नारिकेल

nārikela (romanization)
नारिकेलः (nominative singular)
नारिकेलौ (dual nominative)
नारिकेला1 (dual nominative)
नारिकेलाः (nominative plural)
नारिकेलासः1 (nominative plural)
नारिकेल (singular vocative)
नारिकेलौ (dual vocative)
नारिकेला1 (dual vocative)
नारिकेलाः (plural vocative)
नारिकेलासः1 (plural vocative)
नारिकेलम् (accusative singular)
नारिकेलौ (accusative dual)
नारिकेला1 (accusative dual)
नारिकेलान् (accusative plural)
नारिकेलेन (instrumental singular)
नारिकेलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नारिकेलैः (instrumental plural)
नारिकेलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नारिकेलाय (dative singular)
नारिकेलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नारिकेलेभ्यः (dative plural)
नारिकेलात् (ablative singular)
नारिकेलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नारिकेलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नारिकेलस्य (genitive singular)
नारिकेलयोः (dual genitive)
नारिकेलानाम् (genitive plural)
नारिकेले (locative singular)
नारिकेलयोः (dual locative)
नारिकेलेषु (locative plural)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Old Marathi: नारिएळ (nārieḷa), नारियळ (nāriyaḷa), नारियेळ (nāriyeḷa), नारीएळ (nārīeḷa), नार्यळ (nāryaḷa), नार्येळ (nāryeḷa)

Marathi: नारळ (nāraḷ)

Pali: nāḷikēra

→ Khmer: នាឡិកា (niəlekaa)

→ Thai: นาฬิกา (naa-lí-gaa, “clock”)

→ Lao: ນາລິກາ (nā li kā)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀡𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀏𑀮 (ṇāriela)

Gujarati: નારિયળ (nāriyaḷ) નાળિયેર (nāḷiyer)

Hindustani:

Hindi: नारियल (nāriyal)

Urdu: نَارِیَل (nāriyal)

Nepali: नरिवल (nariwal)

Punjabi: ਨਾਰੀਅਲ (nārīala)

Borrowings

→ Bengali: নারকেল (narkel) (semi-learned)

→ Early Assamese: নাৰিকল (narikolo) (learned)

Assamese: নাৰিকল (narikol)

→ Telugu: నారికేళము (nārikēḷamu) (learned)

→ Kannada: ನಾರಿಕೇಳ (nārikēḷa) (learned)

→ Sylheti: ꠘꠣꠁꠇꠟ (naikol) (learned)

→ Middle Persian: nʾlgyl (anārgēl)

desctree

Classical Persian: نَارْگیل (nārgēl)
→ Arabic: نَارْجِيل (nārjīl), نَرْجِيل (narjīl)
→ Ottoman Turkish: نارجیل (narcil), نارچیل (narçil)
→ Northern Kurdish: nargîl
→ Ottoman Turkish: نارگیل (nargil)

→ Classical Syriac: ܢܪܓܝܠ (nargil)

Ultimately from a Dravidian language. Compare Malayalam നാളികേരം (nāḷikēraṁ, “coconut”), Tamil நாரி (nāri, “fibre”) and Tamil கெளி (keḷi, “coconut palm”).


सूर

sū́ra (romanization)
सूरः (nominative singular)
सूरौ (dual nominative)
सूरा1 (dual nominative)
सूराः (nominative plural)
सूरासः1 (nominative plural)
सूर (singular vocative)
सूरौ (dual vocative)
सूरा1 (dual vocative)
सूराः (plural vocative)
सूरासः1 (plural vocative)
सूरम् (accusative singular)
सूरौ (accusative dual)
सूरा1 (accusative dual)
सूरान् (accusative plural)
सूरेण (instrumental singular)
सूराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
सूरैः (instrumental plural)
सूरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
सूराय (dative singular)
सूराभ्याम् (dative dual)
सूरेभ्यः (dative plural)
सूरात् (ablative singular)
सूराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
सूरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
सूरस्य (genitive singular)
सूरयोः (dual genitive)
सूराणाम् (genitive plural)
सूरे (locative singular)
सूरयोः (dual locative)
सूरेषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”), whence also सूर्य (sūrya) and स्वर् (svar). Cognate with Latin sol, Ancient Greek ἥλιος (hḗlios), Old English sol, Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (huuar^ə), Persian خور (xor).

Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis gigantea#Translingual


मातुल

mātula (romanization)
मातुलः (nominative singular)
मातुलौ (dual nominative)
मातुलाः (nominative plural)
मातुल (singular vocative)
मातुलौ (dual vocative)
मातुलाः (plural vocative)
मातुलम् (accusative singular)
मातुलौ (accusative dual)
मातुलान् (accusative plural)
मातुलेन (instrumental singular)
मातुलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मातुलैः (instrumental plural)
मातुलाय (dative singular)
मातुलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मातुलेभ्यः (dative plural)
मातुलात् (ablative singular)
मातुलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मातुलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मातुलस्य (genitive singular)
मातुलयोः (dual genitive)
मातुलानाम् (genitive plural)
मातुले (locative singular)
मातुलयोः (dual locative)
मातुलेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of मातुल

मातुलाभ्याम्

मातुलाभ्याम्

मातुलाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

मातुलाभ्याम्

मातुलाभ्याम्

मातुलाभ्याम्

desc

جَوْز مَاثِل

→ Arabic: جَوْز مَاثِل (jawz māṯil, “metel nut, fruit of Datura metel”)

Translingual: Datura metel

→ English: metel, metel nut

→ Spanish: métel

→ Tamil: மாதுலர் (mātular)


वम्र

vamrá (romanization)
वम्रः (nominative singular)
वम्रौ (dual nominative)
वम्राः (nominative plural)
वम्र (singular vocative)
वम्रौ (dual vocative)
वम्राः (plural vocative)
वम्रम् (accusative singular)
वम्रौ (accusative dual)
वम्रान् (accusative plural)
वम्रेण (instrumental singular)
वम्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वम्रैः (instrumental plural)
वम्राय (dative singular)
वम्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
वम्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
वम्रात् (ablative singular)
वम्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वम्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
वम्रस्य (genitive singular)
वम्रयोः (dual genitive)
वम्राणाम् (genitive plural)
वम्रे (locative singular)
वम्रयोः (dual locative)
वम्रेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of वम्र

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wamrás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *marwíš, *warmíš, *wamrás, from Proto-Indo-European *morwi-. Compare Latin formīca, Ancient Greek μύρμηξ (múrmēx), Old Church Slavonic мравии (mravii), Old Irish moirb, English mire (“ant (obsolete)”).


गोधूम

godhū́ma (romanization)
गोधूमः (nominative singular)
गोधूमौ (dual nominative)
गोधूमा1 (dual nominative)
गोधूमाः (nominative plural)
गोधूमासः1 (nominative plural)
गोधूम (singular vocative)
गोधूमौ (dual vocative)
गोधूमा1 (dual vocative)
गोधूमाः (plural vocative)
गोधूमासः1 (plural vocative)
गोधूमम् (accusative singular)
गोधूमौ (accusative dual)
गोधूमा1 (accusative dual)
गोधूमान् (accusative plural)
गोधूमेन (instrumental singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गोधूमैः (instrumental plural)
गोधूमेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गोधूमाय (dative singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गोधूमेभ्यः (dative plural)
गोधूमात् (ablative singular)
गोधूमाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गोधूमेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गोधूमस्य (genitive singular)
गोधूमयोः (dual genitive)
गोधूमानाम् (genitive plural)
गोधूमे (locative singular)
गोधूमयोः (dual locative)
गोधूमेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: gúum

Khowar: گوم (goóm)

Pali: godhūma

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Central:
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
Awadhi: गेहूँ (gehū̃)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Romani: giv, ghiu
Lomavren: gihu, giu
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Hindustani:
Hindi: गोहूँ (gohū̃), गेहूँ (gehū̃), गहूँ (gahū̃)
Urdu: گوہُوں (gohū̃), گیہُوں (gehū̃), گَہُوں (gahū̃)
Eastern:
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গম (gom), গোম (güm), ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গোমধান (gümodhan)
Bengali: গম (gom), গোম (gōm), গম (gom)
→ Burmese: ဂျုံ (gyum)
Bihari: गोहुँ (gohũ), गहुम (gahum)
Bhojpuri: गोहूँ (gōhū̃)
Maithili: गोहुम (gōhum), गहूम (gahūm)
Odia: ଗହୁଁ (gahũ), ଗହମ (gahama)
Northern:
Khasa Prakrit:
Central Pahari:
Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)
Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)
Eastern Pahari:
Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)
Western Pahari:
Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)
Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)
Northwestern:
Paisaci Prakrit:
Vracada Apabhramsa:
Sindhi: गेहूं /گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)
Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)
Southern:
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ގޮދަން (godan̊)
Sinhalese: ගොයම (goyama)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Konkani: gãv
Devanagari script: गंव
Kannada script: ಗಂವ್
Latin script: gonv
Marathi: गहू (gahū)
Western:
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
Gurjara Apabhramsa:
Gujarati: ઘઉં (ghaũ), ઘઉં (ghaũ)

→ Kannada: ಗೋಧಿ (gōdhi)

→ Malayalam: ഗോതമ്പ് (gōtampŭ)

→ Tamil: கோதுமை (kōtumai)

→ Telugu: గోధుమ (gōdhuma)

→ Hindi: गोधूम (godhūm) (learned)

/ɡoːˈd̪ʱuː.mɐ/

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰúHmas ~ *gantúHmas, possibly ultimately from a Middle Eastern wanderwort (compare Proto-Semitic *ḥnṭ, whence Arabic حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa, “spelt, wheat”)). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gaṇtuma), 𐬔𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gantuma), Middle Persian gnwm (gannum).
Later reanalyzed as a native formation, गो (go, “earth”) + धूम (dhūma, “smoke”).


मोच

moca (romanization)
मोचम् (nominative singular)
मोचे (dual nominative)
मोचानि (nominative plural)
मोचा1 (nominative plural)
मोच (singular vocative)
मोचे (dual vocative)
मोचानि (plural vocative)
मोचा1 (plural vocative)
मोचम् (accusative singular)
मोचे (accusative dual)
मोचानि (accusative plural)
मोचा1 (accusative plural)
मोचेन (instrumental singular)
मोचाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मोचैः (instrumental plural)
मोचेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मोचाय (dative singular)
मोचाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मोचेभ्यः (dative plural)
मोचात् (ablative singular)
मोचाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मोचेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मोचस्य (genitive singular)
मोचयोः (dual genitive)
मोचानाम् (genitive plural)
मोचे (locative singular)
मोचयोः (dual locative)
मोचेषु (locative plural)

→ Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭅𐭆 (mwc /mōč/) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Dravidian, from Malayo-Polynesian, ultimately from Proto-Trans-New Guinea *mugu. Compare Tamil மோத்தை (mōttai), Manggarai muku, Mosimo mugu.


कश्यप

káśyapa (romanization)
कश्यपः (nominative singular)
कश्यपौ (dual nominative)
कश्यपा1 (dual nominative)
कश्यपाः (nominative plural)
कश्यपासः1 (nominative plural)
कश्यप (singular vocative)
कश्यपौ (dual vocative)
कश्यपा1 (dual vocative)
कश्यपाः (plural vocative)
कश्यपासः1 (plural vocative)
कश्यपम् (accusative singular)
कश्यपौ (accusative dual)
कश्यपा1 (accusative dual)
कश्यपान् (accusative plural)
कश्यपेन (instrumental singular)
कश्यपाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कश्यपैः (instrumental plural)
कश्यपेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कश्यपाय (dative singular)
कश्यपाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कश्यपेभ्यः (dative plural)
कश्यपात् (ablative singular)
कश्यपाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कश्यपेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कश्यपस्य (genitive singular)
कश्यपयोः (dual genitive)
कश्यपानाम् (genitive plural)
कश्यपे (locative singular)
कश्यपयोः (dual locative)
कश्यपेषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kaćyápas (“turtle, tortoise”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬞𐬀 (kasiiapa), Sogdian [script needed] (kyšph), Khotanese [script needed] (khuysaa), Persian کشف (kašaf, “turtle, tortoise”). Related to कच्छप (kacchapa), a later formation.

ऋषे॑ मन्त्र॒कृतां॒ स्तोमै॒: कश्य॑पउद्व॒र्धय॒न्गिर॑:।
सोमं॑ नमस्य॒ राजा॑नं॒ यो ज॒ज्ञे वी॒रुधां॒ पति॒रिन्द्रा॑येन्दो॒ परि॑ स्रव॥
ṛ́ṣe mantrakṛ́tāṃ stómai: káśyapaudvardháyangíra:.
sómaṃ namasya rā́jānaṃ yó jajñé vīrúdhāṃ pátiríndrāyendo pári srava.

Ṛṣi Kaśyapa, raising your voice with the praises of the hymn-makers, adore the royal Soma who is born the lord of the growing; flow, Indu, for Indra.

(Hinduism) Kashyapa, who is considered to be the author of some of the hymns of the Rigveda; one of the seven Saptarshis; the father of the Adityas.


एरका

erakā (romanization)
एरका (nominative singular)
एरके (dual nominative)
एरकाः (nominative plural)
एरके (singular vocative)
एरके (dual vocative)
एरकाः (plural vocative)
एरकाम् (accusative singular)
एरके (accusative dual)
एरकाः (accusative plural)
एरकया (instrumental singular)
एरका1 (instrumental singular)
एरकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
एरकाभिः (instrumental plural)
एरकायै (dative singular)
एरकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
एरकाभ्यः (dative plural)
एरकायाः (ablative singular)
एरकायै2 (ablative singular)
एरकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
एरकाभ्यः (ablative plural)
एरकायाः (genitive singular)
एरकायै2 (genitive singular)
एरकयोः (dual genitive)
एरकाणाम् (genitive plural)
एरकायाम् (locative singular)
एरकयोः (dual locative)
एरकासु (locative plural)

/ˈeː.ɾɐ.kɑː/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyr- (“grass; weed”). Perhaps cognate with Ancient Greek αἶρα (aîra).


कर्पास

karpā́sa (romanization)
कर्पासः (nominative singular)
कर्पासौ (dual nominative)
कर्पासा1 (dual nominative)
कर्पासाः (nominative plural)
कर्पासासः1 (nominative plural)
कर्पास (singular vocative)
कर्पासौ (dual vocative)
कर्पासा1 (dual vocative)
कर्पासाः (plural vocative)
कर्पासासः1 (plural vocative)
कर्पासम् (accusative singular)
कर्पासौ (accusative dual)
कर्पासा1 (accusative dual)
कर्पासान् (accusative plural)
कर्पासेन (instrumental singular)
कर्पासाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कर्पासैः (instrumental plural)
कर्पासेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कर्पासाय (dative singular)
कर्पासाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कर्पासेभ्यः (dative plural)
कर्पासात् (ablative singular)
कर्पासाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कर्पासेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कर्पासस्य (genitive singular)
कर्पासयोः (dual genitive)
कर्पासानाम् (genitive plural)
कर्पासे (locative singular)
कर्पासयोः (dual locative)
कर्पासेषु (locative plural)
कर्पासम् (nominative singular)
कर्पासे (dual nominative)
कर्पासानि (nominative plural)
कर्पासा1 (nominative plural)
कर्पास (singular vocative)
कर्पासे (dual vocative)
कर्पासानि (plural vocative)
कर्पासा1 (plural vocative)
कर्पासम् (accusative singular)
कर्पासे (accusative dual)
कर्पासानि (accusative plural)
कर्पासा1 (accusative plural)
कर्पासेन (instrumental singular)
कर्पासाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कर्पासैः (instrumental plural)
कर्पासेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कर्पासाय (dative singular)
कर्पासाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कर्पासेभ्यः (dative plural)
कर्पासात् (ablative singular)
कर्पासाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कर्पासेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कर्पासस्य (genitive singular)
कर्पासयोः (dual genitive)
कर्पासानाम् (genitive plural)
कर्पासे (locative singular)
कर्पासयोः (dual locative)
कर्पासेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: کَپَس (kapas)

→ Proto-Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri: karbeso

Pali: kappāsa, kappāsī

desc

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸𑀲 (kappāsa), 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀻 (kappāsī)

Central:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Old Awadhi: कपास (kapāsa)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸𑀲 (kappāsa)

Hindustani: kapās

Hindi: कपास

Urdu: کَپَاس (kapās)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: কপাহ (kopah)

Bengali: কাপাস (kapaś)

Bihari: कपास (kapās)

Bhojpuri: कपास (kapās)

Odia: କପା (kapā)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: कपास (kapās)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: कपास (kapās), कबास (kabās), कपासि (kapāsi)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Lahnda: کپاہ (kapāh)

Punjabi: kapāh, kupāh

Gurmukhi script: ਕਪਾਹ, ਕੁਪਾਹ

Shahmukhi script: کَپَاہ, کُپَاہ

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: kapāha

Arabic script: ڪَپَاهَ

Devanagari script: कपाह

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ކަފަ (kafa)

Sinhalese: කපු (kapu)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸𑀲 (kappāsa)

Konkani: kāppūsa

Devanagari script: काप्पूस

Kannada script: ಕಾಪ್ಪೂಸ

Latin script: kappus

Marathi: कपास (kapās), कापूस (kāpūs), कपशी (kapśī)

Western:

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸𑀲 (kappāsa)

Gujarati: કપાસ (kapās)

→ Bengali: কর্পাস (korpaś)

→ Burushaski: gupáas

→ Domaaki: gupā́sa

→ Persian: کَروَاس (karvâs), کرباس (karbâs), کرپاس (karpâs)

→ Aramaic:

Jewish Literary Aramaic: כרפסא (*karpāsā)

Classical Syriac: ܟܪܒܣܐ (karbāsā)

→ Kalasha: کروس (kravas)

→ Khowar: کروس (karvás)

→ Shina: کھیاس (khayās)

→ Newar: कपाय् (kapæ)

desctree

→ Arabic: كُرْسُف (kursuf), كُرْفُس (kurfus) — hardly found in use, apparently original form obsolete by the time Arabic is usually attested
→ Ancient Greek: γοσσύπιον (gossúpion)
→ Latin: gossypium
→ Ottoman Turkish: كرسف (kırsef)

→ Old Armenian: կերպաս (kerpas) (via Iranian)

→ Middle Chinese: 古貝 (MC kuX pajH), 劫波育 (MC kjaep pa yuwk) (possibly via Prakrit)

→ Tocharian B: *kampās

→ Hebrew: כַּרְפַּס (karpás)
→ Ancient Greek: κάρπᾰσος (kárpăsos), κάλπᾰσος (kálpăsos)
⇒ Ancient Greek: καρπᾰ́σινος (karpắsinos, “fabric made of cotton”)
→ Latin: carbasus (“fabric of cotton”)

→ Malay: kapas

→ Indonesian: kapas

→ Ilocano: kapas

→ Tagalog: kapas

→ Waray-Waray: gapas

→ Khmer: កប្បាស (kɑɑkɑpbaah)

/kɐɾˈpɑː.s̪ɐ/

A foreign Wanderwort, likely borrowed from an eastern substrate. Compare Burushaski [script needed] (γupas), Proto-Austroasiatic *k-rn-pas, whence Proto-Mon-Khmer *kpaas․

cotton, Gossypium arboreum (material and plant)


शफर

śaphara (romanization)
शफरः (nominative singular)
शफरौ (dual nominative)
शफरा1 (dual nominative)
शफराः (nominative plural)
शफरासः1 (nominative plural)
शफर (singular vocative)
शफरौ (dual vocative)
शफरा1 (dual vocative)
शफराः (plural vocative)
शफरासः1 (plural vocative)
शफरम् (accusative singular)
शफरौ (accusative dual)
शफरा1 (accusative dual)
शफरान् (accusative plural)
शफरेण (instrumental singular)
शफराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शफरैः (instrumental plural)
शफरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
शफराय (dative singular)
शफराभ्याम् (dative dual)
शफरेभ्यः (dative plural)
शफरात् (ablative singular)
शफराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शफरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शफरस्य (genitive singular)
शफरयोः (dual genitive)
शफराणाम् (genitive plural)
शफरे (locative singular)
शफरयोः (dual locative)
शफरेषु (locative plural)

/ˈɕɐ.pʰɐ.ɾɐ/

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeph₂elos (“carp”). Cognate with Lithuanian šapalas (“carp”).


पेचक

pécaka (romanization)
पेचकः (nominative singular)
पेचकौ (dual nominative)
पेचका1 (dual nominative)
पेचकाः (nominative plural)
पेचकासः1 (nominative plural)
पेचक (singular vocative)
पेचकौ (dual vocative)
पेचका1 (dual vocative)
पेचकाः (plural vocative)
पेचकासः1 (plural vocative)
पेचकम् (accusative singular)
पेचकौ (accusative dual)
पेचका1 (accusative dual)
पेचकान् (accusative plural)
पेचकेन (instrumental singular)
पेचकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पेचकैः (instrumental plural)
पेचकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
पेचकाय (dative singular)
पेचकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
पेचकेभ्यः (dative plural)
पेचकात् (ablative singular)
पेचकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पेचकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
पेचकस्य (genitive singular)
पेचकयोः (dual genitive)
पेचकानाम् (genitive plural)
पेचके (locative singular)
पेचकयोः (dual locative)
पेचकेषु (locative plural)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ফেঁচা (phẽsa)

Bengali: প্যাঁচা (pễca), পেঁচা (pẽca)

Odia: ପେଚା (pecā)

Sylheti: ꠚꠦꠌꠣ (fésa)


तुण्ड

tuṇḍa (romanization)
तुण्डः (nominative singular)
तुण्डौ (dual nominative)
तुण्डा1 (dual nominative)
तुण्डाः (nominative plural)
तुण्डासः1 (nominative plural)
तुण्ड (singular vocative)
तुण्डौ (dual vocative)
तुण्डा1 (dual vocative)
तुण्डाः (plural vocative)
तुण्डासः1 (plural vocative)
तुण्डम् (accusative singular)
तुण्डौ (accusative dual)
तुण्डा1 (accusative dual)
तुण्डान् (accusative plural)
तुण्डेन (instrumental singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तुण्डैः (instrumental plural)
तुण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तुण्डाय (dative singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तुण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
तुण्डात् (ablative singular)
तुण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तुण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तुण्डस्य (genitive singular)
तुण्डयोः (dual genitive)
तुण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
तुण्डे (locative singular)
तुण्डयोः (dual locative)
तुण्डेषु (locative plural)

Borrowed from Dravidian, compare Malayalam തൊണ്ട (toṇṭa), Tamil தொண்டை (toṇṭai, “throat, gullet, windpipe, larynx, voice, singing voice”).

cog

Benincasa hispida
Benincasa hispida#Translingual


भूकपित्थ

Limonia acidissima
Limonia acidissima#Translingual

Feronia elephantum
Feronia elephantum#Translingual

wood apple (Limonia acidissima, syn. Feronia elephantum)


ऋजिप्य

ṛjipyá (romanization)
ऋजिप्यः (nominative singular)
ऋजिप्यौ (dual nominative)
ऋजिप्या1 (dual nominative)
ऋजिप्याः (nominative plural)
ऋजिप्यासः1 (nominative plural)
ऋजिप्य (singular vocative)
ऋजिप्यौ (dual vocative)
ऋजिप्या1 (dual vocative)
ऋजिप्याः (plural vocative)
ऋजिप्यासः1 (plural vocative)
ऋजिप्यम् (accusative singular)
ऋजिप्यौ (accusative dual)
ऋजिप्या1 (accusative dual)
ऋजिप्यान् (accusative plural)
ऋजिप्येन (instrumental singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ऋजिप्यैः (instrumental plural)
ऋजिप्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ऋजिप्याय (dative singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
ऋजिप्येभ्यः (dative plural)
ऋजिप्यात् (ablative singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ऋजिप्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
ऋजिप्यस्य (genitive singular)
ऋजिप्ययोः (dual genitive)
ऋजिप्यानाम् (genitive plural)
ऋजिप्ये (locative singular)
ऋजिप्ययोः (dual locative)
ऋजिप्येषु (locative plural)
ऋजिप्या (nominative singular)
ऋजिप्ये (dual nominative)
ऋजिप्याः (nominative plural)
ऋजिप्ये (singular vocative)
ऋजिप्ये (dual vocative)
ऋजिप्याः (plural vocative)
ऋजिप्याम् (accusative singular)
ऋजिप्ये (accusative dual)
ऋजिप्याः (accusative plural)
ऋजिप्यया (instrumental singular)
ऋजिप्या1 (instrumental singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ऋजिप्याभिः (instrumental plural)
ऋजिप्यायै (dative singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
ऋजिप्याभ्यः (dative plural)
ऋजिप्यायाः (ablative singular)
ऋजिप्यायै2 (ablative singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ऋजिप्याभ्यः (ablative plural)
ऋजिप्यायाः (genitive singular)
ऋजिप्यायै2 (genitive singular)
ऋजिप्ययोः (dual genitive)
ऋजिप्यानाम् (genitive plural)
ऋजिप्यायाम् (locative singular)
ऋजिप्ययोः (dual locative)
ऋजिप्यासु (locative plural)
ऋजिप्यम् (nominative singular)
ऋजिप्ये (dual nominative)
ऋजिप्यानि (nominative plural)
ऋजिप्या1 (nominative plural)
ऋजिप्य (singular vocative)
ऋजिप्ये (dual vocative)
ऋजिप्यानि (plural vocative)
ऋजिप्या1 (plural vocative)
ऋजिप्यम् (accusative singular)
ऋजिप्ये (accusative dual)
ऋजिप्यानि (accusative plural)
ऋजिप्या1 (accusative plural)
ऋजिप्येन (instrumental singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ऋजिप्यैः (instrumental plural)
ऋजिप्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ऋजिप्याय (dative singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
ऋजिप्येभ्यः (dative plural)
ऋजिप्यात् (ablative singular)
ऋजिप्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ऋजिप्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
ऋजिप्यस्य (genitive singular)
ऋजिप्ययोः (dual genitive)
ऋजिप्यानाम् (genitive plural)
ऋजिप्ये (locative singular)
ऋजिप्ययोः (dual locative)
ऋजिप्येषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥ȷ́ipyás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂rǵ-i-pt-ió-s, from *h₂erǵ- (“white, glittering”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ər^əzifiia).

(substantive) something straight-flying, falcon


भावज्ञा

bhāvajñā (romanization)
भावज्ञा (nominative singular)
भावज्ञे (dual nominative)
भावज्ञाः (nominative plural)
भावज्ञे (singular vocative)
भावज्ञे (dual vocative)
भावज्ञाः (plural vocative)
भावज्ञाम् (accusative singular)
भावज्ञे (accusative dual)
भावज्ञाः (accusative plural)
भावज्ञया (instrumental singular)
भावज्ञा1 (instrumental singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भावज्ञाभिः (instrumental plural)
भावज्ञायै (dative singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भावज्ञाभ्यः (dative plural)
भावज्ञायाः (ablative singular)
भावज्ञायै2 (ablative singular)
भावज्ञाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भावज्ञाभ्यः (ablative plural)
भावज्ञायाः (genitive singular)
भावज्ञायै2 (genitive singular)
भावज्ञयोः (dual genitive)
भावज्ञानाम् (genitive plural)
भावज्ञायाम् (locative singular)
भावज्ञयोः (dual locative)
भावज्ञासु (locative plural)

/bʱɑː.ʋɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

/bʱɑːˈʋɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual

foxtail millet (Setaria italica, syn. Panicum italicum)


कीकि

kīki (romanization)
कीकिः (nominative singular)
कीकी (dual nominative)
कीकयः (nominative plural)
कीके (singular vocative)
कीकी (dual vocative)
कीकयः (plural vocative)
कीकिम् (accusative singular)
कीकी (accusative dual)
कीकीन् (accusative plural)
कीकिना (instrumental singular)
कीक्या1 (instrumental singular)
कीकिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कीकिभिः (instrumental plural)
कीकये (dative singular)
कीकिभ्याम् (dative dual)
कीकिभ्यः (dative plural)
कीकेः (ablative singular)
कीक्यः1 (ablative singular)
कीकिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कीकिभ्यः (ablative plural)
कीकेः (genitive singular)
कीक्यः1 (genitive singular)
कीक्योः (dual genitive)
कीकीनाम् (genitive plural)
कीकौ (locative singular)
कीका1 (locative singular)
कीक्योः (dual locative)
कीकिषु (locative plural)

Of imitative origin, see also Old English higora (“magpie”), Ancient Greek κίσσα (kíssa, “jaybird”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


किकि

kiki (romanization)
किकिः (nominative singular)
किकी (dual nominative)
किकयः (nominative plural)
किके (singular vocative)
किकी (dual vocative)
किकयः (plural vocative)
किकिम् (accusative singular)
किकी (accusative dual)
किकीन् (accusative plural)
किकिना (instrumental singular)
किक्या1 (instrumental singular)
किकिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
किकिभिः (instrumental plural)
किकये (dative singular)
किकिभ्याम् (dative dual)
किकिभ्यः (dative plural)
किकेः (ablative singular)
किक्यः1 (ablative singular)
किकिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
किकिभ्यः (ablative plural)
किकेः (genitive singular)
किक्यः1 (genitive singular)
किक्योः (dual genitive)
किकीनाम् (genitive plural)
किकौ (locative singular)
किका1 (locative singular)
किक्योः (dual locative)
किकिषु (locative plural)


बलीवर्द

balīvárda (romanization)
बलीवर्दः (nominative singular)
बलीवर्दौ (dual nominative)
बलीवर्दा1 (dual nominative)
बलीवर्दाः (nominative plural)
बलीवर्दासः1 (nominative plural)
बलीवर्द (singular vocative)
बलीवर्दौ (dual vocative)
बलीवर्दा1 (dual vocative)
बलीवर्दाः (plural vocative)
बलीवर्दासः1 (plural vocative)
बलीवर्दम् (accusative singular)
बलीवर्दौ (accusative dual)
बलीवर्दा1 (accusative dual)
बलीवर्दान् (accusative plural)
बलीवर्देन (instrumental singular)
बलीवर्दाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
बलीवर्दैः (instrumental plural)
बलीवर्देभिः1 (instrumental plural)
बलीवर्दाय (dative singular)
बलीवर्दाभ्याम् (dative dual)
बलीवर्देभ्यः (dative plural)
बलीवर्दात् (ablative singular)
बलीवर्दाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
बलीवर्देभ्यः (ablative plural)
बलीवर्दस्य (genitive singular)
बलीवर्दयोः (dual genitive)
बलीवर्दानाम् (genitive plural)
बलीवर्दे (locative singular)
बलीवर्दयोः (dual locative)
बलीवर्देषु (locative plural)

desc

Prakrit: 𑀩𑀮𑀻𑀯𑀤𑁆𑀤 (balīvadda), 𑀩𑀮𑀺𑀯𑀤𑁆𑀤 (balivadda), 𑀩𑀮𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤 (balidda), 𑀩𑀮𑀤𑁆𑀤 (baladda)

Assamese: বলদ (bolod), বলধ (bolodh)

Awadhi: बर्धु (bardhu)

Bengali: বলদ (bolod)

Bhojpuri: बरध (baradh)

Gujarati: બળદ (baḷda)

Hindi: बलद (balad), बरद (barad), बरध (baradh), बर्धा (bardhā)

Maithili: बरद (barad)

Punjabi: ਬਲ੍ਦ੍ (bald), ਬਲ੍ਧ੍ (baldh), ਬਲ੍ਹ੍ਦ (balhd), ਬਲੇਦ (baled)

Odia: ବଳଦ (baḷada)

/bɐ.l̪iːˈʋɐɾ.d̪ɐ/

A compound of बलिन् (balin, “strong”) and non-Aryan substrate word for "ox".


बिडाला

biḍālā (romanization)
बिडाला (nominative singular)
बिडाले (dual nominative)
बिडालाः (nominative plural)
बिडाले (singular vocative)
बिडाले (dual vocative)
बिडालाः (plural vocative)
बिडालाम् (accusative singular)
बिडाले (accusative dual)
बिडालाः (accusative plural)
बिडालया (instrumental singular)
बिडाला1 (instrumental singular)
बिडालाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
बिडालाभिः (instrumental plural)
बिडालायै (dative singular)
बिडालाभ्याम् (dative dual)
बिडालाभ्यः (dative plural)
बिडालायाः (ablative singular)
बिडालायै2 (ablative singular)
बिडालाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
बिडालाभ्यः (ablative plural)
बिडालायाः (genitive singular)
बिडालायै2 (genitive singular)
बिडालयोः (dual genitive)
बिडालानाम् (genitive plural)
बिडालायाम् (locative singular)
बिडालयोः (dual locative)
बिडालासु (locative plural)

Assamese: বিৰালী (birali)

Bengali: বিড়াল (biṛal), বিরাল (biral), বিলাল (bilal), বিলাই (bilai)

Gujarati: બિલાડી (bilāḍī), બિલાડો (bilāḍo)

Hindi: बिल्ली (billī), बिल्ला (billā)

Nepali: बिरालो (birālo)

Odia: ବିଲେଇ (bilei)

Pali: viḷāra

→ Thai: วิฬาร์ (wí-laa)

Punjabi: ਬਿੱਲੀ (billī)

Rohingya: bilai

→ Telugu: బిడాలము (biḍālamu)

Sylheti: ꠛꠤꠟꠣꠁ (bilai)

Urdu: بلی

/biˈɖɑː.l̪ɑː/


तोक

toká (romanization)
तोकम् (nominative singular)
तोके (dual nominative)
तोकानि (nominative plural)
तोका1 (nominative plural)
तोक (singular vocative)
तोके (dual vocative)
तोकानि (plural vocative)
तोका1 (plural vocative)
तोकम् (accusative singular)
तोके (accusative dual)
तोकानि (accusative plural)
तोका1 (accusative plural)
तोकेन (instrumental singular)
तोकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तोकैः (instrumental plural)
तोकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
तोकाय (dative singular)
तोकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तोकेभ्यः (dative plural)
तोकात् (ablative singular)
तोकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तोकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तोकस्य (genitive singular)
तोकयोः (dual genitive)
तोकानाम् (genitive plural)
तोके (locative singular)
तोकयोः (dual locative)
तोकेषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tawkás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tawkás, from Proto-Indo-European *tewk-ós, from *tewk- (“seed, offspring”). Cognate with Old English þēoh, Old Norse þjó (“thigh”); Lithuanian taukai, Polish tuk (“lard”). More distantly related to Irish tóin (“buttocks”) and Old Persian 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠 (t-u-m-a /taumā/, “family”).


अर्क

arká (romanization)
अर्कः (nominative singular)
अर्कौ (dual nominative)
अर्का1 (dual nominative)
अर्काः (nominative plural)
अर्कासः1 (nominative plural)
अर्क (singular vocative)
अर्कौ (dual vocative)
अर्का1 (dual vocative)
अर्काः (plural vocative)
अर्कासः1 (plural vocative)
अर्कम् (accusative singular)
अर्कौ (accusative dual)
अर्का1 (accusative dual)
अर्कान् (accusative plural)
अर्केण (instrumental singular)
अर्काभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अर्कैः (instrumental plural)
अर्केभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अर्काय (dative singular)
अर्काभ्याम् (dative dual)
अर्केभ्यः (dative plural)
अर्कात् (ablative singular)
अर्काभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अर्केभ्यः (ablative plural)
अर्कस्य (genitive singular)
अर्कयोः (dual genitive)
अर्काणाम् (genitive plural)
अर्के (locative singular)
अर्कयोः (dual locative)
अर्केषु (locative plural)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਅੱਕ (akka)

Shahmukhi script: اکّ (akk)

→ Tamil: அருக்கன் (arukkaṉ)

→ Tocharian B: ārk

giant milk weed, (gigantic) swallow-wort (Calotropis gigantea, syn. Asclepias gigantea)


अश्वश्चन्द्र

sa-adj

अश्वश्चन्द्र • (áśvaścandra) stem

áśvaścandra (romanization)
अश्वश्चन्द्रः (nominative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रौ (dual nominative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रा1 (dual nominative)
अश्वश्चन्द्राः (nominative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रासः1 (nominative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्र (singular vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रौ (dual vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रा1 (dual vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्राः (plural vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रासः1 (plural vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रम् (accusative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रौ (accusative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्रा1 (accusative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्रान् (accusative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेण (instrumental singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अश्वश्चन्द्रैः (instrumental plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्राय (dative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रात् (ablative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रस्य (genitive singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रयोः (dual genitive)
अश्वश्चन्द्राणाम् (genitive plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (locative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रयोः (dual locative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेषु (locative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रा (nominative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (dual nominative)
अश्वश्चन्द्राः (nominative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (singular vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (dual vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्राः (plural vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्राम् (accusative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (accusative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्राः (accusative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रया (instrumental singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रा1 (instrumental singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभिः (instrumental plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रायै (dative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्यः (dative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रायाः (ablative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रायै2 (ablative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्यः (ablative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रायाः (genitive singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रायै2 (genitive singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रयोः (dual genitive)
अश्वश्चन्द्राणाम् (genitive plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रायाम् (locative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रयोः (dual locative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रासु (locative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रम् (nominative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (dual nominative)
अश्वश्चन्द्राणि (nominative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रा1 (nominative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्र (singular vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (dual vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्राणि (plural vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रा1 (plural vocative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रम् (accusative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (accusative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्राणि (accusative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रा1 (accusative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेण (instrumental singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अश्वश्चन्द्रैः (instrumental plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्राय (dative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रात् (ablative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रस्य (genitive singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रयोः (dual genitive)
अश्वश्चन्द्राणाम् (genitive plural)
अश्वश्चन्द्रे (locative singular)
अश्वश्चन्द्रयोः (dual locative)
अश्वश्चन्द्रेषु (locative plural)

/ɐ́ɕ.ʋɐɕ.t͡ɕɐn.dɾɐ/

/ɐɕ.ʋɐɕˈt͡ɕɐn̪.d̪ɾɐ/

/ɐɕ.ʋɐɕ.t͡ɕɐn.dɾɐ/

/ɐɕ.ʋɐɕˈt͡ɕɐn̪.d̪ɾɐ/

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From अश्व (aśva) + श्चन्द्र (ścandra).

compound

अश्व (aśva) + श्चन्द्र (ścandra)


पनस

panasa (romanization)
पनसम् (nominative singular)
पनसे (dual nominative)
पनसानि (nominative plural)
पनसा1 (nominative plural)
पनस (singular vocative)
पनसे (dual vocative)
पनसानि (plural vocative)
पनसा1 (plural vocative)
पनसम् (accusative singular)
पनसे (accusative dual)
पनसानि (accusative plural)
पनसा1 (accusative plural)
पनसेन (instrumental singular)
पनसाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पनसैः (instrumental plural)
पनसेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
पनसाय (dative singular)
पनसाभ्याम् (dative dual)
पनसेभ्यः (dative plural)
पनसात् (ablative singular)
पनसाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पनसेभ्यः (ablative plural)
पनसस्य (genitive singular)
पनसयोः (dual genitive)
पनसानाम् (genitive plural)
पनसे (locative singular)
पनसयोः (dual locative)
पनसेषु (locative plural)

desctree

Pali: panasa
→ Burmese: ပိန္နဲ (pinnai:)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀨𑀡𑀲 (phaṇasa)

Bengali: পনস (ponoś)

Odia: ପଣସ (paṇasa)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀨𑀡𑀲 (phaṇasa)

Gujarati: ફણસ (phaṇas)

Hindi: फनस (phanas) (or from another language)

Marwari: फणस (phaṇas) (or from another language, possibly Gujarati)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀡𑀲 (paṇasa)

Marathi: फणस (phaṇas) (or directly borrowed from an old, unattested tribal dialect)

→ Swahili: fenesi (or from Gujarati)

Konkani: पोणोस (poṇos)

→ Middle Chinese: 波那娑 (MC pa na sa)

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *palacV.


गण्ड

gaṇḍa (romanization)
गण्डः (nominative singular)
गण्डौ (dual nominative)
गण्डा1 (dual nominative)
गण्डाः (nominative plural)
गण्डासः1 (nominative plural)
गण्ड (singular vocative)
गण्डौ (dual vocative)
गण्डा1 (dual vocative)
गण्डाः (plural vocative)
गण्डासः1 (plural vocative)
गण्डम् (accusative singular)
गण्डौ (accusative dual)
गण्डा1 (accusative dual)
गण्डान् (accusative plural)
गण्डेन (instrumental singular)
गण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गण्डैः (instrumental plural)
गण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गण्डाय (dative singular)
गण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
गण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
गण्डात् (ablative singular)
गण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गण्डस्य (genitive singular)
गण्डयोः (dual genitive)
गण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
गण्डे (locative singular)
गण्डयोः (dual locative)
गण्डेषु (locative plural)

Pali: gaṇḍa

Prakrit: 𑀕𑀀𑀟 (gam̐ḍa)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: ગાંડ (gā̃ḍ), ગાંડુ (gā̃ḍu)

Hindustani: gā̃ṛ, gā̃ṛū, gānḍ

desc

Hindi: गाँड़, गाँड़ू, गांड

Hindi: गाँड़, गाँड़ू, गांड

Urdu: گَاںڑ, گَاںڑُو, گَانڈ

Urdu: گَاںڑ, گَاںڑُو, گَانڈ

Romani: gāro

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: গাঁৰ (gãr)

Bengali: গাঁড় (gãṛ), গাঁড়ি (gãṛi)

Bihari:

Maithili: गाँड़ि (gā̃ṛɨ)

Odia: ଗାଏଁଡ଼ (gāẽṛa)

Odia: ଗାଏଁଡ଼ (gāẽṛa)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: गान (gān), गाण (gāṇ), गाणि (gāṇi)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: गाँण (gā̃ṇ), गाँडि (gā̃ḍi), गाँडु (gā̃ḍu)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: गण्ड (gaṇḍ), गान (gān)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ގަނޑު (gaⁿḍu)

Sinhalese: ගඩුව (gaḍuwa)

Western:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: gann, gannī, gāṇḍ

Gurmukhi script: ਗੰਨ, ਗੰਨੀ, ਗੰਡ

Shahmukhi script: گَنّ, گَنِّی, گَاڻڊ

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: g̠ani, g̠anri, gā̃ḍi

Arabic script: ڳَنِ, ڳَنرِ, گَنڊِ

Devanagari script: ॻनि, ॻन्रि, गाँडि

Borrowed from Dravidian, compare Kannada ಗಂಟು (gaṇṭu, “joint of reed”), Telugu గంట (gaṇṭa, “a knot”).

a goiter or any other excrescence of the neck


रागी

Eleusine coracana
Eleusine coracana#Translingual


जटायु

jaṭāyu (romanization)
जटायुः (nominative singular)
जटायू (dual nominative)
जटायवः (nominative plural)
जटायो (singular vocative)
जटायू (dual vocative)
जटायवः (plural vocative)
जटायुम् (accusative singular)
जटायू (accusative dual)
जटायून् (accusative plural)
जटायुना (instrumental singular)
जटाय्वा1 (instrumental singular)
जटायुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जटायुभिः (instrumental plural)
जटायवे (dative singular)
जटाय्वे1 (dative singular)
जटायुभ्याम् (dative dual)
जटायुभ्यः (dative plural)
जटायोः (ablative singular)
जटाय्वः1 (ablative singular)
जटायुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जटायुभ्यः (ablative plural)
जटायोः (genitive singular)
जटाय्वः1 (genitive singular)
जटाय्वोः (dual genitive)
जटायूनाम् (genitive plural)
जटायौ (locative singular)
जटाय्वोः (dual locative)
जटायुषु (locative plural)

/d͡ʑɐˈʈɑː.ju/

Gypaetus barbatus
Gypaetus barbatus#Translingual

bearded vulture, lammergeier, ossifrage (Gypaetus barbatus)


माष

mā́ṣa (romanization)
माषः (nominative singular)
माषौ (dual nominative)
माषा1 (dual nominative)
माषाः (nominative plural)
माषासः1 (nominative plural)
माष (singular vocative)
माषौ (dual vocative)
माषा1 (dual vocative)
माषाः (plural vocative)
माषासः1 (plural vocative)
माषम् (accusative singular)
माषौ (accusative dual)
माषा1 (accusative dual)
माषान् (accusative plural)
माषेण (instrumental singular)
माषाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
माषैः (instrumental plural)
माषेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
माषाय (dative singular)
माषाभ्याम् (dative dual)
माषेभ्यः (dative plural)
माषात् (ablative singular)
माषाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
माषेभ्यः (ablative plural)
माषस्य (genitive singular)
माषयोः (dual genitive)
माषाणाम् (genitive plural)
माषे (locative singular)
माषयोः (dual locative)
माषेषु (locative plural)

Gandhari: 𐨨𐨮 (maṣa)

→ Middle Persian:

desctree

Persian: ماش (mâš)
Tajik: мош (moš)
→ Arabic: مَاش (māš)
→ Azerbaijani: maş
→ Georgian: მაშა (maša)
→ Karakalpak: мәш
→ Kazakh: мәш (mäş)
→? Russian: маш (maš)
→ Romanian: maș (Moldova)
→ Ukrainian: маш (maš)
→ Middle Armenian: մաշ (maš)
Armenian: մաշ (maš)
→ Ottoman Turkish: ماش (maş)
Turkish: maş
→ Uzbek: мош (mosh)

→ Khmer: មាស (miəh)

→ Thai: มาศ (mâat)

→ Malay: emas

Pali: māsa
→ Burmese: မတ် (mat) (cf. မတ်ပဲ (matpai:))

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Nepali: मास (mās)

Punjabi: ਮਾਸ਼ (māś)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *máša-; compare Persian ماش (mâš, “vetch, mung bean”) and Shughni мах̌ (max̌, “pea, bean”), as well as, outside of Indo-Iranian, Albanian modhull (“vetch”) and Romanian mazăre (“peas”). Said terms seem to go back to a Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ǵʰ- (“small bean”), though based on the "local vegetable" semantic category and irregular sound correspondences between the Indo-Iranian and European terms, the source word is likely to be ultimately of non-Indo-European substrate origin.


बिल्व

bilva (romanization)
बिल्वः (nominative singular)
बिल्वौ (dual nominative)
बिल्वाः (nominative plural)
बिल्व (singular vocative)
बिल्वौ (dual vocative)
बिल्वाः (plural vocative)
बिल्वम् (accusative singular)
बिल्वौ (accusative dual)
बिल्वान् (accusative plural)
बिल्वेन (instrumental singular)
बिल्वाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
बिल्वैः (instrumental plural)
बिल्वाय (dative singular)
बिल्वाभ्याम् (dative dual)
बिल्वेभ्यः (dative plural)
बिल्वात् (ablative singular)
बिल्वाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
बिल्वेभ्यः (ablative plural)
बिल्वस्य (genitive singular)
बिल्वयोः (dual genitive)
बिल्वानाम् (genitive plural)
बिल्वे (locative singular)
बिल्वयोः (dual locative)
बिल्वेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of बिल्व

बिल्वाभ्याम्

बिल्वाभ्याम्

बिल्वाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

बिल्वाभ्याम्

बिल्वाभ्याम्

बिल्वाभ्याम्

Kashmiri:

desc

Devanagari script: ब्यल् (byal), बिल् (bil)

Arabic script: بِل (bil)

Prakrit: 𑀩𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (billa)

Gujarati: બીલ (bīl)

Hindi: बील (bīl)

Punjabi: ਬਿਲ (bil)

Pali: billa

→ Bengali: বিল্ব (billo)

→ English: bilwa, vilwa

→ Hindi: बिल्व (bilv)

→ Mon: ဗဳ (bī) (semi-learned)

→ Marathi: बिल्व (bilva)

→ Tamil: வில்வம் (vilvam)

→ Telugu: బిల్వము (bilvamu)

From a Pre-Indo-Aryan substrate language, possibly Dravidian; compare Tamil விளா (viḷā), வெள்ளில் (veḷḷil).

Aegle marmelos
Aegle marmelos#Translingual

bael fruit tree, bel, Bengal quince (Aegle marmelos)


अश्वगन्ध

→ Bengali: অশ্বগন্ধা (ośśogondha)

→ English: ashwagandha

→ Hindi: अश्वगन्धा (aśvagandhā)

→ Tocharian B: aśvakānt

/ɐɕ.ʋɐ.ɡɐn.dʱɐ/

/ɐɕ.ʋɐˈɡɐn̪.d̪ʱɐ/

Compound of अश्व (aśva, “horse”) + गन्ध (gandha, “smell”), literally “horse's smell” owing to the odor of the plant.


परस्वत्

/pɐˈɾɐs̪.ʋɐt̪/

Unknown. Potentially a wanderwort, compare Proto-Semitic *faraʾ- (“wild ass”) (whence Arabic فَرَأ (faraʔ)).


मण्डूक

maṇḍū́ka (romanization)
मण्डूकः (nominative singular)
मण्डूकौ (dual nominative)
मण्डूका1 (dual nominative)
मण्डूकाः (nominative plural)
मण्डूकासः1 (nominative plural)
मण्डूक (singular vocative)
मण्डूकौ (dual vocative)
मण्डूका1 (dual vocative)
मण्डूकाः (plural vocative)
मण्डूकासः1 (plural vocative)
मण्डूकम् (accusative singular)
मण्डूकौ (accusative dual)
मण्डूका1 (accusative dual)
मण्डूकान् (accusative plural)
मण्डूकेन (instrumental singular)
मण्डूकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मण्डूकैः (instrumental plural)
मण्डूकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मण्डूकाय (dative singular)
मण्डूकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मण्डूकेभ्यः (dative plural)
मण्डूकात् (ablative singular)
मण्डूकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मण्डूकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मण्डूकस्य (genitive singular)
मण्डूकयोः (dual genitive)
मण्डूकानाम् (genitive plural)
मण्डूके (locative singular)
मण्डूकयोः (dual locative)
मण्डूकेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

desc

Kashmiri: مۄنٛڈُکھ (mọnḍukh), مٲن (mạ̄n)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Odia: ମଣ୍ଡୁକ (maṇḍuka)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀽𑀓 (maṃḍūka)

Marathi: बेडूक (beḍūk)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (maṃḍukka)

Gujarati: મેંડક (meṇḍak), મેડક (meḍak)

Hindustani:

Hindi: मेंढक (meṇḍhak)

Urdu: مینڈک (meṇḍak)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੇਡਕ (meḍak)

Pali: maṇḍūka

/mɐɳ.ɖúː.kɐ/

/mɐɳˈɖuː.kɐ/

Probably a substrate borrowing, as evidenced by many variants; possibly related to मण्डल (maṇḍala) and मण्ड (maṇḍa) and/or influenced by taboo.


ऋश

ṛ́śa (romanization)
ऋशः (nominative singular)
ऋशौ (dual nominative)
ऋशा1 (dual nominative)
ऋशाः (nominative plural)
ऋशासः1 (nominative plural)
ऋश (singular vocative)
ऋशौ (dual vocative)
ऋशा1 (dual vocative)
ऋशाः (plural vocative)
ऋशासः1 (plural vocative)
ऋशम् (accusative singular)
ऋशौ (accusative dual)
ऋशा1 (accusative dual)
ऋशान् (accusative plural)
ऋशेन (instrumental singular)
ऋशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ऋशैः (instrumental plural)
ऋशेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ऋशाय (dative singular)
ऋशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
ऋशेभ्यः (dative plural)
ऋशात् (ablative singular)
ऋशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ऋशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
ऋशस्य (genitive singular)
ऋशयोः (dual genitive)
ऋशानाम् (genitive plural)
ऋशे (locative singular)
ऋशयोः (dual locative)
ऋशेषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ĺ̥-ḱo-s, from *h₁el- (“deer, horned wild animal”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔλαφος (élaphos, “red deer”), English elk. Also related to ऋश्य (ṛśya).

cog

आहं तनोमि ते पसो अधि ज्यामिव धन्वनि ।
क्रमस्वर्श इव रोहितमनवग्लायता सदा ॥
āhaṃ tanomi te paso adhi jyāmiva dhanvani.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 6.101.3

I stretch your penis like a bowstring on a bow
Approach [a woman] tirelessly always, like a stag approaches a doe.

kramasvarśa iva rohitamanavaglāyatā sadā.

a stag; the male of a species of antelope


जातिफल

jātiphala (romanization)
जातिफलम् (nominative singular)
जातिफले (dual nominative)
जातिफलानि (nominative plural)
जातिफल (singular vocative)
जातिफले (dual vocative)
जातिफलानि (plural vocative)
जातिफलम् (accusative singular)
जातिफले (accusative dual)
जातिफलानि (accusative plural)
जातिफलेन (instrumental singular)
जातिफलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जातिफलैः (instrumental plural)
जातिफलाय (dative singular)
जातिफलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
जातिफलेभ्यः (dative plural)
जातिफलात् (ablative singular)
जातिफलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जातिफलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
जातिफलस्य (genitive singular)
जातिफलयोः (dual genitive)
जातिफलानाम् (genitive plural)
जातिफले (locative singular)
जातिफलयोः (dual locative)
जातिफलेषु (locative plural)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindi: जायफल (jāyphal)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali–Assamese:

Assamese: জাঁইফল (zãiphol)

Bengali: জায়ফল (jaẏophol)

Sylheti: ꠎꠄꠚꠟ (zoefól)

Odia: ଜାଇଫଳ (jāiphaḷa)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: जाइफल (jāiphal)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਜਾਇਫਲ (jāiphal)

Sindhi: جافَرُ (jāfaru)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: जायफळ (jāyphaḷ)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: જાયફળ (jāyaphaḷ)

→ Classical Tibetan: ཛ་ཏི (dza ti)

Dzongkha: ཛ་ཏི (dza ti)

Tibetan: ཛ་ཏི (dza ti)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠠᠳᠢ (ǰadi)

Kalmyk: зать (zatʹ)

Mongolian: задь (zadʹ)

/ˈd͡ʑɑː.t̪i.pʰɐ.l̪ɐ/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis
Sanskrit जाति (jāti)
Proto-Dravidian *paẓambor.
Sanskrit फल (phala)
Sanskrit जातिफल (jātiphala)
Compound of जाति (jāti) + फल (phala). Further etymology unknown. Compare Pali jātipuppha.

etymon

550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā

Myristica fragrans
Myristica fragrans#Translingual


कुष्माण्ड

sa-noun

कुष्माण्ड • (kuṣmāṇḍa) stem, m

kuṣmāṇḍa (romanization)
कुष्माण्डः (nominative singular)
कुष्माण्डौ (dual nominative)
कुष्माण्डा1 (dual nominative)
कुष्माण्डाः (nominative plural)
कुष्माण्डासः1 (nominative plural)
कुष्माण्ड (singular vocative)
कुष्माण्डौ (dual vocative)
कुष्माण्डा1 (dual vocative)
कुष्माण्डाः (plural vocative)
कुष्माण्डासः1 (plural vocative)
कुष्माण्डम् (accusative singular)
कुष्माण्डौ (accusative dual)
कुष्माण्डा1 (accusative dual)
कुष्माण्डान् (accusative plural)
कुष्माण्डेन (instrumental singular)
कुष्माण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कुष्माण्डैः (instrumental plural)
कुष्माण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कुष्माण्डाय (dative singular)
कुष्माण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कुष्माण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
कुष्माण्डात् (ablative singular)
कुष्माण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कुष्माण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कुष्माण्डस्य (genitive singular)
कुष्माण्डयोः (dual genitive)
कुष्माण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
कुष्माण्डे (locative singular)
कुष्माण्डयोः (dual locative)
कुष्माण्डेषु (locative plural)

/kuʂˈmɑːɳ.ɖɐ/

Hypercorrected form of a Middle Indo-Aryan *kumhaṃḍa, from a substrate language. See कुम्हड़ा (kumhaṛā) for more.


टिण्डिश

टिण्डिश • (ṭiṇḍiśa) stem, m

ṭiṇḍiśa (romanization)
टिण्डिशः (nominative singular)
टिण्डिशौ (dual nominative)
टिण्डिशा1 (dual nominative)
टिण्डिशाः (nominative plural)
टिण्डिशासः1 (nominative plural)
टिण्डिश (singular vocative)
टिण्डिशौ (dual vocative)
टिण्डिशा1 (dual vocative)
टिण्डिशाः (plural vocative)
टिण्डिशासः1 (plural vocative)
टिण्डिशम् (accusative singular)
टिण्डिशौ (accusative dual)
टिण्डिशा1 (accusative dual)
टिण्डिशान् (accusative plural)
टिण्डिशेन (instrumental singular)
टिण्डिशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
टिण्डिशैः (instrumental plural)
टिण्डिशेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
टिण्डिशाय (dative singular)
टिण्डिशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
टिण्डिशेभ्यः (dative plural)
टिण्डिशात् (ablative singular)
टिण्डिशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
टिण्डिशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
टिण्डिशस्य (genitive singular)
टिण्डिशयोः (dual genitive)
टिण्डिशानाम् (genitive plural)
टिण्डिशे (locative singular)
टिण्डिशयोः (dual locative)
टिण्डिशेषु (locative plural)

Hindustani: ṭiṇḍā

Hindi: टिंडा

desc

Urdu: ٹِن٘ڈا

Urdu: ٹِن٘ڈا

Sindhi: ṭiṇḍasu

Arabic script: ٽِنڊَسُ

Devanagari script: टिंडसु

/ˈʈiɳ.ɖi.ɕɐ/

Given the semantic domain and the number of alternative forms, probably from a substrate.


अलाबु

alā́bu (romanization)
अलाबुः (nominative singular)
अलाबू (dual nominative)
अलाबवः (nominative plural)
अलाबो (singular vocative)
अलाबू (dual vocative)
अलाबवः (plural vocative)
अलाबुम् (accusative singular)
अलाबू (accusative dual)
अलाबूः (accusative plural)
अलाब्वा (instrumental singular)
अलाबुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अलाबुभिः (instrumental plural)
अलाबवे (dative singular)
अलाब्वै1 (dative singular)
अलाबुभ्याम् (dative dual)
अलाबुभ्यः (dative plural)
अलाबोः (ablative singular)
अलाब्वाः1 (ablative singular)
अलाब्वै2 (ablative singular)
अलाबुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अलाबुभ्यः (ablative plural)
अलाबोः (genitive singular)
अलाब्वाः1 (genitive singular)
अलाब्वै2 (genitive singular)
अलाब्वोः (dual genitive)
अलाबूनाम् (genitive plural)
अलाबौ (locative singular)
अलाब्वाम्1 (locative singular)
अलाब्वोः (dual locative)
अलाबुषु (locative plural)

Of Austroasiatic origin (Proto-Mon-Khmer *rbaw, *baw (“gourd”)).


पालङ्की

pālaṅkī (romanization)
पालङ्की (nominative singular)
पालङ्क्यौ (dual nominative)
पालङ्की1 (dual nominative)
पालङ्क्यः (nominative plural)
पालङ्कीः1 (nominative plural)
पालङ्कि (singular vocative)
पालङ्क्यौ (dual vocative)
पालङ्की1 (dual vocative)
पालङ्क्यः (plural vocative)
पालङ्कीः1 (plural vocative)
पालङ्कीम् (accusative singular)
पालङ्क्यौ (accusative dual)
पालङ्की1 (accusative dual)
पालङ्कीः (accusative plural)
पालङ्क्या (instrumental singular)
पालङ्कीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पालङ्कीभिः (instrumental plural)
पालङ्क्यै (dative singular)
पालङ्कीभ्याम् (dative dual)
पालङ्कीभ्यः (dative plural)
पालङ्क्याः (ablative singular)
पालङ्क्यै2 (ablative singular)
पालङ्कीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
पालङ्कीभ्यः (ablative plural)
पालङ्क्याः (genitive singular)
पालङ्क्यै2 (genitive singular)
पालङ्क्योः (dual genitive)
पालङ्कीनाम् (genitive plural)
पालङ्क्याम् (locative singular)
पालङ्क्योः (dual locative)
पालङ्कीषु (locative plural)

/pɑːˈl̪ɐŋ.kiː/

gum olibanum, Indian frankincense (Boswellia thurifera)


कारवेल्ल

sa-noun

कारवेल्ल • (kāravella) stem, m or n (feminine करवेल्ली)

kāravella (romanization)
करवेल्ली (feminine)
कारवेल्लः (nominative singular)
कारवेल्लौ (dual nominative)
कारवेल्ला1 (dual nominative)
कारवेल्लाः (nominative plural)
कारवेल्लासः1 (nominative plural)
कारवेल्ल (singular vocative)
कारवेल्लौ (dual vocative)
कारवेल्ला1 (dual vocative)
कारवेल्लाः (plural vocative)
कारवेल्लासः1 (plural vocative)
कारवेल्लम् (accusative singular)
कारवेल्लौ (accusative dual)
कारवेल्ला1 (accusative dual)
कारवेल्लान् (accusative plural)
कारवेल्लेन (instrumental singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कारवेल्लैः (instrumental plural)
कारवेल्लेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कारवेल्लाय (dative singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कारवेल्लेभ्यः (dative plural)
कारवेल्लात् (ablative singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कारवेल्लेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कारवेल्लस्य (genitive singular)
कारवेल्लयोः (dual genitive)
कारवेल्लानाम् (genitive plural)
कारवेल्ले (locative singular)
कारवेल्लयोः (dual locative)
कारवेल्लेषु (locative plural)
कारवेल्लम् (nominative singular)
कारवेल्ले (dual nominative)
कारवेल्लानि (nominative plural)
कारवेल्ला1 (nominative plural)
कारवेल्ल (singular vocative)
कारवेल्ले (dual vocative)
कारवेल्लानि (plural vocative)
कारवेल्ला1 (plural vocative)
कारवेल्लम् (accusative singular)
कारवेल्ले (accusative dual)
कारवेल्लानि (accusative plural)
कारवेल्ला1 (accusative plural)
कारवेल्लेन (instrumental singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कारवेल्लैः (instrumental plural)
कारवेल्लेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कारवेल्लाय (dative singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (dative dual)
कारवेल्लेभ्यः (dative plural)
कारवेल्लात् (ablative singular)
कारवेल्लाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कारवेल्लेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कारवेल्लस्य (genitive singular)
कारवेल्लयोः (dual genitive)
कारवेल्लानाम् (genitive plural)
कारवेल्ले (locative singular)
कारवेल्लयोः (dual locative)
कारवेल्लेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: کَریل (karēl)

Pali: kāravella

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀬𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀈 (kāriyallaī)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

desc

Bihari: करइला (karailā), करइली (karailī)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: කරිවිල (kariwila)

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀬 (kārĕllaya)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindustani: karelā

Hindi: करेला

Urdu: کَریلہ

Urdu: کَریلہ

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: কেৰেলা (kerela)

Bengali: করেলা (korela), করেলি (koreli), করলা (korla)

Odia: କର୍ଲା (karlā), କଲରା (kalarā), କଲୁରି (kaluri), କରଡ଼ା (karaṛā)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: करेलो (karelo)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: करेल (karel)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Lahnda: کریلا (krēlā)

Punjabi: karelā

Gurmukhi script: ਕਰੇਲਾ

Shahmukhi script: کَریلَا

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: karelo

Arabic script: ڪَريلو

Devanagari script: करेलो

Southern:

Maharastri Prakrit:

Marathi: कारली (kārlī), कारलें (kārlẽ), कारेती (kāretī), कारेतें (kāretẽ)

Western:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: કારેલી (kārelī), કારેલું (kārelũ)

/kɑː.ɾɐˈʋeːl̪.l̪ɐ/

Momordica charantia
Momordica charantia#Translingual


वचा

Bengali: বচ (boc)

Deccani: وچ (vač)

Gujarati: વજ (vaj)

Hindustani:

Hindi: बच (bac)

Urdu: بچ (bač)

Nepali: बोझो (bojho)

→ Kannada: ಬಜೆ (baje)

→ Malayalam: വയമ്പ് (vayamp)

→ Middle Persian: *vač

desctree

Persian: وج (vaj)
→ Arabic: وَجّ (wajj)
→ Middle Armenian: վաճ (vač)

→ Classical Syriac: ܘܲܨ (waṣ)

→ Tamil: வசம்பு (vacampu)

→ Telugu: వస (vasa)

Acorus calamus
Acorus calamus#Translingual


नेत्रोपम

netropama (romanization)
नेत्रोपमः (nominative singular)
नेत्रोपमौ (dual nominative)
नेत्रोपमा1 (dual nominative)
नेत्रोपमाः (nominative plural)
नेत्रोपमासः1 (nominative plural)
नेत्रोपम (singular vocative)
नेत्रोपमौ (dual vocative)
नेत्रोपमा1 (dual vocative)
नेत्रोपमाः (plural vocative)
नेत्रोपमासः1 (plural vocative)
नेत्रोपमम् (accusative singular)
नेत्रोपमौ (accusative dual)
नेत्रोपमा1 (accusative dual)
नेत्रोपमान् (accusative plural)
नेत्रोपमेण (instrumental singular)
नेत्रोपमाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नेत्रोपमैः (instrumental plural)
नेत्रोपमेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नेत्रोपमाय (dative singular)
नेत्रोपमाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नेत्रोपमेभ्यः (dative plural)
नेत्रोपमात् (ablative singular)
नेत्रोपमाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नेत्रोपमेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नेत्रोपमस्य (genitive singular)
नेत्रोपमयोः (dual genitive)
नेत्रोपमाणाम् (genitive plural)
नेत्रोपमे (locative singular)
नेत्रोपमयोः (dual locative)
नेत्रोपमेषु (locative plural)

From नेत्र (netra, “eye”) + उपम (upama, “resembling”), literally “resembling the eye”.


भल्लातक

bhallātaka (romanization)
भल्लातकः (nominative singular)
भल्लातकौ (dual nominative)
भल्लातका1 (dual nominative)
भल्लातकाः (nominative plural)
भल्लातकासः1 (nominative plural)
भल्लातक (singular vocative)
भल्लातकौ (dual vocative)
भल्लातका1 (dual vocative)
भल्लातकाः (plural vocative)
भल्लातकासः1 (plural vocative)
भल्लातकम् (accusative singular)
भल्लातकौ (accusative dual)
भल्लातका1 (accusative dual)
भल्लातकान् (accusative plural)
भल्लातकेन (instrumental singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भल्लातकैः (instrumental plural)
भल्लातकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
भल्लातकाय (dative singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भल्लातकेभ्यः (dative plural)
भल्लातकात् (ablative singular)
भल्लातकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भल्लातकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
भल्लातकस्य (genitive singular)
भल्लातकयोः (dual genitive)
भल्लातकानाम् (genitive plural)
भल्लातके (locative singular)
भल्लातकयोः (dual locative)
भल्लातकेषु (locative plural)

/bʱɐl̪ˈl̪ɑː.t̪ɐ.kɐ/

Semecarpus anacardium
Semecarpus anacardium#Translingual

the marking nut plant, Semecarpus anacardium (from which is extracted an acid juice used for medicinal purposes, and a black liquid used for marking linen)


दृढबीज

dṛḍhabīja (romanization)
दृढबीजः (nominative singular)
दृढबीजौ (dual nominative)
दृढबीजा1 (dual nominative)
दृढबीजाः (nominative plural)
दृढबीजासः1 (nominative plural)
दृढबीज (singular vocative)
दृढबीजौ (dual vocative)
दृढबीजा1 (dual vocative)
दृढबीजाः (plural vocative)
दृढबीजासः1 (plural vocative)
दृढबीजम् (accusative singular)
दृढबीजौ (accusative dual)
दृढबीजा1 (accusative dual)
दृढबीजान् (accusative plural)
दृढबीजेन (instrumental singular)
दृढबीजाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दृढबीजैः (instrumental plural)
दृढबीजेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
दृढबीजाय (dative singular)
दृढबीजाभ्याम् (dative dual)
दृढबीजेभ्यः (dative plural)
दृढबीजात् (ablative singular)
दृढबीजाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दृढबीजेभ्यः (ablative plural)
दृढबीजस्य (genitive singular)
दृढबीजयोः (dual genitive)
दृढबीजानाम् (genitive plural)
दृढबीजे (locative singular)
दृढबीजयोः (dual locative)
दृढबीजेषु (locative plural)

/d̪r̩.ɖʱɐˈbiː.d͡ʑɐ/

From दृढ (dṛḍha, “hard, strong”) + बीज (bīja, “seed”).

Vachellia nilotica
Vachellia nilotica#Translingual

gum arabic tree (Vachellia nilotica, syn. Acacia arabica)

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual

sickle senna (Senna tora, syn. Cassia tora)


हलदी

haladī (romanization)
हलदी (nominative singular)
हलद्यौ (dual nominative)
हलदी1 (dual nominative)
हलद्यः (nominative plural)
हलदीः1 (nominative plural)
हलदि (singular vocative)
हलद्यौ (dual vocative)
हलदी1 (dual vocative)
हलद्यः (plural vocative)
हलदीः1 (plural vocative)
हलदीम् (accusative singular)
हलद्यौ (accusative dual)
हलदी1 (accusative dual)
हलदीः (accusative plural)
हलद्या (instrumental singular)
हलदीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
हलदीभिः (instrumental plural)
हलद्यै (dative singular)
हलदीभ्याम् (dative dual)
हलदीभ्यः (dative plural)
हलद्याः (ablative singular)
हलद्यै2 (ablative singular)
हलदीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
हलदीभ्यः (ablative plural)
हलद्याः (genitive singular)
हलद्यै2 (genitive singular)
हलद्योः (dual genitive)
हलदीनाम् (genitive plural)
हलद्याम् (locative singular)
हलद्योः (dual locative)
हलदीषु (locative plural)

Nepali: हलेदो (haledo)

Gujarati: હળદર (haḷdar)

Marathi: हळद (haḷad)

Odia: ହଳଦି (haḷadi)

Bengali: হলুদ (holud)

Assamese: হালধি (halodhi)

Sylheti: ꠅꠟꠂꠖ (oloido)

Punjabi: ਹਲਦੀ (haldī)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हलदी (haldī), हल्दी (haldī)

Urdu: ہلدی (haldī)

/ˈɦɐ.l̪ɐ.d̪iː/

A corrupted form of हरिद्रा (haridrā, “turmeric”). With that semantic connection and that phonetic variant, one also thinks about a Semitic connection due to Hebrew חָרוּץ (ḥārū́ṣ, “cut in, dug; sharpened; figuratively gold”), Phoenician 𐤇𐤓𐤑 (ḥrṣ, “gold”), Punic 𐤇𐤓𐤑 (ḥrṣ, “gold; potash”), Ugaritic 𐎃𐎗𐎕 (ḫrṣ /ḫurāṣu/, “gold”), حُرْض (ḥurḍ, “potash, alkali”), حَرَض (ḥaraḍ, “to milk utterly; to be emaciated”), Akkadian ḫarṣum (“cut off, treated”) and ḫalṣum (“squeezed out, obtained by pressing, said of oils, medicine etc.”), Arabic إِحْرِيض (ʔiḥrīḍ, “saffron”), possibly Kannada ಅರಿಶಿನ (ariśina, “turmeric”), Akkadian 𒆬𒄀 (ḫurāṣum, “gold”), Classical Syriac ܚܪ̈ܘܥܐ (ḥarrūʿā, “yellow”) whence Arabic خَرُّوع (ḵarrūʕ, “castor oil plant”), Classical Syriac ܚܪܝܥܐ (ḥrīʿā, “safflower”), ܚܪܐ (ḥrāʿ, “a plant name, especially those with yellow flowers”), but this is, though it passed into Ancient Greek χρυσός (khrusós, “gold”), dubious due to the origin of the plant itself, the Indian term having been borrowed into Yemen as هُرْد (hurd) and another widely in Semitic as كُرْكُم (kurkum) etc. from कुङ्कुम (kuṅkuma, “saffron, crocus”).

cog

Curcuma longa
Curcuma longa#Translingual


वेट

veṭa (romanization)
वेटः (nominative singular)
वेटौ (dual nominative)
वेटा1 (dual nominative)
वेटाः (nominative plural)
वेटासः1 (nominative plural)
वेट (singular vocative)
वेटौ (dual vocative)
वेटा1 (dual vocative)
वेटाः (plural vocative)
वेटासः1 (plural vocative)
वेटम् (accusative singular)
वेटौ (accusative dual)
वेटा1 (accusative dual)
वेटान् (accusative plural)
वेटेन (instrumental singular)
वेटाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वेटैः (instrumental plural)
वेटेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
वेटाय (dative singular)
वेटाभ्याम् (dative dual)
वेटेभ्यः (dative plural)
वेटात् (ablative singular)
वेटाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वेटेभ्यः (ablative plural)
वेटस्य (genitive singular)
वेटयोः (dual genitive)
वेटानाम् (genitive plural)
वेटे (locative singular)
वेटयोः (dual locative)
वेटेषु (locative plural)

Salvadora persica
Salvadora persica#Translingual

toothbrush tree (Salvadora persica, Salvadora oleoides)


दिक्करिन्

dikkarin (romanization)
दिक्करी (nominative singular)
दिक्करिणौ (dual nominative)
दिक्करिणा1 (dual nominative)
दिक्करिणः (nominative plural)
दिक्करिन् (singular vocative)
दिक्करिणौ (dual vocative)
दिक्करिणा1 (dual vocative)
दिक्करिणः (plural vocative)
दिक्करिणम् (accusative singular)
दिक्करिणौ (accusative dual)
दिक्करिणा1 (accusative dual)
दिक्करिणः (accusative plural)
दिक्करिणा (instrumental singular)
दिक्करिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दिक्करिभिः (instrumental plural)
दिक्करिणे (dative singular)
दिक्करिभ्याम् (dative dual)
दिक्करिभ्यः (dative plural)
दिक्करिणः (ablative singular)
दिक्करिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
दिक्करिभ्यः (ablative plural)
दिक्करिणः (genitive singular)
दिक्करिणोः (dual genitive)
दिक्करिणाम् (genitive plural)
दिक्करिणि (locative singular)
दिक्करिणोः (dual locative)
दिक्करिषु (locative plural)

Compound of दिक् (dik) + करिन् (karin), literally “elephant of the quarter”.

com+

one of the mythical elephants which stand in the four or eight quarters of the sky and support the earth


शिग्रु

Supposed a borrowing of Old Persian *θigrah, which is reconstructed from the name of the third month in the Iranian calendar as the ancestor of Persian سیر (sir, “garlic”).

Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleifera#Translingual


गृध्र

gṛ́dhra (romanization)
गृध्रः (nominative singular)
गृध्रौ (dual nominative)
गृध्रा1 (dual nominative)
गृध्राः (nominative plural)
गृध्रासः1 (nominative plural)
गृध्र (singular vocative)
गृध्रौ (dual vocative)
गृध्रा1 (dual vocative)
गृध्राः (plural vocative)
गृध्रासः1 (plural vocative)
गृध्रम् (accusative singular)
गृध्रौ (accusative dual)
गृध्रा1 (accusative dual)
गृध्रान् (accusative plural)
गृध्रेण (instrumental singular)
गृध्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गृध्रैः (instrumental plural)
गृध्रेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
गृध्राय (dative singular)
गृध्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
गृध्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
गृध्रात् (ablative singular)
गृध्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
गृध्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
गृध्रस्य (genitive singular)
गृध्रयोः (dual genitive)
गृध्राणाम् (genitive plural)
गृध्रे (locative singular)
गृध्रयोः (dual locative)
गृध्रेषु (locative plural)

desc

Kashmiri: ग्रद् (grad, “vulture, eagle”)

desctree

Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha), *𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤 (*gidda) — reconstructed based on descendants
Gujarati: ગીધ (gīdh)
Hindustani: giddh
Hindi: गिद्ध
Urdu: گِدّھ (giddh)
Konkani: gīd
Devanagari script: गीद
Kannada script: ಗೀದ್
Latin script: gid
Maithili:
Devanagari script: गिद्ध (giddha), गीध (gīdh)
Tirhuta script: 𑒑𑒱𑒠𑓂𑒡 (giddha), 𑒑𑒲𑒡 (gīdha)
Old Marathi:
Devanagari script: गिध (gidha), गीद (gīda), गीध (gīdha)
Modi script: 𑘐𑘲𑘟 (gīda), 𑘐𑘲𑘠 (gīdha)
Odia: ଗୀଧ (gidha)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha), *𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤 (*gidda) — reconstructed based on descendants
Gujarati: ગીધ (gīdh)
Hindustani: giddh
Hindi: गिद्ध
Urdu: گِدّھ (giddh)
Konkani: gīd
Devanagari script: गीद
Kannada script: ಗೀದ್
Latin script: gid
Maithili:
Devanagari script: गिद्ध (giddha), गीध (gīdh)
Tirhuta script: 𑒑𑒱𑒠𑓂𑒡 (giddha), 𑒑𑒲𑒡 (gīdha)
Old Marathi:
Devanagari script: गिध (gidha), गीद (gīda), गीध (gīdha)
Modi script: 𑘐𑘲𑘟 (gīda), 𑘐𑘲𑘠 (gīdha)
Odia: ଗୀଧ (gidha)

Paisaci Prakrit:

desc

Punjabi: ਗਿਰਝ (girjha), ਗਿੱਧ (giddha, “vulture”)

Pali: gaddha

→ Telugu: గద్ద (gadda), గ్రద్ద (gradda) (Sanskritized)

desctree

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha), *𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤 (*gidda) — reconstructed based on descendants
Gujarati: ગીધ (gīdh)
Hindustani: giddh
Hindi: गिद्ध
Urdu: گِدّھ (giddh)
Konkani: gīd
Devanagari script: गीद
Kannada script: ಗೀದ್
Latin script: gid
Maithili:
Devanagari script: गिद्ध (giddha), गीध (gīdh)
Tirhuta script: 𑒑𑒱𑒠𑓂𑒡 (giddha), 𑒑𑒲𑒡 (gīdha)
Old Marathi:
Devanagari script: गिध (gidha), गीद (gīda), गीध (gīdha)
Modi script: 𑘐𑘲𑘟 (gīda), 𑘐𑘲𑘠 (gīdha)
Odia: ଗୀଧ (gidha)

→ Kannada: ಗೃಧ್ರ (gṛdhra)

→ Tamil: கிருத்திரம் (kiruttiram)

→ Hindi: गृध्र (gŕdhra) (learned)

Nominal derivative of the adjective गृध्र (gṛdhra, “greedy”) above. Literally meaning "the greedy one".

/ˈɡr̩d̪ʱ.ɾɐ/

उलू॑कयातुं शुशु॒लूक॑यातुं ज॒हि श्वया॑तुमु॒त कोक॑यातुम्।
सु॒प॒र्णया॑तुमु॒त गृध्र॑यातुं दृ॒षदे॑व॒ प्र मृ॑ण॒ रक्ष॑ इन्द्र॥
úlūkayātuṃ śuśulū́kayātuṃ jahí śváyātumutá kókayātum.

Destroy the demon disguised as an owl or owlet, destroy him disguised as dog or cuckoo.
Destroy him shaped as an eagle or as a vulture as with a stone, O Indra, crush the demon.

suparṇáyātumutá gṛ́dhrayātuṃ dṛṣádeva prá mṛṇa rákṣa indra.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā)


भल्लूक

bhallūka (romanization)
भल्लूकः (nominative singular)
भल्लूकौ (dual nominative)
भल्लूका1 (dual nominative)
भल्लूकाः (nominative plural)
भल्लूकासः1 (nominative plural)
भल्लूक (singular vocative)
भल्लूकौ (dual vocative)
भल्लूका1 (dual vocative)
भल्लूकाः (plural vocative)
भल्लूकासः1 (plural vocative)
भल्लूकम् (accusative singular)
भल्लूकौ (accusative dual)
भल्लूका1 (accusative dual)
भल्लूकान् (accusative plural)
भल्लूकेन (instrumental singular)
भल्लूकाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भल्लूकैः (instrumental plural)
भल्लूकेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
भल्लूकाय (dative singular)
भल्लूकाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भल्लूकेभ्यः (dative plural)
भल्लूकात् (ablative singular)
भल्लूकाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भल्लूकेभ्यः (ablative plural)
भल्लूकस्य (genitive singular)
भल्लूकयोः (dual genitive)
भल्लूकानाम् (genitive plural)
भल्लूके (locative singular)
भल्लूकयोः (dual locative)
भल्लूकेषु (locative plural)

desc

Bengali: ভাল্লুক (bhalluk), ভালুক (bhaluk)

Hindi: भालू (bhālū)

Nepali: भालू (bhālū)

From भल्ल (bhalla, “bear”) + -क (-ka); see the first component for more.


मुद्ग

मु॒द्ग (canonical)
mudgá (romanization)
मुद्गः (nominative singular)
मुद्गौ (dual nominative)
मुद्गा1 (dual nominative)
मुद्गाः (nominative plural)
मुद्गासः1 (nominative plural)
मुद्ग (singular vocative)
मुद्गौ (dual vocative)
मुद्गा1 (dual vocative)
मुद्गाः (plural vocative)
मुद्गासः1 (plural vocative)
मुद्गम् (accusative singular)
मुद्गौ (accusative dual)
मुद्गा1 (accusative dual)
मुद्गान् (accusative plural)
मुद्गेन (instrumental singular)
मुद्गाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुद्गैः (instrumental plural)
मुद्गेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मुद्गाय (dative singular)
मुद्गाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मुद्गेभ्यः (dative plural)
मुद्गात् (ablative singular)
मुद्गाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुद्गेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मुद्गस्य (genitive singular)
मुद्गयोः (dual genitive)
मुद्गानाम् (genitive plural)
मुद्गे (locative singular)
मुद्गयोः (dual locative)
मुद्गेषु (locative plural)

Pali: mugga

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀕𑁆𑀕 (mugga) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

→ Hindi: मुद्ग (mudg) (learned)

Unknown.
Petersson claims derivation from Proto-Indo-European via *muzgá, connecting this term and Sanskrit मुद्गर (mudgara, “hammer”) to Slavic, whence Old Czech možditi (“to smash”), Czech hmožditi, Russian можжи́ть (možžítʹ), мозжи́ть (mozžítʹ, “to beat, pound”), etc. ultimately a verbal derivation from Proto-Slavic *mozgь.
Burrow agrees that *muzgá is the original form, but relates the term to Sanskrit मसूर (masūra, “lentil”) and derived both from Dravidian; cf. Tamil முதிரை (mutirai, “pulse”).
The Uṇādisūtras (1.127) claim derivation from the root मुद् (mud, “rejoice, be happy”), but this is etymologically unjustified.
Also see मुद्गष्ठ (mudgaṣṭha, “kind of bean”), मुकुष्ठ (mukuṣṭha, “Vigna aconitifolia”), Prakrit *𑀫𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀭 (*maṭṭara, “Pisum sativum”).

etymon

मु॒द्ग

ncog

Russian можжи́ть (možžítʹ)

c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Śukla-Yajurveda (Vājasenayi Saṃhitā)

Vigna radiata
Vigna radiata#Translingual


ज्योतिरिङ्गण

jyotiriṅgaṇa (romanization)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणः (nominative singular)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणौ (dual nominative)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणाः (nominative plural)
ज्योतिरिङ्गण (singular vocative)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणौ (dual vocative)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणाः (plural vocative)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणम् (accusative singular)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणौ (accusative dual)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणान् (accusative plural)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणेन (instrumental singular)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणैः (instrumental plural)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणाय (dative singular)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणेभ्यः (dative plural)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणात् (ablative singular)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणस्य (genitive singular)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणयोः (dual genitive)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणानाम् (genitive plural)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणे (locative singular)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणयोः (dual locative)
ज्योतिरिङ्गणेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀚𑁄𑀇𑀁𑀕𑀡 (joiṃgaṇa)

Maithili: जोगनी (jōgᵊnī)

Hindustani: jugnū

Hindi: जुगनू

desc

Urdu: جُگْنُو

Urdu: جُگْنُو

→ Hindi: ज्योतिरिंगण (jyotiriṅgaṇ) (learned)

/d͡ʑjoː.t̪iˈɾiŋ.ɡɐ.ɳɐ/

Compound of ज्योतिर् (jyotir, “light”) + इङ्गन (iṅgana, “moving, shaking”), literally “moving light”.


कामलता

kāmalatā (romanization)
कामलता (nominative singular)
कामलते (dual nominative)
कामलताः (nominative plural)
कामलते (singular vocative)
कामलते (dual vocative)
कामलताः (plural vocative)
कामलताम् (accusative singular)
कामलते (accusative dual)
कामलताः (accusative plural)
कामलतया (instrumental singular)
कामलता1 (instrumental singular)
कामलताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कामलताभिः (instrumental plural)
कामलतायै (dative singular)
कामलताभ्याम् (dative dual)
कामलताभ्यः (dative plural)
कामलतायाः (ablative singular)
कामलतायै2 (ablative singular)
कामलताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कामलताभ्यः (ablative plural)
कामलतायाः (genitive singular)
कामलतायै2 (genitive singular)
कामलतयोः (dual genitive)
कामलतानाम् (genitive plural)
कामलतायाम् (locative singular)
कामलतयोः (dual locative)
कामलतासु (locative plural)

/ˈkɑː.mɐ.l̪ɐ.t̪ɑː/

From काम (kā́ma, “sexual desire”) + लता (latā).


आण्ड

sa-noun

आ॒ण्ड • (āṇḍá) stem, m

आ॒ण्ड (canonical)
āṇḍá (romanization)
आण्डः (nominative singular)
आण्डौ (dual nominative)
आण्डा1 (dual nominative)
आण्डाः (nominative plural)
आण्डासः1 (nominative plural)
आण्ड (singular vocative)
आण्डौ (dual vocative)
आण्डा1 (dual vocative)
आण्डाः (plural vocative)
आण्डासः1 (plural vocative)
आण्डम् (accusative singular)
आण्डौ (accusative dual)
आण्डा1 (accusative dual)
आण्डान् (accusative plural)
आण्डेन (instrumental singular)
आण्डाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आण्डैः (instrumental plural)
आण्डेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
आण्डाय (dative singular)
आण्डाभ्याम् (dative dual)
आण्डेभ्यः (dative plural)
आण्डात् (ablative singular)
आण्डाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
आण्डेभ्यः (ablative plural)
आण्डस्य (genitive singular)
आण्डयोः (dual genitive)
आण्डानाम् (genitive plural)
आण्डे (locative singular)
आण्डयोः (dual locative)
आण्डेषु (locative plural)

⇒ Sanskrit: अण्ड (aṇḍá) (later form) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Aryan *āndrám
Sanskrit आ॒ण्ड (āṇḍá)
Uncertain. A late Vedic corruption of an earlier *आ॒न्द्र (āndrá), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *āndrám; compare Kalasha ónḍrak (“egg”).
Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *en-dʰró-m, from *én (“in”), compare Proto-Slavic *ędro (“kernel”). Or perhaps related to Proto-Iranian *Hāwyám (“egg”) and reshaped under the influence of a substrate term, perhaps the origin for पिण्ड (piṇḍa, “lump”) and मण्डल (maṇḍala, “circle”), which also denote round things.
Per Kuiper, borrowed from Proto-Munda [Term?], compare Sora [script needed] (adre, “egg”), Kharia [script needed] (eṇḍá, “egg”); however, it is more likely that the Munda terms are Indo-Aryan loans.

etymon

आ॒ण्ड

बृहस्पतिरमत हि त्यदासां नाम स्वरीणां सदने गुहा यत् ।
आण्डेव भित्त्वा शकुनस्य गर्भमुदुस्रियाः पर्वतस्य त्मनाजत् ॥
bṛhaspatiramata hi tyadāsāṃ nāma svarīṇāṃ sadane guhā yat.
āṇḍeva bhittvā śakunasya garbhamudusriyāḥ parvatasya tmanājat.

And drove, himself, the bright kine from the mountain, like a bird's young after the egg's breaking.

That secret name borne by the lowing cattle within the cave Bṛhaspati discovered,

क्रोधो वृक्कौ मन्युर् आण्डौ प्रजा शेपः ॥

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 9.7.13

Wrath [represents] the kidneys, anger the testes, offspring the generative organ [of the Divine Bull].


चिक्कण

cikkáṇa (romanization)
चिक्कणः (nominative singular)
चिक्कणौ (dual nominative)
चिक्कणा1 (dual nominative)
चिक्कणाः (nominative plural)
चिक्कणासः1 (nominative plural)
चिक्कण (singular vocative)
चिक्कणौ (dual vocative)
चिक्कणा1 (dual vocative)
चिक्कणाः (plural vocative)
चिक्कणासः1 (plural vocative)
चिक्कणम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कणौ (accusative dual)
चिक्कणा1 (accusative dual)
चिक्कणान् (accusative plural)
चिक्कणेन (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणैः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणाय (dative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कणात् (ablative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कणस्य (genitive singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणानाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कणे (locative singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual locative)
चिक्कणेषु (locative plural)
चिक्कणा (nominative singular)
चिक्कणे (dual nominative)
चिक्कणाः (nominative plural)
चिक्कणे (singular vocative)
चिक्कणे (dual vocative)
चिक्कणाः (plural vocative)
चिक्कणाम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कणे (accusative dual)
चिक्कणाः (accusative plural)
चिक्कणया (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणा1 (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणाभिः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणायै (dative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणाभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कणायाः (ablative singular)
चिक्कणायै2 (ablative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणाभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कणायाः (genitive singular)
चिक्कणायै2 (genitive singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणानाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कणायाम् (locative singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual locative)
चिक्कणासु (locative plural)
चिक्कणी (nominative singular)
चिक्कण्यौ (dual nominative)
चिक्कणी1 (dual nominative)
चिक्कण्यः (nominative plural)
चिक्कणीः1 (nominative plural)
चिक्कणि (singular vocative)
चिक्कण्यौ (dual vocative)
चिक्कणी1 (dual vocative)
चिक्कण्यः (plural vocative)
चिक्कणीः1 (plural vocative)
चिक्कणीम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कण्यौ (accusative dual)
चिक्कणी1 (accusative dual)
चिक्कणीः (accusative plural)
चिक्कण्या (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणीभिः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कण्यै (dative singular)
चिक्कणीभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणीभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कण्याः (ablative singular)
चिक्कण्यै2 (ablative singular)
चिक्कणीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणीभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कण्याः (genitive singular)
चिक्कण्यै2 (genitive singular)
चिक्कण्योः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणीनाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कण्याम् (locative singular)
चिक्कण्योः (dual locative)
चिक्कणीषु (locative plural)
चिक्कणम् (nominative singular)
चिक्कणे (dual nominative)
चिक्कणानि (nominative plural)
चिक्कणा1 (nominative plural)
चिक्कण (singular vocative)
चिक्कणे (dual vocative)
चिक्कणानि (plural vocative)
चिक्कणा1 (plural vocative)
चिक्कणम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कणे (accusative dual)
चिक्कणानि (accusative plural)
चिक्कणा1 (accusative plural)
चिक्कणेन (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणैः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणाय (dative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कणात् (ablative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कणस्य (genitive singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणानाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कणे (locative singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual locative)
चिक्कणेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡 (cikkaṇa) (see there for further descendants)

From चिक्क (cikka, “gummy matter in eyes, lime”), either of substrate or of sound-symbolic origin.


चिक्कण

cikkáṇa (romanization)
चिक्कणम् (nominative singular)
चिक्कणे (dual nominative)
चिक्कणानि (nominative plural)
चिक्कणा1 (nominative plural)
चिक्कण (singular vocative)
चिक्कणे (dual vocative)
चिक्कणानि (plural vocative)
चिक्कणा1 (plural vocative)
चिक्कणम् (accusative singular)
चिक्कणे (accusative dual)
चिक्कणानि (accusative plural)
चिक्कणा1 (accusative plural)
चिक्कणेन (instrumental singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिक्कणैः (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
चिक्कणाय (dative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (dative plural)
चिक्कणात् (ablative singular)
चिक्कणाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिक्कणेभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिक्कणस्य (genitive singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual genitive)
चिक्कणानाम् (genitive plural)
चिक्कणे (locative singular)
चिक्कणयोः (dual locative)
चिक्कणेषु (locative plural)


हनन

hanana (romanization)
हननः (nominative singular)
हननौ (dual nominative)
हनना1 (dual nominative)
हननाः (nominative plural)
हननासः1 (nominative plural)
हनन (singular vocative)
हननौ (dual vocative)
हनना1 (dual vocative)
हननाः (plural vocative)
हननासः1 (plural vocative)
हननम् (accusative singular)
हननौ (accusative dual)
हनना1 (accusative dual)
हननान् (accusative plural)
हननेन (instrumental singular)
हननाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
हननैः (instrumental plural)
हननेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
हननाय (dative singular)
हननाभ्याम् (dative dual)
हननेभ्यः (dative plural)
हननात् (ablative singular)
हननाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
हननेभ्यः (ablative plural)
हननस्य (genitive singular)
हननयोः (dual genitive)
हननानाम् (genitive plural)
हनने (locative singular)
हननयोः (dual locative)
हननेषु (locative plural)

/ˈɦɐ.n̪ɐ.n̪ɐ/

From the root हन् (han, “to kill, destroy, strike, hit; to multiply, raise”) + -अन (-ana).


मेधाविन्

medhāvín (romanization)
मेधावी (nominative singular)
मेधाविनौ (dual nominative)
मेधाविना1 (dual nominative)
मेधाविनः (nominative plural)
मेधाविन् (singular vocative)
मेधाविनौ (dual vocative)
मेधाविना1 (dual vocative)
मेधाविनः (plural vocative)
मेधाविनम् (accusative singular)
मेधाविनौ (accusative dual)
मेधाविना1 (accusative dual)
मेधाविनः (accusative plural)
मेधाविना (instrumental singular)
मेधाविभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मेधाविभिः (instrumental plural)
मेधाविने (dative singular)
मेधाविभ्याम् (dative dual)
मेधाविभ्यः (dative plural)
मेधाविनः (ablative singular)
मेधाविभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मेधाविभ्यः (ablative plural)
मेधाविनः (genitive singular)
मेधाविनोः (dual genitive)
मेधाविनाम् (genitive plural)
मेधाविनि (locative singular)
मेधाविनोः (dual locative)
मेधाविषु (locative plural)

/meːˈd̪ʱɑː.ʋin̪/

From मेधा (medhā́, “wisdom, intelligence, prudence”) + -विन् (-vin).


नक्र

nakra (romanization)
नक्रः (nominative singular)
नक्रौ (dual nominative)
नक्राः (nominative plural)
नक्र (singular vocative)
नक्रौ (dual vocative)
नक्राः (plural vocative)
नक्रम् (accusative singular)
नक्रौ (accusative dual)
नक्रान् (accusative plural)
नक्रेण (instrumental singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नक्रैः (instrumental plural)
नक्राय (dative singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
नक्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
नक्रात् (ablative singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नक्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नक्रस्य (genitive singular)
नक्रयोः (dual genitive)
नक्राणाम् (genitive plural)
नक्रे (locative singular)
नक्रयोः (dual locative)
नक्रेषु (locative plural)
नक्रम् (nominative singular)
नक्रे (dual nominative)
नक्राणि (nominative plural)
नक्र (singular vocative)
नक्रे (dual vocative)
नक्राणि (plural vocative)
नक्रम् (accusative singular)
नक्रे (accusative dual)
नक्राणि (accusative plural)
नक्रेण (instrumental singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नक्रैः (instrumental plural)
नक्राय (dative singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
नक्रेभ्यः (dative plural)
नक्रात् (ablative singular)
नक्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नक्रेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नक्रस्य (genitive singular)
नक्रयोः (dual genitive)
नक्राणाम् (genitive plural)
नक्रे (locative singular)
नक्रयोः (dual locative)
नक्रेषु (locative plural)

Pali: nakka

Prakrit: णक्क (ṇakka) (see there for further descendants)

Of Dravidian origin, ultimately from Proto-South Dravidian *nekVḷ; compare Kannada ನೆಗಳೆ (negaḷe).

श्रुत्वा हरिस्तमरणार्थिनमप्रमेयश्चक्रायुधः पतगराजभुजाधिरूढः। चक्रेण नक्रवदनं विनिपाट्य तस्माद्धस्ते प्रगृह्य भगवान् कृपयोज्जहार॥
śrutvā haristamaraṇārthinamaprameyaścakrāyudhaḥ patagarājabhujādhirūḍhaḥ. cakreṇa nakravadanaṃ vinipāṭya tasmāddhaste pragṛhya bhagavān kṛpayojjahāra.
Hari [Kṛṣna], after hearing the elephant’s plea, felt that the elephant needed his immediate help, for he was in great distress. Thus at once the Lord appeared there on the wings of the king of birds, Garuḍa, fully equipped with his weapon, the cakra. With the wheel he cut to pieces the mouth of the crocodile to save the elephant, and he delivered the elephant by lifting him by his trunk.

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 2.7.16

उपर्यधश्चात्मनि गोत्रनेत्रयोः परेण ते प्राविशता समेधिताः। ममन्थुरब्धिं तरसा मदोत्कटा महाद्रिणा क्षोभितनक्रचक्रम्॥
uparyadhaścātmani gotranetrayoḥ pareṇa te prāviśatā samedhitāḥ. mamanthurabdhiṃ tarasā madotkaṭā mahādriṇā kṣobhitanakracakram.

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 8.7.13

The demigods and demons worked almost madly for the nectar, encouraged by the Lord, who was above and below the mountain and who had entered the demigods, the demons, Vāsuki and the mountain itself. Because of the strength of the demigods and demons, the ocean of milk was so powerfully agitated that all the alligators in the water were very much perturbed. Nonetheless the churning of the ocean continued in this way.

यस्मा अदादुदधिरूढभयाङ्गवेपो मार्गं सपद्यरिपुरं हरवद् दिधक्षोः। दूरे सुहृन्मथितरोषसुशोणदृष्टया तातप्यमानमकरोरगनक्रचक्रः॥
Rāmacandra, being aggrieved for his distant intimate friend [Sītā], glanced over the city of the enemy Rāvaṇa with red-hot eyes like those of Hara [who wanted to burn the kingdom of heaven]. The great ocean, trembling in fear, gave his his way because its family members, the aquatics like the sharks, snakes and crocodiles, were being burnt by the heat of the angry red-hot eyes of the Lord.

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 2.7.24

ततो व्यदृश्यन्त चतुःसमुद्राः समन्ततः क्ष्मातलमाग्रसन्तः। समीरवेगोर्मिभिरुग्रनक्रमहाभयावर्तगभीरघोषाः॥

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 12.9.12

Then the four great oceans appeared on all sides, swallowing up the surface of the earth with their wind-tossed waves. In these oceans were terrible sea monsters, fearful whirlpools and ominous rumblings.

tato vyadṛśyanta catuḥsamudrāḥ samantataḥ kṣmātalamāgrasantaḥ. samīravegormibhirugranakramahābhayāvartagabhīraghoṣāḥ.


छगल

chagalá (romanization)
छगलः (nominative singular)
छगलौ (dual nominative)
छगला1 (dual nominative)
छगलाः (nominative plural)
छगलासः1 (nominative plural)
छगल (singular vocative)
छगलौ (dual vocative)
छगला1 (dual vocative)
छगलाः (plural vocative)
छगलासः1 (plural vocative)
छगलम् (accusative singular)
छगलौ (accusative dual)
छगला1 (accusative dual)
छगलान् (accusative plural)
छगलेन (instrumental singular)
छगलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
छगलैः (instrumental plural)
छगलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
छगलाय (dative singular)
छगलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
छगलेभ्यः (dative plural)
छगलात् (ablative singular)
छगलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
छगलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
छगलस्य (genitive singular)
छगलयोः (dual genitive)
छगलानाम् (genitive plural)
छगले (locative singular)
छगलयोः (dual locative)
छगलेषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Phalura:

Perso-Arabic: چھال

Latin: čhaál

Pali: chakala

Prakrit: 𑀙𑀕𑀮 (chagala), 𑀙𑁂𑀮 (chela)

Hindustani: cher

Hindi: छेर

Urdu: چھیر (cher)

Maithili: chēr

Devanagari script: छेर

Tirhuta script: 𑒕𑒹𑒩

Old Punjabi: ਛੇਲ (chela)

q

with Middle Indo-Aryan <i class="Brah mention" lang="inc-ash">-𑀓-</i> (-ka-)

Sindhi: (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-))

Arabic script: ڇيلو

Devanagari script: छेलो

Khudabadi script: 𑋁𑋥𑋚𑋧 (chelo)

Old Marathi: seraḍuṃ (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-) + -𑀉𑀓- (-uka-))

Devanagari script: सेरडुं

Modi script: 𑘭𑘹𑘨𑘚𑘳𑘽

Old Marathi: sāgaḷa

Devanagari script: सागळ

Modi script: 𑘭𑘰𑘐𑘯

Hindustani: chagal

Hindi: छगल

Urdu: چَھگَل (chagal)

Marwari: छगळ (chagaḷ)

/t͡ɕʰɐ.ɡɐ.lɐ́/

/ˈt͡ɕʰɐ.ɡɐ.l̪ɐ/

From an unattested छग (chaga) (compare छाग (chā́ga)) + -ल (-la), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sčágas (compare Ossetian цӕҕӕ (“billy-goat”) and Wakhi čəɣ̌ (“kid”)), either from a potential Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱégos (“goat, sheep”) (compare Proto-Germanic *skēpą), or a borrowing from a substrate language.

der

ছেলি

Middle Bengali: ছালিয়া (chaliẏa), ছেলিয়া (cheliẏa)

शेळी

Prakrit: *𑀙𑀕𑀮-𑀈𑀕𑀸 (*chagala-īgā), 𑀙𑁂𑀮-𑀈𑀆 (chela-īā)


मर्कट

markáṭa (romanization)
मर्कटः (nominative singular)
मर्कटौ (dual nominative)
मर्कटा1 (dual nominative)
मर्कटाः (nominative plural)
मर्कटासः1 (nominative plural)
मर्कट (singular vocative)
मर्कटौ (dual vocative)
मर्कटा1 (dual vocative)
मर्कटाः (plural vocative)
मर्कटासः1 (plural vocative)
मर्कटम् (accusative singular)
मर्कटौ (accusative dual)
मर्कटा1 (accusative dual)
मर्कटान् (accusative plural)
मर्कटेन (instrumental singular)
मर्कटाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मर्कटैः (instrumental plural)
मर्कटेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मर्कटाय (dative singular)
मर्कटाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मर्कटेभ्यः (dative plural)
मर्कटात् (ablative singular)
मर्कटाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मर्कटेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मर्कटस्य (genitive singular)
मर्कटयोः (dual genitive)
मर्कटानाम् (genitive plural)
मर्कटे (locative singular)
मर्कटयोः (dual locative)
मर्कटेषु (locative plural)

Of uncertain origin.
Burrow and Gundert take the word as borrowed from Dravidian; compare Kannada ಮಂಗ (maṅga, “ape”). Subrahmanyam considers it to be a compound of mar-kaṭa with the initial being from *maran (“tree”) and latter possibly from கட (kaṭa, “cross”), which the original meaning of "one living on trees".
Kuiper proposes the possibility of the word being a prefixed form of a Munda term that also gave rise to किट (kiṭa, “a kind of ape”).
Similarities to Chinese 沐猴 (mùhóu, “macaque”) / 母猴 (mǔhóu, “female monkey”) have also been noted, with the ultimate source language perhaps lost to history.
Finally, some have connected the word to German Meerkatze (“guenon (a kind of monkey)”) and English meerkat; note however the form of Old High German merikazza, so any influence from Indo-Aryan would have to be exceptionally early.
The "type of bird" meaning listed by lexicographers is probably from a misinterpretation of the "monkey" meaning .

cog

/mɐɾ.kɐ́.ʈɐ/

/ˈmɐɾ.kɐ.ʈɐ/


श्वानी

sa-noun

श्वानी • (śvānī) stem, f (masculine श्वान)

śvānī (romanization)
श्वान (masculine)
श्वानी (nominative singular)
श्वान्यौ (dual nominative)
श्वानी1 (dual nominative)
श्वान्यः (nominative plural)
श्वानीः1 (nominative plural)
श्वानि (singular vocative)
श्वान्यौ (dual vocative)
श्वानी1 (dual vocative)
श्वान्यः (plural vocative)
श्वानीः1 (plural vocative)
श्वानीम् (accusative singular)
श्वान्यौ (accusative dual)
श्वानी1 (accusative dual)
श्वानीः (accusative plural)
श्वान्या (instrumental singular)
श्वानीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
श्वानीभिः (instrumental plural)
श्वान्यै (dative singular)
श्वानीभ्याम् (dative dual)
श्वानीभ्यः (dative plural)
श्वान्याः (ablative singular)
श्वान्यै2 (ablative singular)
श्वानीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
श्वानीभ्यः (ablative plural)
श्वान्याः (genitive singular)
श्वान्यै2 (genitive singular)
श्वान्योः (dual genitive)
श्वानीनाम् (genitive plural)
श्वान्याम् (locative singular)
श्वान्योः (dual locative)
श्वानीषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀸𑀡𑀻 (sāṇī)

/ˈɕʋɑː.n̪iː/


नकुल

नकुल • (nakulá) stem, m (feminine नकुली)

nakulá (romanization)
नकुली (feminine)
नकुलः (nominative singular)
नकुलौ (dual nominative)
नकुला1 (dual nominative)
नकुलाः (nominative plural)
नकुलासः1 (nominative plural)
नकुल (singular vocative)
नकुलौ (dual vocative)
नकुला1 (dual vocative)
नकुलाः (plural vocative)
नकुलासः1 (plural vocative)
नकुलम् (accusative singular)
नकुलौ (accusative dual)
नकुला1 (accusative dual)
नकुलान् (accusative plural)
नकुलेन (instrumental singular)
नकुलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
नकुलैः (instrumental plural)
नकुलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
नकुलाय (dative singular)
नकुलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
नकुलेभ्यः (dative plural)
नकुलात् (ablative singular)
नकुलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
नकुलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
नकुलस्य (genitive singular)
नकुलयोः (dual genitive)
नकुलानाम् (genitive plural)
नकुले (locative singular)
नकुलयोः (dual locative)
नकुलेषु (locative plural)

Unknown. Pāṇini suggests न (na, “no”) + कुल (kula, “family”), but this is probably folk etymology.

Lexicographers, Various Works


दन्तावल

Hindustani:

Hindi: दँतावली f (dãtāvlī)

/d̪ɐn̪ˈt̪ɑː.ʋɐ.l̪ɐ/


अच्छभल्ल

acchabhalla (romanization)
अच्छभल्लः (nominative singular)
अच्छभल्लौ (dual nominative)
अच्छभल्ला1 (dual nominative)
अच्छभल्लाः (nominative plural)
अच्छभल्लासः1 (nominative plural)
अच्छभल्ल (singular vocative)
अच्छभल्लौ (dual vocative)
अच्छभल्ला1 (dual vocative)
अच्छभल्लाः (plural vocative)
अच्छभल्लासः1 (plural vocative)
अच्छभल्लम् (accusative singular)
अच्छभल्लौ (accusative dual)
अच्छभल्ला1 (accusative dual)
अच्छभल्लान् (accusative plural)
अच्छभल्लेन (instrumental singular)
अच्छभल्लाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अच्छभल्लैः (instrumental plural)
अच्छभल्लेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
अच्छभल्लाय (dative singular)
अच्छभल्लाभ्याम् (dative dual)
अच्छभल्लेभ्यः (dative plural)
अच्छभल्लात् (ablative singular)
अच्छभल्लाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अच्छभल्लेभ्यः (ablative plural)
अच्छभल्लस्य (genitive singular)
अच्छभल्लयोः (dual genitive)
अच्छभल्लानाम् (genitive plural)
अच्छभल्ले (locative singular)
अच्छभल्लयोः (dual locative)
अच्छभल्लेषु (locative plural)

Marathi: अस्वल (asval)

/ɐt̪.t͡ɕʰɐˈbʱɐl̪.l̪ɐ/

[ɐt̪̚.t͡ɕʰɐˈbʱɐl̪.l̪ɐ]

From अच्छ (accha, “bear”) + भल्ल (bhalla, “bear”).


शार्दूली

शार्दूली • (śārdūlī) stem, f (masculine शार्दूल)

śārdūlī (romanization)
शार्दूल (masculine)
शार्दूली (nominative singular)
शार्दूल्यौ (dual nominative)
शार्दूली1 (dual nominative)
शार्दूल्यः (nominative plural)
शार्दूलीः1 (nominative plural)
शार्दूलि (singular vocative)
शार्दूल्यौ (dual vocative)
शार्दूली1 (dual vocative)
शार्दूल्यः (plural vocative)
शार्दूलीः1 (plural vocative)
शार्दूलीम् (accusative singular)
शार्दूल्यौ (accusative dual)
शार्दूली1 (accusative dual)
शार्दूलीः (accusative plural)
शार्दूल्या (instrumental singular)
शार्दूलीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शार्दूलीभिः (instrumental plural)
शार्दूल्यै (dative singular)
शार्दूलीभ्याम् (dative dual)
शार्दूलीभ्यः (dative plural)
शार्दूल्याः (ablative singular)
शार्दूल्यै2 (ablative singular)
शार्दूलीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शार्दूलीभ्यः (ablative plural)
शार्दूल्याः (genitive singular)
शार्दूल्यै2 (genitive singular)
शार्दूल्योः (dual genitive)
शार्दूलीनाम् (genitive plural)
शार्दूल्याम् (locative singular)
शार्दूल्योः (dual locative)
शार्दूलीषु (locative plural)

/ɕɑːɾˈd̪uː.l̪iː/

अपत्यं तु मृगाः सर्वे मृग्या नरवरोत्तम
ऋक्षाश्च मृगमन्दायाः सृमराश्चमरास्तथा
ततस्त्विरावतीं नाम जज्ञे भद्रमदा सुताम्
तस्यास्त्वैरावतः पुत्रो लोकनाथो महागजः
हर्याश्च हरयोऽपत्यं वानराश्च तरस्विनः
गोलाङ्गूलांश्च शार्दूली व्याघ्रांश्चाजनयत् सुतान्
मातङ्ग्यास्त्वथ मातङ्गा अपत्यं मनुजर्षभ
दिशागजांश्च काकुत्स्थ श्वेताप्यजनयत् सुतान्
ततो दुहितरौ राम सुरभिर्द्वे व्यजायत
apatyaṃ tu mṛgāḥ sarve mṛgyā naravarottama
ṛkṣāśca mṛgamandāyāḥ sṛmarāścamarāstathā
tatastvirāvatīṃ nāma jajñe bhadramadā sutām
tasyāstvairāvataḥ putro lokanātho mahāgajaḥ
haryāśca harayoʼpatyaṃ vānarāśca tarasvinaḥ
golāṅgūlāṃśca śārdūlī vyāghrāṃścājanayat sutān
mātaṅgyāstvatha mātaṅgā apatyaṃ manujarṣabha
diśāgajāṃśca kākutstha śvetāpyajanayat sutān
tato duhitarau rāma surabhirdve vyajāyata
Mṛgī, O prince without a peer,
Was mother of the herds of deer,
The bear, the yak, the mountain roe
Their birth to Mṛgamandā owe;
And Bhadramadā joyed to be
Mother of fair Irāvatī,
Who bore Airāvat, huge of mould,
Mid warders of the earth enrolled,
From Harī lordly lions trace,
With monkeys of the wild, their race.
From the great dame Śārdūlī styled
Sprung pards, langurs, and tigers wild.
Mātangi, Prince, gave birth to all
Mātangas, elephants strong and tall,
And Śvetā bore the beasts who stand
One at each wind, earth's warder band.

प्रजज्ञे त्वथ शार्दूली सिंहान्व्याघ्रांश्च भारत ।
prajajñe tvatha śārdūlī siṃhānvyāghrāṃśca bhārata.

And Śārdūlī begot lions and tigers in numbers, and also leopards and all other strong animals, O Bhārata.

the mythical mother of tigers and other beasts of prey


चिञ्चा

ciñcā (romanization)
चिञ्चा (nominative singular)
चिञ्चे (dual nominative)
चिञ्चाः (nominative plural)
चिञ्चे (singular vocative)
चिञ्चे (dual vocative)
चिञ्चाः (plural vocative)
चिञ्चाम् (accusative singular)
चिञ्चे (accusative dual)
चिञ्चाः (accusative plural)
चिञ्चया (instrumental singular)
चिञ्चाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
चिञ्चाभिः (instrumental plural)
चिञ्चायै (dative singular)
चिञ्चाभ्याम् (dative dual)
चिञ्चाभ्यः (dative plural)
चिञ्चायाः (ablative singular)
चिञ्चाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
चिञ्चाभ्यः (ablative plural)
चिञ्चायाः (genitive singular)
चिञ्चयोः (dual genitive)
चिञ्चानाम् (genitive plural)
चिञ्चायाम् (locative singular)
चिञ्चयोः (dual locative)
चिञ्चासु (locative plural)

Pali: ciñcā

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀸 (ciṃcā)
Marathi: चिंच (ciñca)

→ Hindi: चिंचा (ciñcā) (learned)

/ˈt͡ɕiɲ.t͡ɕɑː/

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *cintta. Compare चुञ्चुरी ~ चुञ्चुली (cuñcurī ~ cuñculī, “game played with tamarind seeds”), तिन्तिडी (tintiḍī, “tamarind”).

अश्वत्थचिञ्चात्वक्चूर्णं चतुर्थांशेन निक्षिपेत् ।

c. 1500, Bhāva Miśra, Bhāva Prakāśa 7.3.84.1

Put down the sacred fig, tamarind, cinnamon, pounded sandal by a quarter.

चिञ्चा तु चुक्रिका चुक्रा साम्लिका शाकचुक्रिका ।
ciñcā tu cukrikā cukrā sāmlikā śākacukrikā.
The tamarind is [also known as] cukrikā, cukrā, sāmlikā, śākacukrikā.


पल्ली

Konkani: पाल (pāl)

Marathi: पाल (pāl)

Borrowed from South Dravidian, ultimately Proto-South Dravidian *palli. Compare Tamil பல்லி (palli).


क्रोष्टृ

sa-noun

क्रोष्टृ • (kroṣṭṛ́) stem, m (feminine क्रोष्ट्री)

kroṣṭṛ́ (romanization)
क्रोष्ट्री (feminine)
क्रोष्टा (nominative singular)
क्रोष्टारौ (dual nominative)
क्रोष्टारा1 (dual nominative)
क्रोष्टारः (nominative plural)
क्रोष्टः (singular vocative)
क्रोष्टारौ (dual vocative)
क्रोष्टारा1 (dual vocative)
क्रोष्टारः (plural vocative)
क्रोष्टारम् (accusative singular)
क्रोष्टारौ (accusative dual)
क्रोष्टारा1 (accusative dual)
क्रोष्टॄन् (accusative plural)
क्रोष्ट्रा (instrumental singular)
क्रोष्टृभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्रोष्टृभिः (instrumental plural)
क्रोष्ट्रे (dative singular)
क्रोष्टृभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्रोष्टृभ्यः (dative plural)
क्रोष्टुः (ablative singular)
क्रोष्टृभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्रोष्टृभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्रोष्टुः (genitive singular)
क्रोष्ट्रोः (dual genitive)
क्रोष्टॄणाम् (genitive plural)
क्रोष्टरि (locative singular)
क्रोष्ट्रोः (dual locative)
क्रोष्टृषु (locative plural)

/ˈkɾoːʂ.ʈr̩/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *krawć-
Sanskrit क्रुश् (kruś)
Sanskrit -तृ (-tṛ)
Sanskrit क्रोष्टृ (kroṣṭṛ)
From the root क्रुश् (kruś, “to cry out, shriek, call out”) + -तृ (-tṛ).

sa-root

न हि शुश्रुम संमर्दे क्रोष्ट्रा सिंहौ निपातितौ

Mahābhārata, BORI Critical Edition, Karṇaparvan 27.22b

Never have I heard of a pair of lions being slain in combat by a jackal!

na hi śuśruma saṃmarde kroṣṭrā siṃhau nipātitau

koṭṭhu

क्रोष्टु (kroṣṭu)

kotthu

क्रोष्टु (kroṣṭu)

කොටියා

क्रोष्टु (kroṣṭu)

कोला

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀼𑀓 (kolhuka)/𑀓𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀼𑀕 (kolhuga)

कोल्हा

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀼𑀅 (kolhua)/𑀓𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀼𑀬 (kolhuya)


ह्वार्य

hvāryá (romanization)
ह्वार्यः (nominative singular)
ह्वार्यौ (dual nominative)
ह्वार्या1 (dual nominative)
ह्वार्याः (nominative plural)
ह्वार्यासः1 (nominative plural)
ह्वार्य (singular vocative)
ह्वार्यौ (dual vocative)
ह्वार्या1 (dual vocative)
ह्वार्याः (plural vocative)
ह्वार्यासः1 (plural vocative)
ह्वार्यम् (accusative singular)
ह्वार्यौ (accusative dual)
ह्वार्या1 (accusative dual)
ह्वार्यान् (accusative plural)
ह्वार्येण (instrumental singular)
ह्वार्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ह्वार्यैः (instrumental plural)
ह्वार्येभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ह्वार्याय (dative singular)
ह्वार्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
ह्वार्येभ्यः (dative plural)
ह्वार्यात् (ablative singular)
ह्वार्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ह्वार्येभ्यः (ablative plural)
ह्वार्यस्य (genitive singular)
ह्वार्ययोः (dual genitive)
ह्वार्याणाम् (genitive plural)
ह्वार्ये (locative singular)
ह्वार्ययोः (dual locative)
ह्वार्येषु (locative plural)

Vrddhi derivative of ह्वृ (hvṛ, “to deviate; be crooked or curved”) with a -य (-ya) extension; compare ह्वार (hvārá).

vrd-ya

c. 700 BCE – 500 BCE, Yāska, Naighaṇṭuka 1.14


ह्वार

hvārá (romanization)
ह्वारः (nominative singular)
ह्वारौ (dual nominative)
ह्वारा1 (dual nominative)
ह्वाराः (nominative plural)
ह्वारासः1 (nominative plural)
ह्वार (singular vocative)
ह्वारौ (dual vocative)
ह्वारा1 (dual vocative)
ह्वाराः (plural vocative)
ह्वारासः1 (plural vocative)
ह्वारम् (accusative singular)
ह्वारौ (accusative dual)
ह्वारा1 (accusative dual)
ह्वारान् (accusative plural)
ह्वारेण (instrumental singular)
ह्वाराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ह्वारैः (instrumental plural)
ह्वारेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
ह्वाराय (dative singular)
ह्वाराभ्याम् (dative dual)
ह्वारेभ्यः (dative plural)
ह्वारात् (ablative singular)
ह्वाराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ह्वारेभ्यः (ablative plural)
ह्वारस्य (genitive singular)
ह्वारयोः (dual genitive)
ह्वाराणाम् (genitive plural)
ह्वारे (locative singular)
ह्वारयोः (dual locative)
ह्वारेषु (locative plural)

From the root ह्वृ (hvṛ, “to deviate; be crooked or curved”); compare ह्वार्य (hvāryá).

sa-root

यु॒वं पय॑ उ॒स्रिया॑यामधत्तं प॒क्वमा॒माया॒मव॒ पूर्व्यं॒ गोः ।
अ॒न्तर्यद्व॒निनो॑ वामृतप्सू ह्वा॒रो न शुचि॒र्यज॑ते ह॒विष्मा॑न् ॥
yuvám páya usríyāyāmadhattaṃ pakvámāmā́yāmáva pū́rvyaṃ góḥ .

You have deposited, matured within her, in the raw cow the first milk of the milch-cow,
Which the bright offerer, shining like a serpent mid trees, presents to you whose form is perfect.

antáryádvaníno vāmṛtapsū hvāró ná śúciryájate havíṣmān .


भूतकेश

bhūtakeśa (romanization)
भूतकेशः (nominative singular)
भूतकेशौ (dual nominative)
भूतकेशाः (nominative plural)
भूतकेश (singular vocative)
भूतकेशौ (dual vocative)
भूतकेशाः (plural vocative)
भूतकेशम् (accusative singular)
भूतकेशौ (accusative dual)
भूतकेशान् (accusative plural)
भूतकेशेन (instrumental singular)
भूतकेशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भूतकेशैः (instrumental plural)
भूतकेशाय (dative singular)
भूतकेशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भूतकेशेभ्यः (dative plural)
भूतकेशात् (ablative singular)
भूतकेशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भूतकेशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
भूतकेशस्य (genitive singular)
भूतकेशयोः (dual genitive)
भूतकेशानाम् (genitive plural)
भूतकेशे (locative singular)
भूतकेशयोः (dual locative)
भूतकेशेषु (locative plural)
भूतकेशम् (nominative singular)
भूतकेशे (dual nominative)
भूतकेशानि (nominative plural)
भूतकेश (singular vocative)
भूतकेशे (dual vocative)
भूतकेशानि (plural vocative)
भूतकेशम् (accusative singular)
भूतकेशे (accusative dual)
भूतकेशानि (accusative plural)
भूतकेशेन (instrumental singular)
भूतकेशाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भूतकेशैः (instrumental plural)
भूतकेशाय (dative singular)
भूतकेशाभ्याम् (dative dual)
भूतकेशेभ्यः (dative plural)
भूतकेशात् (ablative singular)
भूतकेशाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भूतकेशेभ्यः (ablative plural)
भूतकेशस्य (genitive singular)
भूतकेशयोः (dual genitive)
भूतकेशानाम् (genitive plural)
भूतकेशे (locative singular)
भूतकेशयोः (dual locative)
भूतकेशेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of भूतकेश

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun

Neuter a-stem declension of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">भूतकेश</i>

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

sa-decl-noun/cell

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूतकेशाभ्याम्

भूत (bhūta, “ghost, goblin”) + केश (keśa, “hair”)

com

(also in neuter) Govan's corydalis (Corydalis govaniana); its native range is from Northern Pakistan to Western & Central Himalaya and Southern Tibet.


शार्दूल

sa-noun

शार्दूल • (śārdūlá) stem, m

śārdūlá (romanization)
शार्दूलः (nominative singular)
शार्दूलौ (dual nominative)
शार्दूला1 (dual nominative)
शार्दूलाः (nominative plural)
शार्दूलासः1 (nominative plural)
शार्दूल (singular vocative)
शार्दूलौ (dual vocative)
शार्दूला1 (dual vocative)
शार्दूलाः (plural vocative)
शार्दूलासः1 (plural vocative)
शार्दूलम् (accusative singular)
शार्दूलौ (accusative dual)
शार्दूला1 (accusative dual)
शार्दूलान् (accusative plural)
शार्दूलेन (instrumental singular)
शार्दूलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शार्दूलैः (instrumental plural)
शार्दूलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
शार्दूलाय (dative singular)
शार्दूलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
शार्दूलेभ्यः (dative plural)
शार्दूलात् (ablative singular)
शार्दूलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
शार्दूलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
शार्दूलस्य (genitive singular)
शार्दूलयोः (dual genitive)
शार्दूलानाम् (genitive plural)
शार्दूले (locative singular)
शार्दूलयोः (dual locative)
शार्दूलेषु (locative plural)

→ Hindi: शार्दूल (śārdūl) (learned)

desc

→ Telugu: శార్దూలము (śārdūlamu) (learned)

/ɕɑːɾ.duː.lɐ́/

/ɕɑːɾˈd̪uː.l̪ɐ/

The origin is unknown.
Perhaps from Proto-Indo-Iranian *cārduš, a variant of cárguš “predatory animal”, possibly through an Iranian intermediary.