མིག

From Proto-Bodish *mik, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mik ~ mjak. Cognate with Old Chinese 目 (*muɡ).


སེམས་ཅན

/sem˥˥.t͡ɕɛ̃˥˥/

སེམས (sems, “mind, sentience”) + ཅན (can, “possessor”).


བོད་སྐད

/pʰøː˩˨.kɛː˥˨/

བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + སྐད (skad, “language”)

Tibetan, specifically referring to the oral component of the language.


ཀ

The first letter of the Tibetan abugida.


ཇ

letter ja [dʑà/tɕʰà] of the Tibetan abugida


ཇ

→ Kurtöp: ཇ (ja)

Borrowed from Chinese 茶 (MC drae), ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la.


ཚེག (tsheg), the syllable separator of the Tibetan abugida


ཉ

The eighth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


རྒྱལ་པོ

→ Wutunhua: jjhawo

རྒྱལ (rgyal, “to be victorious”) + པོ (po, nominalisation/agent suffix). Cognate with Dzongkha རྒྱལཔོ (rgyalpo).


བོད

Dzongkha: བོད (bod)

desc

→? Ancient Greek: Βαι̃ται (Baĩtai), Βα̃ται (Bãtai), Βαεται (Baetai)

→ Latin: Baetae

→⇒? Middle Chinese: 發羌 (MC pjot khjang); 附國 (MC bjuH kwok)

→? Prakrit: *𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝 (*bhŏṭṭa), *𑀪𑁄𑀝 (*bhoṭa)

Assamese: ভোট (bhüt)

Bengali: ভোট (bhōṭ)

Hindi: भोट (bhoṭ)

Nepali: भोट (bhoṭ)

Odia: ଭୋଟ (bhoṭa)

→ Sanskrit: भौट्ट (bhauṭṭa), भोट (bhoṭa)

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta) (see there for further descendants)

According to Bialek, originally the name of a people inhabiting modern Nyêmo County. Possibly related to བོན (bon, “to express, to mutter, etc.”).

Tibet (a geographic region in Central Asia, the homeland of the Tibetan people)


སངས་རྒྱས

/saŋ˥˥.cɛː˥˨/

Calque of Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “Buddha; awakened”), from སངས (sangs, “purified; cleansed”) + རྒྱས (rgyas, “extended; fully grown; spread”), literally “the awakened-blossomed one”, meaning that the Buddha has awakened from the sleep of ignorance and spread his mind to all objects of knowledge.


མོག་མོག

head

མོག་མོག • (mog mog)

zh-l

饃饃／馍馍 (mómo)


བླ་མ

→ Chinese: 喇嘛 (lǎma)

→ English: lama

→ Kurtöp: ལ́་མ ('lama)

→ Mongolian: лам (lam)

→ Thai: ลามะ (laa-má)

བླ (bla, “soul, spirit”) + མ (ma, nominalisation/agent suffix).

compound

lama - an accomplished spiritual teacher, guru


གཅིག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kV-tek (“one”).


ཞང་ཀང

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


ཕྱལ་པ

ཕྱལ (phyal, “flat”) + nominalisation suffix པ (pa). The sense is that the flatness is the terrain of their view as well as their conduct, they neither seek to rise through merit, nor fear falling into non-human lives and hells through unmeritorious activity.


རྒྱང་འཕེན་པ

Literally ‘that hurl afar’, as atheists ‘hurl afar’ their concern for past and future lives.

charvaka (a follower of the Charvaka school); materialist; hedonist; nihilist


མུར་ཐུག་པ

མུར་ཐུག (mur thug, “to the extremity, complete, thorough, nihilist”) + པ (pa, agent suffix) Compare མཐར་ཐུག་པ (mthar thug pa, “final, ultimate, eventual”).


མུ་སྟེགས་པ

head

མུ་སྟེགས་པ • (mu stegs pa)


སྟག

→ Wutunhua: dak

From Proto-Bodish *s-tag (“tiger”) (STEDT).


སེང

Abbreviation of སེང་གེ (seng ge, “lion”), from Sanskrit सिंह (siṃhá, “lion”).


འབྲུག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”).


བྱི་བ

/t͡ɕʰi˩˨.wə˥˥/

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-jəw-n ~ bwəj (“rat, mouse”).


གླང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *glaŋ (“ox; bullock; elephant”).


ཡོས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-jəw-n ~ bwəj.


སྦྲུལ

From Proto-Bodish *smrul, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mrul (“snake”).


ལུག

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“sheep”). Compare Chinese 犢 (OC *l'oːɡ).


ལུག

to huddle heads together like timid sheep, to be sheepish in behaviour


ལུག

lug (romanization)
form ལུག་པ (nominal)
ལུག (present)
ལུག (future)
ལུགས (past)
ལུག (imperative)

(intransitive) to collapse, to fall down, to fall


ལུག

lug (romanization)
form ལུག་པ (nominal)
ལུག (present)
ལུགས (present)
ལུག (future)
ལུགས (future)
ལུགས (past)
ལུགས (imperative)

(transitive) to make an article from molten iron placed in a form, to pour an impression, to cast


སྤྲེལ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-pra. Cognate with Kurtöp པྲ (pra), Dzongkha སྤྱ (spya).


བྱ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b(j/r)a (“bird”).


བྱ

placed after certain verbs to produce nouns


བྱ

བྱེད བྱེད#Tibetan


ཁྱི

From Proto-Bodish *kʰʷi, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n. Cognate with Chinese 犬 (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ).


རླུང་རྟ

→ English: wind horse (calque)

→ German: Windpferd (calque)

/luŋ˥˥.tə˥˥/

རླུང (rlung, “wind”) + རྟ (rta, “horse”).

com

(mythology) wind horse (mythological creature that symbolises the soul and good luck)

A type of prayer flag, flown horizontally.


བདེ་བ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-de. Cognate with Chinese 禔 (OC *deː, *tje, *dje), 提 (OC *deː, *dje).


གནས

gnas (romanization)
form གནས་པ (nominal)
གནས (present)
གནས (future)
གནས (past)
གནས (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na (“to stay, to live, to be”). Cognate with Burmese နား (na:, “to rest”).

inh

(intransitive) to live, to exist, to reside


བྱང་ཆུབ

/t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨.t͡ɕʰu˥˨/

བྱང (byang, “purified, perfected”) + ཆུབ (chub, “pervasively realized”).

compound

(Buddhism) awakening, enlightenment, bodhi


བྱང་ཆུབ

/t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨.t͡ɕʰu˥˨/


བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ

head

བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ • (byang chub sems dpa')

བྱང་ཆུབ (byang chub, “enlightenment, total perfection”) + སེམས (sems, “mind”) + དཔའ་བོ (dpa' bo, “hero, spiritual warrior”)

com

bodhisattva (derived from Sanskrit) One who vows to forgo and does forgo nirvana to work in samsara for the benefit of all sentient beings.


བྱམས་པ

/t͡ɕʰam˩˨ pa˥˥/

Semantic loan from Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya, “friendly, benevolent”).


བྱམས་པ

/t͡ɕʰam˩˨ pa˥˥/


ཟླ་བ

→ Mongolian: ᠳᠠᠸᠠ (dawa) / даваа (davaa)

/nda˩˧.ɣɑ˥˥/

ཟླ (zla) + བ (ba), the former from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sr-la (“moon, month”). The name is often given to children born on a Monday.

inh

གཟའ་ཟླ་བ གཟའ་ཟླ་བ#Tibetan

ellipsis of གཟའ་ཟླ་བ (gza' zla ba, “Monday”)


ཟླ་བ

/nda˩˧.ɣɑ˥˥/


འོད

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwa(n/t) (“to shine; light”).


ལམ

From Proto-Bodish *lam, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lam (“road”).


མཛོ་ཕོ

a 'male' (pho) of the mdzo, an interbreed of the yak bull and the common cow.

a kind of domestic cattle reared in Asia for its flesh and milk.


ཕོ

stomach, reticulum, second stomach of ruminant


འདས་པ

/tɛː˩˧˨.paˑ/


ཐ་དད་པ

(grammar) voluntary [verb], in general comparable to the transitive [verb]


ཐ་མི་དད་པ

(grammar) involuntary [verb], in general comparable to the intransitive [verb]


ཀླུབ

klub (romanization)
form ཀླུབ་པ (nominal)
ཀླུབ (present)
ཀླུབས (present)
བཀླུབ (future)
ཀླུབས (future)
བཀླུབས (past)
བླུབས (past)
ཀླུབས (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *klup (“to cover, to wrap”).


རྒྱ་ནག

རྒྱ (rgya, “extent, size; country, empire”) + ནག (nag, “black”), literally "the black expanse; the black empire".

compound

China; in particular, regions populated by Han Chinese


སྦྱིན

sbyin (romanization)
form སྦྱིན་པ (nominal)
སྦྱིན (present)
སྦྱིན (future)
བྱིན (past)
སྦྱིན (past)
བྱིནད (byind) (archaic past)
བྱིན (imperative)
སྦྱིན (imperative)
བྱིནད (byind) (archaic imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Pi(k) (“to give”). Cognate with Chinese 畀 (OC *pids, “to give”), 賓 (OC *mpin, “gift; to present a gift”), and Burmese ပေး (pe:).

(transitive) to give, to bestow, to contribute, to offer, to make a present of

(transitive) to add, to supplement, to sum up


ཆུང་བ

/t͡ɕʰuŋ˥˨.ŋəˑ/


གཉིས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kV-ni-s, via Proto-Bodish *(g)nis.


གསུམ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kV-sum (“three”).


བཞི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pV-lij (“four”).


ལྔ

From Proto-Bodish *laŋa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-ŋaʔ.


དྲུག

From Proto-Bodish *kruk, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ruk (“six”).


དཔལ་བེའུ

endless knot, eternal knot, shrivatsa (Sanskrit)


རིན་ཆེན་གདུགས

head

རིན་ཆེན་གདུགས

རིན་ཆེན་གདུགས • (rin chen gdugs)

རིན་ཆེན (rin chen, “precious”) + གདུགས (gdugs, “umbrella”).

com

sacred umbrella, precious parasol, chhatra (Sanskrit)


བུམ་པ

→ Kurtöp: བུམ་པ (bumpa)


ཆོས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ

head

ཆོས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ • (chos kyi 'khor lo)


ཆོས་འཁོར་གསུམ

three doctrinal centres, three turnings of the dharma


སྡིག་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-diːk (“scorpion, crab, shrimp”). Compare Mizo tit (“scorpion”) and Tangut 𘝠 (*thjɨ², “scorpion”).


ལས

ཤི་ལས་ཐུ།

ཁྱི་ལས་ལོད།


དཀོན་མཆོག

/kø̃˥˥.t͡ɕo(k̚)ˀ˥˨/

From དཀོན (dkon, “rare”) + མཆོག (mchog, “excellent”)


དཀོན་མཆོག

/kø̃˥˥.t͡ɕo(k̚)ˀ˥˨/


མཆོད་སྟེགས

མཆོད (mchod, “offering, worship, ceremony”) + སྟེགས (stegs, “platform; lifted”)


རྒྱལ་མཚན

From རྒྱལ (rgyal, “to be victorious”) + མཚན (mtshan, “mark”).


སྙིང

From Proto-Bodish *(s)niŋ, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sni(ŋ~k) (“brain, heart, mind”).


སྟོན་པ

/tø̃˥˥.pa˥˥/

སྟོན སྟོན#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb སྟོན (ston): indicating, teaching, illustrating


དགོངས་རྒྱུད

direct transmission, state of knowledge (Buddhism)


སྡོམ

Bodman (1980), apud Schuessler (2007), relates this to Old Chinese 蠶 (OC *dzə̂m) "silkworm". STEDT derives the Chinese, though not the Tibetan, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tip ~ *tu(p/m) (“to wrap up”), whence Burmese ထုပ် (htup, “to wrap, bundle”). If the Tibetan is related, the spider could be conceived of as a "bug which wraps up its prey".


བརྒྱད

From Proto-Bodish *(b)rgʲat, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pV-rjat.


ཨ་ཆུང

/ʔə˩˨.t͡ɕʰuŋ˥˥/


གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨ་ཆུང

head

གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨ་ཆུང • (gter yig mgo a chung)


གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་རྣམ་བཅད་མ

གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་རྣམ་བཅད་མ • (gter yig mgo um rnam bcad ma)

gter yig mgo um rnam bcad ma (romanization)

en-གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་རྣམ་བཅད་མ-bo-noun-e2sw8ECX


གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་གཏེར་ཚེག་མ

གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་གཏེར་ཚེག་མ • (gter yig mgo um gter tsheg ma)

gter yig mgo um gter tsheg ma (romanization)

en-གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་གཏེར་ཚེག་མ-bo-noun-bOFursD4


ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ

ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ • (yig mgo mdun ma)

An honorific head mark which heralds the beginning of text or commencement of a new folio.


ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ#Tibetan

An honorific head mark which heralds the beginning of text or commencement of a new folio. In Tibetan it is called ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ (yig mgo mdun ma).


འ

The letter "a chung", transliterated as '.


ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ

ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ • (yig mgo sgab ma)

A Tibetan mark that closes the head marks with which it ligates.


ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ#Tibetan

A Tibetan mark that closes the head marks with which it ligates. The name for this sign in the Tibetan script is ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ (yig mgo sgab ma).


ཨ་ཙ་ར

འཆམས འཆམས#Tibetan

The jester, joker, clown or fool, a traditional character in the འཆམས ('chams) dance.

(folklore) A type of hobgoblin or spectre.


ཡིག་མགོ་ཕུར་ཤད་མ

ཡིག་མགོ་ཕུར་ཤད་མ • (yig mgo phur shad ma)

An ornamental form of the punctuation mark །, a flourish founded upon a phurba.


ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ

ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ • (yig mgo tsheg shad ma)


ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ#Tibetan

An ornamental translingual mark, the ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ (yig mgo tsheg shad ma).


གཏེར་ཚེག

The terma break ༔ (:); a punctuation mark or textual delimiter used in a fashion somewhat comparable to a comma.


ཀུ་ཤུ

(dialectal, genericized trademark) mobile phone, especially smartphone.


ཤིང་ཏོག

/ɕiŋ˥˥.to˥˨/


མངའ་རིས་ཁམ་བུ

མངའ་རིས (mnga' ris, “Ngari (region in Tibet)”) + ཁམ་བུ (kham bu, “peach, apricot”)

compound

Prunus armeniaca
Prunus armeniaca#Translingual


ཀེ་ལ

ཀེ་ར ཀེ་ར#Tibetan


ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ

head

ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ

ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ • (chu rgun 'brum)

/t͡ɕʰu˥˥ kỹ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂum˥˥/


ལིམ་བུ

ལིམ་བུ • (lim bu)


ཚ་ལུ་མ

tsha lu ma (romanization)
ཚ་ལུམ (alternative)

/t͡sʰə˥˥.lu˥˥.məˑ/

ཚ་ལུ (tsha lu, “red”) + མ (ma, noun suffix). Related to མཚལ (mtshal, “vermillion pigment”), མཚལ་ལུ (mtshal lu, “*red”) (Zhang, 2009).


སེ་འབྲུ

head

སེ་འབྲུ • (se 'bru)

/sĩ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂuˑ/

སེ (se, “fruit, from *sej”) + འབྲུ ('bru, “seed”)

compound

fruit, from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sit-pro">*sej</i>


གཡེར་མ

g.yer ma (romanization)
ཨེ་མ (alternative)

Zanthoxylum armatum, the winged prickly ash

Sichuan pepper, spice derived from Zanthoxylum species


ཤིང་ཚ

desc

→ Mongolian: шанц (šanc), шанцай (šancaj)

ཤིང (shing, “tree, wood”) + ཚ (tsha, “spicy, hot”)

com

specifically Indian cassia (Cinnamomum tamala)


འཐུང

'thung (romanization)
form འཐུང་བ (nominal)
འཐུང (present)
བཏུང (future)
བཏུངས (past)
འཐུངས (past)
ཐུངས (imperative)
འཐུངས (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *(')tʰuŋ, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *N-tuŋ (“to drink, to suckle”).


ཟ

The twenty-second letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ཟ

za (romanization)
form ཟ་བ (nominal)
ཟ (present)
བཟའ (future)
བཟས (past)
ཟོས (past)
ཟོ (imperative)
ཟོས (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *za, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzaʔ. Cognate with Chinese 咀 (OC *ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ).


ཟ

za (romanization)
form ཟ་བ (nominal)
ཟ (present)
ཟ (future)
ཟ (past)
ཟ (imperative)


ཟ

za (romanization)
form ཟ་བ (nominal)
ཟ (present)
འཛའ (present)
ཟ (future)
བཟའ (future)
ཟོས (past)
བཟས (past)
ཟོ (imperative)


རྒྱ་གར

From རྒྱ (rgya, “extent, size; vastness; empire”) + གར (gar) (variant of དཀར (dkar, “white”)), literally “white expanse, white empire”. So named perhaps because its ancient inhabitants wore white clothing. Not related to གར (gar, “dancing”).

2014, ཞི་ཅིན་ཕེན་གྱིས་རྒྱ་གར་གྱི་ཙུང་ཐུང་མུའུ་ཁི་ཅི་ལ་མཇལ་འཕྲད་གནང་།
ཟླ་དགུ་བའི་ཚེས་བཅོ་བརྒྱད་ཉིན། རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་ཀྲུའུ་ཞི་ཞི་ཅིན་ཕེན་གྱིས་དྷེ་ལི་གསར་བ་ནས་རྒྱ་གར་གྱི་ཙུང་ཐུང་མུའུ་ཁི་ཅི་ལ་མཇལ་འཕྲད་གནང་།
zla dgu ba'i tshes bco brgyad nyin. rgyal khab kyi kru'u zhi zhi cin phen gyis dhe li gsar ba nas rgya gar gyi tsung thung mu'u khi ci la mjal 'phrad gnang
Chinese president Xi Jinping met Indian president Mukherjee on the 18th of September in New Delhi.


ཨོ་སི་ཀྲ་ལི་ཡ

head

ཨོ་སི་ཀྲ་ལི་ཡ • (o si kra li ya)


ཨ་ཕི་རི་ཀ

ཨ་ཕི་རི་ཀ • (a phi ri ka)


བལ་ཡུལ

From བལ (bal, “Nepali; wool”) + ཡུལ (yul, “place”).


ལྷ་ས

/ɬɛː˥˥.sa˥˥/

Inherited from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa), from ར (ra, “goat”) or ར (ra, “enclosure”) + ས (sa, “place, location”), literally "goat's place" or "fortified city". The ra in Old Tibetan irregularly developed into lha in the modern form, possibly by association with ལྷ (lha, “god, deity”), i.e. literally "place of gods" or "Holy Land".


བཅུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ts(j)i(j) ~ tsjaj (“ten”). Cognate with Burmese ဆယ် (hcai, “ten”).


བསམ་ཡས

inconceivable, unimaginable, unthinkable, beyond the conceptual realm of human cognition


ཚིག་མཛོད

/t͡sʰiŋ˥˥.t͡søː˥˨/

ཚིག (tshig, “word”) + མཛོད (mdzod, “deposit”)

compound

dictionary (publication that explains the meanings of an ordered list of words)


སེན་གེ

head

སེན་གེ • (sen ge)


ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ

ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ • (tā la'i bla ma)

From Mongolian ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ (dalai, “ocean”) + བླ་མ (bla ma).


པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ

pan chen bla ma (romanization)
པཎ་ཆེན་བླ་མ (alternative)

/pɛ̃˥˥.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥ la˥˥.ma˥˥/

From Sanskrit पण्डित (paṇḍita, “scholar”) + ཆེན་པོ (chen po, “big”) + བླ་མ (bla ma, “lama”).

bo:པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ་


གཡག

→ Armenian: յակ (yak)

→ Catalan: iac

→ Czech: jak

→ Danish: yak

→ Dutch: jak

→ English: yak

→ Faroese: jakkoksi

→ Finnish: jakki

→ French: yack, yak

→ Georgian: იაკი (iaḳi)

→ German: Yak, Jak

→ Hebrew: יאק (yak)

→ Hungarian: jak

→ Icelandic: jakuxi

→ Ido: yako

→ Interlingua: yak

→ Italian: yak m

→ Japanese: ヤク (yaku)

→ Macedonian: јак (jak)

→ Marathi: याक (yāk)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jak

→ Polish: jak m

→ Portuguese: iaque

→ Romanian: iac m

→ Russian: як (jak)

→ Slovak: jak

→ Slovene: jak

→ Spanish: yac, yak

→ Swedish: jak

→ Turkish: yak

STEDT derives this from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ (“sheep, yak”), yet according to Jacques, d'Alpoim Guedes, and Zhang (2021), its only genuine cognate is Tamangic *ᴮʰjaː ("male yak").


འབྲོང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brawŋ (“wild yak, buffalo”).


དཔེ་ཆ

→ Wutunhua: huaiqa

/pe˥˥.t͡ɕʰa˥˥/

/pe˥˥.t͡ɕʰa˥˥/


དགྲ་བོ

/ʈ͡ʂa˩˨.wo˥˥/


དབྱར་ཀ

དབྱར་ཁ དབྱར་ཁ#Tibetan


མོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“woman; feminine suffix”). Compare Chinese 母 (OC *mɯʔ).


མོ

she (3rd-person singular pronoun, familiar)


ཤིག

From Proto-Bodish *sik, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *srik.


ཤིང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ ~ sik (“tree, wood”).


ལོ་མ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lap (“leaf”). Compare Chinese 葉 (OC *hljeb, *leb).


རྩ་བ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-sa (“obscure internal channel; vein, muscle, pulse, nerve”).


པུ་གུ

head

པུ་གུ • (pu gu)


སྤྲེའུ

སྤྲེལ (sprel, “monkey”) + ེའུ (e'au, diminutive suffix).


མགོ

From Proto-Bodish *(m)go, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mV-qow.


ཡི་གེ

head

ཡི་གེ • (yi ge)

→ Wutunhua: yegai


འོ་མ

འོ ('o, “milk”) + མ (ma, nominalisation suffix); the first element o is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wa (“to suckle; milk; breast”).


ཚེག

tsheg (intersyllabic division dot in the Tibetan script, written as ་)


རི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri (“mountain”).


མཚོ

→ Chinese: 錯／错 (cuò)

→ Wutunhua: co


སྒྱུ་རྩལ

/cu˩˨.t͡sɛː˥˥/


ཆུང

From Proto-Bodish *tʰʲuŋ (“short, small”). Cognate to Dzongkha ཆུང་ཀུ (chung ku, “small”) and Kurtöp ཐིང་ཀུ (thingku, “short”).


དཀར

དཀར་པོ དཀར་པོ#Tibetan


རྩྭ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(r)tsuʔ (“grass”), suffixed with -བ (-ba). Cognate with Chinese 草 (OC *sʰuːʔ), 荐 (OC *zlɯːns), Mawo Northern Qiang [Term?] (/dʐu/), Taoping Southern Qiang [Term?] (/dʐo²⁴¹/), Longchang Ao a za, Sangtam Naga za nu.


འབྲུག་ཡུལ

head

འབྲུག་ཡུལ • ('brug yul)

/ʈ͡ʂu(k̚)ˀ˩˨.jyː˥˥/

འབྲུག ('brug, “thunder, dragon”) + ཡུལ (yul, “land, country”)

compound

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)

bo:འབྲུག་ཡུལ


ཡང་ན

perhaps, maybe, either...or, else, otherwise


མེ

From Proto-Bodish *mʲe, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *məj (“fire”).


ས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s(r)aj (“earth, ground, soil”).


རྨི་ལམ

རྨི (rmi, “to dream”) + ལམ (lam, “road”) From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rV-mi(k) and *lam respectively.


གཏེར

གཏེར་མ གཏེར་མ#Tibetan

གཏེར་ཁ གཏེར་ཁ#Tibetan

See གཏེར་མ (gter ma) and གཏེར་ཁ (gter kha).


སྒྲ

From Proto-Bodish *(s)gra, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)ra (“to hear”).


ངག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋaq. Compare Old Chinese 語 (OC *ŋaʔ).


ཉི་མ

→ Chinese: 尼瑪 /尼玛 (Nímǎ)

→ Mongolian: ᠨᠢᠮᠠ (nim-a) / ням (njam)

ཉི (nyi) is from Proto-Bodish *ni, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ku-ni(k) (“sun, day”).

inh

གཟའ་ཉི་མ གཟའ་ཉི་མ#Tibetan

ellipsis of གཟའ་ཉི་མ (gza' nyi ma, “Sunday”)


ཉི་མ

Nyima (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


སྟོང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-toŋ (“thousand”). Cognate to Burmese ထောင် (htaung).


སྟོང

stong (romanization)
form སྟོང་བ (nominal)
སྟོང (present)
སྟོངས (present)
སྟོང (future)
བསྟང (future)
སྟོངས (past)
བསྟངས (past)
སྟོངས (imperative)

(intransitive) to make empty, to be empty, to become waste or desolate


བདུན

Unknown, unrelated with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni-s.


དགུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw (“nine”).


ཁྲི

According to Starostin, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rij (“many”). Cognate with Chinese 師 (OC *sri), 皆 (OC *kriːl), 偕 (OC *kriːl), and Jingpho ri (“million”).


ཁྲི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəj (“foot”). Cognate with Chinese 几 (OC *krilʔ), 机 (OC *kril, *krilʔ), and Burmese ခြေ (hkre).


སེམས

sems (romanization)
form སེམས་པ (nominal)
སེམས (present)
བསམ (future)
བསམས (past)
སེམས (past)
སོམས (imperative)
སོམ (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səm (“breath, spirit, mind”).


བསམ་གཏན

བསམ (bsam, “thought, thinking”) + གཏན (gtan, “constant, perpetual”) Translation of Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna).


ཕོ་ཉ

→ French: panda (possible derivation)

ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་སྔོན་དུ་ང་ཡི་ཕོ་ཉ་གཏོང


ང

The fourth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ང

From Proto-Bodish *ŋa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa (“I”).


ལྕགས

→ Kurtöp: ཅ (ca)

From earlier *ltjags, from *lʎjags (via fortition), from *l̥jags, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hljak (“iron”). Perhaps a loanword from Old Chinese 鐵 (*l̥ʰiːɡ).
Bodt rather reconstructs Proto-Bodish *m-laks.


ལྡག

ldag (romanization)
form ལྡག་པ (nominal)
ལྡག (present)
བལྡག (future)
བལྡགས (past)
ལྡོགས (imperative)
ལྡོག (imperative)
ལྡགས (imperative)

From earlier *C-ljag (C = prefix, likely the homorganic prenasalisation prefix *ɴ-), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mə-l(j)ək (“to lick”). Related to ལྕེ (lce, “tongue”), ལྗགས (ljags, “(polite) tongue”) and Burmese လျက် (lyak, “to lick”). Compare འདག ('dag).


ཉལ

nyal (romanization)
form ཉལ་བ (nominal)
ཉལ (present)
ཉལ (future)
ཉལ (past)
ཉོལ (imperative)
ཉལ (present)
ཉལ (future)
ཉལད (past)
ཉོལད (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-njal ~ s-njal (“to sleep, to lie down; sleepy”). Compare Chinese 瞑 (OC *meːn, *meːns, *meːŋ, “to close the eyes”), 臥 (OC *ŋʷaːls, “to lie down”), 妥 (OC *n̥ʰoːlʔ, “peaceful; to stop”), 綏 (OC *snul, “to pacify, comfort; tranquil”) (STEDT).

མཉལ

(dialectal) same as ngal; to rest, fatigued

སྙལ

to lay something down, to bed a person, to assign person a couch

རྣལ

rest, transquility; basic state, fundamental condition


འཐག

'thag (romanization)
form འཐག་པ (nominal)
འཐག (present)
འཐོག (present)
བཏག (future)
འཐག (future)
བཏགས (past)
ཐོགས (imperative)
ཐོག (imperative)
འཐོག (imperative)
འཐགས (imperative)

The sense “to weave” is from Proto-Bodish *(')tʰak, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tək (“to weave, to plait”), cognate with Chinese 織 (OC *tjɯɡs, *tjɯɡ).


འཐག

'thag (romanization)
form འཐག་པ (nominal)
འཐག (present)
འཐག (future)
ཐག (past)
འཐག (past)

(intransitive) to reduce by boiling, to dry up, to dry out


དོམ

From Proto-Bodish *(d)wam, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tV-wəm (“bear”), with preemption of the root initial by the prefix.

Ursus thibetanus
Ursus thibetanus#Translingual

bear; in particular, the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)


འཆི

'chi (romanization)
form འཆི་བ (nominal)
འཆི (present)
'chi (present clitic)
འཆི (future)
'chi (future clitic)
ཤི (past)
ཤི (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *si, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sij (“to die”).

(intransitive) to die away, to go out, to be destroyed


གློག་ཀླད

གློག (glog, “electricity”) + ཀླད་པ (klad pa, “brain, intelligence, reason, mind”), literally “electronic brain”. Calque from Chinese 電腦／电脑 (diànnǎo, “computer”, literally “electronic-brain”).

zh-l

bo:གློག་ཀླད།


མགྲོན་ཁང

/ʈ͡ʂø̃˩˨ kʰaŋ˥˥/

མགྲོན (mgron, “guest; feast, banquet”) + ཁང (khang, “house, building”). Compare Chinese 賓館 /宾馆 (bīnguǎn, literally “guest house/building; hotel”).


ལ་ཕུག

Borrowed from Chinese 蘿蔔 (MC la bok, “radish”).


བོད་ལྗོངས

/pʰø̃˩˨.t͡ɕoŋ˥˨/

བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + ལྗོངས (ljongs, “country, region”)

compound

Tibet, especially the central regions of Tibet

bo:བོད་ལྗོངས


གསོད

gsod (romanization)
form གསོད་པ (nominal)
གསོད (present)
གསད (future)
བསད (past)
སོད (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *(g)sot, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sat.

(transitive) to kill, to slaughter, to murder

(transitive) to annihilate, to exterminate, to eliminate, to eradicate, to extinguish


རང་དབང

/ʐaŋ˩˨.waŋ˥˥/

རང (rang, “self, oneself, own”) + དབང (dbang, “power, control, force, empowerment”).


དམངས་གཙོ

དམངས (dmangs, “the common people, populace”) + གཙོ (gtso, “main, primary, chief, principal”). Compare Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ, “democracy; populace + main”).


གློག་བརྙན

/loː˥˥.ȵɛ̃˥˥/

གློག (glog, “electricity”) + བརྙན (brnyan, “image, reflection”). Possibly a calque of Chinese 電影／电影 (diànyǐng, “film, literally "electricity-image"”).


ནོར་འཁྲུལ

/non˩˧˨.ʈ͡ʂyːˑ/


གྲང་མོ

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ˩˨.ŋu˥˥/

གྲང + མོ, the former from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ (“cold; freeze”).


བཟླས་བརྗོད

བཟླས (bzlas, “to recite, to recount”) + བརྗོད (brjod, “sound, speech”). Translation of Sanskrit जाप (jāpa), जप (japa, “muttering prayers”).


དུག

From Proto-Bodish *duk, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duk ~ tuk.


རྒྱམ་ཚྭ

From རྒྱམ (rgyam) (likely from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum) + ཚྭ (tshwa, “salt”).


མཁྱེན

mkhyen (romanization)
form མཁྱེན་པ (nominal)
མཁྱེན (present)
མཁྱེན (future)
མཁྱེན (past)
མཁྱེན (imperative)
མཁྱེནད (present)
མཁྱེན (future)
མཁྱེནད (past)
མཁྱེནད (imperative)

(honorific, transitive or intransitive) to know, to comprehend, to understand, to cognise


ནུབ

nub (romanization)
form ནུབ་པ (nominal)
ནུབ (present)
ནུབ (future)
ནུབ (past)
ནུབ (imperative)

(intransitive) to fall (gradually), to sink, to set


སྣུབ

snub (romanization)
form སྣུབ་པ (nominal)
སྣུབ (present)
བསྣུབ (future)
བསྣུབས (past)
སྣུབས (imperative)
སྣུབ (imperative)

Causative of ནུབ (nub), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip.

(transitive) to cause to sink or perish, to suppress, to do away with, to annihilate, to abolish


མིང

→ Bumthangkha: མིང (ming)

→ Kurtöp: མིང (ming)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-meŋ. Cognate with Chinese 名 (míng).


ལྷ

→ Wutunhua: lha


ཉམས

nyams (romanization)
form ཉམས་པ (nominal)
ཉམས (present)
ཉམས (future)
ཉམས (past)
ཉམས (imperative)

(intransitive) to deteriorate, to grow weak, to decline, to perish


གཞུང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t/duŋ. Cognate with 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “centre, middle”).


སྨུག་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk.


སྨུག་པོ

head

སྨུག་པོ • (smug po)


འབའ

'ba' (romanization)
form འབའ་བ (nominal)
འབའ (present)
འབའ (future)
འབའ (past)

(intransitive) to bleat, to make the sound of a sheep or goat


འབའ

'ba' (romanization)
form འབའ་བ (nominal)


ཟ་བ

nominal form of the verb ཟ (za): itching


ཟ་བ

nominal form of the verb ཟ (za): appearing, arising


ལྡིར

ldir (romanization)
form ལྡིར་བ (nominal)
ལྡིར (present)
ལྟིར (present)
ལྡིར (future)
བལྡིར (future)
ལྡིར (past)
བལྡིར (past)
ལྡིར (imperative)
ལྡིརད (ldird) (archaic imperative)

(intransitive) to be distended, to be inflated

(intransitive) to rush, to roar (of wind), to roll (of thunder)

(intransitive) to make a medicinal drink


ལྡོག

ldog (romanization)
form ལྡོག་པ (nominal)
ལྡོག (present)
ལྡོག (future)
ལྡོག (past)
ལོག (past)
ལྡོགས (past)
ལྡོག (imperative)
ལོག (imperative)
ལྡོགས (imperative)

Resultative of ཟློག (zlog). Compare ལོག (log).

(intransitive) to send back, to naturally reject

(intransitive) to change, to fade (of colours, etc.)


ལྡེག

ldeg (romanization)
form ལྡེག་པ (nominal)
ལྡེག (present)
ལྡེབ (present)
བལྡེག (future)
བལྡེགས (past)
བདེག (past)

(intransitive) to shake, to quake, to tremble


རློག

rlog (romanization)
form རློག་པ (nominal)
རློག (present)
རླག (present)
བརླག (future)
བརླགས (past)
བརླག (past)
རློགས (imperative)
རློག (imperative)
ལྷོགས (imperative)

(transitive) to destroy, to break down, to conquer


གློག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lewk (“to shine, flash”).


སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད

head

སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད་པ

སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད • (slob khrid byed) (nominal form སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད་པ)

slob khrid byed (romanization)
form སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད་པ (nominal)

/lop̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰi˥˨ t͡ɕʰe˩˧˨/


ལེགས་སྦྱར

From ལེགས (legs, “excellent, perfect”) + སྦྱར (sbyar, “linked, joined”). Calque of Sanskrit संस्कृत (saṃskṛta, literally “well-made; perfectly put together”).


ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྐད

/le(k̚)ˀ˩˨.t͡ɕaː˥˥ kɛː˥˨/

ལེགས་སྦྱར (legs sbyar, “Sanskrit”) + སྐད (skad, “language”).


སྦྱོར

sbyor (romanization)
form སྦྱོར་བ (nominal)
སྦྱོར (present)
སྦྱར (future)
སྦྱར (past)
སྦྱོར (imperative)
སྦྱོར (present)
སྦྱར (future)
སྦྱརད (past)
སྦྱོརད (imperative)

Causative of འབྱོར ('byor, “to adhere, stick to”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bjar ~ pjar (“to affix, plait”).

inh

(transitive) to link, to join, to connect

(transitive) to affix, to attach, to apply


བྱེད

byed (romanization)
form བྱེད་པ (nominal)
བྱེད (present)
བྱ (future)
བྱས (past)
བྱོས (imperative)
བྱེད (imperative)
བྱོ (imperative)

(transitive) to replace, to substitute, to take responsibility for


ལེགས་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).

good, fine, perfect, excellent, elegant, beautiful


འབྱར

'byar (romanization)
form འབྱར་བ (nominal)

འབྱོར འབྱོར#Tibetan


སྤྲུལ་སྐུ

head

སྤྲུལ་སྐུ • (sprul sku)

/ʈ͡ʂyː˥˥.ku˥˥/

སྤྲུལ (sprul, “to juggle, to make phantoms appear, to change, to transform”) + སྐུ (sku, “body; the person of Buddha; image, statue of Buddha”). Short for སྤྲུལ་པའི་སྐུ (sprul pa'i sku) or སྤྲུལ་པ་སྐུ (sprul pa sku).
Equivalent to Sanskrit निर्माणकाय (nirmāṇakāya), Chinese 應身, 化身, Mongolian хувилгаан (xuvilgaan).

compound

Tulku (a concept in Tibetan Buddhism); "emanation body", reincarnation


ཀླུབ་པ

ཀླུབ ཀླུབ#Tibetan


འཐུང་བ

འཐུང འཐུང#Tibetan


གཅོད་པ

གཅོད གཅོད#Tibetan


ཀྲུང་གོ

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ˥˥.ko˥˥/

Borrowed from Mandarin 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó).

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

China (a country in Asia), the People's Republic of China


ལག

From Proto-Bodish *lak, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tV-lak.


རྒྱ

རྒྱ་རྣམས

རྒྱ་ནག རྒྱ་ནག#Tibetan

abbreviation of རྒྱ་ནག (rgya nag, “China”)

རྒྱ་གར རྒྱ་གར#Tibetan

abbreviation of རྒྱ་གར (rgya gar, “India”)


རྒྱ

rgya (romanization)
form རྒྱ་བ (nominal)
རྒྱ (present)
རྒྱས (present)
རྒྱ (future)
རྒྱས (future)
རྒྱས (past)
རྒྱས (imperative)

(intransitive) to increase in bulk or quantity, to augment, to spread


རྒྱ

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *r-gya-n. (STEDT).


ནག

ནག་པོ ནག་པོ#Tibetan


སྣག

སྣག་ཚ སྣག་ཚ#Tibetan

Abbreviation of སྣག་ཚ (snag tsha, “Chinese/Indian ink”).


གངས

Linked to Chinese 剛 /刚 (“strong, firm”) and 鋼 /钢 (“steel”) by Schuessler (2007; pp. 250-251). See Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rkaŋ for more related words.


རྫོང

inh

Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsuk ⪤ *tsik (“to build”)

cog

Chinese 宗 (zōng, “ancestral temple; school; sect; purpose”)

castle, fortress, jong, fort, district capital

རྒྱལ་རྩེ་རྫོང


རྫོང

rdzong (romanization)
form རྫོང་བ (nominal)
རྫོང (present)
རྫོངས (present)
བརྫང (future)
བརྫངས (past)
རྫོངས (past)
རྫོངས (imperative)

(transitive) to send, to dispatch, to send off

(transitive) to put stuff into, to insert


མངར་མོ

/ŋaː˥˥.mo˥˥/


དབྱར་ཁ

dbyar kha (romanization)
དབྱར་ཀ (alternative)


བདུན་ཕྲག

/tỹ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂʰa˥˨/


འཁོར་ལོ

A relationship with Chinese 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) was proposed in Bauer (1994), and both were hypothesised to have been derived from a common Sino-Tibetan word, borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“wheel”).


བཙོན་པ

/t͡sø̃˥˥.pa˥˥/


འབྲས

From Proto-Bodish *(')mras, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ras (“rice; fruit; bear fruit; round object”). Compare Proto-Austronesian *bəʀas (“rice”), whence Malay beras and Tagalog bigas.


པ

The thirteenth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


མི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-mi(j)-n. Cognate to Chinese 民 (mín).


མི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-. Variant of མ (ma), used in situations where མ (ma) is not used, usually with present and future stems of verbs.

(prepositional negative particle) not, un-


ཁང

Cognate with Burmese ခေါင် (hkaung, “ridge of the roof”) (Hill, 2019).
* Old Tibetan: /*kʰaŋ/
* Lhasa: /khaŋ˥˥/
----
* Old Tibetan:
** IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /*kʰaŋ/ (reconstructed)
* Ü-Tsang
** Tibetan pinyin: khangᶠ
** (Lhasa) IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /khaŋ˥˥/

bo-IPA

ཁང་པ ཁང་པ#Tibetan

(in compounds) house, building (See ཁང་པ (khang pa, “house, building”).)


གྲོགས་པོ

head

གྲོགས་པོ • (grogs po)

friend, companion, teacher, advocate, assistant, help, ally, pal, male friend, male companion, husband, life-companion, support


གསར་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sar (“new; fresh”).


མོ་ཊ

head

མོ་ཊ • (mo ṭa)

/mo˩˨.ʈ͡ʂa˥˨/


དམག་འཁྲུག

/mə(k̚)ˀ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰu˥˨/


ཆར་པ

/t͡ɕʰaː˥˥.pa˥˥/

/t͡ɕʰa˥˥.ba˥˧/


ཡང་པོ

From Proto-Bodish *jaŋ, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rV-jaŋ.


པུས་མོ

པུས་མོ • (pus mo)


ཁྲག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qrak (“blood; red”). Cognate with Chinese 赤 (OC *kʰljaɡ, “red”).


རླིག་རིལ

རླིག་རིལ • (rlig ril)


ཁང་པ

* Old Tibetan: /*kʰaŋ.pa/
* Lhasa: /kʰaŋ˥˥.pa˥˥/
----
* Old Tibetan:
** IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /*kʰaŋ.pa/ (reconstructed)
* Ü-Tsang
** Tibetan pinyin: kangᶠ-baᶠ
** (Lhasa) IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kʰaŋ˥˥.pa˥˥/


གསོལ་དཀྲུམ

head

གསོལ་དཀྲུམ • (gsol dkrum)

gsol dkrum (romanization)
གསོལ་ཀྲུམ (alternative)

/søː˥˥.ʈ͡ʂum˥˨/

གསོལ (gsol, “to consume”) + དཀྲུམ (dkrum) / ཀྲུམས (krums, “meat”).


ར

From Proto-Bodish *ra, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ra; cognate with 羜 (OC *draʔ), Pattani lá, etc.


སྤྲིན་པ

/ʈ͡ʂĩ˥˥.pə˥˥/


ཆང་ནད

/t͡ɕʰaŋ˥˥.nɛː˥˨/


ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ

/tʰu(k̚)ˀ˥˥.t͡ɕeˑ.ʈ͡ʂʰeˑ/

From ཐུགས་རྗེ (thugs rje, “compassion”) + ཆེ (che, “great”).


ལོ

→ Wutunhua: lo

From Proto-Bodic *lo ("year"); further etymology unknown. See also the etymology at 世 (OC *hljebs).


མཛའ་བཤེས

relative, parent, brother, cousin, relation


དང

Compare perhaps Old Chinese 當 (OC *taːŋ, *taːŋs, “to equal, match, meet”).


སྦལ་པ

→ Wutunhua: bbawa

From Proto-Bodish *(s)bal, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sbal.


མཐོང

mthong (romanization)
form མཐོང་བ (nominal)
མཐོང (present)
མཐོང (future)
མཐོང (past)
མཐོང (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mə-taŋ (“to see, to view”). Causative: སྟོན (ston).


གཟིགས

gzigs (romanization)
form གཟིགས་པ (nominal)
གཟིགས (present)
གཟིགས (future)
གཟིགས (past)
གཟིགས (imperative)

(honorific of ལྟ (lta)) to see, to look, to perceive


སྒེ་ཁུང

sge khung (romanization)
སྒེའུ་ཁུང (alternative)


སློབ

slob (romanization)
form སློབ་པ (nominal)
སློབ (present)
བསླབ (future)
སླབས (past)
བསླབས (past)
སླབ (past)
སློབས (imperative)
སློབ (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *slap, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sləp (“to practice, to learn”). Compare Chinese 習 (OC *ljub).


ཙོང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-tsoŋ (“onion”). Compare Chinese 葱 (cōng, “onion”), from Old Chinese 葱 (OC *sʰloːŋ, “onion”).


བརྒྱ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pV-rja(k). Compare བརྒྱད (brgyad, “eight”).


ཉི་ཤུ

/ȵɪ˩˧ xhu˥˧/

From གཉིས (gnyis, “two”) + བཅུ (bcu, “ten”).


ལྕེ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-laj ~ s-lej.


ཉེ་བ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nəj(ʔ) (“to be near, close”). Cognate with Burmese နီ (ni, “near”) and Chinese 昵 (nì, “intimate, close”).


རྙིང

rnying (romanization)
form རྙིང་བ (nominal)
རྙིང (present)
བརྙིང (future)
རྙིང (future)
བརྙིངས (past)
རྙིངས (past)
རྙིངས (imperative)


རྨང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ.


སྣ

From Proto-Bodish *sna, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-na ~ s-naːr.


ལྕི་བ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ləj-t ~ s-rəj-t.


ལྕི་བ

Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kləj.


ཕྲག་པ

/ʈ͡ʂʰa(k̚)ˀ˥˥.pa˥˥/


སྙམ

snyam (romanization)
form སྙམ་པ (nominal)
སྙམ (present)
སྙམ (future)
སྙམ (past)
སྙམ (imperative)

(intransitive) to feel, to think, to suppose, to imagine


འཆད

'chad (romanization)
form འཆད་པ (nominal)
འཆད (present)
ཆད (future)
འཆད (future)
ཆད (past)
ཆད (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tset. Resultative of གཅོད (gcod).

(intransitive) to break into pieces, to separate into many sections

(intransitive) to be interrupted, to be broken, to be cut off

(intransitive) to degenerate, to decay, to cease to exist

(intransitive) to be omitted, to be discarded

(intransitive) to be incomplete, to be missing


འཆད

'chad (romanization)
form འཆད་པ (nominal)
འཆད (present)
ཤོད (present)
བཤད (future)
བཤད (past)
ཤོད (imperative)

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b-tsyat (“to say, speak”) (STEDT), via Proto-Bodish *sʲat. Likely cognate with Old Chinese 說 (OC *hljods, *hljod, *lod, “id”).


མཐོང་བ

མཐོང མཐོང#Tibetan


གཟིགས་པ

གཟིགས གཟིགས#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb གཟིགས (gzigs): seeing, looking; buying; caring for


ལྟ་བ

nominal form of the verb ལྟ (lta): seeing, viewing


ཀློག་པ

ཀློག ཀློག#Tibetan


གཏུམ་པ

གཏུམ གཏུམ#Tibetan


འཁྲོལ

'khrol (romanization)
form འཁྲོལ་བ (nominal)
འཁྲོལ (present)
འཁྲོལ (future)
འཁྲོལ (past)
འཁྲོལ (imperative)
འཁྲོལ (present)
འཁྲོལ (future)
འཁྲོལད (past)
འཁྲོལད (imperative)


འཁྲོལ

'khrol (romanization)
form འཁྲོལ་བ (nominal)
འཁྲོལ (present)
དཀྲོལ (present)
དཀྲོལ (future)
དཀྲོལ (past)
དཀྲོལད (dkrold) (archaic past)
བཀྲོལད (bkrold) (archaic past)
ཁྲོལ (imperative)
དཀྲོལ (imperative)
ཁྲོལད (khrold) (archaic imperative)
དཀྲོལད (dkrold) (archaic imperative)

(transitive) to play (music, instrument)


འཁྲོལ

'khrol (romanization)
form འཁྲོལ་བ (nominal)
འཁྲོལ (present)
འཁྲོལ (future)
འཁྲོལ (past)
ཁྲོལ (past)

(transitive) to untie, to unravel, to decipher

(intransitive) to be given permission, to consent


བགོད

bgod (romanization)
form བགོད་པ (nominal)
བགོད (present)
བགོ (future)
བགོས (past)
བགོས (imperative)
བགོད (imperative)

(transitive) to divide, to share, to distribute


འཁྲིད

'khrid (romanization)
form འཁྲིད་པ (nominal)
འཁྲིད (present)
བཀྲི (present)
བཀྲི (future)
བཀྲིས (past)
བཀྲི (past)
བཀྲིད (past)
ཁྲིད (imperative)
བཀྲིས (imperative)
འཁྲིད (present)
འཁྲིད (future)
ཁྲིད (future)
ཁྲིད (past)
ཁྲིད (imperative)


ཉར

nyar (romanization)
form ཉར་བ (nominal)
ཉར (present)
ཉར (future)
ཉར (past)
ཉོར (imperative)
ཉར (present)
ཉར (future)
ཉརད (past)
ཉརད (imperative)

(transitive) to keep, to guard, to look after


འགྲུབ

'grub (romanization)
form འགྲུབ་པ (nominal)
འགྲུབ (present)
འགྲུབས (present)
འགྲུབ (future)
གྲུབ (past)
གྲུབས (imperative)
འགྲུབ (imperative)

(intransitive) to be accomplished, to be made ready, to be finished


གྱོན

gyon (romanization)
form གྱོན་པ (nominal)
གྱོན (present)
གྱོན (future)
གྱོན (past)
གྱོན (imperative)
གོན་པ (alternative)


འཇིབ

'jib (romanization)
form འཇིབ་པ (nominal)
འཇིབ (present)
'jib (present clitic)
འཇིབས (present)
འཇིག (present)
'jig (present clitic)
གཞིབ (future)
བཞིབ (future)
གཞིབས (past)
བཞིབས (past)
བཞིབ (past)
འཇིབས (imperative)
ཇིབས (imperative)


གོག

gog (romanization)
form གོག་པ (nominal)
གོག (present)
གོག (future)
དགོག (future)
གོག (past)
བཀོག (past)
གོག (imperative)

(intransitive) to crumble off, to scale off

(intransitive) to become older and older, to age


འགོག

'gog (romanization)
form འགོག་པ (nominal)
འགོག (present)
'gog (present clitic)
འགོགས (present)
འགེགས (present)
དགག (future)
དགགས (future)
བཀག (past)
ཁོགས (imperative)
ཁོག (imperative)

(transitive) to halt, to block, to hinder


འགོག

'gog (romanization)
form འགོག་པ (nominal)
འགོག (present)
'gog (present clitic)
དགོག (present)
དགོགས (present)
དགོག (future)
བཀོག (future)
བཀོག (past)
བཀོགས (past)
ཁོག (imperative)
གོག (imperative)
ཁོགས (imperative)

Cognate to Chinese 攫 (jué, “to grab”) (Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kʷak.

(transitive) to take away forcibly, to snatch away, to pull out


འདེབས

'debs (romanization)
form འདེབས་པ (nominal)
འདེབས (present)
གདབ (future)
འདེབས (future)
བཏབ (past)
ཐོབ (imperative)
ཐོབས (imperative)

Causative of ཐེབས (thebs, “to get hit, struck; to suffer”). From Proto-Bodish *tʰep, cognate to Kurtöp ཐེབ (thep, “saliva”).

(transitive) to throw, to strike, to hit

(transitive) to plant, to sow, to cultivate


འཇིག

'jig (romanization)
form འཇིག་པ (nominal)
འཇིག (present)
'jig (present clitic)
འཇིག (future)
'jig (future clitic)
གཞིག (future)
ཞིག (past)
བཞིག (past)
འཇིག (past)
'jig (past clitic)
ཞིག (imperative)
ཞིགས (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-(t)sik. Related to འཚིག ('tshig).

(intransitive) to decay, to be destroyed, to disintegrate, to fall apart, to perish


འཇིག

'jig (romanization)
form འཇིག་པ (nominal)
འཇིག (present)
'jig (present clitic)
བཤིག (present)
གཞིག (future)
བཤིག (future)
བཤིག (past)
བཤིགས (past)
བཞིག (past)
ཤིག (imperative)
ཤིགས (imperative)
ཞིག (imperative)

(transitive) to destroy, to devastate, to demolish, to abolish

(transitive, dialectal) to undo, to untie


འབྲི་བ

འབྲི འབྲི#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb འབྲི ('bri): writing, drawing


འབྲི་བ

འབྲི འབྲི#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb འབྲི ('bri): diminishing, growing less


སྒྱུར

sgyur (romanization)
form སྒྱུར་བ (nominal)
སྒྱུར (present)
བསྒྱུར (future)
བསྒྱུར (past)
སྒྱུར (imperative)
སྒྱུར (present)
བསྒྱུར (future)
བསྒྱུརད (past)
སྒྱུརད (imperative)

(transitive) to transform, to change, to alter

(transitive) to cast aside, to dissuade, to divert, to cause to turn

(transitive) to govern, to steer, to control


མགྲིན་པ

/ʈ͡ʂĩ˩˨.pə˥˥/


སྤྲིང

spring (romanization)
form སྤྲིང་བ (nominal)
སྤྲིང (present)
སྤྲིང (future)
སྤྲིངས (past)
སྤྲིངས (imperative)
སྤྲིང (imperative)

(transitive) to send (message, letter), to give (information)


འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག

head

འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག་པ

འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག • ('brug skad rgyag) (nominal form འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག་པ)

'brug skad rgyag (romanization)
form འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག་པ (nominal)

/ʈ͡ʂu˩˨.kɛː˥˨ ca˩˧˨/

From འབྲུག་སྐད ('brug skad, “sound of thunder”) + རྒྱག (rgyag, “to do”).


སྒྲུབ

sgrub (romanization)
form སྒྲུབ་པ (nominal)
སྒྲུབ (present)
བསྒྲུབ (future)
བསྒྲུབས (past)
སྒྲུབས (imperative)
སྒྲུབ (imperative)


བསྒྲུབས

head

བསྒྲུབས • (bsgrubs) (nominal form བསྒྲུབས་པ)

bsgrubs (romanization)
form བསྒྲུབས་པ (nominal)

སྒྲུབ སྒྲུབ#Tibetan


སྦྲང་རྩི

/ʈ͡ʂəŋ˩˨.t͡si˥˥/

From སྦྲང་མ (sbrang ma, “bee”) + རྩི (rtsi, “extract, juice”).


བརྒྱུད་བརྒྱུགས

བརྒྱུད་བརྒྱུགས • (brgyud brgyugs)

From བརྒྱུད (brgyud, “lineage, relations”) + རྒྱུག (rgyug, “to run, race, flow”).


དངུལ་རྩིས

From དངུལ (dngul, “money”) + རྩིས (rtsis, “calculation”).


རྩིས

calculation, counting, reckoning, numeration, accounting


རྩིས

rtsis (romanization)
form རྩིས་པ (nominal)


དངུལ་ཁང

/ŋyː˥˥.kʰaŋ˥˥/

དངུལ (dngul, “money; silver”) + ཁང (khang, “building”).


དཔྱ་ཁྲལ

/t͡ɕa˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰɛːˑ/


དམར་པོའི་རིང་ལུགས

head

དམར་པོའི་རིང་ལུགས • (dmar po'i ring lugs)

From དམར་པོ (dmar po, “red”) + འི ('i, “genitive particle”) + རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs, “-ism”).


གུང་ཁྲན་རིང་ལུགས

གུང་ཁྲན་རིང་ལུགས • (gung khran ring lugs)

/kʰuŋ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂʰɛ̃˥˥ ʐiŋ˩˨.lu˥˨/

གུང་ཁྲན (gung khran, “from Mandarin 共產／共产 (gòngchǎn)”) + རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs, “-ism”)


རིང་ལུགས

/ʐiŋ˩˨.lu˥˨/

རིང (ring, “long”) + ལུགས (lugs, “tradition”)


སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རིང་ལུགས

head

སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རིང་ལུགས • (spyi tshogs ring lugs)

/t͡ɕi˥˥.t͡sʰo˥˨ ʐiŋ˩˨.lu˥˨/

སྤྱི་ཚོགས (spyi tshogs, “society”) + རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs, “-ism”)


མ་རྩའི་རིང་ལུགས

From མ་རྩ (ma rtsa, “capital (fund)”) + འི ('i, “genitive particle”) + རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs, “-ism”).


མཛད

mdzad (romanization)
form མཛད་པ (nominal)
མཛད (present)
མཛད (future)
མཛད (past)
མཛོད (imperative)

བྱེད བྱེད#Tibetan

(honorific of བྱེད (byed), transitive) to do, to act, to perform


བརྩོན་འགྲུས

/t͡sỹ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂyː˥˨/


བརྩོན་འགྲུས

/t͡sỹ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂyː˥˨/


རྡོ་རྗེ

head

རྡོ་རྗེ • (rdo rje)

/toː˩˨.t͡ɕe˥˥/

རྡོ (rdo, “stone, rock”) + རྗེ (rje, “master, lord, king”)


རྡོ་རྗེ

head

རྡོ་རྗེ • (rdo rje)

/toː˩˨.t͡ɕe˥˥/


རྡོ་རྗེ

རྡོ་རྗེ • (rdo rje)

/toː˩˨.t͡ɕe˥˥/


ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ

ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ • (krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab)

From ཀྲུང་ཧྭ (krung hwa, from Chinese 中華 /中华 (Zhōnghuá)) + མི་དམངས (mi dmangs, “people”) + སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ (spyi mthun rgyal khab, “republic”).

People's Republic of China#English:_Q148

People's Republic of China (official name of China: a country in East Asia)

en-ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ-bo-name-NqsXsV5P


སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ

སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ • (spyi mthun rgyal khab)

From སྤྱི (spyi, “general, common”) + མཐུན་པ (mthun pa, “accordant, fitting”) + རྒྱལ་ཁབ (rgyal khab, “country”). Calque of Chinese 共和國 /共和国 (gònghéguó).


དམངས

Cognate with Chinese 氓 (OC *mraːŋ, “people”).


ལེན

len (romanization)
form ལེན་པ (nominal)
ལེན (present)
ལོང (long) (present rare)
ལོན (lon) (present rare)
བླང (future)
བླངས (past)
བློངས (past)
ལོངས (longs) (past rare)
ལོངས (imperative)
ལོན (imperative)
བླངས (imperative)
ལོང (imperative)
ལེནད (lend) (archaic imperative)

(transitive) to receive, to get, to obtain

(transitive) to carry, to take in hand, to hold

(transitive) to sing the words to a song


ཆོ་མེད

meaningless, pointless, absurd, ludicrous


སྤྱང་ཀྱི

Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus chanco, syn. Lupus tibetanus)


འཛིན

'dzin (romanization)
form འཛིན་པ (nominal)
འཛིན (present)
འཛིནད ('dzind) (archaic present)
གཟུང (future)
གཟུངས (future)
བཟུང (past)
བཟུངས (past)
ཟུངས (imperative)
ཟུང (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *zuŋ. The final nasal in the present stem was fronted from velar to coronal due to a now-lost coronal suffix.

(transitive) to take hold of, to seize, to grasp


འཛིན

written agreement, written pledge, note, contract, receipt


འཛུད

'dzud (romanization)
form འཛུད་པ (nominal)
འཛུད (present)
གཟུད (future)
བཙུད (past)
ཟུད (past)
ཚུད (imperative)
ཟུད (imperative)
འཛུད (imperative)

Causative of འཚུད ('tshud, “to dig, to enter”).


ལྕོག་ཙེ

lcog tse (romanization)
ཅོག་ཙེ (alternative)

Borrowed from Chinese 桌子 (MC traewk tsiX, “table”).


གནམ་ལྕགས

གནམ (gnam, “sky”) + ལྕགས (lcags, “iron”)


ལྕམ

From ལྟམ (ltam, “to be born”), with the honorific -j- infix.


བལྟམས་པ

བལྟམས བལྟམས#Tibetan


ཞིང

From Proto-Bodish *liŋ, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mV-liŋ.


རྩོམ་སྒྲིག

རྩོམ་པ (rtsom pa, “to write”) + སྒྲིག་པ (sgrig pa, “to fit together, to arrange”)


སྒྲིག

sgrig (romanization)
form སྒྲིག་པ (nominal)
སྒྲིག (present)
བསྒྲིག (future)
བསྒྲིགས (past)
སྒྲིགས (imperative)
སྒྲིག (imperative)

(transitive) to prepare, to put in order, to place


རྩོམ

rtsom (romanization)
form རྩོམ་པ (nominal)
རྩོམ (present)
བརྩམ (future)
བརྩམས (past)
རྩོམས (past)
རྩོམས (imperative)

(transitive) to begin anything, to set about an undertaking, to start

(transitive) to compose, to write, to draw up in writing


སྒེའུ

ེའུ (e'au) diminutive of སྒ (sga, “ginger”).


སྒེའུ

ེའུ (e'au) diminutive of སྒོ (sgo, “door”).


ེའུ

Suffix འུ ('u) + ablaut when attached to a/o vowel stems. The former is from lenition of the བུ (bu, “child, son; diminutive suffix”).

ཟེའུ - ཟོ་བ

anther, small bowl; measuring vessel, bowl


ཐལ་བ

thal ba (romanization)
ཐ་ལ (alternative)

/tʰɛː˥˥.la˥˥/

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tarl. Cognate with Chinese 炭 (tàn, “charcoal, coal”) and 碳 (tàn, “carbon”).


སྲས་མོ

→ Kurtöp: སེ་མོ (semo)

/sɛː˥˥.mo˥˥/

/ʈ͡ʂɛː˥˥.mo˥˥/

སྲས (sras, “son”) + མོ (mo, feminine suffix)


བུ་མོ

head

བུ་མོ • (bu mo)


ལྷ་གཅིག

/ɬa˥˥.t͡ɕi˥˨/

ལྷ (lha, “god, deity”) + གཅིག (gcig, “one”)

compound

(honorific) His/Her Majesty, Your Majesty


སྲས

→ Kurtöp: སེ (se)

(honorific) son, child, offspring; prince


ཁྲབ་ཁྲབ

weeper, one that sheds tears on every occasion


བཞད

bzhad (romanization)
form བཞད་པ (nominal)
བཞད (present)
བཞད (future)
བཞད (past)
བཞོད (imperative)
བཞད (imperative)


བཞད

bzhad (romanization)
form བཞད་པ (nominal)
བཞད (present)
བཞད (future)
བཞད (past)
བཞད (imperative)

(intransitive) to blossom, to grow; to develop like a flower


འགྲོ

'gro (romanization)
form འགྲོ་བ (nominal)
འགྲོ (present)
'gro (present clitic)
འགྲོ (future)
'gro (future clitic)
ཕྱིན (past)
སོང (past)
འགྲོ (past)
'gro (past clitic)
ཕྱིནད (phyind) (archaic past)
སོང (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *(gʷ)ra, cognate to Kurtöp ར (ra, “to come”).

to go, to walk, to proceed, to set off, to move, to depart, to migrate

to turn to, to be transformed into, to become


འོང

'ong (romanization)
form འོང་བ (nominal)
འོང (present)
'ong (present clitic)
འོང (future)
'ong (future clitic)
འོངས (past)
འོངས (imperative)
ཤོག (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *waŋ, via possibly Proto-Bodish *(ḥ)waŋ. Related to ཡོང (yong, “to come”), which is an obvious alternative form of the same.

(intransitive) to be suitable, to be practicable

(Central Tibetan, auxiliary) future auxiliary particle


རྒལ

rgal (romanization)
form རྒལ་བ (nominal)
རྒལ (present)
བརྒལ (future)
བརྒལ (past)
བརྒལད (brgald) (archaic past)
རྒོལ (imperative)
རྒོལད (rgold) (archaic imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *(r)gal.
Resultative of སྒྲོལ (sgrol). A relationship with Chinese 河 (OC *ɡaːl, “river”) was proposed by Coblin (1986).

(transitive) to ford (a river), to cross, to traverse, to travel through

(transitive) to pass, to exceed a measure


ངུ

ngu (romanization)
form ངུ་བ (nominal)
ངུ (present)
ངུ (future)
ངུས (past)
ངུས (imperative)
ངུ (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *ŋu, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋuw.


རློབ

rlob (romanization)
form རློབ་པ (nominal)
རློབ (present)
རློབས (present)
བརླབ (future)
བརླབས (past)
རློབས (imperative)

བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབ བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབ#Tibetan

(transitive) to bless, to control, to influence, to change into something else (as in བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབ (byin gyis rlob))


བྱ་ཚིག

/t͡ɕʰə˩˨.t͡sʰi˥˨/


རྒྱན་ཚིག

/cɛ̃˩˨.t͡sʰi˥˨/


རྒྱན་སྤྲས

/cɛ̃˩˨ ʈ͡ʂɛː˥˨/


རྦ་རླབས

རྦ (rba, “wave”) + རླབས (rlabs, “wave, billow”)


མཁའ་འགྲུལ

མཁའ (mkha', “sky, space”) + འགྲུལ་བ ('grul ba, “to walk, travel”)


རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས

/ʐaŋ˩˨.coŋ˥˨ t͡ɕoŋ˩˧˨/

རང་སྐྱོང (rang skyong) + ལྗོངས (ljongs).


རང་སྐྱོང

/ʐaŋ˩˨.coŋ˥˨/

From རང (rang, “self, own”) + སྐྱོང་བ (skyong ba, “to keep, maintain, administer”).


བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས

head

བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས • (bod rang skyong ljongs)

/pʰøː˩˧˨ ʐaŋ˩˨.coŋ˥˨ t͡ɕoŋ˩˧˨/

བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས (rang skyong ljongs, “autonomous region”)

compound

རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

Tibet Autonomous Region (of the People's Republic of China)


ལྗོངས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; gorge”). Related to ཀླུང (klung, “river, stream, valley”), ལུང་པ (lung pa, “valley, district, homeland”).


རང

you (2nd person singular pronoun, ordinary level)


སྐྱོང་བ

སྐྱོང སྐྱོང#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb སྐྱོང (skyong): keeping, guarding, maintaining


སྐྱོང་བ

སྐྱོང སྐྱོང#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb སྐྱོང (skyong): going on a long road


ལ

The twenty-sixth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ལ

Perhaps from Sino-Tibetan *la (“area far from settlements; wilderness”); compare Chinese 野 (OC *laːʔ, *ɦljaʔ, “countryside; field”).


ལ

Schuessler (2007) connects it to Old Chinese particle 也 (OC *laːlʔ), which is possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin.

Marks the dative (a recipient in a trivalent construction).

Marks the possessor in have-constructions which use a copular verb.

Marks the subject of verbs such as "like" and "need".

Marks the direct object of verbs which involve contact but no change of state.


སྡུག་བསྔལ

/tu˩˨.ŋɛː˥˥/


སྡུག་བསྔལ་བརྒྱད

སྡུག་བསྔལ (sdug bsngal) + བརྒྱད (brgyad)

compound

(Buddhism) the "eight sufferings" (Dukkha#Eight types)


རྒྱ་མཚོ

Compound of རྒྱ (rgya, “vast, broad”) + མཚོ (mtsho, “lake”).


རྒྱ་མཚོ

a unisex given name, equivalent to English Gyatso, the second word in the personal names of each Dalai Lama except for the first


ཆེན་པོ

/t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥.po˥˥/


རླབས་ཆེན

/ləp̚˥˥.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/


རླབས

Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-labs (“wave”), listing Chinese 汰 (OC *tʰaːds, “great wave”) as a comparandum.


རི་བོང

Inherited from Classical Tibetan རི་བོང (ri bong).


སྦྲང་བུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b-(r/j)aŋ (“fly, bee”). Compare Old Chinese 蠅 (OC *b·lɯŋ, “bee”) and Burmese ယင်ကောင် (yangkaung, “fly”).


གཞས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)a-j/s/t (“laugh”).


སེངྒེ

sengge (romanization)
སེང་གེ (alternative)

Borrowed from a Central Asian substrate language. Compare Zhang-Zhung [script needed] (saṅgo), Chinese 狻猊 (OC * swar ŋe), 獅 (OC *sri), Proto-Iranian *cárguš (whence Middle Persian 𐫢𐫃𐫡 (šgr /šagr, šēr/, “lion; (astronomy) Leo”)), Sanskrit सिंह (siṃha), Tocharian A śiśäk, Tocharian B ṣecake and Chechen цӏокъ (cʼoqʼ), among other Caucasian cognates.


ཤེས་བྱ

/ɕeː˥˥.t͡ɕa˥˥/


ཤེས

shes (romanization)
form ཤེས་པ (nominal)
ཤེས (present)
ཤེས (future)
ཤེས (past)
ཤེས (imperative)

(intransitive) to know, understand, realise, cognise


སྐད

skad (romanization)
སྐད (absolutive)
སྐད་ཀྱི (genitive)
སྐད་ཀྱིས (agentive)
སྐད་ལ (dative)
སྐད་ན (locative)
སྐད་དུ (terminative)
སྐད་ལས (ablative)
སྐད་ནས (elative)
སྐད་དང (associative)
སྐད་པས (comparative)

Related to ཁ (kha, “mouth; word”) and བཀའ (bka', “word; saying; teaching”) (Zhang, 2009), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening”).


རྗོད

rjod (romanization)
form རྗོད་པ (nominal)
རྗོད (present)
བརྗོད (future)
བརྗོད (past)
རྗོད (imperative)

to say, to speak, to utter, to recite, to announce, to pronounce


སྨྲ

smra (romanization)
form སྨྲ་བ (nominal)
སྨྲ (present)
སྨྲོས (present)
སྨར (present)
སྨྲ (future)
སྨྲས (past)
སྨྲོས (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-br(w)a(ŋ/k) (“to speak”); cognate with Burmese ပြော (prau:, “to say, utter”) (STEDT).

(transitive, not used alone in Lhasa Tibetan) to say, to utter, to express, to expound


འཛུམ

'dzum (romanization)
form འཛུམ་པ (nominal)

འཛུམས འཛུམས#Tibetan

alternative form of འཛུམས ('dzums, “to close, to shut (eyes, mouth)”)


འཛུམ

alternative form of ཟུམ (zum, “(of eyes, mouth) to close, to shut”)


འཛུམ

'dzum (romanization)
form འཛུམ་པ (nominal)
འཛུམ (present)
བསུམ (present)
འཛུམ (future)
འཛུམ (past)
འཛུམས (past)
འཛུམ (imperative)
འཛུམས (imperative)

(transitive or intransitive) to smile, to part the lips slightly, to laugh a little


ལང

lang (romanization)
form ལང་བ (nominal)
ལང (present)
ལོང (present)
ལང (future)
ལངས (past)
ལོངས (imperative)
ལོང (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *laŋ, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *laŋ. Resultative of སློང (slong).


ལང

lang (romanization)
form ལང་བ (nominal)
ལང (present)
ལང (future)
ལངས (past)
ལོངས (imperative)

(intransitive) to dawn, (for the day) to break


ལང

lang (romanization)
form ལང་བ (nominal)
ལང (present)
ལང (future)
ལོངས (past)

(intransitive) to come up to, to arrive at, to reach, to be complete


སྡོད

sdod (romanization)
form སྡོད་པ (nominal)
སྡོད (present)
བསྡད (future)
སྡོད (future)
བསྡད (past)
སྡོད (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dat (“to live; alive”).

(intransitive) to stay, to stop, to wait

(intransitive) to stay in a rank or position


རྟོག

rtog (romanization)
form རྟོག་པ (nominal)
རྟོག (present)
རྟག (present)
བརྟག (future)
བརྟགས (past)
བརྟག (past)
རྟོགས (imperative)
རྟོག (imperative)
རྟགས (imperative)

(transitive) to examine, to analyse, to consider, to look through


རྗེ

rje (romanization)
form རྗེ་བ (nominal)
རྗེ (present)
བརྗེ (future)
བརྗེས (past)
བརྗེས (imperative)

Compare Tawang Monpa /ple⁵⁵/, Burmese လဲ (lai:), Tangut 𗯗 (*lej²) with the Chinese comparanda 易 (OC *leːɡs, *leɡ, “change, interchange”), 移 (OC *lal, “change, shift”) or 買 (OC *mreːʔ, “buy, purchase”).


སྤྲུལ

sprul (romanization)
form སྤྲུལ་བ (nominal)
སྤྲུལ (present)
སྤྲུལ (future)
སྤྲུལ (past)
སྤྲུལ (imperative)
སྤྲུལ (present)
སྤྲུལ (future)
སྤྲུལད (past)
སྤྲུལད (imperative)

Compare perhaps Old Chinese 變 (OC *prons, “to change”), whence 變態／变态 (biàntài, “to metamorphose, be abnormal”) and thus English hentai.

zh-l

(intransitive or transitive) to appear to change, to transform oneself, to cause illusions, to alter an object by magic


སྤྲུལ་བ

སྤྲུལ སྤྲུལ#Tibetan


ཁྱིམ

From Proto-Bodish *kʰim, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qim.

ཁྱིམ་ཐབས ཁྱིམ་ཐབས#Tibetan


ཁྱིམ་རྒྱུད

ཁྱིམ (khyim, “house, home”) + རྒྱུད (rgyud, “string; connection, relation”).


ཨོ་ཧེའོ

head

ཨོ་ཧེའོ • (o he'o)


དབུས་གཙང

desc

→ Chinese: 烏思藏 /乌思藏 (Wūsīzàng), 衛藏 /卫藏 (Wèizàng)

→ English: Ü-Tsang

/ʔyː˥˥.t͡saŋ˥˥/

Ü-Tsang (a geographic region and former province of Central Asia, one of the traditional regions of Tibet)


ཇི་བེན

head

ཇི་བེན • (ji ben)


སྦྱར

sbyar (romanization)
form སྦྱར་བ (nominal)

སྦྱོར སྦྱོར#Tibetan

སྦྱོར སྦྱོར#Tibetan


བརྩིགས

བརྩིགས • (brtsigs) (nominal form བརྩིགས་པ)

brtsigs (romanization)
form བརྩིགས་པ (nominal)

རྩིག རྩིག#Tibetan


རྩིག

rtsig (romanization)
form རྩིག་པ (nominal)
རྩིག (present)
བརྩིག (future)
བརྩིགས (past)
རྩིགས (imperative)

(transitive) to build, to erect, to construct


སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ

སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ • (skye dngos rig pa)


རྒྱལ་རབས

/cɛː˩˨.ʐəp̚˥˨/

royal lineage, royal succession, dynasty, history


སྣོད་བཅུད

སྣོད་བཅུད • (snod bcud)

the [inanimate] environment and [animate] beings within it; the world


སྔ་དྲོ་བདེ་ལེགས

སྔ་དྲོ་བདེ་ལེགས • (snga dro bde legs)

/ŋa˥˥.ʈ͡ʂo˥˥ te˩˨.le˥˨/

From སྔ་དྲོ (snga dro, “morning”) + བདེ་ལེགས (bde legs, “bliss and happiness”).


རྐང་རྩེད་སྤོ་ལོ

From རྐང (rkang, “foot”) + རྩེད (rtsed, “to play”) + སྤོ་ལོ (spo lo, “ball”).

bo:རྐང་རྩེད་སྤོ་ལོ།


དགེ་བཤེས

English: geshe

Dzongkha: དགེ་བཤེས (dge bshes)

Calque of Pali kalyāṇa-mitta, from དགེ (dge, “virtue, merit”) + བཤེས (bshes, “friend”).

compound

geshe (title for a Tibetan Buddhist monk)


གནམ་གྲུ

/nəm˥˥.ʈ͡ʂu˥˥/

From གནམ (gnam, “sky”) + གྲུ (gru, “boat”).


འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ

head

འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ • ('brug rgyal po)

Compound of འབྲུག ('brug) + རྒྱལ་པོ (rgyal po).


བཙན་པོ

/t͡sɛ̃˥˥.po˥˥/

བཙན (btsan, “severe, strong, powerful”) + པོ (po, “masculine agent suffix”). Related to བཙན་པ (btsan pa, “strict, powerful; power, force; king”), བརྩན (brtsan, “demon; secure, strong, mighty; king; power”), བཙན (btsan, “tsan spirit; ghost of hunting; secure, mighty; king; power, force”); ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-tsan (STEDT).


བཙན་པོ

→ Middle Chinese: 贊普 (/*t͡sɑnᴴ pʰuo^X/)

zh-l

贊普／赞普 (zànpǔ)

Mandarin: 贊普／赞普 (zànpǔ)

/t͡sɛ̃˥˥.po˥˥/


འི

One of the five genitive particles, used after nouns ending in vowel sounds. See གི (gi).


ལྡེ་མིག

head

ལྡེ་མིག • (lde mig)


མ

The sixteenth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


མ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”).

བལྟས་ཀྱང་མ་མཐོང

negates the following verb in the past tense.

negates the following verb in the imperative tense; prohibitive particle.

ར་མ་ལུག

placed between nouns to indicate “neither ... nor ...”.


མ

ཟློས་གར་མ

ownership suffix used to indicate the feminine form of a noun.


མ

particle affixed to nouns to add a level of specificity or gravity to the noun.


བལྟམས

bltams (romanization)
form བལྟམས་པ (nominal)


བལྟམས

ལྟེམས ལྟེམས#Tibetan


དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ

དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ • (dbyar rtswa dgun 'bu)

Literally, “grass (during) summer, bug (during) winter”. Compare Chinese 冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo).

zh-l

冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)

caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis)


ངང་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-n. Compare Cantonese 雁 (ngaan6, “wild goose”) and Burmese ငန်း (ngan:, “goose, swan”).


ཐུགས་དམ

tutelary god (on whom one's Tantric practice is centered)

spiritual power, compassionate pledges, holy opinion, meditative commitment

advice, oath, vow, solemn promise, prayer, wish

heart vow, experience and realization, realization, confirmation by oath, personal practice


འཇའ

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-dzya (“rainbow”).


ཚོགས་ཞིང

/t͡sʰoː˥˨.ɕiŋˑ/

ཚོགས (tshogs, “accumulation (of merit)”) + ཞིང (zhing, “field, region”)


ཆོས་ལུགས

→ Wutunhua: quilek

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.lu(k̚)ˀ˥˨/


དད་པ

/tɛː˩˧˨.paˑ/


ལྷ་ཁང

→ Kurtöp: ལྷ་ཁང (lhakhang)

→ Wutunhua: lhakang

/ɬa˥˥.kʰaŋ˥˥/


འཁྱགས་སྒམ

'khyags sgam (romanization)
འཁྱག་སྒམ (alternative)

འཁྱག ('khyag) + སྒམ (sgam). Calque of Chinese 冰箱 (bīngxiāng).


དྲོ་ཚད

dro tshad (romanization)
དྲོད་ཚད (alternative)

/ʈ͡ʂo˩˨.t͡sɛː˥˨/

དྲོ་པོ (dro po) + ཚད (tshad). Compare Chinese 溫度 /温度 (wēndù).


སྐྱོ་པོ

head

སྐྱོ་པོ • (skyo po)


ཆུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsju (“water, liquid, body fluid”).


ལོ་གསར

English: Losar

Nepali: ल्होसार (lhosār)

/løː˩˨.saː˥˥/


གཟའ་ཟླ་བ

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + ཟླ་བ (zla ba, “moon”).

com

days of the week: གཟའ་འཁོར་གཅིག་གྱི་རེས་གཟའ་བདུན: གཟའ་ཉི་མ · གཟའ་ཟླ་བ · གཟའ་མིག་དམར · གཟའ་ལྷག་པ · གཟའ་ཕུར་བུ · གཟའ་པ་སངས · གཟའ་སྤེན་པ [edit]


གཟའ་མིག་དམར

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + མིག་དམར (mig dmar, “Mars”).


གཟའ་ལྷག་པ

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + ལྷག་པ (lhag pa, “Mercury”).


གཟའ་ཕུར་བུ

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + ཕུར་བུ (phur bu, “Jupiter”).


གཟའ་པ་སངས

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + པ་སངས (pa sangs, “Venus”).


གཟའ་སྤེན་པ

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + སྤེན་པ (spen pa, “Saturn”).


གཟའ་ཉི་མ

/sa˩˨ ȵi˩˨.mə˥˥/

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + ཉི་མ (nyi ma, “sun”).


གླིང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gliŋ. Cognate with Burmese ကြည်း (krany:, “dry land, ground”).

cog

dry land surrounded by water: island; continent


འབྲས་ལྗོངས

/ʈ͡ʂɛ̃˩˨.t͡ɕoŋ˥˨/

འབྲས ('bras, “rice”) + ལྗོངས (ljongs, “valley”), literally “rice valley”.

com

འབྲས་ལྗོངས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་བོ་མཐའ་མ་དཔལ་ལྡན་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ལ་རྒྱལ་སྲས་བསྟན་འཛིན་དང་དབང་ཕྱུག སྲས་མོ་དབྱངས་སྒྲོན་བཅས་སྲས་སྲས་མོ་གསུམ་ཡོད་ཅིང་།

2016, ༄༅།།འདྲ་པར་ལམ་ནས་འབྲས་ལྗོངས་གོང་མའི་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ལ་ཕྱི་མིག་ལྟ་བ།:

The last king of Sikkim, Palden Namgyal, has three children in total from his first marriage: Princes Tenzing and Wangchuk, and Princess Yangchen.

'bras ljongs kyi rgyal bo mtha' ma dpal ldan rnam rgyal la rgyal sras bstan 'dzin dang dbang phyug sras mo dbyangs sgron bcas sras sras mo gsum yod cing

bo:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།


ཐའེ་ཝན

Taiwan (a partly-recognized country in East Asia consisting of a main island and 167 smaller islands)

Taiwan (an island between the Taiwan Strait and Philippine Sea in East Asia)


སོག་ཡུལ

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སོག་ཡུལ • (sog yul)

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


དབྱིན་ཡུལ

དབྱིན་ཡུལ • (dbyin yul)

England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)

United Kingdom
United Kingdom#English:_Q145

United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)


མེ་ཏོག

མེ་ཏོག • (me tog)

→ Wutunhua: maidok

From earlier མེན་ཏོག (men tog). The reason this word lost the -n in Written Tibetan is unknown.
The men in the Old Tibetan form may be compared with འཕྲ་མེན ('phra men, “gilded silver”), and the tog part is from ཐོག (thog, “roof < *tip, end?”) (Hill, 2007).


ཆབ་སྲིད

/t͡ɕʰəp̚˥˥.si˥˨/


བར་དོ

→ English: bardo

(Buddhism) An intermediate or in-between state in the cycle of death and rebirth, often portrayed as a place in which the soul resides between death and being reborn into the world; bardo, limbo.


སྔ་དྲོ

/ŋa˥˥.ʈ͡ʂo˥˥/


ཕྱེ་མ་ལེབ

The last syllable is derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lep (“butterfly”), whence also Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra) and Old Chinese 蝴蝶 (OC *ɡaː l̥ʰeːb/l'eːb).


བོད་ཇ

/pʰøː˩˨.t͡ɕa˥˥/

From བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + ཇ (ja, “tea”).

Tibetan butter tea (Tibetan drink made from tea leaves and yak/cow butter)

bo:ཇ་སྲུབ་མ།


ལག་པ

From Proto-Bodish *lak, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tV-lak.


ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ

desc

→ English: Chomolungma, Chomolangma, Chu-mu-lang-ma, Qomolangma, Zhumulangma

zh-l

珠穆朗瑪／珠穆朗玛 (Zhūmùlǎngmǎ)

→ Chinese: 珠穆朗瑪／珠穆朗玛 (Zhūmùlǎngmǎ)

→ Japanese: チョモランマ (Chomoranma)

→ Hungarian: Csomolungma

desc

Джомолу́нгма

→ Russian: Джомолу́нгма (Džomolúngma)

Джомолу́нгма

→ Ukrainian: Джомолу́нгма (Džomolúnhma)

/t͡ɕʰo˩˨.mo˥˥ laŋ˥˥.ma˥˥/

bo:ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ།


རྗེས་དྲན

/t͡ɕeː˩˨.ʈ͡ʂɛ̃˥˥/


སྤྱི་ཚོགས

/t͡ɕi˥˥.t͡sʰo˥˨/


གུང་ཁྲན་ཏང

/kʰuŋ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂʰɛ̃˥˥ taŋ˥˨/

Borrowed from Mandarin 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng).


བརྙན་འཕྲིན

/ȵɛ̃˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰĩ˥˥/


ཀྲོ་མ་ཀྲུ

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ཀྲོ་མ་ཀྲུ • (kro ma kru)

kro ma kru (romanization)
ཀྲུ་མ་ཀྲུ (alternative)

/ʈ͡ʂu˥˥.maː˥˥.ʈ͡ʂuˑ/


སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས

→ Mongolian: Жанрайсиг (Žanrajsig),

Literally "one who looks down with an unwavering eye", a loose calque of Sanskrit अवलोकितेश्वर (avalokiteśvara).

calque

अवलोकितेश्वर


སློབ་ཁྲིད

/lop̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰi˥˨/


སློབ་གྲྭ

/lap̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂa˥˥/


དགེ་རྒན

→ Bonan: gergen

→ East Yugur: gergan

→ Wutunhua: ggaiggan

/ke˩˨.kɛ̃˥˥/

From དགེ (dge, “virtuous, good”) + རྒན (rgan, “elder”).


སློབ་ཕྲུག

/lup̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰu˥˨/


གསར་འགྱུར

/səŋ˥˥.cuː˥˥/


ནད

From Proto-Bodish *nat, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nat.


སྨན་ཁང

/mɛ̃˥˥.kʰaŋ˥˥/

Compound of སྨན (sman, “medicine”) + ཁང (khang, “building”).


སྨན

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-man (“medicine”). Compare Drung mvn (“medicine”), Chinese 萬 (“ritual dance”), Burmese မန်း (man:, “utter mystic words to heal or ward off evil”).


བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས

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བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས

བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས • (bkra shis bde legs)

→ Mandarin: 扎西德勒 (zhāxīdélè)

/ʈ͡ʂə˥˥.ɕi˥˨.te˩˨.le˥˨/

བཀྲ་ཤིས (bkra shis, “good fortune, benediction”) + བདེ་ལེགས (bde legs, “bliss and happiness”)

compound

tashi delek, a Tibetan all-purpose greeting with the meaning of "blessings and good luck".


བཀྲ་ཤིས

/ʈ͡ʂə˥˥.ɕi˥˨/


བཀྲ་ཤིས

/ʈ͡ʂə˥˥.ɕi˥˨/


དེ་སྒྲ

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun


རྗེས་འཇུག

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རྗེས་འཇུག • (rjes 'jug)

/t͡ɕĩ˩˧˨.t͡ɕuː˥˨/


དབྱིན་ཇིའི་སྐད

དབྱིན་ཇིའི་སྐད

དབྱིན་ཇིའི་སྐད • (dbyin ji'i skad)

/jĩ˥˥.t͡ɕiː˥˥ kɛː˥˨/


ཀློག

klog (romanization)
form ཀློག་པ (nominal)
ཀློག (present)
བཀླག (future)
ཀླག (future)
བཀླགས (past)
བླགས (past)
ཀློགས (imperative)
ལྷོགས (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-log.
Sagart (1999) considered this a loanword from Old Chinese 讀 (OC *l'oːɡ, “to read; to say/read aloud”) as “read” is a derived meaning in OC. The existence of the concept of “reading (a text)” prior to the invention of writing is questionable, hence the sense “read” is likely secondary in both cases, regardless of the relationship between the two.

och-l

(transitive) to read, to recite, to chant


གཏུམ་འབྲུག

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གཏུམ་འབྲུག • (gtum 'brug)


བོད་ཡུལ

བོད་ཡུལ • (bod yul)


རུས་སྦལ

རུས (rus, see རུས་པ (rus pa)) + སྦལ (sbal)

com

see <i class="Tibt mention" lang="bo">རུས་པ</i> (rus pa)


ཁ

ཁ • (kha)
# The second letter of the Tibetan abugida
From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m/s-k(w)a-y (“mouth, opening, spread, door, face, jaw”) (STEDT).
Doublet of སྒོ (sgo, “door”). Cognate with Mizo kâ (“mouth”), Mizo kha-bê (“chin”).


ཆ

The sixth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ད

(colloquial, after the emphasised word in the sentence) it is true, to be sure, indeed


ན

The twelfth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ན

form ན་བ (nominal)
ན (present)
ན (future)
ན (past)
ན (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na (“sick; ill; pain; evil spirit”).

(intransitive) to be or become ill, to be sick


བ

The fifteenth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


བ

common suffix for adjectives, verbs and nouns


བ

From Proto-Bodish *ba (ri).
Possibly related to Queyu bra (“cow”) and 豝 (OC pˤra) ("sow, female pig").


ཚ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsə (“to be hot”).


ཝ

→ Wutunhua: gha

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gwa; cognate to Chinese 狐 (hú).


འཆུ

'chu (romanization)
form འཆུ་བ (nominal)
འཆུ (present)
'chu (present clitic)
བཅུ (present)
བཅུ (future)
གཅུ (future)
བཅུས (past)
ཆུས (imperative)
བཅུས (imperative)

(transitive) to draw, take or bring water (from a well or a spring)


འཆུ

'chu (romanization)
form འཆུ་བ (nominal)
འཆུ (present)
'chu (present clitic)
འཆུས (present)
འཆུ (future)
'chu (future clitic)
འཆུས (future)
འཆུས (past)
འཆུས (imperative)

(intransitive) to be twisted, to be distorted, to become crooked


གླང་ཆེན

/laŋ˥˥.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/


བྲན་གཡོག

/ʈ͡ʂʰɛ̃˩˨.jo˥˨/

བྲན (bran, “servant, slave”) + གཡོག (g.yog, “service, work”).


བྲན

Possibly related to Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma) and Chinese 蠻／蛮 (mán).


བཀོལ་སྤྱོད

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བཀོལ་སྤྱོད • (bkol spyod)

slavery, forced labor, indentured slavery

torment, torture by boiling in water or oil


བཀོལ་གཅོད

བཀོལ་གཅོད • (bkol gcod)


བློ་མཐུན

/lu˥˥.tʰỹ˥˥/

/lo˥˥ tʰỹ˥˥/


བློ་མཐུན

བློ་མཐུན • (blo mthun) (nominal form བློ་མཐུན་པ)

blo mthun (romanization)
form བློ་མཐུན་པ (nominal)

/lu˥˥.tʰỹ˥˥/

/lo˥˥ tʰỹ˥˥/


རིག

rig (romanization)
form རིག་པ (nominal)
རིག (present)
རིག (future)
རིག (past)
རིག (imperative)

Compare Chinese 知 (OC *ʔl'e) (Schuessler, 2007).

(with terminative of the infinitive) to know that, to perceive

(with terminative of the substantive) to know, to understand


མཛོ

English: dzo


ཕའི་ཆིའུ་སྤོ་ལོ

ཕའི་ཆིའུ་སྤོ་ལོ

ཕའི་ཆིའུ (pha'i chi'u) (from Mandarin 排球 (páiqiú)) + སྤོ་ལོ (spo lo, “ball”).


འདྲུལ་བ

Compare རུལ་བ (rul ba, “putrid, rotten, decomposed”).


ཀ་ཀ

ka ka (romanization)
ཀ་ཀ (absolutive)
ཀ་ཀའི (genitive)
ཀ་ཀས (agentive)
ཀ་ཀ་ལ (dative)
ཀ་ཀ་ན (locative)
ཀ་ཀར (terminative)
ཀ་ཀ་ལས (ablative)
ཀ་ཀ་ནས (elative)
ཀ་ཀ་དང (associative)
ཀ་ཀ་བས (comparative)


ཐེར་འབུམ

Buryat: тэрбүм (terbüm)


སེང་གེ

seng ge (romanization)
སེངྒེ (alternative)

Borrowed from a Central Asian substrate language. Compare Zhang-Zhung [script needed] (saṅgo), Chinese 狻猊 (OC * swar ŋe), 獅 (OC *sri), Proto-Iranian *cárguš (whence Middle Persian 𐫢𐫃𐫡 (šgr /šagr, šēr/, “lion; (astronomy) Leo”)), Sanskrit सिंह (siṃha), Tocharian A śiśäk, Tocharian B ṣecake and Chechen цӏокъ (cʼoqʼ), among other Caucasian cognates.


བརྡ་རྙིང

/tə˩˨.ȵiŋ˥˥/

(linguistics) archaic word; obsolete word


ལྷ་ས་བ

/ɬɛː˥˥.sa˥˨/


ཚིག

The resemblance to Chinese 詞／词 (cí, “word”) is likely coincidental.


བདེ་ལེགས

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བདེ་ལེགས • (bde legs)


བདེ་ལེགས

བདེ་ལེགས • (bde legs)


མིག་ཆུ

/mi˥˥.t͡ɕʰu˥˥/


རྐུན་པོ

རྐུན་པོ • (rkun po)


རྐུ

rku (romanization)
form རྐུ་བ (nominal)
རྐུ (present)
བརྐུ (future)
བརྐུས (past)
རྐུས (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rkəw (“to steal”). Cognate with Burmese ခိုး (hkui:, “to steal”), Nuosu ꈐ (ku), ꈏꐷ (kux njie, “to steal”), Naxi kv (“to steal”), Jingpho lägu (“to steal”), Drung keu (“to steal”), Yakkha खुमा (khuma, “to steal”) and Chinese 寇 (OC *kʰoːs, “to rob”). Related to རྐུན་མ (rkun ma, “robber, thief”).


ཤར

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“to rise; east”).


སེམས་པ

སེམས སེམས#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb སེམས (sems): thinking

mind, contemplation, intention, motivation


རླུང་གཡབ

/luŋ˥˥.jəp̚˥˨/


རིགས་རྒྱུད

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རིགས་རྒྱུད • (rigs rgyud)


འཁྲུངས་སྐར

/ʈ͡ʂʰuŋ˥˥.kaː˥˥/


ཀླད་པ

/lɛː˥˥.pa˥˥/


ཁམས

Chinese: 康 (kāng)

Kham (a historic region of the Tibet autonomous region)


ཁམས

ཁམས་བརྒྱད

constitution (as in health), physical state


ཨ་མདོ

ཨ་མདོ • (a mdo)

Chinese: 安多 (Ānduō)

English: Amdo

Amdo (a historic region of the Tibet autonomous region)


སྲོག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *srwak (“life”).


དབུས

དབུས་གཙང དབུས་གཙང#Tibetan


འབབ་ཚུགས

/pəp̚˩˨.t͡sʰu˥˨/


འགྲིམ་འགྲུལ

འགྲིམ་འགྲུལ • ('grim 'grul)

/ʈ͡ʂim˩˨.ʈ͡ʂyː˥˥/


ཨ་རག

→ English: ara


རྩམ་པ

→ Chinese: 糌粑

→ English: tsamba

→ German: Tsampa

→ Hindi: चांपा (cāmpā)

→ Kalmyk: җомба (jomba)


ཇ་ལོ

/t͡ɕʰa˩˨.lo˥˥/


རྐྱལ་རྒྱག

རྐྱལ་རྒྱག • (rkyal rgyag) (nominal form རྐྱལ་རྒྱག་པ)

rkyal rgyag (romanization)
form རྐྱལ་རྒྱག་པ (nominal)

/cɛː˥˥ ca˩˧˨/


ཁོག་ལྡིར

khog ldir (romanization)
ཁོག་ལྟིར (alternative)

/kʰoː˥˥.tiŋ˥˥/


ཇ་སྲུབ་མ

ja srub ma (romanization)
ཇ་སྲིབ་མ (alternative)
ཇ་སྲུས་མ (alternative)
ཇ་བསྲུབས་མ (alternative)

/t͡ɕʰa˩˨ syː˥˥.mə˥˥/

ཇ་སྲུབ (ja srub, “to churn or mix tea”) + མ (ma, “nominalisation suffix”)

compound

butter tea (traditional Tibetan drink made from tea leaves, yak butter, water and salt)

bo:ཇ་སྲུབ་མ།


རག་ཤི

→ Nepali: रक्सी (raksī)


བལྟས

bltas (romanization)
form བལྟས་པ (nominal)


བལྟ

blta (romanization)
form བལྟ་བ (nominal)


བོད་ཡིག

head

བོད་ཡིག • (bod yig)

bo:བོད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག།


ཡིག

ཡི་གེ ཡི་གེ#Tibetan

abbreviation of ཡི་གེ (yi ge) in compounds.


དགེ་སློང

Classical Mongolian: ᠭᠡᠯᠦᠩ (gelüng)

Khalkha Mongolian: гэлэн (gelen)

Kalmyk: гелң (gelñ)


པོ་ཏི

པོ་ཏི • (po ti)

po ti (romanization)
པུ་ཏི (alternative)
པོད (alternative)
པུས་ཏི (alternative)
པུས་ཏི་ཀ (alternative)

→ Mongolian: ᠪᠣᠲᠢ (boti) / боть (botʹ, “tome”)

Borrowed from Sanskrit पुस्तक (pustaka, “manuscript, book”), from a Middle Iranian source.


པོད

པོ་ཏི པོ་ཏི#Tibetan

alternative form of པོ་ཏི (po ti, “volume, book”)


པོ་ཏ་ལ

zh-l

布達拉宮／布达拉宫 (Bùdálā Gōng)

Chinese: 布達拉／布达拉, 布達拉宮／布达拉宫 (Bùdálā Gōng), 布達拉山／布达拉山

Borrowed from Sanskrit पोतलक (potalaka).

Potala Palace (chief residence of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa)


སྒྲ་སྙན

→ English: dramyin

→ Chinese: 扎木聶 (zhāmùniè)

/ʈ͡ʂam˩˨.ȵɛ̃˥˥/


སྒྲ་གདངས

/ʈ͡ʂan˩˨.taŋ˥˨/


གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ

གཞིས་ཀ ་རྩེ (canonical)
gzhis ka rtse (romanization)

→ English: Shigatse

→ Chinese: 日喀則 /日喀则

གཞིས་ཀ (gzhis ka, “native land, estate, country”) + རྩེ (rtse, “peak, summit”).

compound

bo:གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་ས་ཁུལ།


ཆོས་རྒྱལ

→ English: chogyal

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.cɛː˥˥/

Compound of ཆོས (chos, “dharma”) + རྒྱལ (rgyal, “to be victorious”). Calque of Sanskrit धर्मराज (dharmarāja).

com+

dharma king, chogyal (one of several Buddhist monarchs in the Tibetan cultural sphere)


ཆོས་རྒྱལ

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.cɛː˥˥/


ཆོས

chos (romanization)
form ཆོས་པ (nominal)

འཆོས འཆོས#Tibetan


རྒྱལ

rgyal (romanization)
form རྒྱལ་བ (nominal)
རྒྱལ (present)
རྒྱལ (future)
རྒྱལ (past)
རྒྱལད (rgyald) (archaic past)
རྒྱལ (imperative)

Unknown. By Li Fang-Kuei's Law, Old Tibetan rgy- derives from pre-Tibetan *ry-. Perhaps related to རྒྱ (rgya, “great”).

(intransitive) to be victorious, to win, to conquer, to subdue, to overpower

(intransitive) to be superior than another


རྫོང་བ

རྫོང རྫོང#Tibetan


རབས

lineage, race, generation, succession of family


རིན་པོ་ཆེ

head

རིན་པོ་ཆེ • (rin po che)

rin po che (romanization)
རིན་པོ་ཅེ (alternative)

Chinese: 仁波切 (rénbōqiè)

/ʐĩ˩˨.po˥˥.t͡ɕʰeˑ/

རིན (rin, “value, price”) + པོ་ཆེ (po che, “big kind of; intensifying or emphatic suffix”).

compound

bo:རིན་པོ་ཆེ།


ནང་བསྟན

/naŋ˩˨.tɛ̃˥˥/


རྒྱལ་བ

(Buddhism) victorious one (epithet of the Buddha)


ཡེ་ཤེས

From ཡེ (ye, “primordial”) + ཤེས (shes, “to know, understand, realise, cognise”).


བལ་པོ

From བལ (bal, “Nepali; wool”) + པོ (po, “forming nominalizations”).


བལ་པོ

Chinese: 拔布 (Bábù), 巴彼 (Bābǐ)

བལ་ཡུལ བལ་ཡུལ#Tibetan

(historical) synonym of བལ་ཡུལ (bal yul), Nepal.


ཨ་མེ་རི་ཀ

head

ཨ་མེ་རི་ཀ • (a me ri ka)

ཨ་མེ་རི་ཁ་རྒྱལ་ཕྲན་མཉམ་འབྲེལ་རྒྱལ་ཁབ

a me ri kha rgyal phran mnyam 'brel rgyal khab

America, the Americas (a supercontinent consisting of North America, Central America and South America regarded as a whole; in full, the Americas)

United States of America
United States of America#English

America, United States of America (a country in North America; in full, United States of America)


ཤད

The punctuation mark །, used analogously to a period.


རྩི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tsij (“medicine; juice; paint”). Compare Nuosu ꋌ (cy) (as in ꁬꋌ (bbut cy)), Lolopo naxcir (“medicine”), Naxi cher'ee (“medicine”), Burmese ဆေး (hce:), Chinese 漆 (OC *sʰiɡ).


རྩི

rtsi (romanization)
form རྩི་བ (nominal)
རྩི (present)
བརྩི (future)
བརྩིས (past)
རྩིས (past)
རྩིས (imperative)
བརྩིས (imperative)

(transitive) to think about doing something, to plan on

(transitive) to go against, to defy, to accept, to bear

(transitive) to count, to reckon, to calculate

(transitive) to think that something is, to regard as


སྟོན་ཀ

ston ka (romanization)
སྟོན་ཁ (alternative)

/tø̃˥˥.ka˥˥/

/tø̃˥˥.kʰa˥˥/


ཐང་ཀ

thang ka (romanization)
ཐང་ཁ (alternative)
ཐང་ག (alternative)

thangka (Tibetan painted or embroidered wall art)


ཐང་ཁ

ཐང་ཀ ཐང་ཀ#Tibetan


པི་ཝང

From an uncertain source, perhaps Khotanese, with the same origin as the independently borrowed Chinese 琵琶 (pípá).


ཆང

Related to Old Chinese 漿 (OC *ʔsaŋ, “thick fluid, beverage”) (Hill, 2019).


བོན

From འབོད ('bod, “to call; to shout”) (Zhang, 2009). Possibly related to བོད (bod, “Tibet”) as well (Lalou, 1958).

(religion) Bon, an indigenous religious tradition of Tibet.


བོན

bon (romanization)
form བོན་པ (nominal)
བོན (present)
འབོན (present)
'bon (present clitic)
བོན (future)
བོནད (past)
བོན (imperative)
འབོནད (imperative)

(for a god, sovereign) to receive, to obtain, to take

(probable) to murmur, to recite (charms, prayers)

(probable) to invoke, to summon, to call


གཏེར་སྟོན

head

གཏེར་སྟོན • (gter ston)

From གཏེར (gter, “treasure”) + སྟོན (ston, “reveal”).

compound

(Buddhism) A tertön, a Buddhist master who discoveries hidden texts.


ཆོས་སྐད

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.kɛː˥˨/

From ཆོས (chos, “dharma”) + སྐད (skad, “language”).


གཏེར་མ

(Buddhism) A terma, a hidden teaching (or on occasion religious object).


རྒྱ་སྐད

From རྒྱ (rgya, “expanse, empire”) + སྐད (skad, “language”). The first part may be an abbreviation for either རྒྱ་ནག (rgya nag, “China”) or རྒྱ་གར (rgya gar, “India”).


བོན་པོ

head

བོན་པོ • (bon po)

/pʰø̃˩˨.po˥˥/


བོད་པ

/pʰøː˩˨.pa˥˥/


མེ་མདའ

From མེ (me, “fire”) + མདའ (mda', “arrow”).


མདའ

From Proto-Bodish *mla, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mV-la(k) (“arrow”).

མེ་མདའ མེ་མདའ#Tibetan

abbreviation of མེ་མདའ (me mda', “firearm”)


འབྲོག་པ

/ʈ͡ʂo(k̚)ˀ˩˨.pa˥˥/

A nomad from the highland regions of Tibet, generally engaged in cattle husbandry.


ཙི་ཙི

tsi tsi (romanization)
རྩི་རྩི (alternative)


ཨ་རི

ཨ་རི • (a ri)

Contraction of ཨ་མེ་རི་ཀ (a me ri ka). Based on the fact that most Tibetan personal names consist of 2 names with 2 syllables and the practice of taking first syllable of each name as contraction.


དབྱིན་ཇི

དབྱིན་ཇི • (dbyin ji)

/jĩ˥˥.t͡ɕi˥˥/

Englishman, person from England or Britain


དབྱིན་ཇི

དབྱིན་ཇི • (dbyin ji)

/jĩ˥˥.t͡ɕi˥˥/


བསྟན་འཛིན

/tɛ̃˥˥.t͡sĩ˥˥/

From བསྟན (bstan, “teaching”) + འཛིན ('dzin, “take hold of, adhere to”).

af

an adherent; one who upholds and adheres to the doctrines


བསྟན་འཛིན

→ Chinese: 丹增 (Dānzēng)

→ English: Tenzin

/tɛ̃˥˥.t͡sĩ˥˥/


ཆུ་ཚོད

/t͡ɕʰo˥˥.t͡sʰøː˥˨/

/t͡ɕʰu˥˥.t͡sʰyː˥˨/


གངས་རི

/kʰəŋ˩˨.ʐi˥˥/

གངས (gangs, “snow”) + རི (ri, “mountain”).

com

high, snowy mountain, snow-covered mountain, snowy mountain, any great Tibetan mountain range


གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ

head

གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ

Chinese: 岡仁波齊 /冈仁波齐 (Gāngrénbōqí)

/kʰaŋ˩˧˨ ʐĩ˩˨.pu˥˥.t͡ɕʰiˑ/

གངས (gangs, “snow”) + རིན་པོ་ཆེ (rin po che).

com

bo:གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ།


གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ

head

གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ

གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ • (gangs chen mdzod lnga)

གངས་ཆེན ་མཛོད་ལྔ (canonical)
gangs chen mdzod lnga (romanization)

Literally, "five great storehouses of snow".


བོད་མི

བོད་མི • (bod mi)


རྒྱ་མི

From རྒྱ (rgya, “expanse, empire”) + མི (mi, “person”), with the first part being short for རྒྱ་ནག (rgya nag, “China”).


པས

Originally པ (pa) marked for the instrumental case.

Placed at the end of a phrase to mark a question.


ཀ་ཏ་མན་ཏུ

ka ta man tu (romanization)
ཀ་ཏ་མན་དུ (alternative)
ཀ་ཐ་མན་གྲུ (alternative)

bo:ཀ་ཏ་མན་ཏུ


འཇར་མན

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


བརླ་ཤ

/lɛː˥˥.ɕa˥˥/


དབྱིན་གོ

head

དབྱིན་གོ • (dbyin go)

zh-l

英國／英国 (Yīngguó)


ཡོང

yong (romanization)
form ཡོང་བ (nominal)
ཡོང (present)
ཡོང (future)
ཡོང (past)
ཡོང (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *waŋ (“to come (out); to enter”). Cognate with Burmese ဝင် (wang, “to come in; to enter”), Chinese 往 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, “to go”). Related to འོང ('ong, “to come”).


གསོན་པོ

head

གསོན་པོ • (gson po)

/sø̃˥˥.pa˥˥/


ཤིང་འབྲས

/ɕiŋ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂɛː˥˨/

ཤིང (shing, “tree”) + འབྲས ('bras, “fruit”).


ཤིང་བརྐོས

/ɕiŋ˥˥.køː˥˨/


རྩི་ཤིང

/t͡si˥˥.ɕiŋ˥˥/


ཨེམ་ཆི

head

ཨེམ་ཆི • (em chi)

em chi (romanization)
ཨེམ་རྗེ (alternative)
ཨམ་ཆི (alternative)

/ʔem˥˥.t͡ɕʰi˥˥/

/ʔəm˥˥.t͡ɕʰi˥˥/

From Mongolian ᠡᠮᠴᠢ (emči, “doctor”); compare Modern Khalkha Mongolian эмч (emč).


རྒྱལ་རྩེ

Gyantse (a city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


ཟ་ཁང

→ Wutunhua: saghang

From ཟ་བ (za ba, “eat”) + ཁང (khang, “building”).


གནམ་གྲུ་ཐང

གནམ་གྲུ (gnam gru, “airplane”) + ཐང (thang)


མེ་འཁོར

མེ (me, “fire”) + འཁོར ('khor, “vehicle”); calque of Chinese 火車 /火车 (huǒchē, literally “fire-vehicle”).


སྨུག་འབུ

head

སྨུག་འབུ • (smug 'bu)


ཁོ་ཕི

Borrowed from English coffee, from Dutch koffie (“coffee”), from Italian caffè (“coffee”), from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve, “coffee”), from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa, “coffee, a brew”).


སྐྱེ་དམན

/ce˥˥.mɛ̃˥˥/


པ་ཕ

cog

Lisu ꓐꓹ ꓐꓽ (bɑ̌ bɑ̀)


སྐད་བརྡ་རིག་པ

/kɛː˥˥.ta˥˥ ʐi(k̚)ˀ˩˨.pə˥˥/

སྐད་བརྡ (skad brda, “order, speech, language”) + རིག་པ (rig pa, “-ology”).


ཞི་མི

Cognate with ཞིམ་བུ (zhim bu) and ཞུམ་བུ (zhum bu), all possibly from earlier *ryi-mi. If true, then perhaps of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Old Chinese 狸 (OC *rɯ) (see there for further etymology).


གྲྭ་པ

grwa pa (romanization)
གྲ་པ (alternative)

/ʈ͡ʂʰa˩˧˨.paˑ/

གྲྭ (grwa) + པ (pa, “nominalization suffix”)

compound

གྲྭ་པ་མེད་པའི་མཁན་པོ་


དྲིལ་བུ

head

དྲིལ་བུ • (dril bu)


གོམ་པ་རྒྱག

གོམ་པ་རྒྱག་པ

གོམ་པ་རྒྱག • (gom pa rgyag) (nominal form གོམ་པ་རྒྱག་པ)

gom pa rgyag (romanization)
form གོམ་པ་རྒྱག་པ (nominal)


གི་གུ

གི་གུ • (gi gu)

The vowel diacritic ི , which stands for /i/.


ཞབས་ཀྱུ

/ɕap̚˩˨ t͡ɕu˥˥/

The vowel diacritic ུ, which stands for /u/.


ན་རོ

The vowel diacritic ོ , which stands for /o/.


འགྲེང་བུ

The vowel diacritic ེ , which stands for /e/.


འབྲས་ལྗོངས་པ

འབྲས་ལྗོངས་པ


འབྲུག་པ

/ʈ͡ʂu(k̚)ˀ˩˨.pə˥˥/


འབྲུག་སྐད

/ʈ͡ʂu˩˨.kɛː˥˨/


སྨྱུག་གུ

སྨྱུག་གུ • (smyug gu)


མ་བྱན

/ma˩˨.t͡ɕɛ̃ˑ/


མི་སྐུ

མི་སྐུ • (mi sku)


རྐུབ་ཀྱག

rkub kyag (romanization)
རྐུབ་རྐྱག (alternative)
རྐུབ་རྒྱག (alternative)


མོ་ཐོ

From Chinese 摩托 (mótuō), from English motor.


སྦག་སྦག

sbag sbag (romanization)
རྦག་རྦག (alternative)


རྦག་རྦག

སྦག་སྦག སྦག་སྦག#Tibetan

alternative spelling of སྦག་སྦག (sbag sbag)


སྒོ

From Proto-Bodish *ko, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with Chinese 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”).


སྒེའུ་ཁུང

སྒེ་ཁུང སྒེ་ཁུང#Tibetan


སྨན་ཁྲོག

Compound of སྨན (sman, “medicine”) + ཁྲོག (khrog).


དེབ

Shortened from དེབ་ཐེར (deb ther); see there for more.


ནོ་ཡོན

head

ནོ་ཡོན • (no yon)


ཨུ་རུ་སུ

ཨུ་རུ་སུ • (u ru su)

Borrowed from Mongolian Орос /ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (Oros, “Russia”).

bor+

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


རྒྱ་སེར

From རྒྱ (rgya, “expanse, empire”) + སེར (ser, “yellow”). Compare རྒྱ་ནག (rgya nag, “China”, literally “the black expanse”) and རྒྱ་གར (rgya gar, “India”, literally “the white expanse”); the choice of yellow for Russia is unclear, but may reference the Golden Horde.

com

(historical) Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


སྨྱུག་མ

/ ȵuŋ˥˥.ma˩˨/

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-m(y)ik (“cane/sprout”). Compare Burmese မျှစ် (hmyac), Nuosu ꂷ (ma).


ཟམ་པ

From Proto-Bodish *zam, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-dzam.


མི་ཆོས

folk religion; the ways and customs of people


ལྷ་ཆོས

sacred dharma; the religious precepts of Buddhism


ཀླད་ཀོར

/lɛː˥˥.koː˥˥/


ཀླད་ཀོར

/lɛː˥˥.koː˥˥/


རིན་ཆེན

/ʐĩ˩˨.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/

From རིན (rin, “value, worth”) + ཆེན (chen, “big”).


རིན་ཆེན

zh-l

仁欽／仁钦 (Rénqīn)

→ Chinese: 仁欽／仁钦 (Rénqīn)

/ʐĩ˩˨.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/


ནས

Compared with Chinese 黍 (OC *hljaʔ, “millet”) in Schuessler (2007).

highland barley (principal cereal cultivated on the Tibetan plateau)


ནས

elative case marker, placed after nouns and pronouns: from.


ནས

particle connecting two actions, placed after the first verb: then, after having done X.


དབུ་ཅན

Uchen script, the block style of the Tibetan script used in print.


དབུ་མེད

head

དབུ་མེད • (dbu med)

དབུ (dbu) + མེད (med), literally “headless”.

compound

Umê script, the cursive style of the Tibetan script used in shorthand and calligraphy.


ལྟོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-tjwa (“mouth, beak, food, stomach”).


མངོན་བརྗོད

/ŋø̃˥˥.t͡ɕøː˥˨/


སྒོག་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *skuq; cognate to Chinese 韭 (jiǔ, “chives”) and Japhug ɕku (“onion”).


ཞིང་པ

ཞིང (zhing, “field, farmland”) + པ (pa, “nominalisation/agent suffix”)


ཨོ་མོ་སུ

head

ཨོ་མོ་སུ • (o mo su)

From Mongolian оймс (ojms)/ᠣᠶᠢᠮᠤᠰᠤ (oyimusu).


རྣ་བའི་དབང་པོ

རྣ་བའི་དབང་པོ

A translation of Sanskrit श्रोत्रेन्द्रिय (śrotrendriya, “sense or organ of hearing”). The Chinese equivalent is 耳根 (ěrgēn).

der

श्रोत्रेन्द्रिय

(Buddhism) “ear or hearing faculty”, one of the six sensory faculties


ཆོས་འཁོར

(Buddhism) dharmachakra, dharma wheel, wheel of life


དགེ་འདུན

head

དགེ་འདུན • (dge 'dun)

From དགེ (dge, “virtuous, good”) + འདུན ('dun, “intention, aspiration”).


བྱ་རྒོད

/t͡ɕʰa˩˨.køː˩˧˨/


བྱ་དེ

bya de (romanization)
བྱ་ཏེ (alternative)


ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ

head

ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ • (āl ji ri ya)


བསྡུ

bsdu (romanization)
form བསྡུ་བ (nominal)

སྡུད སྡུད#Tibetan


སྡུད་པ

སྡུད སྡུད#Tibetan


སྡུད

sdud (romanization)
form སྡུད་པ (nominal)
སྡུད (present)
སྡུ (present)
བསྡུ (future)
བསྡུས (past)
སྡུས (imperative)

Causative of འདུ ('du, “to gather, to collect (intransitive)”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t/d)u-n/t (“join, tie, knot, bring together, assemble, fold”). Related to མདུད (mdud, “to tie together”).

inh

(transitive) to collect, to gather, to assemble


དགོན་པ

→ English: gompa

→ Kurtöp: གོན་པ (gonpa)


མཁན་པོ

desctree

→ Chinese: 堪布 (kānbù)
→ Middle Mongol: ᠬᠠᠮᠪᠤ (qambu)
Classical Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠮᠪᠤ (qambu)
Buryat: хамба (xamba)
Mongolian: хамба (xamba)

/kʰɛ̃˥˥.po˥˥/

Inherited from Old Tibetan མཁན་པོ (mkhan po), calqued from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya).

inh+

(Tibetan Buddhism) khenpo (degree for higher Buddhist studies given in Tibetan Buddhism)


ཐུག་པ

nominal form of the verb ཐུག (thug): reaching, arriving, meeting

nominal form of the verb ཐུག (thug): touching, hitting


ཐུག་པ

→ English: thukpa

→ Nepali: थुक्पा (thukpā)

Tibetan-style soup, broth, gruel, porridge


རོ་ལངས

→ Wutunhua: rolang

The ro-langs, an animated corpse similar to a zombie.


མི་རྒོད

head

མི་རྒོད • (mi rgod)


བ་ཕྱུགས

/pʰa˩˨.t͡ɕʰu(k̚)ˀ˥˨/


སྟོད་ཐུང

shirt, article of clothing worn on the upper body


ད་རིང

དི་རིང (alternative)
འདི་རིང (alternative)
དེ་རིང (alternative)


དི་རིང

ད་རིང ད་རིང#Tibetan


འདི་རིང

ད་རིང ད་རིང#Tibetan


ཞུ་མར

lamp (device producing light, chiefly one that uses butter)


མར

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mar (“gold; yellow; butter; oil”).


མར

From མ (ma, “mother”) + ར (ra, terminative case marker).


སྔོན་པོ

/ŋø̃˥˥.po˥˥/

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋow (“white; green; yellow; blue”). Related to སྔོ (sngo, “green; blue; vegetables; plant”).


ལྗང་ཁུ

/t͡ɕəŋ˩˨.ku˥˥/


སེར་པོ

head

སེར་པོ • (ser po)


སྣ་མིན་སྣ་ཚོགས

/na˥˥.mɛ̃˥˥ na˥˥.t͡sʰo˥˨/


རྙིང་པ

/ȵiŋ˥˥.pə˥˥/


ཡག་པོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).

inh

ཁང་མིག་འདི་བཀོད་པ་ཡག་པོ་འདུག


ཆུང་ཆུང

/*t͡ɕʰuŋ.t͡ɕʰuŋ/

/*t͡ɕʰuŋ.t͡ɕʰuŋ/

/t͡ɕʰỹ˥˥.t͡ɕʰỹ˥˥/

/t͡ɕʰuŋ˥˥.t͡ɕʰuŋ˥˥/


ག་རེ

/kʰa˩˨.ʐe˥˥/


སུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *su ~ s-lu (“who; indefinite pronoun; remote third-person pronoun”). Cognate with Burmese သူ (su) per Matisoff.


སུ་སུ

head

སུ་སུ • (su su)


ཚོ

Marks plurals, chiefly used as a suffix on pronouns and demonstratives.


སྐམ་པོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k(w)am (“thirsty; dried out”).


སྐྱུར་མོ

head

སྐྱུར་མོ • (skyur mo)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kjuːr ~ s-kjwaːr (“sour”).


ག་ཚད

ག་ཚོད ག་ཚོད#Tibetan

alternative spelling of ག་ཚོད (ga tshod)


ཚ་པོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsə (“hot; fever; hurt; ill; hungry”).


ཕྱུ་པ

phyu pa (romanization)
ཆུ་པ (alternative)

→ English: chuba

/t͡ɕʰu˥˥.pə˥˥/

Ultimately from Arabic جبّة (jubba, “robe, jubbah”). Compare Turkish cübbe.


དགུ་གཏོར

head

དགུ་གཏོར • (dgu gtor)


གོ་རེ

གོ་རེ • (go re)


སྒོང་ང

/koŋ˩˨.ŋa˥˥/

སྒོང (sgong, “egg”) (from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/r-gwa-ŋ (“egg; testicle”)) + ང (nga) (from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋa (“egg; hatch”)).


ཕྱུ་ར

phyu ra (romanization)
ཕྱུར་བ (alternative)
ཆུར་བ (alternative)

/t͡ɕʰu˥˥.ʐəˑ/

in particular, sundried cheese, characteristic of the Tibetan plateau


ཕྱུར་བ

ཕྱུ་ར ཕྱུ་ར#Tibetan


ཆུར་བ

ཕྱུ་ར ཕྱུ་ར#Tibetan


ཞོགས་པ

/ɕoː˩˨.kɛː˥˨/


སེར

སེར་པོ སེར་པོ#Tibetan


ཕྲུག

zh-l

氆氌／氆氇 (pǔlu)

→ Chinese: 氆氌／氆氇 (pǔlu)

ཕྲུ་གུ ཕྲུ་གུ#Tibetan


ཕྲུ་གུ

/ʈ͡ʂʰu˥˥.kuˑ/


པད་ཚལ

/pɛː˥˥.t͡sʰɛː˥˥/


གདུག

གདུག་པ གདུག་པ#Tibetan

See གདུག་པ (gdug pa, “wicked, cruel, noxious”).


འཁོར

'khor (romanization)
form འཁོར་བ (nominal)
འཁོར (present)
འཁོར (future)
འཁོར (past)
འཁོར (imperative)
འཁོརད (present)
འཁོར (future)
འཁོརད (past)
འཁོརད (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-kwar (“round”); compare Chinese 歸 (OC *klul, “to return; to come back”). Resultative: སྐོར (skor).

(intransitive) to turn round, to rotate, to revolve, to spin, to go around, to elapse (of time)

(intransitive) to gather, to be formed, to be perfected


འཁོར

retinue, followers, entourage, attendants


འབུམ་པ

Mongolian: бумба (bumba)


སྐུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kəw (“body; chest; thorax; corpse”). Cognate with Burmese ကိုယ် (kuiy, “body”) and Chinese 軀 (OC *kʰo, “body”).

inh

ཤིང་སྐུ

དངུལ་སྐུ


སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ

head

སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ

སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ • (slob grwa chen mo)

/lap̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂa˥˥ t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥.mo˥˥/

སློབ་གྲྭ (slob grwa, “school”) + ཆེན་མོ (chen mo, “great”).


ཤེལ་སྒོ

/ɕeː˥˥.ko˥˥/

ཤེལ (shel, “glass; mirror”) + སྒོ (sgo, “door”).


སྲང་ལམ

/ʈ͡ʂaŋ˥˥.laŋ˥˥/


མཆོད་རྟེན

→ English: chorten

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.tẽ˥˥/

མཆོད (mchod, “to offer; to worship”) + རྟེན (rten, “seat; temple”).


གླ་བ

གླ (gla) + བ (ba). Compare Lepcha ᰠᰓᰪᰲ (sabur, “musk deer”), Nuosu ꇍꀮ (lep bu).


སྐུ་བདེ་རིགས

head

སྐུ་བདེ་རིགས • (sku bde rigs)

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠷᠢ (küderi, “musk deer”), adapted in Middle Tibetan to mean something akin to "kind of healthy body".


ཐམ་ཀ

tham ka (romanization)
ཐམ་ཁ (alternative)

Borrowed from Uyghur تامغا (tamgha), from Chagatai تمغا (tamğa).


ཐམ་ཁ

ཐམ་ཀ ཐམ་ཀ#Tibetan


པད

པད་མ པད་མ#Tibetan


གེ་སར

Of unclear derivation, and the various meanings may or may not share an origin. The common noun meanings are likely from Sanskrit केसर (kesara), but the proper noun may ultimately derive from Latin Caesar.

bo:གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ།


གེ་སར

bo:གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ།


གུར་གུམ

གུར་གུམ • (gur gum)

gur gum (romanization)
གུར་ཀུམ (alternative)

Borrowed from Persian کرکم (korkom, “saffron”), presumably from Arabic كُرْكُم (kurkum, “turmeric”).


དེབ་ཐེར

/tʰep̚˩˨.tʰeː˥˥/

Borrowed from Persian دفتر (daftar), ultimately from Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “parchment”). The spelling with གཏེར (gter) is based on a folk etymology connecting it to the meaning "treasure".


དེབ་གཏེར

head

དེབ་གཏེར • (deb gter)

དེབ་ཐེར དེབ་ཐེར#Tibetan


ཆུ་པ

ཕྱུ་པ ཕྱུ་པ#Tibetan


ཨམ་བན

(historical) amban (a Qing Dynasty official who acted as a provincial governor)


པག་ཤི

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ (baɣsi), from Chinese 博士 (bóshì, “scholar”).


ཨེར་ཏེ་ནི

ཨེར་ཏེ་ནི • (er te ni)

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ (erdeni, “precious”), a calque of རིན་པོ་ཆེ (rin po che).


པུ་ལི་སི

པུ་ལི་སི • (pu li si)

pu li si (romanization)
པུ་ལིས (alternative)


ཞི་ཅུན

zh-l

細菌／细菌 (xìjūn)


ཐིང

department, office (especially of the government)


ཐིང

thing (romanization)
form ཐིང་བ (nominal)

འདིང འདིང#Tibetan


ཆིས་ཁྲེའེ

汽車／汽车 (qìchē)


ཐོ་ལ་ཅི

Borrowed from Mandarin 拖拉機／拖拉机 (tuōlājī).

拖拉機／拖拉机 (tuōlājī)


མར་གད

mar gad (romanization)
མ་རྒད (alternative)
མརྒད (alternative)

→ Mongolian: ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠠᠳ (marɣad) / маргад (margad)

/maː(ɹ)˩˨.kɛː˥˨/


མ་རྒད

མར་གད མར་གད#Tibetan


མུ་ཏིག

head

མུ་ཏིག • (mu tig)

From Sanskrit मुक्ता (muktā), via a Prakrit intermediate; compare Hindi मोती (motī).


རྨ་བྱ

The first element is from Sanskrit मयूर (mayūra, “peacock”), compounded to native བྱ (bya, “bird”).


མེ་ལེ

མེ་ལེ • (me le)


ལྕགས་ལམ

zh-l

鐵路／铁路 (tiělù)


གྲུ་བཞི

/ʈ͡ʂʰup̚˩˨.ɕi˥˥/

གྲུ (gru, “corner”) + བཞི (bzhi, “four”).


གྲུ་བཞི

/ʈ͡ʂʰup̚˩˨.ɕi˥˥/


རྡུལ་ཕྲན

/tyː˩˨.ʈ͡ʂʰɛ̃˥˥/


རྡུལ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-durl. Cognate with Chinese 塵 (OC *rdɯn).


འདིང

'ding (romanization)
form འདིང་བ (nominal)
འདིང (present)
འདིངས (present)
གཏིང (future)
བཏིང (future)
བཏིང (past)
བཏིངས (past)
ཐིངས (imperative)
ཐིང (imperative)
ཏིངས (imperative)


བྲིས

bris (romanization)
form བྲིས་པ (nominal)

འབྲི འབྲི#Tibetan

འབྲི འབྲི#Tibetan


འབྲི

'bri (romanization)
form འབྲི་བ (nominal)
འབྲི (present)
'bri (present clitic)
འདྲི (present)
'dri (present clitic)
བྲི (present)
བྲི (future)
འབྲི (future)
'bri (future clitic)
བྲིས (past)
བྲིས (imperative)
ཕྲིས (imperative)
རིས (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-rəj (“to draw, to mark”). Related to རི་མོ (ri mo, “drawing”).

inh

(transitive) to write, to draw, to note down


འབྲི

'bri (romanization)
form འབྲི་བ (nominal)
འབྲི (present)
'bri (present clitic)
བྲི (present)
འབྲི (future)
'bri (future clitic)
བྲི (future)
བྲི (past)
བྲི (imperative)

(intransitive) to diminish, to grow less, to go down, to decline, to wane


འབྲི

Cognate to Tamangic *ᴮprit. Either related to or borrowed into Old Chinese as 犛 (OC *rə) → lí.


ཀྱི

One of the five genitive particles, used after ད (da), བ (ba), ས (sa) or one of the secondary sound suffixes. See གི (gi).


པིར

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠢᠷ (bir) (from Classical Tibetan)

Mongolian:

Mongolian script: ᠪᠢᠷ (bir)

Cyrillic script: бийр (biir)

→ Buryat: биирэ (biire), биир (biir)

From Classical Tibetan [Term?], from Middle Chinese 筆 (MC pit).


གི

Maybe related to Chinese 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ).

One of the five genitive particles, used after ག (ga) or ང (nga).


ཡིན་དང་ཡིན

(idiomatic) indeed, certainly, of course


ཡི

One of the five genitive particles, used after nouns ending in vowel sounds. See གི (gi).


ན་བ

nominal form of the verb ན (na): falling ill


ཡོད

yod (romanization)
form ཡོད་པ (nominal)
ཡོད (present)
ཡོད (future)
ཡོད (past)
ཡོད (imperative)

Possibly cognate with Chinese 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ).

och-l

有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ)


ཡོད་པ

nominal form of the verb ཡོད (yod): being, existing; having; possessing


ཟླ

ཟླ་བ ཟླ་བ#Tibetan


ལོ་ཙཱ་བ

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ལོ་ཙཱ་བ • (lo tsā ba)

lo tsā ba (romanization)
ལོ་ཙཱ (alternative)
ལོ་ཙ (alternative)
ལོ་ཙ་བ (alternative)
ལོ་ཙྭ་བ (alternative)

Generally believed to be derived from locchava, locchāva, loccava, locava or locāva, corruptions of Sanskrit लोकचाक्षुस् (lokacākṣus, “eye of the world, i.e. one who opens the eyes of the world”). See འཇིག་རྟེན་མིག་གཅིག ('jig rten mig gcig, “translator [world-eye]”), a literal translation of the same Sanskrit term.

der

A translator of Buddhist texts, especially one of the mediaeval ones who translated texts into Tibetan.


གྲུ་གསུམ

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གྲུ་གསུམ • (gru gsum)

/ʈ͡ʂʰu(k̚)ˀ˩˨.sum˥˥/

གྲུ (gru, “corner”) + གསུམ (gsum, “three”).


ཕུར་བ

(Buddhism) A kind of ritual dagger, the kīla.


གྱི

One of the five genitive particles, used after ན (na), མ (ma), ར (ra), or ལ (la). See གི (gi).


ཕོ་བྲང

/pʰo˥˥.ʈ͡ʂaŋ˥˥/


བླ་རི

(Buddhism) The hill or mountain on which one's soul rests after one dies.


བླ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Chinese 魄 (OC *pʰraːɡ) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra).
Also related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”), see there for more.


རྒྱམ

རྒྱ་མཚོ རྒྱ་མཚོ#Tibetan


ལྟ

lta (romanization)
form ལྟ་བ (nominal)
ལྟ (present)
བལྟ (future)
བལྟས (past)
ལྟས (past)
ལྟོས (imperative)
ལྟས (imperative)
བལྟ (imperative)

From Proto-Bodish *(l)ta, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lV-taʔ (“to look”). Related to ལྟས (ltas, “sign, omen”) and ལྟད་མོ (ltad mo, “sight, scene, show, play”). Compare Chinese 睹 (OC *taːʔ, “to see”).

(transitive) to look at, to see, to observe

(transitive, common in Western Tibetan) to look for, to search for

(transitive) to view mentally, to consider, to look into, to investigate

(transitive) to desire, to crave, to love


བདེ

བདེ་བ བདེ་བ#Tibetan


རོལ་མོ

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རོལ་མོ • (rol mo)

/ʐøː˩˨.mo˥˥/

From རོལ (rol, “to amuse oneself”). Compare Chinese 樂 (OC *ŋraːwɢs, *raːwɢ, *ŋraːwɢ, “joyful; music”).


རོལ

rol (romanization)
form རོལ་བ (nominal)
རོལ (present)
རོལ (future)
རོལ (past)
རོལ (imperative)
རོལད (present)
རོལ (future)
རོལད (past)
རོལད (imperative)

(transitive) to enjoy, to amuse oneself, to play and laugh

(transitive) to practice sorcery, to cause to appear in magical form


འོངས

'ongs (romanization)
form འོངས་པ (nominal)


ཀ་བ

ka ba (romanization)
ཀ་བ (absolutive)
ཀ་བའི (genitive)
ཀ་བས (agentive)
ཀ་བ་ལ (dative)
ཀ་བ་ན (locative)
ཀ་བར (terminative)
ཀ་བ་ལས (ablative)
ཀ་བ་ནས (elative)
ཀ་བ་དང (associative)
ཀ་བ་བས (comparative)

Possibly from Sanskrit स्कम्भ (skambha, “pillar; support; prop”) (Hill, 2007). Compare Nepali खम्बा (khambā, “pillar; pole”), खामो (khāmo, “pillar; post; stake; prop”), Gujarati ખંભ (khambh, “pillar”), ખંભો (khambho, “pillar”), and Marathi खांब (khāmba, “pillar; post”).


མངའ་ཐང

/ŋa˥˥.tʰaŋ˥˥/


ས་ཡ

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠰᠠᠶᠠ (say-a)

Mongolian:

Mongolian script: ᠰᠠᠶᠠ (say-a)

Cyrillic script: сая (saja)

→ Buryat: сая (saja)

Compare Zhang-Zhung 𑲍𑲫𑲍𑲈𑲄 (slas 'dza), 𑲍𑲫𑲍𑲈𑲄𑲥 (slas 'dzwa, “million”).


བྱེ་བ

/t͡ɕʰi˩˨.wə˥˥/


དུང་ཕྱུར

/tʰuŋ˩˨.t͡ɕʰuː(ɹ)˥˥/


ཐེར་འབུམ་ཆེན་པོ

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ཐེར་འབུམ་ཆེན་པོ

ཐེར་འབུམ་ཆེན་པོ • (ther 'bum chen po)

ཐེར་འབུམ ་ཆེན་པོ (canonical)
ther 'bum chen po (romanization)


ཁྲག་ཁྲིག་ཆེན་པོ

ཁྲག་ཁྲིག་ཆེན་པོ

ཁྲག་ཁྲིག ་ཆེན་པོ (canonical)
khrag khrig chen po (romanization)


རབ་བཀྲམ་ཆེན་པོ

རབ་བཀྲམ་ཆེན་པོ

རབ་བཀྲམ ་ཆེན་པོ (canonical)
rab bkram chen po (romanization)


ཆེན

ཆེན་པོ ཆེན་པོ#Tibetan

ཆེན་མོ ཆེན་མོ#Tibetan

See ཆེན་པོ (chen po, “big”) and ཆེན་མོ (chen mo, “great”).


ཀླད

ཀླད་པ ཀླད་པ#Tibetan


སྐྱོང

skyong (romanization)
form སྐྱོང་བ (nominal)
སྐྱོང (present)
བསྐྱང (future)
བསྐྱངས (past)
བསྐྱོངས (past)
སྐྱོངས (imperative)
སྐྱོང (imperative)

(transitive) to keep, to maintain, to sustain


སྐྱོང

skyong (romanization)
form སྐྱོང་བ (nominal)
སྐྱོང (present)
སྐྱོང (future)
སྐྱོང (past)


བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན

བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན

བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན • (bod brgyud nang bstan)


བརྒྱུད

བརྒྱུད • (brgyud) (nominal form བརྒྱུད་པ)

brgyud (romanization)
form བརྒྱུད་པ (nominal)
བརྒྱུད (present)
རྒྱུད (present)
བརྒྱུད (future)
བརྒྱུད (past)
བརྒྱུད (imperative)
རྒྱུད (imperative)

(intransitive) to pass through a place on one's way elsewhere

(intransitive) to be transmitted consecutively


བརྒྱུད་པ

བརྒྱུད བརྒྱུད#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb བརྒྱུད (brgyud)


ལོ་རྒྱུས

ལོ་རྒྱུས • (lo rgyus)


འབྲས་མོ་ལྗོངས

/ʈ͡ʂɛː˩˨.mo˥˥ t͡ɕoŋ˩˧˨/


སྦས་ཡུལ

Beyul, hidden valley or land in the Himalayas; Bhutan


ཙུང་ཐུང

/t͡suŋ˥˥.tʰuŋ˥˥/

Borrowed from Mandarin 總統 /总统 (zǒngtǒng).


སྤྲུལ་པ

→ English: tulpa

/ʈ͡ʂyː˥˥.pə˥˥/

སྤྲུལ (sprul, “to transform”) + པ (pa, “nominal suffix”).

af

magical creation, emanation, apparition, incarnation


གཅོད

gcod (romanization)
form གཅོད་པ (nominal)
གཅོད (present)
གཅད (future)
བཅད (past)
ཆོད (imperative)

→ English: Chöd


སྒྲུབ་ཐབས

/ʈ͡ʂup̚˩˨.tʰəp̚˥˨/

སྒྲུབ (sgrub, “to accomplish”) + ཐབས (thabs)

com

(religion) sadhana, means of accomplishment


ལེགས

From Proto-Bodish *lek, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good; beautiful”).


འབྲི་ཆུ

→ Chinese: 直曲

/ʈ͡ʂi˩˨.t͡ɕʰu˥˥/

འབྲི ('bri, “female yak”) + ཆུ (chu, “water; river”), literally “river of the female yak”.

com

Tongtian River (one of the main tributaries to the upper Yangtze River)


དགེ་ལུགས་པ

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དགེ་ལུགས་པ • (dge lugs pa)

Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism#English

Gelug (one of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism)

bo:དགེ་ལུགས་པ།


སྦི་ཅི་ལི

སྦི་ཅི་ལི • (sbi ci li)

Borrowed from Hindi बिजली (bijlī, “electricity”).


མཛོ་མོ

→ English: dzomo


བཀའ་བརྒྱུད

Kagyu (one of the six main schools of Tibetan Buddhism)

bo:བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་པ།


བཀའ

bka' (romanization)
བཀའ (absolutive)
བཀའའི (genitive)
བཀའས (agentive)
བཀའ་ལ (dative)
བཀའ་ན (locative)
བཀའར (terminative)
བཀའ་ལས (ablative)
བཀའ་ནས (elative)
བཀའ་དང (associative)
བཀའ་བས (comparative)

Related to ཁ (kha, “mouth; word”) and སྐད (skad, “language; speech”) (Zhang, 2009), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening”). See also Old Chinese 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”).

inh

བཀའ་བརྒྱུད བཀའ་བརྒྱུད#Tibetan

abbreviation of བཀའ་བརྒྱུད (bka' brgyud, “Kagyu”)

བཀའ་མ བཀའ་མ#Tibetan

abbreviation of བཀའ་མ (bka' ma, “oral tradition”)


ཀ་པ་ལ

ཀ་པཱ་ལ ཀ་པཱ་ལ#Tibetan


ཀ་པཱ་ལ

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ཀ་པཱ་ལ • (ka pā la)

ka pā la (romanization)
ཀ་པ་ལ (alternative)
ཀ་པའ་ལ (alternative)
ཀ་པཱལ (alternative)
ཀ་པཱ་ལི (alternative)
ཀ་པ་ལི (alternative)
ཀབ་ལི (alternative)
ཀ་ལི (alternative)

→ English: kapala

kapala (cup made from a human skull used as a ritual implement)


རྐྱང

→ English: kiang


ལ་དྭགས

→ Persian: لداخ (ladâx)

→ Hindi: लद्दाख़ (laddāx)

→ Urdu: لداخ (laddax)


གཏོར་མ

torma (figures made mostly of flour and butter used in tantric rituals or as offerings in Tibetan Buddhism)


ཡི་དམ

→ English: yidam

(Buddhism) yidam (a type of deity associated with tantric or Vajrayana Buddhism said to be manifestations of Buddhahood or enlightened mind)


རི་ལི

རི་ལི • (ri li)


ཙུང་ལི

zh-l

總理／总理 (zǒnglǐ)


ཀྲུའུ་ཞི

/ʈ͡ʂu˥˥.ɕi˥˥/


སུམ་ཅུ

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སུམ་ཅུ • (sum cu)

/sʰɑ̃˥˥ t͡ɕu˥˧/

/suŋ˥˥ t͡ɕu˥˧/

From གསུམ (gsum, “three”) + བཅུ (bcu, “ten (in compounds)”).


དཔལ་ལྡན

From དཔལ (dpal, “glory; splendor; abundance; magnificence”) + ལྡན (ldan, “to possess”).


བསྣན་ཚིག

/nɛ̃˥˥.t͡sʰi˥˨/


དབང་ཕྱུག

/wəŋ˥˥.t͡ɕʰu˥˨/


དབང་ཕྱུག

/wəŋ˥˥.t͡ɕʰu˥˨/


གཏུམ

gtum (romanization)
form གཏུམ་པ (nominal)

འཐུམ འཐུམ#Tibetan


གསོད་པ

གསོད གསོད#Tibetan


གྱོན་པ

གྱོན གྱོན#Tibetan


དཀྲོལ་བ

དཀྲོལ དཀྲོལ#Tibetan


དཀྲོལ

dkrol (romanization)
form དཀྲོལ་བ (nominal)

འཁྲོལ འཁྲོལ#Tibetan


ཐུག

thug (romanization)
form ཐུག་པ (nominal)
ཐུག (present)
འཐུག (present)
ཐུག (future)
ཐུག (past)
ཐུག (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tuk ~ (t/d)wa(k/ŋ) (“to meet”). Related to གཏུག (gtug, “to reach; to meet with”).

inh

(intransitive) to reach, to arrive at, to come to

(intransitive) to interview, to encounter, to meet


ཐུག

thug (romanization)
form ཐུག་པ (nominal)
ཐུག (present)
ཐུག (future)
ཐུག (past)
ཐུག (imperative)

(transitive, colloquial) to touch, to hit, to strike


འཐུམ

'thum (romanization)
form འཐུམ་པ (nominal)
འཐུམ (present)
འཐུམས (present)
འཐུམ (future)
འཐུམས (future)
འཐུམས (past)
ཐུམ (past)
འཐུམ (imperative)
ཐུམས (imperative)

(intransitive) to cover, to lay over, to put over, to wrap up


འཐུམ

'thum (romanization)
form འཐུམ་པ (nominal)
འཐུམ (present)
གཏུམ (present)
གཏུམ (future)
བཏུམ (future)
གཏུམས (future)
བཏུམས (past)
གཏུམས (past)
བཏུམ (past)
ཐུམས (imperative)
འཐུམ (imperative)

(transitive) to wrap around, to wrap up, to envelope, to veil, to cover


བགོད་པ

བགོད བགོད#Tibetan


བཞད་པ

nominal form of the verb བཞད (bzhad): laughing, smiling


བཞད་པ

nominal form of the verb བཞད (bzhad): blossoming


ལྟམ

ltam (romanization)
form ལྟམ་པ (nominal)
ལྟམ (present)
བལྟམས (present)
བལྟམ (future)
བལྟམས (future)
བལྟམས (past)
བལྟམས (imperative)
ལྟམས (imperative)
ལྟོམས (imperative)


ལྟམ

ltam (romanization)
form ལྟམ་པ (nominal)

ལྟེམས ལྟེམས#Tibetan

alternative form of ལྟེམས (ltems, “to fill”)


ལྟེམས

ltems (romanization)
form ལྟེམས་པ (nominal)
ལྟེམས (present)
ལྟམ (present)
བལྟམ (future)
བལྟམས (past)
ལྟོམས (imperative)
ལྟམས (imperative)

(transitive) to fill up a vessel with something


བྱེད་པ

བྱེད བྱེད#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb བྱེད (byed): doing