चीन

cīna (romanization)
चीनः (nominative singular)
चीनौ (dual nominative)
चीना1 (dual nominative)
चीनाः (nominative plural)
चीनासः1 (nominative plural)
चीन (singular vocative)
चीनौ (dual vocative)
चीना1 (dual vocative)
चीनाः (plural vocative)
चीनासः1 (plural vocative)
चीनम् (accusative singular)
चीनौ (accusative dual)
चीना1 (accusative dual)
चीनान् (accusative plural)
चीनेन (instrumental singular)
चीनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चीनैः (instrumental plural)
चीनेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चीनाय (dative singular)
चीनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चीनेभ्यः (dative plural)
चीनात् (ablative singular)
चीनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चीनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चीनस्य (genitive singular)
चीनयोः (dual genitive)
चीनानाम् (genitive plural)
चीने (locative singular)
चीनयोः (dual locative)
चीनेषु (locative plural)

Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨁𐨣 (cina), 𐨕𐨁𐨎𐨣 (ciṃna)

→ Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn)

Classical Persian: چین (čīn)

Dari: چین (čīn)

Iranian Persian: چین (čin)

Tajik: Чин (Čin)

desc

→ Arabic: اَلصِّين (aṣ-ṣīn)

→ Arabic: اَلصِّين (aṣ-ṣīn)

→ Ancient Greek: Θῖνα (Thîna), Θῖναι (Thînai), Σῖναι (Sînai), Τζίνιστα (Tzínista)

→ Latin: Sinae

→ Portuguese: China

→ Italian: Cina

→ Sardinian: Cina

→ English: China

→ Middle Chinese: 支那 (MC tsye na)

Chinese: 支那 (Zhīnà)

→ Japanese: 支那 (しな, shina)

→ Korean: 지나 (jina)

→ Vietnamese: Chi Na

→ Malay: Cina

Indonesian: Cina

→ Malayalam: ചീന (cīna)

→ Telugu: చీనా (cīnā)

→ Kannada: ಚೀನಾ (cīnā)

/ˈt͡ɕiː.n̪ɐ/

Uncertain, but usually held to derive from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin) (sm Qín, mc d͡ziɪn, oc *zin, "Qin"), the westernmost ancient Chinese state. Other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉／晋 (jìn) (sm Jìn, mc t͡siɪn, oc *ʔsins, "Jin"), another important ancient state; 荊／荆 (jīng) (sm Jīng, mc kˠiæŋ, oc *keŋ, "Chu"), the southernmost ancient Chinese state; or Zina, the endonym of the people of the Yelang kingdom. See "Names of China" and "Chinas" at Wikipedia.

पौण्ड्रकाश्चौड्रद्रविडाः काम्बोजा यवनाः शकाः ।
पारदापह्लवाश्चीनाः किराता दरदाः खशाः ॥
pauṇḍrakāścauḍradraviḍāḥ kāmbojā yavanāḥ śakāḥ.
pāradāpahlavāścīnāḥ kirātā daradāḥ khaśāḥ.
the Paundrakas, the Kodas, the Dravidas, the Kambojas, the Yavanas, the Sakas,

the Paradas, the Pahlavas, the Cinas, the Kiratas, the Daradas, and the Khasas.

तस्य चीनैः किरातैश्च काञ्चनैरिव संवृतम् ।
बभौ बलमनाधृष्यं कर्णिकारवनं यथा ॥
tasya cīnaiḥ kirātaiśca kāñcanairiva saṃvṛtam.
babhau balamanādhṛṣyaṃ karṇikāravanaṃ yathā.
Thronged with the Cīnas and the Kirātas, all as if (clad in) gold,

His unassailable army radiated (a splendour) like a forest of bayur trees.

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 4.44.14

c. 200 CE, Lalitavistara Sūtra

c. 600 BCE – 200 BCE, Caraka

550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā

the Cīna or China (name of a people attested in classical literature, often identified as the Chinese)


अश्वत्थ

aśvatthá (romanization)
अश्वत्थः (nominative singular)
अश्वत्थौ (dual nominative)
अश्वत्था1 (dual nominative)
अश्वत्थाः (nominative plural)
अश्वत्थासः1 (nominative plural)
अश्वत्थ (singular vocative)
अश्वत्थौ (dual vocative)
अश्वत्था1 (dual vocative)
अश्वत्थाः (plural vocative)
अश्वत्थासः1 (plural vocative)
अश्वत्थम् (accusative singular)
अश्वत्थौ (accusative dual)
अश्वत्था1 (accusative dual)
अश्वत्थान् (accusative plural)
अश्वत्थेन (instrumental singular)
अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अश्वत्थैः (instrumental plural)
अश्वत्थेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अश्वत्थाय (dative singular)
अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (dative dual)
अश्वत्थेभ्यः (dative plural)
अश्वत्थात् (ablative singular)
अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अश्वत्थेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अश्वत्थस्य (genitive singular)
अश्वत्थयोः (dual genitive)
अश्वत्थानाम् (genitive plural)
अश्वत्थे (locative singular)
अश्वत्थयोः (dual locative)
अश्वत्थेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀣 (assattha), 𑀆𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀣 (āsattha), 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄𑀢𑁆𑀣 (assŏttha), 𑀅𑀁𑀲𑁄𑀢𑁆𑀣 (aṃsŏttha), 𑀆𑀲𑁄𑀢𑁆𑀣 (āsŏttha)

Assamese: আঁহত (ãhot)

Pali: assattha

⇒ Bengali: অশোত (ośōt), আশোত (aśōt)

→ Bengali: অশ্বত্থ (ośśottho) (learned)

→ Sinhalese: අශ්වත්ථ (aśwattha) (learned)

/ɐɕ.ʋɐt.tʰɐ́/

[ɐɕ.ʋɐt̚.tʰɐ́]

/ɐɕˈʋɐt̪.t̪ʰɐ/

[ɐɕˈʋɐt̪̚.t̪ʰɐ]

Uncertain. The plausible etymologies proposed in the literature are:
* Per Turner, from a substrate term that has been Sanskritised + -त्थ (-ttha, “wood”), a suffix also found in कपित्थ (kapittha, “bael tree”), डित्थ (ḍittha, “wooden elephant”), and डवित्थ (ḍavittha, “wooden antelope”). In this case, the first element is probably not अश्व (aśva, “horse”).
* Per Mayrhofer, compare Proto-Iranian *HacwaHastiš (“alfalfa, lucerne”, literally “horse food”). If truly cognate, the Sanskrit term must have originally been *अश्व-द्-थ (aśva-d-tha), but it is not easy to reconcile the suffix with expected Proto-Indo-European *h₁éd-t-is (“food”), nor is the ashvattha tree typically used as horse food. The expected cognate of the Iranic term would be *अश्वत्ति (aśvatti).
Mayrhofer lists some other attempted Indo-European etymologies, none of which are convincing:
* Per Adalbert Kuhn and quoted by Uhlenbeck, a Prakritism from अश्व (aśva, “horse”) + स्थ (stha, “stand”). This etymology arises from a story in the Brāhmaṇas about the tree being a receptacle for the horse-form of the god अग्नि (agni), and thus probably a post-hoc explanation.
* Per Fay, a compound from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂ (“water”) + *dh₃tós (“given”).
* Per Lassen, a Prakritism from अ- (a-) + स्वस्थ (svastha), i.e. "not self-dependent", referring to the continual shivering of its leaves. Emeneau supports this etymology but rather in reference to the tree's epiphytism; he later withdrew his support and instead favoured a substrate borrowing.
Compare also the given name अश्वत्थाम (aśvatthāma).

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550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā


शक

śaka (romanization)
शकः (nominative singular)
शकौ (dual nominative)
शका1 (dual nominative)
शकाः (nominative plural)
शकासः1 (nominative plural)
शक (singular vocative)
शकौ (dual vocative)
शका1 (dual vocative)
शकाः (plural vocative)
शकासः1 (plural vocative)
शकम् (accusative singular)
शकौ (accusative dual)
शका1 (accusative dual)
शकान् (accusative plural)
शकेन (instrumental singular)
शकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शकैः (instrumental plural)
शकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
शकाय (dative singular)
शकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
शकेभ्यः (dative plural)
शकात् (ablative singular)
शकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शकस्य (genitive singular)
शकयोः (dual genitive)
शकानाम् (genitive plural)
शके (locative singular)
शकयोः (dual locative)
शकेषु (locative plural)

→ English: Saka

→ Hindi: शक (śak)

Borrowed from Old Persian 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian”), from 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”), from Scythian.


यवन

yavana (romanization)
यवनः (nominative singular)
यवनौ (dual nominative)
यवनाः (nominative plural)
यवन (singular vocative)
यवनौ (dual vocative)
यवनाः (plural vocative)
यवनम् (accusative singular)
यवनौ (accusative dual)
यवनान् (accusative plural)
यवनेन (instrumental singular)
यवनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
यवनैः (instrumental plural)
यवनाय (dative singular)
यवनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
यवनेभ्यः (dative plural)
यवनात् (ablative singular)
यवनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
यवनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
यवनस्य (genitive singular)
यवनयोः (dual genitive)
यवनानाम् (genitive plural)
यवने (locative singular)
यवनयोः (dual locative)
यवनेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of यवन

→ Bengali: যবন (jobon) (learned)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: यवन (yavan)

Urdu: یَوَن (yavan)

→ Middle Chinese: 耶槃那 (MC yae ban na)

→ Tamil: யவனர் (yavaṉar) (learned)

desctree

→ Thai: ยวน (yuuan)
→ Burmese: ယွန်း (ywan:)

/ˈjɐ.ʋɐ.n̪ɐ/

Borrowed from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀬𑁄𑀦 (yona), borrowed from Old Persian 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /yauna/), ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἴων (Íōn, “an Ionian”). See also म्लेच्छ (mleccha, “non-Aryan, barbarian”).

यवनेश्वर

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

यवनजातक

a foreigner, an outsider not part of the four-tiers of varna

विश्वामित्र अर्दितान् दृष्ट्वा पह्लवान् शतशः तदा ॥
भूय एव असृजत् घोरान् शकान् यवन मिश्रितान् ।
viśvāmitra arditān dṛṣṭvā pahlavān śataśaḥ tadā.
bhūya eva asṛjat ghorān śakān yavana miśritān.
2002 translation by Desiraju Hanumanta Rao

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 1.54.20b, 21a

On seeing the subdual of hundreds of Pahlava-s by Vishvamitra, then the Sacred Cow again generated deadly Shaka-s hobnobbed with Yavana-s through her mooing 'hums'.


हूण

hūṇa (romanization)
हूणः (nominative singular)
हूणौ (dual nominative)
हूणा1 (dual nominative)
हूणाः (nominative plural)
हूणासः1 (nominative plural)
हूण (singular vocative)
हूणौ (dual vocative)
हूणा1 (dual vocative)
हूणाः (plural vocative)
हूणासः1 (plural vocative)
हूणम् (accusative singular)
हूणौ (accusative dual)
हूणा1 (accusative dual)
हूणान् (accusative plural)
हूणेन (instrumental singular)
हूणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
हूणैः (instrumental plural)
हूणेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
हूणाय (dative singular)
हूणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
हूणेभ्यः (dative plural)
हूणात् (ablative singular)
हूणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
हूणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
हूणस्य (genitive singular)
हूणयोः (dual genitive)
हूणानाम् (genitive plural)
हूणे (locative singular)
हूणयोः (dual locative)
हूणेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀳𑀽𑀡 (hūṇa)

→ Bengali: হূণ (hun)

Of Central Asian origin. Pulleyblank (2000) proposes that हूण (hūṇa) shares the same underlying source as English Huns, Late Latin Hunni, Koine Greek Οὗννοι (Hoûnnoi), Sogdian [script needed] (xwn), and Old Chinese 匈奴 (*qʰoŋ naː) (318 CE), the last of which, according to Schuessler (2014), possibly transcribed foreign *Hǒna ~ *Hǔna. For more see Huna people and Xiongnu.
While the name of the Hunas apparently derived from the same source as Hun, the two groups were not necessarily synonymous and their exact relationship is unclear.

the name of a barbarous people, the Huna people: a Central Asian (likely Turkic-Mongolic) tribe that invaded the Gupta Empire


तुखार

tukhāra (romanization)
तुखारः (nominative singular)
तुखारौ (dual nominative)
तुखारा1 (dual nominative)
तुखाराः (nominative plural)
तुखारासः1 (nominative plural)
तुखार (singular vocative)
तुखारौ (dual vocative)
तुखारा1 (dual vocative)
तुखाराः (plural vocative)
तुखारासः1 (plural vocative)
तुखारम् (accusative singular)
तुखारौ (accusative dual)
तुखारा1 (accusative dual)
तुखारान् (accusative plural)
तुखारेण (instrumental singular)
तुखाराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तुखारैः (instrumental plural)
तुखारेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तुखाराय (dative singular)
तुखाराभ्याम् (dative dual)
तुखारेभ्यः (dative plural)
तुखारात् (ablative singular)
तुखाराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तुखारेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तुखारस्य (genitive singular)
तुखारयोः (dual genitive)
तुखाराणाम् (genitive plural)
तुखारे (locative singular)
तुखारयोः (dual locative)
तुखारेषु (locative plural)

/t̪uˈkʰɑː.ɾɐ/

Probably from an Indo-Iranian source. Cognate with Old Persian [script needed] (tuxāri-), Khotanese [script needed] (ttahvāra), Ancient Greek Τόχαρος (Tókharos) (whence English Tocharian).

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa

धनकनकरजतसंचयाश् च सर्वे शमदममन्त्रपराश् चये मनुष्याः ।
शकयवनतुखारबाल्हिकाश् च क्षयम् उपयान्ति दिवाकरस्य घाते ॥
dhanakanakarajatasaṃcayāś ca sarve śamadamamantraparāś caye manuṣyāḥ.

The accretion of riches, gold, and silver; all fully dedicated to counsels of calmness and restraint; and these peoples
The Sakas, Yavanas, Tukharas, and Balhikas ascend the seat of the Sun, when (the astrological planet is) invaded.

śakayavanatukhārabālhikāś ca kṣayam upayānti divākarasya ghāte.

Tocharians (an Indo-European but non-Indo-Aryan people to the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, often identified as the founders of the Kushana Empire in India)


शकमुरुण्ड

śakamuruṇḍa (romanization)
शकमुरुण्डः (nominative singular)
शकमुरुण्डौ (dual nominative)
शकमुरुण्डाः (nominative plural)
शकमुरुण्ड (singular vocative)
शकमुरुण्डौ (dual vocative)
शकमुरुण्डाः (plural vocative)
शकमुरुण्डम् (accusative singular)
शकमुरुण्डौ (accusative dual)
शकमुरुण्डान् (accusative plural)
शकमुरुण्डेन (instrumental singular)
शकमुरुण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शकमुरुण्डैः (instrumental plural)
शकमुरुण्डाय (dative singular)
शकमुरुण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
शकमुरुण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
शकमुरुण्डात् (ablative singular)
शकमुरुण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शकमुरुण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शकमुरुण्डस्य (genitive singular)
शकमुरुण्डयोः (dual genitive)
शकमुरुण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
शकमुरुण्डे (locative singular)
शकमुरुण्डयोः (dual locative)
शकमुरुण्डेषु (locative plural)

From शक (śaka, “Scythians, Sacae, Saka”) + मुरुण्ड (muruṇḍa), from a Proto-Saka name *Sakā mravantaʰ (literally “Saka lords”).
Equivalent in meaning to but not cognates with Ancient Greek Σακαραῦκαι (Sakaraûkai) and Middle Chinese 塞旺 (MC sojH|sok hjwangH).

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(Epigraphic Sanskrit) name of a Scythian people who invaded Bactria and Gandhara