जिह्वा

jihvā́ (romanization)
जिह्वा (nominative singular)
जिह्वे (dual nominative)
जिह्वाः (nominative plural)
जिह्वे (singular vocative)
जिह्वे (dual vocative)
जिह्वाः (plural vocative)
जिह्वाम् (accusative singular)
जिह्वे (accusative dual)
जिह्वाः (accusative plural)
जिह्वया (instrumental singular)
जिह्वा1 (instrumental singular)
जिह्वाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जिह्वाभिः (instrumental plural)
जिह्वायै (dative singular)
जिह्वाभ्याम् (dative dual)
जिह्वाभ्यः (dative plural)
जिह्वायाः (ablative singular)
जिह्वायै2 (ablative singular)
जिह्वाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जिह्वाभ्यः (ablative plural)
जिह्वायाः (genitive singular)
जिह्वायै2 (genitive singular)
जिह्वयोः (dual genitive)
जिह्वानाम् (genitive plural)
जिह्वायाम् (locative singular)
जिह्वयोः (dual locative)
जिह्वासु (locative plural)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)

Awadhi: जीभ (jībh)

Dardic:

Dameli: ژِپ (žip)

Domaaki: جِبا (ǰiba)

desc

Gawar-Bati: زِپ (zib), [script needed] (zip)

Grangali: زِپ (zip)

Indus Kohistani: زِیب (zīb)

Kalami: جِب (ǰib)

Kalasha: ǰip (جِپ)

Kashmiri: زؠو (zyav)

Kohistani Shina: جِب (ǰib)

Northeast Pashayi: زِیپ (zīp)

Northwest Pashayi: جِب (ǰib)

Phalura: جھِپ (ǰhip)

Savi: ژِبا (žiba)

Shina: جِپ (ǰip)

Shumashti: زِیب (zīb)

Tirahi: جُب (ǰub)

Torwali: جِیب (ǰīb)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: زِب (zib)

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ދޫ (dū)

Sinhalese: දිව (diwa)

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)

Assamese: জিভা (zibha)

Bengali: জিভ (jibh)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: जीभि (jībhi)

Magahi: 𑂔𑂲𑂦 (jībh)

Maithili: जीहा (jīhā)

Mymensinghiya: জিবলা (zibla)

Odia: ଜିଭ (jibha)

Sylheti: ꠎꠤꠙꠞꠣ (zifra)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)

Konkani: जीभ (jībh)

Old Marathi: जीभ (jībha)

Marathi: जीभ (jībh)

Pali: jivhā

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)

Garhwali: जीभ (jībh)

Gujarati: જીભ (jībh)

Hindustani:

Hindi: जीभ (jībh)

Urdu: جیبھ (jībh)

Kumaoni: जीभ (jībh)

Nepali: जिब्रो (jibro)

Punjabi: ਜੀਭ (jībh), ਜਿੱਭ (jibbha)

desctree

Romani: ćhib (“tongue; language”), shib (Anglicized), čhib, śib, șib (Pan-Vlax)
Caló: chipí

Sindhi: جڀا (jibhā)

/d͡ʑiɦ.ʋɑ́ː/

/ˈd͡ʑiɦ.ʋɑː/

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́iźʰwáH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH (compare Kamkata-viri dić, Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬁 (hizuuā), Persian زبان (zabân)), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (whence Old Armenian լեզու (lezu), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō), Latin lingua, Old Church Slavonic ѩзꙑкъ (językŭ), Old Prussian insuwis, English tongue).


आस्य

āsyà (romanization)
आस्यम् (nominative singular)
आस्ये (dual nominative)
आस्यानि (nominative plural)
आस्या1 (nominative plural)
आस्य (singular vocative)
आस्ये (dual vocative)
आस्यानि (plural vocative)
आस्या1 (plural vocative)
आस्यम् (accusative singular)
आस्ये (accusative dual)
आस्यानि (accusative plural)
आस्या1 (accusative plural)
आस्येन (instrumental singular)
आस्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आस्यैः (instrumental plural)
आस्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
आस्याय (dative singular)
आस्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
आस्येभ्यः (dative plural)
आस्यात् (ablative singular)
आस्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
आस्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
आस्यस्य (genitive singular)
आस्ययोः (dual genitive)
आस्यानाम् (genitive plural)
आस्ये (locative singular)
आस्ययोः (dual locative)
आस्येषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalami: آئیں (ā̃y)

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: ٲس (ạ̄s)

Devanagari script: ॴस (ạ̄s)

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (assa)


ओष्ठ

óṣṭha (romanization)
ओष्ठः (nominative singular)
ओष्ठौ (dual nominative)
ओष्ठा1 (dual nominative)
ओष्ठाः (nominative plural)
ओष्ठासः1 (nominative plural)
ओष्ठ (singular vocative)
ओष्ठौ (dual vocative)
ओष्ठा1 (dual vocative)
ओष्ठाः (plural vocative)
ओष्ठासः1 (plural vocative)
ओष्ठम् (accusative singular)
ओष्ठौ (accusative dual)
ओष्ठा1 (accusative dual)
ओष्ठान् (accusative plural)
ओष्ठेन (instrumental singular)
ओष्ठाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ओष्ठैः (instrumental plural)
ओष्ठेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ओष्ठाय (dative singular)
ओष्ठाभ्याम् (dative dual)
ओष्ठेभ्यः (dative plural)
ओष्ठात् (ablative singular)
ओष्ठाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ओष्ठेभ्यः (ablative plural)
ओष्ठस्य (genitive singular)
ओष्ठयोः (dual genitive)
ओष्ठानाम् (genitive plural)
ओष्ठे (locative singular)
ओष्ठयोः (dual locative)
ओष्ठेषु (locative plural)

Pali: oṭṭha

Dardic:

Kashmiri: वुठ (wuṭh)

desc

Prakrit: 𑀑𑀝𑁆𑀞 (ŏṭṭha), 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞 (uṭṭha), 𑀳𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀞 (hŏṭṭha), 𑀳𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀞 (huṭṭha)

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: ඔට (oṭa)

Khasa Prakrit:

Nepali: ओठ् (oṭh)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ওঁঠ (ü̃th)

Odia: ଓଠ (oṭha)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: वोंट (voṇṭa)

Marathi: ओठ (oṭh), ओंठ (oṇṭha)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਹੋਠ (hoṭh), Punjabi: ਹੋਂਠ (hoṇṭh)

Pali: oṭṭha

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Domari: ōšt

Gujarati: હોઠ (hoṭh)

Hindustani:

Hindi: होंठ (hõṭh)

Urdu: ہونٹ (honṭ)

Romani: uśt, vusht (Anglicized), vuśt (International Standard), vušt (Pan-Vlax)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwštʰas (“lip”), from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬙𐬀(-𐬗𐬀) (aošta(-ca), “upper lip”), 𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 (aoštra, “two lips”), Proto-Slavic *ūstà (“lip, mouth”). See also आस् (ā́s, “mouth”).


जम्भ

jámbha (romanization)
जम्भः (nominative singular)
जम्भौ (dual nominative)
जम्भा1 (dual nominative)
जम्भाः (nominative plural)
जम्भासः1 (nominative plural)
जम्भ (singular vocative)
जम्भौ (dual vocative)
जम्भा1 (dual vocative)
जम्भाः (plural vocative)
जम्भासः1 (plural vocative)
जम्भम् (accusative singular)
जम्भौ (accusative dual)
जम्भा1 (accusative dual)
जम्भान् (accusative plural)
जम्भेन (instrumental singular)
जम्भाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जम्भैः (instrumental plural)
जम्भेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
जम्भाय (dative singular)
जम्भाभ्याम् (dative dual)
जम्भेभ्यः (dative plural)
जम्भात् (ablative singular)
जम्भाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जम्भेभ्यः (ablative plural)
जम्भस्य (genitive singular)
जम्भयोः (dual genitive)
जम्भानाम् (genitive plural)
जम्भे (locative singular)
जम्भयोः (dual locative)
जम्भेषु (locative plural)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: জাবর (jabor)

inc-ext

Maharastri Prakrit: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-))

Old Marathi:

Marathi: जबडा (jabḍā)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਜਬਾੜਾ (jabāṛā)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

desctree

Romani: ćham (“cheek”)
Angloromani: cham

Sauraseni Prakrit: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-))

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Old Hindi:

Hindustani:

Hindi: जबड़ा (jabṛā)

Urdu: جَبْڑَا (jabṛā)

→ Hindi: जंभ (jambh) (learned)

/d͡ʑɐ́m.bʱɐ/

/ˈd͡ʑɐm.bʱɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ámbʰas (“tooth, jaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“tooth”). Cognate with Pashto ژامه (žā́ma, “jaw”), Ancient Greek γόμφος (gómphos).

inh

सद्यो जातस्य ददृशानमोजो यदस्य वातो अनुवाति शोचिः।
वृणक्ति तिग्मामतसेषु जिह्वां स्थिरा चिदन्ना दयते वि जम्भैः॥
sadyo jātasya dadṛśānamojo yadasya vāto anuvāti śociḥ.

Yet newly born, his vigour is apparent when the wind blows upon his fiery splendour,
His sharpened tongue he layeth on the brushwood, and with his teeth even solid food consumeth.

vṛṇakti tigmāmataseṣu jihvāṃ sthirā cidannā dayate vi jambhaiḥ.


नासा

nā́sā (romanization)
नासा (nominative singular)
नासे (dual nominative)
नासाः (nominative plural)
नासे (singular vocative)
नासे (dual vocative)
नासाः (plural vocative)
नासाम् (accusative singular)
नासे (accusative dual)
नासाः (accusative plural)
नासया (instrumental singular)
नासा1 (instrumental singular)
नासाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नासाभिः (instrumental plural)
नासायै (dative singular)
नासाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नासाभ्यः (dative plural)
नासायाः (ablative singular)
नासायै2 (ablative singular)
नासाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नासाभ्यः (ablative plural)
नासायाः (genitive singular)
नासायै2 (genitive singular)
नासयोः (dual genitive)
नासानाम् (genitive plural)
नासायाम् (locative singular)
नासयोः (dual locative)
नासासु (locative plural)

Pali: nāsā

Punjabi: ਨਾਸ (nās, “nostril”)

Kashmiri: نَس (nas), नस (nas)

/ˈn̪ɑː.s̪ɑː/

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *náHsaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *náHsaH, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s- (“nose”). Cognate with Latin nāsus (“nose”), Russian нос (nos), Old English nosu (whence English nose).

a plant of species Justicia gendarussa (syn. Gendarussa vulgaris)


मुख

मुख ॑ (canonical)
múkha (romanization)
मुखम् (nominative singular)
मुखे (dual nominative)
मुखानि (nominative plural)
मुखा1 (nominative plural)
मुख (singular vocative)
मुखे (dual vocative)
मुखानि (plural vocative)
मुखा1 (plural vocative)
मुखम् (accusative singular)
मुखे (accusative dual)
मुखानि (accusative plural)
मुखा1 (accusative plural)
मुखेन (instrumental singular)
मुखाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुखैः (instrumental plural)
मुखेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मुखाय (dative singular)
मुखाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मुखेभ्यः (dative plural)
मुखात् (ablative singular)
मुखाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुखेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मुखस्य (genitive singular)
मुखयोः (dual genitive)
मुखानाम् (genitive plural)
मुखे (locative singular)
मुखयोः (dual locative)
मुखेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Khowar: موخ (mux)

Shina: مُک (muk)

desctree

Pali: mukha
→ Burmese: မုခ် (muhk)
→ Shan: မုၵ်ႈ (mūk)

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀳 (muha) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

→ Assamese: মুখ (mukh)

→ Bengali: মুখ (mukh)

→ Gujarati: મુખ (mukh)

→ Hindi: मुख (mukh)

→ Kannada: ಮುಖ (mukha)

→ Khmer: មុខ (muk)

→ Malay: muka

Indonesian: muka

→ Malayalam: മുഖം (mukhaṁ)

→ Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)
Marathi: मुख (mukh)

→ Nepali: मुख (mukh)

→ Punjabi: ਮੁਖ (mukh)

→ Marwari:

Devanagari script: मुखड़ौ (mukhṛau)

desc

Mahajani script: 𑅬𑅒𑅖𑅲𑅒 (mukhṛu /mukhṛau/)

→ Tamil: முகம் (mukam)

→ Tagalog: mukhâ

→ Telugu: ముఖము (mukhamu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam
Sanskrit मुख॑ (múkha)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *múkʰam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam, from earlier *múkHam, with further origin uncertain.
According to Pokorny, ultimately from Dravidian and not related to Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”) (Proto-Germanic *mūlō, English mutter, Latin muttiō).
However, Mayrhofer considers an Indo-European derivation to be more likely, taking Proto-Indo-European *mu- to mean "a vocal gesture for pressed lips", and compares Ancient Greek μῠχός (mukhós, “innermost part of a place”), μῦθος (mûthos, “word”), and German Maul (“mouth (of an animal)”). According to him, the possibility of a borrowing from Dravidian (compare Tamil முகம் (mukam, “face”)) or "pan-Asiatic" is possible but unlikely due to the root's presence in Vedic texts and Iranian languages.

etymon

मुख॑


काल

kāla (romanization)
कालः (nominative singular)
कालौ (dual nominative)
काला1 (dual nominative)
कालाः (nominative plural)
कालासः1 (nominative plural)
काल (singular vocative)
कालौ (dual vocative)
काला1 (dual vocative)
कालाः (plural vocative)
कालासः1 (plural vocative)
कालम् (accusative singular)
कालौ (accusative dual)
काला1 (accusative dual)
कालान् (accusative plural)
कालेन (instrumental singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कालैः (instrumental plural)
कालेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कालाय (dative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कालेभ्यः (dative plural)
कालात् (ablative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कालेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कालस्य (genitive singular)
कालयोः (dual genitive)
कालानाम् (genitive plural)
काले (locative singular)
कालयोः (dual locative)
कालेषु (locative plural)

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kār; compare Tamil கார் (kār, “black”), கரு (karu), Kannada ಕಾಡು (kāḍu, “blackness, black”), ಕಪ್ಪು (kappu).


काल

kālá (romanization)
कालः (nominative singular)
कालौ (dual nominative)
काला1 (dual nominative)
कालाः (nominative plural)
कालासः1 (nominative plural)
काल (singular vocative)
कालौ (dual vocative)
काला1 (dual vocative)
कालाः (plural vocative)
कालासः1 (plural vocative)
कालम् (accusative singular)
कालौ (accusative dual)
काला1 (accusative dual)
कालान् (accusative plural)
कालेन (instrumental singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कालैः (instrumental plural)
कालेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कालाय (dative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कालेभ्यः (dative plural)
कालात् (ablative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कालेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कालस्य (genitive singular)
कालयोः (dual genitive)
कालानाम् (genitive plural)
काले (locative singular)
कालयोः (dual locative)
कालेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: kâl

Indus Kohistani: kāla, kalaĩ

Kalami: kāl

Kalasha: kau, kālūna

Kashmiri: کال (kāl), کالہٕ (kālụ)

Khowar: کل (kala)

Pashayi:

Northeast Pashayi: kōl

Northwest Pashayi: kāl

Shina: کال (kāl)

Shumashti: kāl

Tirahi: kāl

Torwali: کال (kāl)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: kāl

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Ashkun: kal

⇒ Ashkun: awat-kāl

⇒ Kamkata-viri: awte-kāl

⇒ Prasuni: wūt-kal

Waigali: kāl

Pali: kāla

→ Khmer: កាល (kaal)

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮 (kala), 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) (see there for further descendants)

→ Javanese: ꦏꦭ / kala

→ Malay: kala

Indonesian: kala

→ Tamil: காலம் (kālam), கால் (kāl)

→ Malayalam: കാലം (kālaṁ)

Of uncertain origin.
Perhaps an l-form of कार (kāra, “action”), taking "decisive action" as the connotation.
Alternatively, derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”); compare Proto-Slavic *vermę̀ (“period of time”) for a parallel semantic development from an earlier "turn" meaning (albeit from a different root).
Hirt compares this to Gothic 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila, “a while”), while Güntert compares this to Ancient Greek καιρός (kairós, “measure, time, season”), and takes the l-consonant in काल (kāla) as a preservation of a dialectal form in order to distinguish from कार (kāra).
Probably not a vṛddhi derivative of the root कल् (kal, “to calculate or enumerate”).

cog

उ॒त प्र॒हाम॑ति॒दीव्या॑ जयाति कृ॒तं यच्छ्व॒घ्नी वि॑चि॒नोति॑ का॒ले।
यो दे॒वका॑मो॒ न धना॑ रुणद्धि॒ समित्तं रा॒या सृ॑जति स्व॒धावा॑न्॥
utá prahā́matidī́vyā jayāti kṛtáṃ yácchvaghnī́ vicinóti kālé.

Having driven away the assailant, he triumphs; at the time of battle he selects his antagonist as does a gambler. The man who, desirous of gratifying the gods, withholds not his riches, him the powerful Indra associates with wealth.

yó devákāmo ná dhánā ruṇaddhi sámíttáṃ rāyā́ sṛjati svadhā́vān.

the proper time or season for (+genitive, dative, locative, in compound, infinitive, or subjunctive with यद् (yad)

a period of time, time of the world (युग (yuga))

कालोऽस्मि लोकक्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो लोकान्समाहर्तुमिह प्रवृत्तः।
ऋतेऽपि त्वां न भविष्यन्ति सर्वे येऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः
kāloʼsmi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ.

I am mighty time, the source of destruction that comes forth to annhilate the worlds.
Even without your participation, the warriors arrayed in the opposing army shall cease to exist.

ṛteʼpi tvāṃ na bhaviṣyanti sarve yeʼvasthitāḥ pratyanīkeṣu yodhāḥ

time (as destroying all things), death, time of death (often personified and represented with the attributes of Yama, regent of the dead, or even identified with him


दन्त

dánta (romanization)
दन्तः (nominative singular)
दन्तौ (dual nominative)
दन्ता1 (dual nominative)
दन्ताः (nominative plural)
दन्तासः1 (nominative plural)
दन्त (singular vocative)
दन्तौ (dual vocative)
दन्ता1 (dual vocative)
दन्ताः (plural vocative)
दन्तासः1 (plural vocative)
दन्तम् (accusative singular)
दन्तौ (accusative dual)
दन्ता1 (accusative dual)
दन्तान् (accusative plural)
दन्तेन (instrumental singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दन्तैः (instrumental plural)
दन्तेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दन्ताय (dative singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (dative dual)
दन्तेभ्यः (dative plural)
दन्तात् (ablative singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दन्तेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दन्तस्य (genitive singular)
दन्तयोः (dual genitive)
दन्तानाम् (genitive plural)
दन्ते (locative singular)
दन्तयोः (dual locative)
दन्तेषु (locative plural)
दन्तम् (nominative singular)
दन्ते (dual nominative)
दन्तानि (nominative plural)
दन्ता1 (nominative plural)
दन्त (singular vocative)
दन्ते (dual vocative)
दन्तानि (plural vocative)
दन्ता1 (plural vocative)
दन्तम् (accusative singular)
दन्ते (accusative dual)
दन्तानि (accusative plural)
दन्ता1 (accusative plural)
दन्तेन (instrumental singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दन्तैः (instrumental plural)
दन्तेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दन्ताय (dative singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (dative dual)
दन्तेभ्यः (dative plural)
दन्तात् (ablative singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दन्तेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दन्तस्य (genitive singular)
दन्तयोः (dual genitive)
दन्तानाम् (genitive plural)
दन्ते (locative singular)
दन्तयोः (dual locative)
दन्तेषु (locative plural)

Pali: danta

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀁𑀢 (daṃta)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Awadhi: दाँत (dā̃t)

Domari: ḍanḍ

Gujarati: દાંત (dā̃t)

Hindustani: dā̃t

Hindi: दाँत

Urdu: دان٘ت

Romani: dand

Dardic:

Dameli: dan

Gawar-Bati: دنت (dant)

Grangali: daṅ

Indus Kohistani: دان (dān)

Kalasha: dandóyak

Kashmiri: دَنٛد (dand)

Khowar: دون (don)

Phalura: دان (dān)

Savi: dānd

Shina: دون (do̯n)

Shumashti: dandem

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: dan

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Early Assamese: দান্ত (danto)

Assamese: দাঁত (dãt)

Bengali: দাঁত (dãt)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: दाँत (dā̃t)

Maithili: दाँत (dā̃t)

Odia: ଦାନ୍ତ (dānta)

Sylheti: ꠖꠣꠔ (dat)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: दाँत (dā̃t)

Kumaoni: दाँत (dā̃t)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: दाँत (dā̃t)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: दन्त (dant)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ދަތް (dat̊)

Sinhalese: දත (data)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani:

Devanagari script: दांतु

Kannada script: ದಾಂತು

Latin script: dantu

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: दांत (dāṃta)

Modi script: 𑘟𑘰𑘽𑘝 (dāṃta)

Western:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: danda

Gurmukhi script: ਦੰਦ

Shahmukhi script: دَندَ

Sindhi: ḍ̠andu

Arabic script: ڏَندُ

Devanagari script: ॾंदु

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Ashkun: dō̆nt

Kamkata-viri: دت (dut)

Prasuni: letum

Waigali: dō̃t, dū̃t

desctree

→ Old Javanese: danta
> Javanese: ꦢꦼꦤ꧀ꦠ (denta) (inherited)
→ Balinese: ᬤᬦ᭄ᬢ (danta)

/ˈd̪ɐn̪.t̪ɐ/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónt-o-s
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hdántas
Sanskrit दन्त (danta)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hdántas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónt-o-s, thematized from *h₃dónts (“tooth”). Cognate with Latin dēns, Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús), English tooth.

etymon

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata


कूर्म

kūrma (romanization)
कूर्मः (nominative singular)
कूर्मौ (dual nominative)
कूर्मा1 (dual nominative)
कूर्माः (nominative plural)
कूर्मासः1 (nominative plural)
कूर्म (singular vocative)
कूर्मौ (dual vocative)
कूर्मा1 (dual vocative)
कूर्माः (plural vocative)
कूर्मासः1 (plural vocative)
कूर्मम् (accusative singular)
कूर्मौ (accusative dual)
कूर्मा1 (accusative dual)
कूर्मान् (accusative plural)
कूर्मेण (instrumental singular)
कूर्माभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कूर्मैः (instrumental plural)
कूर्मेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कूर्माय (dative singular)
कूर्माभ्याम् (dative dual)
कूर्मेभ्यः (dative plural)
कूर्मात् (ablative singular)
कूर्माभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कूर्मेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कूर्मस्य (genitive singular)
कूर्मयोः (dual genitive)
कूर्माणाम् (genitive plural)
कूर्मे (locative singular)
कूर्मयोः (dual locative)
कूर्मेषु (locative plural)

Pali: kumma

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀫 (kumma)

desc

⇒ Punjabi: ਕੱਛੂਕੁੰਮਾ (kacchūkummā, “tortoise”)

→ Tamil: கூர்மம் (kūrmam) (learned)

→ Telugu: కూర్మము (kūrmamu) (learned)

Given the unusual word structure and the semantic domain, probably a substrate loanword. Might be from the same family of words relating to "curved objects" with a ku- prefix as कुम्भ "water pot, pot"; कुण्ड or कुण्डी"water pot, pot"; कुम्बीर "crocodile"; कश्यप "tortoise, turtle"; कुष्माण्ड "pumpkin"; कूप "well"; कुब्ज "humpbacked"; and कलश "pitcher".

one of the outer winds of the body (causing the closing of the eyes)


नयनपुट

nayanapuṭa (romanization)
नयनपुटः (nominative singular)
नयनपुटौ (dual nominative)
नयनपुटाः (nominative plural)
नयनपुट (singular vocative)
नयनपुटौ (dual vocative)
नयनपुटाः (plural vocative)
नयनपुटम् (accusative singular)
नयनपुटौ (accusative dual)
नयनपुटान् (accusative plural)
नयनपुटेन (instrumental singular)
नयनपुटाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नयनपुटैः (instrumental plural)
नयनपुटाय (dative singular)
नयनपुटाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नयनपुटेभ्यः (dative plural)
नयनपुटात् (ablative singular)
नयनपुटाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नयनपुटेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नयनपुटस्य (genitive singular)
नयनपुटयोः (dual genitive)
नयनपुटानाम् (genitive plural)
नयनपुटे (locative singular)
नयनपुटयोः (dual locative)
नयनपुटेषु (locative plural)
नयनपुटम् (nominative singular)
नयनपुटे (dual nominative)
नयनपुटानि (nominative plural)
नयनपुट (singular vocative)
नयनपुटे (dual vocative)
नयनपुटानि (plural vocative)
नयनपुटम् (accusative singular)
नयनपुटे (accusative dual)
नयनपुटानि (accusative plural)
नयनपुटेन (instrumental singular)
नयनपुटाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नयनपुटैः (instrumental plural)
नयनपुटाय (dative singular)
नयनपुटाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नयनपुटेभ्यः (dative plural)
नयनपुटात् (ablative singular)
नयनपुटाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नयनपुटेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नयनपुटस्य (genitive singular)
नयनपुटयोः (dual genitive)
नयनपुटानाम् (genitive plural)
नयनपुटे (locative singular)
नयनपुटयोः (dual locative)
नयनपुटेषु (locative plural)

Compound of नयन (nayana, “eye”) + पुट (puṭa, “covering”); coined by Varāhamihira.


नेत्रच्छद

netracchada (romanization)
नेत्रच्छदः (nominative singular)
नेत्रच्छदौ (dual nominative)
नेत्रच्छदाः (nominative plural)
नेत्रच्छद (singular vocative)
नेत्रच्छदौ (dual vocative)
नेत्रच्छदाः (plural vocative)
नेत्रच्छदम् (accusative singular)
नेत्रच्छदौ (accusative dual)
नेत्रच्छदान् (accusative plural)
नेत्रच्छदेन (instrumental singular)
नेत्रच्छदाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नेत्रच्छदैः (instrumental plural)
नेत्रच्छदाय (dative singular)
नेत्रच्छदाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नेत्रच्छदेभ्यः (dative plural)
नेत्रच्छदात् (ablative singular)
नेत्रच्छदाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नेत्रच्छदेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नेत्रच्छदस्य (genitive singular)
नेत्रच्छदयोः (dual genitive)
नेत्रच्छदानाम् (genitive plural)
नेत्रच्छदे (locative singular)
नेत्रच्छदयोः (dual locative)
नेत्रच्छदेषु (locative plural)

/n̪eːt̪ˈɾɐt̪.t͡ɕʰɐ.d̪ɐ/

[n̪eːt̪ˈɾɐt̪̚.t͡ɕʰɐ.d̪ɐ]

Compound of नेत्र (netra, “eye”) + -च्- (-c-) + छद (chada, “covering”).


तुण्ड

tuṇḍa (romanization)
तुण्डम् (nominative singular)
तुण्डे (dual nominative)
तुण्डानि (nominative plural)
तुण्डा1 (nominative plural)
तुण्ड (singular vocative)
तुण्डे (dual vocative)
तुण्डानि (plural vocative)
तुण्डा1 (plural vocative)
तुण्डम् (accusative singular)
तुण्डे (accusative dual)
तुण्डानि (accusative plural)
तुण्डा1 (accusative plural)
तुण्डेन (instrumental singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तुण्डैः (instrumental plural)
तुण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तुण्डाय (dative singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तुण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
तुण्डात् (ablative singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तुण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तुण्डस्य (genitive singular)
तुण्डयोः (dual genitive)
तुण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
तुण्डे (locative singular)
तुण्डयोः (dual locative)
तुण्डेषु (locative plural)

Borrowed from Dravidian, compare Malayalam തൊണ്ട (toṇṭa), Tamil தொண்டை (toṇṭai, “throat, gullet, windpipe, larynx, voice, singing voice”).


तुण्ड

tuṇḍa (romanization)
तुण्डः (nominative singular)
तुण्डौ (dual nominative)
तुण्डा1 (dual nominative)
तुण्डाः (nominative plural)
तुण्डासः1 (nominative plural)
तुण्ड (singular vocative)
तुण्डौ (dual vocative)
तुण्डा1 (dual vocative)
तुण्डाः (plural vocative)
तुण्डासः1 (plural vocative)
तुण्डम् (accusative singular)
तुण्डौ (accusative dual)
तुण्डा1 (accusative dual)
तुण्डान् (accusative plural)
तुण्डेन (instrumental singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तुण्डैः (instrumental plural)
तुण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तुण्डाय (dative singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तुण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
तुण्डात् (ablative singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तुण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तुण्डस्य (genitive singular)
तुण्डयोः (dual genitive)
तुण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
तुण्डे (locative singular)
तुण्डयोः (dual locative)
तुण्डेषु (locative plural)

Benincasa hispida
Benincasa hispida#Translingual


नक्र

nakra (romanization)
नक्रम् (nominative singular)
नक्रे (dual nominative)
नक्राणि (nominative plural)
नक्रा1 (nominative plural)
नक्र (singular vocative)
नक्रे (dual vocative)
नक्राणि (plural vocative)
नक्रा1 (plural vocative)
नक्रम् (accusative singular)
नक्रे (accusative dual)
नक्राणि (accusative plural)
नक्रा1 (accusative plural)
नक्रेण (instrumental singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नक्रैः (instrumental plural)
नक्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नक्राय (dative singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
नक्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
नक्रात् (ablative singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नक्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नक्रस्य (genitive singular)
नक्रयोः (dual genitive)
नक्राणाम् (genitive plural)
नक्रे (locative singular)
नक्रयोः (dual locative)
नक्रेषु (locative plural)

Sanskritization of Prakrit णक्क (ṇakka) or Ashokan Prakrit *𑀦𑀓𑁆𑀓 (*nakka), itself ultimately from Sanskrit नस् (nás) + -क (-ka).


दन्तवैद्य

dantavaidya (romanization)
दन्तवैद्यः (nominative singular)
दन्तवैद्यौ (dual nominative)
दन्तवैद्या1 (dual nominative)
दन्तवैद्याः (nominative plural)
दन्तवैद्यासः1 (nominative plural)
दन्तवैद्य (singular vocative)
दन्तवैद्यौ (dual vocative)
दन्तवैद्या1 (dual vocative)
दन्तवैद्याः (plural vocative)
दन्तवैद्यासः1 (plural vocative)
दन्तवैद्यम् (accusative singular)
दन्तवैद्यौ (accusative dual)
दन्तवैद्या1 (accusative dual)
दन्तवैद्यान् (accusative plural)
दन्तवैद्येन (instrumental singular)
दन्तवैद्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दन्तवैद्यैः (instrumental plural)
दन्तवैद्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दन्तवैद्याय (dative singular)
दन्तवैद्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
दन्तवैद्येभ्यः (dative plural)
दन्तवैद्यात् (ablative singular)
दन्तवैद्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दन्तवैद्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
दन्तवैद्यस्य (genitive singular)
दन्तवैद्ययोः (dual genitive)
दन्तवैद्यानाम् (genitive plural)
दन्तवैद्ये (locative singular)
दन्तवैद्ययोः (dual locative)
दन्तवैद्येषु (locative plural)

/d̪ɐn̪.t̪ɐˈʋɑjd̪.jɐ/


दाढिका

dāḍhikā (romanization)
दाढिका (nominative singular)
दाढिके (dual nominative)
दाढिकाः (nominative plural)
दाढिके (singular vocative)
दाढिके (dual vocative)
दाढिकाः (plural vocative)
दाढिकाम् (accusative singular)
दाढिके (accusative dual)
दाढिकाः (accusative plural)
दाढिकया (instrumental singular)
दाढिका1 (instrumental singular)
दाढिकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दाढिकाभिः (instrumental plural)
दाढिकायै (dative singular)
दाढिकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
दाढिकाभ्यः (dative plural)
दाढिकायाः (ablative singular)
दाढिकायै2 (ablative singular)
दाढिकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दाढिकाभ्यः (ablative plural)
दाढिकायाः (genitive singular)
दाढिकायै2 (genitive singular)
दाढिकयोः (dual genitive)
दाढिकानाम् (genitive plural)
दाढिकायाम् (locative singular)
दाढिकयोः (dual locative)
दाढिकासु (locative plural)

Dardic:

→ Kashmiri:

Sharada script: 𑆢𑇋𑆳𑆫 (dạ̄r)

Devanagari script: दऻर (dạ̄r)

Arabic script: دٲر (dạ̄r)

→ Phalura:

Latin script: déeṛi

Arabic script: دیڑیۡ

→ Torwali: دأ

Pali: dāṭhikā

→ Thai: ทาฐิกะ (taa-tì-gà)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀺𑀆 (dāḍhiā)
Central Indo-Aryan:
Hindustani:
Hindi: दाढ़ी (dāṛhī)
Urdu: دَاڑِھی (dāṛhī)
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
Bengali–Assamese:
Assamese: দাড়ি (dari)
Bengali: দাড়ি (daṛi)
Bihari:
Magahi: 𑂠𑂰𑂜𑂲 (dāṛhī)
Maithili:
Devanagari script: दाढ़ी (dāṛhī)
Tirhuta script: 𑒠𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒲 (dāṛhī)
Odia: ଦାଢ଼ି (dāṛhi)
Insular Indo-Aryan:
Dhivehi: ދޮޅި (doḷi)
Sinhalese: දැළිය (dæḷiya)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
Dogri:
Devanagari script: दाढ़ी (dāṛhī)
Dogra script: 𑠛𑠬𑠗𑠺𑠮 (dāṛhī)
Nepali: दाह्री (dāhrī)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
Old Punjabi: ਦਾੜੀ (dāṛī)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਦਾੜ੍ਹੀ (dāṛhī)
Shahmukhi script: داڑھی (dāṛhī)
Saraiki:
Devanagari script: दाढ़ी (dāṛhī)
Multani script: 𑊘𑊨 (dṛh)
Shahmukhi script: ݙاڑھی (ḏāṛhī)
Sindhi:
Arabic script: ڏاڙِهي (ḍ̠āḍhī)
Devanagari script: ॾाढ़ी (ḍ̠āḍhī)
Southern Indo-Aryan:
Konkani:
Devanagari script: दाडि (dāḍi)
Kannada script: ದಾಡಿ (dāḍi)
Latin script: daddi
Old Marathi: (see there for further descendants)
Devanagari script: दाढी (dāḍhī)
Modi script: 𑘟𑘰𑘛𑘲 (dāḍhī)
Western Indo-Aryan:
Ahirani: दाढी (dāḍhī)
Gojri: داڑھی (dāṛhī)
Gujarati: દાઢી (dāḍhī)
Malvi: दाड़ी (dāṛī)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: दाडी (dāḍī), दाढी (dāḍhī)
Mahajani script: 𑅥𑅠𑅑 (dḍi), 𑅥𑅡𑅑 (dḍhi)

/ˈd̪ɑː.ɖʱi.kɑː/

A corruption of दंष्ट्रिका (daṃṣṭrikā), a compound of दंष्ट्र (daṃṣṭra, “large tooth, tusk”) + -इक (-ika, possessive suffix) + -आ (-ā, feminine suffix), with a semantic shift from "tooth" to "beard", both of which are within the same general facial area; the first element is from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dánštram, from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ-trom, from *denḱ- (“to bite”) + *-trom (suffix denoting a tool or instrument). Cognate with Avestan 𐬙𐬌𐬲𐬌-𐬛𐬄𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (tiži-dąstra, “having sharp teeth”).


दूषीका

sa-noun

दूषीका • (dūṣī́kā) stem, f

dūṣī́kā (romanization)
दूषीका (nominative singular)
दूषीके (dual nominative)
दूषीकाः (nominative plural)
दूषीके (singular vocative)
दूषीके (dual vocative)
दूषीकाः (plural vocative)
दूषीकाम् (accusative singular)
दूषीके (accusative dual)
दूषीकाः (accusative plural)
दूषीकया (instrumental singular)
दूषीका1 (instrumental singular)
दूषीकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दूषीकाभिः (instrumental plural)
दूषीकायै (dative singular)
दूषीकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
दूषीकाभ्यः (dative plural)
दूषीकायाः (ablative singular)
दूषीकायै2 (ablative singular)
दूषीकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दूषीकाभ्यः (ablative plural)
दूषीकायाः (genitive singular)
दूषीकायै2 (genitive singular)
दूषीकयोः (dual genitive)
दूषीकाणाम् (genitive plural)
दूषीकायाम् (locative singular)
दूषीकयोः (dual locative)
दूषीकासु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆 (dūsiā)

/d̪uːˈʂiː.kɑː/

From the root दुष् (duṣ, “to spoil, become impure”).

sa-root

विधृ॑तिं॒ नाभ्या॑ धृ॒तँ रसे॑ना॒पो यू॒ष्णा मरी॑चीर्वि॒प्रुड्भि॑र्नीहा॒रमू॒ष्मणा॑ शी॒नं वस॑या॒ प्रुष्वा॒ अश्रु॑भिर्ह्रा॒दुनी॑र्दू॒षीका॑भिर्अ॒स्ना रक्षाँ॑सि चि॒त्राण्यङ्गै॒र्नक्षत्राणि रू॒पेण॑ पृथि॒वीं त्व॒चा जु॑म्ब॒काय॒ स्वाहा॑ ॥
vídhṛtiṃ nā́bhyā dhṛtám̐ rásenāpó yūṣṇā́ márīcīrviprúḍbhirnīhārámūṣmáṇā śīnáṃ vásayā prúṣvā áśrubhirhrādúnīrdūṣī́kābhirasnā́ rákṣām̐si citrā́ṇyáṅgairnákṣátrā́ṇí rūpéṇa pṛthivī́ṃ tvacā́ jumbakā́ya svā́hā.
I gratify Separation with his navel;
Butter with his flavour;
the Waters with his broth;
Sunbeams with his drops of fat;
Hoarfrost with his heat;
Ice with his marrow;
Hailstones with his tears;
Thunderbolts with his eye-rheum;

c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Śukla-Yajurveda (Vājasenayi Saṃhitā) 25.9

Bright things with his limbs;
Stars with his beauty;
Earth with his skin.
All-hail to Jumbaka!