वन

vána (romanization)
वनम् (nominative singular)
वने (dual nominative)
वनानि (nominative plural)
वना1 (nominative plural)
वन (singular vocative)
वने (dual vocative)
वनानि (plural vocative)
वना1 (plural vocative)
वनम् (accusative singular)
वने (accusative dual)
वनानि (accusative plural)
वना1 (accusative plural)
वनेन (instrumental singular)
वनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वनैः (instrumental plural)
वनेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
वनाय (dative singular)
वनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
वनेभ्यः (dative plural)
वनात् (ablative singular)
वनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
वनस्य (genitive singular)
वनयोः (dual genitive)
वनानाम् (genitive plural)
वने (locative singular)
वनयोः (dual locative)
वनेषु (locative plural)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਵਣ (vaṇa)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀡 (vaṇa)

Hindi: बन (ban)

Bengali: বন (bon)

→ Malayalam: വനം (vanaṁ)

→ Tamil: வனம் (vaṉam)

→ Kannada: ವನ (vana)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: wana
> Javanese: ꦮꦤ (wana) (inherited)
→ Indonesian: wana
→ Balinese: ᬯᬦ (wana)

→ Sundanese: ᮝᮔ (wana)

Sinhalese: වනය (wanaya)

Sindhi: वणु sg (vaṇu, “tree”)

Thematised from वन् (ván, “tree, wood”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wán- (“tree, wood”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬥𐬁 (vanā, “tree”), Pashto ونه (wëna, “tree”), Sogdian wn (“tree”), Middle Persian [script needed] (wan /wn'/, “tree”).

cog

Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus rotundus#Translingual


अग्नि

agní (romanization)
अग्निः (nominative singular)
अग्नी (dual nominative)
अग्नयः (nominative plural)
अग्ने (singular vocative)
अग्नी (dual vocative)
अग्नयः (plural vocative)
अग्निम् (accusative singular)
अग्नी (accusative dual)
अग्नीन् (accusative plural)
अग्निना (instrumental singular)
अग्न्या1 (instrumental singular)
अग्निभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अग्निभिः (instrumental plural)
अग्नये (dative singular)
अग्निभ्याम् (dative dual)
अग्निभ्यः (dative plural)
अग्नेः (ablative singular)
अग्निभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अग्निभ्यः (ablative plural)
अग्नेः (genitive singular)
अग्न्योः (dual genitive)
अग्नीनाम् (genitive plural)
अग्नौ (locative singular)
अग्ना1 (locative singular)
अग्न्योः (dual locative)
अग्निषु (locative plural)

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀅𑀕𑀺 (agi /aggi/) (see there for further descendants)

Dardic:

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: اۆگُن (ogun)

Devanagari script: ऒगुन (ogun)

Sharada script: 𑆏𑆓𑆶𑆤𑇀 (ogun)

Gandhari: 𐨀𐨒𐨁 (agi)

Pali: aggi (see there for further descendants)

→ Assamese: অগ্নি (ogni)

→ Bengali: অগ্নি (ogni) (learned)

→ English: Agni

→ Gujarati: અગ્નિ (agni)

→ Hindustani: (semi-learned)

Hindi: अगन (agan)

Urdu: اگن (agan)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: अग्नि (agni)

Urdu: اگنی (agni)

→ Old Javanese: agni, gĕni (see there for further descendants)

→ Kannada: ಅಗ್ನಿ (agni)

→ Lao: ອັກຄະນີ (ʼak kha nī)

→ Old Marathi:

desc

Modi script: 𑘀𑘐𑘿𑘡 (agna), 𑘀𑘐𑘿𑘡𑘲 (agnī), 𑘀𑘕𑘿𑘗𑘲 (ajñī)

Devanagari script: अग्न (agna), अग्नि (agni), अज्ञी (ajñī)

→ Marwari: अगन (agan), अगनी (agnī) (semi-learned)

→ Odia: ଅଗ୍ନି (agni) (learned)

→ Russian: Агни́ (Agní)

→ Tamil: அக்கினி (akkiṉi), அக்னி (akṉi)

→ Malayalam: അഗ്നി (agni)

→ Telugu: అగ్ని (agni)

→ Thai: อัคนี (àk-ká-nii)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hagníṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hagníš, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnís. Cognate with Latin ignis, Old Church Slavonic огнь (ognĭ), ⱁⰳⱀⱐ (ognĭ).


ताम्र

tāmrá (romanization)
ताम्रम् (nominative singular)
ताम्रे (dual nominative)
ताम्राणि (nominative plural)
ताम्रा1 (nominative plural)
ताम्र (singular vocative)
ताम्रे (dual vocative)
ताम्राणि (plural vocative)
ताम्रा1 (plural vocative)
ताम्रम् (accusative singular)
ताम्रे (accusative dual)
ताम्राणि (accusative plural)
ताम्रा1 (accusative plural)
ताम्रेण (instrumental singular)
ताम्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ताम्रैः (instrumental plural)
ताम्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ताम्राय (dative singular)
ताम्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
ताम्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
ताम्रात् (ablative singular)
ताम्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ताम्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
ताम्रस्य (genitive singular)
ताम्रयोः (dual genitive)
ताम्राणाम् (genitive plural)
ताम्रे (locative singular)
ताम्रयोः (dual locative)
ताम्रेषु (locative plural)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀁𑀩 (taṃba)

Fiji Hindi: tamba

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: තඹ (taᵐba)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: তাম (tam)

Bengali: তামা (tama)

→ Atong (India): tama

Hajong: তামা

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀁𑀩 (taṃba)

Marathi: तांबे (tāmbe)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀢𑀁𑀩 (taṃba)

Saurashtra: ꢡꢪ꣄ꢨꢾ (tambe)

Sindhi: ٽامو, टामो

Sindhi: ٽامو, टामो

Gujarati: તાંબું (tā̃bũ)

Hindustani:

Hindi: ताँबा (tāmbā)

Urdu: تانبا

Punjabi: ਤਾਂਬਾ (tāmbā)

→ Hindi: ताम्र (tāmra)

→ Kannada: ತಾಮ್ರ (tāmra)

→ Malayalam: താമ്ര (tāmra), താമ്രം (tāmraṁ)

→ Tulu: താംബ്ര (tāmbra)

→ Sindhi: टामो

→ Tamil: தாமிரம் (tāmiram)

→ Telugu: తామ్రము (tāmramu)

⇒ Sanskrit: ताम्रक (tāmraka)

→ Javanese: tembaga

→ Malay: tembaga

→ Indonesian: tembaga

→ Dutch: tombak

→ Danish: tombak

→ German: Tombak

→ English: tombak, tombac

→ French: tombac

→ Italian: tombacco

→ Pashto: ټومباک

→ Pashto: ټومباک

→ Portuguese: tambaque, tambaca

→ Russian: томпа́к (tompák)

→ Spanish: tumbaga

→ English: tumbaga

Related to तमस् (tamas, “gloom, darkness, obscurity”), as copper is a dark-colored metal, perhaps via a Proto-Indo-European form *tm̥H-ró-, with the long ā vowel perhaps stemming from analogical influence of forms in तम् (tam).


सुख

सु॒ख (canonical)
sukhá (romanization)
सुखम् (nominative singular)
सुखे (dual nominative)
सुखानि (nominative plural)
सुखा1 (nominative plural)
सुख (singular vocative)
सुखे (dual vocative)
सुखानि (plural vocative)
सुखा1 (plural vocative)
सुखम् (accusative singular)
सुखे (accusative dual)
सुखानि (accusative plural)
सुखा1 (accusative plural)
सुखेन (instrumental singular)
सुखाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सुखैः (instrumental plural)
सुखेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
सुखाय (dative singular)
सुखाभ्याम् (dative dual)
सुखेभ्यः (dative plural)
सुखात् (ablative singular)
सुखाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सुखेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सुखस्य (genitive singular)
सुखयोः (dual genitive)
सुखानाम् (genitive plural)
सुखे (locative singular)
सुखयोः (dual locative)
सुखेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀖 (sugha), 𑀲𑀼𑀳 (suha), 𑀲𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔 (sukkha) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Pali: sukha
→ Mon: သုခ
→ Burmese: သုခ (su.hka.)
→ Shan: သုၵ်ႉၶႃႉ (sṵ̂k khâ̰a)

Borrowed terms

→ Assamese: সুখ (xukh)

→ Bengali: সুখ (śukh)

→ Hindi: सुख (sukh)

→ Khmer: សុខ (sok)

→ Malay: suka

Indonesian: suka

→ Min Nan: 舒合 (su-kah)

→ Marathi: सुख (sukh)

→ Thai: สุข (sùk)

⇒ Telugu: సుఖము (sukhamu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wes-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsu-
Sanskrit सु- (su-)?
Sanskrit ख (kha)?
Sanskrit सु॒ख (sukhá)
Said to be from सु- (su-) + ख (kha), and to mean originally "having a good axle-hole"; but the sense "pleasant, etc." possibly reborrowed from a Prakrit form of earlier सुस्थ (sustha), from सु- (su-) + स्थ (stha); compare दुःख (duḥkha).

etymon

सु॒ख


चन्द्र

candrá (romanization)
चन्द्रः (nominative singular)
चन्द्रौ (dual nominative)
चन्द्रा1 (dual nominative)
चन्द्राः (nominative plural)
चन्द्रासः1 (nominative plural)
चन्द्र (singular vocative)
चन्द्रौ (dual vocative)
चन्द्रा1 (dual vocative)
चन्द्राः (plural vocative)
चन्द्रासः1 (plural vocative)
चन्द्रम् (accusative singular)
चन्द्रौ (accusative dual)
चन्द्रा1 (accusative dual)
चन्द्रान् (accusative plural)
चन्द्रेण (instrumental singular)
चन्द्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चन्द्रैः (instrumental plural)
चन्द्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चन्द्राय (dative singular)
चन्द्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
चन्द्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
चन्द्रात् (ablative singular)
चन्द्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चन्द्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चन्द्रस्य (genitive singular)
चन्द्रयोः (dual genitive)
चन्द्राणाम् (genitive plural)
चन्द्रे (locative singular)
चन्द्रयोः (dual locative)
चन्द्रेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: ژۆندُر (ċondur)

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ހަނދު (haⁿdu)

Sinhalese: හඳ (haⁿda)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: চান্দ (sand)

Bengali: চাঁদ (cãd)

Odia: ଚନ୍ଦ (cåndå)

Rohingya: san

Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠘ꠆ꠖ (sando)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: चंद्रु (candru)

Old Marathi: 𑘓𑘰𑘽𑘟 (cāṃda)

Marathi: चांद (cānda), चंद (canda)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀘𑀁𑀤 (caṃda)

Gujarati: ચાંદ (cā̃d)

Hindustani:

Hindi: चाँद (cā̃d), चांद (cānd)

Urdu: چاند (cānd)

Nepali: चाँद् (cā̃d)

Punjabi: ਚੰਦ (cand), ਚੰਨ (cann)

Marwari: चांद (cā̃d)

Sindhi: چَنڊُ (candu)

Pali: canda

→ Burmese: စန္ဒာ (canda), စန်း (can:)

→ Khmer: ព្រះច័ន្ទ (prĕəh can)

→ Assamese: চন্দ্ৰ (sondro) (learned)

→ Bengali: চন্দ্র (côndrô) (learned)

desc

→ English: Chandra, Chander, Shandra (learned)

→ Burmese: စန္ဒြာ (candra) (learned)

→ Gujarati: ચંદ્ર (candra) (learned)

→ Thai: จันท์ (learned)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: चन्द्र (candra), चन्दर (candar)

Urdu: چندر (candra)

→ Indonesian: candra (learned)

→ Kannada: ಚಂದ್ರ (candra) (learned)

→ Konkani: चन्द्र (candr) (learned)

→ Lao: ຈັນ (chan) (learned)

desctree

→ Malay: cendera (learned)
Indonesian: cendera

desc

→ Malayalam: ചന്ദ്രന് (candraṉ) (learned)

→ Marathi: चन्द्र (candra) (learned)

→ Nepali: चन्द्र (candra), चन्द्रमा (candramā) (learned)

→ Odia: ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର (cåndrå) (learned)

→ Punjabi: ਚੰਦ੍ਰ (candr), ਚੰਦਰ (candar) (learned)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: candra (learned)
Javanese: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ (candra)
→ Balinese: ᬘᬦ᭄ᬤ᭄ᬭ (candra)

→ Shan: ၸၼ်ႇတႃႇ (tsàn tàa) (learned)

desc

→ Sinhalese: චන්ද්රයා (candrayā) (learned)

→ Lü: ᦶᦈᧃ (ṫsaen) (learned)

→ Tamil: சந்திரன் (cantiraṉ) (learned)

→ Telugu: చంద్రుడు (candruḍu) (learned)

→ Thai: จันทร์ (jan) (learned)

/t͡ɕɐn.dɾɐ́/

/ˈt͡ɕɐn̪.d̪ɾɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *(s)ćandrás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)čandrás, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kand-. Doublet of श्चन्द्र (ścandrá, “shining, radiant”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κάνδαρος (kándaros, “charcoal”), Latin candeō, Old Armenian խանդ (xand). See also the root चन्द् (cand, “to shine, be bright, gladden”).


असृज्

ásṛj (romanization)
असृक् (nominative singular)
असृजौ (dual nominative)
असृजा1 (dual nominative)
असृजः (nominative plural)
असृक् (singular vocative)
असृजौ (dual vocative)
असृजा1 (dual vocative)
असृजः (plural vocative)
असृजम् (accusative singular)
असृजौ (accusative dual)
असृजा1 (accusative dual)
असृजः (accusative plural)
असृजा (instrumental singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
असृग्भिः (instrumental plural)
असृजे (dative singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
असृग्भ्यः (dative plural)
असृजः (ablative singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
असृग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
असृजः (genitive singular)
असृजोः (dual genitive)
असृजाम् (genitive plural)
असृजि (locative singular)
असृजोः (dual locative)
असृक्षु (locative plural)
असृक् (nominative singular)
असृजी (dual nominative)
असृञ्जि (nominative plural)
असृक् (singular vocative)
असृजी (dual vocative)
असृञ्जि (plural vocative)
असृक् (accusative singular)
असृजी (accusative dual)
असृञ्जि (accusative plural)
असृजा (instrumental singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
असृग्भिः (instrumental plural)
असृजे (dative singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
असृग्भ्यः (dative plural)
असृजः (ablative singular)
असृग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
असृग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
असृजः (genitive singular)
असृजोः (dual genitive)
असृजाम् (genitive plural)
असृजि (locative singular)
असृजोः (dual locative)
असृक्षु (locative plural)

/ˈɐ.s̪r̩d͡ʑ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HásHr̥, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Cognate with Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (ēšḫar), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn) and perhaps Latin sanguis.


अप्

áp (romanization)
अप् (nominative singular)
अपौ (dual nominative)
अपा1 (dual nominative)
आपस् (nominative plural)
अप् (singular vocative)
अपौ (dual vocative)
अपा1 (dual vocative)
आपस् (plural vocative)
अपम् (accusative singular)
अपौ (accusative dual)
अपा1 (accusative dual)
अपः (accusative plural)
अपा (instrumental singular)
अद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अद्भिः (instrumental plural)
अपे (dative singular)
अद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
अद्भ्यः (dative plural)
अपः (ablative singular)
अद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
अद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
अपः (genitive singular)
अपोः (dual genitive)
अपाम् (genitive plural)
अपि (locative singular)
अपोः (dual locative)
अप्सु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: [script needed] (âu)

Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (aw)

Pali: āpa

→ Old Marathi: आप (āpa) (learned)

→ Bengali: অপ (op) (learned)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-.
Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬞 (ap), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a /apiyā/, “into the water”), Tocharian B āp (“water”), Hittite 𒄩𒉺𒀀 (ḫa-pa-a, “towards the river”), Persian آب (âb), Latin amnis (“river”).

cog

(astronomy) the star δ Virginis in Virgo


क्षीर

kṣīrá (romanization)
क्षीरम् (nominative singular)
क्षीरे (dual nominative)
क्षीराणि (nominative plural)
क्षीरा1 (nominative plural)
क्षीर (singular vocative)
क्षीरे (dual vocative)
क्षीराणि (plural vocative)
क्षीरा1 (plural vocative)
क्षीरम् (accusative singular)
क्षीरे (accusative dual)
क्षीराणि (accusative plural)
क्षीरा1 (accusative plural)
क्षीरेण (instrumental singular)
क्षीराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्षीरैः (instrumental plural)
क्षीरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
क्षीराय (dative singular)
क्षीराभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्षीरेभ्यः (dative plural)
क्षीरात् (ablative singular)
क्षीराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्षीरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्षीरस्य (genitive singular)
क्षीरयोः (dual genitive)
क्षीराणाम् (genitive plural)
क्षीरे (locative singular)
क्षीरयोः (dual locative)
क्षीरेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: [script needed] (c̣hīr)

Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (c̣hir)

desc

Kalami: [script needed] (c̣hīr, “milk, udder”)

Kalasha: č̣hir

Khowar: ݯھیر (c̣hír)

Phalura: ڇھیر (c̣hīr)

Savi: [script needed] (c̣hir)

Shumashti: [script needed] (c̣hīr)

Torwali: ڇھی (c̣hī)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit: 𑀓𑀺𑀭𑀺 (kiri)

Dhivehi: ކިރު (kiru)

Sinhalese: කිරි (kiri)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)

Marathi: खीर (khīr), शिरें (śirẽ, “caudle for puerperal women of coconut milk”)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Nepali: खीर (khīra)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)

Assamese: খীৰ (khir)

Bengali: ক্ষীর (khir), খীর (khir)

Odia: ଖିରି (khiri), ଖିର (khira, “milk, juice from trees”), ଖିରା (khirā, “inspissated milk”)

Sylheti: ꠈꠤꠞ (kír)

Western:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਖੀਰ (khīr)

Lahnda: کھِیر (khīr)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: کِيرُ

Devanagari script: खीरु

Pali: khīra

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)

Domaaki: [script needed] (c̣hīr)

Gujarati: ખીરું (khīrũ)

Hindustani:

Hindi: खीर (khīr)

Urdu: کھیر (khīr)

>? Romani: khil

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Waigali: [script needed] (c̣hīr, “sour milk”)

→ Telugu: క్షీరము (kṣīramu) (learned)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám
Sanskrit क्षीर (kṣīra)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám (“milk”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬛- (xšuuid-), Northern Kurdish şîr, Persian شیر (šir), Zazaki şıd, şıt. Originally thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *swēyd- (“milk”), but Lubotsky claims a borrowing from the BMAC substrate.

etymon

पावमानीर्यो अध्येत्यृषिभिः सम्भृतं रसम् ।
तस्मै सरस्वती दुहे क्षीरं सर्पिर्मधूदकम् ॥
pāvamānīryo adhyetyṛṣibhiḥ sambhṛtaṃ rasam.
tasmai sarasvatī duhe kṣīraṃ sarpirmadhūdakam.
Whoever reads the essence stored by saints, the Pavamani hymns,

Sarasvatī draws forth for him water and butter, milk and meath.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda


तोय

tóya (romanization)
तोयम् (nominative singular)
तोये (dual nominative)
तोयानि (nominative plural)
तोया1 (nominative plural)
तोय (singular vocative)
तोये (dual vocative)
तोयानि (plural vocative)
तोया1 (plural vocative)
तोयम् (accusative singular)
तोये (accusative dual)
तोयानि (accusative plural)
तोया1 (accusative plural)
तोयेन (instrumental singular)
तोयाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तोयैः (instrumental plural)
तोयेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तोयाय (dative singular)
तोयाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तोयेभ्यः (dative plural)
तोयात् (ablative singular)
तोयाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तोयेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तोयस्य (genitive singular)
तोययोः (dual genitive)
तोयानाम् (genitive plural)
तोये (locative singular)
तोययोः (dual locative)
तोयेषु (locative plural)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: toya
> Javanese: ꦠꦺꦴꦪ (toya) (inherited)
→ Musi: (bebaso) toya
→ Balinese: ᬢᭀᬬ (toya)

→ Telugu: తోయము (tōyamu)

Tulu: ತೋಯ (tōya)

Possibly ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s, likely through a Dravidian intermediary.

तोयम्-√कृ ― toyam-√kṛ ― to make offerings of water to the dead (+ genitive)


तोयकण

toya-kaṇa (romanization)
तोयकणः (nominative singular)
तोयकणौ (dual nominative)
तोयकणाः (nominative plural)
तोयकण (singular vocative)
तोयकणौ (dual vocative)
तोयकणाः (plural vocative)
तोयकणम् (accusative singular)
तोयकणौ (accusative dual)
तोयकणान् (accusative plural)
तोयकणेन (instrumental singular)
तोयकणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तोयकणैः (instrumental plural)
तोयकणाय (dative singular)
तोयकणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तोयकणेभ्यः (dative plural)
तोयकणात् (ablative singular)
तोयकणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तोयकणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तोयकणस्य (genitive singular)
तोयकणयोः (dual genitive)
तोयकणानाम् (genitive plural)
तोयकणे (locative singular)
तोयकणयोः (dual locative)
तोयकणेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of तोयकण

तोयकणाभ्याम्

तोयकणाभ्याम्

तोयकणाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

तोयकणाभ्याम्

तोयकणाभ्याम्

तोयकणाभ्याम्


सिंहल

siṃhala (romanization)
सिंहलः (nominative singular)
सिंहलौ (dual nominative)
सिंहलाः (nominative plural)
सिंहल (singular vocative)
सिंहलौ (dual vocative)
सिंहलाः (plural vocative)
सिंहलम् (accusative singular)
सिंहलौ (accusative dual)
सिंहलान् (accusative plural)
सिंहलेन (instrumental singular)
सिंहलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सिंहलैः (instrumental plural)
सिंहलाय (dative singular)
सिंहलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
सिंहलेभ्यः (dative plural)
सिंहलात् (ablative singular)
सिंहलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सिंहलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सिंहलस्य (genitive singular)
सिंहलयोः (dual genitive)
सिंहलानाम् (genitive plural)
सिंहले (locative singular)
सिंहलयोः (dual locative)
सिंहलेषु (locative plural)
सिंहलम् (nominative singular)
सिंहले (dual nominative)
सिंहलानि (nominative plural)
सिंहल (singular vocative)
सिंहले (dual vocative)
सिंहलानि (plural vocative)
सिंहलम् (accusative singular)
सिंहले (accusative dual)
सिंहलानि (accusative plural)
सिंहलेन (instrumental singular)
सिंहलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सिंहलैः (instrumental plural)
सिंहलाय (dative singular)
सिंहलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
सिंहलेभ्यः (dative plural)
सिंहलात् (ablative singular)
सिंहलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सिंहलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सिंहलस्य (genitive singular)
सिंहलयोः (dual genitive)
सिंहलानाम् (genitive plural)
सिंहले (locative singular)
सिंहलयोः (dual locative)
सिंहलेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of सिंहल

सिंहलाभ्याम्

सिंहलाभ्याम्

सिंहलाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

सिंहलाभ्याम्

सिंहलाभ्याम्

सिंहलाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">सिंहल</i>

सिंहलाभ्याम्

सिंहलाभ्याम्

सिंहलाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

सिंहलाभ्याम्

सिंहलाभ्याम्

सिंहलाभ्याम्

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀮 (*siṃhala)

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀮 (siṃhala), 𑀲𑀻𑀳𑀮 (sīhala)

desctree

Pali: sīhaḷa, sīhala
→ Burmese: သီဟိုဠ် (sihuil)

→ Sinhalese: සිංහල (siṁhala)

→ English: Sinhala

/ˈs̪ĩ.ɦɐ.l̪ɐ/

From सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + -ल (-la), literally “lionlike”.


गञ्जा

gañjā (romanization)
गञ्जा (nominative singular)
गञ्जे (dual nominative)
गञ्जाः (nominative plural)
गञ्जे (singular vocative)
गञ्जे (dual vocative)
गञ्जाः (plural vocative)
गञ्जाम् (accusative singular)
गञ्जे (accusative dual)
गञ्जाः (accusative plural)
गञ्जया (instrumental singular)
गञ्जाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गञ्जाभिः (instrumental plural)
गञ्जायै (dative singular)
गञ्जाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गञ्जाभ्यः (dative plural)
गञ्जायाः (ablative singular)
गञ्जाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गञ्जाभ्यः (ablative plural)
गञ्जायाः (genitive singular)
गञ्जयोः (dual genitive)
गञ्जानाम् (genitive plural)
गञ्जायाम् (locative singular)
गञ्जयोः (dual locative)
गञ्जासु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Feminine ā-stem declension of गञ्जा

Bengali: গাঁজা (gãja)

Gujarati: ગાંજો (gā̃jo)

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: गांजा (gāñjā), गाँजा (gāñjā)

Hindi: गांजा (gāñjā), गाँजा (gāñjā) (see there for further descendants)

Urdu: گَانْجَا (gānjā)

Urdu: گَانْجَا (gānjā)

Nepali: गाँजा (gā̃jā)

→ Indonesian: ganja

→ Kannada: ಗಾಂಜಾ (gāñjā)

→ Khmer: កញ្ឆា (kɑɑkɑñchaa)

→ Lao: ກັນຊາ (kan sā)

→ Malay: ganja

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਗਾਂਜਾ (gāñjā)

Shahmukhi script: گَانْجَا (gānjā)

→ Tamil: கஞ்சா (kañcā), கஞ்சாவை (kañcāvai)

→ Malayalam: കഞ്ചാവ് (kañcāvŭ), ഗഞ്ജ (gañja), ഗഞ്ജാവ് (gañjāvŭ) — tatsama

→ Telugu: గంజాయి (gañjāyi)

→ Thai: กัญชา (gan-chaa)

→ Vietnamese: cần sa

/ˈɡɐɲ.d͡ʑɑː/

Unknown. Perhaps related to गृञ्ज (gṛñja, “type of plant”), गृञ्जन (gṛñjana, “turnip”), गार्जर (gārjara, “carrot”).


काल

kālá (romanization)
कालः (nominative singular)
कालौ (dual nominative)
काला1 (dual nominative)
कालाः (nominative plural)
कालासः1 (nominative plural)
काल (singular vocative)
कालौ (dual vocative)
काला1 (dual vocative)
कालाः (plural vocative)
कालासः1 (plural vocative)
कालम् (accusative singular)
कालौ (accusative dual)
काला1 (accusative dual)
कालान् (accusative plural)
कालेन (instrumental singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कालैः (instrumental plural)
कालेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कालाय (dative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कालेभ्यः (dative plural)
कालात् (ablative singular)
कालाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कालेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कालस्य (genitive singular)
कालयोः (dual genitive)
कालानाम् (genitive plural)
काले (locative singular)
कालयोः (dual locative)
कालेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: kâl

Indus Kohistani: kāla, kalaĩ

Kalami: kāl

Kalasha: kau, kālūna

Kashmiri: کال (kāl), کالہٕ (kālụ)

Khowar: کل (kala)

Pashayi:

Northeast Pashayi: kōl

Northwest Pashayi: kāl

Shina: کال (kāl)

Shumashti: kāl

Tirahi: kāl

Torwali: کال (kāl)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: kāl

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Ashkun: kal

⇒ Ashkun: awat-kāl

⇒ Kamkata-viri: awte-kāl

⇒ Prasuni: wūt-kal

Waigali: kāl

Pali: kāla

→ Khmer: កាល (kaal)

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮 (kala), 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) (see there for further descendants)

→ Javanese: ꦏꦭ / kala

→ Malay: kala

Indonesian: kala

→ Tamil: காலம் (kālam), கால் (kāl)

→ Malayalam: കാലം (kālaṁ)

Of uncertain origin.
Perhaps an l-form of कार (kāra, “action”), taking "decisive action" as the connotation.
Alternatively, derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”); compare Proto-Slavic *vermę̀ (“period of time”) for a parallel semantic development from an earlier "turn" meaning (albeit from a different root).
Hirt compares this to Gothic 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila, “a while”), while Güntert compares this to Ancient Greek καιρός (kairós, “measure, time, season”), and takes the l-consonant in काल (kāla) as a preservation of a dialectal form in order to distinguish from कार (kāra).
Probably not a vṛddhi derivative of the root कल् (kal, “to calculate or enumerate”).

cog

उ॒त प्र॒हाम॑ति॒दीव्या॑ जयाति कृ॒तं यच्छ्व॒घ्नी वि॑चि॒नोति॑ का॒ले ।
यो दे॒वका॑मो॒ न धना॑ रुणद्धि॒ समित्तं रा॒या सृ॑जति स्व॒धावा॑न् ॥
utá prahā́matidī́vyā jayāti kṛtáṃ yácchvaghnī́ vicinóti kālé.

Having driven away the assailant, he triumphs; at the time of battle he selects his antagonist as does a gambler. The man who, desirous of gratifying the gods, withholds not his riches, him the powerful Indra associates with wealth.

yó devákāmo ná dhánā ruṇaddhi sámíttáṃ rāyā́ sṛjati svadhā́vān.

the proper time or season for (+genitive, dative, locative, in compound, infinitive, or subjunctive with यद् (yad)

a period of time, time of the world (युग (yuga))

कालोऽस्मि लोकक्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो लोकान्समाहर्तुमिह प्रवृत्तः ।
ऋतेऽपि त्वां न भविष्यन्ति सर्वे येऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः ॥
kāloʼsmi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ.

I am mighty time, the source of destruction that comes forth to annihilate the worlds.
Even without your participation, the warriors arrayed in the opposing army shall cease to exist.

ṛteʼpi tvāṃ na bhaviṣyanti sarve yeʼvasthitāḥ pratyanīkeṣu yodhāḥ.

time (as destroying all things), death, time of death (often personified and represented with the attributes of Yama, regent of the dead, or even identified with him


काफी

kāphī (romanization)
काफी (nominative singular)
काफ्यौ (dual nominative)
काफी1 (dual nominative)
काफ्यः (nominative plural)
काफीः1 (nominative plural)
काफि (singular vocative)
काफ्यौ (dual vocative)
काफी1 (dual vocative)
काफ्यः (plural vocative)
काफीः1 (plural vocative)
काफीम् (accusative singular)
काफ्यौ (accusative dual)
काफी1 (accusative dual)
काफीः (accusative plural)
काफ्या (instrumental singular)
काफीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
काफीभिः (instrumental plural)
काफ्यै (dative singular)
काफीभ्याम् (dative dual)
काफीभ्यः (dative plural)
काफ्याः (ablative singular)
काफ्यै2 (ablative singular)
काफीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
काफीभ्यः (ablative plural)
काफ्याः (genitive singular)
काफ्यै2 (genitive singular)
काफ्योः (dual genitive)
काफीनाम् (genitive plural)
काफ्याम् (locative singular)
काफ्योः (dual locative)
काफीषु (locative plural)

First attested in 1582. From Hindi काफ़ी (kāfī), from English coffee, from Dutch koffie (“coffee”), from Italian caffè (“coffee”), from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve, “coffee”), from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa, “coffee, a brew”), potentially traced back to the name of the Kaffa region of Ethiopia, which is an Omotic word.

der

तिष्ठतु भोः, एकम् काफीं पिबामः।

भवान् काफीं पिबति उत चायम्?।

आगच्छतु, किञ्चित् काफीं पिबामः।

अद्य अस्माकं कृते काफी अस्ति वा?।

काफीं भवान् एव रसितवान्, अतः भवता एव वक्तव्यम्।

You only tasted the coffee, so you only need to tell.

kāphīṃ bhavān eva rasitavān, ataḥ bhavatā eva vaktavyam.

अद्य प्रभाते पञ्चवादने एकं चषकं काफीं एव पीतवान्।

All I had was one cup of coffee in the morning at 5 o'clock.

adya prabhāte pañcavādane ekaṃ caṣakaṃ kāphīṃ eva pītavān.


जल

jalá (romanization)
जलम् (nominative singular)
जले (dual nominative)
जलानि (nominative plural)
जला1 (nominative plural)
जल (singular vocative)
जले (dual vocative)
जलानि (plural vocative)
जला1 (plural vocative)
जलम् (accusative singular)
जले (accusative dual)
जलानि (accusative plural)
जला1 (accusative plural)
जलेन (instrumental singular)
जलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जलैः (instrumental plural)
जलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
जलाय (dative singular)
जलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
जलेभ्यः (dative plural)
जलात् (ablative singular)
जलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
जलस्य (genitive singular)
जलयोः (dual genitive)
जलानाम् (genitive plural)
जले (locative singular)
जलयोः (dual locative)
जलेषु (locative plural)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀚𑀮 (jala)
Assamese: জল (zol)
Bengali: জল (jol)
Dardic:
Kashmiri: زَل (zal, “urine”)
Hindustani:
Hindi: जल (jal)
Urdu: جل
Marathi: जल (jal)
Nepali: जल (jal)
Pali: jala
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਜਲ (jal)
Shahmukhi script: جل (jal)
Sylheti: ꠎꠟ (zol)

Gandhari: 𐨗𐨫 (jala)

Pali: jala
→ Thai: ชล (chon)
→ Khmer: ជល (cɔɔl)

→ Kannada: ಜಲ (jala)

→ Malayalam: ജലം (jalaṁ)

→ Tamil: ஜலம் (jalam)

→ Telugu: జలము (jalamu)

→ Sinhalese: ජලය (jalaya)

Of unclear origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelHo-, from *gʷel- (“to dribble; gush forth; spring; squirt; throw”), and thus cognate with गल् (gal, “to drip”) and German quellen (“(of water) to well, issue forth”). A local substrate origin is possible, though quite unlikely due to the word being attested in Vedic texts and lacking typical substrate features (e.g. retroflexion, variation between aspirated and deaspirated forms). Related to Vedic Sanskrit जलाष (jalāṣa), of uncertain meaning; not related to Latin gelū (“frost”).


निष्क

niṣka (romanization)
निष्कः (nominative singular)
निष्कौ (dual nominative)
निष्का1 (dual nominative)
निष्काः (nominative plural)
निष्कासः1 (nominative plural)
निष्क (singular vocative)
निष्कौ (dual vocative)
निष्का1 (dual vocative)
निष्काः (plural vocative)
निष्कासः1 (plural vocative)
निष्कम् (accusative singular)
निष्कौ (accusative dual)
निष्का1 (accusative dual)
निष्कान् (accusative plural)
निष्केण (instrumental singular)
निष्काभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
निष्कैः (instrumental plural)
निष्केभिः1 (instrumental plural)
निष्काय (dative singular)
निष्काभ्याम् (dative dual)
निष्केभ्यः (dative plural)
निष्कात् (ablative singular)
निष्काभ्याम् (ablative dual)
निष्केभ्यः (ablative plural)
निष्कस्य (genitive singular)
निष्कयोः (dual genitive)
निष्काणाम् (genitive plural)
निष्के (locative singular)
निष्कयोः (dual locative)
निष्केषु (locative plural)
निष्कम् (nominative singular)
निष्के (dual nominative)
निष्काणि (nominative plural)
निष्का1 (nominative plural)
निष्क (singular vocative)
निष्के (dual vocative)
निष्काणि (plural vocative)
निष्का1 (plural vocative)
निष्कम् (accusative singular)
निष्के (accusative dual)
निष्काणि (accusative plural)
निष्का1 (accusative plural)
निष्केण (instrumental singular)
निष्काभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
निष्कैः (instrumental plural)
निष्केभिः1 (instrumental plural)
निष्काय (dative singular)
निष्काभ्याम् (dative dual)
निष्केभ्यः (dative plural)
निष्कात् (ablative singular)
निष्काभ्याम् (ablative dual)
निष्केभ्यः (ablative plural)
निष्कस्य (genitive singular)
निष्कयोः (dual genitive)
निष्काणाम् (genitive plural)
निष्के (locative singular)
निष्कयोः (dual locative)
निष्केषु (locative plural)

a golden ornament for the neck or breast (RV., etc.)


आर

āra (romanization)
आरम् (nominative singular)
आरे (dual nominative)
आरानि (nominative plural)
आर (singular vocative)
आरे (dual vocative)
आरानि (plural vocative)
आरम् (accusative singular)
आरे (accusative dual)
आरानि (accusative plural)
आरेन (instrumental singular)
आराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आरैः (instrumental plural)
आराय (dative singular)
आराभ्याम् (dative dual)
आरेभ्यः (dative plural)
आरात् (ablative singular)
आराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
आरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
आरस्य (genitive singular)
आरयोः (dual genitive)
आरानाम् (genitive plural)
आरे (locative singular)
आरयोः (dual locative)
आरेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">आर</i>


आर

āra (romanization)
आरः (nominative singular)
आरौ (dual nominative)
आराः (nominative plural)
आर (singular vocative)
आरौ (dual vocative)
आराः (plural vocative)
आरम् (accusative singular)
आरौ (accusative dual)
आरान् (accusative plural)
आरेन (instrumental singular)
आराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आरैः (instrumental plural)
आराय (dative singular)
आराभ्याम् (dative dual)
आरेभ्यः (dative plural)
आरात् (ablative singular)
आराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
आरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
आरस्य (genitive singular)
आरयोः (dual genitive)
आरानाम् (genitive plural)
आरे (locative singular)
आरयोः (dual locative)
आरेषु (locative plural)

Masculine a-stem declension of आर


आर

Masculine a-stem declension of आर

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἄρης (Árēs).


मद्य

mádya (romanization)
मद्यम् (nominative singular)
मद्ये (dual nominative)
मद्यानि (nominative plural)
मद्या1 (nominative plural)
मद्य (singular vocative)
मद्ये (dual vocative)
मद्यानि (plural vocative)
मद्या1 (plural vocative)
मद्यम् (accusative singular)
मद्ये (accusative dual)
मद्यानि (accusative plural)
मद्या1 (accusative plural)
मद्येन (instrumental singular)
मद्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मद्यैः (instrumental plural)
मद्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मद्याय (dative singular)
मद्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
मद्येभ्यः (dative plural)
मद्यात् (ablative singular)
मद्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मद्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
मद्यस्य (genitive singular)
मद्ययोः (dual genitive)
मद्यानाम् (genitive plural)
मद्ये (locative singular)
मद्ययोः (dual locative)
मद्येषु (locative plural)

desctree

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀚 (majja)
Hindustani: māñjā
Hindi: माँजा
Urdu: مان٘جا
Old Marathi: māja
Devanagari script: माज
Modi script: 𑘦𑘰𑘕
Marathi: माज (māj)

Pali: majja
→ Khmer: មជ្ជ (maccĕəʼ, “alcohol”)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀚 (majja)

Hindi: माँजा (māñjā)

→ Gujarati: મદ્ય (madya)

→ Hindi: मद्य (madya)

→ Malayalam: മദ്യം (madyaṁ)

→ Old Marathi: madya

Devanagari script: मद्य

Modi script: 𑘦𑘟𑘿𑘧

→ Tamil: மத்தியம் (mattiyam)

→ Telugu: మద్యము (madyamu)

From Proto-Indo-European *m̥h₂d-yó-s, from *meh₂d- (“to be wet”). Related to मदिर (madira).

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

any intoxicating drink, vinous or spiritous liquor, wine


यवसुरा

→ Hindi: यवसुरा (yavsurā)

यव (yáva, “barley”) + सुरा (surā, “liquor; wine; beer”).

compound

beer; a kind of alcoholic drink made from barley


गन्धक

gandhaka (romanization)
गन्धकः (nominative singular)
गन्धकौ (dual nominative)
गन्धका1 (dual nominative)
गन्धकाः (nominative plural)
गन्धकासः1 (nominative plural)
गन्धक (singular vocative)
गन्धकौ (dual vocative)
गन्धका1 (dual vocative)
गन्धकाः (plural vocative)
गन्धकासः1 (plural vocative)
गन्धकम् (accusative singular)
गन्धकौ (accusative dual)
गन्धका1 (accusative dual)
गन्धकान् (accusative plural)
गन्धकेन (instrumental singular)
गन्धकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गन्धकैः (instrumental plural)
गन्धकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गन्धकाय (dative singular)
गन्धकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गन्धकेभ्यः (dative plural)
गन्धकात् (ablative singular)
गन्धकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गन्धकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गन्धकस्य (genitive singular)
गन्धकयोः (dual genitive)
गन्धकानाम् (genitive plural)
गन्धके (locative singular)
गन्धकयोः (dual locative)
गन्धकेषु (locative plural)

→ Kannada: ಗಂಧಕ (gandhaka)

→ Malayalam: ഗന്ധകം (gandhakaṁ)

→ Tamil: கந்தகம் (kantakam)

→ Telugu: గంధకము (gandhakamu)

/ˈɡɐn̪.d̪ʱɐ.kɐ/

Hyperanthera moringa L.
Moringa oleifera


मनोहर

manōhara (romanization)
मनोहरम् (nominative singular)
मनोहरे (dual nominative)
मनोहराणि (nominative plural)
मनोहरा1 (nominative plural)
मनोहर (singular vocative)
मनोहरे (dual vocative)
मनोहराणि (plural vocative)
मनोहरा1 (plural vocative)
मनोहरम् (accusative singular)
मनोहरे (accusative dual)
मनोहराणि (accusative plural)
मनोहरा1 (accusative plural)
मनोहरेण (instrumental singular)
मनोहराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मनोहरैः (instrumental plural)
मनोहरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मनोहराय (dative singular)
मनोहराभ्याम् (dative dual)
मनोहरेभ्यः (dative plural)
मनोहरात् (ablative singular)
मनोहराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मनोहरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मनोहरस्य (genitive singular)
मनोहरयोः (dual genitive)
मनोहराणाम् (genitive plural)
मनोहरे (locative singular)
मनोहरयोः (dual locative)
मनोहरेषु (locative plural)

→ Malayalam: മനോഹരം (manōharaṁ)

Compound of मनो (mano, combining form of मनस् (manas, “mind, heart, soul”)) + हर (hara, “taking”).

com+

combining form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">मनस्</i> (manas, “mind, heart, soul”)


गोक्षीर

/ɡoːkˈʂiː.ɾɐ/

com

गो (gó) + क्षीर (kṣīrá)


क्षीराब्धि

sa-noun

क्षीराब्धि • (kṣīrābdhi) stem, m

/kʂiːˈɾɑːb.d̪ʱi/

[kʂiːˈɾɑːb̚.d̪ʱi]

A compound of क्षीर (kṣīra) and अब्धि (abdhi).

the sea of milk, one of the seven seas surrounding as many worlds


कलश

kaláśa (romanization)
कलशः (nominative singular)
कलशौ (dual nominative)
कलशा1 (dual nominative)
कलशाः (nominative plural)
कलशासः1 (nominative plural)
कलश (singular vocative)
कलशौ (dual vocative)
कलशा1 (dual vocative)
कलशाः (plural vocative)
कलशासः1 (plural vocative)
कलशम् (accusative singular)
कलशौ (accusative dual)
कलशा1 (accusative dual)
कलशान् (accusative plural)
कलशेन (instrumental singular)
कलशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कलशैः (instrumental plural)
कलशेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कलशाय (dative singular)
कलशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कलशेभ्यः (dative plural)
कलशात् (ablative singular)
कलशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कलशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कलशस्य (genitive singular)
कलशयोः (dual genitive)
कलशानाम् (genitive plural)
कलशे (locative singular)
कलशयोः (dual locative)
कलशेषु (locative plural)

/ˈkɐ.l̪ɐ.ɕɐ/

See Old Armenian կարաս (karas, “water-jar”) for possible connections. Compare also Ancient Greek κύλιξ (kúlix, “a wine cup”) and Latin calix (“cup, chalice”).


ह्रादुनि

hrādúni (romanization)
ह्रादुनिः (nominative singular)
ह्रादुनी (dual nominative)
ह्रादुनयः (nominative plural)
ह्रादुने (singular vocative)
ह्रादुनी (dual vocative)
ह्रादुनयः (plural vocative)
ह्रादुनिम् (accusative singular)
ह्रादुनी (accusative dual)
ह्रादुनीः (accusative plural)
ह्रादुन्या (instrumental singular)
ह्रादुनी1 (instrumental singular)
ह्रादुनिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ह्रादुनिभिः (instrumental plural)
ह्रादुनये (dative singular)
ह्रादुन्यै2 (dative singular)
ह्रादुनी1 (dative singular)
ह्रादुनिभ्याम् (dative dual)
ह्रादुनिभ्यः (dative plural)
ह्रादुनेः (ablative singular)
ह्रादुन्याः2 (ablative singular)
ह्रादुन्यै3 (ablative singular)
ह्रादुनिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ह्रादुनिभ्यः (ablative plural)
ह्रादुनेः (genitive singular)
ह्रादुन्याः2 (genitive singular)
ह्रादुन्यै3 (genitive singular)
ह्रादुन्योः (dual genitive)
ह्रादुनीनाम् (genitive plural)
ह्रादुनौ (locative singular)
ह्रादुन्याम्2 (locative singular)
ह्रादुना1 (locative singular)
ह्रादुन्योः (dual locative)
ह्रादुनिषु (locative plural)

/ɦɾɑːˈd̪u.n̪i/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d- (“hail”), perhaps ultimately from *ǵʰreh₁d- (“to sound, make a noise”) (whence also ह्रादते (hrādate)). Cognate with Latin grando (“hail”), Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut, “hail”), Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ, “hail”).

नास्मै॑ वि॒द्युन्न त॑न्य॒तुः सि॑षेध॒ न यां मिह॒मकि॑रद्ध्रा॒दुनिं॑ च ।
इन्द्र॑श्च॒ यद्यु॑यु॒धाते॒ अहि॑श्चो॒ताप॒रीभ्यो॑ म॒घवा॒ वि जि॑ग्ये ॥
nā́smai vidyúnná tanyatúḥ siṣedha ná yā́ṃ míhamákiraddhrādúniṃ ca.
índraśca yádyuyudhā́te áhiścotā́parī́bhyo maghávā ví jigye.
Nothing availed him lightning, nothing thunder, hail or mist which had spread around him:

When Indra and Vṛtra strove in battle, Maghavan gained the victory for ever.

विधृ॑तिं॒ नाभ्या॑ धृ॒तँ रसे॑ना॒पो यू॒ष्णा मरी॑चीर्वि॒प्रुड्भि॑र्नीहा॒रमू॒ष्मणा॑ शी॒नं वस॑या॒ प्रुष्वा॒ अश्रु॑भिर्ह्रा॒दुनी॑र्दू॒षीका॑भिर॒स्ना रक्षाँ॑सि चि॒त्राण्यङ्गै॒र्नक्षत्राणि रू॒पेण॑ पृथि॒वीं त्व॒चा जु॑म्ब॒काय॒ स्वाहा॑ ॥
vídhṛtiṃ nā́bhyā dhṛtám̐ rásenāpó yūṣṇā́ márīcīrviprúḍbhirnīhārámūṣmáṇā śīnáṃ vásayā prúṣvā áśrubhirhrādúnīrdūṣī́kābhirasnā́ rákṣām̐si citrā́ṇyáṅgairnákṣátrā́ṇí rūpéṇa pṛthivī́ṃ tvacā́ jumbakā́ya svā́hā.
I gratify Separation with his navel;
Butter with his flavour;
the Waters with his broth;
Sunbeams with his drops of fat;
Hoarfrost with his heat;
Ice with his marrow;
Hailstones with his tears;
Thunderbolts with the rheum of his eyes;

c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Śukla-Yajurveda (Vājasenayi Saṃhitā) 25.9

Bright things with his limbs;
Stars with his beauty;
Earth with his skin.
All-hail to Jumbaka!


तैल

tailá (romanization)
तैलम् (nominative singular)
तैले (dual nominative)
तैलानि (nominative plural)
तैला1 (nominative plural)
तैल (singular vocative)
तैले (dual vocative)
तैलानि (plural vocative)
तैला1 (plural vocative)
तैलम् (accusative singular)
तैले (accusative dual)
तैलानि (accusative plural)
तैला1 (accusative plural)
तैलेन (instrumental singular)
तैलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तैलैः (instrumental plural)
तैलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तैलाय (dative singular)
तैलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तैलेभ्यः (dative plural)
तैलात् (ablative singular)
तैलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तैलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तैलस्य (genitive singular)
तैलयोः (dual genitive)
तैलानाम् (genitive plural)
तैले (locative singular)
तैलयोः (dual locative)
तैलेषु (locative plural)

Pali: tela

Chakma: 𑄖𑄬𑄣𑄴 (tel)

Dardic:

Kalasha: tew

Prakrit: 𑀢𑁳𑀮𑁆𑀮 (tĕlla) (see there for further descendants)

→ Hajong: তেল (tel)

→ Pashto: تېل (tel)

Assamese: তৈল (toil)

Bengali: তৈল (tōil)

Tibetan: ཏིལ (til)

Gujarati: તૈલ (tail)

Hindustani: taila

Hindi: तैल

Urdu: تَیل

Kannada: ತೈಲ (taila)

Maithili: tail

Devanagari script: तैल

Tirhuta script: 𑒞𑒻𑒪

Malayalam: തൈലം (tailaṁ)

Marathi: तैल (tail)

Marwari:

Devanagari script: तैल

Mahajani script: 𑅣𑅑𑅮

Odia: ତୈଳ (taiḷa)

Sinhalese: තෛලය (tailaya)

Tamil: தைலம் (tailam)

Telugu: తైలము (tailamu)

Vṛddhi derivative of तिल (tilá, “sesame”).


सीस

desc

→ Malayalam: ഈയം (īyaṁ), സീസം (sīsaṁ) — tatsama

→ Tamil: ஈயம் (īyam)


कृष्णायस्

sa-noun

कृष्णायस् • (kṛṣṇāyas) stem, n

kṛṣṇāyas (romanization)
कृष्णायः (nominative singular)
कृष्णायसी (dual nominative)
कृष्णायांसि (nominative plural)
कृष्णायः (singular vocative)
कृष्णायसी (dual vocative)
कृष्णायांसि (plural vocative)
कृष्णायः (accusative singular)
कृष्णायसी (accusative dual)
कृष्णायांसि (accusative plural)
कृष्णायसा (instrumental singular)
कृष्णायोभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कृष्णायोभिः (instrumental plural)
कृष्णायसे (dative singular)
कृष्णायोभ्याम् (dative dual)
कृष्णायोभ्यः (dative plural)
कृष्णायसः (ablative singular)
कृष्णायोभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कृष्णायोभ्यः (ablative plural)
कृष्णायसः (genitive singular)
कृष्णायसोः (dual genitive)
कृष्णायसाम् (genitive plural)
कृष्णायसि (locative singular)
कृष्णायसोः (dual locative)
कृष्णायःसु (locative plural)

/kr̩ʂˈɳɑː.jɐs̪/

From कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá, “black”) + अयस् (áyas, “metal; iron”).


दुग्धाग्र

dugdhāgra (romanization)
दुग्धाग्रम् (nominative singular)
दुग्धाग्रे (dual nominative)
दुग्धाग्राणि (nominative plural)
दुग्धाग्रा1 (nominative plural)
दुग्धाग्र (singular vocative)
दुग्धाग्रे (dual vocative)
दुग्धाग्राणि (plural vocative)
दुग्धाग्रा1 (plural vocative)
दुग्धाग्रम् (accusative singular)
दुग्धाग्रे (accusative dual)
दुग्धाग्राणि (accusative plural)
दुग्धाग्रा1 (accusative plural)
दुग्धाग्रेण (instrumental singular)
दुग्धाग्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दुग्धाग्रैः (instrumental plural)
दुग्धाग्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दुग्धाग्राय (dative singular)
दुग्धाग्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
दुग्धाग्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
दुग्धाग्रात् (ablative singular)
दुग्धाग्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दुग्धाग्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दुग्धाग्रस्य (genitive singular)
दुग्धाग्रयोः (dual genitive)
दुग्धाग्राणाम् (genitive plural)
दुग्धाग्रे (locative singular)
दुग्धाग्रयोः (dual locative)
दुग्धाग्रेषु (locative plural)

/duɡ.dʱɑːɡ.ɾɐ/

[duɡ̚.dʱɑːɡ.ɾɐ]

/d̪uɡˈd̪ʱɑːɡ.ɾɐ/

[d̪uɡ̚ˈd̪ʱɑːɡ.ɾɐ]

Compound of दुग्ध (dugdhá, “milk”) + अग्र (ágra, “top, summit; best part [of something]”), literally “top/best part of milk”.


सन्धान

sandhāna (romanization)
सन्धानम् (nominative singular)
सन्धाने (dual nominative)
सन्धानानि (nominative plural)
सन्धाना1 (nominative plural)
सन्धान (singular vocative)
सन्धाने (dual vocative)
सन्धानानि (plural vocative)
सन्धाना1 (plural vocative)
सन्धानम् (accusative singular)
सन्धाने (accusative dual)
सन्धानानि (accusative plural)
सन्धाना1 (accusative plural)
सन्धानेन (instrumental singular)
सन्धानाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सन्धानैः (instrumental plural)
सन्धानेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
सन्धानाय (dative singular)
सन्धानाभ्याम् (dative dual)
सन्धानेभ्यः (dative plural)
सन्धानात् (ablative singular)
सन्धानाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सन्धानेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सन्धानस्य (genitive singular)
सन्धानयोः (dual genitive)
सन्धानानाम् (genitive plural)
सन्धाने (locative singular)
सन्धानयोः (dual locative)
सन्धानेषु (locative plural)

/s̪ɐn̪ˈd̪ʱɑː.n̪ɐ/

(alcoholic beverages) spirituous alcohol


गोमूत्र

gomūtra (romanization)
गोमूत्रम् (nominative singular)
गोमूत्रे (dual nominative)
गोमूत्राणि (nominative plural)
गोमूत्रा1 (nominative plural)
गोमूत्र (singular vocative)
गोमूत्रे (dual vocative)
गोमूत्राणि (plural vocative)
गोमूत्रा1 (plural vocative)
गोमूत्रम् (accusative singular)
गोमूत्रे (accusative dual)
गोमूत्राणि (accusative plural)
गोमूत्रा1 (accusative plural)
गोमूत्रेण (instrumental singular)
गोमूत्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गोमूत्रैः (instrumental plural)
गोमूत्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गोमूत्राय (dative singular)
गोमूत्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
गोमूत्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
गोमूत्रात् (ablative singular)
गोमूत्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गोमूत्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गोमूत्रस्य (genitive singular)
गोमूत्रयोः (dual genitive)
गोमूत्राणाम् (genitive plural)
गोमूत्रे (locative singular)
गोमूत्रयोः (dual locative)
गोमूत्रेषु (locative plural)

Pali: gōmutta

Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀫𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀆 (gomuttiā)

Bihari: गौँत (gaũt)

Maithili: गौँत (gaũt)

Kumaoni: गौँत (gaũt)

Nepali: गौँत (ga͠ut)

Sindhi: g̠aũṭu

Arabic script: ڳَونٽُ

Devanagari script: ॻौँटु

Sinhalese: ගොමු (gomu)

→ Hindi: गोमूत्र (gomūtra)

→ Thai: โคมูตร (koo-mûut)

/ɡoːˈmuːt̪.ɾɐ/


अर्क

arká (romanization)
अर्कः (nominative singular)
अर्कौ (dual nominative)
अर्का1 (dual nominative)
अर्काः (nominative plural)
अर्कासः1 (nominative plural)
अर्क (singular vocative)
अर्कौ (dual vocative)
अर्का1 (dual vocative)
अर्काः (plural vocative)
अर्कासः1 (plural vocative)
अर्कम् (accusative singular)
अर्कौ (accusative dual)
अर्का1 (accusative dual)
अर्कान् (accusative plural)
अर्केण (instrumental singular)
अर्काभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अर्कैः (instrumental plural)
अर्केभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अर्काय (dative singular)
अर्काभ्याम् (dative dual)
अर्केभ्यः (dative plural)
अर्कात् (ablative singular)
अर्काभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अर्केभ्यः (ablative plural)
अर्कस्य (genitive singular)
अर्कयोः (dual genitive)
अर्काणाम् (genitive plural)
अर्के (locative singular)
अर्कयोः (dual locative)
अर्केषु (locative plural)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਅੱਕ (akka)

Shahmukhi script: اکّ (akk)

→ Tamil: அருக்கன் (arukkaṉ)

→ Tocharian B: ārk

Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis gigantea#Translingual

giant milk weed, (gigantic) swallow-wort (Calotropis gigantea, syn. Asclepias gigantea)


माष

mā́ṣa (romanization)
माषः (nominative singular)
माषौ (dual nominative)
माषा1 (dual nominative)
माषाः (nominative plural)
माषासः1 (nominative plural)
माष (singular vocative)
माषौ (dual vocative)
माषा1 (dual vocative)
माषाः (plural vocative)
माषासः1 (plural vocative)
माषम् (accusative singular)
माषौ (accusative dual)
माषा1 (accusative dual)
माषान् (accusative plural)
माषेण (instrumental singular)
माषाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
माषैः (instrumental plural)
माषेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
माषाय (dative singular)
माषाभ्याम् (dative dual)
माषेभ्यः (dative plural)
माषात् (ablative singular)
माषाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
माषेभ्यः (ablative plural)
माषस्य (genitive singular)
माषयोः (dual genitive)
माषाणाम् (genitive plural)
माषे (locative singular)
माषयोः (dual locative)
माषेषु (locative plural)

Gandhari: 𐨨𐨮 (maṣa)

→ Middle Persian:

desctree

Persian: ماش (mâš)
Tajik: мош (moš)
→ Arabic: مَاش (māš)
→ Azerbaijani: maş
→ Georgian: მაშა (maša)
→ Karakalpak: мәш
→ Kazakh: мәш (mäş)
→? Russian: маш (maš)
→ Romanian: maș (Moldova)
→ Ukrainian: маш (maš)
→ Middle Armenian: մաշ (maš)
Armenian: մաշ (maš)
→ Ottoman Turkish: ماش (maş)
Turkish: maş
→ Uzbek: мош (mosh)

→ Khmer: មាស (miəh)

→ Thai: มาศ (mâat)

→ Malay: emas

Pali: māsa
→ Burmese: မတ် (mat) (cf. မတ်ပဲ (matpai:))

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Nepali: मास (mās)

Punjabi: ਮਾਸ਼ (māś)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *máša-; compare Persian ماش (mâš, “vetch, mung bean”) and Shughni мах̌ (max̌, “pea, bean”), as well as, outside of Indo-Iranian, Albanian modhull (“vetch”) and Romanian mazăre (“peas”). Said terms seem to go back to a Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ǵʰ- (“small bean”), though based on the "local vegetable" semantic category and irregular sound correspondences between the Indo-Iranian and European terms, the source word is likely to be ultimately of non-Indo-European substrate origin.


लोहित

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hráwdʰitas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoⁱδita), English red. Doublet of रोहित (rohita). Also related to रुधिर (rudhira, “red”).

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda


लोहित

lóhita (romanization)
लोहितः (nominative singular)
लोहितौ (dual nominative)
लोहिता1 (dual nominative)
लोहिताः (nominative plural)
लोहितासः1 (nominative plural)
लोहित (singular vocative)
लोहितौ (dual vocative)
लोहिता1 (dual vocative)
लोहिताः (plural vocative)
लोहितासः1 (plural vocative)
लोहितम् (accusative singular)
लोहितौ (accusative dual)
लोहिता1 (accusative dual)
लोहितान् (accusative plural)
लोहितेन (instrumental singular)
लोहिताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
लोहितैः (instrumental plural)
लोहितेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
लोहिताय (dative singular)
लोहिताभ्याम् (dative dual)
लोहितेभ्यः (dative plural)
लोहितात् (ablative singular)
लोहिताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
लोहितेभ्यः (ablative plural)
लोहितस्य (genitive singular)
लोहितयोः (dual genitive)
लोहितानाम् (genitive plural)
लोहिते (locative singular)
लोहितयोः (dual locative)
लोहितेषु (locative plural)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਲੋਹੂ (lohū)

Sindhi: لوهوُ (lohū)

Dardic:

Kalasha: ḷúi

Khowar: لیے (ley)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀮𑁄𑀳𑀺𑀅 (lohia)

Marathi: लोही (lohī)

Gujarati: લોહી (lohī)

Pali: lohita

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Saurashtra: ꢭꢴꣁꢮꣁ

Hindi: लहू (lahū)

Urdu: لَہُو (lahū)

Punjabi: ਲਹੂ (lahū)

desctree

Romani: lolo
Erromintxela: lolo
Tavringer Romani: lollo, lolo

c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa


भल्लातक

bhallātaka (romanization)
भल्लातकः (nominative singular)
भल्लातकौ (dual nominative)
भल्लातका1 (dual nominative)
भल्लातकाः (nominative plural)
भल्लातकासः1 (nominative plural)
भल्लातक (singular vocative)
भल्लातकौ (dual vocative)
भल्लातका1 (dual vocative)
भल्लातकाः (plural vocative)
भल्लातकासः1 (plural vocative)
भल्लातकम् (accusative singular)
भल्लातकौ (accusative dual)
भल्लातका1 (accusative dual)
भल्लातकान् (accusative plural)
भल्लातकेन (instrumental singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भल्लातकैः (instrumental plural)
भल्लातकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
भल्लातकाय (dative singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भल्लातकेभ्यः (dative plural)
भल्लातकात् (ablative singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भल्लातकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
भल्लातकस्य (genitive singular)
भल्लातकयोः (dual genitive)
भल्लातकानाम् (genitive plural)
भल्लातके (locative singular)
भल्लातकयोः (dual locative)
भल्लातकेषु (locative plural)

/bʱɐl̪ˈl̪ɑː.t̪ɐ.kɐ/

Semecarpus anacardium
Semecarpus anacardium#Translingual

the marking nut plant, Semecarpus anacardium (from which is extracted an acid juice used for medicinal purposes, and a black liquid used for marking linen)


कर्पूर

karpū́ra (romanization)
कर्पूरः (nominative singular)
कर्पूरौ (dual nominative)
कर्पूरा1 (dual nominative)
कर्पूराः (nominative plural)
कर्पूरासः1 (nominative plural)
कर्पूर (singular vocative)
कर्पूरौ (dual vocative)
कर्पूरा1 (dual vocative)
कर्पूराः (plural vocative)
कर्पूरासः1 (plural vocative)
कर्पूरम् (accusative singular)
कर्पूरौ (accusative dual)
कर्पूरा1 (accusative dual)
कर्पूरान् (accusative plural)
कर्पूरेण (instrumental singular)
कर्पूराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कर्पूरैः (instrumental plural)
कर्पूरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कर्पूराय (dative singular)
कर्पूराभ्याम् (dative dual)
कर्पूरेभ्यः (dative plural)
कर्पूरात् (ablative singular)
कर्पूराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कर्पूरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कर्पूरस्य (genitive singular)
कर्पूरयोः (dual genitive)
कर्पूराणाम् (genitive plural)
कर्पूरे (locative singular)
कर्पूरयोः (dual locative)
कर्पूरेषु (locative plural)
कर्पूरम् (nominative singular)
कर्पूरे (dual nominative)
कर्पूराणि (nominative plural)
कर्पूरा1 (nominative plural)
कर्पूर (singular vocative)
कर्पूरे (dual vocative)
कर्पूराणि (plural vocative)
कर्पूरा1 (plural vocative)
कर्पूरम् (accusative singular)
कर्पूरे (accusative dual)
कर्पूराणि (accusative plural)
कर्पूरा1 (accusative plural)
कर्पूरेण (instrumental singular)
कर्पूराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कर्पूरैः (instrumental plural)
कर्पूरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कर्पूराय (dative singular)
कर्पूराभ्याम् (dative dual)
कर्पूरेभ्यः (dative plural)
कर्पूरात् (ablative singular)
कर्पूराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कर्पूरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कर्पूरस्य (genitive singular)
कर्पूरयोः (dual genitive)
कर्पूराणाम् (genitive plural)
कर्पूरे (locative singular)
कर्पूरयोः (dual locative)
कर्पूरेषु (locative plural)

Pali: kappura

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀽𑀭 (kappūra)

Helu Prakrit:

Assamese: কৰ্পূৰ (korpur)

Bengali: কর্পূর (korpur)

Burmese: ပရုတ် (pa.rut)
→ Shan: ပရုၵ်ႈ (pǎ rūk)
→ Shan: ၽရူၵ်ႈ (phǎ rūuk)
→ Jingpho: payuk

desc

Old Gujarati: कर्पूरि (karpūri, instrumental singular)

Gujarati: કર્પૂર (karpūr)

Hindustani: karpūr

Hindi: कर्पूर

Hindi: कर्पूर

Urdu: کَرْپُور (karpūr)

Kannada: ಕರ್ಪೂರ (karpūra)

Khmer: កប៌ូរ (kaabou)

Maithili:

Devanagari script: कर्पूर (karpūr)

Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒩𑓂𑒣𑒴𑒩 (karpūra)

Malayalam: കർപ്പൂരം (kaṟppūraṁ)

Manipuri: ꯀꯔꯄꯨꯔ (karapoora)

Old Marathi: karpura

Devanagari script: कर्पुर

Modi script: 𑘎𑘨𑘿𑘢𑘳𑘨

Odia: କର୍ପୂର (karpura)

Sinhalese: කර්පූර (karpūra)

Tamil: கற்பூரம் (kaṟpūram)

Telugu: కర్పూరము (karpūramu)

Thai: การบูร (gaa-rá-buun)

/kɐɾ.púː.ɾɐ/

/kɐɾˈpuː.ɾɐ/

Probably of Austroasiatic origin. Alternatively a borrowing from Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”).


ऊष्मन्

sa-noun

ऊष्मन् • (ūṣmán) stem, m

ūṣmán (romanization)
ऊष्मा (nominative singular)
ऊष्माणौ (dual nominative)
ऊष्माणा1 (dual nominative)
ऊष्माणः (nominative plural)
ऊष्मन् (singular vocative)
ऊष्माणौ (dual vocative)
ऊष्माणा1 (dual vocative)
ऊष्माणः (plural vocative)
ऊष्माणम् (accusative singular)
ऊष्माणौ (accusative dual)
ऊष्माणा1 (accusative dual)
ऊष्मणः (accusative plural)
ऊष्मणा (instrumental singular)
ऊष्मभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ऊष्मभिः (instrumental plural)
ऊष्मणे (dative singular)
ऊष्मभ्याम् (dative dual)
ऊष्मभ्यः (dative plural)
ऊष्मणः (ablative singular)
ऊष्मभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ऊष्मभ्यः (ablative plural)
ऊष्मणः (genitive singular)
ऊष्मणोः (dual genitive)
ऊष्मणाम् (genitive plural)
ऊष्मणि (locative singular)
ऊष्मन्1 (locative singular)
ऊष्मणोः (dual locative)
ऊष्मसु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: ووٗہہٕ (wūhụ)

Devanagari script: वूहॖ (wūhụ)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀉𑀫𑁆𑀳 (umha)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: উম (um)
Middle Bengali: ওম (ōm); উম (um)
Maithili: ōph
Devanagari script: ओफ
Tirhuta script: 𑒍𑒤
Maharastri Prakrit:
Konkani: hūm
Devanagari script: हूम
Kannada script: ಹೂಮ್
Latin script: hum
Paisaci Prakrit:
Takka Apabhramsa:
Old Punjabi: ਹੁੰਮਸ (hummasa)
Punjabi: hummha, hummasa
Gurmukhi script: ਹੁੰਮ੍ਹ, ਹੁੰਮਸ
Shahmukhi script: ہُمھّ, ہُمَّھس
Vracada Apabhramsa:
Sindhi:
Arabic script: اُس
Devanagari script: उस
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Gurjara Apabhramsa:
Gujarati: હૂંફ (hū̃ph)
Marwari: ऊमस (ūmas)

Traditionally connected to उष् (uṣ, “to burn”), but Mayrhofer suggests a relation to वा (vā, “to blow (of wind)”) and Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós).


उष्मन्

uṣman (romanization)
उष्मा (nominative singular)
उष्माणौ (dual nominative)
उष्माणा1 (dual nominative)
उष्माणः (nominative plural)
उष्मन् (singular vocative)
उष्माणौ (dual vocative)
उष्माणा1 (dual vocative)
उष्माणः (plural vocative)
उष्माणम् (accusative singular)
उष्माणौ (accusative dual)
उष्माणा1 (accusative dual)
उष्मणः (accusative plural)
उष्मणा (instrumental singular)
उष्मभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
उष्मभिः (instrumental plural)
उष्मणे (dative singular)
उष्मभ्याम् (dative dual)
उष्मभ्यः (dative plural)
उष्मणः (ablative singular)
उष्मभ्याम् (ablative dual)
उष्मभ्यः (ablative plural)
उष्मणः (genitive singular)
उष्मणोः (dual genitive)
उष्मणाम् (genitive plural)
उष्मणि (locative singular)
उष्मन्1 (locative singular)
उष्मणोः (dual locative)
उष्मसु (locative plural)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

ऊष्मन् ऊष्मन्#Sanskrit


दूषीका

sa-noun

दूषीका • (dūṣī́kā) stem, f

dūṣī́kā (romanization)
दूषीका (nominative singular)
दूषीके (dual nominative)
दूषीकाः (nominative plural)
दूषीके (singular vocative)
दूषीके (dual vocative)
दूषीकाः (plural vocative)
दूषीकाम् (accusative singular)
दूषीके (accusative dual)
दूषीकाः (accusative plural)
दूषीकया (instrumental singular)
दूषीका1 (instrumental singular)
दूषीकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दूषीकाभिः (instrumental plural)
दूषीकायै (dative singular)
दूषीकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
दूषीकाभ्यः (dative plural)
दूषीकायाः (ablative singular)
दूषीकायै2 (ablative singular)
दूषीकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दूषीकाभ्यः (ablative plural)
दूषीकायाः (genitive singular)
दूषीकायै2 (genitive singular)
दूषीकयोः (dual genitive)
दूषीकाणाम् (genitive plural)
दूषीकायाम् (locative singular)
दूषीकयोः (dual locative)
दूषीकासु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆 (dūsiā)

/d̪uːˈʂiː.kɑː/

From the root दुष् (duṣ, “to spoil, become impure”).

sa-root

विधृ॑तिं॒ नाभ्या॑ धृ॒तँ रसे॑ना॒पो यू॒ष्णा मरी॑चीर्वि॒प्रुड्भि॑र्नीहा॒रमू॒ष्मणा॑ शी॒नं वस॑या॒ प्रुष्वा॒ अश्रु॑भिर्ह्रा॒दुनी॑र्दू॒षीका॑भिर्अ॒स्ना रक्षाँ॑सि चि॒त्राण्यङ्गै॒र्नक्षत्राणि रू॒पेण॑ पृथि॒वीं त्व॒चा जु॑म्ब॒काय॒ स्वाहा॑ ॥
vídhṛtiṃ nā́bhyā dhṛtám̐ rásenāpó yūṣṇā́ márīcīrviprúḍbhirnīhārámūṣmáṇā śīnáṃ vásayā prúṣvā áśrubhirhrādúnīrdūṣī́kābhirasnā́ rákṣām̐si citrā́ṇyáṅgairnákṣátrā́ṇí rūpéṇa pṛthivī́ṃ tvacā́ jumbakā́ya svā́hā.
I gratify Separation with his navel;
Butter with his flavour;
the Waters with his broth;
Sunbeams with his drops of fat;
Hoarfrost with his heat;
Ice with his marrow;
Hailstones with his tears;
Thunderbolts with his eye-rheum;


मटची

maṭacī (romanization)
मटची (nominative singular)
मटच्यौ (dual nominative)
मटची1 (dual nominative)
मटच्यः (nominative plural)
मटचीः1 (nominative plural)
मटचि (singular vocative)
मटच्यौ (dual vocative)
मटची1 (dual vocative)
मटच्यः (plural vocative)
मटचीः1 (plural vocative)
मटचीम् (accusative singular)
मटच्यौ (accusative dual)
मटची1 (accusative dual)
मटचीः (accusative plural)
मटच्या (instrumental singular)
मटचीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मटचीभिः (instrumental plural)
मटच्यै (dative singular)
मटचीभ्याम् (dative dual)
मटचीभ्यः (dative plural)
मटच्याः (ablative singular)
मटच्यै2 (ablative singular)
मटचीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मटचीभ्यः (ablative plural)
मटच्याः (genitive singular)
मटच्यै2 (genitive singular)
मटच्योः (dual genitive)
मटचीनाम् (genitive plural)
मटच्याम् (locative singular)
मटच्योः (dual locative)
मटचीषु (locative plural)

/ˈmɐ.ʈɐ.t͡ɕiː/

A term of uncertain interpretation, an almost-hapax legomenon only attested twice in the Sanskrit corpus; once in the Chāndogya Upaniṣad, and once in the Bhāradvājagṛhyasūtra. If the original meaning is "locust", then it is likely a Wanderwort shared with Dravidian and Iranian languages; compare Kannada ಮಿಡಿಚೆ (miḍice) / ಮಿಡಿತೆ (miḍite, “locust”), as well as Persian ملخ (malax, “grasshopper”).

मटचीहतेषु कुरुष्वाटिक्या सह जाययोषस्तिर्ह चाक्रायण इभ्यग्रामे प्रद्राणक उवास ॥
maṭacīhateṣu kuruṣvāṭikyā saha jāyayoṣastirha cākrāyaṇa ibhyagrāme pradrāṇaka uvāsa.
The land of the Kurus was (struck by hail / besieged by locusts), and a young man living there named Uṣasti, the son of Cakra, was in great distress. He left home along with his wife, Āṭikī, and moved to a prosperous village.

c. 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Chāndogya Upaniṣad 1.10.1

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Probably locust or hail/hailstone.


तामर

tāmara (romanization)
तामरम् (nominative singular)
तामरे (dual nominative)
तामराणि (nominative plural)
तामरा1 (nominative plural)
तामर (singular vocative)
तामरे (dual vocative)
तामराणि (plural vocative)
तामरा1 (plural vocative)
तामरम् (accusative singular)
तामरे (accusative dual)
तामराणि (accusative plural)
तामरा1 (accusative plural)
तामरेण (instrumental singular)
तामराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तामरैः (instrumental plural)
तामरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तामराय (dative singular)
तामराभ्याम् (dative dual)
तामरेभ्यः (dative plural)
तामरात् (ablative singular)
तामराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तामरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तामरस्य (genitive singular)
तामरयोः (dual genitive)
तामराणाम् (genitive plural)
तामरे (locative singular)
तामरयोः (dual locative)
तामरेषु (locative plural)

/ˈt̪ɑː.mɐ.ɾɐ/


मोरट

/ˈmoː.ɾɐ.ʈɐ/

Borrowed from South Dravidian I; compare Tamil மோர் (mōr).

milk of a cow which has recently calved.


मोरण

/ˈmoː.ɾɐ.ɳɐ/


सौवर्ण

sauvarṇa (romanization)
सौवर्णः (nominative singular)
सौवर्णौ (dual nominative)
सौवर्णा1 (dual nominative)
सौवर्णाः (nominative plural)
सौवर्णासः1 (nominative plural)
सौवर्ण (singular vocative)
सौवर्णौ (dual vocative)
सौवर्णा1 (dual vocative)
सौवर्णाः (plural vocative)
सौवर्णासः1 (plural vocative)
सौवर्णम् (accusative singular)
सौवर्णौ (accusative dual)
सौवर्णा1 (accusative dual)
सौवर्णान् (accusative plural)
सौवर्णेन (instrumental singular)
सौवर्णाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सौवर्णैः (instrumental plural)
सौवर्णेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
सौवर्णाय (dative singular)
सौवर्णाभ्याम् (dative dual)
सौवर्णेभ्यः (dative plural)
सौवर्णात् (ablative singular)
सौवर्णाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सौवर्णेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सौवर्णस्य (genitive singular)
सौवर्णयोः (dual genitive)
सौवर्णानाम् (genitive plural)
सौवर्णे (locative singular)
सौवर्णयोः (dual locative)
सौवर्णेषु (locative plural)
सौवर्णी (nominative singular)
सौवर्ण्यौ (dual nominative)
सौवर्णी1 (dual nominative)
सौवर्ण्यः (nominative plural)
सौवर्णीः1 (nominative plural)
सौवर्णि (singular vocative)
सौवर्ण्यौ (dual vocative)
सौवर्णी1 (dual vocative)
सौवर्ण्यः (plural vocative)
सौवर्णीः1 (plural vocative)
सौवर्णीम् (accusative singular)
सौवर्ण्यौ (accusative dual)
सौवर्णी1 (accusative dual)
सौवर्णीः (accusative plural)
सौवर्ण्या (instrumental singular)
सौवर्णीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सौवर्णीभिः (instrumental plural)
सौवर्ण्यै (dative singular)
सौवर्णीभ्याम् (dative dual)
सौवर्णीभ्यः (dative plural)
सौवर्ण्याः (ablative singular)
सौवर्ण्यै2 (ablative singular)
सौवर्णीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सौवर्णीभ्यः (ablative plural)
सौवर्ण्याः (genitive singular)
सौवर्ण्यै2 (genitive singular)
सौवर्ण्योः (dual genitive)
सौवर्णीनाम् (genitive plural)
सौवर्ण्याम् (locative singular)
सौवर्ण्योः (dual locative)
सौवर्णीषु (locative plural)
सौवर्णम् (nominative singular)
सौवर्णे (dual nominative)
सौवर्णानि (nominative plural)
सौवर्णा1 (nominative plural)
सौवर्ण (singular vocative)
सौवर्णे (dual vocative)
सौवर्णानि (plural vocative)
सौवर्णा1 (plural vocative)
सौवर्णम् (accusative singular)
सौवर्णे (accusative dual)
सौवर्णानि (accusative plural)
सौवर्णा1 (accusative plural)
सौवर्णेन (instrumental singular)
सौवर्णाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सौवर्णैः (instrumental plural)
सौवर्णेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
सौवर्णाय (dative singular)
सौवर्णाभ्याम् (dative dual)
सौवर्णेभ्यः (dative plural)
सौवर्णात् (ablative singular)
सौवर्णाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सौवर्णेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सौवर्णस्य (genitive singular)
सौवर्णयोः (dual genitive)
सौवर्णानाम् (genitive plural)
सौवर्णे (locative singular)
सौवर्णयोः (dual locative)
सौवर्णेषु (locative plural)

/sɑːw.ʋɐɾ.ɳɐ/

/s̪ɑwˈʋɐɾ.ɳɐ/

सौवर्णस् त्वं मृगो भूत्वा चित्रो रजतबिन्दुभिः ।
आश्रमे तस्य रामस्य सीतायाः प्रमुखे चर ।
प्रलोभयित्वा वैदेहीं यथेष्टं गन्तुम् अर्हसि ॥
sauvarṇas tvaṃ mṛgo bhūtvā citro rajatabindubhiḥ.
āśrame tasya rāmasya sītāyāḥ pramukhe cara.

Become a bright golden deer with silver spots and move about in front of Sita at the hermitage of Rama. After fascinating her, you may go whereever you desire.

pralobhayitvā vaidehīṃ yatheṣṭaṃ gantum arhasi.