इ

i (romanization)
अय् (alternative)
ई (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hay-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-. Cognate with Ancient Greek εἶμι (eîmi, “I go”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀍𐀳 (i-jo-te), Old Persian 𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎡𐎹 (aitiy, “goes”), Luwian 𒄿𒋾 (i-ti /iti, idi/, “goes”), Hittite 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/, “goes”), Old Church Slavonic ити (iti), Lithuanian eiti, and Latin eo, iter whence English itinerary.

cog

अधी

to turn the mind towards, to mind, know by heart, go over

ए

come near, approach; reach, attain; submit

प्रे

come forth, appear; begin; proceed, advance; go forwards; go out


ऋ

ṛ (romanization)
अर् (alternative)
ईर् (alternative)

Merged from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“stir, move”) and *h₁er- (“to move, go”); the former is cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῡμῐ (órnūmĭ, “to set upon; to arouse”) and Old Armenian յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, awake”), while the latter is cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”) and Albanian erdha (“to have come, originated”) (via a derivative *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move”)).

cog

to obtain, gain, acquire, reach, meet with

to move, excite, raise (as voice, words, etc.)

to throw, cast, fling; fix or implant in

to put or place on, fix upon, direct or cast towards (as the eye, etc.); to insert, give, set, or place

to hand over; give to, give in charge of, consign, deliver


स्निह्

head

स्निह् • (snih)

sa-root

स्निह् • (snih)

snih (romanization)
स्नेह् (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sneygʷʰ-
Sanskrit स्निह् (snih)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”). The meaning of "to love, be attached" may have evolved from a secondary meaning of snow: "to stick, remain", referring to the nature of snow, as well as "whitish bodily fluids which are compared to snow, notably snot and spit", to stick to itself. Another example in this context is semen.
This offers two senses of development:
* as a simile of companionship, love: "sticking with someone"
* as a euphemism for the act of making love, involving body fluids: "sticky like snow"

inh+

to be adhesive or sticky or glutinous or viscid or moist, to be adherent, to cling

to be attached to or fond of, feel affection for, love


वद्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wedH-?
Sanskrit वद् (vad)
Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hwad-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwad-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wedH- (“to utter, to call”). See वद॑ति (vádati) for more discussion.


वच्

vac (romanization)
उच् (alternative)
वोच् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak”). Cognates include Middle Dutch gewāgen (“to speak”), Latin vōx (“voice”), Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps, “voice”) and Persian آواز (âvâz, “voice”).

c. 300 CE, Harivaṃśa

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa

3 ආක්රොශන්මාමවොචන්මාම ජයන්මාමහාපයත්
අත්ර යෙ උපනහ්යන්තෙ වෛරං තෙෂාං න ශාම්යති

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

They abused me, they reviled me, they defeated me and plundered me.
Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.

3 Ākrośanmāmavocanmāma jayanmāmahāpayat
Atra ye upanahyante vairaṃ teṣāṃ na śāmyati.


तरंग

→ Hindi: तरंग (taraṅg)

→ Malayalam: തരംഗം (taraṅgaṁ)

→ Marathi: taraṅga

Devanagari script: तरंग

Modi script: 𑘝𑘨𑘽𑘐

→ Tamil: தரங்கம் (taraṅkam)

→ Telugu: తరంగము (taraṅgamu)

/t̪ɐ.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/

Probably derived from तॄ (tṝ, “to pass”).

(nominal verb) to move like a billow, wave about, move restlessly to and fro


गण्

Mayrhofer and Turner both reconstruct an original -ṛ- vowel to account for the variance of this root's -a- for -i- and -u- in the descendants.
Beyond this, the derivation is unclear. Turner connects it to गृणाति (gṛṇāti, “calls out, invokes”), from गॄ (gṝ), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise, greet”). Mayrhofer connects it to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- (“to assemble, gather together”), whence also ग्राम (grāma). If so, cognates include Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γών (ăgṓn) and ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (ăgorā́), and Latin grex.


तुष्

head

तुष् • (tuṣ)

sa-root

तुष् • (tuṣ)

Punjabi: ਤੁਸ (tus, “sate”)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tus-, zero-grade of *tews- (“to be happy”).

inh+

to like (with inst.), become calm, be satisfied or pleased with anyone or anything

अपि मम काव्येन तुष्यसि


विन्द्

head

विन्द् • (vind)

sa-root

विन्द् • (vind)

Extracted from विन्दति (vindati), originally a nasal-infix present of Proto-Indo-European *weyd-, but reinterpreted in Sanskrit as a root containing the nasal consonant. Doublet of विद् (vid).


मी

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to lessen, small, little”). Cognate with Russian меньше (menʹše, “less”); Latin minuō whence English minute, diminish, etc.; Latin minus, minor, minimum.


त्विष्

head

त्विष् • (tviṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *twayṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *twayš-, from Proto-Indo-European *tweys- (“to shake”).


दो

Alternative form of दा (dā, “to divide, mow”)


रुह्

head

रुह् • (ruh)

sa-root

रुह् • (ruh)

ruh (romanization)
रुध् (alternative)
रोह् (alternative)

From earlier रुध् (rudh), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). Change of -ध् (-dh) to -ह् (-h) probably to avoid homonymy with रुध् (rudh, “to obstruct”).


दिव्

head

दिव् • (div)

sa-root

दिव् • (div)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *diHw- ~ *dyuH- (“to endeavour”), see further दीव् (dīv).


दिव्

head

दिव् • (div)

sa-root

दिव् • (div)


दिव्

head

दिव् • (div)

sa-root

दिव् • (div)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dyew-, see further द्यु (dyu).


ह्री

head

ह्री • (hrī)

sa-root

ह्री • (hrī)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreyH- (“to be ashamed”). Cognate with Old High German grīnan.


वे

ve (romanization)
ऊय् (alternative)
वि (alternative)
वा (alternative)
उ (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- ~ *uh₁y- (“to weave”). Related to Latin vieō (“weave”), Proto-Celtic *winati, and Proto-Slavic *vìti. In the case of वयति (váyati), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wey- (“to weave”), related to Lithuanian áusti. Etymologically related to present tense व्ययति (vyáyati, “winds, wraps”), though this is assigned to the root व्ये (vye).


संख्या

head

संख्या • (saṃkhyā)

sa-root

संख्या • (saṃkhyā)

saṃkhyā (romanization)
सङ्ख्या (alternative)

/s̪ɐŋ.kʰjɑː/

to reckon or count up, sum up, enumerate, calculate

to appear along with, be connected with, belong to


धी

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰayH- (“to perceive”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (diδāⁱti, “to see”), Old Persian 𐎮𐎮𐎹 (di-di-y /dīdiy/, “see”, 2nd pers sg imperative), Persian دیدن (didan, “to see”).


भू

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to appear, become, be, grow, rise up”). Cognates include Ancient Greek φύω (phúō), Avestan 𐬠𐬎 (bu), Latin fui, fīō, Proto-Germanic *buskaz, *beuną, and Old English beon (whence English be).

inh+

भूमि

situation, place, earth, ground, base, extent; country


आस्

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HaHs-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁s-.


भा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-.


त्वच्

head

त्वच् • (tvac)

From Proto-Indo-European *twek- (“shield, skin; to cover”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σάκος (sákos, “shield”), Hittite [script needed] (tuekkaš, “body”).


स्तृ

head

स्तृ • (stṛ)


श्री

श्री • (śrī)

sa-root

श्री • (śrī)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κεράννυμι (keránnumi, “mix, blend”), κρᾱτήρ (krātḗr, “mixing bowl, cup-shaped basin; crater”); English rear.


ऋच्

अर्च् अर्च्#Sanskrit


पद्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pád-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pád (“to move, go”), from the same ultimate origin as Etymology 1, perhaps with semantic influence from the root underlying पत् (pat, “to fall”).

to go, resort or apply to, participate in, keep, observe


कु

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

non-lemma

Alternative form of कू (kū, “to design”)


हि

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, drive, wound”).

inh

to send forth, impel, urge on, hasten on


ईश्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HiHś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HiHć-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ-. Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬁- (aēšā-, “ability, possessions”), Tocharian B aik- (“to know”) and Proto-Germanic *aiganą (English own), also owe and ought.


द्रु

head

द्रु • (dru)

sa-root

द्रु • (dru)

From Proto-Indo-European *drew- (“to run”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎 (drauu, “to run”), and, outside of Indo-Iranian, possibly Latin Dravus (“the Drava river in southern Central Europe”).


विद्युत्

head

विद्युत् • (vidyut)

sa-root

विद्युत् • (vidyut)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wí
Sanskrit वि- (vi-)
Proto-Indo-European *dyew-der.
Sanskrit द्युत् (dyut)
Sanskrit विद्युत् (vidyut)
वि- (vi-, “away, about, in different directions”) + द्युत् (dyut, “to shine, to flash forth”), an extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *dyew- (“to shine”).

etymon

द्युत्>shine

affix

to flash forth, lighten, shine forth (as the rising sun)


संज्ञा

head

संज्ञा • (saṃjñā)

sa-root

संज्ञा • (saṃjñā)

/sɐɲd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

/s̪ɐɲd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

From सम्- (sam-, “with”) + ज्ञा (jñā, “to know”).

pre

to agree together, be of the same opinion, be in harmony with

to appoint, assign, intend (for any purpose), destine

to acknowledge or claim as one's own, take possession of

to cause to be of the same opinion or agree together

to cause to acquiesce or agree in (euphemistically said of a sacrificial victim, which ought not to be led forcibly to its death but made to resign itself)

to make to be understood or known, cause to understand

to make signs to, communicate or make anything known by signs


कृप्

head

कृप् • (kṛp)

sa-root

कृप् • (kṛp)

Often taken to be inherited from Proto-Indo-European *krep-, *kʷrep- (“to be grumpy; to moan”), and compared with Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬥 (karapan, “anti-Zoroastrian priest, teacher”), Khwarezmian [script needed] (krb-, “to moan, mumble, babble”), Parthian [script needed] (kyrbg, “pious”), Middle Persian [script needed] (krpk /kirbag/, “virtue, good deed”), Latin crepō (“to crack, creak”), and Russian кропота́ть (kropotátʹ, “to grumble, be grumpy”). The semantic divergence of these words is difficult to explain, however.


विराज्

head

विराज् • (virāj)

sa-root

विराज् • (virāj)

Compound of वि (ví, “apart, asunder”) + राज् (rā́j, “to rule”).

com+

/ʋi.ɾɑ́ːd͡ʑ/


क्रुञ्च्

head

क्रुञ्च् • (kruñc)

sa-root

क्रुञ्च् • (kruñc)


उपनिषद्

head

उपनिषद् • (upaniṣad)

sa-root

उपनिषद् • (upaniṣad)

From उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”).


सद्

From Proto-Indo-European *sed-. Cognates include Latin sedeō, Old Church Slavonic сѣдѣти (sěděti), Old English sittan (whence English sit).

योनि॒मेक॒ आ स॑साद॒ द्योत॑नो॒ऽन्तर्दे॒वेषु॒ मेधि॑रः॥

One (Agni) intelligent, resplendent among the gods, is seated in his place (the altar).

yóniméka ā́ sasāda dyótanoʼntárdevéṣu médhiraḥ.


प्रज्ञा

head

प्रज्ञा • (prajñā)

sa-root

प्रज्ञा • (prajñā)

Prakrit: *𑀧𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀺𑀢 (*paṇṇita)

⇒ Sanskrit: पण्डित (paṇḍita)

/pɾɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑ́ː/

/pɾɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-
Sanskrit ज्ञा (jñā)
Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajñā)
From प्र- (pra-, “towards, pro-”) + ज्ञा (√jñā, “to know”).

af

to know, understand (esp. a way or mode of action), discern, distinguish, know about, be acquainted with


स्वर्

head

स्वर् • (svar)

sa-root

स्वर् • (svar)

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to resound; whistle; shout loudly; swear”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svãrъ (“quarrel, strife, trouble”); Latin sermō; English swear, (an)swer.


कृत्

head

कृत् • (kṛt)

sa-root

कृत् • (kṛt)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-t-, an extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


कृत्

head

कृत् • (kṛt)

Of uncertain origin. Probably related to Hittite [script needed] (kar-za, kar-za-na-aš, “a weaver's tool for making thread”). Comparisons to Ancient Greek κάρταλλος (kártallos, “a basket with a pointed bottom”) and Latin crātis (“wickerwork”) have also been made.


कृ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kar-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-.

स्कृ (alternative especially)
ईकृ (alternative especially)

कृत्रिम

made artificially, factitious, artificial

पुत्रकृथ

bringing forth or procreation of children

चिकीर्षा

intention or desire to make or do or perform


कृ

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *kreH- (“to shout”); cognate with Proto-Germanic *hrōmiz (“fame”), whence German Ruhm (“fame, glory”).

to commemorate, honor, treat with respect, make mention of, praise, speak highly of


वह्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *waȷ́ʰ-
Sanskrit वह् (vah)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *waźʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *waȷ́ʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-.


दृश्

head

दृश् • (dṛś)

sa-root

दृश् • (dṛś)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *derḱ-
Sanskrit दृश् (dṛś)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *darś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *darć-, from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).


विश्

head

विश् • (viś)

sa-root

विश् • (viś)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-
Sanskrit विश् (viś)
From Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“to settle”), related to Etymology 1.

inh

to enter, enter in or settle down on, go into, pervade

(astronomy) to come into conjunction with

(with अग्निम्, ज्वलनम् etc.) to enter the fire (i.e. ascend the funeral pyre)

with अग्निम्

(with अपस्) to sink or be immersed in the water

(of rivers and armies etc.) to flow into (and join with)

to flow or redound to, fall to the share of

to fall or get into any state or condition


भी

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear”). Cognate with Old English bifian (whence English bive), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬫𐬈𐬥𐬙𐬈 (bayente, “they are afraid”), Persian بیم (bim, “fear”).

cog

मृत्योर्बिभेषि किं बाल न स भीतं विमुञ्चति; रावणाद्बिभ्यतीं भृशम् Bk.8.7; Śi.3.45.

mṛtyorbibheṣi kiṃ bāla na sa bhītaṃ vimuñcati; rāvaṇādbibhyatīṃ bhṛśam Bk.8.7; Śi.3.45.

Boy, why are you afraid of death ? Death does not release this anger; he was scared of Ravana.

(parasmaipada) to fear, dread, be afraid of

(ātmanepada) to be anxious or solicitous about


चुर्

head

चुर् • (cur)

sa-root

चुर् • (cur)


तन्

From Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch”). Compare Ancient Greek τείνω (teínō), Latin tendō, German dehnen.


तुद्

head

तुद् • (tud)

sa-root

तुद् • (tud)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tawd-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tawd-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-.


लुण्ट्

head

लुण्ट् • (luṇṭ)

sa-root

लुण्ट् • (luṇṭ)

luṇṭ (romanization)
रुण्ट् (alternative)
लुण्ड् (alternative)
रुण्ड् (alternative)
रुण्ठ् (alternative)
लुण्ठ् (alternative)

Given the large number of alternative forms, probably a substrate word. See Prakrit लुट्टइ (luṭṭaï) for more.


प्रतिज्ञा

head

प्रतिज्ञा • (pratijñā)

sa-root

प्रतिज्ञा • (pratijñā)

From प्रति- (prati-) + ज्ञा (jñā, root).

/pɾɐ.t̪id͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

to admit, own, acknowledge, acquiesce in, consent to, approve

to perceive, notice, learn, become aware of


स्था

head

स्था • (sthā)

sa-root

स्था • (sthā)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *staH-, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.
Cognates include Polish stać (literally, “to stand”), Russian стать (statʹ), Bulgarian ста́на (stána) (literally, “to stand”, compare with the Polish word), Latin stō, Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi), Old English standan (English stand).

to stand, station oneself, take up a position on

to stay, remain, continue in any condition or action

to continue to be or exist, to endure, last.

to stand still, stay quiet, remain stationary, stop, halt, wait, tarry, linger, hesitate

to cause to stand still, stop, arrest, check, hold, keep in, restrain


अस्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Has- (“to be”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). See अस्ति (asti) for cognates.

सत्

being; sat; which see for more derived terms


अस्

From the Proto-Indo-Iranian root *Has- (“to throw, shoot, hurl”), with further origin uncertain. See अस्यति (asyati) for cognates.


गम्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gam-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gam-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬨 (gam), Latin veniō, Ancient Greek βαίνω (baínō), Old English cuman (whence English come).


ज्ञा

head

ज्ञा • (jñā)

sa-root

ज्ञा • (jñā)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-
Sanskrit ज्ञा (jñā)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́naH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰnaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”). Cognate with Latin gnōscō, Ancient Greek γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō), Old English cnawan (English know), and Russian знать (znatʹ).

etymon

अज्ञ

ignorant; inexperienced; unconscious; stupid


विद्

head

विद् • (vid)

sa-root

विद् • (vid)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayd-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”); figuratively "to know". Cognate with Latin videō (“to see”), Ancient Greek οἶδα (oîda, “to know”), Belarusian ве́даць (vjédacʹ, “to know”), Russian ве́дать (védatʹ, “to know”), Old Church Slavonic вѣдѣти (věděti, “to know, see”). Compare also English wit, Bulgarian ви́дя (vídja, “I see”), Russian ви́деть (vídetʹ, “to see”).


स्कृ

head

स्कृ • (√skṛ)


नम्

From Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to bend”).


बुध्

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰúdʰs, from *bʰewdʰ- (“to wake”).

to come to; wake up; recover consciousness after fainting

to observe, heed, attend to (with acc. or gen.)

to perceive, notice, learn, understand, become or be aware of or acquainted with

to think of, i.e. present a person (‘with’ instr.)

to know to be, recognize as (with two acc.)

to deem, consider or regard as (with two acc.)

to cause to observe or attend, admonish, advise

to make a person acquainted with, remind or inform of. impart or communicate anything to (with two acc.)


वा

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HwaH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate with German wehen. Often considered one root with 'Etymology 3'.


वा

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HwaH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to be extinguished”). Cognate with Latin vānus. Often considered one root with 'Etymology 2'.


तॄ

tṝ (romanization)
तर् (alternative)
तृ (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-
Sanskrit तॄ (tṝ)
From Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-. Cognates include Ancient Greek τέρθρον (térthron), Latin terminus, Old English þurh (“through”). More at through.


सिव्

head

सिव् • (siv)

sa-root

सिव् • (siv)

From Proto-Indo-European *syuh₁- (“to sew”). Cognate with Latin suō, Old English siwian (English sew).

to sew, sew on, darn, stitch, stitch together


हा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave, abandon”). This root is not always easily distinguishable from the one below, and some derived terms of that root are perhaps originally derived from this one.

inh

to leave, abandon, desert, quit, forsake, relinquish

to put away, take off, remove, lay aside, give up, renounce, resign, avoid, shun, abstain or refrain from.

शर्धम् शर्धम्

to cause to emit (with शर्धम्, ‘to cause to break wind’)


हा

From the middle voice of the same Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰeh₁- as the root above. This root is not always easily distinguishable from the one above, and some derived terms of that root are perhaps originally derived from this one.

to start or spring forward, bound away, give way to [with dative]

to go or depart or betake one's self to have recourse to [with accusative]


भुज्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend, curve”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φεύγω (pheúgō); Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan), *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*baugjan); German biogan, biegen (“to bend, turn”); Old English būgan; English bow.


भुज्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy, consume”). Cognate with Latin fungor, whence English function and fungible.


वृ

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to cover”), and related to Latin operiō (“to cover, shut”), Lithuanian suvérti (“to shut”).
Older theories derived the root from Proto-Indo-Aryan *war-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *war-, from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cover, envelop”), and connected the root to Scottish Gaelic fearann (“estate, land”), Avestan 𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬛𐬥𐬁 (uardnā, “cover, envelope”). Other theories connected the root to Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, coil”). These two Indo-European roots may have semantically influenced and merged with the Sanskrit (though Mayrhofer and Rix seem to reconstruct the *welH- as *wel- instead).

der

to cover, screen, veil, conceal, hide, surround, obstruct

to ward off, check, keep back, prevent, hinder, restrain


वृ

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”). Cognate with Latin volo (“to wish, want”), English will.


ज्या

head

ज्या • (jyā)

sa-root

ज्या • (jyā)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́yaH-, perhaps further from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyeH- though there would be no non-Indo-Iranian cognates. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬌𐬥𐬁𐬙𐬌 (zināti, “wins, overpowers”).
Avestan z- reflects Proto-Indo-European *ǵ-, but the root जि (ji) (Younger Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (jaiiāi, “will win”)) is generally held to descend from Proto-Indo-European *gʷey- (“to win”). So this root and जि (ji) are unrelated.


निन्द्

head

निन्द् • (nind)

sa-root

निन्द् • (nind)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃neyd-. Cognate with Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 (neiþ, “hatred, spite”), Latvian naids (“hatred”), Ancient Greek ὄνειδος (óneidos, “reproach”).


धन्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion, flow”). Cognate with Persian دنیدن (danidan, “to walk pompously”), Latin fōns (“fountain”), Tocharian A tsän- (“to flow”).


स्मृ

head

स्मृ • (smṛ)

sa-root

स्मृ • (smṛ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *smar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *smar-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to remember”).


मन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *man-, from Proto-Indo-European *men-.

मनीषा́

thought, intelligence, concept, prayer, wish

मनन

thoughtful, careful; thinking, reflection, reverence

मति

thought, idea, belief, mind, worship, memory

मन्तु

advisor, arbiter; counsel; understanding

मन्मन्

understanding, intellect, thought, prayer

मन्य

thinking oneself to be, passing for, appearing as

सुम्न

benevolence, grace; devotion, prayer; peace

to remember (especially of forms with mnā-)


कीर्त्

head

कीर्त् • (√kīrt)

to mention, make mention of, tell, name, call,

to commemorate, celebrate, praise, glorify


वीर्

वीर् • (vīr)

sa-root

वीर् • (vīr)

to be powerful or valiant, display heroism.


हृ

Of uncertain origin.
The traditional derivation by Pokorny from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to want, yearn”) (whence हर्य् (hary, “to like, delight in”)), is not mentioned at all by Mayrhofer, who suggests a partial relation to भृ (bhṛ, “to bear, carry”), as well as contamination by both भृ (bhṛ) and घृ (ghṛ, “to besprinkle, moisten”). He mentions that ascertaining the ultimate origins of हृ (hṛ) is difficult due to the semantic overlap described above.
An alternative theory by de Vaan derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”), comparing to Latin cohors (“farmyard, cohort”). It is possible that the potential relations discussed above have all influenced the formation of the Sanskrit root.


हृ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárH- (“vex; to be upset”), and cognate with Persian آزردن (âzordan, “to annoy, torment”).


नश्

naś (romanization)
अंश् (alternative)
अक्ष् (alternative)
अश् (alternative)
नंश् (alternative)
नक्ष् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hnaś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnać-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, attain”). Cognate with Latin nanciscor (“I encounter”), Old Irish (do·)icc (“comes”), Old English ġenōg (whence English enough).


नश्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *naś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nać-, from Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”). Cognate with Latin noceō (“to harm, hurt”), Ancient Greek νεκρός (nekrós), Old Irish éc.


अज्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “to lead”), Latin agō (“to do”), whence English agent, act and many more.


अञ्ज्

head

अञ्ज् • (añj)

sa-root

अञ्ज् • (añj)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ-. Cognates include Latin ung(u)ō (“I anoint”), Old Armenian օծ (ōc, “chrism”) and Old High German ancho (“butter”).
The meaning of the root in the Rigveda has also been suggested to be "to cause to appear, reveal, make bright", presumably with a different etymology.

ब॒भ्रुरेको॒ विषु॑णः सू॒नरो॒ युवा॒ञ्जिअ॒ङ्क्ते हिर॒ण्यय॑म्॥

One (Soma) is a youth brown, active, manifold he decks the golden ornament

babhrúréko víṣuṇaḥ sūnáro yúvāñjíaṅkté híraṇyáyam.

आज्य

butter or an oil and milk mixture used at a sacrifice


अद्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Had-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Had-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-. Cognates include Avestan 𐬀𐬛 (ad), Hittite 𒂊𒀉𒈪 (e-id-mi, “I eat”), Ancient Greek ἔδω (édō), Latin edō, Old Armenian ուտեմ (utem, “to eat”), Gothic 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan), Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), Old Irish estir (“he may eat”), English eat.


अन्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Latin animus (“life force”), Old Armenian հողմ (hołm, “wind”), Tocharian B āñme, Old English anda (“zeal, anger”), English anime, Old Irish anál (“breath”).


अर्च्

head

अर्च् • (arc)

sa-root

अर्च् • (arc)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁erkʷ-
Sanskrit अर्च् (arc)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hark-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erkʷ- (“to praise”). See ऋच् (ṛc) for more.


इध्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Haydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn, kindle”). Cognate with Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō, “I kindle, burn”), Latin aestus (“heat, fire”), Old Irish áed (“fire”), Old English ād (“pyre”), āl (“fire”).


ऋज्

ṛj (romanization)
ऋञ्ज् (alternative)
रज् (alternative)


रुद्

head

रुद् • (rud)

sa-root

रुद् • (rud)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *HrewdH-
Sanskrit रुद् (rud)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HrawdH-, from Proto-Indo-European *HrewdH- (“to weep”).


राज्

head

राज् • (rāj)

sa-root

राज् • (rāj)


प्री

head

प्री • (prī)

sa-root

प्री • (prī)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *preyH-.

inh+

to please, gladden, delight, gratify, cheer, comfort


रक्ष्

head

रक्ष् • (rakṣ)

sa-root

रक्ष् • (rakṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek-
Sanskrit रक्ष् (rakṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hrakṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrakš-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek- (“to protect”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀλέξω (aléxō, “I defend”), Old Armenian երաշխիք (erašxikʻ) (an Iranian loanword), Old English ealgian (“to protect, defend”).

cog

to protect, guard, watch, take care of, save, preserve

to spare, have regard to (another's feelings)

to guard against, ward off, keep away, prevent, frustrate, injure


रच्

A late-attested root, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rak- (“to prepare”), and related to Persian رخت (raxt, “tapestry, rugs, goods”), Khotanese [script needed] (raha-, “dress”). The Indo-Iranian root is traditionally derived further from Proto-Indo-European *rek- (“to prepare”), and connected to Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to reckon, count”), Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”), and Lithuanian rė̃kti (“to cry out”). However, some of these potential cognates (particularly 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽) are formally and semantically doubtful.

cog

cl.10 P. (Dhātup. xxxv, 12) रचयति (pf. रचयाम्-आस Kathās. ; irr. fut. रचिष्यति Hariv. [with v.l. करिष्यति] ; and ind.p. रचयित्वा Vet.), to produce, fashion, form, make, construct, complete, cause, effect R. Var. &c. (with चिङ्ताम्, or चिन्ताः, to be anxious Prab.)

to compose, write (a book or any literary work) Ṡak. Var. Pañcat.

to cause to make or do (with double acc.) Uttarar.

to cause to move, put in motion (a horse) MBh.


नन्द्

head

नन्द् • (nand)

Of uncertain origin. Leumann derives the root from a phonetic dissimilation of मन्द् (mand, “to rejoice, gladden”) after a labial prefix, for example, अभिमन्द् (abhimand, “to gladden”) > अभिनन्द् (abhinand, “to please, rejoice at”).

to be pleased or satisfied with, be glad of


रण्

to rejoice, be pleased, take pleasure in (loc., rarely acc.) RV.

Caus. रण्ड्यति, °ते, to cheer, gladden, exhilarate with (instr. or loc.) RV.

to be at ease, be pleased or satisfied with, delight in (loc.) ib. TS. AV.


मह्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s.

inh+

to elate; gladden; exalt; arouse; excite

to magnify; esteem highly; honour; revere

to rejoice; delight in (with instrumental or accusative cases)


भृ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-.


रस्

Perhaps, with रास् (rās), from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“to roar”).


रस्

Denominative root from रसा (rasā) and रस (rasa).

c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

Sāh

Dhātup


क्री

head

क्री • (krī)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-. Cognate with Welsh prynu, Old Irish crenaid, Ancient Greek ἐπριάμην (epriámēn), Proto-Slavic *krьnǫti, Tocharian B käry- (“to buy”), karyor (“buying”).


ग्रभ्

grabh (romanization)
ग्रह् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 (gar^əβ, “to seize”), English grab (a borrowing from another Germanic language), and Proto-Slavic *gràbiti (“to grab, seize”).


ग्रह्

head

ग्रह् • (grah)

grah (romanization)
ग्रभ् (alternative Vedic)
ग्लह् (alternative)
गृह् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebh₂-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 (gar^əβ, “to seize”), English grab (a borrowing from another Germanic language), and Proto-Slavic *gràbiti (“to grab, seize”).

ग्रहणीय

to be accepted as a rule or law, to be taken to heart


चर्

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (“to move; to turn (around)”). Cognates include Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō), Latin colō and Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬥𐬍 (carānī, “I move, approach”).

चराचर

movable and immovable, locomotive and stationary

चरित्र

acting, behaving, behaviour, habit, practice, acts

चर्या

going about, wandering, walking or roaming about

चार

movement, motion; one who moves about, spy

चारिन्

moving, walking or wandering about, living, being


रिच्

head

रिच् • (ric)

sa-root

रिच् • (ric)

From zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ-.


रुच्

head

रुच् • (ruc)

to shine, be bright or radiant or resplendent


रूप्

रूप् • (rūp)

sa-root

रूप् • (rūp)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: رٟپ (rụ̄p), روٗپ (rūp)

Abstracted from Sanskrit रूप n (rūpá-, “form”).


भ्रम्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰram-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to make noise”). Compare Ancient Greek βρέμω (brémō), Latin fremō, Old English brim (whence English brim).


क्रुध्

head

क्रुध् • (krudh)


लक्ष्

लक्ष् • (lakṣ)

Perhaps an l-form of रक्ष् (rakṣ, “to protect”).

to aim, direct towards, have in view, mean

to suppose of someone that they will (do etc.)

to know, understand, recognize by or as or that

to be perceived or seen, appear, seem, look like


लग्

Of uncertain origin.
Burrow derives the root from an earlier form *स्लग्न (slagna), *स्रग्न (sragna), and connects it to *स्रक (sraka, “wreath, garland”), which is usually attested as स्रज (sraja). Mayrhofer tentatively favors these hypothetical proto-forms, though seems to have rejected their connection to स्रज (sraja) by the time of writing the EWAia. He does not, however, propose a particular Indo-European root that the Sanskrit would trace back to.
The root that most closely matches formally is Proto-Indo-European *(s)leg- (“to tire out, slacken”), with semantic shift "to be limp, slack" > "to 'lazily' cling onto" (perhaps in a similar way to how dripping slime tends to not separate easily) > "to adhere". If from this root, then cognate with Latin langueō, Ancient Greek λᾰ́γνος (lắgnos), and Proto-Germanic *slakaz (whence English slack). However, the semantic shift required for this is far from trivial.
Another phonetically similar root is Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₂gʷ- (“to seize, latch onto”), whence Ancient Greek λάζομαι (lázomai, “to seize, grasp”) and Old English læċċan (whence English latch). This is semantically attractive, as well as temporospatially so given the root's attestation in both an eastern and western branch of Indo-European. However, Indo-European *-eh₂- should become आ (ā) in Sanskrit, while the root displays only a short vowel अ (a) in its various forms. That said, some relatives in modern Indo-Aryan, like Nepali लाग्नु (lāgnu, “to be attached”), show a long ā vowel, lending some feasibility to the derivation.
Older theories tentatively connected the root to रज् (raj), रञ्ज् (rañj, “to redden, dye”); under this derivation, रज् (raj) took on a more specific sense from "to attach" > "to attach color (i.e. to dye)". This is semantically tenuous and without textual evidence. Other theories connecting the word to लक्ष् (lakṣ, “to recognize; mark”) are similarly unconvincing.
It is also worth noting that the root bears a very strong semantic similarity to Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”), whence English ligand. However, the phonetics are mismatched, particularly the palatal *ǵ in the Proto-Indo-European root, and would have to be sufficiently explained, in addition to the existence of *leyǵ- being under question.


लज्ज्

head

लज्ज् • (lajj)

Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀮𑀚𑁆𑀚𑁆 (lajj), from an l-variant of Sanskrit रज्यते (rajyate, “is reddened”), from the root रज् (raj, “to redden”).


लम्ब्

head

लम्ब् • (lamb)

sa-root

लम्ब् • (lamb)

With Vedic रम्बते (rámbate), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lemb(ʰ)- (“to hang loosely, hang limply”); compare English limp and Latin limbus (“border; hem”). Not related to Lithuanian rambüs (“dull, lazy”). The "support" meanings may have been influenced by the separate root रम्भ् (rambh), a byform of रभ् (rabh).


बाध्

head

बाध् • (bādh)

sa-root

बाध् • (bādh)

Cognate with Proto-Iranian *bād- (Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 (auui-bāδa, “due to pressure”), Khwarezmian [script needed] (ʾn-bʾzy-, “to cause to curdle”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰādʰ-. The Proto-Indo-European root is uncertain: perhaps a lengthened grade or lexicalized o-grade of *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, press, oppress”); or back-formed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰadʰ-, zero-grade of *bʰandʰ- (“to bind, tie”); or from another root entirely, such as *bʰeh₁dʰ- (“to oppress, torment”); compare Proto-Slavic *bě̄dà (“trouble, adversity”).


व्यस्

head

व्यस् • (vyas)

sa-root

व्यस् • (vyas)

to throw or cast asunder or about or away, throw (effort) into, divide, separate, dispose, arrange.


परीक्ष्

head

परीक्ष् • (parīkṣ)

sa-root

परीक्ष् • (parīkṣ)

From परि- (pari-, “around”) + ईक्ष् (īkṣ, “to see”, root).

pre

to examine, look at or scrutinize carefully


खन्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH-der.
Sanskrit खन् (khan)
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH- (“to dig”), though the aspiration is unexplained: probably either spurious/onomatopoeic or due to contamination from the unrelated root of खा (khā́, “spring, source”).

etymon

to dig, dig up, delve, turn up the soil, excavate, root up


क्लिश्

head

क्लिश् • (kliś)

sa-root

क्लिश् • (kliś)

From Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)leyḱ- (“to press, squeeze; suffer”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *klěšča (“claw, pincer”).


या

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to go”).

to go, proceed, move, walk, set out, march, advance, travel, journey

to go towards or against, go or come to, enter, approach, arrive at, reach


या

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to beg, request”). Cognate with Tocharian B yāsk- (“to beg”), Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal, ardor”), Old Irish áilid (“wishes strongly, implores”). याच् (yāc) is likely an enlargement of the root.

cog

to go to for any request, implore, solicit


घट्

head

घट् • (ghaṭ)

sa-root

घट् • (ghaṭ)

Sanskritization of a vernacular form of ग्रथ् (grath), ग्रन्थ् (granth, “to arrange, string together”), via a series of sound changes ग्रथ् (grath) > *गठ् (gaṭh) > घट् (ghaṭ), with a metathesis of the aspiration.

to be intently occupied, strive, effect, impel

to happen, take place, be possible, suit


घट्

head

घट् • (ghaṭ)

sa-root

घट् • (ghaṭ)

घट्ट् घट्ट्#Sanskrit


दीप्

head

दीप् • (dīp)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂p-, an extension of *deyh₂- (“to shine, be bright”). Related to दय् (day, “to shine”); outside of Indic, compare Persian دیبا (dêbâ, “brocade”), Old Armenian դէպ (dēp, “accident, case, suitable”) (an Iranian borrowing), Ancient Greek δῆλος (dêlos, “visible”), Lithuanian di̇̀delis (“big, large”).

cog

to blaze, flare, shine, be luminous or illustrious


हस्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰas- (“to laugh”). Compare the reduplicated root जक्ष् (jakṣ).
Further etymology
There is a wide variety of variation in Indo-Aryan forms, as well as in a possible connection to Iranian. An attempt is made to explain their development below. The best way to formally reconcile these varied forms is to reconstruct Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰes-. This root's descendants have only been found in Indo-Iranian, and it may have origins as a natural exclamation, though this is difficult to prove.
* Sanskrit जाहस्यते (jāhasyate, intensive): Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰā́-źʰas-ya-tay → *źā́źʰasyatay well described by Grassmann's law. This offers initial evidence for the initial consonant of the root being *źʰ.
* Vedic Sanskrit जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ, masculine plural present participle), Pali jagghati (reduplicated thematic present):
*: PIE: *gʰé-gʰz-o-
*: → pre-PII: *ǰʰágʰza-
*: → PII: *ǰʰágžʰa- (assimilation of aspiration; may have occurred earlier)
*: → PIA: *źʰágẓʰa- (TST assimilation)
*: → OIA: *źágẓʰa- (Grassman's law)
*: → Vedic: जक्ष- (jákṣa-); MIA: jaggha-
* Vedic Sanskrit जज्झतीः (jájjhatīḥ, feminine plural present participle), a dialectal form in the Rigveda, albeit formally cognate with जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ), is difficult to fit into this paradigm. Perhaps metathesis can explain it.
*: PIE: *gʰé-zgʰ-o-
*: → pre-PII: *ǰʰázǵʰa-
*: → PII: *ǰʰázȷ́ʰa-
*: → PIA: *źʰáźȷ́ʰa-
*: → OIA: *źáźȷ́ʰa-
*: → Vedic: *जज्झ- (jájjha-)
* Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬐𐬁 (jahikā, “prostitute”), 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬍 (jahī) is often tied to this root, given the similar Sanskrit हस्रा (hasrā́, “prostitute”) from this root. This is not uncontroversial. Tentatively, it is possible that this is a feminine diminutive nominal Proto-Iranian *ǰahikā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-ikā.
* Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) has been interpreted to mean "laughable" and is mentioned as the formal cognate of हास्य (hāsya) but this interpretation is uncertain. Moreover, there are formal problems as 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) reflects a Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰas- from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-.

DP 01.0822

Grassmann's law
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


विधा

head

विधा • (vidhā)

sa-root

विधा • (vidhā)

Compound of वि- (vi-, “apart”) + धा (dhā, “to place”).

com+

to put in order, arrange, dispose, prepare, make ready

to ordain, direct, enjoin, settle, appoint

to form, create, build, establish, found

to perform, effect, produce, cause, occasion, make, do


खाद्

head

खाद् • (khād)

sa-root

खाद् • (khād)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰād-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷh₂ed-.
Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬍-𐬑𐬀𐬛𐬀- (vī-xada-, “to squeeze apart”), Parthian 𐫟𐫀𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (xʾzynd, “to devour”), modern Persian خاییدن (xâyidan), Old Armenian խածանեմ (xacanem), and Proto-Slavic *kǫsàti (“to bite”).


मा

Onomatopoeic; compare मय (maya, “horse”) and मयु (mayu, “antelope, deer”), which are probably connected to the root, as well as similar formations throughout Indo-European such as Ancient Greek μῐνῠρῐ́ζω (mĭnŭrĭ́zō, “to whimper, warble”).


मा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *maH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maH-, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”).


आधा

head

आधा • (ādhā)

sa-root

आधा • (ādhā)

वज्र॒मेको॑ बिभर्ति॒ हस्त॒ आहि॑तं॒ तेन॑ वृ॒त्राणि॑ जिघ्नते॥

A mace this one bears in his hand, set there; with it he keeps smashing obstacles (A riddle, answer: Indra).

vájraméko bibharti hásta ā́hitaṃ téna vṛtrā́ṇi jighnate.

to impregnate, instil, impress (good sentiments)

to give or deposit in pledge, stake (money)


दै

Probably from a semantic extension of the root दा (dā, “to divide”) via a prefix such as वि- (vi-) or अव- (ava-).


गॄ

gṝ (romanization)
गर् (alternative)
गृ (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *garH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *garH-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-.


गॄ

gṝ (romanization)
गिर् (alternative)
गिल् (alternative)
गर् (alternative)
गृ (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *garH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *garH-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃-. Cognate with Latin voro, Ancient Greek βορά (borá), Old English acworren, Russian жрать (žratʹ).


चि

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to collect, gather, pile, build”). Compare Proto-Slavic *činìti (“to instigate, do”), Ancient Greek ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”).


चि

ci (romanization)
कि (alternative)
चय् (alternative)
चाय् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to observe, perceive”). Compare Ancient Greek τίω (tíō, “to pay honor, respects (to a person)”). See also चित् (cit).

cog

to seek for, investigate, search through


चि

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to avenge”).


शूल्

head

शूल् • (śūl)


घृष्

घृष् • (ghṛṣ)

sa-root

घृष् • (ghṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *gʰarṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰarš-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰers- (“to rub, scrape, scratch”). Compare perhaps Ancient Greek χαράσσω (kharássō, “to sharpen”), Proto-Slavic *gorxъ (“pea”), Tocharian B kärweñe (“stone”).


प्रभा

head

प्रभा • (prabhā)

sa-root

प्रभा • (prabhā)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- + *bʰeh₂-. By surface analysis, प्र- (pra-) + भा (bhā).

surf

to shine forth, begin to become light, shine, gleam


पुष्

head

पुष् • (puṣ)

sa-root

पुष् • (puṣ)

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *(h₃)pews- (“to blow”), and compared with Lithuanian pũsti (“to blow”), pūslė̃ (“blister, bladder”), Norwegian føysa (“to swell”), Proto-Slavic *puxàti (“to blow”), and Latin pustula (“bubble”), though Mayrhofer and Rix express reservations on the existence of such a root. It is also likely that all these languages innovated their own forms of this seemingly-onomatopoeic root.

inh

to be nourished, to thrive, flourish, prosper

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Pushan


प्रविश्

head

प्रविश् • (praviś)

sa-root

प्रविश् • (praviś)

प्र- (pra-) + विश् (viś), with the latter part from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayć-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-.


शूर्प्

head

शूर्प् • (śūrp)

sa-root

शूर्प् • (śūrp)


जन्

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”). Compare Latin gignō, genus, Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai), English kind.

जनुस्

birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind

जनुषा

necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth

जनिमन्

generation, birth, origin; offspring; creature; genus

(Class 1) to generate, beget, produce, create, cause.

(Class 4) to be born or produced, come into existence.


मञ्ज्

head

मञ्ज् • (mañj)

Compared with Ancient Greek μάγγανον (mánganon, “charm”), Romanian mângâia (“to caress”).


शुध्

head

शुध् • (śudh)

sa-root

शुध् • (śudh)

śudh (romanization)
शुन्ध् (alternative)
शोध् (alternative)

Pali: sudh

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew-dʰ- (“clean”), an extension of *(s)ḱew- (“to shine”). Probably related to शोण (śoṇa, “red, crimson”) and शुच् (śuc, “to shine”).


तप्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tap-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tap-, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to be warm”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *teplъ (“warm”), Latin tepeō whence English tepid.


बन्ध्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-
Sanskrit बन्ध् (bandh)
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”).


विश्वस्

head

विश्वस् • (viśvas)

sa-root

विश्वस् • (viśvas)

to draw breath freely, be free from fear or apprehension, be trustful or confident, trust or confide in, rely or depend on.

to cause to trust, inspire with confidence, console, comfort, encourage.

to wish to inspire confidence or to encourage.


श्रम्

head

श्रम् • (śram)

sa-root

श्रम् • (śram)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱremh₂- (“to be or become limp”); compare Ancient Greek κρεμάννυμι (kremánnumi, “to hang”) and perhaps κρημνός (krēmnós, “overhanging bank of a river”).

cog

to be or become weary or tired, be tired of doing anything

to make effort, exert oneself (esp. in performing acts of austerity), labor in vain


काश्

head

काश् • (kāś)

sa-root

काश् • (kāś)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kā́ś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ć-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).
Cognates include Proto-Slavic *kāzàti (“to show”) and Ancient Greek τέκμᾰρ (tékmăr, “token”).

inh

to shine brightly, to have an agreeable appearance


रञ्ज्

head

रञ्ज् • (rañj)

From Proto-Indo-European *reg- (“to dye”). Cognate with Proto-Iranian *ra(n)ǰ- (“to colour, dye”), whence Persian رخش (raxš, “red”), Khwarezmian rxtk (raxtak, “red”), Mazanderani رش (raš, “red (of cattle)”), Northern Kurdish reş (“black”) and Sogdian [script needed] (rɣš- /raxš/, “Rakhsh”), as well as Ancient Greek ῥέζω (rhézō, “I dye, paint”).


प्लु

head

प्लु • (plu)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *plu-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *plu-, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”). Cognate with English flow, float, Ancient Greek πλέω (pléō), Old Armenian լուանամ (luanam) and Russian плыть (plytʹ) ("to swim", "to float").

प्लुत

floated, flown, leapt; overlong (of a vowel)

प्लुति

flood, overflowing; leap, capering; prolation of a vowel


हु

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰaw-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰaw-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).


ह्वे

head

ह्वे • (hve)

hve (romanization)
हू (alternative)
ह्वा (alternative)
हव् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰway-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰway-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwey-, metathesized from *ǵʰéw-ye-ti, from *ǵʰewH- (“to invoke, to call on”).

to call, call upon, summon, challenge, invoke, call on


दॄ

dṝ (romanization)
दर् (alternative)
दृ (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *der-
Sanskrit दॄ (dṝ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *dar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dar-, from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to split, to tear, to crack”). Cognate with English tear, Ancient Greek δέρω (dérō), Macedonian дере (dere), Persian دریدن (daridan, “to tear”). The "heed" meaning is probably a semantic specialization of the original "tear" meaning.

inh

to tear (something) to pieces, to wrench

to be dispersed or scattered (as an army)


लुभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”). Cognate with English love, Latin libido, Russian люби́ть (ljubítʹ), Czech libý، Albanian lyp and Persian آلفتن (âloftan).


कुप्

head

कुप् • (kup)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kawp-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kawp-, from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- (“to boil, smoke, move violently”). Cognate with Latin cupio (“I desire”), vapor (“steam”), Lithuanian kūpėti, and perhaps Old English hopa (whence English hope).

inh

to swell, heave, or boil with rage or emotion, be angry (with)


भ्री

head

भ्री • (bhrī)


त्सर्

त्सर् • (tsar)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tsar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tsar-, from Proto-Indo-European *tsel- (“to sneak”). Cognate with Old Armenian սողիմ (sołim, “to creep”), and possibly Proto-Germanic *stelaną, whence Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (stilan), Old Norse stela (Danish stjæle, Swedish stjäla), German stehlen, and Old English stelan (English steal).


शङ्क्

शङ्क् • (śaṅk)

sa-root

शङ्क् • (śaṅk)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to hang”). Cognate with English hang and Latin cūnctor (“I delay, I stall (something)”).

शङ्का

doubt, distrust, hesitation, supposition


शक्

→ Kannada: ಶಕ್ಯ (śakya, “possible”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱek-
Sanskrit शक् (śak)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *śak-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćak-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱek- (“to be able”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬐- (sak-, “to agree”), Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“capable”), perhaps whence English hex (“to cast a spell”) and hag (“witch-like woman”), and Old Irish cécht (“might, power”).

शक्मन्

power, strength, ability, capacity, enterprise

शग्म

potent, mighty, efficacious; friendly, supportive, enabling


नु

nu (romanization)
नव् (alternative)
नू (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *newH- (“to cry”), whence Old Irish núall (“a loud noise”), Tocharian B nu- (“to roar”), and perhaps Latin nūntius (“messenger”).


नु

Related to Proto-Iranian *nau (“to move”) (whence Persian نویدن (navidan, “to tremble, quiver”)), from Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to nod”), with semantic shift "to nod the head" > "to move in a shaking manner". However, Mayrhofer is skeptical of most attestations of the root in Indic, noting that the Sanskrit passages attributed to the root are just as well interpreted with the "to sound out, praise" meaning of Etymology 2. That said, certain isolated formations like अतिनावयेत् (atināvayet) do seem to point to the root's existence as separate from that of Etymology 2.


मद्

Unsure. Either (1) inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mad- (“to be wet > be drunk”) and cognate with Ancient Greek μαδάω (madáō, “to be soaking wet”) and Latin madeō (“to be wet, drunk”) or (2) from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to become full, sated”) and cognate with Icelandic mettur (“sated”) and Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”).


ईळ्

अ॒ग्निम्ई॒ळे पु॒रोहि॑तं य॒ज्ञस्य॑ दे॒वमृ॒त्विज॑म्।
होता॑रं रत्न॒धात॑मम्॥
agnímīḷé puróhitaṃ yajñásya devámṛtvíjam.

I praise Agni, the high priest of the sacrifice, the divine, the ministrant, who presents the oblation to the gods, and is the possessor of great wealth.


कॢप्

head

कॢप् • (kḷp)

Uncertain, possibly from a p-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut, trim”), whence Latin scalpo (“to carve”) and English sculpt.
Mayrhofer mentions the possibility that the causative कल्पयति (kalpáyati) originated as a p-causative of a variant of कृ (kṛ, “to do, make”). The intransitive कल्पते (kálpate) would then be a backformation from the causative.

der

to perform, execute, carry out, settle, dispose

to create, prepare, form, produce, compose, invent


धा

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-. Cognate with Ancient Greek θέμα (théma, “that which is put down”), θέσις (thésis, “placement, arrangement”); Latin faciō (“make, do”) whence English fact, factory etc; English do, deed, deem, doom.


डी

ḍī (romanization)
दी (alternative Vedic)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁-
Vedic Sanskrit दी (dī)
Sanskrit डी (ḍī)
From earlier दी (dī) with unexpected retroflexion, from Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁- (“to chase”).


नस्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *nas-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nas- (“to approach, join”), from Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return home safely”); compare Ancient Greek νόστος (nóstos, “journey”), whence partially English nostalgia.

cog

to come together (at home), to join (RV.)


निद्रा

head

निद्रा • (nidrā)

sa-root

निद्रा • (nidrā)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HnidráH (“sleep”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ni-dreh₂-éh₂, from *h₁ni (“down”) + *dreh₂- (“to sleep”), a variant of *drem-. Compare Old Armenian նիրհ (nirh) (a borrowing from Iranian), Ancient Greek δαρθάνω (darthánō), Latin dormiō. See also नि (ní) and द्रायति (drā́yati).


क्षम्

head

क्षम् • (kṣam)

sa-root

क्षम् • (kṣam)

→ Chinese: 懺 /忏 (chàn)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšamH- (“to bear, to endure”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰse-mH, metathesized form of *segʷʰ- (“to be strong”) (which is likely not related to *seǵʰ- (“to hold, overpower”), despite similarities in form and meaning), whence also सघ्नोति (saghnóti) and possibly Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬴𐬄𐬥𐬨𐬇𐬥𐬉 (xṣ̌ąnmə̄nē, “to be contented, to resign oneself to”). Also related to Pashto زغمل (zğëmël, “to endure, to tolerate, to go through”), which is from a Proto-Indo-Iranian *zgʰamH- which did not undergo metathesis.


मृद्

head

मृद् • (mṛd)

sa-root

मृद् • (mṛd)

mṛd (romanization)
मर्द् (alternative)
म्रद् (alternative)

From a conflation of two roots, Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd- (“to hurt, sting”) (represented by मर्द् (mard, “to crush”)) and *mled-, *(s)meld- (“to be soft, melt”) (represented by म्रद् (mrad, “to be weak, soft”)). The two roots became confused within Indo-Aryan early on during the Vedic era. Examples for each root include मर्दति (mardati) for the former, and विम्रद् (vimrad, “to soften”) and
perhaps मृदु (mṛdu) for the latter.

inh

to press, squeeze, crush, smash, trample down, tread upon,

to destroy, kill, waste, ravage, kill, slay

to rub, stroke, wipe (e.g. the forehead)

to rub against, touch, pass through (a constellation)


चन्द्

head

चन्द् • (cand)

sa-root

चन्द् • (cand)

cand (romanization)
श्चन्द् (alternative)

Based on श्चन्द्र (ścandra) / चन्द्र (candra, “moon, shining”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kand- (“to glow, shine”). Doublet of चण्ड् (caṇḍ) and छन्द् (chand).


ली

lī (romanization)
री (alternative)
लय् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂liH-, the zero-grade of *h₂leyH- (“to smear”). Compare Latin līmus (“slime”), Irish lean (“to follow; to endure”), Hittite [script needed] (ú-li-iš-ta, “hide oneself”).

cog

to cling or press closely, stick or adhere to

to hide or cower down in, disappear, vanish


पच्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pać-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pač-, from Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ-.


शुच्

head

शुच् • (śuc)

sa-root

शुच् • (śuc)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćawk- (“shines, glares, gleams”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“white”). Cognate with Persian سوگ (sug, “grief, sorrow”) (further related to سوختن (suxtan, “to burn”), سرخ (sorx, “red”), and سوگند (sowgand, “oath”)), Gilaki سوتن (sutən), Talysh سوته (sute), Baluchi سوچگ (sóčag), Mazanderani بسوتن (basuten), Central Kurdish سوتان (sutan), Old Armenian սուգ (sug, “grief”), and Proto-Baltic *šuktas (“lit, ignited”).


जीव्

head

जीव् • (jīv)

sa-root

जीव् • (jīv)

From the zero-grade (*ǰiHw-) of Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰayHw-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃- (whence also गय (gáya)).


रम्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hram-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rem- (“to rest”).


मुह्

head

मुह् • (muh)

sa-root

मुह् • (muh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mawǰʰ- ~ *mawgʰ- (“to err, to be foolish, to deviate”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬴𐬆-𐬨𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (əṣ̌ə-maoγa, “teacher of false doctrines”), Middle Persian 'hl-mwg'n (“heretics”).


ईड्

īḍ (romanization)
ईळ् (alternative Vedic)

From Vedic Sanskrit ईळ् (īḷ), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hayẓḍ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hayžd-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eysd-.


क्रम्

head

क्रम् • (kram)

sa-root

क्रम् • (kram)

A re-analyzing of Proto-Indo-Iranian *krā́mHti as a Sanskritic root; see there for more.


यभ्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hyabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃yebʰ- (“to copulate” < “to enter, penetrate”).


व्यवस्था

head

व्यवस्था • (vyavasthā)

sa-root

व्यवस्था • (vyavasthā)

/ʋjɐ.ʋɐs.tʰɑː/

/ʋjɐ.ʋɐs̪.t̪ʰɑː/

to be settled, be (logically) true or tenable

to settle, arrange, establish, determine, prove to be (logically) tenable


ब्रू

head

ब्रू • (brū)

sa-root

ब्रू • (brū)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mlewH-
Sanskrit ब्रू (brū)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mlewH- (“to say”).


श्रु

head

श्रु • (śru)

sa-root

श्रु • (śru)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-
Sanskrit श्रु (śru)
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlu-, zero-grade of *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


वश्

From Proto-Indo-European *weḱ- (“to wish”).

to desire, wish, long for, be fond of, like


सि

si (romanization)
सा (alternative)
सय् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *saH- (“to bind, fasten, fetter”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (iš-hi-an-zi, “they bind”), Latvian sìet (“to bind”).


हन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰan-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to strike, hit, kill”).


नी

nī (romanization)
नि (alternative)
नय् (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *neyH-. Compare Avestan 𐬌𐬙𐬈𐬫𐬀𐬥 (iteyan, “to bring, lead”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎴𐎹 (a-n-y /anaya/, “he was leading, bringing”), Middle Persian [script needed] (nītan, “to lead, drive”), Hittite 𒈾𒄿𒉈 (nāine, “to guide”).


सन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sanH-, from Proto-Indo-European *senh₂- (“to seek, accomplish, work on, succeed”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀνύω (anúō, “cause, accomplish”), the source of English authentic (see αὐθέντης (authéntēs)), as well as Hittite [script needed] (sanh-, “to intend; to strive for; to seek”).

cog

to gain, acquire, obtain as a gift, possess, enjoy

to gain for another, procure, bestow, give, distribute

(middle voice) to be successful, be granted or fulfilled

(desiderative) to wish to acquire or obtain

(desiderative) to wish to procure or bestow

(intensive) to gain or acquire repeatedly


परिषद्

head

परिषद् • (pariṣad)

sa-root

परिषद् • (pariṣad)

परि- (pari-) + सद् (sad, “to sit down before”, root)


लोक्

head

लोक् • (lok)

sa-root

लोक् • (lok)

From a denominalization of लोक (loka, “space, world, sight”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“light”) in the sense of "illuminating" and connected to रुच् (ruc, “to shine, illuminate”).


दा

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *daH-
Sanskrit दा (dā)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *daH-, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”).

etymon

दातृ

dā́tṛ, dātṛ́

दावन्

(dative) in order to give or receive; giving, granting


दा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *daH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daH-, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to share, divide”).


दा

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₁- (“to bind”).


वस्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *was-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *was-, from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to dress, clothe, wear”).

to put on, invest, wear (clothes etc.), assume (a form etc.), enter into


वस्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“to become light; to dawn”).

to shine, grow bright (esp. applied to the dawn)

(with दूरे (dūre)) to drive away by shining


वस्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to dwell, reside”).

to remain or keep on or continue in any condition

to stay, stay put, remain, stop (at a place)


स्तन्

head

स्तन् • (stan)

sa-root

स्तन् • (stan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”).


कू

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kew-. Cognate with Lithuanian kaukti, and possibly English howl and Ancient Greek κωκῡ́ω (kōkū́ō, “shriek, wail”).


कू

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁-. Compare Latin caveō.


गा

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“to step”).


भिषज्

head

भिषज् • (bhiṣaj)

/bʱi.ʂɐ́d͡ʑ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰišáȷ́ (“physician, healer”), from the root *bʰiš- (“medicine, healing”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰- (bišaz-), Northern Kurdish bijişk (“doctor”), Persian پزشک (pezešk, “doctor”).


परी

head

परी • (parī)

sa-root

परी • (parī)

to go or flow round, circumambulate, surround, include, grasp, span

(with मनसा (manasā)) to perceive, ponder


व्याख्या

head

व्याख्या • (vyākhyā)

sa-root

व्याख्या • (vyākhyā)

/ʋjɑːkʰ.jɑː/

/ʋjɑːkʰ.jɑː/

to explain in detail, tell in full, discuss


लभ्

labh (romanization)
रभ् (alternative)
रम्भ् (alternative)
लम्भ् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *labʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *lebʰ- (“to work, harvest, gain, profit”). Compare perhaps Lithuanian lõbis (“treasure, wealth”), Ancient Greek λᾰ́φῡρᾰ (lắphūră, “spoils of war, booty”).


विदा

head

विदा • (vidā)

sa-root

विदा • (vidā)


स्पृध्

head

स्पृध् • (spṛdh)

sa-root

स्पृध् • (spṛdh)

spṛdh (romanization)
स्पर्ध् (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sperdʰ-
Sanskrit स्पृध् (spṛdh)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *spardʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *sperdʰ-.


क्षुध्

head

क्षुध् • (kṣudh)

sa-root

क्षुध् • (kṣudh)

→ Kannada: ಕ್ಷುತ್ತು (kṣuttu)

→ Tamil: க்ஷுத்து (kṣuttu)

→ Telugu: క్షుత్తు (kṣuttu)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšudʰ- (“hunger; to be hungry”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬱𐬎𐬜𐬆𐬨 (šuδəm, “hunger”), Middle Persian [script needed] (šwd, “hunger”), Ossetian суд (sud, “hunger”).


द्रुह्

head

द्रुह् • (druh)

sa-root

द्रुह् • (druh)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”). Cognate with German trügen.


पू

From Proto-Indo-European *pewH-. Cognate with Latin pūrus.

(middle voice) to purify one's self, be or become clear or bright


छिद्

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skeyd- (“to split, divide”). Cognate with schism and shit.

to cut off, amputate, cut through, hew, chop, split, pierce

to destroy, annihilate, efface, blot out

(passive voice) to be split or cut, break

(causative) to cut off; to cause to cut off or through


परिच्छिद्

to cut on both sides, clip round, cut through or off or to pieces, mutilate

to limit on all sides, define or fix accurately, discriminate, decide, determine


स्पश्

head

स्पश् • (spaś)

sa-root

स्पश् • (spaś)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ-
Sanskrit स्पश् (spaś)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *(s)paHś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)paHć-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peh₂ḱ-.

inh+

Alternative form of पश् (paś, “to bind”)


क्षु

head

क्षु • (kṣu)

sa-root

क्षु • (kṣu)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ksew- or *skew- (“to sneeze”).


मिह्

head

मिह् • (mih)

sa-root

मिह् • (mih)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀμείχω (omeíkhō), Latin meiō, Old English mīgan.


युध्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyúts, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyúdʰs.


इष्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hiṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hiś, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-.
Cognate with Proto-Slavic *jьskati (“to seek”), Latin aestimō (“to value, estimate”) and English ask.

to desire, wish, long for, request, particularly:

to desire, wish, long for, request
to intend or be about to do

to desire, wish, long for, request
to strive to obtain

to desire, wish, long for, request
to ask for

to desire, wish, long for, request
to assent, be favourable, concede

to desire, wish, long for, request
to choose

(passive voice) to be wanted, particularly:

to be wanted
to be asked for or requested

to be wanted
to be prescribed or ordered

to be wanted
to be approved or acknowledged

to be wanted
to be accepted or regarded as

to be wanted
to be wanted as a desideratum


इष्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hiṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hiṣ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eysh₂- (“to power, drive”).

to cause to move quickly, let fly, throw, cast, swing

to send out or off, stream out, pour out, discharge

to deliver (a speech), announce, proclaim


नृत्

head

नृत् • (nṛt)

sa-root

नृत् • (nṛt)

Of uncertain origin. According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ner- (“to twist, turn”), and cognate with English narrow. However, Mayrhofer does not mention this derivation at all, and prefers to derive the root from a t-extension of Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr (“power, vital energy; man”).


धृ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).

inh

हि॒र॒ण्य॒ग॒र्भः सम॑वर्त॒ताग्रे॑ भू॒तस्य॑ जा॒तः पति॒रेक॑ आसीत् ।
स दा॑धार पृथि॒वीं द्यामु॒तेमां कस्मै॑ दे॒वाय॑ ह॒विषा॑ विधेम ॥
hiraṇyagarbháḥ sámavartatā́gre bhūtásya jātáḥ pátiréka āsīt.
sá dādhāra pṛthivī́ṃ dyā́mutémā́ṃ kásmai devā́ya havíṣā vidhema.

he upheld this earth and heaven-- let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine.

Hiraṇyagarbha was present at the beginning; when born, he was the sole lord of created beings;


मुच्

head

मुच् • (muc)

sa-root

मुच् • (muc)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk-
Sanskrit मुच् (muc)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *mawk-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)mawk-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to release, slip”).


मुच्

head

मुच् • (muc)

sa-root

मुच् • (muc)

Alternative form of मच् (mac, “to cheat, deceive”)


इङ्ग्

head

इङ्ग् • (iṅg)

sa-root

इङ्ग् • (iṅg)


कुट्ट्

head

कुट्ट् • (kuṭṭ)

sa-root

कुट्ट् • (kuṭṭ)

Likely from Dravidian. Compare Tamil குட்டு (kuṭṭu, “knock, pound, strike”).


त्रप्

head

त्रप् • (trap)

sa-root

त्रप् • (trap)

From Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn, bow the head (in shame)”).
Cognates include Latin turpis (“foul, base”) whence English turpitude, Latin trepidus (“nervous, agitated”) whence English intrepid.


त्रै

Related to Avestan 𐬚𐬭𐬁 (θrā, “to protect”, root). Further etymology unclear.

to protect, preserve, cherish, defend, rescue


चुद्

head

चुद् • (cud)

sa-root

चुद् • (cud)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to shoot, propel, throw”). Cognate with Persian چست (čost, “quick, active”), Russian кида́ть (kidátʹ), Old English sċēotan (whence English shoot), Greek σπεύδω, σπουδάζω (spévdo, spoudázo), Latin cudo.

cog

σπεύδω, σπουδάζω


इरस्

to be ill-affected towards (dative case)


वल्

Of uncertain origin.
Traditionally derived directly from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, round”). However, due to the chronologically late attestation of the root, this is unlikely.
Tedesco derives the root from वृत् (vṛt, “to turn, rotate”); connections to तोरण (toraṇa, “an arch”), वलि (vali, “a wrinkle”), वलय (valaya, “a bracelet, circle”), and वेल्ल् (vell, “to shake about, sway”) have also been proposed.

inh

to be drawn or attached towards, be attached to

to return (i.e. depart or go away again)


शू

śū (romanization)
श्वि (alternative)
शव् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell”).


गृध्

head

गृध् • (gṛdh)

sa-root

गृध् • (gṛdh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ-
Sanskrit गृध् (gṛdh)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ- (“to be greedy, hungry”). Cognates include Proto-Slavic *gȏldъ (“hunger”), whence Russian го́лод (gólod). English greed is a false cognate.

inh+

Arthur Anthony Macdonell
William Dwight Whitney


जस्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes-
Sanskrit जस् (jas)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes-.


शुम्भ्

head

शुम्भ् • (śumbh)

sa-root

शुम्भ् • (śumbh)

From a nasal infixed form of Proto-Indo-European *ḱewbʰ- (“pretty”), an extension of *ḱew- (“to shine”).


घिण्ण्

head

घिण्ण् • (ghiṇṇ)

sa-root

घिण्ण् • (ghiṇṇ)

ghiṇṇ (romanization)
घुण्ण् (alternative)
घृण्ण् (alternative)

Based on घिण्णते (ghiṇṇate), a sanskritization of a variant form of Prakrit गण्हइ (gaṇhaï) with assimilated gh- (for which compare Marathi घेणे (gheṇe)). Ultimately from Sanskrit गृह्णाति (gṛhṇā́ti).


घुण्

head

घुण् • (ghuṇ)

sa-root

घुण् • (ghuṇ)


घूर्ण्

head

घूर्ण् • (ghūrṇ)

sa-root

घूर्ण् • (ghūrṇ)

Of uncertain origin.
Perhaps from an adjective घूर्ण (ghūrṇa) reanalyzed as a root, with *घूर् (ghūr) being the original form; via this derivation, forms a set of roots with घृ (ghṛ, “to sprinkle, drizzle”) and घ्रा (ghrā, “to smell, perceive”).
Older sources connected the root to Dravidian; compare Kannada ಕುಣಿ (kuṇi, “to dance”). However, this is now considered obsolete.

to waver, move to and fro, shake, be agitated, roll about


पॄ

pṝ (romanization)
पृ (alternative)
पृण् (alternative)
पूर् (alternative)
पर् (alternative)
प्रा (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλήθω (plḗthō, “to fill”), πληθώρη (plēthṓrē, “fullness”) whence English plethora, πολῠ́ς (polŭ́s, “many”) whence English poly-; Latin pleō (“fill”), plenus (“full”) whence English replenish etc, Latin plūs, German viel (“a lot”), English fill.


पॄ

From Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to give, provide”). Cognate with Persian پاره (pâre, “torn; piece, part”), Ancient Greek ἔπορον (époron, “give, grant”), Old Irish ernaid (“to bestow, grant”).

cog

to grant abundantly, bestow on, present with


पृ

Likely a specialized usage of पृ in the "fill up" or "further" senses described under Etymologies 2 and 3.

to be busy or active (mostly with prefix वि- (vi-) + आ- (ā-) or only with आ- (ā-)).

to cause to work, engage upon, entrust with, appoint to (usually with locative case)


पृ

पृणोति पृणोति#Sanskrit

to bring over or to (acc.), bring out of, deliver from (abl.), rescue, save, protect (with पृणोति (pṛṇoti)), escort, further, promote


निज्

head

निज् • (nij)

sa-root

निज् • (nij)

From Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to cleanse, wash”). Cognate with Ancient Greek νίζω (nízō), Old Irish nigid.


विज्

head

विज् • (vij)

sa-root

विज् • (vij)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *wayȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayǰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyg-.


विष्

head

विष् • (viṣ)

sa-root

विष् • (viṣ)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”). Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to spread, increase, produce”).

inh

to be quick, speed, run, flow (as water)

to have done with, i.e. overcome, subdue, rule


घृ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer-
Sanskrit घृ (ghṛ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


एध्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-
Sanskrit एध् (edh)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-.


स्पर्ध्

head

स्पर्ध् • (spardh)

sa-root

स्पर्ध् • (spardh)

स्पृध् स्पृध्#Sanskrit


गाध्

head

गाध् • (gādh)

sa-root

गाध् • (gādh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂-der.?
Sanskrit गा॒ध (gādhá)bf.
Sanskrit गाध् (gādh)
Back-formation from गा॒ध (gādhá), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂-.


नाध्

head

नाध् • (nādh)

sa-root

नाध् • (nādh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *naHdʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *neh₃dʰ-, related to आध्र (ādhra, “poor, destitute”) and perhaps Ancient Greek νωθρός (nōthrós, “sluggish, slothful”). Influenced नाथ् (nāth), but not etymologically related to it, contrary to Monier-Williams and Whitney.


नाथ्

head

नाथ् • (nāth)

sa-root

नाथ् • (nāth)

Denominalized root from नाथ (nātha, “refuge; protector”); see there for more.

to seek aid, approach with prayers or requests

(ātmanepada only) to bless, wish well, give blessings to someone

(causative) to cause a person to ask for anything, i.e. to grant a request


स्कुन्द्

head

स्कुन्द् • (skund)

sa-root

स्कुन्द् • (skund)

स्कन्द् स्कन्द्#Sanskrit


श्विन्द्

head

श्विन्द् • (śvind)

sa-root

श्विन्द् • (śvind)


वन्द्

head

वन्द् • (vand)

sa-root

वन्द् • (vand)

Possibly related to वद् (vad, “to speak”).


मन्द्

head

मन्द् • (mand)

sa-root

मन्द् • (mand)

Phonetic variant of मद् (mad, “to rejoice”); see there for more.

to rejoice, be glad or delighted, be drunk or intoxicated

to gladden, exhilarate, intoxicate, inflame, inspirit


मन्द्

head

मन्द् • (mand)

sa-root

मन्द् • (mand)


स्पन्द्

head

स्पन्द् • (spand)

sa-root

स्पन्द् • (spand)

Uncertain. Probably Proto-Indo-European *sphend- (“to quiver”). Compare Ancient Greek σφενδόνη (sphendónē, “sling”).

cog

to vibrate, quake, palpitate, throb with life


क्लिन्द्

head

क्लिन्द् • (klind)

sa-root

क्लिन्द् • (klind)


मुद्

head

मुद् • (mud)

sa-root

मुद् • (mud)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
William Dwight Whitney

From Proto-Indo-European *mewd- (“to become happy”), whence also Lithuanian mudrùs.


स्वद्

head

स्वद् • (svad)

sa-root

स्वद् • (svad)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂d- (“sweet”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἡδῠ́ς (hēdŭ́s), ἡδονή (hēdonḗ, “delight, taste”) whence English hedonism; Latin suādeō, suavis; English sweet.


स्वर्द्

head

स्वर्द् • (svard)

sa-root

स्वर्द् • (svard)


ऊर्द्

head

ऊर्द् • (ūrd)

sa-root

ऊर्द् • (ūrd)


क्लन्द्

head

क्लन्द् • (kland)

sa-root

क्लन्द् • (kland)


क्लन्द्

head

क्लन्द् • (kland)

sa-root

क्लन्द् • (kland)


रुध्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *rawdʰ- (“to obstruct”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *lewdʰ- (“idem”); compare Welsh arlludd (“obstacle”).

inh

to obstruct, stop, arrest, check, oppose, hinder; impede, prevent

to hold up, preserve, sustain (from falling)

to shut up, lock or block up, close up, shut or close

to oppress, torment, afflict excessively

(causative) to cause to stop, detain, impede, obstruct


रुध्

rudh (romanization)
रुह् (alternative)
रोध् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). Cognate with Old English lēodan.


क्षण्

head

क्षण् • (kṣaṇ)

sa-root

क्षण् • (kṣaṇ)

From Proto-Indo-European *tḱen- (“strike”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτείνω (kteínō, “kill, slay”).

cog

क्षन् क्षन्#Sanskrit


चित्

head

चित् • (cit)

sa-root

चित् • (cit)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeyt- (“to perceive, observe”), t-extension of *kʷey- (whence चि (ci, “to observe”)).

inh

to perceive, fix the mind upon, attend to, be attentive


उपसंगम्

to approach together, to join in approaching (someone).


हुर्छ्

head

हुर्छ् • (hurch)

sa-root

हुर्छ् • (hurch)

हूर्छ् हूर्छ्#Sanskrit


ह्वृ

head

ह्वृ • (hvṛ)

sa-root

ह्वृ • (hvṛ)

hvṛ (romanization)
ह्वॄ (alternative)
ह्रु (alternative)
ह्वल् (alternative)
हुस् (alternative)
हुर् (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwel- (“to lie, deceive, bend”); cognate with Ancient Greek φῆλος (phêlos, “deceitful”), Proto-Slavic *zъlъ, Avestan 𐬰𐬎𐬭𐬀𐬵 (zurah, “injustice”), Lithuanian žulas (“rough”), Latvian zveļu (“to turn aside”). Doublet of ह्वल् (hval) and हुस् (hus).

cog

to deviate or diverge from the right line


स्वृ

head

स्वृ • (svṛ)

sa-root

स्वृ • (svṛ)

स्वर् स्वर्#Sanskrit

Alternative form of स्वर् (svar, “to sound”)


पश्य्

head

पश्य् • (paśy)

Suppletive root of दृश् (dṛś): to see, look


उष्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ews- (“to burn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek εὕω (heúō), Latin ūrō.

ओषांचकार

oṣā́ṃcakā́ra


सस्

From Proto-Indo-European *ses-. Cognate to Hittite [Term?] (/šešzi/).


दुह्

दुह् • (duh)

sa-root

दुह् • (duh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰawgʰ- (“to (draw) milk”), traditionally derived further from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to yield, to produce”), and compared with German taugen (“to be fit”), though Cheung and Mayrhofer note that the semantic shifts present in the descendants are nontrivial.


लिह्

head

लिह् • (lih)

sa-root

लिह् • (lih)

lih (romanization)
रिह् (alternative)
रेह् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyǵʰ- (“to lick”). Cognate with Lithuanian laižýti, Proto-Slavic *līzàti, Latin lingō whence cunnilingus; Dutch lekker (“tasty”), English lick.
Whether the Rigvedic forms with initial र्- (r-) belong here has been doubted, with a tentative alternative translation as "to reach out to" or "to delight in".


सू

sū (romanization)
सु (alternative)
सव् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *suH-, from Proto-Indo-European *súHs, from *sewH- (“to give birth, to bear a child”).

to beget, procreate, bring forth, bear, produce, yield


सू

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sawH-, from Proto-Indo-European *sewH- (“to push (forth)”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (šu-ú-iz-zi, “to push (away), shove, cast off”), Old Irish soïd (“to turn”).

cog

to set in motion, urge, impel, vivify, create, produce


पुंस्

head

पुंस् • (puṃs)

sa-root

पुंस् • (puṃs)


म्ना

head

म्ना • (mnā)

sa-root

म्ना • (mnā)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mnaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *mn-eh₂-.


वृत्

head

वृत् • (vṛt)

sa-root

वृत् • (vṛt)

From Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”).

चक्रवर्तिन्

whose wheels roll everywhere unobstructed; emperor, sovereign of the world

वर्तनि

circumference or felly of a wheel; track of a wheel; path

वर्ती

wrap, bandage, wick, streak, object rolled round

वृत्ति

rolling, way of life, state, existing, being in, business, wages, livelihood

अनुवृत्

follow, pursue, resemble, obey, assent, respect

प्रवृत्

to assume (an office), embrace (a duty), to be promoted


मृ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *mar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mar-, from Proto-Indo-European *mer-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬭- (mar-), Persian مردن (mordan), Northern Kurdish mirin, مردن (mirdin), Old Armenian մեռանիմ (meṙanim), Old Church Slavonic мрѣти (mrěti), Lithuanian mirti, Latin morior.

मार

slaying, killing, destroying; pestilence

मारण

death, slaughter, killing; destruction; slayer


परिवृत्

head

परिवृत् • (parivṛt)

sa-root

परिवृत् • (parivṛt)

Compound of परि- (pari-, “around”) + वृत् (vṛt, “to turn”).


अभिज्ञा

head

अभिज्ञा • (abhijñā)

sa-root

अभिज्ञा • (abhijñā)

/ɐ.bʱid͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

to recognise, perceive, know, be or become aware of


दम्

From Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (“to tame, domesticate”)

der

दम

दान्त (dāntá, “tamed, broken in, restrained, subdued”)


युज्

head

युज् • (yuj)

sa-root

युज् • (yuj)

From Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”). Cognate with Latin iungō whence English junction, join; Ancient Greek ζεύγνῡμῐ (zeúgnūmĭ, “to yoke”); English yoke.

युग

yoke, team, couple, brace; generation, age

योजन

yoking; harnessing; yojana (unit of distance)

योग्या

preparation, contrivance; exercise, practice; straps, traces

to yoke or join or fasten or harness (horses or a chariot)

to make ready, prepare, arrange, fit out, set to work, use, employ, apply

to offer, perform (prayers, a sacrifice)

to turn or direct or fix or concentrate (the mind, thoughts) upon

to join, unite, connect, add, bring together (to be attached, cleave to)

to bring into possession of, furnish or endow with


भस्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰes- (“to rub, grind”).


यज्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hyaȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyaȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁yaǵ- (“to sacrifice, worship”).


जू

jū (romanization)
जु (alternative)
जव् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awH- (“to quicken, to hasten, to impel, hurry”), possibly from a Proto-Indo-European root *ǵewH- (“force, drive”). Cognate with Middle Persian [script needed] (zwt' /zūd/) (whence Persian زود (zud, “early”)), Classical Persian زور (zōr, “force, strength”), and Avestan 𐬰𐬆𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬱𐬙𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zəuuīštiia, “quickest”). Possible Indo-European cognates include Old Norse keyra (“drive”) and Proto-Slavic *žurìti (“to rage”).

cog

to impel quickly, urge or drive on, incite

जवति

to press forwards, hurry on, be quick to impel


वी

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wíH, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-.

to go, move, approach (either as a friend i.e. ‘seek or take eagerly, grasp, seize, accept, enjoy’, or as an enemy i.e. ‘fall upon, attack, assail, visit, punish, avenge’)

to set in motion, arouse, excite, impel, move, push

to further, promote, lead or bring or help anyone to


वी

to go apart or in different directions, diverge, be diffused or scattered or distributed or divided or extended


प्सा

head

प्सा • (psā)

From भस् (bhas), whence बप्सति (bápsati).


राध्

राध् • (rādh)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HraHdʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HraHdʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange, accomplish”).

inh

to succeed, accomplish, perform, be accomplished, prosper, thrive, flourish

राद्ध

accomplished, perfected; successful, fortunate

राधस्

favor, bounty; munificence; success; wealth, power

राध्य

to be accomplished, won, propitiated, worshipped


टङ्क्

head

टङ्क् • (ṭaṅk)

sa-root

टङ्क् • (ṭaṅk)

(with उद् (ud)) to scrape, scratch, bore out, or pierce through.


जॄ

jṝ (romanization)
जर् (alternative)
जुर् (alternative)
जृ (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-
Sanskrit जॄ (jṝ)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́arH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́arH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-.


सु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *saw-, from Proto-Indo-European *sewh₁- (“to press, push forth; juice, liquid, rain”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (šu-ú-ez-zi /šuwezi/, “to push (away), shove, cast off”), Younger Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunaoⁱti, “to press”), Lithuanian sáuja (handful), Proto-West Germanic *sauw (“juice”), Old Irish suth (“juice, milk”).

cog

to press out, extract (especially the juice from the soma plant for libations)

to distill, prepare (wines, spirits, etc.)


सम्पद्

to fall or happen well, succeed, prosper, accrue to

to become full or complete (as a number), amount to

to fall together, meet or unite with, obtain, get into, partake of

to be produced, be brought forth, be born, arise


गुह्

head

गुह् • (guh)

sa-root

गुह् • (guh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰawȷ́ʰ- (“to hide, conceal”). See गूहति (gūhati) for cognates.


फल्

Invented as a source for फल (phala, “fruit”).

to bring to maturity, fulfil, yield, grant, bestow

be fruitful, have results or consequences, be fulfilled, result, succeed


फल्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)bʰel- (“to swell”); see Etymology 1 for more.


दह्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”).

to torment, torture, pain, distress, disturb, grieve

to be consumed by internal heat or grief, suffer pain, be distressed or vexed


समि

From सम्- (sam-, “together with”) + इ (i, “to go”).

pre

to go or come together, meet at, meet with

to come together in sexual union, cohabit

to come to, arrive at, approach, visit, seek, enter upon, begin


अञ्च्

head

अञ्च् • (añc)

sa-root

अञ्च् • (añc)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hanč-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk-.

अन्वञ्च्

→ अनूक (anūka)


संदिह्

head

संदिह् • (saṃdih)

sa-root

संदिह् • (saṃdih)

From Proto-Indo-European *som- (“together, wholly”) + *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, shape”). Equivalent to सम्- (sam-) + दिह् (dih).

inh

to be indistinct, doubtful or uncertain (said of persons and things)

to be smeared over or covered, be confused, confounded with

to make indistinct or uncertain, confuse, perplex


शं

Combining form of शम् (śám) before consonants


शम्

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to toil, to exert oneself”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to labour, to work hard”).

cog

to become tired, finish, stop, come to an end, rest, be quiet, calm, satisfied or contented

(middle voice) to toil at, fatigue or exert one's self (especially in performing ritual acts)

(causative) to appease, allay, alleviate, pacify, calm, soothe, settle

(causative) to kill, slay, destroy, remove, extinguish

(intensive) to be entirely appeased or extinguished


दिह्

head

दिह् • (dih)

sa-root

दिह् • (dih)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰayǰʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, shape”). Cognates include Latin fingō (“shape, fashion”) whence English figment, figure, fiction etc., Proto-Iranian *paridayjah whence (via Ancient Greek) English paradise, and dough.


प्रेष्

head

प्रेष् • (preṣ)

sa-root

प्रेष् • (preṣ)

to invite, summon, call upon (another priest to commence a recitation or a ceremony)

to send word, send a message to a person


मूर्छ्

head

मूर्छ् • (mūrch)

sa-root

मूर्छ् • (mūrch)

mūrch (romanization)
मुर्छ् (alternative)
मूर्च्छ् (alternative)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥H-tó-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós (“mortal”), and often compared to Ancient Greek βρότος (brótos, “blood from a wound”); blood (a sign of mortality) spreads out from a wound and coagulates (congeals) on the wound. Mayrhofer accepts that the laryngeal dropped under special phonetic conditions in the root's supposed descendants. According to Machek, also related to Czech smrksnouti se (“to shrink”).

cog

to become solid, thicken, congeal, assume shape or substance or consistency, expand, increase, grow, become or be vehement or intense or strong

to fill, pervade, penetrate, spread over

to have power or take effect upon (locative case)

to grow stiff or rigid, faint, swoon, become senseless or stupid or unconscious

to cause to settle into a fixed or solid form, shape

to cause to sound loudly, play (a musical instrument)


मुर्छ्

head

मुर्छ् • (murch)

sa-root

मुर्छ् • (murch)

मूर्छ् मूर्छ्#Sanskrit


मूर्च्छ्

head

मूर्च्छ् • (mūrcch)

sa-root

मूर्च्छ् • (mūrcch)

[muːɾt̚t͡ɕʰ]

/muːɾt̪t͡ɕʰ/

[muːɾt̪̚t͡ɕʰ]

मूर्छ् मूर्छ्#Sanskrit


केल्

head

केल् • (kel)

sa-root

केल् • (kel)


रिफ्

to be murmured or spoken in a guttural or burring manner (like the rakāra)

to have or take the pronunciation of the rakāra


व्यायम्

head

व्यायम् • (vyāyam)

sa-root

व्यायम् • (vyāyam)

to struggle or contend about (locative case)

fight together, make efforts, strive, endeavour

to cause to stretch out or struggle, make great effort or exertion, take exercise


आयम्

head

आयम् • (āyam)

sa-root

आयम् • (āyam)

to keep, stop, hold in, draw back, restrain

to stretch one's self or be stretched or strained


पराशॄ

head

पराशॄ • (parāśṝ)

sa-root

पराशॄ • (parāśṝ)

/pɐ.ɾɑː.ɕr̩ː/

/pɐ.ɾɑː.ɕr̩ː/


शॄ

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“to break”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (asar^əta, “unbroken”), 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬌 (sari, “piece, fragment”), Ancient Greek κεραΐζω (keraḯzō, “I tear, destroy”), ακέραιος (akéraios, “whole, intact”), Old Irish do·cer (“he fell”), Tocharian B kärnau (“disabled”).

cog

to be crushed, broken, rent or shattered


संयुज्

head

संयुज् • (saṃyuj)

sa-root

संयुज् • (saṃyuj)

to join or attach together, conjoin, connect, combine, unite

to endow or furnish with (instrumental case)

to place in, fix on, direct towards (locative case)

to meet or fall in with (instrumental case)

to be supplied or furnished with (instrumental case)

to cause to join together, bring together, unite

to hold together, check, control (the senses)

to furnish or endow or present with (instrumental case)


अर्ह्

head

अर्ह् • (arh)

sa-root

अर्ह् • (arh)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to be worth; value; gain”). See अर्हति (arhati) and अर्घ (argha, “price, value”) for more.

अर्ह

meriting, deserving, worthy of; obliged, allowed; proper, fit

to be obliged or required to do anything (accusative)


समस्

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + अस् (as, “throw”).

pre

to throw or put together, add, combine, compound, mix, mingle, connect

to be put together or combined (passive voice)

(grammar) to be compounded, form a compound


समस्

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + अस् (as, “to be”).


कम्

Denominative based on काम॑ (kā́ma, “wish”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káHmas, from Proto-Indo-European *kóh₂-mo-s, from *keh₂- (“to desire, wish”), whence also का (kā) and कन् (kan, “to be satisfied”). Compare also चक् (cak, “to be satisfied”).


उद्गॄ

head

उद्गॄ • (udgṝ)

sa-root

उद्गॄ • (udgṝ)


अर्ज्

head

अर्ज् • (arj)

sa-root

अर्ज् • (arj)

Unknown. Original meaning elusive, something like “to allow, carry” and therefore hard to etymologize. Also prone to confusion with Sanskrit ऋज् (ṛj, “to stretch, attain”).


उपार्ज्

head

उपार्ज् • (upārj)

sa-root

उपार्ज् • (upārj)

to convey near, acquire, gain, procure firm


यम्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yam-, from Proto-Indo-European *yem- (“to hold”).

to stretch out, expand, spread, display, show

to hold or keep in, hold back, restrain, check, curb, govern, subdue, control

to give anything in exchange for anything

to give up one’s self to, be faithful to, obey


अलंकृ

head

अलंकृ • (alaṃkṛ)

sa-root

अलंकृ • (alaṃkṛ)

to impede, check, violate (genitive case)


शप्

Likely cognate with Hittite [Term?] (/kappilalli-/, “to curse; hated, loathed”).


खिद्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“to cut, hew”), whence also Latin caedō (“to cut, strike”).


भर्त्स्

head

भर्त्स् • (bharts)

sa-root

भर्त्स् • (bharts)

to menace, threaten, abuse, revile, deride


खेल्

Sanskritization of Prakrit खेलइ (khelaï) of uncertain origin. See there for more. Related to क्ष्वेल् (kṣvel, “to leap, jump, play”), क्रीड् (krīḍ, “to play; to jest”), and केल् (kel, “to sport”).

to shake, move to and fro, swing, tremble


खिट्

head

खिट् • (khiṭ)

sa-root

खिट् • (khiṭ)

to terrify, alarm, frighten, surprise, scare away


आञ्छ्

head

आञ्छ् • (āñch)

sa-root

आञ्छ् • (āñch)

Uncertain. Artificial coinage, maybe abstracted from a *-sḱéti present of the root अम् (am, “to seize”).

to stretch, draw into the right position, set (a bone or leg)


लाञ्छ्

head

लाञ्छ् • (lāñch)

sa-root

लाञ्छ् • (lāñch)


प्यै

pyai (romanization)
प्याय् (alternative)

to increase, enlarge, make fat or comfortable


प्याय्

head

प्याय् • (pyāy)

sa-root

प्याय् • (pyāy)


पी

pī (romanization)
पय् (alternative)
पि (alternative)
पिन्व् (alternative)
प्यै (alternative)

to swell, overflow, be exuberant, abound, increase, grow

to fatten, cause to swell or be exuberant, surfeit


पी

From the zero grade *ph₃- of Proto-Indo-European *peh₃- (“to drink”).


श्वस्

head

श्वस् • (śvas)

sa-root

श्वस् • (śvas)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwes- (“to pant, puff, sigh”). Cognate with Old Norse hvæsa (“to hiss”), English wheeze, and Latin queror (“to complain”), whence English quarrel.


आरिफ्

head

आरिफ् • (āriph)

sa-root

आरिफ् • (āriph)


ज्युत्

head

ज्युत् • (jyut)

sa-root

ज्युत् • (jyut)


द्युत्

head

द्युत् • (dyut)

sa-root

द्युत् • (dyut)

dyut (romanization)
द्योत् (alternative)

Sanskrit: ज्युत् (jyut) (via Prakrit)

An extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *dyew- (“to be bright, shine”).

to shine, glitter, be bright or brilliant

to cause to appear, make clear or manifest, express, mean


हिक्क्

head

हिक्क् • (hikk)

sa-root

हिक्क् • (hikk)


सञ्ज्

head

सञ्ज् • (sañj)

sa-root

सञ्ज् • (sañj)

From Proto-Indo-European *seg-, *seng- (“to fasten, attach, touch”). Cognate with Lithuanian sègti (“to fasten, to pin”), Latvian segt (“to cover”), Proto-Slavic *sę̄gnǫ̀ti (“to reach”).

to cling or stick or adhere to, be attached to or engaged in or occupied with

to be attached or fastened, adhere, cling, stick

to be devoted to, intent on or occupied with

to cause to stick or cling to, unite or connect with


तड्

(astronomy) to obscure or eclipse partially


किट्

head

किट् • (kiṭ)

sa-root

किट् • (kiṭ)


प्रतिमन्

to render back in return or in reply, contrast with

to honour, esteem, approve, consider, regard


यत्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yat- (“to reach, take position”), from Proto-Indo-European *yet- (“to bring, conform, support”); cognate with Persian فریاد (faryâd, “cry, shout”), Latin nītor (“support oneself, brace oneself”), Tocharian A yät- (“to adorn”), Ancient Greek ὅσιος (hósios, “just, fair”).

cog

to place in order, marshal, join, connect

to keep pace, be in line, rival or vie with

to join, associate with, march or fly together or in line

to seek to join one's self with, make for, tend towards

to endeavour to reach, strive after, be eager or anxious for

to exert one's self, take pains, endeavour, make effort, persevere, be cautious or watchful

to requite, return, reward or punish, reprove


तल्

Probably invented as a source for तल (tála), which is from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“bottom, ground”).


तल्

From earlier Vedic Sanskrit तॄ (tṝ), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-.


कठ्

head

कठ् • (kaṭh)

sa-root

कठ् • (kaṭh)

Has been compared to Ancient Greek κρατερός (kraterós, “strong”) and Old Irish calath (“firm”), but the phonetic variation of the words grouped under this root is difficult to reconcile. In light of this, perhaps borrowed from Dravidian; compare Tamil கட்டு (kaṭṭu, “to build, harden”). Note also Nepali करा (karā, “hard, rough”).


चम्

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷem- (“to swallow”).


भञ्ज्

head

भञ्ज् • (bhañj)

sa-root

भञ्ज् • (bhañj)

→ Punjabi: ਭਾਂਜ (bhāñj)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeng-, nasal-infixed form of *bʰeg- (“to break”).

to break into, make a breach in (a fortress, with accusative)

to rout, put to flight, defeat (an army)

to check, arrest, suspend, frustrate, disappoint


सज्ज्

head

सज्ज् • (sajj)

sa-root

सज्ज् • (sajj)

to cling, adhere, fasten or fix or attach to


कम्प्

head

कम्प् • (kamp)

sa-root

कम्प् • (kamp)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂em-p- (“to bend”) from *kh₂em- (“to bend, curve”).


उच्छ्वस्

head

उच्छ्वस् • (ucchvas)

sa-root

उच्छ्वस् • (ucchvas)

/ut̪.t͡ɕʰʋɐs̪/

[ut̪̚.t͡ɕʰʋɐs̪]

Derived from उद्- (ud-, “upwards”) + श्वस् (śvas, “to breathe”).

pre

to breathe again, get breath, recover, rest


उन्नम्

head

उन्नम् • (unnam)

sa-root

उन्नम् • (unnam)

to bend upwards, raise one's self, rise, ascend


संलक्ष्

head

संलक्ष् • (saṃlakṣ)

sa-root

संलक्ष् • (saṃlakṣ)

/s̪ɐ̃.l̪ɐkʂ/

to distinguish by a mark, characterise, mark distinctly

to observe, see, perceive, feel, hear, learn

to be marked or observed or perceived, appear


पत्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peth₂-
Sanskrit पत् (pat)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *patH-, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out, fly”).


पठ्

head

पठ् • (paṭh)

sa-root

पठ् • (paṭh)

From पठति (paṭhati, “reads”). See there for more.

to read or repeat aloud, recite, rehearse

to repeat or pronounce the name of a god, to invoke

to read or repeat or recite to one's self, to peruse, study

to teach, cite, quote, mention, express, declare


क्षुभ्

head

क्षुभ् • (kṣubh)

sa-root

क्षुभ् • (kṣubh)

From Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾sewbʰ- (“shake”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *xybàti (“to sway, perturb”).

cog

to shake, tremble, be agitated or disturbed, be unsteady, waver, stumble

चुक्षोभयिषु

*चुक्षोभयिषति (cukṣobhayiṣati, “to wish/intend to disturb/shake/waver”, desiderative)


आयत्

head

आयत् • (āyat)

sa-root

आयत् • (āyat)


संलग्

head

संलग् • (saṃlag)

sa-root

संलग् • (saṃlag)


संस्कृ

head

संस्कृ • (saṃskṛ)

sa-root

संस्कृ • (saṃskṛ)

saṃskṛ (romanization)
संकृ (alternative)

संस्कार

putting together, forming well, making perfect

संस्कृत

put together, well constructed; Sanskrit

to put together, form well, join together, compose

to prepare, make ready, dress, cook (food)

to form or arrange according to sacred precept, consecrate, hallow

to adorn, embellish, refine, elaborate, make perfect


वीड्

head

वीड् • (vīḍ)

sa-root

वीड् • (vīḍ)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weys-d- (“to raise”) and related to विष् (viṣ).

der

to make strong or firm, strengthen, fasten


बुक्क्

head

बुक्क् • (bukk)

sa-root

बुक्क् • (bukk)


खणखणाय

/kʰɐ.ɳɐ.kʰɐ.ɳɑː.jɐ/

/kʰɐ.ɳɐ.kʰɐ.ɳɑː.jɐ/

to utter or give out any peculiar sound, tick, tinkle, crack


संधा

head

संधा • (saṃdhā)

sa-root

संधा • (saṃdhā)

saṃdhā (romanization)
सन्धा (alternative)

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + धा (dhā, “to put, place”, root). Related to Proto-Balto-Slavic *sámdas, whence Proto-Slavic *sǫdъ (court of law).

pre

to join, bring together, unite, combine, put together, compound, mix

to treat with, form friendship or alliance with, make peace with

to unite in friendship, reconcile, make a friend of

to fit to or place upon the bow (as a missile, arrow)


सन्धा

head

सन्धा • (sandhā)

sa-root

सन्धा • (sandhā)


आशी

From आ- (ā-) + शी (śī, “to sleep”, root).


छृद्

head

छृद् • (chṛd)

sa-root

छृद् • (chṛd)


शिष्

head

शिष् • (śiṣ)

sa-root

शिष् • (śiṣ)

No certain cognates outside of Indo-Iranian. Compare Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “should move away”). Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeys- (“to leave behind”).


शिष्

head

शिष् • (śiṣ)

sa-root

शिष् • (śiṣ)


शिष्

head

शिष् • (śiṣ)

sa-root

शिष् • (śiṣ)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


विशिष्

head

विशिष् • (viśiṣ)

sa-root

विशिष् • (viśiṣ)

to distinguish, make distinct or different, particularise, specify, define

to be pre-eminent, excel, be better than or best among


लिङ्ग्

head

लिङ्ग् • (liṅg)

sa-root

लिङ्ग् • (liṅg)

to change or inflect a noun according to its gender


परिणी

head

परिणी • (pariṇī)

sa-root

परिणी • (pariṇī)

to lead a bride and bridegroom round the sacrificial fire


आविश्

head

आविश् • (āviś)

sa-root

आविश् • (āviś)

From आ- (ā-) + विश् (viś, “to enter, to be absorbed”, root).


समाविश्

head

समाविश् • (samāviś)

sa-root

समाविश् • (samāviś)

to enter into thoroughly, take possession of, occupy, penetrate, fill

to sit or settle down in or on (with accusative or locative case)

to go or fall into any state or condition

to apply one's self to, begin, undertake


दु

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₂w- (“to burn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō, “kindle”), and perhaps related to Latin duellum, bellum (“war”).

to be burnt, consumed with internal heat or sorrow


आपद्

head

आपद् • (āpad)

sa-root

आपद् • (āpad)


भिद्

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”).

inh

to split, cleave, break, cut or rend asunder, pierce, destroy

to transgress, violate (a compact or alliance)


व्यध्

Related to Proto-Iranian *vaiδa-, and traditionally considered to be inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwyadʰH- (“to cut, pierce”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wyedʰh₁- (“to separate, divide”). However, considered by Cheung and, with reservation, Mayrhofer, to be from Proto-Indo-European *wyedʰ- (“to shoot, take aim, hit, wound”). Compare Old Armenian վէրք (vērkʻ, “wound”), an Iranian borrowing, as well as certain Germanic forms like Old English wītan (“to blame, reproach”) and German entwischen (“to escape, flee”), which Cheung derives from *wyedʰ- rather than *h₁wyedʰh₁-.

cog

(astronomy) to fix the position of a heavenly body


शुभ्

head

शुभ् • (śubh)

sa-root

शुभ् • (śubh)

śubh (romanization)
शुम्भ् (alternative)
शोभ् (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćubʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewbʰ- (“pretty”), an extension of *ḱew- (“to shine”). See शुभ्र (śubhra, “bright, beautiful”) for more.


रु

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewH- (“to shout, roar”). Cognate with Latin rūmor (“noise”), raucus.


श्नथ्

head

श्नथ् • (śnath)

sa-root

श्नथ् • (śnath)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćnatʰ- (“to strike, pierce”).


वृध्

head

वृध् • (vṛdh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwardʰ-
Sanskrit वृध् (vṛdh)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwardʰ-, from a possible Proto-Indo-European root *Hwerdʰ- of uncertain further origin.
Schindler, citing Krisch, takes the root as a metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow, rise”), whence रोधति (rodhati, “to grow, sprout”). Alternative theories include a connection to Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule; strong”). The root may have been contaminated by semantically similar roots such as the one underlying अर्ध् (ardh, “to prosper”). See rose for more.


मंह्

head

मंह् • (maṃh)

sa-root

मंह् • (maṃh)


वीज्

head

वीज् • (vīj)

sa-root

वीज् • (vīj)

vīj (romanization)
व्यज् (alternative)
वीजय् (alternative)

Denominal root from व्यजन (vyajana, “fan”); see there for more.


शिक्ष्

head

शिक्ष् • (śikṣ)

sa-root

शिक्ष् • (śikṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱek-der.
Sanskrit शिक्ष् (śikṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćikš-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”). Desiderative of शक् (śak, “to be able”); see there for more.

der

to learn, acquire knowledge, study, practice, learn from


क्रीड्

head

क्रीड् • (krīḍ)

sa-root

क्रीड् • (krīḍ)

krīḍ (romanization)
क्रीळ् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kriẓḍ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *križd-, of uncertain further origin. Mayrhofer traces the root back to a Proto-Indo-European *krisd- (“to move about, frolic”), and tentatively compares Old Norse hrista (“to shake”), but this is semantically tenuous.


अट्

aṭ (romanization)
अण्ठ् (alternative)
अठ् (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-
Sanskrit अत् (at)
Sanskrit अट् (aṭ)
Sanskritization of a popular pronunciation of the Vedic root अत् (at, “to go constantly, walk, run”). अण्ठ् (aṇṭh) is a Buddhist-preferred variant of अट् (aṭ).

etymon

(frequently used of religious mendicants) to roam, wander about

अटन

roaming about, act or habit of wandering about

अटाय

to enter upon a roaming life, become a religious mendicant

अट्या

roaming about, one of the ten faults resulting from an excessive fondness for pleasure