ba

Expresses negation or disagreement; obviously not


by

forms the conditional mood; would, would've


bo

emphasizes the statement, usually in phrases of opposite meanings, or introduces a rhetorical question, denying its literal meaning


ano

Used to a previously mentioned situation; well, so


sie

expresses that the action is done without restriction, freely


nie

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ale

used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis


ani

Inherited from Old Polish ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni


abo

introduces a tag question; right? isn't it?


tam

(expressive) particle that highlights the similarities of something


chyba

expresses confidence but not certainty; probably; I think, I guess

introduces a rhetorical question; I should think


że

used to create the periphrastic aorist tense


aż

that much, so, so much so; emphasizes the scale of a quality

as many as, as much as; emphasizes the amount


no

used to state the speaker thinks something is obvious and that one should not ponder further; well, well yeah

(usually as a question) used to encourage the conversation partner to give a response; well?


no

emphatic particle used with imperatives to speed up a performed action; c'mon, now


nawet

even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)


czyli

clarifying or connective particle; in other words, i.e., or, that is to say


także

From tak + -że.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Kashubian także, Polish także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).


prawie

Inherited from Old Polish prawie. By surface analysis, prawy + -ie.


jeszcze

Coordinate term: już

emphasizes a comparative even, still, yet, to a larger degree

denotes an action that happened a long time ago in the past

denotes a small amount of passed time from a different event


jednak

expressing an unexpected situation; after all


choć

Inherited from Old Polish choć. By surface analysis, clipping of chocia.


pra

Clipping of prŏwda, from Proto-Slavic *pravьda.

Takech słyszoł – ôdpedzioł drugi . – Zima dzisiej, pra?

2017, Charles Dickens, translated by Grzegorz Kulik, Godniŏ pieśń [A Christmas Carol], 1 edition, Opole: Silesia Progress, →ISBN, page 94:

"That's what I heard", said the other, "Winter is today, right?"


ać

Inherited from Old Polish ać. By surface analysis, a + -ć.


tyż

Inherited from Old Polish też. By surface analysis, ty(n) + -że.


rzeczywiście

/ʐɛ.t͡ʂɪˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


atoli

Denotes surprise or previously known information; after all


aspōń

Pogoda była raczyj na herbate z rómym niż na chłódzóne piwo, ale aspóń nie padało.

2018 July 3, “O pohár starostky: V Písku řádili Hurikáni z Východu”, in Gorolweb, retrieved 2024-09-10:

The weather was rather for rum tea than chilled beer, but at least it wasn't raining.


ależ

Inherited from Old Polish ależ. By surface analysis, ale + -ż.

(emphatic) used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis


dyć

Compare Greater Polish and Masovian Polish dyć.

but (used to introduce a new, conflicting fact)


przecã

Inherited from Old Polish przedsie. By surface analysis, univerbation of przed + siã.

but used to introduce a new, conflicting fact


rychtig

Borrowed from German richtig. Compare Kashubian richtich and dialectal Polish rychtyk.


dopiyro

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *topьrvo with a change of t -> d under influence of do and a loss of v due to how often the word was used.

Jorguś, jeszcze ni mieli my okazje pogodać, bo dopiyro w nocy żech z lotniska przijechoł.

2016, Waldemar Szymczyk, editor, Bydzie lepij, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2022-11-12, page 106:

Jorguś, we still haven't had the opportunity to talk, because only at night did I arrive from the airport.


możno

(intransitive) denotes uncertainty; maybe

(intransitive) used for suggestions; maybe


mōno

Phonological reduction of możno with compensatory lengthening due to frequency of length.


niych

forms the third person imperative in the singular and plural; let, may

expresses optative meaning; had better, may


ôczywiście

/wɔ.t͡ʂɪˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

Inherited from Old Polish oczywiście. By surface analysis, ôczywisty + -ie.


zōwizō

Borrowed from German sowieso. Compare Kashubian zówizó


przinojmnij

Inherited from Old Polish przynamniej. By surface analysis, univerbation of przi + nojmnij.

(focus) at least (at the least; at a minimum or lower limit)


corŏz

Borrowed from Polish coraz. By surface analysis, univerbation of co + rŏz.

used with comparatives to show a growing rate of change; more and more, increasingly, ever


czasym

Instrumental singular of czas. Compare Polish czasem.


bezto

Univerbation of bez + to. Compare Masovian Polish bezto.