harap

Borrowed from Malay hadap (“to face”) or Old Javanese harĕp, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qadəp. Compare Yakan harap.

actual attendance; actual performance (of one's duty)

submission for discussion or approval (of papers, reports, etc.)


tanda

[t̪ɐn̪ˈd̪aʔ]

Possibly a borrowing from Old Javanese taṇḍa or Modern Javanese ꦠꦤ꧀ꦝ (tandha), where it referred to a military ensign. Compare Bikol Central tanda, Cebuano tanda, and Malay tanda.

act of remembering; act of retaining one's memory


tanda

shift; turn; rotation (in one's work, performance, etc.)


tatu

tatú (canonical)
tatû (canonical)
ᜆᜆᜓ (Baybayin)


taga

Possibly from Proto-Austronesian *taʀaq (“hewing with an adze”). Compare Cebuano taga and Malay tarah.

inh

big cut or wound inflicted by a large knife, bolo, cutlass, etc.; slash; gash

act of hacking or stabbing (with a large knife, bolo, cutlass, etc.)

(figurative, colloquial) overpriced price

(figurative, colloquial) commission; fee on merchandise

(figurative, colloquial) exploitation of someone else's money


pasa

Borrowed from Spanish pasa, an inflection of pasar.

passed; qualified (successfully reaching or exceeding a set score, grade, or requirement in an examination or similar ordeal)


pasa

pass (a single movement, especially of a hand, at, over or along anything)

(medicine) bellyband; abdominal band; girdle (worn by babies to protect the navel)


kuha

kuha (canonical)
kuhà (canonical)
ᜃᜓᜑ (Baybayin)

From Proto-Central Philippine *kúha(ʔ) (“to get; to take”). Compare Bikol Central kua, Cebuano kuha, Kapampangan kua, Maranao kowa, and Tausug kawaꞌ. According to Zorc (2021), it might be from Proto-Austronesian *kuSa (“work”) with semantic reassignment. Compare Kavalan kuway (“to work in the field”) and Isnag kuwa (“to work”).

take; grab; act of getting (as with one's hand)

Maganda ang kuha mo sa akin.

capture; shot; snap; taking (of a picture)

(by extension) act of stealing something


kuha

gotten the hang of something; managed to learn to handle something

having inherited certain features (as from one's parents)


kuha

similar to the original (as of a picture or drawing)


busa

continuous popping or bursting sound (as caused by continuous, rapid gunfire)

act of roasting cereals to make them pop or burst (such as corn, rice, etc.)


busa

loud disputation with mild reproach; angry quarrel with abusive words


tenedor

[t̪ɛ.n̪ɛˈd̪oɾ]

[t̪ɪ.n̪ɪˈd̪oɾ]

Borrowed from Spanish tenedor (“fork; holder”).


toka

Borrowed from Spanish toca, third-person singular of tocar (“to be someone's time or turn”).

act of assigning a kind of work or duty to someone


muta

From Proto-Philippine *mutaq, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mutəq (“gummy secretion of the eyes”). Compare Ilocano muta, Bikol Central muta, Agutaynen metek, Cebuano muta, Hiligaynon muta, Northern Kankanay bota, Tboli mutok, Malagasy moty, and Nias mutõ.

inh

gound; mote; rheum or gummy secretion in the eyes


muta

Alternative spelling of mutha (“a kind of grass”)


San Diego

tl-proper noun

San Diego (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜈ᜔ ᜇᜒᜌᜒᜄᜓ)

[ˌsan̪ ˈd͡ʒɛː.ɣo]

Borrowed from Spanish San Diego (“St. James”).

bor+

several locations in the Philippines named after St. James


kar

Borrowed from English car, from Middle English carre, from Anglo-Norman carre, from Old Northern French, from Latin carrus. Doublet of karo.


bila

bilâ (canonical)
bilà (canonical)
ᜊᜒᜎ (Baybayin)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bilaq (“part split off”). Compare Maranao bila' (“brittleness; crispness”), Malay bilah (“thin strip or lath”) and Javanese ꦮꦶꦭꦃ (wilah, “long thin stick”).

cog

bamboo splits fastened horizontally along the length of a bamboo fence to reinforce it


kanto

Borrowed from Spanish canto, from Latin cantus (“metal rim of a wheel”), of Celtic origin.

corner, especially the intersection of two streets


kari

Borrowed from English curry, from Tamil கறி (kaṟi). Doublet of karí (“cafeteria food”).


kari

Borrowed from Malay kari, from Tamil கறி (kaṟi). Doublet of kari (“curry”).

any ready-cooked dish served in a restaurant or eatery


mulat

From Proto-Central Philippine *muklat (“to open eyes”). Compare Ilocano buragat (“eyes opened wide”) / mulagat (“wide-eyed”), Kapampangan mulikat (“open one's eyes”), Kapampangan mulat (“open the eyes”), Asi mukyat (“to open eyes”), Masbatenyo muklat (“open the eyes”), Bikol Central buklat (“opening one's eyes”), Aklanon mukeat (“to realize”), Cebuano buklat (“for the eyes to open”), Hiligaynon muklat (“to open the eyes”), Maranao borarat (“open eyes wide”), Tausug bulat (“eyes open”), and Javanese ꦩꦸꦭꦠ꧀ (mulat, “to look at; to see”).

(figuratively) act of enlightening or educating someone


mulat

(figurative) enlightened; educated; trained; conscious; awakened


mulat

Aking mumulat-mulat, at kinuha mo.

act of owning something to be one's property


kusi

Borrowed from Spanish cocer, from Late Latin cocere, from Latin coquere.

engagement in a special culinary activity


hanga

Hanga ako sa kanyang pagpapakumbaba.

(literally, “I am filled with admiration to his humility.”)


hanga

Pittosporum resiniferum
w:Pittosporum resiniferum


bura

Borrowed from Spanish borrar (“to erase”).

bor+

vociferous outburst of anger or displeasure


tupa

Borrowed from Spanish topa (“it hits; it knocks”), third-person singular present indicative, of topar (“to knock against; to bump into; to collide; to ram”) because sheep bump into each other when fighting. Alternatively, Potet (2016) posits the etymology to be from Tamil ஆட்டுப்பட்டி (āṭṭuppaṭṭi, “flock of sheep”). Sheep are not native to the Philippines. Compare Sambali topa.

der

ஆட்டுப்பட்டி


tupa

Compare Spanish topar (“to bump; to clash with another”). See also etymology 1.


pili

From Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pili(h). Compare Hiligaynon pili, Waray-Waray pili, Cebuano pili, Bikol Central pili, Hanunoo pili, Ibanag pili, and Iban empili.


pili

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *piliq. Compare Tausug pī' and Malay pilih.


tribu

Borrowed from Spanish tribu, from Latin tribus.

(anthropology) tribe (society larger than a band)


Gemma

Borrowed from English Gemma, from Latin gemma.


pesa

Clipping of Hokkien 白煠魚／白煠鱼 (pe̍h-sa̍h hî, literally “blanched / boiled fish”).

bor

fish boiled in rice with ginger and vegetables


sula

Ultimately from Sanskrit चूड (cūḍa, “crest; diadem”).

carbuncle; shiny, bright deep red gem (especially a garnet with a smooth, convex surface)

(pathology) carbuncle (inflamed swelling like a boil)

glow at the tip of the tongue of some nocturnal reptiles


sula

Ultimately from Sanskrit शूल (śūla, “lance; pike”). Compare Malay sula (“pointed stick”).


kanta

Borrowed from Spanish canta, from Latin cantāre.


siga

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *siga (“spark, bright light”).

inh

fire made by burning garbage, weeds, etc.


okupa

act of occupying or residing (in a place)

act of occupying or filling (a space, container, mind, etc.)


Pangasinan

tl-proper noun

Pangasinán (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜅ᜔ᜄᜐᜒᜈᜈ᜔)

Pangasinán (canonical)
ᜉᜅ᜔ᜄᜐᜒᜈᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish Pangasinán, from Pangasinan Pangasinan, from panag-asinan, from asin.

Pangasinan (a province of the Ilocos Region, Luzon, Philippines; capital: Lingayen; largest city: San Carlos)

the Pangasinense people predominant in Pangasinan and Tarlac


satay

Borrowed from English satay, from Malay sate, from Tamil சதை (catai, “flesh”). Compare Tausug satti.


litas

short cut on each lower side of a shirt, barong Tagalog, etc.

placket (small slits on a sewn material)


kiri

siren (women who lures, tempts, or entices)


siil

oppressed; maltreated (by a ruler, superior, etc.)


siil

oppression; maltreatment (by a ruler, superior, etc.)

suppression; crushing (of people's rights, etc.)


suki

Borrowed from Hokkien 主客 (chú-kheh, “regular customer or dealer”), as per Chan-Yap (1980). Cognates to Ilocano suki, Pangasinan suki, Bikol Central suki, Cebuano suki, and Tausug sukiꞌ. Compare Tagalog singki~Hokkien 新客 (sin-kheh), Tagalog Singson~Hokkien 曾孫／曾孙 (cheng-sun/tsing-sun), Tagalog sili~Spanish chili, Tagalog sitsirya~tsitsirya, Tagalog sinelas~tsinelas.

bor+

regular and long-standing customer or client (who may receive special treatment due to patronage)

(dialectal) regular vendor or dealer (which one buys from)


suki

cross-like support or prop placed inside houses

act of propping up or shoring up (something)


peseta

[pɛˈsɛː.t̪ɐ]

(historical) former coin worth twenty centavos


sakal

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *cəkəl. Compare Malay cekal (“to seize; to clutch”).


Jefferson

tl-proper noun

Jéffersón (Baybayin spelling ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒᜉᜒᜇ᜔ᜐᜓᜈ᜔)

Jéffersón (canonical)
ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒᜉᜒᜇ᜔ᜐᜓᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ˌd͡ʒɛː.fɛɾˈson̪]

[ˌd͡ʒɛː.pɛɾˈson̪]

a male given name from English [in turn transferred from the surname]


biga

bigà (canonical)
biga (canonical)
ᜊᜒᜄ (Baybayin)


biga

Alocasia macrorrhizos
Alocasia macrorrhizos#Translingual


biga

root of words meaning "glibness of the tongue", such as malabiga

root of words meaning "fault-finding habit", such as malabiga


Ignacio

[ʔɪɡˈn̪aː.ʃo]

Arnell Ignacio, Filipino game show host, comedian, actor, news anchor, and singer-songwriter.

a surname from Spanish, notably borne by:


Asuncion

Asunción (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜐᜓᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜌᜓᜈ᜔)

Asunción (canonical)
ᜀᜐᜓᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜌᜓᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ʔɐ.sʊn̪ˈʃon̪]

Borrowed from Spanish Asunción, from asunción (“assumption (of Mary to heaven)”), in reference to the Our Lady of the Assumption (Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), a religious epithet for Mary.

a surname from Spanish, the 81st most common in the Philippines

A municipality of Davao del Norte, Philippines


eme

Borrowed from Spanish eme, the Spanish name of the letter M/m.

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter M/m, in the Abecedario


eme

Possibly from Spanish eme (“M”), euphemism of mierda (“shit; crap”) by taking its first letter. Compare kiyeme. See also lamyerda, lakwatsa.

term used for any object whose actual name the speaker does not know or cannot remember: thingamajig; whatchamacallit; thingy; dingus


aho

Borrowed from Spanish ajo, from Latin allium. Compare Cebuano ahos.


apo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ampu (“grandparent/grandchild (reciprocal)”), from Proto-Austronesian *apu (“grandparent/grandchild (reciprocal)”).


San Jose

San José (canonical)
ᜐᜈ᜔ ᜑᜓᜐᜒ (Baybayin)

several locations in the Philippines named after St. Joseph:

San Jose (a city in Nueva Ecija, Philippines)

San Jose (a municipality, the provincial capital of Antique, Philippines)

San Jose (a municipality of Batangas, Philippines)

San Jose (a municipality of Tarlac, Philippines)

San Jose (a municipality, the capital of the Dinagat Islands, Caraga, Philippines)

a Christian surname from Spanish, taken from the saint


Arabe

Arabé (canonical)
Arabe (canonical)
ᜀᜇᜊᜒ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish árabe, from Latin Arabs, from Ancient Greek Ἄραψ (Áraps), from Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab).


Arabe

Arab (of or pertaining to Arabs and their nations)


bundok

→ English: boondock

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bunduk. Compare Kapampangan bunduk.

(figurative) large pile; large heap (of something)


i-

i- + bili (“buy”) → ibili (“to buy something for someone”)

Ibili mo ako ng saging.

benefactive trigger: to perform the action of the verb for someone or something (expresses various kinds of actions)

i- + tapon (“throw”) → itapon (“to throw”)

Itapon mo iyan sa basurahan.

object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions)

i- + sulat (“write”) → isulat (“to use something for writing”)

Isulat mo ng listahan ang lapis.

instrumental trigger: to use something for a certain purpose (expresses various kinds of actions)


UNA

United Nationalist Alliance
w:United Nationalist Alliance


hubo

From Proto-Central Philippine *hubuʔ. Compare Cebuano hubo (“undress”), Hiligaynon hubu (“naked”), and Tausug hubu' (“bare; naked”).


hubo

state of being naked from the waist down


danas

experiencing; actual living through of an event


alak

Borrowed from Malay arak (“liquor”), from Arabic عَرَق (ʕaraq, “arak”). Compare Bikol Central arak, Chamorro arak, and Ilocano arak.


binti

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bintiq (“calf-kicking contest”). Compare Isnag bitti (“smallest part of leg”), Maranao binti' (“kick; game”), Tausug binti' (“knee-bending game”), and Malay benteh (“kicking with calf-bone”).

part of the leg between the knee and the ankle


taon

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqun. Compare Ilocano tawen, Agutaynen takon, Maranao tahon / ta'on, Tausug tahun, Malay tahun, Malagasy taona, Maori tau, and Hawaiian kau (“season”). See also Proto-Austronesian *CawiN (“year”).

chance happening; coincidence (especially in mataon and kataon)

act of doing something to coincide with another

(obsolete) act of being a go-between for admitting guests in one's house

Dili kita nagtaon niyong kamakailan.

The two of us did not come across each other recently.

(obsolete) encounter of two people at some place (especially by chance)

Saan mo nataunan siya? Nataunan ko sa bahay niya.

Where did you happen to find him? I found him at his home.

(obsolete) finding someone being looked for by chance


taon

(attack of) convulsion (especially in children and infants)


tinda

tl-noun

tindá or tinda (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜒᜈ᜔ᜇ)

tindá (canonical)
tinda (canonical)
ᜆᜒᜈ᜔ᜇ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish tienda, from Early Medieval Latin or Late Latin tenda, from Vulgar Latin *tendita, substantivized feminine of *tenditus, as a variant form of tentus. Compare English tent.

sale (act of selling goods or articles, as in a store or stall, especially by retail)


puno

From Proto-Philippine *pənuq, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pənuq, from Proto-Austronesian *pəNuq. Akin to Malay penuh.


puno

From Greater Central Philippine *punuq, metathesis of Proto-Philippine *puqun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puqun (“base of a tree; cause; source, origin”). Compare Cebuano puno, Maranao pono'an, Tausug puun, and Malay pohon. Doublet of puhunan. See also poon. Possibly related to Hokkien 本 (pún, “source; origin; root; foundation”).


kapal

From Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kapal or Proto-Austronesian *kaS(ə)pal. Compare Indonesian kapal (“thickening skin”) and Malay kapal (“thickening skin”).

Ang kapal talaga ng hayop na yun!

(colloquial, derogatory) Ellipsis of kapal ng mukha.


kapal

Unknown. Possibly related to etymology 1 or an apocope from Malay kepala (“head, source (metaphorical)”), from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “head”).

bor

kapal na tinapay

kapal na pagkit


pulo

From Proto-Philippine *pujuq. Compare Tausug pū', Balinese ᬧᬸᬮᭀ (pulo), Javanese ꦥꦸꦭꦺꦴ (pulo), and Malay pulau.

island (area of land completely surrounded by water)


pulo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puluq. Compare Malay puluh.


tawa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tawa, from Proto-Austronesian *Cawa. Compare Malay tawa.


weder

Borrowed from English weather, from Middle English weder, wedir, from Old English weder.


guya

Borrowed from Hokkien 牛仔 (gû-iá, “young calf”), with an obsolete form of the suffix. Compare kuya.

bor+

University of Santo Tomas#Libraries and archives


nangingitlog

tl-head

nangingitlóg (Baybayin spelling ᜈᜅᜒᜅᜒᜆ᜔ᜎᜓᜄ᜔)

nangingitlóg (canonical)
ᜈᜅᜒᜅᜒᜆ᜔ᜎᜓᜄ᜔ (Baybayin)


bili

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəli, from Proto-Austronesian *bəli. Compare Kapampangan abli, Tausug bī, and Malay beli.

purchase price; amount paid for something one bought

(dated or uncommon) sale; act of selling


anislag

[ʔɐˈn̪is.lɐɡ̚]

Flueggea flexuosa, a tree endemic to the Philippines


nina

mga bisikleta nina Juan at Juana

possessive particle, used only with personal names

ergative marker used with personal names, equivalent of ng mga used with common nouns.


balintawak

tl-noun

balintawák (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜎᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜏᜃ᜔)

balintawák (canonical)
ᜊᜎᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜏᜃ᜔ (Baybayin)

Blust (2010–) posits that it may be a borrowing, although the dress style in question apparently was a Spanish introduction, the name is native and may have once had other referents (cf. *balintawafk ^([sic]) 'plant sp.). Compare Kapampangan balintauak (“Doryxylon spinosum”).

ncog

balintawak (style of Filipina native dress, with a large kerchief folded over one shoulder)


nangitlog

nangitlóg (canonical)
ᜈᜅᜒᜆ᜔ᜎᜓᜄ᜔ (Baybayin)


almasiga

tl-noun

almásigá or almasiga (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜎ᜔ᜋᜐᜒᜄ)

almásigá (canonical)
almasiga (canonical)
ᜀᜎ᜔ᜋᜐᜒᜄ (Baybayin)

almaciga; Agathis philippensis (tree and resin derived from it)


anubing

[ʔɐˈn̪uː.bɪŋ]

[ʔɐ.n̪ʊˈbiŋ]

Artocarpus lacucha
Wikispecies:Artocarpus lacucha


boso

Borrowed from Spanish buzo (“diver”), from Portuguese búzio (“snail”), from Latin būcinum (“curved war trumpet”).


bakal

From Proto-Philippine *bakal (“spear used in warfare,throw a spear at someone”), or from Malay bakal (“raw material”), from Malay bakal (“future, prospective”), probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *[b]kəl[ ] (“to give, make over”).

der

(slang) act of cheating money from someone


bakal

stave tipped with iron used in planting seed or seedlings

act of digging small holes in the ground with a stave for planting


bakal

planted in the manner of digging small holes in the ground (of seeds or seedlings)


aguho

tl-noun

aguhò or aguhô (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜄᜓᜑᜓ)

aguhò (canonical)
aguhô (canonical)
ᜀᜄᜓᜑᜓ (Baybayin)

[ʔɐˈɣuː.hoʔ]

Casuarina equisetifolia
Casuarina equisetifolia#Translingual

Australian pine tree (Casuarina equisetifolia)


kapre

Borrowed from Spanish cafre, from Arabic كَافِر (kāfir, “unbeliever”), originally referring to the East African slaves brought by the Portuguese and sold in Manila as "Cafres".

(folklore) ogre or giant believed to smoke cigars and live in old trees, especially balete (banyan) trees


banaba

From Proto-Philippine *banabá. Cognate with Cebuano banaba.


ugat

From Proto-Philippine *uʀat (cf. Karao ulat (“vein”), Kapampangan uyat, Tiruray urat (“vein”)), Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uʀat (cf. Fijian ua (“vein”), Javanese ꦲꦸꦫꦠ꧀ (urat, “nerve”), Malagasy ozatra (“muscle”), Malay urat (“vein”), Maori ua (“vein”), Palauan ngurd (“vein”)), from Proto-Austronesian *huʀaC (cf. Amis olat (“tendon”), Bunun ulat, Sakizaya ulat (“tendon”)). The linguistics sense is a semantic loan from Spanish raíz.

(anatomy) root (of one's tooth, hair, etc.)


harang

Borrowed from Malay hadang. Compare hadlang.

act of preventing passage (of someone or something)

interception on the way to prevent passage (of someone or something)


libo

Borrowed from Malay ribu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀibu. (cf. Bikol Central ribo, Cebuano libo, Cuyunon ribo, Hiligaynon libo, Isnag ribu, Javanese ꦲꦺꦮꦸ (èwu), Lubuagan Kalinga libu, Malagasy arivo, Malay ribu, Maranao nggibo, Tausug ibu, Tetum rihun, Wolio rewu, and Yogad ribu). Also theorized to be late enough to be borrowed from Arabic رِبْوَة (ribwa), which meant “myriad” in reference to currency.


libo

(dialectal, Quezon) act of fooling, deceiving, or hoodwinking


Santiago

Chinese Filipino
Guan Yu
James, brother of Jesus
Jose Rizal
St. James

Borrowed from Spanish Santiago (“St. James”).
The Guan Yu sense among Chinese Filipinos is due to a syncretic association of the said deified Chinese general with St. James, who are both known for their assertiveness and heroism, which non-Chinese and people like Jose Rizal during the 19th century first associated with and/or surmised the Chinese folk deities venerated by Chinese Filipinos on Chinese altars and prints with popular Christian or Muslim figures.

bor+

(biblical) James (book of the New Testament)

a male given name from Spanish, equivalent to English James

Several places in the Philippines named after St. James:

Santiago (a municipality of Ilocos Sur, Philippines)

Santiago (a municipality of Surigao del Sur, Philippines)

Santiago (an island in Pangasinan, Philippines)

Santiago de Chile
Santiago de Chile#English

Santiago, Santiago de Chile (the capital city of Chile)

(Chinese Filipino, Chinese folk religion, Taoism) Guan Yu (160-220 AD)

Chinese Filipino; Chinese folk religion; Taoism; Chinese Filipino; Chinese folk religion; Taoism

Santiago (a city in Isabela, Philippines)


oras

Borrowed from Spanish horas, plural of hora (“hour; time”). Doublet of ora.

(figurative) destined hour (of one's death)


kaya

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaya (“able, capable, strong, wealthy”). Compare Malay kaya (“wealth; power”).


kaya

Kaya natin ito!


kaya

Marami siyang ginawang trabaho, kaya pag-uwi niya'y nakatulog siya agad.

He'd done a lot of work, so as soon as he got home, he fell asleep instantly.


kaya

Ano kaya ang nangyari?

expression to indicate an uncertainty or doubt; perhaps; I wonder

Bumili ka ng karne o kaya ay isda para sa hapunan natin.

Buy meat or perhaps fish for our dinner.

used with o to connect choices being considered with uncertainty

Lagi mong iniisip na pangit ka. Maganda ka kaya.

You always think you're ugly. You're very pretty, indeed!


kaya

act of hunting for crocodiles in the river or for a man hiding in the mountain


hina

Borrowed from Malay hina, from Sanskrit हीन (hīna, “forsaken; bereft; deficient”). Compare Kapampangan ina and Bikol Central ina.

der

weakness (of power, body, blow, medicine, etc.)

softness; lowness (of sound, voice, etc.)


sigla

Borrowed from Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghra, “swift; quick; speedy”). Compare Kapampangan sigla, Tausug sigla', and Malay segera.


punda

Borrowed from Spanish funda (“wrapping”).


itlog

→ Alangan: itlog

[ʔɪt̪ˈl̪oɡ̚]

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qitəluʀ (compare Aklanon itlog, Cebuano itlog, Ilocano itlog, Kambera tilo, Malagasy atody, Malay telur, Pangutaran Sama iklug, Tausug iklug, Tetum tolun), from Proto-Austronesian *qiCəluʀ (compare Kanakanabu 'iciuru, Kavalan tiRuR and Paiwan qecilu).

Gusto kong bumili ng itlog.

O, ano, gusto mo palang basagin ko ang itlog mo!?

You want me to break your balls, don't you!?

Kuya, puwedeng pahawak ng itlog mo? Nagulat akong bigla sa sinabi niya. Bakit mo hahawakan? Kasi parang sarap himasin, parang masarap tikman at mukhang mabango. What the fuck? Ok lang kaya ito.
Bro, can I touch your balls? I'm shocked by what he said. Why will you touch it? Because I think it feels good to touch, tastes good, and smells good. What the fuck? This is OK, you know?

Mapapahagikhik ito sabay nahihiyang tingin sa pangkat ng mga batang ang sabi ng suot na uniporme'y Cecilio Apostol High School. "Huwag kang malikot," anang Announcer sa bata. "Baka 'yang itlog mo ang gawin kong sisiw."

1987, Tulay: Literary Journal of the World News:

(anatomy, euphemistic, colloquial, sometimes vulgar) testicles

(colloquial) score of zero (on an examination, game, etc.)


Josie

[ˈd͡ʒoʊ̯.sɪ]


dati

Borrowed from Malay jati (“original; pure; genuine”), from Pali jāti (“birth; nature; reality”), from Sanskrit जाति (jāti, “birth; production”), according to Zorc (1982). Doublet of hati, Henesis, and yari.

der

Siya ang dating may-ari ng kompanyang ito.

He is the previous owner of this company.

Giniba na ang dating simbahang nakatayo roon.

The old church there was already demolished.


dati

Dati nang maliit lang ang bahay na ito.

Dati kaming dumadalaw sa lolo at lola namin.

Dati silang nakatira sa Pampanga.

Bumalik kami sa dati naming pinuntahan.

We went back to the same place we went to.


muha

tl-verb

muha (complete nuha, progressive nunuha, contemplative kukuha, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜑ)

nuha (completive)
nunuha (progressive)
kukuha (contemplative)
ᜋᜓᜑ (Baybayin)

Apheretic form of kumuha (infinitive): to take


buka

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buka. Compare Bikol Central buka, Cebuano buka, and Malay buka.

open; unfolded; stretched out (as of flowers, mouths, wings, etc.)


buka

condition of being unfolded (as of flowers, mouths, wings, etc.)

act of unfolding (as of flowers, mouths, wings, etc.)


tapi

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tapiq (“apron; skirt”). Compare Cebuano tapi, Maranao tampi, and Malay tapih. Doublet of tapis.

inh

any piece of cloth used by women to cover or protect the body (while bathing, working, washing, etc.)


makanan

tl-verb

makanan (complete nakanan, progressive nakakanan, contemplative makakanan, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜃᜈᜈ᜔)

nakanan (completive)
nakakanan (progressive)
makakanan (contemplative)
ᜋᜃᜈᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)


makanan

Syncopic form of makainan, from ma- + kain + -an. By surface analysis, ma- + kanan (“to eat at”).

surf

Ano, wala baga kayong mga bahay na inyong makakanan at maiinuman?

1905, Ang Dating Biblia, 1 Corinto 11:22:

Don’t you have homes to eat and drink in?

At saan man siya pumasok, ay sabihin ninyo sa puno ng sangbahayan, Sinasabi ng Guro, Saan naroon ang aking tuluyan, na makakanan ko ng kordero ng paskua na kasalo ng aking mga alagad?

Say to the owner of the house he enters, ‘The Teacher asks: Where is my guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?’


posible

Borrowed from Spanish posible (“possible”).


adik

[ˈʔaː.d̪ɪk̚]

Borrowed from English addict, from Latin addictus, past participle of addīcō (“deliver; devote; surrender”), from ad- (“to, towards, at”) + dīcō (“say; declare”). Doublet of adikto.


adik

[ˈʔaː.d̪ɪk̚]


mangga

Borrowed from Malay mangga, from a Dravidian source, possibly Malayalam മാങ്ങ (māṅṅa), Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy), or Telugu మామిడికాయ (māmiḍikāya).

cog

Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy)


asal

Borrowed from Sanskrit आचार (ācāra, “conduct; custom; practice”). Compare Malay cara.

bor+

(obsolete) skill that one has in something that he does


asal

Early borrowing from Spanish asar (“roast”). Possible doublet of asar.

(now dialectal, uncommon) roasting (of food, etc.)


kuko

From Proto-Philippine *kukuh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.


kuko

engraving for inlay; inlaid work or mosaic


tangan

[ˈt̪aː.ŋɐn̪]

Borrowed from Malay tangan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋan.

(figurative) possession; ownership (of power, responsibility, etc.)


tangan

[ˈt̪aː.ŋɐn̪]


tasik

From Proto-Philippine *tasik, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tasik.

saltwater filtered through sand in the process of saltmaking


bini

See also Bikol Central bini, Malay bini, and Brunei Malay bini.


tambang

people lying in wait (for the enemy or wild game)


tambang

wooden, bamboo, or metal peg in the ground to which a gamecock is tied

net trap or snare (for catching wild game or a person)


pandan

From Proto-Philippine *paŋdan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋədan, from Proto-Austronesian *paŋudaN.

any plant of the genus Pandanus of screw pines


nami

Dioscorea hispida
Wikispecies:Dioscorea hispida

Indian three-leaved yam (Dioscorea hispida, a species of plant bearing fleshy rootstocks which are edible if properly treated and poisonous if not)


migmig

From the syllable mig on immigration agents.


kulit

tl-noun

kulít or kulit (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜓᜎᜒᜆ᜔)

kulít (canonical)
kulit (canonical)
ᜃᜓᜎᜒᜆ᜔ (Baybayin)

persistence; insistence; obstinancy; stubbornness


kulit

continuously stubborn; obstinate; insistent; persistent


kulit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kulit (“skin; hide; rind; bark”), from Proto-Austronesian *kuliC (“rind, peeling of fruits or tubers”). Compare Maranao kolit and Malay kulit.


kulit

Morinda citrifolia
Morinda citrifolia#Translingual

Indian mulberry; noni (Morinda citrifolia, tree whose bark yields a dye)


utas

completely finished, terminated or concluded (of a project, work, undertaking, etc.)

completely obsessed or crazy about something


utas

completion; termination (of a project, work, undertaking, etc.)

act of killing or causing the death of (someone)


bigat

From Proto-Philippine *bəʀəqat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀəqat. Cognate with Kapampangan bayat, Cebuano bug-at, Hiligaynon bug-at, Indonesian and Malay berat.

Ang bigat ni Anna ay 75 lbs.

Ang bigat ng kanyang pagkalugi ay nagbigay sa negosyante ng maraming gabing walang tulog.

The gravity of his bankruptcy gave the businessman many sleepless nights.

(figurative) graveness; gravity of a situation


timog

From Proto-Philippine *timuʀ (“southeast monsoon”) (compare Cebuano timog (“southeasterly wind”), Cuyunon timog, Ivatan timoy (“rain”), Masbatenyo timog (“north”), and Yami cimoy (“rain”)), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *timuʀ (“southeast monsoon”) (compare Maranao timor (“wind”), Tausug timul (“northeast”), Acehnese timu (“east”), Hawaiian kimu (“precipitation”), Malay timur (“east”), and Samoan timu (“rain”)), from Proto-Austronesian *timuʀ (“south or east wind”) (compare Amis timol).

Patungong timog ang mga manlalakbay.

The travellers are going towards the south.


kulo

act of boiling or seething (of water, liquid, etc.)

bubbling sound from boiling water or liquid


kulo

According to Potet (2016), borrowed from Spanish culo (“butt; arse”).


kulo

empty coconut shell used as a plate or dish


sinag

[ˈsiː.n̪ɐɡ̚]

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sinaʀ (“ray of light”) (c.f. Fijian siga (“sun”), Malay sinar, Nias sino, Samoan masina (“moon”), and Tausug sinag (“brightness”)), from Proto-Austronesian *siNaʀ (“sun”) (compare Amis cidal (“sun”) and Sakizaya cilal (“sun”)).

inh

ray of light (from the sun, moon, stars, etc.)

representation of rays (in a drawing, painting, etc.)


sinag

[ˈsiː.n̪ɐɡ̚]

seen hazily (through a translucent object)


sinag

[ˈsiː.n̪ɐɡ̚]

looking at something through a translucent object (often with difficulty)

condition of being seen hazily (through a translucent object)


tangis

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *taŋis, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋis, from Proto-Austronesian *Caŋis. Compare Amis tangic, Chamorro tanges, Fijian tagi, Hawaiian kani (“sound”), Ilocano sangit, Javanese ꦠꦔꦶꦱ꧀ (tangis), Malay tangis, and Maori tangi (“weeping; mourning”).


bigay

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀay (“give, present gifts to; gift”), from Proto-Austronesian *bəʀay (“give”). Cognate with Sambali ibi, Kapampangan bie, Bikol Central bugay, Aklanon bugay, Cebuano bugay, Hiligaynon bugay, Maranao begay, Iranun enggay, Maguindanao ingay, Tboli belay, Malay beri, and Puyuma beray.


bigay

given as a gift, present, donation, etc.

(colloquial) with all effort (of one's performance or actions)


itim

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)qitəm. Compare Acehnese itam, Bikol Central itom, Brunei Malay itam, Cebuano itom, Coastal Kadazan oitom, Hiligaynon itom, Javanese ꦲꦶꦠꦼꦩ꧀ (item), Malay hitam, Minangkabau hitam, Pangasinan itom, Tetum metan, Waray-Waray itom, West Coast Bajau irom, and Yami sirem. Doublet of hitam.


giling

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *giliŋ. Compare Aklanon galing, Bikol Central giling, Hiligaynon galing, Ilocano giling, and Tausug giling.

(colloquial) swaying of the hips around (especially when dancing)


salo

From Proto-Central Philippine *salú (“catch in hand”). Compare Bikol Central salo, Cebuano salo, and Hiligaynon salo.

catching with one's hand (of a ball, etc.)

supporting from under an object (especially with one's hand)


salo

From Proto-Central Philippine *sálu (“to eat together”). Compare Kapampangan salu, Bikol Central salo, Aklanon saeo, Cebuano salo, Hiligaynon salo, Waray-Waray saro, and Tausug sāw.

eating with another or together (especially on the same plate)


salo

mechanical catch (in necklaces, bracelets, etc.)


ulo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qulu (cf. Cebuano ulo, Chamorro ulu, Ilocano ulo, Javanese ꦲꦸꦭꦸ (ulu), Malay hulu (“head, handle”), Maori uru (“head, hair”), Tausug ū, Tetum uluk (“formerly, before”), Tiruray ulew), from Proto-Austronesian *quluh (cf. Paiwan qulu). Doublet of hulo.

front or principal part or position; head (of a column, squad, etc.)

(anatomy) head (part of the body containing the brain)

(figurative) brains; talent; intelligence

head; unit number (used in counting herd)

Gamitin mo nga ang ulo mo!

chief; boss; head (of a group, office, etc.)

principal part; either of the two ends (of a table)

part of a plant that resembles a head (of cabbages, and other vegetables and the like)

head or top used for striking other objects (of a hammer, axe, etc.)

head or top for striking, holding, or pushing (of a pin, nail, etc.)

projecting part of an object (of an arrow, egg, etc.)

head of a boil, abscess, acne, etc. (where pus accumulates)

Sinumang makahahanap sa ulo ng kriminal ay tatanggap ng ₱2,000.
Whoever finds the criminal's body will receive ₱2,000.

dead or living body (of a wanted criminal)

highest distinction of honor (as in a class)

Siya ang ulo ng yaman sa aming bayan.

used with ng to express the superlative degree: most; best; -est

sa ulo ng mga nagbabagang balita

(board games) main hole of a congkak board


ibig

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ibəʀ (“saliva in the mouth; drool; desire; crave; lust for”). Cognates with Pangasinan ibeg (“covet, desire, fall in love with”), Kapampangan ibug (“corporal desires; appetite”), Cebuano ibog (“attracted, craving for”), Tboli iwol (“saliva, drool over, desire”), Tausug ibug (“envy”), Malagasy ivy (“saliva”), and Tongan ifo (“saliva, tasty”).

cog

Ang ibig ko lang sa pagparito ay magdala ng pagkain.

My only purpose of coming here is to bring food.

love; attraction; fondness (especially in pag-ibig)


ibig

Ibig kong malaman kung saan nakatira si G. Dela Cruz.

I want to know where Mr. Dela Cruz lives.

Ano ang ibig mong sabihin?


papan

Anas luzonica
Anas luzonica#Translingual


bibig

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bibiʀ (“lower lip”), from Proto-Austronesian *biʀbiʀ. Cognate with Buol biig, Malay bibir, and Wolio biwi.


agos

From Proto-Philippine *qaʀus, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaʀus. Compare Malay arus.


kagat

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaʀat (“to bite”), from Proto-Austronesian *kaʀaC (“to bite”). Compare Pangasinan kalat, Kapampangan ket, Bikol Central kagat, Cebuano kagat, and Karo Batak karat.


inom

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *inum. Compare Bikol Central inom, Cebuano inom, Hawaiian inu, Kapampangan minum, Maguindanao minum, Malagasy mino, Malay minum, Maori inu, Tausug inum, Yami inom.

drinking; drink (of water, liquid, wine, etc.)


bigas

From Proto-Philippine *bəʀas, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀas, from Proto-Austronesian *bəʀas. Cognates with Kavalan beRas, Kankanaey begas, Cebuano bugas, Malay beras, Javanese ꦮꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (wos), and Tetum fos.


baboy

From Proto-Philippine *babuy, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babuy, from Proto-Austronesian *babuy. Compare Kapampangan babi, Amis fafoy, Eastern Bontoc fiafoy, Malay babi, and Acehnese bui.

(figurative, offensive) disgusting or filthy person

(figurative, offensive) vulgar or indecent person


hati

dividing line between two things or parts


hati

Hati kami sa trabaho sa bahay.

We are sharing on the work in the house.


hati

condition of being divided into two parts


hati

Borrowed from Tausug hati', variant of jati', from Malay jati, from Sanskrit जाति (jāti). Compare Cebuano yati, Hiligaynon kalayati, and Javanese ꦗꦠꦶ (jati). Doublet of dati, Henesis, and yari.


upa

Likely a borrowing from Malay upah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *upaq (“compensation, reward”).


tina

[ˈt̪iː.n̪ɐʔ]

Possibly from Spanish tinta or tinte. Compare Tausug tina'. Doublet of tinta.


layag

From Proto-Philippine *layaʀ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *layaʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *layaʀ. Compare Aklanon eayag, Bikol Central layag, Cebuano layag, Chamorro layak, Fijian laca, Hawaiian lā, Malagasy lay, Malay layar, Maori rā, Nias loyo, Sundanese ᮜᮚᮁ (layar), Tahitian rā, Tetum laan, and Urak Lawoi' บลาเยอ (blaye).

(colloquial) delayed menstruation; irregular menstruation


kalo

Compare Javanese ꦏꦼꦭꦸꦃ (keluh, “bridle with nosering for cattle”).


pusa

Compare Isnag kusa, Kankanaey posa, Kapampangan pusa, Ilocano pusa, Ibatan pusak, Tetum busa, Sarawak Malay pusak and Malagasy fosa; all likely once referred to the Malayan weasel (Mustela nudipes). False cognate of Malayalam പൂച്ച (pūcca).


manok

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *manuk, from Proto-Austronesian *manuk. Compare Bikol Central manok, Cebuano manok, Hawaiian manu (“bird”), Kapingamarangi manuk (“bird”), Malay manuk, Samoan manu (“bird”), and Tetum manu.
Colloquial sense is an allusion to betting on a gamecock on a cockfight.

(colloquial) bet; preferred candidate (usually in matchmaking or elections)


pinggan

Borrowed from Malay pinggan (“dish; plate; saucer”), from Tamil பீங்கான் (pīṅkāṉ, “ceramic”), from Classical Persian پنگان (pingān, “cup; bowl”). Compare Cebuano pinggan (“chinaware”) and Arabic فِنْجَان (finjān, “cup”).


sakit

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *sakit, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sakit. Compare Karao sahit, Tongan mahaki, and Yogad takit.


sakit

diligence; perseverance; consistent effort


siko

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *siku (compare Bikol Central siko, Cebuano siko, Hiligaynon siko, Ilocano siko, Malay siku, Sambali hiko, Tausug siku, Urak Lawoi' ซีกู (siku), and Waray-Waray siko), from Proto-Austronesian *sikux (compare Amis ciko, Kavalan siku, Puyuma siku, and Saisiyat hiko').


siko

Borrowed from Hokkien 四哥 (sì-ko) as per Manuel (1948).

Coordinate term: sitse

(uncommon) term of address for the fourth eldest brother


tabla

Borrowed from Spanish tabla, from Latin tabula. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Spanish tablas as found in en tablas and quedar tablas. Doublet of teybol.


tabla

tabla (canonical)
tablá (canonical)
ᜆᜊ᜔ᜎ (Baybayin)


langit

[ˈlaː.ŋɪt̪̚]

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋit, from Proto-Austronesian *laŋiC. Compare Chamorro långet, Fijian lagi, Hawaiian lani, Malagasy lanitra, Maori rangi, Palauan eanged, and Puyuma langitr.

bato-bato sa langit, ang tamaan huwag magalit

(figurative) paradise; place of great happiness


lisan

Syncopic form of lihisan, from lihis + -an.

departure; leaving (for a journey, trip, etc.)


lisan

tl-verb

lisan (complete nilisan, progressive nililisan, contemplative lilisan, Baybayin spelling ᜎᜒᜐᜈ᜔)

nilisan (completive)
nililisan (progressive)
lilisan (contemplative)
ᜎᜒᜐᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)


sena

Borrowed from Spanish cena, from Latin cēna, from Old Latin cesna.


bago

From Proto-Central Philippine *baqgu, from Proto-Philippine *baqRu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baqəʀu, from Proto-Austronesian *baqəʀuh. Compare Ilocano baro, Kapampangan bayu, Cebuano bag-o, Tausug ba'gu, and Malay baru.


laba

Borrowed from Spanish lava or English lava.


laba

Borrowed from Malay laba, from Sanskrit लाभ (lābha, “profit”).


laba

crescent shape (especially the waxing of the moon)


langaw

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *laŋaw (compare Kapampangan lango), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋaw (compare Fijian lago, Chamorro lalo', Hawaiian nalo, Indonesian langau, Maori rango), from Proto-Austronesian *laŋaw (compare Amis lalangaw, Kavalan rangaw).


ganda

Borrowed from Sanskrit गन्ध (gandhá, “aroma, fragrance”) with semantic shift, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰás (“smell”).

bor+

fineness; excellence; fine quality (of someone's work, etc.)


ganda

Probably from Sanskrit कन्द (kanda, “garlic; bulbous plant”). Compare Cebuano ganda.


ganda

annual interest of a hundred percent on a loan


araw

From earlier *ʔādaw, from Proto-Central Philippine *qaldaw, from Proto-Philippine *qaljaw, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaləjaw. Cognate with Ilocano aldaw (“day”), Pangasinan agew, Kapampangan aldo, Bikol Central aldaw (“day”), Cebuano adlaw (“sun, day”), Maranao ndaw (“sun”), Chamorro atdao (“sun”), Malagasy andro (“day”), Manggarai leso (“sun, day”), Tetum loro, Hawaiian ao (“daylight, day”), Maori ao (“daytime”). Doublet of adlaw.

Simbahan ni Jesucristo ng mga Banal sa mga Huling Araw

daytime (the part of the day between sunrise and sunset)

Araw mo na para magbago.


Noypi

Backslang formed from the syllables of Pinoy.


puto

Borrowed from Malay putu, from Tamil புட்டு (puṭṭu, “a Tamil dish”). Compare Indonesian putu.

(colloquial) piece of cake (simple or easy job)


Pilipino

tl-noun

Pilipino (feminine Pilipina, Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ)

a Filipino; a citizen or local inhabitant of the Philippines and those descending from such, especially a male


Pilipino

(relational) of the Philippines or its people and culture; Philippine

(dated, relational) of Tagalog, the language of the Philippines


Pilipino

the former name of the national language of the Philippines, now officially Filipino


lango

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋu, from Proto-Austronesian *laŋu (“dizzy, drunk”).


naga

Ultimately from Sanskrit नाग (nāgá, “large snake”). Compare Kapampangan naga, Maranao naga, and Malay naga.


naga

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *naʀah. Doublet of nara.


Pinoy

tl-noun

Pinóy (feminine Pinay, Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜈᜓᜌ᜔)

Pinóy (canonical)
Pinay (feminine)
ᜉᜒᜈᜓᜌ᜔ (Baybayin)

From clipping of Pilipino (“Filipino”) + -oy (“diminutive suffix”). Supposedly popularized by the Florante song “Ako'y isang Pinoy” ("I am a Pinoy"), which became popular in Filipino culture to denote one's country of origin and background.
This term was first used and popularized by Filipino immigrants to the United States and subsequent returnees to the Philippines before it came into general mainstream use.

suffix

(informal) a Filipino; a citizen or local inhabitant of the Philippines and those descending from such, especially a male


Pinoy

(relational) of the Philippines or its people, language, and culture


matay

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(m-)atay (“die; dead; sick; tired (of)”), from Proto-Austronesian *ma-aCay (“die; dead; eclipse of sun or moon”), from Proto-Austronesian *aCay (“death”). Compare Ilocano matay, Kapampangan mate, Bikol Central matay, Cebuano matay, Maranao matay, and Malay mati.


matay

Matay ko mang baluktutin ang malaking tubong bakal na iyan ay hindi ko magawa.

As much as I bend that big steel tube, I cannot do it.


gamol

The word exists even in old dictionaries (c.f. amol). The word was popularized by Filipino rapper Andrew E., who came out with the song Wag Kang Gamol in the year 1990.

(colloquial) shameless; ill-mannered; indecent; uncool

(colloquial) contemptible; obnoxious; displeasing; gross


gamol

(figurative, colloquial) ill-mannered person; indecent person; jerk


tubig

→ Alangan: tubig

[ˈt̪uː.bɪɡ̚]

[ˈt̪uː.bɛɡ̚]

From Proto-Central Philippine *tubig, from Proto-Greater Central Philippine *tubig (cf. Asi tubi, Buhi'non Bikol tobig, Capiznon tubi, Ilocano tubbog, and Mansaka tobig). Dempwolff (1938) posited it to be from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tubiʀ (“deep place in the water”) (cf. Malay tubir (“ledge, steep riverbank, cliff”)) but the meaning in Central Philippine languages is consistently “water” or “juice”, and no forms have been found to bridge the semantic gap with the Malay term, making the etymology unlikely.


tubig

[ˈt̪uː.bɪɡ̚]

[ˈt̪uː.bɛɡ̚]


puti

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *putiq. Compare Malay putih.


kasi

kasí (canonical)
kasî (canonical)
ᜃᜐᜒ (Baybayin)

Compare Paiwan kasi- (“from”), Cebuano kay (“because”).


kasi

Borrowed from Malay kasih, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-qasiq (“mercy, pity, affection”).


keri

Keri ko 'to.

(literally, “This is my carry/I can carry this.”)

Keri mo 'yan!

Keri mo bang sabihin sa kanya?

Hindi ko keri ang amoy ng hininga niya!


kuto

From Proto-Philippine *kutu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu, from Proto-Austronesian *kuCux. Compare Malay kutu.


kuto

sound of bursting bubbles (as created by the stomach or rice being cooked)

swarm; crowd; throng; swarming; crowding

sound produced by the swarming of many tiny insects together

teeming or swarming movements (of small ants, worms, etc.)


lubang

From Proto-Philippine *lubaŋ (“to plant root crop; mortar”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lubaŋ (“hole”) (compare Hawaiian lua), from Proto-Austronesian *lubaŋ (“burial pit”).


Alberto

a male given name from Spanish, equivalent to English Albert


holen

From English hole in. Compare Tausug hūlin.

(games) marble (small ball used in games)


pan-

pan- + digma (“war”) → pandigma (“meant for war”)

pan- + diwa (“gist”) → pandiwa (“verb”)

pan- + lasa (“flavor”) → panlasa (“taste”)

pan- + samantala (“while”) → pansamantala (“temporary”)

pan- + sampalataya (“belief”) → pananampalataya (“faith”)

pan- + takip (“cover”) → pantakip (“an instrument used to cover something”)

pan- + talo (“defeat”) → panalo (“victory”)

Alternative form of pang-, if the root starts with alveolar consonants, such as ⟨d⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨t⟩, which sometimes gets nasally assimilated to the prefix ending when starts with alveolar consonants, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩.


kain

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaən, from Proto-Austronesian *kaən. Compare Cebuano kaon.

action of a machine (such as a saw, plow, or knife) on a surface

taking in something fed to be processed (of a machine)

(figurative, colloquial) expiration of unused prepaid phone credits


dila

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dilaq. Compare Ibanag zila, Ilocano dila, Kiput deleiʔ, Malay lidah, and Tsat la⁵⁵. Also possibly from a metathesis of Sanskrit लीढ (līḍha, “licked”).


Pedro

Borrowed from Spanish Pedro, from Latin Petrus, from Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros), from πέτρος (pétros, “stone, rock”).


kwela

Superseded, pre-2007 spelling of kuwela.


ulat

[ˈʔuː.lɐt̪̚]

account; report; narrative (about something)

news; information (as in a newspaper, news report, etc.)


lasa

Borrowed from Malay rasa (compare Bikol Central lasa), from Sanskrit रस (rasa). Compare Khmer រស (rŭəh) and Burmese ရသ (ra.sa.).

Masarap ang lasa ng lugaw.

Pwede na ba sa lasa mo ang ginawa ko?

Masama ang lasa ng guro kaya umuwi na.

The teacher's condition isn't well so [he/she] went home already.

(Batangas) condition; feeling; state of the body

Lasa ko'y pagod ka na.


lasa

silvering compound used to manufacture mirrors


lasa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lasaq (“beat, thrash”). Compare Aklanon easa, Maranao lasa' and Malay lasah.

destroyed (with parts detached or forced off)


bato

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *batu, from Proto-Austronesian *batu. Compare Bikol Central bato, Capiznon bato, Cebuano bato, Fijian vatu, Hawaiian haku, Hiligaynon bato, Ilocano bato, Indonesian batu, Kapampangan batu, Malagasy vato, Malay batu, Maori whatu, Niuean patu, Pangasinan bato, Ratagnon bato, Sundanese ᮘᮒᮥ (batu), and Waray-Waray bato.


bato

chief piece in a game of native quoits called tangga


Eva

a female given name from Spanish, equivalent to English Eve


lisa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lisəhaq, from Proto-Austronesian *lisəqəS. Compare Aklanon eusa', Bikol Central lusa, Cebuano lusa, Fijian lise, Hawaiian liha, Ilocano lisa, Maori riha, Sundanese lisa, and Yami liha. See also Sanskrit लिक्षा (likṣā, “louse nit”).

(figurative) careful and thorough searching (in a place of something missing)


lisa

(figurative) thoroughly searched or combed


Agatha

[ˌʔaː.ɣɐˈt̪a]


mula

Borrowed from Sanskrit मूल (mūla, “root; origin”).


mula

Borrowed from Spanish mula, from Latin mūla.

mule (sterile hybrid of donkey and horse)


mula

Borrowed from Spanish mula, from Medieval Latin mula (“slipper, shoe with a thick sole”), presumably from classical Latin mulleus, the dyed shoe of either the patricians or senators, from Ancient Greek μύλλος (múllos).


mula

tl-verb

mulá (complete nula, progressive nunula, contemplative pupula, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜎ)

mulá (canonical)
nula (completive)
nunula (progressive)
pupula (contemplative)
ᜋᜓᜎ (Baybayin)


mula

mulà (complete nula, progressive nunula, contemplative pupula, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜎ)

mulà (canonical)
nula (completive)
nunula (progressive)
pupula (contemplative)
ᜋᜓᜎ (Baybayin)


buli

From Proto-Philippine *buli. Cognate with Hiligaynon buli.

polish; polishing; cleaning until shiny (done on a surface)

(figurative) removal of vulgarity from something


baro

Borrowed from Malay baju (cf. Ilocano bado, Remontado Agta badu), ultimately from Classical Persian بازو (bāzū, “upper arm”).


aldaba

act of fastening or closing with a latch (of a door, window, etc.)


kolor

Borrowed from Spanish color, from Latin colōrem.


teatro

Borrowed from Spanish teatro, from Latin theātrum, from Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron).

theater (place to watch plays, musical performances, public ceremonies, etc.)


peon

Borrowed from Spanish peón, from Late Latin pedōnem (“pedestrian”), from Latin ped- (“foot”).


dali

From Southern Proto-Philippine *daliq (“short time; easy”). Compare Bikol Central dali, Cebuano dali, Waray-Waray dali, and Calamian Tagbanwa dalik.

inh

shortness of duration (of a visit, etc.)


dali

measure based on the breadth of a finger


limos

Borrowed from Spanish limosna, with the ⟨na⟩ lost as it conflicts with na. Compare Bikol Central limos and Masbatenyo limos.


tempura

Borrowed from traditional Hepburn romaji of Japanese 天麩羅(てんぷら) (tenpura), from Portuguese, from Latin.


basura

Borrowed from Spanish basura (“garbage”), from Old Spanish vassura, from Vulgar Latin *versūra, ultimately derived from Latin verrō (“sweep”).

bor+

(figurative) something useless; worthless; not needed; or of poor quality


pics

From clipping of English picture + -s. Pictures are synonymous with images, and image is abbreviated as IMG in Internet slang. IMG when spelled letter by letter as “I-M-G”, sounds like “I am G”. See G for more details.

I'm in! (willing or wanting to participate in an activity)


Danes

tl-noun

Danés (feminine Danesa, Baybayin spelling ᜇᜈᜒᜐ᜔)

Danés (canonical)
Danesa (feminine)
ᜇᜈᜒᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)


liha

Borrowed from Spanish lija (“sandpaper”).

bor+

usage of a sandpaper (to clean, to smooth, or to polish)


liha

cleaned, smoothed, or polished with a sandpaper


liha

Borrowed from Sanskrit लेखा (lékhā, “line; stroke; writing”). Doublet of likha.

internal segment of a citrus fruit (such as oranges, lemons, etc.)

region bounded by specific lines on one's palm

(mathematics, neologism) sector (of a circle)


zi

Borrowed from English zee, the English name of the letter Z/z.

the name of the Latin-script letter Z/z, in the Filipino alphabet


asar

Borrowed from Spanish, possibly from any of the following:
* From asar (“to roast”). Possible doublet of asal.
* From azar (“misfortune; obstacle”).

vexed; annoyed; teased; irritated (by someone)


aparato

Borrowed from Spanish aparato, from Latin apparātus.


tahi

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tahiq, from Proto-Austronesian *CaqiS (“to sew”). Cognate with Kavalan tais, tmais, Paiwan tsaqis.


Allan

Borrowed from English Allan, Alan, probably of Old Breton or Irish origin.

a male given name from English [in turn from the Celtic languages]


kapak

(zoology) immature mullet (smaller than talilong)

(construction) plaster defect not bonding with the wall


aspirina

[ʔɐs.pɪˈɾiː.n̪ɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish aspirina, from the genericized trademark of German Aspirin. Doublet of aspirin.


sige

sige (canonical)
sigé (canonical)
ᜐᜒᜄᜒ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish sigue, from seguir.

O, sige.

Sige lang.


ina

From Proto-Philippine *ina, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ina (compare Buginese ᨕᨗᨊ (ina), Fijian tina, Ibanag yena, Laboya inya, Malay ina, Maranao ina', Nias ina, Tausug ina', Tetum inan, Toba Batak ᯤᯉ (ina), Yami ina), from Proto-Austronesian *ina (compare Amis ina, Kulon-Pazeh ina, and Paiwan ina).


ina

planting of seeds closely for transplantation upon sprouting (with the proper growth)


peste

Borrower from Spanish peste, from Latin pestis.


peste

pest; vermin (destructive insect or small animal)

(vulgar) pest; vermin (obnoxious person)


aga

From Proto-Philippine *ága (“early; punctual”).


dani

lying down or placed together side by side or close to each other (of two persons or things)


himo

influence; effect (on someone or something)


lambing

show of affection, tenderness, or fondness towards someone (through an embrace, caress, kiss, etc.)

tenderness; melodiousness; sweetness (of a tune or air)

characteristic attitude of a child wanting to be shown affection


lambing

long pierced hanging ear lobes (like those possessed by noblewomen)


panteismo

tl-noun

panteísmo (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜒᜌᜒᜐ᜔ᜋᜓ)

panteísmo (canonical)
ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜒᜌᜒᜐ᜔ᜋᜓ (Baybayin)


bisig

From Proto-Philippine *bisəʀ (“hard; firm”). Compare Pangasinan bisel (“hard; harden”) / biskeg (“strength, power, might, force”), Hanunoo bisog (“strength; speed”), Cebuano bisog (“strenuous”), and Maranao biseg (“work hard; exert great energy”).


sapo

held or supported carefully with the palms of one's hands


sapo

act of supporting or carrying by the palm of the hands

temporary undersupport (to prevent from collapsing)


sapo

banana tree stump (after being cut down)

overflowing of water on the road or field


sapo

red ochre used in polishing gold surfaces


sapo

small cobweb usually found on low grasses with clinging drops of dew (especially in the early morning)


taping

thin dirt adhering to one's face (of a child, especially near the mouth)


lapa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lapaq, from Proto-Austronesian *lapaq (“to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal”). Compare Bikol Central lapa, Cebuano lapa, Malay lapah, Mansaka lapa, Minangkabau lapah, and Western Bukidnon Manobo lapa'.

inh

butchering; slaughtering; quartering (of animals)

cutting of meat into big lumps or pieces


mura

Uncertain. Dempwolff 1934-1938 posited this (along with the Malay etymon and cognates in Javanese, Malagasy, Ngaju Dayak and Toba Dayak) to be inherited from Proto-Austronesian *mudaq (“cheap; easy”), but this would result in the Tagalog being *murà (/ˈmuɾaʔ/). Blust 2010- posits this (and cognates) are a possibly a borrowing from Malay murah.


mura

mura (canonical)
murá (canonical)
ᜋᜓᜇ (Baybayin)

Clipping of alimura or possibly similar to etymology 1, with the sense of degrading someone's worth. Compare mahal (“precious; high value; love”), Bikol Central muda (“swear word”), Hiligaynon mulay (“to criticize maliciously; to disparage”).


mura

Cognate of Malay muda. Either from:
* From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *muda (“young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors)”)
* From Pali muddha (“foolish, bewildered”), from Sanskrit मुग्ध (mugdha, “foolish, bewildered, young”).

der

(dialectal, Southern Tagalog) (young fruit of) coconut

young (particularly of fruit, or human age)


ruleta

[ɾʊˈlɛː.t̪ɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish ruleta, from French roulette.

Iikot na ang ruleta, baka palarin ka! A, taya, taya! Sa beyntsingko, baka kotse ang panalo mo!" sigaw muli ng payat na lalaking nagpapaikot ng ruleta. Nagulat si Joey. Tiningnan niya ang lolang matamang nakaantabay sa susunod na gagawin […]

1991, H. B. De Dios, Romulo P. Baquiran, Impetú: pangalawang antolohiya ng katha, →ISBN:

Tapos gusto yatang makabawi, biglang nagtataya nang malaki-laki. Kaso talbog pa rin nang talbog. Para tuloy hinahalukay ang bituka ko habang umiikot ang ruleta't patalbog-talbog ang puting bola. Habang nalalaspag, para namang lalong […]


Miranda

Chito Miranda, songwriter and lead singer of the rock band Parokya ni Edgar

a surname from Spanish, notably the surname of:


wawa

From Proto-Philippine *wáqwaq (“mouth of a river”). Compare Kapampangan uaua, Cebuano wawa, Aklanon wawa, Kankanaey wawa, Yami wawa (“sea”).


wawa

Clipping of kawawa, which in turn is a contraction of kaawa-awa (“pitiful”).

Wawa naman ang sanggol na iyon.

(literally, “How sad/pitiful is that baby.”)

Boohoo, that baby. (sense: crying; by extension: sad, pitiful)

(childish) pitiful; unfortunate; deserving one's pity


wawa

meaning; real sense; point (of what one says)


wawa

name of the Baybayin letter ᜏ, corresponding to "wa"


asno

Borrowed from Spanish asno, from Latin asinus.

Sabihin ninyo sa anak na babae ng Sion: Narito, ang Hari mo'y pumaparito sa iyo, Na maamo, at nakasakay sa isang asno, At sa isang batang asno na anak ng babaing asno.

1905, “Mateo 21:5”, in Ang Dating Biblia:

Tell the daughter of Zion: Look, your king is coming to you, humble, and mounted on a donkey, and on a colt, the foal of a female donkey.


abeto

[ʔɐˈbɛː.t̪o]

Borrowed from Spanish abeto, from Aragonese abet or Catalan avet, both from Vulgar Latin *abētem, from Latin abietem.


Hiligaynon

tl-proper noun

Hiligaynón or Hiligaynon (Baybayin spelling ᜑᜒᜎᜒᜄᜌ᜔ᜈᜓᜈ᜔)

Hiligaynón (canonical)
Hiligaynon (canonical)
ᜑᜒᜎᜒᜄᜌ᜔ᜈᜓᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

From Hiligaynon Hiligaynon, from Spanish hiligaino + Hiligaynon -non, where Spanish hiligaino is from Hiligaynon Iligan + Spanish -ino, with the root from ilig + -an.

language of the native people of Iloilo and nearby areas of Panay, Guimaras, and Negros island


Hiligaynon

an ethnic group from Iloilo and nearby areas of Panay, Guimaras, and Negros island in Visayas, Philippines


Durante

[d̪ʊˈɾan̪.t̪ɛ]

Borrowed from Italian (cognate of Duran, from Spanish Durán).


abismo

Borrowed from Spanish abismo, from Old Spanish avismo, from Vulgar Latin *abīsmus, from Late Latin abyssus, from Ancient Greek ἄβυσσος (ábussos, “bottomless”).

der

abyss (a bottomless or unfathomed depth)


aya

Borrowed from Spanish aya (“governess”).


saka

Uncertain. Possibly from the following:
* From Sanskrit शाक (śāka, “vegetable; herb”), according to Potet (2016). Compare Malagasy saha (“garden; orchard”).
* Borrowed from Spanish saca (“removal; extraction; dig out”).


saka

copying; tracing (of a drawing, figure, or design)


labo

ambiguity; obscurity (of meaning of a word)

lack of understanding; unintelligibility

lack of proper inking or coloring (as in print)

(figurative, obsolete) noisy, disorderly, and jubilant gathering of people


labo

mellowness to the taste; sponginess of consistency (of some fruits, tubers, cereals, etc.)


sunna

Borrowed from Arabic سُنَّة (sunna). Compare Javanese ꦱꦸꦤꦃ (sunah). Doublet of sunat (“circumcision”).


amain

[ʔɐ.mɐˈʔin̪]


Weste

Apheresis of Oeste, derived from Spanish oeste (“west”).

Alternative form of Oeste: western (part of a region; used in place names)


Aragon

[ʔɐ.ɾɐˈɣon̪]

Borrowed from Spanish Aragón. The surname is introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Aragón, mostly concentrated in Metro Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Aurora, Zambales, Palawan and Bataan

autonomous community
autonomous community

Aragon (an autonomous community of Spain)


samo

supplication; earnest request or petition


anomalia

Superseded, pre-1940 spelling of anomalya.


makulit

tl-adj

makulít (plural makukulit, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜃᜓᜎᜒᜆ᜔)

makulít (canonical)
makukulit (plural)
ᜋᜃᜓᜎᜒᜆ᜔ (Baybayin)


bano

Possibly a contamination via metathesis of abno, which was a clipping of abnormal, from English abnormal.

(slang) inept; terrible (at a certain skill or topic)

unbalanced when walking or standing (of a person)


otso

Borrowed from Spanish ocho, from Old Spanish ocho, from an earlier *oito, from Latin octō.


sugo

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *suʀuq. Compare Ilocano suro, Maranao sogo', and Malay suruh.

inh+

act of sending someone for an errand (to a place or person)


saro

Borrowed from Early Modern Spanish jarro. Doublet of haro, a later borrowing.

bor+

jar or jug made of clay or porcelain (especially for water)


rito

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di-tu. See more at dito.

here (near the speaker and the listener)


rito

Borrowed from Spanish rito (“rite”), from Latin rītus.


kung

From Proto-Central Philippine *kuN (“if”). Compare Bikol Central kun and Cebuano kon.

Kung pupunta ka, sasama ako.

Si Pedro kung si Juan.

Kung ikaw at kung sino ang paroroon?

If you and/or someone else would be going?

May naaalaman ka bagang anumang tungkol sa pag-aanito, kung sa asal ng mga mangkukulam, kung manggagaway?

Do you know anything about idolatry, or the customs of the witches, or as well as sorcery?


kung

Kung gabi, lumalabas ang bituin.

when; at (or as soon as) that time that; if


laan

in reserve; reserved for the future (or for someone)


laan

reserving of something (for the future or for someone)

reserve; something kept (for the future or for someone)

condition of being prepared for voluntary service


entero

[ʔɛn̪ˈt̪ɛː.ɾo]


salig

based on or from; deduced from (usually with sa)


tibi

From Proto-Central Philippine *təbəl, from Proto-Philippine *təbəl.


toma

tomà (canonical)
toma (canonical)
ᜆᜓᜋ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish tomar (“to drink; to take”).

(colloquial) act of drinking an alcoholic beverage


Edna

Borrowed from English Edna, from Hebrew עֶדְנָה, a variant of Eden.

der

Hebrew עֶדְנָה


balo

From Proto-Philippine *balu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balu. Compare Malay balu.


balo

act of fooling oneself into thinking one over the other


madla

Borrowed from Sanskrit मण्डल (maṇḍala, “circle, multitude”). Compare Kapampangan malda.


relo

Borrowed from Spanish reloj (“clock”), from Old Catalan relotge, from the older orollotge, from Latin hōrologium, from Ancient Greek ὡρολόγιον (hōrológion). Doublet of relos.


sita

Borrowed from Spanish cita (“appointment”).

citation (of honor or merit); public recognition

act of hiring the services of someone, such as a lawyer, band of musicians, etc.


sita

Borrowed from Spanish citar (“to summon”).

act of questioning someone for a possible or suspected violation of an ordinance, law, etc.


tita

Borrowed from Spanish tita, from tía (“aunt”) + -ita (“diminutive suffix”), from Late Latin thia, from Ancient Greek θεία (theía).

(slang) young adult woman exhibiting the stereotypical characteristics of a Filipino aunt


wala

From Proto-Central Philippine *wadaq, from Proto-Philippine *wada (“to be, exist”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wada.

Wala pa sila dito...

Wala 'yung kaibigan mo ah.

nothing; to not exist; there is no
not in; missing

Wala sa akin ang ballpen mo, wala akong kailangang ibalik sa iyo!

I don't have your pen, I don't have to return anything to you!

Wala akong pagkain, sa iba ka na lang.

I don't have food here, go to another person.

nothing; to not exist; there is no
not having; no

Ay, wala, hindi ako nakakuha.

Oh, I don't have any, I didn't get to grab any.

no; I/you/they don't have any; there isn't any

Wala 'yun sa akin.

Ay, wala 'yun, 'wag mo na lang pansinin.

Wala... hindi 'yan gagana.

nothing; to not exist; there is no
nothing; no-one

Walang tao diyan.

Wala na sila.

(by extension) broken up (in a relationship)


wala

Compare Kapampangan uala (“voyage to the sea or deep bay”).

cog

(figurative) condition of being away and apart from others


lolo

tl-noun

lolo (feminine lola, Baybayin spelling ᜎᜓᜎᜓ)

Possibly from a reduplication of the last syllable of Spanish abuelo, possibly also influenced by mimicking other likewise reduplicated syllable direct family terms like nana, tata, mama, papa, kaka, nene, etc. Compare lelong, lola, lelang, ninong, ninang, etc. Compare Aragonese lolo.

Masaya ang lola kahapon dahil dumating ang lolo.

Grandmother was happy yesterday because Grandfather came.

(colloquial) term of address for an old man


maharani

Learned borrowing from Malay maharani, ultimately from Sanskrit महाराज्ञी (mahārājñī, literally “great queen”).

der

Coordinate term: maharaha


Angelica

Angélicá (canonical)
ᜀᜈ᜔ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒᜎᜒᜃ (Baybayin)

[ʔɐn̪ˌd͡ʒɛː.lɪˈxa]

[ʔɐn̪d̪ˌjɛː.lɪˈxa]


nepotismo

tl-noun

nepotismo (Baybayin spelling ᜈᜒᜉᜓᜆᜒᜐ᜔ᜋᜓ)

ᜈᜒᜉᜓᜆᜒᜐ᜔ᜋᜓ (Baybayin)


tira

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tida. Compare Bikol Central tada and Ilocano tidda.

inh+

act of residing, living, or dwelling (in a certain place)

act of setting aside something for someone who is absent

something set aside for someone who is absent


tira

set aside for someone (such as food, etc.)


tira

Borrowed from Spanish tirar (“to shoot; to throw”).

bor+

(games) player's turn to play or score (in a move that requires aiming at a target)

act of hitting or striking at a target one is aiming at (with a bullet, rock, arrow, etc.)

(figurative) physical or verbal attack against someone

(by extension, vulgar) to have sexual intercourse


tira

(obsolete) perseverance; ability to endure or outlast adversity (no longer used on its own except in derived terms)


aikido

Borrowed from Japanese 合(あい)気(き)道(どう) (aikidō, “aikido”, literally “way of adapting the spirit”), from 合(あい) (ai, “together, unify”) + 気(き) (ki, “spirit; breath”) + 道(どう) (dō, “way”).


weh

Compare nge / ngek / nye / nyek. See also Hokkien 諧／谐 (ôe, “to persuade; to advise; to harmonize”) as in 諧煞／谐煞 (ôe-soah, “to mediate; to conciliate; to reconcile”).

ncog

Weh, di nga?

Expression of disbelief or skepticism: oh really


lamba

excessive growth; overgrowth (of hair, weeds, grass, etc.)


mismo

Borrowed from Spanish mismo, from Old Spanish mesmo, from Vulgar Latin *metipsimus.

Siya mismo ang nakita ko.

(with a personal pronoun for emphasis) specifically

Ako mismo.

(with a personal pronoun) self; myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; ourselves; themselves; emphasises the identity or singularity of the modified noun phrase


Ilonggo

Batiano River
Fort San Pedro (Iloilo)
Iloilo River

From Spanish ilongo, from ilong + -o, the root referring to Hiligaynon ilong (“nose”), from the nose-like shape of the land between the Iloilo River and Batiano River where the Spanish Fort San Pedro is located. See also Spanish pampango.

a native or inhabitant of Iloilo or nearby areas of Panay, Guimaras, and Negros island and those tracing ancestry to such areas where Hiligaynon is spoken


Ilonggo

Relating to the culture, people, and language of Iloilo or nearby areas of Panay, Guimaras, and Negros island where Hiligaynon is spoken


taberna

[t̪ɐˈbɛɾ.n̪ɐ]


atag

[ˈʔaː.t̪ɐɡ̚]


atag

[ˈʔaː.t̪ɐɡ̚]

act of digging, filling, and leveling (of roads, as in doing repairs, especially through gratuitous community work)


kati

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gatəl, from Proto-Austronesian *gaCəl. Cognate with Ilocano gatel, Kapampangan gatal, Bikol Central gatol, Waray-Waray katol, Maranao gatel, Malagasy hatina, Malay gatal, and Manggarai katel.


kati

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-qati, from Proto-Austronesian *qaCi. Cognate with Ilocano ati (“dry, evaporated”), Pangasinan kati, Bikol Central ati, and Wolio kaati (“shallowness, low tide”).


kati

Borrowed from Malay kati, from Tamil கட்டி (kaṭṭi). Cognate with Ilocano kati and Bikol Central kati.

unit of weight equivalent to 623.70 grams or 20 ounces


kati

From Sanskrit कोटि (koṭi, “ten million”), presumably through Malay keti (“hundred thousand”).


kati

clicking sound; tick (of metals, china, eggshells, etc.)

act of testing the durability (of wood, metal, eggshell, etc.) by knocking or striking it lightly (on the surface of the teetth)


kati

From Proto-Philippine *kátiq. Cognate with Ibaloi kati (“rooster trained to lure wild roosters”), Hanunoo kati (“decoy wild cock”), Aklanon kati (“to decoy, entice”), and Maranao kati' (“bantam”).

cog

act of luring with a decoy (of birds, fowl, animals, etc.)


busog

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəsuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *bəsuʀ.


busog

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *busuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *busuʀ.


kolera

Borrowed from Spanish cólera, from Latin cholera, from Ancient Greek χολέρα (kholéra), from χολή (kholḗ, “bile”).

Kung panahon ng kolera, ang mga tao'y naniniwalang may manglalasong gumagala sa gabi upang lagyan ng lason ang inumin; hindi nila nalalamang ang nasabing inumin ay marumi at maraming mikrobiyo ng kolera.

During time of cholera outbreaks, people believe there are people who roam at night to poison water supplies; they do not know the water they drink is contaminated with cholera bacteria.


eka

ekà (canonical)
ekâ (canonical)
ᜁᜃ (Baybayin)


Ricardo

Borrowed from Spanish, from Proto-Germanic *Rīkaharduz.


Kaaba

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic كَعْبَة (kaʕba, “cube”).


adora

Borrowed from Spanish adorar, from Latin adōrāre.


rebelde

[ɾɛˈbɛl.d̪ɛ]


rebelde

[ɾɛˈbɛl.d̪ɛ]


bola

Borrowed from Spanish bola, from Old Occitan bola, from Latin bulla. Doublet of bula.


huy

Huy! Gising ka na!

(colloquial, informal) Alternative form of hoy: expression used to call the attention of somebody: hey!

hoy

Huy, hindi ako ang kumuha ng pera mo!

(colloquial, informal) Alternative form of hoy: expression used as a warning or as a protest: hey!


warla

From a blend of English war + wala, as in magwala.


Siam

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish Siam (“Thailand”), from Portuguese Sciam (“Thailand”), from Thai สยาม (sà-yǎam, “Siam (historical name)”).

der

(historical) Siam (The former name of Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia)


mira

Mirang ganda ng kapatid niya.

(literally, “Firstness in beauty of her sibling.”)


astro

Borrowed from Spanish astro, from Latin astrum, from Ancient Greek ἄστρον (ástron).

sampông mga astro na nasa sa Langit/nagsipangulimlim nagpakitang hapis

1926, Buhay na pinagdaanan ni Santa Elena sa paghahanáp ng̃ Sta. Cruz sa bayan ng̃ Jerusalém, J. Martinez, page 31:

ten stars that are in the Sky/darkened to show their grief


laway

From Proto-Philippine *láway. Compare Aklanon eaway; Bikol Central, Cebuano, Tausug and Waray-Waray laway. Compare Sanskrit लाला (lālā, “saliva”).

slimy substance of the outer part of a fish


laway

having excessive flow of saliva (of a person)


sawa

From Proto-Philippine *sawa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sawa (cf. Bikol Central sawa, Cebuano sawa, Indonesian sawa, Malay sawa).


sawa

From Proto-Philippine *sawəqaq, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sawəqaq (“eat too much, bored”) (cf. Cebuano saw-a, Kapampangan sawa).

inh

Sawa na ako sa mga kalokohan nila.


sawa

condition of being fed up or having lost interest

satiety; surfeit; overindulgence in food or drink


balang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balalaŋ (“grasshopper; locust”). Compare Malay belalang and Javanese ꦮꦭꦁ (walang).


dalang

Borrowed from Malay jarang, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaʀaŋ.

infrequency; rarity; scarcity; sparseness (of visits, houses, hair, people, etc.)

slowness; sluggishness (such as one's heartbeat)

condition of being set far apart then usual


Gaston

a male given name from Spanish, of uncommon usage

a surname from Spanish from a Spanish given name


dura

From earlier variant lura, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ludaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ludaq. Compare Tausug lura' and Malay ludah.


ylang-ylang

tl-noun

ylang-ylang (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜎᜅ᜔ᜁᜎᜅ᜔)


ilang-ilang

ilang-ilang (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜎᜅ᜔ᜁᜎᜅ᜔)

[ˌʔiː.lɐŋ ˈʔiː.lɐŋ]


gilid

[ˈɡiː.lɪd̪̚]

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *gílij. Compare Bikol Central gilid, Cebuano kilid, and Tausug kīd.


anis

Borrowed from Spanish anís, from French anis, from Latin anīsum, from Ancient Greek ἄνῑσον (ánīson).


waagan

tl-verb

waagan (complete winaagan, progressive winawaagan, contemplative wawaagan, Baybayin spelling ᜏᜀᜄᜈ᜔)

winaagan (completive)
winawaagan (progressive)
wawaagan (contemplative)
ᜏᜀᜄᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

[wɐˈʔaː.ɣɐn̪]

to clear off a field or place of all things that obstruct clear viewing


mayordomo

Borrowed from Spanish mayordomo, from Late Latin maior domūs.


kal

Borrowed from Spanish cal, from Vulgar Latin cals, from Latin calx, from Ancient Greek χάλιξ (khálix). Doublet of tsok.

(chemistry) lime (inorganic material containing calcium)


Negros

[ˈn̪ɛː.ɡɾos]

Borrowed from Spanish Negros, from negro, negros, after the indigenous Negrito population of the island.


Panay

Panay (an island in Western Visayas, Visayas, Philippines)


Alejandro

tl-proper noun

Alejandro (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜎᜒᜑᜈ᜔ᜇ᜔ᜇᜓ)

ᜀᜎᜒᜑᜈ᜔ᜇ᜔ᜇᜓ (Baybayin)


Lourdes

Spanish Lourdes, after Nuestra Señora de Lourdes (“Our Lady of Lourdes”).

a female given name from Spanish [in turn from place name]


Luzon

Borrowed from Spanish Luzón, from Tagalog Lusong, old name for the Pasig River delta by Manila, from lusong.

Luzon (the largest island in the Philippines)


ooo

contemplative aspect of umoo (“to say yes”)


ooo

[ʔoˈʔoː.ʔoʔ]

contemplative aspect of umoò (“(colloquial) to defecate”)


Samar

Borrowed from Spanish Sámar, from Waray-Waray samad (“wound”).

Samar (a province of Eastern Visayas, Visayas, Philippines; capital: Catbalogan; largest city: Calbayog)

Samar (an island in Eastern Visayas, Visayas, Philippines)


Mindanao

Mindanáo (canonical)
ᜋᜒᜈ᜔ᜇᜈᜏ᜔ (Baybayin)

[mɪn̪.d̪ɐˈn̪aʊ̯]

Borrowed from Spanish Mindanao, a contraction of Maguindánao (“Maguindanao”), from Maguindanao Magindanaw. Doublet of Mangindanaw and Maguindanao.

contraction

Mindanao (the second largest island in the Philippines)

a surname from Tagalog, prevalent in Batangas, Quezon and Oriental Mindoro


Mindanao

[mɪn̪.d̪ɐˈn̪aʊ̯]

Combatir. Baca. (pp) 1. Bangga. (pc) Nagbaca silang maghapon. 2. act. combatieron todo el dia. Bucas babangga tayo sa mang̃a caauay. 1. act. Mañana combatirémos á los enemigos. Binangga cami nang mang̃a Mindanao. 1. P. los Mindanaos nos combatieron.

1835, Domingo de Los Santos, Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala. [Vocabulary of the Tagalog language], volume 1, page 245:

Combatir. Baca. (pp) 1. Collide. (pc) They fought all afternoon. 2. act. They fought all day. Tomorrow we will collide with the enemies. 1. act. Tomorrow we will combat the enemies. The Maguindanao people collided with us. 1. P. the Maguindanao people combatted us.


Palawan

Borrowed from Central Palawano Palawan. Compare Spanish Paragua, Malay perawan.

Palawan (a province of Mimaropa, Luzon, Philippines; capital and largest city: Puerto Princesa)

Palawan (an island in Luzon, Philippines)


kaka

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaka (“elder sibling of the same sex”), from Proto-Austronesian *kaka (“elder sibling”). Compare Malay kakak.

inh

Alin ang kaka dito sa dalwa?

(by extension, obsolete) someone older in age (even if not siblings)


kaka

respectful term of address for an uncle or aunt older than one's parent


kaka

name of the Baybayin letter ᜃ, corresponding to "ka"


Gina

[ˈd͡ʒiː.n̪ɐ]


lila

Borrowed from Spanish lila (“lilac”), from French lilac, from Arabic لِيلَك (līlak), from Persian نیلک (nilak), from نیل (nil, “dark blue”), from Middle Persian 𐭭𐭩𐭫 (nīl), ultimately from Sanskrit नील (nīla, “dark blue”). Doublet of nila.

lila:


lila

(by extension) pieces of clay or stone (used as a temporary stove)


Sevilla

Borrowed from Spanish Sevilla, from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), from Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /sefela/, “plain, valley”).

der

إِشْبِيلِيَة

Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya)


hele

act of singing a lullaby (to make a child or infant fall asleep)


kilometro

tl-noun

kilometro (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜒᜎᜓᜋᜒᜆ᜔ᜇᜓ)

ᜃᜒᜎᜓᜋᜒᜆ᜔ᜇᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish kilómetro, with shift to penultimate stress.


engot

[ˈʔɛː.ŋot̪̚]

(slang, back slang, derogatory, offensive, humorous) stupid person; dumb person


engot

[ˈʔɛː.ŋot̪̚]

(slang, back slang, derogatory, offensive, humorous) stupid; dumb


From bababa, but it is reduced to “ba3”, referring to “ba” being duplicated thrice.


baga

Ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *baʀaq. Cognate with Amis fala, Ilocano bara, Cebuano baga, and Bilba ba.

Nawalan na ng lakas na huminga ang kanyang mga baga.

His lungs lost their strength to breathe.


baga

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baʀah (“ember”), from Proto-Austronesian *baʀah (“ember, glowing coal”). Cognate with Papora balah (“charcoal”), Ilocano bara (“red-hot”), Cebuano baga, Malay bara, and Manggarai wara.


baga

Ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *baʀəq (“abscess, boil”). Cognate with Mayoyao Ifugao bala (“ulcer”), Hanunoo baga, Malagasy bay, vay (“wound, boil”), Malay barah (“abscess”), and Manggarai bara (“swollen”).

(pathology) abscess; tumor (especially of the breast)


baga

Possibly derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba.

Ano baga ang nais mong mangyari?

(dialectal, Batangas, Mindoro) marks a sentence as interrogative


Albano

Borrowed from Spanish, originally a given name.


Albanya

[ʔɐlˈbaː.ɲɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish Albania, from Medieval Latin Albānia, from Byzantine Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


gamay

gamay (canonical)
gamáy (canonical)
ᜄᜋᜌ᜔ (Baybayin)

accustomed to handling; suited to one's manner of using (someone's instruments, machines, etc.)


sultana

sultana (mother, wife, or daughter of the sultan)

sultana (a pale yellow raisin made from a seedless grape)


pingga

Borrowed from Spanish pinga, deverbal of pingar (“to hang”), from Asturian pingar, from Vulgar Latin *pendicāre. Alternatively, from Hokkien 扁擔／扁担 (pin-taⁿ, “carrying pole”) according to Manuel (1948), Panganiban (1973), and English (1987).


palya

Borrowed from Spanish fallar, ultimately from Latin fallere.


negra

tlb

(colloquial, usually derogatory, potentially offensive)


negra

(colloquial, usually derogatory, offensive, ethnic slur)


noo

Compare Kapampangan kanuan (“forehead”).


Santa Cruz

tl-proper noun

Santa Cruz (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜈ᜔ᜆ ᜃ᜔ᜇᜓᜐ᜔)

ᜐᜈ᜔ᜆ ᜃ᜔ᜇᜓᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)

several places in the Philippines named after the Holy Cross:

A district of Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines

A municipality, the capital of Laguna, Calabarzon, Luzon, Philippines

A municipality of Marinduque, Philippines

A municipality of Ilocos Sur, Philippines

a Christian religious surname from Spanish, deriving from the Holy Cross


pakana

plot; evil scheme; conspiracy; stratagem


Azucena

[ʔɐ.zʊˈsɛː.n̪ɐ]

[ʔɐ.sʊˈsɛː.n̪ɐ]


hedonismo

tl-noun

hedonismo (Baybayin spelling ᜑᜒᜇᜓᜈᜒᜐ᜔ᜋᜓ)

ᜑᜒᜇᜓᜈᜒᜐ᜔ᜋᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish hedonismo, but with the silent ⟨h⟩ pronounced as /h/, most likely due to English influence (compare alkohol, Hispanismo, Hinduismo, homiliya, nihilismo, rehabilitasyon).


alit

[ˈʔaː.lɪt̪̚]


guni-guni

guní-guní (canonical)
ᜄᜓᜈᜒᜄᜓᜈᜒ (Baybayin)

[ɡʊˌn̪i ɣʊˈn̪i]


agar-agar

/ˌʔaɡaɾ ˈʔaɡaɾ/

[ˌʔaː.ɣɐɾ ˈʔaː.ɣɐɾ]

Borrowed from Spanish agar-agar, from English agar-agar, from Malay agar-agar.


kantot

(vulgar) act of having sexual intercourse (with someone)

(vulgar, dated) act of attacking a woman sexually

(offensive, obsolete) swinging one's hips

(obsolete) noise that water makes when shaken inside a jar or a bottle


pintura

Borrowed from Spanish pintura (“paint”).


baler

A play on Cebuano balay, from Proto-Philippine *balay, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balay. Compare kalerki (from kaloka) and Philippine English gay slang heller (from hello). The word is also a reference to Baler, provincial capital of Aurora, Philippines.


adrenalina

adrenalina (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜇᜒᜈᜎᜒᜈ)

[ʔɐ.d̪ɾɛ.n̪ɐˈliː.n̪ɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish adrenalina, from English adrenaline, coined by Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi in 1901.


Aklan

Aklan (a province of Western Visayas, Visayas, Philippines; capital: Kalibo)

Aklan River (a river in Aklan, Western Visayas, Visayas, Philippines)


Kalibo

From Aklanon sangkalibo (“one thousand”).

Kalibo (a municipality, the capital of Aklan, Western Visayas, Philippines)


relos

Borrowed from Early Modern Spanish reloj (“clock, watch, timepiece”). Doublet of relo, a later borrowing.


abusado

tl-adj

abusado (feminine abusada, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜊᜓᜐᜇᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish abusado (“abused”).


Alicante

Borrowed from Spanish Alicante, from Arabic اَلقَنْت (al-qant) or لَقَنْت (laqant), from Latin Lucentum, or Vulgar Latin Leukante, ultimately from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white, bright”).


Zaragoza

[zɐ.ɾɐˈɣoː.sɐ]

[sɐ.ɾɐˈɣoː.sɐ]

Zaragoza (a province of Aragon, Spain; capital: Zaragoza)

Zaragoza (a municipality of Nueva Ecija, Philippines)


liban

absence; non-attendance (in class, work, etc.)


liban

tlb

(dialectal, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Mindoro)

crossing an obstacle (by jumping or climbing)


depende

[d̪ɛˈpɛn̪.d̪ɛ]

Borrowed from Spanish depende, third-person singular present indicative of depender.


depende

[d̪ɛˈpɛn̪.d̪ɛ]

Depende iyan sa gusto ng lalaki.


salta

Early borrowing from Spanish saltar. Doublet of jota.

act of rising (as of water in a pipe, etc.)

landing (as of invading marines from water)

(finance, colloquial) entry; coming in (of money as income)


Palestino

tl-proper noun

Palestino (feminine Palestina, Baybayin spelling ᜉᜎᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜈᜓ)

Palestina (feminine)
ᜉᜎᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜈᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish palestino, from Latin Palaestīnus.


yugal

Possibly borrowed from Spanish yugal (“jugal”), composed of yugo + -al, from Latin iugālis (“yoked together”).


dela

Borrowed from Spanish dela, from de la. Its use as a contraction of de la in Spanish-origin surnames is from the American colonial era, possibly by influence of Italian della.

particle found in Spanish-derived surnames when originally spelled with de la, such as dela Cruz (from earlier de la Cruz


lona

Borrowed from Spanish lona (“canvas”), from the name of the French coastal town Olonne, where the linen cloth was woven.


barangay

[bɐ.ɾɐŋˈɡaɪ̯]

Borrowed from Spanish barangay, where the /ŋ/ sound developed into a /ŋɡ/ sound, from balangay (“a type of wooden watercraft Austronesian people used when they migrated to the Philippines”). Doublet of balangay.

barangay (the smallest administrative division in the Philippines, a subdivision of cities and municipalities)

(historical) local polity or settlement during the Philippine precolonial period


kayo

From Proto-Philippine *kayú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Tuloy po kayo.


kard

Borrowed from English card, from Middle English carde (“playing card”), from Old French carte, from Latin charta, from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “paper, papyrus”). Doublet of kalatas, karta, and tsart.


abatan

[ˌʔaːˈbaː.t̪ɐn̪]

place where ambushers wait for their victim


abatan

tl-verb

abatán (complete inabatan, progressive inaabatan, contemplative aabatan, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜊᜆᜈ᜔)

abatán (canonical)
inabatan (completive)
inaabatan (progressive)
aabatan (contemplative)
ᜀᜊᜆᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
abat (root)
abatan (infinitive)
inabatan (completive root)
inaabatan (progressive root)
inaabatan (dialectal progressive root)
aabatan (contemplative objective)
aabatan (contemplative dialectal objective)
abati (dialectal imperative objective)

abatan

[ˌʔaːˈbaː.t̪ɐn̪]

Inabatan ng mga rebelde ang mga sundalo.


abre

Borrowed from Spanish abrir, from Latin aperīre. Doublet of abli, an earlier borrowing.


Samson

Borrowed from Spanish Samson, from Literary Hokkien 三孫／三孙 (sam-sun).

a surname from Hokkien common among Filipinos of Chinese ancestry


adelanto

Borrowed from Spanish adelanto (“advancement”).

bor+

Limang minuto ang adelento ng relo ko.

The amount of time in advance of my watch is five minutes.


adelanto

in advance; ahead of time (as of watches, clocks, etc.)


administrado

tl-adj

administrado (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜋᜒᜈᜒᜐ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜇᜇᜓ)

ᜀᜇ᜔ᜋᜒᜈᜒᜐ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜇᜇᜓ (Baybayin)


adulterado

adulterado (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇᜓᜎ᜔ᜆᜒᜇᜇᜓ)

ᜀᜇᜓᜎ᜔ᜆᜒᜇᜇᜓ (Baybayin)


administra

tl-noun

administrá (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜋᜒᜈᜒᜐ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜇ)

administrá (canonical)
ᜀᜇ᜔ᜋᜒᜈᜒᜐ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜇ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish administrar, from Latin administrāre.

act of taking charge of an administration


adopta

Borrowed from Spanish adoptar, from Latin adoptāre.

act of adopting (taking by choice into relationship, as, child, heir, friend, citizen)

act of adopting (selecting, taking, approving)


adobo

Borrowed from Spanish adobo (“delicacy of marinated meat”), from adobar (“to marinate”), from Old French adober (“to knight”). Compare Kapampangan arobu.

bor+

Adobong manok at baboy ang ulam ni Maria kagabi.

Maria had chicken and pork adobo last night.


adultera

adúlterá (canonical)
ᜀᜇᜓᜎ᜔ᜆᜒᜇ (Baybayin)

[ʔɐˌd̪ul.t̪ɛˈɾa]

female equivalent of adultero: adulteress


alisan

tl-verb

alisán (complete inalisan, progressive inaalisan, contemplative aalisan, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜎᜒᜐᜈ᜔)

alisán (canonical)
inalisan (completive)
inaalisan (progressive)
aalisan (contemplative)
ᜀᜎᜒᜐᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
alis (root)
alisan (infinitive)
inalisan (completive root)
inaalisan (progressive root)
inaalisan (dialectal progressive root)
aalisan (contemplative objective)
aalisan (contemplative dialectal objective)
alisi (dialectal imperative objective)

tl-infl-in-an

alisan

alisan

Alisan ng takip ang tasa.

(literally, “Have the cup be removed of its cover.”)

to be deprived of something (given to that person)

to be left or be get away by someone (of a place)


alisan

Alisan na.

simultaneous leaving or departure (from a place)


adultero

tl-noun

adúlteró (feminine adultera, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇᜓᜎ᜔ᜆᜒᜇᜓ)

adúlteró (canonical)
adultera (feminine)
ᜀᜇᜓᜎ᜔ᜆᜒᜇᜓ (Baybayin)

[ʔɐˌd̪ul.t̪ɛˈɾo]

Borrowed from Spanish adúltero, from Latin adulter.


alarma

Borrowed from Spanish alarma, from Italian all'arme, allarme.

alarm (a mechanical device for rousing attention)


alisto

Borrowed from Spanish listo or Spanish alistar.


adorno

Borrowed from Spanish adorno (“adornment”).


apura

Borrowed from Spanish apurar (“to hurry, to rush”).

act of urging someone to do something faster


apurado

Borrowed from Spanish apurado (“in a hurry”).


aras

Borrowed from Spanish arras, from Latin arrha.

coins given by the bridegroom to the bride during the wedding ceremony


armas

tl-noun

armás or armas (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜋᜐ᜔)

armás (canonical)
armas (canonical)
ᜀᜇ᜔ᜋᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish armas, plural of arma.


atraso

(colloquial) unsettled offense (towards another person which is expected to be settled)


ayuno

Borrowed from Spanish ayuno, from a Vulgar Latin *aiūnus < *iaiūnus, jajūnus, from Latin iēiūnus.

Natutuklasan ng mga pamilyang Aleman ang mga pakinabang ng tinatawag na ayuno sa panonood ng TV.

1988, “Pagmamasid sa Daigdig”, in Gumising!, archived from the original on 2020-09-12:

German families are discovering the advantages of so-called TV-fasting.

Ang ayuno ay nagsisimula sa pagligo , pagsuot ng simpleng damit , pagkain ng gulay at pagpasok sa tanging silid para sa ayuno, at pagpapagaling sa pagkakasakit.

1999, 中英韓菲對照論語, 溫哥華孔學出版社, page 7:

Fasting starts on bathing, wearing simple clothes, eating vegetables and entering one's own room for fasting, and healing sickness.


beses

Borrowed from Spanish veces (“times”), plural of vez. Doublet of bes.


anta

antá (canonical)
anta (canonical)
ᜀᜈ᜔ᜆ (Baybayin)


batid

known; aware of; conscious of; with knowledge about


batid

information; knowledge (about something)


batas

Possibly from Cebuano batas (“proposition of a rule or law”), or back-formation from Cebuano batasan (“custom; tradition”).

der

(obsolete) notification of an order or mandate


batas

Possibly from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bə(ʀ)tas (“tear, rip open (as cloth or stitches), snap (as string)”) via Malay betas (“ripping open, splitting open”). Possible doublet of bagtas and bigtas.

cog

shortcut (such as estuary when traveling by water)


botas

Borrowed from Spanish botas, plural of bota (compare apostoles, opisyales, rekisitos, and sentimos).


balas

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *badas (“grit, coarse sand, gravel”). Compare Kapampangan balas, Hanunoo baras, Aklanon baeas, and Cebuano balas.

inh

coarse granulated sugar; crystallized syrup


balas

poles used as prop to roofs to prevent a house from falling


baso

Borrowed from Spanish vaso (“drinking glass”), ultimately from Latin vās. Compare English vase.


baso

Borrowed from Spanish bazo (“spleen”), from Latin badius.


bata

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bataq, from Proto-Austronesian *bataq. Also possibly from Sanskrit वत्स (vatsa, “child, offspring”) or Sanskrit बटु (baṭu, “boy, lad, youth”). Compare Tausug bata'.

bor

WALANG patumanggang tinawag ng basher si Frankie Pangilinan na miserableng bata na uhaw sa atensyon.

2020, Ervin Santiago, “Frankie tinawag na ‘KSP at miserableng bata’ ng basher: Be like your Ate KC!”, in Bandera:

(colloquial) sweetheart; boyfriend or girlfriend


bata

Possibly from Sanskrit वठ् (vaṭh, “to be able”).


deposito

depósitó (canonical)
ᜇᜒᜉᜓᜐᜒᜆᜓ (Baybayin)


billboard

tl-noun

billboard (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜒᜎ᜔ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜇ᜔)

ᜊᜒᜎ᜔ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

Unadapted borrowing from English billboard. Used due to Tagalog-English code-switching (Taglish).


desmayado

Borrowed from Spanish desmayado (“disheartened”).


desesperado

tl-adj

desesperado (feminine desesperada, Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒᜐᜒᜐ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜇᜓ)

desesperada (feminine)
ᜇᜒᜐᜒᜐ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜇᜓ (Baybayin)


dinamita

Borrowed from Spanish dinamita (“dynamite”), from Swedish dynamit, coined by Alfred Nobel in 1867, ultimately from Ancient Greek δύναμις (dúnamis, “power”).


echas

[ˈʔɛː.t͡ʃɐs]

Backslang of tae + -s, with ⟨t⟩ changed to ⟨ch⟩.


doble

double (anything twice as large or as many)


embutido

embutido (Philippine meatloaf made with ground pork and stuffed with hard-boiled eggs and sliced ham or various sausages)


wais

Borrowed from English wise, but now read as two separate vowels due to an older spelling of diphthongs on loanwords.


wais

leaning or swaying to one side and another


estampa

portrait or image of a saint; religious print


grabe

→ Tausug: garabi

Borrowed from Spanish grave, from Latin gravis. See also bruto, gulo, and guro.

Grabe 'yong nangyaring lindol sa Hapon!

The earthquake that happened in Japan was outrageous!

Grabe na talaga ang krimen dito sa Maynila!

The crimes here in Manila are really getting out of control!

Grabe ang kanyang kondisyon, at kailangan niyang magpahinga.

His condition is grave, and he needs to rest.


grabe

Grabe! Nanalo ka ulit sa lotto?

Grabe! Wala ka talagang kuwenta!

expression of astonishment at the gravity or outrageousness of the situation: whoa! wow!


hilamos

From hi- + lamos (“blot; stain”). Compare Cebuano hilam-os.

smearing of one's face with something sticky or greasy (with the same movements as washing one's face)


estima

act of entertaining or attending to visitors


hipo

nature of an object perceived through touch

malicious touching (especially of someone's private areas)


hipan

tl-verb

hipan (complete hinipan, progressive hinihipan, contemplative hihipan, Baybayin spelling ᜑᜒᜉᜈ᜔)

hinipan (completive)
hinihipan (progressive)
hihipan (contemplative)
ᜑᜒᜉᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
hihip (root)
humihip (infinitive root trigger-actor)
humihip (completive root trigger-actor)
humihihip (progressive trigger-actor)
nahihip (dialectal progressive trigger-actor)
hihihip (contemplative trigger-actor)
mahihip (contemplative dialectal trigger-actor)
kahihihip (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakahihip (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
hipan (infinitive root trigger-object)
hinipan (completive root trigger-object)
hinihipan (progressive trigger-object)
inahipan (dialectal progressive trigger-object)
hihipan (contemplative trigger-object)
ahipan (contemplative dialectal trigger-object)
paghipan (infinitive root trigger-locative)
pinaghipan (completive root trigger-locative)
pinapaghipan (progressive trigger-locative)
pinaghihipan (progressive trigger-locative)
papaghipan (contemplative trigger-locative)
paghihipan (contemplative trigger-locative)
ihihip (benefactive infinitive root)
inihihip (benefactive completive root)
inihihihip (benefactive progressive)
ihihihip (benefactive contemplative)
ipanghihip (infinitive root trigger-instrument)
ipinanghihip (completive root trigger-instrument)
ipinapanghihip (progressive trigger-instrument)
ipapanghihip (contemplative trigger-instrument)
ikahihip (infinitive root trigger-causative)
ikinahihip (completive root trigger-causative)
ikinahihihip (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakahihip (progressive trigger-causative)
ikahihihip (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakahihip (contemplative trigger-causative)
ihihip (emphatic infinitive rare root trigger-causative)
inihihip (completive emphatic rare root trigger-causative)
inihihihip (emphatic progressive rare trigger-causative)
ihihihip (contemplative emphatic rare trigger-causative)
ihihip (infinitive root trigger-measurement)
inihihip (completive root trigger-measurement)
inihihihip (progressive trigger-measurement)
ihihihip (contemplative trigger-measurement)
magpahihip (infinitive trigger-actor)
nagpahihip (completive trigger-actor)
nagpapahihip (progressive trigger-actor)
magpapahihip (contemplative trigger-actor)
kapahihihip (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapapahihip (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapagpapahihip (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakapahihip (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
pahipin (actor-secondary infinitive)
pinahihip (actor-secondary completive)
pinahihihip (actor-secondary progressive)
pinapahihip (actor-secondary progressive)
pahihipin (actor-secondary contemplative)
papahipin (actor-secondary contemplative)
pahipan (infinitive trigger-object)
pinahipan (completive trigger-object)
pinapahipan (progressive trigger-object)
pinahihipan (progressive trigger-object)
papahipan (contemplative trigger-object)
pahihipan (contemplative trigger-object)
ipagpahihip (benefactive infinitive)
ipinagpahihip (benefactive completive)
ipinagpapahihip (benefactive formal progressive)
ipinapagpahihip (benefactive progressive)
ipagpapahihip (benefactive contemplative formal)
ipapagpahihip (benefactive contemplative)
ikapagpahihip (infinitive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpahihip (completive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpapahihip (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakapagpahihip (progressive trigger-causative)
ikapagpapahihip (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakapagpahihip (contemplative trigger-causative)
pagpahipan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinagpahipan (completive trigger-locative)
pinagpapahihipan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
pinapagpahipan (progressive trigger-locative)
pagpapahihipan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
papagpahipan (contemplative trigger-locative)
papaghipan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinapaghipan (completive trigger-locative)
pinapapaghipan (progressive trigger-locative)
papapaghipan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makahihip (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakahihip (completive trigger-actor)
nakahihihip (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakahihip (progressive trigger-actor)
makahihihip (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakahihip (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapahihip (infinitive trigger-actor)
napahihip (completive trigger-actor)
napahihihip (formal progressive trigger-actor)
napapahihip (progressive trigger-actor)
mapahihihip (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
mapapahihip (contemplative trigger-actor)
mahipan (infinitive trigger-object)
nahipan (completive trigger-object)
nahihipan (progressive trigger-object)
mahihipan (contemplative trigger-object)
maihihip (benefactive infinitive)
naihihip (benefactive completive)
naihihihip (benefactive progressive)
maihihihip (benefactive contemplative)
maikahihip (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikahihip (completive trigger-causative)
naikahihihip (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakahihip (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikahihip (progressive trigger-causative)
naikahihihip (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
naikakahihip (contemplative trigger-causative)
naiikahihip (contemplative trigger-causative)
maihihip (infinitive trigger-causative)
naihihip (completive trigger-causative)
naihihihip (progressive trigger-causative)
maihihihip (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapaghihipan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napaghihipan (completive trigger-locative)
napaghihihipan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapaghihipan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapaghihihipan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapaghihipan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makapagpahihip (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakapagpahihip (completive trigger-actor)
nakapagpapahihip (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakapagpahihip (progressive trigger-actor)
makapagpapahihip (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakapagpahihip (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapahihip (actor-secondary infinitive)
napahihip (actor-secondary completive)
napahihihip (actor-secondary formal progressive)
napapahihip (actor-secondary progressive)
mapahihihip (actor-secondary contemplative formal)
mapapahihip (actor-secondary contemplative)
mapahipan (infinitive trigger-object)
napahipan (completive trigger-object)
napahihipan (formal progressive trigger-object)
napapahipan (progressive trigger-object)
mapahihipan (contemplative formal trigger-object)
mapapahipan (contemplative trigger-object)
maipagpahihip (benefactive infinitive)
naipagpahihip (benefactive completive)
naipagpapahihip (benefactive formal progressive)
naipapagpahihip (benefactive progressive)
naiipagpahihip (benefactive progressive)
maipagpapahihip (benefactive contemplative formal)
maipapagpahihip (benefactive contemplative)
maiipagpahihip (benefactive contemplative)
maikapagpahihip (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikapagpahihip (completive trigger-causative)
naikapagpapahihip (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakapagpahihip (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikapagpahihip (progressive trigger-causative)
maikapagpapahihip (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
maikakapagpahihip (contemplative trigger-causative)
maiikapagpahihip (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagpahipan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagpahipan (completive trigger-locative)
napagpapahihipan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagpahipan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagpapahihipan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagpahipan (contemplative trigger-locative)
mapapaghipan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napapaghipan (completive trigger-locative)
napapapaghipan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapapapaghipan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makihihip (direct infinitive)
nakihihip (completive direct)
nakikihihip (direct progressive)
makikihihip (contemplative direct)
makipagpahihip (indirect infinitive)
nakipagpahihip (completive indirect)
nakikipagpahihip (indirect progressive)
makikipagpahihip (contemplative indirect)

From syncopic form of hihipan, from hihip + -an.


hila

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hilah (“drag, pull”). Cognate with Indonesian and Malay hela.

inh

(colloquial) act of persuading someone (to join or go somewhere)


grado

grade (level of primary and secondary education)


carps

From clipping of English carpet + -s. Carpets are sometimes interchangeable with rugs, and rugs when spelled as “R-U-G”, sounds like “Are you G?”. See G for more details.

are you in? (question asking if a person would be willing or wanting to participate in an activity)


lamo

float made of small boats held together by bamboo poles


lapida

Borrowed from Spanish lápida (“tombstone”), from Latin lapis, lapidem (“stone”). Doublet of lapis.

bor+

tombstone; gravestone (with inscription)


laman

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *lamán (“pork, flesh of a pig”).

inh+

Puro laman ang karne.

May laman ang kahon.

Naiintindihan ko ang laman ng artikulo.

I understand what the meaning of this article.


lambo

Compare Cebuano lambo and Hiligaynon lambo.


pasmado

Borrowed from Spanish pasmado (“astonished; frozen stiff”). By surface analysis, pasma + -ado.

bor+

suffering from pasma (categorized by hand tremors, palm sweating, numbness, and pain)


pasan

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pasaqan (“carry on the shoulders”), from Proto-Austronesian *pasaqaN (“shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole”). Compare Batad Ifugao pahon, Kapampangan pusan, Bikol Central pasan, Tagbanwa pasa'an, Cebuano pas-an, Tausug pa'san, Mongondow potaanon, Tetun Dili hasan, and Thao pataqaz.


pasma

Borrowed from Spanish pasmar (“to astonish; to freeze”), from Vulgar Latin *pasmus, from Latin spasmus, from Ancient Greek σπασμός (spasmós, “spasm, convulsion”).

der

pasma (folk illness believed to be brought on by exposure to cold or to water categorized by hand tremors, palm sweating, numbness, and pain)


pasas

Borrowed from Spanish pasas (“raisins”), plural of pasa.