

asānṣṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आसन (āsana). Compare Tocharian A āsāṃ.


ākāśadhātu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आकाशधातु (ākāśadhātu).


ālyi

Alternative form of alyiye (“palm (of the hand)”)


āñcanarasa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अञ्जनरस (añjanarasa).

a preparation of antimony (to be used as a medical ingredient)


ātmaguptaphal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मगुप्तफल् (ātmaguptaphal). See also ātmagupti.

आत्मगुप्तफल्

fruit of the velvet bean plant (Mucina pruriens)


ātmagupti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मगुप्ता (ātmaguptā). See also ātmaguptaphal.


ātmapāvabhet

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मभाव (ātmabhāva, “self-essence”) + भेद (bheda, “separation, crack”).


käryorttau

Derived from karyor (“trade”) + -ttau (agentive suffix). Compare käryorttautsa (“female merchant”).


strīndri

From Sanskrit स्त्रीन्द्रिय (strīndriya).

der

स्त्रीन्द्रिय


okaro

Uncertain. Probably a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगरु (agaru, “agarwood”) (from Tamil அகில் (akil)), but also possibly borrowed from Tocharian A okar (“plant”).


trākäm

Ultimately from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).


irand

Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis#Translingual


Uttarakur

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरकुरु (uttarakuru).

Uttarakuru (a possibly mythological region to the north of India, mentioned in ancient Indian and classical texts)

any northern area (as Uttarakuru was generally considered to be the region vaguely to the north of India, a meaning expanded when the word was borrowed by the Tocharians)


Uttaraphalguṇi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरफाल्गुनी (uttaraphālgunī).

उत्तरफाल्गुनी

(astronomy) Uttara Phalgunī, the twelfth of 27 nakshatras in Hindu astronomy, corresponding to Denebola (β Leonis) in the Leo constellation.


udāvart

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदावर्त (udāvarta).


udumbura

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदुम्बर (udumbara).

Ficus racemosa
Ficus racemosa#Translingual


udai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदय (udaya). Attested in the compound udai-ṣale, literally "sunrise mountain"; a mountain to the east that the sun rises from behind of.


upāsakāñca

From a form of upāsake (“layperson”) + the feminizing suffix -āñca.


upāl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्पल (utpala).


uśir

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उशीर (uśīra).

Chrysopogon zizanioides
Chrysopogon zizanioides#Translingual

(botany) root of the vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides)


kärnātsi

Nominalized infinitive form of käry- (“to buy”).


käryakār

Probably borrowed from Sanskrit क्रियाकार (kriyākāra).


kälkañc

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कल्काञ्जन (kalkāñjana).


kiṃśuk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंशुक (kiṃśuka).

Butea monosperma
Butea monosperma#Translingual

(botany) Butea monosperma, flame-of-the-forest tree, dhak tree


kiñcelle

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किञ्जल (kiñjala).


kiratikta

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किराततिक्त (kirātatikta).


kiśore

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किशोर (kiśora)


kucatāk

Related to Tocharian A kuccatāk, but of uncertain origin from there. Possibly from Middle Persian.


kutumñcik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुटुम्बिक (kuṭumbika, “home-servant”).

(Botany) name for several plants native to India in the Leucas genus, used in medicine.


kuntark

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुन्द्र (gundra) or a form thereof.


kuruci

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुडूची (guḍūcī).

(Botany) heartleaf moonseed; Tinospora cordifolia


kurkam

Likely from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwlkwm /kurkum/). Compare the other borrowings of Old Armenian քրքում (kʻrkʻum) and Old Georgian ქურქუმაჲ (kurkumay). Only attested in the suffixed form kurkamäṣṣe.


kurkal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुल्गुलु (gulgulu), whence also Tocharian A kurkal.

lbor

bdellium, the fragrant resin of some trees in the Commiphora genus, used as an aromatic or medicinal ingredient


kuṣṭa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुष्ठ (kuṣṭha).

crepe ginger; Costus speciosus, used as a medicine


keᵤ

From Proto-Tocharian *kew-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.


Kertik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कृतिका (kṛtikā).


kaiyye

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, whence also keᵤ.


koṭ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटि (koṭi), whence also Tocharian A kor. Compare koṭiśvare (“millionaire”).


koṭiśvare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटीश्वर (koṭīśvara).


kaucū-wär

Compound of kauc (“upwards”) + war (“water”).


kmut

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुमुद (kumuda).


krāñiye

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-(e)s-n-yo-, from *ḱérh₂sō (“top of the head”), bearing a striking resemblance in particular to Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon) (whence English cranium). Further cognate with Ancient Greek κάρα (kára, “head”) (see English cheer), Old Norse hjarsi (“crown of the head”) (whence Danish isse (“scalp”)), Old English hærn (“brain”) (whence Scots harn).


oñi

Unknown, with no plausible explanations.


kᵤśāne

a type of coin, value and composition unknown