tumira

tumirá (complete tumira, progressive tumitira, contemplative titira, 1st actor trigger, Baybayin spelling ᜆᜓᜋᜒᜇ)

tumirá (canonical)
tumira (completive)
tumitira (progressive)
titira (contemplative)
ᜆᜓᜋᜒᜇ (Baybayin)
tira (root)
tumira (infinitive root trigger-actor)
tumira (completive root trigger-actor)
tumitira (progressive trigger-actor)
natira (dialectal progressive trigger-actor)
titira (contemplative trigger-actor)
matira (contemplative dialectal trigger-actor)
katitira (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakatira (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
tirhan (infinitive root trigger-object)
tinirhan (completive root trigger-object)
tinitirhan (progressive trigger-object)
inatirhan (dialectal progressive trigger-object)
titirhan (contemplative trigger-object)
atirhan (contemplative dialectal trigger-object)
pagtirhan (infinitive root trigger-locative)
pinagtirhan (completive root trigger-locative)
pinapagtirhan (progressive trigger-locative)
pinagtitirhan (progressive trigger-locative)
papagtirhan (contemplative trigger-locative)
pagtitirhan (contemplative trigger-locative)
itira (benefactive infinitive root)
itinira (benefactive completive root)
itinitira (benefactive progressive)
ititira (benefactive contemplative)
ipantira (infinitive root trigger-instrument)
ipinantira (completive root trigger-instrument)
ipinapantira (progressive trigger-instrument)
ipapantira (contemplative trigger-instrument)
ikatira (infinitive root trigger-causative)
ikinatira (completive root trigger-causative)
ikinatitira (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakatira (progressive trigger-causative)
ikatitira (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakatira (contemplative trigger-causative)
itira (emphatic infinitive rare root trigger-causative)
itinira (completive emphatic rare root trigger-causative)
itinitira (emphatic progressive rare trigger-causative)
ititira (contemplative emphatic rare trigger-causative)
itira (infinitive root trigger-measurement)
itinira (completive root trigger-measurement)
itinitira (progressive trigger-measurement)
ititira (contemplative trigger-measurement)
magpatira (infinitive trigger-actor)
nagpatira (completive trigger-actor)
nagpapatira (progressive trigger-actor)
magpapatira (contemplative trigger-actor)
kapatitira (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapapatira (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapagpapatira (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakapatira (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
patirhin (actor-secondary infinitive)
pinatira (actor-secondary completive)
pinatitira (actor-secondary progressive)
pinapatira (actor-secondary progressive)
patitirhin (actor-secondary contemplative)
papatirhin (actor-secondary contemplative)
patirhan (infinitive trigger-object)
pinatirhan (completive trigger-object)
pinapatirhan (progressive trigger-object)
pinatitirhan (progressive trigger-object)
papatirhan (contemplative trigger-object)
patitirhan (contemplative trigger-object)
ipagpatira (benefactive infinitive)
ipinagpatira (benefactive completive)
ipinagpapatira (benefactive formal progressive)
ipinapagpatira (benefactive progressive)
ipagpapatira (benefactive contemplative formal)
ipapagpatira (benefactive contemplative)
ikapagpatira (infinitive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpatira (completive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpapatira (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakapagpatira (progressive trigger-causative)
ikapagpapatira (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakapagpatira (contemplative trigger-causative)
pagpatirhan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinagpatirhan (completive trigger-locative)
pinagpapatitirhan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
pinapagpatirhan (progressive trigger-locative)
pagpapatitirhan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
papagpatirhan (contemplative trigger-locative)
papagtirhan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinapagtirhan (completive trigger-locative)
pinapapagtirhan (progressive trigger-locative)
papapagtirhan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makatira (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakatira (completive trigger-actor)
nakatitira (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakatira (progressive trigger-actor)
makatitira (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakatira (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapatira (infinitive trigger-actor)
napatira (completive trigger-actor)
napatitira (formal progressive trigger-actor)
napapatira (progressive trigger-actor)
mapatitira (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
mapapatira (contemplative trigger-actor)
matirhan (infinitive trigger-object)
natirhan (completive trigger-object)
natitirhan (progressive trigger-object)
matitirhan (contemplative trigger-object)
maitira (benefactive infinitive)
naitira (benefactive completive)
naititira (benefactive progressive)
maititira (benefactive contemplative)
maikatira (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikatira (completive trigger-causative)
naikatitira (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakatira (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikatira (progressive trigger-causative)
naikatitira (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
naikakatira (contemplative trigger-causative)
naiikatira (contemplative trigger-causative)
maitira (infinitive trigger-causative)
naitira (completive trigger-causative)
naititira (progressive trigger-causative)
maititira (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagtiraan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagtiraan (completive trigger-locative)
napagtitiraan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagtiraan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagtitiraan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagtiraan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makapagpatira (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakapagpatira (completive trigger-actor)
nakapagpapatira (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakapagpatira (progressive trigger-actor)
makapagpapatira (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakapagpatira (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapatira (actor-secondary infinitive)
napatira (actor-secondary completive)
napatitira (actor-secondary formal progressive)
napapatira (actor-secondary progressive)
mapatitira (actor-secondary contemplative formal)
mapapatira (actor-secondary contemplative)
mapatirhan (infinitive trigger-object)
napatirhan (completive trigger-object)
napatitirhan (formal progressive trigger-object)
napapatirhan (progressive trigger-object)
mapatitirhan (contemplative formal trigger-object)
mapapatirhan (contemplative trigger-object)
maipagpatira (benefactive infinitive)
naipagpatira (benefactive completive)
naipagpapatira (benefactive formal progressive)
naipapagpatira (benefactive progressive)
naiipagpatira (benefactive progressive)
maipagpapatira (benefactive contemplative formal)
maipapagpatira (benefactive contemplative)
maiipagpatira (benefactive contemplative)
maikapagpatira (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikapagpatira (completive trigger-causative)
naikapagpapatira (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakapagpatira (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikapagpatira (progressive trigger-causative)
maikapagpapatira (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
maikakapagpatira (contemplative trigger-causative)
maiikapagpatira (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagpatirhan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagpatirhan (completive trigger-locative)
napagpapatitirhan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagpatirhan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagpapatitirhan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagpatirhan (contemplative trigger-locative)
mapapagtirhan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napapagtirhan (completive trigger-locative)
napapapagtirhan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapapapagtirhan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makitira (direct infinitive)
nakitira (completive direct)
nakikitira (direct progressive)
makikitira (contemplative direct)
makipagpatira (indirect infinitive)
nakipagpatira (completive indirect)
nakikipagpatira (indirect progressive)
makikipagpatira (contemplative indirect)

From tira (“leftovers; remainder”) + -um-.

to live; to stay; to dwell (in a certain place)

to remain; to stay (of water in a low place)


tanghalian

tl-noun

tanghalian (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜅ᜔ᜑᜎᜒᜀᜈ᜔)

[t̪ɐŋ.hɐˈliː.ʔɐn̪]


-an

tl-verb

-an (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)

From Proto-Philippine *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.

Buksan mo ang pinto.

object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing

Binagalan ni Sue ang kotse.

Sue slowed down the car. (The car is focused.)

object trigger: to cause something to become; to make

Tinitingnan ko ang manwal.

I'm looking at the manual. (The manual is focused).)

directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of

Titirhan ko si Roy ng keyk.

I'll leave some cake for Roy. (Roy is focused).)

benefactive trigger: to do something for

Winawalis-walisan; ko ang sahig.

I'm sweeping the floor a bit. (The floor is focused).)

object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

Tinutulung-tulungan ni Jessy si Patty.

Jessy helped Patty a bit. (Patty is focused).)

directional trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of, occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

Huwag mong sulatan ang dokumento.

object trigger: to perform the action of the verb on something


-an

tl-noun

-an (noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)

aklat (“book”) + -an → aklatan (“library”)

basura (“trash”) + -an → basurahan (“trash can”)

Forms locative nouns expressing where a large quantity of the thing meant by the root is put, planted, or can be found

kain (“eat”) + -an → kainan (“place where people eat e.g. restaurant, café,...”)

Forms locative nouns where the action expressed by the root is performed

ani (“harvest”) + -an → anihan (“harvest time”)

pasok (“entry, class, work”) + -an → pasukan (“school time, school year”)

Forms nouns expressing period in which the action expressed by the root is collectively performed

oras (“time”) + -an → orasan (“clock, watch”)

timbang (“weight”) + -an → timbangan (“weighing scale”)

Forms nouns indicating a tool or an object that is used to perform what is meant by the root

sayaw (“dance”) + -an → sayawan (“dancing together”)

kanta (“sing”) + -an → kantahan (“singing together”)

Forms nouns signifying reciprocal or joint performance of the action expressed by the root

bahay (“house”) + -an → bahay-bahayan (“toy house”)

Diyos (“God”) + -an → diyos-diyosan (“false god”)

baril (“gun”) + -an → baril-barilan (“toy gun”)

Used to create a diminutive, pretensive, or imitative form of something (used with reduplication of root word)


-an

tl-adv

-an (adverb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)

tatlo (“three”) + -an → tatluhan (“in threes, three at a time”)

dalawampu (“twenty”) + -an → dalawampuan (“in groups of twenty, twenty at a time”)

(appended to numbers) Used to indicate groups.


pala

Ikaw pala!

expressing sudden realization; indication of surprise.


pala

Borrowed from Malay pahala (“reward; grant”), from Sanskrit फल (phála, “fruit; benefit”). Compare Kapampangan pala, Maguindanao pahala, and Tausug pahala'.


pala

Borrowed from Spanish pala (“shovel; spade”).

(colloquial) person paid to applaud or perform paid activities


keso

Borrowed from Spanish queso (“cheese”), from Latin cāseus (“cheese”).


agahan

[ʔɐˈɣaː.hɐn̪]


agahan

tl-verb

agahan (complete inagahan, progressive inaagahan, contemplative aagahan, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜄᜑᜈ᜔)

inagahan (completive)
inaagahan (progressive)
aagahan (contemplative)
ᜀᜄᜑᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
aga (root)
agahan (infinitive)
inagahan (completive root)
inaagahan (progressive root)
inaagahan (dialectal progressive root)
aagahan (contemplative objective)
aagahan (contemplative dialectal objective)
agahi (dialectal imperative objective)

agahan

[ʔɐˈɣaː.hɐn̪]


matira

matirá (complete natira, progressive natitira, contemplative matitira, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜆᜒᜇ)

matirá (canonical)
natira (completive)
natitira (progressive)
matitira (contemplative)
ᜋᜆᜒᜇ (Baybayin)
tira (root)
actor (focus)
katitira (completive formal past past-recent)
matira (formal imperative)
kakatira (completive informal past past-recent)
matira (imperative informal)

tl-infl-table

matira

Walang natira sa pera ko.


matira

tl-verb

matira (complete natira, progressive natitira, contemplative matitira, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜆᜒᜇ)

natira (completive)
natitira (progressive)
matitira (contemplative)
ᜋᜆᜒᜇ (Baybayin)
tira (root)
actor (focus)
katitira (completive formal past past-recent)
matira (formal imperative)
kakatira (completive informal past past-recent)
matira (imperative informal)
tira (root)
matira (infinitive)
natira (completive root)
natitira (progressive root)
matitira (contemplative)

tl-infl-table

matira

matira

[mɐˈt̪iː.ɾɐ]


hapunan

tl-verb

hapunan (complete hinapunan, progressive hinahapunan, contemplative hahapunan, Baybayin spelling ᜑᜉᜓᜈᜈ᜔)

hinapunan (completive)
hinahapunan (progressive)
hahapunan (contemplative)
ᜑᜉᜓᜈᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
hapon (root)
hapunan (infinitive)
hinapunan (completive root)
hinahapunan (progressive root)
inahapunan (dialectal progressive root)
hahapunan (contemplative objective)
ahapunan (contemplative dialectal objective)
hapuni (dialectal imperative objective)

hapunan


hapunan

perching time; roosting time (of a bird)


-in

-in (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)

From Proto-Philippine *-ən, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ən, from Proto-Austronesian *-ən.

Lulutuin ko ang isda.

I will cook the fish (literally, “The fish will be cooked by me.”) (The fish is focused.)

object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something

Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia.

We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (literally, “Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.”) (The grandmother is focused.)

Binabaha ang bahay niya.

His house gets flooded. (His house is focused.)

actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon

Iniisip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko.

I sometimes think about my past. (literally, “My past is sometimes thought about by me.”) (My past is focused.)


-in

tl-adj

-in (adjective-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)

lagnat (“fever”) + -in → lagnatin (“prone to fever”)

sakit (“illness”) + -in → sakitin (“prone to illness”)


-in

tl-noun

-in (noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)

awit (“singing, song”) + -in → awitin (“song”)

aral (“lesson, studying”) + -in → aralin (“studies”)

an object of the action expressed by the root

Quezon (“province”) + -in → Quezonin (“a native of Quezon”)

Sampaloc (“municipality”) + -in → Sampalukin (“a native of Sampaloc, Quezon”)

bayan (“town center or poblacion”) + -in → bayanin (“a local from the town center”)

linang (“farm or remote area”) + -in → linangin (“a local from the farm”)


distrito

ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜇᜒᜆᜓ (Baybayin)


tala

Uncertain. Possibly from either:
* From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *talaq.
* From Sanskrit तारा (tārā, “star”). Possible doublet of estrelya.
Compare Balinese ᬢᬭᬵ (tala) and Kapampangan tala.

(astronomy, strictly) morning star; any bright star (except the Sun)

(astronomy, loosely) any astronomical body (such as a star, a planet, or a comet)

(figurative) celebrity (artist, actor, etc.)


tala

Derived from Sanskrit ताल (tāla, “palmyra or fan palm tree”) whose leaves were used to write on, according to Potet (2016). Compare Cebuano mantala.


tala

Limnophila rugosa (a type of marshweed used for cooking as an aromatic)


punta

Possibly from Spanish puntar (“point”) or Spanish apuntar (“aim”).

Saan ang punta mo?

Where will you go? (lit. Where is your destination?)


punta

a piece of bamboo with metal wire hooked on both sides, which is hooked to a pail or bucket, and is carried on the shoulders


Cebu

Borrowed from Spanish Cebú, from Cebuano Sugbo, from sugbo (“to dive into the water”).

Cebu City (a city, the provincial capital of Cebu, Central Visayas, Visayas, Philippines)

Cebu (a province of Central Visayas, Visayas, Philippines; capital and largest city: Cebu City)

Cebu (an island in Central Visayas, Visayas, Philippines)


sino

tl-pron

sino (plural sino-sino, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜈᜓ)

From Proto-Philippine *si-nu. Compare Brooke's Point Palawano sinu, Ilocano sino, Waray-Waray hin-o, and Yami sino. See also si, ano.


nana

[ˈn̪aː.n̪ɐʔ]

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nanaq, from Proto-Austronesian *naNaq. Compare Malay nanah.


nana

(obsolete) name of the Baybayin letter ᜈ, corresponding to "na"


ma

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜋ (ma).

the name of the Latin-script letter M/m, in the Abakada alphabet


ma

(zoology) mollusk with a shell that looks like a coat of mail


laki

From Proto-Philippine *dakəl, with elision of /l/ then a sound shift of /d/ to /l/. Compare Yami rako, Ilocano dakkel, Pangasinan dakel, Kankanaey dakdakë, Dupaningan Agta dakal, Ibaloi shakel, Isnag dakkal, Kapampangan dakal, Kapampangan dagul, Bikol Central dakol, Cebuano dako, Hiligaynon daku, Agusan Manobo dakey, and Maranao dakel.

size; measurement (especially in bigness)


laki

brought up; grew up (in a certain situation)


pastor

tl-noun

pastór (feminine pastora, Baybayin spelling ᜉᜐ᜔ᜆᜓᜇ᜔)

pastór (canonical)
pastora (feminine)
ᜉᜐ᜔ᜆᜓᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish pastor. Doublet of pastol, an early borrowing.


kung fu

Borrowed from English kung fu, from the Wade–Giles romanization (kung¹-fu⁵) of Mandarin 功夫 (gōngfu, “skill, accomplishment, martial art”).


hentai

From English hentai, a semantic shift from Japanese 変態(へんたい) (hentai, “pervert”).

hentai (sexual or pornographic anime or manga)


jologs

ᜇ᜔ᜌᜓᜎᜓᜄ᜔ᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)

(common) Alternative spelling of dyologs


jologs

ᜇ᜔ᜌᜓᜎᜓᜄ᜔ᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)


helmet

Borrowed from English helmet, from Middle English helmet, helmett, a borrowing from Old French helmet, heaumet, ultimately from Germanic origin. Doublet of almete.


primera

[pɾɪˈmɛː.ɾɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish primera, from primero, from Latin prīmārius.


primera

tl-adj

primera (masculine primero, Baybayin spelling ᜉ᜔ᜇᜒᜋᜒᜇ)

[pɾɪˈmɛː.ɾɐ]


primera

[pɾɪˈmɛː.ɾɐ]

Primerang bilis naman ng sasakyan!

(literally, “Oh, the first in speed of the vehicle!”)


bira

Borrowed from Spanish virar (“to veer”).


bira

Borrowed from Spanish vida (“life”). Doublet of bida.

a term of endearment used for young children


Abe

a Filipino-Japanese surname from Japanese


polo

Borrowed from English polo, from Balti پولو (polo).

Maraming reklamo si Arni tungkol sa initiation; sisisihin pa nito si Sid dahil ito ang pumilit sa kanyang sumali sa frat. Magsusuot ng polo si Arni. Halos hindi niya maigalaw ang kanyang braso.

1981, Clodualdo Del Mundo, Writing for Film:

Arni have a lot of complaints about the initiation; he even blamed Sid for forcing him to join the frat. Arni would wear a polo shirt. He could almost not move his arms.


polo

Borrowed from Spanish polo, from Latin polus, from Ancient Greek πόλος (pólos).


polo

Borrowed from Spanish polo (“corvée”), which came from either:
* From pulo, ikapulo (“tenth”) or tithe (diezmos prediales), for a tenth (10%) of the harvest is given to the Church. Related to etymology 5.
* From corruption of polong, Hispanicized spelling of Tagalog pulong, meaning “community work”.

unpaid compulsory work; corvee; forced labor

tax levied on the natives and paid as labor, goods, and/or money


polo

From Proto-Philippine *pujuq. Compare Malay pulau.


polo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puluq. Compare Malay puluh.


amp

tlb

(chiefly Internet slang, usually derogatory, vulgar, offensive, slightly euphemistic)

Clipping of amputa, which is a univerbation of ang (“the”) + puta (“bitch”).

univerbation

piece of shit (either of a situation or a person)

'Tong lecheng 'to talaga, nakakasira ng umaga amp!

Seriously, this motherfucker, what a day-ruining piece of shit!

bat d nyo pa ipush yng hay1p n mid n yan? kanina pa e nakakat6ngina amp

(gaming) Why don't y'all push through the fucking middle already?!? It could've been earlier. What a pain in the ass, these motherfuckers.


wari

one's own opinion; estimation; judgement

careful deliberation in one's mind; reflection

(obsolete) humility in confession of one's sins


chub

From fast pronunciation spelling of taob.


-s

pwede + -s → pweds

(slang, generally humorous) suffix added in slang, especially in place of reduplication


imam

imám (canonical)
imam (canonical)
ᜁᜋᜋ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Arabic إِمَام (ʔimām, “leader”), possibly through English or Philippine languages spoken mostly by Muslims.


haw

tlb

(now dialectal, Rizal, sarcastic, colloquial)

Nakabangga daw si Nel kanina? Haw, mangungutang naman laang siya.

Nel said he hit someone with his vehicle? Oh please, he'll just ask for money.


oo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *həqə (“yes; expression of agreement”). Compare Hanunoo ho, Palawan Batak ee, Cebuano oo, Hiligaynon hoo, and Tausug huun.


adobe

[ʔɐˈd̪oː.bɛ]

Borrowed from Spanish adobe, from Arabic اَلطُّوب (aṭ-ṭūb), from Sahidic Coptic ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (tōbe, “brick”), from Demotic  (tb, “brick”), from Egyptian Db-b-t:O39 (ḏbt, “brick, block, ingot”).

der

Arabic اَلطُّوب (aṭ-ṭūb)


dais

state of being close or near to one another


gimbal

great confusion; great disturbance (caused by loud sounds or noises)


lima

From Proto-Philippine *lima, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lima, from Proto-Austronesian *lima. Compare Atayal zima', Kanakanabu rima, Madurese lema, Malagasy dimy, Maori rima, Minangkabau limo, Rapa Nui rima, and Thao rima, Tiruray limo, Tongan nima, and Urak Lawoi' ลีมา (lima). See also Sanskrit नेम (nema, “half”).


dote

Borrowed from Spanish dote, from Latin dōs.


amo

Borrowed from Spanish amo (“master of the house”).


amo

From Greater Central Proto-Philippine *amúʔ. Compare Bikol Central amo (“monkey”), Cuyunon amoy (“small monkey”), Hiligaynon amo (“monkey”) and Tausug amu'.


Europa

[ʔeʊ̯ˈɾoː.pɐ]


kapok

Ceiba pentandra
Ceiba pentandra#Translingual

the silky fibre obtained from the seed pods of this tree


nones

Borrowed from Spanish nones, plural of non (“odd”).


hoy

Probably a natural expression, as may be inferred from its presence with similar meaning in many other unrelated languages: English hey, Mandarin 哎 (āi), Latin eia, and Czech ahoj.

Hoy! Gumising na kayong lahat dyan!

expression used to call the attention of somebody: hey!

Hoy! Hindi ako ang kumuha ng pera mo!

expression used as a warning or as a protest: hey!


brad

Clipping and pronunciation spelling of English brother. Doublet of prayle.

(familiar) comrade; peer; buddy (used in addressing between male peers)


opera

Borrowed from Spanish operar (“to operate”). Doublet of ubra.

(medicine) act of operating (in surgery)


opera

[ˌʔoː.pɛˈɾa]

Italian language
Latin language
Spanish language

Borrowed from Spanish ópera (“opera”), from Italian opera, from Latin opera (“work, labor”). Doublet of obra.


baton

Borrowed from English baton, from French bâton, from Old French baston, probably from Vulgar Latin *bastō, *bastōnis. Doublet of baston.

(music) stick of a conductor of an orchestra, or the majorette or drum major of a marching band

(sports) object transferred by relay runners

baton (staff or truncheon)
object transferred by relay runners

baton (staff or truncheon)
club used by policemen; night stick


puro

(by extension) strong (of alcohol, coffee)

pure-blood; of unmixed stock; purebred; thoroughbred

with or having the last card or number (of a pair) being awaited to be drawn in order to win

causing instant death (of a shot, stab, etc.)


puro

condition of being pure or unadulterated

last card or number (of a pair) being awaited to be drawn in order to win


dram

drum (barrel or large cylindrical container)


taring

elegant; elegantly dressed (especially of a young man or bachelor)

with a goon-like appearance and growing their hair long (of a young man)


ibis

From Greater Central Philippine *əbəs (“below; descend”). Compare Cebuano ubos and Maranao bes (“baby; full term fetus development”).

cog

aid given to unload a burden (on the head or shoulders)

(figurative) relief from hardship, pain, sorrow, etc.


ibis

a type of silver fish from the genus Carassius


batik

From Proto-Philippine *batik, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bətik, from Proto-Austronesian *bəCik (“tattoo”).


batik

batik (Javanese patterned cloth drawn in wax)


magma

Borrowed from English magma, from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma, “paste”).


mod

Borrowed from English mod, from modification.

mod (an end user-created package containing modifications to the look or behavior of a video game)


pila

Borrowed from Spanish fila (“line”), from French file (“line”).


pila

Borrowed from Spanish pila (“small battery”), from Latin pīla (“pillar”).


pila

broken off (as the handle of a jug, neck of a bottle, etc.)

chipped off (as the edge rim of crockery, etc.)


tapir

Borrowed from Spanish tapir (“tapir”), from French tapir, from Old Tupi tapi'ira.


ulan

From Proto-Philippine *qudán (cf. Bikol Central uran, Buhid muyan, Calamian Tagbanwa kuran, Cebuano uwan, Hiligaynon ulan, Kapampangan uran, Pangasinan uran, Surigaonon uyan), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan (cf. Chamorro uchan, Fijian uca, Hawaiian ua, Malay hujan, Palauan chull, Tetum udan), from Proto-Austronesian *quzaN (cf. Paiwan qudjalj).

(by extension) rapid falling of small objects (such as bullets, stones, etc.)


samba

Borrowed from Malay sembah, possibly from Javanese ꦱꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ (sembah), from Old Javanese sĕmbah, possibly from Old Khmer saṃbaḥ ~ sambaḥ; whence Khmer សំពះ (sɑmpĕəh). Doublet of simba.


samba

Borrowed from English samba, from Brazilian Portuguese samba, from a Bantu language.


sima

From Proto-Philippine *símaq (“barb of a hook”).

inh

quill or feather at the end of an arrow shaft

barb (point that stands backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc.)


sima

small, triangularly framed dip net (used for catching shrimp and fish from a fish shelter)

cover pot for catching fish (similar to a salakab)

catching of shrimp and fish with such a tool


kay

Ang awiting ito ay para kay Tatay.

Ibigay mo ito kay Juan.

Used to mark oblique cases of personal nouns


kay

Kay ganda ng tanawin.

how (used as a modifier to indicate surprise, delight, admirationor other strong feelings)


ere

Borrowed from Spanish aire, from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr). Doublet of arya.

Dapat matigas, di iyakin, di lumilipad ang kamay sa ere.

2017, Ladlad 2: An Anthology of Philippine Gay Writing, Anvil Publishing, Inc., →ISBN:

I must act tough, not a crybaby, not with the hands fluttering in the air.

Ito rin ang unang beses kong makakita ng Flying Board na parang skate board na lumilipad sa ere.

2017, Penguin20, Altheria: School of Alchemy Book 1, Psicom Publishing Inc, page 47:

This is also the first time I have seen a Flying Board, which is like a skateboard flying in the air.


ere

Borrowed from Spanish ere, the Spanish name of the letter R/r.

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter R/r, in the Abecedario


sago

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sagu (“processed sago, prepared starch from the sago palm”). Compare Bikol Central sago, Cebuano sago, Javanese ꦱꦒꦸ (sagu), Malay sagu, and Spanish sagú.

(colloquial, by extension) tapioca pearl


sago

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *saʀu (“body fluid from a corpse; fluid oozing from a wound”).

oozing fluid (from a wound, boil, rotting meat or fish, etc.)


tapis

From Proto-Austronesian *tapis (“loincloth”). Compare Cebuano tapis and Indonesian tapis. Doublet of tapi. Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Spanish tapiz (“tapestry”), from French tapis, from Ancient Greek τάπης (tápēs).

bor+

sarong-like apron or wrap (worn by women over skirt)

(by extension) towel wrap (especially worn by a woman)


gala

aimless wandering; act of going around aimlessly


gala

having the habit of wandering; having a wanderlust


gala

Borrowed from Spanish gala, from Old French gale (“rejoicing”), from galer (“to enjoy oneself”).


bale

Borrowed from Spanish vale, third-person singular present indicative form of valer (“to be worth”), from Old Spanish valer. Compare Chavacano vale.

(chiefly in the negative, colloquial) worth; value


bale

used to connect previous conversation or events to the following question: so

used before stating or enumerating the gist or summary of what is being discussed

used as a meaningless filler word to begin a response or when one cannot start to speak


hake

Borrowed from Spanish jaque, from Old Spanish xaque, from Arabic شاه (šāh, “shah; king chess piece”), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/, “king”). Doublet of tsek, tseke, and tses.


bait

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bait. Compare Bikol Central buot, Cebuano buot, Malay baik, and Maori pai.


mall

Unadapted borrowing from English mall. Used due to Tagalog-English code-switching (Taglish).


tapa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tapa, ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *Capa. May be related to तप (tapa, “heat”).

jerked meat; jerky (especially beef or pork)


tapa

smoked; cured by exposure to smoke (of meat or fish)


laksa

Borrowed from Malay laksa (“ten thousand”), from Sanskrit लक्ष (lakṣa, “hundred thousand”). Compare Maranao laksa', Tausug laksa', and English lakh.

der

Kahit na ilang laksang bituin, 'di kayang pantayan ating ningning.

1985, Sharon Cuneta (lyrics and music), “Bituing Walang Ninging”:

No matter how many ten thousands of stars, our sparkle cannot be matched.


laksa

Borrowed from Malay laksa, from possibly either Classical Persian لاکچه (lākča, “pasta put into broth”) ot Sanskrit लाक्षा (lākṣā, “red dye; lac”).

laksa (a spicy stew from Indonesia or Malaysia)


aap

aap (canonical)
aáp (canonical)
ᜀᜀᜉ᜔ (Baybayin)

wholesale purchase of harvest (directly from the farm or plantation)

price or amount paid for a wholesale purchase of harvest


Oregon

[ˌʔoː.ɾɛˈɣon̪]


bibo

Borrowed from Spanish vivo (“alive”), from Latin vīvus (“alive, living”). Doublet of diwa.


gang

Borrowed from English gang, from Middle English gang, from Old English gang (“a journey; way; passage”), from Proto-Germanic *gangaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰ-o-s, from *ǵʰengʰ- (“to step; stride”).


nang

Natutulog na ang mga bata nang dumating kami.

The children were already sleeping when we came.

when, at the time of (referring to past events)

Bilisan mo nang makahabol ka pa!


nang

Wala nang ibang hahanapin pa.

combination of na and -ng; more; already

Tumakbo nang mabilis ang bata.

used to connect adverbs of manner or degree to the word they modify

Tumakbo nang tumakbo ang bata hanggang siya'y napagod.

The child ran and ran until he became tired.


motel

Borrowed from English motel or Spanish motel.

Muli ko bang pahahabain ang puntong ito para hindi tumuloy sa dulo ng kuwento? Sa Cubao rin kami napunta sa mamahaling motel.

Will I extend this part again so we don't reach the end of the story? We ended up in Cubao, in a classy love hotel.


pipi

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pipiq (“flat”). Compare Malay pipeh.

act of flattening something; act of crushing something


pipi

From Proto-Austronesian *pipi (“female genitalia”).


pipi

From Proto-Philippine *piqpiq (“wash clothes by pounding on river rocks”).


harina

[hɐˈɾiː.n̪ɐ]


Estados Unidos

tl-proper noun

Estados Unidos (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜐ᜔ᜆᜇᜓᜐ᜔ ᜂᜈᜒᜇᜓᜐ᜔)

ᜁᜐ᜔ᜆᜇᜓᜐ᜔ ᜂᜈᜒᜇᜓᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish Estados Unidos.

ubor

Ang mga bansang naunang lumagda sa kasunduang ito ay ang Estados Unidos, Kanada, Inglatera, Pransiya, Olanda, Belhika, Norwega, Luksemburgo, Italya, Dinamarka, Islandiya at Portugal.

1949, Sa kapakanaan ng kapayapaan at kaunlarang pandaigdig:

United States (a country in North America)


nido

Borrowed from Spanish nido (“nest”), from Latin nīdus. See also El Nido (literally “The Nest”) in Palawan, where the edible bird's nest is historically harvested from by a busyador.

edible bird's nest (commonly found in El Nido, Palawan and usually made into nido soup in Chinese restaurants)


adelantado

tl-adj

adelantado (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇᜒᜎᜈ᜔ᜆᜇᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish adelantado (“advanced”).

bor+

Adelantado ang relong iyon.

advanced; earlier than expected or needed

developed; progressive (of a people, nation, etc.)


adelantado

governor general (specifically during the early Spanish regime)


aw

(informal, colloquial) ouch (an expression of one's own physical pain)


biro

Compare Kapampangan biru and Aklanon bueo.

Naging biro na sa magkaibigan ang pinag-awayan nila dati.

What the friends had argued about before has become a joke.


todo

Borrowed from Spanish todo. Doublet of todas.

exerting one's full strength, voice, shout, run, etc.

(gambling) entirely put as bet in a single game


todo

full exertion of one's strength, voice, shout, run, etc.

(gambling) act of betting all one's money in a single game


mai

may maing salita


apela

Borrowed from Spanish apelar (“to appeal”), from Latin appellāre.


harakiri

[ˌhaː.ɾɐˈxiː.ɾɪ]


karaoke

[kɐ.ɾɐˈʔoː.xɛ]

Borrowed from English karaoke, or directly from Japanese カラオケ (karaoke), from 空(から) (kara, “empty”) + オケ (oke, “orchestra”), a clipping of オーケストラ (ōkesutora), from English orchestra.


Athena

[ʔɐˈt̪iː.n̪ɐ]


trip

Wala, trip ko lang, wala lang akong magawa. May reklamo ka? Ako wala. Wala akong pakialam sa yo at sa kung ano mang iniisip mo. Bakit sa SM? Kase. Kase pareho ng initials ko. Yun lang.

2008, Khavn De La Cruz, Ultraviolins, UP Press, →ISBN, page 182:

Nothing, just my idea, ['coz] I have nothing to do. Any problems? Nothing. I don't mind you and anything you think. Why in SM? Coz. Coz it's the same initials as mine. Just that.

plan; idea; undertaking (especially on a whim or impulse)

May asawa at anak ang lalaki, pero trip niya ang mamboso at mambastos sa telepono. Ginagamit ng lalaki ang ... ang mensahe ng pelikula. Ang problema ay nakaka-depress dahil mahirap labanan nang ganoon ang lalaking sira ang ulo.

The man has a wife and a son, but he likes to harass and flirt with women on the telephone. The man uses the message of the movie. The problem is depressing because it's difficult to fight such a stupid man.

Siguro nga napapayag mo siya, pero, nilasing mo 'yung tao, e. Hindi ko siya nilasing. Pareho kaming lasing n'ung gabing 'yun. Arnold, kilala ko ang kumpare ko. Matagal na kaming magkasama niyan. Ang trip talaga niya 'pag lasing, sex.

1998, Honorio Bartolome De Dios, Sa Labas Ng Parlor, University of Philippines Press, →ISBN:

You possible enticed her, but, you made the person drunk, don't you? I didn't made her drunk. We're both drunk that night. Arnold, I know my buddies. We've been together for long. What she likes when drunk is to have sex.

something one likes to do (especially on a whim or impulse)

act of taking advantage of someone (by duping, tricking, cheating, etc.)


trip

Trip ko lang na mambasag ng mga bintana ng kotse, kasi sabog ako n'on.

I'ved just wanted to break car windows, 'coz I'm high that time.

(pseudoverb) to want; to like (to do something, especially on a whim or impulse)


lahar

Borrowed from English lahar, from Javanese ꦭꦲꦂ (lahar).


sumpit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sumpit, from Proto-Austronesian *sumpit.


bunga

→ Spanish: bonga

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa (cf. Indonesian bunga, Ilocano bunga and Malay bunga), from Proto-Austronesian *buŋa. Compare Malay bunga (“flower”).

(figurative) result; effect; consequence

Areca catechu
Areca catechu#Translingual


lait

[ˈlaː.ʔɪt̪̚]


dalawa

From earlier dalwa, from earlier *darua < *dadua, from Proto-Central Philippine *da-duha (with irregular loss of *h), from Proto-Philippine *da-duha, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da-duha, from Proto-Austronesian *da-duSa. Cognate with Malay dua.


sampu

From sampuo, from sampuwo, from older sampulo, ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *sa-ŋa-puluq (“ten”). Compare Ilocano sangapulo, Bikol Central sampulo, Maranao sapolo', Tausug hangpu',
Gorontalo mopulu, Malay sepuluh, Bima sampuru, and Hawaiian anahulu (“period of ten days”). By surface analysis, sam- + pu, literally “one ten”.


lawin

Borrowed from Hokkien 老鷹／老鹰 (lāu-eng, “eagle”).


sashimi

tl-noun

sáshimí or sashimi (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜐ᜔ᜌᜒᜋᜒ)

sáshimí (canonical)
sashimi (canonical)
ᜐᜐ᜔ᜌᜒᜋᜒ (Baybayin)

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese sashimi, the Hepburn romaji of 刺身(さしみ) (sashimi).


apat

[ˈʔaː.pɐt̪̚]

From Proto-Central Philippine *a-əpat, from Proto-Philippine *a-əpat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *a-əpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Sa-Səpat. Doublet of ipat.


tatlo

From Proto-Central Philippine *tatlu (compare Aklanon tatlo, Northern Catanduanes Bicolano tatlo, and Hiligaynon tatlo), from Proto-Philippine *tatlu (compare Bikol Central tulo, Cebuano tulo, Higaonon tatulo, Ilocano tallo, Maguindanao telu, Maranao telo, and Yami atlo), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ta-təlu (compare Chamorro tulu, Fijian tolu, Javanese ꦠꦼꦭꦸ (telu), Malagasy telo, Malay telu, Maori toru, and Tetum tolu), from Proto-Austronesian *ta-təlu (compare Amis tolo, Rukai tulru, and Paiwan tjelu). Doublet of atlo and itlo.


Dee

From Hokkien 李 (Lí), via English Dee, with the initial ⟨L⟩ changed to ⟨D⟩ due to /l/~/d/ allophony when the proceeding vowel is either, [i], [e], or [u] in Hokkien.

Enchong Dee, Filipino actor, model, and swimmer

a Chinese Filipino surname from Hokkien, most notably borne by:


tomboy

Si Trudy, gaya ng palayaw sa kanya, ay isang tomboy. Sa kanilang lugar, walang batang lalaking nakadaig sa kanya sa ano mang uri ng sports.

Trudy, like her nickname, is a tomboy. In their neighborhood, the boys cannot even beat her in any sports.

Sa suot niyang " kamisadentrong panlalaki at "pedal-pusher" na maong ay wala siyang iniwan sa isang "tomboy". (Palinga-linga silang dalawa na tila may hinahanap. Pagtapat sa may puno ng adelpa ay titigil sila.)

He did not leave the undershirt and "pedal-pusher" jeans to a tomboy (They are looking to the left and right like they are finding something. They will stop when they face the oleander tree.)


walo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *walu, from Proto-Austronesian *walu.


radyo

Borrowed from Spanish radio, clipping of radiorreceptor.


radyo

Borrowed from Spanish radio, from Latin radius. Doublet of rayos.


pok-pok

(derogatory) Alternative spelling of pokpok


malaya

Malaya tayong bumoto ng kung sinong pinaniniwalaan nating ikabubuti ng bansa.

We are free to vote for whom we believe will be beneficial for our country.

Malayang nagtakbuhan sina Inggo sa pagpapatintero nila.

Inggo and the others freely ran about as they played patintero.

Malaya ka na.

freed from prison; not confined in prison

Ang Pilipinas ay malaya mula sa banyagang kolonisasyon.

The Philippines is free from foreign colonization.


Hokkien

Borrowed from Hokkien 福建 (Hok-kiàn, “Fujian / Fukien”). Doublet of Fukien.

bor+

wikang Hokkien

salitang Hokkien
Hokkien language word; Hokkien Language

[…] Iyan ang historikal na dahilan kung bakit hindi pinapansin ng halos lahat ng mga kritiko ang literaturang Tsino natin. Kahit na humigit kumulang sa dalawang daang Filipino ang nagsusulat sa wikang Mandarin o Hokkien sa kasalukuyan ay hindi inaakala ng mga bobong iskolar na dugong Malay na malaking bahagi ng literatura[…]

1996, Alfredo E. Litiatco, Isagani R. Cruz, The Alfredo E. Litiatco lectures of Isagani R. Cruz, De La Salle University Press, →ISBN, page 237:

[…] That is the historical reason why almost all critics ignore our Chinese literature. Even though there are about two hundred Filipinos writing in Mandarin or Hokkien today, stupid scholars of Malay blood do not think that a large part of the literature […]

[…] at lalim ng impluwensiyang Tsino sa wikang Tagalog. Dito'y dapat linawin na ang mga bokabularyong Tsinong tinukoy sa pag-aaral ay mula sa wikang Hokkien. Mangilan-ngilan lamang ang mula sa Cantones at Mandarin. Hindi naman ito kataka-taka dahil mahigit nobenta porsiyento ng mga Tsinong lumikas sa Pilipinas ay galing sa Fujian (o Hokkian) […] At ang salitang "paslang," ayon sa pag-aaral ni Manuel, ay mula sa pariralang Hokkien na "phah si lang" na ang kahuluga'y... ano pa nga ba kundi "pumatay ng tao!" […]

1997, Joaquin Sy, Tsapsuy: mga sanaysay, tula, salin at iba pa 雜碎, Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, →ISBN, page 260,265:

[…] and depth of Chinese influence on the Tagalog language. Here it should be clarified that the Chinese vocabulary referred to in the study is from the Hokkien language. Only a few come from Cantonese and Mandarin. This is not surprising because more than ninety percent of the Chinese who emigrated to the Philippines are from Fujian (or Hokkian) […] And the word "paslang," according to Manuel's study, is from the Hokkien phrase "phah si lang" which means... what else but "to kill a person!" […]

[…] lumabas mula sa kuwarto ang anak kong lalaking nakabihis militar at may hawak na riple. Pinisil niya ako sa balikat saka sinabi sa wikang Hokkien, "Magsasanay kaming magpaputok ng rifle ngayong araw. Pa! Corporal na ako, hindi na flag bearer […] Hokkien ang dalawang salitang iyon. Pagkatapos ng anak kong lalaki sa paaralang Tsino, nagkolehiyo na siya sa paaralang Pilipino. Nag-aalala akong makakalimutan niya ang wikang Tsino, pati na ang sulat Tsino. Nang maglaho sa labas […] usap-usapan ng mga tao sa Chinatown, ang pangongolekta ng donasyon ng class president naming binansagan naming Kuya Macao na bagama't Cantones ay nakapagsasalita ng matatas na Hokkien, ang limang linggong wala akong perang manood ng […]

2003, Ching Tam Cua, translated by Joaquin Sy, 五月花節：柯清淡小說精選 (Flores de Mayo: Tatlong Piling Kwento) [Flowers of May: Three Selected Stories], Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, →ISBN, page 48,50:

[…] my son came out of the room in military uniform and holding a rifle. He squeezed my shoulder and said in Hokkien, "We're going to practice firing a rifle today. Pa! I'm a corporal, no longer a flag bearer […] Those two words are Hokkien. After my son went to Chinese school, he went to college in the Filipino school. I was worried that he would forget the Chinese language, including the Chinese script. When he disappeared outside […] the people in Chinatown talked about the donation collection of our class president nicknamed Brother Macau that although Cantonese can speak fluent Hokkien, the five weeks I didn't have money to watch […]

[…] Napanaginipan ng historyador ang emperador. Nagpakilala itong si Shih Huang Ti. (Nakakapag-Hokkien sa panaginip.) Matapos libutin ang maharlikang hardin, […]

2004, Mayo Uno Martin, Babél: Mga Tula ni Mayo Uno Martin [Babél: Poems of Mayo Uno Martin], High Chair, →ISBN, page 41:

[…] The historian dreamed of the emperor. He introduced himself as Shih Huang Ti. (Able to use Hokkien in a dream.) After touring the royal garden, […]

[…]Hango umano ang "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" o "teng"] sa Tsino, at iniuugnay sa wikang Amoy-Hokkien. Ayon sa PCIJ, ang "hue" daw ay may literal na katumbas na "bulaklak" [flower], samantalang ang "eng" o "teng" ay katumbas daw ng "pusta" o "taya" [bet].[…] Ayon kay Joaquin Sy, isang eksperto sa Hokkien at tagasalin ng mga akdang Tsino, ang "huweteng" ay maaaring mula sa "hua" [bulaklak] at "tang" [salansan ng papeles]. Wala namang makapagsasabi kung sa paglipas ng panahon ay nagbago ang bigkas sa "hua tang" at naging "hue teng." Kung babalikan naman ang Tsapsuy: Mga sanaysay, tula, salin, at iba pa (1997) ni Sy, binanggit ang "jue xin" na mulang Hokkien. Tumutukoy ang "jue xin" sa tao na buo […]

2005, “Ugat ng Huweteng”, in Sawikaan 2005: Mga Salita ng Taon, UP Press, →ISBN, page 4:

[…]It is indeed similar as said that "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" or "teng"] is derived from Chinese, and is associated with the Amoy-Hokkien language. According to the PCIJ, "hue" is said to have a literal equivalent to "bulaklak" [flower], while "eng" or "teng" is said to be equivalent to "pusta" or "taya" [bet]. […] According to Joaquin Sy, a Hokkien expert and translator of Chinese works, "hueteng" may be from "hua" [flower] and "tang" [stack of papers]. No one can say if over time the pronunciation changed from "hua tang" to "hue teng." Going back to Sy's Tsapsuy: Essays, poems, translations, and others (1997), "jue xin" from Hokkien is mentioned. "jue xin" refers to the person as a whole

[…] Beinte-singko anyos lang si Kho Bunthong. Siya ang pinakabata sa editorial department. Nakapag-aral siya ng journalism sa isang unibersidad sa Tsina, at mahusay pang mag-Ingles, kaya siya ang inatasang maging reporter ni Mr. Le. Makuwento siya at prangka magsalita, maliksi kumilos at mabilis magtrabaho, at tapat sa pakikiharap sa tao, kaya't natutuwa sa kanya ang mga taga-editorial department. Galing siya sa Chaozhou sa Guangdong. Maliban sa pagkakaiba sa punto ay hindi gaanong nagkakalayo ang salitang Chaozhou sa Hokkien. Siguro'y dahil hindi masyadong malayo ang aming edad, gayundin ang pag-uugali, kaya naman madali kaming […]

2007, Bai Ren 白刃, translated by Joaquin Sy 施華謹, Lagalag sa Nanyang: (Nanyang Piaoliuji) 南洋漂流記 [Wandering the South Seas (Southeast Asia)], UP Press, →ISBN, page 334:

[…] Kho Bunthong is only twenty-five years old. He is the youngest in the editorial department. He studied journalism at a university in China, and speaks English well, so he was assigned to be a reporter for Mr. Le. He is talkative and straightforward, agile and quick to work, and honest in dealing with people, which is why the editorial department likes him. He is from Chaozhou in Guangdong. Except to a certain point, the Chaozhou language is not that far from Hokkien. Maybe it's because our age is not too far apart, as well as our behavior, that's why we easily […]

[…] nakapagsasalita ng Hokkien o Cantonese. Sa struktura ng pamilya, mas sumusunod din ang mga mestiso sa kagawiang Pilipino na nagbibigay-halaga sa kamag-anak ng babaeng asawa. Kapansin-pansin naman sa kanila ang ilang katangian tulad ng pagkahilig sa karangyaan, debosyon sa Katolisismo at sa kulturang Espanyol, at kakayahang magnegosyo […]

2012, Philippine Social Sciences Review, volume 64, number 2, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines, page 25:

[…] able to speak Hokkien or Cantonese. In the family structure, the mestizos also follow the Filipino practice that gives importance to the wife's relatives. They are notable for some characteristics such as a penchant for luxury, devotion to Catholicism and Spanish culture, and the ability to do business […]

the Hokkien language (linguistic variety under Southern Min of the Min languages of the Sinitic (Chinese) languages of the Sino-Tibetan family)


siyam

From Proto-Central Philippine *siyam, from Proto-Philippine *siam. Cognate with Ilocano siam, Kapampangan siam, Bikol Central siyam and Cebuano siyam.


alamin

alamín (canonical)
ᜀᜎᜋᜒᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
-in (affix)
ᜒᜈ᜔ (affix)
alam (root)
ᜀᜎᜋ᜔ (root)
alamin (infinitive)
ᜀᜎᜋᜒᜈ᜔ (infinitive)
inalam (completive root)
ᜁᜈᜎᜋ᜔ (completive root)
inaalam (progressive root)
ᜁᜈᜀᜎᜋ᜔ (progressive root)
inaalam (dialectal progressive root)
aalamin (contemplative objective)
ᜀᜀᜎᜋᜒᜈ᜔ (contemplative objective)
aalamin (contemplative dialectal objective)
alamin (imperative objective)
ᜀᜎᜋᜒᜈ᜔ (imperative objective)
alam (dialectal imperative objective)
ᜀᜎᜋ᜔ (imperative objective)
alama (dialectal imperative objective)
ᜀᜎᜋ (imperative objective)

tl-infl-in

alamin

alamin

alamin
 ᜀᜎᜋᜒᜈ᜔

aalamin
ᜀᜀᜎᜋᜒᜈ᜔
aalamin¹
 ᜀᜀᜎᜋᜒᜈ᜔

alamin
 ᜀᜎᜋᜒᜈ᜔
alam¹
ᜀᜎᜋ᜔
alama¹
ᜀᜎᜋ

Alamin mo ang pangalan niya.

to find out; to investigate; to ascertain


Miyerkules

tl-proper noun

Miyérkulés (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜒᜌᜒᜇ᜔ᜃᜓᜎᜒᜐ᜔)

Miyérkulés (canonical)
ᜋᜒᜌᜒᜇ᜔ᜃᜓᜎᜒᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)

Superseded, pre-2014 spelling of Miyerkoles.


bloke

block; solid piece (of wood, stone, etc.)


isa

From Proto-Central Philippine *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Philippine *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *isa, *əsa.


Linggo

Zorc (1985) surmises it to possibly be from Spanish domingo (“Sunday”), which was possibly mistakenly analyzed as luminggo (e.g. Luminggo na, “It's Sunday”, which could have been taken to mean “It's been a week”), from which the word is derived by removing the seeming infix -um- and early change from /d/ to /l/. However, according to Wolff (1976), it could also be from Malay minggu (“week”), which is from Portuguese domingo (“Sunday”). Wolff argues that the change in initial nasal to /l/ is also attested for Tagalog langka and Malay nangka. The shift in stress is due to having a closed penultimate syllable on earlier stages of the language. Ultimately from Late Latin diēs Dominicus (“Sunday”, literally “day of the Lord”). Doublet of Dominggo.


Setyembre

tl-proper noun

Setyembre (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜆ᜔ᜌᜒᜋ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜇᜒ)

ᜐᜒᜆ᜔ᜌᜒᜋ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜇᜒ (Baybayin)

[sɛˈt͡ʃɛm.bɾɛ]

Borrowed from Spanish setiembre, variant of septiembre.


Hulyo

Borrowed from Spanish julio, from Latin iūlius, from Iūlius (“Julius”), the gens of Julius Caesar.


Huwebes

Borrowed from Spanish jueves (“Thursday”), from Latin dīēs Iovis (“day of Jove”).


Pebrero

[pɛbˈɾɛː.ɾo]


Nobyembre

tl-proper noun

Nobyembre (Baybayin spelling ᜈᜓᜊ᜔ᜌᜒᜋ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜇᜒ)

ᜈᜓᜊ᜔ᜌᜒᜋ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜇᜒ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish noviembre (“November”).

bor+

Ang petsa ay ika-21 ng Nobyembre.


Disyembre

tl-proper noun

Disyembre (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜌᜒᜋ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜇᜒ)

ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜌᜒᜋ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜇᜒ (Baybayin)

[d̪ɪˈʃɛm.bɾɛ]

Borrowed from Spanish diciembre (“December”), from Old Spanish deziembre, diziembre, from Latin december, decembrem, from decem (“ten”).


Biyernes

ᜊᜒᜌᜒᜇ᜔ᜈᜒᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish viernes (“Friday”), from Latin diēs Veneris (“day of Venus”).


oy

Probably a natural expression, as may be inferred from its presence with similar meaning in many other unrelated languages: English hey, Mandarin 哎 (āi), Latin eia, Czech ahoj, and Yiddish אוי (oy, “oh, oy”).

Oy, tingnan n'yo 'to!

(colloquial, informal) Alternative form of hoy: expression used to call the attention of somebody: hey!

hoy

Oy! 'Wag!

(colloquial, informal) Alternative form of hoy: expression used as a warning or as a protest: hey!

hoy

Oy! Kamusta?

(colloquial, informal) an informal greeting: hey!

Oy! Bago 'to ah!

(colloquial, informal) an expression of surprise: hey!


Marso

Borrowed from Spanish marzo, from Latin (mensis) Mārtius (“the month March”), from Mārs.


sushi

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese sushi, the Hepburn romaji of 寿司(すし) (sushi).


Oliver

[ˌʔoː.lɪˈvɛɾ]

[ˌʔoː.lɪˈbɛɾ]

Borrowed from English Oliver, from Old French Olivier, by folk etymology from Latin Oliverius.


Sabado

Borrowed from Spanish sábado (“Sabbath; Saturday”), from Latin sabbatum, from Ancient Greek σάββατον (sábbaton, “Sabbath”), from Hebrew שַׁבָּת (shabát, “Sabbath”).

der

Sabado kahapon.

(obsolete) act of going to church on a Saturday to pray


Ilokano

tl-noun

Ilokano (feminine Ilokana, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜎᜓᜃᜈᜓ)

From Spanish ilocano. By surface analysis, Iloko + -ano.


Gabriel

Gabriél (canonical)
ᜄᜊ᜔ᜇᜒᜌᜒᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English Gabriel


pito

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pitu, from Proto-Austronesian *pitu.


pito

Borrowed from Spanish pito, alteration of pico, from Old Spanish bico, from Latin beccus.


Irak

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Wilson

a male given name transferred from the surname


ii

name of the Baybayin letter ᜁ, corresponding to "i" or "e"


Kapampangan

tl-proper noun

Kapampangan (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜉᜋ᜔ᜉᜅᜈ᜔)

Borrowed from Kapampangan Kapampangan, from pangpang (“shore”) + ka- -an.


Kapampangan

Kapampangan (pertaining to Pampanga, the Kapampangan people, or the Kapampangan language)


sala

sala (canonical)
salà (canonical)
ᜐᜎ (Baybayin)

From either:
* Inherited from Proto-Philippine *salaq (compare Aklanon saea, Bikol Central sala, Cebuano sala, Maranao sala', Mansaka sara, and Tausug sā'), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salaq (compare Fijian cala, Hawaiian hala, Malay salah, Maori hara, and Samoan sala).
* Borrowed from Classical Malay ساله (salah, “sin”), from Arabic زَلَّة (zalla, “error; slip; lapse; fault; sin”), with possible influence from Sanskrit चार (cāra, “trap; snare”), as in अपचार (apacāra, “offence”), or Sanskrit छल (chala, “deceit; fraud”).


sala

unsuitable; bad for; contrary to (as of some food)


sala

From Proto-Philippine *sáraʔ (“sift; strain; filter”). Compare Masbatenyo sara, Bikol Central sara, Aklanon saea, Cebuano sala, Surigaonon saya, Maranao sara, and Tausug sā'.


sala

act of interweaving bamboo slats (especially for the railing of a batalan)

railing made of bamboo slats; lattice; trellis


sala

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salaq. Compare Javanese ꦱꦭꦃꦲꦸꦫꦠ꧀ (salah urat).

inh+

physical defect (such as a broken bone, sprain, or bone dislocation)


sala

Borrowed from Arabic صَلَاة (ṣalāh). Compare Maranao salat, Tausug salat, Indonesian salat, and Malay solat.


Andrea

[ˌʔan̪.d̪ɾɛˈa]


aroma

Borrowed from Spanish aroma, from Late Latin arōma (“spices”), from Ancient Greek ἄρωμα (árōma).

Vachellia farnesiana
Vachellia farnesiana#Translingual


sila

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *si-ida, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ida. Compare Bikol Central sinda, Cebuano sila, Chamorro siha, Hiligaynon sila, Inonhan sanda, Malay sida, Maranao siran, Ratagnon sanda, Tetum sira, West Albay Bikol sinra, Yami sira, and Yogad sira.


sila

Nandiyan na sila Pedro at Juan.

(colloquial) plural direct marker placed before names or terms of address of people


sila

attack of a predatory animal on its animal prey


Filipino

tl-noun

Filipino (feminine Filipina, Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish filipino m, from Felipe + -ino, demonym to Spanish las Islas Filipinas (“The Philippine Islands (P.I.); The Philippines”), which was named after Spanish Felipe II de España (“Philip II of Spain”).

der

Filipino language (national language of the Philippines)

(proscribed) alternative form of Pilipino: Filipino (person)

w:Ganito Kami Noon... Paano Kayo Ngayon?

Hemisphere Pictures
w:Hemisphere Pictures

(historical) male Philippine-born person of pure or majority Spanish descent


Filipino

(proscribed) alternative form of Pilipino: Filipino (pertaining to the Philippines)


swastika

swástiká (canonical)
ᜐ᜔ᜏᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜃ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from English swastika, from Sanskrit स्वस्तिक (svastika).


salita

Borrowed from Old Malay (c.f. modern Malay cerita (“tale”)), from Sanskrit चरित (carita, “course of life; adventures”). Compare Kapampangan salita.

(by extension) language; speech; dialect


yarn

Galit yarn?


bobo

tl-noun

bobo (feminine boba, Baybayin spelling ᜊᜓᜊᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish bobo, from Latin balbus (“stammering”).

(offensive) fool; idiot; simpleton; dunce


bobo

Aliw na aliw kami sa pagpatol ni Lauren Young sa fans ni DJ Loonyo na binash siya dahil sa comment sa pagsusuot ng face mask. Na-bash si Lauren sa tweet niyang “Omg i just saw this!! Ang bobo shet ang bobo. Flatearther ka rin ba koyah??”

2021, Nitz Miralles, “Lauren ‘pinatulan’ si DJ Loonyo”, in Pang-Masa:


adlaw

[ʔɐd̪ˈl̪aʊ̯]

Learned borrowing from Cebuano adlaw (“sun”) with a shift of stress, from Proto-Bisayan *qadlaw, from Proto-Central Philippine *qaldaw, from Proto-Philippine *qaljaw, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaləjaw. Proposed by Eusebio Daluz by the 20ᵗʰ century to use the Visayan word instead of Tagalog araw (“sun; day”) to distinguish “sun” and “day” to have equivalents for Spanish sol (“sun”) and Spanish día (“day”). Doublet of araw.


tango

Compare Bikol Central tango, Kapampangan tangu, and Maranao dango.


basta

bastá (canonical)
basta (canonical)
ᜊᜐ᜔ᜆ (Baybayin)

Bakit ka nandito? Basta!

none of your business
none of your business

used to react when one refuses to give an explanation: just because!; none of your business!; no need to ask!; whatever!

Ay, basta! Nakakainis talaga siya!

used to react to one's sudden loss for words during an explanation


basta

Kahit mahirap, basta't masipag, ay aasenso.

Even in poverty, as long as one is hardworking, one's lifestyle will improve.


basta

Basta panoorin mo ako.

used to reduce the force of an imperative: simply; just

Basta ibinigay niya sa akin ang bata, at hindi na siya nagpaliwanag.

All I know is that he gave me the child, and he didn't explain.

Basta ayaw ako mahuli ng pulis.

I just don't want to be caught by the police.

used to emphasize that one's knowledge or concern is limited: just; all I know is that; all that matters is that; all I can say is that

Hindi lang siya basta guwapo, matalino pa.

He's not just handsome, but intelligent too.

Magtrabaho ka naman at hindi basta natutulog lang buong araw.

Do your work and, not just sleep all day.

just; only; merely (used in the negative)

Huwag kang basta maniniwala sa mga grupong nanghihikayat na sumama ka sa kanila.

Don't just believe in groups that persuade you to go with them.

used to emphasize lack of discernment in one's actions: just


abito

Borrowed from Spanish hábito, from Latin habitus.

habit (clothing worn by monks and nuns, especially in a religious order)


ora

Borrowed from Spanish hora (“hour; time”). Doublet of oras.


hal

Abbreviation of halimbawa: e.g.; for example


mil

Borrowed from Spanish mil, from Latin mīlle.


este

Borrowed from Spanish este (“uh; um”, interjection/filler).

Pupunta ako sa panaderya, este, restawran.

I am going to the bakery, I mean, the restaurant.


este

At, sa angkan naman ng ating First Lady, si Kokoy, na siyang governor ng Leyte, Ay embahador pa sa lahat ng parte - Sa este't oeste, sa sur at sa norte!

1985, Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Mga tula at tilamsik ng diwa:


piglas

act of struggling to get out of something


KKK

Initialism of Kataas-taasang kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (“Highest, Most Respected Assembly of the Children/Sons of the Nation”), the full name of the Katipunan.

initialism

[...Basahin kung ano pa ang ibang nangyari sa Katipunan.] Ang “Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" o ang “K.K.K.“ na lalong kilala sa tawag na Katipunan, ay isang samahang lihim ng mga manghihimagsik ...

1968, Jean Donald Bowen, Babasahing Panggitnang Baytang Sa Tagalog, Univ of California Press, page 153:

[...Read what more happened to the Katipunan.] The “Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" or the “K.K.K.“ more especially known as Katipunan, is a secret organization of revolutionaries ...

Ibig sabihin nito'y hindi na kinikilala ng pamahalaan ang KKK, bagamat ang pag-iral ng mga lokal na sangay ay hindi kaagad nagwakas.

1975, General [quezon] Education Journal:

This means the government no longer recognizes the KKK, although the implementation of local branches did not end immediately.

Napag-usapan ang pagbabangon ng isang Alituntuning-Batas (Constitucion), bagaman mayroon na ang K.K.K., na siyang pinagbabatayan ng mga Pamunuang Sanggunian at Balangay; mga kaugaliang sinusunod.

1992, Santiago V. Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General : with the Original Tagalog Text, Ateneo University Press, →ISBN:

The establishment of a Rule of Law (Constitution) was discussed, although the K.K.K. already has one, which is being used as the basis of the Leadership Councils and the Members; customs that are followed.


mens

From clipping of English menstruation or menses.


mister

tl-noun

mister or mistér (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜇ᜔)

mister (canonical)
mistér (canonical)
ᜋᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from English mister. Doublet of maestro.


total

totál or total (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜓᜆᜎ᜔)

totál (canonical)
total (canonical)
ᜆᜓᜆᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish total, from Medieval Latin tōtālis.


total

Total, nandito ka naman na, tumulong ka na dito.

After all, now that you're here, you can now help here.

(colloquial) after all (anyway, in any case)

Alam ko namang di ka makakatulong. Total, ayaw mong inuutusan.

I know you won't be of help. After all, you don't like taking orders.

(colloquial) after all (introduces information that supports the preceding statement)


Anastasia

[ʔɐ.n̪ɐsˈt̪aː.ʃɐ]

a female given name from English [in turn from Ancient Greek]


Sophie

Borrowed from English Sophie, pet form of Sophia, from Ancient Greek σοφία (sophía, “wisdom”).


penal

Borrowed from Spanish penal, from Late Latin poenālis.


Sophia

Borrowed from English Sophia, from Ancient Greek σοφία (sophía, “wisdom”).


halo

Compare Bikol Central halo (“mixture”), Cebuano halo (“mingle”), Malay haru (“stir; chaos”), and Malay arau (“stirring”).


halo

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qahəlu, from Proto-Austronesian *qaSəlu.


margarita

[mɐɾ.ɡɐˈɾiː.t̪ɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish margarita (“daisy”).


Irene

Borrowed from English Irene, from Ancient Greek Εἰρήνη (Eirḗnē).


yoni

Borrowed from English yoni, from Sanskrit योनि (yoni).


hula

Compare Bikol Central hula and Kapampangan ula.


arseniko

arsénikó (canonical)
ᜀᜇ᜔ᜐᜒᜈᜒᜃᜓ (Baybayin)

[ʔɐɾˌsɛː.n̪ɪˈxo]

Borrowed from Spanish arsénico, from Latin arsenicum, from Ancient Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikón, “yellow arsenic”).


rambutan

rambután (canonical)
ᜇᜋ᜔ᜊᜓᜆᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Malay rambutan, from rambut (“hair”) + -an.


manikin

Borrowed from English mannequin, from French mannequin, from Dutch manneken. Doublet of maniki.


-um-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

Kumain ako.

Lumindol kanina.

An earthquake occurred a while ago. (Nothing is focused.)

Parang pumayat si Gloria.

It looks like Gloria got thinner. (Gloria is focused.)

Kumakain-kain ako pag wala akong magagawa.

I eat a little bit when I have nothing to do. (I is focused.)

actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there


arko

arko (canonical)
arkó (canonical)
ᜀᜇ᜔ᜃᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish arco, from Latin arcus. Doublet of alakos.


bubalo

Borrowed from Spanish búbalo, from Latin būbalus, from Ancient Greek βούβαλος (boúbalos, “antelope, wild ox”). Doublet of bupalo.


banto

dilutant; diluent (liquid added to another to dilute it)


banda

Borrowed from Spanish banda (“band; gang; bank; border; edge; side of a ship”), from French bande, from Old Occitan banda (“regiment of troops”), from Proto-West Germanic *banda or Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰 (bandwa, “sign; inidication; flag”).

der

Maraming banda ang tutugtog sa palabas.


banda

Borrowed from Spanish banda (“band; sash”), from French bande, from Old French bande, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *binda (“join, link”).

bor+

narrow strip of band (such as ribbon or metal bands)


banda

Early borrowing from Spanish banda (“band; gang; bank; border; edge; side of a ship”), from French bande, from Old Occitan banda (“regiment of troops”), from Proto-West Germanic *banda or Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰 (bandwa, “sign; inidication; flag”). Similar to etymology 1 but borrowed earlier, shown by the shift in stress.


banda

Aalis ako nang bandang alas kuwatro ng hapon.

Banda roon lang nakalagay ang susi.

The keys have been placed just around there.

Dito banda dumaan si Tatay.


yoga

Borrowed from Sanskrit योग (yóga, “yoking, union”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *yáwgas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwgas, from Proto-Indo-European *yéwg-o-s, from *yewg- (“to join”).


alta

Early borrowing from Spanish altar. Doublet of altar.

altar (a table used for religious rites)


bulo

Compare Kapampangan bulu and Remontado Agta bul-u.

calf of cattle (such as cows, carabaos, etc.)


bulo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulu (“body hair; fur; feather”). Compare Javanese ꦮꦸꦭꦸ (wulu) and Malay bulu. For the figurative sense, compare Spanish pelo (“hair; filament; little importance”).

ncog

silky floss or hair covering (on leaves, fruits, stem of plants, etc.)

fine hairy growth (on wings of butterflies, bodies of some worms, etc.)

(figurative, obsolete) small amount of value, worth, importance


burat

act of folding the foreskin to expose the glans

(slang, colloquial, vulgar, offensive) annoyance


burat

with foreskin folded and the glans exposed


jihad

tl-noun

jihad or jihád (Baybayin spelling ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒᜑᜇ᜔)

jihad (canonical)
jihád (canonical)
ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒᜑᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ˈd͡ʒiː.hɐd̪̚]

[d͡ʒɪˈhad̪̚]

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).


umano

tl-verb

umanó (complete umano, progressive umaano, contemplative aano, Baybayin spelling ᜂᜋᜈᜓ)

umanó (canonical)
umano (completive)
umaano (progressive)
aano (contemplative)
ᜂᜋᜈᜓ (Baybayin)
um- (affix)
ᜂᜋ᜔ (affix)
ano (root)
ᜀᜈᜓ (root)
actor (focus)
kaaano (completive formal past past-recent)
ᜃᜀᜀᜈᜓ (completive formal past past-recent)
umano (formal imperative)
ᜂᜋᜈᜓ (formal imperative)
ano (dialectal formal imperative)
ᜀᜈᜓ (formal imperative)
kakaano (completive informal past past-recent)
ᜃᜃᜀᜈᜓ (completive informal past past-recent)
umano (imperative informal)
ᜂᜋᜈᜓ (imperative informal)
ano (dialectal imperative informal)
ᜀᜈᜓ (imperative informal)

tl-infl-table

umano

umaano
ᜂᜋᜀᜈᜓ
ungmaano¹
 ᜂᜅ᜔ᜋᜀᜈᜓ
naano²
ᜈ ᜀᜈᜓ

aano
 ᜀᜀᜈᜓ
maano²
ᜋ ᜀᜈᜓ

umano
 ᜂᜋᜈᜓ
ano²
ᜀᜈᜓ

¹Now archaic in Modern Tagalog.
²Dialectal use only.

Umano nang malakas kanina kaya baha dito.

The thing happened strongly a while ago so it's flooded here.

Umano ka roon?

What did you do there? or Did you do that there?

Ikaw ba ang batang umano sa pader?

Are you the kid that did that to the wall?

to do something or anything whose actual word for the verb is something the speaker cannot express, or context is enough to derive the meaning


umano

Sila umano ang gumawa ng krimen.


aso

From Proto-Philippine *asu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *asu, from Proto-Austronesian *(w)asu. Compare Acehnese asèë, Bakung acuʼ, Berawan acew, Chru əsɣu, Cia-Cia 아우 (au), Coastal Kadazan tasu, Eastern Cham ꨀꨧꨮꨭ (asau), Javanese ꦲꦱꦸ (asu), Kapampangan asu, Siraya asu, Tetum asu, and Urak Lawoi' อาซู (asu).


aso

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qasu. Compare Bikol Central aso, Cebuano aso, and Tausug asu.


sharia

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic شَرِيعَة (šarīʕa, literally “path, way”), possibly via Spanish sharia or English sharia.


buko

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bukuh. Compare Bikol Central buko, Cebuano buko and Malay buku.

(anatomy) knuckle; joint (of one's finger or toe)

(anatomy, colloquial) protuberance of the ankle bone

finding of one's fault to disappoint another


bati

Metathesis of Malay tabik, from Sanskrit क्षन्तव्य (kṣantavya, “to be pardoned”). See also tabi.

der

Bati na sila.

reconciled; renewed (of one's friendship)


bati

Maligayang bati!


bati

beaten; churned (with a beater or whisk)


mulan

tl-verb

mulán (complete nulan, progressive nunulan, contemplative uulan, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜎᜈ᜔)

mulán (canonical)
nulan (completive)
nunulan (progressive)
uulan (contemplative)
ᜋᜓᜎᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Apheretic form of umulan (infinitive): to rain


bubo

Alternative form of bobo (“foolish, stupid”)


bubo

Alternative form of bobo (“fool, idiot”)


bubo

From Proto-Philippine *bubu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bubu, from Proto-Austronesian *bubu₂. Cognate with Amis fofo, Ilocano bobo, Cebuano bubu, Malagasy vovo, Malay bubu, Bilba bufu, Buli (Indonesia) pup, and Pohnpeian uu.


bubo

act of frightening and driving away a flock of birds

sudden flight of birds (after being frightened and driven away)


bubo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buqbuq (“pour”). Cognate with Kapampangan bubu, Cebuano bubu, and Javanese ꦧꦸꦧꦸꦃ (bubuh, “put in by accident”).


boto

Borrowed from Spanish voto, from Latin vōtum. Doublet of boda.


mufti

Borrowed from Arabic مُفْتِي (muftī, “fatwa-deliverer”, literally “deliverer of formal opinion”).


problema

Borrowed from Spanish problema (“problem; trouble”), from Latin problēma, from Ancient Greek πρόβλημα (próblēma, “obstacle”).


istante

Superseded, pre-2014 spelling of estante.


Kanada

tl-proper noun

Kanadá or Kánadá (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜈᜇ)

Kanadá (canonical)
Kánadá (canonical)
ᜃᜈᜇ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish Canadá (“Canada”), from French Canada, from Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”).

der

Ang mga bansang naunang lumagda sa kasunduang ito ay ang Estados Unidos, Kanada, Inglatera, Pransiya, Olanda, Belhika, Norwega, Luksemburgo, Italya, Dinamarka, Islandiya at Portugal.


sur

Borrowed from Spanish sur, from French sud, from Middle French sud, from Old French su, sud (“south”), a Germanic borrowing, from Old English sūþ (“south”).


postmaster

tl-noun

postmaster (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜐ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜋᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜇ᜔)

ᜉᜓᜐ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜋᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)


titi

[ˈt̪iː.t̪ɪʔ]

[ˈt̪iː.t̪ɛʔ]

Compare Indonesian titit (“penis”), Cebuano tintin (“penis”), and Hokkien 弟弟 (tî-tî, “penis”).


titi

[ˈt̪iː.t̪ɪʔ]

Compare Hiligaynon titi (“to drain completely”). See also Hokkien 滴 (tih, “drip; drop of liquid”).


titi

[ˈt̪iː.t̪ɪʔ]

act or manner of allowing to drip continuously (in order to drain or empty liquid in something)


titi

Compare Cebuano titi (“baby bottle”), Hiligaynon titi (“nipple; feeding bottle”), and Malay tetek (“breast; breastfeeding”).


kamao

From earlier variant kamaoo, from Proto-Central Philippine *kamaʔuʔu (“back of the hand”). Compare Kapampangan kamau (“hand”), Hanunoo kamaoo, Bikol Central kamaoo (“fist; knuckle”), Hiligaynon kamomoo (“thumb”), and Mansaka kamao (“back of the hand; fist”). See also Cebuano kumo (“fist”).


nasa

Possibly from na- + sa. See also Cebuano naa.

marks the location of something; (to be) in, on, at


nasa

Borrowed from Sanskrit लालसा (lālasā, “desire”).


nasa

(obsolete) complete aspect of masa: to read


nasa

(obsolete) complete aspect of masa: to make wet


dito

From Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di-tu, from *di + *-tu, from Proto-Austronesian *Cu (“2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then”). The latter half of the word is likely related to ito, in a similar pattern to other Tagalog demonstrative pronouns. Compare Cebuano didto and Ilocano ditoy. Meanwhile, the former half is possibly related to Malay di and Indonesian di as a likely cognate.

der

here (near the speaker and the listener)


Francisco

tl-proper noun

Francisco (Baybayin spelling ᜉ᜔ᜇᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜐ᜔ᜃᜓ)

ᜉ᜔ᜇᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜐ᜔ᜃᜓ (Baybayin)


unan

[ˈʔuː.n̪ɐn̪]

From ulunan with elision of /l/, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qulun-an (“place where one rests the head: wooden headrest”). Compare Ilongot unan, Kapampangan ulnan, Bikol Central ulunan, Cebuano unlan, Hiligaynon ulunan, Waray-Waray ulunan, Maranao olonan, Higaonon uluna, Tausug ūan, and Malagasy ondana.

inh

Mayroon ka pang isang unan?


-i

tl-verb

-i (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒ)

Buksi yung pinto!

imperative suffix, usually equals to "-in/-an mo" in Standard Tagalog and other dialects


Jose

a male given name from Spanish, equivalent to English Joseph


sermon

tl-noun

sermón or sermon (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜇ᜔ᜋᜓᜈ᜔)

sermón (canonical)
sermon (canonical)
ᜐᜒᜇ᜔ᜋᜓᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish sermón, from Latin sermōnem.

(colloquial) long scolding (especially by a parent or superior)


Ian

Borrowed from English Ian, from Scottish Gaelic Eòin, from Old Irish Iohain, from Latin Iōannēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), from Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yôḥānān, literally “God is gracious”).

der

a male given name from English Ian [in turn from Scottish Gaelic Eòin], equivalent to English John


-in-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-in-, from Proto-Austronesian *-in-.

Kinain ko ang mangga (patient trigger)
I ate the mango (mango is focused)

Pinuntahan namin ang palengke (locative trigger)

We went to the market (market is focused)

forms the complete aspect in all triggers except the active trigger

Kinakain ko ang mangga

(with CV- reduplication): forms the progressive aspect in all triggers except in the active trigger


um-

Umulan kanina.

Umalis na ako.

prefix form of -um- for verbs starting with a vowel


Crispin

Crispín (canonical)
ᜃ᜔ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜉᜒᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)


metodo

Borrowed from Spanish método, from Latin methodus, from Ancient Greek μέθοδος (méthodos).

method (process by which a task is completed)

(music) method (textbook for a specified musical instrument)


poka

Borrowed from Spanish foca (“seal”), from Latin phōca, from Ancient Greek φώκη (phṓkē, “seal, sea dog”).


sereno

[sɛˈɾɛː.n̪o]

Borrowed from Spanish sereno, from Latin serēnus (“calm”).


sereno

[sɛˈɾɛː.n̪o]


lumo

lumó (canonical)
lumò (canonical)
ᜎᜓᜋᜓ (Baybayin)

extreme weakness of the body and grief (due to a tragedy)

feeling of depression and deep sympathy for someone's misfortune


luno

molting; shedding or casting (of skin, scales, etc.)

molten state of certain animals (such as crabs, shrimps, snakes, etc.)

(by extension) softness or physical weakness of the body


luno

having just molted or shed skin, scales, etc. (of crabs, shrimps, snakes, etc.)

(by extension) physically soft and weak (of a person)


plano

Borrowed from Spanish plano, from Latin plānus. Doublet of liyano and yano. See also Spanish plan.


minuto

Borrowed from Spanish minuto, from Latin minūtus. Doublet of menu and menudo.

Isang oras at dalawampung minuto ang biyahe sa eroplano mula Maynila hanggang Tacloban.

2015, Joi Barrios, Intermediate Tagalog: Learn to Speak Fluent Tagalog (Filipino), the National Language of the Philippines (Downloadable material included), Tuttle Publishing, →ISBN, page 103:

The airplane trip from Manila to Tacloban lasts one hour and twenty minutes.


ronda

night patrol (such as by a fire brigade)


loko

tl-adj

loko (feminine loka, Baybayin spelling ᜎᜓᜃᜓ)


loko

covering of one's face up to the forehead and the ears


loko

puddle in holes on the road (usually due to rain)

a type of container (similar to the balaong)


multa

fine (a fee levied as punishment for breaking the law)


elle

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish elle, the Spanish name of the letter LL/ll.

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter LL/ll, in the Abecedario


disko

Borrowed from English disco, clipping of discotheque, from French discothèque.


disko

Borrowed from Spanish disco, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos).


adres

tl-noun

adres or adrés (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜇᜒᜐ᜔)

adres (canonical)
adrés (canonical)
ᜀᜇ᜔ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from English address. Doublet of adereso.

address (description of location of a property)


mais

Borrowed from Spanish maíz, from Taíno mahís.


ya

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜌ (ya).

the name of the Latin-script letter Y/y, in the Abakada alphabet


haha

name of the Baybayin letter ᜑ, corresponding to "ha"


peninsula

penínsulá (canonical)
ᜉᜒᜈᜒᜈ᜔ᜐᜓᜎ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish península, from Latin paenīnsula.


basa

Borrowed from Malay baca, from Sanskrit वाचा (vācā), instrumental singular of वाच् (vā́c, “speech, voice”). Doublet of boses.


basa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *basəq. Compare Malay basah (“wet”).


poster

poster (picture intended to be attached to a wall)

poster (advertisement to be posted on a post, wall, etc.)


poste

poste ng koryente

poste ng ilaw


iwan

tl-verb

iwan (complete iniwan, progressive iniiwan, contemplative iiwan, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜏᜈ᜔)

iniwan (completive)
iniiwan (progressive)
iiwan (contemplative)
ᜁᜏᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
iwan (root)
iwan (infinitive)
iniwan (completive root)
iniiwan (progressive root)
inaiwan (dialectal progressive root)
iiwan (contemplative objective)
aiwan (contemplative dialectal objective)
iwi (dialectal imperative objective)

iwan

From Proto-Central-Philippine *áyaw (“to leave, redistribute”) + -an (ayawan → aywan → ewan → iwan). Cognates with Mansaka ayaw (“to leave”) and Cebuano ayaw (“to cry (as a child) when left behind”). See also ayaw. Doublet of aywan. An alternate etymology from Panganiban (1973) posits it theoretically to be from iwi (“taking care of a domestic animal in behalf of the owner”) + -an.
Attested in the Doctrina Christiana as œvan, written in Baybayin as ᜁᜏ (iwa), most likely reflecting ewan or eywan. In the book, the ⟨œ⟩ character (possibly an ⟨æ⟩ character) was sometimes written in Baybayin as ᜀ (a). Hence, the word can also reflect aywan.

suf

to be abandoned; to be forsaken; to be let alone


karate

[kɐˈɾaː.t̪ɛ]

Borrowed from Spanish karate or English karate, from Japanese 空手(からて) (karate), from 唐手(からて) (karate), from Okinawan 唐手(とぅーでぃー) (tūdī).

ryu-r

唐手(とぅーでぃー) (tūdī)


yeso

Borrowed from Spanish yeso (“gypsum”), from Latin gypsum, from Ancient Greek γύψος (gúpsos).


suerte

Superseded, pre-1977 spelling of suwerte.


yarda

Borrowed from Spanish yarda, from English yard.

manner in which something was measured in yards


yate

Borrowed from Spanish yate (“yacht”), from English yacht, from Dutch jacht.


yoyo

Borrowed from English yo-yo, a genericized trademark, possibly from Ilocano yoyo.


bartender

tl-noun

bártendér or bárténder (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜇ᜔ᜆᜒᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜇ᜔)

bártendér (canonical)
bárténder (canonical)
ᜊᜇ᜔ᜆᜒᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ˌbaɾ.t̪ɛn̪ˈd̪ɛɾ]

[ˌbaɾˈt̪ɛn̪.d̪ɛɾ]


yema

Borrowed from Spanish yema, from Old Spanish yema, from Latin gemma. Compare Cebuano yema / yemas.

a sweet custard candy ball or pyramid made with egg yolks, condensed milk, sugar or butter, and other additional ingredients, dipped in a sweet syrup and usually wrapped in cellophane


abadesa

[ʔɐ.bɐˈd̪ɛː.sɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish abadesa, from Old Spanish abbadesa, from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa, from Latin abbas (“abbot”).


pesante

Pseudo-Hispanism, derived from English peasant, influenced by Spanish -ante. Doublet of paisano.


kalis

Either from Malay keris, or Old Javanese kĕris. Compare Javanese ꦏꦼꦫꦶꦱ꧀ (keris)

kalis, a martial art weapon or a sword derived from the kris


primero

[pɾɪˈmɛː.ɾo]

Borrowed from Spanish primero, from Latin prīmārius.


Urano

[ʔʊˈɾaː.n̪o]


tuli

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *turiq (cf. Bikol Central turi, Cebuano tuli, Hiligaynon tuli, Maranao tori', Malay toreh). Also possibly related to Katuri, a little settlement on the river just opposite Cotabato where circumcision ceremonies were held in Maguindanao.


Juan

Borrowed from Spanish Juan. As a common noun, either above or as a shortening of Juan dela Cruz.

(biblical) John (book of the New Testament)


Juan

Borrowed from Hokkien 范 (Hoān), spelling modeled after the above popular Filipino given name, Juan, using Philippine colonial Spanish orthography.


oso

tl-noun

oso (feminine osa, Baybayin spelling ᜂᜐᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish oso, from Old Spanish osso, from Latin ursus, from Proto-Italic *orssos.


asap

asáp (canonical)
asap (canonical)
ᜀᜐᜉ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Malay asap, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *asəp.


bikini

Borrowed from English bikini, from bikini, from Bikini, from German Bikini, the colonial name of the atoll as part of German New Guinea, from Marshallese Pikinni.


dita

Alstonia scholaris
Alstonia scholaris#Translingual


dita

[ˈd̪iː.t̪ɐʔ]


ll

tl-letter

ll (lower case, upper case LL, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜎ᜔ᜌᜒ)

(historical) The fourteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called elle and written in the Latin script.


simbolo

Borrowed from Spanish símbolo, from Latin symbolum, from Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon).


Alvin

a male given name from English [in turn from Old English]


gaga

Borrowed from Spanish gaga, feminine form of gago.


gaga

Compare Malay gagah (“compulsive force; dominant; masterful; strong”).

cog

usurpation; unlawful seizure (of power, rights, property, etc.)

rape (use of force to submit to a sexual act)

gag (something thrust into the mouth to restrain speech)


gaga

name of the Baybayin letter ᜄ, corresponding to "ga"


Pilipinas

Borrowed from Spanish Filipinas, from Felipe + -ina + -s. Originally in Spanish las Islas Filipinas (literally “the Philippine Isles”), named after King Philip II of Spain.

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


gusto

tl-noun

gustó or gusto (Baybayin spelling ᜄᜓᜐ᜔ᜆᜓ)

gustó (canonical)
gusto (canonical)
ᜄᜓᜐ᜔ᜆᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish gusto, from Latin gustus.

Ang gusto ko ay sorbetes.


gusto

Gusto ko ng sorbetes.


abogada

Borrowed from Spanish abogada (“female lawyer”).

bor+

female equivalent of abogado: female lawyer


Filipinas

Borrowed from Spanish Filipinas, from Felipe (“the name of a King of Spain”) + -inas.

(proscribed) alternative form of Pilipinas: Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)

Pilipinas

the women's national football representative team of the Philippines


poso

Borrowed from Spanish pozo (“well”), from Old Spanish poço, from Latin puteus.

water pump, usually for dispensing water for household use


parte

Borrowed from Spanish parte. Doublet of part.

part; bit; portion; section; particular location in a certain place

share; portion; piece; slice; cut; part of a division

(theater, film) role; stint; part (in a theatrical play, drama, or film shoot)


ringgit

[ˈɾiŋ.ɡɪt̪̚]


abakus

Borrowed from English abacus, from Latin abacus. Doublet of abako.


primo

Borrowed from Spanish primo, from Latin (cōnsobrīnus) prīmus.


desperado

tl-adj

desperado (feminine desperada, Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜇᜓ)

desperada (feminine)
ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜇᜓ (Baybayin)

Probably a pseudo-Hispanism, from English desperate, and influenced by Spanish desesperado.

(common) alternative form of des-esperado: desperate; hopeless


Rosales

Etta Rosales, Filipina activist, teacher and politician.

a surname from Spanish, most notably borne by:

Rosales (a municipality of Pangasinan, Philippines)


dating

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *datəŋ. Cognate with Ilocano dateng (“arrival”), Bikol Central datong (“to arrive”), and Malay datang (“to come”).

Kailan po ang dating ninyo?

Walang dating ang pelikulang ito.

Malakas ang dating niya.

(colloquial) impact; effect; appeal (power to attract or interest)


nosebleed

tl-noun

nosebleed (Baybayin spelling ᜈᜓᜏ᜔ᜐ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜎᜒᜇ᜔)

ᜈᜓᜏ᜔ᜐ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜎᜒᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

Unadapted borrowing from English nosebleed, via Tagalog-English code-switching (Taglish).

unadapted borrowing

Nosebleed ang pagmememoriya ng sangkatutak na mga formula sa isang gabi.

Memorizing a whole bunch of formulas in one night is a nosebleed.

(colloquial, figurative) a mental overload (usually attained as a result of having to comprehend new and/or complex concepts or languages that one is not particularly skilled with)


andas

Borrowed from Spanish andas, plural of anda, from Latin amitem.

stand or leveled surface for statues (as of saints, etc.)


arte

Borrowed from Spanish arte (“art”), from Latin ars (“practical skill”).

(colloquial) behavior prone to exaggerated reactions (of disgust, pain, or dislike)

(colloquial) nitpickiness; finickiness; choosiness


sabana

Borrowed from Spanish sabana (“savanna”), from Cariban/Taíno.


oregano

[ʔoˌɾɛː.ɣɐˈn̪o]

Borrowed from Spanish orégano, from Latin orīganum, from Ancient Greek ὀρῑ́γᾰνον (orī́ganon).


Saturno

Borrowed from Spanish Saturno, from Latin Saturnus.


siglo

ika-21 siglo


Marte

Borrowed from Spanish Marte (“Mars”), from Latin Mārs, Mārtem.


Neptuno

Borrowed from Spanish Neptuno (“Neptune”), from Latin Neptūnus, from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos (“cloud”).

(astronomy) Neptune (the eighth planet in our solar system, represented in astronomy and astrology by ♆)

(Roman mythology) Neptune (the god of the ocean and of earthquakes, equivalent to Poseidon in Greek mythology)


papel

Ano ang papel mo sa lipunan?


esposo

tl-noun

esposo (feminine esposa, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜐ᜔ᜉᜓᜐᜓ)


norte

Borrowed from Spanish norte, from French nord, from Old English norþ, from Proto-Germanic *nurþrą.


Shirley

Borrowed from English Shirley, a given name transferred from the habitational surname, from Old English scīr + lēah.


esposa

esposa (masculine esposo, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜐ᜔ᜉᜓᜐ)

Borrowed from Spanish esposa. Doublet of posas.


sable

Borrowed from Spanish sable, from French sabre, from German Säbel, ultimately from Hungarian szablya.


ñu

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish ñu, from German Gnu, from Khoekhoe !nu:, possibly via Dutch gnoe, likely onomatopoeic of the grunt-type noise of the gnu.


boba

"Obviously, they want to make her look smarter (kasi nga boba) with those glasses on and books on the table, not to mention the color choice of her outfit. Ano 'to, shooting? Playing 'the president' daw sya?" she added.

2020, Jan Milo Severo, “'It's so fake': Vivian Velez goes viral for comparing Robredo's look to Miss Tapia”, in The Philippine Star:


boba

female equivalent of bobo: stupid woman; foolish woman


mani

Borrowed from Spanish maní (“peanut”), from Taíno.


baka

Borrowed from Spanish vaca (“cow”), from Latin vacca.


baka

bakâ (canonical)
baká (canonical)
ᜊᜃ (Baybayin)

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *bakáq. Compare Bikol Central baka, Remontado Agta baka, Ibaloi baka, and Ilocano baka.


baka

declaration of war (against another nation)

campaign against something wrong or immoral


tol

Clipping of utol, itself a clipping from kaputol.

Coordinate term: mare

Musta na, tol?


palo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *palu, from Proto-Austronesian *palu (cf. Malay palu (“hammer”)). Some writers (e.g. English 1985) treat this as a borrowing from Spanish palo (“stick, cudgel”), but it is most likely a chance resemblance.

stroke with the hand or a stick, usually as punishment; spank


blotter

Unadapted borrowing from English blotter.


ama

From Proto-Austronesian *ama-h. Compare Bikol Central ama, Cebuano ama, Fijian tama, Higaonon amay, Hiligaynon amay, Ibanag yama, Maranao ama', Malay rama, Saaroa ama'a, Taivoan ama', and Yami ama.


ama

Borrowed from Hokkien 阿媽／阿妈 (a-má, “paternal grandmother”). See also Hokkien 俺媽／俺妈 (án-má).

bor+

Coordinate term: angkong

Mestisang Tsina naman si Nanay. Negosyante sina Ama at Angkong ko. Purong Tsino si Angkong. Lumikas mula sa Macao ang pamilya nila at dito sa Pilipinas nagtayo ng isang maliit na tindahan hanggang sa lumago ito at naging isang grocery.

2006, Christine S. Bellen, “Trese”, in Carla M. Pacis, Eugene Y. Evasco, editors, Bagets: an anthology of Filipino young adult fiction, UP Press, page 11:

Mom is a Chinese mestiza. My grandmother and grandfather are businesspeople. Grandpa is a pure Chinese. Their family evacuated from Macau and it was here in the Philippines where they started a small store until it flourished and became a grocery.

Sa Pilipinas na napangasawa ni Angkong si Ama. Pilipina ang nanay ni Ama pero sila ang mas mahigpit sa mga pamahiing Tsino.

It was in the Philippines already where Grandpa married Grandma. Grandma's mother is a Filipina but they are the ones who are stricter in Chinese superstitions.

term of address for one's paternal grandmother


jota

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish jota, the Spanish name of the letter J/j, from Latin iota, from Ancient Greek ἰῶτα (iôta, “iota”).

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter J/j, in the Abecedario


jota

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish jota, from older xota, from Mozarabic *šáwta (“jump”), from Latin saltō (“to dance”). Doublet of salta.


talang

(obsolete) a weak throw upwards, especially to small rocks


moreno

tl-adj

moreno (feminine morena, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇᜒᜈᜓ)


moreno

a male Filipino beauty standard, typically described as a handsome young man with physical traits native or indigenous to the Philippines


taal

Moluccan ironwood, a species of tree (Intsia bijuga)


panis

From Proto-Philippine *panúqus. Compare Ilocano panuos, Cebuano pan-os, and Maranao panos.

process of rotting of food; spoilage; putrefaction


panis

Boom! Panis ka nanaman ni Mark!

(figuratively, colloquial) defeated; dominated; owned


Peking

Borrowed from English Peking, from an old romanization of Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


morena

morena (masculine moreno, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇᜒᜈ)

[moˈɾɛː.n̪ɐ]


morena

[moˈɾɛː.n̪ɐ]

female Filipino beauty standard, typically described as a beautiful young woman with physical traits native or indigenous to the Philippines


kanin

From Proto-Southern-Philippine *kaʔən-ən, from Proto-Austronesian *kaən-ən (“be eaten by someone; cooked rice”). Equivalent to the syncopic form of kainin (“thing to be eaten”), from kain. Compare Yami kanen, Ilocano kanen, Kapampangan kanan, Bikol Central kaonon, Cebuano kan-on, Hiligaynon kan-on, Tausug kaunun, and Paiwan kanen.


kanin

tl-verb

kanin (complete kinain, progressive kinakain, contemplative kakanin, Baybayin spelling ᜃᜈᜒᜈ᜔)

kinain (completive)
kinakain (progressive)
kakanin (contemplative)
ᜃᜈᜒᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Huwag mong kanin ang tinapay niya na may masamang mata, ni nasain mo man ang kaniyang mga masarap na pagkain.

Do not eat the food of a begrudging host, do not crave his delicacies;

At kanilang kakanin ang laman sa gabing yaon, na inihaw sa apoy, at tinapay na walang lebadura, kakanin nilang kaulam ng mapapait na gulay.

That same night they are to eat the meat roasted over the fire, along with bitter herbs, and bread made without yeast.

Kaya huwag kayong mangabalisa, na mangagsabi, Ano ang aming kakanin? o, Ano ang aming iinumin? o, Ano ang aming daramtin?

So do not worry, saying, ‘What shall we eat?’ or ‘What shall we drink?’ or ‘What shall we wear?’


gitara

[ɡɪˈt̪aː.ɾɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish guitarra, from Old Spanish guitarra, borrowed from Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra), borrowed from Aramaic קיתרא, borrowed from Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (kithárā). Doublet of sitara.


mutha

Ultimately from Sanskrit मुस्तक (mustaka, “nutgrass”). Compare Hindi नागरमोथा (nāgarmothā, “nutgrass”). Compare Malay mutah.

Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus rotundus#Translingual


bula

Derivation unknown. Possibly either from the following:
* From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *budaq
* From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bujəq, from Proto-Austronesian *bujəq,
* borrowed from Spanish bula (“bubble”). The word burbuja has since displaced bula (“bubble”) in Spanish, then the old meaning could have remained in Tagalog if borrowed.

foaming saliva caused by disease or great excitement


bula

Possibly from Malay bolak (“prevarication”). Alternatively, possibly from Hokkien 誣賴／诬赖 (bû-lōa, “to falsely incriminate”), according to Manuel (1948). Compare Iban bula.


bula

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulah, from Proto-Austronesian *buləS (“Shorea albus”).


bula

Borrowed from Spanish bula (“bull”), from Medieval Latin bulla (“seal, sealed document; bull”), from Latin bulla (“bubble, rounded object”). Doublet of bola.


ilegal

Borrowed from Spanish ilegal, from Medieval Latin illēgālis.


mahina

tl-adj

mahinà (plural mahihina, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜑᜒᜈ)

mahinà (canonical)
mahihina (plural)
ᜋᜑᜒᜈ (Baybayin)


sili

Borrowed from Spanish chili, from Classical Nahuatl chīlli.


sili

winnowing to separate husked rice from the unhusked rice (on a basket tray)


opis

Borrowed from English office, from Middle English office, from Old French office, from Latin officium, contracted from opificium. Doublet of opisyo.

office (room(s) or building used for non-manual work)


kau

From kayo but the last syllable replaced with homophonous English U. See also un for iyon, and ngaun for ngayon.

Abbreviation of kayo (“you (plural or sometimes polite singular form)”).


Abra

Borrowed from Spanish abra, from French havre. See also abra.

Abra (a province of the Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines; capital: Bangued)


lipa

Dendrocnide meyeniana (a species of nettle-like plant)


lipa

Borrowed from Malay lepa, from Sanskrit लेप (lepa, “plaster”).

asphalt-like soil used to harden the ground floor of houses on stilts


lipa

dizziness while walking (leading to stumbles)


tangi

(Southern Tagalog, in general) any kind of first-class rice


tangi

not asking the help or favor of anyone in order to avoid being asked for help or a favor (of a person)


boda

Borrowed from Spanish boda, from Latin vōta (“vows”), plural of vōtum. Doublet of boto.


Althea

[ʔɐlˈt̪ɛː.ɐ]


Ala

Borrowed from Spanish Alá, from Arabic اللّٰه (allāh).


Beryl

Borrowed from English Beryl, from beryl.


Abu

a surname from Tagalog, most common in Batangas


Abril

Borrowed from Spanish abril (“April”), from Latin Aprīlis.


Abigail

Ábigaíl (canonical)
ᜀᜊᜒᜄᜒᜌ᜔ᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ˌʔaː.bɪˈɣeɪ̯l]

Borrowed from English Abigail, from Hebrew אֲבִיגַיִל (avigáyil, “Abigail”, literally “my Father's joy” or “fountain of joy”).


Amber

Borrowed from English Amber, from amber, from Middle English ambre, aumbre, from Old French aumbre, ambre, from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar, “ambergris”), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭭𐭡𐭫 (ʾnbl /ambar/, “ambergris”).


Adan

Borrowed from Spanish Adán, ultimately from Hebrew אָדָם (adam, “earth, man, soil, light brown”).

a male given name from Spanish, equivalent to English Adam


Baviera

[bɐvˈjɛː.ɾɐ]

[bɐbˈjɛː.ɾɐ]

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish Baviera.


dato

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *datu. Compare with Fijian ratu, Javanese ꦫꦠꦸ (ratu), and Malay datu / datuk. Doublet of datu.


Boo

a surname from Tagalog, mostly found in Batangas


Boy

From either or both English boy and/or Spanish Bonito + -oy. Spanish bonito is a diminutive of Spanish bueno (“good”).

a diminutive of the male given names Bonito or Bonifacio


Bravo

Borrowed from Spanish Bravo. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, then as Brabo, since respelled to common form.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Bravo, mostly concentrated in Metro Manila and Nueva Ecija


Charity

[ˌt͡ʃaː.ɾɪˈt̪i]


Chow

From Cantonese 周 (zau¹), via English Chow. Doublet of Chiu.

a Chinese Filipino surname from Cantonese


Co

From Hokkien 許／许 (Khó͘) or 高 (Ko), via Spanish Co. Doublet of Ko and Kho.


Montenegro

tl-proper noun

Montenegro (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜈ᜔ᜆᜒᜈᜒᜄ᜔ᜇᜓ)

ᜋᜓᜈ᜔ᜆᜒᜈᜒᜄ᜔ᜇᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish Montenegro (“Montenegro”).

bor+

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

a surname from Spanish, the 460th most common in the Philippines


Bonbon

A province of the Philippines; modern Batangas


Bay

Baý (canonical)
ᜊᜁ (Baybayin)
ᜊᜌ᜔ (Baybayin)

Possibly related to *bahi (“woman; female”) (c.f. babae). The letter ⟨y⟩ was also used for /i/ in Spanish orthography (c.f. ylang-ylang). English-influenced pronunciation is from English bay.

Bay (a municipality of Laguna, Philippines)


duro

act of pricking something with a pin (or another pointed instrument)

poking with one's finger (especially with condescension)

(figurative) condescension toward someone (especially accompanied by finger-pointing)


Delgado

Borrowed from Spanish Delgado. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Spanish, common in Metro Manila, Batangas, Laguna and Cavite


Dy

From Hokkien 李 (Lí), via Spanish Dy, with the initial ⟨L⟩ changed to ⟨D⟩ due to /l/~/d/ allophony when the proceeding vowel is either, [i], [e], or [u] in Hokkien. Compare Indonesian Lie.


Chi

Borrowed from Hokkien or 徐 (Chhî) or 錢／钱 (Chîⁿ).


Felicity

Felícitý (canonical)
ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜐᜒᜆᜒ (Baybayin)


Dr.

tl-noun

Dr. (feminine Dra., Baybayin spelling ᜇᜓᜃ᜔ᜆᜓᜇ᜔)

(medicine, sciences) Abbreviation of Doktor.


Daisy

Borrowed from English Daisy, from daisy.


Du

Borrowed from Hokkien 俞 (Lû) or 呂／吕 (Lū). Doublet of Lu, Lou, Loo, Luy, and Lew.

a Chinese Filipino surname from Hokkien, mostly around Cebu


Cruz

Borrowed from Spanish Cruz. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a common surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Cruz


Este

eastern (part of a region; used after place names)


Flor

Borrowed from Spanish Flor, from flor (“flower”).


Go

Borrowed from Hokkien 吳／吴 (Gô͘, Ngô͘) or 伍 (Gó͘, Ngó͘). Doublet of Ngo, Goh, Cinco, Ng, and Wu.

zh-l

吳／吴 (Gô͘, Ngô͘)


Hazel

a female given name from English, popular around the 1990s and 2000s


Enero

[ʔɛˈn̪ɛː.ɾo]


Gloria

Borrowed from Spanish Gloria, from Latin glōria.


tanga

Either from the following:
* From Proto-Philippine *taŋa (“to gape stupidly, gawk”), from Proto-Austronesian *taŋa (“to open wide”).
* From Proto-Philippine *taŋah (“stupid, silly, ignorant”).
Compare Ilocano tanga, Aklanon tanga, Cebuano tanga, Maranao tanga', and Tausug tanga'.

inh

Mukha kang tanga!

(offensive) stupid; foolish; ignorant; slow-witted


tanga

Hoy, tanga!

act of gazing absentmindedly (at something)

(by extension) act of wasting one's time by gazing absentmindedly (at something)


tanga

Borrowed from Hokkien 蟲仔／虫仔 (thâng-á, “little vermin; insect; bug”). Compare Bikol Central tanga and Cebuano tanga.

bor+

potato worm; weevil (the presence of which is with a certain peculiar taste or odor)


tanga

act of extending the neck to see something


Angel

ᜁᜌ᜔ᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜌᜒᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ˈʔeɪ̯n̪.d͡ʒɛl]


Ko

Borrowed from Hokkien 高 (Ko) or 許／许 (Khó͘). Doublet of Co, Kho, Caw, and Gao.


Chan

Borrowed from Spanish Chan, from Hokkien 曾 (Chan). Doublet of Chang.

a Chinese Filipino surname from Spanish [in turn from Hokkien]


Chan

Borrowed from English Chan, from Cantonese 陳／陈 (Can⁴). Doublet of Tan and Chen.

a Chinese Filipino surname from English [in turn from Cantonese]


Ho

Gretchen Ho, volleyball player and television host

a Chinese Filipino surname from Hokkien, most notably borne by:


Flora

Borrowed from Spanish Flora, from Latin Flōra.

a female given name from Spanish, equivalent to English Flora


Ka

Ka (canonical)
Kâ (canonical)
ᜃ (Baybayin)

From clipping of kaka (“elder sibling; elder”).

clipping

Ka Pedro

Ka Maria

term of address for elders and distant uncles or aunts


Ka

From clipping of kapatid (“sibling; brother; sister”).

Ka Felix

Iglesia ni Cristo
Iglesia ni Cristo#English

term of address used by members of Iglesia ni Cristo to refer to other Church members


Ka

From clipping of kasama (“companion; comrade”).

Ka Amado

non-hierarchical term of address, used in socialist and communist circles: comrade


Metro

Borrowed from English metro, from French métro, short for métropole, from Latin mētropolis, ultimately from Ancient Greek μητρόπολις (mētrópolis, “mother city”).


Amerika

[ʔɐˌmɛː.ɾɪˈxa]

Borrowed from Spanish América, from New Latin America, ultimately derived from the first name of Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)

America (the continents of North America and South America)


Lu

Borrowed from Hokkien 呂／吕 (Lū). Doublet of Lou, Loo, Luy, Lew, and Du.


Maria

Borrowed from Spanish María, from Latin Maria, from Ancient Greek Μαρίᾱ (Maríā), Μαριάμ (Mariám), from Aramaic מרים (maryām), corresponding to the Biblical Hebrew מרים (miryám). Doublet of Mary.


Martes

Borrowed from Spanish martes, from Latin diēs Mārtis (“day of Mars”).


Laurel

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos
Jose P. Laurel

Borrowed from Spanish Laurel, from laurel. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.
The municipality in Batangas is named after Jose P. Laurel, 3rd President of the Philippines.

a surname from Spanish [in turn transferred from the common noun], common in Metro Manila, Batangas, Laguna and Quezon

Laurel (a municipality of Batangas, Philippines)

A barangay of Tanauan, Batangas, Philippines

A barangay of San Pascual, Batangas, Philippines

A barangay of Taysan, Batangas, Philippines


Malaya

Borrowed from English Malaya, from Malay + -ia, with the root from Malay Melayu.