abay

From Proto-Central Philippine *abay, from Proto-Philippine *abay. Compare Bikol Central abay, Cebuano abay, and Kapampangan abe.

Si Pedro ang abay ni Juan sa kasal.

Pedro is the best man of Juan in the wedding.

(colloquial) pal; friend; partner; companion


aam

Contraction of Hokkien 泔淊 (ám-ám). Compare Cebuano am-am (“food”, childish colloquialism), Sakizaya aam (“congee”).

cog

Bigyan mo ng aam ang bata.


LDP

[ʔɛl d̪ɪ pɪ]

Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
w:Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino

Initialism of Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino.


lente

Borrowed from Spanish lente, from Latin lentem (“lentil”).


abdominal

tl-adj

abdominál (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜊ᜔ᜇᜓᜋᜒᜈᜎ᜔)

abdominál (canonical)
ᜀᜊ᜔ᜇᜓᜋᜒᜈᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)


abnormal

abnormál or abnormal (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜊ᜔ᜈᜓᜇ᜔ᜋᜎ᜔)

abnormál (canonical)
abnormal (canonical)
ᜀᜊ᜔ᜈᜓᜇ᜔ᜋᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from English abnormal, originally as a pseudo-Hispanism as shown by ultimate stress. The correct Spanish counterpart is anormal.


tago

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀuq (“to store, to put away”). Compare Ilocano tago, Malay taruh, and Tetum tau.


absent

Borrowed from English absent, from Middle English absent, from Middle French absent, from Old French ausent, from Latin absens. Doublet of awsente.


Esperanto

tl-noun

Esperanto (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜐ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜈ᜔ᜆᜓ)

ᜁᜐ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜈ᜔ᜆᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish esperanto or English Esperanto.


libre

tl-adj

libre or libré (Baybayin spelling ᜎᜒᜊ᜔ᜇᜒ)

libre (canonical)
libré (canonical)
ᜎᜒᜊ᜔ᜇᜒ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish libre. Displaced older gratis, also borrowed from Spanish.


April

[ˈʔeɪ̯.pɾɪl]


January

ᜇ᜔ᜌᜈ᜔ᜌᜓᜏᜇᜒ (Baybayin)

[d͡ʒɐˈɲwaː.ɾɪ]


abdomen

tl-noun

abdomen or ábdomén (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜊ᜔ᜇᜓᜋᜒᜈ᜔)

abdomen (canonical)
ábdomén (canonical)
ᜀᜊ᜔ᜇᜓᜋᜒᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish abdomen, from Latin abdōmen.


may

From Proto-Central Philippine *may (existential marker). See also Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mai (“and”).

May tubig sa bahay.

May pagkain ako rito, sa'yo na lang.

particle used as an existential marker: to be; to have


may

Kunin mo ang araro doon sa may puno ng mangga.

(literally, “Get the shovel at the place with the mango tree.”)


abate

[ʔɐˈbaː.t̪ɛ]

Borrowed from Spanish abate, from Italian abate, from Late Latin abbātem, from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς (abbâs), from Aramaic אבא (’abbā). Doublet of abad.


tao

From earlier tawo, from Proto-Philippine *tau, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tau, from Proto-Austronesian *Cau. Cognate with Ilocano tao, Cebuano tawo, Thao caw, Tsou cou, and Motu tau.

person left alone in a place as a guard or caretaker (when others are away)


robot

Borrowed from English robot, from Czech robot, from robota (“drudgery, servitude”).


Libya

Borrowed from English Libya and/or Spanish Libia (“Libya”).


Bahamas

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


are

aré (canonical)
ᜀᜇᜒ (Baybayin)
Mindoro (Batangas)
Marinduque (Batangas)

Ano ga are?


Burundi

Borrowed from Spanish Burundi (“Burundi”).


Austria

Áustriá (canonical)
ᜀᜏ᜔ᜐ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜇᜒᜌ (Baybayin)


Guyana

[ɡʊˈjaː.n̪ɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish Guyana (“Guyana”) or English Guyana.


Kenya

Borrowed from English Kenya or Spanish Kenia (“Kenya”).


Brasil

Borrowed from Spanish Brasil (“Brazil”).

Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


Botswana

Borrowed from Spanish Botswana, from Tswana Botswana.


f

tl-letter

f (lower case, upper case F, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜉ᜔)

(more native-sounding) -ep (letter name, Filipino alphabet)

(more native-sounding) -epe (letter name, Abecedario)

Borrowed from Spanish f. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English f.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish f.

The sixth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called ef and written in the Latin script.


f

f (lower case, upper case F, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜉᜒ)

(historical) The seventh letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called efe and written in the Latin script.


Malawi

Borrowed from Spanish Malaui (“Malawi”).


van

Unadapted borrowing from English van, short for caravan.


also

Lutjanus lutjanus
Wikispecies:Lutjanus lutjanus

mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus lutjanus)


Oman

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


mars

From mare + -s, from the 2010s. Popularized by the talk show of the same name.


Angola

[ʔɐŋˈɡoː.lɐ]


y

y (lower case, upper case Y, Baybayin spelling ᜏᜌ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish y. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English y.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜌ (ya).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish y.

The twenty-seventh letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called way and written in the Latin script.


y

y (lower case, upper case Y, Baybayin spelling ᜌ)

The twentieth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ya and written in the Latin script.


y

y (lower case, upper case Y, Baybayin spelling ᜌᜒ)

(historical) The twenty-seventh letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ye and written in the Latin script.


a-

Puntahan kita sa a-primero ng Marso.

Sahuran tuwing a-kinse ng bawat buwan.

A-treynta y uno kahapon.


Israel

[ʔɪs.ɾɐˈʔɛl]

Borrowed from Spanish Israel (“Israel”), from Latin Israel, from Ancient Greek Ἰσραήλ (Israḗl), from Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (yisra'él, “Israel”).

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)

(biblical) (biblical) Israel (A Biblical region of Western Asia roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel, known in the Bible as the Land of Israel and considered the ancestral homeland of the Jewish people)

a male given name, equivalent to English Israel


Lebanon

Borrowed from English Lebanon, from Biblical Hebrew לְבָנוֹן (ləḇānôn).

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Mali

Borrowed from English Mali, ultimately from Mandinka or Dyula mali (“hippopotamus”).


Nepal

Borrowed from Spanish Nepal (“Nepal”), from Nepali नेपाल (nepāl).

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


Yemen

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Uganda

[ʔʊˈɣan̪.d̪ɐ]

From Swahili Uganda (“Buganda”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


Sudan

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


Senegal

Borrowed from Spanish Senegal (“Senegal”).


Pakistan

Pákistán (canonical)
ᜉᜃᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from English Pakistan, from Urdu پاکستان (pākistān).


Peru

...na Kastila naman ang wikang ginagamit sa ibang mga bansang tulad ng Venezuela, Colombia, Ekuwador, Peru, Tsile, Bolibya, Paragway, Urugway, at Argentina. Katulad ng ating bansang Pilipinas, sinakop din ng mga Kastila ang mga bansang nabanggit.

1980, Yem klamangen benwu tekuy, Summer Institute of Linguistics

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


Iran

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Brunei

Unadapted borrowing from English Brunei, from Malay Brunei. Doublet of Bunlay and Borneo.


Turkmenistan

tl-proper noun

Turkmenistán or Turkménistán (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜓᜇ᜔ᜃ᜔ᜋᜒᜈᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜈ᜔)

Turkmenistán (canonical)
Turkménistán (canonical)
ᜆᜓᜇ᜔ᜃ᜔ᜋᜒᜈᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

[t̪ʊɹkˌmɛː.n̪ɪsˈt̪an̪]

Borrowed from Spanish Turkmenistán (“Turkmenistan”) or English Turkmenistan.

bor+

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


San Marino

tl-proper noun

San Marino (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜈ᜔ ᜋᜇᜒᜈᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish San Marino (“San Marino”).

bor+

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Saudi Arabia

tl-proper noun

Saudi Arabia (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜏ᜔ᜇᜒ ᜀᜇᜊ᜔ᜌ or ᜐᜏ᜔ᜇᜒ ᜀᜇᜒᜌ᜔ᜊᜒᜌ)

ᜐᜏ᜔ᜇᜒ ᜀᜇᜊ᜔ᜌ (Baybayin)
ᜐᜏ᜔ᜇᜒ ᜀᜇᜒᜌ᜔ᜊᜒᜌ (Baybayin)

[ˌsaʊ̯.d̪ɪ ʔɐˈɾab.jɐ]

[ˌsaʊ̯.d̪ɪ ʔɐˈɾeɪ̯.bjɐ]

Borrowed from English Saudi Arabia, from Saudi + Arabia, with the former from Arabic سُعُودِيّ (suʕūdiyy), from سُعُود (suʕūd) + ـِيّ (-iyy), and the latter from Latin Arabia, from Ancient Greek Ἀραβία (Arabía).

af

سُعُود (suʕūd) + ـِيّ (-iyy)

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Panama

tl-proper noun

Panamá or Pánamá (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜈᜋ)

Panamá (canonical)
Pánamá (canonical)
ᜉᜈᜋ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish Panamá (“Panama”).


Burma

Borrowed from Spanish Burma (“Burma”). Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma /bəmà/), colloquial form of မြန်မာ (mranma /mjàɴmà/).

Si Aung San Suu Kyi ay ang Nobel Peace Laureate na galing sa bansang Burma na kasalukuyang isinailalim sa house arrest. Siya ang nakibakang maibalik ang demokrasya sa kanyang bansa.

2007, Gabriel F. Mallillin, Edgar C. Samar, sambotani IV


presidente

tl-noun

presidente (Baybayin spelling ᜉ᜔ᜇᜒᜐᜒᜇᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜒ)

ᜉ᜔ᜇᜒᜐᜒᜇᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜒ (Baybayin)

[pɾɛ.sɪˈd̪ɛn̪.t̪ɛ]


te

Borrowed from Spanish te, the Spanish name of the letter T/t.

the name of the Latin-script letter T/t, in the Abecedario


A

tl-letter

A (upper case, lower case a, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜌ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish A. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English A.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜀ (a).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish A.

The first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called ey and written in the Latin script.


A

A (upper case, lower case a, Baybayin spelling ᜀ)

The first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called a and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called a and written in the Latin script.


Portugal

Portugál (canonical)
ᜉᜓᜇ᜔ᜆᜓᜄᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish Portugal (“Portugal”).

bor+

Ang mga bansang naunang lumagda sa kasunduang ito ay ang Estados Unidos, Kanada, Inglatera, Pransiya, Olanda, Belhika, Norwega, Luksemburgo, Italya, Dinamarka, Islandiya at Portugal.

1949, Sa kapakanaan ng kapayapaan at kaunlarang pandaigdig

The first countries to sign this treaty were the United States, Canada, England, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Luxembourg, Italy, Denmark, Iceland and Portugal.

Portugal (a country in Southern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula)


Portugal

a surname from Spanish deriving from the name of the country


Benin

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


vi

Borrowed from English vee, the English name of the letter V/v.

the name of the Latin-script letter V/v, in the Filipino alphabet


tigre

Borrowed from Spanish tigre, from Latin tīgris, from Ancient Greek τίγρις (tígris).

Phalaenopsis schilleriana (a type of orchid)


Malta

Malta (an island country in Southern Europe)

Malta (The largest island in the Maltese Archipelago)


Belarus

Borrowed from English Belarus or Spanish Belarús.


de

Borrowed from Spanish de, the Spanish name of the letter D/d.

the name of the Latin-script letter D/d, in the Abecedario


DNA

[ˌd̪i ʔɛn̪ ˈʔeɪ̯]

Borrowed from English DNA, an initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid.


radar

Borrowed from English radar, originally an acronym for “radio detection and ranging”, with the stress influenced by Spanish radar.


tuba

tubâ (Filipino alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm trees)


tuba

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tubah, from Proto-Austronesian *tubah (“Derris elliptica”).

inh

purging croton (a kind of croton plant the seeds of which is used to make croton oil)

act of poisoning fish (with such a poison)


gas

Either from English gas, itself a clipping of gasoline, or a clipping of gasolina.


gas

Either from Spanish gas or English gas, ultimately from Dutch gas.


be

Borrowed from Spanish be, the Spanish name of the letter B/b. Ultimately from Latin bē. Doublet of bi.

the name of the Latin-script letter B/b, in the Abecedario


noon

noong mag-aaral na sila

noong Lunes


noon

Kasinlaki noong tinapay ang binibili natin.

of that; that over there; yonder (far from both the speaker and the listener)


ate

Borrowed from Hokkien 阿姊 (á-chí / á-ché, “elder sister; eldest sister”) as per Chan-Yap (1980) and Manuel (1948). Compare Indonesian ace, Kapampangan atsi, Remontado Agta itti. Doublet of atsi.

bor+

Nagluto sina ate at nanay ng pananghalian namin.

Our big sister and mother cooked our lunch.

Tinanong ko si ate sa hayskul, "Ate, ano po ang mga gawain niyo sa hayskul".

I asked my senior from high school, "Miss, what activities do you do in high school?"

(informal) term of address for a female senior (in school, work, etc.)

Bumili ako ng pagkain kay ate.

(informal) term of address for any young female: miss; sis


yak

Yak! Minamanyak niya 'yong babae!

used to indicate disgust or nausea: yuck; ew


yak

Borrowed from English yak, from Tibetan གཡག (g.yag).


en

Borrowed from English en, the English name of the letter N/n.

the name of the Latin-script letter N/n, in the Filipino alphabet


X

tl-letter

X (upper case, lower case x, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜃ᜔ᜐ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish X. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English X.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish X.

The twenty-sixth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called eks and written in the Latin script.


X

X (upper case, lower case x, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜃᜒᜐ᜔)

(historical) The twenty-sixth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called equis or ekis and written in the Latin script.


upas

act of removing leaves from plants (especially of sugarcane)


upas

condition of being removed of all leaves (of a plant)


o

o (lower case, upper case O, Baybayin spelling ᜂ)

Borrowed from Spanish o. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English o.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by the Baybayin character ᜂ (u).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish o.

The seventeenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called o and written in the Latin script.

The thirteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called o and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The eighteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called o and written in the Latin script.


o

the name of the Latin-script letter O/o, in the Filipino alphabet

the name of the Latin-script letter O/o, in the Abakada alphabet

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter O/o, in the Abecedario


o

Borrowed from Spanish o (“or”), from Latin aut.

Sasama ka ba o dito ka lang?

Are you coming along or will you just be here?


o

Compare Hokkien 乎 (hôⁿ / hô͘), English oh and Spanish oh.

Nandiyan na naman siya o.

Ganito kasi dapat 'yan o.

You're supposed to do it like this, you see?

(informal) sentence-ending particle used to express warning or to catch someone's attention.


o

Hayop naman oh!

expression of surprise, wonder, amazement, or awe: oh!

used to catch someone's attention about a new topic, question, or story: so; oh!

O, ang regalo ko sa'yo.

used to refer to something given or offered to someone: here you are! here you go!


i

i (lower case, upper case I, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜌ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish i. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English i.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜁ (i).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish i.

The ninth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called ay and written in the Latin script.


i

i (lower case, upper case I, Baybayin spelling ᜁ)

The eighth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called i and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The tenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called i and written in the Latin script.


i

the name of the Latin-script letter I/i, in the Abakada alphabet

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter I/i, in the Abecedario


i

Borrowed from English ee, the English name of the letter E/e.

the name of the Latin-script letter E/e, in the Filipino alphabet


xerox

Unadapted borrowing from English xerox, a genericized trademark from the company, Xerox.


mundo

Borrowed from Spanish mundo (“world”) with stress shift, from Latin mundus (“world”), calque of Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos). Words with a closed penultimate syllable tend to have ultimate stress on earlier stages of the language. Compare Kapampangan mundu.


mundo

Clipping of Spanish vagamundo, rare form of vagabundo with influence of mundo (“world”), from Late Latin vagabundus. The original word was possibly interpreted to contain the interrogative particle baga. Compare Cebuano bagamundo. Doublet of bagamundo.


pi

Borrowed from English pee, the English name of the letter P/p.

the name of the Latin-script letter P/p, in the Filipino alphabet


el

From English el, the English name of the letter L/l.

the name of the Latin-script letter L/l, in the Filipino alphabet


sombrero

ᜐᜓᜋ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜇᜒᜇᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish sombrero (“hat”). Doublet of sambalilo.


bold

Sir, may nanonood ng bold dito.

Sir, there's someone watching porn here.


Korea

Borrowed from Spanish Corea. Ultimately from Korean 고려(高麗) (Goryeo).

Korea (either of the two current Korean states)


animal

Borrowed from Spanish animal, from Latin animal.

(derogatory) brutish person; inhuman person


beso

(cheek) kiss (light touch of cheek with cheek between person)


balatik

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bala(n)tik (“spring back suddenly; spring-set spear trap; the constellation Orion”). Compare Ilocano balantik, Aklanon baeatik, Cebuano balatik, Western Bukidnon Manobo belatik, Tausug batik, and Malay belantik.


balat

wrapper; packaging (of chips, candy, etc.)


balat

birthmark on one's skin; livid spot on one's skin


AP

araling panlipunan
araling panlipunan#Tagalog

(education) Initialism of araling panlipunan (“social studies”).


OA

From Philippine English OA, from the initialism of English overacting.

Ang OA mo kasi e!
It's cuz you're so overreactive!

Napaka-OA mo naman!

'Wag kang OA!

(colloquial) overreactive; tending to react in an overexaggerated manner; over the top


SK

Sangguniang Kabataan
w:Sangguniang Kabataan


baon

→ English: baon

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balun (cf. Cebuano balon, Ilocano balon).

supply of provisions taken on a trip (such as food, money, etc.)


baon

sunk; stuck into something (of a knife, sword, spear, or the like)

(figurative) addicted; abandoned (to vice, such as drugs, alcohol, etc.)


baon

sinking; penetration (of a knife, sword, spear, or the like)


alo

cheer; consolation given (for the disappointed, anxious, disconsolate, etc.)

substitute for a disappointment to cheer up someone (with kind words, toys, pacifier, milk, etc.)

act of calming down someone (especially a crying child, with kind words, toys, pacifier, milk, etc.)


CH

tl-letter

CH (upper case, lower case ch, Baybayin spelling ᜆ᜔ᜐᜒ)

The fourth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called che and written in the Latin script.


barato

Borrowed from Spanish barato. Doublet of barat and balato.


balik

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balik. Compare Malay balik, Cebuano balik, and Ilocano balik.

inh+

restoration; return to a former position

turning over (of food cooked on a grill or live coal)


hamster

Ilalagay ni PAUL ang retrato ni Ferdinand at Imelda Marcos sa likod ng kulungan ng mga hamster.

1996, Emmanuel A. Reyes, Malikhaing pelikula: mga sanaysay tungkol sa pelikulang Pilipino

Kung may nasabi man akong hindi maganda, bakit hindi niya sabihin sa 'kin? Hindi naman ako manghuhula para malaman kung anong problema niya. Tiningnan ko 'yong hamster na gusto kong bilhin pero naisip ko si Tammy.

2020, TINA LATA, The Good Girl's Revenge


salsa

Borrowed from Spanish salsa, from Latin salsus (“salted”).


bayad

From Proto-Philippine *bayaD (“to pay”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bayaD. Cognate with Bikol Central bayad, Malay bayar, and Sambali bayar.


granada

[ɡɾɐˈn̪aː.d̪ɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish granada (“grenade”), feminine of granado, from Latin (mālum) granātum (literally “apple with many seeds”). Doublet of granate.

der

Punica granatum
Punica granatum#Translingual


matadero

[mɐ.t̪ɐˈd̪ɛː.ɾo]

... natin ang masang gumigising— tayo naman ang magtulungtulungan-habang nagpupustahan pa ang mga trapo't kumprador sa matadero nag-aakalang walang makagagambala sa magkasiping na leon at tupa, lobo't kordero

2010, E. San Juan, Jr., SUTRANG KAYUMANGGI, Lulu.com, page 24


at

Compare Pangasinan ta (“because”) and tan (“and”), and Remontado Agta at (“and; because”).

Bilisan mo at ako'y aalis na.


haj

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic حَجّ (ḥajj, “pilgrimage”). See also pangadyi.


pato

Borrowed from Spanish pato (“duck”), from Arabic بَطّ (baṭṭ, “duck”), from Persian بت (bat, “duck”).


lampa

unsteady or unsure of footing; unbalanced when walking or standing (of a person)


lampa

unsteadiness or unsureness of footing (of a person)


Sydney

Sydney (the capital city of New South Wales, Australia)


Salvador

Salvadór (canonical)
ᜐᜎ᜔ᜊᜇᜓᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

a surname from Spanish transferred from the given name


saya

From Proto-Philippine *sayaq. Compare Kapampangan saya, Masbatenyo sadya, Cebuano sadya, and Hiligaynon sadya.


saya

table
Borrowed from Spanish saya, from Vulgar Latin *sagia, from Latin sagum, from earlier sagus, from Ancient Greek σάγος (ságos), probably of Gaulish origin.


boy

errand boy; houseboy; boy doing a menial job (usually young)


Darwin

Borrowed from English, a given name transferred from the surname (usually after Charles Darwin), from Old English Dēorwine.

a male given name from English [in turn transferred from the surname]


torta

→ English: torta

Borrowed from Spanish torta (“cake”). Compare Cebuano torta (“cupcake”) and English tart.

torta (a type of egg omelette with various ingredients, especially eggplant)


mapa

Borrowed from Spanish mapa (“map”), from Latin mappa.

Ito ang mapa ng Pilipinas. Binubuo ito ng malalaki at maliliit na pulo.

2005, Sigay 3' 2005 Ed.(wika at Pagbasa), Rex Bookstore, Inc., page 187

This is the map of the Philippines. It is made up of big and small islands.


kami

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kami, from Proto-Austronesian *kami.

inh+

Nagtatrabaho kami sa isang kumpanya. Ikaw?

we; us (exclusive of the person spoken to)


simba

tl-noun

simbá or simba (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜋ᜔ᜊ)

simbá (canonical)
simba (canonical)
ᜐᜒᜋ᜔ᜊ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Malay sembah, possibly from Javanese ꦱꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ (sembah), from Old Javanese sĕmbah, possibly from Old Khmer saṃbaḥ ~ sambaḥ (whence Khmer សំពះ (sɑmpĕəh)). Compare Bikol Central simba, Cebuano simba, and Waray-Waray singba. Doublet of samba.

going to church (to pray, attend service, etc.)


Bombay

Borrowed from Spanish Bombay, from Portuguese Bombaim.

Lalong makikilala ang impluwensiya ng mga Intsik, Kastila, at Amerikano sa sining ng Pilipino; nandoon na rin, bagama't hindi pa gaanong napapag aralan, ang impluwensiya ng mga Bombay, Hapon at Mehikano. Maging ang likha ng mga ...

1990, Regalado Trota José, Pacific Asia Museum, Images of faith: religious ivory carvings from the Philippines

... sa lupain ng mga Bombay, ganito ang ating nata- mong medalya: 2 ginto, 3 pilak, 9 na tanso. Mas malapit tayo sa mga kulelat kesa sa mga nangu- nguna noong 1982. Ngayon 1986, inaasam-asam ni Sering na magiging ganito ang ating ...

0 haharap, o haharap ang lahat na, Sa lunsod ay hahalik sa mapang-aliping pagsamba: Mga intsik, tikas Hapon, mga Bombay o Aleman, Mga Inglis, Amerikano, milyonaryo ng lipunan, Pulitiko at ismagler, ang lilisan sa Forbes Park, Sakay ...

(colloquial, sometimes offensive) Indian (a person of Indian ancestry, or resembling one)


Bombay

(colloquial, loosely) with South Asian features (of a person)


Bombay

Bombay (the capital of Maharashtra, India)


sana

Masaya sana sila.

Sana nakarating sila nang ligtas.

Sana sa ibang pamilya na lang ako ipinanganak.

I wish I was born in a different family instead.

(before or after the verb) used to express hope or wish in something unknown: hopefully; I wish that

Nanalo sana siya sa takbuhan, pero nadapa siya sa pinakadulo.

He would have won the race, but he tripped at the very end.

Pupunta sana ako sa bahay mo, pero nagbago ang isip ko.

I originally intended to go to your house, but I changed my mind.

(after the verb) used to express an unrealized intention or situation

Nag-aaral na sana ako ngayon sa iskul, kung hindi ako nagkasakit.

I would have been studying in school right now, if only I hadn't gotten sick.

Kung nahulog siya sa patibong, patay na sana siya.

If only he fell into the trap, he would be dead right now.

(after the verb + na) used to express disappointment in a desired but unrealized result, especially due to an unfulfilled condition


ban

Borrowed from Hokkien 盤／盘 (pôaⁿ, “tray, plate, dish”).


pata

act of forcing oneself to give up bad inclinations


kali

kalí (canonical)
kalî (canonical)
ᜃᜎᜒ (Baybayin)
in the negative


kali

I wonder (placed after interrogative pronouns)


kali

(obsolete) asking for the care of others


man

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *man (“particle expressing solidarity, concession, qualification, or emphasis”).

inh+

Hindi man lang siya tumawag.

Ang bagong panganak man ay may karapatan.


dua

Borrowed from Arabic دُعَاء (duʕāʔ). Compare Maranao dowa'a, Maguindanao du'a, Tausug duwaa, and Malay doa.


Hong Kong

Borrowed from English Hong Kong, from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “Fragrant Harbor”).

der

Hong Kong (a city, island, and special administrative region in southern China)


dada

meaningless chatter; gibberish; impertinent talk


alas

act of cutting or lopping off growth evenly


ke

ke ganto


ke

Wikispecies:Pueraria montans var. lobata


sama

Either from Sanskrit सम (sama, “same, equal”) with semantic shift or Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sama (“mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order”).

inh

ang pagsasabi ng tapat ay pagsasama ng maluwat

going with or accompanying someone to a certain place

combining; mixing (of one thing with another)


sama

Either from Sanskrit विषम (viṣama, “unequal, wicked, wrong”) or Sanskrit दुःषम (duḥṣáma, “uneven, perverse, bad”).


sama

share of capital (in a business partnership or gambling)


sama

of the business relationship of shareholders


bulan

Learned borrowing from Cebuano bulan from Proto-Philippine *bulan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, from Proto-Austronesian *bulaN. Proposed by Eusebio Daluz by the 20ᵗʰ century to use the Visayan word instead of Tagalog buwan (“moon; month”) to distinguish “moon” and “month” to have equivalents for Spanish luna (“moon”) and Spanish mes (“month”). Doublet of buwan.


hay

Hay... Antok na ako!

an expression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, frustration, or the like: sigh


Islam

Borrowed from Arabic إِسْلَام (ʔislām, “submission”), possibly through Spanish, English, or Philippine languages spoken mostly by Muslims.

bor+

English language
Philippine languages
Spanish language


lain

Alternative form of laing: stalk and leaves of gabi (usually eaten as a vegetable)


kita

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita.

Mahal ko siya, mahal ko sila, mahal ko tayong lahat—at ikaw, mahal kita.

I love him, I love them, I love all of us—and you, I love you.

Anak kita.

Replaces ko ka or ko ikaw (I or my and you). Used when speaking directly to the receiver of a verb.

Magkaibigan kita.

(now dialectal, Batangas, Marinduque, uncommon in Bulacan) we; the two of us; you and I


kita

kita (canonical)
kità (canonical)
ᜃᜒᜆ (Baybayin)

From Proto-Philippine *kitaʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kita, from Proto-Austronesian *kita.

state or quality of being seen; visibility


kita

Kita ang bahay namin mula rito.

(literally, “Our house is visible from here.”)


kita

Borrowed from Spanish quitación (“rent; wages; salary”), from quita (“debt relief”).

pabago-bagong kita


kita

gained; benefited (of business or interest money)


chat

chat (exchange of text or voice messages in real time through a computer network)


ba

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba, or shortened form of baga. Cognate with Cebuano ba and Malagasy va.

Mayroon ka bang pera?


ba

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜊ (ba).

the name of the Latin-script letter B/b, in the Abakada alphabet


suka

From Proto-Philippine *suka (“to vomit”). Compare Bikol Central suka, Cebuano suka, Hiligaynon suka, Kapampangan suka, Tausug suka, and Waray-Waray suka.


suka

Ultimately from Sanskrit चुक्र (cukra, “tamarind tree; vinegar made by acetous fermentation”), possibly through Malay cuka (“soured wine, vinegar”). Cognate with Bikol Central suka, Cebuano suka, Ilocano suka, Maranao soka', Pangasinan tuka, and Tausug suka'.

der

(by extension) sour fruit used for seasoning food (such as tamarind, tomatoes, green mangoes, etc.)


pain

From Proto-Austronesian *paən (cf. Bikol Central paon and Gorontalo paalo).


pula

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pula. Compare Aklanon puea and Asi puya.


pula

adverse criticism; act of finding fault with another


Muslim

Borrowed from Arabic مُسْلِم (muslim, “one who submits”), possibly via English Muslim. Doublet of Musulman.


look

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luquk (“bay”). Compare Ilocano luek, Kapampangan lauk, Cebuano luok, Tausug luuk, and Malay teluk.

Look ng Maynila


ye

Borrowed from Spanish ye, the Spanish name of the letter Y/y.

the name of the Latin-script letter Y/y, in the Abecedario


said

consumed; with everything used up; exhausted


tore

Borrowed from Spanish torre. Displaced moog.


sang

Borrowed from Hokkien 蔥／葱 (chhang, “green onion; spring onion; scallion”). Compare Kapampangan sang.


mama

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mama, from Proto-Austronesian *mamah (“father’s brother”). Also possibly borrowed from Sanskrit माम (māma) or from Tamil மாமா (māmā). Compare Malay mamak.

inh

a term used in referring to, or in addressing, a male unknown to the speaker

(archaic, familiar) uncle (parent's younger brother)

(archaic, familiar, childish) any relative of the father or mother


mama

tl-noun

mama or mamá (masculine papa, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜋ)

mama (canonical)
mamá (canonical)
papa (masculine)
ᜋᜋ (Baybayin)

Each pronunciation has a different source:
* /maˈma/ from Spanish mamá, adapted from French maman
* /ma.ma/ from Hokkien 媽媽／妈妈 (mâ-mâ)
* /ˈmama/ from English mama / momma


mama

From Proto-Philippine *mamaq, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mamaq (“chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut; premasticate food to give to an infant; premasticated food”). Compare Javanese ꦩꦩꦃ (mamah) and Malay mamah.


mama

name of the Baybayin letter ᜋ (ma), corresponding to "ma"


abako

abakó (canonical)
ábakó (canonical)
ᜀᜊᜃᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish ábaco (“abacus”), from Latin abacus, from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “a calculation board covered with sand”). Doublet of abakus.


me

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling


basket

(basketball) basket (circular hoop from which a net is suspended)

(slang) rejection; disapproval; nonacceptance (in a submission, courtship, etc.)


basket

(slang) disapproved; rejected (in a submission, courtship, etc.)


simple

Borrowed from Spanish simple, from Latin simplex.

Simpleng-simple rin ang aklat na ito kung ihahambing sa aklat ni Mildred Larson.

1994, Al O. Santiago, Sining ng pagsasaling-wika: sa Filipino mula sa Ingles

This book is also very simple compared to the book of Mildred Larson.

Ang boluntaryong pagpili ng simpleng pamumuhay ay isang desisyong maaari nating maisakatuparan.

2002, Yaman Ng Pagkatao i Tm' 2002 Ed., Rex Bookstore, Inc., page 173

The voluntary choice of a simple life is a decision that we can carry out.


-rin

tl-verb

-rin (verb-forming suffix, adjective-forming suffix, noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒᜈ᜔)

From -in, but Potet (2013) finds this suffix as abnormal so surmises it to be influenced by Sanskrit -इन् (-in) as in अपचारिन् (apacārin), specifically for salarin.

sala (“fault”) + -rin → salarin (“culprit”)


katana

[kɐˈt̪aː.n̪ɐʔ]

Borrowed from Japanese 刀(かたな) (katana, literally “sword”), possibly via Spanish catana according to Potet (2016).


duke

Borrowed from Spanish duque (“duke”), from Old French duc, from Latin dux.


base

Borrowed from Spanish base (“basis”). The baseball definition is from English base, but pronounced the same as the Spanish word.


q

tl-letter

q (lower case, upper case Q, Baybayin spelling ᜃ᜔ᜌᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish q. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English q.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish q.

The nineteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called kyu and written in the Latin script.


q

q (lower case, upper case Q, Baybayin spelling ᜃᜓ)

(historical) The twentieth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called cu and written in the Latin script.


mana

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mana, *maña (“inherit; inheritance”). Compare Malay manah (“heritage”).


bi

Borrowed from English bee, the English name of the letter B/b. Ultimately from Latin bē. Doublet of be.

the name of the Latin-script letter B/b, in the Filipino alphabet


ano

tl-pron

anó (plural ano-ano, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜈᜓ)

anó (canonical)
ano-ano (plural)
ᜀᜈᜓ (Baybayin)

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *qanú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *anu, from Proto-Austronesian *(na-)nu.

term used for any object whose actual name the speaker does not know, avoids, or cannot remember: thingamajig, whatchamacallit


ano

an expression of surprise or disbelief: what!


v

tl-letter

v (lower case, upper case V, Baybayin spelling ᜊᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish v. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English v.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish v.

The twenty-fourth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called vi and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The twenty-fifth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ve and written in the Latin script.


l

l (lower case, upper case L, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜎ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish l. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English l.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜎ (la).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish l.

The twelfth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called el and written in the Latin script.


l

l (lower case, upper case L, Baybayin spelling ᜎ)

The ninth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called la and written in the Latin script.


l

l (lower case, upper case L, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜎᜒ)

(historical) The thirteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ele and written in the Latin script.


tanto

[t̪ɐn̪ˈt̪oʔ]

aware about; having come to realize or understand (something)


tanto

[t̪ɐn̪ˈt̪oʔ]

knowledge; understanding (about something made aware to oneself)

act of understanding or realizing (of consequences of something, an occurrence, etc.)


j

j (lower case, upper case J, Baybayin spelling ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒᜌ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish j. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English j.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish j.

The tenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called dyey and written in the Latin script.


j

j (lower case, upper case J, Baybayin spelling ᜑᜓᜆ)

(historical) The eleventh letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called jota and written in the Latin script.


r

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish r. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English r.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜇ (da/ra).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish r.

The twentieth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called ar and written in the Latin script.


r

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜇ)

The fifteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ra and written in the Latin script.


r

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜇᜒ)

(historical) The twenty-first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ere and written in the Latin script.


ese

Borrowed from Spanish ese, the Spanish name of the letter S/s.

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter S/s, in the Abecedario


p

p (lower case, upper case P, Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish p. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English p.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜉ (pa).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish p.

The eighteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called pi and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The nineteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called pe and written in the Latin script.


p

p (lower case, upper case P, Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

The fourteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called pa and written in the Latin script.


p

From the Abakada alphabet letter p being pronounced as pa.

d2 s daan p


t

t (lower case, upper case T, Baybayin spelling ᜆᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish t. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English t.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜆ (ta).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish t.

The twenty-second letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called ti and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The twenty-third letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called te and written in the Latin script.


t

t (lower case, upper case T, Baybayin spelling ᜆ)

The seventeenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ta and written in the Latin script.


b

b (lower case, upper case B, Baybayin spelling ᜊᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish b. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English b.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish b.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜊ (ba).

The second letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called bi and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The second letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called be and written in the Latin script.


b

b (lower case, upper case B, Baybayin spelling ᜊ)

The second letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ba and written in the Latin script.


k

k (lower case, upper case K, Baybayin spelling ᜃᜒᜌ᜔)

English language
José Rizal
Spanish language
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera

Borrowed from Spanish k. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English k.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜃ (ka).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish k.
The use of ⟨k⟩ instead of using the Spanish-based ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ was promoted in the late 19th century primarily by the educated (such as José Rizal and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera) because of the Baybayin character primarily being applicable to all vowels, as well as the ease of usage with Tagalog grammar rules. Its order in the Abakada alphabet was due to the order of the similar sounding ⟨c⟩ in the Spanish alphabet.

The eleventh letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called key and written in the Latin script.


k

k (lower case, upper case K, Baybayin spelling ᜃ)

The third letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ka and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The twelfth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ka and written in the Latin script.


k

From the Abakada alphabet letter k being pronounced as ka.

Nasan k na?

(Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of ka: you; u


w

w (lower case, upper case W, Baybayin spelling ᜇᜓᜊᜓᜎ᜔ᜌᜓ)

Borrowed from English w. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English w.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜏ (wa).
Formerly, the letter u was used to represent /w/ in the Spanish-based orthography.

The twenty-fifth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called dobolyu and written in the Latin script.


w

w (lower case, upper case W, Baybayin spelling ᜏ)

The nineteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called wa and written in the Latin script.


anime

[ˌʔaː.n̪ɪˈmɛ]

Borrowed from English anime (“Japanese animation”), from Japanese アニメ (anime), an abbreviation of アニメーション (animēshon), itself from English animation, from Latin animatio, from animare.


m

tl-letter

m (lower case, upper case M, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜋ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish m. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English m.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜋ (ma).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish m.

The thirteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called em and written in the Latin script.


m

m (lower case, upper case M, Baybayin spelling ᜋ)

The tenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ma and written in the Latin script.


m

m (lower case, upper case M, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜋᜒ)

(historical) The fifteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called eme and written in the Latin script.


g

g (lower case, upper case G, Baybayin spelling ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish g. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English g.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜄ (ga).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish g.

The seventh letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called dyi and written in the Latin script.


g

g (lower case, upper case G, Baybayin spelling ᜄ)

The sixth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ga and written in the Latin script.


g

g (lower case, upper case G, Baybayin spelling ᜑᜒ)

(historical) The eighth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ge and written in the Latin script.


g

(slang) Alternative letter-case form of G


h

h (lower case, upper case H, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜌ᜔ᜆ᜔ᜐ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish h. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English h.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜑ (ha).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish h.

The eighth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called eyts and written in the Latin script.


h

h (lower case, upper case H, Baybayin spelling ᜑ)

The seventh letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ha and written in the Latin script.


h

h (lower case, upper case H, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜆ᜔ᜐᜒ)

(historical) The ninth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called hache and written in the Latin script.


n

n (lower case, upper case N, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish n. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English n.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜈ (na).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish n.

The fourteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called en and written in the Latin script.


n

n (lower case, upper case N, Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

The eleventh letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called na and written in the Latin script.


n

n (lower case, upper case N, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈᜒ)

The sixteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ene and written in the Latin script.


n

From N, read as na, as a clipping of na (“already; now”).


d

d (lower case, upper case D, Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish d. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English d.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish d.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜇ (da).

The fourth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called di and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The fifth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called de and written in the Latin script.


d

d (lower case, upper case D, Baybayin spelling ᜇ)

The fourth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called da and written in the Latin script.


d

Borrowed from English d (dee), homophonous to di.

(text messaging, Internet slang) Abbreviation of di.


manga

From Proto-Central Philippine *maŋa, from Proto-Philippine *maŋa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maŋa.


mayor

Borrowed from Spanish mayor, from Latin maior. Doublet of meyor and medyor.

greater in dignity, rank, importance, significance, or interest

major
greater in number, quantity, or extent


z

z (lower case, upper case Z, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish z. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English z.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish z.

The twenty-eighth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called zi and written in the Latin script.


z

z (lower case, upper case Z, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜆ)

(historical) The twenty-eighth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called zeta and written in the Latin script.


c

c (lower case, upper case C, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish c. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English c.
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish c.

The third letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called si and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The third letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ce and written in the Latin script.


c

Borrowed from English c (cee), homophonous to si.


s

s (lower case, upper case S, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜐ᜔)

Borrowed from Spanish s. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English s.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜐ (sa).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish s.

The twenty-first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called es and written in the Latin script.


s

s (lower case, upper case S, Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

The sixteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called sa and written in the Latin script.


s

s (lower case, upper case S, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜐᜒ)

(historical) The twenty-second letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ese and written in the Latin script.


salt

Semantic loan from English as in, via an unadapted borrowing from English salt, which is a calque of Tagalog asin, due to homophony with English as in.

Ang init ng araw, salt pare!


key

Borrowed from English kay, the English name of the letter K/k.

the name of the Latin-script letter K/k, in the Filipino alphabet


e

e (lower case, upper case E, Baybayin spelling ᜁ)

Borrowed from Spanish e. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English e.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by the Baybayin character ᜁ (i).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish e.

The fifth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called i and written in the Latin script.

The fifth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called e and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The sixth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called e and written in the Latin script.


e

the name of the Latin-script letter E/e, in the Abakada alphabet

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter E/e, in the Abecedario


e

E, ganoon e!

E, ano ngayon?

Nandoon siya, e.

Used to acknowledge a statement or situation: well; so

E, sino naman 'yun?

E, ikaw lang din naman 'yun.

Well anyways, that was also only just you.

Used to rhetorically express surprise or suspicion: so; oh; well

E, hindi mo naman kinailangan gawin iyon.

E, magkano naman ito?

Used to introduce the continuation of narration from a previous understood point: and; well; so


u

u (lower case, upper case U, Baybayin spelling ᜌᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish u. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English u.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by the Baybayin character ᜂ (u).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish u.

The twenty-third letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called yu and written in the Latin script.


u

u (lower case, upper case U, Baybayin spelling ᜂ)

The eighteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called u and written in the Latin script.

(historical) The twenty-fourth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called u and written in the Latin script.


u

the name of the Latin-script letter U/u, in the Abakada alphabet

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter U/u, in the Abecedario


hara-kiri

[ˌhaː.ɾɐ ˈkiː.ɾɪ]

Borrowed from Japanese 腹切(はらき)り (harakiri).


mare

Clipping of kumare, earlier variant of komadre.

Ano'ng tsika, mare?


aa

aâ (canonical)
aà (canonical)
ᜀᜀ (Baybayin)

From the reduplication of Hokkien 齷／龌 (ak, “dirty”), according to Manuel (1948).
Compare Indonesian eek.


aa

name of the Baybayin letter ᜀ, corresponding to "a"


edit

[ˈʔɛː.d̪ɪt̪̚]


kata

(archaic, now dialectal) we (inclusive of the person spoken to)


kata

(dialectal, Southern Tagalog) let's go! (invitation of doing something together)


ë

ë (lower case, upper case Ë, Baybayin spelling ᜁ)

the letter e with a diaeresis representing a schwa


ha

Unknown. Possibly from:
* Hokkien 哈 (hâⁿ) or 乎 (hôⁿ / hô͘), according to Manuel (1948)
* English huh? and English hah!.

(informal) interrogative particle, used to express inquiry

(informal) speculative particle, used to express doubt, disbelief

(informal) exclamatory particle, used to express wonder, surprise, excitement

Ganoon, ha?!

Kain ka na, ha.

Tulog na, ha?

(informal) imperative final particle, used to soften requests or commands to have someone do something


ha

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜑ (ha).

the name of the Latin-script letter H/h, in the Abakada alphabet


uno

Borrowed from Spanish uno, from Latin ūnus (“one”), from Old Latin oinos.


uno

act of stammering, especially from embarrassment (usually reduplicated)


kimono

Borrowed from Japanese 着物(きもの) (kimono). Doublet of kimona, which refers to traditional short-sleeved loose blouse made of piña or jusi.


arbor

Backslang of Spanish robar (“to rob; to steal”).

May mga inumin sa mesa. Arbor ko na yung tsokolate.

There are food on the table. I call dibs on the chocolate.

Gusto ko ang pantalon mo ah! Pa-arbor naman niyan!

act of claiming something to be of one's possesion; dibs


libro

Borrowed from Spanish libro with a shift of stress, from Latin librum (“book”). Words with a closed penultimate syllable tend to have ultimate stress on earlier stages of the language.


zeta

Borrowed from Spanish zeta, the Spanish name of the letter Z/z, from Latin zēta or Ancient Greek ζῆτα (zêta).

the name of the Latin-script letter Z/z, in the Abecedario


talo

talo (canonical)
taló (canonical)
ᜆᜎᜓ (Baybayin)

From Proto-Philippine *talu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *talu.

Nagsisiawayan ang mga manlalaro sa natalong tim.

The players in the losing team argued with each other.


talo

defeat; loss (in a contest, game, fight, etc.)


talo

(obsolete) dispute; argument; quarrel (no longer used on its own except in derived terms)


talo

(agriculture, obsolete) transferring of what were sown


ni

From Proto-Austronesian *ni (“marker of possession”).

inh

bisikleta ni Juan

of; possessive particle, used only with personal names

objective marker for personal names, objective form of si; functional equivalent of ng


ni

Borrowed from Spanish ni (“not even”), from Old Spanish nin, from Latin nec, apocopated form of neque.

Ni ako hindi nagsisigarilyo.

Ni aso ni pusa.


ni

Hindi ako humingi ni isang butil ng bigas.

I didn't ask not even for a single grain of rice.


yumi

refined manners; modest behavior (especially of a young woman)

softness; tenderness to the touch (of texture)


un

From 'yun or 'yon, clipping of iyon, where ⟨'yu⟩ was replaced with English U, read as in the English letter, to shorten it. See also yaon.


idea

ideá (canonical)
idea (canonical)
ᜁᜇᜒᜌ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish idea, from Latin idea, from Ancient Greek ἰδέα (idéa, “notion, pattern”).


yu

Borrowed from English u, the English name of the letter U/u.

the name of the Latin-script letter U/u, in the Filipino alphabet


natural

Borrowed from Spanish natural (“natural”).


natural

Natural na hindi ka makakapasok, nakakandado yung pintuan.

Of course, you wouldn't be able to enter, that door is locked.

Natural!

(informal, often sarcastic) obviously; naturally


ta

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜆ (ta).

the name of the Latin-script letter T/t, in the Abakada alphabet


ta

From Proto-Philippine *ta. Compare Bikol Central ta.

Bahay ta.

Hintayin ta muna.


ta

Borrowed from Ilocano ta, from Proto-Philippine *taq (“because”).

Nag-jeep ako ta wala nang taxi.

I rode a jeep because there wasn't any taxi anymore.


ta

ta (canonical)
tâ (canonical)
ᜆ (Baybayin)

command of execution for commands involving weapons such as a rifle or a sword


kilo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kiluq. Compare Ilocano nakillo (“winding; twisted; broken (of language)”).


kilo

quality of being bent, crooked, or curved (of lines, wires, branches, etc.)


kilo

Borrowed from Spanish kilo, or analytically, Clipping of kilogramo.


kilo

rafter; crossbeam that supports the roofing


Cu

From Hokkien 邱／丘 (Khu), via Spanish Cu. Doublet of Coo and Khoo.


PG

Borrowed from English PG; the meaning being a phono-semantic matching of English parental guidance, coined by Movie and Television Review and Classification Board in 2012.

coinage

(film, television) Initialism of patnubay at gabay: parental guidance (television and motion picture rating in in the Philippines)


em

From English em, the English name of the letter M/m.

the name of the Latin-script letter M/m, in the Filipino alphabet


ge

Borrowed from Spanish ge, the Spanish name of the letter G/g.

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter G/g, in the Abecedario


ga

ᜄ (Baybayin)
Quezon (Batangas)
Mindoro (Batangas)
Marinduque (Batangas)

Possibly a shortened form of baga, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba. Cognate with Cebuano ba and Malagasy va.


ga

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜄ (ga).

the name of the Latin-script letter G/g, in the Abakada alphabet


FX

Genericized trademark from an ellipsis of English Tamaraw FX.

(road transport) a public transport service typically using a Tamaraw FX vehicle


bus

Borrowed from English bus, clipping of omnibus, from French omnibus, from Latin omnibus (“to/for all”).


pu

From earlier puo, from puwo, with elision of /l/ from pulo, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puluq, from Proto-Austronesian *puluq. Compare Ilocano pullo, Pangasinan polo, Kapampangan apulu, Asi puyo, Bikol Central pulo, Aklanon napueo, Cebuano napulo, Maranao polo', Maguindanao pulu, and Malay puluh.


terminal

términál (canonical)
ᜆᜒᜇ᜔ᜋᜒᜈᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from English terminal or Spanish terminal.

terminal (station at either end of a transportation line)


ce

Borrowed from Spanish ce, the Spanish name of the letter C/c.

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter C/c, in the Abecedario


ra

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜇ (da).

the name of the Latin-script letter R/r, in the Abakada alphabet


ne

Compare Ilocano ne, Kapampangan ne, and Japanese ね (ne).

Tapos magkikita tayo sa bahay ni Aling Neneng, ne?

Afterwards, we'll see each other at Ms. Neneng's house, am I right?

Maligo ka na, ne?

(Bataan, Nueva Ecija, tag question) Sentence-final question marker particle indicating emphasis and asking for confirmation: right?; eh?; isn't it, innit?


kana

Borrowed from Malay kena (“to contact; to have to do, to need to do; to be precise; deceived”), from Old Malay knā, from Proto-Austronesian *kəNa (“be ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true”). Compare Ilocano kenna.

der

Nakana na ang wika ko.

walang kapapakanan

application; actualization; appropriation; usage for some purpose

May kana ang talaro mong iyan.

That scale of yours has some falsification.

(obsolete) deception or falsification of the weight of scales

Kanan mo ng dusa ang talampasan.

(obsolete) imposition of a penalty or payment


kana

set as a trap; ready; readied (as of a gun)


kana

May kana na itong bata.

The child already had her (first) menstruation.


pe

Borrowed from Spanish pe, the Spanish name of the letter P/p.

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter P/p, in the Abecedario


ho

Taga-saan naman ho kayo?

(familiar) honorific particle used while speaking to one's superior, elder, or guest


ele

Borrowed from Spanish ele, the Spanish name of the letter L/l.

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter L/l, in the Abecedario


toro

Borrowed from Spanish toro, from Latin taurus. Doublet of Tauro.


halal

halal (permissible according to Muslim religious custom)


22o (totoo)

d2 (dito)

2malon (tumalon)

used to represent the syllable to or tu due to similarity of pronunciation with English two


asetilen

asétilén (canonical)
ᜀᜐᜒᜆᜒᜎᜒᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ʔɐˌsɛː.t̪ɪˈlɛn̪]


po

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puəq. Compare Malay empu, Indonesian empu, Old Javanese mpu. Also possibly from clipping of poon (“lord”).

Tuloy po kayo.

Pupunta po ako sa simbahan, Inay.

marks respect toward the person the speaker is addressing


aspirin

áspirín (canonical)
ᜀᜐ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜒᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from English aspirin, from the genericized trademark of German Aspirin. Doublet of aspirina.


am

Borrowed from Hokkien 飲／饮 (ám, “rice soup”).


daan

daán (canonical)
daan (canonical)
ᜇᜀᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

From Proto-Philippine *dálan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zalan, from Proto-Austronesian *zalan. Compare Kapampangan dalan, Bikol Central dalan, Cebuano dalan / dan, Tausug dān, Kavalan razan, Chamorro chalan, Malay jalan, and Amis lalan.

[ˈd̪aː.ʔɐn̪]

Cardinal: sandaan Spanish cardinal: siyento Ordinal: ikasandaan

pansandaan Ordinal abbreviation: ika-100

pang-100 Adverbial: makasandaan Multiplier: sandaang ibayo Distributive: manaan

sandaanan Collective: daan Restrictive: sasandaan Fractional: ikaraan

act of passing through; act of passing by

(possibly obsolete, figurative) capacity left of a person to eat food when eating


daan

By extension of etymology 1 in the Southern Luzon axis. Compare Kapampangan dalan (“hundred”). Possibly related to Ternate cala (“1000”) and Loloda calana (“1000”).

[ˈd̪aː.ʔɐn̪]


Tagalog

[t̪ɐˈɣaː.loɡ̚]

Uncertain. Possibly:
* From taga- (“native of”) + alog (“ford”).
* From taga- (“native of”) + ilog (“river”).
* From Tagal, the name of some tribes in Borneo or Sumatra.


Tagalog

desc

→ Cantonese: 他加祿語／他加禄语 (taa¹ gaa¹ luk⁶ jyu⁵)

→ Cebuano: Tinagalog, Tagalug

→ Czech: tagalog

→ Danish: tagalog

→ Dutch: Tagalog

→ English: Tagalog

→ Finnish: tagalog

→ French: tagalog

→ Icelandic: tagalog

→ Indonesian: Tagalog

→ Japanese: タガログ語 (Tagarogu-go)

→ Kapampangan: Tagalug

→ Korean: 타갈로그어 (Tagallogeu-eo)

→ Malay: Tagalog

→ Mandarin: 他加祿語／他加禄语 (Tājiālùyǔ)

→ Min Nan: 他加祿話／他加禄话 (Tha-ka-lo̍k-ōe), 他加祿語／他加禄语 (Thaⁿ-ka-lo̍k-gír)

→ Portuguese: tagalo

→ Spanish: tagalo, tagala

[t̪ɐˈɣaː.loɡ̚]

Tagalog (pertaining to the Tagalog region, the Tagalog people, or the Tagalog language)


Quezon City

tl-proper noun

Quezon City (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜒᜐᜓᜈ᜔ ᜐᜒᜆᜒ)

ᜃᜒᜐᜓᜈ᜔ ᜐᜒᜆᜒ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from English Quezon City, named after Pres. Manuel Quezon, the 2nd president of the Philippines, whose surname ultimately comes from Hokkien.


Padua

a surname from Spanish, the 143rd most common surname in the Philippines, occurring at 44,210 individuals

Padua (the capital city of Padua, Italy)


banal

Borrowed from Malay benar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bənər (“true, righteous, honest”). Compare Bikol Central banal, Kapampangan banal, Masbatenyo banal, and Tausug bunnal.

inh

Simbahan ni Jesucristo ng mga Banal sa mga Huling Araw


banal

discomfort in one's bones (of the hands or feet)


La Paz

Borrowed from Spanish La Paz, from la paz (“the peace”).

La Paz (a municipality of Abra, Philippines)

La Paz (a municipality of Leyte, Philippines)

La Paz (a municipality of Agusan del Sur, Philippines)


Bangkok

Borrowed from English Bangkok, from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk).


Dublin

tl-proper noun

Dublin (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜓᜊ᜔ᜎᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜇᜊ᜔ᜎᜒᜈ᜔)


Trinidad

Trinidád (canonical)
ᜆ᜔ᜇᜒᜈᜒᜇᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

[t̪ɾɪ.n̪ɪˈd̪ad̪̚]

Borrowed from Spanish trinidad, from Latin trinitās.

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English

Trinidad (an island in Trinidad and Tobago)

Alternative letter-case form of trinidad


San Francisco

San Francisco (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜈ᜔ ᜉ᜔ᜇᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜐ᜔ᜃᜓ)

ᜐᜈ᜔ ᜉ᜔ᜇᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜐ᜔ᜃᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish San Francisco, named after Saint Francis of Assisi.

San Francisco (a city in California, United States)

San Francisco (a city in Quezon, Philippines; former name: Aurora)


ti

Borrowed from English tee, the English name of the letter T/t.

the name of the Latin-script letter T/t, in the Filipino alphabet


Florence

ᜉ᜔ᜎᜓᜇᜒᜈ᜔ᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)


Barcelona

Barcelona (the capital city of Catalonia, Spain)

Barcelona (a province of Catalonia, Spain)

Barcelona (a municipality of the province of Sorsogon, Philippines)


es

Borrowed from English ess, the English name of the letter S/s.

the name of the Latin-script letter S/s, in the Filipino alphabet


sine

Borrowed from Spanish cine, from a clipping of cinema, a reduction of cinematógrafo, from French cinématographe.


lemur

Borrowed from Spanish lémur or English lemur, from Latin lemurēs (“spirits of the dead”).


Manila

desc

→ Hokkien: 馬尼剌／马尼剌, 岷里納, 岷里刺, 岷唎喇, 民希臘／民希腊, 蠻哩喇／蛮哩喇, 呅哖膋／呅哖䒿 (obsolete)

→ Japanese: 馬尼剌 (Manira) (obsolete)

→ Mandarin: 馬尼剌／马尼剌 (Mǎnílà) (obsolete)

Borrowed from Spanish Manila, itself from Tagalog Maynila.


ar

Borrowed from English ar, the English name of the letter R/r.

the name of the Latin-script letter R/r, in the Filipino alphabet


tapas

act of dehusking a coconut (usually with a sharp bolo)

act of cutting off the top evenly (of a tree)


ika

ikà (canonical)
ikâ (canonical)
ᜁᜃ (Baybayin)


Valencia

Valénciá (canonical)
ᜊᜎᜒᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜌ (Baybayin)

[vɐˈlɛn̪.ʃɐ]

[bɐˈlɛn̪.ʃɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish Valencia, from Catalan València.

Valencia (a city in Bukidnon, Philippines)

Valencia (a municipality of Bohol, Philippines)

Valencia (a municipality of Negros Oriental, Philippines)

Valencia (a barangay of New Manila, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines)

Valencia (a barangay of Cagdianao, Dinagat Islands, Philippines)

a surname from Spanish [in turn transferred from the place name]

Valencia (the capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)

Valencian Community
Valencian Community#English

autonomous community
autonomous community

Valencia, Valencian Community (an autonomous community of Spain)

Valencia (a province of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)


destino

Ang reina ang nangako sa kaniya nguni't hindi ko malaman kung tatangapin pa niya ang destino ngayong ang nasa sa poder ay hindi niya kapartido.

1918, Gregorio Nieva, The Philippine Review: (Revista Filipina) ; a Monthly Magazine in English and Spanish

The queen made a promise to him but I don't know if he'll accept his new post as the one in power is not a member of his party.

Sa disyerto raw ang destino ng trabaho ng tatay niya, ang lawaklawak daw ng disyerto sa Sodi, kahit anong layo ng tingin mo, disyerto ang makikita mo.

1992, Wilfredo Pa Virtusio, Bilanggo at iba pang akda

His father is assigned on the desert, the vast desert of Saudi, and no matter how far you are now, all you see is desert.


la

used in directing an animal to stop, especially carabaos and cattle


la

Borrowed from Spanish la, from Latin labii.


la

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜎ (la).

the name of the Latin-script letter L/l, in the Abakada alphabet


katal

chill or shivering due to cold, fear or anger


ola

"Ola, Pawikana, magandang araw sa inyo, lalung-lalo na sa mga nagpopogihang mga binata, aheeey," sabi ni Vicera na halatang kinikilig nang makita ang dalawang sireno.

2021, Rolly Ongco Pasilan, Si Lorena at ang Kaharian ng mga Sirena

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


Nicolas

a male given name from Spanish, equivalent to English Nicholas


negro

Borrowed from Spanish negro, from Latin nigrum.

(colloquial, usually derogatory, potentially offensive) having dark pigmentation of the skin


negro

tl-noun

negro (feminine negra, Baybayin spelling ᜈᜒᜄ᜔ᜇᜓ)

(colloquial, usually derogatory, offensive, ethnic slur) one with dark pigmentation of the skin, such as those of African descent with sub-Saharan origin

(archaic, rare) black (the color perceived in the absence of light)


way

Borrowed from English wye, the English name of the letter Y/y.

the name of the Latin-script letter Y/y, in the Filipino alphabet


Lao

From Hokkien 劉／刘 (Lâu) or 留 (Lâu) & Cantonese 劉／刘 (Lau⁴), via English Lao. Doublet of Lew and Liu.

a Chinese Filipino surname from Cantonese


pa

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *pa (“still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)”). Cognate with Cebuano pa (“id”), Malagasy fa (“for, but, therefore, because, that”).

cog

Hindi pa niya binuhay ang sinaing.
He hasn't turned the rice cooker on yet.

Buhay pa ang bintilador; bakit hindi mo 'to pinatay?

The fan is still on; why didn't you turn it off?


pa

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜉ (pa).

the name of the Latin-script letter P/p, in the Abakada alphabet


pa

Coordinate term: ma

(informal, familiar, childish) Clipping of papa.


mate

Borrowed from Spanish mate, from jaque mate (“checkmate”), from Arabic شَاه مَاتَ (šāh māta), from Persian شاه مات (šâh mât, “the king [is] dead”).

der

Arabic شَاه مَاتَ (šāh māta)


ordenador

tl-noun

ordenadór (Baybayin spelling ᜂᜇ᜔ᜇᜒᜈᜇᜓᜇ᜔)

ordenadór (canonical)
ᜂᜇ᜔ᜇᜒᜈᜇᜓᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ʔoɾ.d̪ɛ.n̪ɐˈd̪oɾ]

A recent borrowing from Spanish ordenador.


estado

Borrowed from Spanish estado, from Latin stātus.


altar

Borrowed from Spanish altar, from Latin altāre. Doublet of alta.

altar (a table used for religious rites)


baba

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babaq, from Proto-Austronesian *babaq (“lower surface, below, bottom”). Cognate with Malay bawah (“under, below”).


baba

getting off; alighting (from a vehicle or animal)

stepping down; abdication; resignation from office

decrease; lowering (of quantity or measurement)


baba

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baba₁, from Proto-Austronesian *baba₁ (“to carry (a person piggyback)”). Cognate with Malay bawa (“to carry”).


baba

Baba ko siya.


baba

name of the Baybayin letter ᜊ (ba), corresponding to "ba"


baket

(colloquial) Pronunciation spelling of bakit


España

[ʔɛsˈpaː.ɲɐ]

España Boulevard (a boulevard in Manila)


real

Borrowed from Spanish real, from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”).


real

Borrowed from Spanish real, from Latin rēgālis (“regal, royal”), from rēx.


away

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *áway. Compare Cebuano away and Waray-Waray away.


si

From Proto-Austronesian *si. Compare Bikol Central si, Cebuano si, Gorontalo ti, Hiligaynon si, Ilocano si, Kapampangan i, Pangasinan si, and Waray-Waray si.

Tumakbo si Juan.

Dinala nila si Tatay sa ospital.

direct marker placed before names or terms of address of people

Nandiyan na si taba.

direct marker placed before an adjective used to refer to a person with those distinct characteristics


si

Borrowed from English cee, the English name of the letter C/c.

the name of the Latin-script letter C/c, in the Filipino alphabet


panda

Borrowed from English panda, from French panda, of unclear etymology.


dugong

Borrowed from Cebuano dugong, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duyuŋ (“sea cow; dugong”). Doublet of duyong.


pare

Coordinate term: mare

(informal) Term of address to a male stranger


pare

(religion, archaic) Alternative spelling of pari


Alfredo

[ʔɐlˈfɾɛː.d̪o]

[ʔɐlˈpɾɛː.d̪o]


bes

endearing term of address for one's friend, especially a close friend or bestfriend: friend; best friend


bes

Borrowed from Spanish vez, from Latin vicis (“change, alternation”). Doublet of beses.


El Niño

El Niño (a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon)


Cebuano

tl-noun

Cebuano (feminine Cebuana, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜊ᜔ᜏᜈᜓ)


gabe

→ English: gabi

From Proto-Philippine *gabi. Cognate with Mayoyao Ifugao gabi, Hanunoo gabi, and Cebuano gabi.

Colocasia esculenta
Colocasia esculenta#Translingual


Sarah

Borrowed from English Sarah, from Biblical Hebrew שָׂרָה (śārâ, “lady, princess”).


timbre

buzzer; electric bell (especially of a door)

push button of a buzzer or electric bell

(figurative, colloquial) act of alerting someone about something (especially in order to avoid being caught doing something wrong)


Influenced by Baybayin character ᜈ (na).

the name of the Latin-script letter N/n, in the Abakada alphabet


From Proto-Philippine *na (“now; already”). Compare Bikol Central na, Cebuano na, Hiligaynon na, and Tausug na.

Tapos na.

Yari na tayo.

already; now; anymore (expresses the event when following a verb)

Natulog na.

Bumili na.

already; now (declares the event of action when following a verb in the past tense)

Pumasok na tayo.

Ipinabibili ko na ang gamot.

I'm having someone buy the medicine now.

already; now (suggests immediate or quick action when following the infinitive form and future tense of the verb)


Bagsak na.

Abogado na siya.

already; now (expresses the event when following a noun)

Ako na.

Ikaw na.

Siya na.

personal pronoun
personal pronoun#English

now; already (expresses a shift or change in the performance of a task when following a personal pronoun)


From Proto-Austronesian *na (“linker marking emphatic attribution”).

inh

May matinis na boses siya.

Mahilig ako sa mga matatangkad na lalaki

Connects words, phrases, and sentences: which is; that is; who is

Siya ay mabilis na tumakbo.

Malugod ka naming tinatanggap.

Masaya ka lang na meron kang pera.

Magandang ipanggawa ng saranggola.

Tanang Pilipino

Mayroon kang kanin sa pisngi mo

Apat na palo.

Connects quantifiers (mayroon and wala only uses -ng)


unda

towing; hauling of a boat, raft, or vehicle using a rope or chain

(obsolete) tying a boat to a pole to avoid sinking

(obsolete) carrying wood on the shoulder


unda

Early borrowing of Spanish honra, earlier spelled as honrra.

honor or privilege on paper given to nobility

Itong paghahanap mo ng unda, siya yatang ikapapakasama mo.

This search of yours for honor, may be your condemnation.


ser

(colloquial) sir (A respectful term of address to a man of higher rank or position [often older], especially if his name or proper title is unknown)


oasis

Borrowed from Spanish oasis, from Late Latin Oasis (“name of various oases”), from Ancient Greek Ὄασις (Óasis), from Demotic wḥj, from Egyptian wḥꜣt (“oasis, cauldron”), G43-V28-G1-X1:N25.


video

Unadapted borrowing from English video. Used due to Tagalog-English code-switching (Taglish).


libra

Borrowed from Spanish libra, from Latin libra.


pintig

[pɪn̪ˈt̪iɡ̚]

pintig ng puso


lupa

From Greater Central Philippine *lupaʔ (“earth”). Compare Maranao lopa', Maguindanao lopa, and Tausug lupa. Possibly related to Sanskrit रुप् (rúp, “earth”). An alternate etymology posits it to be from Malay rupa (“form, appearance”), from Sanskrit रूप (rūpa, “outward appearance, color, form, shape”). Compare Ilocano rupa.

cog

bangang lupa

tinubuang lupa

motherland / country of birth (literally, “land where sprouted”)

(obsolete) act of owning a land property


puso

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pusuq. Compare Ilocano puso, Batad Ifugao pūhu, Sambali poso, Kapampangan pusu, Central Tagbanwa putok, Bikol Central puso, Hiligaynon tagipusoon, Maranao poso', and Javanese ꦥꦸꦱꦸꦃ (pusuh).

(figurative) inmost thoughts and feelings; conscience


wag

Clipping of huwag, also a colloquial pronunciation spelling.


raw

Masaya raw siya.


papa

papa (canonical)
papá (canonical)
ᜉᜉ (Baybayin)

Each pronunciation has a different source:
* /paˈpa/ from Spanish papá, adapted from French papa
* /papa/ from Hokkien 爸爸 (pâ-pâ)
* /ˈpapa/ from English papa / poppa


papa

(architecture) house with low roof and little airflow


papa

Borrowed from Spanish papa, from Latin pappa (“food; used regarding children”).

der

food for kids who are only just beginning to speak


papa

(obsolete) sewing two pieces of sheet widthwise


papa

Apis mellifera
Apis mellifera#Translingual

bee (Apis mellifera) that collects honey


papa

(zoology) telescope snail (Telescopium telescopium)


papa

name of the Baybayin letter ᜉ (pa), corresponding to "pa"


iso

Lutjanus argentimaculatus
Wikispecies:Lutjanus argentimaculatus

mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus)


iso

checking of the strength of a knot or tie (by shaking with one's hand)


iso

evasiveness; simulating (used in paiso-iso)


mano

Borrowed from Spanish mano, from Latin manus.

mano; taking of an elder's hand to press it to one's forehead or kiss it (as a sign of respect)

right of a player to be first in playing (as in batting in baseball)

quire (one-twentieth of a ream of paper)


peg

Ano ba'ng peg mo ha?

Ang ganda mo! Miss Universe lang ang peg?

(literally, “The style is so Miss Universe?”)

You're so beautiful! You're trying to be like a Miss Universe?


pluma

pen (any writing instrument that uses ink)


Semana Santa

tl-proper noun

Semana Santa (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜋᜈ ᜐᜈ᜔ᜆ)


adaptable

adaptable (capable of adapting or of being adapted)


lago

From Proto-Philippine *lagúq (“to flourish, of plants”). Possibly related to Sanskrit लघु (laghú, “well; in good health; healthy”). Compare Pangasinan lago (“healthy; robust individual”) and Kapampangan lagu (“beauty; tenderness of plants”).

cog

(figurative) progress; development; growth


Venus

Borrowed from English Venus, from Latin Venus.


moderno

Borrowed from Spanish moderno (“modern”), from Late Latin modernus.

bor+

Kung gayon, makikita natin kung paano ang modernong burgesya ay produkto mismo ng mahabang proseso ng pag-unlad, ng isang serye ng mga rebolusyon sa moda ng produksyon at palitan.

2006, Manipesto ng Partido Komunista, Palimbagang Sentral Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, archived from the original on 2019-10-19, page 38

We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.


Santa

tl-noun

Santa (masculine Santo/San, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜈ᜔ᜆ)

Santo (masculine)
San (masculine)
ᜐᜈ᜔ᜆ (Baybayin)

title used with the name of female saints: Saint; St.


Santa

tl-adj

Santa (masculine Santo, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜈ᜔ᜆ)

alternative letter case for santa when referring to an important figure, item, or event which had a feminine gender in Spanish: Holy


admirable

admirable (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜋᜒᜇᜊ᜔ᜎᜒ)

ᜀᜇ᜔ᜋᜒᜇᜊ᜔ᜎᜒ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish admirable, from Latin admirābilis.


dragon

Borrowed from Spanish dragón, from Latin dracōnem, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn, “serpent, dragon”).


mongol

Genericized trademark from a well-known brand name of pencils, registered as a trademark on August 23, 1949.


alma

Borrowed from Spanish armar, from Latin armāre.

rising of hind legs in violent protest, rage, or bad temper (as of horses)

(figurative) rising in violent protest or anger

(figurative) tantrum; fit of bad temper (as of a child)


pera

Either from Spanish perra (“5 and 10 centimo peseta coins”, literally “bitch / female dog”), or Spanish pela (“1 peseta coins”, literally “a hit or beating”), due to the circulation of perra gorda (“10 centimo peseta coin”), perra chica (“5 centimo peseta coin”), and pela (“1 peseta coin”), coins which depicted a Spanish heraldic lion rampant regardant during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines.
Potet (2016) also remarks that it seems to be a cross between Malay perak and Spanish perra, wherein an interference could've occurred between the colloquial senses of Spanish perra (“cash; dough (money)”, literally “bitch (dog)”) and Malay perak (“coin”, literally “silver”). See also pilak.


ada

Borrowed from Spanish hada (“fairy”), from Vulgar Latin Fāta (“goddess of fate”), from the plural of Latin fātum (“fate”).


santo

tl-noun

santo or santó (feminine santa, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜈ᜔ᜆᜓ)

santo (canonical)
santó (canonical)
santa (feminine)
ᜐᜈ᜔ᜆᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish santo, from Old Spanish sancto, from Latin sānctus.


santo

referring to an important figure, item, or event which had a masculine gender in Spanish: holy; sacred (used in certain expressions)


admiral

Borrowed from English admiral. Doublet of almirante.


akin

From Proto-Austronesian *akən (“1sg oblique”).


da

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜇ (da).

the name of the Latin-script letter D/d, in the Abakada alphabet


Amoy

From the Postal Romanization of Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi), specifically the Zhangzhou Hokkien dialect.

wikang Amoy

salitang Amoy

[…]maaga pa sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas, una pa kaysa mga Kastila at mga Amerikano ang sapit ng impluensiya ng mga Intsik sa mga wika sa kapuluan. Dalawang wikang Intsik ang dala ng mga mangangalakal mula sa Tsina.— ang wikang Amoy ng lalawigang Pukyen at ang wikang Kantonis ng lalawigang Makaw. Kaya marahil may anyo ng salitang bistay (Amoy) sa Bulakan na bithay (Kantonis) sa dakong Batangan. Ang mga salitang himig Intsik na maririnig na […]

(Can we date this quote?), Panitikan: babasahing may uri ng pangwika publishing, volume 1, page 4

[…]even earlier in the history of the Philippines, first before the Spaniards and the Americans, the Chinese influenced the languages of the islands. The traders from China brought two Chinese languages— the Amoy language of Fukien province and the Cantonese language of Macau port. So perhaps there is a form of the word bistay (Amoy) in Bulacan which is bithay (Cantonese) in the Batangas area. The Chinese sounding words that can be heard […]

[…]Ang salitang "Parian" ay nangangahulugan, sa literal na gamit nito, ng "organisasyon o pederasyon" mula sa salitang Amoy na "Palien."¹⁵ Ito ay tumutukoy din sa mga "tirahan o quarter ng mga Intsik."¹⁶ Ngunit sa aktwal na gamit ng mga Kastila at sa pagkaunawa ng mga katutubo, ito nga ay lugar na ipunan ng mga Tsino upang makontrol ang kanilang galaw matapos na sila ay mapaghinalaang nagtaksil sa Espanya sa pa-[…]

1986, Jaime B. Veneracion, Kasaysayan ng Bulakan, Bahay-Saliksikan ng Kasaysayan, page 121

[…]The word "Parian" means, in its literal use, "organization or federation" from the Amoy word "Palien."¹⁵ It also refers to the "habitations or quarters of the Chinese."¹⁶ But in actuality as used by the Spaniards and in the understanding of the natives, this is indeed a place where the Chinese were filled into in order to control their movement after they are suspected of betraying Spain in the […]

[…]Hango umano ang "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" o "teng"] sa Tsino, at iniuugnay sa wikang Amoy-Hokkien. Ayon sa PCIJ, ang "hue" daw ay may literal na katumbas na "bulaklak" [flower], samantalang ang "eng" o "teng" ay katumbas daw ng "pusta" o "taya" [bet].[…]

2005, “Ugat ng Huweteng”, in Sawikaan 2005: Mga Salita ng Taon, UP Press, page 4

[…]It is indeed similar as said that "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" or "teng"] is derived from Chinese, and is associated with the Amoy-Hokkien language. According to the PCIJ, "hue" is said to have a literal equivalent to "bulaklak" [flower], while "eng" or "teng" is said to be equivalent to "pusta" or "taya" [bet]. […]

[…]Ayon sa saliksik ni Allan Wickberg, nagsimulang magpadala ng mga galeón tungong Tsina ang pamahalaang kolonyal noong 1758, imbes na hintayin ang mga sampan mulang Tsina. Noon kasi'y bawal maglayag tungong Tsina ang mga galeóng Espanyol. Binuksan din ang Maynila noong 1789 para sa mga barkong Europeong di-Espanyol na may kargadang mga kagamitang mula sa Asya. Simula iyon ng pagpapabilis ng kalakalan ng Filipinas sa pagdating ng mga sampan mulang Amoy at Chu'uan-chou sa Fukien. Nagpatuloy ang pagdagsa ng mga sampan mulang Amoy, habang ang mga galeón naman ng Espanyol ay pumasok doon sa Canton ngunit hindi sa Amoy. Nang makapasok ang barkong Hapones sa Filipinas, ang biyahe mulang Amoy tungong Filipinas ay halos tatlong araw lamang. […]

[…]According to Allan Wickberg's research, the colonial government began sending galleons to China in 1758, instead of waiting for sampans from China. At that time, Spanish galleons were not allowed to sail to China. Manila was also opened in 1789 to non-Spanish European ships laden with supplies from Asia. That was the beginning of the acceleration of Philippine trade with the arrival of sampans from Amoy and Chuanchou to Fukien. Sampans continued to flow from Amoy, while Spanish galleons entered Canton but not Amoy. When the Japanese ship entered the Philippines, the trip from Amoy to the Philippines was only about three days. […]

Xiamen, a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China


lobo

Coordinate term: loba


lobo

Borrowed from Spanish globo with apheresis, from Latin globus. Doublet of globo.


balian

tl-verb

balian (complete binalian, progressive binabalian, contemplative babalian, Baybayin spelling ᜊᜎᜒᜀᜈ᜔)

binalian (completive)
binabalian (progressive)
babalian (contemplative)
ᜊᜎᜒᜀᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
li (root)
balian (infinitive)
binalian (completive root)
binabalian (progressive root)
inabalian (dialectal progressive root)
babalian (contemplative objective)
abalian (contemplative dialectal objective)
balii (dialectal imperative objective)

balian


pisang

(eastern Marinduque) piece; fragment; portion


kawan

Borrowed from Malay kawan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaban. Doublet of kaban.

herd; flock; school; swarm (group of animal together, especially of the same kind)


tilde

Borrowed from Spanish tilde, with semantic loan from English tilde.


batis

continuous flow of water from its source


Teresa

[t̪ɛˈɾɛː.sɐ]

Teresa (a municipality of Rizal, Philippines)


Teresa

[t̪ɛˈɾɛː.sɐ]

a female given name, equivalent to English Teresa


hitam

Borrowed from Malay hitam (“black”), from Proto-Malayic *hitəm, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)qitəm. Doublet of itim.


lira

Borrowed from Spanish lira (“lyre”), from Latin lyra, from Ancient Greek λύρα (lúra).


lira

Borrowed from Spanish lira (“lira”), from Latin libra. Doublet of libra.


ingat

[ˈʔiː.ŋɐt̪̚]

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iŋat, from Proto-Austronesian *iŋat. Compare Malay ingat (“to remember”) and Urak Lawoi' อีงัยจ (ingac, “to think”).


ingat

[ˈʔiː.ŋɐt̪̚]

Ingat po sa biyahe!


makan

From either Spanish macan (“bruised”), an inflection of macar (“to bruise”), or Spanish Macán, an obsolete form of Macao according to Manuel (1948), it is supposedly from Macao, due to Noceda & Sanlucar (1860) defining it as "Arroz de tubigan, bueno y oloroso, uno es blanco y otro colorado. Vino la semilla de Macan." and an early account of Fr. Domingo de Salazar (1583) saying that they have located it at "la ysla de Macan, donde viven los Portugueses que estan junto a la ciudad de Cantón, en la China,...".

(botany) a type of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa, sometimes subspecies O. s. indica) grown across the Philippines with a variety of white rice and red rice, often considered as a second-class rice

(zoology) a species of pig with a savory meat when cooked


hamba

jamb (vertical component that form the side of an opening in a wall)


lagi

lagì (canonical)
lagi (canonical)
ᜎᜄᜒ (Baybayin)

Ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lagi (emphatic particle), possibly borrowed from Malay lagi. Compare Javanese ꦭꦒꦶ (lagi).


tali

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *talih, from Proto-Austronesian *CaliS. Compare Paiwan calis, Kulon-Pazeh saris, Malay tali, Ilocano tali, Chamorro tali, Ma'anyan tadi, Malagasy tady, Tetum tali, Yapese tael, Pohnpeian sahl, Fijian dali, Maori tari.

rope; string; twine; cord (something used for tying)

(by extension, colloquial) long confinement in the house (due to sickness, work, etc.)

having one's tubes tied
have one's tubes tied

(by extension, colloquial) act of having one's tubes tied; tube tying


tali

tied together (such as vegetable shoots, etc.)

tied; confined (of animals to be butchered)


tali

(obsolete) quietude; rest; state of inactivity (no longer used on its own except in derived terms)


barat

Borrowed from Spanish barato. Doublet of balato and barato.


pong

Borrowed from Hokkien 碰 (phòng). Compare English pung, Japanese 碰(ポン) (pon), Mandarin 碰 (pèng), Cantonese 碰 (pung³).

(mahjong) pung (a set of three identical tiles)

(playground games) the word that the tagged it says when catching a playmate, as in the game of hide and seek


kuya

University of Santo Tomas#Libraries and archives

Borrowed from Hokkien 哥仔 (*ko-iá) as per Chan-Yap (1980) and Manuel (1948) with an older obsolete form of the diminutive suffix as a weak form of 囝 (kiáⁿ, káⁿ). Cognate with Cebuano kuya and Kapampangan koya. Compare guya and piaya.

Tumutulong si kuya sa aming mga magulang sa mga gawaing bahay.

Our big brother helps our parents do housework.

Tinanong ko ang kuya sa hayskul, "Kuya, ano po ang mga gawain niyo sa hayskul".

I asked my senior from high school, "Bro, What activities do you do in high school?"

(informal) term of address for a male senior (in school, work, etc.)

Bumili ako ng sorbetes kay kuya.

(informal) term of address for any young male: mister; bro


numero

Borrowed from Spanish número, from Latin numerus.


awas

act of subtracting or deducting (from a larger amount)

dismissal from class or work (of students or workers)

act of unharnessing a work animal (from a plow, vehicle, etc.)


awas

already dismissed from class or work (of students or workers)


awas

overflow (of liquid, especially of boiling water or liquid)

condition of being overfilled (of a container)

something that spilled from an overflowing container (of water, liquid, cereal, etc.)

(by extension, colloquial) overcrowdedness (in a showhouse, etc.)


awas

overflowing; filled to overcapacity (of a container)

(by extension, colloquial) overcrowded (with people)


mahal

Possibly from Sanskrit महार्घ (mahārgha) via Malay mahal. Compare Kapampangan mal, Bikol Central mahal, Cebuano mahal, Asi mahay, and Javanese ꦩꦲꦭ꧀ (mahal).

Mahal kong Maynila, sayo'y hindi mawawalay.

My dear Manila, I won't part ways from you.

Mahal na [mga] Araw

mahal na pang-matrikula


mahal

desc

→ Bikol Central: mahal (“dear, expensive”)

→ Cebuano: mahal (“dear, expensive”)

O aking mahal, sadyang pinagtagpo tayo ng tadhana!

O my beloved, we have been led to meet by fate!


kaki

foot-tapping; beating tempo with the feet


kaki

Borrowed from Spanish caqui, from English khaki, ultimately from Persian خاکی (xâki, “dusty, earthy, earth-colored”).


ayo

consenting; acquiescence (especially to a wrong conduct or behavior)


ayo

Tetrastigma serrulatum (a tendril-bearing woody vine)


ale

Unknown. Possibly from Sanskrit आली (ālī, “female friend”).

(colloquial) term of address for a woman


apa

According to Panganiban (1972) and English (1987), this is of Japanese [Term?] origin.


abang

From Proto-Central Philippine *abaŋ, from Proto-Philippine *abaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *abaŋ. Compare Aklanon abang, Balinese ambang, and Kambera amba.

trap; snare (placed or set up strategically)

act of waiting (for a person, an opportunity, etc.)


atas

allocation; partition (as of heirs obtaining shares of inheritance)


bodka

Borrowed from Spanish vodka or English vodka. Ultimately from Russian во́дка (vódka).


Adonis

[ʔɐˈd̪oː.n̪ɪs]

Borrowed from Spanish Adonis, from Ancient Greek Ἄδωνις (Ádōnis).

Adonis (beautiful young man loved by Aphrodite)


ensayo

Borrowed from Spanish ensayo (“essay”), from Late Latin exagium.


anak

[ˈʔaː.n̪ɐk̚]

From Proto-Philippine *anak, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *anak, from Proto-Austronesian *aNak. Compare Acehnese aneuk, Balinese ᬧᬦᬓ᭄ (panak), Ibanag ana, Lubuagan Kalinga alak, Makasar ana', Malagasy ánaka, Malay anak, kanak, Nias ono, Siraya alak, and Western Cham anâk.


anak

[ˈʔaː.n̪ɐk̚]


ng

From earlier nang, from Proto-Greater Central Philippine *naN (indefinite object marker). See also ni and ang.
The two-letter spelling originates in a now defunct Spanish language abbreviation convention of drawing a tilde over the abbreviated word, in this case nang, later rendered variously as ng̃, ñg or n͠g. The complications of typing ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨g̃⟩ or any such combination with tilde using English language typewriters in the American occupation period of the Philippines, caused it to be dropped in writing. Compare mga.

Kinain ng pusa ang isda.

Kumain ng isda ang pusa.

kuwento ng bayan

luto ng kusinero

(indirect or object marker for nouns or phrases other than personal names)

Pumasok ng silid si Tatay nang may dumating na bisita.

Dad went into his room when visitors had dropped by.

Bibiyahe ng Saudi ang kaibigan ko para magtrabaho.

My friend will depart for (to) Saudi to work.

to, into, towards; in the direction of; arriving at


ng

tl-letter

ng (lower case, upper case Ng, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔ ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒ)

[ˌʔɛn̪ ˈd͡ʒi]

From the usage of the ⟨ng̃⟩ digraph in the Spanish-based orthography to represent /ŋ/.
Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English n and English g.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜅ (nga).

The sixteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called en dyi and written in the Latin script.


ng

ng (lower case, upper case Ng, Baybayin spelling ᜅ)

[ˌʔɛn̪ ˈd͡ʒi]

The twelfth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called nga and written in the Latin script.


Malay

Borrowed from English Malay, from Malay Melayu. Doublet of Malayo.

A municipality of Aklan, Philippines; location of Boracay island


raha

raha (canonical)
rahá (canonical)
ᜇᜑ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish rajá, from French radjah, rajah, ultimately from Sanskrit राजन् (rājan). Penultimate stress is influenced by English rajah, with the ⟨j⟩ being pronounced as in Spanish /x/, corresponding to /h/ in Tagalog. Supplanted the older form ladya.

rajah (title of a sovereign in most of precolonial Philippines)


punto

Borrowed from Spanish punto, from Latin pūnctum (“point”).


punto

tl-noun

punto or puntó (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜈ᜔ᜆᜓ)

punto (canonical)
puntó (canonical)
ᜉᜓᜈ᜔ᜆᜓ (Baybayin)


gasolina

Borrowed from Spanish gasolina, from English gasoline.


shawarma

Ultimately from Arabic شَاوَرْمَا (šāwarmā), from Ottoman Turkish چویرمه (çevirme).

der

Arabic شَاوَرْمَا (šāwarmā)

shawarma (a Middle Eastern sandwich-like wrap)


andar

Borrowed from Spanish andar (“to function”).

bor+

progress; operation (of a business or an enterprise)


tema

(colloquial) resentment (often expressed indirectly in one's words)


kura

Borrowed from Spanish cura, from Ecclesiastical Latin cūra (“monastic office holder, obedientiary”) from Latin cūra (“warden, administrator”).


kura

outdoor picnic held near a spring, river, lake, or any waterway


lumi

softening of leaves (of bananas, tobacco, etc.)

(grammar) penultimate syllabic stress (with a glottal ending)


lumi

lumì (canonical)
lumî (canonical)
ᜎᜓᜋᜒ (Baybayin)


duda

Borrowed from Spanish duda, from dudar, from Latin dubitare.


de-

de- + baterya (“battery”) → de-baterya (“with battery; powered by battery”)

de- + gulong (“wheel”) → de-gulong (“with wheels”)

de- + kahoy (“wood”) → de-kahoy (“wooden”)

de- + koryente (“electricity”) → de-koryente (“electrical”)

prepositional particle added to indicate possession of quality or object


dos

Ang dos na bilang ay suwerte para sa kanya.

2017, Curtis McFarland, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, Diksyunaryong Monolingwal sa Filipino: (Monolingual Dictionary in Filipino)


amen

amén (canonical)
amen (canonical)
ᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish amén, from Ecclesiastical Latin āmēn, from Ancient Greek ἀμήν (amḗn), from Biblical Hebrew אָמֵן (ʾāmēn, “certainly, truly”).

amen (at the end of religious prayers: so be it)


amen

hand-kissing of one's elders (as a sign of respect)

saying of yes to everything that another says


saha

From Proto-Central Philippine *sáhaʔ (“shoot of plant”). Compare Bikol Central saha, Cebuano saha, Hiligaynon saha, and Waray-Waray saha. Alternatively, borrowed from Hokkien 棕合 (chang-ha̍h), according to Manuel (1948).


di

From Proto-Philippine *diq (“particle of negation”). Blust (2010-) notes that this word is believed by some to be short for hindi (“no; not”), but its agreement with the monosyllabic word in other languages suggests that this shorter form is older. See also dili (“not; no; hardly; rarely; seldom”). Compare Yami ji, Ilocano di, Isnag di, Cebuano di/dili, Maranao di', Western Subanon di, Mansaka di, Tausug di'.


di

E, di wow.

Di sino ang daingan kundi ang Padre?

Then to whom to complain to if not the Father?

Kung sarado ang pintuan, di buksan mo.

Sino pa bang maglilinis kung hindi si ate, di ako!

Who else would clean if not our older sister, then [none other than] me!

(sometimes preceded by e) then; in that case


di

Borrowed from English dee, the English name of the letter D/d.

the name of the Latin-script letter D/d, in the Filipino alphabet


kuba

1997, Ave Perez Jacob, Lagablab sa utak ni Damian Rosa: bat iba pang kwento, Color & Pages Pub.
Naging kuba siya. Nang matira kami roon at maging kalaro ko siya at kaibigan, tahimik siyang lumalayo sa umpukan naming mga magkakapwa-bata kapag napag-uusapan ang tungkol sa angel dela guardia. "Mabuti't nagawi ka sa dakong ...

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


kuba

1997, Ave Perez Jacob, Lagablab sa utak ni Damian Rosa: bat iba pang kwento, Color & Pages Pub.
"Magiliw siyang makipag-usap sa 'kin kahit kuba ako, kahit alam niyang basagulero 'ko at magulo lalo na kung nakainom. Hindi siya nandidiri sa 'kin gaya nu'ng iba. Madalas niya 'kong yayaing sumayaw. Lagi akong tumatanggi. Hindi ako ...


paha

Borrowed from Spanish faja, from Aragonese faxa, from Latin fascia.

paper band such as those wrapped around newspapers or magazines for addressing and mailing purposes


paha

Borrowed from Spanish paja, from Old Spanish paxa, from Latin palea.


epistola

epístolá (canonical)
ᜁᜉᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜓᜎ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish epístola, from Late Latin epistola, from Ancient Greek ἐπιστολή (epistolḗ).


adenitis

[ʔɐ.d̪ɛˈn̪iː.t̪ɪs]


-ing

tl-proper noun

-ing (proper noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜅ᜔)

Possibly from Spanish -ín. Compare tsikiting with Spanish chiquitín and list of Derived terms.

diminutive suffix, used to form diminutives ending in consonants, especially given names, often one already shortened or with a diminutive suffix.


abuso

Borrowed from Spanish abuso (“abuse”), from Latin abūsus.


padre

Borrowed from Spanish padre, from Latin pater. Doublet of pari.

(religion) a term of respectful address for a priest


alpa

alpa (canonical)
alpá (canonical)
ᜀᜎ᜔ᜉ (Baybayin)


ani

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qanih (“harvest”), from Proto-Austronesian *qaniS (“harvest”). Compare Aklanon ani, Cebuano ani, and Tausug ani.

(figurative) outcome of one's work; consequence of one's effort


adrenal

[ʔɐ.d̪ɾɛˈn̪al]


awan

awán (canonical)
ᜀᜏᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
Tagalog (Southern dialectal)

Alternative form of aywan: I don't know!; I forgot!


tong

Borrowed from Hokkien, possibly either:
* 當／当 (tong, “to bear; to take responsibility; to match equally”) as recorded in Barclay (1923) in Douglas (1873), where "the person who supplies a private gambling party with room, cards, and food, (customarily) receives a percentage of the winnings" as per Barclay (1923).
* 東／东 (tong, “host”, literally “east”) according to Manuel (1948) as in 做東／做东 (chòe-tong / chò-tong, “to act as a host”) or 作東／作东 (chok-tong) as recorded in Douglas (1873), because it was customary in China for the host to sit on the east side of the room or table when receiving a guest, who usually stays on the west side, as per Manuel (1948).
Chan-Yap (1980) also records a ⟨“tôŋ”⟩ (POJ: tong), which she described as 'percentage cut of a gambling taken from winners', though she was not clear on which term in Hokkien that she meant by this.
Compare Ilocano tong (“bribe money”), agtong (“to give bribe money”).

(gambling) percentage cut or commission of the winnings taken from the winner/s for the banker/dealer or owner of the gambling house


tong

Borrowed from Hokkien 黨／党 (tóng, “faction; club; cabal”), as recorded in Douglas (1873). Compare English tong.

bor+

association; political party; secret society


palabra

Borrowed from Spanish palabra, from Old Spanish parabla, from Late Latin, from Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ). Doublet of parabola, parabula, and parol.


toga

Borrowed from Spanish toga, from Latin toga.

cap and gown; ceremonial gown or robe (worn by a graduate, lawyer, judge, professor etc.)

toga (garment used by the citizens of ancient Rome)


che

Borrowed from Spanish che, the Spanish name of the letter CH/ch.

the name of the Latin-script letter CH/ch, in the Abecedario


che

che! (canonical)
ᜆ᜔ᜐᜒ (Baybayin)
LGBT (slang)


tsunami

[t͡ʃʊˈn̪aː.mɪ]

Borrowed from English tsunami, from Japanese 津波(つなみ) (tsunami), from 津 (tsu, “harbor”) + 波 (nami, “wave”).


asin

From Proto-Austronesian *qasiN. Compare Bikol Central asin, Cebuano asin, Fijian masima, Ilocano asin, Malay asin, and Tetum masin, Tongan māsima.

salting; applying of salt (especially to preserve food)

(colloquial) taste of salt (in cooked food)


emperador

tl-noun

emperadór (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜋ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜇᜓᜇ᜔)

emperadór (canonical)
ᜁᜋ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜇᜓᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ʔɛm.pɛ.ɾɐˈd̪oɾ]


adulto

Borrowed from Spanish adulto (“adult”), from Latin adultus.

Noong nakaraang Setyembre ang kauna-unahang pagkakataon na inilipat ng mga doktor ang himaymay ng ipinagbubuntis na sanggol sa mga utak ng dalawang adulto na mayroong Parkinson’s disease.

1988, “Pagmamasid sa Daigdig”, in Gumising!, archived from the original on 2020-09-12

Last September was the first time doctors transplanted fetal tissue into the brains of two adults suffering from Parkinson’s disease.


mesa

Borrowed from Spanish mesa (“table”), from Vulgar Latin mēsa, from Latin mēnsa.

the landing platform in the middle of a staircase