bumaba

Bababa kami bukas kasi napakalamig.

We will go down to the lowlands tomorrow because it's so cold.

to get off; to alight (from a vehicle or animal)

to decrease; to become lower (of quantity or measurement, such as prices, height, pitch, temperature, etc.)

to abdicate; to step down (of officials, kings, etc.)

tl-verb

bumabâ (complete bumaba, progressive bumababa, contemplative bababa, Baybayin spelling ᜊᜓᜋᜊ)

bumabâ (canonical)
bumaba (completive)
bumababa (progressive)
bababa (contemplative)
ᜊᜓᜋᜊ (Baybayin)
baba (root)
bumaba (infinitive root trigger-actor)
bumaba (completive root trigger-actor)
bumababa (progressive trigger-actor)
nababa (dialectal progressive trigger-actor)
bababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mababa (contemplative dialectal trigger-actor)
kabababa (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
babaan (directional infinitive root)
binabaan (completive directional root)
binababaan (directional progressive)
inababaan (dialectal directional progressive)
bababaan (contemplative directional)
ababaan (contemplative dialectal directional)
pagbabaan (infinitive root trigger-locative)
pinagbabaan (completive root trigger-locative)
pinapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
pinagbababaan (progressive trigger-locative)
papagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
pagbababaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
ibaba (benefactive infinitive root)
ibinaba (benefactive completive root)
ibinababa (benefactive progressive)
ibababa (benefactive contemplative)
ipambaba (infinitive root trigger-instrument)
ipinambaba (completive root trigger-instrument)
ipinapambaba (progressive trigger-instrument)
ipapambaba (contemplative trigger-instrument)
ikababa (infinitive root trigger-causative)
ikinababa (completive root trigger-causative)
ikinabababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakababa (progressive trigger-causative)
ikabababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
ibaba (emphatic infinitive rare root trigger-causative)
ibinaba (completive emphatic rare root trigger-causative)
ibinababa (emphatic progressive rare trigger-causative)
ibababa (contemplative emphatic rare trigger-causative)
ibaba (infinitive root trigger-measurement)
ibinaba (completive root trigger-measurement)
ibinababa (progressive trigger-measurement)
ibababa (contemplative trigger-measurement)
magpababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nagpababa (completive trigger-actor)
nagpapababa (progressive trigger-actor)
magpapababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
kapabababa (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapagpapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
pababain (actor-secondary infinitive)
pinababa (actor-secondary completive)
pinabababa (actor-secondary progressive)
pinapababa (actor-secondary progressive)
pabababain (actor-secondary contemplative)
papababain (actor-secondary contemplative)
pababaan (directional infinitive)
pinababaan (completive directional)
pinapababaan (directional progressive)
pinabababaan (directional progressive)
papababaan (contemplative directional)
pabababaan (contemplative directional)
ipagpababa (benefactive infinitive)
ipinagpababa (benefactive completive)
ipinagpapababa (benefactive formal progressive)
ipinapagpababa (benefactive progressive)
ipagpapababa (benefactive contemplative formal)
ipapagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
ikapagpababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpababa (completive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
ikapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
pagpababaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinagpababaan (completive trigger-locative)
pinagpapabababaan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
pinapagpababaan (progressive trigger-locative)
pagpapabababaan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
papagpababaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
papagbabaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinapagbabaan (completive trigger-locative)
pinapapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
papapagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakababa (completive trigger-actor)
nakabababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakababa (progressive trigger-actor)
makabababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
napababa (completive trigger-actor)
napabababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
napapababa (progressive trigger-actor)
mapabababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
mapapababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mababaan (directional infinitive)
nababaan (completive directional)
nabababaan (directional progressive)
mabababaan (contemplative directional)
maibaba (benefactive infinitive)
naibaba (benefactive completive)
naibababa (benefactive progressive)
maibababa (benefactive contemplative)
maikababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikababa (completive trigger-causative)
naikabababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naikabababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
naikakababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
naiikababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
maibaba (infinitive trigger-causative)
naibaba (completive trigger-causative)
naibababa (progressive trigger-causative)
maibababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagbabaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagbabaan (completive trigger-locative)
napagbababaan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagbababaan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makapagpababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakapagpababa (completive trigger-actor)
nakapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakapagpababa (progressive trigger-actor)
makapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapababa (actor-secondary infinitive)
napababa (actor-secondary completive)
napabababa (actor-secondary formal progressive)
napapababa (actor-secondary progressive)
mapabababa (actor-secondary contemplative formal)
mapapababa (actor-secondary contemplative)
mapababaan (directional infinitive)
napababaan (completive directional)
napabababaan (directional formal progressive)
napapababaan (directional progressive)
mapabababaan (contemplative directional formal)
mapapababaan (contemplative directional)
maipagpababa (benefactive infinitive)
naipagpababa (benefactive completive)
naipagpapababa (benefactive formal progressive)
naipapagpababa (benefactive progressive)
naiipagpababa (benefactive progressive)
maipagpapababa (benefactive contemplative formal)
maipapagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
maiipagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
maikapagpababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikapagpababa (completive trigger-causative)
naikapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
maikapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
maikakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
maiikapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagpababaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagpababaan (completive trigger-locative)
napagpapabababaan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagpababaan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagpapabababaan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagpababaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
mapapagbabaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napapagbabaan (completive trigger-locative)
napapapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapapapagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makibaba (direct infinitive)
nakibaba (completive direct)
nakikibaba (direct progressive)
makikibaba (contemplative direct)
makipagpababa (indirect infinitive)
nakipagpababa (completive indirect)
nakikipagpababa (indirect progressive)
makikipagpababa (contemplative indirect)


bumaba

to degenerate; to decline (physically, mentally, etc.)

bumabà (complete bumaba, progressive bumababa, contemplative bababa, Baybayin spelling ᜊᜓᜋᜊ)

bumabà (canonical)
bumaba (completive)
bumababa (progressive)
bababa (contemplative)
ᜊᜓᜋᜊ (Baybayin)
baba (root)
bumaba (infinitive root trigger-actor)
bumaba (completive root trigger-actor)
bumababa (progressive trigger-actor)
nababa (dialectal progressive trigger-actor)
bababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mababa (contemplative dialectal trigger-actor)
kabababa (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
babaan (directional infinitive root)
binabaan (completive directional root)
binababaan (directional progressive)
inababaan (dialectal directional progressive)
bababaan (contemplative directional)
ababaan (contemplative dialectal directional)
pagbabaan (infinitive root trigger-locative)
pinagbabaan (completive root trigger-locative)
pinapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
pinagbababaan (progressive trigger-locative)
papagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
pagbababaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
ibaba (benefactive infinitive root)
ibinaba (benefactive completive root)
ibinababa (benefactive progressive)
ibababa (benefactive contemplative)
ipambaba (infinitive root trigger-instrument)
ipinambaba (completive root trigger-instrument)
ipinapambaba (progressive trigger-instrument)
ipapambaba (contemplative trigger-instrument)
ikababa (infinitive root trigger-causative)
ikinababa (completive root trigger-causative)
ikinabababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakababa (progressive trigger-causative)
ikabababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
ibaba (emphatic infinitive rare root trigger-causative)
ibinaba (completive emphatic rare root trigger-causative)
ibinababa (emphatic progressive rare trigger-causative)
ibababa (contemplative emphatic rare trigger-causative)
ibaba (infinitive root trigger-measurement)
ibinaba (completive root trigger-measurement)
ibinababa (progressive trigger-measurement)
ibababa (contemplative trigger-measurement)
magpababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nagpababa (completive trigger-actor)
nagpapababa (progressive trigger-actor)
magpapababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
kapabababa (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapagpapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
pababain (actor-secondary infinitive)
pinababa (actor-secondary completive)
pinabababa (actor-secondary progressive)
pinapababa (actor-secondary progressive)
pabababain (actor-secondary contemplative)
papababain (actor-secondary contemplative)
pababaan (directional infinitive)
pinababaan (completive directional)
pinapababaan (directional progressive)
pinabababaan (directional progressive)
papababaan (contemplative directional)
pabababaan (contemplative directional)
ipagpababa (benefactive infinitive)
ipinagpababa (benefactive completive)
ipinagpapababa (benefactive formal progressive)
ipinapagpababa (benefactive progressive)
ipagpapababa (benefactive contemplative formal)
ipapagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
ikapagpababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpababa (completive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
ikapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
pagpababaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinagpababaan (completive trigger-locative)
pinagpapabababaan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
pinapagpababaan (progressive trigger-locative)
pagpapabababaan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
papagpababaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
papagbabaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinapagbabaan (completive trigger-locative)
pinapapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
papapagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakababa (completive trigger-actor)
nakabababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakababa (progressive trigger-actor)
makabababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
napababa (completive trigger-actor)
napabababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
napapababa (progressive trigger-actor)
mapabababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
mapapababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mababaan (directional infinitive)
nababaan (completive directional)
nabababaan (directional progressive)
mabababaan (contemplative directional)
maibaba (benefactive infinitive)
naibaba (benefactive completive)
naibababa (benefactive progressive)
maibababa (benefactive contemplative)
maikababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikababa (completive trigger-causative)
naikabababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naikabababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
naikakababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
naiikababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
maibaba (infinitive trigger-causative)
naibaba (completive trigger-causative)
naibababa (progressive trigger-causative)
maibababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagbabaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagbabaan (completive trigger-locative)
napagbababaan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagbababaan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makapagpababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakapagpababa (completive trigger-actor)
nakapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakapagpababa (progressive trigger-actor)
makapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapababa (actor-secondary infinitive)
napababa (actor-secondary completive)
napabababa (actor-secondary formal progressive)
napapababa (actor-secondary progressive)
mapabababa (actor-secondary contemplative formal)
mapapababa (actor-secondary contemplative)
mapababaan (directional infinitive)
napababaan (completive directional)
napabababaan (directional formal progressive)
napapababaan (directional progressive)
mapabababaan (contemplative directional formal)
mapapababaan (contemplative directional)
maipagpababa (benefactive infinitive)
naipagpababa (benefactive completive)
naipagpapababa (benefactive formal progressive)
naipapagpababa (benefactive progressive)
naiipagpababa (benefactive progressive)
maipagpapababa (benefactive contemplative formal)
maipapagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
maiipagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
maikapagpababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikapagpababa (completive trigger-causative)
naikapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
maikapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
maikakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
maiikapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagpababaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagpababaan (completive trigger-locative)
napagpapabababaan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagpababaan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagpapabababaan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagpababaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
mapapagbabaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napapagbabaan (completive trigger-locative)
napapapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapapapagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makibaba (direct infinitive)
nakibaba (completive direct)
nakikibaba (direct progressive)
makikibaba (contemplative direct)
makipagpababa (indirect infinitive)
nakipagpababa (completive indirect)
nakikipagpababa (indirect progressive)
makikipagpababa (contemplative indirect)


bumaba

bumabá (complete bumaba, progressive bumababa, contemplative bababa, Baybayin spelling ᜊᜓᜋᜊ)

bumabá (canonical)
bumaba (completive)
bumababa (progressive)
bababa (contemplative)
ᜊᜓᜋᜊ (Baybayin)
baba (root)
bumaba (infinitive root trigger-actor)
bumaba (completive root trigger-actor)
bumababa (progressive trigger-actor)
nababa (dialectal progressive trigger-actor)
bababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mababa (contemplative dialectal trigger-actor)
kabababa (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
babahin (infinitive root trigger-object)
binaba (completive root trigger-object)
binababa (progressive trigger-object)
inababa (dialectal progressive trigger-object)
bababahin (contemplative trigger-object)
ababahin (contemplative dialectal trigger-object)
babahan (directional infinitive root)
binabahan (completive directional root)
binababahan (directional progressive)
inababahan (dialectal directional progressive)
bababahan (contemplative directional)
ababahan (contemplative dialectal directional)
pagbabahan (infinitive root trigger-locative)
pinagbabahan (completive root trigger-locative)
pinapagbabahan (progressive trigger-locative)
pinagbababahan (progressive trigger-locative)
papagbabahan (contemplative trigger-locative)
pagbababahan (contemplative trigger-locative)
ibaba (benefactive infinitive root)
ibinaba (benefactive completive root)
ibinababa (benefactive progressive)
ibababa (benefactive contemplative)
ipambaba (infinitive root trigger-instrument)
ipinambaba (completive root trigger-instrument)
ipinapambaba (progressive trigger-instrument)
ipapambaba (contemplative trigger-instrument)
ikababa (infinitive root trigger-causative)
ikinababa (completive root trigger-causative)
ikinabababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakababa (progressive trigger-causative)
ikabababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
ibaba (emphatic infinitive rare root trigger-causative)
ibinaba (completive emphatic rare root trigger-causative)
ibinababa (emphatic progressive rare trigger-causative)
ibababa (contemplative emphatic rare trigger-causative)
ibaba (infinitive root trigger-measurement)
ibinaba (completive root trigger-measurement)
ibinababa (progressive trigger-measurement)
ibababa (contemplative trigger-measurement)
magpababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nagpababa (completive trigger-actor)
nagpapababa (progressive trigger-actor)
magpapababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
kapabababa (completive formal past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kapagpapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
kakapababa (completive past past-recent trigger-actor)
pababahin (actor-secondary infinitive)
pinababa (actor-secondary completive)
pinabababa (actor-secondary progressive)
pinapababa (actor-secondary progressive)
pabababahin (actor-secondary contemplative)
papababahin (actor-secondary contemplative)
ipababa (infinitive trigger-object)
ipinababa (completive trigger-object)
ipinabababa (progressive trigger-object)
ipinapababa (progressive trigger-object)
ipabababa (contemplative trigger-object)
ipapababa (contemplative trigger-object)
pababahan (directional infinitive)
pinababahan (completive directional)
pinapababahan (directional progressive)
pinabababahan (directional progressive)
papababahan (contemplative directional)
pabababahan (contemplative directional)
ipagpababa (benefactive infinitive)
ipinagpababa (benefactive completive)
ipinagpapababa (benefactive formal progressive)
ipinapagpababa (benefactive progressive)
ipagpapababa (benefactive contemplative formal)
ipapagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
ikapagpababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpababa (completive trigger-causative)
ikinapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
ikinakapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
ikapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
ikakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
pagpababahan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinagpababahan (completive trigger-locative)
pinagpapabababahan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
pinapagpababahan (progressive trigger-locative)
pagpapabababahan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
papagpababahan (contemplative trigger-locative)
papagbabahan (infinitive trigger-locative)
pinapagbabahan (completive trigger-locative)
pinapapagbabahan (progressive trigger-locative)
papapagbabahan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakababa (completive trigger-actor)
nakabababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakababa (progressive trigger-actor)
makabababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
napababa (completive trigger-actor)
napabababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
napapababa (progressive trigger-actor)
mapabababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
mapapababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mababa (infinitive trigger-object)
nababa (completive trigger-object)
nabababa (progressive trigger-object)
mabababa (contemplative trigger-object)
mababahan (directional infinitive)
nababahan (completive directional)
nabababahan (directional progressive)
mabababahan (contemplative directional)
maibaba (benefactive infinitive)
naibaba (benefactive completive)
naibababa (benefactive progressive)
maibababa (benefactive contemplative)
maikababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikababa (completive trigger-causative)
naikabababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naikabababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
naikakababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
naiikababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
maibaba (infinitive trigger-causative)
naibaba (completive trigger-causative)
naibababa (progressive trigger-causative)
maibababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagbabaan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagbabaan (completive trigger-locative)
napagbababaan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagbabaan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagbababaan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagbabaan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makapagpababa (infinitive trigger-actor)
nakapagpababa (completive trigger-actor)
nakapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-actor)
nakakapagpababa (progressive trigger-actor)
makapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-actor)
makakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-actor)
mapababa (actor-secondary infinitive)
napababa (actor-secondary completive)
napabababa (actor-secondary formal progressive)
napapababa (actor-secondary progressive)
mapabababa (actor-secondary contemplative formal)
mapapababa (actor-secondary contemplative)
maipababa (infinitive trigger-object)
naipababa (completive trigger-object)
naipabababa (formal progressive trigger-object)
naipapababa (progressive trigger-object)
naiipababa (progressive trigger-object)
maipabababa (contemplative formal trigger-object)
maipapababa (contemplative trigger-object)
maiipababa (contemplative trigger-object)
mapababahan (directional infinitive)
napababahan (completive directional)
napabababahan (directional formal progressive)
napapababahan (directional progressive)
mapabababahan (contemplative directional formal)
mapapababahan (contemplative directional)
maipagpababa (benefactive infinitive)
naipagpababa (benefactive completive)
naipagpapababa (benefactive formal progressive)
naipapagpababa (benefactive progressive)
naiipagpababa (benefactive progressive)
maipagpapababa (benefactive contemplative formal)
maipapagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
maiipagpababa (benefactive contemplative)
maikapagpababa (infinitive trigger-causative)
naikapagpababa (completive trigger-causative)
naikapagpapababa (formal progressive trigger-causative)
naikakapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
naiikapagpababa (progressive trigger-causative)
maikapagpapababa (contemplative formal trigger-causative)
maikakapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
maiikapagpababa (contemplative trigger-causative)
mapagpababahan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napagpababahan (completive trigger-locative)
napagpapabababahan (formal progressive trigger-locative)
napapagpababahan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapagpapabababahan (contemplative formal trigger-locative)
mapapagpababahan (contemplative trigger-locative)
mapapagbabahan (infinitive trigger-locative)
napapagbabahan (completive trigger-locative)
napapapagbabahan (progressive trigger-locative)
mapapapagbabahan (contemplative trigger-locative)
makibaba (direct infinitive)
nakibaba (completive direct)
nakikibaba (direct progressive)
makikibaba (contemplative direct)
makipagpababa (indirect infinitive)
nakipagpababa (completive indirect)
nakikipagpababa (indirect progressive)
makikipagpababa (contemplative indirect)