wiki

From Proto-Tocharian *w'īkän, from Proto-Indo-European *(d)wi(h₁)dḱm̥ti (cognate with Latin vīgintī, Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi), Doric ϝείκατι (weíkati), Sanskrit विंशति (viṃśati), Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vīsaⁱti), Ossetian инсӕй (insæj), Armenian քսան (kʻsan), Albanian (një)zet, Welsh ugain). Compare Tocharian B ikäṃ.


or

From Proto-Indo-European *dóru, with unexplained loss of initial */d/. Compare Tocharian B or.


we

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Tocharian B wi.


want

From Proto-Tocharian *wyente, from Post-PIE *h₂weh₁ntos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”) (compare English wind, Latin ventus). Compare Tocharian B yente.


tre

From Proto-Tocharian *treyä, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes. Cognate with Tocharian B trey, trai.


lu

From Proto-Tocharian *luwā-, from Proto-Indo-European *luh₂eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to seize, gain”). Compare Tocharian B luwo. Related to Old Church Slavonic ловъ (lovŭ, “hunt”), Serbo-Croatian lȏv (“chase; game animal”); compare also Ancient Greek λέων (léōn, “lion”).


pe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Compare the nominative/accusative dual form, peṃ, presumably from Proto-Tocharian *peine du (whence also Tocharian B paine), from an earlier *pei, from the Proto-Indo-European *pódh₁e du, from *pṓds. It is from this dual form in Proto-Tocharian that the singular forms have probably been analogically built. Compare Tocharian B paiyye.


es

From Proto-Tocharian *ānse, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms-o-s, a form of *h₂ṓms. Compare Tocharian B āntse.


tu

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate with Tocharian B tuwe.


se

From Proto-Indo-European *suHyús. Cognate with Tocharian B soy, Old Armenian ուստր (ustr) and Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús).


tsar

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣar, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Albanian dorë, Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Hittite [script needed] (kessar). Compare Tocharian B ṣar.


poke

From Proto-Tocharian *pokowjä-, earlier *pākewjä-, from pre-Tocharian *bʰeh₂ǵʰow-h₁en- (definite), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”). Compare Tocharian B pokai.


ane

From Proto-Tocharian *ene (whence also Tocharian B eneṃ), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), the same source as a(n)- (intensifying prefix). The exact form is uncertain, but may be from *h₁n̥dó (“into, inside”). If so, cognate with Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon) (whence English endo-), Irish ann (“there”), etc.


en-

Related to Tocharian B en-, either borrowed into or from Tocharian A. Of uncertain origin, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European, cognate with Ancient Greek αἶνος (aînos, “story, tale”).


por

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥, also the origin of English fire, Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr), and Hittite 𒉺𒀪𒄯 (paḫḫur). Compare Tocharian B puwar.


ko

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cow”). Compare Tocharian B keu, English cow.


oko

Related to Tocharian A oko (“id”), but through what manner is uncertain. Probably borrowed from Tocharian B to Tocharian A, in which case ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (“berry, fruit”).


mem

From Proto-Tocharian *meim, a nominal derivative of *mei- (“to measure”). Possibly linked to Proto-Indo-European *mod-ye/o- or *mēdye/o-, derivatives of *med- (“to measure, give advice, heal”) (whence Latin meditor), or alternatively to *meh₁-ye/o- from *meh₁- (“to measure”) (whence Latin mētior). Compare Tocharian B maim.


ku

From Proto-Tocharian *ku, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). Compare Tocharian B ku, Latin canis, Old Irish cú, Old English hund.


ri

From Old Chinese 里 (*rɯʔ). Cognate with Tocharian B rīye.

quote-book

Bauer, Brigitte L.M.; Pinault, Georges-Jean

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


ñu

cardinal numbers

 Previous:
 okät

 Next:
 śäk

From Proto-Tocharian *ñäwä, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥. Compare Tocharian B ñu.


ñu

From Proto-Tocharian *ñäwe, from Proto-Indo-European *néwos. Compare Tocharian B ñuwe.


ime

consciousness, awareness, thought, memory


maku

From Proto-Tocharian *mekwā (compare Tocharian B mekwa), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nogʰ-.


känt

From Proto-Tocharian *känte, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm. Compare Tocharian B kante.


sas

From Proto-Tocharian *sems, from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm. Compare Tocharian B ṣe.


kus

From Proto-Tocharian *kuse, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷusó from *kʷos, *kʷis. Compare Tocharian B kᵤse.


yuk

From Proto-Tocharian *yäkwe, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos, whence also Latin equus, Old Irish ech. Compare with Tocharian B yakwe.


ak

From Proto-Tocharian *ëk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs, from *h₃okʷ- (“to see”) + the noun-forming ending *-s. Compare Tocharian B ek.


kor

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटि (koṭi), whence also Tocharian B koṭ.


i-

From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to move”). Compare Tocharian B i-.


wak

From Proto-Tocharian *wek, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs. Compare Tocharian B wek.


kanak

From Proto-Tocharian *kenek (whence Tocharian B kenek), probably borrowed from an Iranian language. Compare Ossetian гӕн (gæn, “flax”).


aci

From Proto-Tocharian *ecye (whence also Tocharian B ecce), of further unknown origin.


wu

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Tocharian B wi.


ats

indeed, truly, (as an emphatic particle)


kri

From Proto-Tocharian *käryā- (whence also Tocharian B *käryā- (“will”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kṛd(i)yeh₂-, from *ḱḗr. Cognate with English heart, Old Irish cride, Latin cor, and Lithuanian širdis.


ṣäk

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs. Compare Tocharian B ṣkas.


mācar

From Proto-Tocharian *mācer, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian B mācer.


ṣpät

From Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥. Compare Tocharian B ṣukt.


päñ

From Proto-Tocharian *p'ä́ñćä, from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe. Compare Tocharian B piś.


pācar

From Proto-Tocharian *pācer, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. Compare Tocharian B pācer.


ñom

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”), whence also English name, Latin nomen. Compare Tocharian B ñem.


okät

From Proto-Tocharian *óktä, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw. Compare Tocharian B okt.


śäk

From Proto-Tocharian *śäk, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥. Compare Tocharian B śak.


käṣṣi

käṣṣi (nominative singular)
käṣṣiñ (nominative plural)
käṣṣiyāp (genitive singular)
käṣṣiśśi (genitive plural)
käṣṣiṃ (oblique singular)
käṣṣis (oblique plural)
käṣṣinyo (instrumental singular)
käṣṣisyo (instrumental plural)
käṣṣinā (singular)
käṣṣisā (plural)
käṣṣinaśśäl (comitative singular)
käṣṣisaśśäl (comitative plural)
käṣṣinac (allative singular)
käṣṣisac (allative plural)
käṣṣinäṣ (ablative singular)
käṣṣisäṣ (ablative plural)
käṣṣinaṃ (locative singular)
käṣṣisaṃ (locative plural)


ṣar

From Proto-Tocharian *(ṣä)ṣer, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Compare Tocharian B ṣer.


āmāṃ

Unknown; possibly borrowed alongside Tocharian B amāṃ from Iranian. See amāṃ.


pracar

From Proto-Tocharian *procer, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian B procer.


ysār

From Proto-Tocharian *yä́sar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Compare Tocharian B yasar.


tärkär

Compare Tocharian B tarkär. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“to dim, darken”); compare Old English deorc (“dark”) and Old Irish derg (“red”).


waṣt

From Proto-Tocharian *wɔstä, maybe from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂s-tu-; compare Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu, “town”) and Sanskrit वास्तु (vāstu). Compare Tocharian B ost.


pält

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-oto- (compare English blade), from *bʰleh₃- (compare Latin folium). Compare Tocharian B pilta.


śäṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *ćänā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn. Compare Tocharian B śana.


śtwar

From Proto-Tocharian *ćätwerä, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres. Compare Tocharian B śtwer.


wär

From Proto-Tocharian *wär (whence also Tocharian B war), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”) through a regular (endocentric) thematicization via *udrom.


ype

From Proto-Tocharian *yäpoy, possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to take”). Compare Tocharian B yapoy.


pärwāṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *pärwāne, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (compare English brow, Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū), Ancient Greek ὀφρύς (ophrús)). Compare Tocharian B pärwāne.


mañ

From Proto-Tocharian *mēñē, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s. Cognate with Tocharian B meñe, Latin mēnsis, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Russian ме́сяц (mésjac).


ytār

From Proto-Tocharian *yätār (“road, way”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éytr̥. Compare Tocharian B ytārye.


wäs

Cognate with Tocharian B yasā (“gold”), from Proto-Tocharian *wi̯äsā (“gold”), of uncertain further origin. Compare Proto-Italic *auzom (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-o- (“glow”), from the root *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”).


wäs

From Proto-Tocharian *wä́së, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”) (compare Latin vīrus, Ancient Greek ἰός (iós), Sanskrit विष (viṣa)). Compare Tocharian B wase.


wärt

From Proto-Tocharian *wärtto, *wärttonta, probably an extension of Proto-Indo-European *wértis/*wŕ̥tis (“enclosure”), from *wer- (“surround, cover, contain”). Cognate with Old English worþ (“enclosure”).
See also Tocharian B wartto.


āk

From Proto-Tocharian *āk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō and Sanskrit आजि (āji, “competition, match”). Compare Tocharian B āk. Semantically compare English drive.


nakcu

From Proto-Tocharian *nekʷcäwyā, from Proto-Indo-European *nokʷt-ew-yo-s, a derivative of *nókʷts. Cognate with Tocharian B nekcīye.


näṣ

Originally only accusative, from Proto-Tocharian *ñäś (compare Tocharian B ñaś), assimilated from *mñäś, from Proto-Indo-European *mné ǵe (compare Old Norse mik, Ancient Greek ἐμέγε (emége)), accusative formation ultimately from *éǵh₂.


ñuk

Originally only accusative, from Proto-Tocharian *ñäś, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂, compare Tocharian A näṣ m and Tocharian B ñaś. The first element ñ- probably came from a reduplicated Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)méme (the first laryngeal can be reconstructed by Hittite evidence, compare Hittite 𒄠𒈬𒊌 (ammuk)), dissimilated as *méne, a zero-grade *mne > *mñä > *ñä; the second element -ś is comparable to Ancient Greek ἐμέγε (emége)), Old Norse mik and Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌺 (mik) (< Proto-Indo-European *mne ǵe), but Tocharian A pronoun origins remain opaque to Adams. To Petersen, the unpalatalised n- is probably related to first person plural pronouns, such as Sanskrit नः (naḥ) and Latin nōs, explained on the basis of an earlier plurale majestatis, but as Jasanoff explains “… there is no trace of the PIE oblique stem *nē̆s / *nō̆s / *n̥s- … neither *nos, *nōs, *nes or *nēs could have yielded näṣ directly …”
Later on, Pedersen (1941: 135) suggest that the *ñ- in pre-Tocharian A was dissimilated to n- under the influence of the following palatalised *-ṣ, which is approved by Winter (1965: 203) and Adams (1988: 153), although no satisfactory account is given for the final sibilant. The first person singular pronoun is a Tocharian A innovation, the final -k is believed to represent a particle, Van Windekens sets up *mne-kʷām parallel to *mne-kʷim (> ToB. ñaś), Krause and Thomas adopt a similar formula, *me-kw(e) from which both ToA. pron. derive from, Adams opts for an apocopated *-kw(e), but does not link it to the ToB. pron. The vocalism remains problematic, Schmidt assumes a contamination with the 2 sg. pron. nom. tu obl. cu. Jasanoff however explains “… by starting from a nom. sg. *eǵō … final *-ō seems to have first given *-u in Common Tocharian … therefore, to assume a Common Tocharian development of *eǵō to *ñäku … with subsequent rounding of *ñäk- to *ñuk- and regular loss of the final vowel in Tocharian A.” For the source of the gender contrast in Tocharian A, Jasanoff explains “Common Tocharian seems to have inherited two nom. / obl. forms from Proto-Indo-European — *ñäś, whence A näṣ and B ñäś, continuing the old accusative *me-ge; and *ñäku, whence A ñuk, continuing the old nominative *eǵō …”
He further explains “For an illustration, purely typological, of the kind of sociolinguistic effects that might have been induced by the weakening of the ego : me contrast in Common Tocharian, it will be useful to reflect briefly on the consequences of the corresponding weakening in modern English. As is well-known, the “correct” distinction between I and me tends to be lost in spoken English in several syntactic environments, including 1) after the copula, as in It’s me (him, her, us, them) for it is I (he, she, we, they); and 2) in compound noun phrases of the type X and I, X and me, which appear in substandard speech as invariant X and me or me and X (cf. Me and Fred are going to the movies, etc.), and in hypercorrect usage as invariant X and I (cf. the very common between you and I). The It’s me construction is absolutely normal; it is used in informal speech, at least in America, by speakers of both sexes and almost every educational and socioeconomic background. But It is I, and especially It is he and It is she, have their proper sphere as well. They are high-register variants, appropriate to a formal lecturing style or to polite conversation between educated speakers who are not on informal terms. In some speech situations the choice between It’s me (him, etc.) and It is (he, etc.) may be a matter of conversational strategy: the former is self-consciously colloquial and invites greater intimacy; the latter is aggressively "correct" and asserts social or educational distance. As such, It is I is sometimes associated with an overly careful, priggish. even schoolmarmish way of talking a style that tends to be stereotyped in the popular mind as a female characteristic.”


āp

From Proto-Tocharian *āp, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-.


āp

From Proto-Tocharian *āppo, either inherited from an earlier Proto-Indo-European nursery word or a nursery word itself. Compare Armenian ափի (apʻi), Ancient Greek ἄπφα (áppha), and Tocharian B āppo.


śre

From Proto-Tocharian *ścär-iye-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. Cognate to Tocharian B ścirye (“stars”).


ckācar

From Proto-Tocharian *t(ŭ)kācēr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Tocharian B tkācer.


kunti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुण्डी (kuṇḍī), whence also Tocharian B kunti.


ku-

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).


ar-

From Proto-Tocharian *er- (whence also Tocharian B er-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).


malke

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-, whence also English milk. Compare Tocharian B malkwer.


āre

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Compare Tocharian B āre.


yokäm

From Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (“yoke”), with semantic change from "yoke" > "door" possibly due to Chinese influence.


ārki

From Proto-Tocharian *ārkwi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ-. Cognate with Latin argentum. Compare Tocharian B ārkwi.


tkaṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *tken (whence Tocharian B keṃ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm.


kukäl

From Proto-Tocharian *kuk(ä)le (whence also Tocharian B kokale), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos, a form of *kʷel- (“to turn”). Cognate with English wheel, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.


mālk-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-ei̯e, *h₂melǵ-, or a denominative of malke. Compare Tocharian B mālkant.


pär-

From Proto-Tocharian *pär-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Compare Tocharian B pär-.


āriñc

From Proto-Tocharian *āräñce, whence also Tocharian B arañce.

heart, used both as the physical organ and the seat of emotion.


ānt

From Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ént-o- (“in front”), *h₂ent- (“front, front side”). Compare Latin ante, Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”), Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), Old Armenian ընդ (ənd), and Old English ende (English end). Compare Tocharian B ānte.


māk

From Proto-Tocharian *mākā, probably from Proto-Indo-European *meǵh₂- (whence Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas), compare also Sanskrit मह (mahá), Persian مه) or possibly *maǵ- (compare Latin magnus, Albanian madh (“large”)). Compare Tocharian B māka.


tärm-

From Proto-Indo-European *tärm-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *trem- (“tremble”), taking its meaning from "trembling with anger". Compare Latin tremō, Lithuanian trem̃ti, Albanian tremb. Compare also the related Tocharian B tremi (“anger”, noun).


kñā-

From Proto-Tocharian *knā-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-.


päl-

Uncertain. From Proto-Tocharian *päl-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“speak, yell, bark, roar, sound”) (whence English bellow), or alternatively it may be linked to *(s)pel- (“to say aloud, recite”) (compare Albanian fjalë, English spell, Armenian առասպել (aṙaspel)). Compare Tocharian B päl-.


āknats

From Proto-Tocharian *āknātsā, probably corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *n̥-ǵneh₃-tih₂, from *ǵneh₃- (“know”), deriving its meaning from that of "ignorant". Compare Sanskrit अज्ञात (ájñāta, “unknown”), Latin īgnōtus (“unknown, ignorant”), Ancient Greek ἄγνωτος (ágnōtos, “unknown, also ignorant”). Compare Tocharian B aknātsa.


läk-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], probably from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“gather”) (compare Latin legō, Ancient Greek λέγω (légō), Albanian mbledh), in the abstract sense of "gather with the eyes", or alternately cognate to Old English lōcian (English look). Cognate to Tocharian B läk-.


päk-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (“to cook, become ripe”), whence Latin coquō, Sanskrit पचति (pácati), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pacaⁱti), Albanian pjek, Ancient Greek πέσσω (péssō), Old Church Slavonic пешти (pešti), Russian печь (pečʹ), Lithuanian kepù (through metathesis), Tocharian B päk-.

inh

to become ready for eating, i.e. cook, boil, ripen

to make ready for eating; cook, boil, ripen


āñcäm

From Proto-Tocharian *āñc(ä)me, probably from a derivation of Proto-Indo-European *h₂en(h₁)tmen-, from a conflation of *ētmen- (compare Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman, “breath”), Old High German ātum (“breath”)) and *h₂enh₁- (“breathe”) (compare the nominal derivative *h₂enh₁mos, whence Latin animus (“mind, soul”), anima, Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “person”), and possibly Sanskrit अनिल (ánila, “air, wind”)). Compare Tocharian B āñme.


pärwat

From Proto-Tocharian *pä́rwë, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂wós, from *per- (“in front, before”). Compare (cognate to Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀 (paurva), Old Church Slavonic прьвъ (prĭvŭ), Albanian parë); the final -t was added as in other ordinal numbers, and a similar process is visible in English first, Old English fyrest, equivalent to English fore + -est). Compare Tocharian B parwe.


śo-

From Proto-Tocharian *śāw-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-. Compare Tocharian B śai-.


wärk-

From Proto-Tocharian *wärk-, probably from a specialized sense of Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-. Compare Tocharian A wārk-. See also Old Armenian գերծում (gercum, “shave”), which may be ultimately related.


kum-

From Proto-Tocharian *kʷäm-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-; compare English come, Latin veniō, Tocharian B käm-.


luk-

From Proto-Tocharian *luk-, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-; compare Latin lūceō. Compare Tocharian B luk-.


rtär

From Proto-Tocharian *rŭtäre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰros, whence Sanskrit रुधिर (rudhirá), Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), Latin ruber, and English red from a variant form. Ultimately from the root *h₁rewdʰ-. Compare Tocharian B ratre.


wäp-

From Proto-Tocharian *wäp- (compare Tocharian B wāp-), from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to weave”), also the source of Old English wefan (whence English weave), Sanskrit उभ्नाति (ubhnāti, “entwine”), Persian بافتن (bâftan), Ancient Greek ὑφαίνω (huphaínō, “weave”), Albanian vej.


sāle

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls. Compare Tocharian B salyiye. Other cognates include Sanskrit सलिल (salila), Latin sāl, Old Armenian աղ (ał), Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls), and Old English sealt (English salt).


ākär

From Proto-Tocharian *ākru, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱru < *dáḱru < *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru- (“eye bitter”)). Cognates include Tocharian B akrūna, Sanskrit अश्रु (áśru), Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬭𐬏 (asrū), Lithuanian ãšara, Latvian asara. Compare Tocharian B akrūna.


kanweṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *kenwäi (whence Tocharian B keni), from the root *kenw- (“knee”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Other cognates include Latin genū, Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu), Old English cnēow (whence English knee).


käntu

From Proto-Tocharian *käntwo, from metathesis of an earlier *tänkwo, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. Compare Tocharian B kantwo.


āy

From Proto-Tocharian *āyä (compare Tocharian B āy, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ost-, *h₃est-.


śanwem

From Proto-Tocharian *ćänu, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénu-.
Compare Latin gena, Old Irish gin, Welsh gên, Old Armenian ծնաւտ (cnawt), Ancient Greek γένυς (génus), Sanskrit हनु (hánu), Avestan 𐬰𐬁𐬥𐬎 (zānu), Persian چانه (čâne).


yär-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to fit, fix, join together”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (arra-, “wash”), Ancient Greek ἄριστος (áristos, “please, best”).


ko-

From Proto-Tocharian *kāu- (whence also Tocharian B kau-), from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to hit, strike”). Cognate with English hew, Latin cudo, Lithuanian kaujėti, etc.


ārṣal

Most likely derived from Turkic: compare Turkish arslan (“lion”). Compare also Tocharian B arṣāklo.


āk-

From Proto-Tocharian *āk-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Compare Tocharian B āk (“zeal”) and Tocharian B āk-.


bodʰisattu

Borrowed from Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व (bodhisattva).

Punyavanta Jataka
tsraṣṣuneyo tämne neṣ praṣtaṃ Siddʰārtʰes lānt se Sarvārtʰasiddʰe bodʰisattu sāmudraṃ kārp, ñemiṣiṃ praṅkā yeṣ.
By means of strength thus, at an earlier time, the son of king Siddhartha, the Bodhisattva Sarvarthasiddha descended upon the ocean. He went to the island of jewels.


āl-

From Proto-Tocharian *al-, of uncertain further origin. Compare Tocharian B āl-.


tmāṃ

okät-tmāṃ


aik-

From Proto-Tocharian *aik- (whence also Tocharian B aik-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, own”). Cognate with English owe, Sanskrit ईश (īśa, “possession”), etc.


cok

From Middle Chinese 燭 (MC tsyowk, “torch”) < Old Chinese 燭 (*tjoɡ /*tok, *tjog/).

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


onmiṃ

Related to Tocharian B onmiñ (“id”) (possibly a borrowing from one language to another), but further connections are unknown.


āñu

From Proto-Tocharian *āñäu. Compare Tocharian B āñu, of the same meaning.


krāke

From Proto-Tocharian *krāke (whence Tocharian B krāke), probably borrowed from Khotanese khārgga-.


krāmär

From Proto-Tocharian *krāmär (whence also Tocharian B krāmär), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂-mr̥, from *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”). Only attested in the derived term krāmärts. Cognate with Latin gravis (whence English gravity), Sanskrit ग्रीष्म (grīṣma, “summer”), Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús) (whence English baro-), etc. Note that in the derived terms, the widespread semantic parallel of weight > difficulty is present (compare German schwer, Estonian raske, etc.)


käṣṣī

From Proto-Tocharian *käṣṣī (whence also Tocharian B käṣṣī), from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁s- (“to proclaim, point out, instruct”), and cognate with Sanskrit शास्ति (śāsti, “to teach, instruct, rule”).


oṅk

From Proto-Tocharian *eṅkwe (whence Tocharian B eṅkwe), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱw-ó- (“mortal”), from the root *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”).


kulyp-

From Proto-Tocharian *käuliäp- (whence also Tocharian B kulyp-), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷlep- (“to desire”).


yäk-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eg- (“to lack”)


sälp-

(intransitive) to burn, be on fire, blaze


wāk-

From Proto-Tocharian *wāk-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂g- or *weh₂ǵ- (“to break apart, split, burst”).


kät-

From Proto-Tocharian *kät- (whence also Tocharian B kät-), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyd- (“to split, scatter”). Cognate with English scatter, Lithuanian kedėti (“to burst”), and many other words in the IE family.


kärs-

From Proto-Tocharian *kärs- (whence Tocharian B kärs-), from Proto-Indo-European *kers- (“to cut off”), enlargement of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


käl-

Probably from Proto-Tocharian *käl- (whence Tocharian B käl-), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn about”). Cognate with Latin colo (“to cultivate, inhabit”).


käs-

From Proto-Tocharian *käs- (whence Tocharian B käs-), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes- (“to extinguish, become extinguished”). Cognate with Lithuanian gesti, Sanskrit जासयति (jāsayati), and Ancient Greek σβέννῡμι (sbénnūmi).

(intransitive) to be extinguished, go out


kälp-

From Proto-Tocharian *kälp- (whence Tocharian B kälp-), of uncertain origin.


triw-

(causative) to mix something, shake up something


āle

From Proto-Tocharian *āläi. Compare Tocharian B alyiye.


āṣām

Borrowed from Khotanese āṣaṇa. Compare Tocharian B aṣām.


ṣkārā

Unknown besides the cognate of Tocharian B aṣkār, of the same meaning.

backwards, in the opposite direction, reverse


āsām

Borrowed from Sanskrit आसन (āsana). Compare Tocharian B asām.


āsäñc

From Sanskrit आसन (āsana), whence also āsāṃ (“seat”). Compare Tocharian B asām.


āks-

From Proto-Tocharian *āks-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ǵ-s-, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”). Cognate with Latin aiō. Compare Tocharian B āks-.


ār-

From Proto-Tocharian *ār-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”). If so, cognate with Latin orior. Compare Tocharian B ār-.


ārt-

From Proto-Tocharian *ārtw-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-tus, a form of *h₂er- (“to fit together”). Compare Tocharian B ārtt-.


abhijñe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिज्ञा (abhijñā), whence also Tocharian B abhijñä.


käln-

From Proto-Tocharian *klän- (“id”) (whence also Tocharian B käln-), from Proto-Indo-European *klun-. Cognate with Old English hlynn (“noise”).


ās

From Proto-Tocharian *ās(ä), but uncertain from there. Possibly borrowed from a Middle Persian language. Compare Tocharian B ās (“she-goat”).


kwär-

From Proto-Tocharian (whence Tocharian B kwär-).


yā-

From Proto-Tocharian *iyā-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂-. Cognate with Sanskrit याति (yāti). Compare Tocharian B iyā-.


eṃṣke

Borrowed from Tocharian B eṃṣke. Doublet of eṣäk.


akāl

Borrowed alongside Tocharian B akālk from Bactrian αγαλγο (agalgo /āɣālɣ/).


-k(ä)

Related to Tocharian B -k(ä), but otherwise uncertain. Possibly related to the final syllable in Lithuanian jeigu (“if”), but also possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“copulative particle”).


āti

From Proto-Tocharian *ātŭyā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-. Compare Tocharian B atiyo.


āttsek

From Proto-Tocharian *ātts- + the strengthening particle *-k-. Compare Tocharian B attsaik.


aśi

Borrowed from Khotanese aśyā. Compare Tocharian B aśiya.


asaṃkhye

From Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya). Compare Tocharian B asaṃkhyai.


āsāṃ

From Sanskrit आसन (āsana, “seat”), whence also āsäñc (“buttocks”). Compare Tocharian B asāṃ.


āştär

From Proto-Tocharian *āstäre. Compare Tocharian B astare.


āskāc

From Proto-Tocharian *āskwāce. Compare Tocharian B askace.


ājivik

Borrowed from Sanskrit आजानेय (ājāneya). Compare Tocharian B ājānai.


ānkar

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“corner, bend”), making it cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura, “anchor”). Compare Tocharian B āṅkär, of the same meaning.


ārtak

From ārt (“care, attention”) + the strengthening particle -k.


ārt

A form of ārt- (“to praise”). Compare Tocharian B ārtte.


ārwar

From Proto-Tocharian *ārwer, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-. Compare Tocharian B ārwer.


ātsäts

From Proto-Tocharian *ātstse. Compare Tocharian B ātstse.


kätk-

From Proto-Tocharian *kätk- (whence also Tocharian B kätk-), from From Proto-Indo-European *kedsḱ-, from Proto-Indo-European *ked-. Cognate with Latin cedo.


onkrac

From Proto-Tocharian *oṅkrotte (whence also Tocharian B oṅkrotte), a privative form of the source of Tocharian A kwär- (“to age, grow old”) itself of further uncertain origin.


oṅkaläm

Related to Tocharian B oṅkalmo, but further derivation is unknown. Probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European language.


śoṃ

Compare Tocharian B śaumo (“human being”).


śwāl

Compare Tocharian B śwāl (“corpse, cadaver”).


oktänt

From Proto-Tocharian *oktänte (whence also Tocharian B oktante), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw-o-, from *oḱtṓw (“eight”). Compare okät (“eight”).


asäl

From Proto-Tocharian *esäle (whence Tocharian B esale), from there uncertain.


nas-

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return home”). Compare Tocharian B nes-.


pāk

From Proto-Tocharian *pāke, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-. Compare Tocharian B pāke.


pärko

An Iranian borrowing. Cognate with Tocharian B pärkāᵤ. See Old Armenian պարգև (pargew) for more.


kāts

From Proto-Tocharian *kātsān (whence also Tocharian B kātso). Further origin uncertain; most likely from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), in which case cognate with Old English cwiþ (“pregnant”).


opäśśi

From Proto-Tocharian *epäst + the adjective-forming suffix *-ye- (whence also Tocharian B epastye). *epäst is likely a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi- (“upon, near”) and *steh₂- (“to stand”). Also, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi-sth₂-i-, of the same meaning. Either way, cognates include Lithuanian apstus (“plentiful”), Sanskrit सुष्ठु (suṣṭhu, “aptly, well”).

skillful, adept, capable, able, experienced, fit


omäl

From Proto-Tocharian *emälye- (whence also Tocharian B emalle), uncertain further origin.


kärtkāl

Related to Tocharian B kärkkālle (“swamp, marsh, bog”) but further connections are unknown.


kuccatāk

Related to Tocharian B kucatāk, but of uncertain origin from there. Possibly from Middle Persian.


kᵤryart

name of a tune (stanza of 4 x 12 syllables)


krāmärts

From an unattested *krāmär + the adjective-forming suffix -ts.


kᵤraś

From Proto-Tocharian *kʷroscē (whence also Tocharian B krośce), from Proto-Indo-European *krews- (“to freeze, become hard”). Compare Latin crustum, Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos), etc.


kärwañ

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?] (whence Tocharian B kärweñe), but from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-, in which case cognate with Sanskrit ग्रावन् (grāvan), Lithuanian girna, and English quirn. Also possibly related to Ancient Greek κεραυνός (keraunós, “lightning”), as some rocks were believed to be formed by lightning strikes.


käly-

From Proto-Tocharian *käly- (whence also Tocharian B käly-), from Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, raise”).


kaṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *kene (whence Tocharian B kene), probably from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”).


kärn-

From Proto-Tocharian *krun- (whence also Tocharian B kärn-), from Proto-Indo-European *krows- (“to push, strike, break”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō, “to smite, strike”), Lithuanian krušti (“to smash, grind”), and Czech krušný (“hard, difficult”).

cog

to afflict with an illness, pain, or other condition


kapśañi

From Proto-Tocharian *kekts'en- (whence Tocharian B kektseñe), probably from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


asinät

Identical form to Tocharian B onsoytte (“id”). .


klyos-

From Proto-Tocharian *klyeus- (whence also Tocharian B klyaus-), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-.


okar

desc

→ Tocharian B: okaro (“sweet flag, agarwood”) (possibly)


eṣäk

From eṣ, from Proto-Tocharian *onṣä (whence also Tocharian B oṃṣ (“above”)), from Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after, above”), + the intensifying suffix -k(ä).
Also possibly from Proto-Tocharian *enṣäke. From there, uncertain. Possibly a construct of *e(n)- + a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *segʰ- (“to hold”). Compare Tocharian B eṃṣke.


āñc

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰér, whence also Tocharian B ette. Cognate with English under, Latin īnferus, and Sanskrit अधर (adhara), all of the same meaning.


aghaniṣṭh

Aghaniṣṭha, a class of gods, the fifth and highest class of the Śuddhāvāsakāyika deities.


ārānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्हत् (arhat). Compare Tocharian B arahānte.

lbor

arhat (the personification of the tenets of Buddhism)


appärmāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit प्रमाथ (pramātha), whence also Tocharian B appamāt.


riṣak

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऋषि (ṛṣi), whence also Tocharian B rṣāke.


urṇ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऊर्णा (ūrṇā). Compare Tocharian B *ūrṇ.

the circles of white hair between the brows of the Buddha or other deity


akäṃtsune

From Proto-Tocharian *ekäñye-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive, herd”). The semantic derivation of ownership of livestock into material wealth is a commong feature in Indo-European languages, seen also in English fee and chattel, and Latin pecunia. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγέλη (agélē), Latin agō. Compare Tocharian B ekaññe.


opṣäly

From Proto-Tocharian *ekʷṣäliē, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Compare Tocharian B ekṣalye.

an appropriate time for Buddha-like actions


eṃts-

From Proto-Tocharian *eṅk- (whence also Tocharian B eṅk-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ-. Cognates include English enough and near, Latin nanciscor, and Sanskrit ā́naṭ.


atär

From Proto-Tocharian *etre (whence also Tocharian B etre), of uncertain further origin.


kärpi

From Proto-Tocharian *krupiye (whence also Tocharian B kärpiye), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp-i-yo, a form of *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”) from *Hrew- (“to tear, pluck”). Cognate with English rough, Latin rūdus (“lump of metal”), and Sanskrit रोमन् (roman, “body hair, wool”), among others.


kärṣt-

From Proto-Tocharian *kärst- (whence Tocharian B kärst-), from a form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-. Cognate with English share, shear, Lithuanian kirpti (“chop, cut”), Latin cortex, and a huge number of other words.


ṣtäm-

From Proto-Tocharian *stäm- (whence also Tocharian B stäm-), from Proto-Indo-European *stem-, from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


kinnare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंनर (kiṃnara, “a mythical being”), whence also Tocharian B kinnare.


kutk-

From Proto-Tocharian *käutk- (whence Tocharian B kutk-), probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”). Cognate with Latin fundo, German gießen, and many more.


kurkal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुल्गुलु (gulgulu), whence also Tocharian B kurkal.

bdellium, the fragrant resin of some trees in the Commiphora genus, used as an aromatic or medicinal ingredient


kusär

Related to Tocharian B kusar, but further etymology unknown.


karel

Related to Tocharian B kerū, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”), the source of many IE words meaning "cauldron", similar to the shape of a drum. Given the semantic shift from "making" > "vessel for making things in" > "thing shaped like that vessel", and that only the first meaning exists in PIE, it can be assumed that there was an unattested original form (perhaps in Proto-Tocharian) that meant "cauldron" or the like. Compare Proto-Germanic *hweraz, Old Irish coire, Russian чара (čara), Sanskrit चरु (caru, “bowl”), etc.


koy-

From Proto-Tocharian *koy (whence also Tocharian B koyn (“mouth”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂óyu (“gape”, noun), from the root *ǵʰh₂ey-, extended from the original root *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape, yawn”). Compare Latin hiō (“I stand open; I gape, yawn”), Lithuanian žióju (“I open”), Proto-Slavic *zijati (“to be open; to gape”), Old English ġinian (“to gape, yawn”).


keyurṣ

From Proto-Tocharian *kauwärṣän (whence also Tocharian B kauᵤrṣe), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-wr̥sen- (“bull”), from *gʷṓws (“cow”). Cognate with Sanskrit गोवृष (govṛṣa).


krās-

From Proto-Tocharian *krās- (whence Tocharian B krās-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰres-, with cognates only seen in the Baltic languages, such as Lithuanian grasa (“threat”).


granth

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ग्रन्थ (grantha), whence also Tocharian B krānt.


klumpri

Uncertain. Compare Tocharian B klampärya (“id”).

a literary meter, of 4x18 syllables, with a 7/7/4 rhythm


antuṣ

Probably from Proto-Tocharian *entu (whence Tocharian B entwe), from Proto-Indo-European *ím, accusative form of *ís (“he, that”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔνθα (éntha, “there, thereupon”).


a(n)-

From Proto-Tocharian *e(n)- (whence also Tocharian B e(n)-), from Proto-Indo-European *en (“in”). Likely originally a locative prefix. Compare English en-, of the same usage.


a(n)-

From Proto-Tocharian *e(n)- (whence also Tocharian B a(n)-), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with English un- and Latin in-, of similar usage.

A negating prefix; non-, un-, a-, an-, etc.


anapär

From Proto-Tocharian *enepre (whence also Tocharian B enepre), a compound of *ene (“inside”) and *pro (“before”).


äntāne

From Proto-Tocharian *ente (whence also Tocharian B ente (“where, when”)), from *enä + a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *tód, a form of *só (“this, that”). Also the source of äntannene (“where”).


äntannene

From Proto-Tocharian *ente (whence also Tocharian B ente (“where, when”)), from *enä + a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *tód, a form of *só (“this, that”). Also the source of äntāne (“when”).


pratim

→ Tocharian B: pratiṃ

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *prot-. Cognate with Lithuanian pranti, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan), Latin interpres, etc.


opyāc

From Proto-Tocharian *epiyāc (whence also Tocharian B epiyac), from an Iranian source. Compare Khotanese byāta- (“id”).


apälkāt

From Proto-Tocharian *empälkātte (whence also Tocharian B empalkaitte). Equivalent to the privative prefix a(n)- + pälk- (“to see”).

carefree, unworried, unheeding, unconcerned


arkäts

Uncertain. Related to Tocharian B erkatse (“id”).


arkant

From Proto-Tocharian *erkent (whence also Tocharian B erkent), but from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁regʷ- (“to be dark”) (cognate with Ancient Greek Ἔρεβος (Érebos), Old Norse røkkr (“twilight”), etc.) or Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“white, shining”) (cognate with Latin argentum and semantically akin to English black <> bleach).


ekär

From Proto-Tocharian *āikäre (whence also Tocharian B aikare), of uncertain further origin. Possibly from the intensive prefix *e(n)- + *iäkre, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eg- (“to lack”). If so, cognate with Latin egeo, etc.


eśe

From Proto-Tocharian *āićai, a form of *aik- (“to know”) (whence also Tocharian B aiśai), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess”).


eṣ

From Proto-Tocharian *onṣä (whence also Tocharian A oṃṣ), from Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after, above”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (anu, “after, along”), etc.


nut-

From Proto-Tocharian *näut- (whence Tocharian B naut-), from Proto-Indo-European *nuh₂-eh₂, verbal stem of *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”)


nwām

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w-, the same source as nut (“to die”). Cognate with Tocharian B naut- (“to die”), Welsh newyn (“hunger”), Old Irish núna (“famine”), etc.


mäcriṃ

Ultimately from a form of Proto-Indo-European *medʰi- (“with, among”) (whence also Tocharian B omutruññaiṣṣe (“id”)). Cognates include English middle, Lithuanian mẽdis (“wood”), Latin medium, etc.


lyäk

From Middle Chinese 掠 (MC ljangH|ljak, “to plunder, to rob, to be rapacious”). Cognate with Tocharian B lyak.

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


yamutsi

From Middle Chinese 鸚鵡 (ʔˠɛŋ mɨo^X) + 子 (MC tsiX). Cognate with Tocharian B yāmuttsi and Sogdian 𐼷𐼽𐼺𐼰𐼴𐽂𐼼𐼷 (yʿmʾwtsy /ēmūtsi/).


truṅk

From Old Chinese 盅 (OC *tʰuŋ, *duŋ, *tjoŋ, “empty, hollow”). Cognate with Tocharian A troṅk.