संधि

saṃdhí (romanization)
संधिः (nominative singular)
संधी (dual nominative)
संधयः (nominative plural)
संधे (singular vocative)
संधी (dual vocative)
संधयः (plural vocative)
संधिम् (accusative singular)
संधी (accusative dual)
संधीन् (accusative plural)
संधिना (instrumental singular)
संधिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
संधिभिः (instrumental plural)
संधये (dative singular)
संधिभ्याम् (dative dual)
संधिभ्यः (dative plural)
संधेः (ablative singular)
संधिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
संधिभ्यः (ablative plural)
संधेः (genitive singular)
संध्योः (dual genitive)
संधीनाम् (genitive plural)
संधौ (locative singular)
संध्योः (dual locative)
संधिषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine i-stem declension of संधि

→ English: sandhi

→ Marathi: संधी (sandhī)

Pali: sandhi

→ Tamil: சந்தி (canti)


दिव्

head

दिव् • (div)

sa-root

दिव् • (div)


अभ्र

abhrá (romanization)
अभ्रम् (nominative singular)
अभ्रे (dual nominative)
अभ्राणि (nominative plural)
अभ्रा1 (nominative plural)
अभ्र (singular vocative)
अभ्रे (dual vocative)
अभ्राणि (plural vocative)
अभ्रा1 (plural vocative)
अभ्रम् (accusative singular)
अभ्रे (accusative dual)
अभ्राणि (accusative plural)
अभ्रा1 (accusative plural)
अभ्रेण (instrumental singular)
अभ्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अभ्रैः (instrumental plural)
अभ्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अभ्राय (dative singular)
अभ्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
अभ्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
अभ्रात् (ablative singular)
अभ्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अभ्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अभ्रस्य (genitive singular)
अभ्रयोः (dual genitive)
अभ्राणाम् (genitive plural)
अभ्रे (locative singular)
अभ्रयोः (dual locative)
अभ्रेषु (locative plural)
अभ्रः (nominative singular)
अभ्रौ (dual nominative)
अभ्रा1 (dual nominative)
अभ्राः (nominative plural)
अभ्रासः1 (nominative plural)
अभ्र (singular vocative)
अभ्रौ (dual vocative)
अभ्रा1 (dual vocative)
अभ्राः (plural vocative)
अभ्रासः1 (plural vocative)
अभ्रम् (accusative singular)
अभ्रौ (accusative dual)
अभ्रा1 (accusative dual)
अभ्रान् (accusative plural)
अभ्रेण (instrumental singular)
अभ्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अभ्रैः (instrumental plural)
अभ्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अभ्राय (dative singular)
अभ्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
अभ्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
अभ्रात् (ablative singular)
अभ्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अभ्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अभ्रस्य (genitive singular)
अभ्रयोः (dual genitive)
अभ्राणाम् (genitive plural)
अभ्रे (locative singular)
अभ्रयोः (dual locative)
अभ्रेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: اوٚبُر (obur)

Devanagari script: ऒबुर (obur)

Pali: abbha, ambu, ambha

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀩𑁆𑀪 (abbha)

Gujarati: આભ (ābha)

Hindi: आभ (ābh)

Marwari: आभौ (ābhau)

→ Bengali: অভ্র (obhro) (learned)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *abʰrás (“cloud”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥bʰrós. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬀 (aβra), Persian ابر (abr), Latin imber and Ancient Greek ἀφρός (aphrós).


मस्तिष्क

desc

→ Bengali: মস্তিষ্ক (mostiśko) (learned)

→ Malayalam: മസ്തിഷ്കം (mastiṣkaṁ)

→ Hindi: मस्तिष्क (mastiṣk)

→ Telugu: మస్తిష్కం (mastiṣkaṁ)


दण्ड

daṇḍá (romanization)
दण्डः (nominative singular)
दण्डौ (dual nominative)
दण्डा1 (dual nominative)
दण्डाः (nominative plural)
दण्डासः1 (nominative plural)
दण्ड (singular vocative)
दण्डौ (dual vocative)
दण्डा1 (dual vocative)
दण्डाः (plural vocative)
दण्डासः1 (plural vocative)
दण्डम् (accusative singular)
दण्डौ (accusative dual)
दण्डा1 (accusative dual)
दण्डान् (accusative plural)
दण्डेन (instrumental singular)
दण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दण्डैः (instrumental plural)
दण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दण्डाय (dative singular)
दण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
दण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
दण्डात् (ablative singular)
दण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दण्डस्य (genitive singular)
दण्डयोः (dual genitive)
दण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
दण्डे (locative singular)
दण्डयोः (dual locative)
दण्डेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Gawar-Bati: ڈݨڈ (ḍaṇḍ), ڈوݨڈیک (dōṇḍī́k), ڈیݨڈی (ḍḗṇḍī)

Kashmiri: دَن (dan), دۆنُ (donu), ڈَنڈُ (ḍanḍu)

Shina: دوݨ (do̯ṇŭ), ڈونی (ḍṓnī)

Shumashti: dä̃ṛä

Torwali: دن (dan)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: ḍōn

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Ashkun: dōṇ

Kamkata-viri: duṇ, ḍun, ḍen

Prasuni: ḍuṇḍu, ḍuṇḍū́

Waigali: dūṇ, ḍūṇíṅ, deṇḍī́

Pali: daṇḍa, daṇḍaka

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀀𑀟 (dam̐ḍa), 𑀟𑀀𑀟𑀟𑀀𑀟𑀬 (ḍam̐ḍaḍam̐ḍaya)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Awadhi: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डाँड़ु (ḍā̃ṛu), डाँड़ा (ḍā̃ṛā)

Gujarati: દાઁડો (dām̐ḍo), ડાઁડો (ḍām̐ḍo), દાઁડી (dām̐ḍī), ડાઁડી (ḍām̐ḍī)

Hindustani: dā̃ḍ, ḍā̃ḍ, ḍā̃ṛ, daṇḍā, ḍaṇḍā, ḍā̃ḍā, ḍā̃ṛā, ḍaṇḍī, ḍā̃ḍī

Hindi: दाँड, डाँड, डाँड़, दंडा, डंडा, डाँडा, डाँड़ा, डंडी, डाँडी

Urdu: دَاںڈ (dā̃ḍ), ڈَاںڈ (ḍā̃ḍ), ڈَاںڑ (ḍā̃ṛ), دَنڈَا, ڈَنڈَا, ڈَاںڈَا (ḍā̃ḍā), ڈَاںڑَا (ḍā̃ṛā), ڈَنڈِی (ḍanḍī), ڈَاںڈِی (ḍā̃ḍī)

Romani: ran

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ডাঁৰ (dãr), ডাঁৰা (dãra), ডাঁৰি (dãri), ডঁৰ (dõr)

Bengali: ডান্ডা (ḍanḍa), দাঁড় (dãṛ), দাঁড়ি (dãṛi), ডাঁড় (ḍãṛ), ডাঁড়ি (ḍãṛi)

Bihari: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ)

Bihari: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ)

Bhojpuri: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ)

Maithili: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डाँड़ि (ḍā̃ṛɨ), डाँड़ब (ḍā̃ṛab)

Odia: ଡାଣ୍ଡ (ḍāṇḍa), ଡାଁଡ଼ (ḍā̃ṛa), ଦାଣ୍ଡି (dāṇḍi), ଦଣ୍ଡା (daṇḍā), ଦଣ୍ଡି (daṇḍi)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: डाँड (ḍā̃ḍ)

Kumaoni: दान (dān), डान (ḍān), डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डानो (ḍāno), डानी (ḍānī), डाण (ḍāṇ)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: डाँण (ḍā̃ṇ), डाँणो (ḍā̃ṇo), डाँणि (ḍā̃ṇi)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: डन्न (ḍann), डन्नो (ḍanno), डन्नी (ḍannī)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ދަނޑި (daⁿḍi)

Sinhalese: දණ්ඩ (daṇḍa)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: dāṇḍāro

Devanagari script: दांडारो (dāṇḍāro)

Latin script: dannddarô

Kannada script: ದಾಂಡಾರೊ

Marathi: दाँड (dŏṇḍa), दाँड (dŏṇḍa)

Western:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: dann, ḍann, ḍannā, ḍannī

Gurmukhi script: ਦੰਨ, ਡੰਨ, ਡੰਨਾ, ਡੰਨੀ

Shahmukhi script: دَنّ, ڈَنّ, ڈَنَّا, ڈَنِّی

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: ḍ̠anu, ḍ̠ano, ḍ̠anī, ḍ̠aṇḍu, ḍ̠aṇḍo

Arabic script: ڏَنُ, ڏَنو, ڏَنِي, ڏَڻڊُ, ڏَڻڊو

Devanagari script: ॾनु, ॾनो, ॾनी, ॾंडु, ॾंडो

→ Assamese: দণ্ড (dondo)

→ Bengali: দণ্ড (donḍo)

→ Burmese: ဒဏ် (dan)

→ Hindustani: daṇḍ

Hindi: दंड

Urdu: دَنڈ

→ Indonesian: denda

→ Khmer: ទណ្ឌ (tŏən)

→ Lao: ທັນ (than)

→ Malayalam: ദണ്ഡം (daṇḍaṁ)

→ Malay: denda

→ Pali: daṇḍa

→ Romani: rran

→ Sindhi: ڏَنڊُ, ड॒ण्डु

→ Sindhi: ڏَنڊُ, ड॒ण्डु

→ Tamil: தண்டம் (taṇṭam)

→ Telugu: దండము (daṇḍamu)

→ Thai: ทัณฑ์ (than)

→ Urdu:

Borrowed from substrate language. Kuiper argues for a loanword from Munda; compare Mundari ଦାଣ୍ଡି (dāṇḍi, “small stick”), Santali ᱫᱚᱬᱴᱚ (dôṇṭô, “thick stick, club”), ᱫᱚᱬᱴᱤᱴᱤᱛ (dôṇṭiṭit, “stem of mushrooms”), ᱫᱚᱬᱰᱤ (dôṇḍi, “stick, staff, stalk”). Likewise, Southworth suggests a Dravidian substratum, compare Malayalam തണ്ട് (taṇṭŭ, “stick, club”).
Alternatively, but less likely, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”), whence दारु (dā́ru), and thus cognate with Ancient Greek δένδρον (déndron, “tree”), but both this and that Greek word are phonologically difficult to explain.


हृदय

hṛ́daya (romanization)
हृदयम् (nominative singular)
हृदये (dual nominative)
हृदयानि (nominative plural)
हृदया1 (nominative plural)
हृदय (singular vocative)
हृदये (dual vocative)
हृदयानि (plural vocative)
हृदया1 (plural vocative)
हृदयम् (accusative singular)
हृदये (accusative dual)
हृदयानि (accusative plural)
हृदया1 (accusative plural)
हृदयेन (instrumental singular)
हृदयाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
हृदयैः (instrumental plural)
हृदयेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
हृदयाय (dative singular)
हृदयाभ्याम् (dative dual)
हृदयेभ्यः (dative plural)
हृदयात् (ablative singular)
हृदयाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
हृदयेभ्यः (ablative plural)
हृदयस्य (genitive singular)
हृदययोः (dual genitive)
हृदयानाम् (genitive plural)
हृदये (locative singular)
हृदययोः (dual locative)
हृदयेषु (locative plural)

desc

Prakrit: 𑀳𑀺𑀅𑀅 (hiaa), 𑀳𑀟𑀓 (haḍaka), 𑀳𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓 (haḍakka)

Assamese: হিয়া (hia)

Bengali: হিয়া (hiẏa)

Hindi: हिया (hiyā)

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀳𑀮𑀅 (halaa)

Paisaci Prakrit: 𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀅 (hitaa), 𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀧 (hitapa)

Gandhari: 𐨱𐨁𐨡𐨩 (hidaya)

→ Old Marathi: हृदा (hṛdā)

desctree

Pali: hadaya
→ Lao: ຫະໄທ (ha thai)
→ Thai: หทัย

Punjabi: ਹਿਰਦਾ (hirdā), ਹੀਆ (hīā)

Romani: ilo

→ Assamese: হৃদয় (hridoy)

→ Bengali: হৃদয় (hridoẏ)

→ Hindi: हृदय (hŕday)

→ Old Javanese: hṛdaya
> Javanese: ꦲꦽꦢꦪ (hredaya), ꦮꦂꦢꦪ (wardaya), ꦢꦪ (daya) (inherited)
→ Balinese: ᬳᬺᬤᬬ (hredaya)

→ Old Javanese: darya, daya

→ Marathi: हृदय (hŕday)

→ Tamil: இதயம் (itayam)

→ Telugu: హృదయము (hr̥dayamu)

→ Thai: หฤทัย (hà-rʉ́-tai)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱerd-
Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗrder.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam
Sanskrit हृदय (hṛdaya)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥d-, oblique case stem of *ḱḗr (“heart”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛 (zərəd); Ancient Greek καρδίᾱ (kardíā) → English cardiac; Hittite 𒆠𒅕 (kir), Old Church Slavonic срьдьцє (srĭdĭce), Lithuanian širdìs; Latin cors, cord- → English cordial; Old English heorte (whence English heart).

etymon

यां पू॑षन्ब्रह्म॒चोद॑नी॒मारां॒ बिभ॑र्ष्याघृणे ।
तया॑ समस्य॒ हृद॑य॒मा रि॑ख किकि॒रा कृ॑णु ॥
yā́ṃ pūṣanbrahmacódanīmā́rāṃ bíbharṣyāghṛṇe.
táyā samasya hṛ́dayamā́ rikha kikirā́ kṛṇu.

Resplendent Pūṣan, with that food-propelling goad which you bear, abrade the heart of every miser, and render it relaxed.


शिश्न

śiśná (romanization)
शिश्नः (nominative singular)
शिश्नौ (dual nominative)
शिश्ना1 (dual nominative)
शिश्नाः (nominative plural)
शिश्नासः1 (nominative plural)
शिश्न (singular vocative)
शिश्नौ (dual vocative)
शिश्ना1 (dual vocative)
शिश्नाः (plural vocative)
शिश्नासः1 (plural vocative)
शिश्नम् (accusative singular)
शिश्नौ (accusative dual)
शिश्ना1 (accusative dual)
शिश्नान् (accusative plural)
शिश्नेन (instrumental singular)
शिश्नाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शिश्नैः (instrumental plural)
शिश्नेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
शिश्नाय (dative singular)
शिश्नाभ्याम् (dative dual)
शिश्नेभ्यः (dative plural)
शिश्नात् (ablative singular)
शिश्नाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शिश्नेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शिश्नस्य (genitive singular)
शिश्नयोः (dual genitive)
शिश्नानाम् (genitive plural)
शिश्ने (locative singular)
शिश्नयोः (dual locative)
शिश्नेषु (locative plural)
शिश्नम् (nominative singular)
शिश्ने (dual nominative)
शिश्नानि (nominative plural)
शिश्ना1 (nominative plural)
शिश्न (singular vocative)
शिश्ने (dual vocative)
शिश्नानि (plural vocative)
शिश्ना1 (plural vocative)
शिश्नम् (accusative singular)
शिश्ने (accusative dual)
शिश्नानि (accusative plural)
शिश्ना1 (accusative plural)
शिश्नेन (instrumental singular)
शिश्नाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शिश्नैः (instrumental plural)
शिश्नेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
शिश्नाय (dative singular)
शिश्नाभ्याम् (dative dual)
शिश्नेभ्यः (dative plural)
शिश्नात् (ablative singular)
शिश्नाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शिश्नेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शिश्नस्य (genitive singular)
शिश्नयोः (dual genitive)
शिश्नानाम् (genitive plural)
शिश्ने (locative singular)
शिश्नयोः (dual locative)
शिश्नेषु (locative plural)

→ Bengali: শিশ্ন (śiśno)

→ Hindi: शिश्न (śiśna)

→ Gujarati: શિશ્ન (śiśna)

→ Kannada: ಶಿಶ್ನ (śiśna)

→ Telugu: శిశ్నము (śiśnamu)

→ Malayalam: ശിശ്നം (śiśnaṁ)

→ Urdu: ششن (śiśna)

Reduplication of the root श्नथ् (śnath, “to pierce”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćnatʰ- (“to strike, to pierce”). Related to Avestan 𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬚𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (snaθəṇti, “to strike”).


स्तन

stána (romanization)
स्तनः (nominative singular)
स्तनौ (dual nominative)
स्तना1 (dual nominative)
स्तनाः (nominative plural)
स्तनासः1 (nominative plural)
स्तन (singular vocative)
स्तनौ (dual vocative)
स्तना1 (dual vocative)
स्तनाः (plural vocative)
स्तनासः1 (plural vocative)
स्तनम् (accusative singular)
स्तनौ (accusative dual)
स्तना1 (accusative dual)
स्तनान् (accusative plural)
स्तनेन (instrumental singular)
स्तनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
स्तनैः (instrumental plural)
स्तनेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
स्तनाय (dative singular)
स्तनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
स्तनेभ्यः (dative plural)
स्तनात् (ablative singular)
स्तनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
स्तनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
स्तनस्य (genitive singular)
स्तनयोः (dual genitive)
स्तनानाम् (genitive plural)
स्तने (locative singular)
स्तनयोः (dual locative)
स्तनेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: تھَن (than)

Pali: thana, thanaka

Prakrit: 𑀣𑀡 (thaṇa)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀣𑀡 (thaṇa)

Awadhi: थन (than)

Hindustani: than

Hindi: थन

Urdu: تھَن (than)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Middle Bengali: থন (thon)

Bihari:

Maithili: थन (than)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: थण (thaṇ)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: थन (than)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: thaṇ, than

Gurmukhi script: ਥਣ, ਥਨ

Shahmukhi script: تھَݨ, تھَن

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: thaṇu

Arabic script: ٿَڻُ

Devanagari script: थणु

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ތިނަ (tina)

Sinhalese: තනය (tanaya)

→ Hindustani: stan

Hindi: स्तन

Urdu: ستَن

→ Kannada: ಸ್ತನ (stana)

→ Marathi: स्तन (stan) (learned)

→ Telugu: స్తనము (stanamu)

/ˈs̪t̪ɐ.n̪ɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *(p)stánas, from Proto-Indo-European *pstón-o-s (“breast”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (fštāna, “breast of a woman”) and Persian پستان (pestân, “breast”), Proto-Germanic *spenô (“nipple”), Ancient Greek στήνιον (stḗnion, “breast, chest”), Irish sine (“nipple”), Lithuanian spenys (“(animal) teats”) and Tocharian B päścane (“pair of breasts”).

the nipple (of the female or the male breast)


ललाट

lalā́ṭa (romanization)
ललाटम् (nominative singular)
ललाटे (dual nominative)
ललाटानि (nominative plural)
ललाटा1 (nominative plural)
ललाट (singular vocative)
ललाटे (dual vocative)
ललाटानि (plural vocative)
ललाटा1 (plural vocative)
ललाटम् (accusative singular)
ललाटे (accusative dual)
ललाटानि (accusative plural)
ललाटा1 (accusative plural)
ललाटेन (instrumental singular)
ललाटाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ललाटैः (instrumental plural)
ललाटेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ललाटाय (dative singular)
ललाटाभ्याम् (dative dual)
ललाटेभ्यः (dative plural)
ललाटात् (ablative singular)
ललाटाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ललाटेभ्यः (ablative plural)
ललाटस्य (genitive singular)
ललाटयोः (dual genitive)
ललाटानाम् (genitive plural)
ललाटे (locative singular)
ललाटयोः (dual locative)
ललाटेषु (locative plural)

→ Hindi: ललाट (lalāṭ)

→ Telugu: లలాటము (lalāṭamu)

/lɐ.lɑ́ː.ʈɐ/

/l̪ɐˈl̪ɑː.ʈɐ/


चर्मन्

cárman (romanization)
चर्म (nominative singular)
चर्मणी (dual nominative)
चर्माणि (nominative plural)
चर्म1 (nominative plural)
चर्मा1 (nominative plural)
चर्मन् (singular vocative)
चर्म (singular vocative)
चर्मणी (dual vocative)
चर्माणि (plural vocative)
चर्म1 (plural vocative)
चर्मा1 (plural vocative)
चर्म (accusative singular)
चर्मणी (accusative dual)
चर्माणि (accusative plural)
चर्म1 (accusative plural)
चर्मा1 (accusative plural)
चर्मणा (instrumental singular)
चर्मभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चर्मभिः (instrumental plural)
चर्मणे (dative singular)
चर्मभ्याम् (dative dual)
चर्मभ्यः (dative plural)
चर्मणः (ablative singular)
चर्मभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चर्मभ्यः (ablative plural)
चर्मणः (genitive singular)
चर्मणोः (dual genitive)
चर्मणाम् (genitive plural)
चर्मणि (locative singular)
चर्मन्1 (locative singular)
चर्मणोः (dual locative)
चर्मसु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: ċam

Arabic script: ژَم

Devanagari script: च़म

Phalura:

Latin script: čáam

Arabic script: چام

Torwali: چم (čam)

Pali: camma
→ Khmer: ចម្ម (cam)

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (camma) (see there for further descendants)

Bengali: চাম (cam)

Bengali: চিমসা (cimośa)

Rohingya: samra, sam

Assamese: চৰ্ম (sormo)

Bengali: চর্ম (cormo)

Gujarati: ચર્મ (carma)

Hindustani: carm

Hindi: चर्म

Urdu: چَرْم

Kannada: ಚರ್ಮ (carma)

Malayalam: ചർമ്മം (caṟmmaṁ)

Old Marathi: carma

Devanagari script: चर्म

Modi script: 𑘓𑘨𑘿𑘦

Odia: ଚର୍ମ (carma)

Punjabi: caram

Gurmukhi script: ਚਰਮ

Shahmukhi script: چَرَم

Tamil: சருமம் (carumam)

Telugu: చర్మము (carmamu)

Sinhalese: චර්මය (carmaya)

/t͡ɕɐ́ɾ.mɐn/

/ˈt͡ɕɐɾ.mɐn̪/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čárma, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kérmn̥ (“skin, hide, pelt”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬥 (car^əman), Old Persian 𐎨𐎼𐎶𐎴 (c-r-m-n /carman/) (whence Persian چرم (čarm)), Latin corium (“skin”), Proto-Slavic *kora (“bark”).

inh

निश् चर्म॑ण ऋभवो॒ गाम॑पिंशत॒ सं व॒त्सेना॑सृजता मा॒तरं॒ पुनः॑ ।
níś cármaṇa ṛbhavo gā́mapiṃśata sáṃ vatsénāsṛjatā mātáraṃ púnaḥ.

Out of skin, O Ṛbhus, once ye formed a cow, and brought the mother close unto her calf again.


जिह्वा

jihvā́ (romanization)
जिह्वा (nominative singular)
जिह्वे (dual nominative)
जिह्वाः (nominative plural)
जिह्वे (singular vocative)
जिह्वे (dual vocative)
जिह्वाः (plural vocative)
जिह्वाम् (accusative singular)
जिह्वे (accusative dual)
जिह्वाः (accusative plural)
जिह्वया (instrumental singular)
जिह्वा1 (instrumental singular)
जिह्वाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जिह्वाभिः (instrumental plural)
जिह्वायै (dative singular)
जिह्वाभ्याम् (dative dual)
जिह्वाभ्यः (dative plural)
जिह्वायाः (ablative singular)
जिह्वायै2 (ablative singular)
जिह्वाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जिह्वाभ्यः (ablative plural)
जिह्वायाः (genitive singular)
जिह्वायै2 (genitive singular)
जिह्वयोः (dual genitive)
जिह्वानाम् (genitive plural)
जिह्वायाम् (locative singular)
जिह्वयोः (dual locative)
जिह्वासु (locative plural)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)

Awadhi: जीभ (jībh)

Dardic:

Dameli: ژِپ (žip)

Domaaki: جِبا (ǰiba)

desc

Gawar-Bati: زِپ (zib), [script needed] (zip)

Grangali: زِپ (zip)

Indus Kohistani: زِیب (zīb)

Kalami: جِب (ǰib)

Kalasha: ǰip (جِپ)

Kashmiri: زؠو (zyav)

Kohistani Shina: جِب (ǰib)

Northeast Pashayi: زِیپ (zīp)

Northwest Pashayi: جِب (ǰib)

Phalura: جھِپ (ǰhip)

Savi: ژِبا (žiba)

Shina: جِپ (ǰip)

Shumashti: زِیب (zīb)

Tirahi: جُب (ǰub)

Torwali: جِیب (ǰīb)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: زِب (zib)

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ދޫ (dū)

Sinhalese: දිව (diwa)

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)

Assamese: জিভা (zibha)

Bengali: জিভ (jibh)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: जीभि (jībhi)

Magahi: 𑂔𑂲𑂦 (jībh)

Maithili: जीहा (jīhā)

Mymensinghiya: জিবলা (zibla)

Odia: ଜିଭ (jibha)

Sylheti: ꠎꠤꠙꠞꠣ (zifra)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)

Konkani: जीभ (jībh)

Old Marathi: जीभ (jībha)

Marathi: जीभ (jībh)

Pali: jivhā

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)

Garhwali: जीभ (jībh)

Gujarati: જીભ (jībh)

Hindustani:

Hindi: जीभ (jībh)

Urdu: جیبھ (jībh)

Kumaoni: जीभ (jībh)

Nepali: जिब्रो (jibro)

Punjabi: ਜੀਭ (jībh), ਜਿੱਭ (jibbha)

desctree

Romani: ćhib (“tongue; language”), shib (Anglicized), čhib, śib, șib (Pan-Vlax)
Caló: chipí

Sindhi: جڀا (jibhā)

/d͡ʑiɦ.ʋɑ́ː/

/ˈd͡ʑiɦ.ʋɑː/

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́iźʰwáH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH (compare Kamkata-viri dić, Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬁 (hizuuā), Persian زبان (zabân)), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (whence Old Armenian լեզու (lezu), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō), Latin lingua, Old Church Slavonic ѩзꙑкъ (językŭ), Old Prussian insuwis, English tongue).


आस्य

āsyà (romanization)
आस्यम् (nominative singular)
आस्ये (dual nominative)
आस्यानि (nominative plural)
आस्या1 (nominative plural)
आस्य (singular vocative)
आस्ये (dual vocative)
आस्यानि (plural vocative)
आस्या1 (plural vocative)
आस्यम् (accusative singular)
आस्ये (accusative dual)
आस्यानि (accusative plural)
आस्या1 (accusative plural)
आस्येन (instrumental singular)
आस्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आस्यैः (instrumental plural)
आस्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
आस्याय (dative singular)
आस्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
आस्येभ्यः (dative plural)
आस्यात् (ablative singular)
आस्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
आस्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
आस्यस्य (genitive singular)
आस्ययोः (dual genitive)
आस्यानाम् (genitive plural)
आस्ये (locative singular)
आस्ययोः (dual locative)
आस्येषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalami: آئیں (ā̃y)

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: ٲس (ạ̄s)

Devanagari script: ॴस (ạ̄s)

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (assa)


शिरस्

śíras (romanization)
शिरः (nominative singular)
शिरसी (dual nominative)
शिरांसि (nominative plural)
शिरः (singular vocative)
शिरसी (dual vocative)
शिरांसि (plural vocative)
शिरः (accusative singular)
शिरसी (accusative dual)
शिरांसि (accusative plural)
शिरसा (instrumental singular)
शिरोभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शिरोभिः (instrumental plural)
शिरसे (dative singular)
शिरोभ्याम् (dative dual)
शिरोभ्यः (dative plural)
शिरसः (ablative singular)
शिरोभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शिरोभ्यः (ablative plural)
शिरसः (genitive singular)
शिरसोः (dual genitive)
शिरसाम् (genitive plural)
शिरसि (locative singular)
शिरसोः (dual locative)
शिरःसु (locative plural)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)

Awadhi: सिर (sir)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: [script needed] (hīrü)

desc

Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (šīr)

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: සිර (sira)

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)

Assamese: সিৰ (xir)

Bengali: শির (śir)

Maithili: सिर (sir)

Odia: ସିର (sira)

Pali: siras

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)

Garhwali: सिर (sir)

Gujarati: સિર (sir)

Hindustani:

Hindi: सिर (sir)

Urdu: سر (sir)

Kumaoni: सिर (sir)

Nepali: सिर (sira)

Punjabi: ਸਿਰ (sir), سر (sir)

desctree

Romani: śero, shero (Anglicized), šero (Pan-Vlax)
→ Hungarian: séró

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćŕ̥Has, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱŕ̥h₂-os, from *ḱerh₂- (“head”); see there for more. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬭𐬀 (sāra), Persian سر (sar), Latin cerebrum.

इ॒दं ह्यन्वोज॑सा सु॒तं रा॑धानां पते । पिबा॒ त्व१॒॑स्य गि॑र्वणः ॥ यस्ते॒ अनु॑ स्व॒धामस॑त्सु॒ते नि य॑च्छ त॒न्वं॑ । स त्वा॑ ममत्तु सो॒म्यं ॥ प्र ते॑ अश्नोतु कु॒क्ष्योः प्रेन्द्र॒ ब्रह्म॑णा॒ शिरः॑ । प्र बा॒हू शू॑र॒ राध॑से ॥

So, Lord of affluent gifts, this juice hath been pressed for thee with strength. Drink of it, thou who lovest song. Incline thy body to this juice which suits thy Godlike nature well. May it cheer thee who lovest it. Brave Indra, let it work through both thy flanks, and through thy head by prayer, and through thine arms, to prosper us.

idáṃ hyánvójasā sutáṃ rādhānāṃ pate. píbā tvàsyá girvaṇaḥ. yáste ánu svadhā́másatsuté ní yaccha tanvàṃ. sá tvā mamattu somyáṃ. prá te aśnotu kukṣyóḥ préndra bráhmaṇā śíraḥ. prá bāhū́ śūra rā́dhase.


अस्थि

अस्थि ॑ (canonical)
ásthi (romanization)
अस्थि (nominative singular)
अस्थिनी (dual nominative)
अस्थीनि (nominative plural)
अस्थि1 (nominative plural)
अस्थी1 (nominative plural)
अस्थि (singular vocative)
अस्थे (singular vocative)
अस्थिनी (dual vocative)
अस्थीनि (plural vocative)
अस्थि1 (plural vocative)
अस्थी1 (plural vocative)
अस्थि (accusative singular)
अस्थिनी (accusative dual)
अस्थीनि (accusative plural)
अस्थि1 (accusative plural)
अस्थी1 (accusative plural)
अस्थिना (instrumental singular)
अस्थ्या1 (instrumental singular)
अस्थिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अस्थिभिः (instrumental plural)
अस्थिने (dative singular)
अस्थये1 (dative singular)
अस्थिभ्याम् (dative dual)
अस्थिभ्यः (dative plural)
अस्थिनः (ablative singular)
अस्थेः1 (ablative singular)
अस्थिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अस्थिभ्यः (ablative plural)
अस्थिनः (genitive singular)
अस्थेः1 (genitive singular)
अस्थिनोः (dual genitive)
अस्थीनाम् (genitive plural)
अस्थिनि (locative singular)
अस्थौ1 (locative singular)
अस्था1 (locative singular)
अस्थिनोः (dual locative)
अस्थिषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: aṭhí

Khowar: استی (astī)

Pali: atthi

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

→ Bengali: অস্থি (osthi)

→ Hindi: अस्थि (asthi)

→ Kannada: ಅಸ್ಥಿ (asthi)

→ Old Javanese: asthi

→ Punjabi: ਅਸਥੀ (asathī)

→ Telugu: అస్థి (asthi)

→ Urdu: استھ (asthi)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁
Proto-Indo-Iranian *HástʰH
Sanskrit अस्थि॑ (ásthi)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HástʰH, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), Latin os, Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬙 (ast), Persian است (ast), Old Armenian ոսկր (oskr).

etymon

अस्थि॑


अक्षि

ákṣi (romanization)
अक्षि (nominative singular)
अक्षिणी (dual nominative)
अक्षीणि (nominative plural)
अक्षि1 (nominative plural)
अक्षी1 (nominative plural)
अक्षि (singular vocative)
अक्षे (singular vocative)
अक्षिणी (dual vocative)
अक्षीणि (plural vocative)
अक्षि1 (plural vocative)
अक्षी1 (plural vocative)
अक्षि (accusative singular)
अक्षिणी (accusative dual)
अक्षीणि (accusative plural)
अक्षि1 (accusative plural)
अक्षी1 (accusative plural)
अक्षिणा (instrumental singular)
अक्ष्या1 (instrumental singular)
अक्षिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अक्षिभिः (instrumental plural)
अक्षिणे (dative singular)
अक्षये1 (dative singular)
अक्षिभ्याम् (dative dual)
अक्षिभ्यः (dative plural)
अक्षिणः (ablative singular)
अक्षेः1 (ablative singular)
अक्षिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अक्षिभ्यः (ablative plural)
अक्षिणः (genitive singular)
अक्षेः1 (genitive singular)
अक्षिणोः (dual genitive)
अक्षीणाम् (genitive plural)
अक्षिणि (locative singular)
अक्षौ1 (locative singular)
अक्षा1 (locative singular)
अक्षिणोः (dual locative)
अक्षिषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalami: اڄ (ac̣)

Kalasha: eč

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: أچھ (ạch)

Devanagari script: ॲछ (ạch)

Sharada script: 𑆃𑆾𑇋𑆗 (ạch)

>? Khowar: غیچ (ġeč)

Phalura: ac̣híi

Shina: اَڇھی (aċhī)

Pali: akkhi

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 (akkhi), 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀺 (acchi)
Central Indo-Aryan:
Hindustani:
Hindi: आँख (ā̃kh)
Urdu: آن٘کھ (ā̃kh)
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
Early Assamese: আখি (akhi)
Assamese: আখি (akhi)
Old Bengali: আখি
Bengali: আঁখ (ãkh), আঁখি (ãkhi)
Odia: ଆଖି (ākhi)
Insular Indo-Aryan: (< 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀺 (acchi))
Sinhalese: ඇස (æsa)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
Nepali: आँखा (ā̃khā)
Dogri: हाख्खि (hākhkhi)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਅੱਖ (akkha)
Shahmukhi script: اَکّھ (akkh)
Sindhi: अखि (akhi)
Western Indo-Aryan:
Old Gujarati:
Gujarati: આંખ (ā̃kha)
Romani: jakh
Marwari: [script needed] (ākhi)

→ Bengali: অক্ষি (okkhi) (learned)

→ Malayalam: അക്ഷി (akṣi) (learned)

→ Odia: ଅକ୍ଷି (akshi) (learned)

→ Tamil: அக்கு (akku)

→ Telugu: అక్షి (akṣi) (learned)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši
Sanskrit अक्षि (akṣi)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hákṣi, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs (“eye”), from *h₃ekʷ-. Cognate with Latin oculus, Ancient Greek ὄσσε (ósse), Old Armenian ակն (akn) and աչք (ačʻkʻ), Old English ēage (whence English eye).


जानु

jā́nu (romanization)
जानु (nominative singular)
जानुनी (dual nominative)
जानूनि (nominative plural)
जानु1 (nominative plural)
जानू1 (nominative plural)
जानु (singular vocative)
जानो (singular vocative)
जानुनी (dual vocative)
जानूनि (plural vocative)
जानु1 (plural vocative)
जानू1 (plural vocative)
जानु (accusative singular)
जानुनी (accusative dual)
जानूनि (accusative plural)
जानु1 (accusative plural)
जानू1 (accusative plural)
जानुना (instrumental singular)
जान्वा1 (instrumental singular)
जानुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जानुभिः (instrumental plural)
जानुने (dative singular)
जानवे1 (dative singular)
जान्वे1 (dative singular)
जानुभ्याम् (dative dual)
जानुभ्यः (dative plural)
जानुनः (ablative singular)
जानोः1 (ablative singular)
जान्वः1 (ablative singular)
जानुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जानुभ्यः (ablative plural)
जानुनः (genitive singular)
जानोः1 (genitive singular)
जान्वः1 (genitive singular)
जानुनोः (dual genitive)
जानूनाम् (genitive plural)
जानुनि (locative singular)
जानौ1 (locative singular)
जानुनोः (dual locative)
जानुषु (locative plural)

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: දන (dana)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Lahnda:

Khetrani: [script needed] (jā̃ṇu)

Pali: jānu

→ Telugu: జానువు (jānuvu)

/ˈd͡ʑɑː.n̪u/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ā́nu (“knee”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (“knee”).
Cognate with Old Armenian ծունգք (cungkʻ), Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu, “knee”), Latin genu (“knee”), Avestan 𐬰𐬁𐬥𐬎 (zānu), Persian زانو (zânu), Old English cnēow (whence English knee)).

आच्या जानु दक्षिणतो निषद्येमं यज्ञमभि गृणीत विश्वे ।
मा हिंसिष्ट पितरः केन चिन्नो यद्व आगः पुरुषता कराम ॥
ācyā jānu dakṣiṇato niṣadyemaṃ yajñamabhi gṛṇīta viśve.

Bowing your bended knees and seated southward, accept this sacrifice of ours with favour.
Punish us not for any sin, O Fathers, which we through human frailty have committed.

mā hiṃsiṣṭa pitaraḥ kena cinno yadva āgaḥ puruṣatā karāma.


जम्भ

jámbha (romanization)
जम्भः (nominative singular)
जम्भौ (dual nominative)
जम्भा1 (dual nominative)
जम्भाः (nominative plural)
जम्भासः1 (nominative plural)
जम्भ (singular vocative)
जम्भौ (dual vocative)
जम्भा1 (dual vocative)
जम्भाः (plural vocative)
जम्भासः1 (plural vocative)
जम्भम् (accusative singular)
जम्भौ (accusative dual)
जम्भा1 (accusative dual)
जम्भान् (accusative plural)
जम्भेन (instrumental singular)
जम्भाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जम्भैः (instrumental plural)
जम्भेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
जम्भाय (dative singular)
जम्भाभ्याम् (dative dual)
जम्भेभ्यः (dative plural)
जम्भात् (ablative singular)
जम्भाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जम्भेभ्यः (ablative plural)
जम्भस्य (genitive singular)
जम्भयोः (dual genitive)
जम्भानाम् (genitive plural)
जम्भे (locative singular)
जम्भयोः (dual locative)
जम्भेषु (locative plural)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: জাবর (jabor)

inc-ext

Maharastri Prakrit: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-))

Old Marathi:

Marathi: जबडा (jabḍā)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਜਬਾੜਾ (jabāṛā)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

desctree

Romani: ćham (“cheek”)
Angloromani: cham

Sauraseni Prakrit: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-))

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Old Hindi:

Hindustani:

Hindi: जबड़ा (jabṛā)

Urdu: جَبْڑَا (jabṛā)

→ Hindi: जंभ (jambh) (learned)

/d͡ʑɐ́m.bʱɐ/

/ˈd͡ʑɐm.bʱɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ámbʰas (“tooth, jaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“tooth”). Cognate with Pashto ژامه (žā́ma, “jaw”), Ancient Greek γόμφος (gómphos).

inh

सद्यो जातस्य ददृशानमोजो यदस्य वातो अनुवाति शोचिः।
वृणक्ति तिग्मामतसेषु जिह्वां स्थिरा चिदन्ना दयते वि जम्भैः॥
sadyo jātasya dadṛśānamojo yadasya vāto anuvāti śociḥ.

Yet newly born, his vigour is apparent when the wind blows upon his fiery splendour,
His sharpened tongue he layeth on the brushwood, and with his teeth even solid food consumeth.

vṛṇakti tigmāmataseṣu jihvāṃ sthirā cidannā dayate vi jambhaiḥ.


हस्त

hásta (romanization)
हस्तः (nominative singular)
हस्तौ (dual nominative)
हस्ता1 (dual nominative)
हस्ताः (nominative plural)
हस्तासः1 (nominative plural)
हस्त (singular vocative)
हस्तौ (dual vocative)
हस्ता1 (dual vocative)
हस्ताः (plural vocative)
हस्तासः1 (plural vocative)
हस्तम् (accusative singular)
हस्तौ (accusative dual)
हस्ता1 (accusative dual)
हस्तान् (accusative plural)
हस्तेन (instrumental singular)
हस्ताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
हस्तैः (instrumental plural)
हस्तेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
हस्ताय (dative singular)
हस्ताभ्याम् (dative dual)
हस्तेभ्यः (dative plural)
हस्तात् (ablative singular)
हस्ताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
हस्तेभ्यः (ablative plural)
हस्तस्य (genitive singular)
हस्तयोः (dual genitive)
हस्तानाम् (genitive plural)
हस्ते (locative singular)
हस्तयोः (dual locative)
हस्तेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: اَتھٕ (athụ)

Khowar: ہوست (host)

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: އަތް (at̊), އަތްތިލަ (at̊tila)

Sinhalese: අත (ata)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣 (hattha)
Central Indo-Aryan:
Eastern Hindi:
Awadhi: हाँथ (hā̃th)
Western Hindi:
Hindustani:
Hindi: हाथ (hāth)
Urdu: ہاتھ (hāth)
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
Bengali–Assamese:
Early Assamese: হাথ (hatho)
Assamese: হাত (hat)
Old Bengali: হাথ (hātha)
Bengali: হাত (hat)
Chakma: 𑄦𑄖𑄴 (hāt)
Rohingya: hát
Sylheti: ꠀꠔ (at)
Bihari:
Bhojpuri: हाथ (hāth)
Maithili: हाथ (hāth)
Odia: ହାତ (hāta)
Insular Indo-Aryan:
Dhivehi: އަތް (at̊), އަތްތިލަ (at̊tila)
Sinhalese: අත (ata)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
Garhwali: हाथ (hāth)
Nepali: हात (hāt)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
Kachchi: હથ (hath)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਹੱਥ (hattha)
Shahmukhi script: ہَتھّ (hathh)
Sindhi:
Arabic script: هَٿُ
Devanagari script: हथु
Southern Indo-Aryan:
Konkani:
Devanagari script: हात (hāt)
Kannada script: ಹಾತ್ (hāt)
Latin script: hat
Old Marathi:
Modi script: 𑘮𑘞 (hatha), 𑘮𑘰𑘘 (hāṭa), 𑘮𑘰𑘝 (hāta), 𑘮𑘰𑘞 (hātha)
Devanagari script: हथ (hatha), हाट (hāṭa), हात (hāta), हाथ (hātha)
Marathi: हात (hāt)
Western Indo-Aryan:
Old Gujarati: हाथ (hātha)
Gujarati: હાથ (hāth)
Malvi: हात (hāt)
Nimadi: हाथ (hāth)
Romani: vast

Pali: hattha
→ Khmer: ហត្ថ (hat)
→ Thai: หัตถ์

→ Hindi: हस्त (hast)

→ Kannada: ಹಸ್ತ (hasta)

→ Malay: hasta

Indonesian: hasta

→ Malayalam: ഹസ്തം (hastaṁ)

→ Old Javanese: hasta
Javanese: ꦲꦱ꧀ꦠ (asta)
→ Balinese: ᬳᬲ᭄ᬢ (asta, “hand”)

→ Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘮𑘭𑘿𑘝 (hasta)

Devanagari script: हस्त (hasta)

→ Tamil: அஸ்தம் (astam), அத்தம் (attam)

→ Telugu: హస్తము (hastamu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas
Sanskrit हस्त (hasta)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-.
Cognate with Old Persian 𐎭𐎿𐎫 (d-s-t /dasta/) (whence modern Persian دست (dast)), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (zasta, “hand”), Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír, “hand”), Latin hir (“hand”).

etymon

the forearm (a measure of length from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger)


ओष्ठ

óṣṭha (romanization)
ओष्ठः (nominative singular)
ओष्ठौ (dual nominative)
ओष्ठा1 (dual nominative)
ओष्ठाः (nominative plural)
ओष्ठासः1 (nominative plural)
ओष्ठ (singular vocative)
ओष्ठौ (dual vocative)
ओष्ठा1 (dual vocative)
ओष्ठाः (plural vocative)
ओष्ठासः1 (plural vocative)
ओष्ठम् (accusative singular)
ओष्ठौ (accusative dual)
ओष्ठा1 (accusative dual)
ओष्ठान् (accusative plural)
ओष्ठेन (instrumental singular)
ओष्ठाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ओष्ठैः (instrumental plural)
ओष्ठेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ओष्ठाय (dative singular)
ओष्ठाभ्याम् (dative dual)
ओष्ठेभ्यः (dative plural)
ओष्ठात् (ablative singular)
ओष्ठाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ओष्ठेभ्यः (ablative plural)
ओष्ठस्य (genitive singular)
ओष्ठयोः (dual genitive)
ओष्ठानाम् (genitive plural)
ओष्ठे (locative singular)
ओष्ठयोः (dual locative)
ओष्ठेषु (locative plural)

Pali: oṭṭha

Dardic:

Kashmiri: वुठ (wuṭh)

desc

Prakrit: 𑀑𑀝𑁆𑀞 (ŏṭṭha), 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞 (uṭṭha), 𑀳𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀞 (hŏṭṭha), 𑀳𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀞 (huṭṭha)

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: ඔට (oṭa)

Khasa Prakrit:

Nepali: ओठ् (oṭh)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ওঁঠ (ü̃th)

Odia: ଓଠ (oṭha)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: वोंट (voṇṭa)

Marathi: ओठ (oṭh), ओंठ (oṇṭha)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਹੋਠ (hoṭh), Punjabi: ਹੋਂਠ (hoṇṭh)

Pali: oṭṭha

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Domari: ōšt

Gujarati: હોઠ (hoṭh)

Hindustani:

Hindi: होंठ (hõṭh)

Urdu: ہونٹ (honṭ)

Romani: uśt, vusht (Anglicized), vuśt (International Standard), vušt (Pan-Vlax)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwštʰas (“lip”), from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬙𐬀(-𐬗𐬀) (aošta(-ca), “upper lip”), 𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 (aoštra, “two lips”), Proto-Slavic *ūstà (“lip, mouth”). See also आस् (ā́s, “mouth”).


ओष्ठ

(botany) Coccinia grandis (to whose red fruits lips are commonly compared)


अंस

áṃsa (romanization)
अंसः (nominative singular)
अंसौ (dual nominative)
अंसा1 (dual nominative)
अंसाः (nominative plural)
अंसासः1 (nominative plural)
अंस (singular vocative)
अंसौ (dual vocative)
अंसा1 (dual vocative)
अंसाः (plural vocative)
अंसासः1 (plural vocative)
अंसम् (accusative singular)
अंसौ (accusative dual)
अंसा1 (accusative dual)
अंसान् (accusative plural)
अंसेन (instrumental singular)
अंसाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अंसैः (instrumental plural)
अंसेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अंसाय (dative singular)
अंसाभ्याम् (dative dual)
अंसेभ्यः (dative plural)
अंसात् (ablative singular)
अंसाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अंसेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अंसस्य (genitive singular)
अंसयोः (dual genitive)
अंसानाम् (genitive plural)
अंसे (locative singular)
अंसयोः (dual locative)
अंसेषु (locative plural)

Pali: aṃsa

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀲 (aṃsa)

Hindi: हाँस (hā̃s)

→ Odia: ଅଂସ (aṁsa)

→ Marathi: अंश (auśa)

→ Tamil: அம்ஸம் (amsam)

→ Telugu: అంసము (aṁsamu)

→ Malayalam: അംസം (aṁsaṁ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óms-o-s (“shoulder”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὦμος (ômos, “shoulder”), Latin umerus (“shoulder”) (whence English humerus); Gothic 𐌰𐌼𐍃 (ams, “shoulder”).

ऋष्टयो वो मरुतो अंसयोर् अधि सह ओजो बाह्वोर् वो बलं हितम्।

Borne on both shoulders, O ye Maruts, are your spears: within your arms is laid your energy and strength.

ṛṣṭayo vo maruto aṃsayor adhi saha ojo bāhvor vo balaṃ hitam.


असृज्

ásṛj (romanization)
असृक् (nominative singular)
असृजौ (dual nominative)
असृजा1 (dual nominative)
असृजः (nominative plural)
असृक् (singular vocative)
असृजौ (dual vocative)
असृजा1 (dual vocative)
असृजः (plural vocative)
असृजम् (accusative singular)
असृजौ (accusative dual)
असृजा1 (accusative dual)
असृजः (accusative plural)
असृजा (instrumental singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
असृग्भिः (instrumental plural)
असृजे (dative singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
असृग्भ्यः (dative plural)
असृजः (ablative singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
असृग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
असृजः (genitive singular)
असृजोः (dual genitive)
असृजाम् (genitive plural)
असृजि (locative singular)
असृजोः (dual locative)
असृक्षु (locative plural)
असृक् (nominative singular)
असृजी (dual nominative)
असृञ्जि (nominative plural)
असृक् (singular vocative)
असृजी (dual vocative)
असृञ्जि (plural vocative)
असृक् (accusative singular)
असृजी (accusative dual)
असृञ्जि (accusative plural)
असृजा (instrumental singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
असृग्भिः (instrumental plural)
असृजे (dative singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
असृग्भ्यः (dative plural)
असृजः (ablative singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
असृग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
असृजः (genitive singular)
असृजोः (dual genitive)
असृजाम् (genitive plural)
असृजि (locative singular)
असृजोः (dual locative)
असृक्षु (locative plural)

/ˈɐ.s̪r̩d͡ʑ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HásHr̥, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Cognate with Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (ēšḫar), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn) and perhaps Latin sanguis.


अक्ष

अक्ष ॑ (canonical)
ákṣa (romanization)
अक्षः (nominative singular)
अक्षौ (dual nominative)
अक्षा1 (dual nominative)
अक्षाः (nominative plural)
अक्षासः1 (nominative plural)
अक्ष (singular vocative)
अक्षौ (dual vocative)
अक्षा1 (dual vocative)
अक्षाः (plural vocative)
अक्षासः1 (plural vocative)
अक्षम् (accusative singular)
अक्षौ (accusative dual)
अक्षा1 (accusative dual)
अक्षान् (accusative plural)
अक्षेण (instrumental singular)
अक्षाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अक्षैः (instrumental plural)
अक्षेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अक्षाय (dative singular)
अक्षाभ्याम् (dative dual)
अक्षेभ्यः (dative plural)
अक्षात् (ablative singular)
अक्षाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अक्षेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अक्षस्य (genitive singular)
अक्षयोः (dual genitive)
अक्षाणाम् (genitive plural)
अक्षे (locative singular)
अक्षयोः (dual locative)
अक्षेषु (locative plural)

Pali: akkha

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔 (akkha) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-?
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćšas
Sanskrit अक्ष॑ (ákṣa)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háṭṣas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-. Cognate with Latin axis.

etymon

अक्ष॑


अक्ष

अ॒क्ष (canonical)
akṣá (romanization)
अक्षः (nominative singular)
अक्षौ (dual nominative)
अक्षा1 (dual nominative)
अक्षाः (nominative plural)
अक्षासः1 (nominative plural)
अक्ष (singular vocative)
अक्षौ (dual vocative)
अक्षा1 (dual vocative)
अक्षाः (plural vocative)
अक्षासः1 (plural vocative)
अक्षम् (accusative singular)
अक्षौ (accusative dual)
अक्षा1 (accusative dual)
अक्षान् (accusative plural)
अक्षेण (instrumental singular)
अक्षाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अक्षैः (instrumental plural)
अक्षेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अक्षाय (dative singular)
अक्षाभ्याम् (dative dual)
अक्षेभ्यः (dative plural)
अक्षात् (ablative singular)
अक्षाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अक्षेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अक्षस्य (genitive singular)
अक्षयोः (dual genitive)
अक्षाणाम् (genitive plural)
अक्षे (locative singular)
अक्षयोः (dual locative)
अक्षेषु (locative plural)

Pali: akkha, accha

Uncertain; per Mayrhofer, probably of non-Indo-European origin. The comparison with अक्ष (akṣa, “eye”) is probably not tenable since Indian dice were not dotted the same way as Western dice. Compare अक्षोट (akṣoṭa, “walnut”), which may have a shared origin. Compare also Latin ālea (“die; dice-game”) which derives from axis (“axle”).

अ॒क्ष

the plant Elaeocarpus angustifolius or its seed


यकृत्

yákṛt (romanization)
यकृत् (nominative singular)
यकृत् (accusative singular)
यक्ना (instrumental singular)
यक्नः (ablative singular)
यकृतः (ablative singular)
यक्नः (genitive singular)
यकृति (locative singular)

Dardic: (< यकन् (yákan))

Kalami: [script needed] (yān)

Kalasha: žạ́ŋgu

Khowar: ݰیغُن (ṣéġun)

Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (yū̃)

Shina: [script needed] (yum)

Torwali: [script needed] (ǰogō)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀕 (jaga)

Marathi: जरंडी (jaraṇḍī, “hepatitis”)

Pali: yaka, yakana

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀕 (jaga)

Kumaoni: जिकुडो (jikuṛo)

Sindhi: जेरो (jero)

→ Kannada: ಯಕೃತ್ತು (yakṛttu)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyákr̥ (“liver”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hyékʷr̥ (“liver”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬆 (yākar^ə), Persian جگر (jegar), Latin iecur, Ancient Greek ἧπαρ (hêpar), Old Armenian լեարդ (leard).

यक्ष्मं मतस्नाभ्यां यक्नः प्लाशिभ्यो वि वृहामि ते ॥

From kidneys, liver, and from the spleen, I drive thy malady away.

yakṣmaṃ matasnābhyāṃ yaknaḥ plāśibhyo vi vṛhāmi te.


कल

kala (romanization)
कलम् (nominative singular)
कले (dual nominative)
कलानि (nominative plural)
कल (singular vocative)
कले (dual vocative)
कलानि (plural vocative)
कलम् (accusative singular)
कले (accusative dual)
कलानि (accusative plural)
कलेन (instrumental singular)
कलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कलैः (instrumental plural)
कलाय (dative singular)
कलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कलेभ्यः (dative plural)
कलात् (ablative singular)
कलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कलस्य (genitive singular)
कलयोः (dual genitive)
कलानाम् (genitive plural)
कले (locative singular)
कलयोः (dual locative)
कलेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">कल</i>


क्षीर

kṣīrá (romanization)
क्षीरम् (nominative singular)
क्षीरे (dual nominative)
क्षीराणि (nominative plural)
क्षीरा1 (nominative plural)
क्षीर (singular vocative)
क्षीरे (dual vocative)
क्षीराणि (plural vocative)
क्षीरा1 (plural vocative)
क्षीरम् (accusative singular)
क्षीरे (accusative dual)
क्षीराणि (accusative plural)
क्षीरा1 (accusative plural)
क्षीरेण (instrumental singular)
क्षीराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्षीरैः (instrumental plural)
क्षीरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
क्षीराय (dative singular)
क्षीराभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्षीरेभ्यः (dative plural)
क्षीरात् (ablative singular)
क्षीराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्षीरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्षीरस्य (genitive singular)
क्षीरयोः (dual genitive)
क्षीराणाम् (genitive plural)
क्षीरे (locative singular)
क्षीरयोः (dual locative)
क्षीरेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: [script needed] (c̣hīr)

Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (c̣hir)

desc

Kalami: [script needed] (c̣hīr, “milk, udder”)

Kalasha: č̣hir

Khowar: ݯھیر (c̣hír)

Phalura: ڇھیر (c̣hīr)

Savi: [script needed] (c̣hir)

Shumashti: [script needed] (c̣hīr)

Torwali: ڇھی (c̣hī)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit: 𑀓𑀺𑀭𑀺 (kiri)

Dhivehi: ކިރު (kiru)

Sinhalese: කිරි (kiri)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)

Marathi: खीर (khīr), शिरें (śirẽ, “caudle for puerperal women of coconut milk”)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Nepali: खीर (khīra)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)

Assamese: খীৰ (khir)

Bengali: ক্ষীর (khir), খীর (khir)

Odia: ଖିରି (khiri), ଖିର (khira, “milk, juice from trees”), ଖିରା (khirā, “inspissated milk”)

Sylheti: ꠈꠤꠞ (kír)

Western:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਖੀਰ (khīr)

Lahnda: کھِیر (khīr)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: کِيرُ

Devanagari script: खीरु

Pali: khīra

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)

Domaaki: [script needed] (c̣hīr)

Gujarati: ખીરું (khīrũ)

Hindustani:

Hindi: खीर (khīr)

Urdu: کھیر (khīr)

>? Romani: khil

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Waigali: [script needed] (c̣hīr, “sour milk”)

→ Telugu: క్షీరము (kṣīramu) (learned)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám
Sanskrit क्षीर (kṣīra)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám (“milk”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬛- (xšuuid-), Northern Kurdish şîr, Persian شیر (šir), Zazaki şıd, şıt. Originally thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *swēyd- (“milk”), but Lubotsky claims a borrowing from the BMAC substrate.

etymon

पावमानीर्यो अध्येत्यृषिभिः सम्भृतं रसम् ।
तस्मै सरस्वती दुहे क्षीरं सर्पिर्मधूदकम् ॥
pāvamānīryo adhyetyṛṣibhiḥ sambhṛtaṃ rasam.
tasmai sarasvatī duhe kṣīraṃ sarpirmadhūdakam.
Whoever reads the essence stored by saints, the Pavamani hymns,

Sarasvatī draws forth for him water and butter, milk and meath.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda


शिर

śira (romanization)
शिरः (nominative singular)
शिरौ (dual nominative)
शिरा1 (dual nominative)
शिराः (nominative plural)
शिरासः1 (nominative plural)
शिर (singular vocative)
शिरौ (dual vocative)
शिरा1 (dual vocative)
शिराः (plural vocative)
शिरासः1 (plural vocative)
शिरम् (accusative singular)
शिरौ (accusative dual)
शिरा1 (accusative dual)
शिरान् (accusative plural)
शिरेण (instrumental singular)
शिराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शिरैः (instrumental plural)
शिरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
शिराय (dative singular)
शिराभ्याम् (dative dual)
शिरेभ्यः (dative plural)
शिरात् (ablative singular)
शिराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शिरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शिरस्य (genitive singular)
शिरयोः (dual genitive)
शिराणाम् (genitive plural)
शिरे (locative singular)
शिरयोः (dual locative)
शिरेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Pashayi: šero

desc

Kashmiri: ह्यरि॒ (hyari॒), हीरू॒ (hīrū॒)

desctree

Old Javanese: śirah
Javanese: ꦱꦶꦫꦃ (sirah)
→ Sundanese: ᮞᮤᮛᮂ (sirah)
→ Balinese: ᬰᬶᬭᬄ → ᬲᬶᬭᬄ (sirah)

Pali: sira

→ Sinhalese: සිර (sira)

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀭 (sira)

Punjabi: ਸਿਰ (sir), ਸਿਰੀ (sirī)

Sindhi: 𑋝𑋡𑋙𑋣 (siru), 𑋝𑋡𑋙𑋢 (sirī)

West Pahāṛī: śir,śirī

Churahi: 𑚧𑚮𑚤

Kumaoni: सिर

Nepali: सिर (sira)

Assamese: শিৰ (xir)

Bengali: শির (śir)

Odia: ଶିର (śira)

Maithili: 𑒮𑒱𑒩 (sira)

Awadhi: 𑂮𑂱𑂩

desc

Hindi: सिर (sir), सिरा (sirā), सिरी (sirī)

Gujarati: સિર (sir)

Marathi: 𑘫𑘲𑘨 (śīr), शीर (śīr)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head”); see there for more. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬀 (sara).


कर्ण

kárṇa (romanization)
कर्णः (nominative singular)
कर्णौ (dual nominative)
कर्णा1 (dual nominative)
कर्णाः (nominative plural)
कर्णासः1 (nominative plural)
कर्ण (singular vocative)
कर्णौ (dual vocative)
कर्णा1 (dual vocative)
कर्णाः (plural vocative)
कर्णासः1 (plural vocative)
कर्णम् (accusative singular)
कर्णौ (accusative dual)
कर्णा1 (accusative dual)
कर्णान् (accusative plural)
कर्णेन (instrumental singular)
कर्णाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कर्णैः (instrumental plural)
कर्णेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कर्णाय (dative singular)
कर्णाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कर्णेभ्यः (dative plural)
कर्णात् (ablative singular)
कर्णाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कर्णेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कर्णस्य (genitive singular)
कर्णयोः (dual genitive)
कर्णानाम् (genitive plural)
कर्णे (locative singular)
कर्णयोः (dual locative)
कर्णेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Grangali: kō̃

Indus Kohistani: kaṇa, kān

Kalami: kan

Kalasha: kọ̃

Kashmiri: کَن (kan), کَنّ

Phalura: کاݨ (kāṇ)

Shina: کون (kon), کوݨ (koṇí)

Kohistani Shina: کݨ (kuṇ), کءاݨ (kuāṇə)

→ Domaaki: کون (kon)

Shumashti: kō̃ṛ

Tirahi: kana

Torwali: کان (kaṇ)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: kanə, kan

Pali: kaṇṇa

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀡 (kaṇṇa)
Central:
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
Awadhi: कान (kān)
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Hindustani: kān
Hindi: कान
Urdu: کان (kān)
Romani: kan
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
Avahattha: 𑖎𑖜𑖿𑖜 (kaṇṇa), कण्ण (kaṇṇa)
Bengali-Assamese:
Assamese: কাণ (kan), কান (kan)
Bengali: কান (kan)
Hajong: কান
Bihari:
Bhojpuri: kān
Devanagari script: कान
Kaithi script: 𑂍𑂰𑂢
Magahi: kān
Devanagari script: कान
Kaithi script: 𑂍𑂰𑂢
Maithili: kān
Devanagari script: कान
Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒢
Odia: କାନ (kāna)
Northern:
Khasa Prakrit:
Central Pahari:
Kumaoni: कान (kān)
Eastern Pahari:
Nepali: कान (kān)
Western Pahari:
Bhadrawahi: कन्न (kann)
Chambeali: कन्न (kann)
Northwestern:
Paisaci Prakrit:
Takka Apabhramsa:
Lahnda: کَنّ (kann), کَن (kan)
Punjabi: kann
Gurmukhi script: ਕੰਨ
Shahmukhi script: کَنّ
Vracada Apabhramsa:
Sindhi: kanu
Arabic script: ڪَنُ
Devanagari script: कनु
Kachchi: કન (kan)
Southern:
Helu Prakrit:
⇒ Dhivehi: ކަންފަތް (kan̊fat̊)
Sinhalese: කන (kana), කණ (kaṇa)
Maharastri Prakrit:
Konkani: kānu
Devanagari script: कानु
Latin script: kanu
Kannada script: ಕಾನು
Old Marathi: kāna
Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘡
Devanagari script: कान
Marathi: कान (kān)
Western:
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Old Gujarati: कान (kāna)
Gujarati: કાન (kān)
Old Marwari: कान (kān)

→ Bengali: কর্ণ (korno)

→ English: Karna

→ Hindi: कर्ण (karṇ)

→ Old Javanese: karṇa
> Javanese: ꦏꦂꦤ (karna) (inherited)
→ Balinese: ᬓᬃᬡ (karna)

⇒ Tamil: கன்னம் (kaṉṉam)

⇒ Malayalam: കർണ്ണം (kaṟṇṇaṁ)

desc

⇒ Telugu: కర్ణుడు (karṇuḍu), కర్ణము (karṇamu)

→ Thai: กรรณ (gan)

Of uncertain origin.
Likely related to Persian کر (kar, “deaf”), and perhaps to Old Church Slavonic крънъ (krŭnŭ, “mutilated (esp. of the ears and nose)”); however, Fraenkel's presupposition that "defect of the ear" was the original meaning of the common root and that Sanskrit later developed the more basal meaning of "ear" from the "defect" meaning is suspect.
Pischel takes the original meaning as "point, spike"; under this view, कर्णक (karṇaka, “lateral protrusion; fork”) could be related. However, a convincing etymological path for this has not been found.
Zupitsa connects this with Russian Church Slavonic črĕnъ, from a common root meaning "handle, grip".
Finally, others have connected this word to शृणोति (śṛṇóti, “to listen, hear”).


वायु

vāyú (romanization)
वा (root)
वायुः (nominative singular)
वायू (dual nominative)
वायवः (nominative plural)
वायो (singular vocative)
वायू (dual vocative)
वायवः (plural vocative)
वायुम् (accusative singular)
वायू (accusative dual)
वायून् (accusative plural)
वायुना (instrumental singular)
वाय्वा1 (instrumental singular)
वायुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वायुभिः (instrumental plural)
वायवे (dative singular)
वाय्वे1 (dative singular)
वायुभ्याम् (dative dual)
वायुभ्यः (dative plural)
वायोः (ablative singular)
वाय्वः1 (ablative singular)
वायुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वायुभ्यः (ablative plural)
वायोः (genitive singular)
वाय्वः1 (genitive singular)
वाय्वोः (dual genitive)
वायूनाम् (genitive plural)
वायौ (locative singular)
वाय्वोः (dual locative)
वायुषु (locative plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwaHyúš
Sanskrit वायु (vāyu)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwaHyúš, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁yús (“wind, air”), from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬎 (vaiiu), Lithuanian vejas.

inh

(medicine) the windy humour or any morbid affection of it


पाद

pā́da (romanization)
पादः (nominative singular)
पादौ (dual nominative)
पादा1 (dual nominative)
पादाः (nominative plural)
पादासः1 (nominative plural)
पाद (singular vocative)
पादौ (dual vocative)
पादा1 (dual vocative)
पादाः (plural vocative)
पादासः1 (plural vocative)
पादम् (accusative singular)
पादौ (accusative dual)
पादा1 (accusative dual)
पादान् (accusative plural)
पादेन (instrumental singular)
पादाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पादैः (instrumental plural)
पादेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
पादाय (dative singular)
पादाभ्याम् (dative dual)
पादेभ्यः (dative plural)
पादात् (ablative singular)
पादाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पादेभ्यः (ablative plural)
पादस्य (genitive singular)
पादयोः (dual genitive)
पादानाम् (genitive plural)
पादे (locative singular)
पादयोः (dual locative)
पादेषु (locative plural)

→ Old Javanese: pāda

Formed from पादम् (pādam), the accusative singular of पद् (pád, “foot”).


पार्ष्णि

sa-noun

पार्ष्णि • (pā́rṣṇi) stem, f

pā́rṣṇi (romanization)
पार्ष्णिः (nominative singular)
पार्ष्णी (dual nominative)
पार्ष्णयः (nominative plural)
पार्ष्णे (singular vocative)
पार्ष्णी (dual vocative)
पार्ष्णयः (plural vocative)
पार्ष्णिम् (accusative singular)
पार्ष्णी (accusative dual)
पार्ष्णीः (accusative plural)
पार्ष्ण्या (instrumental singular)
पार्ष्णी1 (instrumental singular)
पार्ष्णिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पार्ष्णिभिः (instrumental plural)
पार्ष्णये (dative singular)
पार्ष्ण्यै2 (dative singular)
पार्ष्णी1 (dative singular)
पार्ष्णिभ्याम् (dative dual)
पार्ष्णिभ्यः (dative plural)
पार्ष्णेः (ablative singular)
पार्ष्ण्याः2 (ablative singular)
पार्ष्ण्यै3 (ablative singular)
पार्ष्णिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पार्ष्णिभ्यः (ablative plural)
पार्ष्णेः (genitive singular)
पार्ष्ण्याः2 (genitive singular)
पार्ष्ण्यै3 (genitive singular)
पार्ष्ण्योः (dual genitive)
पार्ष्णीनाम् (genitive plural)
पार्ष्णौ (locative singular)
पार्ष्ण्याम्2 (locative singular)
पार्ष्णा1 (locative singular)
पार्ष्ण्योः (dual locative)
पार्ष्णिषु (locative plural)

Kalasha: paṣní

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pā́rṣṇiṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pā́ršniš, from Proto-Indo-European *tpḗrsneh₂ (“heel”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πτέρνη (ptérnē), Latin perna, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌽𐌰 (fairzna), Persian پاشنه (pâšne).

the extremity of the fore-axle to which the outside horses of a four-horse chariot are attached (the two inner horses being harnessed to the धुर् (dhúr), or chariot-pole)


क्लोमन्

klóman (romanization)
क्लोमा (nominative singular)
क्लोमानौ (dual nominative)
क्लोमाना1 (dual nominative)
क्लोमानः (nominative plural)
क्लोमन् (singular vocative)
क्लोमानौ (dual vocative)
क्लोमाना1 (dual vocative)
क्लोमानः (plural vocative)
क्लोमानम् (accusative singular)
क्लोमानौ (accusative dual)
क्लोमाना1 (accusative dual)
क्लोम्नः (accusative plural)
क्लोम्ना (instrumental singular)
क्लोमभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्लोमभिः (instrumental plural)
क्लोम्ने (dative singular)
क्लोमभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्लोमभ्यः (dative plural)
क्लोम्नः (ablative singular)
क्लोमभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्लोमभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्लोम्नः (genitive singular)
क्लोम्नोः (dual genitive)
क्लोम्नाम् (genitive plural)
क्लोम्नि (locative singular)
क्लोमनि (locative singular)
क्लोमन्1 (locative singular)
क्लोम्नोः (dual locative)
क्लोमसु (locative plural)
क्लोम (nominative singular)
क्लोम्नी (dual nominative)
क्लोमनी (dual nominative)
क्लोमानि (nominative plural)
क्लोम1 (nominative plural)
क्लोमा1 (nominative plural)
क्लोमन् (singular vocative)
क्लोम (singular vocative)
क्लोम्नी (dual vocative)
क्लोमनी (dual vocative)
क्लोमानि (plural vocative)
क्लोम1 (plural vocative)
क्लोमा1 (plural vocative)
क्लोम (accusative singular)
क्लोम्नी (accusative dual)
क्लोमनी (accusative dual)
क्लोमानि (accusative plural)
क्लोम1 (accusative plural)
क्लोमा1 (accusative plural)
क्लोम्ना (instrumental singular)
क्लोमभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्लोमभिः (instrumental plural)
क्लोम्ने (dative singular)
क्लोमभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्लोमभ्यः (dative plural)
क्लोम्नः (ablative singular)
क्लोमभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्लोमभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्लोम्नः (genitive singular)
क्लोम्नोः (dual genitive)
क्लोम्नाम् (genitive plural)
क्लोम्नि (locative singular)
क्लोमनि (locative singular)
क्लोमन्1 (locative singular)
क्लोम्नोः (dual locative)
क्लोमसु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: króma

From Proto-Indo-European *pléwmō. Compare Ancient Greek πλεύμων (pleúmōn), Latin pulmō, Old Church Slavonic плюща (pljušta). The shift *p > k is an innovation, possibly within Indo-Aryan.

हृदयात्ते परि क्लोम्नो हलीक्ष्णात्पार्श्वाभ्याम् ।
यक्ष्मं मतस्नाभ्यां प्लीह्नो यक्नस्ते वि वृहामसि ॥
hṛdayātte pari klomno halīkṣṇātpārśvābhyām.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 2.33.3

Forth from thy heart and from thy lungs, from thy gall-bladder and thy sides,
From kidneys, spleen and liver thy malady we uproot.

yakṣmaṃ matasnābhyāṃ plīhno yaknaste vi vṛhāmasi.


पायु

pā́yu (romanization)
पायुः (nominative singular)
पायू (dual nominative)
पायवः (nominative plural)
पायो (singular vocative)
पायू (dual vocative)
पायवः (plural vocative)
पायुम् (accusative singular)
पायू (accusative dual)
पायून् (accusative plural)
पायुना (instrumental singular)
पाय्वा1 (instrumental singular)
पायुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पायुभिः (instrumental plural)
पायवे (dative singular)
पाय्वे1 (dative singular)
पायुभ्याम् (dative dual)
पायुभ्यः (dative plural)
पायोः (ablative singular)
पाय्वः1 (ablative singular)
पायुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पायुभ्यः (ablative plural)
पायोः (genitive singular)
पाय्वः1 (genitive singular)
पाय्वोः (dual genitive)
पायूनाम् (genitive plural)
पायौ (locative singular)
पाय्वोः (dual locative)
पायुषु (locative plural)


शुप्ति

śúpti (romanization)
शुप्तिः (nominative singular)
शुप्ती (dual nominative)
शुप्तयः (nominative plural)
शुप्ते (singular vocative)
शुप्ती (dual vocative)
शुप्तयः (plural vocative)
शुप्तिम् (accusative singular)
शुप्ती (accusative dual)
शुप्तीः (accusative plural)
शुप्त्या (instrumental singular)
शुप्ती1 (instrumental singular)
शुप्तिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शुप्तिभिः (instrumental plural)
शुप्तये (dative singular)
शुप्त्यै2 (dative singular)
शुप्ती1 (dative singular)
शुप्तिभ्याम् (dative dual)
शुप्तिभ्यः (dative plural)
शुप्तेः (ablative singular)
शुप्त्याः2 (ablative singular)
शुप्त्यै3 (ablative singular)
शुप्तिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शुप्तिभ्यः (ablative plural)
शुप्तेः (genitive singular)
शुप्त्याः2 (genitive singular)
शुप्त्यै3 (genitive singular)
शुप्त्योः (dual genitive)
शुप्तीनाम् (genitive plural)
शुप्तौ (locative singular)
शुप्त्याम्2 (locative singular)
शुप्ता1 (locative singular)
शुप्त्योः (dual locative)
शुप्तिषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćúptiš, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱúp-ti-s. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬎𐬞𐬙𐬌 (supti).


कोश

kóśa (romanization)
कोशः (nominative singular)
कोशौ (dual nominative)
कोशा1 (dual nominative)
कोशाः (nominative plural)
कोशासः1 (nominative plural)
कोश (singular vocative)
कोशौ (dual vocative)
कोशा1 (dual vocative)
कोशाः (plural vocative)
कोशासः1 (plural vocative)
कोशम् (accusative singular)
कोशौ (accusative dual)
कोशा1 (accusative dual)
कोशान् (accusative plural)
कोशेन (instrumental singular)
कोशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कोशैः (instrumental plural)
कोशेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कोशाय (dative singular)
कोशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कोशेभ्यः (dative plural)
कोशात् (ablative singular)
कोशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कोशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कोशस्य (genitive singular)
कोशयोः (dual genitive)
कोशानाम् (genitive plural)
कोशे (locative singular)
कोशयोः (dual locative)
कोशेषु (locative plural)
कोशम् (nominative singular)
कोशे (dual nominative)
कोशानि (nominative plural)
कोशा1 (nominative plural)
कोश (singular vocative)
कोशे (dual vocative)
कोशानि (plural vocative)
कोशा1 (plural vocative)
कोशम् (accusative singular)
कोशे (accusative dual)
कोशानि (accusative plural)
कोशा1 (accusative plural)
कोशेन (instrumental singular)
कोशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कोशैः (instrumental plural)
कोशेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कोशाय (dative singular)
कोशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कोशेभ्यः (dative plural)
कोशात् (ablative singular)
कोशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कोशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कोशस्य (genitive singular)
कोशयोः (dual genitive)
कोशानाम् (genitive plural)
कोशे (locative singular)
कोशयोः (dual locative)
कोशेषु (locative plural)

→ Assamese: কোশ (küx)

→ Bengali: কোশ (kōś), কোষ (kōś)

→ English: kosha

→ Hindi: कोश (koś)

→ Malay: kosa

Indonesian: kosa

Nepali: कोश् (koś) / कोसो (koso)

→ Odia: କୋଷ (kosha)

Sindhi: ڪوشُ

→ Tamil: கோசம் (kōcam)

→ Telugu: కోశము (kōśamu)

→ Thai: โกศ (gòot)

Pali: kosa

desc

→ Punjabi: ਕੋਸ਼ (koś, “store, glossary, lexicon”)

Probably from the verb कुश्यति (kuśyati, “to embrace, enfold”), related to कुक्षि (kukṣí, “belly, interior”) and कोष्ठ (koṣṭha, “viscera of the body”), or from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káwćas, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kówH-ḱo-s, probably from *(s)kewH-. Compare Kamkata-viri kuć, kyuć, Lithuanian káušas.


नासा

nā́sā (romanization)
नासा (nominative singular)
नासे (dual nominative)
नासाः (nominative plural)
नासे (singular vocative)
नासे (dual vocative)
नासाः (plural vocative)
नासाम् (accusative singular)
नासे (accusative dual)
नासाः (accusative plural)
नासया (instrumental singular)
नासा1 (instrumental singular)
नासाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नासाभिः (instrumental plural)
नासायै (dative singular)
नासाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नासाभ्यः (dative plural)
नासायाः (ablative singular)
नासायै2 (ablative singular)
नासाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नासाभ्यः (ablative plural)
नासायाः (genitive singular)
नासायै2 (genitive singular)
नासयोः (dual genitive)
नासानाम् (genitive plural)
नासायाम् (locative singular)
नासयोः (dual locative)
नासासु (locative plural)

Pali: nāsā

Punjabi: ਨਾਸ (nās, “nostril”)

Kashmiri: نَس (nas), नस (nas)

/ˈn̪ɑː.s̪ɑː/

Reinterpreted from the nom./acc. dual of नस् (nás, “nose”). Cognate with Latin nāsus (“nose”), Russian нос (nos), Old English nosu (whence English nose).

a plant of species Justicia gendarussa (syn. Gendarussa vulgaris)


मल

mála (romanization)
m in later language (also)
मलम् (nominative singular)
मले (dual nominative)
मलानि (nominative plural)
मला1 (nominative plural)
मल (singular vocative)
मले (dual vocative)
मलानि (plural vocative)
मला1 (plural vocative)
मलम् (accusative singular)
मले (accusative dual)
मलानि (accusative plural)
मला1 (accusative plural)
मलेन (instrumental singular)
मलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मलैः (instrumental plural)
मलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मलाय (dative singular)
मलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मलेभ्यः (dative plural)
मलात् (ablative singular)
मलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मलस्य (genitive singular)
मलयोः (dual genitive)
मलानाम् (genitive plural)
मले (locative singular)
मलयोः (dual locative)
मलेषु (locative plural)
मलः (nominative singular)
मलौ (dual nominative)
मला1 (dual nominative)
मलाः (nominative plural)
मलासः1 (nominative plural)
मल (singular vocative)
मलौ (dual vocative)
मला1 (dual vocative)
मलाः (plural vocative)
मलासः1 (plural vocative)
मलम् (accusative singular)
मलौ (accusative dual)
मला1 (accusative dual)
मलान् (accusative plural)
मलेन (instrumental singular)
मलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मलैः (instrumental plural)
मलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मलाय (dative singular)
मलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मलेभ्यः (dative plural)
मलात् (ablative singular)
मलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मलस्य (genitive singular)
मलयोः (dual genitive)
मलानाम् (genitive plural)
मले (locative singular)
मलयोः (dual locative)
मलेषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *málas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *málas, from Proto-Indo-European *mélh₂-os, from *melh₂- (“black”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas), Old Prussian melne.

(medicine) any bodily excretion or secretion (especially those of the dhatus, described as phlegm from chyle, bile from the blood, nose mucus and ear wax from the flesh, perspiration from the fat, nails and hair from the bones, rheum of the eye from the brain)


मणि

maṇí (romanization)
मणिः (nominative singular)
मणी (dual nominative)
मणयः (nominative plural)
मणे (singular vocative)
मणी (dual vocative)
मणयः (plural vocative)
मणिम् (accusative singular)
मणी (accusative dual)
मणीन् (accusative plural)
मणिना (instrumental singular)
मण्या1 (instrumental singular)
मणिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मणिभिः (instrumental plural)
मणये (dative singular)
मणिभ्याम् (dative dual)
मणिभ्यः (dative plural)
मणेः (ablative singular)
मण्यः1 (ablative singular)
मणिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मणिभ्यः (ablative plural)
मणेः (genitive singular)
मण्यः1 (genitive singular)
मण्योः (dual genitive)
मणीनाम् (genitive plural)
मणौ (locative singular)
मणा1 (locative singular)
मण्योः (dual locative)
मणिषु (locative plural)

Pali: maṇi

→ Burmese: မဏိ (ma.ni.)

→ Hindi: मणि (maṇi)

→ Malayalam: മണി (maṇi)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: maṇi, maṇik
Javanese: ꦩꦤꦶꦏ꧀ (manik)
→ Balinese: ᬫᬡᬷᬓ᭄ (manik)

→ Tamil: மணி (maṇi)

→ Telugu: మణి (maṇi)

→ Urdu: منی (manī)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *maníṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maníš, from Proto-Indo-European *mon-is (“ornament, jewel”), from *mon- (“neck”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬎-𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌 (zar^ənu-maⁱni, “with a golden neck ornament”), Latin monile (“jewel”), Old Norse men (“necklace”), Old English mene (“necklace”).

cog

𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬎-𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌

c. 600 BCE – 600 CE, Suśruta, Suśruta Saṃhitā


विहार

vihāra (romanization)
विहारः (nominative singular)
विहारौ (dual nominative)
विहारा1 (dual nominative)
विहाराः (nominative plural)
विहारासः1 (nominative plural)
विहार (singular vocative)
विहारौ (dual vocative)
विहारा1 (dual vocative)
विहाराः (plural vocative)
विहारासः1 (plural vocative)
विहारम् (accusative singular)
विहारौ (accusative dual)
विहारा1 (accusative dual)
विहारान् (accusative plural)
विहारेण (instrumental singular)
विहाराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विहारैः (instrumental plural)
विहारेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
विहाराय (dative singular)
विहाराभ्याम् (dative dual)
विहारेभ्यः (dative plural)
विहारात् (ablative singular)
विहाराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
विहारेभ्यः (ablative plural)
विहारस्य (genitive singular)
विहारयोः (dual genitive)
विहाराणाम् (genitive plural)
विहारे (locative singular)
विहारयोः (dual locative)
विहारेषु (locative plural)

Bengali: বিহার (bihar)

Hindi: बिहार (bihār)

→ English: vihara

→ Burmese: ဝိဟာရ (wi.hara.)

→ Khmer: វិហារ (vihiə)

→ Javanese: ꦮꦶꦲꦫ (wihara)

→ Indonesian: wihara

→ Lao: ວິຫານ (wi hān)

→ Lü: ᦞᦲᦠᦱᧃ (viiḣaan)

→ Malay: biara

Indonesian: biara

→ Northern Thai: ᩅᩥᩉᩣ᩠ᩁ

Sinhalese: විහාර (wihāra)

→ Thai: วิหาร (wí-hǎan)

From वि- (vi-, suffix indicating distribution, opposition or arrangement) + हार (hāra, “bearing, carrying”, from हर (hara)).

af

from <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">हर</i> (hara)

(at the end of a compound) delighting in


अपस्मार

apasmāra (romanization)
अपस्मारः (nominative singular)
अपस्मारौ (dual nominative)
अपस्माराः (nominative plural)
अपस्मार (singular vocative)
अपस्मारौ (dual vocative)
अपस्माराः (plural vocative)
अपस्मारम् (accusative singular)
अपस्मारौ (accusative dual)
अपस्मारान् (accusative plural)
अपस्मारेण (instrumental singular)
अपस्माराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अपस्मारैः (instrumental plural)
अपस्माराय (dative singular)
अपस्माराभ्याम् (dative dual)
अपस्मारेभ्यः (dative plural)
अपस्मारात् (ablative singular)
अपस्माराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अपस्मारेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अपस्मारस्य (genitive singular)
अपस्मारयोः (dual genitive)
अपस्माराणाम् (genitive plural)
अपस्मारे (locative singular)
अपस्मारयोः (dual locative)
अपस्मारेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of अपस्मार

अपस्माराभ्याम्

अपस्माराभ्याम्

अपस्मारेभ्यः

अपस्माराभ्याम्

अपस्मारेभ्यः

अपस्माराणाम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

अपस्माराभ्याम्

अपस्माराभ्याम्

अपस्मारेभ्यः

अपस्माराभ्याम्

अपस्मारेभ्यः

अपस्माराणाम्

Hindi: अपस्मार (apasmār)

→ Tocharian B: apasmār


गञ्जा

gañjā (romanization)
गञ्जा (nominative singular)
गञ्जे (dual nominative)
गञ्जाः (nominative plural)
गञ्जे (singular vocative)
गञ्जे (dual vocative)
गञ्जाः (plural vocative)
गञ्जाम् (accusative singular)
गञ्जे (accusative dual)
गञ्जाः (accusative plural)
गञ्जया (instrumental singular)
गञ्जाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गञ्जाभिः (instrumental plural)
गञ्जायै (dative singular)
गञ्जाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गञ्जाभ्यः (dative plural)
गञ्जायाः (ablative singular)
गञ्जाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गञ्जाभ्यः (ablative plural)
गञ्जायाः (genitive singular)
गञ्जयोः (dual genitive)
गञ्जानाम् (genitive plural)
गञ्जायाम् (locative singular)
गञ्जयोः (dual locative)
गञ्जासु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Feminine ā-stem declension of गञ्जा

Bengali: গাঁজা (gãja)

Gujarati: ગાંજો (gā̃jo)

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: गांजा (gāñjā), गाँजा (gāñjā)

Hindi: गांजा (gāñjā), गाँजा (gāñjā) (see there for further descendants)

Urdu: گَانْجَا (gānjā)

Urdu: گَانْجَا (gānjā)

Nepali: गाँजा (gā̃jā)

→ Indonesian: ganja

→ Kannada: ಗಾಂಜಾ (gāñjā)

→ Khmer: កញ្ឆា (kɑɑkɑñchaa)

→ Lao: ກັນຊາ (kan sā)

→ Malay: ganja

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਗਾਂਜਾ (gāñjā)

Shahmukhi script: گَانْجَا (gānjā)

→ Tamil: கஞ்சா (kañcā), கஞ்சாவை (kañcāvai)

→ Malayalam: കഞ്ചാവ് (kañcāvŭ), ഗഞ്ജ (gañja), ഗഞ്ജാവ് (gañjāvŭ) — tatsama

→ Telugu: గంజాయి (gañjāyi)

→ Thai: กัญชา (gan-chaa)

→ Vietnamese: cần sa

/ˈɡɐɲ.d͡ʑɑː/

Unknown. Perhaps related to गृञ्ज (gṛñja, “type of plant”), गृञ्जन (gṛñjana, “turnip”), गार्जर (gārjara, “carrot”).


मस्त

masta (romanization)
मस्तः (nominative singular)
मस्तौ (dual nominative)
मस्ताः (nominative plural)
मस्त (singular vocative)
मस्तौ (dual vocative)
मस्ताः (plural vocative)
मस्तम् (accusative singular)
मस्तौ (accusative dual)
मस्तान् (accusative plural)
मस्तेन (instrumental singular)
मस्ताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मस्तैः (instrumental plural)
मस्ताय (dative singular)
मस्ताभ्याम् (dative dual)
मस्तेभ्यः (dative plural)
मस्तात् (ablative singular)
मस्ताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मस्तेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मस्तस्य (genitive singular)
मस्तयोः (dual genitive)
मस्तानाम् (genitive plural)
मस्ते (locative singular)
मस्तयोः (dual locative)
मस्तेषु (locative plural)
मस्तम् (nominative singular)
मस्ते (dual nominative)
मस्तानि (nominative plural)
मस्त (singular vocative)
मस्ते (dual vocative)
मस्तानि (plural vocative)
मस्तम् (accusative singular)
मस्ते (accusative dual)
मस्तानि (accusative plural)
मस्तेन (instrumental singular)
मस्ताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मस्तैः (instrumental plural)
मस्ताय (dative singular)
मस्ताभ्याम् (dative dual)
मस्तेभ्यः (dative plural)
मस्तात् (ablative singular)
मस्ताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मस्तेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मस्तस्य (genitive singular)
मस्तयोः (dual genitive)
मस्तानाम् (genitive plural)
मस्ते (locative singular)
मस्तयोः (dual locative)
मस्तेषु (locative plural)

Pali: mattha

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀢𑁆𑀣 (mattha) (see there for further descendants)

दण्डकमण्डलुमण्डितहस्तः सुललिततिलकविभूषितमस्तः ।

His hands adorned with a stick and a kamandalu, his beautiful forehead decorated with a tilak […]


मुख

मुख ॑ (canonical)
múkha (romanization)
मुखम् (nominative singular)
मुखे (dual nominative)
मुखानि (nominative plural)
मुखा1 (nominative plural)
मुख (singular vocative)
मुखे (dual vocative)
मुखानि (plural vocative)
मुखा1 (plural vocative)
मुखम् (accusative singular)
मुखे (accusative dual)
मुखानि (accusative plural)
मुखा1 (accusative plural)
मुखेन (instrumental singular)
मुखाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुखैः (instrumental plural)
मुखेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मुखाय (dative singular)
मुखाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मुखेभ्यः (dative plural)
मुखात् (ablative singular)
मुखाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुखेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मुखस्य (genitive singular)
मुखयोः (dual genitive)
मुखानाम् (genitive plural)
मुखे (locative singular)
मुखयोः (dual locative)
मुखेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Khowar: موخ (mux)

Shina: مُک (muk)

desctree

Pali: mukha
→ Burmese: မုခ် (muhk)
→ Shan: မုၵ်ႈ (mūk)

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀳 (muha) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

→ Assamese: মুখ (mukh)

→ Bengali: মুখ (mukh)

→ Gujarati: મુખ (mukh)

→ Hindi: मुख (mukh)

→ Kannada: ಮುಖ (mukha)

→ Khmer: មុខ (muk)

→ Malay: muka

Indonesian: muka

→ Malayalam: മുഖം (mukhaṁ)

→ Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)
Marathi: मुख (mukh)

→ Nepali: मुख (mukh)

→ Punjabi: ਮੁਖ (mukh)

→ Marwari:

Devanagari script: मुखड़ौ (mukhṛau)

desc

Mahajani script: 𑅬𑅒𑅖𑅲𑅒 (mukhṛu /mukhṛau/)

→ Tamil: முகம் (mukam)

→ Tagalog: mukhâ

→ Telugu: ముఖము (mukhamu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam
Sanskrit मुख॑ (múkha)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *múkʰam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam, from earlier *múkHam, with further origin uncertain.
According to Pokorny, ultimately from Dravidian and not related to Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”) (Proto-Germanic *mūlō, English mutter, Latin muttiō).
However, Mayrhofer considers an Indo-European derivation to be more likely, taking Proto-Indo-European *mu- to mean "a vocal gesture for pressed lips", and compares Ancient Greek μῠχός (mŭkhós, “innermost part of a place”), μῦθος (mûthos, “word”), and German Maul (“mouth (of an animal)”). According to him, the possibility of a borrowing from Dravidian (compare Tamil முகம் (mukam, “face”)) or "pan-Asiatic" is possible but unlikely due to the root's presence in Vedic texts and Iranian languages.

etymon

मुख॑


मण्डल

मण्ड॑ल (canonical)
máṇḍala (romanization)
मण्डलम् (nominative singular)
मण्डले (dual nominative)
मण्डलानि (nominative plural)
मण्डला1 (nominative plural)
मण्डल (singular vocative)
मण्डले (dual vocative)
मण्डलानि (plural vocative)
मण्डला1 (plural vocative)
मण्डलम् (accusative singular)
मण्डले (accusative dual)
मण्डलानि (accusative plural)
मण्डला1 (accusative plural)
मण्डलेन (instrumental singular)
मण्डलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मण्डलैः (instrumental plural)
मण्डलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मण्डलाय (dative singular)
मण्डलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मण्डलेभ्यः (dative plural)
मण्डलात् (ablative singular)
मण्डलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मण्डलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मण्डलस्य (genitive singular)
मण्डलयोः (dual genitive)
मण्डलानाम् (genitive plural)
मण्डले (locative singular)
मण्डलयोः (dual locative)
मण्डलेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: māṇḍal (“coffin”), māṇḍau

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: مانڈُل (mānḍul)

desc

Devanagari script: मन्डुल (manḍul, “circle”)

Pali: maṇḍala

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀮 (maṃḍala) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

→ Bengali: মণ্ডল (monḍol) (learned)

→ Hindi: मंडल (maṇḍal) (learned)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: maṇḍala
Javanese: ꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦭ (mandhala), ꦩꦤ꧀ꦢꦭ (mandala)
→ Balinese: ᬫᬡ᭄ᬟᬮ (mandala)

→ Punjabi: ਮੰਡਲ (maṇḍal) (learned)

→ Tamil: மண்டலம் (maṇṭalam) (learned)

→ Thai: มณฑล (mon-ton)

/mɐ́ɳ.ɖɐ.lɐ/

/ˈmɐɳ.ɖɐ.l̪ɐ/

Etymology tree
Sanskrit *मण्ड (maṇḍa)?
Sanskrit -ल (-la)?
Sanskrit मण्ड॑ल (máṇḍala)
Unknown. Several theories have been proposed:
* Mayrhofer and Turner agree on *मण्ड (maṇḍa, “round”) + -ल (-la), based on the lexeme found in the Classical compounds नौमण्ड (naumaṇḍa, “chief part of a ship”), मण्डचरवन्त् (maṇḍacaravant, “as if going in a circle; having a noose (?)”). Further etymology is unknown, but Dardic descendants may support a non-retroflexed *मन्द (manda) as the ultimate source.
** Mayrhofer proposes the following Indo-European cognates: Proto-Slavic *mǫdo (“testicle”) if the retroflexion is spontaneous, or Old Irish mell (“ball”) (> modern Irish meall) if we assume l-induced retroflexion of *mel-nd- under Fortunatov's law.
** Burrow, later supported by Turner, proposes borrowing from Proto-Dravidian *maṇḍ- (“to be bent”), with cognates Tamil மண்டி (maṇṭi, “kneeling”), முடலை (muṭalai, “ball, globe”).
* Tedesco proposes वृत्त (vṛtta, “round”) + -ल (-la), undergoing Prakrit-like sound changes via ad-hoc intermediate *वट्टल (vaṭṭala) > *वण्टल (vaṇṭala) > *वण्डल (vaṇḍala). He furthermore proposes initial v- > m- as a common Middle Indo-Aryan sound change; see मुण्ड (muṇḍa, “bald”) for more. Turner rejects this etymology on phonological grounds.
* Borrowed from substrate language. Compare Nihali मौड्ढारी (moḍḍhārī, “triangle”), for the "triangle" sense in the Caturvargacintāmaṇi.

etymon

मण्ड॑ल

(also in the plural) a sort of cutaneous eruption or leprosy with circular spot


काल

kāla (romanization)
कालः (nominative singular)
कालौ (dual nominative)
काला1 (dual nominative)
कालाः (nominative plural)
कालासः1 (nominative plural)
काल (singular vocative)
कालौ (dual vocative)
काला1 (dual vocative)
कालाः (plural vocative)
कालासः1 (plural vocative)
कालम् (accusative singular)
कालौ (accusative dual)
काला1 (accusative dual)
कालान् (accusative plural)
कालेन (instrumental singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कालैः (instrumental plural)
कालेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कालाय (dative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कालेभ्यः (dative plural)
कालात् (ablative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कालेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कालस्य (genitive singular)
कालयोः (dual genitive)
कालानाम् (genitive plural)
काले (locative singular)
कालयोः (dual locative)
कालेषु (locative plural)

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kār; compare Tamil கார் (kār, “black”), கரு (karu), Kannada ಕಾಡು (kāḍu, “blackness, black”), ಕಪ್ಪು (kappu).


काल

kālá (romanization)
कालः (nominative singular)
कालौ (dual nominative)
काला1 (dual nominative)
कालाः (nominative plural)
कालासः1 (nominative plural)
काल (singular vocative)
कालौ (dual vocative)
काला1 (dual vocative)
कालाः (plural vocative)
कालासः1 (plural vocative)
कालम् (accusative singular)
कालौ (accusative dual)
काला1 (accusative dual)
कालान् (accusative plural)
कालेन (instrumental singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कालैः (instrumental plural)
कालेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कालाय (dative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कालेभ्यः (dative plural)
कालात् (ablative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कालेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कालस्य (genitive singular)
कालयोः (dual genitive)
कालानाम् (genitive plural)
काले (locative singular)
कालयोः (dual locative)
कालेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: kâl

Indus Kohistani: kāla, kalaĩ

Kalami: kāl

Kalasha: kau, kālūna

Kashmiri: کال (kāl), کالہٕ (kālụ)

Khowar: کل (kala)

Pashayi:

Northeast Pashayi: kōl

Northwest Pashayi: kāl

Shina: کال (kāl)

Shumashti: kāl

Tirahi: kāl

Torwali: کال (kāl)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: kāl

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Ashkun: kal

⇒ Ashkun: awat-kāl

⇒ Kamkata-viri: awte-kāl

⇒ Prasuni: wūt-kal

Waigali: kāl

Pali: kāla

→ Khmer: កាល (kaal)

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮 (kala), 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) (see there for further descendants)

→ Javanese: ꦏꦭ / kala

→ Malay: kala

Indonesian: kala

→ Tamil: காலம் (kālam), கால் (kāl)

→ Malayalam: കാലം (kālaṁ)

Of uncertain origin.
Perhaps an l-form of कार (kāra, “action”), taking "decisive action" as the connotation.
Alternatively, derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”); compare Proto-Slavic *vermę̀ (“period of time”) for a parallel semantic development from an earlier "turn" meaning (albeit from a different root).
Hirt compares this to Gothic 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila, “a while”), while Güntert compares this to Ancient Greek καιρός (kairós, “measure, time, season”), and takes the l-consonant in काल (kāla) as a preservation of a dialectal form in order to distinguish from कार (kāra).
Probably not a vṛddhi derivative of the root कल् (kal, “to calculate or enumerate”).

cog

उ॒त प्र॒हाम॑ति॒दीव्या॑ जयाति कृ॒तं यच्छ्व॒घ्नी वि॑चि॒नोति॑ का॒ले ।
यो दे॒वका॑मो॒ न धना॑ रुणद्धि॒ समित्तं रा॒या सृ॑जति स्व॒धावा॑न् ॥
utá prahā́matidī́vyā jayāti kṛtáṃ yácchvaghnī́ vicinóti kālé.

Having driven away the assailant, he triumphs; at the time of battle he selects his antagonist as does a gambler. The man who, desirous of gratifying the gods, withholds not his riches, him the powerful Indra associates with wealth.

yó devákāmo ná dhánā ruṇaddhi sámíttáṃ rāyā́ sṛjati svadhā́vān.

the proper time or season for (+genitive, dative, locative, in compound, infinitive, or subjunctive with यद् (yad)

a period of time, time of the world (युग (yuga))

कालोऽस्मि लोकक्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो लोकान्समाहर्तुमिह प्रवृत्तः ।
ऋतेऽपि त्वां न भविष्यन्ति सर्वे येऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः ॥
kāloʼsmi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ.

I am mighty time, the source of destruction that comes forth to annihilate the worlds.
Even without your participation, the warriors arrayed in the opposing army shall cease to exist.

ṛteʼpi tvāṃ na bhaviṣyanti sarve yeʼvasthitāḥ pratyanīkeṣu yodhāḥ.

time (as destroying all things), death, time of death (often personified and represented with the attributes of Yama, regent of the dead, or even identified with him


जघन

jaghana (romanization)
जघनः (nominative singular)
जघनौ (dual nominative)
जघनाः (nominative plural)
जघन (singular vocative)
जघनौ (dual vocative)
जघनाः (plural vocative)
जघनम् (accusative singular)
जघनौ (accusative dual)
जघनान् (accusative plural)
जघनेन (instrumental singular)
जघनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जघनैः (instrumental plural)
जघनाय (dative singular)
जघनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
जघनेभ्यः (dative plural)
जघनात् (ablative singular)
जघनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जघनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
जघनस्य (genitive singular)
जघनयोः (dual genitive)
जघनानाम् (genitive plural)
जघने (locative singular)
जघनयोः (dual locative)
जघनेषु (locative plural)
जघनम् (nominative singular)
जघने (dual nominative)
जघनानि (nominative plural)
जघन (singular vocative)
जघने (dual vocative)
जघनानि (plural vocative)
जघनम् (accusative singular)
जघने (accusative dual)
जघनानि (accusative plural)
जघनेन (instrumental singular)
जघनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जघनैः (instrumental plural)
जघनाय (dative singular)
जघनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
जघनेभ्यः (dative plural)
जघनात् (ablative singular)
जघनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जघनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
जघनस्य (genitive singular)
जघनयोः (dual genitive)
जघनानाम् (genitive plural)
जघने (locative singular)
जघनयोः (dual locative)
जघनेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of जघन

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">जघन</i>

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰ- (“dirty”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κοχώνη (kokhṓnē, “crotch”).


दन्त

dánta (romanization)
दन्तः (nominative singular)
दन्तौ (dual nominative)
दन्ता1 (dual nominative)
दन्ताः (nominative plural)
दन्तासः1 (nominative plural)
दन्त (singular vocative)
दन्तौ (dual vocative)
दन्ता1 (dual vocative)
दन्ताः (plural vocative)
दन्तासः1 (plural vocative)
दन्तम् (accusative singular)
दन्तौ (accusative dual)
दन्ता1 (accusative dual)
दन्तान् (accusative plural)
दन्तेन (instrumental singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दन्तैः (instrumental plural)
दन्तेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दन्ताय (dative singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (dative dual)
दन्तेभ्यः (dative plural)
दन्तात् (ablative singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दन्तेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दन्तस्य (genitive singular)
दन्तयोः (dual genitive)
दन्तानाम् (genitive plural)
दन्ते (locative singular)
दन्तयोः (dual locative)
दन्तेषु (locative plural)
दन्तम् (nominative singular)
दन्ते (dual nominative)
दन्तानि (nominative plural)
दन्ता1 (nominative plural)
दन्त (singular vocative)
दन्ते (dual vocative)
दन्तानि (plural vocative)
दन्ता1 (plural vocative)
दन्तम् (accusative singular)
दन्ते (accusative dual)
दन्तानि (accusative plural)
दन्ता1 (accusative plural)
दन्तेन (instrumental singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दन्तैः (instrumental plural)
दन्तेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दन्ताय (dative singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (dative dual)
दन्तेभ्यः (dative plural)
दन्तात् (ablative singular)
दन्ताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दन्तेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दन्तस्य (genitive singular)
दन्तयोः (dual genitive)
दन्तानाम् (genitive plural)
दन्ते (locative singular)
दन्तयोः (dual locative)
दन्तेषु (locative plural)

Pali: danta

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀁𑀢 (daṃta)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Awadhi: दाँत (dā̃t)

Domari: ḍanḍ

Gujarati: દાંત (dā̃t)

Hindustani: dā̃t

Hindi: दाँत

Urdu: دان٘ت

Romani: dand

Dardic:

Dameli: dan

Gawar-Bati: دنت (dant)

Grangali: daṅ

Indus Kohistani: دان (dān)

Kalasha: dandóyak

Kashmiri: دَنٛد (dand)

Khowar: دون (don)

Phalura: دان (dān)

Savi: dānd

Shina: دون (do̯n)

Shumashti: dandem

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: dan

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Early Assamese: দান্ত (danto)

Assamese: দাঁত (dãt)

Bengali: দাঁত (dãt)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: दाँत (dā̃t)

Maithili: दाँत (dā̃t)

Odia: ଦାନ୍ତ (dānta)

Sylheti: ꠖꠣꠔ (dat)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: दाँत (dā̃t)

Kumaoni: दाँत (dā̃t)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: दाँत (dā̃t)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: दन्त (dant)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ދަތް (dat̊)

Sinhalese: දත (data)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani:

Devanagari script: दांतु

Kannada script: ದಾಂತು

Latin script: dantu

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: दांत (dāṃta)

Modi script: 𑘟𑘰𑘽𑘝 (dāṃta)

Western:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: danda

Gurmukhi script: ਦੰਦ

Shahmukhi script: دَندَ

Sindhi: ḍ̠andu

Arabic script: ڏَندُ

Devanagari script: ॾंदु

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Ashkun: dō̆nt

Kamkata-viri: دت (dut)

Prasuni: letum

Waigali: dō̃t, dū̃t

desctree

→ Old Javanese: danta
> Javanese: ꦢꦼꦤ꧀ꦠ (denta) (inherited)
→ Balinese: ᬤᬦ᭄ᬢ (danta)

/ˈd̪ɐn̪.t̪ɐ/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónt-o-s
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hdántas
Sanskrit दन्त (danta)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hdántas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónt-o-s, thematized from *h₃dónts (“tooth”). Cognate with Latin dēns, Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús), English tooth.

etymon

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata


चिबुक

cibuka (romanization)
चिबुकम् (nominative singular)
चिबुके (dual nominative)
चिबुकानि (nominative plural)
चिबुका1 (nominative plural)
चिबुक (singular vocative)
चिबुके (dual vocative)
चिबुकानि (plural vocative)
चिबुका1 (plural vocative)
चिबुकम् (accusative singular)
चिबुके (accusative dual)
चिबुकानि (accusative plural)
चिबुका1 (accusative plural)
चिबुकेन (instrumental singular)
चिबुकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिबुकैः (instrumental plural)
चिबुकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चिबुकाय (dative singular)
चिबुकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिबुकेभ्यः (dative plural)
चिबुकात् (ablative singular)
चिबुकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिबुकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिबुकस्य (genitive singular)
चिबुकयोः (dual genitive)
चिबुकानाम् (genitive plural)
चिबुके (locative singular)
चिबुकयोः (dual locative)
चिबुकेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀺𑀩𑀼𑀅 (cibua)

ref

Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “chúbuka”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 560

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “cibuka”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 262

c. 600 BCE – 200 BCE, Caraka, Caraka Saṃhitā

लम्बकर्णललाटां च लम्बोदरपयोधराम् ।
लम्बौष्ठीं चुबुकौष्ठीं च लम्बास्यां लम्बजानुकाम् ॥
lambakarṇalalāṭāṃ ca lambodarapayodharām.

[Hanuman saw demonesses] having hanging ears on the forehead, another having a long belly till the breast, another having big hanging lips, another had long lips hanging up to the chin, another having a long face and another having long knees.

lambauṣṭhīṃ cubukauṣṭhīṃ ca lambāsyāṃ lambajānukām.


कण्ठ

kaṇṭhá (romanization)
कण्ठः (nominative singular)
कण्ठौ (dual nominative)
कण्ठा1 (dual nominative)
कण्ठाः (nominative plural)
कण्ठासः1 (nominative plural)
कण्ठ (singular vocative)
कण्ठौ (dual vocative)
कण्ठा1 (dual vocative)
कण्ठाः (plural vocative)
कण्ठासः1 (plural vocative)
कण्ठम् (accusative singular)
कण्ठौ (accusative dual)
कण्ठा1 (accusative dual)
कण्ठान् (accusative plural)
कण्ठेन (instrumental singular)
कण्ठाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कण्ठैः (instrumental plural)
कण्ठेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कण्ठाय (dative singular)
कण्ठाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कण्ठेभ्यः (dative plural)
कण्ठात् (ablative singular)
कण्ठाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कण्ठेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कण्ठस्य (genitive singular)
कण्ठयोः (dual genitive)
कण्ठानाम् (genitive plural)
कण्ठे (locative singular)
कण्ठयोः (dual locative)
कण्ठेषु (locative plural)

→ Hindi: कंठ (kaṇṭh)

→ Kannada: ಕಂಠ (kaṇṭha)

→ Punjabi: ਕੰਠ (kaṇṭh)

→ Telugu: కంఠము (kaṇṭhamu)

Possibly borrowed from Dravidian, compare Kannada ಗಣ್ಟಲು (gaṇṭalu, “throat”), Tulu ಕಂಟೆಲ್ (kaṇṭelŭ). The Indo-Aryan and Dravidian terms might both be of ultimate Munda origin.


विमान

ví-māna (romanization)
विमानम् (nominative singular)
विमाने (dual nominative)
विमानानि (nominative plural)
विमान (singular vocative)
विमाने (dual vocative)
विमानानि (plural vocative)
विमानम् (accusative singular)
विमाने (accusative dual)
विमानानि (accusative plural)
विमानेन (instrumental singular)
विमानाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विमानैः (instrumental plural)
विमानाय (dative singular)
विमानाभ्याम् (dative dual)
विमानेभ्यः (dative plural)
विमानात् (ablative singular)
विमानाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
विमानेभ्यः (ablative plural)
विमानस्य (genitive singular)
विमानयोः (dual genitive)
विमानानाम् (genitive plural)
विमाने (locative singular)
विमानयोः (dual locative)
विमानेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">विमान</i>

विमानाभ्याम्

विमानाभ्याम्

विमानाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

विमानाभ्याम्

विमानाभ्याम्

विमानाभ्याम्

→ Bengali: বিমান (biman)

→ English: vimana

→ Gujarati: વિમાન (vimān)

→ Kannada: ವಿಮಾನ (vimāna)

→ Hindi: विमान (vimān)

→ Malayalam: വിമാനം (vimānaṁ)

→ Marathi: विमान (vimān)

→ Odia: ବିମାନ (bimāna)

→ Punjabi: ਵਿਮਾਨ (vimān)

→ Burmese: ဗိမာန် (bi.man)

→ Tamil: விமானம் (vimāṉam)

→ Telugu: విమానము (vimānamu)

→ Urdu: ومان (vimān)

/ʋiˈmɑː.n̪ɐ/

(medicine) the science of (right) measure or proportion (e.g. of the right relation between the humours of the body, of medicines and remedies etc.) (Car.)


कर्पर

karpara (romanization)
कर्परः (nominative singular)
कर्परौ (dual nominative)
कर्पराः (nominative plural)
कर्पर (singular vocative)
कर्परौ (dual vocative)
कर्पराः (plural vocative)
कर्परम् (accusative singular)
कर्परौ (accusative dual)
कर्परान् (accusative plural)
कर्परेण (instrumental singular)
कर्पराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कर्परैः (instrumental plural)
कर्पराय (dative singular)
कर्पराभ्याम् (dative dual)
कर्परेभ्यः (dative plural)
कर्परात् (ablative singular)
कर्पराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कर्परेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कर्परस्य (genitive singular)
कर्परयोः (dual genitive)
कर्पराणाम् (genitive plural)
कर्परे (locative singular)
कर्परयोः (dual locative)
कर्परेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of कर्पर

कर्पराभ्याम्

कर्पराभ्याम्

कर्पराभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

कर्पराभ्याम्

कर्पराभ्याम्

कर्पराभ्याम्


गर्भधारण

garbhadhāraṇa (romanization)
गर्भधारणम् (nominative singular)
गर्भधारणे (dual nominative)
गर्भधारणानि (nominative plural)
गर्भधारण (singular vocative)
गर्भधारणे (dual vocative)
गर्भधारणानि (plural vocative)
गर्भधारणम् (accusative singular)
गर्भधारणे (accusative dual)
गर्भधारणानि (accusative plural)
गर्भधारणेन (instrumental singular)
गर्भधारणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गर्भधारणैः (instrumental plural)
गर्भधारणाय (dative singular)
गर्भधारणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गर्भधारणेभ्यः (dative plural)
गर्भधारणात् (ablative singular)
गर्भधारणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गर्भधारणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गर्भधारणस्य (genitive singular)
गर्भधारणयोः (dual genitive)
गर्भधारणानाम् (genitive plural)
गर्भधारणे (locative singular)
गर्भधारणयोः (dual locative)
गर्भधारणेषु (locative plural)

desc

→ Bengali: গর্ভধারণ (gorbhodharon) (learned)

→ Hindi: गर्भधारण (garbhadhāraṇ) (learned)

→ Marathi: गर्भधारण (garbhadhāraṇ) (learned)

/ɡɐɾ.bʱɐ.dʱɑː.ɾɐ.ɳɐ/

/ɡɐɾ.bʱɐˈd̪ʱɑː.ɾɐ.ɳɐ/

Compound of गर्भ (gárbha, “womb”) + धारण (dhā́raṇa, “act of holding, bearing”).


गृह्य

gṛhya (romanization)
गृह्यम् (nominative singular)
गृह्ये (dual nominative)
गृह्यानि (nominative plural)
गृह्य (singular vocative)
गृह्ये (dual vocative)
गृह्यानि (plural vocative)
गृह्यम् (accusative singular)
गृह्ये (accusative dual)
गृह्यानि (accusative plural)
गृह्येन (instrumental singular)
गृह्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गृह्यैः (instrumental plural)
गृह्याय (dative singular)
गृह्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
गृह्येभ्यः (dative plural)
गृह्यात् (ablative singular)
गृह्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गृह्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
गृह्यस्य (genitive singular)
गृह्ययोः (dual genitive)
गृह्यानाम् (genitive plural)
गृह्ये (locative singular)
गृह्ययोः (dual locative)
गृह्येषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">गृह्य</i>

गृह्याभ्याम्

गृह्याभ्याम्

गृह्याभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

गृह्याभ्याम्

गृह्याभ्याम्

गृह्याभ्याम्


विशेष

viśeṣa (romanization)
विशेषः (nominative singular)
विशेषौ (dual nominative)
विशेषाः (nominative plural)
विशेष (singular vocative)
विशेषौ (dual vocative)
विशेषाः (plural vocative)
विशेषम् (accusative singular)
विशेषौ (accusative dual)
विशेषान् (accusative plural)
विशेषेण (instrumental singular)
विशेषाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विशेषैः (instrumental plural)
विशेषाय (dative singular)
विशेषाभ्याम् (dative dual)
विशेषेभ्यः (dative plural)
विशेषात् (ablative singular)
विशेषाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
विशेषेभ्यः (ablative plural)
विशेषस्य (genitive singular)
विशेषयोः (dual genitive)
विशेषाणाम् (genitive plural)
विशेषे (locative singular)
विशेषयोः (dual locative)
विशेषेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of विशेष

विशेषाभ्याम्

विशेषाभ्याम्

विशेषाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

विशेषाभ्याम्

विशेषाभ्याम्

विशेषाभ्याम्

→ Hindi: विशेष (viśeṣ)

→ Kannada: ವಿಶೇಷ (viśēṣa)

→ Malay: wisesa

Indonesian: wisésa

→ Newar: विशेष (wiśeṣa)

→ Old Javanese: wiśeṣa

Javanese: ꦮꦶꦱꦺꦱ (wisésa)

→ Old Khmer: viśeṣa, biśeṣa

desc

→ Thai: วิเศษ (wí-sèet), พิเศษ (pí-sèet)

desctree

Pali: visesa
→ Burmese: ဝိသေသ (wi.sesa.)
→ Khmer: វិសេស (visaeh)

→ Punjabi: ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ (viśeś)

desc

→ Tamil: விசேடம் (vicēṭam), விசேஷம் (vicēṣam)

वि- (vi-, “separation prefix”) + शेष (śeṣa, “residue, that which is saved”).

af

(medicine) turning point of illness, crisis (Suśr.)


मद्य

mádya (romanization)
मद्यम् (nominative singular)
मद्ये (dual nominative)
मद्यानि (nominative plural)
मद्या1 (nominative plural)
मद्य (singular vocative)
मद्ये (dual vocative)
मद्यानि (plural vocative)
मद्या1 (plural vocative)
मद्यम् (accusative singular)
मद्ये (accusative dual)
मद्यानि (accusative plural)
मद्या1 (accusative plural)
मद्येन (instrumental singular)
मद्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मद्यैः (instrumental plural)
मद्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मद्याय (dative singular)
मद्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
मद्येभ्यः (dative plural)
मद्यात् (ablative singular)
मद्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मद्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
मद्यस्य (genitive singular)
मद्ययोः (dual genitive)
मद्यानाम् (genitive plural)
मद्ये (locative singular)
मद्ययोः (dual locative)
मद्येषु (locative plural)

desctree

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀚 (majja)
Hindustani: māñjā
Hindi: माँजा
Urdu: مان٘جا
Old Marathi: māja
Devanagari script: माज
Modi script: 𑘦𑘰𑘕
Marathi: माज (māj)

Pali: majja
→ Khmer: មជ្ជ (maccĕəʼ, “alcohol”)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀚 (majja)

Hindi: माँजा (māñjā)

→ Gujarati: મદ્ય (madya)

→ Hindi: मद्य (madya)

→ Malayalam: മദ്യം (madyaṁ)

→ Old Marathi: madya

Devanagari script: मद्य

Modi script: 𑘦𑘟𑘿𑘧

→ Tamil: மத்தியம் (mattiyam)

→ Telugu: మద్యము (madyamu)

From Proto-Indo-European *m̥h₂d-yó-s, from *meh₂d- (“to be wet”). Related to मदिर (madira).

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

any intoxicating drink, vinous or spiritous liquor, wine


नेत्र

netra (romanization)
नेत्रम् (nominative singular)
नेत्रे (dual nominative)
नेत्राणि (nominative plural)
नेत्रा1 (nominative plural)
नेत्र (singular vocative)
नेत्रे (dual vocative)
नेत्राणि (plural vocative)
नेत्रा1 (plural vocative)
नेत्रम् (accusative singular)
नेत्रे (accusative dual)
नेत्राणि (accusative plural)
नेत्रा1 (accusative plural)
नेत्रेण (instrumental singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नेत्रैः (instrumental plural)
नेत्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नेत्राय (dative singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
नेत्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
नेत्रात् (ablative singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नेत्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नेत्रस्य (genitive singular)
नेत्रयोः (dual genitive)
नेत्राणाम् (genitive plural)
नेत्रे (locative singular)
नेत्रयोः (dual locative)
नेत्रेषु (locative plural)
नेत्रः (nominative singular)
नेत्रौ (dual nominative)
नेत्रा1 (dual nominative)
नेत्राः (nominative plural)
नेत्रासः1 (nominative plural)
नेत्र (singular vocative)
नेत्रौ (dual vocative)
नेत्रा1 (dual vocative)
नेत्राः (plural vocative)
नेत्रासः1 (plural vocative)
नेत्रम् (accusative singular)
नेत्रौ (accusative dual)
नेत्रा1 (accusative dual)
नेत्रान् (accusative plural)
नेत्रेण (instrumental singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नेत्रैः (instrumental plural)
नेत्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नेत्राय (dative singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
नेत्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
नेत्रात् (ablative singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नेत्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नेत्रस्य (genitive singular)
नेत्रयोः (dual genitive)
नेत्राणाम् (genitive plural)
नेत्रे (locative singular)
नेत्रयोः (dual locative)
नेत्रेषु (locative plural)

Pali: netta

→ Bengali: নেত্র (netro)

→ Hindi: नेत्र (netra)

→ Indonesian: netra

→ Malayalam: നേത്രം (nētraṁ)

→ Marathi:

Devanagari script: नेत्र (netra)

Modi script: 𑘡𑘹𑘝𑘿𑘨 (netra)

→ Odia: ନେତ୍ର (nētrå)

→ Telugu: నేత్రము (nētramu)

/ˈn̪eːt̪.ɾɐ/


नयन

nayana (romanization)
नयनम् (nominative singular)
नयने (dual nominative)
नयनाणि (nominative plural)
नयन (singular vocative)
नयने (dual vocative)
नयनाणि (plural vocative)
नयनम् (accusative singular)
नयने (accusative dual)
नयनाणि (accusative plural)
नयनेण (instrumental singular)
नयनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नयनैः (instrumental plural)
नयनाय (dative singular)
नयनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नयनेभ्यः (dative plural)
नयनात् (ablative singular)
नयनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नयनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नयनस्य (genitive singular)
नयनयोः (dual genitive)
नयनाणाम् (genitive plural)
नयने (locative singular)
नयनयोः (dual locative)
नयनेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">नयन</i>

Hindustani:

Hindi: नैन (nain)

Urdu: نَین (nain)

Punjabi: ਨੈਣ (naiṇ)

→ Bengali: নয়ন (noẏon) (learned)

→ Hindi: नयन (nayan) (learned)

→ Malayalam: നയനം (nayanaṁ) (learned)

→ Marathi: नयन (nayan) (learned)

→ Odia: ନୟନ (nayana) (learned)

→ Pali: nayana (learned)

→ Tamil: நயனம் (nayaṉam) (learned)

→ Telugu: నయనము (nayanamu) (learned)

A compound of नय् (nay, “to guide, lead”) + -अन (-ana); the sense of "eye" is due to the fact that it is the primary sensory or "guiding" organ.


अङ्गुली

aṅgulī (romanization)
अङ्गुली (nominative singular)
अङ्गुल्यौ (dual nominative)
अङ्गुल्यः (nominative plural)
अङ्गुलि (singular vocative)
अङ्गुल्यौ (dual vocative)
अङ्गुल्यः (plural vocative)
अङ्गुलीम् (accusative singular)
अङ्गुल्यौ (accusative dual)
अङ्गुलीः (accusative plural)
अङ्गुल्या (instrumental singular)
अङ्गुलीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अङ्गुलीभिः (instrumental plural)
अङ्गुल्यै (dative singular)
अङ्गुलीभ्याम् (dative dual)
अङ्गुलीभ्यः (dative plural)
अङ्गुल्याः (ablative singular)
अङ्गुलीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अङ्गुलीभ्यः (ablative plural)
अङ्गुल्याः (genitive singular)
अङ्गुल्योः (dual genitive)
अङ्गुलीनाम् (genitive plural)
अङ्गुल्याम् (locative singular)
अङ्गुल्योः (dual locative)
अङ्गुलीषु (locative plural)

Feminine ī-stem declension of अङ्गुली

अङ्गुलीभ्याम्

अङ्गुलीभ्याम्

अङ्गुलीभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

अङ्गुलीभ्याम्

अङ्गुलीभ्याम्

अङ्गुलीभ्याम्


पेशी

peśī (romanization)
पेशी (nominative singular)
पेश्यौ (dual nominative)
पेशी1 (dual nominative)
पेश्यः (nominative plural)
पेशीः1 (nominative plural)
पेशि (singular vocative)
पेश्यौ (dual vocative)
पेशी1 (dual vocative)
पेश्यः (plural vocative)
पेशीः1 (plural vocative)
पेशीम् (accusative singular)
पेश्यौ (accusative dual)
पेशी1 (accusative dual)
पेशीः (accusative plural)
पेश्या (instrumental singular)
पेशीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पेशीभिः (instrumental plural)
पेश्यै (dative singular)
पेशीभ्याम् (dative dual)
पेशीभ्यः (dative plural)
पेश्याः (ablative singular)
पेश्यै2 (ablative singular)
पेशीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पेशीभ्यः (ablative plural)
पेश्याः (genitive singular)
पेश्यै2 (genitive singular)
पेश्योः (dual genitive)
पेशीनाम् (genitive plural)
पेश्याम् (locative singular)
पेश्योः (dual locative)
पेशीषु (locative plural)

From the root पिश् (piś, “to hew out, carve, form”).


औषध

auṣadhá (romanization)
औषधम् (nominative singular)
औषधे (dual nominative)
औषधानि (nominative plural)
औषधा1 (nominative plural)
औषध (singular vocative)
औषधे (dual vocative)
औषधानि (plural vocative)
औषधा1 (plural vocative)
औषधम् (accusative singular)
औषधे (accusative dual)
औषधानि (accusative plural)
औषधा1 (accusative plural)
औषधेन (instrumental singular)
औषधाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
औषधैः (instrumental plural)
औषधेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
औषधाय (dative singular)
औषधाभ्याम् (dative dual)
औषधेभ्यः (dative plural)
औषधात् (ablative singular)
औषधाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
औषधेभ्यः (ablative plural)
औषधस्य (genitive singular)
औषधयोः (dual genitive)
औषधानाम् (genitive plural)
औषधे (locative singular)
औषधयोः (dual locative)
औषधेषु (locative plural)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀑𑀲𑀳 (osaha)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀑𑀲𑀠 (osaḍha)

desctree

Pali: osadha
→ Burmese: ဩသဓ (au:sa.dha.)
→ Khmer: ឱសថ (ʼaosɑt)
→ Lao: ໂອສົດ (ʼō sot)
→ Thai: โอสถ (oo-sòt)

→ Assamese: ঔষধ (ouxodh)

→ Bengali: ঔষধ (ōuśodh)

→ Gujarati: ઔષધ (auṣadh)

→ Hindi: औषध (auṣadh)

→ Kannada: ಔಷಧ (auṣadha)

→ Konkani: वकद (vakad), ओकद (okad)

desc

→ Malayalam: ഔഷധം (auṣadhaṁ), അവിഴതം (aviḻataṁ), അവുഴതം (avuḻataṁ) — tadbhava

→ Marathi: औषध (auṣadh)

→ Nepali: औषध (auṣadh)

→ Old Hindi: औखध (aukhadha)

Hindi: औखध (aukhadh)

→ Old Javanese: oṣadha, uṣadha

→ Balinese: ᬉᬱᬥ (usada)

Javanese: ꦲꦸꦱꦢ (usada)

→ Indonesian: usada

→ Old Marathi: वखदि (vakhadi), ओखदि (okhadi)

→ Odia: ଔଷଧ (aushadha)

→ Sinhalese: ඖෂධය (auṣadhaya)

→ Tamil: ஔடதம் (auṭatam), ஔஷதம் (auṣatam), அவ்ஷதம் (avṣatam), அவுஷதம் (avuṣatam), அவ்டதம் (avṭatam), அவுடதம் (avuṭatam)

→ Telugu: ఔషధము (auṣadhamu)

→ Urdu: اوشدھ

→ Urdu: اوشدھ

/ɑːw.ʂɐ.dʱɐ́/

/ˈɑw.ʂɐ.d̪ʱɐ/

herbs used in medicine, medicine in general


यवसुरा

→ Hindi: यवसुरा (yavsurā)

यव (yáva, “barley”) + सुरा (surā, “liquor; wine; beer”).

compound

beer; a kind of alcoholic drink made from barley