समुद्र

samudrá (romanization)
समुद्रः (nominative singular)
समुद्रौ (dual nominative)
समुद्रा1 (dual nominative)
समुद्राः (nominative plural)
समुद्रासः1 (nominative plural)
समुद्र (singular vocative)
समुद्रौ (dual vocative)
समुद्रा1 (dual vocative)
समुद्राः (plural vocative)
समुद्रासः1 (plural vocative)
समुद्रम् (accusative singular)
समुद्रौ (accusative dual)
समुद्रा1 (accusative dual)
समुद्रान् (accusative plural)
समुद्रेण (instrumental singular)
समुद्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
समुद्रैः (instrumental plural)
समुद्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
समुद्राय (dative singular)
समुद्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
समुद्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
समुद्रात् (ablative singular)
समुद्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
समुद्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
समुद्रस्य (genitive singular)
समुद्रयोः (dual genitive)
समुद्राणाम् (genitive plural)
समुद्रे (locative singular)
समुद्रयोः (dual locative)
समुद्रेषु (locative plural)
समुद्रम् (nominative singular)
समुद्रे (dual nominative)
समुद्राणि (nominative plural)
समुद्रा1 (nominative plural)
समुद्र (singular vocative)
समुद्रे (dual vocative)
समुद्राणि (plural vocative)
समुद्रा1 (plural vocative)
समुद्रम् (accusative singular)
समुद्रे (accusative dual)
समुद्राणि (accusative plural)
समुद्रा1 (accusative plural)
समुद्रेण (instrumental singular)
समुद्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
समुद्रैः (instrumental plural)
समुद्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
समुद्राय (dative singular)
समुद्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
समुद्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
समुद्रात् (ablative singular)
समुद्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
समुद्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
समुद्रस्य (genitive singular)
समुद्रयोः (dual genitive)
समुद्राणाम् (genitive plural)
समुद्रे (locative singular)
समुद्रयोः (dual locative)
समुद्रेषु (locative plural)

Helu Prakrit:

desc

Sinhalese: මුහුද (muhuda), සමුද්ර (samudra, “maritime”)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Sindhi: سَمُنڊُ (samunḍu)

Pali: samudda

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀫𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀤 (samudda)

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + Proto-Indo-European *ud-ró-s (“water”). By surface analysis, सम्- (sam-, “together, wholly”) + उद्र (udra, “water”). Related to उदन् (udan) and उदक (udaka).

surf

इन्द्रा॑सोमा॒वहि॑म॒पः प॑रि॒ष्ठां ह॒थो वृ॒त्रमनु॑ वां॒ द्यौर॑मन्यत।
प्रार्णां॑स्यैरयतं न॒दीना॒मा स॑मु॒द्राणि॑ पप्रथुः पु॒रूणि॑॥
índrāsomāváhimapáḥ pariṣṭhā́ṃ hathó vṛtrámánu vāṃ dyaúramanyata.
prā́rṇāṃsyairayataṃ nadī́nāmā́ samudrā́ṇi paprathuḥ purū́ṇi.

Indra and Soma, you slew Vṛtra; the obstructer of the water; for which the heaven venerates you both; you have urged on the waters of the rivers until they have replenished numerous oceans.

any large body of water, confluence of two rivers; especially the sea, ocean


महाराष्ट्र

head

महाराष्ट्र • (mahārā́ṣṭra)

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀭𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀞 (marahaṭṭha) (see there for further descendants)

Assamese: মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ (moharastro)

Bengali: মহারাষ্ট্র (moharaśṭro)

Gujarati: મહારાષ્ટ્ર (mahārāṣṭra)

Hindustani: mahārāṣṭra

desc

Hindi: महाराष्ट्र

Hindi: महाराष्ट्र

Urdu: مہاراشٹر

Urdu: مہاراشٹر

Kannada: ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ (mahārāṣṭra)

Marathi: महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)

Newar: महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)

Newar: महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)

Telugu: మహారాష్ట్ర (mahārāṣṭra)

/mɐ.ɦɑː.ɾɑːʂ.ʈɾɐ/

/mɐ.ɦɑːˈɾɑːʂ.ʈɾɐ/

Uncertain. Possibly from महा- (mahā-), combining form of महत् (mahat, “great”) + राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra, “nation, dominion; Rashtrakuta”), a dynasty that once ruled the area), a clan known as राष्ट्रिक (rāṣṭrika) (found in some of King Ashoka’s inscriptions) or रथ (ratha, “chariot”). Possibly, the original name was associated with the Sanskrit word for “nation” or “dominion” via folk etymology.

Maharashtra (a state in western India; capital: Mumbai)


तीर

tīra (romanization)
तीरम् (nominative singular)
तीरे (dual nominative)
तीराणि (nominative plural)
तीरा1 (nominative plural)
तीर (singular vocative)
तीरे (dual vocative)
तीराणि (plural vocative)
तीरा1 (plural vocative)
तीरम् (accusative singular)
तीरे (accusative dual)
तीराणि (accusative plural)
तीरा1 (accusative plural)
तीरेण (instrumental singular)
तीराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तीरैः (instrumental plural)
तीरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तीराय (dative singular)
तीराभ्याम् (dative dual)
तीरेभ्यः (dative plural)
तीरात् (ablative singular)
तीराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तीरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तीरस्य (genitive singular)
तीरयोः (dual genitive)
तीराणाम् (genitive plural)
तीरे (locative singular)
तीरयोः (dual locative)
तीरेषु (locative plural)

Marwari: तीर (tīr)

Bengali: তীর (tir)

Telugu: తీరము (tīramu) / తీరం (tīraṁ)

Mayrhofer takes the word as a lengthened grade derivative of the root तॄ (tṝ, “to pass”).
An older theory by Ferdinand Kittel considers the word as "purely Dravidian"; compare Malayalam തീരം (tīraṁ). Kittel was not a linguist, and the Malayalam word has the shape of a Sanskritic borrowing, which, when coupled with Mayrhofer's Indo-European derivation, makes the theory unconvincing.


अजर्बैजान

/ɐ.d͡ʑɐɾ.bɑjˈd͡ʑɑː.n̪ɐ/

(New Sanskrit) Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


नेपाल

nepāla (romanization)
नेपालः (nominative singular)
नेपाल (singular vocative)
नेपालम् (accusative singular)
नेपालेन (instrumental singular)
नेपालाय (dative singular)
नेपालात् (ablative singular)
नेपालस्य (genitive singular)
नेपाले (locative singular)

→ Bengali: নেপাল (nepal)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: नेपाल (nepāl)

desctree

Urdu: نیپال (nepāl)
→ Arabic: نِيبَال (nēpāl, nībāl)
→ Dari: نیپَال (nēpāl)
→ Pashto: نیپال

→ Nepali: नेपाल (nepāl)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਨੇਪਾਲ (nepāl)

Shahmukhi script: نیپال (nepāl)

→ Sindhi: نيپال

/n̪eːˈpɑː.l̪ɐ/

Sometimes explained as a Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀡𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀮 (ṇevāla), compare Newar नेवाः (newā:, “Newar”). Others regard the Sanskrit form as older. Perhaps ultimately of Sino-Tibetan origin. More on Wikipedia.
Popular etymologies derive it from compounds like ने (ne, “a chief”) + पाल (pāla, “protector”).

com

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


पर्वत

párvata (romanization)
पर्वतः (nominative singular)
पर्वतौ (dual nominative)
पर्वता1 (dual nominative)
पर्वताः (nominative plural)
पर्वतासः1 (nominative plural)
पर्वत (singular vocative)
पर्वतौ (dual vocative)
पर्वता1 (dual vocative)
पर्वताः (plural vocative)
पर्वतासः1 (plural vocative)
पर्वतम् (accusative singular)
पर्वतौ (accusative dual)
पर्वता1 (accusative dual)
पर्वतान् (accusative plural)
पर्वतेन (instrumental singular)
पर्वताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पर्वतैः (instrumental plural)
पर्वतेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
पर्वताय (dative singular)
पर्वताभ्याम् (dative dual)
पर्वतेभ्यः (dative plural)
पर्वतात् (ablative singular)
पर्वताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पर्वतेभ्यः (ablative plural)
पर्वतस्य (genitive singular)
पर्वतयोः (dual genitive)
पर्वतानाम् (genitive plural)
पर्वते (locative singular)
पर्वतयोः (dual locative)
पर्वतेषु (locative plural)

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀧𑀯𑀢 (pavata)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Odia: ପାବୁଲି (pābuli)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀬 (pavvaya)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਪੱਬਤ (pabbat)

Punjabi: ਪੱਬੀ (pabbī, “plateau”)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀤 (pavvada)

Dardic:

Kashmiri:

Devanagari script: पर्बथ् (parbath), पर्बुथ् (parbuth)

Arabic script: پَربَتھ (parbath), پَربُتھ (parbuth)

Pali: pabbata

desc

→ Assamese: পৰ্বত (porrot), পৰ্ব্বত (porrwot) (learned)

→ Bengali: পর্বত (porbot) (learned)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: पर्वत (parvat), पर्बत (parbat) — in some mountain names, poetic

Urdu: پروت (parvat), پربت (parbat)

→ Kannada: ಪರ್ವತ (parvata) (learned)

→ Malayalam: പർവ്വതം (paṟvvataṁ) (learned)

→ Marathi: पर्वत (parvat) (learned)

→ Nepali: पर्बत् (parbat) (learned)

→ Odia: ପର୍ବତ (parbata) (learned)

→ Tamil: பர்வதம் (parvatam), பருவதம் (paruvatam), பருப்பதம் (paruppatam) (learned)

→ Telugu: పర్వతము (parvatamu) (learned)

/pɐ́ɾ.ʋɐ.tɐ/

/ˈpɐɾ.ʋɐ.t̪ɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *párwatas (“mountain, rock”), from Proto-Indo-European *pérwn̥-to-s (“rocky”), from *pérwr̥ (“rock”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁 (paᵘruuatā, “mountain”), Hittite 𒁉𒂊𒊒 (pé-e-ru /péru/, “rock”), 𒁉𒂊𒊒𒈾𒀭𒍝 (pé-e-ru-na-an-za /pérunanta/, “rocky, craggy”).

cog

an artificial mound or heap (of grain, salt, silver, gold etc. presented to Brahmans)


नदी

nadī́ (romanization)
नदीः (nominative singular)
नद्या (dual nominative)
नद्यः (nominative plural)
नदि (singular vocative)
नद्या (dual vocative)
नद्यः (plural vocative)
नद्यम् (accusative singular)
नद्या (accusative dual)
नद्यः (accusative plural)
नद्या (instrumental singular)
नदीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नदीभिः (instrumental plural)
नद्ये (dative singular)
नदीभ्याम् (dative dual)
नदीभ्यः (dative plural)
नद्यः (ablative singular)
नदीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नदीभ्यः (ablative plural)
नद्यः (genitive singular)
नद्योः (dual genitive)
नदीनाम् (genitive plural)
नदी (locative singular)
नद्योः (dual locative)
नदीषु (locative plural)
नदी (nominative singular)
नद्यौ (dual nominative)
नदी1 (dual nominative)
नद्यः (nominative plural)
नदीः1 (nominative plural)
नदि (singular vocative)
नद्यौ (dual vocative)
नदी1 (dual vocative)
नद्यः (plural vocative)
नदीः1 (plural vocative)
नदीम् (accusative singular)
नद्यौ (accusative dual)
नदी1 (accusative dual)
नदीः (accusative plural)
नद्या (instrumental singular)
नदीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नदीभिः (instrumental plural)
नद्यै (dative singular)
नदीभ्याम् (dative dual)
नदीभ्यः (dative plural)
नद्याः (ablative singular)
नद्यै2 (ablative singular)
नदीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नदीभ्यः (ablative plural)
नद्याः (genitive singular)
नद्यै2 (genitive singular)
नद्योः (dual genitive)
नदीनाम् (genitive plural)
नद्याम् (locative singular)
नद्योः (dual locative)
नदीषु (locative plural)

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀡𑀈 (ṇaī)

desctree

Kamarupi Prakrit: 𑖜𑖂 (ṇaï)
Assamese: নৈ (noi)

Odia: ନଈ (nai)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Old Marathi: नई (naī), नइ (naï)

→ Old Javanese: nadī
Javanese: ꦤꦢꦶ (nadi)

Pali: nadī

Romani: len

→ Bengali: নদী (nodi) (learned)

→ Gujarati: નદી (nadī) (learned)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: नदी (nadī)

Urdu: نَدِی (nadī)

→ Kannada: ನದಿ (nadi) (learned)

→ Kashmiri: नदी (nadī) (learned)

→ Malayalam: നദി (nadi) (learned)

→ Marathi: नदी (nadī) (learned)

→ Marwari: नंदी (nandī) (learned)

→ Nepali: नदी (nadī) (learned)

→ Odia: ନଦୀ (nadi) (learned)

→ Punjabi: ਨਦੀ (nadī) (learned)

→ Sindhi: ندي (learned)

→ Tamil: நதி (nati) (learned)

→ Telugu: నది (nadi) (learned)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *nadíH (“river”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ned-ih₂, from *ned- (“thundering, roaring, rushing”) + *-íh₂. Cognate with Younger Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍𐬨 (anaⁱδīm, “across a river”). Possibly related to Ancient Greek Νέδα (Néda, name of a river), Middle Low German Nette (name of a river).

cog

न पर्व॑ता॒ न न॒द्यो॑ वरन्त वो॒ यत्राचि॑ध्वं मरुतो॒ गच्छ॒थेदु॒ तत्।
उ॒त द्यावा॑पृथि॒वी या॑थना॒ परि॒ शुभं॑ या॒तामनु॒ रथा॑ अवृत्सत॥
ná párvatā ná nadyò varanta vo yátrā́cidhvaṃ maruto gácchathédu tát.

Let not the mountains, let not the rivers, arrest you; whither you purpose, Maruts, thither repair, and compass heaven and earth; may the cars of the quick-moving Maruts arrive for our good.

utá dyā́vāpṛthivī́ yāthanā pári śúbhaṃ yātā́mánu ráthā avṛtsata.

(linguistics) name of particular feminine stems ending in -ī or -ū (as in नदी (nadī) itself)


चन्द्र

candrá (romanization)
चन्द्रः (nominative singular)
चन्द्रौ (dual nominative)
चन्द्रा1 (dual nominative)
चन्द्राः (nominative plural)
चन्द्रासः1 (nominative plural)
चन्द्र (singular vocative)
चन्द्रौ (dual vocative)
चन्द्रा1 (dual vocative)
चन्द्राः (plural vocative)
चन्द्रासः1 (plural vocative)
चन्द्रम् (accusative singular)
चन्द्रौ (accusative dual)
चन्द्रा1 (accusative dual)
चन्द्रान् (accusative plural)
चन्द्रेण (instrumental singular)
चन्द्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चन्द्रैः (instrumental plural)
चन्द्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चन्द्राय (dative singular)
चन्द्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
चन्द्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
चन्द्रात् (ablative singular)
चन्द्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चन्द्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चन्द्रस्य (genitive singular)
चन्द्रयोः (dual genitive)
चन्द्राणाम् (genitive plural)
चन्द्रे (locative singular)
चन्द्रयोः (dual locative)
चन्द्रेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: ژۆندُر (ċondur)

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ހަނދު (haⁿdu)

Sinhalese: හඳ (haⁿda)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: চান্দ (sand)

Bengali: চাঁদ (cãd)

Odia: ଚନ୍ଦ (cåndå)

Rohingya: san

Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠘ꠆ꠖ (sando)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: चंद्रु (candru)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀘𑀁𑀤 (caṃda)

Gujarati: ચાંદ (cā̃d)

Hindustani:

Hindi: चाँद (cā̃d), चांद (cānd)

Urdu: چاند (cānd)

Nepali: चाँद् (cā̃d)

Punjabi: ਚੰਦ (cand), ਚੰਨ (cann)

Marwari: चांद (cā̃d)

Sindhi: چَنڊُ (candu)

Pali: canda

→ Burmese: စန္ဒာ (canda), စန်း (can:)

→ Khmer: ព្រះច័ន្ទ (prĕəh can)

→ Assamese: চন্দ্ৰ (sondro) (learned)

→ Bengali: চন্দ্র (côndrô) (learned)

desc

→ English: Chandra, Chander, Shandra (learned)

→ Burmese: စန္ဒြာ (candra) (learned)

→ Gujarati: ચંદ્ર (candra) (learned)

→ Thai: จันท์ (learned)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: चन्द्र (candra), चन्दर (candar)

Urdu: چندر (candra)

→ Indonesian: candra (learned)

→ Kannada: ಚಂದ್ರ (candra) (learned)

→ Konkani: चन्द्र (candr) (learned)

→ Lao: ຈັນ (chan) (learned)

desctree

→ Malay: cendera (learned)
Indonesian: cendera

desc

→ Malayalam: ചന്ദ്രന് (candraṉ) (learned)

→ Marathi: चन्द्र (candra) (learned)

→ Nepali: चन्द्र (candra), चन्द्रमा (candramā) (learned)

→ Odia: ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର (cåndrå) (learned)

→ Punjabi: ਚੰਦ੍ਰ (candr), ਚੰਦਰ (candar) (learned)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: candra (learned)
Javanese: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ (candra)
→ Balinese: ᬘᬦ᭄ᬤ᭄ᬭ (candra)

→ Shan: ၸၼ်ႇတႃႇ (tsàn tàa) (learned)

desc

→ Sinhalese: චන්ද්රයා (candrayā) (learned)

→ Lü: ᦶᦈᧃ (ṫsaen) (learned)

→ Tamil: சந்திரன் (cantiraṉ) (learned)

→ Telugu: చంద్రుడు (candruḍu) (learned)

→ Thai: จันทร์ (jan) (learned)

/t͡ɕɐn.dɾɐ́/

/ˈt͡ɕɐn̪.d̪ɾɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *(s)ćandrás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)čandrás, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kand-. Doublet of श्चन्द्र (ścandrá, “shining, radiant”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κάνδαρος (kándaros, “charcoal”), Latin candeō, Old Armenian խանդ (xand). See also the root चन्द् (cand, “to shine, be bright, gladden”).


जापान

jāpāna (romanization)
जापानः (nominative singular)
जापान (singular vocative)
जापानम् (accusative singular)
जापानेन (instrumental singular)
जापानाय (dative singular)
जापानात् (ablative singular)
जापानस्य (genitive singular)
जापाने (locative singular)

/d͡ʑɑːˈpɑː.n̪ɐ/

Etymology tree
Hokkien 日本／Ji̍t-púnbor.
Malay Jepangbor.
Portuguese Japãobor.
Malay Jepangbor.
Dutch Japanbor.
English Japanbor.
Hindi जापान (jāpān)bor.
Sanskrit जापान (jāpāna)
Borrowed from Hindi जापान (jāpān), from English Japan.

etymon

(New Sanskrit) Japan (a country in East Asia)


गिरि

girí (romanization)
गिरिः (nominative singular)
गिरी (dual nominative)
गिरयः (nominative plural)
गिरे (singular vocative)
गिरी (dual vocative)
गिरयः (plural vocative)
गिरिम् (accusative singular)
गिरी (accusative dual)
गिरीन् (accusative plural)
गिरिणा (instrumental singular)
गिर्या1 (instrumental singular)
गिरिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गिरिभिः (instrumental plural)
गिरये (dative singular)
गिरिभ्याम् (dative dual)
गिरिभ्यः (dative plural)
गिरेः (ablative singular)
गिर्यः1 (ablative singular)
गिरिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गिरिभ्यः (ablative plural)
गिरेः (genitive singular)
गिर्यः1 (genitive singular)
गिर्योः (dual genitive)
गिरीणाम् (genitive plural)
गिरौ (locative singular)
गिरा1 (locative singular)
गिर्योः (dual locative)
गिरिषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Khowar: گری (grī)

Shina: گر (giri)

→ Domaaki: گیر (gīri)

Pali: giri

Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀭𑀺 (giri)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ގާ (gā)

desc

Sinhalese: ගිරි (giri), ගිර (gira), ගල (gala)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀭𑀺 (giri)

→ Old Awadhi: (learned)

Arabic script: گِر (gr)

Devanagari script: गिरि (giri)

Kaithi script: 𑂏𑂱𑂩𑂱 (giri)

→ Old Javanese: giri

→ Kannada: ಗಿರಿ (giri) (learned)

→ Malay: giri (learned)

→ Telugu: గిరి (giri) (learned)

→ Thai: คิริ (kí-rí) (learned)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Híš (“mountain”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-í-s (“elevation”), from *gʷerH- (“to elevate”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (gaⁱri, “mountain”), Pashto غر (ǧar), Old Church Slavonic гора (gora, “mountain”), Ancient Greek Βορέας (Boréas), Albanian gur.

cog

न वी॒ळवे॒ नम॑ते॒ न स्थि॒राय॒ न शर्ध॑ते॒ दस्यु॑-जूताय स्त॒वान् ।
अज्रा॒ इन्द्र॑स्य गि॒रय॑श् चिद् ऋ॒ष्वा ग॑म्भी॒रे चि॑द् भवति गा॒धम् अ॑स्मै ॥
ná vīḷáve námate ná sthirā́ya ná śárdhate dásyu-jūtāya stavā́n.

Glorified by us, he bows not down to the robust, nor to the resolute, nor to the person vering, who is instrumental gated by the Dasyus; the lofty mountains are easy of access o Indra; to him there is a bottom in the deep.

ájrā índrasya giráyaś cid ṛṣvā́ gambhīré cid bhavati gādhám asmai.

mountain, hill, rock, elevation, rising-ground


ग्रावन्

grā́van (romanization)
ग्रावा (nominative singular)
ग्रावाणौ (dual nominative)
ग्रावाणा1 (dual nominative)
ग्रावाणः (nominative plural)
ग्रावन् (singular vocative)
ग्रावाणौ (dual vocative)
ग्रावाणा1 (dual vocative)
ग्रावाणः (plural vocative)
ग्रावाणम् (accusative singular)
ग्रावाणौ (accusative dual)
ग्रावाणा1 (accusative dual)
ग्रौणः (accusative plural)
ग्रौणा (instrumental singular)
ग्रावभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ग्रावभिः (instrumental plural)
ग्रौणे (dative singular)
ग्रावभ्याम् (dative dual)
ग्रावभ्यः (dative plural)
ग्रौणः (ablative singular)
ग्रावभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ग्रावभ्यः (ablative plural)
ग्रौणः (genitive singular)
ग्रौणोः (dual genitive)
ग्रौणाम् (genitive plural)
ग्रौणि (locative singular)
ग्रावणि (locative singular)
ग्रावन्1 (locative singular)
ग्रौणोः (dual locative)
ग्रावसु (locative plural)

Odia: ଗ୍ରାବ (grāba)

desc

Tamil: கிராவணம் (kirāvaṇam), சிராவணம் (cirāvaṇam)

Telugu: గ్రావము (grāvamu)

/ˈɡɾɑː.ʋɐn̪/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”). Cognate with English quern, Old Irish brao.
It has been suggested that the word used in the Rigveda is unrelated to the sense "stone" and rather refers to a human person, meaning "praiser, singer", possibly deriving from the root गॄ (gṝ).

inh

दू॒रमि॑त पणयो॒ वरी॑य॒ उद्गावो॑ यन्तु मिन॒तीॠ॒तेन॑।
बृह॒स्पति॒र्या अवि॑न्द॒न्निगू॑ळ्हा॒: सोमो॒ ग्रावा॑ण॒ ऋष॑यश्च॒ विप्रा॑:॥
dūrámita paṇayo várīya údgā́vo yantu minatī́ṝténa.
bṛ́haspátiryā́ ávindannígūḷhā: sómo grā́vāṇa ṛ́ṣayaśca víprā:.
Hence, far away, ye Paṇis! Let the cattle lowing come forth as holy Law commandeth,

Kine which Brihaspati, and Soma, ṛsis, sages, and pressing-stones have found when hidden.

(Rigvedic) (traditional translation) a stone for pressing out the Soma juice


असि

asi (romanization)
असिः (nominative singular)
असे (singular vocative)
असिम् (accusative singular)
अस्या (instrumental singular)
असये (dative singular)
अस्यै1 (dative singular)
असेः (ablative singular)
अस्याः1 (ablative singular)
असेः (genitive singular)
अस्याः1 (genitive singular)
असौ (locative singular)
अस्याम्1 (locative singular)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥sis (“dagger; knife”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬵𐬏 (ahū), Latin ēnsis, Palaic 𒄩𒅆𒄿𒊏 (ḫa-ši-i-ra /hasīra/, “dagger”).


अवि

ávi (romanization)
अविः (nominative singular)
अवी (dual nominative)
अवयः (nominative plural)
अवे (singular vocative)
अवी (dual vocative)
अवयः (plural vocative)
अविम् (accusative singular)
अवी (accusative dual)
अवीन् (accusative plural)
अविना (instrumental singular)
अव्या1 (instrumental singular)
अविभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अविभिः (instrumental plural)
अवये (dative singular)
अविभ्याम् (dative dual)
अविभ्यः (dative plural)
अवेः (ablative singular)
अव्यः1 (ablative singular)
अविभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अविभ्यः (ablative plural)
अवेः (genitive singular)
अव्यः1 (genitive singular)
अव्योः (dual genitive)
अवीनाम् (genitive plural)
अवौ (locative singular)
अवा1 (locative singular)
अव्योः (dual locative)
अविषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háwiṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwiš, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis. Cognate with Latin ovis, Hittite 𒇻𒅖 (ḫāwis), and Old English eowu (whence English ewe).


हिमालय

himālaya (romanization)
हिमालयः (nominative singular)
हिमालय (singular vocative)
हिमालयम् (accusative singular)
हिमालयेन (instrumental singular)
हिमालयाय (dative singular)
हिमालयात् (ablative singular)
हिमालयस्य (genitive singular)
हिमालये (locative singular)

desc

→ Chinese: 喜馬拉雅／喜马拉雅

→ Chinese: 喜馬拉雅／喜马拉雅

→ Tamil: இமயம் (imayam)

→ Tibetan: ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ (hi ma la ya)

→ Assamese: হিমালয় (himaloy) (learned)

→ Bengali: হিমালয় (himaloẏ) (learned)

→ Gujarati: હિમાલય (himālya) (learned)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: हिमालय (himālay)

Urdu: ہمالے (himāle)

→ Malayalam: ഹിമാലയം (himālayaṁ) (learned)

→ Marathi: हिमालय (himālay) (learned)

→ Nepali: हिमालय (himālaya) (learned)

→ Odia: ହିମାଳୟ (himāḷaya) (learned)

→ Telugu: హిమాలయము (himālayamu), హిమాలయం (himālayaṁ) (learned)

desctree

→ Urdu: ہمالیہ (himāliya) (semi-learned)
→ Arabic: هِمَالِيَة (himāliya)

→ English: Himalaya, Himmaleh (learned)

⇒ English: Himalayas

→ German: Himalaja (learned)

Compound of हिम (hima, “snow, frost”) + आलय (ālaya, “house, dwelling”).

com+

(Hinduism, mythology) Himalaya, the personified range, husband of Menaka and father of Parvati (wife of Shiva) and Ganga (the personified Ganges)


गङ्गा

gaṅgā (romanization)
गङ्गा (nominative singular)
गङ्गे (singular vocative)
गङ्गाम् (accusative singular)
गङ्गया (instrumental singular)
गङ्गा1 (instrumental singular)
गङ्गायै (dative singular)
गङ्गायाः (ablative singular)
गङ्गायै2 (ablative singular)
गङ्गायाः (genitive singular)
गङ्गायै2 (genitive singular)
गङ्गायाम् (locative singular)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Γάγγης (Gángēs)
Greek: Γάγγης (Gángis)
→ Latin: Gangēs
→ English: Ganges
French: Gange
→ Arabic: الْغَانْج (al-ḡānj)
→ Iranian Persian: گانْژ (gânž)
→ Turkish: Ganj
Italian: Gange
→ Polish: Ganges
Portuguese: Ganges
Spanish: Ganges

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀕𑀁𑀕𑀸 (gaṃgā)

Old Awadhi: 𑂏𑂰𑂀𑂏 (gām̐ga)

→ Assamese: গংগা (goṅga)

→ Bengali: গঙ্গা (goṅga)

→ Czech: Ganga

→ Dhivehi: ގަންގާ (gan̊gā)

→ Gujarati: ગંગા (gaṅgā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गंगा (gaṅgā)

Urdu: گَن٘گا (gaṅgā)

→ Kannada: ಗಂಗಾ (gaṅgā)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Early Assamese: গাঙ্গ (gaṅgo)

Assamese: গাং (gaṅ)

Bengali: গাং (gaṅ)

Chakma: 𑄉𑄧𑄋 (gaṅā)

Sylheti: ꠉꠣꠋ (gaṅ)

→ Malayalam: ഗംഗ (gaṅga)

→ Marathi: गंगा (gaṅgā)

→ Middle Chinese: 恆伽 (MC hong gja)

Chinese: 恆伽／恒伽 (Hénggā)

→ Japanese: 恒河 (こうが, kōga)

→ Korean: 항하 (hangha) (恒河)

→ Vietnamese: Hằng

→ Middle Persian:

Classical Persian: گَنْگ (gang)

Iranian Persian: گَنْگ (gang)

Tajik: Ганг (Gang)

→ Arabic: الْكَنْك (al-kank)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كنك (Geng)

Turkish: Geng

→ Old Javanese:

Javanese: ꦒꦁꦒ (gangga)

→ Old Tamil:

Tamil: கங்கை (kaṅkai)

→ Odia: ଗଙ୍ଗା (gaṅgā)

Pali: gaṅgā

→ Burmese: ဂင်္ဂါ (gangga)

→ Khmer: គង្គា (kŭəngkiə)

→ Lao: ກັງກາ (kang kā)

→ Thai: คงคา (kong-kaa)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਗੰਗਾ (gaṅgā)

Shahmukhi script: گَن٘گا (gaṉgā)

→ Sindhi: گنگا

→ Sinhalese: ගංගා (gaṁgā)

→ Telugu: గంగ (gaṅga)

Probably from the root गम् (gam, “to go, move”), literally meaning "swift-goer". If a folk etymology, perhaps alternatively of substrate origin.


द्वीप

dvīpá (romanization)
द्वीपः (nominative singular)
द्वीपौ (dual nominative)
द्वीपा1 (dual nominative)
द्वीपाः (nominative plural)
द्वीपासः1 (nominative plural)
द्वीप (singular vocative)
द्वीपौ (dual vocative)
द्वीपा1 (dual vocative)
द्वीपाः (plural vocative)
द्वीपासः1 (plural vocative)
द्वीपम् (accusative singular)
द्वीपौ (accusative dual)
द्वीपा1 (accusative dual)
द्वीपान् (accusative plural)
द्वीपेन (instrumental singular)
द्वीपाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
द्वीपैः (instrumental plural)
द्वीपेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
द्वीपाय (dative singular)
द्वीपाभ्याम् (dative dual)
द्वीपेभ्यः (dative plural)
द्वीपात् (ablative singular)
द्वीपाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
द्वीपेभ्यः (ablative plural)
द्वीपस्य (genitive singular)
द्वीपयोः (dual genitive)
द्वीपानाम् (genitive plural)
द्वीपे (locative singular)
द्वीपयोः (dual locative)
द्वीपेषु (locative plural)
द्वीपम् (nominative singular)
द्वीपे (dual nominative)
द्वीपानि (nominative plural)
द्वीपा1 (nominative plural)
द्वीप (singular vocative)
द्वीपे (dual vocative)
द्वीपानि (plural vocative)
द्वीपा1 (plural vocative)
द्वीपम् (accusative singular)
द्वीपे (accusative dual)
द्वीपानि (accusative plural)
द्वीपा1 (accusative plural)
द्वीपेन (instrumental singular)
द्वीपाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
द्वीपैः (instrumental plural)
द्वीपेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
द्वीपाय (dative singular)
द्वीपाभ्याम् (dative dual)
द्वीपेभ्यः (dative plural)
द्वीपात् (ablative singular)
द्वीपाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
द्वीपेभ्यः (ablative plural)
द्वीपस्य (genitive singular)
द्वीपयोः (dual genitive)
द्वीपानाम् (genitive plural)
द्वीपे (locative singular)
द्वीपयोः (dual locative)
द्वीपेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀻𑀯 (dīva)

Assamese: দীয়া (dia)

Bengali: দীয়া (diẏa)

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ދޫ (dū)

Sinhalese: දිව (diwa)

⇒ Sinhalese: දිවයින (diwayina)

Kashmiri: ज़ुवु (zuwu)

Pali: dīpa
→ Old Javanese: dīpa (“island”) (see there for further descendants)
→ Thai: ทีป (tîip)
→ Burmese: ဒီပါ (dipa)

→ Assamese: দ্বীপ (dip)

→ Bengali: দ্বীপ (dip)

→ Hindi: द्वीप (dvīp)

→ Kannada: ದ್ವೀಪ (dvīpa)

→ Khmer: ទ្វីប (tviip)

→ Lao: ທະວີບ (tha wīp)

→ Lü: ᦑᦞᦲᧇ (tviib)

→ Mongolian: тив (tiv)

→ Odia: ଦ୍ଵୀପ (dvipa)

→ Old Javanese: dwīpa

→ Punjabi: ਦੀਪ (dīpa)

→ Thai: ทวีป (tá-wîip)

→ Telugu: ద్వీపము (dvīpamu)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwi-Hp-ás (“island”, literally “double-watered”), from *dwi- (“two”, compounding form of *dwáH (“two”)) + *Hā́ps (“water”). Related to Younger Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬇 (duuaēpə̄, “on the island”). For the formation, compare अनूप (anūpá).

com

compounding form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*dwáH</i> (“two”)

cog

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata


सागर

sāgara (romanization)
सागरः (nominative singular)
सागरौ (dual nominative)
सागरा1 (dual nominative)
सागराः (nominative plural)
सागरासः1 (nominative plural)
सागर (singular vocative)
सागरौ (dual vocative)
सागरा1 (dual vocative)
सागराः (plural vocative)
सागरासः1 (plural vocative)
सागरम् (accusative singular)
सागरौ (accusative dual)
सागरा1 (accusative dual)
सागरान् (accusative plural)
सागरेण (instrumental singular)
सागराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सागरैः (instrumental plural)
सागरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
सागराय (dative singular)
सागराभ्याम् (dative dual)
सागरेभ्यः (dative plural)
सागरात् (ablative singular)
सागराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सागरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सागरस्य (genitive singular)
सागरयोः (dual genitive)
सागराणाम् (genitive plural)
सागरे (locative singular)
सागरयोः (dual locative)
सागरेषु (locative plural)

Pali: sāgara

desctree

→ Old Javanese: sāgara
Javanese: ꦱꦒꦫ (sagara, ngoko), ꦱꦼꦒꦫ (segara)
Javanese: ꦱꦒꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀ (saganten, krama), ꦱꦼꦒꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀ (seganten)
→ Balinese: ᬲᬵᬕᬭ (sagara, segara), ᬲᬕᬭ (sagara)

→ Malay: segara
Indonesian: segara

→ Sundanese: ᮞᮌᮛ (sagara)

desc

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀸𑀕𑀭 (sāgara), 𑀲𑀸𑀬𑀭 (sāyara), 𑀲𑀸𑀅𑀭 (sāara)

desctree

Apabhramsa: सायर (sāyara)
Assamese: হাৱৰ (hawor)
Bengali: সায়র (śaẏor), হাওর (haōr)
Old Hindi: सायर (sāyara)
Sylheti: ꠀꠅꠞ (aor)
→ English: haor
→ Gujarati: હાઓર (hāora)
→ Hindi: हाउर (hāur)

→ Assamese: সাগৰ (xagor)

→ Bengali: সাগর (śagor)

→ Rohingya: cáigor

→ Sylheti: ꠡꠣꠉꠞ (śagor)

→ Hindustani: sāgar m

Hindi: सागर

Urdu: ساگَر

→ Marathi: सागर (sāgar)

→ Sindhi: ساگر m

→ Sinhalese: සාගරය (sāgaraya)

/ˈs̪ɑː.ɡɐ.ɾɐ/

Vṛddhi derivative of सगर (sagara, “ocean, sea”).


मिथिला

Lü: ᦙᦲᧉᦏᦲᦟᦱ (mii²ṫhiilaa)

Mithila, a city said to have been founded by मिथि or मिथिल (it was the capital of विदेह or the modern Tirhut, and residence of King जनक)


धीर

dhī́ra (romanization)
धीरः (nominative singular)
धीरौ (dual nominative)
धीरा1 (dual nominative)
धीराः (nominative plural)
धीरासः1 (nominative plural)
धीर (singular vocative)
धीरौ (dual vocative)
धीरा1 (dual vocative)
धीराः (plural vocative)
धीरासः1 (plural vocative)
धीरम् (accusative singular)
धीरौ (accusative dual)
धीरा1 (accusative dual)
धीरान् (accusative plural)
धीरेण (instrumental singular)
धीराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धीरैः (instrumental plural)
धीरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
धीराय (dative singular)
धीराभ्याम् (dative dual)
धीरेभ्यः (dative plural)
धीरात् (ablative singular)
धीराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धीरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
धीरस्य (genitive singular)
धीरयोः (dual genitive)
धीराणाम् (genitive plural)
धीरे (locative singular)
धीरयोः (dual locative)
धीरेषु (locative plural)
धीरा (nominative singular)
धीरे (dual nominative)
धीराः (nominative plural)
धीरे (singular vocative)
धीरे (dual vocative)
धीराः (plural vocative)
धीराम् (accusative singular)
धीरे (accusative dual)
धीराः (accusative plural)
धीरया (instrumental singular)
धीरा1 (instrumental singular)
धीराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धीराभिः (instrumental plural)
धीरायै (dative singular)
धीराभ्याम् (dative dual)
धीराभ्यः (dative plural)
धीरायाः (ablative singular)
धीरायै2 (ablative singular)
धीराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धीराभ्यः (ablative plural)
धीरायाः (genitive singular)
धीरायै2 (genitive singular)
धीरयोः (dual genitive)
धीराणाम् (genitive plural)
धीरायाम् (locative singular)
धीरयोः (dual locative)
धीरासु (locative plural)
धीरी (nominative singular)
धीर्यौ (dual nominative)
धीरी1 (dual nominative)
धीर्यः (nominative plural)
धीरीः1 (nominative plural)
धीरि (singular vocative)
धीर्यौ (dual vocative)
धीरी1 (dual vocative)
धीर्यः (plural vocative)
धीरीः1 (plural vocative)
धीरीम् (accusative singular)
धीर्यौ (accusative dual)
धीरी1 (accusative dual)
धीरीः (accusative plural)
धीर्या (instrumental singular)
धीरीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धीरीभिः (instrumental plural)
धीर्यै (dative singular)
धीरीभ्याम् (dative dual)
धीरीभ्यः (dative plural)
धीर्याः (ablative singular)
धीर्यै2 (ablative singular)
धीरीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धीरीभ्यः (ablative plural)
धीर्याः (genitive singular)
धीर्यै2 (genitive singular)
धीर्योः (dual genitive)
धीरीणाम् (genitive plural)
धीर्याम् (locative singular)
धीर्योः (dual locative)
धीरीषु (locative plural)
धीरम् (nominative singular)
धीरे (dual nominative)
धीराणि (nominative plural)
धीरा1 (nominative plural)
धीर (singular vocative)
धीरे (dual vocative)
धीराणि (plural vocative)
धीरा1 (plural vocative)
धीरम् (accusative singular)
धीरे (accusative dual)
धीराणि (accusative plural)
धीरा1 (accusative plural)
धीरेण (instrumental singular)
धीराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धीरैः (instrumental plural)
धीरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
धीराय (dative singular)
धीराभ्याम् (dative dual)
धीरेभ्यः (dative plural)
धीरात् (ablative singular)
धीराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धीरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
धीरस्य (genitive singular)
धीरयोः (dual genitive)
धीराणाम् (genitive plural)
धीरे (locative singular)
धीरयोः (dual locative)
धीरेषु (locative plural)

Punjabi: ਧੀਰਾ (dhīrā)

From the root धी (dhī, “to perceive, think”). Later meanings "steady, etc." influenced by the root धृ (dhṛ, “to hold, to be firm”).


ब्रह्मदेश

head

ब्रह्मदेश • (brahmadeśa)

Myanmar, Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


सिंहपुर

siṃhápura (romanization)
सिंहपुरम् (nominative singular)
सिंहपुरे (dual nominative)
सिंहपुराणि (nominative plural)
सिंहपुरा1 (nominative plural)
सिंहपुर (singular vocative)
सिंहपुरे (dual vocative)
सिंहपुराणि (plural vocative)
सिंहपुरा1 (plural vocative)
सिंहपुरम् (accusative singular)
सिंहपुरे (accusative dual)
सिंहपुराणि (accusative plural)
सिंहपुरा1 (accusative plural)
सिंहपुरेण (instrumental singular)
सिंहपुराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सिंहपुरैः (instrumental plural)
सिंहपुरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
सिंहपुराय (dative singular)
सिंहपुराभ्याम् (dative dual)
सिंहपुरेभ्यः (dative plural)
सिंहपुरात् (ablative singular)
सिंहपुराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सिंहपुरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सिंहपुरस्य (genitive singular)
सिंहपुरयोः (dual genitive)
सिंहपुराणाम् (genitive plural)
सिंहपुरे (locative singular)
सिंहपुरयोः (dual locative)
सिंहपुरेषु (locative plural)

Compound of सिंह (siṃhá, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).

com+

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


गोदावरी

head

गोदावरी • (godāvarī)

→ Marathi: गोदावरी (godāvrī)

→ Telugu: గోదావరి (gōdāvari)

/ɡɐw.dɑː.ʋɐ.ɾiː/

/ɡoːˈd̪ɑː.ʋɐ.ɾiː/

From गो (go, “water”) + द (da, “what gives”). Literally "granting water or kine".

Name of a river in the Indian peninsula, the Godavari.


गोत्र

gotra (romanization)
गोत्रम् (nominative singular)
गोत्रे (dual nominative)
गोत्राणि (nominative plural)
गोत्रा1 (nominative plural)
गोत्र (singular vocative)
गोत्रे (dual vocative)
गोत्राणि (plural vocative)
गोत्रा1 (plural vocative)
गोत्रम् (accusative singular)
गोत्रे (accusative dual)
गोत्राणि (accusative plural)
गोत्रा1 (accusative plural)
गोत्रेण (instrumental singular)
गोत्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गोत्रैः (instrumental plural)
गोत्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गोत्राय (dative singular)
गोत्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
गोत्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
गोत्रात् (ablative singular)
गोत्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गोत्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गोत्रस्य (genitive singular)
गोत्रयोः (dual genitive)
गोत्राणाम् (genitive plural)
गोत्रे (locative singular)
गोत्रयोः (dual locative)
गोत्रेषु (locative plural)

Assamese: গোত্ৰ (gütro)

Bengali: গোত্র (gōtro)

Hindi: गोत (got), गोता (gotā)

Punjabi: ਗੋਤ (got)

→ English: gotra

→ Hindi: गोत्र (gotra)

→ Khmer: គោត្ (koŭt)

→ Marathi: गोत्र (gotra)

desc

→ Odia: ଗୋତ୍ର (gotra), ଗୁତର୍ (gutar), ଗୋତର (gotara)

→ Tamil: கோத்திரம் (kōttiram), கோசரம் (kōcaram), கத்தரை (kattarai)

→ Telugu: గోత్రము (gōtramu)

→ Thai: โคตร (kôot)

→ Tocharian B: kottär (learned)

the family name ĀṡvGṛ. MBh. xiii, 548 VarBṛS.

(in Gr.) the grandson and his descendants if no older offspring of the same ancestor than this grandson lives (if the son lives the grandson is called युवन्) Pāṇ. 2-4, 63 ; iv, 1, 89 ff. and 162 ff. ; 2, 111 and 3, 80 and 126

a tribe, subdivision (in the Brahman caste 49 गोत्रs are reckoned and supposed to be sprung from and named after celebrated teachers, as शाण्डिल्य, कश्यप, गौतम, भरद्-वाज, &c.) W.


गोत्र

gotra (romanization)
गोत्रः (nominative singular)
गोत्रौ (dual nominative)
गोत्रा1 (dual nominative)
गोत्राः (nominative plural)
गोत्रासः1 (nominative plural)
गोत्र (singular vocative)
गोत्रौ (dual vocative)
गोत्रा1 (dual vocative)
गोत्राः (plural vocative)
गोत्रासः1 (plural vocative)
गोत्रम् (accusative singular)
गोत्रौ (accusative dual)
गोत्रा1 (accusative dual)
गोत्रान् (accusative plural)
गोत्रेण (instrumental singular)
गोत्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गोत्रैः (instrumental plural)
गोत्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गोत्राय (dative singular)
गोत्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
गोत्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
गोत्रात् (ablative singular)
गोत्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गोत्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गोत्रस्य (genitive singular)
गोत्रयोः (dual genitive)
गोत्राणाम् (genitive plural)
गोत्रे (locative singular)
गोत्रयोः (dual locative)
गोत्रेषु (locative plural)

→ Khmer: គោត្រ (kootrɑɑ)

Odia: ଗୋଧ୍ର (godhra), କୁଧର (kudhara)

→ Tamil: கோத்திரி (kōttiri)

→ Telugu: గోత్రము (gōtramu)

→ Thai: โคตร (kôot)

a mountain (a meaning probably derived fr. -भिद्) BhP. ii, iii, vi


क्षीराब्धि

sa-noun

क्षीराब्धि • (kṣīrābdhi) stem, m

/kʂiːˈɾɑːb.d̪ʱi/

[kʂiːˈɾɑːb̚.d̪ʱi]

A compound of क्षीर (kṣīra) and अब्धि (abdhi).

the sea of milk, one of the seven seas surrounding as many worlds


कलिङ्ग

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Καλίγγαι (Kalíngai)
→ Latin: Calingae

→ Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮𑀺𑀁𑀕 (kaliṃga)

→ Odia: କଳିଙ୍ଗ (kaḷiṅga)

→ Telugu: కళింగము (kaḷiṅgamu)

→ Malay: Keling
→ Indonesian: Keling
→ English: Keling, Kling
→ Min Nan: 吉靈／吉灵 (kiat-lêng)
→ Semai: Keléng

/kɐˈl̪iŋ.ɡɐ/

(in the plural) name of a people and their country (the name is applied in the पुराणs to several places, but especially signifies a district on the Coromandel Coast, extending from below Cuttack (कटक) to the vicinity of Madras (मद्रास)


उत्कल

→ Bengali: উৎকল (utkol)

→ Hindi: उत्कल (utkal)

→ Odia: ଉତ୍କଳ (utkaḷa)


गया

head

गया • (gayā)

Named after the demon गयासुर (gayāsura) (Gayasura), compare असुर (asura).

Gaya (historical and modern city in India)


कामाक्षी

कामाक्षी • (kāmākṣī)

English: Kamakshi

Telugu: కామాక్షి (kāmākṣi)

N. of a district sacred to Durga in Assam.

Name of a district sacred to Durga in Assam.


नर्मदा

Name of a river (the modern Nerbudda) MBh. (she is personified as the wife of पुरु-कुत्sa and mother of त्रस-दस्यु, or as a sister of the उर-गs i.e. serpents, or as a daughter of the सोम-पs)


मगध

/mɐ.ɡɐ́.dʱɐ/

/ˈmɐ.ɡɐ.d̪ʱɐ/

The name is of uncertain origin. One theory recounts that, according to the Tibetan translator Chak Lotsawa, it derives from मध्य (madhya, “middle”) + गति (gati, “becoming”), referencing both its location in India and it being a place of reflection and meditation. This is also suggested by the Tibetan translation, དབུས་འགྱུར་འཆང (dbus 'gyur 'chang, “holding that which became the center”).
Another theory translates the name as "great bull," from महत् (mahat) and Sumerian 𒄞 (/gud/, “bull”) (likely by way of Iranian).

name of a country in ancient India, in southern Bihar


शृङ्गेरि

sa-proper noun

शृङ्गेरि • (śṛṅgeri) stem, ?

Sringeri: Name of a hill and town in Mysore, India.


प्रवाह

sa-noun

प्रवाह • (pravāha) stem, m or f by sense

→ Hindi: प्रवाह (pravāh)

→ Marathi: प्रवाह (pravāh)

→ Telugu: ప్రవాహము (pravāhamu)

From प्रवह् (pravah, “to carry forwards”).


मञ्जीरा

English: Manjira

Telugu: మంజీర (mañjīra)


तुङ्गभद्रा

तुङ्ग (tuṅga, “Tunga”) + भद्रा (bhadrā, “Bhadra”)

compound

Name of a river in South India, flows mostly in Karnataka state and joins Krishna river. It is formed by the junction of Tunga and Bhadra rivers.


तुङ्ग

Given the immense number of alternative forms, most likely from a substrate. Related to Nepali डुङ्गुर् (ḍuṅgur), Hindi डूंगर (ḍūṅgar), टेकरा (ṭekrā), Bengali ডাঙা (ḍaṅa), Odia ଡୁଙ୍ଗୁରି (ḍuṅguri), Marwari डूंगर (ḍūṅgar), Punjabi ਟੇਕਰਾ (ṭekrā), Gujarati ટેકરો (ṭekro) and ડુંગર (ḍuṅgar).


सरयु

name of a river (commonly called Surjoo; on which stood the ancient city Ayodhya


ताल

tāla (romanization)
तालः (nominative singular)
तालौ (dual nominative)
ताला1 (dual nominative)
तालाः (nominative plural)
तालासः1 (nominative plural)
ताल (singular vocative)
तालौ (dual vocative)
ताला1 (dual vocative)
तालाः (plural vocative)
तालासः1 (plural vocative)
तालम् (accusative singular)
तालौ (accusative dual)
ताला1 (accusative dual)
तालान् (accusative plural)
तालेन (instrumental singular)
तालाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तालैः (instrumental plural)
तालेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तालाय (dative singular)
तालाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तालेभ्यः (dative plural)
तालात् (ablative singular)
तालाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तालेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तालस्य (genitive singular)
तालयोः (dual genitive)
तालानाम् (genitive plural)
ताले (locative singular)
तालयोः (dual locative)
तालेषु (locative plural)


अलकनन्दा

name of a river that runs from the Himalayas and falls into the Ganges


भोट

bhoṭa (romanization)
भोटः (nominative singular)
भोटौ (dual nominative)
भोटाः (nominative plural)
भोट (singular vocative)
भोटौ (dual vocative)
भोटाः (plural vocative)
भोटम् (accusative singular)
भोटौ (accusative dual)
भोटान् (accusative plural)
भोटेन (instrumental singular)
भोटाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भोटैः (instrumental plural)
भोटाय (dative singular)
भोटाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भोटेभ्यः (dative plural)
भोटात् (ablative singular)
भोटाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भोटेभ्यः (ablative plural)
भोटस्य (genitive singular)
भोटयोः (dual genitive)
भोटानाम् (genitive plural)
भोटे (locative singular)
भोटयोः (dual locative)
भोटेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of भोट


भोटान्त

/bʱoːˈʈɑːn̪.t̪ɐ/

"The end of Tibet," compound of भोट (bhoṭa, “Tibet”) + अन्त (anta, “end”), possibly as calque of Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta). More at Bhutan.


शर्मण्यदेश

śarmaṇyadeśa (romanization)
शर्मण्यदेशः (nominative singular)
शर्मण्यदेशौ (dual nominative)
शर्मण्यदेशाः (nominative plural)
शर्मण्यदेश (singular vocative)
शर्मण्यदेशौ (dual vocative)
शर्मण्यदेशाः (plural vocative)
शर्मण्यदेशम् (accusative singular)
शर्मण्यदेशौ (accusative dual)
शर्मण्यदेशान् (accusative plural)
शर्मण्यदेशेन (instrumental singular)
शर्मण्यदेशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शर्मण्यदेशैः (instrumental plural)
शर्मण्यदेशाय (dative singular)
शर्मण्यदेशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
शर्मण्यदेशेभ्यः (dative plural)
शर्मण्यदेशात् (ablative singular)
शर्मण्यदेशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शर्मण्यदेशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शर्मण्यदेशस्य (genitive singular)
शर्मण्यदेशयोः (dual genitive)
शर्मण्यदेशानाम् (genitive plural)
शर्मण्यदेशे (locative singular)
शर्मण्यदेशयोः (dual locative)
शर्मण्यदेशेषु (locative plural)

/ɕɐɾ.mɐɳ.jɐˈd̪eː.ɕɐ/

From शर्मण्य (śarmaṇya, “German”) + देश (deśa, “country”).

1940, Yajñeśvara Cimaṇṇa Bhaṭṭa, Ārya-vidyā Sudhākaraḥ [Compendium of Hindu Culture and Philosophy], Moti Lal Banarsi Dass:

(New Sanskrit) Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


स्थावर

sthāvara (romanization)
स्थावरम् (nominative singular)
स्थावरे (dual nominative)
स्थावराणि (nominative plural)
स्थावर (singular vocative)
स्थावरे (dual vocative)
स्थावराणि (plural vocative)
स्थावरम् (accusative singular)
स्थावरे (accusative dual)
स्थावराणि (accusative plural)
स्थावरेण (instrumental singular)
स्थावराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
स्थावरैः (instrumental plural)
स्थावराय (dative singular)
स्थावराभ्याम् (dative dual)
स्थावरेभ्यः (dative plural)
स्थावरात् (ablative singular)
स्थावराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
स्थावरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
स्थावरस्य (genitive singular)
स्थावरयोः (dual genitive)
स्थावराणाम् (genitive plural)
स्थावरे (locative singular)
स्थावरयोः (dual locative)
स्थावरेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">स्थावर</i>

स्थावराभ्याम्

स्थावराभ्याम्

स्थावराभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

स्थावराभ्याम्

स्थावराभ्याम्

स्थावराभ्याम्

/stʰɑː.ʋɐ.ɾɐ/

/ˈs̪t̪ʰɑː.ʋɐ.ɾɐ/


पाटलिपुत्र

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀝𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢 (pāṭaliputa /pāṭaliputta/)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀮𑀺𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pāḍaliutta)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀮𑀺𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pāḍaliutta), 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pāḍaliputta)
Paisaci Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀝𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pāṭaliputta)

→ Ancient Greek: Παλιμβόθρα (Palimbóthra)
→ Latin: Palimbothra

desc

పాటలీపుత్రము

⇒ Telugu: పాటలీపుత్రము (pāṭalīputramu)

Compound of पाटलि (pāṭali) + पुत्र (putra); the first element is perhaps related to पाटल (pāṭala). Previously known by names like पाटलिग्राम (pāṭaligrāma) and पाटलिपुर (pāṭalipura).

com+

Pataliputra (the ancient capital of the Magadha kingdom; modern Patna)

𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀅

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑀸𑀝𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢-𑀓 (*pāṭaliputta-ka)


लण्ड्र

laṇḍra (romanization)
लण्ड्रः (nominative singular)
लण्ड्र (singular vocative)
लण्ड्रम् (accusative singular)
लण्ड्रेण (instrumental singular)
लण्ड्राय (dative singular)
लण्ड्रात् (ablative singular)
लण्ड्रस्य (genitive singular)
लण्ड्रे (locative singular)

From French Londres, ultimately from Latin Londinium.

(New Sanskrit) London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


बाङ्गलादेश

sa-proper noun

बाङ्गलादेश • (bāṅgalādeśa) stem, m

bāṅgalādeśa (romanization)
बाङ्गलादेशः (nominative singular)
बाङ्गलादेश (singular vocative)
बाङ्गलादेशम् (accusative singular)
बाङ्गलादेशेन (instrumental singular)
बाङ्गलादेशाय (dative singular)
बाङ्गलादेशात् (ablative singular)
बाङ्गलादेशस्य (genitive singular)
बाङ्गलादेशे (locative singular)

/bɑːŋ.ɡɐ.l̪ɑːˈd̪eː.ɕɐ/

Borrowed from Hindi बांग्लादेश (bāṅglādeś).

bor+

बाङ्ग्लादेशस्य कस्यचन अनामकवेः बङ्गभाषीयं काव्यं “सोनारबङ्गभूमे”ऽनूदितम्।

2001, Chandrabhushan Jha, दिल्लीस्था विंशशताब्दीयाः संस्कृत-रचनाकाराः [20ᵗʰ century Sanskrit authors of Delhi], New Delhi: Delhi Sanskrit Academy, →OCLC, page 81:

A poem in Bengali language “Sonārabaṅgabhūme”, of some anonymous poet of Bangladesh, is translated.

bāṅglādeśasya kasyacana anāmakaveḥ baṅgabhāṣīyaṃ kāvyaṃ “sonārabaṅgabhūme”ʼnūditam.

(New Sanskrit) Bangladesh (a country in South Asia)

sa:बाङ्गलादेश


ताम्रपर्णी

tāmraparṇī (romanization)
ताम्रपर्णी (nominative singular)
ताम्रपर्ण्यौ (dual nominative)
ताम्रपर्णी1 (dual nominative)
ताम्रपर्ण्यः (nominative plural)
ताम्रपर्णीः1 (nominative plural)
ताम्रपर्णि (singular vocative)
ताम्रपर्ण्यौ (dual vocative)
ताम्रपर्णी1 (dual vocative)
ताम्रपर्ण्यः (plural vocative)
ताम्रपर्णीः1 (plural vocative)
ताम्रपर्णीम् (accusative singular)
ताम्रपर्ण्यौ (accusative dual)
ताम्रपर्णी1 (accusative dual)
ताम्रपर्णीः (accusative plural)
ताम्रपर्ण्या (instrumental singular)
ताम्रपर्णीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ताम्रपर्णीभिः (instrumental plural)
ताम्रपर्ण्यै (dative singular)
ताम्रपर्णीभ्याम् (dative dual)
ताम्रपर्णीभ्यः (dative plural)
ताम्रपर्ण्याः (ablative singular)
ताम्रपर्ण्यै2 (ablative singular)
ताम्रपर्णीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ताम्रपर्णीभ्यः (ablative plural)
ताम्रपर्ण्याः (genitive singular)
ताम्रपर्ण्यै2 (genitive singular)
ताम्रपर्ण्योः (dual genitive)
ताम्रपर्णीनाम् (genitive plural)
ताम्रपर्ण्याम् (locative singular)
ताम्रपर्ण्योः (dual locative)
ताम्रपर्णीषु (locative plural)

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀢𑀁𑀩𑀧𑀁𑀦𑀺 (taṃbapaṃni), 𑀢𑀁𑀩𑀧𑀁𑀡𑀺 (taṃbapaṃṇi), 𑀢𑀁𑀩𑀧𑀡𑀺 (taṃbapaṇi)
→ Ancient Greek: Ταπροβάνη (Taprobánē), Ταπροβανᾶ (Taprobanâ), Ταπροβανῆ (Taprobanê)
→ Latin: Tāprobanē, Tāprobana
→ Old English: Deprobane
→ Portuguese: Taprobana (learned)

Pali: tambapaṇṇī

→ Sinhalese: තම්බපණ්ණිය (tambapaṇṇiya)

→ Tamil: தாமிரபரணி (tāmiraparaṇi)

→ English: Thamirabarani

/t̪ɑːm.ɾɐˈpɐɾ.ɳiː/

From ताम्र (tāmra, “copper”) + पर्ण (parṇa, “leaf”) + -ई (-ī).
Some suppose the "town in Sri Lanka" sense to be a hypercorrect form of *ताम्रवर्णी (tāmravarṇī, literally “copper-coloured”), but the Ashokan Prakrit forms make this problematic.

af

Thamirabarani (a river in Tamil Nadu, India)


केनडा

/ˈkeː.n̪ɐ.ɖɑː/

Borrowed from English Canada, from Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”).

der

(New Sanskrit) Canada (a country in North America)


अमेरिकायाः संयुक्तराज्यानि

sa-proper noun

अमेरिकायाः संयुक्तराज्यानि • (amerikāyāḥ saṃyuktarājyāni) stem, n

/ɐ.meː.ɾiˈkɑː.jɑːh s̪ɐ̃.juk.t̪ɐ.ɾɑːd͡ʑˈjɑː.n̪i/

[ɐ.meː.ɾiˈkɑː.jɑːhɑ̆ s̪ɐ̃.juk̚.t̪ɐ.ɾɑːd͡ʑˈjɑː.n̪i]

Calque of English United States of America

calque

United States of America
United States of America#English

(New Sanskrit) United States of America (a country in North America)

sa:अमेरिकायाः संयुक्तराज्यानि

en-अमेरिकायाः_संयुक्तराज्यानि-sa-name-6DbKFMqU


सगर

sagara (romanization)
सगरः (nominative singular)
सगरौ (dual nominative)
सगराः (nominative plural)
सगर (singular vocative)
सगरौ (dual vocative)
सगराः (plural vocative)
सगरम् (accusative singular)
सगरौ (accusative dual)
सगरान् (accusative plural)
सगरेण (instrumental singular)
सगराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सगरैः (instrumental plural)
सगराय (dative singular)
सगराभ्याम् (dative dual)
सगरेभ्यः (dative plural)
सगरात् (ablative singular)
सगराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सगरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सगरस्य (genitive singular)
सगरयोः (dual genitive)
सगराणाम् (genitive plural)
सगरे (locative singular)
सगरयोः (dual locative)
सगरेषु (locative plural)

Compound of स- (sa-, “with”) + गर (gará, “poison”).

com+

/ˈs̪ɐ.ɡɐ.ɾɐ/

(Hinduism) Sagara, a king of Ayodhya, and the father of Asamanjasa.


इरावती

irāvatī (romanization)
इरावती (nominative singular)
इरावत्यौ (dual nominative)
इरावती1 (dual nominative)
इरावत्यः (nominative plural)
इरावतीः1 (nominative plural)
इरावति (singular vocative)
इरावत्यौ (dual vocative)
इरावती1 (dual vocative)
इरावत्यः (plural vocative)
इरावतीः1 (plural vocative)
इरावतीम् (accusative singular)
इरावत्यौ (accusative dual)
इरावती1 (accusative dual)
इरावतीः (accusative plural)
इरावत्या (instrumental singular)
इरावतीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
इरावतीभिः (instrumental plural)
इरावत्यै (dative singular)
इरावतीभ्याम् (dative dual)
इरावतीभ्यः (dative plural)
इरावत्याः (ablative singular)
इरावत्यै2 (ablative singular)
इरावतीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
इरावतीभ्यः (ablative plural)
इरावत्याः (genitive singular)
इरावत्यै2 (genitive singular)
इरावत्योः (dual genitive)
इरावतीनाम् (genitive plural)
इरावत्याम् (locative singular)
इरावत्योः (dual locative)
इरावतीषु (locative plural)

→ Burmese: ဧရာဝတီ (erawa.ti)

→ English: Irrawaddy

→ Khmer: ឥរាវតី (ʼiraavĕəʼtəy)

/í.ɾɑː.ʋɐ.tiː/

/iˈɾɑː.ʋɐ.t̪iː/

(geography) Ravi (a river in India and Pakistan)


चन्द्रभागा

candrabhāgā́ (romanization)
चन्द्रभागा (nominative singular)
चन्द्रभागे (dual nominative)
चन्द्रभागाः (nominative plural)
चन्द्रभागे (singular vocative)
चन्द्रभागे (dual vocative)
चन्द्रभागाः (plural vocative)
चन्द्रभागाम् (accusative singular)
चन्द्रभागे (accusative dual)
चन्द्रभागाः (accusative plural)
चन्द्रभागया (instrumental singular)
चन्द्रभागा1 (instrumental singular)
चन्द्रभागाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चन्द्रभागाभिः (instrumental plural)
चन्द्रभागायै (dative singular)
चन्द्रभागाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चन्द्रभागाभ्यः (dative plural)
चन्द्रभागायाः (ablative singular)
चन्द्रभागायै2 (ablative singular)
चन्द्रभागाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चन्द्रभागाभ्यः (ablative plural)
चन्द्रभागायाः (genitive singular)
चन्द्रभागायै2 (genitive singular)
चन्द्रभागयोः (dual genitive)
चन्द्रभागाणाम् (genitive plural)
चन्द्रभागायाम् (locative singular)
चन्द्रभागयोः (dual locative)
चन्द्रभागासु (locative plural)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā)
Punjabi: jhanāṉ
Gurmukhi script: ਝਨਾਂ
Shahmukhi script: جَھناں

Persian: چناب (čanāb)
→ Azerbaijani: Çənab
→ Chagatai: چَناب
Uyghur: چەناب (chenab)
Uzbek: Chanob
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: चनाब (canāb)
Urdu: چَناب (canāb)
→ Ottoman Turkish: چَناب (Çenab)
Turkish: Çenab
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਚਨਾਬ (canāb)
Punjabi: چَناب (canāb)
→ Sindhi: چَناب

→ Hindustani: candrabhāgā

desc

Hindi: चंद्रभागा

Hindi: चंद्रभागा

چَن٘دْرَبھاگا

Urdu: چَن٘دْرَبھاگا

Urdu: چَن٘دْرَبھاگا

/t͡ɕɐn.dɾɐ.bʱɑː.ɡɑ́ː/

/t͡ɕɐn̪.d̪ɾɐˈbʱɑː.ɡɑː/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)
Compound of चन्द्र (candrá, “shining, moon”) + भागा (bhāgā́, “parts, portions”).


वितस्ता

vitástā (romanization)
वितस्ता (nominative singular)
वितस्ते (singular vocative)
वितस्ताम् (accusative singular)
वितस्तया (instrumental singular)
वितस्ता1 (instrumental singular)
वितस्तायै (dative singular)
वितस्तायाः (ablative singular)
वितस्तायै2 (ablative singular)
वितस्तायाः (genitive singular)
वितस्तायै2 (genitive singular)
वितस्तायाम् (locative singular)

/ʋiˈt̪ɐs̪.t̪ɑː/

(geography) Jhelum (a river in India and Pakistan)


शुतुद्री

sa-prop

शुतुद्री • (śútudrī) stem, f

śútudrī (romanization)
शुतुद्री (nominative singular)
शुतुद्रि (singular vocative)
शुतुद्रीम् (accusative singular)
शुतुद्र्या (instrumental singular)
शुतुद्र्यै (dative singular)
शुतुद्र्याः (ablative singular)
शुतुद्र्यै1 (ablative singular)
शुतुद्र्याः (genitive singular)
शुतुद्र्यै1 (genitive singular)
शुतुद्र्याम् (locative singular)

(geography) Sutlej (a river in China, India and Pakistan)


आर्जीकीया

आर्जीकीया • (ā́rjīkīya) stem, f

ā́rjīkīya (romanization)
आर्जीकीया (nominative singular)
आर्जीकीये (singular vocative)
आर्जीकीयाम् (accusative singular)
आर्जीकीयया (instrumental singular)
आर्जीकीया1 (instrumental singular)
आर्जीकीयायै (dative singular)
आर्जीकीयायाः (ablative singular)
आर्जीकीयायै2 (ablative singular)
आर्जीकीयायाः (genitive singular)
आर्जीकीयायै2 (genitive singular)
आर्जीकीयायाम् (locative singular)

/ɑ́ːɾ.d͡ʑiː.kiː.jɑː/

/ɑːɾ.d͡ʑiːˈkiː.jɑː/


सुषोमा

suṣómā (romanization)
सुषोमा (nominative singular)
सुषोमे (singular vocative)
सुषोमाम् (accusative singular)
सुषोमया (instrumental singular)
सुषोमा1 (instrumental singular)
सुषोमायै (dative singular)
सुषोमायाः (ablative singular)
सुषोमायै2 (ablative singular)
सुषोमायाः (genitive singular)
सुषोमायै2 (genitive singular)
सुषोमायाम् (locative singular)


परुष्णी

परुष्णी • (páruṣṇī) stem, f

páruṣṇī (romanization)
परुष्णी (nominative singular)
परुष्ण्यौ (dual nominative)
परुष्णी1 (dual nominative)
परुष्ण्यः (nominative plural)
परुष्णीः1 (nominative plural)
परुष्णि (singular vocative)
परुष्ण्यौ (dual vocative)
परुष्णी1 (dual vocative)
परुष्ण्यः (plural vocative)
परुष्णीः1 (plural vocative)
परुष्णीम् (accusative singular)
परुष्ण्यौ (accusative dual)
परुष्णी1 (accusative dual)
परुष्णीः (accusative plural)
परुष्ण्या (instrumental singular)
परुष्णीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
परुष्णीभिः (instrumental plural)
परुष्ण्यै (dative singular)
परुष्णीभ्याम् (dative dual)
परुष्णीभ्यः (dative plural)
परुष्ण्याः (ablative singular)
परुष्ण्यै2 (ablative singular)
परुष्णीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
परुष्णीभ्यः (ablative plural)
परुष्ण्याः (genitive singular)
परुष्ण्यै2 (genitive singular)
परुष्ण्योः (dual genitive)
परुष्णीनाम् (genitive plural)
परुष्ण्याम् (locative singular)
परुष्ण्योः (dual locative)
परुष्णीषु (locative plural)

/pɐˈɾuʂ.ɳiː/


असिक्नी

ásiknī (romanization)
asiknī́ (romanization)
असिक्नी (nominative singular)
असिक्न्यौ (dual nominative)
असिक्नी1 (dual nominative)
असिक्न्यः (nominative plural)
असिक्नीः1 (nominative plural)
असिक्नि (singular vocative)
असिक्न्यौ (dual vocative)
असिक्नी1 (dual vocative)
असिक्न्यः (plural vocative)
असिक्नीः1 (plural vocative)
असिक्नीम् (accusative singular)
असिक्न्यौ (accusative dual)
असिक्नी1 (accusative dual)
असिक्नीः (accusative plural)
असिक्न्या (instrumental singular)
असिक्नीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
असिक्नीभिः (instrumental plural)
असिक्न्यै (dative singular)
असिक्नीभ्याम् (dative dual)
असिक्नीभ्यः (dative plural)
असिक्न्याः (ablative singular)
असिक्न्यै2 (ablative singular)
असिक्नीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
असिक्नीभ्यः (ablative plural)
असिक्न्याः (genitive singular)
असिक्न्यै2 (genitive singular)
असिक्न्योः (dual genitive)
असिक्नीनाम् (genitive plural)
असिक्न्याम् (locative singular)
असिक्न्योः (dual locative)
असिक्नीषु (locative plural)
असिक्नी (nominative singular)
असिक्न्यौ (dual nominative)
असिक्नी1 (dual nominative)
असिक्न्यः (nominative plural)
असिक्नीः1 (nominative plural)
असिक्नि (singular vocative)
असिक्न्यौ (dual vocative)
असिक्नी1 (dual vocative)
असिक्न्यः (plural vocative)
असिक्नीः1 (plural vocative)
असिक्नीम् (accusative singular)
असिक्न्यौ (accusative dual)
असिक्नी1 (accusative dual)
असिक्नीः (accusative plural)
असिक्न्या (instrumental singular)
असिक्नीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
असिक्नीभिः (instrumental plural)
असिक्न्यै (dative singular)
असिक्नीभ्याम् (dative dual)
असिक्नीभ्यः (dative plural)
असिक्न्याः (ablative singular)
असिक्न्यै2 (ablative singular)
असिक्नीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
असिक्नीभ्यः (ablative plural)
असिक्न्याः (genitive singular)
असिक्न्यै2 (genitive singular)
असिक्न्योः (dual genitive)
असिक्नीनाम् (genitive plural)
असिक्न्याम् (locative singular)
असिक्न्योः (dual locative)
असिक्नीषु (locative plural)

desctree

Ancient Greek: Ἀκεσίνης (Akesínēs)
Greek: Ακεσίνης (Akesínis)
→ Latin: Acesīnēs

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásitas
Sanskrit असित (asita)
Sanskrit असिक्नी (asiknī)
Feminine of असित (ásita, “dark-coloured, black”).

etymon

(Vedic) Asikni, Acesines, Chenab (a river in India and Pakistan)


कुभा

kúbhā (romanization)
कुभा (nominative singular)
कुभे (singular vocative)
कुभाम् (accusative singular)
कुभया (instrumental singular)
कुभा1 (instrumental singular)
कुभायै (dative singular)
कुभायाः (ablative singular)
कुभायै2 (ablative singular)
कुभायाः (genitive singular)
कुभायै2 (genitive singular)
कुभायाम् (locative singular)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kúbʱaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kúbʱaH.

Kabul (a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan)


क्रुमु

krúmu (romanization)
क्रुमुः (nominative singular)
क्रुमू (dual nominative)
क्रुमवः (nominative plural)
क्रुमो (singular vocative)
क्रुमू (dual vocative)
क्रुमवः (plural vocative)
क्रुमुम् (accusative singular)
क्रुमू (accusative dual)
क्रुमूः (accusative plural)
क्रुम्वा (instrumental singular)
क्रुमुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्रुमुभिः (instrumental plural)
क्रुमवे (dative singular)
क्रुम्वै1 (dative singular)
क्रुमुभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्रुमुभ्यः (dative plural)
क्रुमोः (ablative singular)
क्रुम्वाः1 (ablative singular)
क्रुम्वै2 (ablative singular)
क्रुमुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्रुमुभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्रुमोः (genitive singular)
क्रुम्वाः1 (genitive singular)
क्रुम्वै2 (genitive singular)
क्रुम्वोः (dual genitive)
क्रुमूणाम् (genitive plural)
क्रुमौ (locative singular)
क्रुम्वाम्1 (locative singular)
क्रुम्वोः (dual locative)
क्रुमुषु (locative plural)


गोमती

gomatī́ (romanization)
गोमती (nominative singular)
गोमत्यौ (dual nominative)
गोमती1 (dual nominative)
गोमत्यः (nominative plural)
गोमतीः1 (nominative plural)
गोमति (singular vocative)
गोमत्यौ (dual vocative)
गोमती1 (dual vocative)
गोमत्यः (plural vocative)
गोमतीः1 (plural vocative)
गोमतीम् (accusative singular)
गोमत्यौ (accusative dual)
गोमती1 (accusative dual)
गोमतीः (accusative plural)
गोमत्या (instrumental singular)
गोमतीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गोमतीभिः (instrumental plural)
गोमत्यै (dative singular)
गोमतीभ्याम् (dative dual)
गोमतीभ्यः (dative plural)
गोमत्याः (ablative singular)
गोमत्यै2 (ablative singular)
गोमतीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गोमतीभ्यः (ablative plural)
गोमत्याः (genitive singular)
गोमत्यै2 (genitive singular)
गोमत्योः (dual genitive)
गोमतीनाम् (genitive plural)
गोमत्याम् (locative singular)
गोमत्योः (dual locative)
गोमतीषु (locative plural)

Gomal (a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan)


निलिम्पनिर्झरी

sa-prop

निलिम्पनिर्झरी • (nilimpanirjharī) stem, f

nilimpanirjharī (romanization)
निलिम्पनिर्झरी (nominative singular)
निलिम्पनिर्झरि (singular vocative)
निलिम्पनिर्झरीम् (accusative singular)
निलिम्पनिर्झर्या (instrumental singular)
निलिम्पनिर्झर्यै (dative singular)
निलिम्पनिर्झर्याः (ablative singular)
निलिम्पनिर्झर्याः (genitive singular)
निलिम्पनिर्झर्याम् (locative singular)

Tatpuruṣa compound of निलिम्प (nilimpa, “god”) + निर्झरी (nirjharī, “waterfall; river”), literally “river of the gods”.

com

निलिम्पनिर्झरीधर ― nilimpanirjharīdhara ― Śiva (literally, “bearing the Ganga”)

कदा निलिम्पनिर्झरीनिकुञ्जकोटरे वसन्
विमुक्तदुर्मतिः सदा शिरःस्थम् अञ्जलिं वहन् ।
विमुक्तलोललोचनो ललामभाललग्नकः
शिवेति मन्त्रम् उच्चरन् कदा सुखी भवाम्य् अहम् ॥
kadā nilimpanirjharīnikuñjakoṭare vasan
vimuktadurmatiḥ sadā śiraḥstham añjaliṃ vahan.
vimuktalolalocano lalāmabhālalagnakaḥ
śiveti mantram uccaran kadā sukhī bhavāmy aham.
When will I be living in a dwelling cave near Ganga;
Carrying the Añjali Mudrā on my head;
Free from greedy eyes and with forehead marked [with the auspicious Tripuṇḍra];

Uttering the mantra ‘Śiva’, when will I be happy.

an epithet of Ganga (a river in India), considered celestial and holy


इन्द्रपुर

indrapura (romanization)
इन्द्रपुरम् (nominative singular)
इन्द्रपुरे (dual nominative)
इन्द्रपुराणि (nominative plural)
इन्द्रपुर (singular vocative)
इन्द्रपुरे (dual vocative)
इन्द्रपुराणि (plural vocative)
इन्द्रपुरम् (accusative singular)
इन्द्रपुरे (accusative dual)
इन्द्रपुराणि (accusative plural)
इन्द्रपुरेण (instrumental singular)
इन्द्रपुराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
इन्द्रपुरैः (instrumental plural)
इन्द्रपुराय (dative singular)
इन्द्रपुराभ्याम् (dative dual)
इन्द्रपुरेभ्यः (dative plural)
इन्द्रपुरात् (ablative singular)
इन्द्रपुराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
इन्द्रपुरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
इन्द्रपुरस्य (genitive singular)
इन्द्रपुरयोः (dual genitive)
इन्द्रपुराणाम् (genitive plural)
इन्द्रपुरे (locative singular)
इन्द्रपुरयोः (dual locative)
इन्द्रपुरेषु (locative plural)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀇𑀁𑀤𑀧𑀼𑀭 (iṃdapura)
Hindustani: indaur
Hindi: इंदौर, इन्दौर
Urdu: اِنْدَور
→ Malayalam: ഇന്ദോർ (indōṟ)
Gujarati: ઈંદોર (īndor)
Marathi:
Devanagari script: इंदूर (indūr)
Modi script: 𑘃𑘽𑘟𑘳𑘨 (īndur)
→ Malayalam: ഇന്ദൂരം (indūraṁ)

desc

→ Khmer: ឥន្ទ្របុរៈ (ʼĕnôtrôbŏréaʼ)

→ Khmer: ឥន្ទ្របុរៈ (ʼĕnôtrôbŏréaʼ)

⇒ Malay:

(سياك سري) ايندراڤورا

سياك سري ايندراڤورا

Arabic script: (سياك سري) ايندراڤورا

Arabic script: (سياك سري) ايندراڤورا

Latin script: (Siak Sri) Inderapura

Tatpuruṣa compound of इन्द्र (indra) + पुर (pura), literally “Indra's city”.

com

इन्द्रपुरे नगरे विक्रमसिंहनामा राजपुत्रस्तस्य सहचरी रतनादेवी ।

1889, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Dissertationen, volume 16, page 13:

In the city of Indrapura, there was a prince named Vikram Singh and his companion was Ratna Devi.

indrapure nagare vikramasiṃhanāmā rājaputrastasya sahacarī ratanādevī.

जैन उपाश्रयः इन्द्रपुरं (इन्दौर) (म.प्र.)

1970, Śubhaśīlagaṇi, Śatruñjayakalpavṛtti (Āgamoddhārakagranthamālā, no. 41), →LCCN:

jaina upāśrayaḥ indrapuraṃ (indaura) (ma.pra.)

Indore (a city in Madhya Pradesh, India)


तमसा

tamasā (romanization)
तमसा (nominative singular)
तमसे (dual nominative)
तमसाः (nominative plural)
तमसे (singular vocative)
तमसे (dual vocative)
तमसाः (plural vocative)
तमसाम् (accusative singular)
तमसे (accusative dual)
तमसाः (accusative plural)
तमसया (instrumental singular)
तमसाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तमसाभिः (instrumental plural)
तमसायै (dative singular)
तमसाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तमसाभ्यः (dative plural)
तमसायाः (ablative singular)
तमसाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तमसाभ्यः (ablative plural)
तमसायाः (genitive singular)
तमसयोः (dual genitive)
तमसानाम् (genitive plural)
तमसायाम् (locative singular)
तमसयोः (dual locative)
तमसासु (locative plural)

Bhojpuri: टौंस (ṭauns)

Gujarati: તોન્સ (tons)

Hindustani:

Hindi: टौंस (ṭa͠us)

Urdu: ٹَوںس (ṭa͠us)

Borrowings

→ Bhojpuri: तमसा (tamᵊsā) (learned)

→ Gujarati: તમસા (tamsā) (learned)

→ Hindi: तमसा (tamsā) (learned)

→ Malayalam: തമസാ (tamasā) (learned)

→ Tamil: தமசா (tamacā) (learned)

/ˈt̪ɐ.mɐ.s̪ɑː/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *temH-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *témHos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *támHas
Sanskrit तमस् (tamas)
Sanskrit तमसा (tamasā)
Feminine of तमस (tamasa, “dark-coloured; darkness”), thematicised from तमस् (tamas, “darkness”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (“darkness”).
Cognate with many Indo-European river names, most notably English Thames; see there for more.
Compare the semantically similar Sanskrit असिक्नी (asiknī, “Chenab river; the night”).

ncog

तमसा नर्मदा चैव नदी गोदावरी तथा ।
वेण्णा प्रवेणी भीमा च मेद्रथा चैव भारत ॥
tamasā narmadā caiva nadī godāvarī tathā.
veṇṇā praveṇī bhīmā ca medrathā caiva bhārata.
[…] the Tamasa, the Narmada, the Godavari, the Vena, the Upavena, the Bhima, the Vadawa, the Bharati […]

स मुहूर्तं गते तस्मिन्देवलोकं मुनिस्तदा ।
जगाम तमसातीरं जाह्नव्यास्त्वविदूरतः ॥
sa muhūrtaṃ gate tasmindevalokaṃ munistadā.
jagāma tamasātīraṃ jāhnavyāstvavidūrataḥ.
1998—2008 translation by Sri Desiraju Hanumanta Rao

Then, on Narada's going to the world of gods in a trice, that sage Valmiki went to the banks of Tamasa river not far from Jahnavi river.

c. 300 CE, Harivaṃśa 12828

c. 400 CE, Kālidāsa, Raghuvaṃśa 9.16

Tamasa, Tamsa, Tons (a river and tributary of the Ganga in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, India)


पञ्चनद

→ Bengali: পঞ্চনদ (ponconod)

desc

→ Classical Persian: پَنْجَاب (panjāb) (calque) (see there for further descendants)

→ Hindi: पंचनद (pañcnad)

→ Punjabi: ਪੰਚਨਦ (pañcnad), ਪੰਜਨਦ (pañjnad)

पञ्च (pañca, “five”) + नद (nada, “river”)

af

Islamabad Capital Territory
Islamabad Capital Territory

Punjab (a geographical region of South Asia, divided (by the Radcliffe Line) between India and Pakistan. Pakistani Punjab includes the (West) Punjab Province and parts of the Islamabad Capital Territory; Indian Punjab includes (East) Punjab State and some other territories.)