སྟག

→ Wutunhua: dag

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *stak (“tiger”).


སེང

Abbreviation of སེང་གེ (seng ge, “lion”), from Sanskrit सिंह (siṃhá, “lion”).


བྱི་བ

/t͡ɕʰi˩˨.wə˥˥/

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-jəw-n ~ bwəj (“rat, mouse”).


གླང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *glaŋ (“ox; bullock; elephant”).


ཡོས

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-jəw-n ~ bwəj.


སྦྲུལ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”).


སྤྲེལ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-pra. Cognate with Kurtöp པྲ (pra), Dzongkha སྤྱ (spya).


བྱ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b(j/r)a (“bird”).


བྱ

placed after certain verbs to produce nouns


ཁྱི

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n. Cognate with Chinese 犬 (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ).


མཛོ་ཕོ

a kind of domestic cattle reared in Asia for its flesh and milk.


ཕོ

stomach, reticulum, second stomach of ruminant


སྡོམ

Bodman (1980), apud Schuessler (2007), relates this to Old Chinese 蠶 (OC *dzə̂m) "silkworm". STEDT derives the Chinese, though not the Tibetan, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tip ~ *tu(p/m) (“to wrap up”), whence Burmese ထုပ် (htup, “to wrap, bundle”). If the Tibetan is related, the spider could be conceived of as a "bug which wraps up its prey".


ཤིང་ཏོག

/ɕiŋ˥˥.to˥˨/


མངའ་རིས་ཁམ་བུ

མངའ་རིས (mnga' ris, “Ngari (region in Tibet)”) + ཁམ་བུ (kham bu, “apricot”)

compound

apricot, dried apricot imported from Ngari


ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ

head

ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ

ཆུ་རྒུན་འབྲུམ • (chu rgun 'brum)

/t͡ɕʰu˥˥ kỹ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂum˥˥/


ལིམ་བུ

ལིམ་བུ • (lim bu)


ཚ་ལུ་མ

/t͡sʰə˥˥.lu˥˥.məˑ/

ཚ་ལུ (tsha lu, “red”) + མ (ma, noun suffix). Related to མཚལ (mtshal, “vermillion pigment”), མཚལ་ལུ (mtshal lu, “*red”) (Zhang, 2009).


སེ་འབྲུ

head

སེ་འབྲུ • (se 'bru)

/sĩ˥˥.ʈ͡ʂuˑ/

སེ (se, “fruit, from *sej”) + འབྲུ ('bru, “seed”)

compound

fruit, from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sit-pro">*sej</i>


གཡག

→ Armenian: յակ (yak)

→ Catalan: iac

→ Czech: jak

→ Danish: yak

→ Dutch: jak

→ English: yak

→ Faroese: jakkoksi

→ Finnish: jakki

→ French: yack, yak

→ Georgian: იაკი (iaḳi)

→ German: Yak, Jak

→ Hebrew: יאק (yak)

→ Hungarian: jak

→ Icelandic: jakuxi

→ Ido: yako

→ Interlingua: yak

→ Italian: yak m

→ Japanese: ヤク (yaku)

→ Macedonian: јак (jak)

→ Marathi: याक (yāk)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jak

→ Polish: jak m

→ Portuguese: iaque

→ Romanian: iac m

→ Russian: як (jak)

→ Slovak: jak

→ Slovene: jak

→ Spanish: yac, yak

→ Swedish: jak

→ Turkish: yak

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ (“sheep, yak”).


འབྲོང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brawŋ (“wild yak, buffalo”).


ཤིང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ ~ sik (“tree, wood”).


སྤྲེའུ

སྤྲེལ (sprel, “monkey”) + ེའུ (e'au, diminutive suffix).


རྩྭ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tswa-n (“grass”). Cognate with Chinese 草 (OC *sʰuːʔ).


དོམ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam (“bear”), with preemption of the root initial by the prefix.

Ursus thibetanus
Ursus thibetanus#Translingual

bear; in particular, the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)


ལ་ཕུག

Borrowed from Chinese 蘿蔔 (MC la bok, “radish”).


ར

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ra; cognate with 羜 (OC *draʔ), Pattani lá, etc.


སྦལ་པ

→ Wutunhua: bbawa


ཙོང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-tsuŋ (“onion”). Compare Chinese 葱 (cōng, “onion”), from Old Chinese 葱 (OC *sʰloːŋ, “onion”).


རྨང

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ.


རི་བོང

Inherited from Classical Tibetan རི་བོང (ri bong).


སྦྲང་བུ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b-(r/j)aŋ (“fly, bee”). Compare Old Chinese 蠅 (OC *b·lɯŋ, “bee”) and Burmese ယင်ကောင် (yangkaung, “fly”).


སེངྒེ

Borrowed from a Central Asian substrate language. Compare Zhang-Zhung [script needed] (saṅgo), Chinese 狻猊 (OC * swar ŋe), 獅 (OC *sri), Proto-Iranian *cárguš (whence Middle Persian 𐫢𐫃𐫡 (šgr /šagr, šēr/, “lion; (astronomy) Leo”)), Sanskrit सिंह (siṃha), Tocharian A śiśäk, Tocharian B ṣecake and Chechen цӏокъ (cʼoqʼ), among other Caucasian cognates.


དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ

head

དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ • (dbyar rtswa dgun 'bu)

Literally, “grass (during) summer, bug (during) winter”. Compare Chinese 冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo).

zh-l

冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)

caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis)


མེ་ཏོག

head

མེ་ཏོག • (me tog)

→ Wutunhua: maidok

From earlier མེན་ཏོག (men tog). The reason this word lost the -n in Written Tibetan is unknown.
The men in the Old Tibetan form may be compared with འཕྲ་མེན ('phra men, “gilded silver”), and the tog part is from ཐོག (thog, “roof < *tip, end?”) (Hill, 2007).


ཕྱེ་མ་ལེབ

The last syllable is derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lep (“butterfly”), whence also Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra) and Old Chinese 蝴蝶 (OC *ɡaː l̥ʰeːb/l'eːb).


རུས་སྦལ

རུས (rus, see རུས་པ (rus pa)) + སྦལ (sbal)

com

see <i class="Tibt mention" lang="bo">རུས་པ</i> (rus pa)


བ

The fifteenth letter of the Tibetan alphabet


གླང་ཆེན

/laŋ˥˥.t͡ɕʰẽ˥˥/


མཛོ

English: dzo


ཀ་ཀ

ka ka (romanization)
ཀ་ཀ (absolutive)
ཀ་ཀའི (genitive)
ཀ་ཀས (agentive)
ཀ་ཀ་ལ (dative)
ཀ་ཀ་ན (locative)
ཀ་ཀར (terminative)
ཀ་ཀ་ལས (ablative)
ཀ་ཀ་ནས (elative)
ཀ་ཀ་དང (associative)
ཀ་ཀ་བས (comparative)


རྩི་ཤིང

/t͡si˥˥.ɕiŋ˥˥/


སྨུག་འབུ

head

སྨུག་འབུ • (smug 'bu)


ཞི་མི

Cognate with ཞིམ་བུ (zhim bu) and ཞུམ་བུ (zhum bu), all possibly from earlier *ryi-mi. If true, then perhaps of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Old Chinese 狸 (OC *rɯ) (see there for further etymology).


སྨྱུག་མ

/ ȵuŋ˥˥.ma˩˨/

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-m(y)ik (“cane/sprout”). Compare Burmese မျှစ် (hmyac), Nuosu ꂷ (ma).


ནས

Compared with Chinese 黍 (OC *hljaʔ, “millet”) in Schuessler (2007).

highland barley (principal cereal cultivated on the Tibetan plateau)


བྱ་རྒོད

/t͡ɕʰa˩˨.køː˩˧˨/


བ་ཕྱུགས

/pʰa˩˨.t͡ɕʰu(k̚)ˀ˥˨/


པད་ཚལ

/pɛː˥˥.t͡sʰɛː˥˥/


སྐུ་བདེ་རིགས

སྐུ་བདེ་རིགས • (sku bde rigs)

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠷᠢ (küderi, “musk deer”), adapted in Middle Tibetan to mean something akin to "kind of healthy body".


རྨ་བྱ

The first element is from Sanskrit मयूर (mayūra, “peacock”), compounded to native བྱ (bya, “bird”).


འབྲི

'bri (romanization)
form འབྲི་བ (nominal)
འབྲི (present)
འདྲི (present)
བྲི (present)
'bri (present romanization)
'dri (present romanization)
bri (present romanization)
བྲི (future)
འབྲི (future)
bri (future romanization)
'bri (future romanization)
བྲིས (past)
bris (past romanization)
བྲིས (imperative)
ཕྲིས (imperative)
རིས (imperative)
bris (imperative romanization)
phris (imperative romanization)
ris (imperative romanization)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-rəj (“to draw, to mark”). Related to རི་མོ (ri mo, “drawing”).

inh

(transitive) to write, to draw, to note down


རྐྱང

→ English: kiang


ཀེ་ར

Borrowed from Nepali केरा (kerā), from Sanskrit कदल (kadala), ultimately of Munda origin.


དོམ་ཁྲ

From དོམ (dom, “bear”) + ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”).


ཝ་མོ

ཝ (wa) + མོ (mo), the former from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gwa (“fox”), cognate with Chinese 狐 (OC *ɡʷaː).


སྤྱང་ཀི

/t͡ɕəŋ˥˥.ku˥˥/


གསའ

གཟིག གཟིག#Tibetan


ཤིང་སྡོང

/ɕiŋ˥˥.toŋ˥˥/


ཐང་ཤིང

/tʰəŋ˥˥.ɕiŋ˥˥/


ཀུ་མུད

head

ཀུ་མུད • (ku mud)

a water lily, white lotus, especially one that blossoms at night, such as Nymphaea pubescens.


བྱི་ལ

From an Indo-Aryan source; compare Hindi बिल्ला (billā). Schuessler (2007) additionally proposes that element byi may be native Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Old Chinese 貔 (OC *bi).


ཕོ་ཕག

From ཕོ (pho, “male”) + ཕག (phag, “pig”).


སྤང་སྤོས

Mongolian: бамбай (bambaj)

Nardostachys jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi#Translingual

spikenard, the plant Nardostachys jatamansi


རྒུན་འབྲུམ

རྒུན་འབྲུམ • (rgun 'brum)

/kỹ˩˨.ʈ͡ʂum˥˥/


རྒོད

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la(ŋ/k) (“falcon, vulture, eagle, kite, hawk, bird of prey”), which is likely a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *laŋ ~ *laaŋ ~ *laiŋ (“large raptor”). Compare Mon လနေၚ် (“kite”), Khmer ខ្លែង (khlaeng, “kite”). (Benedict, 1972; STEDT).
Cognate to Jingpho gəlaŋ (“eagle, kite, hawk”), Jingpho lang (“bird of the falcon family”), Mianchi Southern Qiang là (“kite, hawk”) and Mianchi Southern Qiang lá (“eagle, vulture”), Burmese လင်းတ (lang:ta., “vulture”). Possibly connected to Chinese 鷹 /鹰 (yīng, “eagle”) (Benedict, 1990; Schuessler, 2007).
Doublet of གླག (glag).


གླག

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la(ŋ/k) (“falcon, vulture, eagle, kite, hawk, bird of prey”), which is likely a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *laŋ ~ *laaŋ ~ *laiŋ (“large raptor”). Compare Mon လနေၚ် (“kite”), Khmer ខ្លែង (khlaeng, “kite”). (Benedict, 1972; STEDT).
Cognate to Jingpho gəlaŋ (“eagle, kite, hawk”), lang (“bird of the falcon family”); Mianchi Southern Qiang là (“kite, hawk”) and lá (“eagle, vulture”), Burmese လင်းတ (lang:ta., “vulture”). Possibly connected to Chinese 鷹 /鹰 (yīng, “eagle”) (Benedict, 1990; Schuessler, 2007).
Doublet of རྒོད (rgod).

Haliaeetus leucoryphus
Haliaeetus leucoryphus#Translingual

Pallas's fish eagle, (Haliaeetus leucoryphus)


འབྲུག་ཚགས

/ʈ͡ʂu˩˨ t͡sʰa(k̚)ˀˑ/

འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon”) + ཚགས (tshags, “sieve, filter”). Compare འབྲུག་མིག ('brug mig, “longan”).

compound

ཀོང་ཤིས་ལིང་ཧྲན་རྫོང་གི་འབྲུག་ཚགས་གཅིག་རྗེས་གཉིས་མཐུད་ངང་ཁྲོམ་རར་བཏོན་པ།

Lychees from Lingshan County, Guangxi, continue to be brought successively to market.

kong shis ling hran rdzong gi 'brug tshags gcig rjes gnyis mthud ngang khrom rar bton pa

Litchi chinensis
Litchi chinensis#Translingual

bo:འབྲུག་ཚགས།


ཀུམ་བི་ར

head

ཀུམ་བི་ར • (kum bi ra)


སི་པན

/si˥˨.pɛ̃˥˥/


འབུ་སྲིན

འབུ་སྲིན • ('bu srin)


དག་ཅི

/tʰə(k̚)ˀ˩˨.t͡ɕiˑ/

དག་ཅི་སྣུམ

(botany, cooking) mint, especially Mentha royleana


མཁན་ནག

མཁན་པ (mkhan pa, “artemisia”) + ནག (nag, “black”), due to the dark color of its stems and leaves.

com

Artemisia annua
Artemisia annua#Translingual


མཁན་སྐྱ

/kʰɛ̃˥˥.caˑ/

མཁན་པ (mkhan pa, “artemisia”) + སྐྱ་བོ (skya bo, “grey”), due to the pale color of and and grey hairs on its leaves.

Artemisia sieversiana
Artemisia sieversiana#Translingual


མཁན་དཀར

/kʰɛ̃˥˥.kaː(ɹ)ˑ/

མཁན་པ (mkhan pa, “Artemisia, Ajania”) + དཀར་པོ (dkar po, “white”), due to its whitish leaves.


མཁན་དམར

/kʰɛ̃˥˥.maː(ɹ)ˑ/

མཁན་པ (mkhan pa, “artemisia”) + དམར་པོ (dmar po, “red”), due to the reddish stems and flowers.

a variety of Artemisia with reddish stems and flowers


དབྱི

Schuessler (2007) compares this to Old Chinese 貔 (OC *bi, “panther-like felid”) and proposes probable Sino-Tibetan origin for both.


བྱི་རུག

head

བྱི་རུག • (byi rug)

/t͡ɕʰi˩˨.ʐu(k̚)ˀ˥˨/

various plants of the mint family, primarily Elsholtzia, and also Nepeta, Schizonepeta and Mentha, used in traditional medicine


བྱི་རུག་པ

བྱི་རུག་པ • (byi rug pa)

→ Mongolian: жирүгва (žirügva)

/t͡ɕʰi˩˨.ʐu(k̚)ˀ˥˨.pəˑ/

various plants of the mint family, primarily Elsholtzia, especially Elsholtzia densa, but also including Nepeta, Schizonepeta and Mentha, used in traditional medicine


སེ་བ

Rosa sericea, the silky rose, used in Tibetan medicine