आ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáH, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“to, at”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *at (whence English at) and Latin ad. The final *d in the Proto-Indo-European term regularly alternated with *h₁, the latter appearing before certain consonants originally. Indo-Iranian languages generalized the form ending in *h₁ and other fellow Indo-European languages generalized the form ending in *d.


तर्हि

Pali: tarahi (“then”)

Prakrit: 𑀢𑀭𑀺𑀳𑀺 (tarihi)

Nepali: तर (tar, “but”)

Marathi: तर्हीं (tarhī̃), तरीं (tarī̃), तर (tar)

Konkani: तरी (tarī)

Preceded by a negative (e.g. Sanskrit न (na) or नहि (nahi))

Nepali: नत्र (natra, “otherwise”)

Old Hindi: नातर (nātara, “otherwise”), नातरु (nātaru), नतरु (nataru), नतर (natara)

Marathi: नाहीतर (nāhītar)

Gujarati: નહિતર (nahitar, “otherwise”)

From तद् (tad, “that”); compare यर्हि (yarhi) for the suffix.


तद्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sá, *sáH, *tád, from Proto-Indo-European *só, *séh₂, *tód. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬋 (hō), 𐬵𐬁 (hā), 𐬙𐬀𐬙 (tat),
Old English sē, sēo, þæt (whence English the, that), Ancient Greek ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), and Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to).

inh+

there, in that place, thither, to that spot

तद् एतौ श्लोकौ भवतः

with regard to that there are these two verses

thus, in this manner, with regard to that

on that account, for that reason, therefore, consequently

स यदि स्थावरा आपो भवन्ति

an indeclinable particle serving merely as emphasis, particularly in the Brāhmaṇas (typically precedes यद् (yad), यदि (yadi), यथा (yathā), or चेद् (ced))

(reduplicated) even then, nevertheless, notwithstanding


नित्य

head

नित्य • (nítya)

→ Hindi: नित्य (nitya)

→ Malayalam: നിത്യ (nitya)

→ Marathi: नित्य (nitya)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: nitya
> Javanese: ꦤꦶꦠꦾ (nitya) (inherited)

Pali: nicca

Punjabi: ਨਿੱਤ (nitta)

→ Tamil: நித்தியம் (nittiyam)

→ Telugu: నిత్యము (nityamu)


अपि

Pali: api, pi

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀧𑀺 (pi)

Prakrit: 𑀧𑀺 (pi)

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀯𑀺 (avi), 𑀯𑀺 (vi)

Northeastern:

Punjabi: ਵੀ (vī)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Old Gujarati: अवि (avi)

Old Hindi:

Hindi: भी (bhī)

Urdu: بھی (bhī)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hápi, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hápi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi. See also its usage as a prefix अपि- (api-). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπῐ́ (epĭ́) and English by.

and, also, moreover, besides, assuredly, surely

अन्यद् अपि

often, also, very (often merely emphasizes or expletive)

placed after an interrogative to make it an indefinite

चतुर्णाम् अपि वर्णानाम्

imparts a sense of totality when placed after numerals

at the start of a sentence, create an interrogative from a declarative sentence

please (may strengthen the original force of the potential mood or may soften the imperative mood)


आदर

A compound of आ- (ā-) + दर (dara), from the root दृ (dṛ).


इव

→ Hindi: इव (iva) (learned)

Pali: iva, va

Possibly cognate with Hittite 𒄿𒉿𒅈 (i-wa-ar /iwar/) and derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éy-wr̥ ~ *h₁i-wén-s, from *h₁ey- (“to go”).

der

8. ප්රමාදමප්රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ්ඩිතඃ
ප්රඥාප්රසාදමාරුහ්ය ත්වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්රජාම්
පර්වතස්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්ෂතෙ

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.

8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate

like, in the same manner as (in this sense = यथा (yathā), and used correlatively to तथा (tathā))

पथेव

in a certain manner, in some measure, a little, perhaps (in qualification or mitigation of a strong assertion)

मुहूर्तम् इव

ईषद् इव

किंचिद् इव

न चिराद् इव

so, just so, just, exactly, indeed, very (especially after words which involve some restriction:)

किम् इव

कथम् इव

क्वेव

(as a particle) connected vaguely, and somewhat pleonastically, with an interrogative pronoun or adverb


बहु

head

बहु • (bahú)

sa-adv

बहु • (bahú)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *baźʰúṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaȷ́ʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰn̥ǵʰús (“thick”), from *bʰenǵʰ- (“thick”). Cognate with Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús, “thick, large”).

cog

much, very, very much, abundantly, greatly, in a high degree


ह्यस्

head

ह्यस् • (hyás)

sa-adv

ह्यस् • (hyás)

hyás (romanization)
metrical Vedic hiyás (romanization)

Dardic:

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: یَوٕ (yavụ)

Devanagari script: यवॖ (yawụ)

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: އިއްޔެ (iyye)

Sinhalese: ඊයේ (īyē)

Pali: hiyyo

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀳𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑁄 (hijjo), 𑀳𑀺𑀑 (hio)
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: އިއްޔެ (iyye)
Sinhalese: ඊයේ (īyē)
Khasa Prakrit:
Nepali: हिजो (hijo)
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Romani: idž, ič, iž, jič, jidž

→ Hindi: ह्यः (hyaḥ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰyás (“yesterday”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés (“yesterday”). Cognate with Ancient Greek χθές (khthés), Latin herī, English yesterday, Persian دی (di).

त्वामिदा ह्यो नरोऽपीप्यन्वज्रिन्भूर्णयः।
स इन्द्र स्तोमवाहसामिह श्रुध्युप स्वसरमा गहि ॥
tvāmidā hyo naroʼpīpyanvajrinbhūrṇayaḥ.

O thunderer, your worshippers, zealous worshippers made you drink [Soma] this time yesterday; listen, Indra, here to us who offer you praise; and come you to our dwelling.

sa indra stomavāhasāmiha śrudhyupa svasaramā gahi.

देवस्य पश्य काव्यं महित्वाद्या ममार स ह्यः समान ॥

Behold the Gods’ high wisdom in its greatness: he who died yesterday is living today.

devasya paśya kāvyaṃ mahitvādyā mamāra sa hyaḥ samāna.


लघु

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hlagʰúṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hlagʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léngʰus. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐλαχύς (elakhús), Latin levis, English light.


वि

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wí, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wí, from Proto-Indo-European *wí. Cognate with elements of Hittite 𒈾𒃾 (na-wi, “not yet”) and Old English wiþ (English with).


बृहत्

head

बृहत् • (bṛhat)

sa-adv

बृहत् • (bṛhat)

bṛhat (romanization)
वृहत् (alternative)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰáns, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰonts (“high, lofty”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬧𐬙 (bər^əzaṇt), Persian بلند (boland). The Sanskrit root is बृह् (bṛh, “to be thick, grow great or strong, increase, expand”).


अक्तु

head

अक्तु • (aktú)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *aktúṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *aktúš, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *nokʷt-ú-s (“night”); compare, though with potential phonetic and semantic issues, Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktís, “ray, beam”). Both are traditionally assigned to a root *h₂ek-t- (“ray, beam”), but this fails to explain the “night” and related senses unless the Sanskrit is a merger of two different roots.
Also compare Proto-Germanic *unhtwǭ (“last part of the night”).


अकाले

head

अकाले • (akāle)

sa-adv

अकाले • (akāle)


अकारणे

head

अकारणे • (akāraṇe)

/ɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ.ɳɐj/

/ɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ.ɳeː/


अकारणेन

अकारणेन • (akāraṇena)

/ɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ.ɳeː.n̪ɐ/


अकारणम्

अकारणम् • (akāraṇam)

/ɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ.ɳɐm/

/ɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ.ɳɐm/


अकारणात्

अकारणात् • (akāraṇāt)

/ɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ.ɳɑːt/

/ɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ.ɳɑːt̪/


अकालतस्

अकालतस् • (akālatas)


अक्तोस्

अक्तोस् • (aktos)


अक्तुभिस्

अक्तुभिस् • (aktubhis)


आशु

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HaHśúṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HaHćúš (“quick, fast, swift”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁oh₁-ḱú-s, from *HéHḱus (“quick”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬁𐬯𐬎 (āsu, “fast, quick”), Latin ocior (“id”), Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús, “id”), Welsh diog (“lazy”, literally “not quick”).


ऋत

Dardic:

Kashmiri: رُت (rut)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hr̥tás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás (“truth”) (whence Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-tós, from *h₂er- (“to fit; fix; put together”).

right, duly, properly, regularly, lawfully, according to usage or right


मुहुर्

head

मुहुर् • (múhur)

sa-adv

मुहुर् • (múhur)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥ȷ́ʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥ǵʰús (“brief, short”), formed from the root *mreǵʰ-. Cognate with Latin brevis (“short”), Ancient Greek βραχύς (brakhús, “short”), Russian бо́рзый (bórzyj, “swift, brisk”).

cog

suddenly, at once, in a moment
for a moment, a while

मुहुर्मुहुर्

at every moment, constantly, incessantly


मुहु

head

मुहु • (múhu)

मुहुर् मुहुर्#Sanskrit


प्रकटम्

evidently, clearly, visibly, openly, in public


सकृत्

सकृत् • (sakṛ́t)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sakŕ̥t (“once”), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-kr̥t- (“one time”). The first component of a compound is zero-grade of *sḗm. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬝 (hakər^ət̰, “once”), Old Persian 𐏃𐎣𐎼𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹 (hakaramciy, “once”) (whence Persian هرگز (hargez)). Proto-Indo-European *kert- (“times”) also the source of the Sanskrit suffix कृत्वस् (kṛ́tvas, “-fold, times”) and Russian крат (krat).

cog

सकृत् मिनवमः।

with अह्नः (áhnaḥ)

repeated

at once, suddenly, forthwith, immediately

with मा (mā)

शकृत् शकृत्#Sanskrit


साधु

head

साधु • (sādhú)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáHdʰuš. The Sanskrit root is साध् (sādh).

sādhú √vṛt (+ locative)

sādhú √kṛ

sādhú √ās

well, rightly, skilfully, properly, agreeably


सहित

सहितम् (sahitam)


एवम्

एवम् • (evám)

एवं न्विदम् ॥

एवं भवतु

एवं मया श्रुतम्

एवम् उक्त्वा

किम् एवम्

एवंनामन्

so; thus; in this way; in such a manner; such; as such


आविस्

आविस् • (āvís)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hāwíṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hāwíš, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂owís, from the root *h₂ew- (“to see, perceive”), whence also possibly उवे (uvé). Cognate with Ancient Greek αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai, “to perceive”), Hittite 𒌋𒄴𒄭 (u-uḫ-ḫi, “I see”), Latin audiō (“I hear, listen”).
Traditional etymologists connect it to वहिस् (vahis) and अव (ava), or to आविद् (ā-vid).

cog

before the eyes, openly, manifestly, evidently


तूष्णीम्

head

तूष्णीम् • (tūṣṇī́m)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tuHṣṇíHm, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tuHšníHm, from Proto-Indo-European *tuh₂s-n-, from *teh₂ws- (“to be quiet, be still”), itself perhaps from *tews- (“to be happy”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬙𐬎𐬱𐬥𐬌̣𐬱𐬀𐬛- (tušnịšad-), Danish tyst (“quiet”), Old Prussian tusnan (“still”), Luwian 𒌅𒄷𒅆𒀀𒄿 (tuḫušiya-, “to await, to wait and see”), and Proto-Celtic *tausos (“deaf”).

cog

तूष्णीम् बभूव

silently, quietly (RV. II, 43, 3, TS. etc.)


उप

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *upó.

etymon

therefore, moreover (RV., AV., ŚBr., PārGṛ.)


यथोपदेशम्

यथा (yathā, “as”) + उपदेश (upadeśa, “instruction”)

compound

according to advice or instruction (KātyŚr., Āp., etc.)


तदा

head

तदा • (tadā)

Compare यदा (yadā), कदा (kadā). First element from Proto-Indo-European *to-. If it is a direct cognate of Lithuanian tadà (“then”), it should reflect a PIE word *todéh₂ (“then”), but this presents phonetic issues: see kadà.


यदा

यदा • (yadā́)

sa-adv

यदा • (yadā́)

Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *Hyo- + *-déh₂; compare कदा (kadā) (< *kʷodéh₂) and तदा (tadā) (< *todéh₂) for the suffix.

यदा यदा हि धर्मस्य ग्लानिर्भवति भारत।
अभ्युत्थानमधर्मस्य तदात्मानं सृजाम्यहम्॥
yadā yadā hi dharmasya glānirbhavati bhārata.

Whenever there is a decline in Dharma and an increase in Adharma, O descendant of Bharata, at that time I manifest Myself.


शनैस्

head

शनैस् • (śanais)

Originally the instrumental plural of an unattested *शन (śana, “quiet, calm, soft”), suggested to be either from Proto-Indo-European *ḱEn- or from the same root as Proto-Iranian *san- (“to mount, ascend”). In the latter case, the Iranian verb is of uncertain origin, and may be borrowed from the BMAC substrate.

cog

हस्ती शनैः शनैः चलति।

quietly, softly, gently, gradually, alternately, slowly


किम्

head

किम् • (kim)

sa-adv

किम् • (kim)

kim (romanization)
कद् (alternative)
कि (alternative)
क (alternative)
कु (alternative)

Excluding the neuter form किम् (kim) itself, inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *kás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kás, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷós.
Further etymology
कद् (kad), attested in the Ṛgveda, was the original neuter singular nominative-accusative, and is used in the later language as the base form of this term in compounds (for example, in कच्चन (kaccana, “in no way or manner”) from कद् (kad) + चन (cana, “also not”)). Compare Latin quod.
In Classical Sanskrit, किम् (kim), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kím ~ čím, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷím, supplanted कद् (kad) as the neuter singular nominative-accusative. Other vestiges of the old Indo-Iranian declinable *kím ~ čím are also seen in the indeclinables किस् (kis), चिद् (cid). Mayrhofer considers this suppletion a Prakritism or more likely an archaism, for which compare Younger Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬨 (cim), 𐬐𐬆𐬨 (kəm).

किं व्याधा वने ऽस्मिन् संचरन्ति?

किम् एषश्चषको बृहत्?


कदाचित्

head

कदाचित् • (kadācit)

A compound of कदा (kadā, “when”) + चिद् (cid, indefinite article, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷíd).


परि

परि • (pári)

→ Hindi: परि- (pari-)

→ Telugu: పరి- (pari-)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: পার- (par-)

desctree

Old Javanese: pari-
Javanese: ꦥꦿꦶ- (pri-)
→ Indonesian: pari- (learned)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pári, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pári, from Proto-Indo-European *péri. Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri), Ancient Greek περί (perí).


यथा

head

यथा • (yáthā)

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀬𑀣𑀸 (yathā)
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀳 (jaha), 𑀚𑀳𑀸 (jahā)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀬𑀥𑀸 (yadhā)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀳 (jaha), 𑀚𑀳𑀸 (jahā)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Takka Apabhramsa: ਜਿਧ (jidha)
Punjabi: ਜਿਹਾ (jihā)
Vracada Apabhramsa:
Sindhi:
Arabic script: جان
Devanagari script: जां
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀥 (jadha), 𑀚𑀥𑀸 (jadhā)

Gandhari: 𐨩𐨯 (yasa)

Pali: yathā

→ Hindi: यथा (yathā)

→ Bengali: যথা (jotha)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HyátʰaH (“as, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós. Compare Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬁 (yaθā) and Old Persian 𐎹𐎰𐎠 (y-θ-a /yaθā/).

inh

यथा॒ वातः॑ पुष्क॒रिणीं॑ समि॒ङ्गय॑ति स॒र्वतः॑। ए॒वा ते॒ गर्भ॑ एजतु नि॒रैतु॒ दश॑मास्यः॥

Move the unborn baby inside you just like the wind on every side ruffles a pool of lotuses,
So that the ten-month baby may be born.

yáthā vā́taḥ puṣkaríṇīṃ samiṅgáyati sarvátaḥ. evā́ te gárbha ejatu niraítu dáśamāsyaḥ.

in which manner or way, according as, as, like


अतीव

head

अतीव • (atīva)

From अति (áti, “very, exceedingly”) + इव (iva, “as, so to speak”).


अत्र

head

अत्र • (átra)

Dardic:

Kalasha: atrá

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: এতিয়া (etia)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta)

Konkani: आता (ātā)

Old Marathi: आतां (ātāṃ)

Marathi: आता (ātā)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *átra (“there, to that place”), cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (aθra, “there, to that place”), 𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁 (aθrā), derived from the anaphoric pronominal stem Proto-Indo-European *h₁e (“he/she, aforementioned”), which was suppletive to *ís.

der

3 ආක්රොශන්මාමවොචන්මාම ජයන්මාමහාපයත්
අත්ර යෙ උපනහ්යන්තෙ වෛරං තෙෂාං න ශාම්යති

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

They abused me, they reviled me, they defeated me and plundered me.
Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.

3 Ākrośanmāmavocanmāma jayanmāmahāpayat
Atra ye upanahyante vairaṃ teṣāṃ na śāmyati.


सदा

head

सदा • (sádā)

Pali: sadā

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sádaH (“always”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬜𐬀 (haδa).


तथा

तथा • (táthā)

sa-adv

तथा • (táthā)

Pali: tathā

→ Assamese: তথা (totha) (learned)

→ Gujarati: તથા (tathā) (learned)

→ Hindi: तथा (tathā) (learned)

→ Malayalam: തഥാ (tathā) (learned)

→ Marathi: तथा (tathā) (learned)

→ Nepali: तथा (tathā) (learned)

→ Telugu: తథా (tathā) (learned)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *só
Proto-Indo-Iranian *sá
Sanskrit तद् (tad)
Proto-Indo-European *ís
Proto-Indo-European *yósder.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *HyátʰaH
Sanskrit यथा (yathā)
Sanskrit तथा (tathā)
From तद् (tád, “that”). For the suffix, compare यथा (yáthā) from यद् (yád).


कृपया

head

कृपया • (kṛpayā)

sa-adv

कृपया • (kṛpayā)

From the feminine instrumental singular of कृपा (kṛpā).

कृपयेदं कार्यं करोतु!

by mercy, mercifully, out of kindness, kindly


केवल

From Proto-Indo-European *kéywelos (“alone”); compare Latin *cael, caelebs (“single, unmarried”).


किन्तु

head

किन्तु • (kintu)

sa-adv

किन्तु • (kintu)

किं तु
किं तु#Sanskrit


अन्ति

head

अन्ति • (ánti)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hánti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hánti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“in front”, loc.sg.).


प्रति

head

प्रति • (práti)

sa-adv

प्रति • (práti)

→ Bengali: প্রতি (proti)

→ Gujarati: પ્રતિ (prati)

→ Hindi: प्रति (prati)

→ Telugu: ప్రతి (prati)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *práti, from Proto-Indo-European *próti ~ *préti. Cognates include Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti), Ancient Greek πρός (prós), Latin pretium.


इह

→ Hindi: इह (ih)

→ Urdu: اهہ (ih)

→ Malayalam: ഇഹം (ihaṁ)

→ Telugu: ఇహము (ihamu)

→ Kannada: ಇಹ (iha)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hidʰá, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hidʰá, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁i-dʰe (“here”). Compare Pali idha, Avestan 𐬌𐬛𐬁 (idā), 𐬌𐬜𐬀 (iδa), Ashokan Prakrit 𑀇𑀥 (idha).

पूषन्तव व्रते वयं न रिष्येम कदा चन ।
स्तोतारस्त इह स्मसि ॥
pūṣantava vrate vayaṃ na riṣyema kadā cana.
stotārasta iha smasi.

Secure in thy protecting care, O Pūṣan, never may we fail.


स्वस्ति

head

स्वस्ति • (svastí)

Compound of सु- (su-, “well”) + अस्ति (ásti, “to be”)


सर्वकालम्

head

सर्वकालम् • (sarvakālam)

सर्व (sarva, “entire”) + काल (kāla, “time”).


वाचा

head

वाचा • (vācā́)

Instrumental singular of वाच् (vā́c, “speech, voice”). Literally, "by means of speech".


सत्कृत्य

सत्कृत्य • (satkṛtya)

having treated with respect, having hospitably entertained.


उच्चैः

उच्चैः • (uccaiḥ)

उच्चैस् उच्चैस्#Sanskrit


उच्चैस्

उच्चैस् • (uccaís)

प्र यो जज्ञे विद्वान् अस्य बन्धुर्विश्वा देवानां जनिमा विवक्ति ।
ब्रह्म ब्रह्मण उज्जभार मध्यान् निचैरुच्चैः स्वधा अभि प्र तस्थौ ॥
pra yo jajñe vidvān asya bandhurviśvā devānāṃ janimā vivakti.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 4.1.3

He who was born as his all-knowing kinsman declareth all the deities' generations.
He from the midst of prayer his prayer hath taken. On high, below, spread forth his godlike nature.

brahma brahmaṇa ujjabhāra madhyān nicairuccaiḥ svadhā abhi pra tasthau.

(sometimes used adjectivally) high, above, aloft; upwards


नाना

नाना • (nā́nā)

sa-adv

नाना • (nā́nā)

Pali: nānā

Prakrit: 𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀸 (ṇāṇā)

Perhaps an aphetic amredita of अना (anā́) (nā́nā ⇐*anā́nā), with the meaning 'in this way and that way, hereby and thereby'. Compare parallel formations इहेह (iheha) and इतरेतर (itaretara).

नाना॒ हि त्वा॒ हव॑माना॒ जना॑ इ॒मे धना॑नां धर्त॒रव॑सा विप॒न्यवः॑ ।
अ॒स्माकं॑ स्मा॒ रथ॒मा ति॑ष्ठ सा॒तये॒ जैत्रं॒ ही॑न्द्र॒ निभृ॑तं॒ मन॒स्तव॑ ॥
nā́nā hí tvā hávamānā jánā imé dhánānāṃ dhartarávasā vipanyávaḥ.

For here in diverse ways these men invoking thee, holder of treasures, sing hymns to win thine aid.
Ascend the car that thou mayest bring spoil to us, for, Indra, thy fixt winneth the victory.

asmā́kaṃ smā ráthamā́ tiṣṭha sātáye jaítraṃ hī̀ndra níbhṛtaṃ mánastáva.

differently, variously, separately, manifoldly


एवं

head

एवं • (evaṃ)

sa-adv

एवं • (evaṃ)


तावत्

head

तावत् • (tāvat)

sa-adv

तावत् • (tāvat)

tāvat (romanization)
तावन्त् (alternative)

Pali: tāva

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂wot. Compare Ancient Greek τῆος (têos) / τέως (téōs, “so long”), Latin tantus (“so much, so great”).

so great, so large, so much, so far, so many (RV. &c)

so much, so greatly, to such an extent, in such a number (RV. AV.)

(indeclinable)
very well, alright (Hcar.)


अद्य

head

अद्य • (adyá)

sa-adv

अद्य • (adyá)

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀅𑀚 (aja /ajja/)
Khasa Prakrit:
Nepali: आज (āj)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀅𑀬𑁆𑀬 (ayya)
Old Bengali: আজি (āji)
Bengali: আজ (aj)
Rohingya: aijja
Sylheti: ꠀꠁꠎ (aiz), ꠀꠁꠎꠇꠥ (aizoku)
Early Assamese: আজি (aji)
Assamese: আজি (azi)
Odia: ଆଜି (āji)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚 (ajja)
Konkani:
Devanagari script: आयज (āyaj)
Kannada script: ಅಯಜ (āyaj)
Latin script: aiz
Old Marathi:
Devanagari script: आजि (āji), आजिं (ājiṃ)
Modi script: 𑘁𑘕𑘲 (ājī), 𑘁𑘕𑘲𑘽 (ājīṃ)
Marathi: आज़ (āj̈)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Takka Apabhramsa:
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਅੱਜ (ajja)
Shahmukhi script: اَجّ (ajj)
Vracada Apabhramsa:
Kachchi: અજ (aja)
Sindhi:
Arabic script: اَڄُ
Devanagari script: अॼु (aj̈u)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚 (ajja)
Gurjara Apabhramsa:
Old Gujarati: आज (āja)
Gujarati: આજ (āja)
Marwari: आज (āj)
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Hindustani:
Hindi: आज (āj)
Urdu: آج (āj)
Vaghri: અજ્જ (ajj)

Pali: ajja

→ Hindi: अद्य (adya)

→ Sylheti: ꠅꠁꠖ꠆ꠖ (oiddo), ꠅꠖ꠆ꠖ (oddo)

→ Urdu: ادی (adya)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁e
Proto-Indo-European *déy-s ~ dy-és
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hadyás
Sanskrit अद्य (adya)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hadyás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁e + *déy-s ~ dy-és. See also Latin hodie.


क्षमा

head

क्षमा • (kṣamā́)

sa-adv

क्षमा • (kṣamā́)

From क्षम् (kṣám, “earth, ground”), but the suffix is unclear, possibly instrumental singular.


अन्यथा

head

अन्यथा • (anyáthā)

desc

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀳𑀸 (aṇṇahā), 𑀅𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀳 (aṇṇaha)

Pali: aññathā

→ Hindi: अन्यथा (anyathā)

→ Kannada: ಅನ್ಯಥಾ (anyathā)

→ Old Marathi: 𑘀𑘡𑘿𑘧𑘞𑘰 (anyathā)

Marathi: अन्यथा (anyathā)

[ɐj̃.jɐ́.tʰɑː]

/ɐn̪.jɐ.t̪ʰɑː/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HanyátʰaH (“otherwise”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aniiaθā, “otherwise”).


निस्

head

निस् • (nís)


कर्मणा

कर्मणा • (karmaṇā)

sa-adv

कर्मणा • (karmaṇā)

From neuter instrumental singular of कर्मन् (karman).

infl of

karman कर्मन्


पश्चात्

head

पश्चात् • (paścā́t)

sa-adv

पश्चात् • (paścā́t)

desc

→ Hindi: पश्चात् (paścāt, “then, next; finally; complete, finished.”)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: paścat
→ Balinese: ᬧᬰ᭄ᬘᬢ (pascat, “perfect”)

/pɐɕ.t͡ɕɑ́ːt/

/pɐɕ.t͡ɕɑːt̪/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *pasčaH, from Proto-Indo-European *pos-kʷéh₁, from *pós (“afterwards, behind”). Cognate with Latin post (“afterwards, behind”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬀 (pasca), Old Persian [Term?] (/pasā/). Related to पश्चा (paścā́).

उप॒ प्रागा॒च्छस॑नं वा॒ज्यर्वा॑ देव॒द्रीचा॒ मन॑सा॒ दीध्या॑नः।
अ॒जः पु॒रो नी॑यते॒ नाभि॑र॒स्यानु॑ प॒श्चात्क॒वयो॑ यन्ति रे॒भाः॥
úpa prā́gācchásanaṃ vājyárvā devadrī́cā mánasā dī́dhyānaḥ.

The strong Steed hath come forward to the slaughter, pondering with a mind directed God-ward.
The goat who is his kin is led before him the sages and the singers follow after.

ajáḥ puró nīyate nā́bhirasyā́nu paścā́tkaváyo yanti rebhā́ḥ.

from behind, in the rear, behind, backwards

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata


सर्वत्र

→ Kannada: ಸರ್ವತ್ರ (sarvatra)

→ Malayalam: സർവത്ര (saṟvatra)

→ Marathi: सर्वत्र (sarvatra)

→ Tamil: சர்வத்திர (carvattira)

→ Telugu: సర్వత్రా (sarvatrā)

→ Hindi: सर्वत्र (sarvatra) (learned)

/sɐɾ.ʋɐt.ɾɐ/

/s̪ɐɾ.ʋɐt̪.ɾɐ/


अम्नस्

head

अम्नस् • (amnás)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *(H)amnás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)amnás, from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)emno- (“equal, straight; flat, level, even”). Cognate with English even, Icelandic jafn and Old Cornish eun (“equal, right”).


सामि

head

सामि • (sāmí)

sa-adverb

सामि • (sāmí)

From Proto-Indo-European *sēmi (“half, partially”). Cognate with Latin sēmi-, Ancient Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-), Old English sām- (whence English sam).

inh

व्यस्तम् इव वा एतद् यज्ञस्य यद् इडा सामि प्राश्नन्ति
सामि मार्जयन्त एतत् प्रति वा असुराणां यज्ञो व्यच्छिद्यत
vyastam iva vā etad yajñasya yad iḍā sāmi prāśnanti

c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) I.7.1

The Ida is as it were a breach in the ritual worship; half they eat, half they wipe; in this regard the ritual worship of the Asuras was broken

sāmi mārjayanta etat prati vā asurāṇāṃ yajño vyacchidyata


अर्थात्

head

अर्थात् • (arthāt)

sa-adv

अर्थात् • (arthāt)

/ɐɾ.t̪ʰɑːt̪/

that is to say, according to the sense, as a matter of fact


कुत्र

head

कुत्र • (kútra)

sa-adv

कुत्र • (kútra)

Bengali: কোথায় (kōthaẏ)

Marathi: कुठे (kuṭhe)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कुत्र (kutra)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kútra, from *kú + *-tra (whence the suffix -त्र (-tra)). The first element is from dialectal Proto-Indo-European *kʷú (“where”), formed from the interrogative pronoun stem *kʷ- as in *kʷos, *kʷís. Cognates include Latin necubi, ubi, Avestan 𐬐𐬎𐬛𐬁 (kudā, “where”), 𐬐𐬏 (kū, “where”), Cretan Greek ὀπυι (opui, “whither”), Albanian ku (“where”), Lithuanian kur̃ (“where”).


नु

From Proto-Indo-European *nu (“now”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”), Latin num (“now”), Old English nū (whence English now), Albanian ni (“now”), Lithuanian nù (“now”).


परुत्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *parut, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *parut, from Proto-Indo-European *péruti (“last year”, literally “on the other side of the year”), from *per (“across”) + *ut(i), locative singular form of *wet- (“year”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi, “last year”), Old Armenian հերու (heru, “last year”), Lithuanian pernai (“last year”) and Old Norse fjǫrð (“last year”).


ईषत्

head

ईषत् • (īṣát)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *īṣát, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *īšát, from Proto-Indo-European *isn̥t, from *is (“a little”). Cognate with Albanian imtë (“tiny, small”), Latvian īss (“short”), Lithuanian įsas and Old Prussian insan.


सचा

सचा • (sácā)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáčaH, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ-o-. Compare Latin secus.


स्मत्

स्मत् • (smát)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *me. Compare Ancient Greek μετά (metá). Possibly related to सुमत् (sumat).


मक्षू

मक्षू • (makṣū́)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *maṭṣúṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maćšúš, from Proto-Indo-European *moḱs (“quickly, early”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬱𐬎 (mošu), Latin mox (“soon”), Irish moch (“early”).

inh

मक्षू कन्याः सख्यं नवग्वा ऋतम् वदन्त ऋतयुक्तिमग्मन्।
द्विबर्हसो य उप गोपमागुरदक्षिणासो अच्युतादुदुक्षन्॥
makṣū kanyāḥ sakhyaṃ navagvā ṛtam vadanta ṛtayuktimagman.

Uttering praise to suit the rite, Navagvas came speedily to win the damsel's friendship.
They who approached the twice-strong stable's keeper, meedless would milk the rocks that naught had shaken.

dvibarhaso ya upa gopamāguradakṣiṇāso acyutādudukṣan.


ऋजु

Dardic:

Kalasha: úǰak

→ Waigali: üjā, üjā̃ka

desctree

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼 (ujju)
Old Marathi:
Devanagari script: उजु (uju)
Modi script: 𑘄𑘕𑘳 (uju)

⇒ Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀅 (ujjua)

Konkani: ujvẽ

Devanagari script: उजवें

Kannada script: ಉಜವೆಂ

Latin script: uzvem

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: उजिवा (ujivā)

Modi script: 𑘄𑘕𑘲𑘪𑘰 (ujīvā)

Pali: uju

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀚𑀼 (aṃju)

Hindi: अंजु (añju)

→ Old Javanese: [script needed] (ṛju)

Javanese: ꦉꦗꦸ (reju)

→ Malayalam: ഋജു (r̥ju)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥ȷ́úš (“straight”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥ǵ-ú-s ~ *h₃r̥ǵ-éw-s, from *h₃reǵ- (“straight, right”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬎 (ər^əzu), Ancient Greek ὀρεκτός (orektós), Latin rēctus, English right.

inh

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda


श्रेयस्

head

श्रेयस् • (śréyas)

sa-adv

श्रेयस् • (śréyas)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *śráyHyas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćráyHyas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (sraiiah). Comparative of श्री (śrī).


अव

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwa
Sanskrit अव (ava)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwo (“off, away, down”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (auua) and Latin au-.


अर्धपथे

/ɐɾ.d̪ʱɐ.pɐ.t̪ʰeː/


अति

Paisaci Prakrit:

desc

Punjabi: ਅਤੇ (ate, “and”), ਅੱਤ (atta, “maximum, extreme, excess”)

Dardic:

Khowar: دى (di, “also”)

Kashmiri: تِہ (tih, “and, also, too”), تہٕ (tụ)/तॖ (tụ)(tụ, "and, also, too")

→ Hindi: अति (ati) (learned)

→ Bengali: অতি (oti) (learned)

→ Konkani: अति (ati) (learned)

→ Marathi: अति (ati) (learned)

→ Kannada: ಅತಿ (ati)

→ Punjabi: ਅਤਿ (ati) (learned)

→ Tamil: அதி (ati)

→ Telugu: అతి- (ati-)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *áti, from Proto-Indo-European *éti (“over”). Cognate with Latin et (“and”), Ancient Greek ἔτι (éti, “yet”), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (aⁱti), Old Persian 𐎠𐎫𐎹 (a-t-y /atiy/), Proto-Germanic *idi.

(prefixed to adjectives) excessively, exceedingly, very

Monier Williams
w:Monier Monier-Williams

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press


कदा

head

कदा • (kadā́)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kadáH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kadáH, whence the cognate Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬛𐬁 (kadā, “when”); possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷodéh₂ (“when”) (compare Lithuanian kadà; see there for details): *kʷo- + *-de + *-h₂. The suffix *-déh₂ has not been satisfactorily explained, but compare यदा (yadā), तदा (tadā).

कदापि

कदा न

कदा चित्

कदा वां तौग्र्यो विधत्समुद्रे जहितो नरा ।
यद्वां रथो विभिष्पतात् ॥
kadā vāṃ taugryo vidhatsamudre jahito narā.

When did the son of Tugra serve you, Men? Abandoned in the sea,
That with winged steeds your car might fly.

का ते अस्त्यरंकृतिः सूक्तैः कदा नूनं ते मघवन्दाशेम ।
विश्वा मतीरा ततने त्वायाधा म इन्द्र शृणवो हवेमा ॥
kā te astyaraṃkṛtiḥ sūktaiḥ kadā nūnaṃ te maghavandāśema.

What satisfaction do our hymns afford thee? When, Maghavan? Now let us do thee service.
Hymns, only hymns, with love for thee, I weave thee: then hear, O Indra, these mine invocations.

viśvā matīrā tatane tvāyādhā ma indra śṛṇavo havemā.


तत्र

तत्र॑ • (tátra)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣 (tattha), 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀢 (tatta)
Apabhramsa: तत्त (tatta) (< 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀢 (tatta)), तत्थ (tattha)

Pali: tattha

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tátra, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tátra. Equivalent to त (ta), the base of तद् (tad, “there”) + -त्र (-tra).

अहं तत्र गच्छामि।

तत्र तत्र

यत्र तत्र

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

तत्र मास

therein, in that case, in those circumstances


इदम्

head

इदम् • (idám)

sa-adv

इदम् • (idám)

Pali: ima

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀬𑀁 (ayaṃ), 𑀇𑀅𑀁 (iaṃ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *id-ám. From there, the non-nominative-accusative forms are from Proto-Indo-European *id (for example, masculine genitive singular अस्य (asya) < Proto-Indo-European *ésyo). Cognate with Latin id.
The nominative-accusative had undergone thematicization by the Vedic period, where इम्- (im-) and इद्- (id-) are based on the old accusatives in Proto-Indo-European *ím and *íd. Compare अदस् (adas), where other peculiar changes occured. The original neuter इद् (id) survived as an indeclinable particle only in Vedic.

inh+

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 2.53.31


दृश्य

head

दृश्य • (dṛśya)

From the root दृश् (dṛś, “to see”) + -य (-ya).

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata


अमवत्

अमवत् • (ámavat)

sa-adv

अमवत् • (ámavat)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hámawants, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hámawants. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (amauuaṇt). Synchronically अम (ama, “impetuosity, violence”) + -वत् (-vat).

suffix

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.58.1


पुनर्

head

पुनर् • (púnar)

Of uncertain origin.
The word stands out as having no clear phonetic or semantic connections to other words within Sanskrit or other Indo-Iranian and Indo-European languages. However, the word structure does not suggest either a Dravidian or Munda origin, and the word's Vedic attestation makes an autochthonous substrate origin even less likely. The Proto-Indo-Aryan form is not even certain, as the u could have originally been an a, which was backed into a u after the labial p, in addition to the word possibly undergoing dissimilation, metathesis, and other sound changes throughout its history.
Mayrhofer's preferred theory is to derive the word from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“off, away”), and compares Ancient Greek πύματος (púmatos, “last, nethermost”) and German von (“from”). However, as he suggests, the semantic evidence is neither convincing nor unconvincing, due to the very basic meaning of the Proto-Indo-European word, and the potential phantom phonetic shifts noted above make analysis problematic.
Another theory connects the word to Ancient Greek πᾰ́λῐν (pắlĭn, “back, again”), which would make the word a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to revolve”). This is an exact semantic match, but the phonetics are difficult to resolve. However, due to the murky phonetic history of the word, this derivation still remains in discussion.

der

पुनर् गच्छति

पुनर् ददामि

पुनर् भवति


तत्क्षण

head

तत्क्षण • (tatkṣaṇa)

/t̪ɐt̪.kʂɐ.ɳɐ/

[t̪ɐt̪̚.kʂɐ.ɳɐ]

तद् (tad, “that”) + क्षण (kṣaṇa, “moment”).

compound

immediately, instantaneously, at that moment


अनु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hánu (“along, after”).


एकत्र

→ Hindi: एकत्र (ekatra) (learned)

→ Marathi: एकत्र (ekatra) (learned)


कू

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ku, *kū, formed from *kʷ-. See कु (ku) for more.


स्यात्

head

स्यात् • (syāt)

sa-adv

स्यात् • (syāt)


मिथस्

head

मिथस् • (mithás)

sa-adv

मिथस् • (mithás)

From Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to exchange; mutual, reciprocal”). Cognate with Latin mittō (“to send”), Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (inmaidjan, “to change”). Latin mūtuus (“mutual”) and its English borrowing mutual may also be cognates.
The Sanskrit root is मिथ् (mith).


सनुतर्

head

सनुतर् • (sanutár)

sa-adv

सनुतर् • (sanutár)

From Proto-Indo-European *senH-u-. See सनितुर् (sanitur) for cognates.


भावगम्भीरम्

head

भावगम्भीरम् • (bhāvagambhīram)


तावत्क

तावत्क • (tā́vatka)

sa-adv

तावत्क • (tā́vatka)

tā́vatka (romanization)
तावतिक (alternative)

Ashokan Prakrit:

desc

Sauraseni Prakrit: *𑀢𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀓 (*tavakka), *𑀢𑀸𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀓 (*tāvakka)

Hindustani:

Hindi: तक (tak)

Urdu: تک (tak)

→ Kannada: ತನಕ (tanaka) (semi-learned)

[tɑ́ː.ʋɐt̚.kɐ]

/t̪ɑː.ʋɐt̪.kɐ/

[t̪ɑː.ʋɐt̪̚.kɐ]


कुत्रापि

head

कुत्रापि • (kutrāpi)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कुत्रापि (kutrāpi)

Urdu: کتراپی (kutrāpi)


तत्रैव

/t̪ɐt̪.ɾɑj.ʋɐ/


पुरस्

पुरस् • (purás)

sa-adverb

पुरस् • (purás)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hás (“before, in front”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-ós, from *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Cognate with Latin prae (“before, in front of”) prior, Ancient Greek πάρος (páros), Proto-Slavic *pьrvъ, and English first and fore.

inh

सूर॑श्चि॒द्रथं॒ परि॑तक्म्यायां॒ पूर्वं॑ कर॒दुप॑रं जूजु॒वांस॑म्।
भर॑च्च॒क्रमेत॑शः॒ सं रि॑णाति पु॒रो दध॑त्सनिष्यति॒ क्रतुं॑ नः॥
sū́raścidráthaṃ páritakmyāyāṃ pū́rvaṃ karadúparaṃ jūjuvā́ṃsam.
bháraccakrámétaśaḥ sáṃ riṇāti puró dádhatsaniṣyati krátuṃ naḥ.

He, Indra, has formerly arrested in battle the rapid chariot of the sun; Etaśa has borne away the wheel, and with it Indra demolishes his foes; may he, giving us precedence, be propitiated by our rite.


द्विस्

head

द्विस् • (dvís)

sa-adv

द्विस् • (dvís)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dwíṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwíš, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Cognate with Ancient Greek δίς (dís), Latin bis, dis-.


त्रिस्

head

त्रिस् • (trís)

sa-adv

त्रिस् • (trís)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tríṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tríš, from Proto-Indo-European *trís. Cognate with Ancient Greek τρίς (trís).


चित्

head

चित् • (cit)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ततस्

head

ततस् • (tátas)

sa-adv

ततस् • (tátas)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tátas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tátas. Analyzable as
तद् (tad) + -तस् (-tas).


रभसा

head

रभसा • (rábhasā)

sa-adv

रभसा • (rábhasā)

/ɾɐ́.bʱɐ.sɑː/

/ɾɐ.bʱɐ.s̪ɑː/

violently, impetuously, forcibly, roughly


पुरतो

पुरतस् पुरतस्#Sanskrit

combining form of पुरतस् (puratas, “before; in front”)


कुह

head

कुह • (kúha)

sa-adv

कुह • (kúha)

Pali: kuha

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kúdʰa, from Proto-Indo-European *kú-dʰe. See also कुत्र (kútra).

नासद् आसीन् नो सद् आसीत् तदानीं नासीद् रजो नो व्योमा परो यत् ।
किम् आवरीवः कुह कस्य शर्मन्न् अम्भः किम् आसीद् गहनं गभीरम् ॥
nāsad āsīn no sad āsīt tadānīṃ nāsīd rajo no vyomā paro yat.

Then was not non-existent nor existent: there was no realm of air, no sky beyond it.
What covered in, and where? and what gave shelter? Was water there, unfathomed depth of water?

kim āvarīvaḥ kuha kasya śarmann ambhaḥ kim āsīd gahanaṃ gabhīram.


इहेह

head

इहेह • (ihéha)

here and there, now and then, repeatedly


និត្យ

និត្យ • (nítya)

sa-adv

និត្យ • (nítya)

វិវធ៌យន្តិយេទេវ
ភូមិទាសាំគ្ច*ធាម្ម៌ិកាះ
ស្វគ្គ៌េតេសវ្វ៌ទេវេន
បូជ្យន្តាន្និត្យសំបទះ ៕
* Read គ្ច as ឝ្ច

900-1100 AD; copied later, Arlo Griffiths, Kunthea Chhom, “A problematic inscription (K.1237)”, in Udaya: Journal of Khmer Studies, volume 14 (PDF), Yosothor, published 2019, halshs-02168837, page 10:

The pious ones who make the god's land and servants prosper, may they be honoured in heaven by all the gods and always be prosperous.

vivardhayanti ye deva
bhūmidāsāṃś ca dhārmmikāḥ
svargge te sarvvadevena
pūjyantān nityasaṃpadaḥ ॥

नित्य नित्य#Sanskrit


अहरहर्

→ Bengali: অহরহ (ôhôrôhô) (learned)

→ Odia: ଅହରହ (aharaha) (learned)

/ɐ́.ɦɐ.ɾɐ.ɦɐɾ/

/ɐ.ɦɐ.ɾɐ.ɦɐɾ/

ऋ॒तं दे॒वाय॑ कृण्व॒ते स॑वि॒त्र इन्द्रा॑याहि॒घ्ने न र॑मन्त॒ आपः॑ ।
अह॑रहर्यात्य॒क्तुर॒पां किया॒त्या प्र॑थ॒मः सर्ग॑ आसाम् ॥
ṛtáṃ devā́ya kṛṇvaté savitrá índrāyāhighné ná ramanta ā́paḥ .

The waters unceasingly to the divine Indra, the sender of rain, the animator [of all], the slayer of Ahi;
Day by day proceeds the current of the waters. What time had past since they were first set flowing?

áharaharyātyaktúrapā́ṃ kíyātyā́ prathamáḥ sárga āsām .


उच्चा

head

उच्चा • (uccā́)

Pali: ucca

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀉𑀘𑁆𑀘 (ucca)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਉੱਚਾ (uccā)

[ut̚.t͡ɕɑ́ː]

[ut̪̚.t͡ɕɑː]

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *utˢčáH, from Proto-Indo-European *úds-kʷeh₁. Cognate with Avestan 𐬎𐬯𐬗𐬀 (usca) and Latin ūsque.

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda


यत्र

यत्र • (yátra)

yátra (romanization)
यत्रा (alternative Vedic)

Pali: yatra

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyátra, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyótro. Cognate with Old Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁 (yaθrā), Younger Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (yaθra). Equivalent to य (ya), the base of यद् (yad, “where”, relative) + -त्र (-tra).

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda


यत्रा

यत्रा • (yátrā)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HyátraH, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyótro. Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁 (yaθrā).

alternative form of यत्र (yátra)
wherever, whither, in which place

alternative form of यत्र (yátra)
on which occasion, in which case


कथम्

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀳𑀁 (kahaṃ)

Pali: kathaṃ

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀥𑀁 (kadhaṃ)

त्वम् कथम् जानासि।

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda


तदुपरान्त

Compound of तद् (tad, “that”) + उपरान्त (uparānta, “after”).


उपरान्त

head

उपरान्त • (uparānta)


तत्पश्चात्

तत्पश्चात् • (tatpaścāt)

sa-adv

तत्पश्चात् • (tatpaścāt)

/t̪ɐt̪.pɐɕ.t͡ɕɑːt̪/

[t̪ɐt̪̚.pɐɕ.t͡ɕɑːt̪]

Compound of तत् (tat, “that”) + पश्चात् (paścāt, “after”).


पश्चा

head

पश्चा • (paścā́)

→ Indonesian: pasca- (learned)

→ Malay: pasca- (learned)

Pali: pacchā

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀸 (pacchā)

Bengali: পাছা (pacha)

/pɐɕ.t͡ɕɑ́ː/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *pasčáH, from Proto-Indo-European *pos-kʷéh₁, from *pós (“afterwards, behind”). Cognate with Latin post (“afterwards, behind”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬀 (pasca), Old Persian 𐎱𐎿𐎠 (p-s-a /pasā/).


कः पुनर्

कः पुनर् • (kaḥ punar)

sa-adv

कः पुनर् • (kaḥ punar)

Pali: ko pana

Central:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Old Awadhi: कवन (kavana)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Romani: kon, ko

Sauraseni Apabhramsa: कवण (kavaṇa)

Hindustani: kaun

Hindi: कौन

Urdu: کون (kon)

Central:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: কোন (kün)

Bengali: কোন (kōn)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: कवन (kavan)

Maithili: कोन (kōn)

Odia: କଣ (kaṇa), କୁନ (kuna)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: कुन (kuna)

Western Pahari:

Bilaspuri: कुण (kuṇ)

Dogri: कु'न (ku'na)

Kangri: कुण (kuṇ)

Kullu Pahari: कुण (kuṇ)

Mandeali: कुण (kuṇ)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Lahnda: کوݨ (kōṇ)

Punjabi: kauṇ

Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਣ

Shahmukhi script: کَوݨ

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ކޮން (kon̊)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: koṇ, koṇu

Devanagari script: कोण, कोणु

Latin script: konn, konnu

Kannada script: ಕೋಣ್, ಕೋಣು

desc

Old Marathi: कवण (kavaṇa), कव्हण (kavhaṇa)

Marathi: कोण (koṇ)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: कवण (kavaṇa), कूण (kūṇa)

Old Marwari: कुण (kuṇ)


अद्यैव

head

अद्यैव • (adyáiva)

sa-adv

अद्यैव • (adyáiva)

Compound of अद्य (adyá, “today”) + एव (eva, “only, itself”).


बहिस्

head

बहिस् • (bahís)

sa-adv

बहिस् • (bahís)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰe (instrumental particle) + Proto-Indo-European *-ǵʰs (“out”), in which case cognate with Proto-Slavic *bez, Lithuanian bè, Latvian bez, Old Prussian bhe.

der

out, forth, outwards, outside, out of, apart from, except, beside


बहिष्

head

बहिष् • (bahiṣ)

sa-adv

बहिष् • (bahiṣ)

बहिस् बहिस्#Sanskrit

combining form of बहिस् (bahis), before consonants क् and प्


बहिर्

Early Assamese: বাহিৰ (bahiro)

Assamese: বাহিৰ (bahir)

Marathi: बाहेर (bāher)

Middle Bengali: বাহির (bahir)

Bengali: বাইর (bair), বের (ber)

Punjabi: ਬਾਹਰ (bāhar)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀩𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀭 (bāhira)

Hindustani:

Hindi: बाहर (bāhar), बाहिर (bāhir)

Urdu: باہِر (bāhir)

Sylheti: ꠛꠣꠁꠞ (bair)

बहिस् बहिस्#Sanskrit

combining form of बहिस् (bahis), before vowels and some consonants


अद्यापि

head

अद्यापि • (adyāpi)

sa-adv

अद्यापि • (adyāpi)

From अद्य (adya, “today”) + अपि (api, “also”).


बहिः

head

बहिः • (bahiḥ)

sa-adv

बहिः • (bahiḥ)

बहिस् बहिस्#Sanskrit

combining form of बहिस् (bahis) (before consonants क, ख, प, फ, स, श and ष)


निष्कारणम्

head

निष्कारणम् • (niṣkāraṇam)

sa-adv

निष्कारणम् • (niṣkāraṇam)

causelessly, without a reason or any special motive


सायं

head

सायं • (sāyáṃ)

sa-adv

सायं • (sāyáṃ)

सायम् सायम्#Sanskrit


सायम्

head

सायम् • (sāyám)

sa-adv

सायम् • (sāyám)

Pali: sāyaṃ

Prakrit: सायं (sāyaṃ)

desc

→ Hindi: सायं m or f (sāyam, “evening”, noun)

From साय (sāyá, “evening”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“long, lasting”), hence distantly related to Latin sērus.

der

उत गाव इवादन्त्युत वेश्मेव दृश्यते । उतो अरण्यानिः सायं शकटीरिव सर्जति ॥

And, there, cattle seem to graze, what seems a dwelling-place appears: Or else in the evening the goddess of the forest seems to free the carts.

uta gāva ivādantyuta veśmeva dṛśyate. uto araṇyāniḥ sāyaṃ śakaṭīriva sarjati.

प्रयतः कीर्तयेत्प्रातः समवाये द्विजन्मनाम् । सायं च पुण्यश्लोकस्य ध्रुवस्य चरितं महत् ॥

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 4.12.48

A pious person should chant of the character of the well-famed Dhruva in the morning and in the evening, in a society of persons of the 3 upper castes.

prayataḥ kīrtayetprātaḥ samavāye dvijanmanām. sāyaṃ ca puṇyaślokasya dhruvasya caritaṃ mahat.

सायं प्रातरुपासीत गुर्वग्न्यर्कसुरोत्तमान् ।

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 7.12.2.1

In the evening and in the morning, one should worship his guru, Agni, Surya, and Vishnu.


शम्

Uncertain, possibly from an earlier *श्वम् (*śvám), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, to be strong”). Compare श्वयति (śvayati), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”).

auspiciously, fortunately, happily, well


हठेन

/ɦɐ.ʈʰɐj.nɐ/

/ɦɐ.ʈʰeː.n̪ɐ/

From the masculine instrumental singular of हठ (haṭha).


अधुना

head

अधुना • (adhunā́)

sa-adv

अधुना • (adhunā́)

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀦𑀸 (adhunā)
Gandhari: 𐨀𐨯𐨂𐨣 (asuna)
Prakrit: 𑀅𑀳𑀼𑀡𑀸 (ahuṇā), 𑀅𑀳𑀼𑀡𑀺 (ahuṇi) — Paiśācī, 𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀡𑀸 (adhuṇā) — Śaurasenī
Konkani: onu
Devanagari script: ओनु
Kannada script: ಒನು
Latin script: onu

Pali: adhunā

→ Assamese: অধুনা (odhuna) (learned)

→ Bengali: অধুনা (odhuna) (learned)

→ Gujarati: અધુના (adhunā) (learned)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: अधुना (adhunā)

Urdu: ادھنا (adhunā)

→ Malayalam: അധുനാ (adhunā) (learned)

→ Marathi: अधुना (adhunā) (learned)

→ Odia: ଅଧୁନା (adhunā) (learned)

→ Sinhalese: අධුනා (adhunā) (learned)

Possibly as an ablauting instrumental singular of अध्वन् (ádhvan, “road; time”).

तस्माद्भवन्तं मम संशयार्थं प्रक्ष्यामि पश्चाद् अधुना सुबोधम्। अध्यात्मयोगग्रथितं तवोक्तमाख्याहि कौतूहलचेतसो मे॥

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 5.12.3

Whatever doubts I have about a particular subject matter I shall ask you about later [than now]. For the time being, these mysterious yoga instructions you have given me for self-realization appear very difficult to understand. Please repeat them in a simple way so that I can understand them. My mind is very inquisitive, and I want to understand this clearly.

tasmādbhavantaṃ mama saṃśayārthaṃ prakṣyāmi paścād adhunā subodham. adhyātmayogagrathitaṃ tavoktamākhyāhi kautūhalacetaso me.

तावेव ह्य् अधुना प्राप्तौ पार्षदप्रवरौ हरेः। दितेर्जठरनिर्विष्टं काश्यपं तेज उल्बणम्॥
tāveva hy adhunā prāptau pārṣadapravarau hareḥ. diterjaṭharanirviṣṭaṃ kāśyapaṃ teja ulbaṇam.

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 6.16.45

Lord Brahmā continued: Those two principal doorkeepers of the Personality of Godhead have now entered the womb of Diti, the powerful semen of Kaśyapa Muni having covered them.

तावत्र क्षत्रियौ जातौ मातृष्वस्रात्मजौ तव। अधुना शापनिर्मुक्तौ कृष्णचक्रहतांहसौ॥
tāvatra kṣatriyau jātau mātṛṣvasrātmajau tava. adhunā śāpanirmuktau kṛṣṇacakrahatāṃhasau.

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 7.1.46

In their third birth, the same Jaya and Vijaya appeared in a family of kṣatriyas as your cousins, the sons of your aunt. Because Lord Kṛṣṇa has struck them with his disc, all their sinful reactions have been destroyed, and now they are free from the curse.


सना

head

सना • (sánā)

sa-adv

सना • (sánā)


अन्तर्जालेन

head

अन्तर्जालेन • (antarjālena)

sa-adv

अन्तर्जालेन • (antarjālena)

/ɐn̪.t̪ɐɾ.d͡ʑɑː.l̪eː.n̪ɐ/

From the instrumental singular of अन्तर्जाल (antarjāla).

infl of

छात्त्राः अन्तर्जालेन पठन्ति।

The students study through the Internet.


अलम्

head

अलम् • (álam)

sa-adv

अलम् • (álam)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: अलम् (alam), अलं (alam)

Urdu: الم

A later form of अरम् (áram), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ór-o-m, from *h₂er-.

enough, sufficient, adequate, equal to, competent, able

readily, fitly, suitably, so as to answer a purpose


समासेन

From the instrumental singular of समास (samāsa).


श्वस्

head

श्वस् • (śvás)

sa-adv

श्वस् • (śvás)

Pali: sve

Sinhalese: හෙට (heṭa), සෙට (seṭa)

→ Hindi: श्वः (śvaḥ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwás (“morning, next morning”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewH- (“to shine”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬆𐬨 (sūrəm, “in the morning”), Ossetian сӕумӕ (sæwmæ, “in the morning”), Khotanese [script needed] (svī, “morning”). See also शुच् (śuc), शुध् (śudh), शुभ् (śubh).


इदानीम्

head

इदानीम् • (idā́nīm)

sa-adv

इदानीम् • (idā́nīm)

→ Sylheti: ꠁꠖꠣꠘꠤꠋ (idaniṅ)


एतत्कालम्

head

एतत्कालम् • (etatkālam)

sa-adv

एतत्कालम् • (etatkālam)


कालम्

head

कालम् • (kālam)

sa-adv

कालम् • (kālam)


साकम्

head

साकम् • (sākám)

sa-adv

साकम् • (sākám)

Related to स- (sa-) and the root अञ्च् (añc).

त्वया साकम् अहं गच्छामि।


कुशलेन

head

कुशलेन • (kúśalena)

sa-adv

कुशलेन • (kúśalena)

From the instrumental singular of कुशल (kúśala).

by acting piously (devotional service is the best of all pious activities)


दविष्ठम्

head

दविष्ठम् • (daviṣṭhám)

sa-adv

दविष्ठम् • (daviṣṭhám)

/dɐ.ʋiʂ.ʈʰɐ́m/

/d̪ɐ.ʋiʂ.ʈʰɐm/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwaHištʰám, from Proto-Indo-European *dwéh₂-isth₂-os, from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬠𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨 (dbōištəm), Old Persian 𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎶 (du-u-v-i-š-t-m /duvaištam/).

cog

अप त्यं वृजिनं रिपुं स्तेनमग्ने दुराध्यम्।
दविष्ठम्अस्य सत्पते कृधी सुगम्॥
ápa tyám vṛjinám ripúm stenámagne durādhyám.

Agni, drive thou the wicked foe, the evil-hearted thief away,
Drive him very far away, O Lord of the brave and give us easy paths.


अभितस्

head

अभितस् • (abhítas)

sa-adverb

अभितस् • (abhítas)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰítas, from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬙𐬋 (aⁱβitō).

सस्तु माता सस्तु पिता सस्तु श्वा सस्तु विश्पतिः ।
ससन्तु सर्वे ज्ञातयः सस्त्व् अयम् अभितो जनः ॥
sastu mātā sastu pitā sastu śvā sastu viśpatiḥ.

May the mother sleep, may the father sleep, may the dog and the village chief sleep.
Let all the kinsmen and all the people who are round about sleep.

sasantu sarve jñātayaḥ sastv ayam abhito janaḥ.

ये चे॒मां रु॒द्रा अ॒भितो॑ दि॒क्षु श्रि॒ताः स॑हस्र॒शोऽवै॑षां॒ हेड॑ ईमहे॥

c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.5.1.7

And the thousands of Rudras who lie around this earth in the quarters
Their wrath do we pray to.

yé cemā́ṃ rudrā́ abhíto dikṣú śritā́ḥ sahasraśóʼvaiṣāṃ héḍa īmahe.


प्रातर्

head

प्रा॒तर् • (prātár)

sa-adverb

प्रा॒तर् • (prātár)

प्रा॒तर् (canonical)
prātár (romanization)

Niya Prakrit: 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟 (prata)

Pali: pātar (“early in the morning”)

Sylheti: ꠙꠔꠣ (fota, “dawn”)

From Proto-Indo-European *proh₁-tér, from *proh₁- (“early; morning”), from *pro-. Cognate with Ancient Greek πρωΐ (prōḯ, “early in the day”), Proto-West Germanic *frō (“early”) (whence German Frühe (“morning”)). Also distantly related to Old Armenian երախայրիք (eraxayrikʻ).

cog

प्रा॒तर् अ॒ग्निं प्रा॒तर् इन्द्रं॑ हवामहे प्रा॒तर् मि॒त्रावरु॑णा प्रा॒तर् अ॒श्विना॑ ।
प्रा॒तर् भगं॑ पू॒षणं॒ ब्रह्म॑ण॒स्पतिं॑ प्रा॒तः सोम॑म् उ॒त रु॒द्रं हु॑वेम ॥
prātár agníṃ prātár índraṃ havāmahe prātár mitrā́váruṇā prātár aśvínā.
prātár bhágaṃ pūṣáṇaṃ bráhmaṇaspátiṃ prātáḥ sómam utá rudráṃ huvema.
Agni at dawn, and Indra we invoke at dawn, and Varuṇa and Mitra, and the Aśvins twain.

Bhaga at dawn, Pūṣan, and Brahmaṇaspati, Soma at dawn, Rudra we will invoke at dawn.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

early in the morning, at daybreak, at dawn


पुरा

head

पुरा • (purā́)

sa-adv

पुरा • (purā́)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: برُںہ (brũh)

Pali: pure, purā

Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑁄 (puro)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

desc

Dhivehi: ފުރަ (fura), ޕޫރުބެ (pūrube), ޕުރެ (pure)

Sinhalese: පෙර (pera)

Western:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi:

Lahnda: پُرے (pure)

→ Hindi: पुरा (purā)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pr̥Hā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hā́, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-ó-h₁, from *preh₂-.

from of old, hitherto, up to the present time


ज्योक्

head

ज्योक् • (jyók)

sa-adv

ज्योक् • (jyók)


अप्रति

head

अप्रति • (a-pratí)

sa-adv

अप्रति • (a-pratí)


नोद्

head

नोद् • (nod)

sa-adv

नोद् • (nod)

From न (ná, “not”) + उद् (ud, “above, upwards”), literally “not above [something]”.


𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀦𑀸

head

𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀦𑀸 • (adhunā́)

sa-adv

𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀦𑀸 • (adhunā́)

अधुना अधुना#Sanskrit


𑀇𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀻𑀫𑁆

head

𑀇𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀻𑀫𑁆 • (idā́nīm)

sa-adv

𑀇𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀻𑀫𑁆 • (idā́nīm)

इदानीम् इदानीम्#Sanskrit


सार्धम्

head

सार्धम् • (sārdhám)

/sɑːɾ.dʱɐ́m/

/s̪ɑːɾ.d̪ʱɐm/

Originally from the neuter accusative of सार्ध (sārdha, literally “plus one half”) as adverb.

jointly; together; along with; in company with


पुरतस्

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀑 (purao)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀤𑁄 (purado)

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Kaṭha Upaniṣad

नरा मोदकहस्ताश्च रामस्य पुरतो ययुः॥

And men, with modaks in hand, went in front of Rama.

narā modakahastāśca rāmasya purato yayuḥ.

रथस्य पुरतो याति यः स चक्रगदाधरः।

The one who goes in front of the chariot is a bearer of mace and chakra.

rathasya purato yāti yaḥ sa cakragadādharaḥ.

दक्षिणे लक्ष्मणो यस्य वामे तु जनकात्मजा । पुरतो मारुतिर्यस्य तं वन्दे रघुनन्दनम् ॥

On whose right is Lakshmana, while on the left, Sita; in front of whom is Hanuman, I bow to that Rama.

dakṣiṇe lakṣmaṇo yasya vāme tu janakātmajā. purato mārutiryasya taṃ vande raghunandanam.


परितः

परितस् परितस्#Sanskrit


परितस्

परितस् • (parítas)

sa-adv

परितस् • (parítas)

Maharastri Prakrit: pario

Brahmi script: 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀑

Devanagari script: परिओ

Kannada script: ಪರಿಓ

Niya Prakrit: 𐨤𐨪𐨁𐨡𐨅 (paride)

Pali: parito

Sauraseni Prakrit: parido

Brahmi script: 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀤𑁄

Devanagari script: परिदो

→ Hindi: परितः (paritaḥ) (learned)

तस्मिं छ्रयन्ते य उ के च देवा वृक्षस्य स्कन्धः परित इव शाखाः ॥

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 10.7.38.2

Translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith
To him the Deities, one and all betake them. So stand the tree-trunk with the branches round it.

tasmiṃ chrayante ya u ke ca devā vṛkṣasya skandhaḥ parita iva śākhāḥ.

एकदा जग्मतुस्तासामन्नार्थं तौ कुटुम्बिनौ । परितः कानने तस्मिन्नर्थिनौ चेरतुश्चिरम् ॥

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 11.7.62

Once the two householders went to find food for them [their children]. All around the forest, the two seekers wandered for a long time.

ekadā jagmatustāsāmannārthaṃ tau kuṭumbinau. paritaḥ kānane tasminnarthinau ceratuściram.

गृहम् अभितः तृणानि सन्ति । विद्यालयं परितः छात्राः क्रीडन्ति । बुभुक्षितं न प्रतिभाति किञ्चित् ।

1998, Mahābaleśvara Bhaṭṭa, कारकम् [kārakam], Bengaluru: Saṃskṛtabhāratī, →OCLC, page 30:

There is grass near the house. Students are playing around the school. No one seems hungry.

(with or without object with accusative case) round about, around, on all sides, all around


अन्यत्र

head

अन्यत्र • (anyátra)

From अन्य (anyá) + -त्र (-tra, adverbial suffix).

af

धर्मे चार्थे च कामे च मोक्षे च भरतर्षभ ।
यदिहास्ति तद्अन्यत्र यन्नेहास्ति न तत्क्वचित् ॥
dharme cārthe ca kāme ca mokṣe ca bharatarṣabha.

Bull among Bharatas, whatever is here, on Law, on Profit, on Pleasure, and on Salvation, that is found elsewhere. But what is not here is nowhere else.

yadihāsti tadanyatra yannehāsti na tatkvacit.


यावत्

head

यावत् • (yā́vat)

sa-adv

यावत् • (yā́vat)

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂wot. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕως (héōs).

पीत्वा पीत्वा पुनः पीत्वा यावत् पतति भूतले ।
उत्थाय च पुनः पीत्वा पुनर्जन्म न विद्यते ॥
pītvā pītvā punaḥ pītvā yāvat patati bhūtale.

Having drunk and drunk, and again having drunk until he falls on the ground;
having drunk again after getting up, he knows not rebirth [gets liberated].

utthāya ca punaḥ pītvā punarjanma na vidyate.


प्रतिदिनम्

From प्रति- (prati-) + दिनम् (dinam, accusative singular of दिन (dina, “day”)).

pre

accusative singular of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">दिन</i> (dina, “day”)

अन्येद्युष्कः प्रतिदिनं दिनं हित्वा तृतीयकः ।
दिनद्वयं यो विश्रम्य प्रत्येति स चतुर्थकः ॥
anyedyuṣkaḥ pratidinaṃ dinaṃ hitvā tṛtīyakaḥ.

c. 600 BCE – 200 BCE, Caraka, Caraka Saṃhitā 6.3.67

The quotidian fever recurs every day, the tertian fever with an interval of a day, and that is quartan fever which recurs with an intervals of two days.

dinadvayaṃ yo viśramya pratyeti sa caturthakaḥ.

स सदा यथाकालमुत्तिष्ठते, प्रतिदिनं विद्यालयं गच्छति ।

1964, Satya Nārāyaṇa Caudharī, प्रवेशिका संस्कृत व्याकरण, Patna: Bhāratī Bhavana, →OCLC, page 393:

He always wakes up on time and goes to school every day.

sa sadā yathākālamuttiṣṭhate, pratidinaṃ vidyālayaṃ gacchati.


किमर्थम्

head

किमर्थम् • (kimártham)

sa-adv

किमर्थम् • (kimártham)

Compound of किम् (kím, “what”) + अर्थम् (ártham, “manner”).

com+

why, for what, for what reason, in what manner


किमर्थं

किमर्थम् किमर्थम्#Sanskrit

alternative spelling of किमर्थम् (kimartham)


प्राङ्

head

प्राङ् • (prāṅ)


यात्

यात् • (yā́t)

sa-adv

यात् • (yā́t)

Related to यावत् (yā́vat). Cognate with Old Persian 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 (y-a-t-a).

inasmuch as, so far as, as long as (RV.)


यात्

head

यात् • (yā́t)

sa-adv

यात् • (yā́t)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyā́d, an adverbial ablative of *Hyás (whence यद् (yád)). Cognate with Old Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬝 (yāt̰, “since”).


सुमत्

head

सुमत् • (sumát)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *me. Compare Ancient Greek μετά (metá). Possibly related to स्मत् (smat).


अर्थतस्

/ɐɾ.t̪ʰɐ.t̪ɐs̪/


बहुशस्

बहुशस् • (bahuśás)

sa-adv

बहुशस् • (bahuśás)


सत्यम्

head

सत्यम् • (satyám)

sa-adv

सत्यम् • (satyám)


निरीक्षया

head

निरीक्षया • (nirīkṣayā)

sa-adv

निरीक्षया • (nirīkṣayā)

com

निस् (nis) + ईक्ष् (īkṣ)


प्रतीक्षम्

head

प्रतीक्षम् • (pratīkṣam)

sa-adv

प्रतीक्षम् • (pratīkṣam)

com

प्रति (prati) + ईक्ष् (īkṣ)


एवम् एव

Pali: evameva

desc

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀏𑀯𑀫𑁂𑀯 (evameva), 𑀳𑁂𑀯𑀫𑁂𑀯 (hevameva), 𑀳𑁂𑀫𑁂𑀯 (hemeva)

Prakrit: 𑀏𑀯𑀫𑁂𑀯 (evameva), 𑀏𑀫𑁂𑀯 (emeva), 𑀏𑀫𑁂𑀅 (emea), 𑀏𑀫𑀺𑀅 (emia)

Central:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Old Awadhi: इमि (imi), एवैं (evaiṃ)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindustani: im

Hindi: इम

Urdu: اِم

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Early Assamese: এবে (ebe), এভো (ebhö)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: aivẽ, ivẽ, aiũ, aĩ

Gurmukhi script: ਐਵੇਂ, ਇਵੇਂ, ਐਉਂ, ਐਂ

Shahmukhi script: اَیویں, اِویں, اَیءُں, اَیں

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: މެ (me)

Sinhalese: මෙව (mewa), මෙවු (mewu), මේ (mē), ම (ma)

Western:

Old Gujarati: इम (ima), हिव (hiva), हिवडां (hivaḍāṃ), हिवणां (hivaṇāṃ)

Gujarati: એમ (ema)

Old Marwari: हिव (hiv)

Unsorted formations

Prakrit: 𑀳𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀁 (havvaṃ), 𑀅𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀁 (avvaṃ)

Hindi: अब (ab)


સાધુ

head

સાધુ • (sādhú)

sa-adv

સાધુ • (sādhú)


इतः

head

इतः • (itaḥ)

sa-adv

इतः • (itaḥ)


तिरश्चा

head

तिरश्चा • (tiraścā)

sa-adv

तिरश्चा • (tiraścā)

/ti.ɾɐɕ.t͡ɕɑː/

/t̪i.ɾɐɕ.t͡ɕɑː/

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tr̥HaćčáH, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂-m̥-s-kʷé-h₁ or *tr̥h₂-es-kʷé-h₁, from *tr̥h₂-és ~ *tr̥h₂-m̥.

inh+

तिर्यग्योनि

realm of the horizontal beings, animal realm

तिर्यच्

moving in a crooked, tortured manner; a quadrupled, an animal

तिर्यञ्च्

crooked, horizontal, slanted; a quadrupled, an animal


काल्यम्

head

काल्यम् • (kālyam)

sa-adv

काल्यम् • (kālyam)


झगति

jhagati (romanization)
झगिति (alternative)

/d͡ʑʱɐ.ɡɐ.t̪i/


झटिति

desc

Prakrit: 𑀛𑀟𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺 (jhaḍitti), 𑀛𑀟𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺 (jhaḍatti)


ऋधक्

head

ऋधक् • (ṛdhak)

sa-adv

ऋधक् • (ṛdhak)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hŕ̥dʰak, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hárdʰakš ~ *Hr̥dʰakás, related to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hárdʰas (“division, half”). See also अर्ध (ardha, “half”).


वीच्या

head

वीच्या • (vīcyā)

sa-adv

वीच्या • (vīcyā)

/ʋiːt͡ɕ.jɑː/

/ʋiːt͡ɕ.jɑː/

From वि (vi, “apart”) + अञ्च् (añc, “to bend, curve”). Related to वीचि (vīci, “aberration; wave, ripple”).


परश्वस्

head

परश्वस् • (paraśvas)

sa-adv

परश्वस् • (paraśvas)

desc

Assamese: পৰ্শুই (porxui), পৰহি (porohi)

Bengali: পরশু (porśu), পরু (poru)

Hindi: परसों (parsõ)

Marathi: परवा (parvā)

Sylheti: ꠙꠞꠥ (foru)

/pɐ.ɾɐɕ.ʋɐs/

/pɐ.ɾɐɕ.ʋɐs̪/

पर (para, “next, following”) + श्वस् (śvas, “tomorrow”).


परं तु

Prakrit: 𑀧𑀭𑀁𑀢𑀼 (paraṃtu)

→ Bengali: পরন্তু (porontu) (learned)

→ Gujarati: પરંતુ (parantu) (learned)

→ Hindi: परंतु (parantu) (learned)

→ Marathi: परंतु (parantu) (learned)

पर (para, “other, opposite”) + तु (tu, “but”).


අත්‍ර

head

අත්ර • (átra)

3 ආක්රොශන්මාමවොචන්මාම ජයන්මාමහාපයත්
අත්ර යෙ උපනහ්යන්තෙ වෛරං තෙෂාං න ශාම්යති

They abused me, they reviled me, they defeated me and plundered me.
Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.

3 Ākrośanmāmavocanmāma jayanmāmahāpayat
Atra ye upanahyante vairaṃ teṣāṃ na śāmyati.


ඉහ

5. න හි වෛරෙණ වෛරාණී ශාම්යන්තීහ කදාචන
ක්ෂාන්ත්යා වෛරාණී ශම්යන්ති එෂ ධර්මඃ සනාතනඃ.

5. For in this world hatreds are not ever settled by hatred.
Hatreds are settled by forbearance. This is an eternal truth.

5. Na hi vaireṇa vairāṇi śāmyantīha kadācana.
Kṣāntyā vairāṇi śāmyanti eṣa dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ.


कदाचन

कदा चन
कदा चन#Sanskrit

alternative form of कदा चन (kadā cana, “kadắ caná”)


कदा चन

कदा चन • (kadā́ caná)

sa-adv

कदा चन • (kadā́ caná)

c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

c. 600 BCE, Taittirīya Upaniṣad

c. 800 CE – 950 CE, Nārāyaṇa, Hitopadeśa

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 1000, Somadeva, Kathāsaritsāgara


කදාචන

කදා චන
කදා චන#Sanskrit


යදා

head

යදා • (yadā́)

sa-adv

යදා • (yadā́)

8. ප්රමාදමප්රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ්ඩිතඃ
ප්රඥාප්රසාදමාරුහ්ය ත්වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්රජාම්
පර්වතස්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්ෂතෙ

8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.

8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate


आसक्ति

head

आसक्ति • (āsakti)

sa-adv

आसक्ति • (āsakti)

→ Telugu: ఆసక్తి (āsakti)


कुतस्

head

कुतस् • (kútas)

sa-adv

कुतस् • (kútas)

From कु (ku, a pronominal base for interrogatives) + -तस् (-tas, ablative suffix).

suf

wherefore? why? from what cause or motive? because


वृथा

head

वृथा • (vṛthā)

sa-adv

वृथा • (vṛthā)

→ Telugu: వృథా (vr̥thā)

Probably from the instrumental case of an unattested *वृथ (vṛtha, “wish”), a derivative of the root वृ (vṛ, “to choose, select”).
The "in vain" meaning is a semantic extension of the original "at will" meaning, via "at will" > "wantonly" > "aimless, without a plan" > "in vain".

at will, at pleasure, at random, easily, lightly, wantonly, frivolously

in vain, vainly, uselessly, fruitlessly, idly


कल्यम्

kalyam (romanization)
काल्यम् (alternative)

Pali: kallaṃ (“at dawn”)

desc

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀁 (kallaṃ, “at dawn, tomorrow, yesterday”), 𑀓𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀺𑀁 (kalliṃ), 𑀓𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀺𑀁 (kalhiṃ)

Northwestern:

Punjabi: ਕੱਲ੍ਹ / کَلّہ (kallh)

Lahnda: کَلّہ

Northern:

Nepali: कल (kal), आज कल (āj kal, “nowadays”)

Eastern:

Bengali: কাল (kal)

Assamese: কালি (kali)

Odia: କାଲି (kāli), ଗତକାଲି (gatakāli)

Maithili: काल्हि (kālhɨ)

Central:

Awadhi: काल्हि (kālhi), कालि (kāli), कल्ल्हि (kallhi)

Hindustani:

Hindi: कल (kal)

Urdu: کل (kal)

Western:

Gujarati: કાલ (kāl)

Southern:

Marathi: काल (kāl)

Konkani: काल (kāl)

Adverbial accusative of कल्य (kalya, “dawn”).


किं तु

head

किं तु • (kiṃ tu)

sa-adv

किं तु • (kiṃ tu)

kiṃ tu (romanization)
किंतु (alternative)
किन्तु (alternative)

→ Assamese: কিন্তু (kintu)

→ Bengali: কিন্তু (kintu)

→ Hindi: किंतु (kintu), किन्तु (kintu)

→ Odia: କିନ୍ତୁ (kintu)


अग्रतस्

head

अग्रतस् • (agratás)

sa-adv

अग्रतस् • (agratás)

Pali: aggatō

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀑 (aggao)

Hindustani: āgu

Hindi: आगु

Urdu: آگُ

Maithili: आगु (āgʉ)

Bengali: আগে (age)

Nepali: आघुँ (āghũ)

Odia: ଆଗୁଁ (āgũ)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਅੱਗੋਂ

Shahmukhi script: اَگّوں

/ɐɡ.ɾɐ.tɐ́s/

/ɐɡ.ɾɐ.t̪ɐs̪/

in front, forward; at the head; in the beginning, first of all


देवत्रा

head

देवत्रा • (devatrā)

sa-adv

देवत्रा • (devatrā)

/d̪eː.ʋɐt̪.ɾɑː/

By surface analysis, देव (deva) + त्रा (trā).


द्विगुणम्

head

द्विगुणम् • (dviguṇam)

sa-adv

द्विगुणम् • (dviguṇam)

तस्यैतत् क्रोधसंयुक्तम् उक्तं श्रुत्वा वराङ्गना ।
कैकेयी द्विगुणं क्रुद्धा राजानम् इदम् अब्रवीत् ॥
tasyaitat krodhasaṃyuktam uktaṃ śrutvā varāṅganā.

At this wrathful saying of Dasaratha, the beautiful woman, Kaikeyi, doubly angry, replied this to the king.

kaikeyī dviguṇaṃ kruddhā rājānam idam abravīt.


तदानीम्

head

तदानीम् • (tadā́nīm)

sa-adv

तदानीम् • (tadā́nīm)

Compare the coordinate term इदानीम् (idā́nīm, “now”).

नासद् आसीन् नो सद् आसीत् तदानीं नासीद् रजो नो व्योमा परो यत् ।
किम् आवरीवः कुह कस्य शर्मन्न् अम्भः किम् आसीद् गहनं गभीरम् ॥
nāsad āsīn no sad āsīt tadānīṃ nāsīd rajo no vyomā paro yat.

Then was not non-existent nor existent: there was no realm of air, no sky beyond it.
What covered in, and where? and what gave shelter? Was water there, unfathomed depth of water?

kim āvarīvaḥ kuha kasya śarmann ambhaḥ kim āsīd gahanaṃ gabhīram.


कियत्

kiyat (romanization)
कियद् (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kíHant, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷíh₂-onts, from *kʷíh₂, neuter of *kʷís. Cognate with Ashkun ćīt, Waigali kiti, Avestan 𐬗𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (cuuaṇt), Latin quantum.

inh+

कियद् अस्ति तत्?

Oh! This is not much. (Literally: How much is this?)


चिद्

head

चिद् • (cid)

sa-adverb

चिद् • (cid)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid. Cognate with Latin quid (“why?”).

(Vedic) at all, even, indeed, also, often merely laying stress on a preceding word

जातु (jātu, “at all”) + चिद् (cid) → जातुचिद् (jātucid, “perhaps”)

चिद् (cid) + चिद् (cid) → चिच्चिद् (ciccid, “as well as”)

कः (kaḥ, “what”) + चिद् (cid) → कश्चिद् (kaścid, “anything”) → यः कश्चित् (yaḥ kaścit, “whatever”)

(Classical Sanskrit) only used after interrogative pronouns and adverbs to render them indefinite, and after जातु (jātu)


जातु

head

जातु • (jātu)

sa-adverb

जातु • (jātu)

The other meanings come from the original sense of "by birth", which is from a neuter adverbial accusative of Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́aHtúš, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁-tu-, from *ǵenh₁- (“to be born”). Equivalent to जन् (jan, root) + -तु (-tu). Compare a parallel formation in Latin nātū, and English nature.

यस्यानक्षा दुहिता जात्व् आस

(Vedic, Classical Sanskrit) at all, ever

possibly, perhaps (typically preceded by अपि (api) or followed by चिद् (cid))


पृथक्

head

पृथक् • (pṛ́thak)

sa-adv

पृथक् • (pṛ́thak)

Probably a derivative of प्रथ् (prath, “to spread”), though the exact intended morphology is unclear.


अवश्यम्

head

अवश्यम् • (avaśyam)

sa-adv

अवश्यम् • (avaśyam)

अवश्यं लभते जन्तुः फलं पापस्य कर्मणः ।
घोरं पर्यागते काले द्रुमाः पुष्पम् इवार्तवम् ॥
avaśyaṃ labhate jantuḥ phalaṃ pāpasya karmaṇaḥ.

A being certainly gets a terrible fruit of sinful deeds at the right time, just as the trees get the flower of the season.

ghoraṃ paryāgate kāle drumāḥ puṣpam ivārtavam.

inevitably, necessarily, certainly, surely


अद्धा

head

अद्धा • (addhā́)

sa-adv

अद्धा • (addhā́)

[ɐd̪̚.d̪ʱɑː]

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *adᶻdʰáH (“known, true”), which see for further etymology. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁 (azdā), Old Persian 𐎠𐏀𐎭𐎠 (a-z-d-a /azdā/).

inh

को अ॒द्धा वे॑द॒ क इ॒ह प्र वो॑चद्दे॒वाँ अच्छा॑ प॒थ्या॒३॒॑ का समे॑ति ।

What pathway leads to the Gods? Who knows this for sure, and who will now declare it?

kó addhā́ veda ká ihá prá vocaddevā́m̐ ácchā pathyā̀ kā́ sámeti.


सद्यस्

head

सद्यस् • (sadyás)

sa-adv

सद्यस् • (sadyás)

Pali: sajju, sajjukaṃ

desc

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀚𑁆𑀚𑁄 (sajjo), 𑀲𑀚𑁆𑀚 (sajja), 𑀲𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀁 (sajjaṃ)

→ Hindi: सद्यस्- (sadyas-)

→ Kannada: ಸದ್ಯ (sadya)

→ Old Marathi: sadya

Devanagari script: सद्य

Modi script: 𑘭𑘟𑘿𑘧

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-dy-és, from *sem- (“one, same”) + *dey- (“day”) (see *dyew-).

ओ त्ये नर॒ इन्द्र॑म् ऊ॒तये॑ गु॒र् नू चि॒त् तान्त् स॒द्यो अध्व॑नो जगम्यात् ।
दे॒वासो॑ म॒न्युं दास॑स्य श्चम्न॒न् ते न॒ आ व॑क्षन्त् सुवि॒ताय॒ वर्ण॑म् ॥
ó tyé nára índram ūtáye gur nū́ cit tā́nt sadyó ádhvano jagamyāt.
devā́so manyúṃ dā́sasya ścamnan té na ā́ vakṣant suvitā́ya várṇam.
These men have come to Indra for assistance: shall he not immediately come upon these pathways?

May the Gods quell the fury of the Dāsa, and may they lead our folk to happy fortune.

स॒द्यो ह॑ जा॒तो वृ॑ष॒भः क॒नीनः॒ प्रभ॑र्तुमाव॒दन्ध॑सः सु॒तस्य॑ ।
सा॒धोः पि॑ब प्रतिका॒मं यथा॑ ते॒ रसा॑शिरः प्रथ॒मं सो॒म्यस्य॑ ॥
sadyó ha jātó vṛṣabháḥ kanī́naḥ prábhartumāvadándhasaḥ sutásya.

Sprung into existence at that very moment, the young Bull longed to taste the pressed-out Soma's liquor.
Drink thou thy fill, according to thy longing, first, of the goodly mixture blent with Soma.

sādhóḥ piba pratikāmáṃ yáthā te rásāśiraḥ prathamáṃ somyásya.

अत्र प्रविश्य गरुडो यदि मत्स्यान् स खादति ।
सद्यः प्राणैर् वियुज्येत सत्यम् एतद् ब्रवीम्य् अहम् ॥
atra praviśya garuḍo yadi matsyān sa khādati.

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.17.11

I say verily, that the eagle may immediately lose his life if he enters here and eats fishes.

sadyaḥ prāṇair viyujyeta satyam etad bravīmy aham.

on the same day; just now, recently; at once, immediately, as soon as


धृष्णु

head

धृष्णु • (dhṛṣṇu)

sa-adv

धृष्णु • (dhṛṣṇu)


निश्चित्य

head

निश्चित्य • (niścitya)

sa-adv

निश्चित्य • (niścitya)

From निस्- (nis-) + चि (ci) + -त्य (-tya).

स निश्चित्येति तत्पाशच्छेदायोद्यतमानसः ।
मार्जारम् अवदन् नीलकाचकाचरलोचनम् ॥
sa niścityeti tatpāśacchedāyodyatamānasaḥ.

Having decided thus, he got ready to cut of the net.
He spoke to the cat, whose eyes were glassy like the blue glass.

निश्चि निश्चि#Sanskrit

conjunctive form of निश्चि (niści): having ascertained or confirmed or decided


आनुषक्

head

आ॒नु॒षक् • (ānuṣák)

आ॒नु॒षक् (canonical)
ānuṣák (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hānušákš (“one by one”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁onu-sékʷ-s, from *h₁énu (“after”) + *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Compare अनु (anu) and सच् (sac). Cognate with Avestan 𐬁𐬥𐬎𐬱𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬱 (ānušhaxš, “one after the other”).

cog

त्वं हि मानु॑षे॒ जने ऽग्ने॒ सुप्री॑त इ॒ध्यसे॑ ।
स्रुच॑स् त्वा यन्त्य् आनु॒षक् सुजा॑त॒ सर्पि॑रासुते ॥
tváṃ hí mā́nuṣe jáné ʼgne súprīta idhyáse.

For, Agni, kindled amongst people, you are well-pleased.
Ladles (full of clarified butter) come to you one after the other, O highborn one, O eater of clarified butter.

srúcas tvā yanty ānuṣák sújāta sárpirāsute.

in a continuous order; one after the other; one by one


पञ्चमम्

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पञ्चमम् • (pañcamám)

sa-adv

पञ्चमम् • (pañcamám)


चतुस्

head

चतुस् • (catús)

sa-adv

चतुस् • (catús)


तृतीयम्

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तृतीयम् • (tṛtī́yam)

sa-adv

तृतीयम् • (tṛtī́yam)


यतस्

head

यतस् • (yátas)

sa-adv

यतस् • (yátas)

From य (ya, pronominal base of यद् (yad, relative pronoun)) + -तस् (-tas).

suf

pronominal base of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">यद्</i> (yad, relative pronoun)

ablative singular of यद् (yad): from which or what or whom, whence, whereof, wherefrom

यद्

नैव नाम तव प्रीतिर् नैव नाम कृतज्ञता ।
यतस् त्वं पुरुषव्याघ्र माम् एवाद्य जिघांससि ॥
naiva nāma tava prītir naiva nāma kṛtajñatā.

You certainly do not have any kindness or gratefulness,
because of which you, O tiger among men, wish to kill me today.

yatas tvaṃ puruṣavyāghra mām evādya jighāṃsasi.

wherefore, for which reason, because of which

सुखं हि मे नास्ति यतो ऽस्मि हीना तेनेन्दुपूर्णप्रतिमाननेन ॥

I am deprived of happiness as I am without him, the moon-faced one.

sukhaṃ hi me nāsti yato ʼsmi hīnā tenendupūrṇapratimānanena.


त्रेधा

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त्रेधा • (tredhā)

sa-adv

त्रेधा • (tredhā)

/tɾɐj.dʱɑ́ː/

/t̪ɾeː.d̪ʱɑː/

Compound of त्रि (tri, “three”) + धा (dhā, “to place”).

com+

इ॒दं विष्णु॒र्वि च॑क्रमे त्रे॒धा नि द॑धे प॒दम् । समू॑ळ्हमस्य पांसु॒रे ॥
idáṃ víṣṇurví cakrame tredhā́ ní dadhe padám. sámūḷhamasya pāṃsuré.
Viṣṇu traversed this (world); three times he planted his foot and the whole (world) was collected in his dust