མིག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mik ~ mjak. Cognate with Old Chinese 目 (*muɡ).


སེམས་ཅན

/sem˥˥.t͡ɕɛ̃˥˥/

སེམས (sems, “mind, sentience”) + ཅན (can, “possessor”).


བོད་སྐད

/pʰøː˩˨.kɛː˥˨/

བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + སྐད (skad, “language”)

Tibetan, specifically referring to the oral component of the language.


ཀ

The first letter of the Tibetan abugida.


ཚེག (tsheg), the syllable separator of the Tibetan abugida


ཇ

letter ja [dʑà/tɕʰà] of the Tibetan abugida


ཇ

→ Kurtöp: ཇ (ja)

Borrowed from Chinese 茶 (MC drae), ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la.


ཉ

The eighth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


རྒྱལ་པོ

→ Wutunhua: jjhawo

རྒྱལ (rgyal, “royal, regal”) + པོ (po, nominalisation/agent suffix). Cognate with Dzongkha རྒྱལཔོ (rgyalpo).


བོད

Dzongkha: བོད (bod)

desc

→? Ancient Greek: Βαι̃ται (Baĩtai), Βα̃ται (Bãtai), Βαεται (Baetai)

→ Latin: Baetae

→⇒? Middle Chinese: 發羌 (MC pjot khjang); 附國 (MC bjuH kwok)

→? Prakrit: *𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝 (*bhŏṭṭa), *𑀪𑁄𑀝 (*bhoṭa)

Assamese: ভোট (bhüt)

Bengali: ভোট (bhōṭ)

Hindi: भोट (bhoṭ)

Nepali: भोट (bhoṭ)

Odia: ଭୋଟ (bhoṭa)

→ Sanskrit: भौट्ट (bhauṭṭa), भोट (bhoṭa)

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta)

According to Bialek, originally the name of a people inhabiting modern Nyêmo County. Possibly related to བོན (bon, “to express, to mutter, etc.”).


སངས་རྒྱས

/saŋ˥˥.cɛː˥˨/

Calque of Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “Buddha; awakened”), from སངས (sangs, “purified; cleansed”) + རྒྱས (rgyas, “extended; fully grown; spread”), literally “the awakened-blossomed one”, meaning that the Buddha has awakened from the sleep of ignorance and spread his mind to all objects of knowledge.


མོག་མོག

head

མོག་མོག • (mog mog)

zh-l

饃饃／馍馍 (mómo)


བླ་མ

→ Chinese: 喇嘛 (lǎma)

→ English: lama

→ Mongolian: лам (lam)

→ Thai: ลามะ (laa-má)

བླ (bla, “soul, spirit”) + མ (ma, nominalisation/agent suffix).

compound

lama - an accomplished spiritual teacher, guru


གཅིག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik (“one”).


ཧོང་ཀོང

Hong Kong (a city, island, and special administrative region of China)


ཕྱལ་པ

ཕྱལ (phyal, “flat”) + nominalisation suffix པ (pa). The sense is that the flatness is the terrain of their view as well as their conduct, they neither seek to rise through merit, nor fear falling into non-human lives and hells through unmeritorious activity.


རྒྱང་འཕེན་པ

Literally ‘that hurl afar’, as atheists ‘hurl afar’ their concern for past and future lives.

charvaka (a follower of the Charvaka school); materialist; hedonist; nihilist


མུ་སྟེགས་པ

head

མུ་སྟེགས་པ • (mu stegs pa)


མུར་ཐུག་པ

མུར་ཐུག (mur thug, “to the extremity, complete, thorough, nihilist”) + པ (pa, agent suffix) Compare མཐར་ཐུག་པ (mthar thug pa, “final, ultimate, eventual”).


བྱི་བ

/t͡ɕʰi˩˨.wə˥˥/

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-jəw-n ~ bwəj (“rat, mouse”).


སེང

Abbreviation of སེང་གེ (seng ge, “lion”), from Sanskrit सिंह (siṃhá, “lion”).


ཡོས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-jəw-n ~ bwəj.


སྤྲེལ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-pra. Cognate with Kurtöp པྲ (pra), Dzongkha སྤྱ (spya).


གླང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *glaŋ (“ox; bullock; elephant”).


སྟག

→ Wutunhua: dag

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *stak (“tiger”).


རླུང་རྟ

→ English: wind horse (calque)

→ German: Windpferd (calque)

/luŋ˥˥.tə˥˥/

རླུང (rlung, “wind”) + རྟ (rta, “horse”).

com

(mythology) wind horse (mythological creature that symbolises the soul and good luck)

A type of prayer flag, flown horizontally.


སྦྲུལ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”).


འབྲུག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”).


ཁྱི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n. Cognate with Chinese 犬 (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ).


མཛོ་ཕོ

a 'male' (pho) of the mdzo, an interbreed of the yak bull and the common cow.

a kind of domestic cattle reared in Asia for its flesh and milk.


བདེ་བ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-de. Cognate with Chinese 禔 (OC *deː, *tje, *dje), 提 (OC *deː, *dje).


ཐ་དད་པ

(grammar) voluntary [verb], in general comparable to the transitive [verb]


བྱང་ཆུབ

/t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨.t͡ɕʰu˥˨/

བྱང (byang, “purified, perfected”) + ཆུབ (chub, “pervasively realized”).

compound

(religion) awakening, enlightenment, bodhi


ཐ་མི་དད་པ

(grammar) involuntary [verb], in general comparable to the intransitive [verb]


བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ

head

བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ • (byang chub sems dpa')

བྱང་ཆུབ (byang chub, “enlightenment, total perfection”) + སེམས (sems, “mind”) + དཔའ་བོ (dpa' bo, “hero, spiritual warrior”)

com

bodhisattva (derived from Sanskrit) One who vows to forgo and does forgo nirvana to work in samsara for the benefit of all sentient beings.


འདས་པ

/tɛː˩˧˨.paˑ/


འོད

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwa(n/t) (“to shine; light”).


བྱམས་པ

/t͡ɕʰam˩˨ pa˥˥/


བྱམས་པ

/t͡ɕʰam˩˨ pa˥˥/


ཆུང་བ

/t͡ɕʰuŋ˥˨.ŋəˑ/


དཔལ་བེའུ

endless knot, eternal knot, shrivatsa (Sanskrit)


རྒྱ་ནག

རྒྱ (rgya, “extent, size; country, empire”) + ནག (nag, “black”), literally "the black expanse; the black empire".

compound

China; in particular, regions populated by Han Chinese


བྱ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b(j/r)a (“bird”).


བྱ

placed after certain verbs to produce nouns


བྱ

བྱེད བྱེད#Tibetan


ཆོས་འཁོར་གསུམ

three doctrinal centres, three turnings of the dharma


ཀླུབ

klub (romanization)
form ཀླུབ་པ (nominal)
ཀླུབ (present)
ཀླུབས (present)
klub (present romanization)
klubs (present romanization)
བཀླུབ (future)
ཀླུབས (future)
bklub (future romanization)
klubs (future romanization)
བཀླུབས (past)
བླུབས (past)
bklubs (past romanization)
blubs (past romanization)
ཀླུབས (imperative)
klubs (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *klup (“to cover, to wrap”).


དགོངས་རྒྱུད

direct transmission, state of knowledge (Buddhism)


དཀོན་མཆོག

/kø̃˥˥.t͡ɕo(k̚)ˀ˥˨/


རིན་ཆེན་གདུགས

head

རིན་ཆེན་གདུགས

རིན་ཆེན་གདུགས • (rin chen gdugs)

རིན་ཆེན (rin chen, “precious”) + གདུགས (gdugs, “umbrella”).

com

sacred umbrella, precious parasol, chhatra (Sanskrit)


ཕོ

stomach, reticulum, second stomach of ruminant


སྟོན་པ

/tø̃˥˥.pa˥˥/

སྟོན སྟོན#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb སྟོན (ston): indicating, teaching, illustrating


མཆོད་སྟེགས

མཆོད (mchod, “offering, worship, ceremony”) + སྟེགས (stegs, “platform; lifted”)


སྡིག་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-diːk (“scorpion, crab, shrimp”). Compare Mizo tit (“scorpion”) and Tangut 𘝠 (*thjɨ², “scorpion”).


གནས

gnas (romanization)
form གནས་པ (nominal)
གནས (present)
gnas (present romanization)
གནས (future)
gnas (future romanization)
གནས (past)
gnas (past romanization)
གནས (imperative)
gnas (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-na-s (“to stay, to live, to be”). Cognate with Burmese နား (na:, “to rest”).

(intransitive) to live, to exist, to reside


ལུག

to huddle heads together like timid sheep, to be sheepish in behaviour


ལུག

lug (romanization)
form ལུག་པ (nominal)
ལུག (present)
lug (present romanization)
ལུག (future)
lug (future romanization)
ལུགས (past)
lugs (past romanization)
ལུག (imperative)
lug (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to collapse, to fall down, to fall


ལུག

lug (romanization)
form ལུག་པ (nominal)
ལུག (present)
ལུགས (present)
lug (present romanization)
lugs (present romanization)
ལུག (future)
ལུགས (future)
lug (future romanization)
lugs (future romanization)
ལུགས (past)
lugs (past romanization)
ལུགས (imperative)
lugs (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to make an article from molten iron placed in a form, to pour an impression, to cast


ལས

ཤི་ལས་ཐུ།

ཁྱི་ལས་ལོད།


སྡོམ

Bodman (1980), apud Schuessler (2007), relates this to Old Chinese 蠶 (OC *dzə̂m) "silkworm". STEDT derives the Chinese, though not the Tibetan, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tip ~ *tu(p/m) (“to wrap up”), whence Burmese ထုပ် (htup, “to wrap, bundle”). If the Tibetan is related, the spider could be conceived of as a "bug which wraps up its prey".


ཆོས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ

head

ཆོས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ • (chos kyi 'khor lo)


དྲུག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-k-ruk (“six”).


ཟླ་བ

→ Mongolian: ᠳᠠᠸᠠ (dawa) / даваа (davaa)

/nda˩˧.ɣɑ˥˥/

ཟླ (zla) + བ (ba), the former from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/ɡ-la (“moon, month”). The name is often given to children born on a Monday.

inh

གཟའ་ཟླ་བ གཟའ་ཟླ་བ#Tibetan

Ellipsis of གཟའ་ཟླ་བ (gza' zla ba, “Monday”).


ཟླ་བ

/nda˩˧.ɣɑ˥˥/


བཞི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj (“four”).


གསུམ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sum (“three”).


སྙིང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“brain, heart, mind”).


བརྒྱད

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-r-gjat ~ b-g-rjat.


སྦྱིན

sbyin (romanization)
form སྦྱིན་པ (nominal)
སྦྱིན (present)
sbyin (present romanization)
སྦྱིན (future)
sbyin (future romanization)
བྱིན (past)
སྦྱིན (past)
བྱིནད (archaic past)
byin (past romanization)
sbyin (past romanization)
byind (past romanization)
བྱིན (imperative)
སྦྱིན (imperative)
བྱིནད (archaic imperative)
byin (imperative romanization)
sbyin (imperative romanization)
byind (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-bəj-n/k (“to give”). Cognate with Chinese 畀 (OC *pids, “to give”), 賓 (OC *mpin, “gift; to present a gift”), and Burmese ပေး (pe:).

(transitive) to give, to bestow, to contribute, to offer, to make a present of

(transitive) to add, to supplement, to sum up


ཨ་ཆུང

/ʔə˩˨.t͡ɕʰuŋ˥˥/


གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨ་ཆུང

head

གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨ་ཆུང • (gter yig mgo a chung)


གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་རྣམ་བཅད་མ

གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་རྣམ་བཅད་མ • (gter yig mgo um rnam bcad ma)

gter yig mgo um rnam bcad ma (romanization)

en-གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་རྣམ་བཅད་མ-bo-noun-e2sw8ECX


གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་གཏེར་ཚེག་མ

གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་གཏེར་ཚེག་མ • (gter yig mgo um gter tsheg ma)

gter yig mgo um gter tsheg ma (romanization)

en-གཏེར་ཡིག་མགོ་ཨུམ་གཏེར་ཚེག་མ-bo-noun-bOFursD4


ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ#Tibetan

An honorific head mark which heralds the beginning of text or commencement of a new folio. In Tibetan it is called ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ (yig mgo mdun ma).


ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ

ཡིག་མགོ་མདུན་མ • (yig mgo mdun ma)

An honorific head mark which heralds the beginning of text or commencement of a new folio.


ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ#Tibetan

A Tibetan mark that closes the head marks with which it ligates. The name for this sign in the Tibetan script is ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ (yig mgo sgab ma).


ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ

ཡིག་མགོ་སྒབ་མ • (yig mgo sgab ma)

A Tibetan mark that closes the head marks with which it ligates.


ཨ་ཙ་ར

འཆམས འཆམས#Tibetan

The jester, joker, clown or fool, a traditional character in the འཆམས ('chams) dance.

(folklore) A type of hobgoblin or spectre.


གཏེར་ཚེག

The terma break ༔ (:); a punctuation mark or textual delimiter used in a fashion somewhat comparable to a comma.


ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ

ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ • (yig mgo tsheg shad ma)


ཡིག་མགོ་ཕུར་ཤད་མ

ཡིག་མགོ་ཕུར་ཤད་མ • (yig mgo phur shad ma)

An ornamental form of the punctuation mark །, a flourish founded upon a phurba.


ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ#Tibetan

An ornamental translingual mark, the ཡིག་མགོ་ཚེག་ཤད་མ (yig mgo tsheg shad ma).


འ

The letter "a chung", transliterated as '.


ཀེ་ལ

ཀེ་ར ཀེ་ར#Tibetan


ལིམ་བུ

ལིམ་བུ • (lim bu)


ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ

ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ

ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ • (chu rgun 'brum)

/t͡ɕʰu˥˥ kỹ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂum˥˥/


གཡེར་མ

Zanthoxylum armatum, the winged prickly ash

Sichuan pepper, spice derived from Zanthoxylum species


སེ་འབྲུ

སེ་འབྲུ • (se 'bru)

སེ (se, “fruit, from *sej”) + འབྲུ ('bru, “seed”)

compound

fruit, from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sit-pro">*sej</i>


ཤིང་ཏོག

/ɕiŋ˥˥.to˥˨/


ཨོ་སི་ཀྲ་ལི་ཡ

head

ཨོ་སི་ཀྲ་ལི་ཡ • (o si kra li ya)


ཚ་ལུ་མ

/t͡sʰə˥˥.lu˥˥.məˑ/

ཚ་ལུ (tsha lu, “red”) + མ (ma, noun suffix). Related to མཚལ (mtshal, “vermillion pigment”), མཚལ་ལུ (mtshal lu, “*red”) (Zhang, 2009).


ཨ་ཕི་རི་ཀ

head

ཨ་ཕི་རི་ཀ • (a phi ri ka)


བལ་ཡུལ

From བལ (bal, “Nepali; wool”) + ཡུལ (yul, “place”).


མངའ་རིས་ཁམ་བུ

མངའ་རིས (mnga' ris, “Ngari (region in Tibet)”) + ཁམ་བུ (kham bu, “apricot”)

apricot, dried apricot imported from Ngari


རྒྱ་གར

From རྒྱ (rgya, “extent, size; vastness; empire”) + གར (gar) (variant of དཀར (dkar, “white”)), literally “white expanse, white empire”. So named perhaps because its ancient inhabitants wore white clothing. Not related to གར (gar, “dancing”).

2014, ཞི་ཅིན་ཕེན་གྱིས་རྒྱ་གར་གྱི་ཙུང་ཐུང་མུའུ་ཁི་ཅི་ལ་མཇལ་འཕྲད་གནང་།
ཟླ་དགུ་བའི་ཚེས་བཅོ་བརྒྱད་ཉིན། རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་ཀྲུའུ་ཞི་ཞི་ཅིན་ཕེན་གྱིས་དྷེ་ལི་གསར་བ་ནས་རྒྱ་གར་གྱི་ཙུང་ཐུང་མུའུ་ཁི་ཅི་ལ་མཇལ་འཕྲད་གནང་།
Zla dgu ba'i tshes bco brgyad nyin. Rgyal khab kyi kru'u zhi zhi cin phen gyis dhe li gsar ba nas rgya gar gyi tsung thung mu'u khi ci la mjal 'phrad gnang
Chinese president Xi Jinping met Indian president Mukherjee on the 18th of September in New Delhi.


འཐུང

'thung (romanization)
form འཐུང་བ (nominal)
འཐུང (present)
'thung (present romanization)
བཏུང (future)
btung (future romanization)
བཏུངས (past)
འཐུངས (past)
btungs (past romanization)
'thungs (past romanization)
ཐུངས (imperative)
འཐུངས (imperative)
thungs (imperative romanization)
'thungs (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *N/s-tuŋ (“to drink, to suckle”).

inh

(transitive or intransitive) to drink, to imbibe fluid


ལྷ་ས

/ɬɛː˥˥.sa˥˥/

Inherited from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa), from ར (ra, “goat”) or ར (ra, “enclosure”) + ས (sa, “place, location”), literally "goat's place" or "fortified city". The ra in Old Tibetan irregularly developed into lha in the modern form, possibly by association with ལྷ (lha, “god, deity”), i.e. literally "place of gods" or "Holy Land".


བཅུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ts(j)i(j) ~ tsjaj (“ten”). Cognate with Burmese ဆယ် (hcai, “ten”).


ཟ

The twenty-second letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ཟ

za (romanization)
form ཟ་བ (nominal)
ཟ (present)
za (present romanization)
བཟའ (future)
bza' (future romanization)
བཟས (past)
ཟོས (past)
bzas (past romanization)
zos (past romanization)
ཟོ (imperative)
ཟོས (imperative)
zo (imperative romanization)
zos (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dza. Cognate with Chinese 咀 (OC *ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ).


ཟ

za (romanization)
form ཟ་བ (nominal)
ཟ (present)
za (present romanization)
ཟ (future)
za (future romanization)
ཟ (past)
za (past romanization)
ཟ (imperative)
za (imperative romanization)


ཟ

za (romanization)
form ཟ་བ (nominal)
ཟ (present)
འཛའ (present)
za (present romanization)
'dza' (present romanization)
ཟ (future)
བཟའ (future)
za (future romanization)
bza' (future romanization)
ཟོས (past)
བཟས (past)
zos (past romanization)
bzas (past romanization)
ཟོ (imperative)
zo (imperative romanization)


བསམ་ཡས

inconceivable, unimaginable, unthinkable, beyond the conceptual realm of human cognition


ཚིག་མཛོད

/t͡sʰiŋ˥˥.t͡søː˥˨/

ཚིག (tshig, “word”) + མཛོད (mdzod, “deposit”)

compound

dictionary (publication that explains the meanings of an ordered list of words)


སེན་གེ

head

སེན་གེ • (sen ge)


པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ

/pɛ̃˥˥.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥ la˥˥.ma˥˥/

From Sanskrit पण्डित (paṇḍita, “scholar”) + ཆེན་པོ (chen po, “big”) + བླ་མ (bla ma, “lama”).

bo:པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ་


འབྲོང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brawŋ (“wild yak, buffalo”).


དགྲ་བོ

/ʈ͡ʂa˩˨.wo˥˥/


དཔེ་ཆ

→ Wutunhua: huaiqa

/pe˥˥.t͡ɕʰa˥˥/

/pe˥˥.t͡ɕʰa˥˥/


དབྱར་ཀ

དབྱར་ཁ དབྱར་ཁ#Tibetan


ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ

head

ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ • (tā la'i bla ma)

From Mongolian ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ (dalai, “ocean”) + བླ་མ (bla ma).


གཡག

→ Armenian: յակ (yak)

→ Catalan: iac

→ Czech: jak

→ Danish: yak

→ Dutch: jak

→ English: yak

→ Faroese: jakkoksi

→ Finnish: jakki

→ French: yack, yak

→ Georgian: იაკი (iaḳi)

→ German: Yak, Jak

→ Hebrew: יאק (yak)

→ Hungarian: jak

→ Icelandic: jakuxi

→ Ido: yako

→ Interlingua: yak

→ Italian: yak m

→ Japanese: ヤク (yaku)

→ Macedonian: јак (jak)

→ Marathi: याक (yāk)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jak

→ Polish: jak m

→ Portuguese: iaque

→ Romanian: iac m

→ Russian: як (jak)

→ Slovak: jak

→ Slovene: jak

→ Spanish: yac, yak

→ Swedish: jak

→ Turkish: yak

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ (“sheep, yak”).


ལོ་མ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lap (“leaf”). Compare Chinese 葉 (OC *hljeb, *leb).


རྩ་བ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-sa (“obscure internal channel; vein, muscle, pulse, nerve”).


ཤིང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ ~ sik (“tree, wood”).


མོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“woman; feminine suffix”). Compare Chinese 母 (OC *mɯʔ).


མོ

she (3rd-person singular pronoun, familiar)


པུ་གུ

head

པུ་གུ • (pu gu)


སྤྲེའུ

སྤྲེལ (sprel, “monkey”) + ེའུ (e'au, diminutive suffix).


ཡི་གེ

head

ཡི་གེ • (yi ge)

→ Wutunhua: yegai


ཚེག

tsheg (intersyllabic division dot in the Tibetan script, written as ་)


རི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri (“mountain”).


སྒྱུ་རྩལ

/cu˩˨.t͡sɛː˥˥/


མཚོ

→ Chinese: 錯／错 (cuò)

→ Wutunhua: co


དཀར

དཀར་པོ དཀར་པོ#Tibetan


རྩྭ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tswa-n (“grass”). Cognate with Chinese 草 (OC *sʰuːʔ).


འབྲུག་ཡུལ

འབྲུག་ཡུལ • ('brug yul)

/ʈ͡ʂu(k̚)ˀ˩˨.jyː˥˥/

འབྲུག ('brug, “thunder, dragon”) + ཡུལ (yul, “land, country”)

compound

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)

bo:འབྲུག་ཡུལ


ཡང་ན

perhaps, maybe, either...or, else, otherwise


རྨི་ལམ

རྨི (rmi, “to dream”) + ལམ (lam, “road”) From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/s-mwəj and *lam respectively.


ས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, ground, soil”).


གཏེར

གཏེར་མ གཏེར་མ#Tibetan

གཏེར་ཁ གཏེར་ཁ#Tibetan

See གཏེར་མ (gter ma) and གཏེར་ཁ (gter kha).


སྒྲ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)ra (“to hear”).


ཉི་མ

→ Chinese: 尼瑪／尼玛 (Nímǎ)

→ Mongolian: ᠨᠢᠮᠠ (nim-a) / ням (njam)

ཉི (nyi) is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nəj (“sun, day”).

གཟའ་ཉི་མ གཟའ་ཉི་མ#Tibetan

Ellipsis of གཟའ་ཉི་མ (gza' nyi ma, “Sunday”).


ཉི་མ

Nyima (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


དགུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw (“nine”).


བདུན

Unknown, unrelated with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni-s.


ཁྲི

According to Starostin, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rij (“many”). Cognate with Chinese 師 (OC *sri), 皆 (OC *kriːl), 偕 (OC *kriːl), and Jingpho ri (“million”).


ཁྲི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəj (“foot”). Cognate with Chinese 几 (OC *krilʔ), 机 (OC *kril, *krilʔ), and Burmese ခြေ (hkre).


སྟོང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-toŋ (“thousand”).


སྟོང

stong (romanization)
form སྟོང་བ (nominal)
སྟོང (present)
སྟོངས (present)
stong (present romanization)
stongs (present romanization)
སྟོང (future)
བསྟང (future)
stong (future romanization)
bstang (future romanization)
སྟོངས (past)
བསྟངས (past)
stongs (past romanization)
bstangs (past romanization)
སྟོངས (imperative)
stongs (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to make empty, to be empty, to become waste or desolate


སེམས

sems (romanization)
form སེམས་པ (nominal)
སེམས (present)
sems (present romanization)
བསམ (future)
bsam (future romanization)
བསམས (past)
སེམས (past)
bsams (past romanization)
sems (past romanization)
སོམས (imperative)
སོམ (imperative)
soms (imperative romanization)
som (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sam ~ sem-s (“breath, spirit, mind”).


བསམ་གཏན

བསམ (bsam, “thought, thinking”) + གཏན (gtan, “constant, perpetual”) Translation of Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna).


ཕོ་ཉ

→ French: panda (possible derivation)

ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་སྔོན་དུ་ང་ཡི་ཕོ་ཉ་གཏོང


ང

The fourth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ལྕགས

From earlier *ltjags, from *lʎjags (via fortition), from *l̥jags, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hljak (“iron”). Perhaps a loanword from Old Chinese 鐵 (*l̥ʰiːɡ).


ལྡག

ldag (romanization)
form ལྡག་པ (nominal)
ལྡག (present)
ldag (present romanization)
བལྡག (future)
bldag (future romanization)
བལྡགས (past)
bldags (past romanization)
ལྡོགས (imperative)
ལྡོག (imperative)
ལྡགས (imperative)
ldogs (imperative romanization)
ldog (imperative romanization)
ldags (imperative romanization)

From earlier *C-ljag (C = prefix, likely the homorganic prenasalisation prefix *ɴ-), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak (“to lick”). Related to ལྕེ (lce, “tongue”), ལྗགས (ljags, “(polite) tongue”) and Burmese လျက် (lyak, “to lick”). Compare འདག ('dag).


ཉལ

nyal (romanization)
form ཉལ་བ (nominal)
ཉལ (present)
nyal (present romanization)
ཉལ (future)
nyal (future romanization)
ཉལ (past)
nyal (past romanization)
ཉོལ (imperative)
nyol (imperative romanization)
ཉལ (present)
nyal (present romanization)
ཉལ (future)
nyal (future romanization)
ཉལད (past)
nyald (past romanization)
ཉོལད (imperative)
nyold (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-njal ~ s-njal (“to sleep, to lie down; sleepy”). Compare Chinese 瞑 (OC *meːn, *meːns, *meːŋ, “to close the eyes”), 臥 (OC *ŋʷaːls, “to lie down”), 妥 (OC *n̥ʰoːlʔ, “peaceful; to stop”), 綏 (OC *snul, “to pacify, comfort; tranquil”) (STEDT).

མཉལ

(dialectal) same as ngal; to rest, fatigued

སྙལ

to lay something down, to bed a person, to assign person a couch

རྣལ

rest, transquility; basic state, fundamental condition


དོམ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam (“bear”), with preemption of the root initial by the prefix.

Ursus thibetanus
Ursus thibetanus#Translingual

bear; in particular, the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)


འཐག

'thag (romanization)
form འཐག་པ (nominal)
འཐག (present)
འཐོག (present)
'thag (present romanization)
'thog (present romanization)
བཏག (future)
འཐག (future)
btag (future romanization)
'thag (future romanization)
བཏགས (past)
btags (past romanization)
ཐོགས (imperative)
ཐོག (imperative)
འཐོག (imperative)
འཐགས (imperative)
thogs (imperative romanization)
thog (imperative romanization)
'thog (imperative romanization)
'thags (imperative romanization)

The sense “to weave” is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tak ~ dak (“to weave, to plait”), cognate with Chinese 織 (OC *tjɯɡs, *tjɯɡ).


འཐག

'thag (romanization)
form འཐག་པ (nominal)
འཐག (present)
'thag (present romanization)
འཐག (future)
'thag (future romanization)
ཐག (past)
འཐག (past)
thag (past romanization)
'thag (past romanization)

(intransitive) to reduce by boiling, to dry up, to dry out


འཆི

'chi (romanization)
form འཆི་བ (nominal)
འཆི (present)
'chi (present romanization)
འཆི (future)
'chi (future romanization)
ཤི (past)
shi (past romanization)
ཤི (imperative)
shi (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj (“to die”).

(intransitive) to die away, to go out, to be destroyed


བོད་ལྗོངས

/pʰø̃˩˨.t͡ɕoŋ˥˨/

བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + ལྗོངས (ljongs, “country, region”)

compound

Tibet, especially the central regions of Tibet

bo:བོད་ལྗོངས


ལ་ཕུག

Borrowed from Chinese 蘿蔔 (MC la bok, “radish”).


མགྲོན་ཁང

/ʈ͡ʂø̃˩˨ kʰaŋ˥˥/

མགྲོན (mgron, “guest; feast, banquet”) + ཁང (khang, “house, building”). Compare Chinese 賓館／宾馆 (bīnguǎn, literally “guest house/building; hotel”).


གློག་ཀླད

གློག (glog, “electricity”) + ཀླད་པ (klad pa, “brain, intelligence, reason, mind”), literally “electronic brain”. Calque from Chinese 電腦／电脑 (diànnǎo, “computer”, literally “electronic-brain”).

zh-l

bo:གློག་ཀླད།


གསོད

gsod (romanization)
form གསོད་པ (nominal)
གསོད (present)
gsod (present romanization)
གསད (future)
gsad (future romanization)
བསད (past)
bsad (past romanization)
སོད (imperative)
sod (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/b-sat (“to kill”).

(transitive) to kill, to slaughter, to murder

(transitive) to annihilate, to exterminate, to eliminate, to eradicate, to extinguish


རང་དབང

/ʐaŋ˩˨.waŋ˥˥/

རང (rang, “self, oneself, own”) + དབང (dbang, “power, control, force, empowerment”).


དམངས་གཙོ

དམངས (dmangs, “the common people, populace”) + གཙོ (gtso, “main, primary, chief, principal”). Compare Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ, “democracy; populace + main”).


གློག་བརྙན

/loː˥˥.ȵɛ̃˥˥/

གློག (glog, “electricity”) + བརྙན (brnyan, “image, reflection”). Possibly a calque of Chinese 電影／电影 (diànyǐng, “film, literally "electricity-image"”).


ནོར་འཁྲུལ

/non˩˧˨.ʈ͡ʂyːˑ/


གྲང་མོ

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ˩˨.ŋu˥˥/

གྲང + མོ, the former from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ (“cold; freeze”).


བཟླས་བརྗོད

བཟླས (bzlas, “to recite, to recount”) + བརྗོད (brjod, “sound, speech”). Translation of Sanskrit जाप (jāpa), जप (japa, “muttering prayers”).


རྒྱམ་ཚྭ

From རྒྱམ (rgyam) (likely from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum) + ཚྭ (tshwa, “salt”).


མུག་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk.


སྨུག་པོ

head

སྨུག་པོ • (smug po)


སྣུབ

snub (romanization)
form སྣུབ་པ (nominal)
སྣུབ (present)
snub (present romanization)
བསྣུབ (future)
bsnub (future romanization)
བསྣུབས (past)
bsnubs (past romanization)
སྣུབས (imperative)
སྣུབ (imperative)
snubs (imperative romanization)
snub (imperative romanization)

Causative of ནུབ (nub), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip.

(transitive) to cause to sink or perish, to suppress, to do away with, to annihilate, to abolish


ཟ་བ

nominal form of the verb ཟ (za): itching


ཟ་བ

nominal form of the verb ཟ (za): appearing, arising


ལྷ

→ Wutunhua: lha


ལེགས་སྦྱར

From ལེགས (legs, “excellent, perfect”) + སྦྱར (sbyar, “linked, joined”). Calque of Sanskrit संस्कृत (saṃskṛta, literally “well-made; perfectly put together”).


ལྡེག

ldeg (romanization)
form ལྡེག་པ (nominal)
ལྡེག (present)
ལྡེབ (present)
ldeg (present romanization)
ldeb (present romanization)
བལྡེག (future)
bldeg (future romanization)
བལྡེགས (past)
བདེག (past)
bldegs (past romanization)
bdeg (past romanization)

(intransitive) to shake, to quake, to tremble


ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྐད

/le(k̚)ˀ˩˨.t͡ɕaː˥˥ kɛː˥˨/

ལེགས་སྦྱར (legs sbyar, “Sanskrit”) + སྐད (skad, “language”).


ཉམས

nyams (romanization)
form ཉམས་པ (nominal)
ཉམས (present)
nyams (present romanization)
ཉམས (future)
nyams (future romanization)
ཉམས (past)
nyams (past romanization)
ཉམས (imperative)
nyams (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to deteriorate, to grow weak, to decline, to perish


མཁྱེན

mkhyen (romanization)
form མཁྱེན་པ (nominal)
མཁྱེན (present)
mkhyen (present romanization)
མཁྱེན (future)
mkhyen (future romanization)
མཁྱེན (past)
mkhyen (past romanization)
མཁྱེན (imperative)
mkhyen (imperative romanization)
མཁྱེནད (present)
mkhyend (present romanization)
མཁྱེན (future)
mkhyen (future romanization)
མཁྱེནད (past)
mkhyend (past romanization)
མཁྱེནད (imperative)
mkhyend (imperative romanization)

(honorific, transitive or intransitive) to know, to comprehend, to understand, to cognise


སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད

head

སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད་པ

སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད • (slob khrid byed) (nominal form སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད་པ)

slob khrid byed (romanization)
form སློབ་ཁྲིད་བྱེད་པ (nominal)

/lop̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰi˥˨ t͡ɕʰe˩˧˨/


ནུབ

nub (romanization)
form ནུབ་པ (nominal)
ནུབ (present)
nub (present romanization)
ནུབ (future)
nub (future romanization)
ནུབ (past)
nub (past romanization)
ནུབ (imperative)
nub (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to fall (gradually), to sink, to set


གཞུང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t/duŋ. Cognate with 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “centre, middle”).


རློག

rlog (romanization)
form རློག་པ (nominal)
རློག (present)
རླག (present)
rlog (present romanization)
rlag (present romanization)
བརླག (future)
brlag (future romanization)
བརླགས (past)
བརླག (past)
brlags (past romanization)
brlag (past romanization)
རློགས (imperative)
རློག (imperative)
ལྷོགས (imperative)
rlogs (imperative romanization)
rlog (imperative romanization)
lhogs (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to destroy, to break down, to conquer


ལྡོག

ldog (romanization)
form ལྡོག་པ (nominal)
ལྡོག (present)
ldog (present romanization)
ལྡོག (future)
ldog (future romanization)
ལྡོག (past)
ལོག (past)
ལྡོགས (past)
ldog (past romanization)
log (past romanization)
ldogs (past romanization)
ལྡོག (imperative)
ལོག (imperative)
ལྡོགས (imperative)
ldog (imperative romanization)
log (imperative romanization)
ldogs (imperative romanization)

Resultative of ཟློག (zlog). Compare ལོག (log).

(intransitive) to send back, to naturally reject

(intransitive) to change, to fade (of colours, etc.)


འབའ

'ba' (romanization)
form འབའ་བ (nominal)
འབའ (present)
'ba' (present romanization)
འབའ (future)
'ba' (future romanization)
འབའ (past)
'ba' (past romanization)

(intransitive) to bleat, to make the sound of a sheep or goat


འབའ

'ba' (romanization)
form འབའ་བ (nominal)


མིང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-miŋ. Cognate with Chinese 名 (míng).


སྦྱོར

sbyor (romanization)
form སྦྱོར་བ (nominal)
སྦྱོར (present)
sbyor (present romanization)
སྦྱར (future)
sbyar (future romanization)
སྦྱར (past)
sbyar (past romanization)
སྦྱོར (imperative)
sbyor (imperative romanization)
སྦྱོར (present)
sbyor (present romanization)
སྦྱར (future)
sbyar (future romanization)
སྦྱརད (past)
sbyard (past romanization)
སྦྱོརད (imperative)
sbyord (imperative romanization)

Causative of འབྱོར ('byor, “to adhere, to stick to”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bjar ~ pjar (“to affix; to plait”).

inh

(transitive) to link, to join, to connect

(transitive) to affix, to attach, to apply


བྱེད

byed (romanization)
form བྱེད་པ (nominal)
བྱེད (present)
byed (present romanization)
བྱ (future)
bya (future romanization)
བྱས (past)
byas (past romanization)
བྱོས (imperative)
བྱེད (imperative)
བྱོ (imperative)
byos (imperative romanization)
byed (imperative romanization)
byo (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to replace, to substitute, to take responsibility for


ལྡིར

ldir (romanization)
form ལྡིར་བ (nominal)
ལྡིར (present)
ལྟིར (present)
ldir (present romanization)
ltir (present romanization)
ལྡིར (future)
བལྡིར (future)
ldir (future romanization)
bldir (future romanization)
ལྡིར (past)
བལྡིར (past)
ldir (past romanization)
bldir (past romanization)
ལྡིར (imperative)
ལྡིརད (archaic imperative)
ldir (imperative romanization)
ldird (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to be distended, to be inflated

(intransitive) to rush, to roar (of wind), to roll (of thunder)

(intransitive) to make a medicinal drink


ལེགས་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).

good, fine, perfect, excellent, elegant, beautiful


འབྱར

'byar (romanization)
form འབྱར་བ (nominal)

འབྱོར འབྱོར#Tibetan


སྤྲུལ་སྐུ

head

སྤྲུལ་སྐུ • (sprul sku)

/ʈ͡ʂyː˥˥.ku˥˥/

སྤྲུལ (sprul, “to juggle, to make phantoms appear, to change, to transform”) + སྐུ (sku, “body; the person of Buddha; image, statue of Buddha”). Short for སྤྲུལ་པའི་སྐུ (sprul pa'i sku) or སྤྲུལ་པ་སྐུ (sprul pa sku).
Equivalent to Sanskrit निर्माणकाय (nirmāṇakāya), Chinese 應身, 化身, Mongolian хувилгаан (xuvilgaan).

compound

Tulku (a concept in Tibetan Buddhism); "emanation body", reincarnation


ཀླུབ་པ

ཀླུབ ཀླུབ#Tibetan


འཐུང་བ

འཐུང འཐུང#Tibetan


གཅོད་པ

གཅོད གཅོད#Tibetan


ཀྲུང་གོ

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ˥˥.ko˥˥/

Borrowed from Mandarin 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó).

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

China (a country in Asia), the People's Republic of China


སྣག

སྣག་ཚ སྣག་ཚ#Tibetan

Abbreviation of སྣག་ཚ (snag tsha, “Chinese/Indian ink”).


ནག

ནག་པོ ནག་པོ#Tibetan


རྒྱ

རྒྱ་རྣམས

རྒྱ་ནག རྒྱ་ནག#Tibetan

Abbreviation of རྒྱ་ནག (rgya nag, “China”).

རྒྱ་གར རྒྱ་གར#Tibetan

Abbreviation of རྒྱ་གར (rgya gar, “India”).


རྒྱ

rgya (romanization)
form རྒྱ་བ (nominal)
རྒྱ (present)
རྒྱས (present)
rgya (present romanization)
rgyas (present romanization)
རྒྱ (future)
རྒྱས (future)
rgya (future romanization)
rgyas (future romanization)
རྒྱས (past)
rgyas (past romanization)
རྒྱས (imperative)
rgyas (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to increase in bulk or quantity, to augment, to spread


རྒྱ

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *r-gya-n. (STEDT).


རྫོང

inh

Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsuk ⪤ *tsik (“to build”)

cog

Chinese 宗 (zōng, “ancestral temple; school; sect; purpose”)

castle, fortress, jong, fort, district capital

རྒྱལ་རྩེ་རྫོང


རྫོང

rdzong (romanization)
form རྫོང་བ (nominal)
རྫོང (present)
རྫོངས (present)
rdzong (present romanization)
rdzongs (present romanization)
བརྫང (future)
brdzang (future romanization)
བརྫངས (past)
རྫོངས (past)
brdzangs (past romanization)
rdzongs (past romanization)
རྫོངས (imperative)
rdzongs (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to send, to dispatch, to send off

(transitive) to put stuff into, to insert


མངར་མོ

/ŋaː˥˥.mo˥˥/


བདུན་ཕྲག

/tỹ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂʰa˥˨/


བཙོན་པ

/t͡sø̃˥˥.pa˥˥/


འཁོར་ལོ

A relationship with Chinese 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) was proposed in Bauer (1994), and both were hypothesised to have been derived from a common Sino-Tibetan word, borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“wheel”).


འབྲས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ras (“rice; fruit; bear fruit; round object”). Compare Proto-Austronesian *bəʀas (“rice”), whence Malay beras and Tagalog bigas.


ཁང

* Old Tibetan: /*kʰaŋ/
* Lhasa: /khaŋ˥˥/
----
* Old Tibetan:
** IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /*kʰaŋ/ (reconstructed)
* Ü-Tsang
** Tibetan pinyin: khangᶠ
** (Lhasa) IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /khaŋ˥˥/

bo-IPA

ཁང་པ ཁང་པ#Tibetan


པ

The thirteenth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


གྲོགས་པོ

head

གྲོགས་པོ • (grogs po)

friend, companion, teacher, advocate, assistant, help, ally, pal, male friend, male companion, husband, life-companion, support


མི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-mi(j)-n. Cognate to Chinese 民 (mín).


མི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-. Variant of མ (ma), used in situations where མ (ma) is not used, usually with present and future stems of verbs.

(prepositional negative particle) not, un-


གསར་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sar (“new; fresh”).


མོ་ཊ

head

མོ་ཊ • (mo ṭa)

/mo˩˨.ʈ͡ʂa˥˨/


དམག་འཁྲུག

/mə(k̚)ˀ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰu˥˨/


ཆར་པ

/t͡ɕʰaː˥˥.pa˥˥/

/t͡ɕʰa˥˥.ba˥˧/


པུས་མོ

པུས་མོ • (pus mo)


ཁྲག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krak (“blood; red”). Cognate with Chinese 赤 (OC *kʰljaɡ, “red”).


རླིག་རིལ

རླིག་རིལ • (rlig ril)


གསོལ་དཀྲུམ

གསོལ་དཀྲུམ • (gsol dkrum)

/søː˥˥.ʈ͡ʂum˥˨/

གསོལ (gsol, “to consume”) + དཀྲུམ (dkrum) / ཀྲུམས (krums, “meat”).


ཁང་པ

* Old Tibetan: /*kʰaŋ.pa/
* Lhasa: /kʰaŋ˥˥.pa˥˥/
----
* Old Tibetan:
** IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /*kʰaŋ.pa/ (reconstructed)
* Ü-Tsang
** Tibetan pinyin: kangᶠ-baᶠ
** (Lhasa) IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kʰaŋ˥˥.pa˥˥/


སྤྲིན་པ

/ʈ͡ʂĩ˥˥.pə˥˥/


ར

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ra; cognate with 羜 (OC *draʔ), Pattani lá, etc.


ཆང་ནད

/t͡ɕʰaŋ˥˥.nɛː˥˨/


ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ

/tʰu(k̚)ˀ˥˥.t͡ɕeˑ.ʈ͡ʂʰeˑ/

From ཐུགས་རྗེ (thugs rje, “compassion”) + ཆེ (che, “great”).


ལོ

→ Wutunhua: lo

From Proto-Bodic *lo ("year"); further etymology unknown. See also the etymology at 世 (OC *hljebs).


མཛའ་བཤེས

relative, parent, brother, cousin, relation


དང

Compare perhaps Old Chinese 當 (OC *taːŋ, *taːŋs, “to equal, match, meet”).


སྦལ་པ

→ Wutunhua: bbawa


གཟིགས

gzigs (romanization)
form གཟིགས་པ (nominal)
གཟིགས (present)
gzigs (present romanization)
གཟིགས (future)
gzigs (future romanization)
གཟིགས (past)
gzigs (past romanization)
གཟིགས (imperative)
gzigs (imperative romanization)

(honorific of ལྟ (lta)) to see, to look, to perceive


མཐོང

mthong (romanization)
form མཐོང་བ (nominal)
མཐོང (present)
mthong (present romanization)
མཐོང (future)
mthong (future romanization)
མཐོང (past)
mthong (past romanization)
མཐོང (imperative)
mthong (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-twaŋ (“to see, to view”). Causative: སྟོན (ston).


སློབ

slob (romanization)
form སློབ་པ (nominal)
སློབ (present)
slob (present romanization)
བསླབ (future)
bslab (future romanization)
སླབས (past)
བསླབས (past)
སླབ (past)
slabs (past romanization)
bslabs (past romanization)
slab (past romanization)
སློབས (imperative)
སློབ (imperative)
slobs (imperative romanization)
slob (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to practice, to learn”). Compare Chinese 習 (OC *ljub).


ཙོང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-tsuŋ (“onion”). Compare Chinese 葱 (cōng, “onion”), from Old Chinese 葱 (OC *sʰloːŋ, “onion”).


ལྗིད་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ləj-t ~ s-rəj-t.


རྨང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ.


གསིང་མ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ.


བརྒྱ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-r-gja. Compare བརྒྱད (brgyad, “eight”).


ཉི་ཤུ

/ȵɪ˩˧ xhu˥˧/

From གཉིས (gnyis, “two”) + བཅུ (bcu, “ten”).


ཉེ་བ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːj ~ s-nej (“to be near, close”). Cognate with Burmese နီ (ni, “near”) and Chinese 昵 (nì, “intimate, close”).


ཕྲག་པ

/ʈ͡ʂʰa(k̚)ˀ˥˥.pa˥˥/

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(r)ak ~ r-pak.


མཐོང་བ

མཐོང མཐོང#Tibetan


ལྕི་བ

Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kləj.


སྙམ

snyam (romanization)
form སྙམ་པ (nominal)
སྙམ (present)
snyam (present romanization)
སྙམ (future)
snyam (future romanization)
སྙམ (past)
snyam (past romanization)
སྙམ (imperative)
snyam (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to feel, to think, to suppose, to imagine


ཀློག་པ

ཀློག ཀློག#Tibetan


ལྟ་བ

nominal form of the verb ལྟ (lta): seeing, viewing


རྙིང

rnying (romanization)
form རྙིང་བ (nominal)
རྙིང (present)
rnying (present romanization)
བརྙིང (future)
རྙིང (future)
brnying (future romanization)
rnying (future romanization)
བརྙིངས (past)
རྙིངས (past)
brnyings (past romanization)
rnyings (past romanization)
རྙིངས (imperative)
rnyings (imperative romanization)


གཏུམ་པ

གཏུམ གཏུམ#Tibetan


འབྲི་བ

འབྲི འབྲི#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb འབྲི ('bri): writing, drawing


འབྲི་བ

འབྲི འབྲི#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb འབྲི ('bri): diminishing, growing less


ལྕེ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-laj ~ s-lej.


གཟིགས་པ

གཟིགས གཟིགས#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb གཟིགས (gzigs): seeing, looking; buying; caring for


བགོད

bgod (romanization)
form བགོད་པ (nominal)
བགོད (present)
bgod (present romanization)
བགོ (future)
bgo (future romanization)
བགོས (past)
bgos (past romanization)
བགོས (imperative)
བགོད (imperative)
bgos (imperative romanization)
bgod (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to divide, to share, to distribute


གྱོན

gyon (romanization)
form གྱོན་པ (nominal)
གྱོན (present)
gyon (present romanization)
གྱོན (future)
gyon (future romanization)
གྱོན (past)
gyon (past romanization)
གྱོན (imperative)
gyon (imperative romanization)


གོག

gog (romanization)
form གོག་པ (nominal)
གོག (present)
gog (present romanization)
གོག (future)
དགོག (future)
gog (future romanization)
dgog (future romanization)
གོག (past)
བཀོག (past)
gog (past romanization)
bkog (past romanization)
གོག (imperative)
gog (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to crumble off, to scale off

(intransitive) to become older and older, to age


ཉར

nyar (romanization)
form ཉར་བ (nominal)
ཉར (present)
nyar (present romanization)
ཉར (future)
nyar (future romanization)
ཉར (past)
nyar (past romanization)
ཉོར (imperative)
nyor (imperative romanization)
ཉར (present)
nyar (present romanization)
ཉར (future)
nyar (future romanization)
ཉརད (past)
nyard (past romanization)
ཉརད (imperative)
nyard (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to keep, to guard, to look after


འཆད

'chad (romanization)
form འཆད་པ (nominal)
འཆད (present)
'chad (present romanization)
ཆད (future)
འཆད (future)
chad (future romanization)
'chad (future romanization)
ཆད (past)
chad (past romanization)
ཆད (imperative)
chad (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tet ~ tjat. Resultative of གཅོད (gcod).

(intransitive) to break into pieces, to separate into many sections

(intransitive) to be interrupted, to be broken, to be cut off

(intransitive) to degenerate, to decay, to cease to exist

(intransitive) to be omitted, to be discarded

(intransitive) to be incomplete, to be missing


འཆད

'chad (romanization)
form འཆད་པ (nominal)
འཆད (present)
ཤོད (present)
'chad (present romanization)
shod (present romanization)
བཤད (future)
bshad (future romanization)
བཤད (past)
bshad (past romanization)
ཤོད (imperative)
shod (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b-tsyat (“to say, speak”) (STEDT). Likely cognate with Old Chinese 說 (OC *hljods, *hljod, *lod, “id”).


འཁྲིད

'khrid (romanization)
form འཁྲིད་པ (nominal)
འཁྲིད (present)
བཀྲི (present)
'khrid (present romanization)
bkri (present romanization)
བཀྲི (future)
bkri (future romanization)
བཀྲིས (past)
བཀྲི (past)
བཀྲིད (past)
bkris (past romanization)
bkri (past romanization)
bkrid (past romanization)
ཁྲིད (imperative)
བཀྲིས (imperative)
khrid (imperative romanization)
bkris (imperative romanization)
འཁྲིད (present)
'khrid (present romanization)
འཁྲིད (future)
ཁྲིད (future)
'khrid (future romanization)
khrid (future romanization)
ཁྲིད (past)
khrid (past romanization)
ཁྲིད (imperative)
khrid (imperative romanization)


འཇིབ

'jib (romanization)
form འཇིབ་པ (nominal)
འཇིབ (present)
འཇིབས (present)
འཇིག (present)
'jib (present romanization)
'jibs (present romanization)
'jig (present romanization)
གཞིབ (future)
བཞིབ (future)
gzhib (future romanization)
bzhib (future romanization)
གཞིབས (past)
བཞིབས (past)
བཞིབ (past)
gzhibs (past romanization)
bzhibs (past romanization)
bzhib (past romanization)
འཇིབས (imperative)
ཇིབས (imperative)
'jibs (imperative romanization)
jibs (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ts(j)up ~ m-ts(j)ip.


འདེབས

'debs (romanization)
form འདེབས་པ (nominal)
འདེབས (present)
'debs (present romanization)
གདབ (future)
འདེབས (future)
gdab (future romanization)
'debs (future romanization)
བཏབ (past)
btab (past romanization)
ཐོབ (imperative)
ཐོབས (imperative)
thob (imperative romanization)
thobs (imperative romanization)

Causative of ཐེབས (thebs, “to get hit, struck; to suffer”).

(transitive) to throw, to strike, to hit

(transitive) to plant, to sow, to cultivate


བསྒྲུབས

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བསྒྲུབས • (bsgrubs) (nominal form བསྒྲུབས་པ)

bsgrubs (romanization)
form བསྒྲུབས་པ (nominal)

སྒྲུབ སྒྲུབ#Tibetan


དངུལ་རྩིས

From དངུལ (dngul, “money”) + རྩིས (rtsis, “calculation”).


བརྒྱུད་བརྒྱུགས

བརྒྱུད་བརྒྱུགས • (brgyud brgyugs)

From བརྒྱུད (brgyud, “lineage, relations”) + རྒྱུག (rgyug, “to run, race, flow”).


སྦྲང་རྩི

/ʈ͡ʂəŋ˩˨.t͡si˥˥/

From སྦྲང་མ (sbrang ma, “bee”) + རྩི (rtsi, “extract, juice”).


མགྲིན་པ

/ʈ͡ʂĩ˩˨.pə˥˥/


རྩིས

calculation, counting, reckoning, numeration, accounting


རྩིས

rtsis (romanization)
form རྩིས་པ (nominal)


འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག

འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག་པ

འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག • ('brug skad rgyag) (nominal form འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག་པ)

'brug skad rgyag (romanization)
form འབྲུག་སྐད་རྒྱག་པ (nominal)

/ʈ͡ʂu˩˨.kɛː˥˨ ca˩˧˨/

From འབྲུག་སྐད ('brug skad, “sound of thunder”) + རྒྱག (rgyag, “to do”).


འཇིག

'jig (romanization)
form འཇིག་པ (nominal)
འཇིག (present)
'jig (present romanization)
འཇིག (future)
གཞིག (future)
'jig (future romanization)
gzhig (future romanization)
ཞིག (past)
བཞིག (past)
འཇིག (past)
zhig (past romanization)
bzhig (past romanization)
'jig (past romanization)
ཞིག (imperative)
ཞིགས (imperative)
zhig (imperative romanization)
zhigs (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-(t)sik. Related to འཚིག ('tshig).

(intransitive) to decay, to be destroyed, to disintegrate, to fall apart, to perish


འཇིག

'jig (romanization)
form འཇིག་པ (nominal)
འཇིག (present)
བཤིག (present)
'jig (present romanization)
bshig (present romanization)
གཞིག (future)
བཤིག (future)
gzhig (future romanization)
bshig (future romanization)
བཤིག (past)
བཤིགས (past)
བཞིག (past)
bshig (past romanization)
bshigs (past romanization)
bzhig (past romanization)
ཤིག (imperative)
ཤིགས (imperative)
ཞིག (imperative)
shig (imperative romanization)
shigs (imperative romanization)
zhig (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to destroy, to devastate, to demolish, to abolish

(transitive, dialectal) to undo, to untie


དཔྱ་ཁྲལ

/t͡ɕa˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰɛːˑ/


འགོག

'gog (romanization)
form འགོག་པ (nominal)
འགོག (present)
འགོགས (present)
འགེགས (present)
'gog (present romanization)
'gogs (present romanization)
'gegs (present romanization)
དགག (future)
དགགས (future)
dgag (future romanization)
dgags (future romanization)
བཀག (past)
bkag (past romanization)
ཁོགས (imperative)
ཁོག (imperative)
khogs (imperative romanization)
khog (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to halt, to block, to hinder


འགོག

'gog (romanization)
form འགོག་པ (nominal)
འགོག (present)
དགོག (present)
དགོགས (present)
'gog (present romanization)
dgog (present romanization)
dgogs (present romanization)
དགོག (future)
བཀོག (future)
dgog (future romanization)
bkog (future romanization)
བཀོག (past)
བཀོགས (past)
bkog (past romanization)
bkogs (past romanization)
ཁོག (imperative)
གོག (imperative)
ཁོགས (imperative)
khog (imperative romanization)
gog (imperative romanization)
khogs (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to take away forcibly, to snatch away, to pull out


སྤྲིང

spring (romanization)
form སྤྲིང་བ (nominal)
སྤྲིང (present)
spring (present romanization)
སྤྲིང (future)
spring (future romanization)
སྤྲིངས (past)
springs (past romanization)
སྤྲིངས (imperative)
སྤྲིང (imperative)
springs (imperative romanization)
spring (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to send (message, letter), to give (information)


སྒྲུབ

sgrub (romanization)
form སྒྲུབ་པ (nominal)
སྒྲུབ (present)
sgrub (present romanization)
བསྒྲུབ (future)
bsgrub (future romanization)
བསྒྲུབས (past)
bsgrubs (past romanization)
སྒྲུབས (imperative)
སྒྲུབ (imperative)
sgrubs (imperative romanization)
sgrub (imperative romanization)


འགྲུབ

'grub (romanization)
form འགྲུབ་པ (nominal)
འགྲུབ (present)
འགྲུབས (present)
'grub (present romanization)
'grubs (present romanization)
འགྲུབ (future)
'grub (future romanization)
གྲུབ (past)
grub (past romanization)
གྲུབས (imperative)
འགྲུབ (imperative)
grubs (imperative romanization)
'grub (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to be accomplished, to be made ready, to be finished


བརྩོན་འགྲུས

/t͡sỹ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂyː˥˨/


མ་རྩའི་རིང་ལུགས

From མ་རྩ (ma rtsa, “capital (fund)”) + འི ('i, “genitive particle”) + རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs, “-ism”).


དམར་པོའི་རིང་ལུགས

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དམར་པོའི་རིང་ལུགས • (dmar po'i ring lugs)

From དམར་པོ (dmar po, “red”) + འི ('i, “genitive particle”) + རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs, “-ism”).


སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རིང་ལུགས

སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རིང་ལུགས • (spyi tshogs ring lugs)

/t͡ɕi˥˥.t͡sʰo˥˨ ʐiŋ˩˨.lu˥˨/

སྤྱི་ཚོགས (spyi tshogs, “society”) + རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs, “-ism”)


གུང་ཁྲན་རིང་ལུགས

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གུང་ཁྲན་རིང་ལུགས • (gung khran ring lugs)

/kʰuŋ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂʰɛ̃˥˥ ʐiŋ˩˨.lu˥˨/

གུང་ཁྲན (gung khran, “from Mandarin 共產／共产 (gòngchǎn)”) + རིང་ལུགས (ring lugs, “-ism”)


མཛད

mdzad (romanization)
form མཛད་པ (nominal)
མཛད (present)
mdzad (present romanization)
མཛད (future)
mdzad (future romanization)
མཛད (past)
mdzad (past romanization)
མཛོད (imperative)
mdzod (imperative romanization)

བྱེད བྱེད#Tibetan

(honorific of བྱེད (byed), transitive) to do, to act, to perform


རིང་ལུགས

/ʐiŋ˩˨.lu˥˨/

རིང (ring, “long”) + ལུགས (lugs, “tradition”)


སྒྱུར

sgyur (romanization)
form སྒྱུར་བ (nominal)
སྒྱུར (present)
sgyur (present romanization)
བསྒྱུར (future)
bsgyur (future romanization)
བསྒྱུར (past)
bsgyur (past romanization)
སྒྱུར (imperative)
sgyur (imperative romanization)
སྒྱུར (present)
sgyur (present romanization)
བསྒྱུར (future)
bsgyur (future romanization)
བསྒྱུརད (past)
bsgyurd (past romanization)
སྒྱུརད (imperative)
sgyurd (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to transform, to change, to alter

(transitive) to cast aside, to dissuade, to divert, to cause to turn

(transitive) to govern, to steer, to control


དངུལ་ཁང

/ŋyː˥˥.kʰaŋ˥˥/

དངུལ (dngul, “money; silver”) + ཁང (khang, “building”).


ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ

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ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ • (krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab)

From ཀྲུང་ཧྭ (krung hwa, from Chinese 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá)) + མི་དམངས (mi dmangs, “people”) + སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ (spyi mthun rgyal khab, “republic”).

en-ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ-bo-name-8WPGLHJ0


རྡོ་རྗེ

རྡོ་རྗེ • (rdo rje)

/toː˩˨.t͡ɕe˥˥/

རྡོ (rdo, “stone, rock”) + རྗེ (rje, “master, lord, king”)


རྡོ་རྗེ

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རྡོ་རྗེ • (rdo rje)

/toː˩˨.t͡ɕe˥˥/


རྡོ་རྗེ

རྡོ་རྗེ • (rdo rje)

/toː˩˨.t͡ɕe˥˥/


འཁྲོལ

'khrol (romanization)
form འཁྲོལ་བ (nominal)
འཁྲོལ (present)
'khrol (present romanization)
འཁྲོལ (future)
'khrol (future romanization)
འཁྲོལ (past)
'khrol (past romanization)
འཁྲོལ (imperative)
'khrol (imperative romanization)
འཁྲོལ (present)
'khrol (present romanization)
འཁྲོལ (future)
'khrol (future romanization)
འཁྲོལད (past)
'khrold (past romanization)
འཁྲོལད (imperative)
'khrold (imperative romanization)


འཁྲོལ

'khrol (romanization)
form འཁྲོལ་བ (nominal)
འཁྲོལ (present)
དཀྲོལ (present)
'khrol (present romanization)
dkrol (present romanization)
དཀྲོལ (future)
dkrol (future romanization)
དཀྲོལ (past)
དཀྲོལད (archaic past)
བཀྲོལད (archaic past)
dkrol (past romanization)
dkrold (past romanization)
bkrold (past romanization)
ཁྲོལ (imperative)
དཀྲོལ (imperative)
ཁྲོལད (archaic imperative)
དཀྲོལད (archaic imperative)
khrol (imperative romanization)
dkrol (imperative romanization)
khrold (imperative romanization)
dkrold (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to play (music, instrument)


འཁྲོལ

'khrol (romanization)
form འཁྲོལ་བ (nominal)
འཁྲོལ (present)
'khrol (present romanization)
འཁྲོལ (future)
'khrol (future romanization)
འཁྲོལ (past)
ཁྲོལ (past)
'khrol (past romanization)
khrol (past romanization)

(transitive) to untie, to unravel, to decipher

(intransitive) to be given permission, to consent


སྤྱང་ཀྱི

Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus chanco, syn. Lupus tibetanus)


ཆོ་མེད

meaningless, pointless, absurd, ludicrous


དམངས

Cognate with Chinese 氓 (OC *mraːŋ, “people”).


བལྟམས་པ

བལྟམས བལྟམས#Tibetan


ལྕོག་ཙེ

Borrowed from Chinese 桌子 (MC traewk tsiX, “table”).


གནམ་ལྕགས

གནམ (gnam, “sky”) + ལྕགས (lcags, “iron”)


སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ

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སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ • (spyi mthun rgyal khab)

From སྤྱི (spyi, “general, common”) + མཐུན་པ (mthun pa, “accordant, fitting”) + རྒྱལ་ཁབ (rgyal khab, “country”). Calque of Chinese 共和國／共和国 (gònghéguó).


ལྕམ

From ལྟམ (ltam, “to be born”), with the honorific -j- infix.


ལེན

len (romanization)
form ལེན་པ (nominal)
ལེན (present)
ལོང (present rare)
ལོན (present rare)
len (present romanization)
long (present romanization)
lon (present romanization)
བླང (future)
blang (future romanization)
བླངས (past)
བློངས (past)
ལོངས (past rare)
blangs (past romanization)
blongs (past romanization)
longs (past romanization)
ལོངས (imperative)
ལོན (imperative)
བླངས (imperative)
ལོང (imperative)
ལེནད (archaic imperative)
longs (imperative romanization)
lon (imperative romanization)
blangs (imperative romanization)
long (imperative romanization)
lend (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to receive, to get, to obtain

(transitive) to carry, to take in hand, to hold

(transitive) to sing the words to a song


འཛིན

'dzin (romanization)
form འཛིན་པ (nominal)
འཛིན (present)
འཛིནད (archaic present)
'dzin (present romanization)
'dzind (present romanization)
གཟུང (future)
གཟུངས (future)
gzung (future romanization)
gzungs (future romanization)
བཟུང (past)
བཟུངས (past)
bzung (past romanization)
bzungs (past romanization)
ཟུངས (imperative)
ཟུང (imperative)
zungs (imperative romanization)
zung (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to take hold of, to seize, to grasp


འཛིན

written agreement, written pledge, note, contract, receipt


འཛུད

'dzud (romanization)
form འཛུད་པ (nominal)
འཛུད (present)
'dzud (present romanization)
གཟུད (future)
gzud (future romanization)
བཙུད (past)
ཟུད (past)
btsud (past romanization)
zud (past romanization)
ཚུད (imperative)
ཟུད (imperative)
འཛུད (imperative)
tshud (imperative romanization)
zud (imperative romanization)
'dzud (imperative romanization)

Causative of འཚུད ('tshud, “to dig, to enter”).


རྩོམ་སྒྲིག

རྩོམ་པ (rtsom pa, “to write”) + སྒྲིག་པ (sgrig pa, “to fit together, to arrange”)


རྩོམ

rtsom (romanization)
form རྩོམ་པ (nominal)
རྩོམ (present)
rtsom (present romanization)
བརྩམ (future)
brtsam (future romanization)
བརྩམས (past)
རྩོམས (past)
brtsams (past romanization)
rtsoms (past romanization)
རྩོམས (imperative)
rtsoms (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to begin anything, to set about an undertaking, to start

(transitive) to compose, to write, to draw up in writing


སྒྲིག

sgrig (romanization)
form སྒྲིག་པ (nominal)
སྒྲིག (present)
sgrig (present romanization)
བསྒྲིག (future)
bsgrig (future romanization)
བསྒྲིགས (past)
bsgrigs (past romanization)
སྒྲིགས (imperative)
སྒྲིག (imperative)
sgrigs (imperative romanization)
sgrig (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to prepare, to put in order, to place


སྒེའུ

ེའུ (e'au) diminutive of སྒ (sga, “ginger”).


སྒེའུ

ེའུ (e'au) diminutive of སྒོ (sgo, “door”).


ེའུ

Suffix འུ ('u) + ablaut when attached to a/o vowel stems. The former is from lenition of the བུ (bu, “child, son; diminutive suffix”).

ཟེའུ - ཟོ་བ

anther, small bowl; measuring vessel, bowl


ཐལ་བ

/tʰɛː˥˥.la˥˥/

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tal. Cognate with Chinese 炭 (tàn, “charcoal, coal”) and 碳 (tàn, “carbon”).


བུ་མོ

head

བུ་མོ • (bu mo)


ལྷ་གཅིག

/ɬa˥˥.t͡ɕi˥˨/

ལྷ (lha, “god, deity”) + གཅིག (gcig, “one”)

compound

(honorific) His/Her Majesty, Your Majesty


སྲས་མོ

/sɛː˥˥.mo˥˥/

/ʈ͡ʂɛː˥˥.mo˥˥/

སྲས (sras, “son”) + མོ (mo, feminine suffix)


སྲས

(honorific) son, child, offspring; prince


རྒྱན་སྤྲས

/cɛ̃˩˨ ʈ͡ʂɛː˥˨/


བྱ་ཚིག

/t͡ɕʰə˩˨.t͡sʰi˥˨/


རྦ་རླབས

རྦ (rba, “wave”) + རླབས (rlabs, “wave, billow”)


རྒྱན་ཚིག

/cɛ̃˩˨.t͡sʰi˥˨/


ངུ

ngu (romanization)
form ངུ་བ (nominal)
ངུ (present)
ngu (present romanization)
ངུ (future)
ngu (future romanization)
ངུས (past)
ngus (past romanization)
ངུས (imperative)
ངུ (imperative)
ngus (imperative romanization)
ngu (imperative romanization)


ཁྲབ་ཁྲབ

weeper, one that sheds tears on every occasion


འོང

'ong (romanization)
form འོང་བ (nominal)
འོང (present)
'ong (present romanization)
འོང (future)
'ong (future romanization)
འོངས (past)
'ongs (past romanization)
འོངས (imperative)
ཤོག (imperative)
'ongs (imperative romanization)
shog (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-wa-ŋ. Related to ཡོང (yong, “to come”), which is an obvious alternative form of the same.

(intransitive) to be suitable, to be practicable

(Central Tibetan, auxiliary) future auxiliary particle


རྒལ

rgal (romanization)
form རྒལ་བ (nominal)
རྒལ (present)
rgal (present romanization)
བརྒལ (future)
brgal (future romanization)
བརྒལ (past)
བརྒལད (archaic past)
brgal (past romanization)
brgald (past romanization)
རྒོལ (imperative)
རྒོལད (archaic imperative)
rgol (imperative romanization)
rgold (imperative romanization)

Resultative of སྒྲོལ (sgrol). A relationship with Chinese 河 (OC *ɡaːl, “river”) was proposed by Coblin (1986).

(transitive) to ford (a river), to cross, to traverse, to travel through

(transitive) to pass, to exceed a measure


བཞད

bzhad (romanization)
form བཞད་པ (nominal)
བཞད (present)
bzhad (present romanization)
བཞད (future)
bzhad (future romanization)
བཞད (past)
bzhad (past romanization)
བཞོད (imperative)
བཞད (imperative)
bzhod (imperative romanization)
bzhad (imperative romanization)


བཞད

bzhad (romanization)
form བཞད་པ (nominal)
བཞད (present)
bzhad (present romanization)
བཞད (future)
bzhad (future romanization)
བཞད (past)
bzhad (past romanization)
བཞད (imperative)
bzhad (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to blossom, to grow; to develop like a flower


འགྲོ

'gro (romanization)
form འགྲོ་བ (nominal)
འགྲོ (present)
'gro (present romanization)
འགྲོ (future)
'gro (future romanization)
ཕྱིན (past)
སོང (past)
འགྲོ (past)
ཕྱིནད (archaic past)
phyin (past romanization)
song (past romanization)
'gro (past romanization)
phyind (past romanization)
སོང (imperative)
song (imperative romanization)

to go, to walk, to proceed, to set off, to move, to depart, to migrate

to turn to, to be transformed into, to become


རློབ

rlob (romanization)
form རློབ་པ (nominal)
རློབ (present)
རློབས (present)
rlob (present romanization)
rlobs (present romanization)
བརླབ (future)
brlab (future romanization)
བརླབས (past)
brlabs (past romanization)
རློབས (imperative)
rlobs (imperative romanization)

བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབ བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབ#Tibetan

(transitive) to bless, to control, to influence, to change into something else (as in བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབ (byin gyis rlob))


རང་སྐྱོང

/ʐaŋ˩˨.coŋ˥˨/

རང (rang, “self, own”) + སྐྱོང་བ (skyong ba, “to keep, maintain, administer”)


མཁའ་འགྲུལ

མཁའ (mkha', “sky, space”) + འགྲུལ་བ ('grul ba, “to walk, travel”)


སྐྱོང་བ

སྐྱོང སྐྱོང#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb སྐྱོང (skyong): keeping, guarding, maintaining


སྐྱོང་བ

སྐྱོང སྐྱོང#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb སྐྱོང (skyong): going on a long road


རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས

/ʐaŋ˩˨.coŋ˥˨ t͡ɕoŋ˩˧˨/

རང་སྐྱོང (rang skyong) + ལྗོངས (ljongs).


བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས

head

བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས • (bod rang skyong ljongs)

/pʰøː˩˧˨ ʐaŋ˩˨.coŋ˥˨ t͡ɕoŋ˩˧˨/

བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས (rang skyong ljongs, “autonomous region”)

compound

རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

Tibet Autonomous Region (of the People's Republic of China)


ལྗོངས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; gorge”). Related to ཀླུང (klung, “river, stream, valley”), ལུང་པ (lung pa, “valley, district, homeland”).


རང

you (2nd person singular pronoun, ordinary level)


ལ

The twenty-sixth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ལ

Perhaps from Sino-Tibetan *la (“area far from settlements; wilderness”); compare Chinese 野 (OC *laːʔ, *ɦljaʔ, “countryside; field”).


ལ

Schuessler (2007) connects it to Old Chinese particle 也 (OC *laːlʔ), which is possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin.

Marks the dative (a recipient in a trivalent construction).

Marks the possessor in have-constructions which use a copular verb.

Marks the subject of verbs such as "like" and "need".

Marks the direct object of verbs which involve contact but no change of state.


སྡུག་བསྔལ

/tu˩˨.ŋɛː˥˥/


སྡུག་བསྔལ་བརྒྱད

སྡུག་བསྔལ (sdug bsngal) + བརྒྱད (brgyad)

compound

(Buddhism) the "eight sufferings" (Dukkha#Eight types)


རླབས

Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-labs (“wave”), listing Chinese 汰 (OC *tʰaːds, “great wave”) as a comparandum.


ཤེས་བྱ

/ɕeː˥˥.t͡ɕa˥˥/


གཞས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)a-j/s/t (“laugh”).


སྦྲང་བུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b-(r/j)aŋ (“fly, bee”). Compare Old Chinese 蠅 (OC *b·lɯŋ, “bee”) and Burmese ယင်ကောင် (yangkaung, “fly”).


རྗོད

rjod (romanization)
form རྗོད་པ (nominal)
རྗོད (present)
rjod (present romanization)
བརྗོད (future)
brjod (future romanization)
བརྗོད (past)
brjod (past romanization)
རྗོད (imperative)
rjod (imperative romanization)

to say, to speak, to utter, to recite, to announce, to pronounce


ཆེན་པོ

/t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥.po˥˥/


རྟོག

rtog (romanization)
form རྟོག་པ (nominal)
རྟོག (present)
རྟག (present)
rtog (present romanization)
rtag (present romanization)
བརྟག (future)
brtag (future romanization)
བརྟགས (past)
བརྟག (past)
brtags (past romanization)
brtag (past romanization)
རྟོགས (imperative)
རྟོག (imperative)
རྟགས (imperative)
rtogs (imperative romanization)
rtog (imperative romanization)
rtags (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to examine, to analyse, to consider, to look through


རྒྱ་མཚོ

Compound of རྒྱ (rgya, “vast, broad”) + མཚོ (mtsho, “lake”).


རྒྱ་མཚོ

a unisex given name, equivalent to English Gyatso. It is the second word in the personal names of each Dalai Lama except for the first.


རི་བོང

Inherited from Classical Tibetan རི་བོང (ri bong).


སྨྲ

smra (romanization)
form སྨྲ་བ (nominal)
སྨྲ (present)
སྨྲོས (present)
སྨར (present)
smra (present romanization)
smros (present romanization)
smar (present romanization)
སྨྲ (future)
smra (future romanization)
སྨྲས (past)
smras (past romanization)
སྨྲོས (imperative)
smros (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-br(w)a(ŋ/k) (“to speak”); cognate with Burmese ပြော (prau:, “to say, utter”) (STEDT).

inh

(transitive, not used alone in Lhasa Tibetan) to say, to utter, to express, to expound


རླབས་ཆེན

/ləp̚˥˥.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/


སྡོད

sdod (romanization)
form སྡོད་པ (nominal)
སྡོད (present)
sdod (present romanization)
བསྡད (future)
སྡོད (future)
bsdad (future romanization)
sdod (future romanization)
བསྡད (past)
bsdad (past romanization)
སྡོད (imperative)
sdod (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dat (“to live; alive”).

(intransitive) to stay, to stop, to wait

(intransitive) to stay in a rank or position


ཤེས

shes (romanization)
form ཤེས་པ (nominal)
ཤེས (present)
shes (present romanization)
ཤེས (future)
shes (future romanization)
ཤེས (past)
shes (past romanization)
ཤེས (imperative)
shes (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to know, to understand, to realise, to cognise


འཛུམ

'dzum (romanization)
form འཛུམ་པ (nominal)

འཛུམས འཛུམས#Tibetan

Alternative form of འཛུམས ('dzums, “to close, to shut (eyes, mouth)”)


འཛུམ

Alternative form of ཟུམ (zum, “(of eyes, mouth) to close, to shut”)


འཛུམ

'dzum (romanization)
form འཛུམ་པ (nominal)
འཛུམ (present)
བསུམ (present)
'dzum (present romanization)
bsum (present romanization)
འཛུམ (future)
'dzum (future romanization)
འཛུམ (past)
འཛུམས (past)
'dzum (past romanization)
'dzums (past romanization)
འཛུམ (imperative)
འཛུམས (imperative)
'dzum (imperative romanization)
'dzums (imperative romanization)

(transitive or intransitive) to smile, to part the lips slightly, to laugh a little


ལང

lang (romanization)
form ལང་བ (nominal)
ལང (present)
ལོང (present)
lang (present romanization)
long (present romanization)
ལང (future)
lang (future romanization)
ལངས (past)
langs (past romanization)
ལོངས (imperative)
ལོང (imperative)
longs (imperative romanization)
long (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *laŋ. Resultative of སློང (slong).


ལང

lang (romanization)
form ལང་བ (nominal)
ལང (present)
lang (present romanization)
ལང (future)
lang (future romanization)
ལངས (past)
langs (past romanization)
ལོངས (imperative)
longs (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to dawn, (for the day) to break


ལང

lang (romanization)
form ལང་བ (nominal)
ལང (present)
lang (present romanization)
ལང (future)
lang (future romanization)
ལོངས (past)
longs (past romanization)

(intransitive) to come up to, to arrive at, to reach, to be complete


སེངྒེ

Derived from Sanskrit सिंह (siṃhá, “lion”).


སྐད

skad (romanization)
སྐད (absolutive)
སྐད་ཀྱི (genitive)
སྐད་ཀྱིས (agentive)
སྐད་ལ (dative)
སྐད་ན (locative)
སྐད་དུ (terminative)
སྐད་ལས (ablative)
སྐད་ནས (elative)
སྐད་དང (associative)
སྐད་པས (comparative)

Related to ཁ (kha, “mouth; word”) and བཀའ (bka', “word; saying; teaching”) (Zhang, 2009), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening”).


སྤྲུལ་བ

སྤྲུལ སྤྲུལ#Tibetan


སྤྲུལ

sprul (romanization)
form སྤྲུལ་བ (nominal)
སྤྲུལ (present)
sprul (present romanization)
སྤྲུལ (future)
sprul (future romanization)
སྤྲུལ (past)
sprul (past romanization)
སྤྲུལ (imperative)
sprul (imperative romanization)
སྤྲུལ (present)
sprul (present romanization)
སྤྲུལ (future)
sprul (future romanization)
སྤྲུལད (past)
spruld (past romanization)
སྤྲུལད (imperative)
spruld (imperative romanization)

(intransitive or transitive) to appear to change, to transform oneself, to cause illusions, to alter an object by magic


ཁྱིམ་རྒྱུད

ཁྱིམ (khyim, “house, home”) + རྒྱུད (rgyud, “string; connection, relation”).


ཁྱིམ

ཁྱིམ་ཐབས ཁྱིམ་ཐབས#Tibetan


ཨོ་ཧེའོ

head

ཨོ་ཧེའོ • (o he'o)


དབུས་གཙང

desc

→ Chinese: 烏思藏／乌思藏 (Wūsīzàng), 衛藏／卫藏 (Wèizàng)

→ English: Ü-Tsang

/ʔyː˥˥.t͡saŋ˥˥/

Ü-Tsang, one of the three traditional provinces of Tibet


ཇི་བེན

head

ཇི་བེན • (ji ben)


བརྩིགས

བརྩིགས • (brtsigs) (nominal form བརྩིགས་པ)

brtsigs (romanization)
form བརྩིགས་པ (nominal)

རྩིག རྩིག#Tibetan


སྦྱར

sbyar (romanization)
form སྦྱར་བ (nominal)

སྦྱོར སྦྱོར#Tibetan

སྦྱོར སྦྱོར#Tibetan


རྩིག

rtsig (romanization)
form རྩིག་པ (nominal)
རྩིག (present)
rtsig (present romanization)
བརྩིག (future)
brtsig (future romanization)
བརྩིགས (past)
brtsigs (past romanization)
རྩིགས (imperative)
rtsigs (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to build, to erect, to construct


སྣོད་བཅུད

སྣོད་བཅུད • (snod bcud)

the [inanimate] environment and [animate] beings within it; the world


རྒྱལ་རབས

/cɛː˩˨.ʐəp̚˥˨/

royal lineage, royal succession, dynasty, history


སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ

སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ • (skye dngos rig pa)


སྔ་དྲོ་བདེ་ལེགས

སྔ་དྲོ་བདེ་ལེགས • (snga dro bde legs)

/ŋa˥˥.ʈ͡ʂo˥˥ te˩˨.le˥˨/

From སྔ་དྲོ (snga dro, “morning”) + བདེ་ལེགས (bde legs, “bliss and happiness”).


རྐང་རྩེད་སྤོ་ལོ

From རྐང (rkang, “foot”) + རྩེད (rtsed, “to play”) + སྤོ་ལོ (spo lo, “ball”).

bo:རྐང་རྩེད་སྤོ་ལོ།


དགེ་བཤེས

English: geshe

Dzongkha: དགེ་བཤེས (dge bshes)

Calque of Pali kalyāṇa-mitta, from དགེ (dge, “virtue, merit”) + བཤེས (bshes, “friend”).

compound

geshe (title for a Tibetan Buddhist monk)


གནམ་གྲུ

/nəm˥˥.ʈ͡ʂu˥˥/

From གནམ (gnam, “sky”) + གྲུ (gru, “boat”).


འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ

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འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ • ('brug rgyal po)


འི

One of the five genitive particles, used after nouns ending in vowel sounds. See གི (gi).


བཙན་པོ

/t͡sɛ̃˥˥.po˥˥/

བཙན (btsan, “severe, strong, powerful”) + པོ (po, “masculine agent suffix”). Related to བཙན་པ (btsan pa, “strict, powerful; power, force; king”), བརྩན (brtsan, “demon; secure, strong, mighty; king; power”), བཙན (btsan, “tsan spirit; ghost of hunting; secure, mighty; king; power, force”); ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-tsan (STEDT).


བཙན་པོ

→ Middle Chinese: 贊普 (/*t͡sɑnᴴ pʰuo^X/)

zh-l

贊普／赞普 (zànpǔ)

Mandarin: 贊普／赞普 (zànpǔ)

/t͡sɛ̃˥˥.po˥˥/


ལྡེ་མིག

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ལྡེ་མིག • (lde mig)


མ

The sixteenth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


མ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”).

བལྟས་ཀྱང་མ་མཐོང

negates the following verb in the past tense.

negates the following verb in the imperative tense; prohibitive particle.

ར་མ་ལུག

placed between nouns to indicate “neither ... nor ...”.


མ

ཟློས་གར་མ

ownership suffix used to indicate the feminine form of a noun.


མ

particle affixed to nouns to add a level of specificity or gravity to the noun.


བལྟམས

bltams (romanization)
form བལྟམས་པ (nominal)


བལྟམས

ལྟེམས ལྟེམས#Tibetan


དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ

དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ • (dbyar rtswa dgun 'bu)

Literally, “grass (during) summer, bug (during) winter”. Compare Chinese 冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo).

zh-l

冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)

caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis)


ངང་པ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-n. Compare Cantonese 雁 (ngaan6, “wild goose”) and Burmese ငန်း (ngan:, “goose, swan”).


ཐུགས་དམ

tutelary god (on whom one's Tantric practice is centered)

spiritual power, compassionate pledges, holy opinion, meditative commitment

advice, oath, vow, solemn promise, prayer, wish

heart vow, experience and realization, realization, confirmation by oath, personal practice


འཇའ

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-dzya (“rainbow”).


ཚོགས་ཞིང

ཚོགས (tshogs, “accumulation (of merit)”) + ཞིང (zhing, “field, region”)


ཆོས་ལུགས

→ Wutunhua: quilek

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.lu(k̚)ˀ˥˨/


དད་པ

/tɛː˩˧˨.paˑ/


ལྷ་ཁང

→ Wutunhua: lhakang

/ɬa˥˥.kʰaŋ˥˥/


འཁྱགས་སྒམ

འཁྱག ('khyag) + སྒམ (sgam). Calque of Chinese 冰箱 (bīngxiāng).


དྲོ་ཚད

/ʈ͡ʂo˩˨.t͡sɛː˥˨/

དྲོ་པོ (dro po) + ཚད (tshad). Compare Chinese 溫度／温度 (wēndù).


སྐྱོ་པོ

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སྐྱོ་པོ • (skyo po)


ཆུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsju (“water, liquid, body fluid”). Compare Chinese 斗 (dǒu, “ladle”), 注 (zhù, “to pour”).


ལོ་གསར

English: Losar

Nepali: ल्होसार (lhosār)

/løː˩˨.saː˥˥/


གཟའ་ཕུར་བུ

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + ཕུར་བུ (phur bu, “Jupiter”).


གཟའ་ཉི་མ

/sa˩˨ ȵi˩˨.mə˥˥/

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + ཉི་མ (nyi ma, “sun”).


གཟའ་སྤེན་པ

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + སྤེན་པ (spen pa, “Saturn”).


གཟའ་ལྷག་པ

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + ལྷག་པ (lhag pa, “Mercury”).


གཟའ་པ་སངས

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + པ་སངས (pa sangs, “Venus”).


གཟའ་མིག་དམར

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + མིག་དམར (mig dmar, “Mars”).


གཟའ་ཟླ་བ

From གཟའ (gza', “planet, day of the week”) + ཟླ་བ (zla ba, “moon”).


སོག་ཡུལ

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སོག་ཡུལ • (sog yul)


གླིང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gliŋ. Cognate with Burmese ကြည်း (krany:, “dry land, ground”).

cog

dry land surrounded by water: island; continent


འབྲས་ལྗོངས

/ʈ͡ʂɛ̃˩˨.t͡ɕoŋ˥˨/

འབྲས ('bras, “rice”) + ལྗོངས (ljongs, “valley”), literally “rice valley”.

com

འབྲས་ལྗོངས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་བོ་མཐའ་མ་དཔལ་ལྡན་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ལ་རྒྱལ་སྲས་བསྟན་འཛིན་དང་དབང་ཕྱུག སྲས་མོ་དབྱངས་སྒྲོན་བཅས་སྲས་སྲས་མོ་གསུམ་ཡོད་ཅིང་།

2016, ༄༅།།འདྲ་པར་ལམ་ནས་འབྲས་ལྗོངས་གོང་མའི་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ལ་ཕྱི་མིག་ལྟ་བ།:

The last king of Sikkim, Palden Namgyal, has three children in total from his first marriage: Princes Tenzing and Wangchuk, and Princess Yangchen.

'bras ljongs kyi rgyal bo mtha' ma dpal ldan rnam rgyal la rgyal sras bstan 'dzin dang dbang phyug sras mo dbyangs sgron bcas sras sras mo gsum yod cing

bo:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།


དབྱིན་ཡུལ

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དབྱིན་ཡུལ • (dbyin yul)


མེ་ཏོག

མེ་ཏོག • (me tog)

→ Wutunhua: maidok

From earlier མེན་ཏོག (men tog). The reason this word lost the -n in Written Tibetan is unknown.
The men in the Old Tibetan form may be compared with འཕྲ་མེན ('phra men, “gilded silver”), and the tog part is from ཐོག (thog, “roof < *tip, end?”) (Hill, 2007).


ཆབ་སྲིད

/t͡ɕʰəp̚˥˥.si˥˨/


བར་དོ

→ English: bardo

(Buddhism) An intermediate or in-between state in the cycle of death and rebirth, often portrayed as a place in which the soul resides between death and being reborn into the world; bardo, limbo.


སྔ་དྲོ

/ŋa˥˥.ʈ͡ʂo˥˥/


བོད་ཇ

/pʰøː˩˨.t͡ɕa˥˥/

From བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + ཇ (ja, “tea”).

Tibetan butter tea (Tibetan drink made from tea leaves and yak/cow butter)

bo:ཇ་སྲུབ་མ།


ཕྱེ་མ་ལེབ

The last syllable is derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lep (“butterfly”), whence also Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra) and Old Chinese 蝴蝶 (OC *ɡaː l̥ʰeːb/l'eːb).


རྗེས་དྲན

/t͡ɕeː˩˨.ʈ͡ʂɛ̃˥˥/


བརྙན་འཕྲིན

/ȵɛ̃˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰĩ˥˥/


སྤྱི་ཚོགས

/t͡ɕi˥˥.t͡sʰo˥˨/


གུང་ཁྲན་ཏང

/kʰuŋ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂʰɛ̃˥˥ taŋ˥˨/

Borrowed from Mandarin 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng).


ཀྲོ་མ་ཀྲུ

ཀྲོ་མ་ཀྲུ • (kro ma kru)

/ʈ͡ʂu˥˥.maː˥˥.ʈ͡ʂuˑ/


ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ

desc

→ English: Chomolungma, Chomolangma, Chu-mu-lang-ma, Qomolangma, Zhumulangma

zh-l

珠穆朗瑪／珠穆朗玛 (Zhūmùlǎngmǎ)

→ Chinese: 珠穆朗瑪／珠穆朗玛 (Zhūmùlǎngmǎ)

→ Japanese: チョモランマ (Chomoranma)

→ Hungarian: Csomolungma

/t͡ɕʰo˩˨.mo˥˥ laŋ˥˥.ma˥˥/

bo:ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ།


སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས

→ Mongolian: Жанрайсиг (Žanrajsig),

Literally "one who looks down with an unwavering eye", a loose calque of Sanskrit अवलोकितेश्वर (avalokiteśvara).

calque

अवलोकितेश्वर


དགེ་རྒན

→ Bonan: gergen

→ East Yugur: gergan

→ Wutunhua: ggaiggan

/ke˩˨.kɛ̃˥˥/

From དགེ (dge, “virtuous, good”) + རྒན (rgan, “elder”).


སློབ་ཁྲིད

/lop̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰi˥˨/


སློབ་གྲྭ

/lap̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂa˥˥/


གསར་འགྱུར

/səŋ˥˥.cuː˥˥/


སློབ་ཕྲུག

/lup̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂʰu˥˨/


སྨན་ཁང

/mɛ̃˥˥.kʰaŋ˥˥/

Compound of སྨན (sman, “medicine”) + ཁང (khang, “building”).


སྨན

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-man (“medicine”). Compare Drung mvn (“medicine”), Chinese 萬 (“ritual dance”), Burmese မန်း (man:, “utter mystic words to heal or ward off evil”).


བཀྲ་ཤིས

/ʈ͡ʂə˥˥.ɕi˥˨/


བཀྲ་ཤིས

/ʈ͡ʂə˥˥.ɕi˥˨/


བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས

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བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས

བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས • (bkra shis bde legs)

zh-l

扎西德勒 (zhāxīdélè)

Chinese: 扎西德勒 (zhāxīdélè)

/ʈ͡ʂə˥˥.ɕi˥˨.te˩˨.le˥˨/

བཀྲ་ཤིས (bkra shis, “good fortune, benediction”) + བདེ་ལེགས (bde legs, “bliss and happiness”)

compound

tashi delek, a Tibetan all-purpose greeting with the meaning of "blessings and good luck".


བོད་ཡུལ

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བོད་ཡུལ • (bod yul)


གཏུམ་འབྲུག

གཏུམ་འབྲུག • (gtum 'brug)


རུས་སྦལ

རུས (rus, see རུས་པ (rus pa)) + སྦལ (sbal)

com

see <i class="Tibt mention" lang="bo">རུས་པ</i> (rus pa)


དབྱིན་ཇིའི་སྐད

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དབྱིན་ཇིའི་སྐད

དབྱིན་ཇིའི་སྐད • (dbyin ji'i skad)

/jĩ˥˥.t͡ɕiː˥˥ kɛː˥˨/


རྗེས་འཇུག

རྗེས་འཇུག • (rjes 'jug)

/t͡ɕĩ˩˧˨.t͡ɕuː˥˨/


དེ་སྒྲ

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun


ཀློག

klog (romanization)
form ཀློག་པ (nominal)
ཀློག (present)
klog (present romanization)
བཀླག (future)
ཀླག (future)
bklag (future romanization)
klag (future romanization)
བཀླགས (past)
བླགས (past)
bklags (past romanization)
blags (past romanization)
ཀློགས (imperative)
ལྷོགས (imperative)
klogs (imperative romanization)
lhogs (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-log.
Sagart (1999) considered this a loanword from Old Chinese 讀 (OC *l'oːɡ, “to read; to say/read aloud”) as “read” is a derived meaning in OC. The existence of the concept of “reading (a text)” prior to the invention of writing is questionable, hence the sense “read” is likely secondary in both cases, regardless of the relationship between the two.

och-l

(transitive) to read, to recite, to chant


ཆ

The sixth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ད

(colloquial, after the emphasised word in the sentence) it is true, to be sure, indeed


ན

The twelfth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


ན

form ན་བ (nominal)
ན (present)
ན (future)
ན (past)
ན (imperative)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-n/t (“sick; ill; pain; evil spirit”).

inh

(intransitive) to be or become ill, to be sick


བ

The fifteenth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


བ

common suffix for adjectives, verbs and nouns


བ

Possibly related to Queyu bra (“cow”) and 豝 (OC pˤra) ("sow, female pig").


ཝ

→ Wutunhua: gha

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gwa; cognate to Chinese 狐 (hú).


ཁ

ཁ • (kha)
# The second letter of the Tibetan abugida
From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m/s-k(w)a-y (“mouth, opening, spread, door, face, jaw”) (STEDT).
Doublet of སྒོ (sgo, “door”). Cognate with Mizo kâ (“mouth”), Mizo kha-bê (“chin”).


གླང་ཆེན

/laŋ˥˥.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/


འཆུ

'chu (romanization)
form འཆུ་བ (nominal)
འཆུ (present)
བཅུ (present)
'chu (present romanization)
bcu (present romanization)
བཅུ (future)
གཅུ (future)
bcu (future romanization)
gcu (future romanization)
བཅུས (past)
bcus (past romanization)
ཆུས (imperative)
བཅུས (imperative)
chus (imperative romanization)
bcus (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to draw, take or bring water (from a well or a spring)


འཆུ

'chu (romanization)
form འཆུ་བ (nominal)
འཆུ (present)
འཆུས (present)
'chu (present romanization)
'chus (present romanization)
འཆུ (future)
འཆུས (future)
'chu (future romanization)
'chus (future romanization)
འཆུས (past)
'chus (past romanization)
འཆུས (imperative)
'chus (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to be twisted, to be distorted, to become crooked


བཀོལ་གཅོད

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བཀོལ་གཅོད • (bkol gcod)


བཀོལ་སྤྱོད

བཀོལ་སྤྱོད • (bkol spyod)

slavery, forced labor, indentured slavery

torment, torture by boiling in water or oil


བྲན

Possibly related to Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma) and Chinese 蠻／蛮 (mán).


བྲན་གཡོག

/ʈ͡ʂʰɛ̃˩˨.jo˥˨/

བྲན (bran, “servant, slave”) + གཡོག (g.yog, “service, work”).


བློ་མཐུན

/lu˥˥.tʰỹ˥˥/

/lo˥˥ tʰỹ˥˥/


བློ་མཐུན

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བློ་མཐུན • (blo mthun) (nominal form བློ་མཐུན་པ)

blo mthun (romanization)
form བློ་མཐུན་པ (nominal)

/lu˥˥.tʰỹ˥˥/

/lo˥˥ tʰỹ˥˥/


རིག

rig (romanization)
form རིག་པ (nominal)
རིག (present)
rig (present romanization)
རིག (future)
rig (future romanization)
རིག (past)
rig (past romanization)
རིག (imperative)
rig (imperative romanization)

Compare Chinese 知 (OC *ʔl'e) (Schuessler, 2007).

(with terminative of the substantive) to know, to understand

(with terminative of the infinitive) to know that, to perceive


མཛོ

English: dzo


ཕའི་ཆིའུ་སྤོ་ལོ

ཕའི་ཆིའུ་སྤོ་ལོ

ཕའི་ཆིའུ (pha'i chi'u) (from Mandarin 排球 (páiqiú)) + སྤོ་ལོ (spo lo, “ball”).


འདྲུལ་བ

Compare རུལ་བ (rul ba, “putrid, rotten, decomposed”).


ཀ་ཀ

ka ka (romanization)
ཀ་ཀ (absolutive)
ཀ་ཀའི (genitive)
ཀ་ཀས (agentive)
ཀ་ཀ་ལ (dative)
ཀ་ཀ་ན (locative)
ཀ་ཀར (terminative)
ཀ་ཀ་ལས (ablative)
ཀ་ཀ་ནས (elative)
ཀ་ཀ་དང (associative)
ཀ་ཀ་བས (comparative)


ཐེར་འབུམ

Buryat: тэрбүм (terbüm)


སེང་གེ

Borrowed from a Central Asian substrate language. Compare Zhang-Zhung [script needed] (saṅgo), Chinese 狻猊 (OC * swar ŋe), 獅 (OC *sri), Proto-Iranian *cárguš (whence Middle Persian 𐫢𐫃𐫡 (šgr /šagr, šēr/, “lion; (astronomy) Leo”)), Sanskrit सिंह (siṃha), Tocharian A śiśäk, Tocharian B ṣecake and Chechen цӏокъ (cʼoqʼ), among other Caucasian cognates.


བརྡ་རྙིང

/tə˩˨.ȵiŋ˥˥/

(linguistics) archaic word; obsolete word


ལྷ་ས་བ

/ɬɛː˥˥.sa˥˨/


བདེ་ལེགས

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བདེ་ལེགས • (bde legs)


རྐུན་པོ

རྐུན་པོ • (rkun po)


སེམས་པ

སེམས སེམས#Tibetan

nominal form of the verb སེམས (sems): thinking

mind, contemplation, intention, motivation


མིག་ཆུ

/mi˥˥.t͡ɕʰu˥˥/


རླུང་གཡབ

/luŋ˥˥.jəp̚˥˨/


རིགས་རྒྱུད

རིགས་རྒྱུད • (rigs rgyud)


ཤར

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“to rise; east”).


རྐུ

rku (romanization)
form རྐུ་བ (nominal)
རྐུ (present)
rku (present romanization)
བརྐུ (future)
brku (future romanization)
བརྐུས (past)
brkus (past romanization)
རྐུས (imperative)
rkus (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-kəw ~ hu (“to steal”). Cognate with Burmese ခိုး (hkui:, “to steal”), Nuosu ꈐ (ku), ꈏꐷ (kux njie, “to steal”), Naxi kv (“to steal”), Jingpho lägu (“to steal”), Drung keu (“to steal”), Yakkha खुमा (khuma, “to steal”) and Chinese 寇 (OC *kʰoːs, “to rob”). Related to རྐུན་མ (rkun ma, “robber, thief”).


ཚིག

The resemblance to Chinese 詞／词 (cí, “word”) is likely coincidental.


འཁྲུངས་སྐར

/ʈ͡ʂʰuŋ˥˥.kaː˥˥/


ཀླད་པ

/lɛː˥˥.pa˥˥/


ཨ་མདོ

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ཨ་མདོ • (a mdo)

Chinese: 安多 (Ānduō)

English: Amdo


ཁམས

Chinese: 康 (kāng)


ཁམས

ཁམས་བརྒྱད

constitution (as in health), physical state


དབུས

དབུས་གཙང དབུས་གཙང#Tibetan


སྲོག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *srwak (“life”).


འབབ་ཚུགས

/pəp̚˩˨.t͡sʰu˥˨/


འགྲིམ་འགྲུལ

འགྲིམ་འགྲུལ • ('grim 'grul)

/ʈ͡ʂim˩˨.ʈ͡ʂyː˥˥/


རྩམ་པ

→ Chinese: 糌粑

→ English: tsamba

→ German: Tsampa

→ Hindi: चांपा (cāmpā)

→ Kalmyk: җомба (jomba)


ཨ་རག

→ English: ara


ཇ་ལོ

/t͡ɕʰa˩˨.lo˥˥/


རྐྱལ་རྒྱག

རྐྱལ་རྒྱག • (rkyal rgyag) (nominal form རྐྱལ་རྒྱག་པ)

rkyal rgyag (romanization)
form རྐྱལ་རྒྱག་པ (nominal)

/cɛː˥˥ ca˩˧˨/


ཁོག་ལྡིར

/kʰoː˥˥.tiŋ˥˥/


ཇ་སྲུབ་མ

/t͡ɕʰa˩˨ syː˥˥.mə˥˥/

ཇ་སྲུབ (ja srub, “to churn or mix tea”) + མ (ma, “nominalisation suffix”)

compound

butter tea (traditional Tibetan drink made from tea leaves, yak butter, water and salt)

bo:ཇ་སྲུབ་མ།


རག་ཤི

→ Nepali: रक्सी (raksī)


བལྟས

bltas (romanization)
form བལྟས་པ (nominal)


བལྟ

blta (romanization)
form བལྟ་བ (nominal)


བོད་ཡིག

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བོད་ཡིག • (bod yig)

bo:བོད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག།


ཡིག

ཡི་གེ ཡི་གེ#Tibetan

abbreviation of ཡི་གེ (yi ge) in compounds.


པོད

པོ་ཏི པོ་ཏི#Tibetan

Alternative form of པོ་ཏི (po ti, “volume, book”)


དགེ་སློང

Classical Mongolian: ᠭᠡᠯᠦᠩ (gelüng)

Khalkha Mongolian: гэлэн (gelen)

Kalmyk: гелң (gelñ)


སྒྲ་གདངས

/ʈ͡ʂan˩˨.taŋ˥˨/


པོ་ཏ་ལ

zh-l

布達拉宮／布达拉宫 (Bùdálā Gōng)

Chinese: 布達拉／布达拉, 布達拉宮／布达拉宫 (Bùdálā Gōng), 布達拉山／布达拉山

Borrowed from Sanskrit पोतलक (potalaka).

Potala Palace (chief residence of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa)


སྒྲ་སྙན

/ʈ͡ʂam˩˨.ȵɛ̃˥˥/


པོ་ཏི

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པོ་ཏི • (po ti)

→ Mongolian: ᠪᠣᠲᠢ (boti) / боть (botʹ, “tome”)

Borrowed from Sanskrit पुस्तक (pustaka, “manuscript, book”), from a Middle Iranian source.


གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ

→ English: Shigatse

desc

→ Chinese: 日喀則／日喀则

→ Chinese: 日喀則／日喀则

གཞིས་ཀ (gzhis ka, “native land, estate, country”) + རྩེ (rtse, “peak, summit”).

compound

bo:གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་ས་ཁུལ།


རབས

lineage, race, generation, succession of family


རྫོང་བ

རྫོང རྫོང#Tibetan


ཆོས་རྒྱལ

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.cɛː˥˥/

Compound of ཆོས (chos) + རྒྱལ (rgyal), a calque of Sanskrit धर्मराज (dharmarāja)

dharma king, chogyal (one of several Buddhist monarchs in the Tibetan cultural sphere)


ནང་བསྟན

/naŋ˩˨.tɛ̃˥˥/


རིན་པོ་ཆེ

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རིན་པོ་ཆེ • (rin po che)

Chinese: 仁波切 (rénbōqiè)

/ʐĩ˩˨.po˥˥.t͡ɕʰeˑ/

རིན (rin, “value, price”) + པོ་ཆེ (po che, “big kind of; intensifying or emphatic suffix”).

compound

bo:རིན་པོ་ཆེ།


རྒྱལ་བ

(Buddhism) victorious one (epithet of the Buddha)


ཆོས

chos (romanization)
form ཆོས་པ (nominal)

འཆོས འཆོས#Tibetan


རྒྱལ

rgyal (romanization)
form རྒྱལ་བ (nominal)
རྒྱལ (present)
rgyal (present romanization)
རྒྱལ (future)
rgyal (future romanization)
རྒྱལ (past)
རྒྱལད (archaic past)
rgyal (past romanization)
rgyald (past romanization)
རྒྱལ (imperative)
rgyal (imperative romanization)

Unknown. By Li Fang-Kuei's Law, Old Tibetan rgy- derives from pre-Tibetan *ry-. Perhaps related to རྒྱ (rgya, “great”).

(intransitive) to be victorious, to win, to conquer, to subdue, to overpower

(intransitive) to be superior than another


ཤད

The punctuation mark །, used analogously to a period.


བལ་པོ

From བལ (bal, “Nepali; wool”) + པོ (po, “forming nominalizations”).


བལ་པོ

Chinese: 拔布 (Bábù), 巴彼 (Bābǐ)

བལ་ཡུལ བལ་ཡུལ#Tibetan

(historical) Synonym of བལ་ཡུལ (bal yul), Nepal.


ཨ་མེ་རི་ཀ

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ཨ་མེ་རི་ཀ • (a me ri ka)

ཨ་མེ་རི་ཁ་རྒྱལ་ཕྲན་མཉམ་འབྲེལ་རྒྱལ་ཁབ

a me ri kha rgyal phran mnyam 'brel rgyal khab

the United States (a country in North America)


རྩི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tsəj (“medicine; juice; paint”). Compare Nuosu ꋌ (cy) (as in ꁬꋌ (bbut cy)), Lolopo naxcir (“medicine”), Naxi cher'ee (“medicine”), Burmese ဆေး (hce:), Chinese 漆 (OC *sʰiɡ).


རྩི

rtsi (romanization)
form རྩི་བ (nominal)
རྩི (present)
rtsi (present romanization)
བརྩི (future)
brtsi (future romanization)
བརྩིས (past)
རྩིས (past)
brtsis (past romanization)
rtsis (past romanization)
རྩིས (imperative)
བརྩིས (imperative)
rtsis (imperative romanization)
brtsis (imperative romanization)

(transitive) to count, to reckon, to calculate

(transitive) to think that something is, to regard as

(transitive) to think about doing something, to plan on

(transitive) to go against, to defy, to accept, to bear


སྟོན་ཀ

/tø̃˥˥.ka˥˥/

/tø̃˥˥.kʰa˥˥/


ཐང་ཁ

ཐང་ཀ ཐང་ཀ#Tibetan


གཏེར་མ

(Buddhism) A terma, a hidden teaching (or on occasion religious object).


ཐང་ཀ

thangka (Tibetan painted or embroidered wall art)


གཏེར་སྟོན

head

གཏེར་སྟོན • (gter ston)

From གཏེར (gter, “treasure”) + སྟོན (ston, “reveal”).

compound

(Buddhism) A tertön, a Buddhist master who discoveries hidden texts.


ཆོས་སྐད

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.kɛː˥˨/

From ཆོས (chos, “dharma”) + སྐད (skad, “language”).


པི་ཝང

From an uncertain source, perhaps Khotanese, with the same origin as the independently borrowed Chinese 琵琶 (pípá).


བོན

From འབོད ('bod, “to call; to shout”) (Zhang, 2009). Possibly related to བོད (bod, “Tibet”) as well (Lalou, 1958).

(religion) Bon, an indigenous religious tradition of Tibet.


བོན

bon (romanization)
form བོན་པ (nominal)
བོན (present)
འབོན (present)
bon (present romanization)
'bon (present romanization)
བོན (future)
bon (future romanization)
བོནད (past)
bond (past romanization)
བོན (imperative)
འབོནད (imperative)
bon (imperative romanization)
'bond (imperative romanization)

(for a god, sovereign) to receive, to obtain, to take

(probable) to murmur, to recite (charms, prayers)

(probable) to invoke, to summon, to call


བོན་པོ

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བོན་པོ • (bon po)

/pʰø̃˩˨.po˥˥/


རྒྱ་སྐད

From རྒྱ (rgya, “expanse, empire”) + སྐད (skad, “language”). The first part may be an abbreviation for either རྒྱ་ནག (rgya nag, “China”) or རྒྱ་གར (rgya gar, “India”).


བོད་པ

/pʰøː˩˨.pa˥˥/


འབྲོག་པ

/ʈ͡ʂo(k̚)ˀ˩˨.pa˥˥/

A nomad from the highland regions of Tibet, generally engaged in cattle husbandry.


ཆུ་ཚོད

/t͡ɕʰo˥˥.t͡sʰøː˥˨/

/t͡ɕʰu˥˥.t͡sʰyː˥˨/


ཨ་རི

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ཨ་རི • (a ri)

Contraction of ཨ་མེ་རི་ཀ (a me ri ka). Based on the fact that most Tibetan personal names consist of 2 names with 2 syllables and the practice of taking first syllable of each name as contraction.


གངས་རི

/kʰəŋ˩˨.ʐi˥˥/

གངས (gangs, “snow”) + རི (ri, “mountain”).

com

high, snowy mountain, snow-covered mountain, snowy mountain, any great Tibetan mountain range


མེ་མདའ

From མེ (me, “fire”) + མདའ (mda', “arrow”).


དབྱིན་ཇི

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དབྱིན་ཇི • (dbyin ji)

/jĩ˥˥.t͡ɕi˥˥/

Englishman, person from England or Britain


དབྱིན་ཇི

དབྱིན་ཇི • (dbyin ji)

/jĩ˥˥.t͡ɕi˥˥/


གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ

གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ

Chinese: 岡仁波齊／冈仁波齐 (Gāngrénbōqí)

/kʰaŋ˩˧˨ ʐĩ˩˨.pu˥˥.t͡ɕʰiˑ/

གངས (gangs, “snow”) + རིན་པོ་ཆེ (rin po che).

com

bo:གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ།


བསྟན་འཛིན

/tɛ̃˥˥.t͡sĩ˥˥/

From བསྟན (bstan, “teaching”) + འཛིན ('dzin, “take hold of, adhere to”).

af

an adherent; one who upholds and adheres to the doctrines


བསྟན་འཛིན

→ Chinese: 丹增 (Dānzēng)

→ English: Tenzin

/tɛ̃˥˥.t͡sĩ˥˥/


མདའ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-da (“arrow”).

མེ་མདའ མེ་མདའ#Tibetan

Abbreviation of མེ་མདའ (me mda', “firearm”).


གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ

head

གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ

གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ • (gangs chen mdzod lnga)

Literally, "five great storehouses of snow".


པས

Originally པ (pa) marked for the instrumental case.

Placed at the end of a phrase to mark a question.


བོད་མི

བོད་མི • (bod mi)


རྒྱ་མི

From རྒྱ (rgya, “expanse, empire”) + མི (mi, “person”), with the first part being short for རྒྱ་ནག (rgya nag, “China”).


འཇར་མན

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ཀ་ཏ་མན་ཏུ

bo:ཀ་ཏ་མན་ཏུ


བརླ་ཤ

/lɛː˥˥.ɕa˥˥/


དབྱིན་གོ

head

དབྱིན་གོ • (dbyin go)

zh-l

英國／英国 (Yīngguó)


གསོན་པོ

head

གསོན་པོ • (gson po)

/sø̃˥˥.pa˥˥/


རྩི་ཤིང

/t͡si˥˥.ɕiŋ˥˥/


ཤིང་འབྲས

/ɕiŋ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂɛː˥˨/

ཤིང (shing, “tree”) + འབྲས ('bras, “fruit”).


ཤིང་བརྐོས

/ɕiŋ˥˥.køː˥˨/


ཡོང

yong (romanization)
form ཡོང་བ (nominal)
ཡོང (present)
yong (present romanization)
ཡོང (future)
yong (future romanization)
ཡོང (past)
yong (past romanization)
ཡོང (imperative)
yong (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwaŋ (“to come (out); to enter”). Cognate with Burmese ဝင် (wang, “to come in; to enter”), Chinese 往 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, “to go”). Related to འོང ('ong, “to come”).


ཨེམ་ཆི

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ཨེམ་ཆི • (em chi)

/ʔem˥˥.t͡ɕʰi˥˥/

/ʔəm˥˥.t͡ɕʰi˥˥/

From Mongolian ᠡᠮᠴᠢ (emči, “doctor”); compare Modern Khalkha Mongolian эмч (emč).


རྒྱལ་རྩེ

Gyantse (a city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


ཟ་ཁང

→ Wutunhua: saghang

From ཟ་བ (za ba, “eat”) + ཁང (khang, “building”).


གནམ་གྲུ་ཐང

གནམ་གྲུ (gnam gru, “airplane”) + ཐང (thang)


མེ་འཁོར

མེ (me, “fire”) + འཁོར ('khor, “vehicle”); calque of Chinese 火車／火车 (huǒchē, literally “fire-vehicle”).


སྨུག་འབུ

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སྨུག་འབུ • (smug 'bu)


སྐྱེ་དམན

/ce˥˥.mɛ̃˥˥/


ཁོ་ཕི

Borrowed from English coffee, from Dutch koffie (“coffee”), from Italian caffè (“coffee”), from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve, “coffee”), from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa, “coffee, a brew”).


པ་ཕ

cog

Lisu ꓐꓹ ꓐꓽ (bɑ̌ bɑ̀)


དྲིལ་བུ

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དྲིལ་བུ • (dril bu)


ཞི་མི

Cognate with ཞིམ་བུ (zhim bu) and ཞུམ་བུ (zhum bu), all possibly from earlier *ryi-mi. If true, then perhaps of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Old Chinese 狸 (OC *rɯ) (see there for further etymology).


སྐད་བརྡ་རིག་པ

/kɛː˥˥.ta˥˥ ʐi(k̚)ˀ˩˨.pə˥˥/

སྐད་བརྡ (skad brda, “order, speech, language”) + རིག་པ (rig pa, “-ology”).


གོམ་པ་རྒྱག

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གོམ་པ་རྒྱག་པ

གོམ་པ་རྒྱག • (gom pa rgyag) (nominal form གོམ་པ་རྒྱག་པ)

gom pa rgyag (romanization)
form གོམ་པ་རྒྱག་པ (nominal)


གྲྭ་པ

/ʈ͡ʂʰa˩˧˨.paˑ/

གྲྭ (grwa) + པ (pa, “nominalization suffix”)

compound

གྲྭ་པ་མེད་པའི་མཁན་པོ་


འགྲེང་བུ

The vowel diacritic ེ , which stands for /e/.


ན་རོ

The vowel diacritic ོ , which stands for /o/.


གི་གུ

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གི་གུ • (gi gu)

The vowel diacritic ི , which stands for /i/.


འབྲས་ལྗོངས་པ

འབྲས་ལྗོངས་པ


སྨྱུག་གུ

སྨྱུག་གུ • (smyug gu)


མི་སྐུ

མི་སྐུ • (mi sku)


འབྲུག་པ

/ʈ͡ʂu(k̚)ˀ˩˨.pə˥˥/


རྦག་རྦག

སྦག་སྦག སྦག་སྦག#Tibetan

Alternative spelling of སྦག་སྦག (sbag sbag)


འབྲུག་སྐད

/ʈ͡ʂu˩˨.kɛː˥˨/


མ་བྱན

/ma˩˨.t͡ɕɛ̃ˑ/


སྨན་ཁྲོག

Compound of སྨན (sman, “medicine”) + ཁྲོག (khrog).


སྒེའུ་ཁུང

སྒེ་ཁུང སྒེ་ཁུང#Tibetan


མོ་ཐོ

From Chinese 摩托 (mótuō), from English motor.


ཞབས་ཀྱུ

/ɕap̚˩˨ t͡ɕu˥˥/

The vowel diacritic ུ, which stands for /u/.


དེབ

Shortened from དེབ་ཐེར (deb ther); see there for more.


རྒྱ་སེར

From རྒྱ (rgya, “expanse, empire”) + སེར (ser, “yellow”). Compare རྒྱ་ནག (rgya nag, “China”, literally “the black expanse”) and རྒྱ་གར (rgya gar, “India”, literally “the white expanse”); the choice of yellow for Russia is unclear, but may reference the Golden Horde.

com

(historical) Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ཨུ་རུ་སུ

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ཨུ་རུ་སུ • (u ru su)

Borrowed from Mongolian Орос／ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (Oros, “Russia”).


ནོ་ཡོན

head

ནོ་ཡོན • (no yon)


སྨྱུག་མ

/ ȵuŋ˥˥.ma˩˨/

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-m(y)ik (“cane/sprout”). Compare Burmese မျှစ် (hmyac), Nuosu ꂷ (ma).


སྒོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with Chinese 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”).


ལྷ་ཆོས

sacred dharma; the religious precepts of Buddhism


མི་ཆོས

folk religion; the ways and customs of people


རིན་ཆེན

/ʐĩ˩˨.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/

From རིན (rin, “value, worth”) + ཆེན (chen, “big”).


རིན་ཆེན

zh-l

仁欽／仁钦 (Rénqīn)

→ Chinese: 仁欽／仁钦 (Rénqīn)

/ʐĩ˩˨.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/


ནས

Compared with Chinese 黍 (OC *hljaʔ, “millet”) in Schuessler (2007).

highland barley (principal cereal cultivated on the Tibetan plateau)


ནས

elative case marker, placed after nouns and pronouns: from.


ནས

particle connecting two actions, placed after the first verb: then, after having done X.


ཀླད་ཀོར

/lɛː˥˥.koː˥˥/


ཀླད་ཀོར

/lɛː˥˥.koː˥˥/


དབུ་མེད

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དབུ་མེད • (dbu med)

Umê script, the cursive style of the Tibetan script used in shorthand and calligraphy.


དབུ་ཅན

Uchen script, the block style of the Tibetan script used in print.


མངོན་བརྗོད

/ŋø̃˥˥.t͡ɕøː˥˨/


ལྟོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-tjwa (“mouth, beak, food, stomach”).


ཞིང་པ

ཞིང (zhing, “field, farmland”) + པ (pa, “nominalisation/agent suffix”)


ཨོ་མོ་སུ

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ཨོ་མོ་སུ • (o mo su)

From Mongolian оймс (ojms)/ᠣᠶᠢᠮᠤᠰᠤ (oyimusu).


དགེ་འདུན

དགེ་འདུན • (dge 'dun)

From དགེ (dge, “virtuous, good”) + འདུན ('dun, “intention, aspiration”).


ཆོས་འཁོར

(Buddhism) dharmachakra, dharma wheel, wheel of life


རྣ་བའི་དབང་པོ

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རྣ་བའི་དབང་པོ

A translation of Sanskrit श्रोत्रेन्द्रिय (śrotrendriya, “sense or organ of hearing”). The Chinese equivalent is 耳根 (ěrgēn).

der

श्रोत्रेन्द्रिय

(Buddhism) “ear or hearing faculty”, one of the six sensory faculties


བྱ་རྒོད

/t͡ɕʰa˩˨.køː˩˧˨/


ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ

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ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ • (āl ji ri ya)


སྡུད་པ

སྡུད སྡུད#Tibetan


སྡུད

sdud (romanization)
form སྡུད་པ (nominal)
སྡུད (present)
སྡུ (present)
sdud (present romanization)
sdu (present romanization)
བསྡུ (future)
bsdu (future romanization)
བསྡུས (past)
bsdus (past romanization)
སྡུས (imperative)
sdus (imperative romanization)

Causative of འདུ ('du, “to gather, to collect (intransitive)”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t/d)u-n/t (“join, tie, knot, bring together, assemble, fold”). Related to མདུད (mdud, “to tie together”).

inh

(transitive) to collect, to gather, to assemble


བསྡུ

bsdu (romanization)
form བསྡུ་བ (nominal)

སྡུད སྡུད#Tibetan


དགོན་པ

→ English: gompa

→ Kurtöp: གོན་པ (gonpa)


ཐུག་པ

nominal form of the verb ཐུག (thug): reaching, arriving, meeting

nominal form of the verb ཐུག (thug): touching, hitting


ཐུག་པ

→ English: thukpa

ne-l

थुक्पा [thukpā]

→ Nepali: थुक्पा [thukpā]

Tibetan-style soup, broth, gruel, porridge


མཁན་པོ

desctree

→ Chinese: 堪布 (kānbù)
→ Middle Mongol: ᠬᠠᠮᠪᠤ (qambu)
Classical Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠮᠪᠤ (qambu)
Buryat: хамба (xamba)
Mongolian: хамба (xamba)

/kʰɛ̃˥˥.po˥˥/

Inherited from Old Tibetan མཁན་པོ (mkhan po), calqued from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya).

inh+

(Tibetan Buddhism) khenpo (degree for higher Buddhist studies given in Tibetan Buddhism)


རོ་ལངས

→ Wutunhua: rolang

The ro-langs, an animated corpse similar to a zombie.


སྟོད་ཐུང

shirt, article of clothing worn on the upper body


དི་རིང

ད་རིང ད་རིང#Tibetan


བ་ཕྱུགས

/pʰa˩˨.t͡ɕʰu(k̚)ˀ˥˨/


འདི་རིང

ད་རིང ད་རིང#Tibetan


མི་རྒོད

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མི་རྒོད • (mi rgod)


རྙིང་པ

/ȵiŋ˥˥.pə˥˥/


ལྗང་ཁུ

/t͡ɕəŋ˩˨.ku˥˥/


སྣ་མིན་སྣ་ཚོགས

/na˥˥.mɛ̃˥˥ na˥˥.t͡sʰo˥˨/


ཞུ་མར

lamp (device producing light, chiefly one that uses butter)


ཡག་པོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).

inh

ཁང་མིག་འདི་བཀོད་པ་ཡག་པོ་འདུག


ཆུང་ཆུང

/*t͡ɕʰuŋ.t͡ɕʰuŋ/

/*t͡ɕʰuŋ.t͡ɕʰuŋ/

/t͡ɕʰỹ˥˥.t͡ɕʰỹ˥˥/

/t͡ɕʰuŋ˥˥.t͡ɕʰuŋ˥˥/


སྔོན་པོ

/ŋø̃˥˥.po˥˥/

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋow (“white; green; yellow; blue”). Related to སྔོ (sngo, “green; blue; vegetables; plant”).


ག་རེ

/kʰa˩˨.ʐe˥˥/


མར

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mar (“gold; yellow; butter; oil”).


མར

From མ (ma, “mother”) + ར (ra, terminative case marker).


སེར་པོ

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སེར་པོ • (ser po)


སུ་སུ

སུ་སུ • (su su)


སུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *su ~ s-lu (“who; indefinite pronoun; remote third-person pronoun”). Cognate with Burmese သူ (su) per Matisoff.


ག་ཚད

ག་ཚོད ག་ཚོད#Tibetan

Alternative spelling of ག་ཚོད (ga tshod)


སྐྱུར་མོ

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སྐྱུར་མོ • (skyur mo)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kjuːr ~ s-kjwaːr (“sour”).


ཚོ

Marks plurals, chiefly used as a suffix on pronouns and demonstratives.


གོ་རེ

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གོ་རེ • (go re)


དགུ་གཏོར

དགུ་གཏོར • (dgu gtor)


ཚ་པོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa-t ~ dza-t (“hot; fever; hurt; ill; hungry”).


སྐམ་པོ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k(w)am (“thirsty; dried out”).


ཕྱུར་བ

ཕྱུ་ར ཕྱུ་ར#Tibetan


ཕྱུ་པ

→ English: chuba

/t͡ɕʰu˥˥.pə˥˥/

Ultimately from Arabic جبّة (jubba, “robe, jubbah”). Compare Turkish cübbe.


ཆུར་བ

ཕྱུ་ར ཕྱུ་ར#Tibetan


སྒོང་ང

/koŋ˩˨.ŋa˥˥/

སྒོང (sgong, “egg”) (from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/r-gwa-ŋ (“egg; testicle”)) + ང (nga) (from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋa (“egg; hatch”)).


ཞོགས་པ

/ɕoː˩˨.kɛː˥˨/


སེར

སེར་པོ སེར་པོ#Tibetan


ཕྲུ་གུ

/ʈ͡ʂʰu˥˥.kuˑ/


ཕྲུག

zh-l

氆氌／氆氇 (pǔlu)

→ Chinese: 氆氌／氆氇 (pǔlu)

ཕྲུ་གུ ཕྲུ་གུ#Tibetan


གདུག

གདུག་པ གདུག་པ#Tibetan

See གདུག་པ (gdug pa, “wicked, cruel, noxious”).


པད་ཚལ

/pɛː˥˥.t͡sʰɛː˥˥/


འཁོར

'khor (romanization)
form འཁོར་བ (nominal)
འཁོར (present)
'khor (present romanization)
འཁོར (future)
'khor (future romanization)
འཁོར (past)
'khor (past romanization)
འཁོར (imperative)
'khor (imperative romanization)
འཁོརད (present)
'khord (present romanization)
འཁོར (future)
'khor (future romanization)
འཁོརད (past)
'khord (past romanization)
འཁོརད (imperative)
'khord (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-kwar (“round”); compare Chinese 歸 (OC *klul, “to return; to come back”). Resultative: སྐོར (skor).

(intransitive) to turn round, to rotate, to revolve, to spin, to go around, to elapse (of time)

(intransitive) to gather, to be formed, to be perfected


འཁོར

retinue, followers, entourage, attendants


འབུམ་པ

Mongolian: бумба (bumba)


སྐུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kəw (“body; chest; thorax; corpse”). Cognate with Burmese ကိုယ် (kuiy, “body”) and Chinese 軀 (OC *kʰo, “body”).

inh

ཤིང་སྐུ

དངུལ་སྐུ


སྲང་ལམ

/ʈ͡ʂaŋ˥˥.laŋ˥˥/


ཤེལ་སྒོ

/ɕeː˥˥.ko˥˥/

ཤེལ (shel, “glass; mirror”) + སྒོ (sgo, “door”).


སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ

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སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ

སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ • (slob grwa chen mo)

/lap̚˥˥.ʈ͡ʂa˥˥ t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥.mo˥˥/

སློབ་གྲྭ (slob grwa, “school”) + ཆེན་མོ (chen mo, “great”).


མཆོད་རྟེན

→ English: chorten

/t͡ɕʰøː˥˥.tẽ˥˥/

མཆོད (mchod, “to offer; to worship”) + རྟེན (rten, “seat; temple”).


པད

པད་མ པད་མ#Tibetan


ཐམ་ཁ

ཐམ་ཀ ཐམ་ཀ#Tibetan


ཆུ་པ

ཕྱུ་པ ཕྱུ་པ#Tibetan


དེབ་གཏེར

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དེབ་གཏེར • (deb gter)

དེབ་ཐེར དེབ་ཐེར#Tibetan


ཨམ་བན

(historical) amban (a Qing Dynasty official who acted as a provincial governor)


ཐམ་ཀ

Borrowed from Uyghur تامغا (tamgha), from Chagatai تمغا (tamğa).


སྐུ་བདེ་རིགས

སྐུ་བདེ་རིགས • (sku bde rigs)

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠷᠢ (küderi, “musk deer”), adapted in Middle Tibetan to mean something akin to "kind of healthy body".


གུར་གུམ

གུར་གུམ • (gur gum)

Borrowed from Persian کرکم (korkom, “saffron”), presumably from Arabic كُرْكُم (kurkum, “turmeric”).


པུ་ལི་སི

པུ་ལི་སི • (pu li si)


ཨེར་ཏེ་ནི

ཨེར་ཏེ་ནི • (er te ni)

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ (erdeni, “precious”), a calque of རིན་པོ་ཆེ (rin po che).


དེབ་ཐེར

/tʰep̚˩˨.tʰeː˥˥/

Borrowed from Persian دفتر (daftar), ultimately from Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “parchment”). The spelling with གཏེར (gter) is based on a folk etymology connecting it to the meaning "treasure".


ཐོ་ལ་ཅི

Borrowed from Mandarin 拖拉機／拖拉机 (tuōlājī).

zh-l

拖拉機／拖拉机 (tuōlājī)


ཆིས་ཁྲེའེ

汽車／汽车 (qìchē)


གེ་སར

Of unclear derivation, and the various meanings may or may not share an origin. The common noun meanings are likely from Sanskrit केसर (kesara), but the proper noun may ultimately derive from Latin Caesar.

bo:གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ།


གེ་སར

bo:གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ།


པག་ཤི

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ (baɣsi), from Chinese 博士 (bóshì, “scholar”).


ཞི་ཅུན

細菌／细菌 (xìjūn)


ཐིང

department, office (especially of the government)


ཐིང

thing (romanization)
form ཐིང་བ (nominal)

འདིང འདིང#Tibetan


མ་རྒད

མར་གད མར་གད#Tibetan


མར་གད

→ Mongolian: ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠠᠳ (marɣad) / маргад (margad)

/maː(ɹ)˩˨.kɛː˥˨/


མུ་ཏིག

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མུ་ཏིག • (mu tig)

From Sanskrit मुक्ता (muktā), via a Prakrit intermediate; compare Hindi मोती (motī).


མེ་ལེ

མེ་ལེ • (me le)


རྡུལ་ཕྲན

/tyː˩˨.ʈ͡ʂʰɛ̃˥˥/


ལྕགས་ལམ

zh-l

鐵路／铁路 (tiělù)


གྲུ་བཞི

/ʈ͡ʂʰup̚˩˨.ɕi˥˥/

གྲུ (gru, “corner”) + བཞི (bzhi, “four”).


གྲུ་བཞི

/ʈ͡ʂʰup̚˩˨.ɕi˥˥/


རྡུལ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-dul ~ r-tul. Cognate with Chinese 塵 (OC *rdɯn).


འདིང

'ding (romanization)
form འདིང་བ (nominal)
འདིང (present)
འདིངས (present)
'ding (present romanization)
'dings (present romanization)
གཏིང (future)
བཏིང (future)
gting (future romanization)
bting (future romanization)
བཏིང (past)
བཏིངས (past)
bting (past romanization)
btings (past romanization)
ཐིངས (imperative)
ཐིང (imperative)
ཏིངས (imperative)
things (imperative romanization)
thing (imperative romanization)
tings (imperative romanization)


རྨ་བྱ

The first element is from Sanskrit मयूर (mayūra, “peacock”), compounded to native བྱ (bya, “bird”).


ཡོད་པ

nominal form of the verb ཡོད (yod): being, existing; having; possessing


ཡིན་དང་ཡིན

(idiomatic) indeed, certainly, of course


ན་བ

nominal form of the verb ན (na): falling ill


བྲིས

bris (romanization)
form བྲིས་པ (nominal)

འབྲི འབྲི#Tibetan

འབྲི འབྲི#Tibetan


ཀྱི

One of the five genitive particles, used after ད (da), བ (ba), ས (sa) or one of the secondary sound suffixes. See གི (gi).


ཡི

One of the five genitive particles, used after nouns ending in vowel sounds. See གི (gi).


གི

Maybe related to Chinese 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ).

One of the five genitive particles, used after ག (ga) or ང (nga).


པིར

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠢᠷ (bir) (from Classical Tibetan)

Mongolian:

Mongolian script: ᠪᠢᠷ (bir)

Cyrillic script: бийр (biir)

→ Buryat: биирэ (biire), биир (biir)

From Classical Tibetan [Term?], from Middle Chinese 筆 (MC pit).


ཡོད

yod (romanization)
form ཡོད་པ (nominal)
ཡོད (present)
yod (present romanization)
ཡོད (future)
yod (future romanization)
ཡོད (past)
yod (past romanization)
ཡོད (imperative)
yod (imperative romanization)

Possibly cognate with Chinese 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ).

och-l

有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ)


འབྲི

'bri (romanization)
form འབྲི་བ (nominal)
འབྲི (present)
འདྲི (present)
བྲི (present)
'bri (present romanization)
'dri (present romanization)
bri (present romanization)
བྲི (future)
འབྲི (future)
bri (future romanization)
'bri (future romanization)
བྲིས (past)
bris (past romanization)
བྲིས (imperative)
ཕྲིས (imperative)
རིས (imperative)
bris (imperative romanization)
phris (imperative romanization)
ris (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-rəj (“to draw, to mark”). Related to རི་མོ (ri mo, “drawing”).

inh

(transitive) to write, to draw, to note down


འབྲི

'bri (romanization)
form འབྲི་བ (nominal)
འབྲི (present)
བྲི (present)
'bri (present romanization)
bri (present romanization)
འབྲི (future)
བྲི (future)
'bri (future romanization)
bri (future romanization)
བྲི (past)
bri (past romanization)
བྲི (imperative)
bri (imperative romanization)

(intransitive) to diminish, to grow less, to go down, to decline, to wane


འབྲི

Either related to or borrowed into Old Chinese as 犛 (OC *rə) > lí.


ཟླ

ཟླ་བ ཟླ་བ#Tibetan


གྲུ་གསུམ

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གྲུ་གསུམ • (gru gsum)

/ʈ͡ʂʰu(k̚)ˀ˩˨.sum˥˥/

གྲུ (gru, “corner”) + གསུམ (gsum, “three”).


ལོ་ཙཱ་བ

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ལོ་ཙཱ་བ • (lo tsā ba)

Generally believed to be derived from locchava, locchāva, loccava, locava or locāva, corruptions of Sanskrit लोकचाक्षुस् (lokacākṣus, “eye of the world, i.e. one who opens the eyes of the world”). See འཇིག་རྟེན་མིག་གཅིག ('jig rten mig gcig, “translator [world-eye]”), a literal translation of the same Sanskrit term.

der

A translator of Buddhist texts, especially one of the mediaeval ones who translated texts into Tibetan.


ཕུར་བ

(Buddhism) A kind of ritual dagger, the kīla.


ཕོ་བྲང

/pʰo˥˥.ʈ͡ʂaŋ˥˥/


གྱི

One of the five genitive particles, used after ན (na), མ (ma), ར (ra), or ལ (la). See གི (gi).


བླ་རི

(Buddhism) The hill or mountain on which one's soul rests after one dies.


བླ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Chinese 魄 (OC *pʰraːɡ) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra).
Also related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”), see there for more.


རྒྱམ

རྒྱ་མཚོ རྒྱ་མཚོ#Tibetan


བདེ

བདེ་བ བདེ་བ#Tibetan


ལྟ

lta (romanization)
form ལྟ་བ (nominal)
ལྟ (present)
lta (present romanization)
བལྟ (future)
blta (future romanization)
བལྟས (past)
ལྟས (past)
bltas (past romanization)
ltas (past romanization)
ལྟོས (imperative)
ལྟས (imperative)
བལྟ (imperative)
ltos (imperative romanization)
ltas (imperative romanization)
blta (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-ta-s/t (“to look”). Related to ལྟས (ltas, “sign, omen”) and ལྟད་མོ (ltad mo, “sight, scene, show, play”). Compare Chinese 睹 (OC *taːʔ, “to see”).

inh

(transitive) to look at, to see, to observe

(transitive, common in Western Tibetan) to look for, to search for

(transitive) to view mentally, to consider, to look into, to investigate

(transitive) to desire, to crave, to love


རོལ་མོ

head

རོལ་མོ • (rol mo)

/ʐøː˩˨.mo˥˥/

From རོལ (rol, “to amuse oneself”). Compare Chinese 樂 (OC *ŋraːwɢs, *raːwɢ, *ŋraːwɢ, “joyful; music”).