saman

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


𒉆𒄭𒊓

From 𒉆- (nam-, abstract noun formative) + 𒄭𒊓 (dub₃-sa /dubsa/).


𒉆𒆪𒇷

From 𒉆- (nam-, abstract noun formative) + 𒆪𒇷 (gu₅-li /guli/, “friend”).


𒂗

Alternative form of 𒂗𒈾 (en-na /enna/, “until”)


𒂗

→ Akkadian: 𒂗 (ēnum)


𒈗

From 𒇽 (lu₂ /lu/, “person”) + 𒃲 (gal, “big”). The cuneiform sign is a ligature of the two signs used to write the words of the compound but in inverted order.


𒃲

head

𒃲 • (gal) (plural 𒃲𒃲 (gal-gal /galgal/))

𒃻 𒃲

𒐐𒁹 𒈦 𒃲𒃲


𒉌

etymon

𒉌


𒉌

𒍜𒉌

ᵘᶻᵘsuš₂ /suš/


𒌋

From 𒄀 (gi, “reed”) + 𒄥 (gur, “to turn”) + 𒀀 (a, nominalizing suffix), literally “reed stylus turned around”, indicating the antecedent of the sign 𒌋, a circular hole made with the butt end of the stylus.


𒌋

Alternative form of 𒁻 (sug₂ /sug/, “plural of 𒁺 (gub, “to stand”)”)


𒌋

Jagersma proposes /ju/ as original pronunciation, which later changed to /ˀu/, with loss of initial /j/.


𒌋

Alternative form of 𒅇𒈬𒌦 (u₃-mu-un /umun/, “lord”)


𒁹

→ Akkadian: 𒁹 (santakkum)


𒋰

to double, to repeat
to partner, to be parallel


𒋰

illness, disease (perhaps originally a fever derived from "to burn")


𒉀

Alternative form of 𒀭𒊺𒉀 (ᵈnisaba /Nisabak/)

NAGA-NAGA inversum = DALḪAMUN₇; AN.NAGA-(AN.NAGA inversum) = DALḪAMUN₅; AN.NAGA four times in cross shape = DALḪAMUN₄: "whirlwind"


𒉃

Alternative form of 𒊑𒄩𒁵 (dal-ḫa-mun /dalḫamun/)


𒁳

Alternative form of 𒆪 (dab₅ /dab/, “to seize”)


𒇻

udu (romanization)
uřa (romanization)
/udu/ (romanization)


𒂍

𒉺𒋼𒋛𒆤 𒂍 𒈬𒆕


𒉒

seed funnel (hopper or seeding apparatus of the seeder plow)


𒅜

head

𒅜 • (uš₁₁ /uš/)


𒈨

me (romanization)
𒈨𒂗 (first-person singular)
𒈨𒂗 (second-person singular)
𒈨 (independent singular third-person)
𒀀𒀭 (enclitic singular third-person)
𒈨𒂗𒉈𒂗 (first-person plural)
𒈨𒂗𒍢𒂗 (plural second-person)
𒎌 (plural third-person)

𒂷𒂊 𒀀𒈾𒈨𒂗

𒈠𒈬𒁮

𒂷𒂊 𒅇 𒍝𒂊 𒋀𒈨𒂗𒉈𒂗


𒈨

(enclitic) our (first-person plural possessive pronoun)


𒋾

perfective of 𒋼 (te, teg̃₃ /teg̃/, “to approach”)


𒋻

to break off, divert (water), split open


𒋻

kud (romanization)
kudr (romanization)
kuř (romanization)


𒍣

𒉡𒍣


𒀴

This sign represents the evolution of what was originally a drawing of male genitals. See also 𒊩.


𒄯𒊕

ḫur-sag̃ (romanization)
ḫursag̃ (romanization)

mountains, mountain range, highlands, foothills


𒌵

Alternative form of 𒌵𒆠 (uriᵏⁱ /Uri/, “Akkad”)


𒆠𒉆𒀀𒇒𒊏

ki-nam-esir-ra (romanization)
kinamesira (romanization)


𒋀

𒋀 • (šeš /šeš/)


𒋀

Alternative form of 𒁵 (mun, “salt, brackish”)


𒋀

𒋀 • (ses /sis/ or transliteration needed /ses/)

ses (romanization)
sis (romanization)
transliteration needed (romanization)


𒈦

𒄦𒄦 𒈦 𒆠 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠𒆤

numerous grain heaps, the yield of the land of Lagash


𒀊

→? Akkadian: 𒀊 (aptum)


𒀊

shrine, sanctuary (main precinct of a city-god; smaller than an 𒂍 (e₂ /ē/) temple)


𒀜𒁕

ad-da (romanization)
adda (romanization)


𒀭𒌉

dig̃ir-dumu (romanization)
dig̃irdumu (romanization)


𒌉

𒌉 • (tur) (plural 𒌉𒌉 (tur-tur /turtur/))

𒈫 𒍏𒆉𒁇𒋗 𒌉𒌉


𒌉𒍑

dumu-nita (romanization)
dumunita (romanization)

From 𒌉 (dumu, “child”) + 𒍑 (nita, “male”).


𒈬

𒈬 𒌨𒉈𒉌𒈝𒆠 𒁀𒅆𒌨


𒈬

𒋀𒈬 𒀀𒈾𒍪 𒀀𒊏𒍼 𒅗𒈬 𒈠𒍼

seš-g̃u₁₀ a-na-zu a-ra-gig ka-g̃u₁₀ ma-gig

My brother, what part of you hurts? My mouth hurts.

(enclitic) my (first-person possessive pronoun)


𒍮𒅗

𒍮⫽𒅗 (canonical)
ḫaš₄ dug₄ (romanization)
ḫaš dug (romanization)


𒌉𒊩

dumu-munus (romanization)
dumumunus (romanization)


𒌓

u₄ (romanization)
ud (romanization)
utu (romanization)

𒅎𒅆𒌨𒅎𒅆𒌨𒅎𒋛𒋛𒅅𒆕𒀀𒁉𒌨𒁉𒉌𒁻 𒄀𒌍
𒀀𒈠𒊒𒌋𒅗𒆏𒅗𒂵𒁀𒀭𒁕𒀊𒃡𒂊
𒌓𒐌𒀀𒀭𒈪𒅓𒀀𒀭
𒀀𒈠𒊒𒌦𒈠𒁀𒃡𒊏𒋫
𒄑𒈣𒆸𒆸𒀀𒃲𒆷𒅎𒅆𒌨𒅆𒌨𒇧𒇧𒀀𒋫
𒀭𒌓𒄿𒅎𒈠𒊏𒌓𒁺𒀭𒆠𒀀𒌓𒂷𒂷

(Can we date this quote?), “~C17th BCE, The Flood story, Segment D”, in ETCSL, lines 1-6:

After the flood had swept over the land, and waves and windstorms had rocked the huge boat for seven days and seven nights, Utu the sun god came out, illuminating heaven and earth.

im-ḫul-im-ḫul ^(tum₉)si-si-ig du₃-a-bi teš₂-bi i₃-sug₂-ge-eš
a-ma-ru ugu kab dug₄-ga ba-an-da-ab-ur₃-e
ud imin-am₃ g̃i₆ imin-am₃
a-ma-ru kalam-ma ba-ur₃-ra-ta
^(g̃iš)ma₂ gur₄-gur₄ a gal-la im-ḫul tuku₄-tuku₄-a-ta
ᵈutu i-im-ma-ra-e₃ an ki-a ud g̃a₂-g̃a₂


𒅖

Alternative form of 𒄿𒋛𒅖 (i-si-iš /isiš/)


𒄑𒌆𒉿

𒄑𒌆𒉿 • (g̃eštug₂)

The logogram 𒉿 (g̃eštug, “ear”) preceded by its phonetic spelling 𒄑 (g̃eš) + 𒌆 (tug₂).


𒅊

𒅊 • (sig₇ /sig/) (reduplication 𒅊𒅊 (si₁₂-si₁₂))


𒅊

𒅊 • (sig₇, se₁₂/si₁₂ /sig/) (reduplication 𒅊𒅊 (si₁₂-si₁₂ /sissig/))

se₁₂ (romanization)
si₁₂ (romanization)
sig (romanization)
𒅊𒅊 (reduplication)


𒀀𒈝

a-lum (romanization)
aslum (romanization)


𒁱

daraḫ (romanization)
duraḫ (romanization)

bezoar (Persian wild goat), mountain goat


𒄞

A term found in the Euphratic substrate theory, which connects it to Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cow”). This word in particular is not of atypical syllable structure for being native Sumerian, which is the main sign indicating a potential borrowing into the language. Gordon Whittaker (2008) proposed that the language of the proto-literary texts from the Late Uruk period (c. 3350–3100 BC) is an early Indo-European language that he terms Euphratic.


𒌨

(personal names) mostly translated as "dog of" when followed by a divine name, but some have connected it to the pronoun 𒄯 (ur₅ /ur/, “he of, the one of”). When it follows a divine name in the phrase 𒌨𒈬 (ur-g̃u₁₀ /tešg̃u/, “my pride, my dignity”), scholars agree on the reading 𒌨 (teš₂ /teš/).


𒌨𒈤

ur-maḫ (romanization)
urmaḫ (romanization)

From 𒌨 (ur, “beast of prey”) + 𒈤 (maḫ, “great”).


𒊍

→ Akkadian: 𒊍 (asum, “bear”)


𒌨𒁇𒊏

ur-bar-ra (romanization)
urbarak (romanization)

From 𒌨 (ur, “dog”) + 𒁇𒊏 (bar-ra /barak/, “of outside”), literally “outsider dog”.


𒀭𒁇

an-bar (romanization)
anbar (romanization)


𒌨𒊕

ur-sag̃ (romanization)
ursag̃ (romanization)

From 𒌨 (ur, “young man”) + 𒊕 (sag̃, “in front, first”).


𒅆𒂍𒉪

→ Akkadian: 𒅆𒂍𒉪 (ziqqurratum) (calque) (see there for further descendants)


𒁲

𒁲 𒁁𒆷


𒁲

present participle of 𒁺 (du, “to go, come”)


𒁲

present participle and infinitive stem of 𒅗 (du₁₁, dug₄ /dug/, “to speak”)


𒅆

𒅆𒍪𒄭𒄊𒈨𒂗

𒅆𒁲𒋻𒉈𒂠


𒀵

A combination of the signs 𒀴 (“man”) and 𒆳 (“mountains, foreign land”). Compare 𒊩𒆳 (geme₂ /geme/).


𒄿𒇻

Alternative form of 𒄑𒌉𒂠 (^(g̃eš)kug̃₅ /kug̃/)


𒆠

𒆠𒂷

𒆠𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠


𒆠𒉘

𒆠⫽𒉘 (canonical)
ki ag̃₂ (romanization)
ki ag̃ (romanization)


𒄣

gum (romanization)
guz (romanization)
kum (romanization)


𒁺

perfective singular with mass nouns of 𒁺 (tum₂ /tum/, “to bring”)


𒁺

head

𒁺 • (du) (imperfective singular 𒁺 (du), perfective singular 𒁺 (g̃en), imperfective plural 𒁻 (su₈, sub₂ /sub/), perfective plural 𒁻 (re₇, ere×(DU.DU), er /ere/), present participle 𒁲 (di), imperative 𒂷 (g̃e₂₆, g̃en /g̃en/))


𒁺

𒈗𒉌𒅎𒁺

perfective singular of 𒁺 (du, “to go, come”)


𒁺

𒁺 • (tum₂ /tum/) (imperfective and perfective singular with countable nouns or perfective singular with mass nouns 𒁺 (tum₂ /tum/), perfective singular with mass nouns 𒁺 (de₆ /de/), imperfective and perfective plural with countable nouns 𒁻 (laḫ₄ /laḫ/))

tum (romanization)
with countable nouns (imperfective perfective singular)
perfective singular with mass nouns 𒁺 (imperfective perfective singular)
with mass nouns 𒁺 (perfective singular)
with countable nouns 𒁻 (imperfective perfective plural)


𒊮𒆸

𒊮⫽𒆸 (canonical)
šag₄ gur₄ (romanization)
šag gur (romanization)


𒋗𒅆𒌨

𒋗⫽𒅆𒌨 (canonical)
šu ḫul (romanization)
šu ḫulu (romanization)

From 𒋗 (šu, “hand”) + 𒅆𒌨 (ḫul /ḫulu/, “to destroy”).


𒀭

(Old Sumerian) Alternative form of 𒀀𒀭 (am₃ /am/)


𒀭

→ English: dingir


𒆍𒃲

Written logographically as 𒆍 (ka₂ /kan/, “gate”) + 𒃲 (gal, “big”), literally “big gate”.


𒊺

a weight measure, equal to 1/180 𒂅 (gin₂ /gig̃/, “shekel”), ca. 1/20 gr.


𒀜

Alternative form of 𒀜𒁕 (ad-da /adda/, “father”)


𒂼

A ligature formed by the sign 𒂷 (ga₂) and the phonetic complement 𒀭 (am₆).


𒌗

itu (romanization)
itud (romanization)
iti (romanization)
itid (romanization)
itid/ (romanization)


𒀳

→ Akkadian: 𒇽𒀳 (ikkarum, “farmer”)


𒀭𒈹

ᵈinana (romanization)
Inanak (romanization)


𒊮

ša₃ (romanization)
šag₄ (romanization)
šag (romanization)

𒊮 𒈬𒁀𒅗


𒅗

head

𒅗 • (du₁₁, dug₄ /dug/) (perfective singular 𒅗 (dug₄ /dug/), perfective plural and imperfective 𒂊 (e), present participle and infinitive stem 𒁲 (di))

du₁₁ (romanization)
𒅗 (perfective singular)
𒂊 (imperfective perfective plural)
𒁲 (infinitive participle present stem)


𒍑

g̃eš₃ (romanization)
g̃eš (romanization)
g̃iš/ (romanization)

(Can we date this quote?), “Enki and the world order”, in ETCSL, lines 250-254:

After he had turned his gaze from there, after Father Enki had lifted his eyes across the Euphrates, he stood up full of lust like a rampant bull, lifted his penis, ejaculated and filled the Tigris with flowing water.

ki-bi-ta igi-ni ĝar-ra-[ta]
a-a ᵈen-ki ^(id₂)buranun-na nam-mi-in-/il₂\-a-ta
gud du₇-du₇-gin₇ u₃-na mu-un-na-gub
ĝiš₃ im-zi-zi dub₃ im-nir-/re\
^(id₂)idigna a zal-le im-ma-/an\-[si]


𒉡𒌝𒈠𒄷

Alternative form of 𒉡𒌝𒈠 (nu-um-ma /numma/, “vulture”)


𒑆

An additive compound of 𒐊 (i₂ /i/, “five”) + 𒐉 (limmu₅ /limmu/, “four”).


𒉿

intelligence, mind, understanding, reason


𒈠

Alternative form of 𒄑𒈠 (^(g̃eš)peš₃ /peš/)


𒈠

house, temple (only attested in Old Babylonian and later)


𒀲𒆳𒊏

Compare with Akkadian 𒀲𒆳𒊏 (sīsûm, “horse”). Written logographically as 𒀲 (anše, “equid”) + 𒆳𒊏 (kur-ra /kurak/, “of the mountain/foreign land/east”).

anše-kur-ra ḫar-ra-an-na kun sud-sud-me-en

A praise poem of Shulgi (Shulgi A), line 17

I am a horse, whose tail waves on the highway.


𒊕𒁺

sag̃-du (romanization)
sag̃du (romanization)


𒋼

Alternative form of 𒄮 (mul₃ /mul/, “foundations”)


𒋼

Alternative form of 𒈨𒋼 (me-te /mete/, “appropriate thing, ornament”)


𒋼

Alternative form of 𒋼𒇲 (gal₅-la₂ /galla/, “policeman”)


𒋼

head

𒋼 • (te, teg̃₃ /teg̃/) (imperfective 𒋼 (teg̃₃ /teg̃/), perfective 𒋾 (ti, tig̃₄, teg̃₄ /ti/))

te (romanization)
teg̃ (romanization)
𒋼 (imperfective)
𒋾 (perfective)


𒋼

Alternative form of 𒋼𒂗 (te-en /ten/, “to extinguish”)


𒉎

𒉎 𒀠𒀀𒀭


𒂊

→ Akkadian: 𒂊 (īkum)

levee, irrigation ditch, embankment (a broad earthen wall which accommodated a ditch or small canal running along its top)


𒂊

perfective plural and imperfective stem of 𒅗 (du₁₁, dug₄ /dug/, “to speak”)


𒄒

Alternative form of 𒄑𒄒 (^(g̃eš)šennur /šennur/)


𒌋𒀜

→ Akkadian: 𒌋𒀜 (kīrum)

→ Aramaic:

Hebrew script: גִּירָא (gīrā),

Syriac script: ܓܝܪܐ (gīrā)

→ Hebrew: גִּיר (gīr)

→ Old Armenian: կիր (kir) (see there for further descendants)

→ Persian: کرس (kers)


𒄠𒋛

am-si (romanization)
amsi (romanization)

𒄠𒋛 𒉎𒋼𒀀𒉌 𒈧𒀲 𒀭𒄊𒅗
𒃻𒂷𒁶𒉆 𒉡𒅅 𒈾𒀊𒁉𒀀
𒀭𒋾𒌷𒅥𒄷𒂊 𒈬𒈾𒉌𒅁𒄄𒄄
𒅇𒂷𒂊 𒅆𒋼𒂗𒈬𒂠
𒍝𒀀𒁶𒉆 𒀠𒁶𒈨𒂗𒂊𒊺

c. 2nd millennium BCE, Proverbs, Collection 5, Segment A, Proverb 5.1:

The elephant spoke to himself: "Among all the creatures of Šakkan, the one that can defecate like me has yet to be created!" The wren answered him: "But I, in my own small way, can defecate just as much as you!"

am-si /ni₂-te\-a-ni /maš₂\-[anše ᵈšakkan₂-ka]
nig̃₂ g̃e₂₆-gin₇-nam nu-g̃al₂ na-[ab-be₂-a]
an-ti-ri₂-gu₇^(mušen)-e mu-/na\-[ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄]
u₃ g̃e₂₆-e igi-te-en-g̃u₁₀-še₃
za-a-gin₇-nam al-dim₂-me-en-/e-še\


𒁾

→ Akkadian: 𒁾 (ṭuppum) (see there for further descendants)

𒁾 𒉆𒋻𒊏


𒁾

𒁾𒅅 𒀭 𒆠𒁉𒁕𒈨𒂗

(Can we date this quote?), “Enki and the world order”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), line 72:

I am the seal-keeper of heaven and earth.


Romanization of 𒉚𒀀𒀭 (sam₂(NINDA₂×ŠE.A.AN))

Romanization of 𒉚𒀭 (sam₂(NINDA₂×(ŠE.AN)))


𒀭𒈾

an-na (romanization)
anna (romanization)

desctree

Akkadian: 𒀭𒈾 (annakum)
→ Hurrian: *anagi
→ Old Armenian: անագ (anag)
→ Armenian: անագ (anag)
→ Aramaic:
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אָנְכָא (ānḵā)
Classical Syriac: ܐܵܢܟ݂ܵܐ (ānḵā)
→ Arabic: آنُك (ʔānuk)
→ Biblical Hebrew: אֲנָךְ (ʾănɔḵ)
→ Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá)


𒈾

Alternative form of 𒎎 (na₄, “stone, boulder”)


𒋳

Alternative form of 𒋧 (šum₂ /šum/, “to give”)


𒅕

(Emesal) to bring; to lead away; to take, rob


𒅔

Alternative form of 𒅔𒉡 (in-nu /inu/, “straw, chaff”)


𒅈

Alternative form of 𒌒 (ar₂ /ar/, “praise”)


𒂔

→ Akkadian: 𒂊𒁲𒉡 (idīnum)


𒅅

(with comitative) to be in the care or possession of.


𒉡

𒃻𒈾𒈨𒉡𒈬𒁕𒀀𒌇


𒉡

𒁮𒈬𒉡


𒅇

(correlative) either... or, neither... nor


𒋫

𒄑𒆵𒆠𒋫 𒂗𒆤𒆠𒂠

𒌓 𒌓𒁺𒋫 𒌓 𒋗𒍑

𒁹 𒇻𒊺 𒈗𒂊 𒄈𒋫 𒅔𒄤

the king killed one fattened sheep with a dagger

𒀉 𒀭𒀏𒋫

thanks to the strength of the goddes Nanshe


𒆬𒌓

head

𒆬𒌓 • (kug-babbar, ku₃-babbar /kugbabbar/)

kug-babbar (romanization)
kugbabbar (romanization)

From 𒆬 (kug, ku₃ /kug/, “metal, silver”) + 𒌓 (babbar, “shining”).


𒉆

𒉆𒁉𒂠


𒊒

a compound verb element of uncertain meaning


𒆪

Alternative form of 𒄑𒆪 (^(g̃eš)tukul /tukul/)


𒆪

to sit, dwell, be inactive (perfective stem).


𒆪

dur (romanization)
durun (plural)
𒂉𒊒𒉈 dur₂-ru-ne (literary)
𒆪𒆪 KU.KU (literary)

to sit, dwell, be inactive (imperfective stem).


𒌔

spittle, phlegm, mucus, foam, poison, copper slag


𒌌

to be distant (in time), remote, ancient, old


𒄖𒍝

gu-za (romanization)
guza (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒄑𒄖𒍝 (^(g̃eš)gu-za /guza/)


𒈹

inana (romanization)
Inanak (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒀭𒈹 (ᵈinana /Inanak/)


𒀭𒅎

ᵈiškur (romanization)
Iškur (romanization)


𒀭𒌓

ᵈutu (romanization)
Utu (romanization)
𒌓 (alternative)

From 𒀭 (ᵈ) (determinative) + 𒌓 (utu, “sun-god”).


𒁉

(enclitic) its (third-person non-human possessive pronoun)


𒀭𒀀𒇉

River, river god (a river personified or deified)


𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠

From 𒆍 (ka₂, kan₄ /kan/, “gate”) + 𒀭𒊏 (dig̃ir-ra /dig̃irak/, “of god”) + 𒆠 (ᵏⁱ, determinative), literally “Gate of God”, Neo-Sumerian loan translation of the name of the city, interpreted by Akkadian speakers in what is likely a folk etymology as bāb (“gate”) + ilim (“of god”).

compound

Babylon (an ancient city, the ancient capital of Babylonia in modern Iraq, built on the banks of the Euphrates)


𒂍𒃲

→ Akkadian: 𒂍𒃲 (ēkallum) (see there for further descendants)

From 𒂍 (e₂ /ē/, “house, temple”) + 𒃲 (gal, “great, big”).

𒌷𒅗𒄀𒈾 𒈗 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠𒆤 𒂍𒃲𒋫 𒂊𒋫𒌓𒁺𒉈

24th c. BCE, DP 339, Lagash, CDLI P220989, lines rev. 2:3–3:1:

Irikagina, king of Lagash, will supply them from the palace.

iri-ka-gi-na, lugal LAGAŠᵏⁱ-ke₄, e₂-gal-ta e-ta-ed₂-de₃.


𒀭𒆘

ᵈalad (romanization)
alad (romanization)

From 𒀭 (ᵈ, determinative for deities) + 𒆘 (alad, “a type of spirit”).

Coordinate term: (female counterpart) 𒀭𒆗 (ᵈlammar /lammar/)

an alad spirit (a male tutelary deity, corresponding to the Akkadian šēdum)


𒍏

urud (romanization)
uruda (romanization)
urudu (romanization)


𒍏

Alternative form of 𒆪 (dab₅ /dab/, “to seize”)


𒇶𒆠

arattaᵏⁱ (romanization)
Aratta (romanization)


𒀭𒂗𒆤

Enlil (the king of the gods of the Sumerian pantheon)


𒉆𒇽𒍇

From 𒉆- (nam-, abstract noun formative) + 𒇽𒍇 (lu₂-lu₇ /lulu/, “human beings”).


𒅴𒂠

From 𒅴 (eme, “tongue, language”) + 𒂠 (gir₁₅ /gir/, “native, local”).

compound

Emegir (the main dialect of Sumerian), the Sumerian language


𒀀𒃼

desctree

→? Akkadian: 𒀀𒃼 (ugārum), ugāru (non-mimated) (the direction of the borrowing might be the opposite)
→ Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚 (ủgrt)
→ Arabic: أغاريت, أوغاريت (learned)
→ English: Ugarit (learned)
→ Finnish: Ugarit, ugarit, ugariitti (learned)
→ German: Ugarit (learned)
→ Mandarin: 烏加里特 (Wūjiālǐtè) (learned)

Perhaps an ancient Mesopotamian Wanderwort. Some scholars have seen this word as part of the Euphratic substrate hypothesis, which connects it to Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros (“field”). Compare also Akkadian 𒀀𒃼 (ugārum) and Ugaritic 𐎜𐎂𐎗 (ủgr).


𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣

→ Akkadian: 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(id₂)Purattu) (see there for further descendants)


𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼

→ Akkadian: 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (Idiglat)
→ Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (Tigrā)
→ Ancient Greek: Τίγρης (Tígrēs), Τῐ́γρῐς (Tĭ́grĭs)
Greek: Τίγρης (Tígris), Τίγρητας (Tígritas)
→ Armenian: Տիգրիս (Tigris)
→ Latin: Tigris (see there for further descendants)
→ Elamite:
Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋾𒅅𒊏 (ti-ik-ra /Tikra/)
→ Aramaic: דיגלת (diḡlāṯ)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܕܩܠܬ
Classical Syriac: ܕܩܠܬ (deqlāṯ)
→ Arabic: دِجْلَة (dijla)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: Dîjla, Dîcle
→ Persian: دجله (dejle)
→ Azerbaijani: Dəclə
→ Bengali: দজলা (dojola)
→ Hindi: दजला (dajlā)
→ Punjabi: ਦਜਲਾ (dajlā)
→ Tatar: Diclä
→ Ottoman Turkish: دجله (Dicle)
Turkish: Dicle
→ Uzbek: Dajla
Old Armenian: Դգլաթ (Dglatʻ), Դգղաթ (Dgłatʻ)
→ Hebrew: חִדֶּקֶל (ḥiddéqel)
→ Latin: Diglitus
→ Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭢𐭫𐭲𐭩 (dglty)

Possibly from 𒀀𒇉 (id₂ /id/, “river”) + 𒉌 (i₃ /i/, finite prefix) + 𒁺 (g̃en, “went”) + 𒀀 (a /'a/, nominalising suffix), related to the Tigris River's speed and roughness compared against the Euphrates.


𒆸

𒉌𒆸𒁉𒂗 𒆸𒁀𒍪 𒉆𒈬

You make clods — What does your clod-making matter to me?


𒆸

to circle about, go around, wander about


𒀭𒆗

ᵈlammar (romanization)
ᵈlamma (romanization)
lammar (romanization)

From 𒀭 (ᵈ, determinative for deities) + 𒆗 (lammar, “tutelary deity”).

Coordinate term: (male counterpart) 𒀭𒆘 (ᵈalad /alad/)

a lammar deity, a lamassu (a female tutelary deity, good genie, guardian spirit, corresponding to the Akkadian lamassum)


𒄑𒉺

From 𒄑 (determinative for wooden objects) + 𒉺 (“branch”).


𒌆

𒌆 𒉆𒈗


𒌆

mind, thought, planning, understanding, instruction


𒉼

Alternative form of 𒄑𒉼 (^(g̃eš)pana /pana/)


𒈤

to be high, chief, senior, lofty, exalted, august

𒁾𒊬 𒈤


𒄑𒉼

𒄑 (determiner for wooden objects) + 𒉼 (pana, “bow”)


𒊩

This sign represents the evolution of what was originally a drawing of female genitals. See also 𒀴.


𒄩

A term found in the alleged Euphratic substrate theory, which connects it to Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰu- (“fish”). This word in particular is not of atypical syllable structure for being native Sumerian, which is the main sign indicating a potential borrowing into the language. Concurring with the opinion of Pennsylvania State University's Dr. Rubio, the borrowing from multiple languages rather than a specific substratum is now the predominant viewpoint in the field.


𒃻

head

𒃻 • (g̃ar) (reduplicated form 𒂷𒂷 (g̃a₂-g̃a₂ /g̃ag̃a/))

g̃ar (romanization)
form 𒂷𒂷 (reduplication)


𒀱

𒀱 • (ᵈnisaba₂ written four times in a cross shape /Nisabak/)

A calligraphic representation of 𒀭𒉀 (ᵈnisaba₂ /Nisabak/) written in the form of a cross.

Alternative spelling of 𒀭𒉀 (ᵈnisaba₂ /Nisabak/)


𒂼𒅈𒄄

freedom (particularly from debt or bondage, manumission)


𒂼𒄄

Alternative form of 𒂼𒅈𒄄 (ama-ar-gi₄ /amargi/, “freedom”)


𒌦

land, country, nation (normally referring to Sumer).


𒌦

un (romanization)
ug̃₃ (romanization)
ug̃ (romanization)


𒄀

a unit of length equal to 6 𒌑 (kuš₃, “cubits”).


𒄀

Alternative form of 𒅊 (sig₇, “to be green, yellow”)


𒄀

(intransitive) to be true, correct, normal

(transitive) to confirm, establish, verify


𒄥

young adult male, able-bodied male worker, semi-free male worker


𒈠𒈾

ma-na (romanization)
mana (romanization)

Compare Latin mina, Ancient Greek μνᾶ (mnâ), Hebrew מָנֶה (mānéh). Possibly borrowed from Akkadian 𒈠𒉡𒌑 (manû).

𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲𒁉𒇽𒁮𒊩𒍑𒁮𒀀𒉌𒅔𒁕𒁕𒁹 𒈠𒈾 𒆬𒌓𒅁𒇲𒂊

If a man wants to leave a wife, his head wife, he will / should pay 1 ma-na silver.

tukum-bi lú dam nitadam-a-ni in-da-da 1 ma-na kù babbar ib-lá-e.

mina, a Sumerian unit of weight, weighing about 500±40 grams.


𒆬𒄀

kug (romanization)
kugsig (romanization)
kusig (romanization)

From 𒆬 (kug, ku₃, “metal”) + 𒄀 (sig₁₇/gi, “green-yellow”).


𒍑𒆪

lamentation singer/priest, a gala priest


𒀋

Alternative form of 𒀊𒁀 (ab-ba /abba/, “father”)


𒆜

conquering expedition, military campaign


𒁀

Contraction of 𒁉 (be₂ /be/, “this”) + 𒀀 (a, locative case marker).


𒁀

Contraction of 𒁉 (be₂ /be/) and the genitive case marker /-ak/.


𒌨𒈨

ur-me (romanization)
urme (romanization)


𒂵𒁉𒊑

ga-bi-ri (romanization)
gabiri (romanization)


𒅗𒈲

ka-muš (romanization)
kamuš (romanization)


𒀀𒈾

a-na (romanization)
ana (romanization)
𒀀𒈾𒀀𒀭 (alternative)
𒂗𒉆 (alternative)

𒌉𒈬 𒀀𒈾 𒉡𒍪

𒀀𒈾𒀀𒀭 𒉈𒂊


𒄊𒉻𒁺

𒄊 (g̃iri₃ /g̃iri/, “foot”) + 𒉻 (pad /pař/, “to break off a piece”) + 𒁺 (ra₂ /řa/, phonetic complement: auslaut /ř/ + nominalising suffix -a)


𒊑

to lie (heavily) upon, press upon, put onto/into


𒊑

(enclitic) that (far from both the speaker and the listener)


𒊑

Alternative form of 𒄑𒊑 (^(g̃eš)dal /dal/)


𒀭𒀫𒌓

ᵈamar-utu (romanization)
ᵈmarduk (romanization)
Marduk (romanization)

→ Akkadian: 𒀭𒀫𒌓 (Marduk)

From 𒀭 (determinative for "god") + 𒀫 (amar, “calf”) + 𒌓 (utuk, “of the sun”), literally "calf of the sun" or "solar calf".


𒀀𒂵𒄠

a-ga-am (romanization)
agam (romanization)

→ Akkadian: 𒀀𒂵𒈬𒌝 (agammum)

an artificial pond for disposing of flood waters


𒂷

pisan (romanization)
pisag̃ (romanization)
bisag̃ (romanization)
bešeg̃ (romanization)


𒂷

head

𒂷 • (g̃e₂₆ /g̃e/) (before genitive, dative, comitative markers 𒂷 (g̃a₂ /g̃a/) or 𒂷𒀀 (g̃a₂-a /g̃a/))

g̃e₂₆ (romanization)
g̃e (romanization)
markers 𒂷 (comitative)
𒂷𒀀 (comitative)

I (first-person independent personal pronoun)


𒂷

g̃e₂₆ (romanization)
g̃en (romanization)


𒋚

Alternative form of 𒂄 (šaḫ₂ /šaḫ/, “pig”)


𒋚

subur (romanization)
šubur (romanization)


𒋚

Subartu (a region of upper Mesopotamia in the Bronze Age, which later came to be called Assyria.)


𒂄

𒂄 • (šaḫ₂ /šaḫ/)

→ Akkadian: 𒂄 (šaḫûm)

A term found in the alleged Euphratic substrate theory, which connects it to Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“pig, swine”). This word in particular is not of a typical syllable structure for being native Sumerian, which is the main sign indicating a potential borrowing into the language. Concurring with the opinion of Pennsylvania State University's Dr. Rubio, the borrowing from multiple languages rather than a specific substratum is now the predominant viewpoint in the field.

cog

Coordinate term: 𒂄𒍢𒁕 (ze₂-da /zeda/, “piglet”)


𒉾

A term found in the alleged Euphratic substrate theory, which connects it back to Proto-Indo-European *gl̥h₁éys (“mouse, weasel”), possibly via accusative *gl̥h₁ḗm. However, concurring with the opinion of Pennsylvania State University's Dr. Rubio, the borrowing from multiple languages rather than a specific substratum is now the predominant viewpoint in the field.


𒄷𒌷𒅔𒄷

An ancient Mesopotamian Wanderwort; connected to Akkadian 𒌑𒊑𒅔𒉡 (u₂-ri-in-nu /urinnu/), and potentially Arabic غَرَن (ḡaran), and potentially further a borrowing from Proto-Semitic; see also 𒀉𒄷 (TI₈^(mušen) /arû, erû/, “bird of prey”) and 𒀀𒊏𒌋𒌋 (a-ra-niš /arāniš/, “eagle-like”). This is one of the terms of the alleged Euphratic substrate theory, which would give it connections to Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸 (ḫa-a-ra-aš /ḫāraš, ḫāran-/), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“eagle”). Concurring with the opinion of Pennsylvania State University's Dr. Rubio, the borrowing from multiple languages rather than a specific substratum is now the predominant viewpoint in the field.


𒁇𒊩

bar-sal (romanization)
barsal (romanization)


𒁈

the curtain of separation around the area reserved to the king and royal family or to a deity in a temple


𒊕𒆠

sag̃-ki (romanization)
sag̃ki (romanization)

From 𒊕 (sag̃, “head”) + 𒆠 (ki, “place”).


𒍎

desctree

→ Akkadian: 𒍎 (paššūrum)
→ Aramaic: פָּתוּרֵא (pāṯūrā)
→ Classical Syriac: ܦܵܬܘܼܪܵܐ (pāṯūrā)
→ Arabic: فَاثُور (fāṯūr)


𒊬

→ Akkadian: 𒊬 (kirûm)


𒄑𒉿𒌆

head

𒄑𒉿𒌆 • (g̃eštug₃)

The logogram 𒉿 (g̃eštug, “ear”) inserted in the middle of the phonetic spelling 𒄑 (g̃eš) + 𒌆 (tug₂).


𒃻𒁀

From 𒃻 (nig̃, “thing”) + 𒁀 (ba, “to give”).


𒁁

bad (romanization)
badr (romanization)
bař (romanization)


𒁁

to be complete, completed, finished, ended, done with


𒍪

(enclitic) thy, your (second-person possessive pronoun)


𒀂

Alternative form of 𒀀𒂵𒄠 (a-ga-am /agam/)


𒁶

𒀀𒁀 𒋀𒈬𒁶

𒋀𒀕𒆠𒈠 𒁶𒉆

(enclitic, equative case marker) like, as


𒅴𒊩

eme-sal (romanization)
emesal (romanization)

From 𒅴 (eme, “tongue, language”) + 𒊩 (sal, “fine, delicate”).

compound

Emesal ("fine speech", the women's dialect of Sumerian, used in laments and temple liturgies and for direct speech of goddesses)


𒅴𒋝

eme-sig (romanization)
emesig (romanization)

From 𒅴 (eme, “tongue, language”) + 𒋝 (sig, “low, lower”).


𒅴𒋝𒅥

𒅴𒋝⫽𒅥 (canonical)
eme-sig gu₇ (romanization)
emesig gu (romanization)

From 𒅴𒋝 (eme-sig /emesig/, “slander”) + 𒅥 (gu₇, “to eat, consume”).


𒀊𒁀

ab-ba (romanization)
abba (romanization)

𒂍 𒀊𒁀𒈾𒅗


𒀀𒀊𒁀

a-ab-ba (romanization)
a'abak (romanization)

From 𒀀 (a, “water”) + 𒀊𒁀 (ab-ba /abak/, “of the sea”).


𒁲𒋻

di-kud (romanization)
didkuř (romanization)


𒁲𒋻

head

𒁲⫽𒋻 • (di kud, di kudr, di ku₅ /did kuř/)

𒁲⫽𒋻 (canonical)
di kud (romanization)
di kudr (romanization)
di ku₅ (romanization)
did kuř (romanization)


𒉆𒋾

From 𒉆- (nam-, abstract noun formative) + 𒋾 (til₃, “to live”).


𒉆-

Prefix used to form abstract and collective nouns.


𒉺𒋼𒋛

PA.TE.SI (romanization)
ensik (romanization)


𒆕

to apply, affix, make fast, build onto, fasten onto

to detain, hold back, restrain, impede, catch, hold onto, retain


𒆭

head

𒆭 • (kur₉, ku₄ /kur/) (plural stem 𒁔 (sun₅ /sun/))


𒆠𒂗𒄀

ki-en-gi (romanization)
Kengir (romanization)

Interpreted to mean "country of the noble lords," from 𒆠 (“country”) + 𒂗 (“lords”) + 𒄀 (“noble”). More at Sumer.

𒆠𒂗𒄀 𒆠𒌵


𒆠𒌵

ki-uri (romanization)
Kiuri (romanization)

𒆠𒂗𒄀 𒆠𒌵


𒊷

→ Akkadian: 𒊷 (gišimmarum)


𒌓𒊬

day of the first visibility of the new moon, beginning of the month

crescent-shaped object or semi-circular line


𒃞

men (romanization)
𒇙 (alternative)
𒃉 (alternative)

crown, tiara (a kind of crown or turban)


𒋀𒀕𒆠

Unknown. Some see a phonetic similarity with Proto-Dravidian *ūr (“village, habitation”) but it's a false cognate.

cog

Ur (city in southern Mesopotamia, cult centre of 𒀭𒋀𒆠 (ᵈnanna /Nanna/))


𒋧𒊬

head

𒋧𒊬 • (šum₂ˢᵃʳ /šum/)

šum₂ˢᵃʳ (romanization)
šum (romanization)


𒀕

Alternative form of 𒀕𒆠 (unugᵏⁱ /unug/, “Uruk”)


𒀕

Alternative form of 𒋼𒀕 (unu₂ /unu/, “dwelling”)


𒉎𒄷

a ni bird (an unidentified type of bird)


𒀊𒍪

ab-zu (romanization)
abzu (romanization)

The "sentient sea", the personification of the sea as a god.

Mythological underground fresh water ocean, home of the god Enki.

A water-basin shrine in many Mesopotamian temples.


𒉚

to measure out grains (as equivalents for other goods), to barter


𒀕𒆠

unugᵏⁱ (romanization)
Unug (romanization)

אֶרֶךְ ארך#Hebrew

وَرْكاء وركاء#Arabic

Uruk (city in southern Mesopotamia, cult center of Anu and Inanak; אֶרֶךְ (ʾérek̠) in the Bible, modern وَرْكاء (warkāʔ), in Iraq)


𒂍𒐐

From 𒂍 (e₂, “house”) + 𒐐 (ninnu, “of the fifty (me)”).

compound

E-ninnu (the temple of Ning̃irsuk in G̃irsu)


𒄖𒆸

gu-kilib (romanization)
gunig̃in (romanization)


𒂆

𒂆 (canonical)
𒂅 (canonical)
gig̃ (romanization)

(unit of weight) shekel (1/60 𒈠𒈾 (mana), corresponding to 8 gr.)


𒄘

edge, bank, shore (of a canal, river, sea)


𒄑𒄯

head

𒄑𒄯 • (g̃ešḫur)

From 𒄑 (g̃eš, “wood”) + 𒄯 (ḫur, “to scratch”).


𒄑𒄯

head

𒄑⫽𒄯 • (g̃eš ḫur)

sux-verb

𒄑⫽𒄯 • (g̃eš ḫur)


𒉌𒄑

From 𒉌 (i₃ /i/, “oil”) + 𒄑 (g̃eš, “tree”).


𒇥

Alternative form of 𒄑𒇀 (^(g̃eš)gigir /gigir/)


𒇥

cistern, well, fish pond, source of a river, hole, pit


𒍼

to be troublesome, painful, bad, evil, bitter, hateful


𒄈𒋢𒆠

G̃irsu (a Sumerian town within the city-state of Lagash, northwest of Lagash, modern Tell Telloh)


𒀭𒎏𒄈𒋢

From 𒎏 (nin, “Lord”) + 𒄈𒋢 (g̃ir₂-su /g̃irsuk/, “of G̃irsu”), with determinative for deities 𒀭 (ᵈ).

compound

Ningirsu (chief male god of the Lagaš state)


𒁻

imperfective and perfective plural with countable nouns of 𒁺 (tum₂ /tum/, “to bring”)


𒁻

imperfective plural of 𒁺 (du, “to go, come”)


𒁻

perfective plural of 𒁺 (du, “to go, come”)


𒉐

Alternative form of 𒁺 (tum₂ /tum/, “to bring in; to take away”)


𒍪𒀊

zu-ab (romanization)
abzu (romanization)


𒌇

head

𒌇 • (tuk, tuku) (reduplicated form 𒌇𒌇 (du₁₂-du₁₂ /dudu/))

tuk (romanization)
tuku (romanization)
form 𒌇𒌇 (reduplication)


𒌨𒂠

From 𒌨 (ur, “beast of prey”) + 𒂠 (gir₁₅ /gir/, “domesticated”).


𒂠

še₃ (romanization)
še (romanization)
/š/ (romanization)


𒂠

to be native, indigenous, local, domestic, domesticated


𒂍𒀭𒈾

From 𒂍 (e₂ /e/, “house”) + 𒀭𒈾 (an-na /anak/, “of heaven”).


𒂗𒆤𒆠

nibruᵏⁱ (romanization)
Nibru (romanization)

From 𒂗𒆤 (Nibru, “Nippur”), written the same as 𒀭𒂗𒆤 (ᵈen-lil₂ /Enlil/, “Enlil”) but followed by the determinative for place names 𒆠 (ᵏⁱ).

Nippur (city of the great chief god Enlil)


𒂼𒅈𒅆

Alternative form of 𒂼𒅈𒄄 (ama-ar-gi₄ /amargi/, “freedom”)


𒉈𒊒

ne-ru (romanization)
erim (romanization)


𒉆𒉈𒊒

From 𒉆- (nam-, abstract noun formative) + 𒉈𒊒 (erim₂ /erim/, “evil”).


𒍠

outer edge, outskirts, border, frontier, end, limit


𒋃

head

𒋃 • (sag̃a, sag̃g̃a, sanga /sag̃a/ or /sag̃g̃a/)

sag̃a (romanization)
sag̃g̃a (romanization)
sanga (romanization)

chief (of temple or palace), official, administrator


𒂍𒆳

From 𒂍 (e₂ /e/, “house”) + 𒆳 (kur, “mountain”), literally “mountain house”.

compound

Ekur (Sumerian shrine complex thought to be the place where the assembly of the gods took place. It's the Sumerian equivalent of the Greek Mount Olympus)


𒐋

head

𒐋 • (aš₃ /āš/)

Possibly from 𒐊 (ia₂ /ya/, “five”) + 𒀸 (aš, “one”).


𒐌

𒐌 • (imin /umin/ or transliteration needed /umun/)

imin (romanization)
umin (romanization)
transliteration needed (romanization)
umun (romanization)

Almost certainly an additive compound of 𒐊 (i₂ /i/, “five”) + 𒈫 (min, “two”). Now mostly read umin. The /u/ in umin is due to analogy with the initial sound of 𒐍 (ussu, “eight, 8”). The form umum is due to vowel harmony.


𒐍

A derivation from 𒐊 (ia₂ /ya/, “five”) + 𒐈 (eš₅ /eš/, “three”) has been proposed, but it is phonologically impossible. The etymology of this numeral remains unknown.


𒄑𒈩

→ Akkadian: 𒄑𒈩 (mēsum)

a mes tree, mes wood (name of a tree which wood was used to make furniture, possibly hackberry)


𒈩

Alternative form of 𒄑𒈩 (^(g̃eš)mes /mes/)


𒆗

young man, able-bodied man, adult male worker


𒆗

kal (romanization)
kala (romanization)
kalag (romanization)

𒈗 𒆗𒂵


𒆗

lamma (romanization)
lammar (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒀭𒆗 (ᵈlammar /lammar/)


𒇋

Alternative form of 𒀀𒃼 (a-gar₃ /agar/, “arable land”)


𒃷

Alternative form of 𒀀𒊮 (a-šag₄ /ašag/, “field”)


𒉆𒋻

nam-tar (romanization)
namtar (romanization)

From 𒉆 (nam, “fate”) + 𒋻 (tar, “to decide”).


𒉆𒋻

𒀭𒉌𒉆𒄭𒈬𒊑𒅔𒋻

An has determined a good destiny for you.


𒉿𒈜𒁕

Alternative spelling of 𒉺𒀭 (biluda, “rituals”)


𒊓𒌋𒃲

sa-šuš-gal (romanization)
sašušgal (romanization)

→ Akkadian: 𒄑𒊓𒋗𒍑𒆗 (šuškallum)

great battle-net (a weapon used to ensnaring enemies)


𒊓𒋙𒍑𒃲

Alternative spelling of 𒊓𒌋𒃲 (sa-šuš-gal /sašušgal/)


𒋗𒆸

From 𒋗 (šu, “hand”) + 𒆸 (nig̃in₂ /nig̃in/, “circle, whole”).


𒋗𒆸

šu-rin (romanization)
šurin (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒅎𒋗𒆸 (ⁱᵐšu-rin /šurin/)


𒁷

beer (made from barley malt and/or emmer wheat, and probably sweetened and strengthened with grape syrup)


𒂞

Alternative form of 𒄑𒂞 (^(g̃eš)eren /eren/, “cedar”)


𒂞

head

𒂞 • (šeš₄ /šeš/)

sux-verb

𒂞 • (šeš₄ /šeš/)


𒄑𒂞

𒄑 (^(g̃eš), determinative for plants) + 𒂞 (eren, “cedar”).


𒀩

alan (romanization)
alam/ (romanization)


𒊨

Alternative form of 𒊨𒅇 (kuš₂-u₃ /kušu/, “to be tired”)


𒊨

šur₂ (romanization)
sumur (romanization)


𒅘

head

𒅘 • (nag̃) (reduplicated form 𒅘𒅘 (na₈-na₈ /nana/))

nag̃ (romanization)
form 𒅘𒅘 (reduplication)


𒋼𒀀𒀝𒆤

𒋼𒀀𒆤𒈾𒀭𒉚𒉚𒀭


𒂗𒈾

en-na (romanization)
enna (romanization)


𒈬𒊬𒊏

mu-sar-ra (romanization)
musara (romanization)

From 𒈬 (mu, “line of text”) + 𒊬 (sar, “to write”) + 𒊏 (ra, coda of the previous syllable (-r) followed by the nominalising suffix -a).


𒇽𒅗𒈠

From 𒇽 (lu₂ /lu/, “person”) + 𒅗𒈠 (inim-ma /inimak/, “of the word”).


𒂷𒂊

Alternative form of 𒂷 (g̃e₂₆ /g̃e/, “I”)


𒋼𒇲

→ Akkadian: 𒋼𒇲 (gallûm)

𒋀𒈬𒋼𒇲𒍪𒉎𒅆𒁻𒌍

My brother, your demons are coming for you!

(post-Ur III) gallu demon (a demonic bailiff of the netherworld)


𒌨𒌉

ur-tur (romanization)
urtur (romanization)


𒁄

to rotate, turn, turn over, turn around, turn upside down, turn against

to pour out (a liquid), libate, make a libation


𒁄

desc

→ Akkadian: 𒁄 (pilakku, pilaqqu, “wooden handle; spindle; harp”)

→? Ancient Greek: πέλεκκον (pélekkon, “handle (of an axe)”)


𒄉

kiši₁₇ (romanization)
kišig (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒌑𒄉 (kiši₁₆, kišig, ^(u₂)kišig₂ /kišig/)


𒌑𒄉

head

𒌑𒄉 • (kiši₁₆, kišig, ^(u₂)kišig₂ /kišig/)


𒀀𒈠𒊒

a-ma-ru (romanization)
amaruk (romanization)

From 𒀀 (a, “water”) + 𒈠𒊒 (ma-ru /maruk/, “of the tempest”).

compound

𒀀𒈠𒊒𒄰


𒈥𒋽

stormwind, mighty storm, hurricane, tempest, west wind


𒀭𒁀𒌑

Bau (healing and fertility goddess, daughter of Anu, wife of Ning̃irsuk)


𒄘𒌦

Alternative form of 𒄘 (gun₂ /gun/, “burden”)


𒄀𒍣

gi-zi (romanization)
gizi (romanization)

From 𒄀 (gi, “reed”) + 𒍣 (zi, “good, fine”).

fresh reed, young reed, reed shoots, fodder reed


𒌨𒀭𒇉

ur-ᵈnamma (romanization)
Ur-Nammak (romanization)

Ur-Nammak (Sumerian king, founder of the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, famous for his law-code)


𒋀𒀕

Alternative form of 𒋀𒀕𒆠 (urim₂ᵏⁱ /Urim/)


𒉣

NUN (romanization)
eridu (romanization)
eridug (romanization)
Eridug (romanization)


𒅻

nundum (romanization)
nundun (romanization)


𒊿

Alternative form of 𒍏𒊿 (ᵘʳᵘᵈdur₁₀ /dur/)


𒊿

𒍏𒊿

ᵘʳᵘᵈšen /šen/


𒌛

Alternative form of 𒌗 (itud, itid, “moon; month”)


𒀅

Alternative form of 𒄿𒋛𒅖 (i-si-iš /isiš/)


𒀍

irigal (romanization)
urugal (romanization)


𒀬

sizkur (romanization)
siskur (romanization)
siškur (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒀬𒀬 (sizkur₂, siskur₂, siškur₂ /siškur/)


𒀼

head

𒀼 • (eš₁₆ /eš/)


𒁇

outside, other side, outer side
exterior, outer appearance

outside, other side, outer side
back, shoulder, edge


𒁇

to go away, send out, set aside, release


𒁓

→ Akkadian: 𒁓 (pūrum)


𒁽

gir (romanization)
form 𒁽𒁽 (reduplication)


𒃉

(Old Sumerian) Alternative form of 𒃞 (men)


𒃑

Alternative form of 𒄩𒇻𒂠 (ḫa-lu-ub₂ /ḫalub/)


𒃰

→ Akkadian: 𒃰 (kitûm)


𒁯

the cuneiform sign used on Wiktionary to indicate the gunû as a component in the Cuneiform sign section of translingual cuneiform entries. See an example at 𒅊.

to be colourful, multicoloured, decorated

(in cuneiform signs names) gunû, hatched (a sign with vertical, horizontal or oblique strokes written on it to differentiate it from an otherwise identical sign, e.g.: the sign 𒅊 is described as igi gunû, i.e. the sign 𒅆 (igi) with horizontal strokes written on it.)


𒃴

to be skillful, elaborate, clever, to make artfully


𒃽

Alternative form of 𒂵𒊭𒀭 (ga-ša-an /gašan/)


𒄃

Alternative form of 𒄀𒄃 (ᵍⁱgilim /gilim/)


𒄃

𒄃 • (gi₁₆, gil, gib, gilim, gilib /gilim, gilib/)

gi₁₆ (romanization)
gil (romanization)
gib (romanization)
gilim (romanization)
gilib (romanization)


𒅐

Alternative form of 𒊑𒄩𒁵 (dal-ḫa-mun /dalḫamun/)


𒆏

𒆏 • (gab₂, gabu₂, gub₃, gubu₃ /gabu, gubu/)

gabu (romanization)
gubu/ (romanization)


𒆟

keš₂ (romanization)
kešed (romanization)


𒆣

Alternative form of 𒆠𒌓 (kislaḫ, “threshing floor”)


𒆯

𒆯 • (ku₇ /kud/) (reduplicated form 𒆯𒆯 (ku₇-ku₇ /kuku/))

kud (romanization)
form 𒆯𒆯 (reduplication)


𒆵

some kind of creature, possibly a crab or a snapping turtle


𒆼

Alternative form of 𒀊𒋭 (ab-lal₃ /ablal/)


𒇀

Alternative form of 𒄑𒇀 (^(g̃eš)gigir /gigir/)


𒇅

ninindu (romanization)
immindu (romanization)


𒇵

𒇵 • (eš₂₂ /eš/)

Alternative form of 𒄑𒇵 (^(g̃eš)eš₂₂ /eš/)


𒇼

Alternative form of 𒇿 (ad₆, adda /adda/)


𒈓

Alternative form of 𒀀𒁕𒎙 (a-da-min₃ /adamin/)


𒈧

interest (on a loan, yield, irrigation tax)


𒈽

Alternative form of 𒈹 (suḫ₁₀ /suḫ/, “crown”)


𒈽

Alternative form of 𒆪 (suḫ₅ /suḫ/, “to extract”)


𒈽

Alternative form of 𒈹 (muš₃ /muš/) 'face' or 'flat space'


𒈿

Alternative form of 𒄑𒈿 (g̃eš-nud /g̃ešnud/)


𒈿

𒈿 • (nu₂, nud /nud/) (reduplicated form 𒈿𒈿 (nu₂-nu₂ /nunu/))

nud (romanization)
form 𒈿𒈿 (reduplication)


𒉠

desctree

→ Akkadian: 𒌚𒁈 (nisannum)
→ Aramaic: נִיסָן (nīsān)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܢܝܼܣܵܢ (nīsān)
Turoyo: ܢܝܣܷܢ (nisën)
Classical Syriac: ܢܝܣܢ (nīsān)
→ Arabic: نيسان (naysān)
→ Ottoman Turkish: نیسان (nisan)
Turkish: nisan
Northern Kurdish: nîsan
→ Persian: نَیسان (neysân)
→ Biblical Hebrew: נִיסָן (nisɔ́n)
→ Israeli Hebrew: נִיסָן (nisán)

𒌚𒋃𒅗


𒉢

Alternative form of 𒄑𒉢 (g̃eš-nu₁₁ /g̃ešnu/)


𒉥

arḫuš₃ (romanization)
arḫuš (romanization)


𒉦

arḫuš₂ (romanization)
arḫuš (romanization)


𒉻

šuku (romanization)
šukuř (romanization)


𒋁

head

𒋁 • (še₈, šeš₂ /šeš/) (reduplicated form 𒋁𒋁 (še₈-še₈ /šeše/))

še₈ (romanization)
šeš₂ (romanization)
šeš (romanization)
form 𒋁𒋁 (reduplication)


𒋁

𒋁 • (šeš₂ /šeš/)

sux-verb

𒋁 • (šeš₂ /šeš/)


𒋖

Alternative form of 𒋖𒄑 (šita₂ /šita/) "weapon"


𒋙

head

𒋙 • (šuš₂ /šuš/)


𒋩

to press out, squeeze, milk (animals), extract, strain (beer)


𒋺

to leave, leave behind, abandon, set aside


𒌃

Alternative form of 𒌑𒌃 (^(u₂)ninni₅ /ninni/)


𒌍

Almost certainly a multiplicative compound of 𒐈 (eš₅ /eš/, “three”) + 𒌋 (u, “ten”), i.e. 3×10. The initial /u/ is due to vowel harmony.


𒌙

middle part, midsection
chest, hips, buttocks, rump

middle part, midsection
female genitals, vulva


𒍢

𒍢 • (ze₂ /ze/) (before genitive, dative, comitative markers 𒍝 (za))

ze (romanization)
markers 𒍝 (comitative)

you, thou (second-person independent personal pronoun)


𒍨

𒍨 • (ḫaš₂ /ḫaš/)


𒍮

𒍮 • (ḫaš₄ /ḫaš/)


𒎌

(From Old Akkadian on) third-person plural of 𒈨 (me, “to be”)


𒌋𒁯

ašdar (romanization)
Ištar (romanization)


𒄀𒁾𒁀

gi-dub-ba (romanization)
gidubak (romanization)

From 𒄀 (gi, “reed”) + 𒁾𒁀 (dub-ba /dubak/, “of (for) a tablet”), literally “a tablet reed”.


𒊩𒆳

A combination of the signs 𒊩 (“woman”) and 𒆳 (“mountains, foreign land”). Compare 𒀵 (arad₂ /arad/).


𒁾𒊬

dub-sar (romanization)
dubsar (romanization)

→ Akkadian: 𒁾𒊬 (ṭupšarrum)

From 𒁾 (dub, “tablet”) + 𒊬 (sar, “to write”).


𒉡𒌝𒈠

nu-um-ma (romanization)
numma (romanization)


𒀭𒁁𒇷𒇷

ᵈbe-li-li (romanization)
Belili (romanization)


𒀭𒀀𒆷𒆷

ᵈa-la-la (romanization)
Alala (romanization)


𒐏

Almost certainly an multiplicative compound of 𒎙 (niš, “twenty”) + 𒈫 (min, “two”), i.e. 20×2.


𒐐

Perhaps originally an additive compound of 𒐏 (nimin, “forty”) + 𒌋 (u, “ten”), i.e. 40+10.


𒐕

g̃eš₂ (romanization)
g̃ešd (romanization)


𒐕𒈫

A multiplicative compound of 𒐕 (g̃eš₂ /g̃eš/, “sixty”) + 𒈫 (min, “two”), i.e. 60×2.


𒐕𒐉

A multiplicative compound of 𒐕 (g̃eš₂ /g̃eš/, “sixty”) + 𒐉 (limmu₅ /limmu/, “four”), i.e. 60×4.


𒐕𒐌

A multiplicative compound of 𒐕 (g̃eš₂ /g̃eš/, “sixty”) + 𒐌 (imin /umin/, “seven”), i.e. 60×7.


𒐞

A multiplicative compound of 𒐕 (g̃eš₂ /g̃ešd/, “sixty”) + 𒌋 (u, “ten”), i.e. 60×10.


𒐞𒈫

A multiplicative compound of 𒐞 (g̃eš₂-u /g̃ešdu/, “six hundred”) + 𒈫 (min, “two”), i.e. 600×2.


𒐬

A multiplicative compound of 𒊹 (šar₂ /šar/, “3600”) + 𒌋 (u, “ten”), i.e. 3600×10.


𒊹𒃲

From 𒊹 (šar₂ /šar/, “3,600”) + 𒃲 (gal, “big”), literally “big 3,600”.

two hundred sixteen thousand, 216,000 (60×60×60)


𒂍𒀀

From 𒂍 (e₂ /e/, “house”) + 𒀀 (duru₅ /duru/, “to be irrigated, fresh”).


𒂷𒀀

Alternative form of 𒂷 (g̃e₂₆ /g̃e/, “I”)


𒋛𒃻

si-g̃ar (romanization)
sig̃ar (romanization)


𒂅

tun (romanization)
𒍏 ᵘʳᵘᵈtun₃ (also literary)


𒂅

tun (romanization)
𒌆 ^ (tug₂)tun₃ (also literary)


𒂅

Alternative form of 𒂆 (gin₂, gig̃₄ /gig̃/)


𒂵𒊭𒀭

ga-ša-an (romanization)
gašan (romanization)


𒇻𒌀

udu-til (romanization)
udutil (romanization)


𒀯𒇻𒌀

ᵐᵘˡudu-til (romanization)
udutil (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒇻𒌀 (udu-til /udutil/)


𒅗𒈾𒉘

(Emesal) land, country (normally referring to Sumer)


𒈨𒂊

(Emesal) I (first-person independent personal pronoun)


𒂗𒆤

nibru (romanization)
Nibru (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒂗𒆤𒆠 (nibruᵏⁱ /Nibru/)


𒄀𒆤

→ Akkadian: 𒄀𒆤 (kītum)


𒆠𒋩𒊏

ki-sur-ra (romanization)
kisura (romanization)


𒆠𒌓

empty land, uncultivated/uninhabited land


𒄑𒌇

𒄑⫽𒌇 (canonical)
g̃eš tuku (romanization)


𒀭𒉀

Alternative form of 𒀭𒊺𒉀 (ᵈnisaba /Nisabak/)


𒀭𒊺𒉀

ᵈnisaba (romanization)
Nisabak (romanization)
𒀭𒉀 (alternative)
𒀱 (alternative)
𒉀 (alternative)

→ Akkadian: 𒀭𒊺𒉀 (Nisaba)

Nisaba (Sumerian goddess of grain, knowledge, and scribal arts, patron deity of the city of Eresh)


𒍖

MUNSUB (romanization)
UŠX (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒁁 (uš₂ /uš/, “blood”)


𒄘𒃼

𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼#Sumerian

Alternative form of 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(id₂)idigna /Idigna/)


𒈦𒄘𒃼

𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼#Sumerian

Only used in 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(id₂)idigna, “Tigris”)


𒄭𒈨𒁕

ḫe-me-da (romanization)
ḫemeda (romanization)


𒆠𒊹

𒆠 (ki, “place”) + 𒊹 (šar₂ /šar/, “totality”)

horizon, everywhere, the whole earth, totality


𒉣𒈨

→ Akkadian: 𒉣𒈨 (apkallum)

From 𒀊 (ab, “elder”) + 𒃲 (gal, “great”), but spelt logographically 𒉣 (nun, “noble, best”) + 𒈨 (me, “to be”).


𒄑𒄖𒍝

desctree

→ Akkadian: 𒄑𒄖𒍝 (kussûm)
→ Ugaritic: 𐎋𐎒𐎜 (ksủ /kussīʔu/)
→ Aramaic:
Classical Syriac: ܟܘܪܣܝܐ (kursəyā)
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כּוּרְסְיָא (kursəyā)
→ Arabic: كُرْسِيّ (kursiyy)
→ Hebrew: כִּסֵּא (kisséʔ)


𒄭𒇷𒋼

𒄭𒇷⫽𒋼 (canonical)
ḫi-li teg̃₃ (romanization)
ḫili teg̃ (romanization)


𒎎𒋆𒁉𒍣𒁕

head

𒎎𒋆𒁉𒍣𒁕 • (^(na₄)šem-bi-zi-da /šembizida/)

Alternative form of 𒋆𒁉𒍣𒁕 (šem-bi-zi-da /šembizida/)


𒋆𒁉𒍣𒁕

šem-bi-zi-da (romanization)
šembizida (romanization)

kohl, antimony paste, eye makeup, mascara


𒈠𒁕

ma-da (romanization)
mada (romanization)

Borrowing from Akkadian 𒈠𒀀𒌈 (mātum, “country, land”).


𒉎𒍪

Alternative form of 𒉎𒅗 (ni₂-zuḫ /nizuḫ/)


𒄑𒉼𒁶

𒄑𒉼 (^(g̃eš)pana /pana/, “bow”) + 𒁶 (dim₂ /dim/, “to create, make”)


𒁮𒃼

Borrowing from Akkadian 𒁮𒃼 (tamkārum, “merchant”).


𒂍𒁾𒁀

Alternative form of 𒂍𒁾𒁀𒀀 (e₂-dub-ba-a /edubak/)


𒂍𒁾𒁀𒀀

From 𒂍 (e₂ /e/, “house”) + 𒁾𒁀𒀀 (dub-ba-a /dubak/, “of the tablet”).


𒄑𒌉𒂠

head

𒄑𒌉𒂠 • (^(g̃eš)kug̃₅, ^(g̃eš)kun₅ /kug̃/)


𒄑𒄿𒇻

𒄑𒄿𒇻 • (^(g̃eš)kug̃₄, ^(g̃eš)kun₄ /kug̃/)

Alternative form of 𒄑𒌉𒂠 (^(g̃eš)kug̃₅ /kug̃/)


𒋆𒄉

Alternative form of 𒄑𒄉 (^(g̃eš)kiši₁₇ /kiši/)


𒄑𒊍

Alternative form of 𒄑𒋆𒊍 (^(g̃eš.šim)az /az/)


𒄑𒄒

Perhaps related to Akkadian 𒄑𒄒 (šallūrum).


𒄀𒄥

gi-gur (romanization)
gigur (romanization)


𒈣𒁻

desctree

→ Akkadian: 𒈣𒁻 (malāḫum)
→ Aramaic: מַלָּחָא (mallāḥā) / ܡܰܠܴܚܳܐ (mallāḥā)
→ Arabic: مَلَّاح (mallāḥ)
→ Hebrew: מַלָּח (mallā́ḥ)

Formed by 𒈣 (ma₂ /ma/, “boat”) + 𒁻 (laḫ₄ /laḫ/, “to bring, to lead”).


𒆕𒀀𒁉

From 𒆕 (du₃ /du/, “to be all”) + 𒀀 (a, nominalising suffix) + 𒁉 (bi, “its/their”), literally “all of it/them”.


𒅎𒊑𒀀

im-ri-a (romanization)
imria (romanization)


𒄑𒇥

Alternative form of 𒄑𒇀 (^(g̃eš)gigir /gigir/)


𒄑𒌆𒉿𒁺

𒄑𒌆𒉿⫽𒁺 (canonical)
g̃eštug₂ gub (romanization)
g̃eštug gub (romanization)

From 𒄑𒌆𒉿 (g̃eštug₂ /g̃eštug/, “ear”) + 𒁺 (gub, “to erect”), literally “to prick up the ears”.


𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌

desctree

→ Akkadian: 𒀭𒄑𒂆𒈦 (Gilgāmeš)
→ Ancient Greek: Γίλγαμος (Gílgamos)
→ English: Gilgamesh

From 𒄑𒉋𒂵 (^(g̃eš)bil₂-ga /bilga/, “ancestor”) + 𒎌 (meš /mes/, “hero”), literally “the ancestral hero”, with determinative for divine beings 𒀭 (ᵈ).


𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲

tukum (romanization)
tukun (romanization)


tukumX

Romanization of 𒋗𒃻𒌉 (tukumₓ(ŠU.GAR.TUR))

𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲𒂠 𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲𒂠#Sumerian

Romanization of 𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲𒂠 (tukumₓ(ŠU.GAR.TUR.LAL.EŠ₂))

Romanization of 𒋗𒇲𒌉 (tukumₓ(ŠU.LAL.TUR))


𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲𒁉

Possibly from 𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲 (tukun, “immediately”) + 𒁉 (be₂ /be/, “its”) + 𒂊 (e, directive case marker).

compound

𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲𒁉 𒇽𒅇 𒊕 𒄑 𒉈𒅔𒊏 𒇽𒁉 𒉌𒄤𒂊

If a man committed murder, that man will be executed.

tukum-bi lu₂-u₃ sag̃ g̃eš bi₂-in-raḫ lu₂-bi i₃-gaz-e


𒊕𒄑𒊏

From 𒊕 (sag, “head”) + 𒄑𒊏 (g̃eš raḫ₂ /g̃eš raḫ/, “to beat”).


𒊕𒄑𒊏

𒊕𒄑⫽𒊏 (canonical)
sag̃ g̃eš raḫ₂ (romanization)
sag̃ g̃eš raḫ (romanization)

𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲𒁉 𒇽𒅇 𒊕 𒄑 𒉈𒅔𒊏 𒇽𒁉 𒉌𒄤𒂊


𒀲𒋙𒀭

→ English: kunga

a kind of equid (probably a donkey-onager cross)


𒀲𒋙𒀯

Alternative form of 𒀲𒋙𒀭 (^(anše)kunga₂ /kunga/)


𒁇𒀭

Alternative form of 𒋙𒀭 (kunga₂(ŠU₂.AN) /kunga/)


𒀭𒌒𒁕

an-ub-da (romanization)
anubda (romanization)

(cosmology, geography) quarter, corner (of the universe)


𒀭𒌒𒁕𒇹𒁀

head

𒀭𒌒𒁕𒇹𒁀 • (an-ub-da limmu₂-ba /anubda limmubâk/)

an-ub-da limmu₂-ba (romanization)
anubda limmubâk (romanization)

From 𒀭𒌒𒁕 (an-ub-da /anubda/, “quarter”) + 𒇹 (limmu₂ /limmu/, “four”) + 𒁀 (ba /bâk/, “of its”), literally “its four quarters”.


𒄴𒈨

an ordinary kind of priest, conventionally translated as lustration priest or purification priest


𒀀𒋗𒉀

𒀀⫽𒋗𒉀 (canonical)
a tu₅ (romanization)
a tu (romanization)
𒀀𒀀𒋗𒉀 (alternative)


𒌑𒀀

provisioner, provider (of a land or a temple)


𒀀𒊏𒍪

a-ra-zu (romanization)
arazu (romanization)


𒀬𒀬

head

𒀬𒀬 • (sizkur₂, siskur₂, siškur₂ /siškur/)


𒄠𒋛𒄯𒊏𒀭

am-si-ḫar-ra-an (romanization)
amsiḫarran (romanization)

From 𒄠𒋛 (am-si /amsi/, “elephant”) + 𒄯𒊏𒀭 (ḫar-ra-an /ḫarran/, “caravan, journey”), literally “caravan elephant”.


𒄯𒊏𒀭

ḫar-ra-an (romanization)
ḫarran (romanization)

Possibly from Akkadian 𒆜 (ḫarrānum, “caravan”).


𒅆𒌨𒍼

𒅆𒌨⫽𒍼 (canonical)
ḫulu gig (romanization)


𒀭𒀭𒉀

ᵈnanibgal (romanization)
Nanibgal (romanization)

Nanibgal (epithet of the goddess Nisaba)


𒊑𒄩𒁵

dal-ḫa-mun (romanization)
dalḫamun (romanization)


𒊓𒄤

sa-gaz (romanization)
sagaz (romanization)


𒉆𒋖

nam-šita (romanization)
namšita (romanization)


𒈾𒆕𒀀

→ Akkadian: 𒈾𒆕𒀀 (narûm)


𒀉𒀾

a₂-aš₂ (romanization)
a'aš (romanization)


𒅗𒌤𒀀

From 𒅗𒌤 (gu₃ de₂ /gu de/, “to call, summon”) + 𒀀 (a, nominalizing suffix), literally “the called one, the summoned one (by the god)”.

af

𒅗𒌤𒀀 𒉺𒋼𒋛 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠


𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠

ŠIR.BUR.LAᵏⁱ (romanization)
lagašᵏⁱ (romanization)
Lagaš (romanization)


𒉢𒁓𒆷

ŠIR.BUR.LA (romanization)
lagaš (romanization)
Lagaš (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠 (lagašᵏⁱ /Lagaš/)


𒂍𒋞

→ Akkadian: 𒂍𒋞 (igārum)


𒉣𒆠

head

𒉣𒆠 • (NUNᵏⁱ, eriduᵏⁱ, eridugᵏⁱ /Eridug/)

NUNᵏⁱ (romanization)
eriduᵏⁱ (romanization)
eridugᵏⁱ (romanization)
Eridug (romanization)

Tell Abu Shahrain
Tell Abu Shahrain#English

Eridu (ancient Sumerian city in modern Iraq; modern Tell Abu Shahrain)


𒀀𒁀𒀀

a-ba-a (romanization)
abâ (romanization)

Contraction of 𒀀𒁀 (a-ba /aba/, “who”) + 𒂊 (e, ergative case marker).


𒌓𒁀

ud-ba (romanization)
ud-bâ (romanization)

From 𒌓 (ud, “day”) + 𒁀 (ba /bâ/, “in this”).


𒆠𒌓𒁀

ki-ud-ba (romanization)
ki'udbâ (romanization)

From 𒆠 (ki, “place”) + 𒌓 (ud, “day”) + 𒁀 (ba /bâ/, “in this”), literally “in this day and place”.

there and then, once upon a time, formerly


𒆠𒁀

ki-ba (romanization)
kibâ (romanization)

From 𒆠 (ki, “place”) + 𒁀 (ba /bâ/, “in this”).


𒇽𒅇

Contraction of 𒇽 (lu₂ /lu/, “person”) + 𒂊 (e, ergative case marker).


𒋢𒀀𒂔𒇲

head

𒋢𒀀𒂔𒇲 • (^(kuš)ummu₃, ^(kuš)ummud /ummud/)


𒀀𒂔𒇲

Alternative form of 𒋢𒀀𒂔𒇲 (^(kuš)ummu₃ /ummud/)


𒌉𒂠

From 𒌉 (dumu, “child”) + 𒂠 (gir₁₅ /gir/, “native, indigenous”).


𒌉𒂠

Alternative form of 𒄑𒌉𒂠 (^(g̃eš)kug̃₅ /kug̃/)


𒉆𒀵

From 𒉆- (nam-, abstract noun formative) + 𒀵 (arad₂, “slave”).


𒋛𒀀

diri (romanization)
dirig (romanization)


𒉡𒈨𒀀

nu-me-a (romanization)
numeâ (romanization)

From 𒉡 (nu, “not”) + 𒈨 (me, “to be”) + 𒀀 (a, nominalising suffix) + 𒀀 (a, locative case), literally “in not being”, in combination with a noun in the comitative case (literally: "when it is/was not together with").

compound

𒂷𒁕/𒀀𒉈𒁕 𒉡𒈨𒀀

𒈗𒁕 𒉡𒈨𒀀

(with comitative) without (the permission of)


𒁯𒈗𒄷

→ Akkadian: 𒁯𒈗𒄷 (tarlugallum)


𒅆𒋧

𒅆⫽𒋧 (canonical)
igi sig₁₀ (romanization)
igi sig (romanization)

From 𒅆 (igi, “eye”) + 𒋧 (sig₁₀, “to put onto”).


𒄑𒊏

𒄑⫽𒊏 (canonical)
g̃eš raḫ₂ (romanization)
g̃eš raḫ (romanization)

From 𒄑 (g̃eš, “wood”) + 𒊏 (raḫ₂ /raḫ/, “to beat”).


𒌓𒅗𒁇𒋗

zabar-šu (romanization)
zabaršu (romanization)

From 𒌓𒅗𒁇 (zabar, “bronze”) + 𒋗 (šu, “hand”).


𒊕𒈪𒂵

From 𒊕 (sag̃, “head”) + 𒈪𒂵 (gig₂-ga /giga/, “black”), literally “black head”.

Black Headed Ones (native designation for the Sumerians)


𒅗𒄄

𒅗⫽𒄄 (canonical)
inim gi₄ (romanization)
inim gi (romanization)

From 𒅗 (inim, “word”) + 𒄄 (gi₄, “to return”).


𒅗𒌤

𒅗⫽𒌤 (canonical)
gu₃ de₂ (romanization)
gu de (romanization)

From 𒅗 (gu₃ /gu/, “voice”) + 𒌤 (de₂ /de/, “to pour”).


𒅆𒃻

From 𒅆 (igi, “eye”) + 𒃻 (g̃ar, “to set”).


𒅆𒊒

to come into view or consideration, be revealed


𒅗𒋧

Alternative form of 𒄖𒋧 (gu-šum₂ /gušum/)


𒀭𒋀𒆠

head

𒀭𒋀𒆠 • (ᵈŠEŠ.KI, ᵈnanna, ᵈnannar /Nanna/)

ᵈŠEŠ.KI (romanization)
ᵈnanna (romanization)
ᵈnannar (romanization)
Nanna (romanization)

Probably a pre-Sumerian substrate word. Originally spelt 𒀭𒋀𒈾 (ᵈŠEŠⁿᵃ), with the last sign just being a phonetic complement. An r-Auslaut has been proposed on the basis of the poetic Akkadian term 𒀭𒋀𒆠 (nannārum, “luminary, light”), an epithet of 𒀭𒂗𒍪 (Sîn) (the Akkadian moon god) or 𒌋𒁯 (Ištar), but no inner-Sumerian evidence exists to support this hypothesis.

Nanna, the moon god, patron of Ur (corresponding to Akkadian Sin)


𒋀𒆠

Alternative form of 𒀭𒋀𒆠 (ᵈnanna /Nanna/)


𒀀𒄄

𒀀⫽𒄄 (canonical)
a gi₄ (romanization)
a gi (romanization)


𒀉𒃻

𒀉⫽𒃻 (canonical)
a₂ g̃ar (romanization)
a g̃ar (romanization)


𒃻𒀉𒃻

𒃻𒀉𒃻𒂠𒀝


𒊕𒄄

𒊕⫽𒄄 (canonical)
sag̃ gi₄ (romanization)
sag̃ gi (romanization)


𒉆𒄘

From 𒉆- (nam-, abstract noun formative) + 𒄘 (gu₂ /gu/, “load, burden”).


𒈨𒂗

(From Old Akkadian on) first/second-person singular of 𒈨 (me, “to be”)


𒀀𒀭

Reconstructed as being derived from *ame (vocalic prefix /a/ + independent copula /me/), through the dropping of the final vowel and cliticization.

(From Old Akkadian on) third-person singular enclitic form of 𒈨 (me, “to be”)


𒀀𒀭

head

𒀀𒀭 • (šeg̃₃ /šeg̃/)

sux-verb

𒀀𒀭 • (šeg̃₃ /šeg̃/)

šeg̃₃ (romanization)
šeg̃ (romanization)


𒈠𒈬

ma-mu (romanization)
mamud (romanization)


𒈪𒉌𒄑

G̃ipar, cloister (a specific building in the religious precinct)


𒊕𒅍

𒊕⫽𒅍 (canonical)
sag̃ il₂ (romanization)
sag̃ il (romanization)


𒊕𒁍

𒊕⫽𒁍 (canonical)
sag̃ gid₂ (romanization)
sag̃ gid (romanization)


𒃮𒋗𒃻

gaba-šu-g̃ar (romanization)
gabašug̃ar (romanization)


𒀭𒎏𒄢

head

𒀭𒎏𒄢 • (ᵈnin-sun₂, ᵈnin-sumun₂ /Ninsumunak/)


𒀭𒆠

an-ki (romanization)
ānki (romanization)

From 𒀭 (an, “heaven”) + 𒆠 (ki, “earth”).


𒇶

Alternative form of 𒇶𒆠 (arattaᵏⁱ /aratta/)


𒀀𒉌

(enclitic) his/her (third-person human possessive pronoun)


𒂍𒃻𒂵

From 𒂍 (e₂ /ē/, “house”) + 𒃻𒂵 (nig̃₂-gur₁₁ /nig̃gur/, “property”), literally “house of the property”.


𒀀𒉈𒉈

a-ne-ne (romanization)
anēnē (romanization)

From 𒀀𒉈 (a-ne /anē/, “he/she”) + 𒂊𒉈 (e-ne /enē/, plural marker).

they (third-person plural personal pronoun)


𒀀𒉈𒉈

From 𒀀𒉌 (a-ne₂ /ane/, “his/her”) + 𒂊𒉈 (e-ne /enē/, plural marker).

(enclitic) their (third-person plural possessive pronoun)


𒍪𒉈𒉈

zu-ne-ne (romanization)
zunēnē (romanization)

Plural form of 𒍪 (zu, “thou, you”) modelled on 𒀀𒉈𒉈 (a-ne-ne /anēnē/, “their”). See also 𒍪𒉈 (zu-ne /zunē/, “your, of you all”).

(enclitic) your, of you all (second-person plural possessive pronoun)


𒀀𒉈

a-ne (romanization)
anē (romanization)
𒂊𒉈 (alternative)

𒃻 𒉌𒍪𒀀 𒀀𒉈 𒅔𒂵𒀭𒍪

𒀀𒉈𒁕𒉡𒈨𒀀

he, she (third-person singular personal pronoun)


𒋗𒁶

𒋗⫽𒁶 (canonical)
šu dim₂ (romanization)
šu dim (romanization)


𒁶𒈠

From Akkadian 𒅗𒄭 (ṭēmum, “decision, plan, instruction”).


𒂠𒁍𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒁍𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


samanX

Romanization of 𒊺𒁍𒉣𒂠 (samanₓ(ŠE.BU.NUN.EŠ₂))

𒂠𒁍𒂠𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒁍𒂠𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian

Romanization of 𒂠𒁍𒂠𒉣𒂠𒌅 (samanₓ(EŠ₂.BU.EŠ₂.NUN.EŠ₂.TU))

𒂠𒋤𒌓𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒌓𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian

Romanization of 𒂠𒋤𒌓𒉣𒂠𒌅 (samanₓ(EŠ₂.SUD.UD.NUN.EŠ₂.TU))

Romanization of 𒂠𒋤𒂠𒌅 (samanₓ(EŠ₂.SUD.EŠ₂.TU))

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒌅𒂠 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒌅𒂠#Sumerian

Romanization of 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒌅𒂠 (samanₓ(EŠ₂.SUD.NUN.TU.EŠ₂))


𒀉𒌉

arḫuš₅ (romanization)
arḫuš (romanization)


𒀉𒊩

arḫuš₆ (romanization)
arḫuš (romanization)


𒁔𒃲

ušum-gal (romanization)
ušumgal (romanization)


𒂠𒁍𒉣𒂠𒌅

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


𒊺𒂠𒉣𒁍

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


𒊺𒁍𒉣𒂠

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


𒂠𒁍𒂠𒉣𒂠𒌅

head

𒂠𒁍𒂠𒉣𒂠𒌅 • (samanₓ(EŠ₂.BU.EŠ₂.NUN.EŠ₂.TU) /saman/)

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


𒂠𒋤𒌓𒉣𒂠𒌅

𒂠𒋤𒌓𒉣𒂠𒌅 • (samanₓ(EŠ₂.SUD.UD.NUN.EŠ₂.TU) /saman/)

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


𒂠𒋤𒂠𒌅

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


𒂠𒋤𒉣𒌅𒂠

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒌅𒂠 • (samanₓ(EŠ₂.SUD.NUN.TU.EŠ₂) /saman/)

𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅 𒂠𒋤𒉣𒂠𒌅#Sumerian


𒄑𒉌

g̃iš-zal (romanization)
g̃izzal (romanization)


𒄑𒌆𒉿𒋔𒀝

𒄑𒌆𒉿𒋔⫽𒀝 (canonical)
g̃izzal a₅ (romanization)
g̃izzal ak (romanization)

From 𒄑𒌆𒉿𒋔 (g̃izzal, “attention”) and 𒀝 (a₅, ak /ak/, “to do”).


𒐺

𒐺 • (eš₁₆ /eš/)


Romanization of 𒀼 (eš₁₆) (Unicode Cuneiform block)

Romanization of 𒐺 (eš₁₆) (Unicode Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation block)


𒅎𒈠

im-ma (romanization)
imma (romanization)


𒀠𒆕

𒀠⫽𒆕 (canonical)
al du₃ (romanization)
al du (romanization)


𒀠𒅗

𒀠⫽𒅗 (canonical)
al dug₄ (romanization)
al dug (romanization)


𒐻

𒐻 • (eš₂₁ /eš/)


𒃻𒄃

From 𒃻 (nig̃₂ /nig̃/, “thing”) + 𒄃 (gilim) for 𒉾 (gilim₂ /gilim/, “rodent”).


𒄀𒄃

ᵍⁱgilim (romanization)
gilim (romanization)


𒄀𒄃

rope (of entwined reed cords), cables (used as construction material)


𒅗𒄭

dima (romanization)
dema (romanization)
dimma (romanization)

Alternative form of 𒁶𒈠 (dim₂-ma /dimma/)


𒅎𒋗𒆸

ⁱᵐšu-rin (romanization)
šurin (romanization)


𒃲𒉌

𒃲𒉌 • (santana, šandana, GAL.NI /santanak, šandanak/)

santana (romanization)
šandana (romanization)
GAL.NI (romanization)
santanak (romanization)
šandanak (romanization)


𒈲𒍽

muš-ḫuš (romanization)
mušḫuš (romanization)

"fierce snake" (a mythical or literary serpent, later a symbol of Marduk)


𒂚𒇷

Alternative form of 𒂗𒈨𒇷 (ensi, “dream interpreter”)


𒄭𒊬

𒄭𒊬 • (ḫiˢᵃʳ /ḫiz/)

desctree

→? Akkadian: 𒌑𒄭𒄑𒊬 (ḫassū)
→ Aramaic: חַסָּא (ḥassā)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܚܲܣܵܐ (ḥassā)
Classical Syriac: ܚܣܬܐ
→ Arabic: خَسّ (ḵass) (see there for further descendants)
→ Hebrew: חַסָּה (khása)


𒄭𒄑𒊬

ḫi-izˢᵃʳ (romanization)
ḫiz (romanization)


𒀭𒊨

an-dul (romanization)
andul (romanization)


𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠

me-luḫ-ḫaᵏⁱ (romanization)
Meluḫḫa (romanization)

Unknown; might be a borrowing from Proto-Dravidian *mel-Vkku.


𒉺𒅁

to cut, peel, incise, dig, draw, make clear, collect


𒀀𒀀𒈝

a-a-lum (romanization)
aya-lum (romanization)
ayalum (romanization)

Borrowed from Akkadian 𒀀𒀀𒈝 (ayyalum, “stag, deer”).


𒄿𒋛𒅖

i-si-iš (romanization)
isiš (romanization)


𒂇

𒂇 (canonical)
𒂆 (canonical)
nimgir (romanization)
nig̃ir (romanization)


𒀭𒉎𒂂𒄷

Origin unknown. Earlier 𒈪. Spelling with 𒉎𒂂 (im-dugud, “heavy wind”) in attribution to storm diety 𒅎. Perhaps ultimately from 𒀭 (An, “heaven”) + 𒍪 (zu, “to know”).


𒅎𒍇𒇻

head

ᵗᵘᵐᵘulu₃ˡᵘ, ⁱᵐu₁₈-lu

𒅎𒍇𒇻 • (ᵗᵘᵐᵘulu₃ˡᵘ, ⁱᵐu₁₈-lu /ulu/)

ᵗᵘᵐᵘulu₃ˡᵘ (romanization)
ⁱᵐu₁₈-lu (romanization)
ulu (romanization)


𒌨𒁳

ur-dib (romanization)
urdib (romanization)


𒀭𒌨𒄞

Alternative spelling of 𒌨𒁳 (ur-dib /urdib/)


𒅴𒁄

𒅴 (eme, “tongue”) + 𒁄 (bala, “to turn around”)


𒉏𒆠

elamᵏⁱ (romanization)
Elam (romanization)

desctree

→ Akkadian: 𒉏𒈠𒆠 (Elamtu)
→ Arabic: عِيلَام (ʕīlām)
→ Biblical Hebrew: עֵילָם (ʕelɔ́m)
→ English: Elam

Borrowed from Elamite 𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾 (ḫalˡᵃ-tam₆-ti /haltamti/).


𒂗𒉆

en-nam (romanization)
enam (romanization)


𒄚

ugurₓ (romanization)
ugur (romanization)


𒂊𒉈

𒎏𒂊𒉈


𒄀𒅆𒆕

gi-šukur (romanization)
gišukur (romanization)


𒀭𒎏𒅁

ᵈnin-urta (romanization)
Ninurtak (romanization)

Ninurta (Sumerian farmer and warrior god)


𒍏𒊿

ᵘʳᵘᵈdur₁₀ (romanization)
dur (romanization)


𒍏𒊿

head

𒍏𒊿 • (ᵘʳᵘᵈšen /šen/)

ᵘʳᵘᵈšen (romanization)
šen (romanization)


𒍏𒆥

ᵘʳᵘᵈkin (romanization)
kin (romanization)


𒄑𒊑

crossbar, gangplank, rack of shelf, crosspiece, traverse beam, pole


𒄑𒈿

g̃eš-nud (romanization)
g̃ešnud (romanization)


𒁕𒂵𒈾

da-ga-na (romanization)
daggan (romanization)


𒋗𒅆

šu-si (romanization)
šusi (romanization)


𒍜𒉌

𒍜𒉌 • (ᵘᶻᵘsuš₂ /suš/)

ᵘᶻᵘsuš₂ (romanization)
suš (romanization)