ab

Uncertain. Compare English hobble, Dutch hobbelen (“to lurch”), Danish happe (“to stutter”), Norwegian jabba (“to stammer”) and colloquial Swedish happla (“to stutter”).


abase

Mr Wellwood had never been known “tae abase puir folks' bairns.”

Mr Wellwood had never been known “to abuse poor people's children.”


abb

head

abb (third-person singular simple present abbs, present participle abbin, simple past abbt, past participle abbt)

abbs (present singular third-person)
abbin (participle present)
abbt (past)
abbt (participle past)


abraid

Nonce corruption from Middle English upbreiden, from Old English upbreġdan.


accept

accept (third-person singular simple present accepts, present participle acceptin, simple past acceptit, past participle acceptit)

accepts (present singular third-person)
acceptin (participle present)
acceptit (past)
acceptit (participle past)


spring

tae spring (third-person singular simple present springs, present participle springin, simple past sprang, past participle sprung)

tae spring (canonical)
springs (present singular third-person)
springin (participle present)
sprang (past)
sprung (participle past)

to burst, split, break apart, break into


sky

sky (third-person singular simple present skies, present participle skies, simple past skyin, past participle skiet)

skies (present singular third-person)
skies (participle present)
skyin (past)
skiet (participle past)

From Middle English sky, from Old Norse ský.

To shade the eyes with the hand (so as to see better).


can

can (third-person singular simple present can, simple past cud)

can (present singular third-person)
cud (past)

From Middle English can, first and third person singular of connen, cunnen (“to be able, know how”), from Old English can(n), first and third person singular of cunnan (“to know how”), from Proto-West Germanic *kunnan, from Proto-Germanic *kunnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (whence know).

He shuid can dae that.


clock

clock (third-person singular simple present clocks, present participle clockin, simple past clockit, past participle clockit)

clocks (present singular third-person)
clockin (participle present)
clockit (past)
clockit (participle past)


be

tae be (infinitive)
bein (participle present)
been (participle past)
am (present singular)
art (archaic present singular)
is (present singular third-person)
are (plural present)
amna (negative present singular)
artna (archaic negative present singular)
isna (negative present singular third-person)
arena (negative plural present)
wis (archaic past singular)
wis (past singular)
wis (past singular third-person)
wis (past plural)
wir (past plural)
tae be (infinitive)
bein (participle present)
been (participle past)
im (present singular)
ir (present singular)
is (present singular)
ir (plural present)
is (plural present)
em (emphatic present singular)
um (emphatic present singular)
er (emphatic present singular)
ur (emphatic present singular)
es (emphatic present singular)
er (emphatic plural present)
ur (emphatic plural present)
es (emphatic plural present)
imni (negative present singular)
irni (negative present singular)
isni (negative present singular)
irni (negative plural present)
isni (negative plural present)
wuz (past singular)
wur (past singular)
wur (past plural)

From Middle English been, from Old English bēon. The various forms have different further etymologies:
* The b- forms derive from Proto-Germanic *beuną.
* All other forms derive from Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną
Cognates include English be.


is

third-person singular simple present indicative form of be


cum

From Middle English cumen, variant of comen, from Old English cuman. Cognate with English come and Yola coome.


war

From Middle English were, weren, from Old English wǣre, wǣron, wǣren, from Proto-Germanic *wēz-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-.

first/second/third-person plural simple past indicative of be; were


now

Uncertain; likely imitative. Described in Scots from the 19th century.


big

big (third-person singular simple present bigs, present participle biggin, simple past biggit, past participle biggit)

bigs (present singular third-person)
biggin (participle present)
biggit (past)
biggit (participle past)

From Old Norse byggja (“inhabit, build”).


abstract

abstract (third-person singular simple present abstracts, present participle abstractin, simple past abstractit, past participle abstractit)

abstracts (present singular third-person)
abstractin (participle present)
abstractit (past)
abstractit (participle past)


fuck

fuck (third-person singular simple present fucks, present participle fuckin, simple past fucked, past participle fucked)

fucks (present singular third-person)
fuckin (participle present)
fucked (past)
fucked (participle past)

From Middle Scots fuk, from Early Scots *fuken (“to copulate”), from Middle English *fukken, *fuken, probably of North Germanic origin: possibly from Old Norse *fukka, from Proto-Germanic *fukkōną.

He clappit fast, he kist and chukkit, / As with the glaikis he wer ouirgane, / Ȝit be his feirris he wald have fukkit; / ‘Ȝe brek my hart, my bony ane!’

c. 1510, William Dunbar, A Brash of Wowing:


buy

buy (third-person singular simple present buys, present participle buyin, simple past bocht, past participle bocht)

buys (present singular third-person)
buyin (participle present)
bocht (past)
bocht (participle past)


dar

dar (third-person singular simple present dars, present participle darin, simple past dart, past participle dart)

dars (present singular third-person)
darin (participle present)
dart (past)
dart (participle past)


donner

donner (third-person singular simple present donners, present participle donnerin, simple past donnert, past participle donnert)

donners (present singular third-person)
donnerin (participle present)
donnert (past)
donnert (participle past)

"Doited or no doited, it's a fact thae hae queer daein's aboot thae toons. I haena seen mony o' them; but as for Glasgow, it quite donnered me; and Edinburgh wasna muckle better. […]

1879, Mrs. Finlay Cameron, The Auld Hoose: Glimpses of Scottish Life, The Edinburgh Publishing Company (1879), page 69

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


wring

wring (third-person singular simple present wrings, present participle wringin, simple past wrang, past participle wrong)

wrings (present singular third-person)
wringin (participle present)
wrang (past)
wrong (participle past)


see

see (third-person singular simple present sees, present participle seein, simple past saw, seed, past participle seen)

sees (present singular third-person)
seein (participle present)
saw (past)
seed (past)
seen (participle past)

From Middle English seen, from Old English sēon, from Proto-West Germanic *sehwan. Cognate with English see.


age

age (third-person singular simple present ages, present participle agin, simple past aged, past participle aged)

ages (present singular third-person)
agin (participle present)
aged (past)
aged (participle past)

From Middle English age, from Old French aage, eage, from Vulgar Latin *aetāticum.


been

From Middle English ybeen, from Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”).


pit

pit (third-person singular simple present pits, present participle pittin, simple past pit, past participle pit)

pits (present singular third-person)
pittin (participle present)
pit (past)
pit (participle past)


thee

thee (third-person singular simple present thees, present participle theein, simple past theet, past participle theet)

thees (present singular third-person)
theein (participle present)
theet (past)
theet (participle past)

From Middle English theen, from Old English þēon, from Proto-Germanic *þinhaną.


mind

mind (third-person singular simple present minds, present participle mindin, simple past mindit, past participle mindit)

minds (present singular third-person)
mindin (participle present)
mindit (past)
mindit (participle past)

From Old English ġemynd, from Proto-Germanic *gamundiz.


girl

Metathesis of grill (“shudder (with horror, dread, etc), shiver (as on hearing a grating sound”), from Old Scots gril, from Middle English grillen (“shudder, quake, be afraid; enrage”), from Old English griellan, grillan (“offend, annoy; gnash one's teeth at”).

inh

For quotations using this term, see Citations:girl.

to tingle unpleasantly, when hearing a grating noise or biting into an acidic or unripe fruit


action

head

action (third-person singular simple present actions, present participle actionin, simple past actiont, past participle actiont)

actions (present singular third-person)
actionin (participle present)
actiont (past)
actiont (participle past)


air

air (third-person singular simple present airs, present participle airin, simple past aired, past participle aired)

airs (present singular third-person)
airin (participle present)
aired (past)
aired (participle past)


ant

ant (third-person singular simple present ants, present participle antin, simple past antit, past participle antit)

ants (present singular third-person)
antin (participle present)
antit (past)
antit (participle past)


arm

arm (third-person singular simple present arms, present participle armin, simple past armt, past participle armt)

arms (present singular third-person)
armin (participle present)
armt (past)
armt (participle past)

From Middle English arm (“poor”), from Old English earm (“poor”), from Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“poor”), from Proto-Indo-European *erm- (“poor, ill”).

(intransitive) to crawl about miserably.


arm

From Middle English armen (“to arm”), from Old French armer (“to arm”), from Latin armō (“to arm”). More at arm.


what

what (third-person singular simple present whats, present participle whatin, simple past whatt, past participle whatt)

whats (present singular third-person)
whatin (participle present)
whatt (past)
whatt (participle past)

From Middle English whetten, from Old English hwettan, from Proto-West Germanic *hwattjan. Cognates include English whet.


jump

jump (third-person singular simple present jumps, present participle jumpin, simple past jamp,jumpit, past participle jumpit)

jumps (present singular third-person)
jumpin (participle present)
jamp (past)
jumpit (past)
jumpit (participle past)


learn

learn (third-person singular simple present learns, present participle learnin, simple past learnt, past participle learnt)

learns (present singular third-person)
learnin (participle present)
learnt (past)
learnt (participle past)


ag

ag (third-person singular simple present ags, present participle agin, simple past aged, past participle aged)

ags (present singular third-person)
agin (participle present)
aged (past)
aged (participle past)


think

think (third-person singular simple present thinks, present participle thinking, simple past thocht, past participle thocht)

thinks (present singular third-person)
thinking (participle present)
thocht (past)
thocht (participle past)

From earlier thynk, from Middle English thynken, thinken, from Old English þencan, þenċean.

(transitive) to think, to conceive, to have in mind

He hed juist ae faut, tae ma thinkin, for a’ never jidged the waur o’ him for his titch of rochness—guid trees hae gnarled bark—but he thotched ower little o’ himsel’.

1895, Ian Maclaren, A Doctor of the Old School, page 175:

He had just one fault, in my opinion, for I never judged the worse of him for his touch of roughness—good trees have gnarled bark—but he thought over little of himself.

(transitive) to believe, to hold as an opinion, to judge; to feel, to have as an emotion

(transitive or intransitive) to ponder, to meditate, to consider, to reflect on

Lassie, think lang, think lang, / Ere his step comes ower the hill. / Luve gi’es wi’ a launch an’ a sang, / An’ whiles for nocht bit ill.

1924, Marion Angus, “Think Lang”, in Tinker's road, and other verses, page 37:

Girl, think more, think more, before his step comes over the hill. Love comes with a laugh and a song, and sometimes for nothing but harm.

(transitive or intransitive) to have scruples, to doubt, to reconsider

Think shame—think shame—think black-burning shame o’ yoursell, ye born and bred ruffian!

1853, David Macbeth Moir, The Life of Mansie Wauch, page 225:

Be ashamed—be ashamed—be deeply ashamed of yourself, you born and bred ruffian!


cry

cry (third-person singular simple present cries, present participle cryin, simple past cried, past participle cried)

cries (present singular third-person)
cryin (participle present)
cried (past)
cried (participle past)

A body whit studies the history is cried a historian an aw.


acre

From Middle English aker, from Old English æcer (“field; acre”), from Proto-West Germanic *akr.

To let grain crops be harvested at a stated sum per acre.

To be employed in harvesting grain crops at a stated sum per acre.


gans

third-person singular simple present indicative form of gan


tak

tak (third-person singular simple present taks, present participle takkin or taein, simple past teuk, past participle taen or takken)

taks (present singular third-person)
takkin (participle present)
taein (participle present)
teuk (past)
taen (participle past)
takken (participle past)

From Middle Scots tak, tacke, from Early Scots tak, from Middle English taken (“to take”), from Old English tacan (“to grasp, touch”), a borrowing from Old Norse taka (“to touch, take”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tēkaną (“to touch”). Tak gradually displaced the native Middle English nimen (“to take”). Cognates include English take and Norn taka. The noun is partly from the verb and partly from Old Norse tak (“grip”) and/or taka (“taking, seizure”), via Middle English tak, take.

As market days are wearing late, / And folk begin to tak the gate

(transitive) To understand, apprehend, take.


ail

ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailin, simple past ailt, past participle ailt)

ails (present singular third-person)
ailin (participle present)
ailt (past)
ailt (participle past)

From Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan.


maiden

maiden (third-person singular simple present maidens, present participle maidenin, simple past maident, past participle maident)

maidens (present singular third-person)
maidenin (participle present)
maident (past)
maident (participle past)

From Middle English mayden, Old English mægden; compare Scottish Gaelic maighdeann. Attested in Older Scots from the 12th century.

maiden the bairn

(obsolete, transitive) to act as maiden cummer (mother's assistant) at a christening


er

(Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be

(Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be

A'm er so!

(Southern Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be


bring

bring (third-person singular simple present brings, present participle bringin, simple past brocht, past participle brocht)

brings (present singular third-person)
bringin (participle present)
brocht (past)
brocht (participle past)

From Middle English bryngen, from Old English bringan.


dug

dug (third-person singular simple present dugs, present participle duggin, simple past duggit, past participle duggit)

dugs (present singular third-person)
duggin (participle present)
duggit (past)
duggit (participle past)

From Old English docga (“hound, powerful breed of dog”). Cognate with English dog.


drive

head

drive (third-person singular present drives, present participle drivin, past drave, past participle driven)

drives (present singular third-person)
drivin (participle present)
drave (past)
driven (participle past)

Derived from the verb, from Old English drīfan.


fit

fit (third-person singular simple present fits, present participle fitin, simple past fitt, past participle fitt)

fits (present singular third-person)
fitin (participle present)
fitt (past)
fitt (participle past)

Inherited from Northern Middle English fut, from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.


made

simple past tense and past participle of mak


rake

head

rake (third-person singular simple present rakes, present participle rakin, simple past rakit, past participle rakit)

rakes (present singular third-person)
rakin (participle present)
rakit (past)
rakit (participle past)

From Middle English raken, from Old English racian (“to direct; rule; take a course or direction; run”).

inh

To proceed with speed; go; make one's way

(of animals) To move across or search for pasture; wander; roam


speak

head

speak (third-person singular simple present speaks, present participle speakin, simple past spak, past participle spoken)

speaks (present singular third-person)
speakin (participle present)
spak (past)


brick

Make shair ee deh brick yon vase!

Make sure he doesn't break that vase over there!

Southern Scots form of brak (“to break”)


saw

Central and some Southern Scots dialects

(Southern Scots) simple past tense of sei

(Northern Scots and Central Scots) simple past tense of see


sell

sell (third-person singular simple present sells, present participle sellin, simple past sellt or sauld, past participle sellt or sauld)

sells (present singular third-person)
sellin (participle present)
sellt (past)
sauld (past)
sellt (participle past)
sauld (participle past)


act

act (third-person singular simple present acts, present participle actin, simple past actit, past participle actit)

acts (present singular third-person)
actin (participle present)
actit (past)
actit (participle past)


ir

(Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of to be

(Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of to be


fear

fear (third-person singular simple present fears, present participle fearin, simple past feart, past participle feart)

fears (present singular third-person)
fearin (participle present)
feart (past)
feart (participle past)


wow

wow (third-person singular simple present wows, present participle wowin, simple past wowt, past participle wowt)

wows (present singular third-person)
wowin (participle present)
wowt (past)
wowt (participle past)

From Middle English wowe, from Old English wogian (“to woo”).

(archaic, transitive or intransitive) to woo, court; to solicit affection (from someone)


duke

duke (third-person singular simple present dukes, present participle dukin, simple past dukit, past participle dukit)

dukes (present singular third-person)
dukin (participle present)
dukit (past)
dukit (participle past)

(intransitive) To cut into a queue, without permission.

Oi, dinnae duke us!

(transitive) To cut into a queue in front of someone.


rin

rin (third-person singular simple present rins, present participle rinnin, simple past run, past participle run)

rins (present singular third-person)
rinnin (participle present)
run (past)
run (participle past)

We twa hae run about the braes, / and pou'd the gowans fine;

1788, Robert Burns (lyrics and music), “Auld Lang Syne”:

We two have run about the braes, / and picked the daisies fine;


peer

peer (third-person singular simple present peers, present participle peerin, simple past peert, past participle peert)

peers (present singular third-person)
peerin (participle present)
peert (past)
peert (participle past)


upcast

upcast (third-person singular simple present upcasts, present participle upcastin, simple past upcast, past participle upcast)

upcasts (present singular third-person)
upcastin (participle present)
upcast (past)
upcast (participle past)


leafs

third-person singular simple present indicative form of leaf


note

note (third-person singular simple present notes, present participle notin, simple past nott, past participle nott or notten)

notes (present singular third-person)
notin (participle present)
nott (past)
nott (participle past)
notten (participle past)

From Middle English noten, notien, from Old English notian (“to make use of; employ; enjoy”), from Proto-Germanic *nutōną (“to make use of; enjoy”).


luik

head

luik (third-person singular simple present luiks, present participle luikin, simple past luikit, past participle luikit)

luiks (present singular third-person)
luikin (participle present)
luikit (past)
luikit (participle past)

From Old English lōcian, of West Germanic origin.


wir

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


sei

head

sei (third-person singular simple present seis, present participle seiin, simple past saw, past participle seen)

seis (present singular third-person)
seiin (participle present)
saw (past)
seen (participle past)

Div ee sei yon hoose ower there?


better

better (third-person singular simple present betters, present participle betterin, simple past bettert, past participle bettert)

betters (present singular third-person)
betterin (participle present)
bettert (past)
bettert (participle past)

From Middle English bettre, from Old English betera.


dunch

dunch (third-person singular simple present dunches, present participle dunchin, simple past duncht, past participle duncht)

dunches (present singular third-person)
dunchin (participle present)
duncht (past)
duncht (participle past)


em

(Southern Scots) emphatic first-person singular simple present of ti be


ca

ca (third-person singular simple present cas, present participle cain, simple past ca'd, past participle ca'd)

cas (present singular third-person)
cain (participle present)
ca'd (past)
ca'd (participle past)


brook

From Middle English bro(o)ken (“to use, enjoy, digest”), from Old English brūcan (“to use, enjoy”). See also brouk.

der

To enjoy; to possess; to have use or owndom of.


thank

head

thank (third-person singular simple present thanks, present participle thankin, simple past thankit, past participle thankit)

thanks (present singular third-person)
thankin (participle present)
thankit (past)
thankit (participle past)

From Middle English thanken, from Old English þancian, þoncian (“to thank, give thanks”).


manifest

manifest (third-person singular simple present manifests, present participle manifestin, simple past manifestit, past participle manifestit)

manifests (present singular third-person)
manifestin (participle present)
manifestit (past)
manifestit (participle past)


accommodate

accommodate (third-person singular simple present accommodates, present participle accommodatin, simple past accomodatit, past participle accommodat)

accommodates (present singular third-person)
accommodatin (participle present)
accomodatit (past)
accommodat (participle past)


weird

weird (third-person singular simple present weirds, present participle weirdin, simple past weirdit, past participle weirdit)

weirds (present singular third-person)
weirdin (participle present)
weirdit (past)
weirdit (participle past)

Inherited from Middle English werde, wirde, wyrde, from Old English wyrd (“fate, destiny”), from Proto-Germanic *wurdiz.

to ordain by fate, destine, assign a specific fate or fortune to, allot

to prophesy, prognosticate the fate of, warn ominously


affect

affect (third-person singular simple present affects, present participle affectin, simple past affectit, past participle affectit)

affects (present singular third-person)
affectin (participle present)
affectit (past)
affectit (participle past)

(law) to burden property with a fixed charge or payment, or other condition or restriction


tire

tire (third-person singular simple present tires, present participle tirin, simple past tiret, past participle tiret)

tires (present singular third-person)
tirin (participle present)
tiret (past)
tiret (participle past)


fare

From Middle Scots fare, from Middle English faren, from Old English faran, from Proto-West Germanic *faran, from Proto-Germanic *faraną, from Proto-Indo-European *por-.


witch

witch (third-person singular simple present, present participle witching, simple past witchit, past participle witchit)

witching (participle present)
witchit (past)
witchit (participle past)

From Middle English wicche, from Old English wiċċe (“witch (female),sorceress”) and wiċċa (“witch (male), sorcerer”) m., deverbative from wiċċian (“to practice sorcery”), from Proto-Germanic *wikkōną (compare West Frisian wikje, wikke (“to foretell, warn”), German Low German wicken (“to soothsay”), Dutch wikken, wichelen (“to dowse, divine”)), from Proto-Indo-European *wik-néh₂-, derivation of *weyk- (“to consecrate; separate”); akin to Latin victima (“sacrificial victim”), Lithuanian viẽkas (“life-force”), Sanskrit विनक्ति (vinákti, “to set apart, separate out”).

cog

(transitive) To harm (a person, etc.) by means of witchcraft; to bewitch, cast a spell on.

(figurative) To affect or influence as by witchcraft.


gaunt

head

gaunt (third-person singular simple present gaunts, present participle gauntin, simple past gauntt, past participle gauntt)

gaunts (present singular third-person)
gauntin (participle present)
gauntt (past)
gauntt (participle past)


mane

mane (third-person singular simple present manes, present participle manin, simple past maned, past participle maned)

manes (present singular third-person)
manin (participle present)
maned (past)
maned (participle past)


est

est (third-person singular simple present ests, present participle estan, simple past ested, past participle ested)

ests (present singular third-person)
estan (participle present)
ested (past)
ested (participle past)


bury

bury (third-person singular simple present buries, present participle buryin, simple past buriet, past participle buriet)

buries (present singular third-person)
buryin (participle present)
buriet (past)
buriet (participle past)

From English bury. Replacing native form bery.


putt

putt (third-person singular simple present putts, present participle puttin, simple past putt, past participle putt)

putts (present singular third-person)
puttin (participle present)
putt (past)
putt (participle past)


muck

muck (third-person singular simple present mucks, present participle muckin, simple past muckit, past participle muckit)

mucks (present singular third-person)
muckin (participle present)
muckit (past)
muckit (participle past)

Probably of North Germanic origin; compare Old Norse myki, mykr ‘dung’.


flour

flour (third-person singular simple present flours, present participle flourin, simple past flourt, past participle flourt)

flours (present singular third-person)
flourin (participle present)
flourt (past)
flourt (participle past)

From Middle English flour, from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs. More at English flower.


aber

From Old Norse apr (“sharp, hard, bad”).

to poke a fire in order to brighten it (often with up)


gar

gar (simple past and past participle gart or gert)

gart (participle past)
gart (past)
gert (participle past)
gert (past)

From Middle English garren, gerren, from Old Norse gera, gǫrva, gørva (Swedish göra, Danish gøre), from Proto-Germanic *garwijaną. Compare English yare.

Whit gars ye say that?

to make (somebody or something do something)


address

address (third-person singular simple present addresses, present participle addressin, simple past addressed, past participle addressed)

addresses (present singular third-person)
addressin (participle present)
addressed (past)
addressed (participle past)


ken

ken (third-person singular simple present kens, present participle kennin, simple past kent, past participle kent)

kens (present singular third-person)
kennin (participle present)
kent (past)
kent (participle past)

From Middle English kennen, from Old English cennan (“make known, declare, acknowledge”), originally "make to know", causative of cunnan (“to become acquainted with, to know”); from Proto-West Germanic *kannijan, from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną.

inh

Do ye ken John Peel with his coat so gay?

Dae ye ken Ken kens Ken?

(transitive) To know, perceive or understand.


buil

head

buil (third-person singular simple present buils, present participle builin, simple past built, past participle built)

buils (present singular third-person)
builin (participle present)
built (past)
built (participle past)


adapt

adapt (third-person singular simple present adapts, present participle adaptin, simple past adaptit, past participle adaptit)

adapts (present singular third-person)
adaptin (participle present)
adaptit (past)
adaptit (participle past)


admeet

admeet (third-person singular simple present admeets, present participle admeetin, simple past admeetit, past participle admeetit)

admeets (present singular third-person)
admeetin (participle present)
admeetit (past)
admeetit (participle past)


admire

admire (third-person singular simple present admires, present participle admirin, simple past admired, past participle admired)

admires (present singular third-person)
admirin (participle present)
admired (past)
admired (participle past)


admonish

admonish (third-person singular simple present admonishes, present participle admonishin, simple past admonisht, past participle admonisht)

admonishes (present singular third-person)
admonishin (participle present)
admonisht (past)
admonisht (participle past)


advised

simple past tense and past participle of advise


shackle

shackle (third-person singular simple present shackles, present participle shacklin, simple past shackelt, past participle shackelt)

shackles (present singular third-person)
shacklin (participle present)
shackelt (past)
shackelt (participle past)

From Old English sċacul, sċeacel, sċeacul (“fetter, shackle”), from Proto-Germanic *skakulaz (“shackle”), possibly from *skakaną (“to shake; to swing; to escape”), from Proto-Indo-European *skeg-, *skek- (“to shake; to stir”). However, compare the Oxford English Dictionary which doubts that English shackle is derived from *skeg-, *skek- as these roots lack the meaning of attaching or fastening.


shackles

third-person singular simple present indicative form of shackle


agent

agent (third-person singular simple present agents, present participle agentin, simple past agentit, past participle agentit)

agents (present singular third-person)
agentin (participle present)
agentit (past)
agentit (participle past)

From Latin agēns, present active participle of agere (“to drive, lead, conduct, manage, perform, do”).


agitate

agitate (third-person singular simple present agitates, present participle agitatin, simple past agitatit, past participle agitate)

agitates (present singular third-person)
agitatin (participle present)
agitatit (past)
agitate (participle past)

From Middle English, from Latin agitatus. Cognate with English agitate.


agree

agree (third-person singular simple present agrees, present participle agreein, simple past agreed, past participle agreed)

agrees (present singular third-person)
agreein (participle present)
agreed (past)
agreed (participle past)

From Middle English agreen, from Old French agreer.

(occasionally) to suffer no injury from (sth)


chap

Late Middle English, from Old English *ċeappian, *ċieppan, from Proto-Germanic *kapp-, *kap- (“to chop; cut; split”), like also English chop. The ultimate origin is uncertain; possibly from Vulgar Latin *cuppare (“to behead”), from Latin caput (“head”) and influenced by Old French couper (“to strike”).
Akin to Saterland Frisian kappe, kapje (“to hack; chop; lop off”), Dutch kappen (“to chop, cut, hew”), Middle Low German koppen (“to cut off, lop, poll”), German Low German kappen (“to cut off; clip”), German kappen (“to cut; clip”), German dialectal chapfen (“to chop into small pieces”), Danish kappe (“to cut, lop off, poll”), Swedish kapa (“to cut”), Albanian copë (“piece, chunk”), Old English *ċippian (attested in forċippian (“to cut off”)).

cog

(transitive, intransitive) To knock (on) or strike.


bab

head

bab (third-person singular simple present babs, present participle babbin, simple past bab'd, past participle bab'd)

babs (present singular third-person)
babbin (participle present)
bab'd (past)
bab'd (participle past)

Compare bob, likely cognate of English bob, from Middle English bobben (“to strike, to shake”).

inh

The lasses bab’d about the reel / Gar’d a’ their hurdies wallop

1733, Allan Ramsay, “Christ’s Kirk on the Green”, in Poems by Allan Ramsay, page 52:

The girls danced around the ring / Making their bottoms gallop


describe

head

describe (third-person singular simple present describes, present participle describin, simple past describit, past participle describit)

describes (present singular third-person)
describin (participle present)
describit (past)
describit (participle past)


bob

bob (third-person singular simple present bobs, present participle bobbin, simple past bobbit, past participle bobbit)

bobs (present singular third-person)
bobbin (participle present)
bobbit (past)
bobbit (participle past)

From Middle English bobbe (“cluster of fruit; spray of leaves”).


bob

Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic expressing quick movement, but compare English bob, above.


grime

head

grime (third-person singular simple present grimes, present participle grimein, simple past grimet, past participle grimet)

grimes (present singular third-person)
grimein (participle present)
grimet (past)
grimet (participle past)

(archaic) To sprinkle, fleck, or to cover with a layer of fine material (e.g. snow, dust).


hail

hail (third-person singular simple present hails, present participle hailin, simple past hailt, past participle hailt)

hails (present singular third-person)
hailin (participle present)
hailt (past)
hailt (participle past)

From Old English hāl (“healthy, safe”), from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, safe, sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”).


hail

(sports) to drive the ball through the goal, etc.


hatter

head

hatter (third-person singular simple present hatters, present participle hatterin, simple past hattered, past participle hattered)

hatters (present singular third-person)
hatterin (participle present)
hattered (past)
hattered (participle past)

(Southern Scots) to bother; to get someone worked up


corn

corn (third-person singular simple present corns, present participle cornin, simple past cornt, past participle cornt)

corns (present singular third-person)
cornin (participle present)
cornt (past)
cornt (participle past)

Inherited from Middle English corn, from Old English corn.


cap

cap (third-person singular simple present caps, present participle capping, simple past capped, past participle capped)

caps (present singular third-person)
capping (participle present)
capped (past)
capped (participle past)

Inherited from Middle English cappe (“cap, hat”).

inh+

confer a university degree by touching the graduate's head with a ceremonial cap


cap

head

cap (third-person singular simple present caps, present participle capin, simple past capt, past participle capt)

caps (present singular third-person)
capin (participle present)
capt (past)
capt (participle past)

Inherited from Middle English coppe (“cup”). Attested from Older Scots (a. 1700).


cap

From Old French caper (“to seize”). Attested from at least the 19th century. Compare older kep (“keep; catch”).

arrest, stop the progress (of a person or thing)


wave

head

wave (third-person singular simple present waves, present participle wavin, simple past wavet, past participle wavet)

waves (present singular third-person)
wavin (participle present)
wavet (past)
wavet (participle past)

From Middle English waven (“to move back and forth; to wave”).

inh

Her haffet-locks hang wavin’ on her cheek;
 Her cheeks sae ruddy, an’ her een sae clear;

1725, Allan Ramsay, “The Gentle Shepherd”, in The Poetical Works of Allan Ramsay, published 1866, page 10:

Her side-locks hang waving against her cheek; Her cheeks so rosy and her eyes so clear;


yuck

head

yuck (third-person singular simple present yuck, present participle yuckin, simple past yuckit, past participle yuckit)

yuck (present singular third-person)
yuckin (participle present)
yuckit (past)
yuckit (participle past)

Presumably of the same roots as English chuck, which see.

A yuckit it inti the bucket.


seis

third-person singular simple present indicative form of sei


like

like (third-person singular simple present likes, present participle likin, simple past likit, past participle likit)

likes (present singular third-person)
likin (participle present)
likit (past)
likit (participle past)

From Old English līcian (“to be pleasing”).

I dinna like.


dei

dei (third-person singular simple present deis, present participle deiin, simple past deid, past participle deed)

deis (present singular third-person)
deiin (participle present)
deid (past)
deed (participle past)

From Middle English die, from Old Norse deyja.


gaan

gaan (third-person singular simple present gaans, present participle gaan, simple past went or wett, past participle been)

gaans (present singular third-person)
gaan (participle present)
went (past)
wett (past)
been (participle past)

From Old English gān (“to go”). An alternative (and arguably more phonetically neutral; see the pronunciations given) spelling of gan or gaun.

Where div ee hink ee'r gaan at this time o night?

Where do you think you're going at this time of night?


hover

hover (third-person singular simple present hovers, present participle hoverin, simple past hovert, past participle hovert)

hovers (present singular third-person)
hoverin (participle present)
hovert (past)
hovert (participle past)


patch

patch (third-person singular simple present patches, present participle patchin, simple past patched, past participle patched)

patches (present singular third-person)
patchin (participle present)
patched (past)
patched (participle past)

(slang) to ignore or fail to notice someone.


feu

feu (third-person singular simple present feus, present participle feuin, simple past feuit, past participle feuit)

feus (present singular third-person)
feuin (participle present)
feuit (past)
feuit (participle past)


bairn

bairn (third-person singular simple present bairns, present participle bairnin, simple past bairnt, past participle bairnt)

bairns (present singular third-person)
bairnin (participle present)
bairnt (past)
bairnt (participle past)

Inherited from Middle English barn, bern, from Old English bearn (“child, son, descendant, offspring, issue, progeny”) and Old Norse barn (“child”), from Proto-Germanic *barną (“child”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, bring forth”).
Cognate with West Frisian bern (“child”), North Frisian baern, born (“child”), Middle High German barn (“child, son, daughter”), Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic barn (“child”), Albanian barrë (“pregnancy, child”).

cog

Whaiver he wis, he'd bairned her.


heal

head

heal (third-person singular simple present heals, present participle healin, simple past healt, past participle healt)

heals (present singular third-person)
healin (participle present)
healt (past)
healt (participle past)

From Early Scots helen, helien, from Old English helan (“to conceal, cover, hide”, strong verb) and helian (“to conceal, cover, hide”, weak verb), from Proto-West Germanic *helan, from Proto-Germanic *helaną (“to conceal, stash, receive stolen goods”) and Proto-Germanic *haljaną (“to hull, conceal”); both from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide”).

inh

(transitive) to hide, conceal, and keep secret


bud

head

bud (third-person singular simple present buds, present participle budin, simple past budt, past participle budt)

buds (present singular third-person)
budin (participle present)
budt (past)
budt (participle past)


corrie

corrie (third-person singular simple present corries, present participle corriein, simple past corriet, past participle corriet)

corries (present singular third-person)
corriein (participle present)
corriet (past)
corriet (participle past)

alternative spelling of coorie (“to stoop; to snuggle”)


haver

haver (third-person singular simple present havers, present participle haverin, simple past havert, past participle havert)

havers (present singular third-person)
haverin (participle present)
havert (past)
havert (participle past)


spay

spay (third-person singular simple present spays, present participle spayin, simple past spayed, past participle spayed)

spays (present singular third-person)
spayin (participle present)
spayed (past)
spayed (participle past)

From Northern Middle English spā, from Old Norse spá (“to foretell, prophesy”), from Proto-Germanic *spahōną, *spehōną (“to observe”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Old High German spehōn (“to peer, spy”) (whence German spähen), Middle Dutch spien, spieden (“to spy”) (whence Dutch spieden). More at spy.


lei

lei (third-person singular simple present leis, present participle leiin, simple past leid, past participle leid)

leis (present singular third-person)
leiin (participle present)
leid (past)
leid (participle past)

(Southern Scots) Alternative form of lee.


flether

flether (third-person singular simple present flethers, present participle fletherin, simple past flethert, past participle flethert)

flethers (present singular third-person)
fletherin (participle present)
flethert (past)
flethert (participle past)

1786, Robert Burns, A Dedication to Gavin Hamilton, Esq.
Expect na, Sir, in this narration,
A fleechin’, fleth’rin dedication,


dirk

dirk (third-person singular simple present dirks, present participle dirkin, simple past dirkt, past participle dirkt)

dirks (present singular third-person)
dirkin (participle present)
dirkt (past)
dirkt (participle past)

From earlier durk, of uncertain origin; perhaps related to German Dolch (“dagger”).


canker

canker (third-person singular simple present cankers, present participle cankerin, simple past cankert, past participle cankert)

cankers (present singular third-person)
cankerin (participle present)
cankert (past)
cankert (participle past)

Middle English canker, cancre, Old English cancer, akin to Dutch kanker, Old High German chanchar. From Latin cancer (“a cancer”).

(archaic) To become bad-tempered, to fret, to worry.


boo

boo (third-person singular simple present booes, present participle booin, simple past boo'd, past participle boo'd)

booes (present singular third-person)
booin (participle present)
boo'd (past)
boo'd (participle past)

From Middle English buwen, buȝen, bowen, from Old English būgan, from Proto-West Germanic *beugan, from Proto-Germanic *beuganą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰūgʰ- (“to bend”). Cognate with English bow, Dutch buigen, German biegen, Danish bue.


addle

From Middle English adel (“rotten”), from Old English adel, adela (“mire, pool, liquid excrement”), from Proto-West Germanic *adal.

inh

To water the roots of plants with the urine of cattle.


bide

From Old English bīdan, from Proto-Germanic.

Tae bide somewhaur: to dwell somewhere.

Tae bide: to dwell.

Whaur dae ye bide?: where do you live?

"Bide and fecht!" (traditional Scots phrase meaning "Stay and fight!")


cole

head

cole (third-person singular simple present coles, present participle colein, simple past colet, past participle colet)

coles (present singular third-person)
colein (participle present)
colet (past)
colet (participle past)

Uncertain; possibly from Old French coillir (Modern French cueillir) or Old Norse kollr.

(archaic, agriculture) To put hay in a cole.


dow

From Middle English douen. Cognate with obsolete English dow.

(obsolete) to have the strength for, to be able to


hoy

hoy (third-person singular simple present hoy, present participle hoyin, simple past hoyed, past participle hoyed)

hoy (present singular third-person)
hoyin (participle present)
hoyed (past)
hoyed (participle past)


kirk

kirk (third-person singular simple present kirks, present participle kirkin, simple past kirkit, past participle kirkit)

kirks (present singular third-person)
kirkin (participle present)
kirkit (past)
kirkit (participle past)

Inherited from Northern Middle English kyrke, from either Old Norse kirkja or Old English cirice.

inh+

(transitive) to bring to church for burial


preen

head

preen (third-person singular simple present preens, present participle preenin, simple past preent, past participle preent)

preens (present singular third-person)
preenin (participle present)
preent (past)
preent (participle past)

From Middle English pren, from Old English prēon, from Proto-Germanic *preunaz (“pin, knitting needle”).


prig

head

prig (third-person singular simple present prigs, present participle prigin, simple past prigt, past participle prigt)

prigs (present singular third-person)
prigin (participle present)
prigt (past)
prigt (participle past)

unk

unknown

Sum treitcheoure crynis the cunye, and kepis corne stakkis; Sum prig penny, sum pyke thank with preny promit.

Men wha grew wise priggin owre hops and raisins,


shaw

head

shaw (third-person singular simple present shaws, present participle shawin, simple past shawt, past participle shawt)

shaws (present singular third-person)
shawin (participle present)
shawt (past)
shawt (participle past)

From Middle English schewen, schawen, scheawen, from Old English scēawian, from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁-.


wale

wale (third-person singular simple present wales, present participle walin, simple past waled, past participle waled)

wales (present singular third-person)
walin (participle present)
waled (past)
waled (participle past)

From Middle English wal, wale, from Old Norse val (“choice”), from Proto-Germanic *walą, *walō (“desire, choice”), from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”).
Akin to Old Norse velja (“to choose”), Old High German wala (“choice”) (German wählen (“to choose”)), Old English willan (“to want”).


yammer

head

yammer (third-person singular simple present yammers, present participle yammerin, simple past yammert, past participle yammert)

yammers (present singular third-person)
yammerin (participle present)
yammert (past)
yammert (participle past)


champ

champ (third-person singular simple present champs, present participle champin, simple past champit, past participle champit)

champs (present singular third-person)
champin (participle present)
champit (past)
champit (participle past)

Late Middle English, probably imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative

champer

an implement for mashing or crushing etc., a pestle


gang

head

gang (third-person singular simple present gangs, present participle gaun, simple past gaed, past participle gaen)

gangs (present singular third-person)
gaun (participle present)
gaed (past)
gaen (participle past)

From Middle English gangen, from Old English gangan, Old Norse ganga, with inflected forms from Old English gān (like English go).

And I will love thee still, my dear
Till a’ the seas gang dry.

"There you gang," she cries, "troking wi' thae wearifu' Pharisees o' Caulds, whae daurna darken your mither's door. A bonnie dutiful child, quotha! Wumman, hae ye nae pride?—no even the mense o' a tinkler-lass?"

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:


greet

greet (third-person singular simple present greets, present participle greetin, simple past grat or grettit, past participle grutten)

greets (present singular third-person)
greetin (participle present)
grat (past)
grettit (past)
grutten (participle past)

From a blend of two Old English verbs, grētan (cognate with Swedish gråta', Danish græde) and grēotan (of uncertain ultimate origin), both ‘weep, lament’.

Then Sandy jumpit oot the boat, an he ran an ran greetin an sobbin an sobbin an greetin. An when he ran up tae the fairm, this ceilidh's still gaun on, see? an the pot o sowens is still on the fire! An he cam in howlin an greetin an sobbin, an the laird says tae him, ‘Whit's adae wi ye, Sandy?'

2008, Gordon Jarvie, Scottish Folk and Fairy Tales from Burns to Buchan, Penguin UK, →ISBN:

Then Sandy jumped out of the boat, and he ran and ran weeping and sobbing and sobbing and weeping. And when he ran up to the farm, this ceilidh's still going on, see? And the pot of flummery is still on the fire! And he came in howling and weeping and sobbing, and the lord of the manor says to him, 'What's the matter with you, Sandy?'

Thinking o Regula hid me greetin aw ae a sudden.

2013, Donal McLaughlin, transl., Naw Much of a Talker, Freight Books, translation of Der Goalie bin ig by Pedro Lenz, page 5:

Thinking of Regula had me weeping all of a sudden.


hag

hag (third-person singular simple present hags, present participle haggin, simple past hagg'd, past participle haggit)

hags (present singular third-person)
haggin (participle present)
hagg'd (past)
haggit (participle past)

From Middle English haggen (“to hack, chop, cut”), from Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew”). Compare English hag, above. Noun attested from the 14th century in Older Scots, with the verb from c. 1400.

inh

to chop (wood); to hack; to dig out (coal etc.)

[…]and the rawzor haggit like a saw—Trumbull o’ Selkirk makes good rawzors, but the weans are unco fond of playing wi’ mine, puir things—Od keep us!

1829, C.N. [John Wilson], “Noctes Ambrosianæ”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, page 789:

when the razor is hacked like a saw-tooth—Trumbull from Selkirk makes good razors, but the children are uncommonly fond of playing with mine, the poor things—then God help us!

(figurative) to make a hash of (something)


hag

From Icelandic hagga (“to budge; to put out of place”). Attested from the 20th century.


hoot

head

hoot (third-person singular simple present hoots, present participle hootin, simple past hootit, past participle hootit)

hoots (present singular third-person)
hootin (participle present)
hootit (past)
hootit (participle past)

Imitative. Compare English tut, Scottish Gaelic och.

(transitive or intransitive) To dismiss idly with contempt or derision; to flout; to pooh-pooh.


neat

From Middle English nete, from Anglo-Norman neit, a variant of Old French net, nette, from Latin nitidus (“gleaming”).


reek

reek (third-person singular simple present reeks, present participle reekin, simple past reekt, past participle reekt)

reeks (present singular third-person)
reekin (participle present)
reekt (past)
reekt (participle past)

From Middle English rek, reke (“smoke”), from Old English rēc, rīec, from Proto-West Germanic *rauki, from Proto-Germanic *raukiz. Compare Swedish rök.

Of a chimney: to emit smoke, to fail to emit smoke properly, sending it back into the room.

To smoke a pipe etc. To emit vapour or steam.

To show anger or fury, to fume, pour out one's spleen.


sleek

sleek (third-person singular simple present sleeks, present participle sleekin, simple past sleekit, past participle sleekit)

sleeks (present singular third-person)
sleekin (participle present)
sleekit (past)
sleekit (participle past)

→ Irish: slíoc


tint

An efterhin he tint a lot o weicht

simple past tense and past participle of tyne


adduce

adduce (third-person singular simple present adduces, present participle adducin, simple past adduced, past participle adduced)

adduces (present singular third-person)
adducin (participle present)
adduced (past)
adduced (participle past)

Borrowed from Latin adducere, adductum (“to lead or bring to”).

to adduce (bring forward or offer, as an argument, passage, or consideration which bears on a statement or case)

(transitive, Scots law) to adduce (produce in proof)


addict

addict (third-person singular simple present addicts, present participle addictin, simple past addictit, past participle addictit)

addicts (present singular third-person)
addictin (participle present)
addictit (past)
addictit (participle past)


worry

From Middle English worien, from Old English wyrġan, from Proto-Germanic *wurgijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”).


blackmail

head

blackmail (third-person singular simple present blackmails, present participle blackmailin, simple past blackmailt, past participle blackmailt)

blackmails (present singular third-person)
blackmailin (participle present)
blackmailt (past)
blackmailt (participle past)

/ˈblɒːkʰɱɑːl/

To extort money from another by means of intimidation.


gills

third-person singular simple present indicative form of gill


yank

yank (third-person singular simple present yanks, present participle yankin, simple past yankt, past participle yankt)

yanks (present singular third-person)
yankin (participle present)
yankt (past)
yankt (participle past)

Unknown; likely imitative. Compare whang (“a blow”).


affront

affront (third-person singular simple present affronts, present participle affrontin, simple past affrontit, past participle affrontit)

affronts (present singular third-person)
affrontin (participle present)
affrontit (past)
affrontit (participle past)

From Middle English afrounten, from Old French afronter (“to defy”), from Vulgar Latin *affrontāre (“to hit in the face”).

der

to affront; cause to feel ashamed; cause to blush; to humiliate (in front of others), to offend (not necessarily with intention).


wield

From Old English wieldan (“to control”), a derivative of wealdan (“to govern”), from Proto-West Germanic *waldan. Cognate with German walten, Swedish vålla.


coch

head

coch (third-person singular simple present cochs, present participle cochin, simple past cocht, past participle cocht)

cochs (present singular third-person)
cochin (participle present)
cocht (past)
cocht (participle past)

Middle English; of imitative origin. See also German keuchen, Dutch kuchen.

onomatopoeic

imitative


dander

To dander along the beach.

(Ulster) To walk along with no particular haste.


lamp

head

lamp (third-person singular simple present lamps, present participle lampin, simple past lampt, past participle lampt)

lamps (present singular third-person)
lampin (participle present)
lampt (past)
lampt (participle past)


scone

Possibly from Middle Low German schö̂ne (“fine flour bread”), or from Greek σκόνη (skóni, “dust”) or Middle Dutch schoonbroot (“fine bread; a kind of flat angular loaf”), from schoon (“fine”) + broot (“bread”); alternatively, Scottish Gaelic sgonn (“lump, mouthful”).

der

to strike the surface of something with some flat object


flit

head

flit (third-person singular simple present flits, present participle flittin, simple past flittit, past participle flittit)

flits (present singular third-person)
flittin (participle present)
flittit (past)
flittit (participle past)


ca'

ca' (third-person singular simple present caas, present participle caain, simple past caad, past participle caad)

caas (present singular third-person)
caain (participle present)
caad (past)
caad (participle past)


redd

redd (third-person singular simple present redds, present participle reddin, simple past redd, past participle redd)

redds (present singular third-person)
reddin (participle present)
redd (past)
redd (participle past)

From Middle English redden, from Old English hreddan, from Proto-West Germanic *hraddjan, from Proto-Germanic *hradjaną.

to tidy see modern Norwegian rydde, to tidy


disable

disable (third-person singular simple present disables, present participle disablein, simple past disablet, past participle disablet)

disables (present singular third-person)
disablein (participle present)
disablet (past)
disablet (participle past)


gill

gill (third-person singular simple present gills, present participle gilling, simple past gill'd, past participle gill'd)

gills (present singular third-person)
gilling (participle present)
gill'd (past)
gill'd (participle past)

From Middle English gille, from Old French gille (“a wine measure”), from Medieval Latin gillo (“earthenware jar”). Compare English gill.


lee

head

lee (third-person singular simple present lees, present participle leein, simple past leet, past participle leet)

lees (present singular third-person)
leein (participle present)
leet (past)
leet (participle past)

‘It’s a lee,’ says the man; ‘she’s either drunk or daft.’ / ‘Me drunk, you ill-tongued vagabond!’ says my Auntie Kirsty, who couldna bear such a reproach on her good name, ‘I’m a’ but blackfasting this day from either meat or drink; you had better no meddle wi’ my character.’

1876, S[arah] R. Whitehead, “On the Wrong Coach”, in Daft Davie and Other Sketches of Scottish Life and Character, London: Hodder and Stoughton, […], →OCLC, page 220:


sind

From Middle English sinden (“to wash, rinse out”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Old Norse synda (“to swim”).


bocht

simple past tense and past participle of buy


nicher

head

nicher (third-person singular simple present nichers, present participle nicherin, simple past nichert, past participle nichert)

nichers (present singular third-person)
nicherin (participle present)
nichert (past)
nichert (participle past)

To nicker; to make a soft neighing sound.


fud

Probably from Old Norse fuð, related to German Fotze, Futze, Fut, Fud.


trot

trot (third-person singular simple present trots, present participle trottin, simple past trottit, past participle trottit)

trots (present singular third-person)
trottin (participle present)
trottit (past)
trottit (participle past)

From Middle English trotten, from Old French trotter, troter (“to go, trot”), from Medieval Latin *trottō, *trotō (“to go”), from Frankish *trottōn (“to go, run”), from Proto-Germanic *trudōną, *trudaną, *tradjaną (“to go, step, tread”), from Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂- (“to run, escape”).

der

to flow rapidly and noisily, purl, ripple (of water)


heft

head

heft (third-person singular simple present hefts, present participle heftin, simple past heftit, past participle heftit)

hefts (present singular third-person)
heftin (participle present)
heftit (past)
heftit (participle past)

The noun is probably derived from Old Norse hefð (“occupation; possession; prescriptive right”), from hafa (“to have; to keep, retain”), from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have; to hold”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-, *keh₂p- (“to hold; to seize”).
The verb is probably derived from Old Norse hefða (“to acquire prescriptive rights”), from hefð (noun): see above.
Both the noun and verb may have been influenced by Scots heft (“(noun) handle of an implement, haft; (verb) to fit (an implement) with a handle”).

noncog

(agriculture) To accustom (a flock or group of farm animals, chiefly cattle or sheep) to a piece of pastureland.

To establish or settle (someone) in an occupation or place of residence.

[…] I hae heard him say, that the root of the matter was mair deeply hafted in that wild muirland parish than in the Canogate of Edinburgh.

1818 July 25, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter II, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume IV (in English), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 28:

[…] I had heard him say, that the root of the matter was more deeply hefted in that wild moorland parish than in the Canongate of Edinburgh.

To establish or plant (something) firmly in a place; to fix, to root, to settle.

(intransitive, reflexive) Of a thing: to establish or settle itself in a place.


dit

head

dit (third-person singular simple present dits, present participle ditin, simple past ditt, past participle ditt)

dits (present singular third-person)
ditin (participle present)
ditt (past)
ditt (participle past)

From Early Scots ditt or dyt, from Old English dyttan.

to close (especially of a door or mouth)

to darken or dim (in the sense of obscuring light)

of the sun: to sink or to be obscured by clouds


ait

ait (third-person singular simple present aits, present participle aitin', simple past ?, past participle ?)

aits (present singular third-person)
aitin' (participle present)

From Middle English eten, from Old English etan, from Proto-West Germanic *etan.


scunner

scunner (third-person singular simple present scunners, present participle scunnerin, simple past scunnert, past participle scunnert)

scunners (present singular third-person)
scunnerin (participle present)
scunnert (past)
scunnert (participle past)


wales

third-person singular simple present indicative form of wale


kent

simple past tense and past participle of ken


sneck

sneck (third-person singular simple present snecks, present participle sneckin, simple past sneckt, past participle sneckt)

snecks (present singular third-person)
sneckin (participle present)
sneckt (past)
sneckt (participle past)


whisht

whisht (third-person singular simple present whishts, present participle whishtin, simple past whishtit, past participle whishtit)

whishts (present singular third-person)
whishtin (participle present)
whishtit (past)
whishtit (participle past)

From Scottish Gaelic èist (“listen, harken”).

Whisht, sir!—whisht, and let me speak just ae word that I couldna say afore folk

1819, Walter Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor:

Hush, sir! Be silent and let me say just one thing that I could not say in front of other people


afflict

afflict (third-person singular simple present afflicts, present participle afflictin, simple past afflictit, past participle afflictit)

afflicts (present singular third-person)
afflictin (participle present)
afflictit (past)
afflictit (participle past)


dee

dee (third-person singular simple present dees, present participle deein, simple past dee'd, past participle dee'd)

dees (present singular third-person)
deein (participle present)
dee'd (past)
dee'd (participle past)

Middle English, from Old English dīġan (“to die”), from Proto-West Germanic *dauwjan (“to die”).
Compare English die, Danish dø, Norwegian Nynorsk døy, Norwegian Bokmål dø, Icelandic deyja, Swedish dö, Faroese doyggja.

Maxwelton braes are bonnie, / Where early fa's the dew, / And its there that Annie Laurie, / Gie'd me her promise true / Gie'd me her promise true, / Which ne'er forgot shall be, / And for bonnie Annie Laurie / I'd lay me doon and dee.

1852-1859, Lady John Scott (lyrics and music), “Annie Laurie”, in Scottish Songs:

Maxwelton hills are pretty, / Where early falls the dew, / And it's there that Annie Laurie, / Gave me her promise true / Gave me her promise true, / Which never forgot shall be, / And for pretty Annie Laurie / I'd lay myself down and die.


dee

Fit ye deein?

"A twa-horse wark, maybe? or dee ye make it oot wi' ae beast an' an owse?"

1875, William Alexander, Sketches of Life Among My Ain Folk, page 51:


oxter

From Middle English *oxtere, *oxte, from Old English ōxta, ōhsta, related to Old English ōxn (“armpit”); cognate with Scottish Gaelic achlais.

(transitive) To hug with the arms, or support by taking the arm of.

(transitive) To poke with the elbow or barge out of the way.


licht

licht (third-person singular simple present lichts, present participle lichting, simple past lichted, past participle lichted)

lichts (present singular third-person)
lichting (participle present)
lichted (past)
lichted (participle past)

From Old English lēoht, līht, līhtan, of Germanic origin.


dink

dink (third-person singular simple present dinks, present participle dinkin, simple past dinkt, past participle dinkt)

dinks (present singular third-person)
dinkin (participle present)
dinkt (past)
dinkt (participle past)

Origin unknown. Attested in Old Scots circa 1500.

unknown

Origin unknown


dink

Probably a variant of English dint, a dent or mark left by a blow.


dover

head

dover (third-person singular simple present dovers, present participle doverin, simple past dovert, past participle dovert)

dovers (present singular third-person)
doverin (participle present)
dovert (past)
dovert (participle past)

(transitive) To send off into a light sleep.


tae

tae (third-person singular simple present taes, present participle taein, simple past taet, past participle taet)

taes (present singular third-person)
taein (participle present)
taet (past)
taet (participle past)

From Middle English to, from Old English tā, from Proto-West Germanic *taihā. Cognates include English toe and Faroese tá.


tae

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


bing

head

bing (third-person singular simple present bings, present participle bingin, simple past bingt, past participle bingt)

bings (present singular third-person)
bingin (participle present)
bingt (past)
bingt (participle past)

From Old Norse bingr; cf. Middle English bynge (“a bin, enclosure, pen”).
Cf also Scottish Gaelic binnean meaning a small hill or slag heap.


wird

head

wird (third-person singular simple present wirds, present participle wirdin, simple past wirdt, past participle wirdt)

wirds (present singular third-person)
wirdin (participle present)
wirdt (past)
wirdt (participle past)

From Middle English word, from Old English word (“word”), from Proto-Germanic *wurdą (“word”), from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om (“word”).


mun

Ye mun ha' done wi' all that foolery — ye're gettin' a man now, an' ye mun give over that nonsense.

1894, M E Francis, In a North Country Village:

(modal auxiliary, defective) Alternative form of maun


ming

ming (third-person singular simple present mings, present participle mingin, simple past mingt, past participle mingt)

mings (present singular third-person)
mingin (participle present)
mingt (past)
mingt (participle past)

From Middle English mengen (“to mix”), mynge et al., from Old English mengan (“to mix”). In sense "to stink" probably derived from the specialized sheep-smearing sense.

(obsolete) To mix, mingle, ming; to confuse.

(obsolete) To mix tar for sheep-smearing.

(usually in present participle) To be malodorous, to stink.


gan

gan (third-person singular simple present gans, present participle gan, simple past went or wett, past participle been)

gans (present singular third-person)
gan (participle present)
went (past)
wett (past)
been (participle past)

From Northern Middle English gan, from Old English gān (“to go”). Past tense supplied by Old English wenden (“to wend”).


bespeak

bespeak (third-person singular simple present bespeaks, present participle bespeakin, simple past bespak, past participle bespoken)

bespeaks (present singular third-person)
bespeakin (participle present)
bespak (past)
bespoken (participle past)


nieve

nieve (third-person singular simple present nieves, present participle nievin, simple past nievit, past participle nievit)

nieves (present singular third-person)
nievin (participle present)
nievit (past)
nievit (participle past)

Borrowed from Old Norse hnefi, nefi, of unknown origin.

to open and close the hand spasmodically


drow

drow (third-person singular simple present drows, present participle drowin, simple past drowt, past participle drowt)

drows (present singular third-person)
drowin (participle present)
drowt (past)
drowt (participle past)


luke

luke (third-person singular simple present lukes, present participle lukin, simple past lukit, past participle lukit)

lukes (present singular third-person)
lukin (participle present)
lukit (past)
lukit (participle past)


constitute

constitute (third-person singular simple present constitutes, present participle constitutein, simple past constitutet, past participle constitutet)

constitutes (present singular third-person)
constitutein (participle present)
constitutet (past)
constitutet (participle past)


manifests

third-person singular simple present indicative form of manifest


rump

rump (third-person singular simple present rumps, present participle rumpin, simple past rumpit, past participle rumpit)

rumps (present singular third-person)
rumpin (participle present)
rumpit (past)
rumpit (participle past)

From Old Norse rumpr (“rump”), from Middle Low German rump (“the bulk or trunk of a body, trunk of a tree”), from Proto-Germanic *rumpō (“trunk of a tree, log”). The ultimate origin could be related to Proto-Germanic *hrimpaną (“to wrinkle”) (Dutch rimpel and German rümpfen (“to wrinkle”)); outside of Germanic, compare Ancient Greek ῥάμφος (rhámphos, “crooked beak”).

cog

(colloquial, humorous) Sexual intercourse.


ging

head

ging (third-person singular simple present gings, present participle gaun, simple past gaed, past participle gaen)

gings (present singular third-person)
gaun (participle present)
gaed (past)
gaen (participle past)

From Middle English gangen, from Old English gangan, Old Norse ganga, with inflected forms from Old English gān (like English go).


im

(Southern Scots) First person singular simple present form of ti be


blaw

blaw (third-person singular simple present blaws, present participle blawin, simple past blew, past participle blawen)

blaws (present singular third-person)
blawin (participle present)
blew (past)
blawen (participle past)

From Northern Middle English blawe, from Old English blāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną (“to blow”). More at English blow.

The westlin wind blaws loud an' shill; / The night's baith mirk and rainy, O

The westerly wind blows loud and shrill; / The night's both dark and rainy, O


kame

kame (third-person singular simple present kames, present participle kamin, simple past kamet, past participle kamet)

kames (present singular third-person)
kamin (participle present)
kamet (past)
kamet (participle past)

Older Scots kame, came, from Middle English cambe (“comb”).

Wi’ her short green goon, an’ her queer red cap,
An’ her een sae skelly an’ blear ;
Wi’ her fingers sae lang, aye keepit sa thrang,
A-kaimin’ her yellow hair

1908, Glasgow Ballad Club, “Jenny Kilfunk”, in Ballads and Poems: Third Series, page 115:

With her short green gown, and her odd red cap, / And her eyes so squinty and bleary; / With her fingers so long, held so close together, / Combing her yellow hair

gie ’im a kamin doun


boak

boak (third-person singular simple present boaks, present participle boakin, simple past boakit, past participle boakit)

boaks (present singular third-person)
boakin (participle present)
boakit (past)
boakit (participle past)


titch

titch (third-person singular simple present titches, present participle titchin, simple past titched, past participle titched)

titches (present singular third-person)
titchin (participle present)
titched (past)
titched (participle past)

From Old Scots tuich or twych, from Old French tochier.

Wud ye titch the bell? Gin I binna dry, an my tongue a’ san’paper, I’m a leear.

1845, T. Denham, Poems and Snatches of Prose, page 145:

Would you touch the bell? If it is not the case that I am dry, my tongue like sandpaper, then I’m a liar.

Jesus wis gaein alang wi the thrang ’maist birzin the breith out o him, wan a wuman at hed haen a rin a bluid for twal year, at nae-ane docht redd her o, cam up ahent him an titched the rund o his coat; an immedentlie the rin o bluid devauled.

1983, William Lorimer, transl., The New Testament in Scots, Edinburgh: Canongate, published 2001, →ISBN, →OCLC, Luke 8:43-44, page 119:

Jesus was among the throng, which nearly pushed the breath from him, when a woman who had been bleeding for twelve years, such that no one could heal her, came before him and touched the edge of his cloak; and immediately the bleeding stopped.


minds

third-person singular simple present indicative form of mind


sark

sark (third-person singular simple present sarks, present participle sarkin, simple past sarkit, past participle sarkit)

sarks (present singular third-person)
sarkin (participle present)
sarkit (past)
sarkit (participle past)

From Old English serc, syrc, sierce, from Germanic.

to cover the rafters of a roof with wooden boards, line a roof with wood for the slates to be nailed on


ding

ding (third-person singular simple present dings, present participle dingin, simple past dang, past participle dung)

dings (present singular third-person)
dingin (participle present)
dang (past)
dung (participle past)

Probably from Old Norse dengja (“to beat, thrash”). Cognate with Swedish dänga, Danish dænge.

An he's awa tae the greenwood gane / Tae ding the dun deer doon.

And he's gone away to the greenwood / To strike the dun deer down.

‘Gude help him!—twa lines o' Davie Lindsay would ding a' he ever clerkit.’

An the black lad frae yont Nyanga dings the fell gallows o the burghers doun

1960, “Freedom Come-All-Ye”performed by Hamish Henderson:

And the black lad from distant Nyanga tears the foul gallows of the bourgeois down.


dinks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of dink


brings

third-person singular simple present indicative form of bring


collop

collop (third-person singular simple present collops, present participle collopin, simple past collopt, past participle collopt)

collops (present singular third-person)
collopin (participle present)
collopt (past)
collopt (participle past)

Late Middle English, of North Germanic origin, from Swedish kalops (“stewed meat”), from Old Swedish kollops (“slices of beef stew”). Cognate to German Klops (“dish of meat made tender by beating”).

cog

Anent Flesheores—Item it is statut and ordainit[…] also that na flesheer to Brugh nor land bring blawin flesh to this mercat nor collipit or cuted vpon vnder the shulders and that the head of the muttone be brought with the scheapes buik

1872, Alex. J. Warden, Burgh Laws of Dundee, page 36:

Regarding Butchers—It is hereby declared and ordained […] also that no butcher of the borough or region bring spoiled flesh to this market nor meat cut into collops or severed from under the forelegs and that the head of the sheep be brought with the sheep’s carcass


pish

head

pish (third-person singular simple present pishes, present participle pishin, simple past pished, past participle pished)

pishes (present singular third-person)
pishin (participle present)
pished (past)
pished (participle past)

From late Middle English pyshe, variant of pisse.


cleek

cleek (third-person singular simple present cleeks, present participle cleekin, simple past claucht, past participle claucht)

cleeks (present singular third-person)
cleekin (participle present)
claucht (past)
claucht (participle past)

From Middle English cleken (“to seize, clutch”); see English clutch.

der

Cleek a'ye can be hook or crook.

c. 1718, Allan Ramsay, Lucky Spence's Last Advice:


fash

head

fash (third-person singular simple present fashes, present participle fashin, simple past fasht, past participle fasht)

fashes (present singular third-person)
fashin (participle present)
fasht (past)
fasht (participle past)

From early modern French fascher (now fâcher), from Latin fastus (“disdain”).


howff

howff (third-person singular simple present howffs, present participle howffin, simple past howfft, past participle howfft)

howffs (present singular third-person)
howffin (participle present)
howfft (past)
howfft (participle past)


luid

luid (third-person singular simple present luids, present participle luidin, simple past luidt, past participle luidt)

luids (present singular third-person)
luidin (participle present)
luidt (past)
luidt (participle past)

(intransitive) To whimper; chatter; prate; talk incessantly.


stap

stap (third-person singular simple present staps, present participle stappin, simple past stappeet, past participle stappeet)

staps (present singular third-person)
stappin (participle present)
stappeet (past)
stappeet (participle past)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewb- (“to push, stick”).

der

(Southern Scots) to push (something into something); to force (something into something)


ferly

head

ferly (third-person singular simple present ferlys, present participle ferlyin, simple past ferlyt, past participle ferlyt)

ferlys (present singular third-person)
ferlyin (participle present)
ferlyt (past)
ferlyt (participle past)

From Middle English fērlī (“astonishing, surprising, unexpected”), from Old English fǣrliċ (“sudden, unexpected”), equivalent to fear + -ly.

der

(obsolete) to wonder, marvel, be surprised


gree

head

gree (third-person singular simple present grees, present participle greein, simple past greet, past participle greet)

grees (present singular third-person)
greein (participle present)
greet (past)
greet (participle past)

(Doric Scots) to agree (make an agreement)


streek

streek (third-person singular simple present streeks, present participle streekin, simple past streekit, past participle streekit)

streeks (present singular third-person)
streekin (participle present)
streekit (past)
streekit (participle past)

Fower hunder horsemen in yeh streekit line.


rift

rift (third-person singular simple present rifts, present participle riftin, simple past riftit, past participle riftit)

rifts (present singular third-person)
riftin (participle present)
riftit (past)
riftit (participle past)


airt

airt (third-person singular simple present airts, present participle airtin, simple past airtit, past participle airtit)

airts (present singular third-person)
airtin (participle present)
airtit (past)
airtit (participle past)

From Northern Middle English art (“district, locality”).

inh

(intransitive) to direct one's way; to make for

(transitive) to confine, to constrain, to force, to incite


airts

third-person singular simple present indicative form of airt


describes

third-person singular simple present indicative form of describe


hallow

Inherited from Middle English halwen, from Old English hālgian.


roun

head

roun (third-person singular simple present rouns, present participle rounin, simple past rount, past participle rount)

rouns (present singular third-person)
rounin (participle present)
rount (past)
rount (participle past)


sain

From Middle English (whence also English sain), from Old English, from Latin. Cognate to Scottish Gaelic seun (“a charm”).

to make the sign of the cross, to genuflect


gant

gant (third-person singular simple present gants, present participle gantin, simple past gantt, past participle gantt)

gants (present singular third-person)
gantin (participle present)
gantt (past)
gantt (participle past)

The verb is possibly derived from Middle English *ganten, from Old English *gānettan, a frequentative of gānian (“to gape, open, open wide; to yawn”) (whence Middle English ganen, gane, gonen), from Proto-West Germanic *gainōn (“to yawn”), from Proto-Germanic *gainōną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to gape; to yawn”).
The noun is derived from the verb.

inh

To open the mouth wide to breathe; to gasp.

(figurative)
Of a thing: to open wide; to gape.

(figurative)
To make exaggerated statements.


skirl

head

skirl (third-person singular simple present skirls, present participle skirlin, simple past skirlt, past participle skirlt)

skirls (present singular third-person)
skirlin (participle present)
skirlt (past)
skirlt (participle past)


sleekit

simple past tense and past participle of sleek


mak

mak (third-person singular simple present maks, present participle makkin, simple past made or makkit, past participle made or makkit)

maks (present singular third-person)
makkin (participle present)
made (past)
makkit (past)
made (participle past)
makkit (participle past)

From Middle English maken, from Old English macian.

Mony fowk drink tae mak thaimselves feel blithe.

Many people drink to make themselves feel happy.


maks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of mak


hing

hing (third-person singular simple present hings, present participle hingin, simple past hung, past participle hung)

hings (present singular third-person)
hingin (participle present)
hung (past)
hung (participle past)


wyte

wyte (third-person singular simple present wytes, present participle wytin, simple past wytit, past participle wytit)

wytes (present singular third-person)
wytin (participle present)
wytit (past)
wytit (participle past)

From Old English wītan, from Proto-West Germanic *wītan, from Proto-Germanic *wītaną.

Na, na, sir–nae man can wyte me wi' theft.


div

A div agree wi ye.

(auxiliary) Form of tae dae used in the east of Scotland as an auxiliary. Nowadays most often found in Aberdeenshire, Angus, Moray, East Lothian and the Scottish Borders.


feucht

(Southern Scots) simple past tense of fecht


kirks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of kirk


loup

loup (third-person singular simple present loups, present participle loupin, simple past loupit, past participle loupit)

loups (present singular third-person)
loupin (participle present)
loupit (past)
loupit (participle past)

From Middle English lopen, borrowed from Old Norse hlaupa, from Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną. Doublet of lepe, which was inherited from Old English hlēapan.

I throw the wee stools o'er the mickle, / While round the fire the giglets keckle, / To see me loup

1786, Robert Burns, Address To The Toothache:

I throw the little stools over the mickle, / While round the fire the children cackle, / To see me leap


bou

bou (third-person singular simple present bous, present participle bouin, simple past boued, past participle boued)

bous (present singular third-person)
bouin (participle present)
boued (past)
boued (participle past)

From Middle English bowe, from Old English boga, from Proto-West Germanic *bogō.

bou-end

the first net shot after the buoy from a herring-boat


dree

dree (third-person singular simple present drees, present participle dreein, simple past dreed, past participle dreed)

drees (present singular third-person)
dreein (participle present)
dreed (past)
dreed (participle past)

From Old English drēogan, from Proto-West Germanic *dreugan, from Proto-Germanic *dreuganą.


beh

beh (third-person singular simple present behs, present participle behin, simple past bocht, past participle bocht)

behs (present singular third-person)
behin (participle present)
bocht (past)
bocht (participle past)


tires

third-person singular simple present indicative form of tire


weirds

third-person singular simple present indicative form of weird


gangs

third-person singular simple present indicative form of gang


nieves

third-person singular simple present indicative form of nieve


keek

keek (third-person singular simple present keeks, present participle keekin, simple past keeked, past participle keeked)

keeks (present singular third-person)
keekin (participle present)
keeked (past)
keeked (participle past)

From Middle Scots keik (“to peep”), from Middle English kiken, from Middle Low German kiken, from Old Saxon kīkan, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *kīkan. Cognate with English keek.


waulk

waulk (third-person singular simple present waulks, present participle waulkin, simple past waulkit, past participle waulkit)

waulks (present singular third-person)
waulkin (participle present)
waulkit (past)
waulkit (participle past)

From Middle English walken, from Old English wealcan (“to roll, toss”).

(intransitive) (of cloth) to shrink from moisture


gonnae no

Reduced form of gaun tae no, going to not

—Gonnae no dae that! —How no? —Jist gonnae no! —Don't do that! —Why not? —Just don't!


wuz

(Southern Scots) simple past tense of be


swither

swither (third-person singular simple present swithers, present participle switherin, simple past swithert, past participle swithert)

swithers (present singular third-person)
switherin (participle present)
swithert (past)
swithert (participle past)

First attested in 1501; of unknown origin.

to be indecisive, to dither, to hesitate.


luve

luve (third-person singular simple present luves, present participle luvin, simple past luved, past participle luved)

luves (present singular third-person)
luvin (participle present)
luved (past)
luved (participle past)

Inherited from Northern Middle English lufe (compare Southern love).

inh+

Wha dis Saurah luve?

For God sae luved the warld at he gíed his ae an ane Son, at ilkane at belíeves in him mayna perish but hae eternal life.

1983, William Lorimer, transl., The New Testament in Scots, Edinburgh: Canongate, published 2001, →ISBN, →OCLC, John 3:16:

Because God loved the world so much, he gave his own begotten son, so anyone that believes in him won't perish, but has eternal life.


dicht

From Middle English dighten, from Old English dihtan.


leuk

head

leuk (third-person singular simple present leuks, present participle leukin, simple past leukit, past participle leukit)

leuks (present singular third-person)
leukin (participle present)
leukit (past)
leukit (participle past)


bowk

bowk (third-person singular simple present bowks, present participle bowkin, simple past bowkt, past participle bowkt)

bowks (present singular third-person)
bowkin (participle present)
bowkt (past)
bowkt (participle past)

From Old Scots bolk (“to belch”). Cognate with Geordie bowk and General Scots boak (but does not have quite the same meaning).


reeks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of reek


sells

third-person singular simple present indicative form of sell


wett

A wett oot afore, bit no for ower long.

(Southern Scots) simple past tense of gan


pishes

third-person singular simple present indicative form of pish


pished

simple past tense and past participle of pish


dunches

third-person singular simple present indicative form of dunch


traik

traik (third-person singular simple present traiks, present participle traikin, simple past traikt, past participle traikt)

traiks (present singular third-person)
traikin (participle present)
traikt (past)
traikt (participle past)


heuch

heuch (third-person singular simple present heuchs, present participle heuchin, simple past heucht, past participle heucht)

heuchs (present singular third-person)
heuchin (participle present)
heucht (past)
heucht (participle past)


guddle

Unknown, but see etymology of English section.

To catch fish with the hands, especially by groping under stones or at the banks of a stream.


brocht

simple past tense and past participle of bring


mairry

mairry (third-person singular simple present mairries, present participle mairryin, simple past mairriet, past participle mairriet)

mairries (present singular third-person)
mairryin (participle present)
mairriet (past)
mairriet (participle past)


shae

shae (third-person singular simple present shaes, present participle shaein, simple past shod, past participle shod)

shaes (present singular third-person)
shaein (participle present)
shod (past)
shod (participle past)

Inherited from Middle English scho, from Old English scōh (“shoe”). More at shoe.


stot

stot (third-person singular simple present stots, present participle stottin, simple past stottit, past participle stottit)

stots (present singular third-person)
stottin (participle present)
stottit (past)
stottit (participle past)

Likely derived from Middle Dutch stoten. Also compare Old Norse stauta. Related to Dutch stoten (“to push; to bump”), German stoßen (“to push; to bump; to jolt; to kick; to thrust”).


gaun

'Faith, friend,' he says, 'that was a nasty fall for a fellow that has supped weel. Where might your road be gaun to?'

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:


airtit

simple past tense and past participle of airt


tyne

head

tyne (third-person singular simple present tynes, present participle tynin, simple past tint, past participle tint)

tynes (present singular third-person)
tynin (participle present)
tint (past)
tint (participle past)

Hoo muckle o weicht hae ye tint?


waled

simple past tense and past participle of wale


sleeks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of sleek


mindit

simple past tense and past participle of mind


colf

colf (third-person singular simple present colfs, present participle colfin, simple past colft, past participle colft)

colfs (present singular third-person)
colfin (participle present)
colft (past)
colft (participle past)

From Early Scots calfat, borrowed from French calfater.


greets

third-person singular simple present indicative form of greet


stots

third-person singular simple present indicative form of stot


stottit

simple past tense and past participle of stot


tynes

third-person singular simple present indicative form of tyne


muckit

simple past tense and past participle of muck


flethers

third-person singular simple present indicative form of flether


flethert

simple past tense and past participle of flether


mucks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of muck


mairries

third-person singular simple present indicative form of mairry


mairriet

simple past tense and past participle of mairry


drees

third-person singular simple present indicative form of dree


dreed

simple past tense and past participle of dree


wites

third-person singular simple present indicative form of wite


bather

bather (third-person singular simple present bathers, present participle batherin, simple past bathert, past participle bathert)

bathers (present singular third-person)
batherin (participle present)
bathert (past)
bathert (participle past)

nae bather!


keeks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of keek


keeked

simple past tense and past participle of keek


skite

skite (third-person singular simple present skites, present participle skitin, simple past skited, past participle skited)

skites (present singular third-person)
skitin (participle present)
skited (past)
skited (participle past)

From Old Norse skjóta (“to shoot, dart”). Compare Norwegian Bokmål skyte, Danish skyde.

It only skited off ‘im like a shoor o’ hailstanes.

It only bounced off of him like a shower of hailstones.

to slip, to slide on a smooth surface; to skate on ice

(transitive) to pitch, to throw (something) forcibly

(transitive) to cause (liquid) to spray or squirt


swithers

third-person singular simple present indicative form of swither


kens

third-person singular simple present indicative form of ken


duncht

simple past tense and past participle of dunch


aig

aig (third-person singular simple present aigs, present participle aigan, simple past aiged, past participle aiged)

aigs (present singular third-person)
aigan (participle present)
aiged (past)
aiged (participle past)


spae

spae (third-person singular simple present spaes, present participle spaein, simple past spaed, past participle spaed)

spaes (present singular third-person)
spaein (participle present)
spaed (past)
spaed (participle past)

→ English: spae

From Northern Middle English spā, from Old Norse spá (“to foretell, prophesy”), from Proto-Germanic *spahōną, *spehōną (“to observe”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Norwegian Bokmål spå.

spae-trade

the practice of fortune-telling, prophecy

to prophesy, foretell, predict, tell fortunes


gowf

gowf (third-person singular simple present gowfs, present participle gowfing, simple past gowfed, past participle gowfed)

gowfs (present singular third-person)
gowfing (participle present)
gowfed (past)
gowfed (participle past)

From Middle Scots golf, from Middle Dutch colve, from Proto-West Germanic *kolbō, from Proto-Germanic *kulbaz (“round object”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to form into a ball”).


hae

head

hae (third-person singular simple present haes, present participle haein, simple past haet, past participle haet)

haes (present singular third-person)
haein (participle present)
haet (past)
haet (participle past)


ent

ent (third-person singular simple present ents, present participle entin, simple past ented, past participle ented)

ents (present singular third-person)
entin (participle present)
ented (past)
ented (participle past)


yammers

third-person singular simple present indicative form of yammer


dwine

dwine (third-person singular simple present dwines, present participle dwinin, simple past dwinet, past participle dwinet)

dwines (present singular third-person)
dwinin (participle present)
dwinet (past)
dwinet (participle past)

From Old English dwīnan, from Proto-Germanic *dwīnaną.


deave

deave (third-person singular simple present deaves, present participle deavin, simple past deaved, past participle deaved)

deaves (present singular third-person)
deavin (participle present)
deaved (past)
deaved (participle past)

From Middle English deven, deaven (“to make deaf”), from Old English ādēafian (“to deafen”). See deef.

A clapper-tongue wad deave a miller

1792, Robert Burns, Sic a wife as Willie's Wife:


tirl

tirl (third-person singular simple present tirls, present participle tirlin, simple past tirlt, past participle tirlt)

tirls (present singular third-person)
tirlin (participle present)
tirlt (past)
tirlt (participle past)


jalouse

jalouse (third-person singular simple present jalouses, present participle jalousin, simple past jaloused, past participle jaloused)

jalouses (present singular third-person)
jalousin (participle present)
jaloused (past)
jaloused (participle past)

From Old French jalouser (“to be jealous of”).

der

to guess, suspect, infer, be suspicious of, to have doubts or suspicions about, surmise


splore

head

splore (third-person singular simple present splores, present participle splorin, simple past splore't, past participle splore't)

splores (present singular third-person)
splorin (participle present)
splore't (past)
splore't (participle past)

Robert Louis Stevenson, Catriona

My faither, Tam Dale, peace to his banes, was a wild, sploring lad in his young days, wi' little wisdom and less grace.


pree

pree (third-person singular simple present prees, present participle preein, simple past preed, past participle preed)

prees (present singular third-person)
preein (participle present)
preed (past)
preed (participle past)

Whan the stewart pree'd the watter turned intil wine, onkennin whaur it cam frae, tho the servans at hed drawn it kent, he turned tae the bridgegroom. John 2:9 (Lorimer translation)


ettle

ettle (third-person singular simple present ettles, present participle ettlin, simple past ettle't, past participle ettle't)

ettles (present singular third-person)
ettlin (participle present)
ettle't (past)
ettle't (participle past)


mease

mease (third-person singular simple present meases, present participle measin, simple past meased, past participle meased)

meases (present singular third-person)
measin (participle present)
meased (past)
meased (participle past)


swithert

simple past tense and past participle of swither


evite

evite (third-person singular simple present evites, present participle evitin, simple past evitet, past participle evitet)

evites (present singular third-person)
evitin (participle present)
evitet (past)
evitet (participle past)

From Middle Scots evite, from Early Modern English evite, from Middle French eviter, from Latin ēvītō (“to avoid”). Cognate with modern French éviter and English evite (obsolete in English since the 17th century).

(archaic, transitive) To avoid, escape, or shun.


hails

third-person singular simple present indicative form of hail


champs

third-person singular simple present indicative form of champ


saut

saut (third-person singular simple present sauts, present participle sautin, simple past sautit, past participle sautit)

sauts (present singular third-person)
sautin (participle present)
sautit (past)
sautit (participle past)

From Old English sealt, from Proto-Germanic *saltą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l-.

to preserve in salt, pickle, sprinkle with salt

to punish, take revenge, snub, repress, treat severely


fashes

third-person singular simple present indicative form of fash


fasht

simple past tense and past participle of fash


sellt

simple past tense and past participle of sell


ert

ert (third-person singular simple present erts, present participle ertin, simple past ertit, past participle ertit)

erts (present singular third-person)
ertin (participle present)
ertit (past)
ertit (participle past)


dinkt

simple past tense and past participle of dink


dirks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of dirk


gie

gie (third-person singular simple present gies, present participle giein, simple past gied, past participle gied or gien)

gies (present singular third-person)
giein (participle present)
gied (past)
gied (participle past)
gien (participle past)

From Middle English given, geven, gifen, from Old Norse gefa.

Gie us (or gie's) a brek.

“Here, Dougal,” said the laird, “gie Steenie a tass of brandy, till I count the siller and write the receipt.”

1824, Sir Walter Scott, “Wandering Willie's Tale”, in Redgauntlet:


nocht

nocht (third-person singular simple present nochts, present participle nochtin, simple past nochtit, past participle nochtit)

nochts (present singular third-person)
nochtin (participle present)
nochtit (past)
nochtit (participle past)

From Middle English nought, from Old English nāwiht (“nothing, naught”). More at naught.


rade

Then he rade awa.


jeuk

jeuk (third-person singular simple present jeuks, present participle jeukin, simple past jeukt, past participle jeukt)

jeuks (present singular third-person)
jeukin (participle present)
jeukt (past)
jeukt (participle past)


scunners

third-person singular simple present indicative form of scunner


hefts

third-person singular simple present indicative form of heft


heftit

simple past tense and past participle of heft


gies

third-person singular simple present indicative form of gie


bowks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of bowk


makkit

simple past tense and past participle of mak


tiret

simple past tense and past participle of tire


leis

third-person singular simple present indicative form of lei


cleeks

third-person singular simple present indicative form of cleek


claucht

simple past tense and past participle of cleek


pan

pan (third-person singular simple present pans, present participle pannin, simple past panned, past participle panned)

pans (present singular third-person)
pannin (participle present)
panned (past)
panned (participle past)

Eh'm gonnae pan yer windaes in!

(slang) break, smash (particularly of windows)


hev

hev (third-person singular simple present hez, present participle hevin, simple past hed, past participle hed)

hez (present singular third-person)
hevin (participle present)
hed (past)
hed (participle past)


brouk

From Middle English brouken, from Old English brūcan (“to use, enjoy”), from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan.

to have the use or owndom of (money, land, etc.)


duik

duik (third-person singular simple present duiks, present participle duiking, simple past duikt, past participle duikt)

duiks (present singular third-person)
duiking (participle present)
duikt (past)
duikt (participle past)


blether

blether (third-person singular simple present blethers, present participle bletherin, simple past blethert, past participle blethert)

blethers (present singular third-person)
bletherin (participle present)
blethert (past)
blethert (participle past)


drave

A wes daunnerin hame alang the Quenesferrie Rodd eftir skuil whan he drave paust in a limmie wi a swairm o poliss afoir an eftir.

2016 March 23, Iain W Forde, “Thrie lessons frae Cuba”, in The National:

Earlier that mornin ah'd drave up tae the Co-Op fir ma mornin paper, an the streets wir awaash wi rid an white flags an banners!

2017 June 7, Wilson Rab, “Glesses clinkt tae famous victory fur heroic Glens”, in The National:

Earlier that morning, I had driven up to the co-op for my morning paper, and the streets were awash with red and white flags and banners!