दण्ड

daṇḍá (romanization)
दण्डः (nominative singular)
दण्डौ (dual nominative)
दण्डा1 (dual nominative)
दण्डाः (nominative plural)
दण्डासः1 (nominative plural)
दण्डम् (accusative singular)
दण्डौ (accusative dual)
दण्डा1 (accusative dual)
दण्डान् (accusative plural)
दण्डेन (instrumental singular)
दण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दण्डैः (instrumental plural)
दण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दण्डाय (dative singular)
दण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
दण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
दण्डात् (ablative singular)
दण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दण्डस्य (genitive singular)
दण्डयोः (dual genitive)
दण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
दण्डे (locative singular)
दण्डयोः (dual locative)
दण्डेषु (locative plural)
दण्ड (singular vocative)
दण्डौ (dual vocative)
दण्डा1 (dual vocative)
दण्डाः (plural vocative)
दण्डासः1 (plural vocative)

Dardic:

desc

Gawar-Bati: ڈݨڈ (ḍaṇḍ), ڈوݨڈیک (dōṇḍī́k), ڈیݨڈی (ḍḗṇḍī)

Kashmiri: دَن (dan), دۆنُ (donu), ڈَنڈُ (ḍanḍu)

Shina: دوݨ (do̯ṇŭ), ڈونی (ḍṓnī)

Shumashti: [script needed] (dä̃ṛä)

Torwali: دن (dan)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: ḍōn

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Ashkun: dōṇ

Kamkata-viri: duṇ, ḍun, ḍen

Prasuni: ḍuṇḍu, ḍuṇḍū́

Waigali: dūṇ, ḍūṇíṅ, deṇḍī́

Pali: daṇḍa, daṇḍaka

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀀𑀟 (dam̐ḍa), 𑀟𑀀𑀟𑀟𑀀𑀟𑀬 (ḍam̐ḍaḍam̐ḍaya)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Awadhi: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डाँड़ु (ḍā̃ṛu), डाँड़ा (ḍā̃ṛā)

Gujarati: દાઁડો (dām̐ḍo), ડાઁડો (ḍām̐ḍo), દાઁડી (dām̐ḍī), ડાઁડી (ḍām̐ḍī)

Hindustani: dā̃ḍ, ḍā̃ḍ, ḍā̃ṛ, daṇḍā, ḍaṇḍā, ḍā̃ḍā, ḍā̃ṛā, ḍaṇḍī, ḍā̃ḍī

Hindi: दाँड, डाँड, डाँड़, दंडा, डंडा, डाँडा, डाँड़ा, डंडी, डाँडी

Urdu: دَاںڈ (dā̃ḍ), ڈَاںڈ (ḍā̃ḍ), ڈَاںڑ (ḍā̃ṛ), دَنڈَا, ڈَنڈَا, ڈَاںڈَا (ḍā̃ḍā), ڈَاںڑَا (ḍā̃ṛā), ڈَنڈِی (ḍanḍī), ڈَاںڈِی (ḍā̃ḍī)

Romani: ran

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ডাঁৰ (dãr), ডাঁৰা (dãra), ডাঁৰি (dãri), ডঁৰ (dõr)

Bengali: ডান্ডা (ḍanḍa), দাঁড় (dãṛ), দাঁড়ি (dãṛi), ডাঁড় (ḍãṛ), ডাঁড়ি (ḍãṛi)

Bihari: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ)

Bihari: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ)

Bhojpuri: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ)

Maithili: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डाँड़ि (ḍā̃ṛɨ), डाँड़ब (ḍā̃ṛab)

Odia: ଡାଣ୍ଡ (ḍāṇḍa), ଡାଁଡ଼ (ḍā̃ṛa), ଦାଣ୍ଡି (dāṇḍi), ଦଣ୍ଡା (daṇḍā), ଦଣ୍ଡି (daṇḍi)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: डाँड (ḍā̃ḍ)

Kumaoni: दान (dān), डान (ḍān), डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डानो (ḍāno), डानी (ḍānī), डाण (ḍāṇ)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: डाँण (ḍā̃ṇ), डाँणो (ḍā̃ṇo), डाँणि (ḍā̃ṇi)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: डन्न (ḍann), डन्नो (ḍanno), डन्नी (ḍannī)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ދަނޑި (daⁿḍi)

Sinhalese: දණ්ඩ (daṇḍa)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: dāṇḍāro

Devanagari script: दांडारो (dāṇḍāro)

Latin script: dannddarô

Kannada script: ದಾಂಡಾರೊ

Old Marathi: 𑘟𑘰𑘽𑘚𑘰 (dāṃḍā), 𑘟𑘽𑘚 (daṃḍa)

Marathi: दांडा (dāṇḍā), दंड (daṇḍa)

Western:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: dann, ḍann, ḍannā, ḍannī

Gurmukhi script: ਦੰਨ, ਡੰਨ, ਡੰਨਾ, ਡੰਨੀ

Shahmukhi script: دَنّ, ڈَنّ, ڈَنَّا, ڈَنِّی

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: ḍ̠anu, ḍ̠ano, ḍ̠anī, ḍ̠aṇḍu, ḍ̠aṇḍo

Arabic script: ڏَنُ, ڏَنو, ڏَنِي, ڏَڻڊُ, ڏَڻڊو

Devanagari script: ॾनु, ॾनो, ॾनी, ॾंडु, ॾंडो

→ Assamese: দণ্ড (dondo)

→ Bengali: দণ্ড (donḍo)

→ Burmese: ဒဏ် (dan)

→ Hindustani: daṇḍ

Hindi: दंड

Urdu: دَنڈ

→ Indonesian: denda

→ Khmer: ទណ្ឌ (tŏən)

→ Lao: ທັນ (than)

→ Malayalam: ദണ്ഡം (daṇḍaṁ)

→ Malay: denda

→ Pali: daṇḍa

→ Romani: rran

→ Sindhi: ڏَنڊُ, ड॒ण्डु

→ Sindhi: ڏَنڊُ, ड॒ण्डु

→ Tamil: தண்டம் (taṇṭam)

→ Telugu: దండము (daṇḍamu)

→ Thai: ทัณฑ์ (than)

→ Urdu:

Borrowed from substrate language. Kuiper argues for a loanword from Munda; compare Mundari ଦାଣ୍ଡି (dāṇḍi, “small stick”), Santali ᱫᱚᱬᱴᱚ (dôṇṭô, “thick stick, club”), ᱫᱚᱬᱴᱤᱴᱤᱛ (dôṇṭiṭit, “stem of mushrooms”), ᱫᱚᱬᱰᱤ (dôṇḍi, “stick, staff, stalk”). Likewise, Southworth suggests a Dravidian substratum, compare Malayalam തണ്ട് (taṇṭŭ, “stick, club”).
Alternatively, but less likely, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”), whence दारु (dā́ru), and thus cognate with Ancient Greek δένδρον (déndron, “tree”), but both this and that Greek word are phonologically difficult to explain.

cog

staff given at investiture with the sacred thread


ग्रावन्

grā́van (romanization)
ग्रावा (nominative singular)
ग्रावाणौ (dual nominative)
ग्रावाणा1 (dual nominative)
ग्रावाणः (nominative plural)
ग्रावाणम् (accusative singular)
ग्रावाणौ (accusative dual)
ग्रावाणा1 (accusative dual)
ग्रौणः (accusative plural)
ग्रौणा (instrumental singular)
ग्रावभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ग्रावभिः (instrumental plural)
ग्रौणे (dative singular)
ग्रावभ्याम् (dative dual)
ग्रावभ्यः (dative plural)
ग्रौणः (ablative singular)
ग्रावभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ग्रावभ्यः (ablative plural)
ग्रौणः (genitive singular)
ग्रौणोः (dual genitive)
ग्रौणाम् (genitive plural)
ग्रौणि (locative singular)
ग्रावणि (locative singular)
ग्रावन्1 (locative singular)
ग्रौणोः (dual locative)
ग्रावसु (locative plural)
ग्रावन् (singular vocative)
ग्रावाणौ (dual vocative)
ग्रावाणा1 (dual vocative)
ग्रावाणः (plural vocative)

Odia: ଗ୍ରାବ (grāba)

desc

Tamil: கிராவணம் (kirāvaṇam), சிராவணம் (cirāvaṇam)

Telugu: గ్రావము (grāvamu)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”). Cognate with English quern, Old Irish brao.
It has been suggested that the word used in the Rigveda is unrelated to the sense "stone" and rather refers to a human person, meaning "praiser, singer", possibly deriving from the root गॄ (gṝ).

inh

दू॒रमि॑त पणयो॒ वरी॑य॒ उद्गावो॑ यन्तु मिन॒तीॠ॒तेन॑।
बृह॒स्पति॒र्या अवि॑न्द॒न्निगू॑ळ्हाः॒ सोमो॒ ग्रावा॑ण॒ ऋष॑यश्च॒ विप्राः॑॥
dūrámita paṇayo várīya údgā́vo yantu minatī́ṝténa.
bṛ́haspátiryā́ ávindannígūḷhāḥ sómo grā́vāṇa ṛ́ṣayaśca víprāḥ.
Hence, far away, ye Paṇis! Let the cattle lowing come forth as holy Law commandeth,

Kine which Brihaspati, and Soma, ṛsis, sages, and pressing-stones have found when hidden.

(Rigvedic) (traditional translation) a stone for pressing out the Soma juice


लेखनी

lekhanī (romanization)
लेखनी (nominative singular)
लेखन्यौ (dual nominative)
लेखन्यः (nominative plural)
लेखनीम् (accusative singular)
लेखन्यौ (accusative dual)
लेखनीः (accusative plural)
लेखन्या (instrumental singular)
लेखनीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
लेखनीभिः (instrumental plural)
लेखन्यै (dative singular)
लेखनीभ्याम् (dative dual)
लेखनीभ्यः (dative plural)
लेखन्याः (ablative singular)
लेखनीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
लेखनीभ्यः (ablative plural)
लेखन्याः (genitive singular)
लेखन्योः (dual genitive)
लेखनीनाम् (genitive plural)
लेखन्याम् (locative singular)
लेखन्योः (dual locative)
लेखनीषु (locative plural)
लेखनि (singular vocative)
लेखन्यौ (dual vocative)
लेखन्यः (plural vocative)

→ Assamese: লেখনী (lekhoni)

→ Bengali: লেখনী (lekhoni)

→ Burmese: လီခနီ (lihka.ni)

→ Dhivehi: ލޭކަނީ (lēkanī)

→ Gujarati: લેખની (lekhnī)

Hindustani:

→ Hindi: लेखनी (lekhnī)

→ Pashto: ليکني

→ Urdu: لیکھنی (lekhnī)

→ Kannada: ಲೇಖನಿ (lēkhani)

→ Khmer: លេខនី (leikhaʼnii)

→ Malayalam: ലേഖനി (lēkhani)

desc

→ Marathi: लोखणी (lokhṇī), लेखनी (lekhnī)

→ Nepali: लेखनी (lekhanī)

→ Odia: ଲେଖନୀ (lekhani)

→ Punjabi: ਲੇਖਨੀ (lekhnī)

→ Sinhalese: ලේඛනී (lēkhanī)

→ Sylheti: ꠟꠦꠈꠘꠤ (lexóni)

→ Tamil: லேகநீ (lēkanī)

→ Telugu: లేఖని (lēkhani)

→ Thai: เลกฮานี

→ Thai: เลกฮานี

→ Tibetan: ལེཁནཱི (lekhnī)

From the feminine form of लेखन (lekhana, “scratching, scarifying, scraping”), from the root लिख् (likh, “to write”).

an instrument for writing or painting, reed-pen, painting-brush, pen, pencil


कुठार

kuṭhāra (romanization)
कुठारः (nominative singular)
कुठारौ (dual nominative)
कुठाराः (nominative plural)
कुठारम् (accusative singular)
कुठारौ (accusative dual)
कुठारान् (accusative plural)
कुठारेण (instrumental singular)
कुठाराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कुठारैः (instrumental plural)
कुठाराय (dative singular)
कुठाराभ्याम् (dative dual)
कुठारेभ्यः (dative plural)
कुठारात् (ablative singular)
कुठाराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कुठारेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कुठारस्य (genitive singular)
कुठारयोः (dual genitive)
कुठाराणाम् (genitive plural)
कुठारे (locative singular)
कुठारयोः (dual locative)
कुठारेषु (locative plural)
कुठार (singular vocative)
कुठारौ (dual vocative)
कुठाराः (plural vocative)

Pali: kuṭhārī

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀼𑀠𑀸𑀭 (kuḍhāra), 𑀓𑀼𑀳𑀸𑀟 (kuhāḍa)

Bengali: কুড়াল (kuṛal), কুড়ালি (kuṛali), কুড়ুল (kuṛul)

Gujarati: કુહાડો (kuhāḍo), કુહાડી (kuhāḍī)

Hindustani:

Hindi: कुल्हाड़ा (kulhāṛā), कुल्हाड़ी (kulhāṛī)

Urdu: کُلْہَاڑَا (kulhāṛā), کُلْہَاڑِی (kulhāṛī)

Punjabi: ਕੁਹਾੜਾ (kuhāṛā, “axe”), ਕਹੀ (kahī, “hoe, spade”), ਕੁਲ੍ਹਾੜਾ (kulhāṛā)

Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘳𑘨𑘿𑘮𑘰𑘚 (kurhāḍa), 𑘎𑘳𑘨𑘿𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘲 (kurhāḍī)

Marathi: कुऱ्हाड (kurhāḍ), कुर्हाडी (kurhāḍī)

Odia: କୁଡ଼ାଲ (kuṛāla), କୁରାଢ଼ (kurāṛha), କୁରାଢ଼ି (kurāṛhi), କୁର୍ହାଡ଼ି (kurhāṛi), କୁଡ଼ାରି (kuṛāri)

Sindhi: ڪُهاڙو, ڪُهاڙيِ

Sindhi: ڪُهاڙو, ڪُهاڙيِ

→ Assamese: কুঠাৰ (kuthar) (learned)

→ Tamil: குடாரி (kuṭāri) (learned)

/ku.ʈʰɑː.ɾɐ/

/ku.ʈʰɑː.ɾɐ/

Unknown.
* Turner and some earlier sources argue for a borrowing from Dravidian (compare modern Tamil குடாரி (kuṭāri, “axe”)). However, Burrow convincingly showed that the Dravidian terms cannot be original (due to unusual vowel length in the Tamil and Malayalam terms) and are likely borrowed or derived from Sanskrit.
* Proponents of Fortunatov's law have supported inheritance from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥tḗr, with Latin culter (“butcher's knife”) as a cognate. Burrow compares Sanskrit कुलिश (kuliśa, “axe”) as evidence for a root *kul-. However, the formation of the Indo-European source is unusual and the aspiration in the Sanskrit word is still unexplained.


क्रकच

krakaca (romanization)
क्रकचः (nominative singular)
क्रकचौ (dual nominative)
क्रकचाः (nominative plural)
क्रकचम् (accusative singular)
क्रकचौ (accusative dual)
क्रकचान् (accusative plural)
क्रकचेन (instrumental singular)
क्रकचाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्रकचैः (instrumental plural)
क्रकचाय (dative singular)
क्रकचाभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्रकचेभ्यः (dative plural)
क्रकचात् (ablative singular)
क्रकचाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्रकचेभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्रकचस्य (genitive singular)
क्रकचयोः (dual genitive)
क्रकचानाम् (genitive plural)
क्रकचे (locative singular)
क्रकचयोः (dual locative)
क्रकचेषु (locative plural)
क्रकच (singular vocative)
क्रकचौ (dual vocative)
क्रकचाः (plural vocative)
क्रकचम् (nominative singular)
क्रकचे (dual nominative)
क्रकचानि (nominative plural)
क्रकचम् (accusative singular)
क्रकचे (accusative dual)
क्रकचानि (accusative plural)
क्रकचेन (instrumental singular)
क्रकचाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्रकचैः (instrumental plural)
क्रकचाय (dative singular)
क्रकचाभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्रकचेभ्यः (dative plural)
क्रकचात् (ablative singular)
क्रकचाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्रकचेभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्रकचस्य (genitive singular)
क्रकचयोः (dual genitive)
क्रकचानाम् (genitive plural)
क्रकचे (locative singular)
क्रकचयोः (dual locative)
क्रकचेषु (locative plural)
क्रकच (singular vocative)
क्रकचे (dual vocative)
क्रकचानि (plural vocative)

sa-decl-noun/cell

क्रकचाभ्याम्

क्रकचाभ्याम्

क्रकचाभ्याम्

क्रकचाभ्याम्

क्रकचाभ्याम्

क्रकचाभ्याम्

Pali: kakaca

Prakrit:

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ކީސް (kīs) ކިޔަސް (kiyas)

Addu: ކިޔެހި (kiyehi)

Sinhalese: කියත (kiyata)

desctree

→ Malay: gergaji
Indonesian: gergaji
→ Makasar: garagaji
→ Tagalog: lagari
→ Tausug: gawgari' (“file”)

Probably a loanword (with the donor language postulated by Mayrhofer to be Dravidian), of the same origin as करपत्त्र (karapattra, “saw”).


कर्तरि

kartari (romanization)
कर्तरिः (nominative singular)
कर्तरी (dual nominative)
कर्तरयः (nominative plural)
कर्तरिम् (accusative singular)
कर्तरी (accusative dual)
कर्तरीः (accusative plural)
कर्तर्या (instrumental singular)
कर्तरी1 (instrumental singular)
कर्तरिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कर्तरिभिः (instrumental plural)
कर्तरये (dative singular)
कर्तर्यै2 (dative singular)
कर्तरी1 (dative singular)
कर्तरिभ्याम् (dative dual)
कर्तरिभ्यः (dative plural)
कर्तरेः (ablative singular)
कर्तर्याः2 (ablative singular)
कर्तर्यै3 (ablative singular)
कर्तरिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कर्तरिभ्यः (ablative plural)
कर्तरेः (genitive singular)
कर्तर्याः2 (genitive singular)
कर्तर्यै3 (genitive singular)
कर्तर्योः (dual genitive)
कर्तरीणाम् (genitive plural)
कर्तरौ (locative singular)
कर्तर्याम्2 (locative singular)
कर्तरा1 (locative singular)
कर्तर्योः (dual locative)
कर्तरिषु (locative plural)
कर्तरे (singular vocative)
कर्तरी (dual vocative)
कर्तरयः (plural vocative)

Dardic:

Shumashti: [script needed] (kātar)

Pali: kattarĭ̄, katarnī

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀻 (kattarī)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindustani: katarnī

Hindi: कतरनी

Urdu: کَتَرنِی (katarnī)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

desc

Odia: କତ୍ରି (katri), କତରି (katari), କଟରୁଣି (kaṭaruṇi)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: कतरणी (katarṇī)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: कतरनि (katarani)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi:

Lahnda: کتار (kātar)

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: katari, katara

Arabic script: ڪَتَرِ, ڪَتَرَ

Devanagari script: कतरि, कतर

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ކަތުރު (katuru)

Sinhalese: කතුර (katura)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: kātrī

Devanagari script: कात्री (kātrī)

Latin script: catri

Kannada script: ಕಾತ್ರೀ

Marathi: कातर (kātar), कात्री (kātrī)

Western:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: કાતર (kātar), કાતરણી (kātarṇī)

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀺𑀅 (kattaria)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: کَتَرُن (katarun)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindustani: katarnā

Hindi: कतरना

Urdu: کَتَرنَہ

Urdu: کَتَرنَہ

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Odia: କଟୁରୀବା (kaṭuribā)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: कत्रनु (katranu)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: katarṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਕਤਰਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: کَتَرݨَا

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: katiraṇu

Arabic script: ڪَتِرَڻُ

Devanagari script: कतिरणु

Southern:

Maharastri Prakrit:

Marathi: कातरणे (kātarṇe)

Western:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: કાતરવું (kātarvũ)

From the root कृत् (kṛt) + -अरि (-ari), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-t-, an extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).