गौर

desctree

→ Old Javanese: gora
> Javanese: ꦒꦺꦴꦫ (gora) (inherited)


व्रीहि

vrīhí (romanization)
व्रीहिः (nominative singular)
व्रीही (dual nominative)
व्रीहयः (nominative plural)
व्रीहे (singular vocative)
व्रीही (dual vocative)
व्रीहयः (plural vocative)
व्रीहिम् (accusative singular)
व्रीही (accusative dual)
व्रीहीन् (accusative plural)
व्रीहिणा (instrumental singular)
व्रीह्या1 (instrumental singular)
व्रीहिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
व्रीहिभिः (instrumental plural)
व्रीहये (dative singular)
व्रीहिभ्याम् (dative dual)
व्रीहिभ्यः (dative plural)
व्रीहेः (ablative singular)
व्रीह्यः1 (ablative singular)
व्रीहिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
व्रीहिभ्यः (ablative plural)
व्रीहेः (genitive singular)
व्रीह्यः1 (genitive singular)
व्रीह्योः (dual genitive)
व्रीहीणाम् (genitive plural)
व्रीहौ (locative singular)
व्रीहा1 (locative singular)
व्रीह्योः (dual locative)
व्रीहिषु (locative plural)

Sinhalese: වී (wī)

Dhivehi: ވީ (vī)

A Wanderwort of unclear ultimate origin, though likely from a language southeast of Indo-Iranian.
Either a borrowing from a Dravidian language (compare Proto-Dravidian *wariñci (“rice”), though Mayrhofer is skeptical of Dravidian being the original source of the word) or, according to Witzel, borrowed from an unknown South Asian, possibly Austroasiatic, source such as Proto-Mon-Khmer *sruʔ (“paddy rice”) (whence probably Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ras and Proto-Austronesian *bəʀas), with the Dravidian word being an independent borrowing of another variant. Related words are found in Iranian, Ancient Greek, and Semitic; see Middle Persian blnc (“rice”) for more.


धूम

dhūmá (romanization)
धूमः (nominative singular)
धूमौ (dual nominative)
धूमा1 (dual nominative)
धूमाः (nominative plural)
धूमासः1 (nominative plural)
धूम (singular vocative)
धूमौ (dual vocative)
धूमा1 (dual vocative)
धूमाः (plural vocative)
धूमासः1 (plural vocative)
धूमम् (accusative singular)
धूमौ (accusative dual)
धूमा1 (accusative dual)
धूमान् (accusative plural)
धूमेन (instrumental singular)
धूमाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धूमैः (instrumental plural)
धूमेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
धूमाय (dative singular)
धूमाभ्याम् (dative dual)
धूमेभ्यः (dative plural)
धूमात् (ablative singular)
धूमाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धूमेभ्यः (ablative plural)
धूमस्य (genitive singular)
धूमयोः (dual genitive)
धूमानाम् (genitive plural)
धूमे (locative singular)
धूमयोः (dual locative)
धूमेषु (locative plural)

Pali: dhūma

Dardic:

Dameli: [script needed] (dum)

Domaaki: [script needed] (dūm)

Kalami: [script needed] (dum)

Grangali: [script needed] (dum)

Kalasha: thum (thum)

Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (dūm)

desc

Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dhūm)

Shina: [script needed] (dum)

Shumashti: [script needed] (dūm)

Tirahi: [script needed] (dhung)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (dum)

Kashmiri: دٕہ (dụh)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀥𑀽𑀫 (dhūma)
Central Indo-Aryan:
Hindustani: dhūā̃
Hindi: धूआँ
Urdu: دُھواں
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
Bengali-Assamese:
Assamese: ধোঁৱা (dhü̃a)
Bengali: ধোঁয়া (dhō̃ẇa)
Sylheti: ꠗꠥꠝꠣ (dúma)
Bihari:
Angika: dhūā̃
Devanagari script: धूआँ
Kaithi script: 𑂡𑂴𑂄𑂀
Magahi: dhūā̃
Devanagari script: धूआँ
Kaithi script: 𑂡𑂴𑂄𑂀
Maithili: dhuā̃
Devanagari script: धुआँ
Tirhuta script: 𑒡𑒳𑒂𑒿
Odia: ଧୂଆଁ (dhuā̃)
Insular Indo-Aryan:
Dhivehi: ދުން (dun̊)
Sinhalese: දුම (duma)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
Garhwali: धुवाँ (dhuvā̃)
Kumaoni: धूवाँ
Nepali: धुवाँ (dhuwā̃)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
Punjabi: dhū̃ā̃
Gurmukhi script: ਧੂੰਆਂ
Shahmukhi script: دُھواں
Western Indo-Aryan:
Gujarati: ધૂમ (dhūm)
Romani: thuv

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-mós
Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰuHmás
Sanskrit धूम (dhūma)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰuHmás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰuHmás (“smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θυμός (thumós), Latin fūmus, Old Church Slavonic дꙑмъ (dymŭ).

etymon

श॒क॒मयं॑ धू॒मम्आ॒राद॑पश्यं विषू॒वता॑ प॒र ए॒नाव॑रेण।
उ॒क्षाणं॒ पृश्नि॑मपचन्त वी॒रास्तानि॒ धर्मा॑णि प्रथ॒मान्या॑सन्॥
śakamáyaṃ dhūmámārā́dapaśyaṃ viṣūvátā pará enā́vareṇa.

I saw from far away the smoke of fuel with spires that rose on high over that beneath it.
The Mighty Men have dressed the spotted bullock. These were the customs in the days aforetime

ukṣā́ṇaṃ pṛ́śnimapacanta vīrā́stā́ni dhármāṇi prathamā́nyāsan.

अनेन पञ्चवटी दर्शनेन अन्तर्लीनस्य दुःखाग्नेर् अद्योद्दामं ज्वलिष्यतः।
उत्पीड इव धूमस्य मोहः प्रागावृनोति माम्॥
anena pañcavaṭī darśanena antarlīnasya duḥkhāgner adyoddāmaṃ jvaliṣyataḥ.

600 CE, Uttararāmacarita (Rama's Last Act), Prelude to act III

The sight of Panchavati rekindles now the fire of sorrow that had long been dormant in my heart but first, like a dense pall of smoke, a delirium envelops me.

utpīḍa iva dhūmasya mohaḥ prāgāvṛnoti mām.


वर

sa-adj

वर • (vára) stem (comparative वरीयस्, superlative वरिष्ठ)

vára (romanization)
वरीयस् (comparative)
वरिष्ठ (superlative)
वरः (nominative singular)
वरौ (dual nominative)
वरा1 (dual nominative)
वराः (nominative plural)
वरासः1 (nominative plural)
वर (singular vocative)
वरौ (dual vocative)
वरा1 (dual vocative)
वराः (plural vocative)
वरासः1 (plural vocative)
वरम् (accusative singular)
वरौ (accusative dual)
वरा1 (accusative dual)
वरान् (accusative plural)
वरेण (instrumental singular)
वराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वरैः (instrumental plural)
वरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
वराय (dative singular)
वराभ्याम् (dative dual)
वरेभ्यः (dative plural)
वरात् (ablative singular)
वराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
वरस्य (genitive singular)
वरयोः (dual genitive)
वराणाम् (genitive plural)
वरे (locative singular)
वरयोः (dual locative)
वरेषु (locative plural)
वरा (nominative singular)
वरे (dual nominative)
वराः (nominative plural)
वरे (singular vocative)
वरे (dual vocative)
वराः (plural vocative)
वराम् (accusative singular)
वरे (accusative dual)
वराः (accusative plural)
वरया (instrumental singular)
वरा1 (instrumental singular)
वराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वराभिः (instrumental plural)
वरायै (dative singular)
वराभ्याम् (dative dual)
वराभ्यः (dative plural)
वरायाः (ablative singular)
वरायै2 (ablative singular)
वराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वराभ्यः (ablative plural)
वरायाः (genitive singular)
वरायै2 (genitive singular)
वरयोः (dual genitive)
वराणाम् (genitive plural)
वरायाम् (locative singular)
वरयोः (dual locative)
वरासु (locative plural)
वरम् (nominative singular)
वरे (dual nominative)
वराणि (nominative plural)
वरा1 (nominative plural)
वर (singular vocative)
वरे (dual vocative)
वराणि (plural vocative)
वरा1 (plural vocative)
वरम् (accusative singular)
वरे (accusative dual)
वराणि (accusative plural)
वरा1 (accusative plural)
वरेण (instrumental singular)
वराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वरैः (instrumental plural)
वरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
वराय (dative singular)
वराभ्याम् (dative dual)
वरेभ्यः (dative plural)
वरात् (ablative singular)
वराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
वरस्य (genitive singular)
वरयोः (dual genitive)
वराणाम् (genitive plural)
वरे (locative singular)
वरयोः (dual locative)
वरेषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *warás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *warás, from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁os (“chosen, wanted (person or thing)”). The Sanskrit root is वृ (√vṛ, “to choose”). The adjective (in the sense of "high quality") and noun (in the sense of "gift") developed from the notion of "select", "chosen".


यव

yáva (romanization)
यवः (nominative singular)
यवौ (dual nominative)
यवा1 (dual nominative)
यवाः (nominative plural)
यवासः1 (nominative plural)
यव (singular vocative)
यवौ (dual vocative)
यवा1 (dual vocative)
यवाः (plural vocative)
यवासः1 (plural vocative)
यवम् (accusative singular)
यवौ (accusative dual)
यवा1 (accusative dual)
यवान् (accusative plural)
यवेन (instrumental singular)
यवाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
यवैः (instrumental plural)
यवेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
यवाय (dative singular)
यवाभ्याम् (dative dual)
यवेभ्यः (dative plural)
यवात् (ablative singular)
यवाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
यवेभ्यः (ablative plural)
यवस्य (genitive singular)
यवयोः (dual genitive)
यवानाम् (genitive plural)
यवे (locative singular)
यवयोः (dual locative)
यवेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: [script needed] (žō)

Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (žō)

Grangali: [script needed] (zō)

Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (yåw)

Kalami: [script needed] (yō)

Kalasha: ژو (žō)

Khowar: [script needed] (žō)

Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (yō)

Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (yō)

Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (žā)

Phalura: [script needed] (yū)

Savi: [script needed] (yū)

Shina: यो (yō)

Shumashti: [script needed] (zo)

Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (yā)

Tirahi: [script needed] (zau)

Torwali: [script needed] (yōu)

desc

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (zō)

Pali: yava

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀚𑀯 (java)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: යව (yawa)
Khasa Prakrit:
Garhwali: जो (jo)
Kumaoni: जौ (jau)
Nepali: जौ (jau)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Bengali: যব (jobo)
Bihari: जौ (jau)
Maithili: जौ (jau)
Odia: ଯଅ (jaa)
Maharastri Prakrit:
Old Marathi: jau
Devanagari script: जउ (jaü)
Modi script: 𑘕𑘄 (jau)
Marathi: जव (jav)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Takka Apabhramsa:
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਂ (jaũ)
Shahmukhi script: جوں (joṉ)
Lahnda: ਜੋ (jo)
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Gurjara Apabhramsa:
Gujarati: જવ (jav)
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Hindustani: jau
Hindi: जौ
Urdu: جَو (jau)
Romani: džov

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwas (“barley, cereal”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (yauua), Ancient Greek ζειά (zeiá), Old Irish eórna (whence Irish eorna (“barley”)), Lithuanian javaĩ, Persian جو (jow).

inh

name for island of Java, whence perhaps came the English "Java"

a unit of measurement of weight or length


तुलसी

→ Bengali: তুলসী (tulośi)

→ Hindi: तुलसी (tulsī)

→ Kannada: ತುಲಸಿ (tulasi)

Marathi: तुळस (tuḷas)

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *tuḷacV.


आम्र

āmrá (romanization)
आम्रः (nominative singular)
आम्रौ (dual nominative)
आम्रा1 (dual nominative)
आम्राः (nominative plural)
आम्रासः1 (nominative plural)
आम्र (singular vocative)
आम्रौ (dual vocative)
आम्रा1 (dual vocative)
आम्राः (plural vocative)
आम्रासः1 (plural vocative)
आम्रम् (accusative singular)
आम्रौ (accusative dual)
आम्रा1 (accusative dual)
आम्रान् (accusative plural)
आम्रेण (instrumental singular)
आम्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आम्रैः (instrumental plural)
आम्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
आम्राय (dative singular)
आम्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
आम्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
आम्रात् (ablative singular)
आम्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
आम्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
आम्रस्य (genitive singular)
आम्रयोः (dual genitive)
आम्राणाम् (genitive plural)
आम्रे (locative singular)
आम्रयोः (dual locative)
आम्रेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: اَمب (amb)

Devanagari script: अंब (aṃb)

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀩 (aṃba)

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀩 (aṃba)

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀩 (aṃba)

Assamese: আম (am)

Bengali: আম (am)

Bhojpuri:

Devanagari script: आम (ām)

Kaithi script: 𑂄𑂧 (ām)

Chakma: 𑄃𑄟𑄴

Odia: ଆମ୍ବ (āmba)

Rohingya:

Hanifi Rohingya script: 𐴀𐴝𐴔𐴧 (amm)

Latin script: amm

Sylheti: ꠀꠝ (am)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀩 (aṃba)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: आंबा (āṃbā)

Modi script: 𑘁𑘽𑘤 (āṃba)

Konkani:

Devanagari script: आम्बो (āmbô)

Kannada script: ಆಂಬೊ (āmbô)

Latin script: ambo

desc

→ Arabic: عَنْبَة (ʕanba), عَنْبَا (ʕanbā)

→ Middle Armenian: անապ (anap), անպ (anp)

→ Somali: cámbe

→ Middle Persian: *anbag

Persian: انبه (anbe)

Baluchi: ہمب (humb)

→ Arabic: أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj)

→ Middle Armenian: ամպաճ (ampač), անպաճ (anpač), անապաճ (anapač)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀩 (aṃba)

Dogri:

Devanagari script: अम्ब (amb)

Dogra script: 𑠀𑠢𑠹𑠠 (amba)

Hindustani:

Hindi: आम (ām)

Urdu: آم (ām)

Kachchi: આમુ (āmu)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਅੰਬ (amba)

Shahmukhi script: اَمْب (amb)

Marwari: आंब (āmb)

Saurashtra:

Saurashtra script: ꢂꢀꢨꣁ (aṃbo)

Tamil script: அம்பொ (ambo)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: اَنبُ

Devanagari script: अंबु

Khasa Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀩 (aṃba)

→ Nepali: आँप (ā̃p)

Dhivehi: އަނބު (aᵐbu)

Pali: amba

q

→ Swahili: embe (an early borrowing from an Indo-Iranian language)

→ Tocharian B: āmpär

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂h₃m-ro- (“sour”). Compare अम्ल (amla, “sour”), Proto-Germanic *ampraz (“sour”), Latin amārus (“bitter, sharp tasting”).

Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica#Translingual


मन्मथ

Balinese: ᬫᬣ (mata)

Tamil: மன்மதன் (maṉmataṉ)

Telugu: మన్మథుడు (manmathuḍu)

name of a physician and various other men


तण्डुल

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀁𑀤𑀼𑀮 (taṃdula)

Magadhi Prakrit:

desc

Old Bengali: *তাঁডুল (*tā̃ḍula), তাউল (tāula)

Middle Bengali: তাঁড়ুল (tãṛul)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀁𑀟𑀼𑀮 (taṃḍula), 𑀢𑀁𑀤𑀼𑀮 (taṃdula)

Konkani: तांदूळ (tāndūḷ)

Old Marathi: तांदुळ (tāṃduḷa)

Marathi: तांदूळ (tāndūḷ)

Niya Prakrit: Gandhari: 𐨟𐨎𐨜𐨂𐨫 (taṃḍula)

Pali: taṇḍula

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: તાંદળો (tā̃daḷo)

Malvi: तांदूल (tāndūl)

→ Telugu: తండులము (taṇḍulamu)

/ˈt̪ɐɳ.ɖu.l̪ɐ/

तण्डुलः धान्यतः आगच्छति।

grain (after threshing and winnowing), especially rice; uncooked rice


धान्य

dhānyá (romanization)
धान्यम् (nominative singular)
धान्ये (dual nominative)
धान्यानि (nominative plural)
धान्या1 (nominative plural)
धान्य (singular vocative)
धान्ये (dual vocative)
धान्यानि (plural vocative)
धान्या1 (plural vocative)
धान्यम् (accusative singular)
धान्ये (accusative dual)
धान्यानि (accusative plural)
धान्या1 (accusative plural)
धान्येन (instrumental singular)
धान्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धान्यैः (instrumental plural)
धान्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
धान्याय (dative singular)
धान्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
धान्येभ्यः (dative plural)
धान्यात् (ablative singular)
धान्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धान्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
धान्यस्य (genitive singular)
धान्ययोः (dual genitive)
धान्यानाम् (genitive plural)
धान्ये (locative singular)
धान्ययोः (dual locative)
धान्येषु (locative plural)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ধান (dhan)

Sylheti: ꠗꠣꠘ (dan)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀡𑁆𑀡 (dhaṇṇa)

Hindustani:

Hindi: धान (dhān)

Urdu: دھان (dhān)

→ Hindi: धान्य (dhānya) (learned)

→ Kannada: ಧನಿಯ (dhaniya) (learned)

→ Malayalam: ധാന്യം (dhānyaṁ) (learned)

→ Marathi: धान्य (dhānya) (learned)

→ Tamil: தனியா (taṉiyā) (learned)

→ Telugu: ధాన్యము (dhānyamu) (learned)

[dʱɑːj̃.jɐ́]

/ˈd̪ʱɑːn̪.jɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰaHnyám, derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰoHnéh₂.


वृन्दा

head

वृन्दा • (vṛndā) f

/ˈʋr̩n̪.d̪ɑː/


निम्बू

nimbū (romanization)
निम्बूः (nominative singular)
निम्ब्वौ (dual nominative)
निम्बू1 (dual nominative)
निम्ब्वः (nominative plural)
निम्बूः1 (nominative plural)
निम्बु (singular vocative)
निम्ब्वौ (dual vocative)
निम्बू1 (dual vocative)
निम्ब्वः (plural vocative)
निम्बूः1 (plural vocative)
निम्बूम् (accusative singular)
निम्ब्वौ (accusative dual)
निम्बू1 (accusative dual)
निम्बूः (accusative plural)
निम्ब्वा (instrumental singular)
निम्बूभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
निम्बूभिः (instrumental plural)
निम्ब्वै (dative singular)
निम्बूभ्याम् (dative dual)
निम्बूभ्यः (dative plural)
निम्ब्वाः (ablative singular)
निम्ब्वै2 (ablative singular)
निम्बूभ्याम् (ablative dual)
निम्बूभ्यः (ablative plural)
निम्ब्वाः (genitive singular)
निम्ब्वै2 (genitive singular)
निम्ब्वोः (dual genitive)
निम्बूनाम् (genitive plural)
निम्ब्वाम् (locative singular)
निम्ब्वोः (dual locative)
निम्बूषु (locative plural)

Assamese: নেমু (nemu)

Bengali: লেবু (lebu)

Gujarati: લીંબુ (lī̃bu)

Hindi: नींबू (nīmbū)

Urdu: نیمبو

Punjabi: ਨਿੰਬੂ (nimbū)

Sylheti: ꠟꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠥ (lembu)

→ Persian: لیمو (limu) (see there for further descendants)

Of Austroasiatic origin; compare Mundari लेम्बु (lembu). Compare also Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *limaw (“lime, citrus”), whence Malay limau (“citrus”).


सेवि

sevi (romanization)
सेवि (nominative singular)
सेविनी (dual nominative)
सेवीनि (nominative plural)
सेवि1 (nominative plural)
सेवी1 (nominative plural)
सेवि (singular vocative)
सेवे (singular vocative)
सेविनी (dual vocative)
सेवीनि (plural vocative)
सेवि1 (plural vocative)
सेवी1 (plural vocative)
सेवि (accusative singular)
सेविनी (accusative dual)
सेवीनि (accusative plural)
सेवि1 (accusative plural)
सेवी1 (accusative plural)
सेविना (instrumental singular)
सेव्या1 (instrumental singular)
सेविभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सेविभिः (instrumental plural)
सेविने (dative singular)
सेवये1 (dative singular)
सेविभ्याम् (dative dual)
सेविभ्यः (dative plural)
सेविनः (ablative singular)
सेवेः1 (ablative singular)
सेविभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सेविभ्यः (ablative plural)
सेविनः (genitive singular)
सेवेः1 (genitive singular)
सेविनोः (dual genitive)
सेवीनाम् (genitive plural)
सेविनि (locative singular)
सेवौ1 (locative singular)
सेवा1 (locative singular)
सेविनोः (dual locative)
सेविषु (locative plural)

Bhojpuri: सेव (sēv)

Marathi:

desctree

Nepali: स्याउ (syāu), सेउ (seu), स्यौ (syau)
→ Newar:
Devanagari script: स्याउ (syāu)
Newa script: 𑐳𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐄 (syāu)

Odia: ଶେଓ (śeo)

desc

Punjabi: ਸੇ (se), ਸੇਉ (seu), ਸੇਬ (seb), ਸੇਵ (sev), ਸਿਓ (sio)

Malayalam: സേവി (sēvi), സേവം (sēvaṁ)

Borrowed from Iranian; compare Persian سیب (sib, “apple”).

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual


दाडिम

dāḍima (romanization)
दाडिमः (nominative singular)
दाडिमौ (dual nominative)
दाडिमा1 (dual nominative)
दाडिमाः (nominative plural)
दाडिमासः1 (nominative plural)
दाडिम (singular vocative)
दाडिमौ (dual vocative)
दाडिमा1 (dual vocative)
दाडिमाः (plural vocative)
दाडिमासः1 (plural vocative)
दाडिमम् (accusative singular)
दाडिमौ (accusative dual)
दाडिमा1 (accusative dual)
दाडिमान् (accusative plural)
दाडिमेन (instrumental singular)
दाडिमाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दाडिमैः (instrumental plural)
दाडिमेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दाडिमाय (dative singular)
दाडिमाभ्याम् (dative dual)
दाडिमेभ्यः (dative plural)
दाडिमात् (ablative singular)
दाडिमाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दाडिमेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दाडिमस्य (genitive singular)
दाडिमयोः (dual genitive)
दाडिमानाम् (genitive plural)
दाडिमे (locative singular)
दाडिमयोः (dual locative)
दाडिमेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: dạ́im

Khowar: داڑُم (dáɫum)

Gandhari: [script needed] (daḍima)

Sindhi: डा॒ढ़ूँ

Sindhi: डा॒ढ़ूँ / ڏاڙۡهُون (ᶑɑːɽʱũː)

→ Hindi: दाड़िम (dāṛim)

Nepali: दारिम (dārim)

Early Assamese: দাড়িম্ব (daṛimbo), দাড়িম (daṛimo)

Assamese: ডালিম (dalim)

→ Old Gujarati: दाडिम (dāḍima)

Middle Gujarati: दाडम

Gujarati: દાડમ (dāḍam)

Marwari: दाड़म (dāṛam)

Old Marathi: दाडिंब (dāḍiṃba)

Marathi: डाळिंब (ḍāḷimba)

Pali: dāḍima, dālima, dāḷima

→ Burmese: တလည်း (ta.lany:)

Khmer: ឌាឌិម (diədɨm)

→ Classical Malay: دليما (dĕlima)

Brunei Malay: dalima

Malay: delima

Indonesian: delima

→ Old Javanese: dālima → dalima

Javanese: ꦢꦼꦭꦶꦩ (delima)

→ Telugu: దాడిమము (dāḍimamu)

Prakrit: 𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫 (dāḍima), 𑀤𑀸𑀮𑀺𑀫 (dālima), 𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀺 (dāḍimi)

→ Telugu: దాడినిమ్మ (dāḍinimma), దాడిమ్మ (dāḍimma), దానిమ్మ (dānimma)

→ Kannada: ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ (dāḷimbe)

→ Tulu: ദാലിംബ (dālimba)

An areal Kulturwort of obscure origin, perhaps related to डिम्ब (ḍimba, “egg, chrysalis”) and, along with it, borrowed from Munda. Cognate with Khotanese [script needed] (drāmma, “pomegranate”) and likely Middle Chinese 塗林 (MC du|drae lim, “pomegranate”), the latter considered not to be a Sanskrit loan by the Sino-Iranica.


धाना

dhānā́ (romanization)
धाना (nominative singular)
धाने (dual nominative)
धानाः (nominative plural)
धाने (singular vocative)
धाने (dual vocative)
धानाः (plural vocative)
धानाम् (accusative singular)
धाने (accusative dual)
धानाः (accusative plural)
धानया (instrumental singular)
धाना1 (instrumental singular)
धानाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धानाभिः (instrumental plural)
धानायै (dative singular)
धानाभ्याम् (dative dual)
धानाभ्यः (dative plural)
धानायाः (ablative singular)
धानायै2 (ablative singular)
धानाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धानाभ्यः (ablative plural)
धानायाः (genitive singular)
धानायै2 (genitive singular)
धानयोः (dual genitive)
धानानाम् (genitive plural)
धानायाम् (locative singular)
धानयोः (dual locative)
धानासु (locative plural)

Punjabi: ਧਾਣ (dhāṇ)

/ˈd̪ʱɑː.n̪ɑː/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰoHnéh₂ (“grain”). Cognate with Lithuanian dúona, Tocharian B tāno, Persian دانه (dâne). Compare Kamkata-viri juvór dõ (“popped corn”).

स्तीर्णं ते बर्हिः सुत इन्द्र सोमः कृता धाना अत्तवे ते हरिभ्याम् ।
तदोकसे पुरुशाकाय वृष्णे मरुत्वते तुभ्यं राता हवींषि ॥
stīrṇaṃ te barhiḥ suta indra somaḥ kṛtā dhānā attave te haribhyām.

The grass is strewn for thee, pressed is the Soma; the grain is ready for thy horses to feed on.
To thee who lovest them, the very mighty, strong, girt by Maruts, are these gifts presented.

tadokase puruśākāya vṛṣṇe marutvate tubhyaṃ rātā havīṃṣi.


कदल

kadala (romanization)
कदलम् (nominative singular)
कदले (dual nominative)
कदलानि (nominative plural)
कदला1 (nominative plural)
कदल (singular vocative)
कदले (dual vocative)
कदलानि (plural vocative)
कदला1 (plural vocative)
कदलम् (accusative singular)
कदले (accusative dual)
कदलानि (accusative plural)
कदला1 (accusative plural)
कदलेन (instrumental singular)
कदलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कदलैः (instrumental plural)
कदलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कदलाय (dative singular)
कदलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कदलेभ्यः (dative plural)
कदलात् (ablative singular)
कदलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कदलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कदलस्य (genitive singular)
कदलयोः (dual genitive)
कदलानाम् (genitive plural)
कदले (locative singular)
कदलयोः (dual locative)
कदलेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: کێلَا

Pali: kadalī

desc

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀬𑀮 (kayala), 𑀓𑀬𑀮𑀻 (kayalī), 𑀓𑀬𑀓𑁂𑀮 (kayakela), 𑀓𑀬𑀓𑁂𑀮𑀻 (kayakelī)

Central:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑁂𑀮 (kela)

Awadhi: केरा (kerā)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Doteli: केला (kelā)

Gujarati: કેળું (keḷũ)

Hindustani: kelā, kelī

Hindi: केला, केली

Hindi: केला, केली

Urdu: کیلا (kelā), کیلِی (kelī)

→ Dari: کیله (kêla)

→ Rohingya: kelā

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀬𑀮 (kayala), 𑀓𑁂𑀮 (kela)

Assamese: কল (kol)

Bengali: কলা (kola)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: केरा (kērā)

Maithili: केरा (kērā), कड़रि (kaṛᵊrɨ)

→ Nepali: केरा (kerā)

→ Tibetan: ཀེ་ར (ke ra)

Chakma: 𑄇𑄧𑄣 (kelā)

Odia: କଳା (kaḷā)

Sambalpuri: କେରା (kerā)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: केळु (keḷu)

Kumaoni: केलो (kelo), क्यव (kyaw)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: kellā

Gurmukhi script: ਕੇਲਾ

Shahmukhi script: کیلَّا

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: kero, keviṛo

Arabic script: ڪيرو, ڪيوِڙو

Devanagari script: केरो, केविड़ो

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ކެޔޮ (keyo)

Sinhalese: කෙහෙල් (kehel), කෙහෙළිය (keheḷiya)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑁂𑀮 (kela)

Konkani: keḷẽ

Devanagari script: केळें

Kannada script: ಕೆಳೆಂ

Latin script: kellem

Marathi: केळे (keḷe), केळ (keḷ), केळी (keḷī), केळें (keḷẽ)

Western:

Old Gujarati: कइलि (kaïli)

Gujarati: કેળ (keḷ), કેળું (keḷũ)

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Valmiki, Rāmāyaṇa

c. 400 CE, Kālidāsa, Meghadūta

c. 600 BCE – 600 CE, Suśruta, Suśruta Saṃhitā


हिङ्गु

hiṅgú (romanization)
हिङ्गुः (nominative singular)
हिङ्गू (dual nominative)
हिङ्गवः (nominative plural)
हिङ्गो (singular vocative)
हिङ्गू (dual vocative)
हिङ्गवः (plural vocative)
हिङ्गुम् (accusative singular)
हिङ्गू (accusative dual)
हिङ्गून् (accusative plural)
हिङ्गुना (instrumental singular)
हिङ्ग्वा1 (instrumental singular)
हिङ्गुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
हिङ्गुभिः (instrumental plural)
हिङ्गवे (dative singular)
हिङ्गुभ्याम् (dative dual)
हिङ्गुभ्यः (dative plural)
हिङ्गोः (ablative singular)
हिङ्गुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
हिङ्गुभ्यः (ablative plural)
हिङ्गोः (genitive singular)
हिङ्ग्वोः (dual genitive)
हिङ्गूनाम् (genitive plural)
हिङ्गौ (locative singular)
हिङ्ग्वोः (dual locative)
हिङ्गुषु (locative plural)

→ Balinese: ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬸ

Dardic:

Kashmiri: یَنٛگہٕ (yangụ)

→ Middle Chinese: 形虞 (MC heng ngju)

Mandarin: 形虞 (xíngyú)

→ Middle Chinese: 興蕖 (MC xing gjo)

Mandarin: 興蕖／兴蕖 (xīngqú)

Pali: hiṅgu

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀼 (hiṃgu)

Gujarati: હિંગ (hiṅg)

Hindi: हींग (hīṅg)

Nepali: हिङ (hiṅ)

Marathi: हिंग (hiṅga)

→ Burmese: ရှိန်းခို (hrin:hkui)

→ Jingpho: hkying hku

→ Shan: သိင်းၶူဝ်ႇ (síng khò)

→ Shan: သိင်းၶူဝ်ႇ (síng khò)

Lepcha: ᰝᰬᰵ (heng)

Odia: ହଂଗ୍ (haṅg), ହିଙ୍ଗୁ (hiṅgu)

→ Kannada: ಇಂಗು (iṅgu)

→ Tamil: இங்கு (iṅku)

Borrowed from Proto-Iranian *Hángwr̥ (“extract, resin”), with an unexpected shift from *a to i, from the derivation *Hanguǰatu of which Iranian terms for asafoetida derive.

bor

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa

Ferula assa-foetida
Ferula assa-foetida#Translingual


नारिकेल

nārikela (romanization)
नारिकेलः (nominative singular)
नारिकेलौ (dual nominative)
नारिकेला1 (dual nominative)
नारिकेलाः (nominative plural)
नारिकेलासः1 (nominative plural)
नारिकेल (singular vocative)
नारिकेलौ (dual vocative)
नारिकेला1 (dual vocative)
नारिकेलाः (plural vocative)
नारिकेलासः1 (plural vocative)
नारिकेलम् (accusative singular)
नारिकेलौ (accusative dual)
नारिकेला1 (accusative dual)
नारिकेलान् (accusative plural)
नारिकेलेन (instrumental singular)
नारिकेलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नारिकेलैः (instrumental plural)
नारिकेलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नारिकेलाय (dative singular)
नारिकेलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नारिकेलेभ्यः (dative plural)
नारिकेलात् (ablative singular)
नारिकेलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नारिकेलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नारिकेलस्य (genitive singular)
नारिकेलयोः (dual genitive)
नारिकेलानाम् (genitive plural)
नारिकेले (locative singular)
नारिकेलयोः (dual locative)
नारिकेलेषु (locative plural)

Maharastri Prakrit:

desc

Old Marathi: नारिएळ (nārieḷa), नारियळ (nāriyaḷa), नारियेळ (nāriyeḷa), नारीएळ (nārīeḷa), नार्यळ (nāryaḷa), नार्येळ (nāryeḷa)

Marathi: नारळ (nāraḷ)

Pali: nāḷikēra

→ Khmer: នាឡិកា (niəlekaa)

→ Thai: นาฬิกา (naa-lí-gaa, “clock”)

→ Lao: ນາລິກາ (nā li kā)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀡𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀏𑀮 (ṇāriela)

Gujarati: નારિયળ (nāriyaḷ) નાળિયેર (nāḷiyer)

Hindustani:

Hindi: नारियल (nāriyal)

Urdu: نَارِیَل (nāriyal)

Nepali: नरिवल (nariwal)

Punjabi: ਨਾਰੀਅਲ (nārīala)

Borrowings

→ Bengali: নারকেল (narkel) (semi-learned)

→ Early Assamese: নাৰিকল (narikolo) (learned)

Assamese: নাৰিকল (narikol)

→ Telugu: నారికేళము (nārikēḷamu) (learned)

→ Kannada: ನಾರಿಕೇಳ (nārikēḷa) (learned)

→ Sylheti: ꠘꠣꠁꠇꠟ (naikol) (learned)

→ Middle Persian: nʾlgyl (anārgēl)

desctree

Classical Persian: نَارْگیل (nārgēl)
→ Arabic: نَارْجِيل (nārjīl), نَرْجِيل (narjīl)
→ Ottoman Turkish: نارجیل (narcil), نارچیل (narçil)
→ Northern Kurdish: nargîl
→ Ottoman Turkish: نارگیل (nargil)

→ Classical Syriac: ܢܪܓܝܠ (nargil)

Ultimately from a Dravidian language. Compare Malayalam നാളികേരം (nāḷikēraṁ, “coconut”), Tamil நாரி (nāri, “fibre”) and Tamil கெளி (keḷi, “coconut palm”).


गोधूम

godhū́ma (romanization)
गोधूमः (nominative singular)
गोधूमौ (dual nominative)
गोधूमा1 (dual nominative)
गोधूमाः (nominative plural)
गोधूमासः1 (nominative plural)
गोधूम (singular vocative)
गोधूमौ (dual vocative)
गोधूमा1 (dual vocative)
गोधूमाः (plural vocative)
गोधूमासः1 (plural vocative)
गोधूमम् (accusative singular)
गोधूमौ (accusative dual)
गोधूमा1 (accusative dual)
गोधूमान् (accusative plural)
गोधूमेन (instrumental singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गोधूमैः (instrumental plural)
गोधूमेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गोधूमाय (dative singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गोधूमेभ्यः (dative plural)
गोधूमात् (ablative singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गोधूमेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गोधूमस्य (genitive singular)
गोधूमयोः (dual genitive)
गोधूमानाम् (genitive plural)
गोधूमे (locative singular)
गोधूमयोः (dual locative)
गोधूमेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: gúum

Khowar: گوم (goóm)

Pali: godhūma

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Central:
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
Awadhi: गेहूँ (gehū̃)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Romani: giv, ghiu
Lomavren: gihu, giu
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Hindustani:
Hindi: गोहूँ (gohū̃), गेहूँ (gehū̃), गहूँ (gahū̃)
Urdu: گوہُوں (gohū̃), گیہُوں (gehū̃), گَہُوں (gahū̃)
Eastern:
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গম (gom), গোম (güm), ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গোমধান (gümodhan)
Bengali: গম (gom), গোম (gōm), গম (gom)
→ Burmese: ဂျုံ (gyum)
Bihari: गोहुँ (gohũ), गहुम (gahum)
Bhojpuri: गोहूँ (gōhū̃)
Maithili: गोहुम (gōhum), गहूम (gahūm)
Odia: ଗହୁଁ (gahũ), ଗହମ (gahama)
Northern:
Khasa Prakrit:
Central Pahari:
Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)
Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)
Eastern Pahari:
Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)
Western Pahari:
Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)
Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)
Northwestern:
Paisaci Prakrit:
Vracada Apabhramsa:
Sindhi: गेहूं／گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)
Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)
Southern:
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ގޮދަން (godan̊)
Sinhalese: ගොයම (goyama)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Konkani: gãv
Devanagari script: गंव
Kannada script: ಗಂವ್
Latin script: gonv
Marathi: गहू (gahū)
Western:
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Gurjara Apabhramsa:
Gujarati: ઘઉં (ghaũ), ઘઉં (ghaũ)

→ Kannada: ಗೋಧಿ (gōdhi)

→ Malayalam: ഗോതമ്പ് (gōtampŭ)

→ Tamil: கோதுமை (kōtumai)

→ Telugu: గోధుమ (gōdhuma)

→ Hindi: गोधूम (godhūm) (learned)

/ɡoːˈd̪ʱuː.mɐ/

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰúHmas ~ *gantúHmas, possibly ultimately from a Middle Eastern wanderwort (compare Proto-Semitic *ḥnṭ, whence Arabic حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa, “spelt, wheat”)). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gaṇtuma), 𐬔𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gantuma), Middle Persian gnwm (gannum).
Later reanalyzed as a native formation, गो (go, “earth”) + धूम (dhūma, “smoke”).


मोच

moca (romanization)
मोचम् (nominative singular)
मोचे (dual nominative)
मोचानि (nominative plural)
मोचा1 (nominative plural)
मोच (singular vocative)
मोचे (dual vocative)
मोचानि (plural vocative)
मोचा1 (plural vocative)
मोचम् (accusative singular)
मोचे (accusative dual)
मोचानि (accusative plural)
मोचा1 (accusative plural)
मोचेन (instrumental singular)
मोचाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मोचैः (instrumental plural)
मोचेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मोचाय (dative singular)
मोचाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मोचेभ्यः (dative plural)
मोचात् (ablative singular)
मोचाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मोचेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मोचस्य (genitive singular)
मोचयोः (dual genitive)
मोचानाम् (genitive plural)
मोचे (locative singular)
मोचयोः (dual locative)
मोचेषु (locative plural)

→ Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭅𐭆 (mwc /mōč/) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Dravidian, from Malayo-Polynesian, ultimately from Proto-Trans-New Guinea *mugu. Compare Tamil மோத்தை (mōttai), Manggarai muku, Mosimo mugu.


भावज्ञा

bhāvajñā (romanization)
भावज्ञा (nominative singular)
भावज्ञे (dual nominative)
भावज्ञाः (nominative plural)
भावज्ञे (singular vocative)
भावज्ञे (dual vocative)
भावज्ञाः (plural vocative)
भावज्ञाम् (accusative singular)
भावज्ञे (accusative dual)
भावज्ञाः (accusative plural)
भावज्ञया (instrumental singular)
भावज्ञा1 (instrumental singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भावज्ञाभिः (instrumental plural)
भावज्ञायै (dative singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भावज्ञाभ्यः (dative plural)
भावज्ञायाः (ablative singular)
भावज्ञायै2 (ablative singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भावज्ञाभ्यः (ablative plural)
भावज्ञायाः (genitive singular)
भावज्ञायै2 (genitive singular)
भावज्ञयोः (dual genitive)
भावज्ञानाम् (genitive plural)
भावज्ञायाम् (locative singular)
भावज्ञयोः (dual locative)
भावज्ञासु (locative plural)

/bʱɑː.ʋɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

/bʱɑːˈʋɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual

foxtail millet (Setaria italica, syn. Panicum italicum)


किकि

kiki (romanization)
किकिः (nominative singular)
किकी (dual nominative)
किकयः (nominative plural)
किके (singular vocative)
किकी (dual vocative)
किकयः (plural vocative)
किकिम् (accusative singular)
किकी (accusative dual)
किकीन् (accusative plural)
किकिना (instrumental singular)
किक्या1 (instrumental singular)
किकिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
किकिभिः (instrumental plural)
किकये (dative singular)
किकिभ्याम् (dative dual)
किकिभ्यः (dative plural)
किकेः (ablative singular)
किक्यः1 (ablative singular)
किकिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
किकिभ्यः (ablative plural)
किकेः (genitive singular)
किक्यः1 (genitive singular)
किक्योः (dual genitive)
किकीनाम् (genitive plural)
किकौ (locative singular)
किका1 (locative singular)
किक्योः (dual locative)
किकिषु (locative plural)


पनस

panasa (romanization)
पनसम् (nominative singular)
पनसे (dual nominative)
पनसानि (nominative plural)
पनसा1 (nominative plural)
पनस (singular vocative)
पनसे (dual vocative)
पनसानि (plural vocative)
पनसा1 (plural vocative)
पनसम् (accusative singular)
पनसे (accusative dual)
पनसानि (accusative plural)
पनसा1 (accusative plural)
पनसेन (instrumental singular)
पनसाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पनसैः (instrumental plural)
पनसेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
पनसाय (dative singular)
पनसाभ्याम् (dative dual)
पनसेभ्यः (dative plural)
पनसात् (ablative singular)
पनसाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पनसेभ्यः (ablative plural)
पनसस्य (genitive singular)
पनसयोः (dual genitive)
पनसानाम् (genitive plural)
पनसे (locative singular)
पनसयोः (dual locative)
पनसेषु (locative plural)

desctree

Pali: panasa
→ Burmese: ပိန္နဲ (pinnai:)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀨𑀡𑀲 (phaṇasa)

Bengali: পনস (ponoś)

Odia: ପଣସ (paṇasa)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀨𑀡𑀲 (phaṇasa)

Gujarati: ફણસ (phaṇas)

Hindi: फनस (phanas) (or from another language)

Marwari: फणस (phaṇas) (or from another language, possibly Gujarati)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀡𑀲 (paṇasa)

Marathi: फणस (phaṇas) (or directly borrowed from an old, unattested tribal dialect)

→ Swahili: fenesi (or from Gujarati)

Konkani: पोणोस (poṇos)

→ Middle Chinese: 波那娑 (MC pa na sa)

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *palacV.


रागी

Eleusine coracana
Eleusine coracana#Translingual


पालङ्की

pālaṅkī (romanization)
पालङ्की (nominative singular)
पालङ्क्यौ (dual nominative)
पालङ्की1 (dual nominative)
पालङ्क्यः (nominative plural)
पालङ्कीः1 (nominative plural)
पालङ्कि (singular vocative)
पालङ्क्यौ (dual vocative)
पालङ्की1 (dual vocative)
पालङ्क्यः (plural vocative)
पालङ्कीः1 (plural vocative)
पालङ्कीम् (accusative singular)
पालङ्क्यौ (accusative dual)
पालङ्की1 (accusative dual)
पालङ्कीः (accusative plural)
पालङ्क्या (instrumental singular)
पालङ्कीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पालङ्कीभिः (instrumental plural)
पालङ्क्यै (dative singular)
पालङ्कीभ्याम् (dative dual)
पालङ्कीभ्यः (dative plural)
पालङ्क्याः (ablative singular)
पालङ्क्यै2 (ablative singular)
पालङ्कीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पालङ्कीभ्यः (ablative plural)
पालङ्क्याः (genitive singular)
पालङ्क्यै2 (genitive singular)
पालङ्क्योः (dual genitive)
पालङ्कीनाम् (genitive plural)
पालङ्क्याम् (locative singular)
पालङ्क्योः (dual locative)
पालङ्कीषु (locative plural)

/pɑːˈl̪ɐŋ.kiː/

gum olibanum, Indian frankincense (Boswellia thurifera)


कुष्माण्ड

sa-noun

कुष्माण्ड • (kuṣmāṇḍa) stem, m

kuṣmāṇḍa (romanization)
कुष्माण्डः (nominative singular)
कुष्माण्डौ (dual nominative)
कुष्माण्डा1 (dual nominative)
कुष्माण्डाः (nominative plural)
कुष्माण्डासः1 (nominative plural)
कुष्माण्ड (singular vocative)
कुष्माण्डौ (dual vocative)
कुष्माण्डा1 (dual vocative)
कुष्माण्डाः (plural vocative)
कुष्माण्डासः1 (plural vocative)
कुष्माण्डम् (accusative singular)
कुष्माण्डौ (accusative dual)
कुष्माण्डा1 (accusative dual)
कुष्माण्डान् (accusative plural)
कुष्माण्डेन (instrumental singular)
कुष्माण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कुष्माण्डैः (instrumental plural)
कुष्माण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कुष्माण्डाय (dative singular)
कुष्माण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कुष्माण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
कुष्माण्डात् (ablative singular)
कुष्माण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कुष्माण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कुष्माण्डस्य (genitive singular)
कुष्माण्डयोः (dual genitive)
कुष्माण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
कुष्माण्डे (locative singular)
कुष्माण्डयोः (dual locative)
कुष्माण्डेषु (locative plural)

/kuʂˈmɑːɳ.ɖɐ/

Hypercorrected form of a Middle Indo-Aryan *kumhaṃḍa, from a substrate language. See कुम्हड़ा (kumhaṛā) for more.


टिण्डिश

टिण्डिश • (ṭiṇḍiśa) stem, m

ṭiṇḍiśa (romanization)
टिण्डिशः (nominative singular)
टिण्डिशौ (dual nominative)
टिण्डिशा1 (dual nominative)
टिण्डिशाः (nominative plural)
टिण्डिशासः1 (nominative plural)
टिण्डिश (singular vocative)
टिण्डिशौ (dual vocative)
टिण्डिशा1 (dual vocative)
टिण्डिशाः (plural vocative)
टिण्डिशासः1 (plural vocative)
टिण्डिशम् (accusative singular)
टिण्डिशौ (accusative dual)
टिण्डिशा1 (accusative dual)
टिण्डिशान् (accusative plural)
टिण्डिशेन (instrumental singular)
टिण्डिशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
टिण्डिशैः (instrumental plural)
टिण्डिशेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
टिण्डिशाय (dative singular)
टिण्डिशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
टिण्डिशेभ्यः (dative plural)
टिण्डिशात् (ablative singular)
टिण्डिशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
टिण्डिशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
टिण्डिशस्य (genitive singular)
टिण्डिशयोः (dual genitive)
टिण्डिशानाम् (genitive plural)
टिण्डिशे (locative singular)
टिण्डिशयोः (dual locative)
टिण्डिशेषु (locative plural)

Hindustani: ṭiṇḍā

Hindi: टिंडा

desc

Urdu: ٹِن٘ڈا

Urdu: ٹِن٘ڈا

Sindhi: ṭiṇḍasu

Arabic script: ٽِنڊَسُ

Devanagari script: टिंडसु

/ˈʈiɳ.ɖi.ɕɐ/

Given the semantic domain and the number of alternative forms, probably from a substrate.


अलाबु

alā́bu (romanization)
अलाबुः (nominative singular)
अलाबू (dual nominative)
अलाबवः (nominative plural)
अलाबो (singular vocative)
अलाबू (dual vocative)
अलाबवः (plural vocative)
अलाबुम् (accusative singular)
अलाबू (accusative dual)
अलाबूः (accusative plural)
अलाब्वा (instrumental singular)
अलाबुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अलाबुभिः (instrumental plural)
अलाबवे (dative singular)
अलाब्वै1 (dative singular)
अलाबुभ्याम् (dative dual)
अलाबुभ्यः (dative plural)
अलाबोः (ablative singular)
अलाब्वाः1 (ablative singular)
अलाब्वै2 (ablative singular)
अलाबुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अलाबुभ्यः (ablative plural)
अलाबोः (genitive singular)
अलाब्वाः1 (genitive singular)
अलाब्वै2 (genitive singular)
अलाब्वोः (dual genitive)
अलाबूनाम् (genitive plural)
अलाबौ (locative singular)
अलाब्वाम्1 (locative singular)
अलाब्वोः (dual locative)
अलाबुषु (locative plural)

Of Austroasiatic origin (Proto-Mon-Khmer *rbaw, *baw (“gourd”)).


कारवेल्ल

sa-noun

कारवेल्ल • (kāravella) stem, m or n (feminine करवेल्ली)

kāravella (romanization)
करवेल्ली (feminine)
कारवेल्लः (nominative singular)
कारवेल्लौ (dual nominative)
कारवेल्ला1 (dual nominative)
कारवेल्लाः (nominative plural)
कारवेल्लासः1 (nominative plural)
कारवेल्ल (singular vocative)
कारवेल्लौ (dual vocative)
कारवेल्ला1 (dual vocative)
कारवेल्लाः (plural vocative)
कारवेल्लासः1 (plural vocative)
कारवेल्लम् (accusative singular)
कारवेल्लौ (accusative dual)
कारवेल्ला1 (accusative dual)
कारवेल्लान् (accusative plural)
कारवेल्लेन (instrumental singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कारवेल्लैः (instrumental plural)
कारवेल्लेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कारवेल्लाय (dative singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कारवेल्लेभ्यः (dative plural)
कारवेल्लात् (ablative singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कारवेल्लेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कारवेल्लस्य (genitive singular)
कारवेल्लयोः (dual genitive)
कारवेल्लानाम् (genitive plural)
कारवेल्ले (locative singular)
कारवेल्लयोः (dual locative)
कारवेल्लेषु (locative plural)
कारवेल्लम् (nominative singular)
कारवेल्ले (dual nominative)
कारवेल्लानि (nominative plural)
कारवेल्ला1 (nominative plural)
कारवेल्ल (singular vocative)
कारवेल्ले (dual vocative)
कारवेल्लानि (plural vocative)
कारवेल्ला1 (plural vocative)
कारवेल्लम् (accusative singular)
कारवेल्ले (accusative dual)
कारवेल्लानि (accusative plural)
कारवेल्ला1 (accusative plural)
कारवेल्लेन (instrumental singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कारवेल्लैः (instrumental plural)
कारवेल्लेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कारवेल्लाय (dative singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कारवेल्लेभ्यः (dative plural)
कारवेल्लात् (ablative singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कारवेल्लेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कारवेल्लस्य (genitive singular)
कारवेल्लयोः (dual genitive)
कारवेल्लानाम् (genitive plural)
कारवेल्ले (locative singular)
कारवेल्लयोः (dual locative)
कारवेल्लेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: کَریل (karēl)

Pali: kāravella

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀬𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀈 (kāriyallaī)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

desc

Bihari: करइला (karailā), करइली (karailī)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: කරිවිල (kariwila)

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀬 (kārĕllaya)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindustani: karelā

Hindi: करेला

Urdu: کَریلہ

Urdu: کَریلہ

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: কেৰেলা (kerela)

Bengali: করেলা (korela), করেলি (koreli), করলা (korla)

Odia: କର୍ଲା (karlā), କଲରା (kalarā), କଲୁରି (kaluri), କରଡ଼ା (karaṛā)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: करेलो (karelo)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: करेल (karel)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Lahnda: کریلا (krēlā)

Punjabi: karelā

Gurmukhi script: ਕਰੇਲਾ

Shahmukhi script: کَریلَا

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: karelo

Arabic script: ڪَريلو

Devanagari script: करेलो

Southern:

Maharastri Prakrit:

Marathi: कारली (kārlī), कारलें (kārlẽ), कारेती (kāretī), कारेतें (kāretẽ)

Western:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: કારેલી (kārelī), કારેલું (kārelũ)

/kɑː.ɾɐˈʋeːl̪.l̪ɐ/

Momordica charantia
Momordica charantia#Translingual


नेत्रोपम

netropama (romanization)
नेत्रोपमः (nominative singular)
नेत्रोपमौ (dual nominative)
नेत्रोपमा1 (dual nominative)
नेत्रोपमाः (nominative plural)
नेत्रोपमासः1 (nominative plural)
नेत्रोपम (singular vocative)
नेत्रोपमौ (dual vocative)
नेत्रोपमा1 (dual vocative)
नेत्रोपमाः (plural vocative)
नेत्रोपमासः1 (plural vocative)
नेत्रोपमम् (accusative singular)
नेत्रोपमौ (accusative dual)
नेत्रोपमा1 (accusative dual)
नेत्रोपमान् (accusative plural)
नेत्रोपमेण (instrumental singular)
नेत्रोपमाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नेत्रोपमैः (instrumental plural)
नेत्रोपमेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नेत्रोपमाय (dative singular)
नेत्रोपमाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नेत्रोपमेभ्यः (dative plural)
नेत्रोपमात् (ablative singular)
नेत्रोपमाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नेत्रोपमेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नेत्रोपमस्य (genitive singular)
नेत्रोपमयोः (dual genitive)
नेत्रोपमाणाम् (genitive plural)
नेत्रोपमे (locative singular)
नेत्रोपमयोः (dual locative)
नेत्रोपमेषु (locative plural)

From नेत्र (netra, “eye”) + उपम (upama, “resembling”), literally “resembling the eye”.


भल्लातक

bhallātaka (romanization)
भल्लातकः (nominative singular)
भल्लातकौ (dual nominative)
भल्लातका1 (dual nominative)
भल्लातकाः (nominative plural)
भल्लातकासः1 (nominative plural)
भल्लातक (singular vocative)
भल्लातकौ (dual vocative)
भल्लातका1 (dual vocative)
भल्लातकाः (plural vocative)
भल्लातकासः1 (plural vocative)
भल्लातकम् (accusative singular)
भल्लातकौ (accusative dual)
भल्लातका1 (accusative dual)
भल्लातकान् (accusative plural)
भल्लातकेन (instrumental singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भल्लातकैः (instrumental plural)
भल्लातकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
भल्लातकाय (dative singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भल्लातकेभ्यः (dative plural)
भल्लातकात् (ablative singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भल्लातकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
भल्लातकस्य (genitive singular)
भल्लातकयोः (dual genitive)
भल्लातकानाम् (genitive plural)
भल्लातके (locative singular)
भल्लातकयोः (dual locative)
भल्लातकेषु (locative plural)

/bʱɐl̪ˈl̪ɑː.t̪ɐ.kɐ/

Semecarpus anacardium
Semecarpus anacardium#Translingual

the marking nut plant, Semecarpus anacardium (from which is extracted an acid juice used for medicinal purposes, and a black liquid used for marking linen)


दृढबीज

dṛḍhabīja (romanization)
दृढबीजः (nominative singular)
दृढबीजौ (dual nominative)
दृढबीजा1 (dual nominative)
दृढबीजाः (nominative plural)
दृढबीजासः1 (nominative plural)
दृढबीज (singular vocative)
दृढबीजौ (dual vocative)
दृढबीजा1 (dual vocative)
दृढबीजाः (plural vocative)
दृढबीजासः1 (plural vocative)
दृढबीजम् (accusative singular)
दृढबीजौ (accusative dual)
दृढबीजा1 (accusative dual)
दृढबीजान् (accusative plural)
दृढबीजेन (instrumental singular)
दृढबीजाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दृढबीजैः (instrumental plural)
दृढबीजेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दृढबीजाय (dative singular)
दृढबीजाभ्याम् (dative dual)
दृढबीजेभ्यः (dative plural)
दृढबीजात् (ablative singular)
दृढबीजाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दृढबीजेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दृढबीजस्य (genitive singular)
दृढबीजयोः (dual genitive)
दृढबीजानाम् (genitive plural)
दृढबीजे (locative singular)
दृढबीजयोः (dual locative)
दृढबीजेषु (locative plural)

/d̪r̩.ɖʱɐˈbiː.d͡ʑɐ/

From दृढ (dṛḍha, “hard, strong”) + बीज (bīja, “seed”).

sickle senna (Senna tora, syn. Cassia tora)


मुद्ग

मु॒द्ग (canonical)
mudgá (romanization)
मुद्गः (nominative singular)
मुद्गौ (dual nominative)
मुद्गा1 (dual nominative)
मुद्गाः (nominative plural)
मुद्गासः1 (nominative plural)
मुद्ग (singular vocative)
मुद्गौ (dual vocative)
मुद्गा1 (dual vocative)
मुद्गाः (plural vocative)
मुद्गासः1 (plural vocative)
मुद्गम् (accusative singular)
मुद्गौ (accusative dual)
मुद्गा1 (accusative dual)
मुद्गान् (accusative plural)
मुद्गेन (instrumental singular)
मुद्गाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुद्गैः (instrumental plural)
मुद्गेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मुद्गाय (dative singular)
मुद्गाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मुद्गेभ्यः (dative plural)
मुद्गात् (ablative singular)
मुद्गाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुद्गेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मुद्गस्य (genitive singular)
मुद्गयोः (dual genitive)
मुद्गानाम् (genitive plural)
मुद्गे (locative singular)
मुद्गयोः (dual locative)
मुद्गेषु (locative plural)

Pali: mugga

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀕𑁆𑀕 (mugga) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

→ Hindi: मुद्ग (mudg) (learned)

Unknown.
Petersson claims derivation from Proto-Indo-European via *muzgá, connecting this term and Sanskrit मुद्गर (mudgara, “hammer”) to Slavic, whence Old Czech možditi (“to smash”), Czech hmožditi, Russian можжи́ть (možžítʹ), мозжи́ть (mozžítʹ, “to beat, pound”), etc. ultimately a verbal derivation from Proto-Slavic *mozgь.
Burrow agrees that *muzgá is the original form, but relates the term to Sanskrit मसूर (masūra, “lentil”) and derived both from Dravidian; cf. Tamil முதிரை (mutirai, “pulse”).
The Uṇādisūtras (1.127) claim derivation from the root मुद् (mud, “rejoice, be happy”), but this is etymologically unjustified.
Also see मुद्गष्ठ (mudgaṣṭha, “kind of bean”), मुकुष्ठ (mukuṣṭha, “Vigna aconitifolia”), Prakrit *𑀫𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀭 (*maṭṭara, “Pisum sativum”).

etymon

मु॒द्ग

ncog

Russian можжи́ть (možžítʹ)

c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Śukla-Yajurveda (Vājasenayi Saṃhitā)

Vigna radiata
Vigna radiata#Translingual


चिक्कण

cikkáṇa (romanization)
चिक्कणः (nominative singular)
चिक्कणौ (dual nominative)
चिक्कणा1 (dual nominative)
चिक्कणाः (nominative plural)
चिक्कणासः1 (nominative plural)
चिक्कण (singular vocative)
चिक्कणौ (dual vocative)
चिक्कणा1 (dual vocative)
चिक्कणाः (plural vocative)
चिक्कणासः1 (plural vocative)
चिक्कणम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कणौ (accusative dual)
चिक्कणा1 (accusative dual)
चिक्कणान् (accusative plural)
चिक्कणेन (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणैः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणाय (dative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कणात् (ablative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कणस्य (genitive singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणानाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कणे (locative singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual locative)
चिक्कणेषु (locative plural)
चिक्कणा (nominative singular)
चिक्कणे (dual nominative)
चिक्कणाः (nominative plural)
चिक्कणे (singular vocative)
चिक्कणे (dual vocative)
चिक्कणाः (plural vocative)
चिक्कणाम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कणे (accusative dual)
चिक्कणाः (accusative plural)
चिक्कणया (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणा1 (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणाभिः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणायै (dative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणाभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कणायाः (ablative singular)
चिक्कणायै2 (ablative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणाभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कणायाः (genitive singular)
चिक्कणायै2 (genitive singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणानाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कणायाम् (locative singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual locative)
चिक्कणासु (locative plural)
चिक्कणी (nominative singular)
चिक्कण्यौ (dual nominative)
चिक्कणी1 (dual nominative)
चिक्कण्यः (nominative plural)
चिक्कणीः1 (nominative plural)
चिक्कणि (singular vocative)
चिक्कण्यौ (dual vocative)
चिक्कणी1 (dual vocative)
चिक्कण्यः (plural vocative)
चिक्कणीः1 (plural vocative)
चिक्कणीम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कण्यौ (accusative dual)
चिक्कणी1 (accusative dual)
चिक्कणीः (accusative plural)
चिक्कण्या (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणीभिः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कण्यै (dative singular)
चिक्कणीभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणीभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कण्याः (ablative singular)
चिक्कण्यै2 (ablative singular)
चिक्कणीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणीभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कण्याः (genitive singular)
चिक्कण्यै2 (genitive singular)
चिक्कण्योः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणीनाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कण्याम् (locative singular)
चिक्कण्योः (dual locative)
चिक्कणीषु (locative plural)
चिक्कणम् (nominative singular)
चिक्कणे (dual nominative)
चिक्कणानि (nominative plural)
चिक्कणा1 (nominative plural)
चिक्कण (singular vocative)
चिक्कणे (dual vocative)
चिक्कणानि (plural vocative)
चिक्कणा1 (plural vocative)
चिक्कणम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कणे (accusative dual)
चिक्कणानि (accusative plural)
चिक्कणा1 (accusative plural)
चिक्कणेन (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणैः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणाय (dative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कणात् (ablative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कणस्य (genitive singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणानाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कणे (locative singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual locative)
चिक्कणेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡 (cikkaṇa) (see there for further descendants)

From चिक्क (cikka, “gummy matter in eyes, lime”), either of substrate or of sound-symbolic origin.


चिञ्चा

ciñcā (romanization)
चिञ्चा (nominative singular)
चिञ्चे (dual nominative)
चिञ्चाः (nominative plural)
चिञ्चे (singular vocative)
चिञ्चे (dual vocative)
चिञ्चाः (plural vocative)
चिञ्चाम् (accusative singular)
चिञ्चे (accusative dual)
चिञ्चाः (accusative plural)
चिञ्चया (instrumental singular)
चिञ्चाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिञ्चाभिः (instrumental plural)
चिञ्चायै (dative singular)
चिञ्चाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिञ्चाभ्यः (dative plural)
चिञ्चायाः (ablative singular)
चिञ्चाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिञ्चाभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिञ्चायाः (genitive singular)
चिञ्चयोः (dual genitive)
चिञ्चानाम् (genitive plural)
चिञ्चायाम् (locative singular)
चिञ्चयोः (dual locative)
चिञ्चासु (locative plural)

Pali: ciñcā

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀸 (ciṃcā)
Marathi: चिंच (ciñca)

→ Hindi: चिंचा (ciñcā) (learned)

/ˈt͡ɕiɲ.t͡ɕɑː/

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *cintta. Compare चुञ्चुरी ~ चुञ्चुली (cuñcurī ~ cuñculī, “game played with tamarind seeds”), तिन्तिडी (tintiḍī, “tamarind”).

अश्वत्थचिञ्चात्वक्चूर्णं चतुर्थांशेन निक्षिपेत् ।

c. 1500, Bhāva Miśra, Bhāva Prakāśa 7.3.84.1

Put down the sacred fig, tamarind, cinnamon, pounded sandal by a quarter.

चिञ्चा तु चुक्रिका चुक्रा साम्लिका शाकचुक्रिका ।
ciñcā tu cukrikā cukrā sāmlikā śākacukrikā.
The tamarind is [also known as] cukrikā, cukrā, sāmlikā, śākacukrikā.


कुम्भाण्डी

sa-noun

कुम्भाण्डी • (kumbhāṇḍī) stem, f


कर्कारु

karkāru (romanization)
कर्कारुः (nominative singular)
कर्कारू (dual nominative)
कर्कारवः (nominative plural)
कर्कारो (singular vocative)
कर्कारू (dual vocative)
कर्कारवः (plural vocative)
कर्कारुम् (accusative singular)
कर्कारू (accusative dual)
कर्कारून् (accusative plural)
कर्कारुणा (instrumental singular)
कर्कार्वा1 (instrumental singular)
कर्कारुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कर्कारुभिः (instrumental plural)
कर्कारवे (dative singular)
कर्कार्वे1 (dative singular)
कर्कारुभ्याम् (dative dual)
कर्कारुभ्यः (dative plural)
कर्कारोः (ablative singular)
कर्कार्वः1 (ablative singular)
कर्कारुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कर्कारुभ्यः (ablative plural)
कर्कारोः (genitive singular)
कर्कार्वः1 (genitive singular)
कर्कार्वोः (dual genitive)
कर्कारूणाम् (genitive plural)
कर्कारौ (locative singular)
कर्कार्वोः (dual locative)
कर्कारुषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Pashayi:

Northwest Pashayi: ککرو (kakarū́)

Southeast Pashayi: kā̃ḥarǖ́

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Waigali: kaṅkarǖ́

Pali: kakkāru

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀼𑀆 (kakkāluā)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

desc

Odia: କଖାରୁ (kakhāru), କଂଖାର (kaṅkhāra), କଂଖାରୁ (kaṅkhāru)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ކެކުރި (kekuri), ކެކެރި (kekeri)

Sinhalese: කැකිර (kækira), කැකිරි (kækiri)

/kɐɾˈkɑː.ɾu/


शृङ्गवेर

śṛṅgavera (romanization)
शृङ्गवेरः (nominative singular)
शृङ्गवेरौ (dual nominative)
शृङ्गवेरा1 (dual nominative)
शृङ्गवेराः (nominative plural)
शृङ्गवेरासः1 (nominative plural)
शृङ्गवेर (singular vocative)
शृङ्गवेरौ (dual vocative)
शृङ्गवेरा1 (dual vocative)
शृङ्गवेराः (plural vocative)
शृङ्गवेरासः1 (plural vocative)
शृङ्गवेरम् (accusative singular)
शृङ्गवेरौ (accusative dual)
शृङ्गवेरा1 (accusative dual)
शृङ्गवेरान् (accusative plural)
शृङ्गवेरेण (instrumental singular)
शृङ्गवेराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शृङ्गवेरैः (instrumental plural)
शृङ्गवेरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
शृङ्गवेराय (dative singular)
शृङ्गवेराभ्याम् (dative dual)
शृङ्गवेरेभ्यः (dative plural)
शृङ्गवेरात् (ablative singular)
शृङ्गवेराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शृङ्गवेरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शृङ्गवेरस्य (genitive singular)
शृङ्गवेरयोः (dual genitive)
शृङ्गवेराणाम् (genitive plural)
शृङ्गवेरे (locative singular)
शृङ्गवेरयोः (dual locative)
शृङ्गवेरेषु (locative plural)

/ɕr̩ŋ.ɡɐ.ʋɐj.ɾɐ/

/ɕr̩ŋ.ɡɐˈʋeː.ɾɐ/

Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera), with influence of शृङ्ग (śṛṅga, “horn”), derived from Dravidian. Compare Tamil இஞ்சிவேர் (iñcivēr), from இஞ்சி (iñci, “ginger”) + வேர் (vēr, “root”).


वारबुषा

vārabuṣā (romanization)
वारबुषा (nominative singular)
वारबुषे (dual nominative)
वारबुषाः (nominative plural)
वारबुषे (singular vocative)
वारबुषे (dual vocative)
वारबुषाः (plural vocative)
वारबुषाम् (accusative singular)
वारबुषे (accusative dual)
वारबुषाः (accusative plural)
वारबुषया (instrumental singular)
वारबुषा1 (instrumental singular)
वारबुषाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वारबुषाभिः (instrumental plural)
वारबुषायै (dative singular)
वारबुषाभ्याम् (dative dual)
वारबुषाभ्यः (dative plural)
वारबुषायाः (ablative singular)
वारबुषायै2 (ablative singular)
वारबुषाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वारबुषाभ्यः (ablative plural)
वारबुषायाः (genitive singular)
वारबुषायै2 (genitive singular)
वारबुषयोः (dual genitive)
वारबुषाणाम् (genitive plural)
वारबुषायाम् (locative singular)
वारबुषयोः (dual locative)
वारबुषासु (locative plural)

/ʋɑː.ɾɐ.bu.ʂɑː/

/ˈʋɑː.ɾɐ.bu.ʂɑː/

Borrowed from South Dravidian I; compare Malayalam വാഴ (vāḻa), വാഴപ്പഴം (vāḻappaḻaṁ).


नीरस

/ˈn̪iː.ɾɐ.s̪ɐ/

निर्- (nir-, “without”) + रस (rasa, “juice”).


कुलञ्जन

desc

قُولَنْجَانْ

→ Classical Persian: قُولَنْجَانْ (qūlanjān) (see there for further descendants)

/kuˈl̪ɐɲ.d͡ʑɐ.n̪ɐ/

Perhaps borrowed from Chinese 高良薑／高良姜 (gāoliángjiāng), from 高涼／高凉 (Gāoliáng) (a prefecture or county in China) + 薑／姜 (jiāng, “ginger”).


पालङ्किका

pālaṅkikā (romanization)
पालङ्किका (nominative singular)
पालङ्किके (dual nominative)
पालङ्किकाः (nominative plural)
पालङ्किके (singular vocative)
पालङ्किके (dual vocative)
पालङ्किकाः (plural vocative)
पालङ्किकाम् (accusative singular)
पालङ्किके (accusative dual)
पालङ्किकाः (accusative plural)
पालङ्किकया (instrumental singular)
पालङ्किका1 (instrumental singular)
पालङ्किकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पालङ्किकाभिः (instrumental plural)
पालङ्किकायै (dative singular)
पालङ्किकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
पालङ्किकाभ्यः (dative plural)
पालङ्किकायाः (ablative singular)
पालङ्किकायै2 (ablative singular)
पालङ्किकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पालङ्किकाभ्यः (ablative plural)
पालङ्किकायाः (genitive singular)
पालङ्किकायै2 (genitive singular)
पालङ्किकयोः (dual genitive)
पालङ्किकानाम् (genitive plural)
पालङ्किकायाम् (locative singular)
पालङ्किकयोः (dual locative)
पालङ्किकासु (locative plural)


पालङ्क्य

pālaṅkya (romanization)
पालङ्क्यम् (nominative singular)
पालङ्क्ये (dual nominative)
पालङ्क्यानि (nominative plural)
पालङ्क्या1 (nominative plural)
पालङ्क्य (singular vocative)
पालङ्क्ये (dual vocative)
पालङ्क्यानि (plural vocative)
पालङ्क्या1 (plural vocative)
पालङ्क्यम् (accusative singular)
पालङ्क्ये (accusative dual)
पालङ्क्यानि (accusative plural)
पालङ्क्या1 (accusative plural)
पालङ्क्येन (instrumental singular)
पालङ्क्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पालङ्क्यैः (instrumental plural)
पालङ्क्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
पालङ्क्याय (dative singular)
पालङ्क्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
पालङ्क्येभ्यः (dative plural)
पालङ्क्यात् (ablative singular)
पालङ्क्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पालङ्क्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
पालङ्क्यस्य (genitive singular)
पालङ्क्ययोः (dual genitive)
पालङ्क्यानाम् (genitive plural)
पालङ्क्ये (locative singular)
पालङ्क्ययोः (dual locative)
पालङ्क्येषु (locative plural)

/pɑːˈl̪ɐŋ.kjɐ/


पालङ्क

pālaṅka (romanization)
पालङ्कः (nominative singular)
पालङ्कौ (dual nominative)
पालङ्का1 (dual nominative)
पालङ्काः (nominative plural)
पालङ्कासः1 (nominative plural)
पालङ्क (singular vocative)
पालङ्कौ (dual vocative)
पालङ्का1 (dual vocative)
पालङ्काः (plural vocative)
पालङ्कासः1 (plural vocative)
पालङ्कम् (accusative singular)
पालङ्कौ (accusative dual)
पालङ्का1 (accusative dual)
पालङ्कान् (accusative plural)
पालङ्केन (instrumental singular)
पालङ्काभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पालङ्कैः (instrumental plural)
पालङ्केभिः1 (instrumental plural)
पालङ्काय (dative singular)
पालङ्काभ्याम् (dative dual)
पालङ्केभ्यः (dative plural)
पालङ्कात् (ablative singular)
पालङ्काभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पालङ्केभ्यः (ablative plural)
पालङ्कस्य (genitive singular)
पालङ्कयोः (dual genitive)
पालङ्कानाम् (genitive plural)
पालङ्के (locative singular)
पालङ्कयोः (dual locative)
पालङ्केषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀮𑀁𑀓 n (pālaṃka), 𑀧𑀸𑀮𑀁𑀕 n (pālaṃga)

Assamese: পালেং (paleṅ)

Bengali: পালং (paloṅ), পালঙ (paloṅ)

Nepali: पालुङ्गो (pāluṅgo)

desc

Odia: ପାଳଙ୍ଗ (pāḷaṅga), ପାଳଙ୍ଗ (pāḷaṅga)

→ Middle Chinese: 菠薐

Chinese: 菠薐 (bōléng)

→ Japanese: 菠薐 (hōren), 菠薐草 (hōrensō)

→ Thai: ปวยเล้ง (bpuai-léng)

/pɑːˈl̪ɐŋ.kɐ/

Indian frankincense (Boswellia thurifera)


पालक्या

pālakyā (romanization)
पालक्या (nominative singular)
पालक्ये (dual nominative)
पालक्याः (nominative plural)
पालक्ये (singular vocative)
पालक्ये (dual vocative)
पालक्याः (plural vocative)
पालक्याम् (accusative singular)
पालक्ये (accusative dual)
पालक्याः (accusative plural)
पालक्यया (instrumental singular)
पालक्या1 (instrumental singular)
पालक्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पालक्याभिः (instrumental plural)
पालक्यायै (dative singular)
पालक्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
पालक्याभ्यः (dative plural)
पालक्यायाः (ablative singular)
पालक्यायै2 (ablative singular)
पालक्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पालक्याभ्यः (ablative plural)
पालक्यायाः (genitive singular)
पालक्यायै2 (genitive singular)
पालक्ययोः (dual genitive)
पालक्यानाम् (genitive plural)
पालक्यायाम् (locative singular)
पालक्ययोः (dual locative)
पालक्यासु (locative plural)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀧𑀸𑀮𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (pālakkā)
Kashmiri: پالَکھ / पालख (pālakh)
Sindhi: پالَڪَ
Punjabi: ਪਾਲਕ (pālak)
Hindustani: pālak
Hindi: पालक (pālak)
Urdu: پالَک (pālak)
→ English: palak
→ Pashto: پالک (pālak)
→ Ushojo: پالک (pālek)
Gujarati: પાલક (pālak)
Konkani: पालक (pālak)
Marathi: पालक (pālak)

/pɑːˈl̪ɐk.jɑː/

Somehow related to पालङ्क (pālaṅka) and पालङ्की (pālaṅkī).


उल्ली

Borrowed from Dravidian; compare Telugu ఉల్లి (ulli).


जर्तिल

/ˈd͡ʑɐɾ.t̪i.l̪ɐ/


कण्टफल

Assamese: কঁঠাল (kõthal)

Bengali: কাঁঠাল (kãṭhal)

Bhojpuri: कटहर (kaṭᵊhar)

Hindustani: kaṭhal

Hindi: कटहल

desc

Urdu: کَٹھَل, کَٹہَل

Urdu: کَٹھَل, کَٹہَل

Magahi: 𑂍𑂗𑂯𑂩 (kaṭhar)

Odia: କଠଲ (kaṭhala)

Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠑꠟ (xaṭól)

/ˈkɐɳ.ʈɐ.pʰɐ.l̪ɐ/


शतपुष्प

śatapuṣpa (romanization)
शतपुष्पः (nominative singular)
शतपुष्पौ (dual nominative)
शतपुष्पा1 (dual nominative)
शतपुष्पाः (nominative plural)
शतपुष्पासः1 (nominative plural)
शतपुष्प (singular vocative)
शतपुष्पौ (dual vocative)
शतपुष्पा1 (dual vocative)
शतपुष्पाः (plural vocative)
शतपुष्पासः1 (plural vocative)
शतपुष्पम् (accusative singular)
शतपुष्पौ (accusative dual)
शतपुष्पा1 (accusative dual)
शतपुष्पान् (accusative plural)
शतपुष्पेण (instrumental singular)
शतपुष्पाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शतपुष्पैः (instrumental plural)
शतपुष्पेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
शतपुष्पाय (dative singular)
शतपुष्पाभ्याम् (dative dual)
शतपुष्पेभ्यः (dative plural)
शतपुष्पात् (ablative singular)
शतपुष्पाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शतपुष्पेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शतपुष्पस्य (genitive singular)
शतपुष्पयोः (dual genitive)
शतपुष्पाणाम् (genitive plural)
शतपुष्पे (locative singular)
शतपुष्पयोः (dual locative)
शतपुष्पेषु (locative plural)

Pali: satapupphā

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀬𑀧𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸 (sayapuppā)

Gujarati: સોફા (sophā)

Marathi: शेपू (śepū)

Odia: ଶଉପ (śaupa)

Hindustani: sa͠uph

Hindi: सौँफ

Urdu: سَوْن٘پھ

Urdu: سَوْن٘پھ

Nepali: सुँप् (sũp)

Punjabi: saũph

Gurmukhi script: ਸੌਂਫ

Shahmukhi script: سَوْن٘پھ

Sindhi: saũpha

Arabic script: سَوڦه

Devanagari script: सौँफ

→ Hindi: शतपुष्प (śatpuṣp) (learned)

→ Kannada: ಶತಪುಷ್ಪೆ (śatapuṣpe) (learned)

→ Malayalam: ശതപുഷ്പ (śatapuṣpa) (learned)

→ Tamil: சதகுப்பி (catakuppi)


फल्गु

phalgú (romanization)
फल्गुः (nominative singular)
फल्गू (dual nominative)
फल्गवः (nominative plural)
फल्गो (singular vocative)
फल्गू (dual vocative)
फल्गवः (plural vocative)
फल्गुम् (accusative singular)
फल्गू (accusative dual)
फल्गूः (accusative plural)
फल्ग्वा (instrumental singular)
फल्गुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
फल्गुभिः (instrumental plural)
फल्गवे (dative singular)
फल्ग्वै1 (dative singular)
फल्गुभ्याम् (dative dual)
फल्गुभ्यः (dative plural)
फल्गोः (ablative singular)
फल्ग्वाः1 (ablative singular)
फल्ग्वै2 (ablative singular)
फल्गुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
फल्गुभ्यः (ablative plural)
फल्गोः (genitive singular)
फल्ग्वाः1 (genitive singular)
फल्ग्वै2 (genitive singular)
फल्ग्वोः (dual genitive)
फल्गूनाम् (genitive plural)
फल्गौ (locative singular)
फल्ग्वाम्1 (locative singular)
फल्ग्वोः (dual locative)
फल्गुषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

⇒ Phalura: phaág

Kashmiri: پھوگ (phōg)

Pali: phaggu

Prakrit: 𑀨𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀼 (phaggu, “spring festival”)

Hindi: फाग (phāg), फाक (phāk), फगुआ (phaguā)

Marathi: फाग (phāg)

Gujarati: ફાગ (phāg)

Unknown, several possibilities are proposed. The original meaning appears to be "red".
* Connections with स्फुलिङ्ग (sphuliṅga, “spark”) and स्फुल् (sphul, “to throb”) are phonetically dubious.
* Derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)bʰel- (“to burst”) (with a -g- extention), possibly alongside फल (phala, “fruit”) and स्फुट् (sphuṭ, “burst”) (see there for more).
* Derived from Munda, whence Santali [script needed] (po̠dgo̠e, “reddish”) and probably पाटल (pāṭala, “pale red”).
* Of uncertain relation to Classical Syriac ܦܓܐ (phagga, “fig”) and Latin fīcus.