गौर

desctree

→ Old Javanese: gora
> Javanese: ꦒꦺꦴꦫ (gora) (inherited)


व्रीहि

vrīhí (romanization)
व्रीहिः (nominative singular)
व्रीही (dual nominative)
व्रीहयः (nominative plural)
व्रीहे (singular vocative)
व्रीही (dual vocative)
व्रीहयः (plural vocative)
व्रीहिम् (accusative singular)
व्रीही (accusative dual)
व्रीहीन् (accusative plural)
व्रीहिणा (instrumental singular)
व्रीह्या1 (instrumental singular)
व्रीहिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
व्रीहिभिः (instrumental plural)
व्रीहये (dative singular)
व्रीहिभ्याम् (dative dual)
व्रीहिभ्यः (dative plural)
व्रीहेः (ablative singular)
व्रीह्यः1 (ablative singular)
व्रीहिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
व्रीहिभ्यः (ablative plural)
व्रीहेः (genitive singular)
व्रीह्यः1 (genitive singular)
व्रीह्योः (dual genitive)
व्रीहीणाम् (genitive plural)
व्रीहौ (locative singular)
व्रीहा1 (locative singular)
व्रीह्योः (dual locative)
व्रीहिषु (locative plural)

Sinhalese: වී (wī)

Dhivehi: ވީ (vī)

Either a borrowing from a Dravidian language (compare Proto-Dravidian *wariñci (“rice”)) or, according to Witzel, borrowed from an unknown South Asian, possibly Austroasiatic, source such as Proto-Mon-Khmer *sruʔ (“paddy rice”) (whence probably Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ras and Proto-Austronesian *bəʀas), with the Dravidian word being an independent borrowing of another variant. Related words are found in Iranian, Ancient Greek and Semitic. See Middle Persian blnc for more.


धूम

dhūmá (romanization)
धूमः (nominative singular)
धूमौ (dual nominative)
धूमा1 (dual nominative)
धूमाः (nominative plural)
धूमासः1 (nominative plural)
धूम (singular vocative)
धूमौ (dual vocative)
धूमा1 (dual vocative)
धूमाः (plural vocative)
धूमासः1 (plural vocative)
धूमम् (accusative singular)
धूमौ (accusative dual)
धूमा1 (accusative dual)
धूमान् (accusative plural)
धूमेन (instrumental singular)
धूमाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धूमैः (instrumental plural)
धूमेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
धूमाय (dative singular)
धूमाभ्याम् (dative dual)
धूमेभ्यः (dative plural)
धूमात् (ablative singular)
धूमाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धूमेभ्यः (ablative plural)
धूमस्य (genitive singular)
धूमयोः (dual genitive)
धूमानाम् (genitive plural)
धूमे (locative singular)
धूमयोः (dual locative)
धूमेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: [script needed] (dum)

Domaaki: [script needed] (dūm)

Kalami: [script needed] (dum)

Grangali: [script needed] (dum)

Kalasha: thum (thum)

Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (dūm)

desc

Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dhūm)

Shina: [script needed] (dum)

Shumashti: [script needed] (dūm)

Tirahi: [script needed] (dhung)

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (dum)

Kashmiri: دٕہ (dụh)

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ދުން (dun̊)

Sinhalese: දුම (duma)

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀥𑀽𑀫 (dhūma)

Assamese: ধোঁৱা (dhü̃a)

Bengali: ধোঁয়া (dhō̃ẇa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: धूआँ (dhūā̃)

Maithili: धूआँ (dhūā̃)

Odia: ଧୂଆଁ (dhuā̃)

Sylheti: ꠗꠥꠝꠣ (dúma)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: دھواں (dhū̃ā̃) / ਧੂੰਆਂ (dhū̃ā̃)

Pali: dhūma

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀽𑀫 (dhūma)

Garhwali: धुवाँ (dhuvā̃)

Gujarati: ધૂમ (dhūm)

Hindustani:

Hindi: धूआँ (dhūā̃)

Urdu: دھواں (dhūā̃)

Kumaoni: धूवाँ (dhūvā̃)

Nepali: धुवाँ (dhuwā̃)

Romani: thuv

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-mós
Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰuHmás
Sanskrit धूम (dhūma)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰuHmás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰuHmás (“smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θυμός (thumós), Latin fūmus, Old Church Slavonic дꙑмъ (dymŭ).

etymon

श॒क॒मयं॑ धू॒मम्आ॒राद॑पश्यं विषू॒वता॑ प॒र ए॒नाव॑रेण।
उ॒क्षाणं॒ पृश्नि॑मपचन्त वी॒रास्तानि॒ धर्मा॑णि प्रथ॒मान्या॑सन्॥
śakamáyaṃ dhūmámārā́dapaśyaṃ viṣūvátā pará enā́vareṇa.

I saw from far away the smoke of fuel with spires that rose on high over that beneath it.
The Mighty Men have dressed the spotted bullock. These were the customs in the days aforetime

ukṣā́ṇaṃ pṛ́śnimapacanta vīrā́stā́ni dhármāṇi prathamā́nyāsan.

अनेन पञ्चवटी दर्शनेन अन्तर्लीनस्य दुःखाग्नेर् अद्योद्दामं ज्वलिष्यतः।
उत्पीड इव धूमस्य मोहः प्रागावृनोति माम्॥
anena pañcavaṭī darśanena antarlīnasya duḥkhāgner adyoddāmaṃ jvaliṣyataḥ.

600 CE, Uttararāmacarita (Rama's Last Act), Prelude to act III

The sight of Panchavati rekindles now the fire of sorrow that had long been dormant in my heart but first, like a dense pall of smoke, a delirium envelops me.

utpīḍa iva dhūmasya mohaḥ prāgāvṛnoti mām.


वर

sa-adj

वर • (vára) stem (comparative वरीयस्, superlative वरिष्ठ)

vára (romanization)
वरीयस् (comparative)
वरिष्ठ (superlative)
वरः (nominative singular)
वरौ (dual nominative)
वरा1 (dual nominative)
वराः (nominative plural)
वरासः1 (nominative plural)
वर (singular vocative)
वरौ (dual vocative)
वरा1 (dual vocative)
वराः (plural vocative)
वरासः1 (plural vocative)
वरम् (accusative singular)
वरौ (accusative dual)
वरा1 (accusative dual)
वरान् (accusative plural)
वरेण (instrumental singular)
वराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वरैः (instrumental plural)
वरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
वराय (dative singular)
वराभ्याम् (dative dual)
वरेभ्यः (dative plural)
वरात् (ablative singular)
वराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
वरस्य (genitive singular)
वरयोः (dual genitive)
वराणाम् (genitive plural)
वरे (locative singular)
वरयोः (dual locative)
वरेषु (locative plural)
वरा (nominative singular)
वरे (dual nominative)
वराः (nominative plural)
वरे (singular vocative)
वरे (dual vocative)
वराः (plural vocative)
वराम् (accusative singular)
वरे (accusative dual)
वराः (accusative plural)
वरया (instrumental singular)
वरा1 (instrumental singular)
वराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वराभिः (instrumental plural)
वरायै (dative singular)
वराभ्याम् (dative dual)
वराभ्यः (dative plural)
वरायाः (ablative singular)
वरायै2 (ablative singular)
वराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वराभ्यः (ablative plural)
वरायाः (genitive singular)
वरायै2 (genitive singular)
वरयोः (dual genitive)
वराणाम् (genitive plural)
वरायाम् (locative singular)
वरयोः (dual locative)
वरासु (locative plural)
वरम् (nominative singular)
वरे (dual nominative)
वराणि (nominative plural)
वरा1 (nominative plural)
वर (singular vocative)
वरे (dual vocative)
वराणि (plural vocative)
वरा1 (plural vocative)
वरम् (accusative singular)
वरे (accusative dual)
वराणि (accusative plural)
वरा1 (accusative plural)
वरेण (instrumental singular)
वराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वरैः (instrumental plural)
वरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
वराय (dative singular)
वराभ्याम् (dative dual)
वरेभ्यः (dative plural)
वरात् (ablative singular)
वराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
वरस्य (genitive singular)
वरयोः (dual genitive)
वराणाम् (genitive plural)
वरे (locative singular)
वरयोः (dual locative)
वरेषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *warás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *warás, from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁os (“chosen, wanted (person or thing)”). The Sanskrit root is वृ (√vṛ, “to choose”). The adjective (in the sense of "high quality") and noun (in the sense of "gift") developed from the notion of "select", "chosen".


यव

yáva (romanization)
यवः (nominative singular)
यवौ (dual nominative)
यवा1 (dual nominative)
यवाः (nominative plural)
यवासः1 (nominative plural)
यव (singular vocative)
यवौ (dual vocative)
यवा1 (dual vocative)
यवाः (plural vocative)
यवासः1 (plural vocative)
यवम् (accusative singular)
यवौ (accusative dual)
यवा1 (accusative dual)
यवान् (accusative plural)
यवेन (instrumental singular)
यवाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
यवैः (instrumental plural)
यवेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
यवाय (dative singular)
यवाभ्याम् (dative dual)
यवेभ्यः (dative plural)
यवात् (ablative singular)
यवाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
यवेभ्यः (ablative plural)
यवस्य (genitive singular)
यवयोः (dual genitive)
यवानाम् (genitive plural)
यवे (locative singular)
यवयोः (dual locative)
यवेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Dameli: [script needed] (žō)

Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (žō)

Grangali: [script needed] (zō)

Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (yåw)

Kalami: [script needed] (yō)

Kalasha: ژو (žō)

Khowar: [script needed] (žō)

Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (yō)

Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (yō)

Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (žā)

Phalura: [script needed] (yū)

Savi: [script needed] (yū)

Shina: यो (yō)

Shumashti: [script needed] (zo)

Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (yā)

Tirahi: [script needed] (zau)

Torwali: [script needed] (yōu)

desc

Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (zō)

Pali: yava

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀚𑀯 (java)
Helu Prakrit:
Sinhalese: යව (yawa)
Khasa Prakrit:
Garhwali: जो (jo)
Kumaoni: जौ (jau)
Nepali: जौ (jau)
Magadhi Prakrit:
Bengali: যব (jbo)
Bihari: जौ (jau)
Maithili: जौ (jau)
Odia: ଯଅ (jaa)
Maharastri Prakrit:
Old Marathi: jau
Devanagari script: जउ (jaü)
Modi script: 𑘕𑘄 (jau)
Marathi: जव (jav)
Paisaci Prakrit:
Takka Apabhramsa:
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਂ (jaũ)
Shahmukhi script: جوں (joṉ)
Lahnda: ਜੋ (jo)
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Gurjara Apabhramsa:
Gujarati: જવ (jav)
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Hindustani: jau
Hindi: जौ
Urdu: جَو (jau)
Romani: džov

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwas (“barley, cereal”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (yauua), Ancient Greek ζειά (zeiá), Old Irish eórna (whence Irish eorna (“barley”)), Lithuanian javaĩ, Persian جو (jow).

inh

name for island of Java, whence perhaps came the English "Java"

a unit of measurement of weight or length


तण्डुल

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀁𑀤𑀼𑀮 (taṃdula)

Magadhi Prakrit:

desc

Old Bengali: *তাঁডুল (*tā̃ḍula), তাউল (tāula)

Middle Bengali: তাঁড়ুল (tãṛul)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀁𑀟𑀼𑀮 (taṃḍula), 𑀢𑀁𑀤𑀼𑀮 (taṃdula)

Konkani: तांदूळ (tāndūḷ)

Old Marathi: तांदुळ (tāṃduḷa)

Marathi: तांदूळ (tāndūḷ)

Niya Prakrit: Gandhari: 𐨟𐨎𐨜𐨂𐨫 (taṃḍula)

Pali: taṇḍula

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: તાંદળો (tā̃daḷo)

Malvi: तांदूल (tāndūl)

→ Telugu: తండులము (taṇḍulamu)

/ˈt̪ɐɳ.ɖu.l̪ɐ/

तण्डुलः धान्यतः आगच्छति।

grain (after threshing and winnowing), especially rice; uncooked rice


धान्य

dhānyá (romanization)
धान्यम् (nominative singular)
धान्ये (dual nominative)
धान्यानि (nominative plural)
धान्या1 (nominative plural)
धान्य (singular vocative)
धान्ये (dual vocative)
धान्यानि (plural vocative)
धान्या1 (plural vocative)
धान्यम् (accusative singular)
धान्ये (accusative dual)
धान्यानि (accusative plural)
धान्या1 (accusative plural)
धान्येन (instrumental singular)
धान्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धान्यैः (instrumental plural)
धान्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
धान्याय (dative singular)
धान्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
धान्येभ्यः (dative plural)
धान्यात् (ablative singular)
धान्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धान्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
धान्यस्य (genitive singular)
धान्ययोः (dual genitive)
धान्यानाम् (genitive plural)
धान्ये (locative singular)
धान्ययोः (dual locative)
धान्येषु (locative plural)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ধান (dhan)

Sylheti: ꠗꠣꠘ (dan)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀡𑁆𑀡 (dhaṇṇa)

Hindustani:

Hindi: धान (dhān)

Urdu: دھان (dhān)

→ Hindi: धान्य (dhānya) (learned)

→ Kannada: ಧನಿಯ (dhaniya) (learned)

→ Malayalam: ധാന്യം (dhānyaṁ) (learned)

→ Marathi: धान्य (dhānya) (learned)

→ Tamil: தனியா (taṉiyā) (learned)

→ Telugu: ధాన్యము (dhānyamu) (learned)

[dʱɑːj̃.jɐ́]

/ˈd̪ʱɑːn̪.jɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰaHnyám, derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰoHnéh₂.


धाना

dhānā́ (romanization)
धाना (nominative singular)
धाने (dual nominative)
धानाः (nominative plural)
धाने (singular vocative)
धाने (dual vocative)
धानाः (plural vocative)
धानाम् (accusative singular)
धाने (accusative dual)
धानाः (accusative plural)
धानया (instrumental singular)
धाना1 (instrumental singular)
धानाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धानाभिः (instrumental plural)
धानायै (dative singular)
धानाभ्याम् (dative dual)
धानाभ्यः (dative plural)
धानायाः (ablative singular)
धानायै2 (ablative singular)
धानाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धानाभ्यः (ablative plural)
धानायाः (genitive singular)
धानायै2 (genitive singular)
धानयोः (dual genitive)
धानानाम् (genitive plural)
धानायाम् (locative singular)
धानयोः (dual locative)
धानासु (locative plural)

Punjabi: ਧਾਣ (dhāṇ)

/ˈd̪ʱɑː.n̪ɑː/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰoHnéh₂ (“grain”). Cognate with Lithuanian dúona, Tocharian B tāno, Persian دانه (dâne). Compare Kamkata-viri juvór dõ (“popped corn”).

स्तीर्णं ते बर्हिः सुत इन्द्र सोमः कृता धाना अत्तवे ते हरिभ्याम् ।
तदोकसे पुरुशाकाय वृष्णे मरुत्वते तुभ्यं राता हवींषि ॥
stīrṇaṃ te barhiḥ suta indra somaḥ kṛtā dhānā attave te haribhyām.

The grass is strewn for thee, pressed is the Soma; the grain is ready for thy horses to feed on.
To thee who lovest them, the very mighty, strong, girt by Maruts, are these gifts presented.

tadokase puruśākāya vṛṣṇe marutvate tubhyaṃ rātā havīṃṣi.


गोधूम

godhū́ma (romanization)
गोधूमः (nominative singular)
गोधूमौ (dual nominative)
गोधूमा1 (dual nominative)
गोधूमाः (nominative plural)
गोधूमासः1 (nominative plural)
गोधूम (singular vocative)
गोधूमौ (dual vocative)
गोधूमा1 (dual vocative)
गोधूमाः (plural vocative)
गोधूमासः1 (plural vocative)
गोधूमम् (accusative singular)
गोधूमौ (accusative dual)
गोधूमा1 (accusative dual)
गोधूमान् (accusative plural)
गोधूमेन (instrumental singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गोधूमैः (instrumental plural)
गोधूमेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गोधूमाय (dative singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गोधूमेभ्यः (dative plural)
गोधूमात् (ablative singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गोधूमेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गोधूमस्य (genitive singular)
गोधूमयोः (dual genitive)
गोधूमानाम् (genitive plural)
गोधूमे (locative singular)
गोधूमयोः (dual locative)
गोधूमेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: gúum

Khowar: گوم (goóm)

Pali: godhūma

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Central:
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
Awadhi: गेहूँ (gehū̃)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Romani: giv, ghiu
Lomavren: gihu, giu
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Hindustani:
Hindi: गोहूँ (gohū̃), गेहूँ (gehū̃), गहूँ (gahū̃)
Urdu: گوہُوں (gohū̃), گیہُوں (gehū̃), گَہُوں (gahū̃)
Eastern:
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গম (gom), গোম (güm), ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গোমধান (gümodhan)
Bengali: গম (gom), গোম (gōm), গম (gom)
→ Burmese: ဂျုံ (gyum)
Bihari: गोहुँ (gohũ), गहुम (gahum)
Bhojpuri: गोहूँ (gōhū̃)
Maithili: गोहुम (gōhum), गहूम (gahūm)
Odia: ଗହୁଁ (gahũ), ଗହମ (gahama)
Northern:
Khasa Prakrit:
Central Pahari:
Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)
Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)
Eastern Pahari:
Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)
Western Pahari:
Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)
Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)
Northwestern:
Paisaci Prakrit:
Vracada Apabhramsa:
Sindhi: गेहूं／گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)
Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)
Southern:
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ގޮދަން (godan̊)
Sinhalese: ගොයම (goyama)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Konkani: gãv
Devanagari script: गंव
Kannada script: ಗಂವ್
Latin script: gonv
Marathi: गहू (gahū)
Western:
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Gurjara Apabhramsa:
Gujarati: ઘઉં (ghaũ), ઘઉં (ghaũ)

→ Kannada: ಗೋಧಿ (gōdhi)

→ Malayalam: ഗോതമ്പ് (gōtampŭ)

→ Tamil: கோதுமை (kōtumai)

→ Telugu: గోధుమ (gōdhuma)

→ Hindi: गोधूम (godhūm) (learned)

/ɡoːˈd̪ʱuː.mɐ/

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰúHmas ~ *gantúHmas, possibly ultimately from a Middle Eastern wanderwort (compare Proto-Semitic *ḥnṭ, whence Arabic حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa, “spelt, wheat”)). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gaṇtuma), 𐬔𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gantuma), Middle Persian gnwm (gannum).
Later reanalyzed as a native formation, गो (go, “earth”) + धूम (dhūma, “smoke”).


भावज्ञा

bhāvajñā (romanization)
भावज्ञा (nominative singular)
भावज्ञे (dual nominative)
भावज्ञाः (nominative plural)
भावज्ञे (singular vocative)
भावज्ञे (dual vocative)
भावज्ञाः (plural vocative)
भावज्ञाम् (accusative singular)
भावज्ञे (accusative dual)
भावज्ञाः (accusative plural)
भावज्ञया (instrumental singular)
भावज्ञा1 (instrumental singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भावज्ञाभिः (instrumental plural)
भावज्ञायै (dative singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भावज्ञाभ्यः (dative plural)
भावज्ञायाः (ablative singular)
भावज्ञायै2 (ablative singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भावज्ञाभ्यः (ablative plural)
भावज्ञायाः (genitive singular)
भावज्ञायै2 (genitive singular)
भावज्ञयोः (dual genitive)
भावज्ञानाम् (genitive plural)
भावज्ञायाम् (locative singular)
भावज्ञयोः (dual locative)
भावज्ञासु (locative plural)

/bʱɑː.ʋɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

/bʱɑːˈʋɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual

foxtail millet (Setaria italica, syn. Panicum italicum)


रागी

Eleusine coracana
Eleusine coracana#Translingual


जर्तिल

/ˈd͡ʑɐɾ.t̪i.l̪ɐ/