अर्थ्

head

अर्थ् • (arth)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ert-.

अत्यर्थ

beyond the proper worth: exorbitant, excessive

अन्वर्थ

following in meaning; intelligible, clear

अर्थ

cause, motive, reason; advantage, utility; thing, object; substance, wealth; etc

अर्थघ्न

destroying advantage, causing loss or damage

अर्थचर्या

doing business, promoting another's affais

अर्थतस्

in fact, really, truly; for the profit of

अर्थद

conferring advantage, profitable, munificent

अर्थदान

donation of money, present; a present given with a (selfish) purpose

अर्थबन्ध

a word or sentence (binding the sense together)

अर्थमात्र

property, money; being only the matter itself

अर्थहीन

deprived of wealth, poor; meaningless, nonsensical

अर्थात्

according to the sense, that is to say, as a matter of fact

गुर्वर्थ

deep meaning, important; anything related to one's guru

गुर्वर्थम्

for or on account of one's guru; for one's parents

व्यर्थ

useless, unprofitable, vain, unavailing; devoid of property or money; unmeaning, inconsistent

समर्थ

connected in se+nse, having a similar object; ability


अधी

head

अधी • (adhī́)

sa-root

अधी • (adhī́)

to turn the mind towards, observe, understand

to go over, study, to learn from (a teacher's mouth)


शास्

head

शास् • (śās)

sa-root

शास् • (śās)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁s- (“to teach, indicate; instruct”). Compare Albanian them (“to say”).

शास्त्र

order, command, precept, rule; instruction, teaching


गद्

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“to say, speak”). Cognate with English quoth.


अक्ष्

head

अक्ष् • (akṣ)

sa-root

अक्ष् • (akṣ)


भज्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Sanskrit भज् (bhaj)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰag-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide, distribute, allot”). See also भजति (bhájati) and भग (bhága).

inh

to divide, distribute, allot, apportion, share

(middle voice) to partake of, enjoy, possess


कन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH- (“to love, take pleasure in”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kenh₂- (“to be pleased, enjoy”), infixed nasal stem of *keh₂- (“to like, wish”).


अम्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃emh₃- (“to seize, take hold; swear”). Cognate with Old Norse ama (“to bother, wound”) and possibly Latin amō (“to love”).


अव्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewH- (“to help, protect”). Cognate with Latin iuvō (“to help”), Old Irish con·oí (“to protect, preserve”).


अश्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, attain”). Cognate with English enough.

inh

तद॑स्य प्रि॒यम॒भि पाथो॑ अश्यां नरो॒ यत्र॑ देव॒यवो॒ मद॑न्ति।
उ॒रु॒क्र॒मस्य॒ स हि बन्धु॑रि॒त्था विष्णोः॑ प॒दे प॑र॒मे मध्व॒ उत्सः॑॥
tádasya priyámabhí pā́tho aśyāṃ naro yátra devayávo mádanti.
urukramásya sá hí bándhuritthā́ víṣṇoḥ padé paramé mádhva útsaḥ.

May I attain his favourite path, in which god-seeking men delight; the path of that wide-stepping Viṣṇu, in whose exalted station there is a perpetual flow of felicity; for to such a degree is he the friend of the pious.

अ॒ग्निना॑ र॒यिम्अश्नव॒त्पोष॑मे॒व दि॒वेदि॑वे।
य॒शसं॑ वी॒रव॑त्तमम्॥
agnínā rayímáśnávatpóṣamevá divédive.

Through Agni the worshipper obtains that affluence which increases day by day, which is the source of fame and multiplier of mankind.


अश्

From a putative Proto-Indo-Iranian *HaćH- (“to eat”), with further origin uncertain; compare perhaps Persian آش (âš, “a thick type of soup”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱh₃- (“to eat”), with tentative cognates including Old Norse æja (“to graze, rest and eat”) and agn (“fish bait”), as well as Ancient Greek ἄκολος (ákolos, “morsel”).


आप्

Pali: ap

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-
Sanskrit आप् (āp)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hap-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to take, seize”); compare perhaps Hittite 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /ʔéptsi/, “seizes”), 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /pāi/, “gives, hands over, pays”), as well as Latin apīscor (“I try to seize”) and co-epī (“I have started, undertaken”).


इल्

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elh₂- (“to drive, move, go”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “to drive”), Latin alacer (“lively, active, brisk”), Proto-Germanic *alaną (“to spurn, drive”), *lanō (“lane”)).


ईक्ष्

head

ईक्ष् • (īkṣ)

sa-root

ईक्ष् • (īkṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷsder.
Sanskrit ईक्ष् (īkṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃i-h₃kʷs, a secondary present formation of *h₃ókʷs (“eye”), the latter whence अक्षि (akṣi, “eye”).

ईक्षेण्य

to be seen, to be beheld; deserving of notice


उक्ष्

head

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

sa-root

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *wegʷ- (“wet, moist”).


उक्ष्

head

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

sa-root

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

वक्ष् वक्ष्#Sanskrit

Alternative form of वक्ष् (vakṣ, “to grow”)


कल्

From Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin celer (“fast”) whence English accelerate, and possibly English hold.


कल्

Of uncertain origin.
Monier-Williams compares the root to Latin calculō (“to calculate”), while Mayrhofer makes no mention of this particular meaning and thus implicitly equates it with Etymology 1.
However, Turner separates this "sound, count" meaning from the above "impel, incite" meaning and derives the former from Dravidian; compare Tamil கல் (kal, “to learn, study”).


कष्

A colloquial form of the root कृष् (kṛṣ, “to draw, pull, drag”). Pokorny's original derivation from a supposed Proto-Indo-European *kars- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”) (for which he cites Proto-Slavic *korsta (“scab”), Lithuanian karsiu (“to comb”), and English harsh) is obsolete.


कास्

head

कास् • (kās)

sa-root

कास् • (kās)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”). Compare कासते (kāsate, “to cough”).
Cognate with Latvian kāss, Russian ка́шель (kášelʹ), Irish casacht, Old English hwōsan.


कृष्

head

कृष् • (kṛṣ)

sa-root

कृष् • (kṛṣ)

kṛṣ (romanization)
कर्ष् (alternative)
कष् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *karṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *karš-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷels- (“to pull, drag, turn”).

inh

to draw into one’s power, become master of, overpower

to pull to and fro; to cause pain, torture, torment


क्रन्द्

head

क्रन्द् • (krand)

sa-root

क्रन्द् • (krand)

krand (romanization)
क्लन्द् (alternative)
क्लिन्द् (alternative)
क्लद् (alternative)

Backformed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *krándati, from Proto-Indo-European *kléh₁-nd-, from *kelh₁- (“to call, cry, shout”).


क्रुश्

head

क्रुश् • (kruś)

sa-root

क्रुश् • (kruś)

kruś (romanization)
क्रोश् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *krawć- (“to cry, to call out”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Persian خروشیدن (xorušidan).


क्लिद्

head

क्लिद् • (klid)

sa-root

क्लिद् • (klid)


क्वथ्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kweth₂- (“to boil, foam”). Cognate with Latvian kūsāt (“to boil”), Old English hwaþerian (“to foam, surge, roar”), Swedish hvå (“foam”). See also kvass.


क्षद्

head

क्षद् • (kṣad)

sa-root

क्षद् • (kṣad)

क्षत्तृ

a carver, one who cuts or carves or divides anything


क्षन्

head

क्षन् • (kṣan)

sa-root

क्षन् • (kṣan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tḱen- (“strike”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτείνω (kteínō, “kill, slay”).


क्षर्

head

क्षर् • (kṣar)

sa-root

क्षर् • (kṣar)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰer-
Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-
Sanskrit क्षर् (kṣar)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-.


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

From Proto-Indo-European *tk-éh₁- (“acquisition”), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take by the hand; to receive, obtain”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”), Persian شاه (šâh, “king, shah”).

cog

to possess, have power over, rule, govern, be master of


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tḱey- (“to settle, dwell”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτίζω (ktízō, “to people; to establish”), English home.


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰi-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gžʰi-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to perish, destroy”).


क्षिप्

head

क्षिप् • (kṣip)

sa-root

क्षिप् • (kṣip)

kṣip (romanization)
क्षेप् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *ksweybʰ- (“to throw”).

inh

to put or place anything on or in, pour on, scatter, fix or attach to

to utter abusive words, insult, revile, abuse

"to disdain", i.e. to excel, beat, outvie

to pass or while away (the time or night)


ख्या

head

ख्या • (khyā)

sa-root

ख्या • (khyā)

Phonetic variant of क्शा (kśā), related to काश् (kāś), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ-.

(passive voice) to be named, be known, be announced to


गर्ह्

head

गर्ह् • (garh)

sa-root

गर्ह् • (garh)


गै

From Proto-Indo-European *geH- (“to sing, cry”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā, “form of strophe, metre, namely the collections of Zarathustra's songs, the Gathas”).


गाह्

head

गाह् • (gāh)

sa-root

गाह् • (gāh)

Primarily inherited from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ- / *gʷʰāh₂ǵʰ- (“to wade”); cognate with Persian آغاز (âġâz, “beginning, start”), Slovene gáziti (“to wade”). Forms with गभ्- (gabh-) or गम्भ्- (gambh-) are from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂bʰ- (“to submerge”).

inh

*g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ-

inh+

*g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ-


गुप्

head

गुप् • (gup)

sa-root

गुप् • (gup)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit गोपायति (gopāyati)
Sanskrit गुप् (gup)
Back-formation from गोपायति (gopāyáti, “to guard”), from गोपा (gopā́, “protector of cows; protector, guardian”).

etymon

गोपायति>guard


ग्रन्थ्

head

ग्रन्थ् • (granth)

sa-root

ग्रन्थ् • (granth)

granth (romanization)
ग्रथ् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grantH- (“to tie (a knot)”), cognate to Persian گره (gereh, “knot”), with further origin uncertain. The traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *gre(n)tH- (“to tie”) (itself a hypothetical extension of Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to twist”)) would make the root cognate with Proto-Germanic *kradô (“wicker basket”), whence English cradle; however, this is not certain, as the Germanic word could very well be of substrate origin instead.

inh

to string together, arrange, connect in a regular series

to string words together, compose (a literary work)


ग्रस्

head

ग्रस् • (gras)

sa-root

ग्रस् • (gras)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour”).

der

to swallow, devour, seize with the mouth


ग्लै

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH-.

to languid or weary, feel tired or exhausted


घस्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰas- (“to eat, gorge”), of unknown origin, with numerous unconvincing attempts to connect the root to terms including Latin hostia (“sacrifice”) and Tocharian B kest (“hunger”). Within Iranian, cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬵 (gah, “to gorge”), Pashto غاښ (ǧâx̌, “tooth”).


घुष्

head

घुष् • (ghuṣ)

sa-root

घुष् • (ghuṣ)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew-.


घ्रा

head

घ्रा • (ghrā)

sa-root

घ्रा • (ghrā)

Of uncertain origin.
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰʷreh₂, whence Ancient Greek ὀσφραινομαι (osphrainomai, “I smell, perceive”) (compare Greek όσφρηση (ósfrisi, “(sense of) smell”); however, this is controversial.
Alternatively, Seebold compares the root to Old English brǣþ (“smell; steam”), whence English breath.
Another theory compares the root to Latin frōns (“brow, front”); noses are frontal organs responsible for smelling and breathing.


चिन्त्

head

चिन्त् • (cint)

sa-root

चिन्त् • (cint)

A nasal-infixed variant of चित् (cit); see there for more.


चुम्ब्

head

चुम्ब् • (cumb)

sa-root

चुम्ब् • (cumb)

An onomatopoeic root likely shared with Dravidian; compare Tamil சூம்பு (cūmpu, “to suck, fondle with the lips”), Kumarbhag Paharia [script needed] (cumqe, “to kiss”). Note also चूष् (cūṣ, “to suck”).


चेष्ट्

head

चेष्ट् • (ceṣṭ)

sa-root

चेष्ट् • (ceṣṭ)


च्यु

head

च्यु • (cyu)

sa-root

च्यु • (cyu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kyew-
Sanskrit च्यु (cyu)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čyaw-, from Proto-Indo-European *kyew- (“to set in motion”). Cognate with Old Armenian չու (čʻu, “journey, road”) and չուեմ (čʻuem, “to set out”), whence Armenian չվել (čʻvel, “to migrate (of birds, a group)”), Northern Kurdish çûn (“to go”), Classical Persian شدن (šudan, “to go”), and Ancient Greek σεύω (seúō, “put in quick motion, drive”).

cog

to move to and fro, stir, go away, turn off


च्युत्

head

च्युत् • (cyut)

sa-root

च्युत् • (cyut)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit श्चुत् (ścut)
Sanskrit च्युत् (cyut)
Post-Vedic variant of श्चुत् (ścut). See there for more.

etymon

श्चुत् श्चुत्#Sanskrit


छद्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *śćad-, related to Prasuni vëzëlë (“goatskin boot, shoe”) (< *upascāda), with further origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness”); compare English shade and shadow. Compare also Old English hæteru (“clothing”).


छन्द्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *śćand-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *śćand-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱend-.


जप्

to whisper, mutter, utter in a low voice, especially prayers or incantations


जम्भ्

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ- (“to bite”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *zǫ̑bъ (“tooth”) whence Polish ząb, and English comb.


जुष्

head

जुष् • (juṣ)

sa-root

जुष् • (juṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to taste, try”). Cognates include Latin gustus, Persian دوست (dust, “friend”), Old English ċēosan (whence English choose).

जुष्ट

juṣṭá or júṣṭa


जृम्भ्

head

जृम्भ् • (jṛmbh)

sa-root

जृम्भ् • (jṛmbh)


तक्ष्

head

तक्ष् • (takṣ)

sa-root

तक्ष् • (takṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ-
Sanskrit तक्ष् (takṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *taṭṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *taćš-, from Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to hew, create”). Cognate with Latin texō (“to weave”) (whence English text, textile), Ancient Greek τέχνη (tékhnē) (whence English techno-), and Serbo-Croatian те̏сла (tesla, “adze”). See also तक्षन् (takṣan, “carpenter”).

inh

इन्द्र॒ ब्रह्म॑ क्रि॒यमा॑णा जुषस्व॒ या ते॑ शविष्ठ॒ नव्या॒ अक॑र्म ।
वस्त्रे॑व भ॒द्रा सुकृ॑ता वसू॒यू रथं॒ न धीरः॒ स्वपा॑ अतक्षम् ॥
índra bráhma kriyámāṇā juṣasva yā́ te śaviṣṭha návyā ákarma.

O, mighty Indra, accept the prayers which we are about to offer, and the present praises which we repeat; firm, doing pious acts, and desirous of wealth; I have made acceptable and pious works like rich garments, and chariots.

vástreva bhadrā́ súkṛtā vasūyū́ ráthaṃ ná dhī́raḥ svápā atakṣam.

to fashion, form (out of wood etc.), make, create


तिज्

head

तिज् • (tij)

sa-root

तिज् • (tij)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp”).
Cognates include Latin (īn-)stīgō whence English instigate, Ancient Greek στῐ́γμᾰ (stĭ́gmă, “a mark from a pointed instrument”), and English stick and thistle.


तुज्

head

तुज् • (tuj)

sa-root

तुज् • (tuj)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to push, hit”).
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *stukkaz (“stump, stick”) whence English stock.


तुल्

head

तुल् • (tul)

sa-root

तुल् • (tul)

From Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“to bear, undergo, endure”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek τᾰ́λαντον (tắlanton, “balance, scale”) whence English talent, Latin tolerō (“bear, endure”) whence English tolerate. Further possible cognates include Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas, “the 'bearer' of heaven”) and therefore Ἀτλαντίς (Atlantís).

cog

to determine the weight of something by lifting it up


तृद्

head

तृद् • (tṛd)

sa-root

तृद् • (tṛd)

From Proto-Indo-European *terd- (“to drill, bore, split”); compare Lithuanian trandė́ti (“to thresh, grind, (of worms) to bite”) and trandi̇̀s (“woodworm”), as well as Old Church Slavonic тродь (trodĭ, “tree sponge”).


तृप्

head

तृप् • (tṛp)

sa-root

तृप् • (tṛp)

From Proto-Indo-European *terp- (“to satisfy”).


तृष्

head

तृष् • (tṛṣ)

sa-root

तृष् • (tṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”). Cognates include Latin torrēns (“scorching”) whence English torrent, Latin terra and English thirst.


तृह्

head

तृह् • (tṛh)

sa-root

तृह् • (tṛh)

Probably from Proto-Indo-Aryan *(s)tarjʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *sterģʰ; compare Hittite [script needed] (istark-, “to become sick”) and [script needed] (istarni(n)k-, “to torment, make sick”). Also compare Latin tergeō.


त्यज्

head

त्यज् • (tyaj)

sa-root

त्यज् • (tyaj)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tyegʷ- (“to leave alone, give up; retreat”).


त्रस्

head

त्रस् • (tras)

sa-root

त्रस् • (tras)

From Proto-Indo-European *tres- (“to tremble (with fear)”). Cognate with Latin terreō whence English terror, terrible, etc.


त्वर्

head

त्वर् • (tvar)

sa-root

त्वर् • (tvar)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH- (“to stir, agitate”). Cognate with English stir, steer and possibly storm, as well as perhaps Ancient Greek ὀτρῡ́νω (otrū́nō, “to stir up, rouse; to hasten”).


दक्ष्

head

दक्ष् • (dakṣ)

sa-root

दक्ष् • (dakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right side, dexter”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek δεξῐός (dexĭós, “right(hand), fortunate, able”), Old Church Slavonic деснъ (desnŭ, “right(side)”).


दभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰebʰ- (“to harm, deceive”). Cognate with Persian فریفتن (fariftan, “to deceive”), Old Armenian դաւ (daw, “deceit, conspiracy”) (an Iranian borrowing), Hittite [script needed] (tepnu-, “to decrease, to humble”), and perhaps Ancient Greek ἀτέμβω (atémbō, “to maltreat; to be bereft of”).


दल्

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to split, divide”), and thus cognate with Latvian dalīt (“to split, divide”), Latin dolor.
However, Mayrhofer is skeptical of the above etymology, due to the root's lack of attestation in Vedic texts, and instead derives it from an l-form of दॄ (dṝ, “to tear, split”).


दाश्

head

दाश् • (dāś)

sa-root

दाश् • (dāś)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to take, offer”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δόξᾰ (dóxă, “opinion, judgement”) whence English orthodox etc., Ancient Greek δόγμᾰ (dógmă), Latin decet (“fitting”) whence English decent, Latin decus whence decorum, Latin discō (“learn”), Latin doceō (“teach”) whence English doctrine etc., Latin dignus.


दिश्

head

दिश् • (diś)

sa-root

दिश् • (diś)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to point out, show”). Cognates include Ancient Greek δείκνῡμῐ (deíknūmĭ, “show, point out”), δεῖγμᾰ (deîgmă, “sample, pattern”) whence English paradigm, Ancient Greek δῐ́κη (dĭ́kē, “custom; order, law”), Latin dicō and dictum whence English dictate etc., Latin index (“pointer, indicator”), Latin digitus (“pointer, finger”), English token and teach.

cog

to produce, bring forward (as witness in court)


दीक्ष्

head

दीक्ष् • (dīkṣ)

sa-root

दीक्ष् • (dīkṣ)

A desiderative form of दाश् (dāś) from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to take, offer”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δόξᾰ (dóxă, “opinion, judgement”) whence English orthodox etc., Ancient Greek δόγμᾰ (dógmă), Latin decet (“fitting”) whence English decent, Latin decus whence decorum, Latin discō (“learn”) whence English disciple etc., Latin doceō (“teach”) whence English doctrine etc., Latin dignus.

दीक्षितृ

consecrator, initiator; instructor; spiritual father


दी

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂-
Sanskrit दी (dī)
From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (“to shine, be bright”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δῆλος (dêlos, “visible, conspicuous”) and possibly Lithuanian di̇̀dis (“large”).


दी

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁-
Sanskrit दी (dī)
From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁- (“to chase (away)”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δῐ́ω (dĭ́ō, “flee”), Lithuanian dainà (“song”).


दुष्

head

दुष् • (duṣ)

sa-root

दुष् • (duṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-) whence English dys-.


दृप्

head

दृप् • (dṛp)

sa-root

दृप् • (dṛp)

to be extravagant, wild, arrogant, proud


दृभ्

head

दृभ् • (dṛbh)

sa-root

दृभ् • (dṛbh)

From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to spin, twist”). Cognate with Lithuanian darbas (“bunch of leaves”), Proto-Germanic *tarbijaną (“to wind, spin”) whence English (topsy)-turvy, and turf.

cog

to string or tie together, tie in a bunch


द्रा

head

द्रा • (drā)

sa-root

द्रा • (drā)

From Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂- (“to run”); compare Ancient Greek αποδιδράσκω (apodidráskō, “to depart secretly, escape”), as well as Proto-Germanic *trudaną (“to tread”).

cog

दरिद्र

running hither and thither, in need or poor


द्रा

head

द्रा • (drā)

sa-root

द्रा • (drā)

From Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂- (“to sleep”), variant of *drem-; compare Latin dormiō (“to sleep”).


द्विष्

head

द्विष् • (dviṣ)

sa-root

द्विष् • (dviṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *dweys- from *dwey- (“to fear”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós, “fearful”) whence English dino-, Latin dīrus whence English dire.


धम्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰemH- (“to smoke, blow”). Cognate with Lithuanian dùmti (“to blow”), Polish dąć (“to blow”), and perhaps Proto-Germanic *dimbaną (“to fog, smoke”).

cog

to melt or manufacture (metal) by blowing


धृष्

head

धृष् • (dhṛṣ)

sa-root

धृष् • (dhṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰers- (“to be bold, dare”) from an *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dьrzъ (“daring”), Ancient Greek θρᾰσῠ́ς (thrăsŭ́s, “daring, reckless”) and English dare.


ध्वंस्

head

ध्वंस् • (dhvaṃs)

sa-root

ध्वंस् • (dhvaṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwe-n-s-, nasal-infixed form of *dʰwes- (“to breathe”), probably with influence from the possibly related term *dʰewh₂- (“(to produce) smoke, mist, haze”), with further semantic shift to mean destruction (perhaps as allusions to natural phenomena like volcanism or storms, which involve smoke and haze).

to fall to pieces or to dust, decay, be ruined, perish


ध्वन्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwen- (“to make a noise, sound”). Cognate with English din.


ध्वृ

head

ध्वृ • (dhvṛ)

sa-root

ध्वृ • (dhvṛ)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“to harm, injure, damage”); cognate with Hittite [script needed] (duwarne-, “to break, injure”).


नद्

From Proto-Indo-European *ned- (“to sound, roar, bellow”), which might be sound-symbolic. Mayrhofer adduces Proto-Indo-European *nedo- (“reed”) (that is, a "resonator (plant)" > "reed"), whence नड (naḍa, “reed”) and its relatives, as descendants. Other derivatives include नदी (nadī, “river”).


नभ्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *nebh- (“to burst”).


नर्द्

head

नर्द् • (nard)

sa-root

नर्द् • (nard)


नुद्

head

नुद् • (nud)

sa-root

नुद् • (nud)

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to push”), a *-d- extension of *new- (“to push, nod”).

8. ප්රමාදමප්රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ්ඩිතඃ
ප්රඥාප්රසාදමාරුහ්ය ත්වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්රජාම්
පර්වතස්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්ෂතෙ

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.

8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate


नेद्

head

नेद् • (ned)

sa-root

नेद् • (ned)

From Proto-Indo-European *neyd- (“to flow, stream”).


पण्

Of disputed origin. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to buy, make money”), and connected with Ancient Greek πωλέω (pōléō, “I sell”), Old Irish renim (“I sell”), and Lithuanian pel̃nas (“profit, benefit”), as well as perhaps स्पृ (spṛ, “to release, save”). However, Mayrhofer prefers to take the root as a thematicization of an unattested *पणाति (paṇāti) < *पृणा (pṛṇā), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to sell”), adducing Ancient Greek πέρνημι (pérnēmi, “to sell”) and Old Irish renim (“I sell”) as cognates. In addition to the above theories, he alternatively suggests the root to be equivalent to the "honor, praise" sense of Etymology 2.


पण्

A derivative of पन् (pan, “to admire”), with retroflexion of the nasal consonant perhaps from onomatopoeic interpretation.


पन्

Of unclear origin. Dunkel and Cowgill take the root as a back-formation from the affixed root विपन् (vipan, “to pride one's self, boast”), which they consider as related to विप् (vip, “to tremble, agitate”), and thus ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to tremble, swing away”). Other theories connect the root to Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬀 (spanta, “healing, beneficial”), itself of poorly-resolved origin, while suggestions connecting the root to Proto-Indo-European *spend- (“to perform a rite”) are formally unlikely.


पर्द्

head

पर्द् • (pard)

sa-root

पर्द् • (pard)

From Proto-Indo-European *perd- (“to fart (loudly)”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέρδομαι (pérdomai), Lithuanian pérsti, Russian пердеть (perdetʹ), English fart.


पा

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-
Sanskrit पा (pā)
From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”); Cognate with Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (pādiy), Latin pascō (“to feed, maintain”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀕 (po-me). Probably not related to पाल (pāla, “guard”), despite popular folk etymology; see there for more.

inh

to protect (a country), i.e. rule, govern


पा

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-
Sanskrit पा (pā)
From Proto-Indo-European *peh₃- (“to drink”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis) whence symposium (“drinking together”); Latin pōtō whence English potion and poison; Proto-Slavic *pivo (“beer”).

etymon

(figuratively) to imbibe, draw in, appropriate, enjoy, feast upon (with the eyes, ears, etc.)


पा

Probably related to Hittite [script needed] (pippa-, “to overturn”), [script needed] (pa-i-mi-, “goes”). Burrow and Whitney's derivations of the root as a semantic specialization of Etymology 2 ("to drink") are less likely.


पिश्

head

पिश् • (piś)

sa-root

पिश् • (piś)

piś (romanization)
पेश् (alternative)
पिंश् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to hew, cut out; adorn; paint”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pьsati (“to write”); Latin pingō (“paint”) whence pigment, picture, paint.

पिशान

piśāná, Root-aorist mediopassive participle

to hew out, carve, prepare, especially meat


पिष्

head

पिष् • (piṣ)

sa-root

पिष् • (piṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *peys- (“to grind, crush”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pьxati (“push, shove”), Lithuanian pi̇̀sti (“to fuck”); Latin pinsō (“beat, pound”) whence ultimately English pestle (via a French borrowing), pesto.


पीड्

head

पीड् • (pīḍ)

sa-root

पीड् • (pīḍ)

From Proto-Indo-European *pisd- (“to squeeze”), most likely a root enlargement of *peys- (“to crush”), whence पिष् (piṣ). Cognate with Ancient Greek πῐέζω (pĭézō, “to squeeze”) whence English piezo-.

cog

to hurt, harm, injure, oppress, vex, torment, harass

(astrology) to cover (esp. with something inauspicious), to eclipse, obscure


पूज्

head

पूज् • (pūj)

sa-root

पूज् • (pūj)

Of unclear origin. Possibly from an early Prakritic form of the root पृच् (pṛc, “to mix, fill, give lavishly”), via a series of sound changes (illustrated for its derivatives): *पृञ्चा (pṛñcā, “presentation of the mixed potion”) > पूजा (pūjā, “worship, respect, reverence”), as well as *पृञ्चन (pṛñcana, “mixing (for a guest of honor)”) > पूजन (pūjana, “honoring, hospitable reception”). This derivation has the advantage of not having to derive पूजन (pūjana) from the later-attested पूजा (pūjā). Other less likely theories derive the root from Dravidian (unlikely given the root's Vedic presence and high usage frequency), or from an unattested *पूर्या (pūryā), from the root पॄ (pṝ, “to give, grant”), which is likely related to पृच् (pṛc) regardless.

to worship, revere, honor, respect, regard


पूय्

head

पूय् • (pūy)

sa-root

पूय् • (pūy)

From Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to be foul, rotten; stink”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πῦον (pûon), Latin pūs (“pus”), Latin putridus (“putrid”), Lithuanian pū́ti (“to rot”), Old English fūl whence English foul.


पृच्

head

पृच् • (pṛc)

sa-root

पृच् • (pṛc)

pṛc (romanization)
प्रज्ज् (alternative)

Of uncertain origin. Probably an extension of पॄ (pṝ, “to fill”).

to mix, mingle, put together with, unite, join

to give lavishly, grant bountifully, bestow anything, bestow richly upon


प्रछ्

prach (romanization)
प्रश् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask”). Cognate with Russian (во)прос ((vo)pros, “question”), Latin prex whence, via French, English pray.


प्रथ्

From Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”). Cognates include Ancient Greek πλᾰτῠ́ς (plătŭ́s, “flat, broad”) whence ultimately place, plaza, plate, platter, plateau; Lithuanian plėsti (“to expand”); Proto-Slavic *pleťè (“shoulder”); English flat, fold, field.

cog

to spread, extend, become larger or wider


प्रुष्

head

प्रुष् • (pruṣ)

sa-root

प्रुष् • (pruṣ)

pruṣ (romanization)
प्रोष् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to sprinkle, radiate, freeze”). Cognate with Latin pruina (“rime, hoarfrost”), pruna (“burning coal”), pruriō (“to itch”) whence English prurient; English freeze, frost.


प्लुष्

head

प्लुष् • (pluṣ)

sa-root

प्लुष् • (pluṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to fry, burn, radiate, sprinkle”). Cognate with some or all of Latin pruina (“rime, hoarfrost”), pruna (“burning coal”), pruriō (“to itch”) whence English prurient; English freeze, frost.


फण्

head

फण् • (phaṇ)

sa-root

फण् • (phaṇ)


भाष्

head

भाष् • (bhāṣ)

sa-root

भाष् • (bhāṣ)

Origin uncertain. Theories include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-, *bʰel-s- (“to sound; (noun) sound, voice”); compare Lithuanian balsas (“voice”) and Latvian balss (“voice”). The retroflexion is in this case due to Fortunatov's Law.
* From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-, *bʰeh₂-s- (“to speak; (noun) speech”); compare Latin fās (“divine law”). The retroflex ṣ could either be onomatopoeic or to avoid homonymy with root भास् (bhās, “to shine”) (compare originally fully homonymous English flower and flour or German küssen and Kissen).
It is unclear whether this root is denominal from an s-stem noun or deverbal from a suffixed verb, but the former is etymologically easier.

भाष्य

speaking, talking; exposition, commentary


भ्रज्ज्

head

भ्रज्ज् • (bhrajj)

sa-root

भ्रज्ज् • (bhrajj)

bhrajj (romanization)
भृज् (alternative)
भृज्ज् (alternative)

[bʱɾɐd̪̚d͡ʑ]

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵ- (“to fry, roast”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φρῡ́γω (phrū́gō) and Latin frigō whence fry. The double -jj- is irregular and probably influenced Middle Indo-Aryan (where bhajja- < *bharjya-).


भ्राज्

head

भ्राज् • (bhrāj)

sa-root

भ्राज् • (bhrāj)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁ǵ- (“to shine”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬭𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (brāzaⁱti), Persian برازیدن (barâzidan), Lithuanian brėkšti, Proto-Slavic *brězgъ (“dawn”), Albanian bardhë, English bright, Welsh berth.


मज्ज्

head

मज्ज् • (majj)

sa-root

मज्ज् • (majj)

From Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to dip, sink”). Cognate with Latin mergō (“dip, immerse”), Lithuanian mazgóti (“to wash”), Latvian mazgât (“to wash”), Russian Москва́ (Moskvá, “Moscow”).


मथ्

A conflation of two Proto-Indo-European roots *menth₂- (“to stir, mix up”) (whence also Proto-Slavic *męstì (“to stir”)) and *meth₂- (“to tear away”).


मिश्

head

मिश् • (miś)

sa-root

मिश् • (miś)

From Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μίγνυμι (mígnumi, “to mix”), Proto-Slavic *mě̄sìti, Lithuanian mišti and maišyti (“to mix”); Latin misceō whence English mixture, miscellaneous; English mix, mash.


मिक्ष्

head

मिक्ष् • (mikṣ)

sa-root

मिक्ष् • (mikṣ)

Probably desiderative of मिश् (miś). From Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μίγνυμι (mígnumi, “to mix”), Proto-Slavic *mě̄sìti, Lithuanian mišti and maišyti (“to mix”); Latin misceō whence English mixture, miscellaneous; English mix, mash.


मिथ्

From Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to exchange”) an extension of *mey- (“to exchange”). Cognate with Latin mutō whence English mutate, mutual; Latin mittō (“send”) whence English emit, mission, etc.; Proto-Slavic *mьstь (“revenge, vengeance”); English mis-, miss.
Also cf. Mitra, the Indo-Iranian god of contracts.


मोक्ष्

head

मोक्ष् • (mokṣ)

sa-root

मोक्ष् • (mokṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk-
Sanskrit मुच् (muc)
Sanskrit मोक्ष् (mokṣ)
Desiderative of मुच् (muc), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to release, slip”).


मुष्

head

मुष् • (muṣ)

sa-root

मुष् • (muṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *mewsH- (“to pick up, take away”). Connected with Sanskrit मूष (mūṣa, “mouse, i.e., stealer”).


मृज्

head

मृज् • (mṛj)

sa-root

मृज् • (mṛj)

mṛj (romanization)
मर्ज् (alternative)
मार्ज् (alternative)
मृश् (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃merǵ-
Sanskrit मृज् (mṛj)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃merǵ- (“to wipe”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmĭ, “to wipe”).


मृड्

head

मृड् • (mṛḍ)

sa-root

मृड् • (mṛḍ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥žd- (“to forgive, spare, to pity”).


मृध्

head

मृध् • (mṛdh)

sa-root

मृध् • (mṛdh)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Uncertain. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *méldʰ-e-ti (“to abandon”); or from *mel-dʰeh₁- an extension of *(s)mel- (“false, bad”); or from an extension of *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”) (see there).

inh

Monier Williams
w:Monier Monier-Williams

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press


मृश्

head

मृश् • (mṛś)

sa-root

मृश् • (mṛś)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *melk- or *melǵ-; compare Latin mulceō (“to stroke, touch lightly”).

cog

to touch mentally, consider, reflect, deliberate


मृष्

head

मृष् • (mṛṣ)

sa-root

मृष् • (mṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *mers- (“to bother, anger, forget”). Cognate with Lithuanian miršti (“to forget, lose, become oblivious”), Latvian aizmirst (“to forget”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (marzjan, “to annoy, bother, disturb, offend”), Tocharian A märs- (“to forget”), Lithuanian miršti, Old Armenian մոռանամ (moṙanam), English mar.


म्रुच्

head

म्रुच् • (mruc)

sa-root

म्रुच् • (mruc)


म्लुच्

head

म्लुच् • (mluc)

sa-root

म्लुच् • (mluc)


म्लेछ्

head

म्लेछ् • (mlech)

sa-root

म्लेछ् • (mlech)

Thought to be from a substrate language. Possibly related to Akkadian 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 (Me-luḫ-ḫa) or Sumerian 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 (Me-luh-haᴷᴵ /Melukhkha, Meluḫḫa/).

cog

to speak indistinctly (like a barbarian, one who does not speak Sanskrit)


यस्

From Proto-Indo-European *yes- (“to boil, foam”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ζέω (zéō) and English yeast.


याच्

head

याच् • (yāc)

sa-root

याच् • (yāc)

An enlargement of the root या (yā, “to request, implore”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to utter”).


यु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yaw- (“to bind, hold”).

inh

to unite, attach, harness, yoke, bind, fasten

to draw towards one's self, take hold or gain possession of, hold fast


यु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yaw- (“to separate”).

to separate, keep or drive away, ward off

to keep aloof, to be or remain separated from


रभ्

rabh (romanization)
रम्भ् (alternative)
लभ् (alternative)
लम्भ् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *rabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *lebʰ- (“to profit, gain”). Compare perhaps Lithuanian lõbis (“treasure, wealth”), Ancient Greek λᾰ́φῡρᾰ (lắphūră, “war spoils, booty”).


रा

From Proto-Indo-European *reh₁- (“to give”). Cognate with Latin rēs.


रा

From Proto-Indo-European *leh₂- (“to bark”).


रास्

head

रास् • (rās)

sa-root

रास् • (rās)

May be from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *Hrey- (“to cry, bellow”) as *Hrey-s- (compare Proto-West Germanic *rairōn, whence English roar), per a traditional model that allows the development of either Sanskrit ā or its pre-Indo-Iranian precursor *ē from PIE *ey, but this has largely fallen out of favor and may be coincidental. More likely from a root *HReH- or simply a late onomatopoeic formation.


रुज्

head

रुज् • (ruj)

sa-root

रुज् • (ruj)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break off, shatter”). Cognate with Ancient Greek λῠγρός (lŭgrós, “mournful”), Latin lugeō whence English lugubrious; Old English lūcan (“to pluck out, pull up”), whence English louk.


रुष्

head

रुष् • (ruṣ)

sa-root

रुष् • (ruṣ)

Uncertain. Compare Ancient Greek λύσσα (lússa, “rage, fury”).


लिख्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyḱ- (“scratch, line”), an extension of *h₁rey- (“scratch”). Cognate with English row, Ancient Greek ἐρείκω (ereíkō, “to rend, bruise, pound”), Lithuanian riekti (“to slice”).


रिख्

From Proto-Indo-European *reyk- (“scratch, line”), an extension of *rey- (“scratch”). Cognate with English row.


लोच्

head

लोच् • (loc)

sa-root

लोच् • (loc)


वक्ष्

head

वक्ष् • (vakṣ)

sa-root

वक्ष् • (vakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to grow, increase”). Cognate with Lithuanian áukštas (“high, tall”); Latin augustus, augur, augeō whence English augment; English eke.


वज्

vaj (romanization)
उज् (alternative)
ओज् (alternative)

From a merger of:
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *waȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“fresh, strong”). Compare Latin vegeō (“excite, arouse; be lively”) whence English vegetation; Latin vigeō (“thrive, be alive”) whence vigil, vigor; English wake, watch.
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hawǰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to increase”). Compare Latin augeō and English augment.


वध्

From Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to push, hit, strike”). Possibly cognate with Ancient Greek ὠθέω (ōthéō, “to push”).


वाञ्छ्

head

वाञ्छ् • (vāñch)

sa-root

वाञ्छ् • (vāñch)

From an *-sk- extension of Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”). Cognate with English wish.


विच्

head

विच् • (vic)

sa-root

विच् • (vic)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayč- (“to sift, separate”) (compare Persian بیختن (bixtan, “to sift, sieve”)), traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to separate, choose, set aside”), an extension of *wey- (“to separate”) (though Cheung and Mayrhofer find this doubtful). If so, then cognate with Proto-Germanic *wīhaz (“sacred, holy”), Old Norse vé (“temple, sanctuary”), Latin victima, English witch.

inh

to sift, separate (esp. grain from chaff by winnowing)


विप्

head

विप् • (vip)

sa-root

विप् • (vip)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to shake, tremble, agitate; swing away; turn”). Cognate with Old Norse veifa (“flag”), Old English wifer (“missile”), Latin vibrō whence English vibrate, veer; English weave (“to wander”), wave, wipe.

inh

to tremble, shake, shiver, vibrate, quiver, be stirred, etc.


वृज्

head

वृज् • (vṛj)

sa-root

वृज् • (vṛj)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂werg- (“to turn”). Cognate with Latin vergō, the source of English converge etc.


वृष्

head

वृष् • (vṛṣ)

sa-root

वृष् • (vṛṣ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wers- (“to rain”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕρση (hérsē).


शंस्

head

शंस् • (śaṃs)

sa-root

शंस् • (śaṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱens- (“to announce, declare solemnly”). Cognate with Persian سخن (soxan, “speech”), Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “order, honor; mankind; world”), Latin cēnseō (“recommend, decree; reckon”) (whence cēnsus), as well as possibly Latin carmen (“composition, tune”) and English herry (“praise, honor”).


शा

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃(i)- (“to sharpen”). Cognate with Latin catus (“clever, cunning, sharp”), cuneus (“wedge”) whence English coin; Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos) whence English cone; English hone.


शुन्ध्

head

शुन्ध् • (śundh)

sa-root

शुन्ध् • (śundh)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱew-n-dʰ- (“clean”), an extension of *ḱew- (“to shine”).


शुष्

head

शुष् • (śuṣ)

sa-root

शुष् • (śuṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews-
Sanskrit शुष् (śuṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsaws-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“dry”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sȗxъ (“dry”), Lithuanian sausas (“dry”), Proto-Germanic *sauzaz (“dry”) whence English sear.


श्रि

head

श्रि • (śri)

sa-root

श्रि • (śri)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱley-
Sanskrit श्रि (śri)
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean, incline”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “lean”), giving κλῖμᾰξ (klîmăx, “ladder, staircase; climax”), κλῐ́μᾰ (klĭ́mă, “slope”) whence English climate; Latin clīnō (“lean”) whence English incline etc; English lean, Proto-Germanic *hlaidrijō whence English ladder.


श्लाघ्

head

श्लाघ् • (ślāgh)

sa-root

श्लाघ् • (ślāgh)

desc

→ Malayalam: ശ്ലാഘിക്കുക (ślāghikkuka) (learned)

→ Tamil: சிலாகி (cilāki)


श्लिष्

head

श्लिष् • (śliṣ)

sa-root

श्लिष् • (śliṣ)

śliṣ (romanization)
श्रेष् (alternative)
श्रिष् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćRayš (“to adhere, attach”); cognate with Persian سِریشُم (serišom, “glue”). Further origin is uncertain; perhaps related to Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean, incline”).

inh

to result, be the consequence of anything


श्वित्

head

श्वित् • (śvit)

sa-root

श्वित् • (śvit)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱweyt- (“bright, shine; white”), an extension of *ḱwey-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (spaēta), Persian سفید (safêd), Proto-Slavic *světъ (“light, world”), Old English hwīt (whence English white).


ष्ठीव्

head

ष्ठीव् • (ṣṭhīv)

sa-root

ष्ठीव् • (ṣṭhīv)

From Proto-Indo-European *sp(t)yewH- (“to spit, spew”) (with metathesis of *-iwH- to *-iHw-, thus reflecting a pre-form *sp(t)iHw-), compare *(s)ptyēw-. Cognate with Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Persian تف (tof, “spittle”), Ancient Greek πτύω (ptúō, “I spit out”), Latin spuo (whence English sputum), Old Church Slavonic пльвати (plĭvati), Russian плевать (plevatʹ), Old English spīwan (whence English spew).


सच्

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Cognate with Old Persian 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (haxamaniš, “friendly mannered (the ruler Achaemenes)”), Latin sequor (“follow”) whence English sequence etc., Latin socius, Proto-Germanic *sagjaz (“warrior, retainer”).

cog

to be associated with, familiar with, have to do with


सह्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ-
Sanskrit सह् (sah)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *saźʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *saȷ́ʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold, posess, overcome, overpower”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔχω (ékhō, “have, possess, hold”), σχῆμᾰ (skhêmă, “form, shape, figure”), σχολή (skholḗ, “leisure, free time; philosophy”) whence Latin schola (“leisure time for learning, schooltime, school”); Latin sēverus (“severe, strict, harsh”).

cog

to prevail, be victorious, overcome, vanquish


सिच्

head

सिच् • (sic)

sa-root

सिच् • (sic)

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to spill, pour; moisten, filter”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἰκμᾰ́ς (ikmắs, “moisture, wetness”), Proto-Slavic *sьcati (“to piss”); Proto-Germanic *saiwiz whence English sea.


सृ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *sar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sar-, from a merger of Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“to spring, jump”) and *ser- (“to flow”).
Not to be confused with स्रु (sru, “to flow, leak”) from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow, stream”).


सृज्

head

सृज् • (sṛj)

sa-root

सृज् • (sṛj)

From Proto-Indo-European *selǵ- (“to throw away, pour out, release, set free”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *selkaną (“to trickle, drip; languish”) whence probably English sulk.


सृप्

head

सृप् • (sṛp)

sa-root

सृप् • (sṛp)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *serp-
Sanskrit सृप् (sṛp)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *sarp-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sarp-, from Proto-Indo-European *serp- (“to creep, crawl”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕρπω (hérpō, “creep, crawl”) whence ἕρπης (hérpēs), Proto-Albanian *serpena, Latin serpō whence serpēns (“serpent”).


सेव्

head

सेव् • (sev)

sa-root

सेव् • (sev)

Of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from सेप्- (sep-), the perfect stem of the root सप् (sap, “to follow or seek after, honor, serve”); however, this presents formal difficulties. Other theories connect the root to Proto-Iranian *haiva- or Proto-Germanic *sainijaną, whence Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sainjan, “to tarry”).

to remain or stay at, live in, frequent, inhabit


स्कन्द्

head

स्कन्द् • (skand)

sa-root

स्कन्द् • (skand)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *skand- or *skend- (“to jump, leap”). Cognate with Latin scandō (“climb, ascend”), Ancient Greek σκᾰ́νδᾰλον (skắndălon, “trap, snare; stumbling block; scandal”).


स्कभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *skebʰH- (“to hold up, support”). Cognate with Latin scamnum (“bench, stool, step”).


स्तभ्

stabh (romanization)
स्तम्भ् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“to stand still, harden; prop up, support; pole”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *stьbъ (“stem, stalk”), Old Church Slavonic степень (stepenĭ, “stair”); English step, stop, stamp, stomp, stump, staff, stiff; Proto-Finnic *sambas (“pillar”) (whence sampo).


स्तम्भ्

head

स्तम्भ् • (stambh)

sa-root

स्तम्भ् • (stambh)

From Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“to stand still, harden; prop up, support; pole”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *stьbъ (“stem, stalk”), Old Church Slavonic степень (stepenĭ, “stair”); English step, stop, stamp, stomp, stump, staff, stiff.

स्तभ् स्तभ्#Sanskrit


स्तिघ्

head

स्तिघ् • (stigh)

sa-root

स्तिघ् • (stigh)

From Proto-Indo-European *steygʰ- (“to go,climb”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στοῖχος (stoîkhos), στῐ́χος (stĭ́khos); Proto-Slavic *stignǫti; English sty, stile, stair.


स्तु

head

स्तु • (stu)

sa-root

स्तु • (stu)

From Proto-Indo-European *stew- (“to praise”). Cognate with Persian ستودن (setudan, “to praise, extol”), Ancient Greek στεῦται (steûtai, “to promise or threaten that one will”), Hittite [script needed] (istuwa-, “to become public”).

cog

to praise, laud, eulogize, extol, celebrate in song or hymns


स्तॄ

head

स्तॄ • (stṝ)

sa-root

स्तॄ • (stṝ)

stṝ (romanization)
स्तृ (alternative)
स्तर् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, stretch, extend”), an extension of *ster- (“spread”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi, “spread”), Latin sternō (“spread”), Proto-Slavic *stornà (“side, land”), *stérti (“to extend”); English strew.


स्ना

head

स्ना • (snā)

sa-root

स्ना • (snā)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to swim, float”). Cognate with Ancient Greek νέω (néō, “swim”), Proto-Italic *snāō.


स्पृ

head

स्पृ • (spṛ)

sa-root

स्पृ • (spṛ)

From Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to release, rescue, deliver, secure”). Cognate with English spare (“to show mercy”).
Some derive the "win" meanings from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to make money”), connecting them with पण् (paṇ, “to barter”), Ancient Greek πωλέω (pōléō, “I sell”), Old Irish renim (“I sell”), and Lithuanian pel̃nas (“profit, benefit”), and separate these from the "release, deliver" meanings; however, this is uncertain.
Turner alternatively suggests the root to be an s-extension of पृ (pṛ, “to bring”), with original meaning "to convey".

inh

(causative स्पारयति) to attract to one's self, win


स्पृश्

head

स्पृश् • (spṛś)

sa-root

स्पृश् • (spṛś)


स्पृह्

head

स्पृह् • (spṛh)

sa-root

स्पृह् • (spṛh)

From Proto-Indo-European *sperǵʰ- (“to move energetically, hurry, spring”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σπέρχω (spérkhō, “to set in rapid motion, haste, hurry”), English spring.
Other possible cognates include Lithuanian spreñgti (“to push”), Proto-Slavic *pręsti (“to spin”).


स्फट्

head

स्फट् • (sphaṭ)

sa-root

स्फट् • (sphaṭ)

sphaṭ (romanization)
स्फुट् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pʰel- or *(s)pel- (“to split”) with a *-t- extension. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic рас-плитати (ras-plitati, “to cleave, split”), Old English speld (“splinter”), English split.


स्फुट्

head

स्फुट् • (sphuṭ)

sa-root

स्फुट् • (sphuṭ)

sphuṭ (romanization)
स्फट् (alternative)
स्फोट् (alternative)

Based on स्फुट (sphuṭa, “opened”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)bʰl̥-tó- (“swollen, blown, burst open”). The retroflexion is in this case due to Fortunatov's law.
Compare फल (phala), though a Dravidian etymology is also proposed for that term. It is also possible that this root is related to फल् (phal, “to burst, cleave open”) instead, or is of onomatopoeic origin.

der

to burst, become suddenly rent asunder, split open (with a sound, part asunder

to burst or rend suddenly, break, split, divide


स्फुर्

head

स्फुर् • (sphur)

sa-root

स्फुर् • (sphur)

From Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick, push away, make a rash movement”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σπαίρω (spaírō, “to hammer, make rapid movements”), Latin spernō (“move aside, push away”), English spur, spurn.


स्फूर्ज्

head

स्फूर्ज् • (sphūrj)

sa-root

स्फूर्ज् • (sphūrj)

/s̪pʰuːɾd͡ʑ/

From Proto-Indo-European *spreHg- (“to crackle, splutter, scatter”), a *-g- extension of *sperH- (“to kick, push away, make a rash movement”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σφαραγέομαι (spharagéomai, “crackle, sizzle”), Lithuanian sprógti (“explode, blow, shatter”), and Proto-Germanic *sprekaną whence English speak.


स्मि

head

स्मि • (smi)

sa-root

स्मि • (smi)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mey- (“to laugh, be glad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μειδᾰ́ω (meidắō, “smile”), Proto-Slavic *smьjàti (“to laugh”), Latin mīrus (“wonderful”) the source of English admire etc.; Latvian smieties (“laugh”); English smile and possibly smirk.


स्रु

head

स्रु • (sru)

sa-root

स्रु • (sru)

From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow, stream”).
Cognate with Proto-Slavic *strujiti (“to gush out, jet”), *strumy (“stream”); Lithuanian srū́ti (“to stream, flow”); Ancient Greek ῥέω (rhéō, “flow, stream, gush”), ῥῠθμός (rhŭthmós) whence English rhythm; English stream.
Not to be confused with सृ (sṛ) from Proto-Indo-European *sel-.


स्वञ्ज्

head

स्वञ्ज् • (svañj)

sa-root

स्वञ्ज् • (svañj)

svañj (romanization)
स्वज् (alternative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *sweng-, *swengʷʰ- (“to bend, swing”), in which case, cognate with a complex of Germanic words represented by Proto-Germanic *swinganą (“to swing”) and related terms, including English swing, swank, sway, and via Old Norse, swag, swagger.


स्वन्

head

स्वन् • (svan)

sa-root

स्वन् • (svan)

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). Cognate with Latin sonō the source of English sound, sonic etc.; Old English swinn (“melody”), English swan.


स्वप्

head

स्वप् • (svap)

sa-root

स्वप् • (svap)

From Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to sleep”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos) (compare English hypno-); Latin somnus; Lithuanian sãpnas (“dream”), Proto-Slavic *sъpati (“to sleep”); Old English swefan (“to sleep”) (compare English sweven (“dream, vision”)).


स्विद्

head

स्विद् • (svid)

sa-root

स्विद् • (svid)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“sweat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs); Latin sūdō, sūdor; English sweat.


हिंस्

head

हिंस् • (hiṃs)

sa-root

हिंस् • (hiṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeys- (“fright”), an extension of *ǵʰey- (“wound, thrust”). See also हेष् (heṣ, “to be strong”).
Compare the semantic development of English thrust and threat, both from Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to push, thrust”).


हीड्

head

हीड् • (hīḍ)

sa-root

हीड् • (hīḍ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeysd- (“fright, anger”), an extension of *ǵʰey- (“wound, thrust”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, whence English ghost.


हृष्

head

हृष् • (hṛṣ)

sa-root

हृष् • (hṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“rigid, stiff; surprised”). Cognate with Latin horreō, horror, Ancient Greek χέρσος (khérsos, “dry land”).

cog

to be excited or impatient or anxious, rejoice in the prospect of

to thrill with rapture, exult, be glad or pleased

to become erect or stiff or rigid, bristle (said of the hairs of the body etc.)


ह्नु

head

ह्नु • (hnu)

sa-root

ह्नु • (hnu)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰnew- (“to be ashamed”).


रह्

Of Indo-Iranian origin. The verbal forms are not attested in Vedic Sanskrit. Compare रहस् (rahas, “secret”) with Classical Persian رَاز (rāz, “secret”).
Mayrhofer tentatively derived the root from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lay”) originally, but later doubts this derivation. Whitney compares this root with रंह् (raṃh, “to hasten”), from which रहस् (rahas, “speed”) is derived.


निष्कल्

head

निष्कल् • (niṣkal)

sa-root

निष्कल् • (niṣkal)


कथ्

Created as a root for the noun कथा (kathā).

to tell, narrate, report, describe, relate


अङ्ग्

head

अङ्ग् • (aṅg)

sa-root

अङ्ग् • (aṅg)

A later development from इङ्ग् (iṅg) (when dissimilated to अङ्गयति (aṅgayati) before पलि- (pali-) and वि- (vi-)), itself related to एज् (ej).


वञ्च्

head

वञ्च् • (vañc)

sa-root

वञ्च् • (vañc)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wanč-, from Proto-Indo-European *wenk- (“to be bent or bowed”). Compare Avestan 𐬬𐬋𐬵 (vōh, “crooked; mistake”), as well as Proto-Germanic *wangaz (“field, meadow”); see the latter for more potential cognates.

cog

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


ह्वल्

head

ह्वल् • (hval)

sa-root

ह्वल् • (hval)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰwal-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰwal-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwel- (“to lie, deceive, bend”); cognate with Ancient Greek φῆλος (phêlos, “deceitful”), Proto-Slavic *zъlъ, Avestan 𐬰𐬎𐬭𐬀𐬵 (zurah, “injustice”), Lithuanian žulas (“rough”), Latvian zveļu (“to turn aside”).

cog

to go crookedly, astray, wrong or deviously; to stumble, fall, fail


ढुण्ढ्

head

ढुण्ढ् • (ḍhuṇḍh)


मृक्ष्

मृक्ष् • (mṛkṣ)

sa-root

मृक्ष् • (mṛkṣ)

mṛkṣ (romanization)
म्रक्ष् (alternative)

Probably a desiderative from मृज् (mṛj, “to wipe, rub”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃merǵ- (“to wipe”).


स्त्यै

head

स्त्यै • (styai)

sa-root

स्त्यै • (styai)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stayH-, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”).


संतप्

head

संतप् • (saṃtap)

sa-root

संतप् • (saṃtap)


टिप्प्

head

टिप्प् • (ṭipp)

sa-root

टिप्प् • (ṭipp)

Unknown. Possibly onomatopoeic and Sanskritized from some Prakrit form. Related to *𑀝𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆 (*ṭapp, “to drip”) and *𑀝𑀺𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆 (*ṭipp, “to squeeze, nip”) (cf. Prakrit 𑀝𑀺𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀻 (ṭippī, “dot above the head”)).


विस्मृ

head

विस्मृ • (vismṛ)

sa-root

विस्मृ • (vismṛ)


ङु

→ Malayalam: ങുതം (ṅutaṁ)


ढौक्

head

ढौक् • (ḍhauk)

sa-root

ढौक् • (ḍhauk)

Post-Vedic, of unknown and likely substrate origin.


लस्

Of uncertain origin. The original meaning is "to be lively". Likely from Proto-Indo-European *las- (“eager”); compare Latin lascīvus (“playful; lustful”) and perhaps Ancient Greek λῐλαίομαι (lĭlaíomai, “to desire; to be eager or anxious”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂s-; compare Proto-Slavic *làskati (“to caress, flatter”). Finally, perhaps borrowed from a foreign source.

cog

to play; to sport; to frolic; to be lively


लल्

Uncertain. Probably a sound-symbolic formation, and/or from Munda. Compare German lallen (“to babble”) for a similar formation.

to play; to sport; to frolic; to behave loosely or freely


मिल्

head

मिल् • (mil)

sa-root

मिल् • (mil)

Of uncertain origin and not attested in Vedic Sanskrit. Tedesco reconstructs this late root as a Sanskritization of early Prakrit *𑀫𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀳 (*milha, “mixed”), from मिश्र (miśra, “mixed”). Mayrhofer supports this and also notes Vedic l-variant मिश्ल (miśla, “mixed”) from which this root would be derived.
Turner rejects this origin on the basis that this root and its descendants show no evidence of the aspiration of -l- and Prakrit *𑀫𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀳 (*milha, “mixed”) is unattested in favor of 𑀫𑀺𑀲 (misa), 𑀫𑀻𑀲 (mīsa), 𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (missa). He instead reconstructs mil ~ mēl ~ miḍ as a differentiation of older मील् (mīl, “to close the eyes”), undergoing a semantic shift evidenced by Vedic मीलित (mīlita, “closed, together, met”).

to meet (as friends or foes); to encounter; to join; to fall in with; to come together; to assemble; to concur; to combine


चप्

The origin is uncertain. See Prakrit 𑀘𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆 (capp) for more.
Perhaps borrowed from Munda; however, the Munda derivations found in literature are based on an interpretation of चप् (cap) as originally meaning "to grind down", while "to soothe" seems to be the original meaning.
Not related to Vedic Sanskrit चप्य (capya, “a kind of sacrificial vessel”).


व्रश्च्

head

व्रश्च् • (vraśc)

sa-root

व्रश्च् • (vraśc)

The origin is uncertain.
Traditionally taken to be from Proto-Indo-European *wrek-, and compared with Ancient Greek ῥάκος (rhákos, “rag, wrinkle”), Latvian rakt (“to dig”). Similarities to Czech vráska (“wrinkle”) have also been noted. Perhaps related to Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬗𐬀𐬉𐬨 (uruuatcaēm, “I will tear it apart”). These proposals have their share of phonetic and/or semantic difficulties. Cross-contamination and conflation with similar roots may have obscured the true origins of the root.
Not related to Sanskrit वृक्ष (vṛkṣa, “tree”).

cog

to cut down, cut off, cut asunder, cleave, hew, fell (a tree)


धाव्

head

धाव् • (dhāv)

sa-root

धाव् • (dhāv)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰā́w, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰā́w, from *dʰew- (“to run, flow”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θέω (théō), Persian دویدن (davidan).


धाव्

head

धाव् • (dhāv)

sa-root

धाव् • (dhāv)

Probably connected with धूनोति (dhūnoti, “shakes”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewH-, rather than the above root. Cognate with Old Norse dýja (“to shake”).


जागृ

head

जागृ • (jāgṛ)

sa-root

जागृ • (jāgṛ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ger- (“to be awake, to awaken”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fra-γrārayeⁱti), Ancient Greek ἐγείρω (egeírō, “to awaken”), Middle Persian wygrʼd (wiγrād) (whence Modern Persian بیدار (bidâr, “awake”)), Albanian ngrē (“to lift, to wake”), as well as perhaps Latin expergiscor (“I awake, I wake up”).

cog

𐬟𐬭𐬀-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

to watch over, be attentive to or intent on, care for, provide, superintend (with loc. or loc. with अधि)


छुप्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *skewp-?
Sanskrit स्पृश् (spṛś)?
Sanskrit छुप् (chup)
Uncertain.
* Most likely from Proto-Indo-European *skewp- (“to touch, probe”), and thus cognate with Proto-Slavic *ščupati (“to touch”).
* Alternatively, a dialectal form of स्पृश् (spṛś, “to touch, stroke”).
See more discussion at छुपति (chupati).

etymon

स्पृश्>touch


उच्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewk- (“to be accustomed”). Compare Lithuanian jùnkti (“to learn”), Polish uczyć (“to teach; to learn”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (biūhts, “accustomed to”), Old Armenian ուսանիմ (usanim, “to learn”).

cog

to take pleasure in, delight in, be fond of


क्षोट्

head

क्षोट् • (kṣoṭ)

sa-root

क्षोट् • (kṣoṭ)

A Sanskritization of a Prakrit root from the same family as 𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀤𑀺 (choḍei), itself from 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (chuṭṭa, “released”). See there for more.


नह्

Of uncertain origin. A connection to Latin nōdus (“knot”) and Old Irish nascim (“to bind”) is semantically appealing, though formal analysis is difficult due to semantic contamination from similar-sounding roots, such as nectere for Latin and ग्रन्थ् (granth) / बन्ध् (bandh) for Sanskrit.

to bind, tie, fasten, bind on or round or together


श्चुत्

head

श्चुत् • (ścut)

sa-root

श्चुत् • (ścut)

ścut (romanization)
श्च्युत् (alternative)
च्युत् (alternative)
चुत् (alternative)

Of uncertain origin. Mayrhofer supposes a phonetic development श्चुत् (ścut) → श्च्युत् (ścyut) → च्युत् (cyut).


चक्ष्

head

चक्ष् • (cakṣ)

sa-root

चक्ष् • (cakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”). Related to काश् (kāś, “to shine, appear”), possibly via reduplication.


खद्

Uncertain.
Considered to be a root of dubious origin, perhaps an ad hoc back-formation to explain the name of खदिर (khadira, “the catechu tree”), known for its hard wood.
Turner connects the root with खडक (khaḍaka, “bolt, pin”), with these words possibly tracing back to the same unattested ancestor.


गल्

Likely from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gál, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gál, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“to drip, dribble, ooze, flow”). Cognate with Albanian gëloj, Old High German quellan (“to well up, to pour out”), Old English cwylla (“spring, source”) (whence English quell).

cog

to cause (the water of a dropsical person) to go off


अण्ठ्

head

अण्ठ् • (aṇṭh)

sa-root

अण्ठ् • (aṇṭh)

aṇṭh (romanization)
अठ् (alternative)
अट् (alternative)

Buddhist-preferred variant of अट् (aṭ), which is a sanskritization of a popular pronunciation of the Vedic root अत् (at, “to go constantly, walk, run”).


अठ्

aṭh (romanization)
अण्ठ् (alternative)
अट् (alternative)

अण्ठ् अण्ठ्#Sanskrit

Alternative form of अण्ठ् (aṇṭh, “to go”)


अत्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-
Sanskrit अत् (at)
Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et- (“to go”); compare Latin annus (“year”) and Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌽𐌹 (ataþni, “year”). In Italic and Germanic, the root shifted to refer to "year" only (as a "going" of time).


हिण्ड्

head

हिण्ड् • (hiṇḍ)

sa-root

हिण्ड् • (hiṇḍ)

Of unclear origin. Related to New Indo-Aryan *𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (*haṭṭaï), and probably borrowed from a foreign source.
The meaning of "to be empty", attested in some texts, is likely spurious.


स्थग्

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”) and compared to Ancient Greek στέγω (stégō, “to cover closely”). However, Mayrhofer doubts this, and suggests an alternative that this root, along with स्तक् (stak, “to strike against”) and ढक्कन (ḍhakkana, “shutting (of a door)”) (the latter which he considers a spoken variant), could be derived from the same non-Indo-Aryan source.

cog

to cover, veil, make invisible, cause to disappear


न्यस्

head

न्यस् • (nyas)

sa-root

न्यस् • (nyas)

नि- (ni-, “out”) + अस् (as, “to throw”).

to throw or cast or lay or put down (with loc., e.g. भुवि, on the earth)

(with loc.) to throw or hurl upon, pour or shed on or in, put or place or fix or insert in, turn or direct to, deposit with, intrust or commit to

to settle, arrange (with चित्रे, ‘to place in a picture’, paint, depict; with शिरसि, ‘to place on the head’, receive with reverence; with मनसि, ‘to call to mind’, reflect, ponder; with पथि, ‘to lay on the road’, give up)


झट्

Probably formed as a root from *jhaṭa < *झृत (jhṛta, “fallen”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰr̥tás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gžʰr̥tás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰr̥-tós. Doublet of क्षरित (kṣarita).


झट्

jhaṭ (romanization)
*झट्ट् (alternative)
*झण्ट् (alternative)
*झिट्ट् (alternative)

If not onomatopoeic, related to the above root.


विसृज्

head

विसृज् • (visṛj)

sa-root

विसृज् • (visṛj)

(literally, figuratively) to send or pour forth, let go or run or flow, discharge, emit, shoot, cast, hurl

to send away, dismiss, repudiate, reject, throw or cast off

(in older language) to abandon, desert, give up, renounce


किलकिलाय

Onomatopoeic; compare Telugu కిలకిల (kilakila, “sound of laughter”).


लड्

Related to लल् (lal, “to frolic; to wag the tongue”).

to loll the tongue, put out the tongue, lick


चल्

Alternative form of चर् (car, “to move”)


व्यञ्ज्

head

व्यञ्ज् • (vyañj)

sa-root

व्यञ्ज् • (vyañj)


प्रत्यभिज्ञा

head

प्रत्यभिज्ञा • (pratyabhijñā)

sa-root

प्रत्यभिज्ञा • (pratyabhijñā)

प्रति- (prati-) + अभि- (abhi-) + ज्ञा (jñā).

com

to recognize, remember, know, understand

to come to one's self, recover consciousness


रि

ri (romanization)
रय् (alternative)
री (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to move, churn”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *rìnǫti, Old English rinnan (whence English run).

inh

(middle voice) to be shattered or dissolved, melt, become fluid, drop, flow


री

rī (romanization)
रय् (alternative)
रि (alternative)

Alternative form of रि (ri, “to flow, set free”)


मच्

Probably a phonetic variant of मद् (mad, “to rejoice”).


मच्

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ǵ-, *meh₂ḱ- (“to knead”), and connected with Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō, “to handle, knead”) and Proto-Slavic *mę̀knǫti (“to become soft”). See also English make.


वेल्ल्

head

वेल्ल् • (vell)

sa-root

वेल्ल् • (vell)

A late root, only attested in Classical texts and after, of uncertain origin.
Tedesco derives the root from वृत् (vṛt, “to turn, rotate”), via a series of sound changes वृत् (vṛt) > वृत्त (vṛtta) > *विट्ट (viṭṭa) > वेल्लति (vellati), relating it to वल् (val, “to turn about”).
Burrow considers the root as an ll-extension of a series of Prakrit verbs of the form [script needed] (ve-a-), relating them to वेज् (vej) and वेप् (vep, “to tremble, shake”). He also considers the "to wind around, be bent" meanings of the root to be etymologically distinct, deriving the latter from वेष्ट् (veṣṭ, “to wind or twist round”).

to shake about, tremble, sway, be tossed or agitated, stagger


प्राधी

head

प्राधी • (prādhī)

sa-root

प्राधी • (prādhī)

/pɾɑː.d̪ʱiː/

प्र- (pra-, “forward”) + अधि- (adhi-, “above”) + इ (i, “to go”).

com

to continue to study, advance in studies


हिल्

head

हिल् • (hil)

sa-root

हिल् • (hil)

Probably an artificial root, related to हिल्लोलय (hillolaya, “to swing or rock or roll about”) and हिन्दोल (hindola, “a swing, hammock”).

to sport amorously, dally, wanton, express amorous inclination


हिल्लोलय

Likely a sound-symbolic formation from a non-Indo-Aryan source. See also हिन्दोल (hindola, “swing, hammock”), लोल (lola, “shaking, swinging”), कल्लोल (kallola, “a wave, surge, billow”).


मार्ग्

head

मार्ग् • (mārg)

sa-root

मार्ग् • (mārg)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥gás
Sanskrit मृग (mṛga)vrd.
Sanskrit मार्ग (mārga)
Sanskrit मार्ग् (mārg)
A denominalized root from मार्ग (mārga, “seeking”).

etymon

to request, ask, beg, solicit anything from anyone


वेप्

head

वेप् • (vep)

sa-root

वेप् • (vep)

Alternative form of विप् (vip, “to tremble, shake”)


वेष्ट्

head

वेष्ट् • (veṣṭ)

sa-root

वेष्ट् • (veṣṭ)

veṣṭ (romanization)
विष्ट् (alternative)

Probably related to व्ये (vye, “to envelop”) via a phonetic extension of their shared root.

to wrap up, envelop, enclose, surround, cover, invest, beset


व्ये

head

व्ये • (vye)

sa-root

व्ये • (vye)

vye (romanization)
व्या (alternative)
वी (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to twist, weave, wrap”) and thus related to Latin vieō (“to bend, twist, weave”), Lithuanian výti (“to turn, wind”), and Russian вить (vitʹ, “to wind, twist, weave”). Unrelated to वयति (váyati, “to spin, weave”), from the Sanskrit root वे (ve, “to weave”).


साध्

head

साध् • (sādh)

sa-root

साध् • (sādh)

sādh (romanization)
सिध् (alternative)
सध् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *sáHdʰ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáHdʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *seHdʰ-; cognate with Old Armenian աջ (aǰ, “right”) and perhaps Ancient Greek ἰθύς (ithús, “straight, direct”).

cog

to go straight to any goal or aim, attain an object, to be successful, succeed, prosper

to bring straight to an object or end, further, promote, advance, accomplish, complete, finish


मुट्

head

मुट् • (muṭ)

sa-root

मुट् • (muṭ)

Probably borrowed from Dravidian; compare Telugu మొట్టు (moṭṭu, “to rap with the knuckles”). Perhaps also related to मुण्ट् (muṇṭ, “to crush, grind”), मूट (mūṭa, “a basket or bundle”), and Tamil முடை (muṭai, “to plait, braid”)


सिध्

sidh (romanization)
सेध् (alternative)
षिध् (alternative)

De Vaan derives the root from Proto-Indo-Aryan *sáydʰ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáydʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyesdʰ- (“to drive away; to go away”), and compares it to Latin cēdō (“to go, proceed”) and Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “will chase away”).

cog

to drive off, scare away, repel, restrain, hinder


सिध्

Alternative form of साध् (sādh, “to succeed”)


उत्तॄ

head

उत्तॄ • (uttṝ)

sa-root

उत्तॄ • (uttṝ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-
Sanskrit तॄ (tṝ)
Sanskrit उत्तॄ (uttṝ)
From उद्- (ud-) + तॄ (tṝ).

etymon

to pass out of (esp. जलात्, water), to disembark

to escape from (a misfortune, affliction, etc.)

to come down, descend, alight, put up at

to make anyone alight, take down, take off

to convey or transport across, land, disembark


गुर्

head

गुर् • (gur)

sa-root

गुर् • (gur)

gur (romanization)
गर् (alternative)
गॄ (alternative)
गूर् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to throw, reach”); compare Ancient Greek βάλλω (bállō, “to throw, cast”).


उद्गुर्

head

उद्गुर् • (udgur)

sa-root

उद्गुर् • (udgur)

to raise one's voice in a threatening manner


भ्रंश्

head

भ्रंश् • (bhraṃś)

sa-root

भ्रंश् • (bhraṃś)

bhraṃś (romanization)
भ्रश् (alternative)
भृश् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenḱ- (“to deviate, corrupt, fall off”). Cognate with Tocharian B pränk- (“to stay away, restrain oneself”) and prenke (“island”), and perhaps Old Irish bréc (“lie”).

cog

to fall, drop, fall down or out or in pieces

to fall (figuratively), decline, decay, fail, disappear, vanish, be ruined or lost

to be separated from or deprived of, lose

to cause to fall (literally and figuratively), throw down, overthrow

to cause to disappear or be lost, destroy


चूष्

head

चूष् • (cūṣ)

sa-root

चूष् • (cūṣ)

Probably an onomatopoeic root imitative of sucking sounds; compare चुचि (cuci, “the female breast”) and चुम्ब् (cumb, “to kiss”).

to be sucked up or dried up (by internal inflammation)


मक्ष्

head

मक्ष् • (makṣ)

sa-root

मक्ष् • (makṣ)


वण्ट्

head

वण्ट् • (vaṇṭ)

sa-root

वण्ट् • (vaṇṭ)

Of unknown origin. Attempts to connect the root to Dravidian have been unsuccessful. There is a vague similarity with Chinese 頒／颁 (bān, “to confer”) and/or 分 (fēn, “to divide, distribute”). Considering the root is only attested in Classical onwards, this word was possibly borrowed from Sinitic merchants from Southern China who pronounced the word/s closer to van or ven. The ट् is problematic, however; it is perhaps an ad hoc addition to differentiate from वनोति (vanoti, meaning “to desire, love or wish for”)


ग्रथ्

grath (romanization)
ग्रन्थ् (alternative)

ग्रन्थ् ग्रन्थ्#Sanskrit

Alternative form of ग्रन्थ् (granth, “to tie”)


घट्ट्

head

घट्ट् • (ghaṭṭ)

sa-root

घट्ट् • (ghaṭṭ)

On the basis of forms like घट्टित (ghaṭṭita), ultimately a Sanskritization of Prakrit घट्टइ (ghaṭṭaï), perhaps further from Sanskrit घृष्ट (ghṛṣṭa, “rubbed”). Unrelated to घट् (ghaṭ).

to rub (the hands) over, touch, shake, cause to move

to hurt with words, speak of malignantly


त्रुट्

head

त्रुट् • (truṭ)

sa-root

त्रुट् • (truṭ)

truṭ (romanization)
त्रोट् (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terd-
Sanskrit तृद् (tṛd)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit 𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṭuṭṭaï)bor.
Sanskrit त्रुट् (truṭ)
Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṭuṭṭaï, “to break”), which is itself from Sanskrit तृद् (tṛd, “to cleave, split”); see the Prakrit term for more.
Johansson and Morgenstierne attempt to connect the root to Latvian trusls (“fragile”) and Proto-Slavic *truditi (“to toil”), but Mayrhofer rejects these etymologies in favour of the Prakritism.

etymon

to be torn or split, tear, break, fall asunder


हर्य्

head

हर्य् • (hary)

sa-root

हर्य् • (hary)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰárH- (“to enjoy, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to yearn for”).

inh

to like, delight in, be fond of or pleased with, yearn after, long for


वप्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)wap- (“to strew, scatter”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬝 (vīuuāpat̰, “strews apart, plunders”). The Indo-Iranian root has been derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wep(h₁)- (“to scatter, harass”), with Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-ⁱ, “to hurl, throw; to mistreat, harass”) as a cognate. Furthermore, Hittite [script needed] (hippa-, “heap”), 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸 (huwappa-, “evil, badness”), Old Irish fel (“bad”) have tentatively been connected. Compare also वपा (vapā, “omentum”), वप्र (vapra, “rampart”).

cog

(especially) to strew or scatter seeds, sow

to strew, scatter, bestrew
to strew or scatter seeds, sow
to plant, put in the ground

to strew, scatter, bestrew
to strew or scatter seeds, sow
to procreate, beget


वप्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)wap- (“to shave, shear”). Cognate with Khotanese [script needed] (patävutta, “shaven”). The further etymology of this Indo-Iranian root is uncertain and it has tentatively been connected to Etymology 1, with Lubotsky opining that a single root existed in Indo-Iranian with both meanings.

cog

to crop (herbage), mow, cut (grass), graze


पट्

Perhaps from a t-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH- (“to split off, separate”) and thus related to German spalten (“to cleave”) via Fortunatov's Law.

inh

to split, burst, cleave, tear, pierce, break, pluck out, remove


उड्डी

head

उड्डी • (uḍḍī)

sa-root

उड्डी • (uḍḍī)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *uẓḍeyH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *udᶻdeyH- (“to fly upwards or away”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“upwards, away”) + *deyh₁- (“to chase”). Synchronically उद्- (ud-) + डी (ḍī).


क्षै

head

क्षै • (kṣai)

sa-root

क्षै • (kṣai)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰ-eh- (“to burn”); distantly related to दह् (dah, “to burn, cauterize”).


पाल्

head

पाल् • (pāl)

sa-root

पाल् • (pāl)

A denominal root from पाल (pāla, “guard, herdsman”).

to watch, guard, protect, defend, rule, govern

to keep, maintain, observe (a promise or vow)


उत्पा

head

उत्पा • (utpā)

sa-root

उत्पा • (utpā)


उत्पा

head

उत्पा • (utpā)

sa-root

उत्पा • (utpā)

उद्- (ud-) + पा (pā, “to rise against”).


शी

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-
Sanskrit शी (śī)
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-.


शी

Of unclear origin. The root has been brought into a suppletive relationship with शत् (śat, “to hew”) and शद् (śad, “to fall, fall off”), with older theories entertaining a possible relation with either root, particularly शत् (śat), but this is uncertain. Other theories linking the root to श्यै (śyai, “to congeal, freeze”) have caused controversy.


व्यथ्

Related to विथुर (vithura, “staggering”) and Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬚𐬎𐬭𐬀 (viθura, “shakeable”), with further origin unclear. The root is generally thought to be of Indo-European origin, and is traditionally compared with Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (wiþōndans, “shaking”); however, the hapax status of the Gothic term makes this comparison difficult to analyze. Schwartz and Malkiel analyze the root as a combination of वि- (vi-) + *अथ् (ath, “to vacillate”) and connect the root to अतिथि (atithi, “guest”), but make no claims as to the supposed origin of *अथ्.

to tremble, waver, go astray, come to naught, fail

to cease, become ineffective (as poison)

to be agitated or disturbed in mind, be restless or sorrowful or unhappy


प्रशम्

head

प्रशम् • (praśam)

sa-root

प्रशम् • (praśam)

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

to become calm or tranquil, to be pacified or soothed, to settle down (as dust)

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

to be allayed or extinguished, cease, disappear, fade away


ප්‍රඥා

head

ප්රඥා • (prajñā)

sa-root

ප්රඥා • (prajñā)

प्रज्ञा प्रज्ञा#Sanskrit

Sinhalese script form of प्रज्ञा (“to know”)


मू

Probably related to मूत (mūta, “bound; a woven basket”), as well as Proto-Iranian *mauda- (“hair”) (whence Persian مو (mu, “hair”)). Possibly related to मीव् (mīv, “to move”) as a form of "setting in motion by pushing and pressing (binding actions)".


मीव्

head

मीव् • (mīv)

sa-root

मीव् • (mīv)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *míHw-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *míHw-, from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”). Cognate with English move.


श्यै

head

श्यै • (śyai)

sa-root

श्यै • (śyai)

śyai (romanization)
श्या (alternative)
शी (alternative)
शै (alternative)

Related to Ossetian суюн (sujun, “freeze”). Outside of Indo-Iranian, perhaps related to Lithuanian šešélis (“shade, shadow”) or Ancient Greek κιέλλη (kiéllē). Historically, श्याम (śyāma, “dark”) and शिशिर (śiśira, “cool”) were connected to this root but this may be folk etymology.


आरुह्

head

आरुह् • (āruh)

sa-root

आरुह् • (āruh)

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa

c. 300 CE, Harivaṃśa

Śak

c. 1000, Somadeva, Kathāsaritsāgara

to ascend, to mount, to bestride, to rise up

c. 1000, Somadeva, Kathāsaritsāgara

Kum

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 1000, Somadeva, Kathāsaritsāgara

c. 400 CE, Kālidāsa, Raghuvaṃśa


उज्झ्

head

उज्झ् • (ujjh)

sa-root

उज्झ् • (ujjh)


ध्यै

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰyaH- (“to see”), and cognate with Persian دیدن (didan, “to see, look”). The origin of the root is uncertain, but may derive further from Proto-Indo-European *dʰyeh₂- (“to see”) (see Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyh₂-) and thus be cognate with Ancient Greek σῆμα (sêma, “sign, token”) and Albanian di (“knows”).

cog

to think of, imagine, contemplate, meditate on, call to mind, recollect

(of an animal) to let the head hang down


गर्द्

head

गर्द् • (gard)

sa-root

गर्द् • (gard)

Possibly related to गर्दभ (gardabha) or गूर्द् (gūrd); see those entries for more.

to cry, sound, roar, shout, give shouts of joy, exult


तञ्च्

head

तञ्च् • (tañc)

sa-root

तञ्च् • (tañc)

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to pull together, coagulate, solidify, compact”). Cognate with Persian تنجیدن (tanjidan, “to squeeze, twist”), Old Armenian թանձր (tʻanjr, “thick, dense”), English tight, Old Norse þéttr (“close, thick”), Old Irish técht (“solidified”), Lithuanian tánkus (“thick, dense”).


अभ्यस्

अभ्य्- (abhy-, “combining form of अभि- (abhi-, “towards, over”)”) + अस् (as, “to be”).

com

combining form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अभि-</i> (abhi-, “towards, over”)

to be over, reign over, excel, surpass, overpower


अभ्यस्

अभ्य्- (abhy-, “combining form of अभि- (abhi-, “towards, over”)”) + अस् (as, “to throw”).

to concentrate one's attention upon (acc.), practice, exercise, study

to cause to practice or study, teach commentary on


ऋघाय

head

ऋघाय • (ṛghāya)

sa-root

ऋघाय • (ṛghāya)

/r̩.ɡʱɑː.jɐ/

/r̩.ɡʱɑː.jɐ/

Probably from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥gʰaHy-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ergʰ- (“to move”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”), ὀρχέομαι (orkhéomai, “to dance, leap”); probably not related to Proto-Germanic *argaz (“unmanly, effeminate, cowardly”).


मिष्

head

मिष् • (miṣ)

sa-root

मिष् • (miṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mayš- (“to blink, wink”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyg⁽ʷ⁾ʰ- (“to blink, cover (the eyes)”). Cognate with Persian مژه (može, “eyelash”), Lithuanian miẽgas (“sleep”), Proto-Slavic *měžiti (“to close one's eyes”).


सप्

From Proto-Indo-European *sep- (“to care for”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕπω (hépō, “to busy oneself with”), Latin sepeliō (“to bury, inter”). See also सपर्य (saparya, “to serve attentively, honor”).

cog

to follow or seek after, be devoted to, honor, serve, love, caress (also sexually), do homage


सपर्य

From Proto-Indo-European *sep-el-yé (“to honor”), a derivative of *sep-el- (“honor”), from *sep- (“to care for”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕπω (hépō, “to busy oneself with”), Latin sepeliō (“to bury, inter”). See also सप् (sap, “to honor”).

inh

to serve attentively, honor, worship, adore


क्षल्

head

क्षल् • (kṣal)

sa-root

क्षल् • (kṣal)

Probably a variant of (or at least influenced by) क्षर् (kṣar), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gžʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰer-. If not that, then from Proto-Indo-European *kʷsel-, whence Old Norse skola (“to wash”).

क्षर् क्षर्#Sanskrit


प्रक्षल्

head

प्रक्षल् • (prakṣal)

sa-root

प्रक्षल् • (prakṣal)


निर्मा

head

निर्मा • (nirmā)

sa-root

निर्मा • (nirmā)

निर्- (nir-, “combining form of निस् (nis, “out”)”) + मा (mā, “to measure”).

affix

combining form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">निस्</i> (nis, “out”)

to build, make out of, form, fabricate, produce, create


दृह्

head

दृह् • (dṛh)

sa-root

दृह् • (dṛh)

dṛh (romanization)
दर्ह् (alternative)
दृंह् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰarjʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *delǵʰ (“to hold”) or *dʰerǵʰ- (“to be firm, strong, tough, hard”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic дръжати (drŭžati, “to hold”), Lithuanian dir̃žti (“to harden, become tough”), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to attach”), English dry, Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (tulgjan, “to reinforce, establish”).

cog

𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌


अवयु

अव- (ava-, “ab-, away”) + यु (yu, “to separate”).


आह्वे

head

आह्वे • (āhve)

sa-root

आह्वे • (āhve)

to call near, invoke, invite, summon, cite

to call to (especially in rites said of the Hotṛ, who addresses the Adhvaryu by the Ā-hāva or Ā-hvāna)


कूर्द्

head

कूर्द् • (kūrd)

sa-root

कूर्द् • (kūrd)

Of unclear origin. Possibly related to गूर्द् (gūrd, “to play, leap”) and/or from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to swing”), whence perhaps Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “to swing, brandish”), Old English hratian (“to rush, hasten”), German scherzen (“to joke, jest, frolic”), and Welsh cerdded (“to walk”). A borrowing from Dravidian has also been suggested by Turner and Kuiper, but is not preferred to the above etymology; compare Tamil குதி (kuti, “to jump”).


गूर्द्

head

गूर्द् • (gūrd)

sa-root

गूर्द् • (gūrd)

Of unclear origin. Attempts to connect the root to कूर्द् (kūrd, “to leap”) or गर्द् (gard, “to cry, exult”) (whence perhaps गर्दभ (gardabha, “ass, donkey”)) are fraught with difficulties.


शुण्ठ्

head

शुण्ठ् • (śuṇṭh)

sa-root

शुण्ठ् • (śuṇṭh)

Of unclear origin. Possibly related to शुष्क (śuṣka, “dried up”). Other theories link the root to Dravidian; compare Tamil சுண்டு (cuṇṭu, “to dry up”), Telugu చుండు (cuṇḍu, “to be evaporated or dried up”)


नट्

Created on the basis of नट (naṭa, “dancer”) (or a similar form), a sanskritization of Pali नट (naṭa), Prakrit 𑀡𑀟 (ṇaḍa), from Sanskrit नृतु (nṛtu, “dancer”), from नृत् (nṛt, “to dance”). See there for more.


उच्चि

head

उच्चि • (ucci)

sa-root

उच्चि • (ucci)

उच्- (uc-, “combining form of उद्- (ud-)”) + चि (ci).

affix

combining form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">उद्-</i> (ud-)


परिचि

परि (pari) + चि (ci, “to pile up, collect”).

to heap up, accumulate, augment, increase


परिचि

परि (pari) + चि (ci, “observe, investigate”).

to find out, know, learn, exercise, practice, become acquainted with


कुत्स्

head

कुत्स् • (kuts)

sa-root

कुत्स् • (kuts)

Probably a denominal of कुत्स (kutsa, “the Rishi Kutsa”), itself perhaps from the same root as कुतस् (kutas, “from whom? where?”)


ज्वल्

head

ज्वल् • (jval)

sa-root

ज्वल् • (jval)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵwelH-
Sanskrit ज्वल् (jval)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́wal-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́wal-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵwelH- (“to burn, to glow”). Cognate with Lithuanian žvi̇̀lti, Old English col (whence English coal). Related to the root ज्वर् (jvar, “to be feverish”).

inh

to set on fire, light, kindle, make radiant, illuminate


ज्वर्

head

ज्वर् • (jvar)

sa-root

ज्वर् • (jvar)

Related to the root ज्वल् (jval, “to blaze”).


निश्रि

head

निश्रि • (niśri)

sa-root

निश्रि • (niśri)


मल्

Of unclear origin. Generally related to मलन (malana, “crushing, grinding”), though the semantic gap between "grinding" > "obtaining" > "having" is non-trivial.


मल्ल्

head

मल्ल् • (mall)

sa-root

मल्ल् • (mall)


प्रारभ्

head

प्रारभ् • (prārabh)

sa-root

प्रारभ् • (prārabh)


सूच्

head

सूच् • (sūc)

sa-root

सूच् • (sūc)

Denominal root from सूची (sūcī, “needle”).

to point out, indicate, show, manifest, reveal, betray

(drama) to indicate by gesture, communicate by signs, represent


म्रक्ष्

head

म्रक्ष् • (mrakṣ)

sa-root

म्रक्ष् • (mrakṣ)

mrakṣ (romanization)
मृक्ष् (alternative)

Mayrhofer relates the root to मृच् (mṛc, “to hurt, injure, annoy”); on the other hand, he relates मृक्ष् (mṛkṣ), generally considered an alternative form, to a different root, मृज् (mṛj, “to wipe, rub, cleanse”).


तुर्व्

head

तुर्व् • (turv)

sa-root

तुर्व् • (turv)

turv (romanization)
तूर्व् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂-welo, from *terh₂- (“to pass through, overcome”), and related to तॄ (tṝ, “to pass across”).

to cause to overpower, help to victory, save


ध्रज्

dhraj (romanization)
ध्रञ्ज् (alternative)
ध्राज् (alternative)

Mayrhofer is skeptical of assigning any etymology to the root. He seems to have a preference for linking the root to Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to run, drag, pull”), but notes that any evidence for a connection looks to be arbitrary.
On the other hand, Orel indirectly notes a derivation from Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰráȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreǵ- (“to glide, swoop”), and connects the root to Lithuanian drė́gti (“to become moist”) and English drink.


वण्

Has been compared to वाण (vāṇa, “sound, music”). However, Mayrhofer rejects this comparison, and leaves the origin open.


क्ष्वेल्

head

क्ष्वेल् • (kṣvel)

sa-root

क्ष्वेल् • (kṣvel)

kṣvel (romanization)
क्वेल् (alternative)

Sanskritization of Middle Indo-Aryan terms. Compare Prakrit खेलइ (khelaï, “plays”) and Pali केळि f (keḷi, “play”), which are of uncertain origin and connection to Sanskrit क्रीडति (krīḍati, “plays”).


हेष्

head

हेष् • (heṣ)

sa-root

हेष् • (heṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰáyṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰáyš-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, throw, wound”). Cognate with हिंस् (hiṃs, “to injure, harm”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”), Old Irish gae (“spear”), Old English gār (“spear”).


हेष्

head

हेष् • (heṣ)

sa-root

हेष् • (heṣ)

Probably onomatopoeic. See also ह्रेष् (hreṣ, “to neigh”).


ह्रेष्

head

ह्रेष् • (hreṣ)

sa-root

ह्रेष् • (hreṣ)

Probably onomatopoeic. See also हेष् (heṣ, “to neigh”).


उत्सू

head

उत्सू • (utsū)

sa-root

उत्सू • (utsū)

उद्- (ud-, “over, upon”) + सू (sū, “to set in motion”).


विवृ

head

विवृ • (vivṛ)

sa-root

विवृ • (vivṛ)

वि- (vi-, “away, division prefix”) + वृ (vṛ, “to cover”).

affix

to uncover, spread out, open, display, show, reveal, manifest


ऊह्

In some forms and meanings, probably related to influenced by वह् (vah).


ऊह्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wegʷʰ-. Traditionally connected to the above root.


स्खल्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *skHal-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *skHal-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷʰh₂el-.


संगम्

head

संगम् • (saṃgam)

sa-root

संगम् • (saṃgam)


पश्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *(s)pać-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *spać-, from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-. Some derivatives maintain the original sibilant and others don't (see Indo-European s-mobile).


पश्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *paHć-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paHć-, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to bind”).


मव्

Alternative form of मू (mū, “to bind, tie, fix”)


मव्य्

head

मव्य् • (mavy)

sa-root

मव्य् • (mavy)


निविश्

head

निविश् • (niviś)

sa-root

निविश् • (niviś)

नि- (ni-) + विश् (viś), with the latter part from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayć-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-.


बृह्

head

बृह् • (bṛh)

sa-root

बृह् • (bṛh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰŕ̥ȷ́ʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up”).


अह्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hadʰ. Cognate with Old Avestan 𐬁𐬛𐬁 (ādā, “I say”), 𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬇 (ādarə̄, “they say”). Unrelated to Latin aiō.


लिप्

head

लिप् • (lip)

sa-root

लिप् • (lip)

From zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *leyp-.


तन्द्

head

तन्द् • (tand)

sa-root

तन्द् • (tand)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *tand-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tand-, from Proto-Indo-European *tend-.

प्रप्र॑ पू॒ष्णस्तु॑विजा॒तस्य॑ शस्यते महि॒त्वम॑स्य त॒वसो॒ न त॑न्दते स्तो॒त्रम॑स्य॒ न त॑न्दते।
अर्चा॑मि सुम्न॒यन्न॒हमन्त्यू॑तिं मयो॒भुव॑म्।
विश्व॑स्य॒ यो मन॑ आयुयु॒वे म॒खो दे॒व आ॑युयु॒वे म॒खः॥
pra-pra pūṣṇas tuvijātasya śasyate mahitvam asya tavaso na tandate stotram asya na tandate.
arcāmi sumnayann aham antyūtim mayobhuvam.
viśvasya yo mana āyuyuve makho deva āyuyuve makhaḥ.

Seeking felicity I laud him nigh to help, the source, of bliss,
Who, Vigorous one, hath drawn to him the hearts of all, drawn them, the Vigorous One, the God.

Strong Pūṣan's majesty is lauded evermore, the glory of his lordly might is never faint, his song of praise is never faint.


लुप्

head

लुप् • (lup)

sa-root

लुप् • (lup)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hrawp-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrawp-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *reufaną and Latin rumpō.


वर्त्

head

वर्त् • (vart)

sa-root

वर्त् • (vart)


ऋध्

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eldʰ- and cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλθετο (áltheto).


संवृत्

head

संवृत् • (saṃvṛt)

sa-root

संवृत् • (saṃvṛt)

/s̪ɐ̃.ʋr̩t̪/

From सम्- (sam-, “with”) + वृत् (vṛt, “to turn; to move”).


जंह्

head

जंह् • (jaṃh)

sa-root

जंह् • (jaṃh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-
Sanskrit जंह् (jaṃh)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-.


अभिवृत्

head

अभिवृत् • (abhivṛt)

sa-root

अभिवृत् • (abhivṛt)

desc

>? Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ, “to meet, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂énts?
Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰí
Sanskrit अभि- (abhi-)
Proto-Indo-European *wert-
Sanskrit वृत् (vṛt)
Sanskrit अभिवृत् (abhivṛt)
From अभि- (abhi-, “towards, to”) + वृत् (vṛt, “to turn”).


श्वि

head

श्वि • (śvi)

sa-root

श्वि • (śvi)


उत्सृज्

head

उत्सृज् • (utsṛj)

sa-root

उत्सृज् • (utsṛj)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *selǵ-
Sanskrit सृज् (sṛj)
Sanskrit उत्सृज् (utsṛj)
From उद्- (ud-, “out”) + सृज् (sṛj, “let go”).


आवृ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Sanskrit आ (ā)
Sanskrit आ- (ā-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-
Proto-Indo-European *wer-?
Sanskrit वृ (vṛ)
Sanskrit आवृ (āvṛ)
From आ- (ā-) + वृ (vṛ, “to cover”).


आकृष्

head

आकृष् • (ākṛṣ)

sa-root

आकृष् • (ākṛṣ)

Compound of आ (ā, “towards”) + कृष् (kṛṣ, “to pull”).


उपविश्

head

उपविश् • (upaviś)

sa-root

उपविश् • (upaviś)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit उप- (upa-)
Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-
Sanskrit विश् (viś)
Sanskrit उपविश् (upaviś)
From उप- (upa-) + विश् (viś).


प्रेक्ष्

head

प्रेक्ष् • (prekṣ)

sa-root

प्रेक्ष् • (prekṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷsder.
Sanskrit ईक्ष् (īkṣ)
Sanskrit प्रेक्ष् (prekṣ)
From प्र- (pra-) + ईक्ष् (īkṣ).


भिक्ष्

head

भिक्ष् • (bhikṣ)

sa-root

भिक्ष् • (bhikṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Sanskrit भज् (bhaj)
Sanskrit भिक्ष् (bhikṣ)
From the desiderative verb of the root भज् (bhaj, “to divide, allot”).


भक्ष्

head

भक्ष् • (bhakṣ)

sa-root

भक्ष् • (bhakṣ)


प्रघृ

head

प्रघृ • (praghṛ)

sa-root

प्रघृ • (praghṛ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Sanskrit घृ (ghṛ)
Sanskrit प्रघृ (praghṛ)
From प्र- (pra-) + घृ (ghṛ).


ऊर्ज्

head

ऊर्ज् • (ūrj)

sa-root

ऊर्ज् • (ūrj)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂werg- (“to turn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀργάω (orgáō), Latin vergō, the source of English converge etc.


भूष्

head

भूष् • (bhūṣ)

sa-root

भूष् • (bhūṣ)

to strive after, use efforts for, be intent upon (with dative case)

(causative) to adorn, decorate, embellish


सूर्क्ष्

head

सूर्क्ष् • (sūrkṣ)

sa-root

सूर्क्ष् • (sūrkṣ)

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *surgʰ-s-, perhaps from *swergʰ- (“to take care of; to be ill”), and cognate with Proto-Germanic *surgō (“worry, care, sorrow”), though this is not entirely certain.


धूप्

head

धूप् • (dhūp)

sa-root

धूप् • (dhūp)


तंस्

head

तंस् • (taṃs)

sa-root

तंस् • (taṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *tens- (“to stretch”). Compare Proto-Germanic *þinsaną (“to stretch”), Lithuanian tę̃sti (“to stretch out, continue, extend”).


तृक्ष्

head

तृक्ष् • (tṛkṣ)

sa-root

तृक्ष् • (tṛkṣ)


इन्द्

head

इन्द् • (ind)

sa-root

इन्द् • (ind)


मील्

head

मील् • (mīl)

sa-root

मील् • (mīl)


सम्मील्

head

सम्मील् • (sammīl)

sa-root

सम्मील् • (sammīl)


आगम्

head

आगम् • (āgam)

sa-root

आगम् • (āgam)


दंश्

head

दंश् • (daṃś)

sa-root

दंश् • (daṃś)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *danś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *danć-, from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δάκνω (dáknō), German Zange.


तर्ज्

head

तर्ज् • (tarj)

sa-root

तर्ज् • (tarj)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *tarȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tarǰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *tergʷ-.


प्रत्याक्रुश्

head

प्रत्याक्रुश् • (pratyākruś)

sa-root

प्रत्याक्रुश् • (pratyākruś)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Sanskrit प्रति- (prati-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Sanskrit आ (ā)
Sanskrit आ- (ā-)
Proto-Indo-Iranian *krawć-
Sanskrit क्रुश् (kruś)
Sanskrit प्रत्याक्रुश् (pratyākruś)
From प्रति- (prati-) + आ- (ā-) + क्रुश् (kruś).

af

प्रत्याक्रोशेद् इहाक्रुष्टस् ताडितः प्रतिताडयेत् ।

The abused at may swear back, the beaten up may hit back.

pratyākrośed ihākruṣṭas tāḍitaḥ pratitāḍayet.


उत्था

head

उत्था • (utthā)

sa-root

उत्था • (utthā)

[ut̪̚.t̪ʰɑː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Sanskrit स्था (sthā)
Sanskrit उत्था (utthā)
From उद्- (ud-) + स्था (sthā).


प्रतीक्ष्

head

प्रतीक्ष् • (pratīkṣ)

sa-root

प्रतीक्ष् • (pratīkṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Sanskrit प्रति- (prati-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷsder.
Sanskrit ईक्ष् (īkṣ)
Sanskrit प्रतीक्ष् (pratīkṣ)
From प्रति- (prati-) + ईक्ष् (īkṣ).


आक्रन्द्

head

आक्रन्द् • (ākrand)

sa-root

आक्रन्द् • (ākrand)

आक्रन्दय धनपते वरम् आमनसङ् कृणु ।
सर्वम् प्रदक्षिणङ् कृणु यो वरः प्रतिकाम्यः ॥
ākrandaya dhanapate varam āmanasaṅ kṛṇu.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 2.36.6

Call out to him, O Lord of Wealth! Make the lover well-inclined.
Beseat each on your right who is a desirable lover.

sarvam pradakṣiṇaṅ kṛṇu yo varaḥ pratikāmyaḥ.


निर्णिज्

head

निर्णिज् • (nirṇij)

sa-root

निर्णिज् • (nirṇij)

From निस् (nis, “out, forth, away”) + Proto-Indo-European *néygʷ-s ~ *nigʷ-és, from *neygʷ- (“to wash, to clean”). Synchronically analysable as the root noun from the root below.


लुञ्च्

head

लुञ्च् • (luñc)

sa-root

लुञ्च् • (luñc)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hlunč-, from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃runk- (“to dig out”), a nasal-infixed form of *h₃rewk- (“to dig out, till soil”). See लुञ्चति (luñcati) for more.


रंह्

head

रंह् • (raṃh)

sa-root

रंह् • (raṃh)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hranźʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hranǰʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ-. See also लङ्घ् (laṅgh). Whitney considers this root related to रह् (rah, “to leave”) and tentatively assigns रहस् (rahas, “loneliness, speed”) and ऋहत् (ṛhat, “weak”) under this root.

doublet

लङ्घ् (laṅgh)


लङ्घ्

head

लङ्घ् • (laṅgh)

sa-root

लङ्घ् • (laṅgh)

Later and more eastern form of रंह् (raṃh, “to hasten”), रङ्घ् (raṅgh), also with semantic development. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ-