bai

any of species Etelis carbunculus and Etelis radiosus of snappers.


tom

From Javanese ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀ (tom), from Old Javanese tom.

Indigofera tinctoria
Indigofera tinctoria#Translingual


hai

Cognate with West Makian fai (“millipede”).


amo

→ Gorontalo: amo

Artocarpus altilis
Artocarpus altilis#Translingual

the breadfruit tree (Artocarpus altilis)


bori

Cognate with Galela bori, Tobelo bori, Pagu bori, all possibly loans from Ternate.

the plant Anamirta cocculus; its seeds are crushed to make a fish poison


suo

the obtuse barracuda (Sphyraena obtusata)


utu

toutu (exclusive first-person plural)
foutu (first-person plural)
miutu (first-person plural)
noutu (exclusive plural second-person)
niutu (plural second-person)
outu (masculine plural third-person)
iutu (masculine third-person)
youtu (masculine third-person)
moutu (feminine masculine)
iutu (feminine)
youtu (feminine)
iutu (masculine neuter)
iutu (neuter)
youtu (neuter)


tela

Given by Hayami-Allen to be from Portuguese [Term?].


koi

Possibly related to Tabaru koyu (“banana”), synonym of the more common Tabaru term bole.


tato

any of several fish among the triggerfish (Balistidae) and the filefish (Monacanthidae)


rica

→ North Moluccan Malay: rica

Manado Malay: rica
→ Indonesian: rica

Likely from an older, unattested form *marica, from Malay merica, from Pali marica, from Sanskrit मरिच (marica). The initial ma was likely reinterpreted as the possessive.


turi

Likely from Malay turi (“Sesbania grandiflora”).

vegetable hummingbird
vegetable hummingbird

Sesbania grandiflora
Sesbania grandiflora#Translingual

vegetable hummingbird (Sesbania grandiflora)


bika

bika maahi


balo

Likely related to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baluj; see Uneapa balu (“dove”).

either the wood pigeon or the green pigeon


dumdum

Likely from an older *dumudumu, from Proto-North Halmahera, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lumut. Compare Sahu ḏuḏumutu, Tobelo lulumiti.


uri

Cognate with West Makian weri (“rattan”).


radis

Likely from Dutch radijs, ultimately from Latin rādīx.


toni

any of several flying fish in the genus Cypselurus


kabi

Adapted from Classical Malay کمبيڠ (kambing).


bua

Cognate with West Makian bual (“termite”).


sako

needlefish, fish in the family Belonidae


dolosi

دولوسي (Jawi)

certain species of fish, the species Caesio cuning¹ or certain species of the genus Plectorhinchus²


bibi

any of several fish in Tetraodontidae and Ostraciidae


tusa

Cognate with Ambonese Malay tusa (“cat”).

tusa malako


afu

toafu (exclusive first-person plural)
foafu (first-person plural)
miafu (first-person plural)
noafu (exclusive plural second-person)
niafu (plural second-person)
oafu (masculine plural third-person)
iafu (masculine third-person)
yoafu (masculine third-person)
moafu (feminine masculine)
iafu (feminine)
yoafu (feminine)
iafu (masculine neuter)
iafu (neuter)
yoafu (neuter)


bete

→ Gorontalo: bete

Colocasia antiquorum
Colocasia antiquorum


ube

the slender sprat (Spratelloides gracilis)


tagetage

تاݢي تاݢي (Jawi)

Possibly cognate with Javanese ꦠꦼꦏꦶ (teki, “Cyperus rotundus”). This etymon is also possibly reflected in the Ternate takki recorded by Filet, a term which de Clercq labels "minder goed" (“not as good”).

cog

Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus rotundus#Translingual


rorum

From older rorumu, with word-final vowel deletion.

Alternative form of rorumu (Heritiera littoralis)


rore

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual


bose

Solanum nigrum
Solanum nigrum#Translingual

the European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)


gani

From Proto-North Halmahera *gani (“head louse”).


rairai

An ox knee plant (Achyranthes bidentata)


ligua

Pterocarpus indicus
Pterocarpus indicus#Translingual

the Burmese rosewood, angsana (Pterocarpus indicus)


widu

any of several fish of the genus Kyphosus


nyao

From Proto-North Halmahera *nawok (fish).


bukubuku

Possibly onomatopoeic; compare English boobook, said to come from its call.


kaso

From Proto-North Halmahera *kaso (“dog”).

Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris#Translingual


ubo

Within North Halmaheran, cognate with Sahu ubolo, Loloda uboro, etc. Likely also related to Kwaio 'ufo'ufo (“female eclectus”).

Eclectus roratus
Eclectus roratus#Translingual

the female (red) eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus ssp. roratus)


siba

a kind of bird, some kind of small green cockatoo


arut

Possibly from Indonesian ararut (with haplology), ultimately from English arrowroot, from Lokono aru-aru.

Maranta arundinacea
Maranta arundinacea#Translingual


campada

چمڤادة (Jawi)

From Classical Malay چمڤدق (“cempedak”).


siafu

Cognate with Sahu siau, Galela siapu, Loloda siau.

Dioscorea esculenta
Dioscorea esculenta#Translingual

the plant Dioscorea esculenta var. tiliifolia


soki

the large-leafed orange mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorhiza)


kusu

Imperata cylindrica
Imperata cylindrica#Translingual

alang-alang, kunai grass (Imperata cylindrica)


tarusi

any of several fish (mackerels) in the genus Scomberomorus


dowora

دووراة (Jawi)


sulasi

Ultimately from Old Javanese sulasih, from Sanskrit तुलसी (tulasī).

Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicum#Translingual


gagu

Compare Tobelo gaguru (“vegetable fern”).

the vegetable fern (Diplazium esculentum)


samaka

→ Sahu: samaka

→ Tabaru: samaka

From Malay semangka, from Javanese ꦱꦼꦩꦔ꧀ꦏ (semangka), or directly from Javanese.


fuo

a cover name for two different legumes
the catjang

Vigna radiata
Vigna radiata#Translingual

a cover name for two different legumes
the mung bean (Vigna radiata)


woka

the humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis)


bifi

→ North Moluccan Malay: bifi

→ Manado Malay: bifi

→ Sahu: bifi

Possibly from N- (“nominalizer”) + fifi (“to suck”).


susai

Brassica juncea
Brassica juncea#Translingual


bobooca

→ Galela: bobooca

→ Manado Malay: boboca (“octopus”)

→? Modole: boboota

→ Pagu: bobooca

→ Tabaru: bobo'oca

→ Tobelo: bobooca


balacai hisa

Jatropha curcas
Jatropha curcas#Translingual

Jatropha curcas (Barbados nut, purging nut, physic nut)


gaumedi

Syzygium aromaticum
Syzygium aromaticum#Translingual


balibi

From Classical Malay بليمبيڠ (“belimbing”) (cf. Malay belimbing).


bataka

Kaempferia galanga
Kaempferia galanga#Translingual


bualawa

بواه لاوه (Jawi)

Ultimately from Austronesian; compare Malay bunga lawang and Balinese ᬩᬸᬯᬄᬮᬯᬂ (buwah lawang), both meaning cloves. Cognates include Gorontalo hungolawa, Asilulu pukalawane, Hitu pualawane.

raja bualawa


balacai roriha

Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis#Translingual


aliguro

Tabernaemontana divaricata
Tabernaemontana divaricata#Translingual

A flower of species Tabernaemontana divaricata


arudang

Likely from Dutch, possibly from ruiten, plural of ruit (“rue”).

Ruta graveolens
Ruta graveolens#Translingual

rue (Ruta graveolens, Ruta angustifolia, Ruta chalepensis)


asibii

From Indonesian kasbi, from Dutch cassave, ultimately from Taíno *kasabi.


ruturutu

روتو روتو (Jawi)


rorumu

Cognate with Galela rorumu, Tobelo rorumu.

looking-glass mangrove (Heritiera littoralis)


kabi ma gosi

Literally, "goat's testicles"; likely named for the fruit. Compare the equivalent Tidore kabi ma hoso.


rufu

torufu (exclusive first-person plural)
forufu (first-person plural)
mirufu (first-person plural)
norufu (exclusive plural second-person)
nirufu (plural second-person)
orufu (masculine plural third-person)
irufu (masculine third-person)
yorufu (masculine third-person)
morufu (feminine masculine)
irufu (feminine)
yorufu (feminine)
irufu (masculine neuter)
irufu (neuter)
yorufu (neuter)


balkama

Cognate with Manado Malay balakama (“kemangi, lemon basil”).


bibilatu

بيبيلاتو (Jawi)


bidobido

Possibly a reduplication of bido (“betel”)

large-leafed orange mangrove
large-leafed orange mangrove

large-leafed orange mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorhiza)


bolebole

the lined dottyback (Labracinus lineatus)


bonci

Likely ultimately from Dutch boontje (“small bean”), possibly through Indonesian buncis.


buanona

Annona reticulata
Annona reticulata#Translingual


buasau

Manilkara zapota
Manilkara zapota#Translingual


buano

The first element may reflect Malay buah (“fruit”).

Aegle marmelos
Aegle marmelos#Translingual


buroburo

Possibly a reduplication of buro (“large shrimp”), in reference to its seeds.

Borassus flabellifer
Borassus flabellifer#Translingual


uboubo

Reduplication of ubo (“the grand eclectus”), presumably for the flower's similar coloring.

rdp

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis#Translingual

the Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)


ugauga

the crêpe ginger (Cheilocostus speciosus)


tabadiku

تابديکو (Jawi)


tabisasu

تبيساسو (Jawi)

Possibly from tabi (“to bring together”) + sasu (“to slide”), for its use in weaving. Also cognate with Matbat tabisasu and Tobelo tabihahu (“Acriopsis javanica”), among other identifications.

com

a kind of orchid; its leaves have been used for plaiting and weaving (baskets, hats, etc.)


tagalolo

تاݢلولو (Jawi)

Manado Malay: tagalolo


tagalngana

تݢلڠان (Jawi)


tadu

totadu (exclusive first-person plural)
fotadu (first-person plural)
mitadu (first-person plural)
notadu (exclusive plural second-person)
nitadu (plural second-person)
otadu (masculine plural third-person)
itadu (masculine third-person)
yotadu (masculine third-person)
motadu (feminine masculine)
itadu (feminine)
yotadu (feminine)
itadu (masculine neuter)
itadu (neuter)
yotadu (neuter)

(transitive) to shade, to shadow, to cast a shadow by covering


takome

Morinda citrifolia
Morinda citrifolia#Translingual


fokifoki

→ Manado Malay: foki-foki

→ North Moluccan Malay: foki-foki

→ Balantak: poki-poki'

Recorded first by Filet as fokki-fokki, which de Clercq labels "minder goed" (“not as good”). Cognate with Tobelo woki-woki (“eggplant”).


fofoki

Either by haplology from fokifoki (“eggplant”) or by partial reduplication of an unrecorded root foki.


tatabola

any (or all) of several species of fish in Toxotes; the archerfish


tatameri

any (or all) of the several following fish: Zenopsis nebulosa, Zenopsis conchifer, Antigonia rhomboidea, Mene maculata, and fish in the family Leiognathidae


tawasela

the Moluccan albizia (Falcataria moluccana)


teoteo

any of the trees Cordia myxa, Cordia blancoi, and Cordia dichotoma


tigalo

From older تڠݢالو (tinggalu), from Classical Malay تڠݢالوڠ (tenggalung).

Viverra tangalunga
Viverra tangalunga#Translingual


nyoa

According to de Clercq (pg. 352), this is an unidentified loan.


fanili

From the obsolete Dutch vanielje (cf. Modern Dutch vanille), from French vanille, from Spanish vainilla.


goraka

togoraka (exclusive first-person plural)
fogoraka (first-person plural)
migoraka (first-person plural)
nogoraka (exclusive plural second-person)
nigoraka (plural second-person)
ogoraka (masculine plural third-person)
igoraka (masculine third-person)
yogoraka (masculine third-person)
mogoraka (feminine masculine)
igoraka (feminine)
yogoraka (feminine)
igoraka (masculine neuter)
igoraka (neuter)
yogoraka (neuter)


totofuko

تتفوکو (Jawi)

Averrhoa carambola
Averrhoa carambola#Translingual


tuteba

any or all of the fish Triacanthus biaculeatus, Triacanthus nieuhofii, and Trixiphichthys weberi


waringi

واريڠي (Jawi)

Likely from Javanese ꦮꦫꦶꦔꦶꦤ꧀ (waringin), from Old Javanese wariṅin.


sabeta

sago grub, a grub or worm that grows on the sago plant


salimuli

ساليمولي (Jawi)


samasama

the variegated lizardfish (Synodus variegatus)


samaka furu

the tiger's footprint (Ipomoea pes-tigridis


sambiki

Lagenaria siceraria
Lagenaria siceraria#Translingual

the calabash, bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)


seho

Arenga pinnata
Arenga pinnata#Translingual


sikuda

the sweetlip emperor (Lethrinus miniatus)


singoro

the two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar)


guae

May be related to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wai (“mango”).

Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica#Translingual


soasoa

Cognate with Indonesian soa-soa (“Hydrosaurus amboinensis”).


sogili

Monopterus albus
Monopterus albus#Translingual


sonyiha

Possibly related to nyiha (“Canarium indicum”).

Biancaea sappan
Biancaea sappan#Translingual


guraci

From N- (nominalizer) + kuraci (“yellow”). Compare also Tidore guraci (“gold”).


sosoro gai

any of a number of hairy, stinging, or itchy caterpillars


souyu

the moths Ebodina simplex or Ebodina circensis


soweko

سوويکو (Jawi)


sosuko

May be a partial reduplication of an unattested *suko. If so, compare Sahu susu'ono (“to be leaking”).


subasuba

Reduplication of suba (“to praise, to worship”).


rambega

Likely from Malay rembega (compare also Malay lembega, lembiaga).

Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis gigantea#Translingual


rajabau

the fish Plectorhinchus lessonii or Plectorhinchus vittatus


fetefete

the poison bulb or giant crinum lily (Crinum asiaticum)


fitake

Ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bitaquʀ, possibly through Proto-Oceanic *pitaquR.

Calophyllum inophyllum
Calophyllum inophyllum#Translingual


nyiha

Cognate with West Makian ifa (“kenari”), Sula ipa (“kenari”).


posiposi

ڤوسي ڤوسي (Jawi)


gunange

the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina)


tasube

From Javanese tasbèh, from Arabic تَسْبِيح (tasbīḥ). The second meaning may derive from a possible use of the seeds of Canna indica for making a misbaha.


tuada

Compare Sahu cuada'a, Waioli tuada'a, Tobelo tuada, cuaraka, Galela tuada; the exact relationship between each of these is uncertain. Externally, compare Banjarese tiwadak, Brunei Malay tibadak, suggesting an early Austronesian borrowing.