सरस्वती

sárasvatī (romanization)
सरस्वती (nominative singular)
सरस्वति (singular vocative)
सरस्वतीम् (accusative singular)
सरस्वत्या (instrumental singular)
सरस्वत्यै (dative singular)
सरस्वत्याः (ablative singular)
सरस्वत्यै1 (ablative singular)
सरस्वत्याः (genitive singular)
सरस्वत्यै1 (genitive singular)
सरस्वत्याम् (locative singular)

/s̪ɐˈɾɐs̪.ʋɐ.t̪iː/

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *SáraswatiH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *SáraswatiH, from Proto-Indo-European *sélos. Equivalent to सरस् (sáras, “pond”) + -वती (-vatī, “-ful”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (haraxvaⁱtī), a region described to be rich in rivers, Old Persian 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫 (h-r-u-v-t /harauvati/), the Helmand river system.

cog

प्र क्षोद॑सा॒ धाय॑सा सस्र ए॒षा सर॑स्वती ध॒रुण॒माय॑सी॒ पूः ।
प्र॒बाब॑धाना र॒थ्ये॑व याति॒ विश्वा॑ अ॒पो म॑हि॒ना सिन्धु॑र॒न्याः ॥
prá kṣódasā dhā́yasā sasra eṣā́ sárasvatī dharúṇamā́yasī pū́ḥ.
prabā́badhānā rathyèva yāti víśvā apó mahinā́ síndhuranyā́ḥ.

This Sarasvatī, firm as a city made of metal, flows rapidly with all sustaining water, sweeping away in it might all other waters, as a charioteer clears the road.

(history, geography) the Saraswati river, of which only a small stream remains as the Ghaggar River


गङ्गा

gaṅgā (romanization)
गङ्गा (nominative singular)
गङ्गे (singular vocative)
गङ्गाम् (accusative singular)
गङ्गया (instrumental singular)
गङ्गा1 (instrumental singular)
गङ्गायै (dative singular)
गङ्गायाः (ablative singular)
गङ्गायै2 (ablative singular)
गङ्गायाः (genitive singular)
गङ्गायै2 (genitive singular)
गङ्गायाम् (locative singular)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Γάγγης (Gángēs)
Greek: Γάγγης (Gángis)
→ Latin: Gangēs
→ English: Ganges
French: Gange
→ Arabic: الْغَانْج (al-ḡānj)
→ Iranian Persian: گانْژ (gânž)
→ Turkish: Ganj
Italian: Gange
→ Polish: Ganges
Portuguese: Ganges
Spanish: Ganges

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀕𑀁𑀕𑀸 (gaṃgā)

Old Awadhi: 𑂏𑂰𑂀𑂏 (gām̐ga)

→ Assamese: গংগা (goṅga)

→ Bengali: গঙ্গা (goṅga)

→ Czech: Ganga

→ Dhivehi: ގަންގާ (gan̊gā)

→ Gujarati: ગંગા (gaṅgā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गंगा (gaṅgā)

Urdu: گَن٘گا (gaṅgā)

→ Kannada: ಗಂಗಾ (gaṅgā)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Early Assamese: গাঙ্গ (gaṅgo)

Assamese: গাং (gaṅ)

Bengali: গাং (gaṅ)

Chakma: 𑄉𑄧𑄋 (gaṅā)

Sylheti: ꠉꠣꠋ (gaṅ)

→ Malayalam: ഗംഗ (gaṅga)

→ Marathi: गंगा (gaṅgā)

→ Middle Chinese: 恆伽 (MC hong gja)

Chinese: 恆伽 /恒伽 (Hénggā)

→ Japanese: 恒河 (こうが, kōga)

→ Korean: 항하 (hangha) (恒河)

→ Vietnamese: Hằng

→ Middle Persian:

Classical Persian: گَنْگ (gang)

Iranian Persian: گَنْگ (gang)

Tajik: Ганг (Gang)

→ Arabic: الْكَنْك (al-kank)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كنك (Geng)

Turkish: Geng

→ Old Javanese:

Javanese: ꦒꦁꦒ (gangga)

→ Old Tamil:

Tamil: கங்கை (kaṅkai)

→ Odia: ଗଙ୍ଗା (gaṅgā)

Pali: gaṅgā

→ Burmese: ဂင်္ဂါ (gangga)

→ Khmer: គង្គា (kŭəngkiə)

→ Lao: ກັງກາ (kang kā)

→ Thai: คงคา (kong-kaa)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਗੰਗਾ (gaṅgā)

Shahmukhi script: گَن٘گا (gaṉgā)

→ Sindhi: گنگا

→ Sinhalese: ගංගා (gaṁgā)

→ Telugu: గంగ (gaṅga)

Probably from the root गम् (gam, “to go, move”), literally meaning "swift-goer". If a folk etymology, perhaps alternatively of substrate origin.


मण्डल

máṇḍala (romanization)
मण्डलम् (nominative singular)
मण्डले (dual nominative)
मण्डलानि (nominative plural)
मण्डला1 (nominative plural)
मण्डल (singular vocative)
मण्डले (dual vocative)
मण्डलानि (plural vocative)
मण्डला1 (plural vocative)
मण्डलम् (accusative singular)
मण्डले (accusative dual)
मण्डलानि (accusative plural)
मण्डला1 (accusative plural)
मण्डलेन (instrumental singular)
मण्डलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मण्डलैः (instrumental plural)
मण्डलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मण्डलाय (dative singular)
मण्डलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मण्डलेभ्यः (dative plural)
मण्डलात् (ablative singular)
मण्डलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मण्डलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मण्डलस्य (genitive singular)
मण्डलयोः (dual genitive)
मण्डलानाम् (genitive plural)
मण्डले (locative singular)
मण्डलयोः (dual locative)
मण्डलेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: māṇḍal (“coffin”), māṇḍau

Kashmiri: manḍul (“circle”)

Devanagari script: मन्डुल

Arabic script: مانڈل

Pali: maṇḍala

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀮 (maṃḍala) (see there for further descendants)

→ Bengali: মণ্ডল (monḍol) (learned)

→ Hindi: मंडल (maṇḍal) (learned)

→ Old Javanese: maṇḍala
Javanese: ꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦭ (mandhala), ꦩꦤ꧀ꦢꦭ (mandala)
→ Balinese: ᬫᬡ᭄ᬟᬮ (mandala)

→ Punjabi: ਮੰਡਲ (maṇḍal) (learned)

→ Tamil: மண்டலம் (maṇṭalam) (learned)

→ Thai: มณฑล (mon-ton)

/mɐ́ɳ.ɖɐ.lɐ/

/ˈmɐɳ.ɖɐ.l̪ɐ/

Etymology tree
Sanskrit *मण्ड (maṇḍa)?
Sanskrit -ल (-la)?
Sanskrit मण्डल (maṇḍala)
Unknown. Several theories have been proposed:
* Mayrhofer and Turner agree on *मण्ड (maṇḍa, “round”) + -ल (-la), based on the lexeme found in the Classical compounds नौमण्ड (naumaṇḍa, “chief part of a ship”), मण्डचरवन्त् (maṇḍacaravant, “as if going in a circle; having a noose (?)”). Further etymology is unknown, but Dardic descendants may support a non-retroflexed *मन्द (manda) as the ultimate source.
** Mayrhofer proposes the following Indo-European cognates: Proto-Slavic *mǫdo (“testicle”) if the retroflexion is spontaneous, or Old Irish mell (“ball”) (> modern Irish meall) if we assume l-induced retroflexion of *mel-nd- under Fortunatov's law.
** Burrow, later supported by Turner, proposes borrowing from Proto-Dravidian *maṇḍ- (“to be bent”), with cognates Tamil மண்டி (maṇṭi, “kneeling”), முடலை (muṭalai, “ball, globe”).
* Tedesco proposes वृत्त (vṛtta, “round”) + -ल (-la), undergoing Prakrit-like sound changes via ad-hoc intermediate *वट्टल (vaṭṭala) > *वण्टल (vaṇṭala) > *वण्डल (vaṇḍala). He furthermore proposes initial v- > m- as a common Middle Indo-Aryan sound change; see मुण्ड (muṇḍa, “bald”) for more. Turner rejects this etymology on phonological grounds.
* Borrowed from substrate language. Compare Nihali मौड्ढारी (moḍḍhārī, “triangle”), for the "triangle" sense in the Caturvargacintāmaṇi.

etymon

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

(geography) district, arrondissement, territory, province, country

maṇḍalin

मण्डलिन् (maṇḍalin, “chief, leader”, literally “possessor of the territory”)


नेत्र

netra (romanization)
नेत्रम् (nominative singular)
नेत्रे (dual nominative)
नेत्राणि (nominative plural)
नेत्रा1 (nominative plural)
नेत्र (singular vocative)
नेत्रे (dual vocative)
नेत्राणि (plural vocative)
नेत्रा1 (plural vocative)
नेत्रम् (accusative singular)
नेत्रे (accusative dual)
नेत्राणि (accusative plural)
नेत्रा1 (accusative plural)
नेत्रेण (instrumental singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नेत्रैः (instrumental plural)
नेत्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नेत्राय (dative singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
नेत्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
नेत्रात् (ablative singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नेत्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नेत्रस्य (genitive singular)
नेत्रयोः (dual genitive)
नेत्राणाम् (genitive plural)
नेत्रे (locative singular)
नेत्रयोः (dual locative)
नेत्रेषु (locative plural)
नेत्रः (nominative singular)
नेत्रौ (dual nominative)
नेत्रा1 (dual nominative)
नेत्राः (nominative plural)
नेत्रासः1 (nominative plural)
नेत्र (singular vocative)
नेत्रौ (dual vocative)
नेत्रा1 (dual vocative)
नेत्राः (plural vocative)
नेत्रासः1 (plural vocative)
नेत्रम् (accusative singular)
नेत्रौ (accusative dual)
नेत्रा1 (accusative dual)
नेत्रान् (accusative plural)
नेत्रेण (instrumental singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नेत्रैः (instrumental plural)
नेत्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नेत्राय (dative singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
नेत्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
नेत्रात् (ablative singular)
नेत्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नेत्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नेत्रस्य (genitive singular)
नेत्रयोः (dual genitive)
नेत्राणाम् (genitive plural)
नेत्रे (locative singular)
नेत्रयोः (dual locative)
नेत्रेषु (locative plural)

Pali: netta

→ Bengali: নেত্র (netro)

→ Hindi: नेत्र (netra)

→ Indonesian: netra

→ Malayalam: നേത്രം (nētraṁ)

→ Marathi:

Devanagari script: नेत्र (netra)

Modi script: 𑘡𑘹𑘝𑘿𑘨 (netra)

→ Odia: ନେତ୍ର (nētrå)

→ Telugu: నేత్రము (nētramu)

/ˈn̪eːt̪.ɾɐ/


यमुना

yamunā (romanization)
यमुना (nominative singular)
यमुने (singular vocative)
यमुनाम् (accusative singular)
यमुनया (instrumental singular)
यमुना1 (instrumental singular)
यमुनायै (dative singular)
यमुनायाः (ablative singular)
यमुनायै2 (ablative singular)
यमुनायाः (genitive singular)
यमुनायै2 (genitive singular)
यमुनायाम् (locative singular)


इरावती

irāvatī (romanization)
इरावती (nominative singular)
इरावत्यौ (dual nominative)
इरावती1 (dual nominative)
इरावत्यः (nominative plural)
इरावतीः1 (nominative plural)
इरावति (singular vocative)
इरावत्यौ (dual vocative)
इरावती1 (dual vocative)
इरावत्यः (plural vocative)
इरावतीः1 (plural vocative)
इरावतीम् (accusative singular)
इरावत्यौ (accusative dual)
इरावती1 (accusative dual)
इरावतीः (accusative plural)
इरावत्या (instrumental singular)
इरावतीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
इरावतीभिः (instrumental plural)
इरावत्यै (dative singular)
इरावतीभ्याम् (dative dual)
इरावतीभ्यः (dative plural)
इरावत्याः (ablative singular)
इरावत्यै2 (ablative singular)
इरावतीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
इरावतीभ्यः (ablative plural)
इरावत्याः (genitive singular)
इरावत्यै2 (genitive singular)
इरावत्योः (dual genitive)
इरावतीनाम् (genitive plural)
इरावत्याम् (locative singular)
इरावत्योः (dual locative)
इरावतीषु (locative plural)

→ Burmese: ဧရာဝတီ (erawa.ti)

→ English: Irrawaddy

→ Khmer: ឥរាវតី (ʼiraavĕəʼtəy)

/í.ɾɑː.ʋɐ.tiː/

/iˈɾɑː.ʋɐ.t̪iː/

(geography) Ravi (a river in India and Pakistan)


गोवर्धन

govardhana (romanization)
गोवर्धनः (nominative singular)
गोवर्धनौ (dual nominative)
गोवर्धना1 (dual nominative)
गोवर्धनाः (nominative plural)
गोवर्धनासः1 (nominative plural)
गोवर्धन (singular vocative)
गोवर्धनौ (dual vocative)
गोवर्धना1 (dual vocative)
गोवर्धनाः (plural vocative)
गोवर्धनासः1 (plural vocative)
गोवर्धनम् (accusative singular)
गोवर्धनौ (accusative dual)
गोवर्धना1 (accusative dual)
गोवर्धनान् (accusative plural)
गोवर्धनेन (instrumental singular)
गोवर्धनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गोवर्धनैः (instrumental plural)
गोवर्धनेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गोवर्धनाय (dative singular)
गोवर्धनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गोवर्धनेभ्यः (dative plural)
गोवर्धनात् (ablative singular)
गोवर्धनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गोवर्धनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गोवर्धनस्य (genitive singular)
गोवर्धनयोः (dual genitive)
गोवर्धनानाम् (genitive plural)
गोवर्धने (locative singular)
गोवर्धनयोः (dual locative)
गोवर्धनेषु (locative plural)

/ɡɐw.ʋɐɾ.dʱɐ.nɐ/

/ɡoːˈʋɐɾ.d̪ʱɐ.n̪ɐ/

Compound of गो (gó, “cow”) + वर्धन (vardhana, “thriving, prosperous”)

com+

(geography) Govardhana, a sacred hill in Mathura district.


वितस्ता

vitástā (romanization)
वितस्ता (nominative singular)
वितस्ते (singular vocative)
वितस्ताम् (accusative singular)
वितस्तया (instrumental singular)
वितस्ता1 (instrumental singular)
वितस्तायै (dative singular)
वितस्तायाः (ablative singular)
वितस्तायै2 (ablative singular)
वितस्तायाः (genitive singular)
वितस्तायै2 (genitive singular)
वितस्तायाम् (locative singular)

/ʋiˈt̪ɐs̪.t̪ɑː/

(geography) Jhelum (a river in India and Pakistan)


सुषोमा

suṣómā (romanization)
सुषोमा (nominative singular)
सुषोमे (singular vocative)
सुषोमाम् (accusative singular)
सुषोमया (instrumental singular)
सुषोमा1 (instrumental singular)
सुषोमायै (dative singular)
सुषोमायाः (ablative singular)
सुषोमायै2 (ablative singular)
सुषोमायाः (genitive singular)
सुषोमायै2 (genitive singular)
सुषोमायाम् (locative singular)


परुष्णी

sa-prop

परुष्णी • (páruṣṇī) stem, f

páruṣṇī (romanization)
परुष्णी (nominative singular)
परुष्ण्यौ (dual nominative)
परुष्णी1 (dual nominative)
परुष्ण्यः (nominative plural)
परुष्णीः1 (nominative plural)
परुष्णि (singular vocative)
परुष्ण्यौ (dual vocative)
परुष्णी1 (dual vocative)
परुष्ण्यः (plural vocative)
परुष्णीः1 (plural vocative)
परुष्णीम् (accusative singular)
परुष्ण्यौ (accusative dual)
परुष्णी1 (accusative dual)
परुष्णीः (accusative plural)
परुष्ण्या (instrumental singular)
परुष्णीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
परुष्णीभिः (instrumental plural)
परुष्ण्यै (dative singular)
परुष्णीभ्याम् (dative dual)
परुष्णीभ्यः (dative plural)
परुष्ण्याः (ablative singular)
परुष्ण्यै2 (ablative singular)
परुष्णीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
परुष्णीभ्यः (ablative plural)
परुष्ण्याः (genitive singular)
परुष्ण्यै2 (genitive singular)
परुष्ण्योः (dual genitive)
परुष्णीनाम् (genitive plural)
परुष्ण्याम् (locative singular)
परुष्ण्योः (dual locative)
परुष्णीषु (locative plural)

/pɐˈɾuʂ.ɳiː/


आर्जीकीया

आर्जीकीया • (ā́rjīkīya) stem, f

ā́rjīkīya (romanization)
आर्जीकीया (nominative singular)
आर्जीकीये (singular vocative)
आर्जीकीयाम् (accusative singular)
आर्जीकीयया (instrumental singular)
आर्जीकीया1 (instrumental singular)
आर्जीकीयायै (dative singular)
आर्जीकीयायाः (ablative singular)
आर्जीकीयायै2 (ablative singular)
आर्जीकीयायाः (genitive singular)
आर्जीकीयायै2 (genitive singular)
आर्जीकीयायाम् (locative singular)

/ɑ́ːɾ.d͡ʑiː.kiː.jɑː/

/ɑːɾ.d͡ʑiːˈkiː.jɑː/


शुतुद्री

शुतुद्री • (śútudrī) stem, f

śútudrī (romanization)
शुतुद्री (nominative singular)
शुतुद्रि (singular vocative)
शुतुद्रीम् (accusative singular)
शुतुद्र्या (instrumental singular)
शुतुद्र्यै (dative singular)
शुतुद्र्याः (ablative singular)
शुतुद्र्यै1 (ablative singular)
शुतुद्र्याः (genitive singular)
शुतुद्र्यै1 (genitive singular)
शुतुद्र्याम् (locative singular)

(geography) Sutlej (a river in China, India and Pakistan)


श्रीहट्ट

sa-proper noun

श्रीहट्ट • (śrīhaṭṭa) stem, ?

→ Bengali: শ্রীহট্ট (srihoṭṭo)

desc

→ Hindi: श्रीहट्ट (śrīhaṭṭ)

→ Hindi: श्रीहट्ट (śrīhaṭṭ)

Sylheti: ꠍꠤꠞꠤꠢꠐ (sírihoṭ)

From श्री (śrī, “Beautiful”) + हट्ट (haṭṭa, “Hut”).