a-

Puntahan kita sa a-primero ng Marso.

Sahuran tuwing a-kinse ng bawat buwan.

A-treynta y uno kahapon.


a-

forms contemplative aspect forms for verbs in the object or directional trigger


de-

de- + baterya (“battery”) → de-baterya (“with battery; powered by battery”)

de- + gulong (“wheel”) → de-gulong (“with wheels”)

de- + kahoy (“wood”) → de-kahoy (“wooden”)

de- + koryente (“electricity”) → de-koryente (“electrical”)

de- + kolor (“color”) → de-kolor (“colored”)

prepositional particle added to indicate possession of quality or object


um-

Umulan kanina.

Umalis na ako.


i-

i- + bili (“buy”) → ibili (“to buy something for someone”)

Ibili mo ako ng saging.

benefactive trigger: to perform the action of the verb for someone or something (expresses various kinds of actions)

i- + tapon (“throw”) → itapon (“to throw”)

Itapon mo iyan sa basurahan.

object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions)

i- + sulat (“write”) → isulat (“to use something for writing”)

Isulat mo ng listahan ang lapis.

instrumental trigger: to use something for a certain purpose (expresses various kinds of actions)


pan-

pan- + digma (“war”) → pandigma (“meant for war”)

pan- + diwa (“gist”) → pandiwa (“verb”)

pan- + lasa (“flavor”) → panlasa (“taste”)

pan- + samantala (“while”) → pansamantala (“temporary”)

pan- + sampalataya (“belief”) → pananampalataya (“faith”)

pan- + takip (“cover”) → pantakip (“an instrument used to cover something”)

pan- + talo (“defeat”) → panalo (“victory”)

alternative form of pang-, if the root starts with alveolar consonants, such as ⟨d⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨t⟩, which sometimes gets nasally assimilated to the prefix ending when starts with alveolar consonants, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩.


hin-

alternative form of hing-, if the stem starts with the letter ⟨d⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨t⟩.


sam-

alternative form of sang-, with roots that begin with ⟨b⟩ or ⟨p⟩


na-

used to form complete aspects of verbs prefixed with ma-


na-

(dialectal) used to form progressive aspects of verbs prefixed with um- or infixed with -um-


pa-

From Proto-Philippine *pa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

pa- + punta (“destination”) → papunta (“be coming/ be going/ be arriving/ be on the way”)

pa- + tapos (“end”) → patapos (“be about to end”)

Patapos na ang pelikula.

adverbial prefix - indicates process of performing the action of the verb

Patapon naman 'to sa basurahan.

Could you please throw this to the trash can?

pa- + dala (“carry”) → padala (“remittance/ package [an object that is requested to be brought or sent]”)

pa- + piging (“a banquet”) → papiging (“a banquet that is organized by someone [usually followed by "ng organization" or "ni name of person"]”)

noun prefix - indicates an object that is ordered or requested to be processed according to the root word

Pa-Espanya ako.


ka-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-, from Proto-Austronesian *ka-.

ka- + sama (“to accompany”) → kasama (“partner”)

ka- + opisina (“office”) → kaopisina (“coworker”)

ka- + mukha (“face”) → kamukha (“someone/something similar; look-alike”)

ka- + away (“fight”) → kaaway (“enemy”)

ka- + sigaw (“shout”) → kasisigaw (“repeatedly shouting”)

ka- + isip (“mind, thought”) → kaiisip (“thinking a lot”)

(with initial syllable repetition) implies repeated action

ka- + punta (“going”) → kapupunta (“recently went”)

ka- + luto (“cooking, cuisine”) → kaluluto (“recently cooked”)

(with initial syllable repetition, followed by lang or lamang) implies recent action

ka- + galang (“respect”) → kagalang-galang (“inspiring great respect”)

ka- + paniwala (“belief”) → kapani-paniwala (“very plausible”)

(with initial two syllables repetition) implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree


ga-

Possibly related to gaya (“like; imitated”).

ga- + bahay (“house”) → gabahay (“as big as a house”)

ga- + bundok (“mountain”) → gabundok (“as big as a mountain”)

ga- + bunton (“stack”) → gabunton (“as tall as a stack”)

ga- + kulangot (“booger”) → gakulangot (“as small as a booger”)

ga- + tulo (“drop”) → gatulo (“as little as a drop”)

ga- + butil (“grain”) → gabutil (“as tiny as a grain”)

used to indicate of a similar extremeness in size: as big as; as large as; as small as; as little as; as tiny as;

ga- + nito (“this”) → ganito (“like this”)

ga- + niyan (“that”) → ganiyan (“like that”)

used to indicate similarity: like; similar to


sa-

sa- + puso (“heart”) → sapuso (“act of having put to heart”)

sa- + ilalim (“below”) → sailalim (“act of undergoing”)

sa- + malamig (“cold”) → samalamig (“cold beverage”)

sa- + inyo (“yours”) → sainyo (“act of signing off or used to close a letter; yours truly”)

sa- + makatuwid (“to be able to straighten”) → samakatwid (“therefore”)

sa- + makalawa (“twice”) → samakalawa (“day after tomorrow”)

sa- + una (“first”) → sauna (“of the old generation”)

forms terms to denote a method or means to a purpose

sa- + pusa (“cat”) → may sa-pusa (“resembling a cat”)

sa- + pagong (“turtle”) → may sa-pagong (“resembling a turtle”)

(may—) forms terms denoting possession of quality or characteristic


sa-

sa- + basa (“read”) → sababasa (“suddenly read”)

Nahihimbing ako'y sababasa siya nang malakas na aking ikinagising.

I was sleeping then they suddenly read aloud that I woke up from.

(with reduplicated root, CVr-) forms terms to denote suddenness of the action: suddenly; unexpectedly; without notice


ma-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma-, from Proto-Austronesian *ma- (stative prefix). Compare may (existential marker).

inh

ma- + linis (“cleanliness”) → malinis (“clean”)

used to form adjectives indicating a quality

ma- + ligo (“bath”) → maligo (“to take a bath; to bathe”)

(actor III trigger prefix): infinitive form

ma- + tapos (“finish”) → matapos (“to be able to finish something”)

Natapos kong basahin ang libro kagabi.

I was able to finish reading the book last night.

(object IV trigger prefix): infinitive form

to have done something; to be able to do something

Coordinate term: -in

ma- + basag (“break, crack”) → mabasag (“to break something unintentionally”)

Nabasag ko ang salamin.

to perform the action of the verb unintentionally

ma- + basa (“wet”) → mabasa (“to become wet”)


ma-

From Proto-Austronesian *ma- (future prefix).

used to form contemplative aspects of verbs prefixed with um- or infixed with -um-


man-

man- + digma (“war”) → mandirigma (“warrior”)

man- + dalangin (“prayer”) → manalangin (“to pray”)

man- + loko (“trickery”) → manloko (“to trick”)

man- + nood (“view”) → manonood (“viewer”)

man- + silip (“peep”) → maninilip (“peeping tom”)

man- + Tagalog (“Tagalog language”) → managalog (“to speak Tagalog”)

alternative form of mang-, if the root starts with alveolar consonants, such as ⟨d⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨t⟩, which gets nasally assimilated to the prefix ending when starts with voiceless alveolar consonants, ⟨s⟩ and ⟨t⟩ or sometimes ⟨d⟩.


may-

may- + akda (“literary work”) → may-akda (“author”)

may- + ari (“property”) → may-ari (“owner”)

may- + bahay (“house”) → maybahay (“housewife”)

may- + gulang (“age”) → maygulang (“adult”)

may- + lupa (“land”) → maylupa (“landowner”)

prefix denoting existence or possession of something


am-

Ambobo naman nito.


mam-

mam- + babae (“woman”) → mambabae (“to womanize”)

mam- + batas (“law”) → mambabatas (“lawmaker”)

mam- + bahagi (“portion”) → mamahagi (“to apportion”)

mam- + pahayag (“statement”) → mamamahayag (“reporter”)

alternative form of mang-, if the root starts with bilabial consonants, such as ⟨b⟩ or ⟨p⟩, which gets nasally assimilated to the prefix ending when starts with voiceless bilabial consonant, ⟨p⟩ and sometimes ⟨b⟩.


taga-

tagá- (canonical)
ᜆᜄ (Baybayin)
tiga- (alternative)

From Proto-Philippine *taga-. Compare Pangasinan taga.

taga- + bundok (“mountain”) → tagabundok (“person from the mountains”)

taga- + Maynila (“Manila”) → taga-Maynila (“person from Manila”)

prefix used to denote place or origin, birth, or residence of a person

taga- + luto (“to cook”) → tagaluto (“cook; chef”)

taga- + payo (“to advise”) → tagapayo (“adviser”)

taga- + linis (“to clean”) → tagalinis (“cleaner”)

prefix used to denote the occupation or duty assigned to someone


tig-

Compare Cebuano tag- and Kapampangan tia-.

tig-isa

(appended to numbers) used to indicate quantity for each one or for each group


pala-

pala- + biro (“joke”) → palabiro (“funny; someone who likes telling jokes”)

pala- + tawa (“laugh”) → palatawa (“someone who laughs a lot”)

Refers to someone who frequently performs the root or is fond of performing the root


mag-

From Proto-Austronesian *maʀ-. Compare Malay ber-.

Magluluto ako ng pagkain.

actor trigger verb prefix, used to express:

Nagplanong magdoktor si Mary noong 1987.

Mary planned to become a doctor in 1987.

Hindi siya marunong mag-Ingles.

He doesn't know how to speak (use) English.

Mag-amerikana ka at malamig sa labas.

Mag-usap muna tayo.

Magsisisigaw ang mga bata kapag ginawa mo iyan.

The children would be screaming so much once you do that.

(with CV reduplication): an action that will be done repeatedly, continually, or intensely

Magkikita-kita tayo sa susunod na linggo.

(with root word reduplication): a reciprocal action involving three or more doers

Maglakad-lakad si Pedro sa mall.

(with root word reduplication): an action to be done occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then, or here and there

Magpa-Pasko na bukas!

Maghahating-gabi na.

verb prefix with no trigger/focus used to express being, occurrence, or existence

mag- + ama (“father”) → mag-ama (“father and child”)

mag- + asawa (“spouse”) → mag-asawa (“married couple”)

noun prefix used to indicate:
relationship between two persons

mag- + CV- + ina (“mother”) → mag-iina (“mother and children”)

mag- + CV- + kapatid (“sibling”) → magkakapatid (“brothers and sisters, siblings”)

(with CV reduplication): relationship among three or more persons

mag- + CV- + saka (“farming”) → magsasaka (“farmer”)

mag- + CV- + nakaw (“stealing”) → magnanakaw (“thief, robber”)

noun prefix used to indicate:
(with CV reduplication): occupation

noun prefix used to indicate:
occupation


ika-

ika- + dalawa (“two”) → ikalawa (“second”)

ika- + lima (“five”) → ikalima (“five o'clock”)


ika-

ika- + galit (“anger”) → ikagalit (“to cause one's anger”)

ika- + galak (“delight”) → ikagalak (“to cause one's gladness”)


pag-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ-. Cognate with Cebuano pag-, and Malay per- and Indonesian per-.

pag- + gawa (“make”) → paggawa (“making”)

pag- + basa (“read”) → pagbasa (“reading”)

the act of doing the action expressed by the root; or, the manner in which the action expressed by the root is performed


pag-

pag- + aral (“study”) → pag-aaral (“studying habitually”)

pag- + basa (“read”) → pagbabasa (“reading habitually”)

(with syllable reduplication) the act of doing the action expressed by the root repeatedly or habitually


pag-

From pag (“if”), which is a clipping of kapag (“if”), which is a clipping of kapagka (“if”).

pag-alis nila

pagbalik nila

when; at (or as soon as) that time that; if


mang-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-. Compare Malay meng-.

mang- + gamot (“medicine”) → manggamot (“to practice medicine; to work as a doctor”)

mang- + anak (“child”) → manganak (“to give birth”)

mang- + bili (“buying”) → mamili (“to go shopping”)

mang- + abala (“bothersome”) → mang-abala (“to bother”)

mang- + kabayo (“horse”) → mangabayo (“to go horseback riding”)

3rd actor trigger verb prefix
to practice the action of the root

mang- + pula (“red”) → mamula (“to redden; to go reddish”)

To take the state expressed by the root partially or temporarily

mang- + isda (“fish”) → mangingisda (“fisher; fisherman”)

mang- + batas (“law”) → mambabatas (“lawmaker; legislator”)

(with root reduplication) Forms nouns signifying occupations or doer of the action expressed by the root


maka-

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maka- (“potential action; ability to do something”).

inh+

maka- + basag (“to break”) → makabasag (“break something unintentionally”)

Nakabasag ang anak ko sa mall.

My son broke something in the mall (unintentionally).

Actor trigger refers to things that have been done unintentionally

Kailangan mong makatapos ng pag-aaral.

Object trigger when paired with kailangan (“necessary”), it usually refers to actions that have to be done or performed

maka- + kita (“see”) → makakita (“to happen to see something”)

Nakakita ako ng artista nung nasa mall ako.

I happened to see an actor while I was in the mall.

Actor trigger refers to things that happen by chance

Bakit ka maka-Amerika?

being in favor of or being inclined towards something


pagka-

From pagka (“if”), which is a clipping of kapagka (“if”).

pagka- + balisa (“anxious”) → pagkabalisa (“anxiety”)

forms nouns from adjectives. the state of

pagka- + kain (“eat”) → pagkakain (“after eating”)

Pagkakain mo, hugasan mo ang mga plato.

Wash the dishes once you're done eating.

pagka- + maganda (“beautiful”) → pagkaganda (“so beautiful”)

(Batangas) forms absolute superlative forms of adjectives


makipag-

makipag- + bati (“reconciled”) → makipagbati (“to reconcile with someone”)

makipag- + kaibigan (“friend”) → makipagkaibigan (“to make friends with someone”)

makipag- + away (“quarrel”) → makipag-away (“to quarrel with someone”)

makipag- + chat (“chat”) → makipagchat (“to chat with someone”)

makipag- + talik (“sexual intercourse”) → makipagtalik (“to have sex with someone”)

makipag- + usap (“talk”) → makipag-usap (“to talk to someone”)

actor trigger - indicates engagement of the action of the verb with someone


pakikipag-

makipag-usap (“to engage in conversation”) = pakikipag- + usap → pakikipag-usap (“engagement in conversation”)

used to form nouns of the verbs beginning in makipag-


maki-

maki- + tawag (“call”) → makitawag (“to use someone’s phone with his or her permission”)

Pwede makitawag?

actor trigger - to do something involving someone else’s possessions or personal space with their permission

maki- + kain (“eat”) → makikain (“to join in eating, to eat in somebody's house”)

Nakikain ako kina Pepe.


ipa-

ipa- + gawa (“to do”) → ipagawa (“to have someone do something”)

Ipagawa mo 'yan sa kanya.

(causative) to have or ask something done

ipa- + malas (“to show”) → ipamalas (“to show”)

(accusative) to do something to something or someone

ipa- + luto-luto (“to cook”) → ipaluto-luto (“to have cooked a bit more”)

(accusative) to make a slightly reproachful or supplicative request to have done something unattended or done improperly


magka-

magka- + salubong (“encounter”) → magkasalubong (“to meet unexpectedly”)

prefix for verbs with actor focus and causative mood: to occur involuntarily or unexpectedly

magka- + kotse (“car”) → magkakotse (“to get a car”)

prefix for verbs with actor focus and causative mood: to come to have or possess


pagkaka-

act of having done the action expressed by the root

manner in which the action expressed by the root was performed


ipag-

ipag- + ahit (“to shave”) → ipag-ahit (“to use for shaving”)

to use as means or an instrument in doing a thing

ipag- + luto (“to cook”) → ipagluto (“to cook something for someone”)

to perform the action of the verb for someone

ipag- + laban (“to fight”) → ipaglaban (“to fight for”)

ipag- + tapat (“to confess”) → ipagtapat (“to confess something to somebody”)

to perform the action of the verb to something with intensity

ipag- + malaki (“big”) → ipagmalaki (“to be proud of, to be the cause of one's pride”)

ipag- + hinakit (“to confess”) → ipaghihinanakit (“to confess something to somebody”)


tag-

tag- + ani (“harvest”) → tag-ani (“harvest season”)

tag- + araw (“sun”) → tag-araw (“sunny season”)

tag- + lagas (“fall”) → taglagas (“fall season”)

tag- + lamig (“cold”) → taglamig (“cold season; winter”)

tag- + mangga (“mango”) → tagmangga (“mango season”)

tag- + ulan (“rain”) → tag-ulan (“rainy season”)

prefix with the meaning of "time of" or "season of"


tagapag-

[t̪ɐ.ɣɐˈpaɡ̚]

used to form agent nouns from verbs prefixed with mag-: one who does the action of the root


pang-

ᜉᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
pam- (alternative)
pan- (alternative)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋ- (cf. Cebuano pang-, Indonesian peng- and Malay peng-).

pang- + tanggal (“remove, detach”) → pantanggal (“remover”)

pang- + takip (“a cover”) → pantakip (“an instrument used to cover something”)

(instrumentative prefix) forms nouns indicating a tool or an instrument that is used to perform the action expressed by the root

pang- + dalawa (“two”) → pandalawa (“for two”)

pang- + bahay (“house”) → pambahay (“for use at home”)

pang- + babae (“woman”) → pambabae (“for women”)

(adjectival prefix) forms relational adjectives indicating use or purpose


pang-

pang- + dalawa (“two”) → pangalawa (“second”)

pang- + walo (“eight”) → pangwalo (“eighth”)

(Ordinal prefix) Used to form ordinal numbers


pang-

pang- + gamot (“medicine”) → panggagamot (“practice of medicine”)

pang- + anak (“child”) → panganganak (“giving birth, delivery”)

(with syllable reduplication) an action or a practice associated with the thing or action expressed by the root


hing-

ᜑᜒᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
hi- (alternative)
hin- (alternative)
him- (alternative)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hin-, from Proto-Austronesian *Sin-.

hing- + kuto (“louse”) → hinguto (“to remove lice (from hair or fur)”)

hi- + ganti (“return, reward”) → higanti (“revenge”)

him- + pasok (“to enter, go in”) → himasok (“to meddle, interfere”)

him- + patay (“dead, to kill”) → himatay (“to lose consciousness, faint”)

hin- + sakit (“sickness, pain”) (with CV- reduplication) → hinanakit (“grudge, ill will”)


sing-

ᜐᜒᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
sim- (alternative)
sin- (alternative)

sing- + haba (“length”) → singhaba (“as long as”)

Singhaba ng mesa ang lubid.


pinaka-

Siya ang pinakamaganda sa kanilang lahat.

forms relative superlative forms of adjectives


napaka-

ᜈᜉᜃ (Baybayin)
apaka- (alternative colloquial)

Napakaganda niya.

forms absolute superlative forms of adjectives


pam-

pam- + bati (“beat”) → pambati (“whisk”)

pam- + bahay (“house”) → pambahay (“for use at home”)

pam- + bura (“erasure”) → pambura (“eraser”)

pam- + palo (“spank”) → pamalo (“spanker”)

alternative form of pang-, if the root starts with bilabial consonants, such as ⟨b⟩ or ⟨p⟩, which gets nasally assimilated to the prefix ending, especially with ⟨p⟩ or sometimes ⟨b⟩.


mapag-

mapag- + mahal (“love”) → mapagmahal (“loving”)

mapag- + aruga (“care”) → mapag-aruga (“caring”)

used to form adjectives denoting having the habit or prone to

mapag- + magaling (“excellent”) → mapagmagaling (“showing off as being excellent; vainglorious”)

mapag- + mataas (“high”) → mapagmataas (“showing off as being high; arrogant”)

used to form adjectives denoting having the habit of trying to be (before adjectives formed by ma-)


magpa-

magpa- + laba (“laundry”) → magpalaba (“to ask someone do the laundry”)

magpa- + pintura (“paint”) → magpapintura (“to ask someone do the painting”)

Actor trigger - to ask someone do something

magpa- + gupit (“cut”) → magpagupit (“to get a haircut”)

magpa- + tuli (“circumcision”) → magpatuli (“to get circumcised”)

magpa- + kasal (“wedding”) → magpakasal (“to get married”)

magpa- + English checkup (“check up”) → magpa-checkup (“to get a check up”)

Actor trigger - to do something for oneself


paki-

Pakitapon naman ito sa basurahan.

adverbial prefix - Request someone to perform the action of the verb


gaga-

gaga- + butil (“grain”) → gagabutil (“as small as a grain”)

used to indicate of a similarly small size: as small as; as tiny as


ikapag-

[ʔɪ.xɐˈpaɡ̚]

ikapag- + aral (“study”) → ikapag-aral (“to be the reason for studying”) (from mag-aral)

ikapag- + hirap (“poor”) → ikapaghirap (“to be the reason for becoming poor”) (from maghirap)

used to form verbs with causative focus, denoting the reason for doing something (for mag- verbs)


sang-

ᜐᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
san- (alternative)
sam- (alternative)

From clipping of isa (“one”) + -ng. Compare Malay se-.

sang- + ayon (“affirming”) → sang-ayon (“affirmative”)

sang- + katutak (“multitude”) → sangkatutak (“numerous”)

forms nouns or adjectives to denote wholeness


san-

alternative form of sang-, with roots that begin with ⟨d⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩


nagka-

Prefix for completed aspects of verbs with actor focus and causative mood: to have occurred involuntarily or unexpectedly

nagka- + salubong (“encounter”) → nagkasalubong (“to have met unexpectedly”)

Prefix for completed aspects of verbs with actor focus and causative mood: to have come to have or possess

nagka- + kotse (“car”) → nagkakotse (“to have gotten a car”)


nagkaka-

nagkaka- + salubong (“encounter”) → nagkakasalubong (“meeting unexpectedly”)

prefix for progressive aspect of verbs with actor focus and causative mood: occurring involuntarily or unexpectedly

nagkaka- + kotse (“car”) → nagkakakotse (“getting a car”)

Prefix for progressive aspect of verbs with actor focus and causative mood: coming to have or possess


magkaka-

magkaka- + salubong (“encounter”) → magkakasalubong (“will meet unexpectedly”)

prefix for contemplative aspect of verbs with actor focus and causative mood: will occur involuntarily or unexpectedly

magkaka- + kotse (“car”) → magkakakotse (“will get a car”)

prefix for contemplative aspect of verbs with actor focus and causative mood: will come to have or possess


pakiki-

From reduplication of paki- on the second syllable.

sama (“inclusion”) = pakiki- + sama → pakikisama (“act of maintaning relationships”)

damay (“implication”) = pakiki- + damay → pakikiramay (“act of giving condolence”)

baka (“battle of two minds”) = pakiki- + baka → pakikibaka (“act of participating in battle”)

apid (“concubinage”) = pakiki- + apid → pakikiapid (“adultery; fornication”)

pakiusap (“request”) > pakiki- + usap (“conversation”) → pakikiusap (“act of requesting”)

pakialam (“concern”) > pakiki- + alam (“understanding”) → pakikialam (“act of meddling”)

used to form nouns referring to the habit or repetitive act of doing what the root refers to


labing-

labíng- (canonical)
ᜎᜊᜒᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
labin- (alternative)
labim- (alternative)

From labi (“excess”) + -ng- (compound enclitic interfix). labing-isa would literally mean 1 excess from 10, with 10 implied.

af

labing- + isa (“one”) → labing-isa (“eleven”)

labing- + apat (“four”) → labing-apat (“fourteen”)

labing- + anim (“six”) → labing-anim (“sixteen”)

labing- + walo (“eight”) → labingwalo (“eighteen”)

Cardinal prefix, denoting excess over the count of ten, if the next stem in the compound starts with a vowel or ⟨w⟩.


labin-

From labi + -n- (compound enclitic interfix).

labin- + dalawa (“two”) → labindalawa (“twelve”)

labin- + tatlo (“three”) → labintatlo (“fourteen”)

labin- + lima (“five”) → labinlima (“fifteen”)

labin- + siyam (“nine”) → labinsiyam (“nineteen”)

alternative form of labing-: cardinal prefix, denoting excess over the count of ten


labim-

labím- (canonical)
ᜎᜊᜒᜋ᜔ (Baybayin)
labing- (alternative)
labin- (alternative)

From labi + -m- (compound enclitic interfix).

labim- + pito (“seven”) → labimpito (“seventeen”)

alternative form of labing-: cardinal prefix, denoting excess over the count of ten, if the next stem in the compound starts with the letter ⟨b⟩ or ⟨p⟩


mapang-

mapáng- (canonical)
ᜋᜉᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
mapam- (alternative)
mapan- (alternative)

mapang- + akit → mapang-akit (“attractive”)

mapang- + lustay → mapanlustay (“wasteful”)

used to form adjectives: characteristic of; causing; tending to


nakaka-

nakaka- + takot (“fear”) → nakakatakot (“frightening”)

nakaka- + inis (“annoyance”) → nakakainis (“annoying”)

nakaka- + sakit (“pain”) → nakakasakit (“painful”)

used to form progressive aspects of verbs prefixed with maka-


naka-

naká- (canonical)
ᜈᜃ (Baybayin)
nka- (alternative Internet)

used to form complete aspects of verbs prefixed with maka-

naka- + upo (“sitting”) → nakaupo (“seated”)

naka- + sulat (“writing, letter”) → nakasulat (“written”)

in a certain position, state or condition

naka- + salamin (“eyeglasses”) → nakasalamin (“wearing eyeglasses”)

naka- + puti (“white”) → nakaputi (“wearing white”)


ipang-

ipang- + luto (“cooking, cuisine”) → ipanluto (“to use something for cooking”)

ipang- + punas (“wiping”) → ipampunas (“to use something for wiping”)

Instrumental trigger - to do something using

ipang- + anak (“son, daughter”) → ipanganak (“to give birth to”)

ipang- + ako (“promise”) → ipangako (“to promise”)

Object trigger - to do something to a person or a thing


kaka-

kaka- + sigaw (“shout”) → kakasigaw (“repeatedly shouting”)

kaka- + isip (“mind, thought”) → kakaisip (“thinking a lot”)

kaka- + punta (“going”) → kakapunta (“recently went”)

kaka- + luto (“cooking, cuisine”) → kakaluto (“recently cooked”)

prefix denoting the recently completed aspect


kasing-

kasíng- (canonical)
ᜃᜐᜒᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
kasim- (alternative)
kasin- (alternative)


magpaka-

magpaka- + saya (“joy”) → magpakasaya (“to strive to be happy”)

magpaka- + patay (“death”) → magpakamatay (“to commit suicide”)


magsi-

magsi- + kain (“eating”) → magsikain (“to all eat, to eat collectively”)

magsi- + balik (“return”) → magsibalik (“to all return, to return collectively”)


mapa-

mapa- + hiya (“crying”) → mapahiya (“to cry unintentionally”)

mapa- + daan (“pass by”) → mapadaan (“to happen to pass by”)

to do something unintentionally; to happen to do something

mapa- + kain (“eating”) → mapakain (“to be able to have someone eat, to be able to feed”)

mapa- + alis (“leaving”) → mapaalis (“to be able to have someone leave”)

to be able to get someone do something; to be able to have someone do something

mapa- + galing (“recovery from illness”) → mapagaling (“to be able to have someone recover or heal”)

mapa- + kintab (“shine”) → mapakintab (“to be able to have something shine, to be able to make something shiny”)

Sasama ako sayo, mapa-Baguio, mapa-Cebu, mapa-kun'san ka man magpunta!

Whether it would be Baguio, or Cebu, or anywhere you go, I would go with you!

Ay jusko mare, sinasabi ko sa'yo! Mapa-selpon, mapa-kompyuter, mapa-playstation man, napakagaling maglaro ng batang 'yon.

Oh, I'm telling you, sister! Whether a phone, a computer, or even a playstation, that child is so focused when it comes to gaming.

forms an enumerative equivalent to whether ... or ...


nka-

Follows the pattern of removing unstressed vowels. Compare pki-.

nka uniform

nkagwa knb ng assignment?


panag-

panag- + araw (“sun”) → panag-araw (“anything pertaining to dry season”)

panag- + ulan (“rain”) → panag-ulan (“anything pertaining to the wet season”)


kawalang-

(added to nouns) lack or absence of something


pinag-

Pinagluto ko siya ng sinigang.

Pagod na pagod ako kahapon, kaya ginawa ko pinagpahinga ko muna sarili ko.

I'm really tired yesterday, so what I did was I took a rest (for the sake of myself).

attaches to a noun or a root verb which:

indicates that someone willingly did it for oneself or another someone

Pinagsulat ba naman ako ni Dwayne ng documentation naming kahaba-haba, nanakit tuloy nang sobra kamay ko!

Dwayne literally made me write that super lengthy documentation of ours, it made my hand hurt so badly!

Imbes na isuspinde ako dahil dun sa offense ko, pinaglinis na lang nila ako ng school grounds kada umaga nang isang buwan.

Instead of me being suspended because of my offense, they simply made me clean the school grounds every morning for a month.

indicates that someone tasked someone else to do something

pinag- + gawa (“to do”) → pinaggagawa (“what someone did after all this time”)

pinag- + taasan (“to raise the amount”) → pinagtataasan (“had raised the amount on or of every single one”)

pinag- + sabi (“to say”) → pinagsasabi (“every single thing that one said”)

(informal, slightly vulgar, usually negative)

(with duplication of first syllable of root) intensifies the verb and indicates that the effect brought by the verb was largely significant

pinag- + sabi (“to say”) → pinagsasasabi (“what have someone has been saying intensively to the point it sounds nonsense”)

pinag- + kana (“to attempt to do something”) → pinagkakakana (“what someone's been doing after so much going on”)

pinag- + daldal (“to chat intensively”) → pinagdadadaldal (“what someone's been blabbering about”)

pinag- + lampaso (“(extension) to scold someone badly”) → pinaglalalampaso (“to have each and every single one scolded as if to the point of nonstop”)

(with triplication of first syllable of root) intensifies the verb and indicates that the effect brought by the verb is largely significant and still gives an impact up to this time being


paging-

Possibly from obsolete root *ging (also possible to be *gi /*giq /*gin + -ng suffix). Cognate with Cebuano pangin- and Hiligaynon pangin- and paning-. Compare maging (to be) and pagiging (being).

paging- + dapat (“just”) → napaging-dapat (“became justified”)

paging- + dapat (“just”) → napagiging-dapat (“becoming justified”)

paging- + banal (“holy”) → pinapaging-banal (“become holy; sanctified”)

(rare) the act of change, making, or becoming towards the idea expressed by the root; or, emphasizing the fact of being or existence of the idea expressed by the root


pagkakapaging-

tl-head

pagkakapagíng- (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜄᜒᜅ᜔)

pagkakapagíng- (canonical)
ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜄᜒᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)

[pɐɡ.kɐ.xɐ.pɐˈɣɪŋ]

pagkakapaging- + hayag (“open, manifest, shown”) → pagkakapaging-hayag (“the act or manner of having come to being manifested”)

pagkakapaging- + alipin (“slave”) → pagkakapaging-alipin (“the act or manner of having come to being a slave”)

pagkakapaging- + maringal (“splendid”) → pagkakapaging-maringal (“the act or manner of having come to being splendid”)

pagkakapaging- + guro (“teacher”) → pagkakapaging-guro (“the act or manner of having come to being a teacher”)

(rare) the act or manner of the act of coming to a state of being in the past of the idea expressed in the root.


pagkapagiging-

pagkapagiging- (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜉᜄᜒᜄᜒᜅ᜔)

ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜉᜄᜒᜄᜒᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)

[pɐɡ.kɐ.pɐˈɣiː.ɣɪŋ]

pagkapagiging- + wagas (“pure”) → pagkapagiging-wagas (“being pure; in the state of purity”)

pagkapagiging- + tao (“human”) → pagkapagiging-tao (“being a human; humanity”)

(rare) forms nouns from adjectives, emphasizing the state of possession of the quality expressed in the root, especially the subsistence of the essence of a thing.


nag-

Nagluto ako ng gulay.

Nagluluto ako ng gulay.

(with reduplication) progressive aspect of mag-


dalub-

Clipping of dalubhasa, from Malay jurubahasa, on the pattern of Malay juru-, from Javanese ꦗꦸꦫꦸ (juru), from Old Javanese juru.

dalub- + wika (“language”) → dalubwika (“linguist”)

dalub- + hayop (“animal”) → dalubhayop (“zoologist”)

to form nouns denoting a person who studies a particular discipline: -ist, -ian

dalub- + guro (“teacher”) → dalubguro (“professor”)

to make a person of something related to a much higher degree


dagi-

dagi- + haynayan (“biology”) → dagihaynayan (“electrobiology”)

dagi- + lusaw (“liquid”) → dagilusaw (“electrolyte”)

used to form nouns related to electricity: electro-


danum-

From Kapampangan danum, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *danum, from Proto-Austronesian *daNum.

danum- + sigwasan (“mechanics”) → danumsigwasan (“hydrodynamics”)

danum- + haynayan (“biology”) → danumhaynayan (“hydrobiology”)

used to form nouns related to water: hydro-


naki-

used to form complete aspects of verbs prefixed with maki-


mai-

mai- + balik (“return”) → maibalik (“to be able to return something”)

mai- + sugod (“rush”) → maisugod (“to be able to rush something or someone”)

mai- + tama (“correct”) → maitama (“to be able to correct something or someone”)

used to form verbs that indicates capability to do something; used only in i- prefixed verbs


nakiki-

used to form progressive aspect of verbs prefixed with maki-


git-

git- + lapi (“affix”) → gitlapi (“infix”)

git- + tuldok (“period, dot, point”) → gituldok (“middle dot”)

git- + lawas (“corpse, body”) → gitlawas (“centrosome”)

used to form nouns denoting its position in the middle or center


awanhaydro-

awanhaydro- (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜏᜈ᜔ᜑᜌ᜔ᜇ᜔ᜇᜓ)

ᜀᜏᜈ᜔ᜑᜌ᜔ᜇ᜔ᜇᜓ (Baybayin)


pampa-

pampa- + lasa (“taste; flavor”) → pampalasa (“flavoring agent (such as salt, seasoning, spices)”)

pampa- + alsa (“leavening”) → pampaalsa (“leaven”)

(instrumentative prefix) forms nouns indicating agent, tool, instrument that is used to perform the action expressed by the root


sari-

sari- + buhay → saribuhay

sari- + bilos → saribilos


apaka-

Apakabobo naman ng mga kamoteng 'to.


isa-

prefix that indicates to be an object of transfer of location or state