war

From Proto-Tocharian *wär (whence Tocharian A wär), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”) through a regular (endocentric) thematicization via *udrom.


eye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éy-ós, nominalized form of *h₁ey- (“to go”), where the semantics developed along the lines of the animals being herded. For similar etymological and semantic developments, compare Hittite iyant (“sheep”) and Oscan eítuvam (“wealth”) (originally meaning livestock, for which semantically compare Latin pecunia).


camel

An action noun from täm- (“be born”). Compare Tocharian A cmol.

alyek cmelne ṣpä ñäkcye cmetsi śaiṣṣene

and to be born in the divine world in another birth


ewe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewes- (“covering”), from *h₃ew- (“to put on clothes, shoes”). Cognate with Latin *uo (“to put on clothes”), Lithuanian auti (“to put on shoes”), etc.


tau

head

tau ? sg (irregular plural towä or tom or taum)

towä (irregular plural)
tom (irregular plural)
taum (irregular plural)

quote-book

Bauer, Brigitte L.M.; Pinault, Georges-Jean

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

a dry measure, roughly equivalent to ten quarts or 1.25 pecks


en-

Related to Tocharian A en-, either borrowed into or from Tocharian B. Of uncertain origin, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European, cognate with Ancient Greek αἶνος (aînos, “story, tale”).


ek

From Proto-Tocharian *ëk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs, from *h₃okʷ- (“to see”) + the noun-forming ending *-s. Compare Tocharian A ak.

Eśane klausane ṣeycer-me kartstse yolo lkātsi klyaussisa.

"You had eyes and ears to see and hear good and evil."


yap

From Proto-Indo-European *yéw-o-m, from *yéwos, from *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence yu-. Compare Sanskrit यव (yáva, “barley”).


oko

Related to Tocharian A oko (“id”), but through what manner is uncertain. Probably a borrowing from Tocharian B to A. From there, probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (“berry, fruit”), making it cognate with Lithuanian úoga, Russian я́года (jágoda), Old English æcern (whence English acorn), etc. Also possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“increase, grow”), in which case cognate with auk- (“to grow”), Lithuanian augti, Latin augeo, etc.


soy

From Proto-Indo-European *suHyús. Cognate with Tocharian A se, Old Armenian ուստր (ustr) and Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús). Compare also the diminutive form soṃśke reflecting the alternative Proto-Indo-European root for "son".


wi

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Tocharian A wu.


ñu

From Proto-Tocharian *ñäwä, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥. Compare Tocharian A ñu.


trai

From Proto-Tocharian *treyä, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes. Cognate with Tocharian A tre.


El

Possibly from an Uyghur word meaning "stem".


Er

Borrowed from Old Uyghur Er (“man”). Compare Turkish Er, Kyrgyz Erjan, and many other Turkic names.


kor

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱówH- (“hollow”); compare Sanskrit शून्य (śūnya, “zero”), Latin cavus (“hollow”), Ancient Greek κύαρ (kúar, “eye of a needle, earhole”).


kunt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुन्द (kunda). Only attested in the form kuntäṣṣe.

lbor

(Botany) jasmine, especially Jasminum multiflorum


Arjuna

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्जुन (arjuna).

a male given name (Arjuna, hero of the Mahabharata)


prete

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *prot-. Cognate with Lithuanian pranti, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan), Latin interpres, etc.


teki

Related to täk- (“to touch, feel; to fetch”), from the subjunctive stem.
Compare the similar semantics of Latin contāgiō (“contact, touch; contagion”) and contāctus (“touched; contact; infection”), from the same root.


kosi

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s-u-en-, a form of *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”). Cognate with German Husten, Lithuanian kosulỹs, Irish casacht, etc.


kirot

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गिलोड्य (giloḍya).


ṣukt

From Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥. Compare Tocharian A ṣpät.


ṣkas

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs. Compare Tocharian A ṣäk.


śtwer

From Proto-Tocharian *ćätwerä, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres. Compare Tocharian A śtwar.


mācer

From Proto-Tocharian *mācer, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian A mācar.


ṣer

From Proto-Tocharian *(ṣä)ṣer, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Compare Tocharian A ṣar.


śak

From Proto-Tocharian *śäk, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥. Compare Tocharian A śäk.


ṣar

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣar, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Albanian dorë, Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Hittite 𒆠𒌍𒊬 (kessar). Compare Tocharian A tsar.


wamer

Cognate to Tocharian A wmār, perhaps akin to Tocharian B wäm- (“disappear”).


pācer

Inherited from Proto-Tocharian *pācer, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. Compare Tocharian A pācar.


śana

From Proto-Tocharian *ćänā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéneh₂. Compare Tocharian A śäṃ.


okt

From Proto-Tocharian *óktä (whence also Tocharian A okät), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw. Cognate with English eight, Spanish ocho, etc.


puwar

From Proto-Tocharian *puwār, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥, also the origin of English fire, Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr), and Hittite 𒉺𒀪𒄯 (paḫḫur). Compare Tocharian A por.


procer

From Proto-Tocharian *procer, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian A pracar.


paiyye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Compare the nominative/accusative dual form, paine, presumably from Proto-Tocharian *peine du (whence also Tocharian A peṃ (nominative/accusative dual)), from an earlier *pei, from Proto-Indo-European *pódh₁e du, from *pṓds. It is from this dual form in Proto-Tocharian that the singular forms have probably been analogically built. Compare Tocharian A pe.


piś

From Proto-Tocharian *p'ä́ñćä, from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe. Compare Tocharian A päñ.


meñe

From Proto-Tocharian *mēñē, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s. Cognate with Tocharian A mañ, Latin mēnsis, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Russian ме́сяц (mésjac).


ṣe

From Proto-Tocharian *sems, from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm. Compare Tocharian A sas.


yasar

From Proto-Tocharian *yä́sar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Compare Tocharian A ysār.


pärwāne

From Proto-Tocharian *pärwāne, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (compare English brow, Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū), Ancient Greek ὀφρύς (ophrús)). Compare Tocharian A pärwāṃ.


kwarsär

From Proto-Tocharian *kwärsär, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-; cognate to Tocharian A kursär.

yojana (ancient unit of measure for distance; often translated as league)


kante

From Proto-Tocharian *känte, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm. Compare Tocharian A känt.


ṣñor

From Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“tendon”), from *(s)neh₁- (“to bind, knit, tie together, tie to, connect”).


ytārye

From Proto-Tocharian *yätār (“road, way”) + -iye, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éytr̥. Compare Tocharian A ytār.


āp

From Proto-Tocharian *āp, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-.


ścirye

From Proto-Tocharian *ścär-iye-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. Cognate to Tocharian A śre.


oś

Borrowed from a Middle Persian [Term?] source. Compare Khotanese evil, bad (ośa).


tkācer

From Proto-Tocharian *t(ŭ)kācēr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Tocharian A ckācar.


kene

From Proto-Tocharian *kene (whence Tocharian A kaṃ), probably from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”).


kunti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुण्डी (kuṇḍī), whence also Tocharian A kunti.


keni

From Proto-Tocharian *kenwäi (whence Tocharian A kanweṃ), from the root *kenw- (“knee”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Other cognates include Latin genū, Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu), Old English cnēow (whence English knee).

antapi kenīsa keṃ teksa


kele

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷol-o-s, from *kʷel- (“to turn”), whence also käl- (“endure”), and klutk- (“to turn”). Compare English circle, wheel, Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.


erkent

From Proto-Tocharian *erkent (whence also Tocharian A arkant), but from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁regʷ- (“to be dark”) (cognate with Ancient Greek Ἔρεβος (Érebos), Old Norse røkkr (“twilight”), etc.) or Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“white, shining”) (cognate with Latin argentum and semantically akin to English black <> bleach).


etre

From Proto-Tocharian *etre (whence also Tocharian A atär), of uncertain further origin.


poko

From Proto-Tocharian *pokowjä-, earlier *pākewjä-, from pre-Tocharian *bʰeh₂ǵʰow-h₁en- (definite), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”). Compare Tocharian A poke.


indri

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इन्द्रिय (indriya).


arañce

From Proto-Tocharian *āräñce, whence also Tocharian A āriñc.

heart, used both as the physical organ and the seat of emotion.


ārkwi

From Proto-Tocharian *ārkwi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ-. Cognate with Latin argentum. Compare Tocharian A ārki.


malkwer

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-, whence also English milk. Compare Tocharian A malke.


keṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *tken (whence Tocharian A tkaṃ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm.


kokale

From Proto-Tocharian *kuk(ä)le (whence also Tocharian A kukäl), from Proto-Indo-European kʷékʷlos, a form of *kʷel- (“to turn”) (compare klutk- (“to turn”)). Cognate with English wheel, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.

Ṣem kautāte koklentse waiptār pwenta käskānte.

The wagon's axle broke and the spokes were hurled apart.


ānte

From Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-os (“forehead, front, face, surface”), from the same root as the above.


ikäṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *w'īkän, from Proto-Indo-European *(d)wi(h₁)dḱm̥ti (cognate with Latin vīgintī, Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi), Doric ϝείκατι (weíkati), Sanskrit विंशति (viṃśati), Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vīsaⁱti), Ossetian инсӕй (insæj), Armenian քսան (kʻsan), Albanian (një)zet, Welsh ugain). Compare Tocharian A wiki and Tocharian B ikäṃ, both of which seem to be from the same PIE form.

Waimene ikäṃ pkārsa wäntärwa!


yente

From Proto-Tocharian *wyente, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”) (compare English wind, Latin ventus). Compare Tocharian A want.


āñme

From Proto-Tocharian *āñc(ä)me (whence also Tocharian A āñcäm), probably from a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂en(h₁)tmen-, from *h₂enh₁- (“breathe”), the same source as anāsk- (“to breathe”), onolme (“creature, person”), and añiye (“breath”). Cognate with Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman, “breath”), Old High German ātum (“breath”)) and, from the nominal derivative *h₂enh₁mos, Latin animus (“mind, soul”), anima, Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “person”), and possibly Sanskrit अनिल (anila, “air, wind”)).


āñcäm

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अञ्जनाम (añjanāma), or a form thereof.


kantwo

From Proto-Tocharian *käntwo, from metathesis of an earlier *tänkwo, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. Compare Tocharian A käntu.


āy

From Proto-Tocharian *āyä (compare Tocharian A āy, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ost-, *h₃est-.


wastsi

From the infinitive of wäs-, from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to be dressed”). Compare (though probably with different suffix) Latin vestis, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti), Old Armenian զգեստ (zgest).


mekwa

From Proto-Tocharian *mekwā (compare Tocharian A maku), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs.


keta

Probably a learned borrowing from Pali khetta.


kauṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *kaun (whence Tocharian A koṃ), from there uncertain. Likely borrowed from a Turkic language (obviously into Proto-Tocharian), from Proto-Turkic *kün. Compare Crimean Tatar kün, Turkish gün, both meaning "sun" and "day" (Meilet 1914:19). While Windekens (1941) suggested a borrowing from Tocharian into Turkic, Pedersen (1944:11) was in favor of a necessarily opposite borrowing from Turkic into Tocharian. This was later acknowledged by Windekens (1976:627). This theory is also supported by combinations of the meanings "sun" and "day" being very unusual in the Indo-European languages.
Winter suggests a connection with Ancient Greek καίω (kaíō, “to kindle, set on fire”), however this root is isolated in Indo-European and further unlikely compared to the evidence for the former theory.


eṅkwe

From Proto-Tocharian *eṅkwe (whence Tocharian A oṅk), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱw-ó- (“mortal”), from the root *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”).


ṣamāne

Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀲𑀫𑀡 (samaṇa), from Sanskrit श्रमण (śramaṇa).

Ṣamyeṃ māka ṣamāni aplāc.

Many monks were sitting in conversation.


yentuke

From Old Iranian *hinduka, akin to Old Persian [script needed] (*hiⁿduka) from 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /hiⁿdūš/, “India”), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”), of uncertain origin.


aik-

From Proto-Tocharian *aik- (whence also Tocharian A aik-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, own”). Cognate with English owe, Sanskrit ईश (īśa, “possession”), etc.


meske

From Proto-Tocharian *meske, from Proto-Indo-European *mosgo-. Compare Tocharian A masäk.


ñakte

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ní-ǵʰuH-to-, from *ǵʰewH- (“to call, to invoke”)


akāśe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आकाश (ākāśa).


täryāka

From Proto-Tocharian *täryākā (“thirty”) (compare Tocharian A taryāk), from Proto-Indo-European *tri(d)ḱomt (“thirty”).


kenek

From Proto-Tocharian *kenek (whence Tocharian A kanak), probably borrowed from an Iranian language. Compare Ossetian гӕн (gæn, “flax”).


yasā

Cognate with Tocharian A wäs (“gold”), from Proto-Tocharian *wi̯äsā (“gold”), but of uncertain further origin. Compare Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewso- (“dawn, glow; gold”), Latin aurum (“gold”).


klīye

Cognate with Tocharian A kᵤli, from Proto-Tocharian *kʷliye, possibly from a pre-Tocharian compound *gʷneh₂-h₁en-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéneh₂ (“woman, wife”) plus *-h₁en- (“that”, determiner, used dialectally as a definitizing suffix).


yepe

Possibly cognate with Proto-Germanic *wēpną.


śerwe

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwer-. Cognate with Tocharian A śaru.


wästarye

From Proto-Indo-European *udtr̥-yó-s, from *úderos.


yṣīye

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. See also wäs-


āśce

Uncertain. Possibly from a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), which semantically shifted into an ear of grain, or from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


āntse

From Proto-Tocharian *ānse, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms-o-s, a form of *h₂ṓms. Cognate with Latin umeros and Ancient Greek ὦμος (ômos). Compare Tocharian A es.


kerū

Related to Tocharian A karel, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”), the source of many IE words meaning "cauldron", similar to the shape of a drum. Given the semantic shift from "making" > "vessel for making things in" > "thing shaped like that vessel", and that only the first meaning exists in PIE, it can be assumed that there was an unattested original form (perhaps in Proto-Tocharian) that meant "cauldron" or the like. Compare Proto-Germanic *hweraz, Old Irish coire, Russian чара (čara), Sanskrit चरु (caru, “bowl”), etc.


alyiye

From Proto-Tocharian *āläi. Compare Tocharian A āle.


īwate

From yn- ("in") + -wäte ("two"), essentially "in two (minds/parts)".


āwe

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os. Cognate with Latin avus and Polish wuj.


eṅkäl

A form of the subjunctive of eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


āppo

From Proto-Tocharian *āppo, either inherited from an earlier Proto-Indo-European nursery word or a nursery word itself. Compare Armenian ափի (apʻi), Ancient Greek ἄπφα (áppha), and Tocharian A āp.


erkau

From Proto-Tocharian *erkemän (whence also Tocharian A arkämnāṣi), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂org- (“to die, destroy”).


olyitau

Derived from olyi (“boat”) + -ttau (agentive suffix).


īme

→ Tocharian A: ime

Possibly from Proto-Tocharian *wiäime. (The reconstruction is somewhat shaky, as the seemingly related Tocharian A term is in fact borrowed from this one.) Further connections are uncertain. Possibly from the widespread Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”). In that case, cognate with Latin video, English idea, and German wissen.

consciousness, awareness, thought, memory


iprer

→ Tocharian A: eprer

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥bʰrós or a similar form, from Proto-Indo-European *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy-”). Cognate with Latin imber, nimbus, and nebula, as well as German Nebel.


olyi

Uncertain. Related to Tocharian A olyik (“id”), assuming its translation is correct, which would mean both are from Proto-Tocharian. In any case, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂euluh₁en-, a form of *h₂ewlo- (“tube, channel, hole”), in which case cognate to Ancient Greek αὐλός (aulós, “tube, pipe; haulm”), αὐλών (aulṓn, “hollow, channel, strait”), Old Armenian ուղի (ułi, “road”), Hittite [script needed] (halluwa-, “hollow, pit”), Latin alvus (“cavity, stomach, hold of a ship”), etc.


kärkkālle

Possibly from kärtk- (“molder, decay”), but further connections are unknown. Related to Tocharian A kärtkāl (“stretch of water”).


kātso

From Proto-Tocharian *kātsān (whence also Tocharian A kāts). Further origin uncertain; most likely from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), in which case cognate with Old English cwiþ (“pregnant”). Also possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kuHtís (“skin, hide; pouch, sac”), and in that case related to Tocharian A kāc (“skin”).


kottär

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोत्र (gotra).


kektseñe

From Proto-Tocharian *kekts'en- (whence Tocharian A kapśañi), probably from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


kranko

From Proto-Tocharian *kräṅk-ān-, from Proto-Indo-European *krenk- (“to make a loud noise”). Cognate with English ring (“noise”), Lithuanian krankėti.


päścane

From Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn (“teat, nipple”). Compare Proto-Germanic *spenô (“nipple”), Ancient Greek στήνιον (stḗnion, “breast, chest”), Lithuanian spenys (“(animal) teats”), Persian پستان (pestân, “breast”), Sanskrit स्तन (stana, “female breast, nipple”).

cog

(anatomy) (dual) breasts (mammary glands)


tāś

Cognate with Tocharian A tāśśi pl (“chiefs, commanders”), from Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *téh₂g-yu-s, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g-, *tag- (“to establish, (put in) order; to command, rule”). Compare Ancient Greek τᾱγός (tāgós, “commander, ruler”) and Parthian 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /tagma-dāra-/, “commander”, literally “order-giver”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

ṣle-taś

commander of the mountain region; mountain-commander

ywārt-taś

commander of the central region; center-commander


cāne

From Early Middle Chinese 錢 (MC dzjen|tsjenX) or Late Old Chinese 錢 (OC *ʔslenʔ, *zlen).

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


käṣṣī

From Proto-Tocharian *käṣṣī (whence also Tocharian A käṣṣī), from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁s- (“to proclaim, point out, instruct”), and cognate with Sanskrit शास्ति (śāsti, “to teach, instruct, rule”).


krāso

→ Tocharian A: krāso


śarko

musical instrument
musical instrument#English

a type of musical instrument, possibly a lute


śukkär

Ultimately from Sanskrit शुक्र (śukra, “any clear liquid, semen”)


empele

→ Tocharian A: empele

From the negative prefix e(n)- + pele (“law”).


ploriyo

type of musical wind instrument, possibly a flute


ñäkteñña

From the feminine of ñäkteññe (“divine”, adjective). Compare ñakte (“god”).


yaṣṣuca

From yāṣṣu (“alms, begged food”), from yāsk- (“to ask, beg”).


krośce

From Proto-Tocharian *kʷroscē (whence also Tocharian A kᵤraś), from Proto-Indo-European *krews- (“to freeze, become hard”). Compare Latin crusta, Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos), etc.


yatwe

From Proto-Indo-European (compare Sanskrit वध (vadha)).


kärweñe

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?] (whence Tocharian A kärwañ), but from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-, in which case cognate with Sanskrit ग्रावन् (grāvan), Lithuanian girna, and English quirn. Also possibly related to Ancient Greek κεραυνός (keraunós, “lightning”), as some rocks were believed to be formed by lightning strikes.


tsāro

From tsär- (“to be separated, be apart”), thus “a place set apart”.


ṣank

a dry measure, roughly equal to a quart or liter


nrai

Most likely derived from Sanskrit निरय (niraya).


aṃśūk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अंशुक (aṃśuka).


agrakulike

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अग्र (agra) + कुलिक (kulika).


agradharma

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अग्र (agra) + धर्म (dharma), literally "foremost law".


aksaṣṣuki

From Proto-Tocharian *aks-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”). Cognate with Latin aio and English adagio and prodigy.


acirne

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजीर्ण (ajīrṇa).


acār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अचर (acara).


ajvare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अज्वर (ajvara, “id”).


adhiṣṭhit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अधितिष्ठति (adhitiṣṭhati).

to take control over, particularly magically.


anantārs

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आनन्तर्य (ānantarya).

unpardonable sin, sin punishable by death


anās

Likely a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनाथ (anātha, “unprotected”).


anāsrap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनास्रव (anāsrava).


anubhāp

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुभव (anubhava).


anāsk-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-, the same source as onolme (“creature, person”), āñme (“self, soul”), and añiye (“breath”). Cognate with Latin animus.


empelñe

From empele + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kauṃ-yaptsi

From kauṃ (“sun”) and yäp- (“to enter; to set”).


karyor

From the root of käry- (“to buy, trade”) + -or (action noun suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-.


kāswo

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱas- (“white, gray”), as in peeling/diseased skin. If so, cognate with Latin canus and English hare.


koyn

Possibly from the earlier form *koy-nu, from Proto-Tocharian *koy (whence also Tocharian A koy- (“mouth”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂óyu (“gape”, noun), from the root *ǵʰh₂ey-, extended from the original root *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape, yawn”). The verb kāyā (“to open wide, gape”) derives from the same root. Compare Latin hiō (“I stand open; I gape, yawn”), Lithuanian žióju (“I open”), Proto-Slavic *zijati (“to be open; to gape”), Old English ġinian (“to gape, yawn”).


kerccī

Uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos (“enclosure”), which would be cognate to Latin hortus (“garden”), Proto-Celtic *gortos (“enclosure, field”), and Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos, “farmyard”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- (“enclosure, to enclose”), which would be cognate to English yard, garden, Proto-Slavic *gordъ (“fortification, castle”), etc. Both are ultimately from *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”), in any case.


kauṃ-pirko

From kauṃ (“sun”) + pirko (“rise”, noun), from pärk- (“rise”, verb).


rṣāke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऋषि (ṛṣi), whence also Tocharian A riṣak.


yoñiye

Either derived ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yéwHō (“young”), or an alternative spelling of yoñiyai (“paths, ways, courses”).


ykāssäññe

Possibly from an otherwise unattested adjective: *ykāsse + -ññe.


antarābhav

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तराभवदेह (antarābhavadeha) or a related term.


antariye

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तरीय (antarīya).


antarvās

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तर्वासस् (antarvāsas).


apasmār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपस्मार (apasmāra).


kauᵤrṣe

From Proto-Tocharian *kauwärṣän (whence also Tocharian A keyurṣ), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-wr̥sen- (“bull”), from *gʷṓws (“cow”), the same source as keᵤ. Cognate with Sanskrit गोवृष (govṛṣa).


apāṣṣätte

From e(n)- (privative prefix) + pāsk- (“to cover, protect”) + -tte.


apramani

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अप्रमाण (apramāṇa).

lbor

infinity, any number that is large and difficult to count


apāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपाय (apāya, “danger”).

someone of lower birth, specifically within the context of the Indian caste system


aprasāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अप्रसाद (aprasāda).


kulyp-

From Proto-Tocharian *käuliäp- (whence also Tocharian A kulyp-), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷlep- (“to desire”).


sapule

An Iranian borrowing. See Old Armenian սափոր (sapʻor).


oṅkrotte

From Proto-Tocharian *oṅkrotte (whence also Tocharian A onkrac), a privative form of the source of kwär- (“to age, grow old”) itself of further uncertain origin.


stamäṣṣälñe

From a form of stäm- (“to stand”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


käry-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-.


käl-

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”).


amäkṣpänte

Uncertain. Possibly from *amäkṣa (“wagon”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ém-h₂ḱs-ih₂ ~ *h₂m̥-h₂ḱs-yéh₂, from *h₂em- (“to hold on to”) + *h₂eḱs- (“axle”) + *-ih₂, + *päntā (“master”, literally “he of the way”), from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s ~ *pn̥th₁és (“way”). Compare kokalpänta (“wagonmaster”), from kokale (“cart, wagon”) + *päntā.
Alternatively borrowed from Iranian, compare Khotanese [script needed] (maśpa, “road, way”), possibly from Proto-Iranian *amaxšyapādah, from *amaxšyah, of unknown meaning and origin, + *pántaHh ~ *paθáh (“path”).


ammakki

From the Proto-Indo-European nursery word *amma (“mother”). Compare Old Norse amma and Latin amita.


aruci

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरुचि (aruci).


artkaretstse

A form of *ārtk- (“to make abundant”) + -tstse.


alāsk-

Either a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अलस (alasa, “lazy”) (compare *ālase), or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₁- (“heat”), as in a fever. In the latter case, compare Irish allas (“sweat”).


avatrāpi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अवत्रापिन् (avatrāpin).


awāsīke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आवासिक (āvāsika)


aśari

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya).


aśup

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशुभ (aśubha).


aśrāddhe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्रद्ध (aśraddha).


aśrām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आश्रम (āśrama).


aṣanīke

A form of aṣām (“worthy”), ultimately from Khotanese āṣana.


akṣār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अक्षर (akṣara).


āgam

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आगम (āgama).


āgat

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगद (agada).


ājānai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आजानेय (ājāneya). Compare Tocharian A ājivik.


ādañc

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आदंश (ādaṃśa).


āmiṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आमिष (āmiṣa).


āmpär

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mr, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to join together”). If so, cognate with English arm and Latin arma (whence English armor).


cāk

From Early Middle Chinese 石 (MC dzyek) or Old Chinese 石 (OC *djaɡ). In modern Chinese languages, the original sense for "weight measure" has been displaced by an alternative reading based on 擔.

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

a dry measure, roughly equivalent to 100 quarts or 3 bushels


indranīl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इन्द्रनील (indranīla).


iścem

Borrowed from an Indo-Iranian source, ultimately either from the Bactria-Margiana substrate or Proto-Indo-European *is- (“clay, dough”). Compare Sanskrit इष्टका (iṣṭakā) and Persian خشت, both meaning "brick". Possibly related to iścake (“dirt, earth”), if that term is also a borrowing from Indo-Iranian.


sargga

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सर्ग (sarga).


saṃsār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit संसार (saṃsāra).


gottär

Likely a learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोत्र (gotra)


āstär

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अस्त्र (astra, “projectile, arrow”).


āhār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आहार (āhāra).


itomtsa

A later form of *itauntsa, itself from īte (“full”).


ikṣṣu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इक्षु (ikṣu).


intsau

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite, fire”), which would make it cognate with Latin aethēr (“heaven, sky”), Sanskrit एध (edha, “fuel”) and Old English āl (“fire”).


imāne

Unknown. Possibly a form of i- (“to go”), in the sense of "one who goes", as an errand boy or other servant tasked with fetching things.


upadrap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपद्रव (upadrava).


upatāpi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपतापिन् (upatāpin).


upekṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपेक्षा (upekṣā). Related to upekṣindri and upekṣopavicār, borrowings of Sanskrit compounds of that term.


upādām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपादान (upādāna).


eñcal

At first glance an alternative form of eñcil (“tax, levy”), although more likely a synonym derived from the same source, eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


eñcil

Likely a derivative of eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


naut-

From Proto-Tocharian *näut- (whence Tocharian A nut-), from Proto-Indo-European *nuh₂-eh₂, verbal stem of *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”).


akaru

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगरु (agaru).


pilkoṣṣe

From pilko (“thought, viewpoint”) + -ṣṣe.


ayājñi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजाजि (ajāji).


arahānte

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्हन्त् (arhant), from अर्हत् (arhat). Compare Tocharian A ārānt.

arhat (the personification of the tenets of Buddhism)


arirāk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit हरीतकी (harītakī).

Terminalia chebula
Terminalia chebula#Translingual

black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) (a type of plum)


aruṇariju

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरुणर्जु (aruṇarju).


arjuṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्जुन (arjuna).


ārk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्क (arka).

Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis gigantea#Translingual


aśamati

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अंशुमती (aṃśumatī).

Desmodium gangeticum
Desmodium gangeticum#Translingual


aśaikṣamārg

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशैक्षमार्ग (aśaikṣamārga), a compound of अशैक्ष (aśaikṣa, “no longer a pupil”) + मार्ग (mārga, “path; way”)

com

(Buddhism) the path of those no longer needing religious instruction


aśaikṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशैक्ष (aśaikṣa), a compound of अ- (a-, “not”) + शिक्षा (śikṣā, “study”).

com

one no longer needing religious training


Aśleṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आश्लेषा (āśleṣā).


Aśviṇi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्विनी (aśvinī).


aśvamet

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्वमेध (aśvamedha).


aśvakānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्वगन्ध (aśvagandha).


asaṃkhyai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya). Compare Tocharian A asaṃkhye.


asāṃ

asānṣṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आसन (āsana). Compare Tocharian A āsāṃ.


ākāśadhātu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आकाशधातु (ākāśadhātu).


āka

Probably from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), whence also ak (“ear of grain”). Compare English ear, of the same usage.


ālyi

Alternative form of alyiye (“palm (of the hand)”)


ājivīke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आजिवीके (ājivīke).


āñcanarasa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अञ्जनरस (añjanarasa).

a preparation of antimony (to be used as a medical ingredient)


ātmaguptaphal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मगुप्तफल् (ātmaguptaphal). See also ātmagupti.

आत्मगुप्तफल्

fruit of the velvet bean plant (Mucina pruriens)


Ātmavarga

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मवर्ग (ātmavarga).


ātmagupti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मगुप्ता (ātmaguptā). See also ātmaguptaphal.


ādhyātmike

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आध्यात्मिक (ādhyātmika, “spiritual, holy”).

something that comes from the self or soul


ātmadṛṣṭi

Orthographic borrowing from Sanskrit, itself a compound of आत्म (ātma, “self”, combining form) + दृष्टि (dṛṣṭi, “view”).

(Buddhism) self-view (the view, perspective, or thesis that there is a self)


ātmapāvabhet

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मभाव (ātmabhāva, “self-essence”) + भेद (bheda, “separation, crack”).


ānāpānasmrti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आनापानस्मृति (ānāpānasmṛti).

आनापानस्मृति

mindfulness of breathing (a meditation exercise)


āraṇyāyataṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरण्य (araṇya) + आयतन (āyatana).


Āryottāme

Possibly related to Sanskrit आर्य (ārya, “noble”), widespread in Tocharian male given names.


Āryamārg

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यमार्ग (āryamārga).


Āryatewe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यदेव (āryadeva).


Āryawarme

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यवर्मन् (āryavarman).


āryavaṃś

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यवंश (āryavaṃśa).


Ārslāṃ

From the Uyghur word for lion. Compare Turkish Arslan.


käryorttau

Derived from karyor (“trade”) + -ttau (agentive suffix). Compare käryorttautsa (“female merchant”).


Ylaiñäkte

Etymology uncertain. Possibly from a hypothetical *laiñe (“rain; storm”) + ñakte (“god”). *ylai- here may possibly be connected to Proto-Indo-European *welh₂ (“strike”).


strīndri

From Sanskrit स्त्रीन्द्रिय (strīndriya).

der

स्त्रीन्द्रिय


okaro

Uncertain. Probably a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगरु (agaru, “agarwood”) (from Tamil அகில் (akil)), but also possibly borrowed from Tocharian A okar (“plant”).


kārm

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, “act, action, performance”)


winai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit विनय (vinaya).

vinaya (rules of discipline for Buddhist monks)


trākäm

Ultimately from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).


maṇḍāl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मण्डल (maṇḍala).

a special circle marked on the ground for religious or magical purposes, mandala


irand

Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis#Translingual


iryāpath

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ईर्यापथ (īryāpatha).


Uttaraphalguṇi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरफाल्गुनी (uttaraphālgunī).

उत्तरफाल्गुनी

(astronomy) Uttara Phalgunī, the twelfth of 27 nakshatras in Hindu astronomy, corresponding to Denebola (β Leonis) in the Leo constellation.


Uttarakur

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरकुरु (uttarakuru).

Uttarakuru (a possibly mythological region to the north of India, mentioned in ancient Indian and classical texts)

any northern area (as Uttarakuru was generally considered to be the region vaguely to the north of India, a meaning expanded when the word was borrowed by the Tocharians)


uttarāsāṅkä

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरासङ्ग (uttarāsaṅga).


Udānalaṅkār

Probably borrowed from Sanskrit, if so from the same source as Tocharian B udāṃ.


udāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदान (udāna).


Udāyin

Probably a learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदयिन् (udayin).


Upagupta

Probably a learned borrowing from Sanskrit.


udai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदय (udaya). Attested in the compound udai-ṣale, literally "sunrise mountain"; a mountain to the east that the sun rises from behind of.


udumbura

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदुम्बर (udumbara).

Ficus racemosa
Ficus racemosa#Translingual


udāvart

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदावर्त (udāvarta).


Upatiṣya

Borrowed from Sanskrit उपतिष्य (upatiṣya).


upadeś

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपदेश (upadeśa).


upādhyāye

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपाध्याया (upādhyāyā).


upāsakāñca

From a form of upāsake (“layperson”) + the feminizing suffix -āñca.


Upāli

Upāli, one of the ten disciples of the Buddha


ubhayavipariti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उभय (ubhaya) + विपरीत (viparīta).

neither feeling pleasure nor suffering; apathetic, stoic


upāl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्पल (utpala).


ūrṇ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऊर्णा (ūrṇā). Only attested in the derived term ūrṇaṣṣe. Compare Tocharian A urṇ (“id”).

the circles of white hair between the brows of the Buddha or other deity


uśir

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उशीर (uśīra).

Chrysopogon zizanioides
Chrysopogon zizanioides#Translingual

(botany) root of the vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides)


ekṣalye

From Proto-Tocharian *ekʷṣäliē, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Compare Tocharian A opṣäly.

an appropriate time for Buddha-like actions


etrīwaitstse

The negative prefix e(n)- + a form of an unattested *trīwo (related to traiwo (“mixture”) + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


Kāśyap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit काश्यप (kāśyapa).

(Buddhism) Kassapa (the name of the 27th of 27 named Buddhas immediately preceding Gautama)


Kāśyape

Clipping of Sanskrit महाकाश्यप (mahākāśyapa), itself a borrowing from Pali Mahākassapa.

(Buddhism) Maha Kassapa, one of Ten Principal Disciples of Gautama Buddha


kärnātsi

Nominalized infinitive form of käry- (“to buy”).


kärnol

From a form of käry- (“to buy”); at this time, "adopted" children were often bought from their parents. Only attested in Tocharian A kärnolñe (“the condition of being an adopted child”), which is obviously a borrowing from Tocharian B.


käryakār

Probably borrowed from Sanskrit क्रियाकार (kriyākāra).


käryorttaññe

From käryorttau (“trader, merchant”) + -ññe.

a lexical meter of four sets of twelve syllables


kälkañc

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कल्काञ्जन (kalkāñjana).


kiṃśuk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंशुक (kiṃśuka).

Butea monosperma
Butea monosperma#Translingual

(botany) Butea monosperma, flame-of-the-forest tree, dhak tree


Kippā

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese due to the final stressed vowel.


kiñcelle

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किञ्जल (kiñjala).


kinnare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंनर (kiṃnara, “a mythical being”), whence also Tocharian A kinnare.


kiśore

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किशोर (kiśora)


kiratikta

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किराततिक्त (kirātatikta).


kucatāk

Related to Tocharian A kuccatāk, but of uncertain origin from there. Possibly from Middle Persian.


kutumñcik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुटुम्बिक (kuṭumbika, “home-servant”).

(Botany) name for several plants native to India in the Leucas genus, used in medicine.


kuntark

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुन्द्र (gundra) or a form thereof.


Kumpāntiśke

Possibly a diminutive form of the name Kumpānte.


kuntipaśaṃ

Compound of kunti (“pot”) + Sanskrit भाजन (bhājana, “pot, vessel”). See also bhājaṃ.


bhājaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit भाजन (bhājana). See also kuntipaśaṃ.


kumbhāṃṇḍe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुम्भाण्ड (kumbhāṇḍa).

(Buddhism) a kumbhanda, a type of dwarfish, deformed, lesser spirits in Buddhist mythology.


kuruci

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुडूची (guḍūcī).

(Botany) heartleaf moonseed; Tinospora cordifolia


kulaṃkule

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit [Term?].

(Buddhism) someone who has been successively reincarnated into several families before finally reaching spiritual liberation


kurkam

Likely from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwlkwm /kurkum/). Compare the other borrowings of Old Armenian քրքում (kʻrkʻum) and Old Georgian ქურქუმაჲ (kurkumay). Only attested in the suffixed form kurkamäṣṣe.


kurkal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुल्गुलु (gulgulu), whence also Tocharian A kurkal.

lbor

bdellium, the fragrant resin of some trees in the Commiphora genus, used as an aromatic or medicinal ingredient


kuṣṭa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुष्ठ (kuṣṭha).

crepe ginger; Costus speciosus, used as a medicine


keᵤ

From Proto-Tocharian *kew-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.


Kertik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कृतिका (kṛtikā).


kokaletstse

From kokale (“wagon, cart”) + -tstse (agentive ending).


kokalpänta

From kokale (“wagon”) + *päntā (“road-master”).


kaiyye

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, whence also keᵤ.


päntā

From Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s (“path”).

master of a road or route, literally "he of the road".


amäkṣa

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ém-h₂ḱs-ih₂ ~ *h₂m̥-h₂ḱs-yéh₂, from *h₂em- (“to hold on to”) + *h₂eḱs- (“axle”) + *-ih₂.


koṭ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटि (koṭi), whence also Tocharian A kor. Compare koṭiśvare (“millionaire”).


koṭiśvare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटीश्वर (koṭīśvara).


anuśāsake

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुशासक (anuśāsaka).


kaucū-wär

Compound of kauc (“upwards”) + war (“water”).


kmut

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुमुद (kumuda).


krās-

From Proto-Tocharian *krās- (whence Tocharian A krās-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰres-, with cognates only seen in the Baltic languages, such as Lithuanian grasa (“threat”).


krānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ग्रन्थ (grantha), whence also Tocharian A granth.


krāñiye

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-(e)s-n-yo-, from *ḱérh₂sō (“top of the head”), bearing a striking resemblance in particular to Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon) (whence English cranium). Further cognate with Ancient Greek κάρα (kára, “head”) (see English cheer), Old Norse hjarsi (“crown of the head”) (whence Danish isse (“scalp”)), Old English hærn (“brain”) (whence Scots harn).


klampärya

Uncertain. Compare Tocharian A klumpri (“id”).

a literary meter, of 4x18 syllables, with a 7/7/4 rhythm


emalyaṣṣe

From emalya (“heat”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


epiyac

From Proto-Tocharian *epiyāc (whence also Tocharian A opyāc), from an Iranian source. Compare Khotanese byāta- (“id”).


enerke

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + nerke.


enäṣṣālñe

From en- (“to teach, instruct”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


epiṅkte

Unknown. Possibly from the intensive prefix e(n)- + Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to break”).

for (with nouns denoting periods of time, e.g. "for an hour")


epiyac käl

Phrasal verb comprising of epiyac (“memory”) and käl-.


epiyac yām

Phrasal verb comprising of epiyac (“memory”) and yām-.

to cause someone to remember, to recall something to someone


emprentstse

From empreṃ (“truth”) + -tstse (adjective-forming suffix).


Erkätsole

Possibly from erk (“testicle”), with the semantic development of testicle > something like "stallion" > male name, akin to Old English Hengest.


oktaśke

Uncertain. Probably a form of okt (“eight”), possibly as a partial calque from Sanskrit of अष्टका (aṣṭakā, “eight day after a full moon”) or अष्टमी (aṣṭamī, “eight day in a half month”).


oñi

Unknown, with no plausible explanations.


onuwaññe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nuh₂-eh₂, verbal stem of *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”), the same source as naut- (“to die”). Cognate with Tocharian A nwām (“sick”), Welsh newyn (“hunger”), Old Irish núna (“famine”), etc.


onmiñ

Related to Tocharian A onmiṃ (“id”) (possibly a borrowing from one language to another), but further connections are unknown.


onsoytte

From the negative prefix e(n)- + soy- (“to satisfy”). Identical form to Tocharian A asinät (“id”).


oppīloñ

Uncertain. Possibly ultimately from forms of Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi- + *pulu- (“hair”), which would be cognate to Latin pilus (“hair”) and Sanskrit पुलक (pulaka, “bristling of hair”).


omutruññaiṣṣe

From Proto-Tocharian *e(n)- (“in”) + ultimately a form of Proto-Indo-European *medʰi- (“with, among”) (whence also Tocharian A mäcriṃ (“id”)) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe. Cognates include English middle, Lithuanian mẽdis (“wood”), Latin medium, etc.


kᵤśāne

a type of coin, value and composition unknown


yātäṣṣeñca

From yāt- (“be capable of; have power over, tame”)


ypoy-moko

a "land-elder," an official of some sort


pūdñäkte

From *pūd- (from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha)) + ñakte