महाराष्ट्र

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महाराष्ट्र • (mahārā́ṣṭra)

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀭𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀞 (marahaṭṭha) (see there for further descendants)

Assamese: মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ (moharastro)

Bengali: মহারাষ্ট্র (moharaśṭro)

Gujarati: મહારાષ્ટ્ર (mahārāṣṭra)

Hindustani: mahārāṣṭra

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Hindi: महाराष्ट्र

Hindi: महाराष्ट्र

Urdu: مہاراشٹر

Urdu: مہاراشٹر

Kannada: ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ (mahārāṣṭra)

Marathi: महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)

Newar: महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)

Newar: महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)

Telugu: మహారాష్ట్ర (mahārāṣṭra)

/mɐ.ɦɑː.ɾɑːʂ.ʈɾɐ/

/mɐ.ɦɑːˈɾɑːʂ.ʈɾɐ/

Uncertain. Possibly from महा- (mahā-), combining form of महत् (mahat, “great”) + राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra, “nation, dominion; Rashtrakuta”), a dynasty that once ruled the area), a clan known as राष्ट्रिक (rāṣṭrika) (found in some of King Ashoka’s inscriptions) or रथ (ratha, “chariot”). Possibly, the original name was associated with the Sanskrit word for “nation” or “dominion” via folk etymology.

Maharashtra (a state in western India; capital: Mumbai)


अजर्बैजान

/ɐ.d͡ʑɐɾ.bɑjˈd͡ʑɑː.n̪ɐ/

(New Sanskrit) Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


नेपाल

nepāla (romanization)
नेपालः (nominative singular)
नेपाल (singular vocative)
नेपालम् (accusative singular)
नेपालेन (instrumental singular)
नेपालाय (dative singular)
नेपालात् (ablative singular)
नेपालस्य (genitive singular)
नेपाले (locative singular)

→ Bengali: নেপাল (nepal)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: नेपाल (nepāl)

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Urdu: نیپال (nepāl)
→ Arabic: نِيبَال (nēpāl, nībāl)
→ Dari: نیپَال (nēpāl)
→ Pashto: نیپال

→ Nepali: नेपाल (nepāl)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਨੇਪਾਲ (nepāl)

Shahmukhi script: نیپال (nepāl)

→ Sindhi: نيپال

/n̪eːˈpɑː.l̪ɐ/

Sometimes explained as a Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀡𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀮 (ṇevāla), compare Newar नेवाः (newā:, “Newar”). Others regard the Sanskrit form as older. Perhaps ultimately of Sino-Tibetan origin. More on Wikipedia.
Popular etymologies derive it from compounds like ने (ne, “a chief”) + पाल (pāla, “protector”).

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Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


जापान

jāpāna (romanization)
जापानः (nominative singular)
जापान (singular vocative)
जापानम् (accusative singular)
जापानेन (instrumental singular)
जापानाय (dative singular)
जापानात् (ablative singular)
जापानस्य (genitive singular)
जापाने (locative singular)

/d͡ʑɑːˈpɑː.n̪ɐ/

Etymology tree
Hokkien 日本 /Ji̍t-púnbor.
Malay Jepangbor.
Portuguese Japãobor.
Malay Jepangbor.
Dutch Japanbor.
English Japanbor.
Hindi जापान (jāpān)bor.
Sanskrit जापान (jāpāna)
Borrowed from Hindi जापान (jāpān), from English Japan.

etymon

(New Sanskrit) Japan (a country in East Asia)


हिमालय

himālaya (romanization)
हिमालयः (nominative singular)
हिमालय (singular vocative)
हिमालयम् (accusative singular)
हिमालयेन (instrumental singular)
हिमालयाय (dative singular)
हिमालयात् (ablative singular)
हिमालयस्य (genitive singular)
हिमालये (locative singular)

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→ Chinese: 喜馬拉雅 /喜马拉雅

→ Chinese: 喜馬拉雅 /喜马拉雅

→ Tamil: இமயம் (imayam)

→ Tibetan: ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ (hi ma la ya)

→ Assamese: হিমালয় (himaloy) (learned)

→ Bengali: হিমালয় (himaloẏ) (learned)

→ Gujarati: હિમાલય (himālya) (learned)

→ Hindustani: (learned)

Hindi: हिमालय (himālay)

Urdu: ہمالے (himāle)

→ Malayalam: ഹിമാലയം (himālayaṁ) (learned)

→ Marathi: हिमालय (himālay) (learned)

→ Nepali: हिमालय (himālaya) (learned)

→ Odia: ହିମାଳୟ (himāḷaya) (learned)

→ Telugu: హిమాలయము (himālayamu), హిమాలయం (himālayaṁ) (learned)

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→ Urdu: ہمالیہ (himāliya) (semi-learned)
→ Arabic: هِمَالِيَة (himāliya)

→ English: Himalaya, Himmaleh (learned)

⇒ English: Himalayas

→ German: Himalaja (learned)

Compound of हिम (hima, “snow, frost”) + आलय (ālaya, “house, dwelling”).

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(Hinduism, mythology) Himalaya, the personified range, husband of Menaka and father of Parvati (wife of Shiva) and Ganga (the personified Ganges)


मिथिला

Lü: ᦙᦲᧉᦏᦲᦟᦱ (mii²ṫhiilaa)

Mithila, a city said to have been founded by मिथि or मिथिल (it was the capital of विदेह or the modern Tirhut, and residence of King जनक)


ब्रह्मदेश

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ब्रह्मदेश • (brahmadeśa)

Myanmar, Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


सिंहपुर

siṃhápura (romanization)
सिंहपुरम् (nominative singular)
सिंहपुरे (dual nominative)
सिंहपुराणि (nominative plural)
सिंहपुरा1 (nominative plural)
सिंहपुर (singular vocative)
सिंहपुरे (dual vocative)
सिंहपुराणि (plural vocative)
सिंहपुरा1 (plural vocative)
सिंहपुरम् (accusative singular)
सिंहपुरे (accusative dual)
सिंहपुराणि (accusative plural)
सिंहपुरा1 (accusative plural)
सिंहपुरेण (instrumental singular)
सिंहपुराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सिंहपुरैः (instrumental plural)
सिंहपुरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
सिंहपुराय (dative singular)
सिंहपुराभ्याम् (dative dual)
सिंहपुरेभ्यः (dative plural)
सिंहपुरात् (ablative singular)
सिंहपुराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सिंहपुरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सिंहपुरस्य (genitive singular)
सिंहपुरयोः (dual genitive)
सिंहपुराणाम् (genitive plural)
सिंहपुरे (locative singular)
सिंहपुरयोः (dual locative)
सिंहपुरेषु (locative plural)

Compound of सिंह (siṃhá, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).

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Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


कलिङ्ग

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→ Ancient Greek: Καλίγγαι (Kalíngai)
→ Latin: Calingae

→ Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮𑀺𑀁𑀕 (kaliṃga)

→ Odia: କଳିଙ୍ଗ (kaḷiṅga)

→ Telugu: కళింగము (kaḷiṅgamu)

→ Malay: Keling
→ Indonesian: Keling
→ English: Keling, Kling
→ Min Nan: 吉靈／吉灵 (kiat-lêng)
→ Semai: Keléng

/kɐˈl̪iŋ.ɡɐ/

(in the plural) name of a people and their country (the name is applied in the पुराणs to several places, but especially signifies a district on the Coromandel Coast, extending from below Cuttack (कटक) to the vicinity of Madras (मद्रास)


उत्कल

→ Bengali: উৎকল (utkol)

→ Hindi: उत्कल (utkal)

→ Odia: ଉତ୍କଳ (utkaḷa)


गया

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गया • (gayā)

Named after the demon गयासुर (gayāsura) (Gayasura), compare असुर (asura).

Gaya (historical and modern city in India)


कामाक्षी

कामाक्षी • (kāmākṣī)

English: Kamakshi

Telugu: కామాక్షి (kāmākṣi)

N. of a district sacred to Durga in Assam.

Name of a district sacred to Durga in Assam.


मगध

/mɐ.ɡɐ́.dʱɐ/

/ˈmɐ.ɡɐ.d̪ʱɐ/

The name is of uncertain origin. One theory translates the name as "great bull," from महत् (mahat) and Sumerian 𒄞 (/gud/, “bull”) (likely by way of Iranian).

name of a country in ancient India, in southern Bihar


शृङ्गेरि

sa-proper noun

शृङ्गेरि • (śṛṅgeri) stem, ?

Sringeri: Name of a hill and town in Mysore, India.


भोट

bhoṭa (romanization)
भोटः (nominative singular)
भोटौ (dual nominative)
भोटाः (nominative plural)
भोट (singular vocative)
भोटौ (dual vocative)
भोटाः (plural vocative)
भोटम् (accusative singular)
भोटौ (accusative dual)
भोटान् (accusative plural)
भोटेन (instrumental singular)
भोटाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भोटैः (instrumental plural)
भोटाय (dative singular)
भोटाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भोटेभ्यः (dative plural)
भोटात् (ablative singular)
भोटाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भोटेभ्यः (ablative plural)
भोटस्य (genitive singular)
भोटयोः (dual genitive)
भोटानाम् (genitive plural)
भोटे (locative singular)
भोटयोः (dual locative)
भोटेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of भोट


भोटान्त

/bʱoːˈʈɑːn̪.t̪ɐ/

"The end of Tibet," compound of भोट (bhoṭa, “Tibet”) + अन्त (anta, “end”), possibly as calque of Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta). More at Bhutan.


पाटलिपुत्र

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀝𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢 (pāṭaliputa /pāṭaliputta/)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀮𑀺𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pāḍaliutta)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀮𑀺𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pāḍaliutta), 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pāḍaliputta)
Paisaci Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀝𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pāṭaliputta)

→ Ancient Greek: Παλιμβόθρα (Palimbóthra)
→ Latin: Palimbothra

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పాటలీపుత్రము

⇒ Telugu: పాటలీపుత్రము (pāṭalīputramu)

Compound of पाटलि (pāṭali) + पुत्र (putra); the first element is perhaps related to पाटल (pāṭala). Previously known by names like पाटलिग्राम (pāṭaligrāma) and पाटलिपुर (pāṭalipura).

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Pataliputra (the ancient capital of the Magadha kingdom; modern Patna)

𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀅

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑀸𑀝𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢-𑀓 (*pāṭaliputta-ka)


बाङ्गलादेश

sa-proper noun

बाङ्गलादेश • (bāṅgalādeśa) stem, m

bāṅgalādeśa (romanization)
बाङ्गलादेशः (nominative singular)
बाङ्गलादेश (singular vocative)
बाङ्गलादेशम् (accusative singular)
बाङ्गलादेशेन (instrumental singular)
बाङ्गलादेशाय (dative singular)
बाङ्गलादेशात् (ablative singular)
बाङ्गलादेशस्य (genitive singular)
बाङ्गलादेशे (locative singular)

/bɑːŋ.ɡɐ.l̪ɑːˈd̪eː.ɕɐ/

Borrowed from Hindi बांग्लादेश (bāṅglādeś).

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बाङ्ग्लादेशस्य कस्यचन अनामकवेः बङ्गभाषीयं काव्यं “सोनारबङ्गभूमे”ऽनूदितम्।

2001, Chandrabhushan Jha, दिल्लीस्था विंशशताब्दीयाः संस्कृत-रचनाकाराः [20ᵗʰ century Sanskrit authors of Delhi], New Delhi: Delhi Sanskrit Academy, →OCLC, page 81:

A poem in Bengali language “Sonārabaṅgabhūme”, of some anonymous poet of Bangladesh, is translated.

bāṅglādeśasya kasyacana anāmakaveḥ baṅgabhāṣīyaṃ kāvyaṃ “sonārabaṅgabhūme”ʼnūditam.

(New Sanskrit) Bangladesh (a country in South Asia)

sa:बाङ्गलादेश


इन्द्रपुर

indrapura (romanization)
इन्द्रपुरम् (nominative singular)
इन्द्रपुरे (dual nominative)
इन्द्रपुराणि (nominative plural)
इन्द्रपुर (singular vocative)
इन्द्रपुरे (dual vocative)
इन्द्रपुराणि (plural vocative)
इन्द्रपुरम् (accusative singular)
इन्द्रपुरे (accusative dual)
इन्द्रपुराणि (accusative plural)
इन्द्रपुरेण (instrumental singular)
इन्द्रपुराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
इन्द्रपुरैः (instrumental plural)
इन्द्रपुराय (dative singular)
इन्द्रपुराभ्याम् (dative dual)
इन्द्रपुरेभ्यः (dative plural)
इन्द्रपुरात् (ablative singular)
इन्द्रपुराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
इन्द्रपुरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
इन्द्रपुरस्य (genitive singular)
इन्द्रपुरयोः (dual genitive)
इन्द्रपुराणाम् (genitive plural)
इन्द्रपुरे (locative singular)
इन्द्रपुरयोः (dual locative)
इन्द्रपुरेषु (locative plural)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀇𑀁𑀤𑀧𑀼𑀭 (iṃdapura)
Hindustani: indaur
Hindi: इंदौर, इन्दौर
Urdu: اِنْدَور
→ Malayalam: ഇന്ദോർ (indōṟ)
Gujarati: ઈંદોર (īndor)
Marathi:
Devanagari script: इंदूर (indūr)
Modi script: 𑘃𑘽𑘟𑘳𑘨 (īndur)
→ Malayalam: ഇന്ദൂരം (indūraṁ)

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→ Khmer: ឥន្ទ្របុរៈ (ʼĕnôtrôbŏréaʼ)

→ Khmer: ឥន្ទ្របុរៈ (ʼĕnôtrôbŏréaʼ)

⇒ Malay:

(سياك سري) ايندراڤورا

سياك سري ايندراڤورا

Arabic script: (سياك سري) ايندراڤورا

Arabic script: (سياك سري) ايندراڤورا

Latin script: (Siak Sri) Inderapura

Tatpuruṣa compound of इन्द्र (indra) + पुर (pura), literally “Indra's city”.

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इन्द्रपुरे नगरे विक्रमसिंहनामा राजपुत्रस्तस्य सहचरी रतनादेवी ।

1889, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Dissertationen, volume 16, page 13:

In the city of Indrapura, there was a prince named Vikram Singh and his companion was Ratna Devi.

indrapure nagare vikramasiṃhanāmā rājaputrastasya sahacarī ratanādevī.

जैन उपाश्रयः इन्द्रपुरं (इन्दौर) (म.प्र.)

1970, Śubhaśīlagaṇi, Śatruñjayakalpavṛtti (Āgamoddhārakagranthamālā, no. 41), →LCCN:

jaina upāśrayaḥ indrapuraṃ (indaura) (ma.pra.)

Indore (a city in Madhya Pradesh, India)


पञ्चनद

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Πενταποταμία

→ Ancient Greek: Πενταποταμία (Pentapotamía) (calque)

→ Bengali: পঞ্চনদ (ponconod)

→ Classical Persian: پَنْجَاب (panjāb) (calque) (see there for further descendants)

→ Hindi: पंचनद (pañcnad)

→ Punjabi: ਪੰਚਨਦ (pañcnad), ਪੰਜਨਦ (pañjnad)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pánča
Sanskrit पञ्चन् (pañcan)
Sanskrit पञ्च (pañca)
Proto-Indo-Iranian *nadabor.?
Sanskrit नद (nada)
Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada)
Compound of पञ्च (pañca, “five”) + नद (nada, “river”).

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Islamabad Capital Territory
Islamabad Capital Territory

Punjab (a geographical region of South Asia, divided (by the Radcliffe Line) between India and Pakistan. Pakistani Punjab includes the (West) Punjab Province and parts of the Islamabad Capital Territory; Indian Punjab includes (East) Punjab State and some other territories.)