or

From Proto-Indo-European *dóru, with unexplained loss of initial */d/. Compare Tocharian B or.


want

From Proto-Tocharian *wyente, from Post-PIE *h₂weh₁ntos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”) (compare English wind, Latin ventus). Compare Tocharian B yente.


se

From Proto-Indo-European *suHyús. Cognate with Tocharian B soy, Old Armenian ուստր (ustr) and Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús).


lu

From Proto-Tocharian *luwā-, from Proto-Indo-European *luh₂eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to seize, gain”). Compare Tocharian B luwo. Related to Old Church Slavonic ловъ (lovŭ, “hunt”), Serbo-Croatian lȏv (“chase; game animal”); compare also Ancient Greek λέων (léōn, “lion”).


es

From Proto-Tocharian *ānse, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms-o-s, a form of *h₂ṓms. Compare Tocharian B āntse.


pe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Compare the nominative/accusative dual form, peṃ, presumably from Proto-Tocharian *peine du (whence also Tocharian B paine), from an earlier *pei, from the Proto-Indo-European *pódh₁e du, from *pṓds. It is from this dual form in Proto-Tocharian that the singular forms have probably been analogically built. Compare Tocharian B paiyye.


tsar

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣar, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Albanian dorë, Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Hittite [script needed] (kessar). Compare Tocharian B ṣar.


poke

From Proto-Tocharian *pokowjä-, earlier *pākewjä-, from pre-Tocharian *bʰeh₂ǵʰow-h₁en- (definite), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”). Compare Tocharian B pokai.


por

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥, also the origin of English fire, Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr), and Hittite 𒉺𒀪𒄯 (paḫḫur). Compare Tocharian B puwar.


ko

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cow”). Compare Tocharian B keu, English cow.


oko

Related to Tocharian A oko (“id”), but through what manner is uncertain. Probably borrowed from Tocharian B to Tocharian A, in which case ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (“berry, fruit”).


mem

From Proto-Tocharian *meim, a nominal derivative of *mei- (“to measure”). Possibly linked to Proto-Indo-European *mod-ye/o- or *mēdye/o-, derivatives of *med- (“to measure, give advice, heal”) (whence Latin meditor), or alternatively to *meh₁-ye/o- from *meh₁- (“to measure”) (whence Latin mētior). Compare Tocharian B maim.


ku

From Proto-Tocharian *ku, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). Compare Tocharian B ku, Latin canis, Old Irish cú, Old English hund.


ri

From Old Chinese 里 (*rɯʔ). Cognate with Tocharian B rīye.

quote-book

Bauer, Brigitte L.M.; Pinault, Georges-Jean

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


ime

consciousness, awareness, thought, memory


maku

From Proto-Tocharian *mekwā (compare Tocharian B mekwa), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nogʰ-.


yuk

From Proto-Tocharian *yäkwe, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos, whence also Latin equus, Old Irish ech. Compare with Tocharian B yakwe.


kor

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटि (koṭi), whence also Tocharian B koṭ.


ak

From Proto-Tocharian *ëk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs, from *h₃okʷ- (“to see”) + the noun-forming ending *-s. Compare Tocharian B ek.


wak

From Proto-Tocharian *wek, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs. Compare Tocharian B wek.


kanak

From Proto-Tocharian *kenek (whence Tocharian B kenek), probably borrowed from an Iranian language. Compare Ossetian гӕн (gæn, “flax”).


kri

From Proto-Tocharian *käryā- (whence also Tocharian B *käryā- (“will”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kṛd(i)yeh₂-, from *ḱḗr. Cognate with English heart, Old Irish cride, Latin cor, and Lithuanian širdis.


käṣṣi

käṣṣi (nominative singular)
käṣṣiñ (nominative plural)
käṣṣiyāp (genitive singular)
käṣṣiśśi (genitive plural)
käṣṣiṃ (oblique singular)
käṣṣis (oblique plural)
käṣṣinyo (instrumental singular)
käṣṣisyo (instrumental plural)
käṣṣinā (singular)
käṣṣisā (plural)
käṣṣinaśśäl (comitative singular)
käṣṣisaśśäl (comitative plural)
käṣṣinac (allative singular)
käṣṣisac (allative plural)
käṣṣinäṣ (ablative singular)
käṣṣisäṣ (ablative plural)
käṣṣinaṃ (locative singular)
käṣṣisaṃ (locative plural)


pācar

From Proto-Tocharian *pācer, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. Compare Tocharian B pācer.


mācar

From Proto-Tocharian *mācer, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian B mācer.


pracar

From Proto-Tocharian *procer, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian B procer.


ṣar

From Proto-Tocharian *(ṣä)ṣer, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Compare Tocharian B ṣer.


ñom

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”), whence also English name, Latin nomen. Compare Tocharian B ñem.


āmāṃ

Unknown; possibly borrowed alongside Tocharian B amāṃ from Iranian. See amāṃ.


wär

From Proto-Tocharian *wär (whence also Tocharian B war), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”) through a regular (endocentric) thematicization via *udrom.


śäṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *ćänā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn. Compare Tocharian B śana.


pält

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-oto- (compare English blade), from *bʰleh₃- (compare Latin folium). Compare Tocharian B pilta.


waṣt

From Proto-Tocharian *wɔstä, maybe from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂s-tu-; compare Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu, “town”) and Sanskrit वास्तु (vāstu). Compare Tocharian B ost.


tärkär

Compare Tocharian B tarkär. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“to dim, darken”); compare Old English deorc (“dark”) and Old Irish derg (“red”).


ysār

From Proto-Tocharian *yä́sar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Compare Tocharian B yasar.


ype

From Proto-Tocharian *yäpoy, possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to take”). Compare Tocharian B yapoy.


mañ

From Proto-Tocharian *mēñē, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s. Cognate with Tocharian B meñe, Latin mēnsis, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Russian ме́сяц (mésjac).


pärwāṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *pärwāne, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (compare English brow, Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū), Ancient Greek ὀφρύς (ophrús)). Compare Tocharian B pärwāne.


āk

From Proto-Tocharian *āk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō and Sanskrit आजि (āji, “competition, match”). Compare Tocharian B āk. Semantically compare English drive.


ytār

From Proto-Tocharian *yätār (“road, way”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éytr̥. Compare Tocharian B ytārye.


wäs

Cognate with Tocharian B yasā (“gold”), from Proto-Tocharian *wi̯äsā (“gold”), of uncertain further origin. Compare Proto-Italic *auzom (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-o- (“glow”), from the root *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”).


wäs

From Proto-Tocharian *wä́së, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”) (compare Latin vīrus, Ancient Greek ἰός (iós), Sanskrit विष (viṣa)). Compare Tocharian B wase.


wärt

From Proto-Tocharian *wärtto, *wärttonta, probably an extension of Proto-Indo-European *wértis/*wŕ̥tis (“enclosure”), from *wer- (“surround, cover, contain”). Cognate with Old English worþ (“enclosure”).
See also Tocharian B wartto.


āp

From Proto-Tocharian *āp, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-.


āp

From Proto-Tocharian *āppo, either inherited from an earlier Proto-Indo-European nursery word or a nursery word itself. Compare Armenian ափի (apʻi), Ancient Greek ἄπφα (áppha), and Tocharian B āppo.


śre

From Proto-Tocharian *ścär-iye-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. Cognate to Tocharian B ścirye (“stars”).


ckācar

From Proto-Tocharian *t(ŭ)kācēr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Tocharian B tkācer.


kunti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुण्डी (kuṇḍī), whence also Tocharian B kunti.


malke

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-, whence also English milk. Compare Tocharian B malkwer.


āre

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Compare Tocharian B āre.


āriñc

From Proto-Tocharian *āräñce, whence also Tocharian B arañce.

heart, used both as the physical organ and the seat of emotion.


kukäl

From Proto-Tocharian *kuk(ä)le (whence also Tocharian B kokale), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos, a form of *kʷel- (“to turn”). Cognate with English wheel, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.


yokäm

From Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (“yoke”), with semantic change from "yoke" > "door" possibly due to Chinese influence.


tkaṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *tken (whence Tocharian B keṃ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm.


āknats

From Proto-Tocharian *āknātsā, probably corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *n̥-ǵneh₃-tih₂, from *ǵneh₃- (“know”), deriving its meaning from that of "ignorant". Compare Sanskrit अज्ञात (ájñāta, “unknown”), Latin īgnōtus (“unknown, ignorant”), Ancient Greek ἄγνωτος (ágnōtos, “unknown, also ignorant”). Compare Tocharian B aknātsa.


pärwat

From Proto-Tocharian *pä́rwë, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂wós, from *per- (“in front, before”). Compare (cognate to Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀 (paurva), Old Church Slavonic прьвъ (prĭvŭ), Albanian parë); the final -t was added as in other ordinal numbers, and a similar process is visible in English first, Old English fyrest, equivalent to English fore + -est). Compare Tocharian B parwe.


āñcäm

From Proto-Tocharian *āñc(ä)me, probably from a derivation of Proto-Indo-European *h₂en(h₁)tmen-, from a conflation of *ētmen- (compare Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman, “breath”), Old High German ātum (“breath”)) and *h₂enh₁- (“breathe”) (compare the nominal derivative *h₂enh₁mos, whence Latin animus (“mind, soul”), anima, Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “person”), and possibly Sanskrit अनिल (ánila, “air, wind”)). Compare Tocharian B āñme.


sāle

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls. Compare Tocharian B salyiye. Other cognates include Sanskrit सलिल (salila), Latin sāl, Old Armenian աղ (ał), Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls), and Old English sealt (English salt).


ākär

From Proto-Tocharian *ākru, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱru < *dáḱru < *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru- (“eye bitter”)). Cognates include Tocharian B akrūna, Sanskrit अश्रु (áśru), Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬭𐬏 (asrū), Lithuanian ãšara, Latvian asara. Compare Tocharian B akrūna.


kanweṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *kenwäi (whence Tocharian B keni), from the root *kenw- (“knee”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Other cognates include Latin genū, Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu), Old English cnēow (whence English knee).


käntu

From Proto-Tocharian *käntwo, from metathesis of an earlier *tänkwo, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. Compare Tocharian B kantwo.


āy

From Proto-Tocharian *āyä (compare Tocharian B āy, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ost-, *h₃est-.


śanwem

From Proto-Tocharian *ćänu, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénu-.
Compare Latin gena, Old Irish gin, Welsh gên, Old Armenian ծնաւտ (cnawt), Ancient Greek γένυς (génus), Sanskrit हनु (hánu), Avestan 𐬰𐬁𐬥𐬎 (zānu), Persian چانه (čâne).


ārṣal

Most likely derived from Turkic: compare Turkish arslan (“lion”). Compare also Tocharian B arṣāklo.


bodʰisattu

Borrowed from Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व (bodhisattva).

Punyavanta Jataka
tsraṣṣuneyo tämne neṣ praṣtaṃ Siddʰārtʰes lānt se Sarvārtʰasiddʰe bodʰisattu sāmudraṃ kārp, ñemiṣiṃ praṅkā yeṣ.
By means of strength thus, at an earlier time, the son of king Siddhartha, the Bodhisattva Sarvarthasiddha descended upon the ocean. He went to the island of jewels.


cok

From Middle Chinese 燭 (MC tsyowk, “torch”) < Old Chinese 燭 (*tjoɡ /*tok, *tjog/).


āñu

From Proto-Tocharian *āñäu. Compare Tocharian B āñu, of the same meaning.


onmiṃ

Related to Tocharian B onmiñ (“id”) (possibly a borrowing from one language to another), but further connections are unknown.


krāmär

From Proto-Tocharian *krāmär (whence also Tocharian B krāmär), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂-mr̥, from *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”). Only attested in the derived term krāmärts. Cognate with Latin gravis (whence English gravity), Sanskrit ग्रीष्म (grīṣma, “summer”), Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús) (whence English baro-), etc. Note that in the derived terms, the widespread semantic parallel of weight > difficulty is present (compare German schwer, Estonian raske, etc.)


krāke

From Proto-Tocharian *krāke (whence Tocharian B krāke), probably borrowed from Khotanese khārgga-.


käṣṣī

From Proto-Tocharian *käṣṣī (whence also Tocharian B käṣṣī), from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁s- (“to proclaim, point out, instruct”), and cognate with Sanskrit शास्ति (śāsti, “to teach, instruct, rule”).


oṅk

From Proto-Tocharian *eṅkwe (whence Tocharian B eṅkwe), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱw-ó- (“mortal”), from the root *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”).


āle

From Proto-Tocharian *āläi. Compare Tocharian B alyiye.


āsām

Borrowed from Sanskrit आसन (āsana). Compare Tocharian B asām.


āsäñc

From Sanskrit आसन (āsana), whence also āsāṃ (“seat”). Compare Tocharian B asām.


abhijñe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिज्ञा (abhijñā), whence also Tocharian B abhijñä.


ās

From Proto-Tocharian *ās(ä), but uncertain from there. Possibly borrowed from a Middle Persian language. Compare Tocharian B ās (“she-goat”).


akāl

Borrowed alongside Tocharian B akālk from Bactrian αγαλγο (agalgo /āɣālɣ/).


āti

From Proto-Tocharian *ātŭyā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-. Compare Tocharian B atiyo.


aśi

Borrowed from Khotanese aśyā. Compare Tocharian B aśiya.


asaṃkhye

From Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya). Compare Tocharian B asaṃkhyai.


āsāṃ

From Sanskrit आसन (āsana, “seat”), whence also āsäñc (“buttocks”). Compare Tocharian B asāṃ.


āskāc

From Proto-Tocharian *āskwāce. Compare Tocharian B askace.


ānkar

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“corner, bend”), making it cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura, “anchor”). Compare Tocharian B āṅkär, of the same meaning.


ārt

A form of ārt- (“to praise”). Compare Tocharian B ārtte.


ārtak

From ārt (“care, attention”) + the strengthening particle -k.


oṅkaläm

Related to Tocharian B oṅkalmo, but further derivation is unknown. Probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European language.


śoṃ

Compare Tocharian B śaumo (“human being”).


śwāl

Compare Tocharian B śwāl (“corpse, cadaver”).


kāts

From Proto-Tocharian *kātsān (whence also Tocharian B kātso). Further origin uncertain; most likely from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), in which case cognate with Old English cwiþ (“pregnant”).


asäl

From Proto-Tocharian *esäle (whence Tocharian B esale), from there uncertain.


pāk

From Proto-Tocharian *pāke, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-. Compare Tocharian B pāke.


pärko

An Iranian borrowing. Cognate with Tocharian B pärkāᵤ. See Old Armenian պարգև (pargew) for more.


omäl

From Proto-Tocharian *emälye- (whence also Tocharian B emalle), uncertain further origin.


kaṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *kene (whence Tocharian B kene), probably from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”).


kapśañi

From Proto-Tocharian *kekts'en- (whence Tocharian B kektseñe), probably from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


kākmart

Borrowed from Proto-Saka *kámardu (“head”), from Proto-Iranian *kámr̥dah (“head”). Compare Bactrian καμιρδο (kamirdo, “chief god”), Old Khotanese [script needed] (kamala), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (kamər^əδa).


kärtkāl

Related to Tocharian B kärkkālle (“swamp, marsh, bog”) but further connections are unknown.


kärwañ

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?] (whence Tocharian B kärweñe), but from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-, in which case cognate with Sanskrit ग्रावन् (grāvan), Lithuanian girna, and English quirn. Also possibly related to Ancient Greek κεραυνός (keraunós, “lightning”), as some rocks were believed to be formed by lightning strikes.


kuccatāk

Related to Tocharian B kucatāk, but of uncertain origin from there. Possibly from Middle Persian.


kᵤryart

name of a tune (stanza of 4 x 12 syllables)


okar

desc

→ Tocharian B: okaro (“sweet flag, agarwood”) (possibly)


aghaniṣṭh

Aghaniṣṭha, a class of gods, the fifth and highest class of the Śuddhāvāsakāyika deities.


appärmāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit प्रमाथ (pramātha), whence also Tocharian B appamāt.


ārānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्हत् (arhat). Compare Tocharian B arahānte.

arhat (the personification of the tenets of Buddhism)


riṣak

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऋषि (ṛṣi), whence also Tocharian B rṣāke.


urṇ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऊर्णा (ūrṇā). Compare Tocharian B *ūrṇ.

the circles of white hair between the brows of the Buddha or other deity


akäṃtsune

From Proto-Tocharian *ekäñye-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive, herd”). The semantic derivation of ownership of livestock into material wealth is a commong feature in Indo-European languages, seen also in English fee and chattel, and Latin pecunia. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγέλη (agélē), Latin agō. Compare Tocharian B ekaññe.


opṣäly

From Proto-Tocharian *ekʷṣäliē, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Compare Tocharian B ekṣalye.

an appropriate time for Buddha-like actions


atär

From Proto-Tocharian *etre (whence also Tocharian B etre), of uncertain further origin.


kinnare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंनर (kiṃnara, “a mythical being”), whence also Tocharian B kinnare.


kurkal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुल्गुलु (gulgulu), whence also Tocharian B kurkal.

bdellium, the fragrant resin of some trees in the Commiphora genus, used as an aromatic or medicinal ingredient


kusär

Related to Tocharian B kusar, but further etymology unknown.


karel

Related to Tocharian B kerū, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”), the source of many IE words meaning "cauldron", similar to the shape of a drum. Given the semantic shift from "making" > "vessel for making things in" > "thing shaped like that vessel", and that only the first meaning exists in PIE, it can be assumed that there was an unattested original form (perhaps in Proto-Tocharian) that meant "cauldron" or the like. Compare Proto-Germanic *hweraz, Old Irish coire, Russian чара (čara), Sanskrit चरु (caru, “bowl”), etc.


koy-

From Proto-Tocharian *koy (whence also Tocharian B koyn (“mouth”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂óyu (“gape”, noun), from the root *ǵʰh₂ey-, extended from the original root *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape, yawn”). Compare Latin hiō (“I stand open; I gape, yawn”), Lithuanian žióju (“I open”), Proto-Slavic *zijati (“to be open; to gape”), Old English ġinian (“to gape, yawn”).


keyurṣ

From Proto-Tocharian *kauwärṣän (whence also Tocharian B kauᵤrṣe), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-wr̥sen- (“bull”), from *gʷṓws (“cow”). Cognate with Sanskrit गोवृष (govṛṣa).


granth

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ग्रन्थ (grantha), whence also Tocharian B krānt.


klumpri

Uncertain. Compare Tocharian B klampärya (“id”).

a literary meter, of 4x18 syllables, with a 7/7/4 rhythm


opyāc

From Proto-Tocharian *epiyāc (whence also Tocharian B epiyac), from an Iranian source. Compare Khotanese byāta- (“id”).


pratim

→ Tocharian B: pratiṃ

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *prot-. Cognate with Lithuanian pranti, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan), Latin interpres, etc.


eśe

From Proto-Tocharian *āićai, a form of *aik- (“to know”) (whence also Tocharian B aiśai), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess”).


truṅk

From Old Chinese 盅 (OC *tʰuŋ, *duŋ, *tjoŋ, “empty, hollow”). Cognate with Tocharian A troṅk.

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


lyäk

From Middle Chinese 掠 (MC ljangH|ljak, “to plunder, to rob, to be rapacious”). Cognate with Tocharian B lyak.


kāccap

Related to Tocharian B kaccāp (“skull”). For semantic comparing: Proto-Slavic *čerpaxa (“turtle”) from *čerpъ (“skull”).