EU

US (a country in North America); initialism of Estados Unidos (“United States”)


pie

Inherited from Old Spanish pie, from Latin pedem.
Cognate with Asturian pie, Galician and Portuguese pé, and Catalan peu. As an English unit, a calque of English foot.

(historical, measure) pie, a Spanish foot (a former unit of length equivalent to about 27.9 cm)

(design, typography) footer (the bottom of a page or design)


Iraq

Alternative spelling of Irak: Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Colombia

From Italian Colombo (“Cristoforo Colombo”) + -ia. Named after Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) in 1819, from Francisco de Miranda's use of the term to designate Spanish America in the 1790s.

suffix

Italian <i class="Latn mention" lang="it">Colombo</i>


Bahamas

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


Austria

Borrowed from Latin Austria, a Latinization of Old High German Ostarrîchi, from an element meaning "east" (Proto-Germanic *austrą, compare Swedish öster) + rīhhi (“realm”) (compare modern German Reich (“realm”)).


Ecuador

→ Japanese: エクアドル (Ekuadoru)

→ Tagalog: Ekwadór


Honduras

Literally, “depths”. From a quote attributed to Christopher Columbus, "Thanks to God that we have left these Depths".


Bangladesh

[bãŋ.ɡlaˈð̞eʃ]


Chile

→ Rapa Nui: Tire

From Quechua chiri (“cold”) or chili, or from Mapudungun chilli (“seagull Larus dominicanus”).


Bulgaria

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


México

→ Dutch: Mexico

desctree

→ English: Mexico, México, Mehico
→ Assamese: মেক্সিকো (meksikü)
→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܡܟܣܝܩܘ (mksiqw)
→ Burmese: မက္ကဆီကို (makka.hcikui)
→ Chinese: 墨西哥 (Mòxīgē)
→ Dhivehi: މެކްސިކޯ (mek̊sikō)
→ Finnish: Meksiko
→ Hebrew: מֶקְסִיקוֹ (méksiko)
→ Hindi: मेक्सिको (meksiko)
→ Irish: Meicsiceo
→ Japanese: メキシコ (Mekishiko)
→ Korean: 멕시코 (Meksiko)
→ Thai: เม็กซิโก (mék-sí-goo)
→ Yoruba: Mẹ́síkò

→ Esperanto: Meksiko

→ Faroese: Meksiko

→ French: Mexique
Antillean Creole: Meksik
Haitian Creole: Meksik
→ Arabic: المكسيك
→ Persian: مکزیک (mekzik)
→ Khmer: ម៉ិចស៊ិក (məcsɨk)
→ Norman: Mexique

→ German: Mexiko

→ Greek: Μεξικό (Mexikó)

→ Japanese: メヒコ (Mehiko)

→ Korean: 메히꼬 (Mehikko)

→ Polish: Meksyk

→ Portuguese: México

→ Slovak: Mexiko

→ Tagalog: Mehiko

→ Vietnamese: Mê-hi-cô

→ Yiddish: מעקסיקע (meksike)

1579, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco, originally a toponym for the Valley of Mexico. Aside from the element -co, the Nahuatl locative suffix, the etymology of this place-name remains uncertain.
It has been suggested to be derived from Mēxihtli, a name belonging to the Aztecs' patron god Huitzilopochtli, in which case the associated locative name could be interpreted as ("place of Huitzilopochtli" or “place where Huitzilopochtli lives”). Another hypothesis suggests the name to be a portmanteau of the words mētztli (“moon”) + xīctli (“navel”), hence the hypothetical original form *Mētzxīcco, meaning “place at the navel/center of the moon”, perhaps referring to the city of Tenochtitlan's position in Lake Texcoco, which was the central lake of a system of interconnected lakes whose shape was likened to that of a rabbit by the Aztecs; an animal associated to the moon. (If that is the case, then the sound of tz /t͡s/ in mētz- has been absorbed into the initial x /ʃ/ of -xīc-, while the geminate cc /kː/ in -xīcco has been transformed into the consonant cluster hc /ʔk/.) A third hypothesis suggests a derivation incorporating metl (“maguey”) (stem me-), perhaps from Mēctli, a maguey goddess, Proto-Uto-Aztecan [Term?].

Aguascalientes · Baja California · Baja California Sur · Campeche · Chiapas · Chihuahua · Coahuila · Colima · Durango · Guanajuato · Guerrero · Hidalgo · Jalisco · México · Michoacán · Morelos · Nayarit · Nuevo León · Oaxaca · Puebla · Querétaro · Quintana Roo · San Luis Potosí · Sinaloa · Sonora · Tabasco · Tamaulipas · Tlaxcala · Veracruz · Yucatán · Zacatecas

State of Mexico, Mexico State (a state of Mexico; capital: Toluca)

(Mexico) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


Nicaragua

Unknown. One theory is that it was coined by Spanish colonists based upon the name of the local chief at that time, Classical Nahuatl Nicarao (“Nicarao”) + agua (“water”). Another is that it may have meant ‘surrounded by water’ in an indigenous language. (This could either be a reference to its two large freshwater lakes, Lake Nicaragua and Lake Managua, or to the fact that it bounded on the east and the west by oceans.)

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


Brasil

Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


Argentina

From argentino (“silvery”), in reference to the Río de la Plata ("silver river"), since first European explorers, looking for gold and silver, thought it looked like silver because of the reflection of sunlight.


Nigeria

Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


Bolivia

From Bolív(ar) + -ia; coined by Bolivian pastor and deputy Manuel Martín Cruz in October 1825 stating, “if from Romulus, Rome; from Bolivar, Bolivia”.


Malawi

Alternative spelling of Malaui: Malawi (a country in Southern Africa)


Indonesia

Composed of Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”)

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


Kiribati

Kiribati (A country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania)


Kuwait

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Andorra

Probably from a Basque word andurrial (“shrub-covered land”), but it may come from Arabic الدُرَّا (ad-durrā, “the forest”).

der

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


Guatemala

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl Cuauhtēmallān, from cuauhtēmalli (“woodpile”) + -tlān (“place”).

bor+

salir de Guatemala y meterse en Guatepeor

Guatemala (a country in Central America)

Guatemala City (the capital city of Guatemala)


Nepal

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


Mozambique

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


Jamaica

→ Tagalog: Hamayka

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Uruguay

Disputed, either:
* Guaraní urugua y (literally “water shellfish”), from urugua (“shellfish”) + y (“water”); or
* Guaraní uru gua y (literally “type of water bird”) from uru (“type of bird”) + gua (“from”) + y (“water”).

com

Uruguay River (a major river in South America)


Madagascar

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


Nauru

Nauru (a country and island in Oceania, in the Pacific Ocean)


Mongolia

Mongolia (a country in East Asia; capital: Ulán Bator)


Venezuela

Inherited from Old Spanish Veneçuela (from Venecia (“Venice”) + -uela).


El Salvador

→ Japanese: エルサルバドル (Eru Sarubadoru)

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


Uganda

From Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


Paraguay

Borrowed from Guaraní Paraguay, formed either from para (“sea”) + gúa (“bordering”) or from paraguã (“crown of feathers”) + y (“river”).

Paraguay River (a major river in South America)


Cuba

→ Tagalog: Kuba

Disputed; likely from Taíno cubao (“abundant fertile land”) or coabana (“great place”).

unk

Disputed

Cuba (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Yemen

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Tonga

Tonga (a country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania)


Israel

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)


Tuvalu

Tuvalu (a country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania)


Aruba

Aruba (an island, dependent territory, and constituent country of the Netherlands, in the Caribbean Sea)


Seychelles

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


Vanuatu

Vanuatu (a country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania)


Jan Mayen

[ˌɟ͡ʝãm ˈma.ʝẽn]

[ˌɟ͡ʝãm ˈma.ʝẽn]

Jan Mayen (an island in Norway in the Arctic Ocean)


Armenia

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)

A town in the Sonsonate department, El Salvador


Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)


San Marino

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Somalia

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


Dominica

→ Japanese: ドミニカ (Dominika)

Dominica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Albania

→ Tagalog: Albanya

Albania (a country in Southeast Europe; capital: Tirana)


India

Borrowed from Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδία (Indía), from Ἰνδός (Indós, “Indus River”), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš) (modern Persian هند (hend)) from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “a river, stream”).


Burkina Faso

From Moore burkĩna (“honest”) + Dyula faso (“father's house”), coined by Thomas Sankara.

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)


Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico (a commonwealth, island and dependent territory of the United States in the Caribbean)


Montserrat

Borrowed from Catalan Montserrat, from mont (“hill”) + serrat (“jagged”).

Montserrat (an island and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean)

Montserrat (a mountain range in Catalonia, Spain, near Barcelona, the site of a monastery)


Guam

Guam (an island and overseas territory of the United States in Micronesia)


Portugal

From Latin Portucale < Portus Cale, former name of what is now the city of Vila Nova de Gaia.

Portugal (a country in Southern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula)


China

→ Tagalog: Tsina

Ultimately from Sanskrit चीन (cīna), ultimately possibly from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin).


Micronesia

Micronesia (a geographical region of Oceania)

Micronesia (A country consisting of about 2000 islands in Oceania)


Barbados

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Malta

→ Tagalog: Malta

From Italian and Maltese Malta, from Arabic, from Latin Melita, from Ancient Greek, possibly from Phoenician 𐤌𐤋𐤈 (mlṭ), q.v.

República de Malta
República de Malta#Spanish

Malta (an island country in Southern Europe; official name: República de Malta)

Malta (The largest island in the Maltese Archipelago)


Eritrea

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


Costa Rica

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


Congo

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)

Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Congo (a large river in Africa, which flows for about 4,380 km (2,720 miles) to the Atlantic Ocean in the Democratic Republic of Congo)


Samoa

Samoa (A country consisting of the western part of the Samoan archipelago in Polynesia, in Oceania)


Macedonia

Antigua República Yugoslava de Macedonia


Australia

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


Georgia

Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


Montreal

Montreal (the largest city in Quebec, Canada)


Quebec

Quebec, Quebec City (the capital city of the province of Quebec, Canada)


iceberg

[i.θeˈβ̞eɾɣ̞]

[ˈai̯z.β̞eɾɣ̞]

Borrowed from English iceberg, from Dutch ijsberg (literally “ice mountain”).

la punta del iceberg


Tasmania

Tasmania (a state and island in Australia)


Victoria

From the Latin Victoria; also shortened from María (de la) Victoria, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary as "Our Lady of Victory".

A town in the Cabañas department, El Salvador

Victoria (a commune and city in Victoria, Chile)


Amazonas

→⇒ Ye'kwana: Amasonanña

A state of the North Region, Brazil. Capital: Manaus


Paraná

Borrowed from Old Tupi paranã (“river”).

Paraná (a river in central and southern South America)

Paraná (a state of the South Region, Brazil; capital: Curitiba)

Paraná (the provincial capital of Entre Ríos, Argentina)

Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul#English

Paraná (a municipality of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)


Brisbane

Brisbane (the capital of Queensland, Australia)


Ontario

Borrowed from English Ontario, probably from Wyandot ontari꞉io.

Ontario (a province in eastern Canada; capital: Toronto)


Curitiba

Curitiba (a municipality, the state capital of Paraná, Brazil)


Brasilia

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; state capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


Edmonton

Edmonton (the capital city of Alberta, Canada)


Melbourne

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


Delhi

Delhi (a megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi)


Canberra

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


acre

es-adj

acre m or f (masculine and feminine plural acres)


Trivandrum

Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum (a city, the state capital of Kerala, India)


Hyderabad

The capital and largest city of Telangana, India.

Hyderabad (a district of Telangana, India)


Georgetown

[ˈɟ͡ʝoɾt͡ʃ.t̪ãũn]

[ˈɟ͡ʝoɾt͡ʃ.t̪ãũn]

[ˈʃoɾt͡ʃ.t̪ãũn]

[ˈʒoɾt͡ʃ.t̪ãũn]


Ottawa

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; capital city of Canada)


Bangalore

Bangalore (a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India)


Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur (the capital city of Malaysia)


Bombay

Mumbai, Bombay (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


Hong Kong

Hong Kong (a city, island, and special administrative region in southeastern China)


canal

→ Tagalog: kanal

Inherited from Old Spanish canal, from Latin canālis (“channel; canal”).


Bosnia-Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Asia

América

Norteamérica/América del Norte, Sudamérica/Suramérica/América del Sur


Amsterdam

Amsterdam (a city and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands; capital city of the Netherlands)


Madrid

Formerly Magerit; etymology uncertain, but probably derived from one or more of the following:
* Latin matrix (“mother or womb [of rivers]”),
* Arabic مَجْرًى (majran, “channel”)
* hypothetical Celtic *Mageto-ɸritus (“great ford”)

der

Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid#English

autonomous community
autonomous community

Madrid, Community of Madrid (an autonomous community of Spain)

Madrid (a province of the Community of Madrid, Spain)


California

Calafia
Las sergas de Esplandián
Reconquista

First attested in Montalvo's Las sergas de Esplandián as the name of Calafia's monarchy. A name invented by the author to remind Spanish readers of the recent Reconquista, probably based on califa (“caliph”).

California (a state of the United States)

A town in the Usulután department, El Salvador


delta

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta).


Toscana

administrative region
administrative region

Tuscany (an administrative region of Italy, located north of Lazio and south of Emilia-Romagna)


Caracas

→⇒ Ye'kwana: Kadakanña


Belfast

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

Belfast (the capital city of Northern Ireland)


Liguria

From Latin Liguria, from Ancient Greek Λίγυς (Lígus).

Liguria (an administrative region of northwest Italy)


Kiev

Kyiv (The capital city of Ukraine and the administrative centre of Kyiv Oblast)


Lhasa

Lhasa (the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Quito

Named after the Quitu tribe. The name is a combination of two Tsafiki words: quitso (“center”) + to (“the world”); roughly translating as "center of the world."


Padua

Padua (the capital city of Padua, Italy)


Nicosia

From Medieval Latin and Old French Nicosia, from Byzantine Greek Λευκωσία (Leukōsía), q.v. Doublet of Lefkosia.

Nicosia (the capital city of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus)


Silesia

Silesia (a historical region in Central Europe, shared between the Czech Republic and Poland)


Montevideo

Montevideo (the capital city of Uruguay)


La Paz

es:La Paz (Baja California Sur)
es:la Paz

La Paz (a city, the department capital of the La Paz department, Honduras)

Baja California Sur
Baja California Sur#English

La Paz (the capital city of Baja California Sur, Mexico)


Glasgow

Unadapted borrowing from English Glasgow.

ubor

Glasgow (a major city and council area of Scotland, largest city in Scotland)


Kabul

Ultimately from Classical Persian کابل (kābul).

Holonym: Afganistán


Trinidad

a female given name, referring to the Holy Trinity


Tarragona

Tarragona (a province of Catalonia, Spain; capital: Tarragona)


Bali

Bali (an island and province of Indonesia)


Oslo

Oslo (a county and municipality, the capital city of Norway)


Tirana

Tirana (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Albania, located in the center of the country west of the mountain of Dajti on the plain of Tirana; it is the seat of its eponymous county and municipality)


Zagreb

[ˈθa.ɣ̞ɾeβ̞]

[ˈsa.ɣ̞ɾeβ̞]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


Florida

Named la florida (“the land of flowers”) by Spanish explorer Ponce de León, referring to its blooming vegetation and the current season having been Pascua Florida.

Florida (a peninsula in the state of Florida, United States)


Campania

Campania (an administrative region of southern Italy)


Virginia

Borrowed from English Virginia, from Latin Virginia.


Calabria

Calabria (a peninsula and administrative region of southern Italy)


Apulia

Apulia (a peninsula and administrative region in southern Italy)


Manila

Borrowed from Tagalog Maynila, from may (“there is”) + nila (“indigo”), Tagalog nila from Sanskrit नील (nīla).

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines; regional capital of Metro Manila, in the island of Luzon)


Bolzano

Trentino-Alto Adige
Trentino-Alto Adige#English

Bolzano (the provincial capital of South Tyrol, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy)


Barcelona

Barcelona (the capital city of Catalonia, Spain)

Barcelona (a province of Catalonia, Spain)


Biella

Biella (a city and province of Piedmont, Italy)


Liverpool

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Liverpool (a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England)

Liverpool (a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)


Valencia

→ Cebuano: Valencia

→ Chinese: 巴倫西亞 /巴伦西亚 (Bālúnxīyà)

→ Tagalog: Valencia

Borrowed from Catalan València, from Latin Valentia.

Valencia (the capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)

Valencian Community
Valencian Community#English

Valencia, Valencian Community (an autonomous community of Spain)

Valencia (a province of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)


Java

→ Tagalog: Haba


Como

Como (a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)


Benevento

Benevento (a province of Campania, Italy)

Benevento (the capital city of the province of Benevento, Campania, Italy)


Brescia

Brescia (the capital city of Brescia province, Lombardy, Italy)


Livorno

Borrowed from Italian Livorno, from Old Italian Legorno, from Latin Liburnus, from Liburnī, name of the ancient population of Liburnians.

Livorno (a province and city in Tuscany, Italy)


Salerno

Salerno (a city and province of Campania, Italy)


Formosa

From Vuelta la Formosa and Vuelta Fermosa (“Beautiful Turn”) in reference to a bend in the Paraguay River near the city, from Old Spanish fermosa, from Latin formosa.

Formosa (a department of Argentina, around the city)

Formosa (a province of Argentina, around the city)


España

desc

→ Arabic: إسبانيا

→ Arabic: إسبانيا

⇒ Finnish: Espanja

→ Guaraní: Epáña

→ Korean: 에스파냐 (eseupanya), 에스빠냐 (eseuppanya)

→ Quechua: Ispaña

→ Tagalog: Espanya

Inherited from Old Spanish Espanna (“Iberian Peninsula”), from Latin Hispānia, possibly derived from the Punic אי שפן (I-Shaphan, “coast of hyraxes”).

der

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Chisinau

Chișinău (the capital city and municipality of Moldova)


Vaduz

Vaduz (a town and municipality, the capital of Liechtenstein)


Utrecht

Utrecht (a city and capital of Utrecht, Netherlands)


oasis

Borrowed from Late Latin Oasis (“name of various oases”), from Ancient Greek Ὄασις (Óasis), from Demotic wḥj, from Egyptian wḥꜣt (“oasis, cauldron”), G43-V28-G1-X1:N25.


libra

From Latin libra (“Roman pound, scale”). Doublet of lira. In reference to the English unit, a calque of English pound. Cognate with Galician and Portuguese libra and Catalan lliura.

British pound (the currency of the United Kingdom and its dependencies, originally notionally equivalent to a pound of stirling silver)


Gdansk

Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Gdańsk (the capital city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Azores

Fuimos a las Azores.


Douglas

Unadapted borrowing from English Douglas.

ubor

Douglas (the capital city of the Isle of Man, United Kingdom)


Cambridge

Cambridge m or f same meaning (canonical)


lago

Inherited from Old Spanish lago, from Latin lacus, from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”).

inh

laguna

smaller than lago but bigger than charca


Canadá

Borrowed from French Canada, from Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”).


Rusia

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Russia, from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ, “Varangians, inhabitants of Rus”).

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


abanico aluvial

es-noun

abanico aluvial m (plural abanicos aluviales)


Bratislava

Bratislava (the capital city of Slovakia)


Cali

From Calima, a pre-Columbian culture, itself from a native (possibly Cariban) language.


vera

Plectrocarpa arborea
Wikispecies:Plectrocarpa arborea

Bulnesia arborea
Wikispecies:Bulnesia arborea

verawood (Plectrocarpa arborea, syn. Bulnesia arborea)


Bondi

(Lunfardo) Bondi (a colectivo in Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Bondi (a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)


Egipto

→ Basque: ijito (“Roma”)

→ Kapampangan: Eyiptu

→ Quechua: Ihiptu

→ Tagalog: Ehipto

From Latin Aegyptus, from Ancient Greek Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos).

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Italia

→ Tagalog: Italya

From Latin Italia via Ancient Greek Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ (Ītalíā), from Oscan 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (víteliú, “land of bulls”), a name for the southwestern tip of the boot of Italy; usually assumed to be a cognate of vitulus (“calf”).


Alpes

Alps (a mountain range in Western Europe)


mesa

Chavacano: mesa

→ Catalan: mesa

⇒ Cebuano: lamesa

→ Chamicuro: mesa

→ Guaraní: mesa

→ English: mesa

→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: mesa

⇒ Higaonon: lamesa

→ Highland Popoluca: mesa

→ Kituba: mesa

→ O'odham: miːsa

→ Tagalog: mesa, ⇒ lamesa

→ Tausug: lamisahan

→ Ye'kwana: mesa

desc

→ Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl: mesa

→ Zoogocho Zapotec: mes

Inherited from Vulgar Latin mēsa, from Latin mēnsa. Cognate with Bengali মেজ (mej), Hindi मेज़ (mez), and Malayalam മേശ (mēśa).


Okinawa

Okinawa (an island, city, and prefecture of Japan)


Minnesota

Minnesota (a state of the United States)


Texas

desctree

→ Russian: Техас (Texas)
→ Armenian: Տեխաս (Texas)

From Hasinai Caddo táyshaʔ (“friend, ally”), used to refer to the Caddo nation.


Japón

→ Guaraní: Hapõ

→ Tagalog: Hapon, Sapon (obsolete)

From either Portuguese Japão or directly from Early Manila Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún) as recorded in the Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642), ultimately from Middle Chinese 日本 (ȵiɪt̚ puən^X, literally “sun origin”).


caverna

Borrowed from Latin caverna. Cognate with English cavern.


Colombo

Colombo (the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka)


Bilbao

Three possibilities are:
* From Basque billa (“stacking”) + Spanish vaho (“steam, mist”).
* Evolution of Spanish bello vado (“beautiful river crossing”), from the Roman name, Latin bellum vadum.
* From Basque billa-ibaia-bao (“river cove”).

Bilbao (the largest city in the Basque Country, in northern Spain, and capital city of the province of Biscay, Spain)


San Sebastián

San Sebastián (a city in the Basque Country, Spain)

A town in the San Vicente department, El Salvador


Pamplona

Inherited from Latin *Pompelōnem, Roman name of the city, reconstructible from attested Pompelōnēnsis (“related to Pamplona”), found in Pliny, and Pompaelō, the name as found in the Antonine Itinerary. Apparently named after the Roman general Pompey.

Antonine Itinerary
Pamplona
Pliny
Pompey


bahía

→ Cebuano: bahiya

Borrowed from French baie, from Late Latin baia, perhaps of Iberian origin.


costa

vivir a costa de

a toda costa


mar

mar m or f same meaning (canonical)
mares (plural)

→ Aymara: lamara

→ Classical Nahuatl: láma̱r

→ Papiamentu: lama, laman

Inherited from Latin mare (“sea”), from Proto-Italic *mari, from Proto-Indo-European *móri.

En la mar hay una torre
En la torre una ventana
En la ventana hay una hija
Que a los marineros ama.

2008, Cécile Corbel (lyrics and music), “En la mar [In the Middle of the Sea]”, in Songbook vol. 2 (CD), performed by Cécile Corbel, Brittany: Keltia Musique:

In the middle of the sea there's a tower
In the tower there's a window
At the window there's a maiden
Who loves the sailors.


Ñuñoa

From the Mapudungan ñuñowe (land of the ñuño, being Sisyrinchium arenarium).


Sicilia

Sicily (The largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, an autonomous region of Italy, close to Africa and separated from Tunisia and Libya by the Strait of Sicily)


garganta

Brill Publishers
The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel

q

French: Gargantua (a character from François Rabelais's 16th-century pentalogy The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel.)

English: gargantuan

French: gargantuesque

→ Haitian Creole: gagann

[ɡaɾˈɣ̞ãn̪.t̪a]

From a substrate language *gʷr̥h₃gn̥t- (“throat”), cognate with Proto-Celtic *brāgants (“neck, throat”) and English craw (from Proto-Germanic *k(w)ragan(þ)-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow”). Alternatively, onomatopoeic. Compare English gargle.


Europa

→⇒ Ye'kwana: Eudojanña

(astronomy) Europa (large moon of Jupiter)


playa

Cebuano: aplaya

Papiamentu: playa

Tagalog: aplaya

→ English: playa

Inherited from Late Latin plagia, from Latin plaga. Compare Portuguese praia, French plage, Italian spiaggia.


Zaire

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

(historical) Zaire (A former country (1971–1997) in Central Africa; now the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


Huancayo

Borrowed from Wanka Quechua Wankayuq ("(place) with a (sacred) rock").

Huancayo (a city in the central highlands of Peru)


Türkiye

(neologism) Türkiye, Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


EE. UU.

Initialism of Estados Unidos (“United States”).

initialism of

Básicamente, los EE. UU. quieren que allí no aparezcan graves problemas que requieran la atención y los recursos que deben usarse en otras partes.

Basically, the USA wants to keep serious problems from appearing there that would require attention and resources that should be used elsewhere.


laguna

Inherited from Latin lacūna. Cognate with English lagoon and lacuna.

lake, pond, pool (smaller than lago but bigger than charca)


Estados Unidos

United States (a country in North America)


Siria

From Latin Syria, from Ancient Greek Συρία (Suría).

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Grecia

Borrowed from Latin Graecia, from Ancient Greek Γραικός (Graikós).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


Tierra Firme

A former province of Spain, spanning some of the northern South American mainland


Navidad

head

Navidad f (plural Navidades, generally capitalized)

[na.β̞iˈð̞að̞]

Inherited from Old Spanish nauidat, naduidad, from Latin nātīvitātem (“birth”), from nātīvus, from perfect passive participle nātus (“born”), from deponent verb nāsci (“be born”). Doublet of natividad.


Iberia

Borrowed from Latin Ibēria, from Ancient Greek Ἰβηρία (Ibēría), after the river Ἶβηρος (Îbēros), which itself came from Celtiberian *Ibēr, native name for the river (modern Ebro).

Iberian peninsula
Iberian peninsula#English

Iberia, the Iberian peninsula (A region of Europe south of the Pyrenees, consisting of Andorra, Spain, Portugal, and Gibraltar)


Iberia

Kingdom of Iberia
Kingdom of Iberia#English

(historical) (historical) Iberia, Kingdom of Iberia (Antique and Byzantine name for the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli in Eastern Europe, located east of Colchis, corresponding roughly to the eastern parts of present-day Georgia)


Gibraltar

Gibraltar (a peninsula, city, and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, at the southern end of Iberia)


Francia

→ Tagalog: Pransiya

→⇒ Ye'kwana: Judansianña


Alaska

Borrowed from English Alaska, ultimately from Aleut alaxsxaq.

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawái · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Luisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Míchigan · Minnesota · Misisipi · Misuri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · Nuevo Hampshire · Nueva Jersey · Nuevo México · Nueva York · Carolina del Norte · Dakota del Norte · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregón · Pensilvania · Rhode Island · Carolina del Sur · Dakota del Sur · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · Virginia Occidental · Wisconsin · Wyoming

Samoa Americana · Guam · Islas Marianas del Norte · Puerto Rico · islas Ultramarinas Menores de los Estados Unidos · Islas Vírgenes de los Estados Unidos


Irak

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Massachusetts

Massachusetts (a state of the United States)


Rhode Island

Rhode Island (a state of the United States)


Connecticut

Connecticut (a state of the United States)


Wyoming

Unadapted borrowing from English Wyoming.


Wisconsin

Wisconsin (a state of the United States)


Tennessee

Tennessee (a state of the United States)


Washington

Washington (a state of the United States)


caldera

→ English: caldera

→ Italian: caldera

From Late Latin caldāria (“cooking-pot”), caldārium, derived from Latin caldus (“hot”). Doublet of caldero.


Himalaya

Himalayas (a mountain range in south-central Asia)


Chicago

less common, imitating English pronunciation

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)


Boston

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


Carolina

A town in the San Miguel department, El Salvador


Huang He

Yellow River (a river in northern China)


Austin

Austin (a city, the state capital of Texas, United States)


inglés

Borrowed from Old French angleis, from Old English Englisc. Compare Portuguese inglês and Italian inglese.

Hablo inglés.


Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires (the capital city of Argentina)


altiplano

La Mancha es un altiplano.


yarda

[ˈɟ͡ʝaɾ.ð̞a]

[ˈɟ͡ʝaɾ.ð̞a]

Borrowed from English yard. Cognate with Portuguese jarda.


cuarto

→ Tagalog: kuwarto

From Latin quartus. Doublet of cuarta. The sense of room is after a common division of houses (4 or 5 sections). As a unit of English measure, calque of English quart. Compare English quarter.

fourth, quarter (one of four equal divisions of a whole)

(historical) cuarto, quarter-sack (a traditional unit of dry measure equal to ¹⁄₄ saco, equivalent to about 27.8 L)

(genealogy) line, lineage (any of the four main lines of ancestry through one's various grandparents)

lot (a piece of real estate, especially one of the divisions of a large piece of land being put to sale)


Filipinas

en:Filipinas
es:Felipe II de España
es:Filipinas

From Felipe + -inas. Originally las Islas Filipinas (literally “the Philippine Isles”), named after Felipe II de España (“Philip II of Spain”).

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


Germania

(historical) Germania (an ancient region in Central Europe, roughly corresponding to modern Germany)


Polonia

Meronym: Varsovia


Melilla

→ English: Melilla

rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains, Paraguay, Philippines

Borrowed from Arabic مَلِيلْيَة (malīlya), from Tarifit Mlilt.

bor+

Melilla (an autonomous city of Spain and exclave at the edge of Morocco)


Ceuta

Borrowed from Arabic سَبْتَة (sabta) or Berber, from Latin Septem (Frātrēs) (“seven [brothers]”).


Serbia

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Asiago

a township near Vicenza in the Veneto, Italy


Alcatraz

San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay#English

Isla de Alcatraz
Isla de Alcatraz#Spanish

(US) Alcatraz (an island and former prison in California, United States, on San Francisco Bay)

Prisión Federal de Alcatraz
Prisión Federal de Alcatraz#Spanish

(prison) Ellipsis of Prisión Federal de Alcatraz.


Delgado

Delgado (a city in the San Salvador department, El Salvador)


Colonia

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


Gracias

a colonial town in the Lempira department of Honduras


Fez

Borrowed from Arabic فَاس (fās), from Berber (compare Central Atlas Tamazight ⴼⴰⵙ (fas)), probably taken from the word Fazaz, the old Berber name for the Middle Atlas mountains.


Jerez

Caere
es:Jerez de la Frontera
es:Jerez de los Caballeros

Inherited from Old Spanish Xerés, from Arabic شَرِيش (šarīš), from Latin Ceret, Caeret, which has been etymologically identified with the Caere in Etruria.

Jerez de la Frontera
Jerez de la Frontera#English

Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera (a city in western Andalusia, Spain)

Jerez de los Caballeros
Jerez de los Caballeros#English

Jerez, Jerez de los Caballeros (a town in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain)


Macao

From Portuguese Macau. See there for more info.

Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)


Granada

English: Granada

French: Grenade

English: Grenada

Turkish: Gırnata, Granada

From Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa), originally the name of a medieval suburb that was incorporated into the city.

bor

Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa)

Granada (a province of Andalusia, Spain; capital: Granada)


Margarita

Margarita (a town, a municipality of Bolívar, Colombia).


Paz

paz (“peace”), shortened from María (de la) Paz, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary as "Our Lady of Peace" .


Montenegro

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Popo

Clipping of Popocatépetl, a popular nickname for the volcano


Atlas

Borrowed from Latin Atlās, from Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas).

Atlas Mountains (a mountain range in northwestern Africa)


Pisa

Pisa (a city and province of Tuscany, Italy)


Ponce

First attested in 1646. The city is named after Spanish administrator Juan Ponce de León y Loayza.

A city and municipality of Puerto Rico, United States.


Rabat

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


Tequila

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl Tequillan, Tecuila (“place of tribute”).


Ángeles

From ángeles (“angels”), shortened from María (de los) Ángeles, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary as the Queen of Angels.
The city is shortened from El Pueblo de los Ángeles, after the Holy Guardian Angels (Santos Ángeles Custodios). Originally named Culiat.

Angeles (the largest city in Pampanga, Philippines)


Inglaterra

→ Tagalog: Inglatera

Calque of English England. Cognate with Medieval Latin Angliterra.


Alemania

Old Alemannic Alamanni (“all people”), an ancient conglomeration of Teutonic tribes.


navajo

es-adj

navajo (feminine navaja, masculine plural navajos, feminine plural navajas)

navaja (feminine)
navajos (masculine plural)
navajas (feminine plural)

Borrowed from Tewa navahu (“field adjoining an arroyo”).


navajo

es-noun

navajo m (plural navajos, feminine navaja, feminine plural navajas)

navajos (plural)
navaja (feminine)
navajas (feminine plural)

Y para pararse a comer en el Blue Pot Café, gestionado por indios navajos en Kayenta, de camino hacia Mexican Hat. Con ventiladores en lugar de aire acondicionado y con platos de cerámica en lugar de vasos de plástico, es único en la zona y, naturalmente, también el más sostenible.

2015 September 18, “Estados Unidos en 10 saltos”, in El País:

And to stop to eat at the Blue Pot Café, run by Navajo Indians in Kayenta, on the way to Mexican Hat. With fans instead of air conditioning and with ceramic plates instead of plastic cups, it is unique in the area and, naturally, also the most sustainable.


Yokohama

Yokohama (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


Samaria

Samaria (the ancient capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel, in the modern West Bank)

Samaria (an ancient region in the region of Palestine, mostly in the northern part of the modern West Bank)


Tierra del Fuego

la Tierra del Fuego (canonical feminine)

Literally, “Land of Fire”, reportedly named so by Ferdinand Magellan after the many fires lit up by the local population.

Tierra del Fuego
Tierra del Fuego#English

Tierra del Fuego (island between Chile and Argentina)

Tierra del Fuego (a province of Argentina)


Islandia

→ Tagalog: Islandya

Todos somos Islandia.


Perú

Possibly from Quechua pelu (“river”), or the name of a ruler. More at Peru.


Panamá

→ Central Huasteca Nahuatl: Panamá

→ Central Nahuatl: Panama

→ Dutch: Panama

desctree

→ English: Panama, Panamá
→ Chinese: 巴拿馬 /巴拿马 (Bānámǎ)
→ Rarotongan: Panama

→ Finnish: Panama

→ French: Panamá

→ German: Panama

→ Hungarian: Panama

→ Italian: Panama

→ New Latin: Panama

→ Polish: Panama

→ Portuguese: Panamá

→ Tagalog: Panama


Arabia

Borrowed from Latin Arabia, from Ancient Greek Ἀραβία (Arabía).

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates

Arabia (A peninsula of Western Asia between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; includes Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates)

(broader sense) Arabia (The region within or adjacent to the Arabian Plate; Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the Egyptian Sinai, Palestine and the United Arab Emirates)


monte

(Dominican Republic, Mexico, singular only) underbrush

(Dominican Republic, Mexico, singular only) weeds


Medina

Medina (the capital city of the Medina region, Saudi Arabia, holy to Islam)


Bagdad

[baɣ̞ˈð̞að̞]

Baghdad (the capital city of Iraq)
Baghdad (a governorate of Iraq)


Bohemia

Bohemia (a region of the Czech Republic)


Sahel

Sahel (semiarid region in northern Africa)


Eurasia

Eurasia (a supercontinent consisting of Europe and Asia)


Ucrania

→ Tagalog: Ukranya

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


Nilo

Inherited from Old Spanish Nilo, from Latin Nīlus, from Ancient Greek Νεῖλος (Neîlos), of Semitic origin (compare Arabic نهر (nahr), Aramaic נהרא (nahrā), Hebrew נהר (nahar, “river”)).


Bogotá

From an unattested Chibcha word variously described as the name of the surrounding region, the capital of the Muisca Confederation, the original name of the town of Funza, the name of a Muisca cacique or his title.
Various forms have been proposed as the original name, such as Bacatá (possibly a later invention ); Bocatá, meaning “fields’ end” and the name of a cacique; Bogote, referring to the Bogotá Savannah and used as a hereditary title; Muequetá, supposedly from Chibcha muyquy (“field”) + ta (“inside; field”).

Bogota, Bogotá (the capital city of Colombia)

Bogotá Savannah
Funza
Muisca Confederation


Atlanta

Atlanta (the capital city of Georgia, United States)


montaña

→ English: Montana

Inherited from Old Spanish montanna, from Early Medieval Latin montānia, a collective based on Latin montem.


Tokio

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital and largest city of Japan)


Singapur

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


Lisboa

Borrowed from Portuguese Lisboa, displacing Spanish Lisbona, both from Latin Olisīpō.


Windhoek

Windhoek (a city, the capital city of Namibia)


istmo

Learned borrowing from Latin isthmus, from Ancient Greek ῐ̓σθμός (ĭsthmós, “neck”).

(geography) isthmus (narrow strip of land)


ribera

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin rīpāria.

inh+

las aves pescan en la ribera


fuente

Inherited from Old Spanish fuente, fuent, fuant, from Latin fontem m, from Proto-Indo-European.

tanto va el cántaro a la fuente que al final se rompe


Londres

→ Tagalog: Londres

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


continente

→ Basque: kontinente

→ Tagalog: kontinente


colina

Borrowed from Italian collina, from Late Latin collīna, from the feminine of Latin collīnus, from collis (“hill”) + -ina, from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥Hnís (“top, hill, rock”).


Suiza

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


Líbano

Learned borrowing from Latin Libanus, from Ancient Greek Λίβανος (Líbanos), from a Semitic source.

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


isla

Chavacano: isla

Chamicuro: yishla

Papiamentu: isla

→ Basque: irla

→ Cebuano: isla

→ Ilocano: isla

→ Inabaknon: isla

→ Tagalog: ísla

Inherited from Old Spanish isla, from Vulgar Latin *īsula, from Latin īnsula (compare Catalan illa, French île, Galician insua, Italian isola, Portuguese ínsua). Doublet of ínsula, a borrowing. Cognate with English isle.

island (area of land surrounded by water)


cordillera

→ English: cordillera

Inherited from Old Spanish cordilla, cordiella, diminutive of cuerda (“a rope, string”). See English cord.


Cantabria

autonomous community
autonomous community

Cantabria (an autonomous community and province of Spain; capital: Santander)


Moscú

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)

Moscow (an oblast of Russia, surrounding the city of Moscow)


Córdoba

Borrowed from Arabic قُرْطُبَة (qurṭuba), itself a borrowing from Latin Corduba, from Phoenician Qartuba; originally Qart-Juba, named after Numidian king Juba I.

Cordoba (a city in Cordoba, Spain; province of Andalusia, Spain; province of Argentina; department of Colombia)


León

Legio VII Gemina
es:León (desambiguación)

Inherited from Latin legiōnem. The places in Spain are named after the Roman legion that settled them, the Legio VII Gemina. Doublet of legión, which was a learned borrowing. Unrelated to león.

Castile and León
Castile and León#English

León (a province of Castile and León, Spain; capital: León)

León (a city in Castile and León, Spain)


Kosovo

Kosovo (A partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Dacia

(historical) Dacia (an ancient region and former kingdom located in the area now known as Romania. The Dacian kingdom was conquered by the Romans and later named Romania after them.)


Andes

Borrowed from Quechua anti (“east”). More at Andes.


Calgary

Calgary (the largest city in Alberta, Canada)

Calgary (a village on the island of Mull, Scotland)


Abanto

From Andalusian Arabic abántuh ("his daughter") which could also mean "disoriented", "silly". It has been suggested as so because women, especially damsels, were seen as unaware of daily issues as they lived a pampered life and as a result were "disoriented".

A village and municipality of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain


Abanto

A municipality of Biscay, Basque Country, Spain, officially known as Abanto y Ciérvana


Karelia

Karelia (a region and republic of Russia)


Karachi

Karachi (the capital of Sindh, Pakistan)


puerto

Inherited from Old Spanish puerto, from Latin portus, from Proto-Italic *portus, from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”), from *per- (“to go forth, to cross”).


Pomerania

Pomerania (A former duchy, historical province of Prussia, and now a region split between Germany and Poland on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea)


Amarillo

Amarillo (a city in the northwest plains of Texas, United States)


Quetzaltenango

Quetzaltenango (a department of Guatemala)


piscina

Learned borrowing from Latin piscīna (“fishpond; swimming pool”), from piscis (“fish”), from Proto-Indo-European *peysk-. Doublet of pecina.


Antigua

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

Antigua (the largest island of Antigua and Barbuda, a country in the Caribbean)


Galicia

Borrowed from Portuguese or Galician Galicia, from Medieval Latin Gallicia, from Classical Latin Gallaecia, from Gallaecī (“a tribe in the region”). According to Menéndez Pidal, this term replaced Old Spanish Gallizia.

2021 January 15, “El IPC cierra el año en negativo en Galicia por primera vez desde 2015”, in La Región:

The consumption price index meets the end of the year in the negative in Galicia for the first time since 2015.

Galicia (an autonomous community of Spain)


Indochina

Indochina (a region and peninsula in Southeast Asia)


Sucre

Sucre (the constitutional capital of Bolivia)


Asunción

From asunción (“assumption (of Mary to heaven)”), shortened from María (de la) Asunción, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary.

any of a number of places, including Asunción (the capital city of Paraguay)


Paramaribo

Paramaribo (the capital city of Suriname)


Tegucigalpa

From Classical Nahuatl, though the exact word is unknown.

Tegucigalpa (the capital city of Honduras)


San José

San José (the capital city of Costa Rica)

San Jose (a city in California, United States)

A town in the La Unión department, El Salvador


San Salvador

San Salvador (the capital city of El Salvador)

San Salvador (a department of El Salvador)


Honiara

Honiara (the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


Bandar Seri Begawan

Borrowed from Malay Bandar Seri Begawan.

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital city of Brunei)


Islamabad

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan)


Santo Domingo

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Santo Domingo (the capital city of the Dominican Republic)

A town in the San Vicente department, El Salvador


Bissau

Bissau (the capital city of Guinea-Bissau)


Bridgetown

Bridgetown (the capital city of Barbados)


Bangui

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English

Bangui (the capital city of the Central African Republic)


Brazzaville

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Brazzaville (the capital city of the Republic of the Congo)


Lyon

Lyon, Lyons (the capital city of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France)


Suva

Borrowed from Fijian Suva, from suva (“mound”), from Proto-Central Eastern Oceanic *supa.


Santiago

Inherited from Latin Sanctus Iācōbus (“Saint James”), the latter word deriving from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (ya‘ăqṓḇ, “Jacob”, literally “he will/shall heel”), from עָקֵב (‘āqḗḇ, “heel of the foot”).

der

Santiago de Chile
Santiago de Chile#English

Santiago, Santiago de Chile (the capital city of Chile)

Santiago Metropolitan Region
Santiago Metropolitan Region#English

Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region (a province of Chile)

(historical) A province of Chile until 1976.

Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela#English

Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (a city in Galicia, Spain)

Santiago (one of the ten islands of Cape Verde)

Santiago
w:Santiago Province, Dominican Republic

Santiago (a province of the Dominican Republic; capital: Santiago)

The name of several cities in Chile, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Spain, and several other Spanish-speaking countries


Leeds

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Leeds (a large city and metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England)

leodensiano

Leodensian, a native or resident of Leeds


Canterbury

Unadapted borrowing from English Canterbury, from Middle English Caunterbury, Canterburi, from Old English Cantwara burh.

ubor

Canterbury (a cathedral city in Kent, England)

Canterbury (a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)


estrecho

Inherited from Old Spanish estrecho, from Latin strictus. Doublet of estricto, which was borrowed from Latin.


Sulawesi

Sulawesi (an island in Indonesia, the world's eleventh-largest island)


Orlando

Borrowed from Italian Orlando, Doublet of Rolando

Orlando (a city, the county seat of Orange County, Florida, United States, see Orlando, Florida)


Calvados

Calvados (a department of Normandy, France)


Corea

Korea (two countries of East Asia, North Korea and South Korea; the peninsula containing these two countries)


Siam

(historical) Siam (The former name of Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia)


Salamanca

Salamanca (a province of Castile and León, Spain; capital: Salamanca)


Albuquerque

Albuquerque (a city in New Mexico, United States)


Düsseldorf

Unadapted borrowing from German Düsseldorf, from the river Düssel + Dorf (“village”).

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Düsseldorf (the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


Negros

From negro, negros, after the indigenous Negrito population of the island.


Dijon

Dijon (the capital city of the Côte-d'Or department, France)


Valladolid

Attested in 11th century Latin documents in forms such as Valleolide and Valledolidi. The beginning corresponds to valle (“valley”) and the ending seemingly to Olid, a known adaptation of the Arabic name لوليد (Walīd). The additional /-d-/ would in that case represent a possessive (de).

aprovechando que el Pisuerga pasa por Valladolid

Valladolid (a province of Castile and León, Spain; capital: Valladolid)

Valladolid (a city in Valladolid, Spain)


Mindanao

Mindanao (the second largest island in the Philippines)


Toulouse

Borrowed from Latin Toulouse, from Latin Tolōsa, probably of Gaulish origin.

Toulouse (the capital city of the Haute-Garonne department, France; capital city of the region of Occitanie)


Pretoria

Pretoria (the administrative capital of South Africa)


Sevilla

Borrowed from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), a deformation of the Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /sefela/, “valley, plain”).

bor+

إِشْبِيلِيَة

der

Seville (the capital city of Andalusia, Spain)

Seville (a province of Andalusia, Spain)


Guadalajara

→ English: Guadalajara

→ French: Guadalajara

From Arabic وَادِي الْحِجَارَة (wādī l-ḥijāra, literally “valley of stones”).

وَادِي الْحِجَارَة

Castile-La Mancha
Castile-La Mancha#English

Guadalajara (a province of Castile-La Mancha, Spain; capital: Guadalajara)

Guadalajara (a city, the capital of Guadalajara, Spain)

Guadalajara (a city, the capital of Jalisco, in central Mexico)


Santa Cruz

a name of various places named after the Holy Cross

Santa Cruz (a commune and city in Colchagua, Chile)


Juchitán

→ English: Juchitán

Borrowed from a Nahuan language; equivalent to Classical Nahuatl Xōchitlān, from xōchitl (“flower”) + -tlān (“place”).


Extremadura

Believed to derive from Latin Extrēma Dūriī, alluding to the fact that the province is located beyond the Douro river.

Extremadura (an autonomous community of Spain)


Comores

Union of the Comoros
Union of the Comoros

Comoros (A country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)

Comoros (an archipelago consisting of the Union of the Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte)


Castries

Castries (the capital city of Saint Lucia)


Basseterre

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital city of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


Freetown

Freetown (the capital city of Sierra Leone)


Managua

El Infiernillo carga la fama de ser la peor mazmorra de Managua.

2023 February 10, Iker Seisdedos, “Relatos de la peor mazmorra de Nicaragua: “Nos engrillaban para dormir o cuando nos llevaban al ‘túnel’. Allí te esperaban los golpes””, in El País:


Popocatépetl

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl Popōcatepētl (literally “smoking mountain”), from popōca (“to smoke”) + tepētl (“mountain, hill”).


Kingstown

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English

Kingstown (the capital city of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)


Murcia

Various theories exist, the most common that it derived from Latin Myrta or Murtea, meaning the land of myrtle (see Latin myrta), or from Latin Murtia, from the name Murtius.

autonomous community
autonomous community

Murcia (an autonomous community and province of Spain)


Alicante

→ Cebuano: Alicante

→ English: Alicante

→ Tagalog: Alicante

From Arabic اَلقَنْت (al-qant) or لَقَنْت (laqant), from Latin Lucentum, or Leukante (Local Latin), ultimately from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white, bright”). Originally named Ἄκρα Λευκή (Ákra Leukḗ) or Λευκή Ἄκρα (Leukḗ Ákra, “white summit”) by Phocaean Greeks.

der

Alicante (a province of Valencia, Spain; capital: Alicante)


Zaragoza

From Old Spanish Çaragoça, from Navarro-Aragonese Zaragoza (and numerous variants), from Mozarabic, from Latin Caesaraugusta.

Zaragoza (a province of Aragon, Spain; capital: Zaragoza)

A town in the La Libertad department, El Salvador


Palaos

Ultimately from Palauan Belau (“Palau”).

Palau (A country consisting of around 340 islands in Micronesia, in Oceania)


Bermudas

Bermuda (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the North Atlantic Ocean)


Cataluña

Catalonia (an autonomous community of Spain)


País Vasco

Basque Country (an autonomous community of Spain)


Aragón

Named after the river Aragón in Spain. The river name is of obscure origin, but possibly from Basque haran (“valley”).

Aragon (an autonomous community of Spain)


Castilla

→ French: Castille

→ English: Castile

desctree

→ Classical Nahuatl: Caxtillan
→ Kaqchikel: kaxlan

→ Pipil: caztiyah

→ Tagalog: Kastila

Inherited from Old Spanish Castiella, based on castiello (“castle”).


Navarra

Believed to be of Basque origin, possibly from nabar (“brownish, multicolored”), or from naba (“valley”) + herri (“land, people”). More at Navarre.

Navarre (an autonomous community and province of Spain; capital: Pamplona)


Chihuahua

Chihuahua (a city, the state capital of Chihuahua, Mexico)

Chihuahua (a municipality of Chihuahua, Mexico)


Lorena

administrative region
administrative region

Lorraine (a former administrative region and former duchy in eastern France; since 2016 part of the region of Grand Est)


Santa Fe

Santa Fe (the capital city of New Mexico and the county seat of Santa Fe County)

Santa Fe (a province in the center-east of Argentina)

Santa Fe (the capital city of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina); in full, Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz

Santa Fe (several other places in Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Cuba, Honduras, Panama, the Philippines, Spain and the United States)


Irán

Borrowed from Persian ایران (irân), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ērān, “(land) of the Iranians”).

der

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Praga

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


Holanda

→ Tagalog: Olanda

Holland (a traditional region in the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


Bélgica

→ Tagalog: Bélhika

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


Dinamarca

→ Tagalog: Dinamarka


Irlanda

→ Tagalog: Irlanda


Gran Bretaña

→ Tagalog: Gran Britanya


Épila

Épila (a municipality of Zaragoza, Spain)


Jordania

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Danubio

Learned borrowing from Latin Dānubius, from Proto-Celtic *Dānowyos, an extended form of the river-name *Dānu, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂nu (“river goddess”), akin to *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion; to flow”).


Dunkerque

Dunkerque m or f same meaning (canonical)

Borrowed from French Dunkerque, from Dutch Duinkerke.

Dunkirk (a city in the Nord department, in northern France)


Ciudad del Vaticano

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


irlandés

es-adj

irlandés (feminine irlandesa, masculine plural irlandeses, feminine plural irlandesas)

irlandesa (feminine)
irlandeses (masculine plural)
irlandesas (feminine plural)


irlandés

→ Tagalog: Irlandes


Groenlandia

From Dutch Groenland, possibly intermediately through French.

Greenland (a large self-governing island and dependent territory of Denmark, in North America)


Indo

Borrowed from Latin Indus, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿduš), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sindʰus or Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu).

Indus (a large river in south-central Asia, rising in China (Tibet) and flowing through India and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea)


Berlín

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

A town in the Usulután department, El Salvador


Changchun

Changchun (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China)


Baotou

Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China)


Chongqing

Borrowed from Mandarin 重慶 /重庆 (Chóngqìng).

bor+

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


Taiyuan

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


Kunming

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


Wuhan

En el distrito de Qiaokou de Wuhan, en la comunidad de apartamentos de Zirun Mingyuan donde viven unas 10.000 personas, hombres, mujeres y niños estaban parados bajo los paraguas mientras esperaban hacerse la prueba en cuatro puntos ubicados en el centro del complejo.

2020 May 14, Brenda Goh, Roxanne Liu, Ryan Woo, “Residentes de Wuhan participan en campaña de pruebas masivas de COVID-19”, in Daniela Desantis, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-08-20, NOTICIAS GLOBALES:

In Wuhan’s Qiaokou district, at the Zirun Mingyuan apartment community where about 10,000 people live, men, women and children stood under umbrellas while elderly residents perched on stools as they waited to get tested at four sites set up in the middle of the compound.

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


Kagoshima

Kagoshima (a prefecture in southwestern Japan)

Kagoshima (the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


tuya

Borrowed from New Latin thuja, from Ancient Greek θυία (thuía), an African tree that was formerly included in the genus.


Andalucía

From the Arabic الْأَنْدَلُس (al-ʔandalus), الْأَنْدُلُس (al-ʔandulus, “Iberia”), from Vulgar Latin *Vandalicia (“land of the Vandals”), or possibly from Vandalic *Wandalitia (“land of the Vandals”) (or *Vandalitia) of the same Latin source, from Proto-Germanic *wandilaz. Alternatively, Halm (1989) suggests it may derive from (unattested) Gothic *𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (*landahlauts), from 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land, “land”) + 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (hlauts, “allotment, inheritance”).

der

الْأَنْدَلُس

*𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃

Andalusia (an autonomous community of Spain)


Antananarivo

Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar)


Belén

Inherited from Old Spanish Bellem, Beldeem, Belleem, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בית לחם (bet léchem).


Chilpancingo

Chilpancingo (a city, the state capital of Guerrero, Mexico)

Chilpancingo (a municipality of Guerrero, Mexico)


cañón

From caño (“tube, pipe”) + -ón (augmentative).

suffix

(Mexico, colloquial) powerful, intense, difficult


golfo

Inherited from Vulgar Latin or Late Latin colfus, colphus, culfus, alteration of colpus following hypercorrection of the popular pronunciation of Latin 'ph' as 'p', itself from Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos).


Países Bajos

From país (“country”) + bajos (“low”), a calque of Dutch Nederland. Compare French Pays-Bas.

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands#English

constituent countries
constituent country

Netherlands (The main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located primarily in Western Europe bordering Germany and Belgium)

Netherlands, Kingdom of the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe, consisting of four constituent countries: the Netherlands per se, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten)


británico

es-adj

británico (feminine británica, masculine plural británicos, feminine plural británicas)

británica (feminine)
británicos (masculine plural)
británicas (feminine plural)

British (from or native to Britain, in both the historical and modern senses)


escocés

escocés (feminine escocesa, masculine plural escoceses, feminine plural escocesas)

escocesa (feminine)
escoceses (masculine plural)
escocesas (feminine plural)

Fue fundado en 1263 por Jean de Bailleul, señor escocés de origen normando, bajo el auspicio del obispo de Durham.
It was founded in 1263 by Jean de Bailleul, a Scottish man of Norman origin, under the auspices of the bishop of Durham.
(W)


Croacia

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Letonia

Latvia (a country in Eastern Europe; capital and largest city: Riga)


Eslovenia

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


Porón

Mount Porón, location of the Spanish village of Benarrabá, province of Málaga in southern Spain


Estambul

Istanbul (a city and province of Turkey)


Santa Clara

A town in the San Vicente department, El Salvador


San Carlos

From the word San and the first name Carlos.

A town in the Morazán department, El Salvador

San Carlos (a commune and city in San Carlos, Chile)


Los Ángeles

A clipping of Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (“Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porziuncola”), taken from the Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí's name for the nearby Los Angeles River, first sighted by the Portolá expedition on August 2, the feast day of the dedication of the chapel of Porziuncola (from Latin portiuncula, “little portion”) in Santa Maria degli Angeli (Italian for “Saint Mary of the Angels”) near Assisi, Italy, where St Francis began his order.

Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


San Juan

several places named after Saint John or Saint John the Baptist

San Juan (the capital city of Puerto Rico)

San Juan (an independent city in Metro Manila, Philippines)

San Juan (a municipality in eastern Batangas, Philippines)

San Juan (a municipality of La Union, Philippines)

San Juan (a municipality of Ilocos Sur, Philippines)


Dolores

From dolores (“sorrows”), shortened from María (de los) Dolores, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary as "Our Lady of Sorrows".

A town in the Cabañas department, El Salvador


Escitia

Borrowed from Latin Scitia, from Ancient Greek Σκυθία (Skuthía).


Osaka

Borrowed from Japanese 大(おお)阪(さか) (Ōsaka, literally “large hill”).

ja-r

Osaka (the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan)

Osaka (a prefecture on the island of Honshū, Japan)


Riad

Borrowed from Arabic الرِّيَاض (ar-riyāḍ, literally “the meadows”).

bor+

Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


Upsala

Borrowed from Swedish Uppsala, from Old Norse Uppsalir (literally “upper halls, upper dwellings”), from upp (“up”) + salir (“halls, rooms”, plural of salr).

com

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">salr</i>

Uppsala (a city in eastern central Sweden)


Cerdeña

[θeɾˈð̞e.ɲa]

Inherited from Old Spanish Sardenna, from Latin Sardinia. For the change in the initial consonant, cf. Zaragoza, from Old Spanish Saragoça.

Sardinia (an island and autonomous region of Italy, in the Mediterranean Sea)


París

Borrowed from Old French Paris, from Late Latin name of an earlier settlement, Lutetia Parisiorum "Lutetia of the Parisii", from Latin Parisiī, a Gaulish tribe, from Proto-Celtic *par (“boat”).

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


océano

From Latin ōceanus. Cognate with English ocean.


EAU

Initialism of Emiratos Árabes Unidos (“United Arab Emirates”).


galón

→ Tagalog: galon

Borrowed from French galon, from Late Latin galum, galus (“measure of wine”), from Vulgar Latin *galla (“vessel”), possibly from Gaulish [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“goblet”).

tres galones en su uniforme

En esta refriega, Pedro se ganó un galón

1933, Lino Novás Calvo, Blanco, el negrero:


Estella

Estella-Lizarra (a town and municipality of Navarre, Spain)


cueva

Chavacano: cueva

→ Bikol Central: kuweba

→ Cebuano: kuweba

→ Ilocano: kueba

→ Tagalog: kuweba

→ Waray-Waray: kuweba

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *cova, from covus, alternative form of Latin cavus (or from a variant of Late Latin cava, from cavum, cavus), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱówHwos (“cavity”). Compare Portuguese cova. Not related to English cove, despite the similarity in meaning.


cabo

Inherited from Vulgar Latin capus, from Latin caput, from Proto-Italic *kaput, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kauput-, *kaput-. Doublet of jefe and chef.

(geography) cape, headland (piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into a sea or lake)


milla

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin mīlia (“Roman mile”), plural of mīlle (“thousand”) in reference to its composition of a thousand Roman paces. In reference to the English unit, calqued from English mile. Cognate with Catalan milla and Portuguese milha.

slbor

(historical) milla, Spanish mile (a traditional unit of distance equivalent to 1,000 pasos, about 1.4 km)


Afganistán

Ultimately from Classical Persian افغانستان (afğānistān).

der

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia; capital: Kabul)


Copenhague

Borrowed from Danish København, from Old Danish Køpmannæhafn.

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)


flujo

Borrowed from Latin fluxus. Doublet of flojo, which is inherited.


República Checa

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


condado

Inherited from Latin comitātus. Cognate with English county.

(government) county (administrative subdivision used in some countries)


saco

→ Seri: saaco (“blouse”)

→ Southeastern Tepehuan: saaku

Inherited from Old Spanish saco, from Latin saccus, from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos, “sack, bag; sackcloth”), from Semitic.


Guadalupe

From the epithet of the Virgin Mary as “Our Lady of Guadalupe”, patron of Mexico. The place name, where the image is kept, is from a combination of Arabic وَادِي ٱل (wādī l-, “valley of the”) and Latin lupe (“wolf”).

Guadeloupe (an island in the northeastern edge of the Caribbean Sea)

A town in the San Vicente department, El Salvador


acantilado

es-adj

acantilado (feminine acantilada, masculine plural acantilados, feminine plural acantiladas)

acantilada (feminine)
acantilados (masculine plural)
acantiladas (feminine plural)


acantilado

Zinichev, de 55 años, ha caído por un acantilado al tratar de sujetar al director y guionista ruso Alexander Melnik, que resbaló y que también ha fallecido, según ha informado la agencia estatal TASS.

2021 September 8, María R. Sahuquillo, “Muere el ministro de Emergencias de Rusia al caer por un acantilado durante la filmación de unas maniobras en el Ártico”, in El País:

Zinichev, 55, has fallen off a cliff while trying to hold the Russian director and screenwriter Alexander Melnik, who slipped and who has also died, according to the TASS state agency.


Nelson

Unadapted borrowing from English Nelson.

Nelson (a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)


Europa Central

El resultado es que España, despreciada injustamente en el Congreso de Viena, desacreditada con razón por sus continuas guerras civiles, sus malos gobiernos, su desorden, sus bancarrotas más o menos declaradas, sus inmorales partidos, sus extravagancias, sus toros y sus pronunciamientos, no ha visto nunca, después de 1808, puesta en duda la continuación de su nacionalidad; y aún hoy mismo, cuando parece hemos llegado al último grado del envilecimiento, con más motivos que Polonia para ser repartida, nadie se atreve a intentar la conquista de esta casa de locos. Hombres de poco seso, o sin ninguno en ocasiones, los españoles darán mil caídas hoy como siempre, tropezando y levantándose, en la lucha de sus vicios ingénitos, de las cualidades eminentes que aún conservan, y de las que adquieren lentamente con las ideas que les envía la Europa central.

1873, Benito Pérez Galdós, chapter 30, in Zaragoza:

En vista de los últimos acontecimientos políticos que han tenido como escenario a la totalidad de Europa, sería que el debate sobre este punto se encontrará en el Movimiento Obrero, perspectiva y coordinación en la Europa Central.


Laredo

Laredo (a large city, the county seat of Webb County, Texas, United States)


República Dominicana

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


Magdalena

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Μαγδαληνή (Magdalēnḗ, “woman from Magdala”).


pulgada

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *pollicāta, unit of length derived from Latin pollex (“thumb”). Compare Galician pulgada (which may be borrowed from Spanish) or Portuguese polegada. As an English unit, a calque of English inch.

(historical) pulgada, Spanish inch (a former unit of length equivalent to about 2.3 cm)


Troya

Troy (an ancient city in far northwestern Asia Minor, in modern Turkey)


Tijuana

Possibly from Kumeyaay Tiwan (literally “by-the-sea”).

Tijuana (a city in Baja California, Mexico)


Las Vegas

Las Vegas (a city in Nevada, United States)


Transnistria

Transnistria (a breakaway country in Moldova)


El Paso

El Paso (a city, the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States).


archipiélago

Borrowed from Italian arcipelago, probably a loan of Byzantine or Koine Greek *ἀρχιπέλαγος (*arkhipélagos), from ἀρχι (arkhi, “main”) + -πέλαγος (-pélagos, “sea”).

der

*ἀρχιπέλαγος


llanura

From llano + -ura. Compare Portuguese planura, Italian pianura.


Zinacantán

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl Tzinacantlan (“place of bats”), from tzinacan (“bat”) + -tlan. Compare Tzotzil sots'leb (the local language of Zinacantán) with the same meaning.


Costa de Marfil

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


volcán

→ Bikol Central: bulkan

→ Catalan: volcà

→ Cebuano: bolkan

→ Dupaningan Agta: bulkan

→ French: volcan (see there for further descendants)

→ Tagalog: bulkan

→ Waray-Waray: bulkan

→ Yogad: bulkan

Borrowed from Italian vulcano from Latin Vulcanus (“Vulcan”), from Etruscan [script needed] (Velchans).


Oaxaca

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl Huāxyacac, from Huāxacatzin (“name of a hill”), from huāxin (“horse tamarind tree (Leucaena leucocephala)”) + yacatl (“nose”) + -tzin (“honorific suffix”).


apache

Felis yagouaroundi
Felis yagouaroundi#Translingual


tonelada

From tonel (“tun”) + -ada (“-ful”), from Old French tonel (“little tun, cask”), from tone + -el (“-elle: forming diminutives”), from Late Latin tunna (“tun”), from Proto-Celtic *tunna (“hide, skin”). In reference to the English unit, calqued from English ton. Cognate with Galician and Portuguese tonelada.

(historical) tonelada, Spanish ton (a traditional unit of mass equivalent to about 920 kg)


Níger

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)

Niger (a major river in West Africa, that flows into the Gulf of Guinea in Nigeria)


Ciudad de México

Mexico City (the capital and largest city of Mexico)


Timor Oriental

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


República Democrática del Congo

[reˌpu.β̞li.ka ð̞e.moˌkɾa.t̪i.ka ð̞el ˈkõŋ.ɡo]

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English:_Q974

Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


Kazajistán

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)

The country is officially known as the República de Kazajistán in Spanish


Jordán

Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)

Jordan (a city in Guimaras, Philippines)


península

Borrowed from Latin paenīnsula (“peninsula”), from paene (“almost”), and īnsula (“island”).


Regidor

Regidor (a town, a municipality of Bolívar, Colombia).


Rumanía

Alternative form of Rumania: Romania (a country in Southeast Europe)


Oltenia

Oltenia (a historical region in the southwest of Romania)


Muntenia

Muntenia (a historical region in southern Romania)


Transilvania

Transylvania (a traditional region in Romania)


pantano

Borrowed from Italian pantano, which see for more information.


Kirguizistán

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


Alhambra

From Arabic الْحَمْرَاء (al-ḥamrāʔ, “the red (fortress)”).


San Marcos

A town in the San Salvador department, El Salvador


Turkmenistán

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


Omán

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Galápagos

Galapagos Islands
Galapagos Islands#English

Ellipsis of islas Galápagos, Galapagos Islands (an archipelago in Ecuador)


TJ

Con los plebones en TJ yo aquí ando

2023, “77 [77]”, in GÉNESIS [GÉNESIS], performed by Peso Pluma [Peso Pluma] and Eladio Carrión [Eladio Carrión]:

Initialism of Tijuana (“a city in Baja California, Mexico”).


Guanajuato

Borrowed from Purepecha Kuanasï Uata (literally “hill of frogs”).


Morelos

Named after José María Morelos, a leader in the Mexican War of Independence.


Jalisco

From Classical Nahuatl Xālixco, from xālli (“sand”) + īxtli (“face, surface”) + -co, a locative suffix.


Campeche

From the city of Campeche, from Yucatec Maya Kaan Peech.

Campeche (the state capital of Campeche, Mexico)


Durango

[d̪uˈɾãŋ.ɡo]

Named after the city of Durango, in northern Spain, of uncertain origin, probably from Basque Duranco, but possibly from Basque Urazango, Basque Padurango, or a Roman fundus, Late Latin Turanicus. More at Durango on Wikipedia.


Coahuila

Of Nahuan origin, meaning “place of trees”; compare Classical Nahuatl cuahuitl (“tree, wood”) + -tlān (“place of”).


Aguascalientes

From aguas (“waters”) + calientes (“hot”), because of the many hot springs in the state.


Nuevo León

Meaning New León, after the Kingdom of León in Spain.


Michoacán

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl michhuahcān (“place of fish; fishers”), from michhuah (“one who has fish”).


Guerrero

Named after Vicente Guerrero, a revolutionary general in the Mexican War of Independence.


Hidalgo

Named after the Mexican independence leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.


Chiapas

From the area's first Spanish encomienda Villa Real de Chiapa (“Royal Town of Chiapa”) or Chiapa de los Indios (“Indian Chiapa”, now Chiapa de Corzo) and long-time capital Chiapa de los Españoles (“Spaniard Chiapa”) or Ciudad Real de Chiapa (“Royal City of Chiapa”, now San Cristóbal de las Casas), all named after the local Chiapaneca people, from Chiapan + -eco (“-ic, -ish”): forming demonyms), from Classical Nahuatl Chiapan, from chia (“chia”) + either -pan (“upon; place of; place of the”) or -apan (“river, stream”), presumably in reference to the Grijalva.


Querétaro

Querétaro (a state of Mexico; capital and largest city: Querétaro)

Querétaro (the state capital, the largest city in Querétaro, Mexico)


Nayarit

From Cora Náayerite, named after a chief of the Cora people, Cora Naye.


Quintana Roo

Named after Andrés Quintana Roo, from the Mexican War of Independence.

Quintana Roo (a state of Mexico; capital: Chetumal; largest city: Cancún)


Zacatecas

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl zacatēcah (“people of the place of grass”), from zacatl (“grass”).


San Luis Potosí

Named after Louis IX of France (in Spanish San Luis Rey de Francia) and Potosí, in reference to the mines of Potosí, in Bolivia.

San Luis Potosí (the state capital of San Luis Potosí, Mexico)


Tlaxcala

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl Tlaxcallān, from tlaxcalli (“tortilla”) + -tlān.


Picardía

Picardy (a former administrative region and historical province of France; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Hauts-de-France)


Nazaret

Northern District
Northern District#English

Nazareth (the largest city in the Northern District, Israel)


Nápoles

Borrowed from Latin Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεάπολις (Neápolis), from νέα (néa, “new”) + πόλις (pólis, “city”).


Machu Picchu

From Quechua machu (“old, ancient”) + pikchu (“mountain, peak”).

Machu Picchu (ancient Incan city and archaeological site in Peru)


Manchuria

Manchuria (region in northeastern China)


Königsberg

Unadapted borrowing from German Königsberg, from König (“king”) + Berg (“mountain”), named in honour of Ottokar II, king of Bohemia.

ubor

(historical) Königsberg (the former capital of East Prussia)


Atlántico

océano Atlántico
océano Atlántico#Spanish

Ellipsis of océano Atlántico (“Atlantic Ocean”).


Arabia Saudita

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Eljas

Eljas (a city and municipality of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain)


Chequia

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe; official name: República Checa)


risco

Deverbal from riscar or inherited from Vulgar Latin *resecum.


Agda

Borrowed from French Agde or Occitan Agde.

Agde (a town in Hérault, Occitanie, France)


Centroamérica

From centro- (“central”) + América (“America”).


Turín

A town in the Ahuachapán department, El Salvador


Kioto

Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


Viena

Borrowed from Old French Vienne, from Old High German [Term?]. Perhaps, ultimately, from Latin Vindobona.


Roma

Inherited from Old Spanish Roma, from Latin Rōma.

Los antiguos alcanzaban mayor longevidad, porque eran bautizados con óleos venidos directamente de Roma, que, por cierto, debían tener más virtud y eficacia que los nuestros.

1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 190:


Antofagasta

Antofagasta (a region in northern Chile)

Antofagasta (a province and city, the regional capital of Antofagasta, Chile)


Sapporo

Borrowed from Japanese 札幌 (Sapporo), from Ainu サッ・ポロ・ペッ (sat poro pet, “dry, great river”).

der

Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


Bután

Probably from Tibetan བོད (bod), from Sanskrit भोटान्त (bhoṭānta, “Bhutan”).

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


Maldivas

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


Sofía

Ultimately from Ancient Greek σοφία (sophía, “wisdom”).


Emiratos Árabes Unidos

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Cabo Verde

[ˌka.β̞o ˈβ̞eɾ.ð̞e]

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


fiordo

Borrowed from Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr, from a root shared by Latin portus (“harbor”).


Estrasburgo

Strasbourg (the capital city of the Bas-Rhin department, France; capital city of the region of Grand Est)


América Meridional

South America (continent that is the southern part of the Americas)


Sandoval

→ English: Sandoval

→ Tagalog: Sandoval

From Old Spanish Sannoval, from Latin saltus (“grove”) + novālis (“newly cleared land”).


Chechenia

Chechnya (a republic of the northern Caucasus of Russia; capital: Grozny)


Bretaña

Brittany (an administrative region, historical province, and peninsula in northwest France)


Tracia

Thrace (a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe, now divided between Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey)


estuario

Borrowed from Latin aestuārium, from aestus (“tide”).


Edimburgo

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)

Edinburgh, Edinburgh (a council area of Scotland)


Sodoma

Sodom (ancient Biblical city in Canaan, destroyed due to its sinfulness)


San Lorenzo

A town in the Ahuachapán department, El Salvador

A town in the San Vicente department, El Salvador


Oviedo

Originally known as Ovetao, or Ovetum (in Latin).

Oviedo (the capital city of Asturias, Spain)


Santa Fe de Bogotá

the full name of Bogota, the capital city of Colombia


Santo Domingo de Guzmán

[ˌsãn̪.t̪o ð̞oˌmĩŋ.ɡo ð̞e ɣ̞uθ̬ˈmãn]

[ˌsãn̪.t̪o ð̞oˌmĩŋ.ɡo ð̞e ɣ̞uzˈmãn]

the full name of Santo Domingo, the capital city of the Dominican Republic

A town in the Sonsonate department, El Salvador


Santiago de Chile

the full name of Santiago, the capital city of Chile


Elche

From Ancient Greek Ἑλίκη (Helíkē, “A nymph who took care of Zeus in his infancy on Crete”). The Spanish city was named after Helike by Greek colonists.


Cirene

Cyrene (an ancient city in North Africa, in modern Libya)


EUA

Estados Unidos de América
Estados Unidos de América#Spanish

USA (a country in North America); initialism of Estados Unidos de América (“United States of America”)


Peloponeso

Peloponnese (a peninsula forming much of the mainland of Greece)


Pampanga

→ Cebuano: Pampanga

→ English: Pampanga

→ French: Pampangue

→ Kapampangan: Pampanga

→ Tagalog: Pampanga

From Kapampangan pampang (“river bank”) + -a.

Pampanga (a province of Central Luzon, Luzon, Philippines; capital: San Fernando; largest city: Angeles City)


San Pablo

São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

São Paulo (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)

San Pablo (a village and municipality of Catamarca Province, Argentina)

San Pablo (a village and municipality of San Luis Province, Argentina)

San Pablo (a village in Orange Walk district, Belize)

San Pablo (a town and commune of Osorno Province, Las Lagos Region, Chile)

San Pablo (a dormant volcano in the Antofagasta Region, Chile)

San Pablo (a town and municipality of the Bolívar department, Colombia)

San Pablo (a town and municipality of the Nariño department, Colombia)

San Pablo (a canton of Heredia Province, Costa Rica)

San Pablo (the capital city of San Pablo canton, Heredia Province, Costa Rica)

Consolación del Sur
Consolación del Sur#English

San Pablo (a barrio of the town of Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río Province, Cuba)

San Pablo (a town and municipality of the San Marcos department, Guatemala)

San Pablo (a district of the San Pedro department, Paraguay)

San Pablo (a neighborhood of Asunción, Paraguay)

San Pablo (a town, the capital of the province of San Pablo, Cajamarca Region, Peru)

San Pablo (a province of the Cajamarca Region, Peru)

San Pablo (a former leper colony in the Loreto Region, Peru)

San Pablo (a district of Bellavista Province, San Martín Region, Peru)

San Pablo (a district of Canchis Province, Cusco Region, Peru)

Mariscal Ramón Castilla
Mariscal Ramón Castilla#English

San Pablo (a district of Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province, Loreto Region, Peru)

San Pablo (a district of San Pablo Province, Cajamarca Region, Peru)

San Pablo (a municipality of the province of Isabela, Philippines)

San Pablo (a city in the province of Laguna, Philippines)

Zamboanga del Sur
Zamboanga del Sur#English

San Pablo (a municipality of the province of Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines)

Contra Costa County
Contra Costa County#English

San Pablo (a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States)

San Pablo (an unincorporated community in Costilla County, Colorado, United States)


Estados Unidos de América

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


Antigua y Barbuda

[ãn̪ˌt̪i.ɣ̞wa i β̞aɾˈβ̞u.ð̞a]

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

Antigua and Barbuda (a country in the Caribbean)


Marruecos

→ Central Huasteca Nahuatl: Marruecos

→ Central Nahuatl: Marruecos

→ Guaraní: Marruéko

→ Tagalog: Marwekos

→ Western Huasteca Nahuatl: Marruecos

From Old Spanish Marruecos (“Marrakech”), from Arabic مُرَّاكُش (murrākuš).


Mecayapan

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl [Term?].

Mecayapan (a municipality and city in Veracruz, Mexico)


Florencia

The capital city of the department Caquetá in Colombia


Kalahari

Kalahari (a desert in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa)


Provenza

[pɾoˈβ̞ẽn̟.θa]


Vizcaya

Inherited from Old Spanish Vizcaya, ultimately from Basque bizkar (“low ridge”). Compare Basque Bizkaia.

Biscay (a province of the Basque Country, Spain; capital: Bilbao)


Asturias

Latinization of Astur, a Celtic tribe residing in pre-Roman Spain. More at Asturias.

autonomous community
autonomous community

Asturias (an autonomous community and province of Spain)

(historical) Asturias (a mediaeval kingdom in northern Iberia)


Nueva Caledonia

New Caledonia (an archipelago and overseas territory of France in Oceania)


Fiyi

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


Argelia

Metathesized from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir, “the islands”), plural of جَزِيرَة (jazīra, “island”), referring to the several small islands that once existed in the Bay of Algiers.

metathesis

Metathesized

bor

اَلْجَزَائِر


Islas Baleares

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

Balearic Islands (an autonomous community, province, and island in Spain, in the Mediterranean)


Kamchatka

Borrowed from Russian Камча́тка (Kamčátka).

bor+

Kamchatka (a peninsula in the Far East of Russia)


onza

Inherited from Latin uncia (“unit, ¹⁄₁₂ Roman pound”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one”). As an English unit, a calque of ounce. Cognate with Galician onza, Portuguese onça, Catalan unça, French once, Italian oncia, and English ounce and inch.

inh

unit, <small>¹<big>⁄</big>₁₂</small> Roman pound

inh+

English or American ounce (a unit of mass equivalent to 28.35 g or 31.1 g)

Clipping of onza líquida, the English or American fluid ounce (a unit of liquid volume equivalent to 28.4 or 29.6 mL)

onza líquida

(historical) onza, Spanish ounce (a traditional unit of mass equivalent to about 28.76 g)


onza

Borrowed from Middle French once, from Old French lonce (“lynx”) by false division assuming the l was an article, from Italian lonza, from Latin lynx, from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”). Doublet of lince.

leopardo de las nieves
leopardo de las nieves#Spanish

(Cryptozoology, Mexico) onza (a cryptid feline in Mexican folklore)


Tiflis

Tbilisi (the capital city of the country of Georgia)


gruta

Borrowed from Catalan gruta, itself borrowed from Sicilian grutta or old Neapolitan grutta, from Vulgar Latin *grupta or *crupta, from Latin crypta. Doublet of cripta.


Túnez

Tunis (The capital city, since 1159, and largest city of Tunisia)


Benín

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


Yibuti

[ɟ͡ʝiˈβ̞u.t̪i]

[ɟ͡ʝiˈβ̞u.t̪i]


Taiwán

Borrowed from English Taiwan. Compare Portuguese Taiwan, Dutch Taiwan, Tagalog Taywan.

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

Taiwan, Republic of China (a country in East Asia)

Taiwan, Formosa (the main island of the Republic of China)


Tsjinval

Tskhinvali (the capital city of South Ossetia, a de-facto independent country internationally recognized as part of the country of Georgia)


Cebú

Cebu (an island and province of the Philippines)

Cebu (a city, the provincial capital of Cebu, Philippines)


Tomé

Tomé (a commune and city in Tomé, Chile)


Toledo

English: Toledo

Polish: Toledo

Inherited from Old Spanish Toledo, from Latin Tolētum.

Castile-La Mancha
Castile-La Mancha#English

Toledo (a province of Castile-La Mancha, Spain; capital: Toledo)


Turquía

→ Tagalog: Turkiya

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


La Haya

The Hague (a city, the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


barranco

Uncertain; maybe of pre-Roman origin. Cognate with Catalan barranc; cf. barra (“clay, mud”).

A little fire burned in the hollow of the dusty barranco, a clear red fire of the kind that gives little light and makes no smoke, and its pale glow showed but feebly against the rock behind.

1907 January, Harold Bindloss, chapter 7, in The Dust of Conflict, 1st Canadian edition, Toronto, Ont.: McLeod & Allen, →OCLC:


Frisia

Friesland (a province of the Netherlands)


Friburgo

[fɾiˈβ̞uɾ.ɣ̞o]

Fribourg (the capital city of Fribourg canton, Switzerland)

Freiburg im Breisgau
Freiburg im Breisgau#English

Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau (a city in Baden-Würtenberg, Germany)


Dodecaneso

Dodecanese (an archipelago of Greece, in the Aegean Sea)


Damasco

Inherited from Old Spanish Damasco, from Latin Damascus, from Ancient Greek Δαμασκός (Damaskós), from Semitic.


Temuco

Temuco (a commune and city in Temuco, Chile)


Burgundia

(historical) Burgundy (a medieval kingdom in France)


Brema

Bremen (the capital city of the state of Bremen, Germany)


Bucaramanga

Bucaramanga (a city and municipality, the capital of the Santander department, in northern Colombia)


Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai#English

Krasnoyarsk (a city, the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia, Russia)


Kursk

Kursk (a city, the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, Russia)


Smolensk

Smolensk (a city, the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia)


Martinica

administrative region
administrative region

Martinique (an island, overseas department, and administrative region of France, in the Caribbean)


Jerusalén

Inherited from Old Spanish Iherusalem, from Late Latin Ierūsalēm, Hierūsalēm, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim).

der

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

Jerusalem (the de-facto capital city of Israel)

Jerusalem (the claimed capital city of Palestine)

A town in the La Paz department, El Salvador


Kaluga

Kaluga (a city, the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia)


ARYM

Acronym of Antigua República Yugoslava de Macedonia.

FYROM (former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)


Tambov

Tambov (a city, the administrative center of Tambov Oblast, Russia)


Cádiz

→ English: Cádiz, Cadiz

→ Italian: Cadice, Càdice

→ French: Cadix

→ Venetan: Càdice

Borrowed from Arabic قَادِس (qādis), from Latin Gādēs, from Ancient Greek Γάδειρα (Gádeira), from Phoenician 𐤂𐤃𐤓 (gdr /gādēr, gādīr/).

Cadiz (a province of Andalusia, Spain; capital: Cadiz)


Chiba

Chiba (the capital city of Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


páramo

→ English: paramo

Meronym: frailejón


Kaohsiung

Kaohsiung (a city and special municipality in southern Taiwan, and the third largest city in Taiwan)


Maldonado

Possibly from McDonald when Irish Catholics fled religious persecution to settle in Galicia. Or possibly a Calque of French mal donné (literally “reluctantly given”), referring to a boon reluctantly granted by a French monarch.


fanega

English: fanega

Galician: fanega

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic فَنِيقَة (faníqa), from Arabic فَنِيقَة (fanīqa).

bor+

English or American bushel (a dry measure)

(historical) fanega (a dry measure roughly equivalent to 12 imperial bushels or 55.5 liters)


Azerbaiyán

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


Chipre

Borrowed from French Chypre, from Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


Marrakech

Marrakech m or f same meaning (canonical)

Borrowed from French Marrakech. Doublet of Marruecos.

Marrakech (the capital city of the Marrakesh-Safi region, Morocco)


Encarnación

From encarnación (“incarnation”), shortened from María (de la) Encarnación, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary.


Remedios

remedios (“remedies”), shortened from María (de los) Remedios, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary as "Our Lady of Remedies".


Concepción

[kõn̟.θeβ̞ˈθjõn]

From concepción (“conception”), shortened from María (de la Inmaculada) Concepción, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary as "Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception".

any of a number of places in Latin America

(historical) A province of Chile (first-level division) until 1974.


Rosario

→ Cebuano: Rosario

→ English: Rosario

→ Tagalog: Rosario

rosario (“rosary”), shortened from María (del) Rosario, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary as "Our Lady of the Rosary ".


Ciudad de Guatemala

Guatemala City (the capital city of Guatemala)


Estado de México

→ English: State of Mexico (calque)

State of Mexico, Mexico State (a state of Mexico)


Pekín

From the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, English Peking, Tagalog Peking.

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
es:Pekín


Constantinopla

La leyenda del Judío Errante es muy antigua, aunque no tanto como imaginan los que todavía defienden su autenticidad. Creen algunos que se forjó en Constantinopla en el siglo IV, pero no fué popular en Europa sino en fecha muy posterior. Ninguno de los Padres de la Iglesia la consigna, y de ella no hay testimonio escrito hasta el siglo XIII, en una crónica de Mateo París, monje de San Albano.

1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 73:


Niza

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Nice (a coastal city, the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes department, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeast France)


San Rafael

A town in the Chalatenango department, El Salvador


Bonifacio

Borrowed from Italian Bonifacio, from Late Latin Bonifātius, named after Boniface II of Tuscany.

Bonifacio (a city and commune of the Corse-du-Sud department, Corsica)


Astrea

Astrea (a town, a municipality of Cesar, Colombia).


San Bernardo

San Bernardo (a commune and city in San Bernardo, Chile)


norirlandés

es-adj

norirlandés (feminine norirlandesa, masculine plural norirlandeses, feminine plural norirlandesas)

norirlandesa (feminine)
norirlandeses (masculine plural)
norirlandesas (feminine plural)

...del hecho más sangriento en la historia del conflicto norirlandés.

2009 June 8, “Condena civil por atentado en Omagh”, in BBC Mundo:

...of the most bloody act in the history of the Northern Irish conflict.


República Helénica

Hellenic Republic
Hellenic Republic#English

Hellenic Republic (official name of Greece)


Araucanía

From araucano + -ía, from Arauco, ultimately from Mapudungun rag ko (“clayey water”), a place name.


Neerlandia

(rare) Netherlands (a country in Europe)


Mérida

From the third word of the Latin “colōnia Augusta Ēmerita”, from the feminine of ēmeritus (“veteran”), referring to the Iberian city being founded as an imperial veterans’ colony.

Mérida (a city in Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain)


Sabadell

Unadapted borrowing from Catalan Sabadell, of uncertain Latin origin.


Aquitania

Aquitaine (a historical region in France)


Arabia Saudí

Reino de Arabia Saudita
Reino de Arabia Saudita#Spanish

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East; official name: Reino de Arabia Saudita)


Calcuta

Kolkata, Calcutta (the capital city of West Bengal, India)


Aquisgrán

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


Pensilvania

Pennsylvania (a state of the United States)


Amberes

→ French: Anvers


Angora

From Latin Ancyra, from Ancient Greek Ἄγκυρα (Ánkura), from ἄγκυρα (ánkura, “anchor”).


Brujas

Inherited from Old Spanish, from Old French Bruges, from Old Dutch Bruges, Bruggas, Brugias, probably from brugga (“bridge”), ultimately from Frankish *bruggju.

Bruges (the capital city of West Flanders province, Belgium)


Ecbatana

Borrowed from Latin Ecbatana, from Ancient Greek Ἐκβάτανα (Ekbátana), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴 (Ha(n)gmatāna).

(historical) Ecbatana (the ancient capital of Media, in modern-day Iran)


Nuevo México

New Mexico (a state of the United States)


Carolina del Sur

South Carolina (a state of the United States)


meseta

From mesa (“raised land”) + -eta (diminutive suffix).


Liubliana

Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


Capadocia

Cappadocia (a historical region and province of the Roman Empire in central Anatolia)


Hamburgo

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)

Hamburg (a state of Germany containing the city of the same name)


Rodas

Rhodes (the main city on the island of Rhodes, Greece)


Bolonia

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Bolōnia, from Latin Bonōnia.


Abadán

[a.β̞aˈð̞ãn]


República Centroafricana

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English:_Q929

Central African Republic (a country in Central Africa)


Sudán

From Arabic سُودَان (sūdān, “black people”), plural of أَسْوَد (ʔaswad).

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


Liorna

Inherited from Latin Liburnus, from Liburnī, name of the ancient population of Liburnians.


Lucerna

Lucerne (the capital city of the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland)

Lucerne, Lake Lucerne (a lake in central Switzerland)


Nueva Orleans

New Orleans (a city in the United States)


Maguncia

From Latin Mogontiacum. Cognate with Sicilian Magunza.

Mainz (a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Nuakchot

Nouakchott (the capital city of Mauritania)


Saná

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


Skopie

Skopje (the capital city of North Macedonia)


Kerch

Kerch (a city on the Kerch Peninsula in eastern Crimea, internationally recognized as part of Ukraine but de facto in Russia)


Éfeso

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἔφεσος (Éphesos, “Ephesus”).

bor+

Ephesus (ancient Greek city in modern İzmir Province, Turkey)


Ciudad del Cabo

[θjuˌð̞að̞ ð̞el ˈka.β̞o]

Cape Town (the legislative capital of South Africa)


Sudáfrica

Compound of sud (“south”) + África (“Africa”).

com+

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


Nueva Escocia

From nueva (feminine of nuevo (“new”)) + Escocia (“Scotland”); calque of Latin Nova Scotia.

af

feminine of <i class="Latn mention" lang="es">nuevo</i> (“new”)


Catar

Previously written Qatar, from Arabic قَطَر (qaṭar).

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


República Árabe de Egipto

Arab Republic of Egypt
Arab Republic of Egypt


Bosnia y Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Alternative form of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Comoras

Union of the Comoros
Union of the Comoros

Comoros (A country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)

Comoros (an archipelago consisting of the Union of the Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte)


Komsomolsk

Komsomolsk (a city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia)

Komsomolsk (several towns and rural localities in Russia)

Komsomolsk (a city in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine)


marisma

Ultimately from Latin maritima, feminine of maritimus. Considering the Spanish word's /s/ and /i/, likely borrowed via Mozarabic. Compare Portuguese marisma, Catalan maresma, Italian maremma.

Rápidamente se encontró en las orillas de una marisma, cargada de flexibles juncos.

1941, Roberto Arlt, El criador de gorilas, Odio desde la otra vida:


Río San Juan

Río San Juan (a department of Nicaragua)