м

милли- милли-#Russian

abbreviation of милли- (milli-, “milli-”) ((0.001))


не

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne. Cognates include Lithuanian ne, Old English ne, Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni), Irish ní, Latin ne, Sanskrit न (ná).

Како́й ру́сский не лю́бит бы́строй езды́!

Кто не лю́бит пое́сть!

не́ с кем (né s kem, “from”) → не́кем (nékem)

не́ из чего́ (né iz čevó, “from”) → не́чего (néčevo)

(usually not translated, gives affirmative meaning for expression, especially in exclamations)

(With prepositions and pronouns не actually is a prefix, in spite of the fact that it is written separately.)


во-

Alternative form of в- (v-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


низ-

низ- (niz-) + ложи́ть(ся) (ložítʹ(sja), “to lie down”) → низложи́ть (nizložítʹ, “to depose, to dethrone”)

низ- (niz-) + вести́ (vestí, “to bring”) → низвести́ (nizvestí, “to bring down”)

низо- (nizo-) + -йти (-jti, “to go”) → низойти́ (nizojtí, “to descend, to go down”)


вос-

Alternative form of воз- (voz-) (used before a voiceless consonant)


взо-

Alternative form of вз- (vz-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


вс-

Alternative form of вз- (vz-) (used before voiceless consonants)


изо-

Alternative form of из- (iz-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


противо-

та́нковый (tánkovyj, “tank (attributive)”) → противота́нковый (protivotánkovyj, “antitank”)

стоя́ть (stojátʹ, “to stand”) → противостоя́ть (protivostojátʹ, “to resist, to withstand”)


над-

над- (canonical)
на́д- (canonical)
nad- (romanization)
nád- (romanization)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to extend, add

над- (nad-) + -зира́ть (-zirátʹ, “to look at”) → надзира́ть (nadzirátʹ, “to oversee”)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to apply an action or measure

над- (nad-) + куси́ть (kusítʹ, “to bite”) → надкуси́ть (nadkusítʹ, “to take a bite, nibble”)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to apply an action in incomplete manner

над- (nad-) + писа́ть (pisátʹ, “to write”) → надписа́ть (nadpisátʹ, “to superscribe, to inscribe”)

над- (nad-) + вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ный (-nyj, adjective-forming suffix) → надво́дный (nadvódnyj, “above-water”)

над- (nad-) + гроб (grob, “grave”) (poetic) + -ие (-ije, noun-forming suffix) → надгро́бие (nadgróbije, “tombstone”, literally “thing over the grave”)

takes nouns, produces nouns and adjectives: over, above


ото-

Alternative form of от- (ot-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


обо-

Alternative form of об- (ob-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


у-

у- (u-) + -йти́ impf (-jtí, “to go”) → уйти́ pf (ujtí, “to go away, to leave”)

у- (u-) + е́хать impf (jéxatʹ, “to go (by horse or vehicle)”) → уе́хать pf (ujéxatʹ, “to depart (by conveyance)”)

у- (u-) + говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to say”) → уговори́ть pf (ugovorítʹ, “to persuade”)

у- (u-) + знать impf (znatʹ, “to know”) → узна́ть pf (uznátʹ, “to get to know”)


бес-

Alternative form of без- (bez-) (before voiceless consonants)


нис-

Alternative form of низ- (niz-) (before voiceless consonants)


воз-

Traditionally explained as borrowing from Old Church Slavonic въз- (vŭz-); compare inherited cognate вз- (vz-). However, there is an opinion about independent development, compare the words взойти (vzojti), взобраться (vzobratʹsja), взорвать (vzorvatʹ), which indicate the presence of a second /ъ/ in the prefix, which makes it possible to create a strong position for /ъ/ and transition to /o/. Also compare възогъловие (*възъголовие) in birch bark manuscript №469. Per Zaliznyak, prefix възъ- arose by analogy with the Old East Slavic prefixes like отъ- and подъ-.

воз- (voz-) + враща́ть (vraščátʹ, “to turn”) → возвраща́ть (vozvraščátʹ, “to return”)


надо-

Alternative form of над- (nad-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


от-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ-; see *otъ for further information.

от- (ot-) + ходи́ть (xodítʹ, “to go”) → отходи́ть (otxodítʹ, “to go away”)


рас-

Alternative form of раз- (raz-) (before voiceless consonants)


подо-

Alternative form of под- (pod-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


вз-

Proto-Slavic *vъz-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *uź-. Cognate with Lithuanian už (“within, instead of, in return for”), Latvian uz (“on, to”). Further etymology disputed. Compare also воз- (voz-), a borrowing from Old Church Slavonic.

cog

взо- (vzo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → взойти́ (vzojtí, “to rise, to ascend”)

вс- (vs-) + ки́нуть (kínutʹ, “to throw, cast, fling”) → вски́нуть (vskínutʹ, “to throw up, to toss up”)


пред-

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic прѣдъ- (prědŭ-).

bor+

пред- (pred-) + писа́ть (pisátʹ, “to write”) → предписа́ть (predpisátʹ, “to prescribe”)

пред- (pred-) + ви́деть (vídetʹ, “to see”) → предви́деть (predvídetʹ, “to foresee”)

пред- (pred-) + расположи́ть (raspoložítʹ, “to dispose, to arrange”) → предрасположи́ть (predraspoložítʹ, “to predispose”)

пред- (pred-) + течь (tečʹ, “to flow”) + -а (-a, agent noun suffix) → предте́ча (predtéča, “precursor, forerunner”)

пред- (pred-) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians”) → Предкарпа́тье (Predkarpátʹje, “Ciscarpathia”)


вы-

head

вы́- • (vý-)

Inherited from Old East Slavic вꙑ- (vy-), from Proto-Slavic *vy- (“out”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd, or Proto-Indo-European *(H)ud (Derksen), or *ūd- : *ūt- (Černyx). In Slavic, the final consonant was dropped.
Cognates include English out, German aus (“out”).

inh+

вы́- (vý-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → вы́йти (výjti, “to go out”)

(used with verbs) out, out from (describing an action of moving outside from inside)

вы́- (vý-) + кури́ть (kurítʹ, “to smoke”) → вы́курить (výkuritʹ, “to smoke to the end”)

(used with verbs) completion or fulfillment


пере-

пере- (pere-) + лете́ть impf (letétʹ, “to fly”) → перелете́ть pf (pereletétʹ, “to fly (by avoiding unpleasant factors such as bad weathers, falling objects, etc.; as one of its meanings)”)

(used with verbs) over, over again (describing an action of moving by overcoming one or more obstacles)

пере- (pere-) + -йти́ impf (-jtí, “to go”) → перейти́ pf (perejtí, “to cross”)

(used with verbs) across, trans- (describing an action of moving to a different place)

пере- (pere-) + стара́ться impf (starátʹsja, “to try hard”) → перестара́ться pf (perestarátʹsja, “to overdo, try too hard”)

(used with verbs) too much (describing an action of resulting something excessive)

пере- (pere-) + крича́ть impf (kričátʹ, “to shout”) → перекрича́ть pf (perekričátʹ, “to shout down (i.e. shouting much louder than someone)”)

(used with verbs) extremely (describing an action of doing something much more extreme than an average action)

пере- (pere-) + смотре́ть impf (smotrétʹ, “to look, see”) → пересмотре́ть pf (peresmotrétʹ, “to review (i.e. seeing something again); to rewatch”)

(used with verbs) re- (describing a repeating action)

пере- (pere-) + говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to speak, talk”) + -ивать (-ivatʹ, imperfectivizing suffix) + -ся (-sja, reciprocal suffix) → перегова́риваться impf (peregovárivatʹsja, “to exchange remarks or words”)

(used with verbs) describing an alternating or exchanging action

пере- (pere-) + стреля́ть impf (streljátʹ, “to shoot”) → перестреля́ть pf (perestreljátʹ, “to shoot (many targets)”)

(used with verbs) describing a consequence of a completed action that affects many entities of a group

пере- (pere-) + ре́зать impf (rézatʹ, “to cut up”) → перере́зать pf (pererézatʹ, “to cut up many times with a sharp tool”) (also implying a meaning related to slaughtering and killing)

пере- (pere-) + куси́ть impf (kusítʹ, “to bite”) (rare) → перекуси́ть pf (perekusítʹ, “to split something into two by biting”)

(used with verbs) describing a destructed state of an entity, usually by cutting or tearing with tools or tool-like implements

пере- (pere-) + куси́ть impf (kusítʹ, “to eat”) (archaic) → перекуси́ть pf (perekusítʹ, “to eat something quickly and less”)

(used with verbs, colloquial, rare) describing a light action that is not done in full measure


раз-

Inherited from Old East Slavic роз- (roz-), from Proto-Slavic *orz-. The spelling "раз-" was reinforced by Old Church Slavonic раз- (raz-), as well as vowel reduction, which is also reflected in Belarusian раз- (raz-).

разо- (razo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) + -сь (-sʹ) → разойти́сь (razojtísʹ, “to go asunder, to disagree”)

раз- (raz-) + дева́ть (devátʹ, “to put”) → раздева́ть (razdevátʹ, “to undress”)

раз- (raz-) + рабо́тать (rabótatʹ, “to work”) → разрабо́тать (razrabótatʹ, “to develop, to work out”)

раз- (raz-) + говори́ть (govorítʹ, “to talk”) + -ся (-sja) → разговори́ться (razgovorítʹsja, “to talk up a storm”)

(used with verbs) with reflexives, giving free rein to

не (ne, “not”) + рас- (ras-) + слы́шать (slýšatʹ, “to hear”) → не расслы́шать (ne rasslýšatʹ, “to not quite hear”)

(used with verbs, in the negative) not quite


о-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.

See -ить (-itʹ) for examples.

prefix added to adjectives or nouns to produce factitive verbs in conjunction with -ить (-itʹ), i.e. verbs with the meaning of making (someone or something) the mentioned characteristic or property

о- (o-) + зо́лото (zóloto, “gold”) + -и́ть (-ítʹ) + -ся (-sja) → озолоти́ться (ozolotítʹsja, “to receive gold; (figuratively) to get rich”)

о- (o-) + зелёный (zeljónyj, “green”) + -ить (-itʹ) + -ся (-sja) → озелени́ться (ozelenítʹsja, “to become green; to become planted”)

о- (o-) + безлю́дный (bezljúdnyj, “uninhabited, depopulated”) + -еть (-etʹ) → обезлю́деть (obezljúdetʹ, “to become depopulated”)

prefix added to adjectives or nouns to produce fientive verbs in conjunction with -ить (-itʹ) + -ся (-sja) or with -еть (-etʹ), i.e. verbs with the meaning of becoming or receiving the mentioned characteristic or property

обо- (obo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → обойти́ (obojtí, “to go around”)

prefix added to verbs of motion: about, around

о- (o-) + край (kraj, “land, country”) + -ина (-ina) → окра́ина (okráina, “outskirts, periphery”)

о- (o-) + бок (bok, “side”) + -ина (-ina) → обо́чина (obóčina, “roadside, curb”)

prefix added to verbs: completely, to the full extent

о- (o-) + говори́ть (govorítʹ, “to speak”) + -ся (-sja) → оговори́ться (ogovorítʹsja, “to make a slip of the tongue”)

prefix added to verbs, with the suffix -ся (-sja): to fail at (some action)

о- (o-) + ду́мать (dúmatʹ, “to think”) + -ся (-sja) → оду́маться (odúmatʹsja, “to change one's mind”)

о- (o-) + по́мнить (pómnitʹ, “to remember”) + -ся (-sja) → опо́мниться (opómnitʹsja, “to regain consciousness”)

prefix added to verbs, with the suffix -ся (-sja): to recover from (some action)


под-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ-; see *podъ for further information.

под- (pod-) + бро́сить pf (brósitʹ, “to throw”) → подбро́сить pf (podbrósitʹ, “to throw upwards”)

(used with verbs) upwards (describing an action of moving from the bottom up)

под- (pod-) + идти́ impf (idtí, “to go (by walking)”) → подойти́ pf (podojtí, “to walk up to, to approach (by walking)”)

(used with verbs) closer (describing an action of approaching to an entity)

под- (pod-) + -ба́вить (-bávitʹ) → подба́вить pf (podbávitʹ, “to add, replenish”)

(used with verbs) adding (describing an action of adding more entity)

под- (pod-) + стричь impf (stričʹ, “to cut”) → подстри́чь pf (podstríčʹ, “to cut up”)

под- (pod-) + писа́ть impf (pisátʹ, “to write”) → подписа́ть pf (podpisátʹ, “to sign, to subscribe (in the sense of writing one's name with a result)”)

(used with verbs) (describing a meaning that shows a finished action or an obtainment of a result)

под- (pod-) + да (da, “yes”) + -кать (-katʹ, suffix forming verbs from expressions) + -ивать (-ivatʹ, imperfectivizing suffix) → подда́кивать impf (poddákivatʹ, “to say yes, to assent (in the sense echoing "yes")”)

(used with verbs) (describing an action of copying or following someone's action)

под- (pod-) + уста́ть pf (ustátʹ, “to get tired”) → подуста́ть pf (podustátʹ, “to get tired slightly or lightly”)

под- (pod-) + слать pf (slatʹ, “to send, dispatch”) → подосла́ть pf (podoslátʹ, “to send something (secretly)”)

(used with verbs) (describing an existence of the certain action that is weak, invisible, hidden or incomplete)


под-

под- (pod-) + земля́ (zemljá, “ground”) + -ный (-nyj) → подзе́мный (podzémnyj, “underground”)

под- (pod-) + гру́ппа (grúppa, “group”) → подгру́ппа (podgrúppa, “subgroup”)

под- (pod-) + власть (vlastʹ, “authority, control”) + -ный (-nyj) → подвла́стный (podvlástnyj, “subjected, dependant”)

под- (pod-) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians (mountains)”) + -ье (-ʹje) → Подкарпа́тье (Podkarpátʹje, “Subcarpathia (region surrounding the Carpathian mountains)”)

под- (pod-) + ма́стер (máster, “master”) + -ье (-ʹje) → подмасте́рье (podmastérʹje, “apprentice”)

takes nouns, produces nouns or adjectives: under-, sub- (referring to literal position under something, being under the influence of something, occupying a title or position below a superior, etc.)

под- (pod-) + чи́стый (čístyj, “clean”) + -у́ю (-úju, feminine accusative ending) → подчисту́ю (podčistúju, “without remainder”)

takes adjectives, produces adverbs: completely


об-

Alternative form of о- (o-) (before certain letters)


из-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz-; see *jьz for further information.

изо- (izo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → изойти́ (izojtí, “to emanate, to originate, to come from”)

из- (iz-) + укра́сить (ukrásitʹ, “to decorate”) → изукра́сить (izukrásitʹ, “lavishly decorate”)

When added to a verb, it may form a verb with a sense of completeness, abundance or exhaustion.

ис- (is-) + писа́ть (pisátʹ, “to write”) → исписа́ть (ispisátʹ, “write upon, cover with notes, write over”)

When added to a verb, it may form a verb with a sense of destruction, ruined due to use.

из- (iz-) + голова́ (golová, “head”) + -ье (-ʹje) → изголо́вье (izgolóvʹje, “head of the bed”)

When added to nouns, especially when they have the suffix -ье, it indicates location of an object.

из- (iz-) + жёлтый (žóltyj, “yellow”) + бу́рый (búryj, “brown”) → и́зжелта-бу́рый (ízželta-búryj, “yellowish-brown”)

When added to adjectives for colours/colors, an adverb is formed indicating nuance.

из- (iz-) + даль (dalʹ, “distance”) + -и (-i, genitive singular) → и́здали (ízdali, “from afar”)

When added to nouns, it may form an adverb indicating spatial or temporal properties. Usually in archaic or highly formal style.

из- (iz-) + внутри́ (vnutrí, “interior, inside”) → изнутри́ (iznutrí, “from within, from inside”)

When added to adverbs, it can form an adverb with a sense of direction for an action.


пре-

пре- (canonical)
пре́- (canonical)
pre- (romanization)
pré- (romanization)

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic пре- (pre-), прѣ- (prě-), from Proto-Slavic *per-. Compare native пере- (pere-).

bor+

пре- (pre-) + враща́ть (vraščátʹ, “to rotate, to turn”) → превраща́ть (prevraščátʹ, “to convert, to turn into”)

пре- (pre-) + поднести́ (podnestí, “to bring, to offer”) → преподнести́ (prepodnestí, “to present”)

пре- (pre-) + облада́ть (obladátʹ, “to possess, to own”) → преоблада́ть (preobladátʹ, “to prevail, to predominate”)

пре- (pre-) + до́брый (dóbryj, “kind, good”) → предо́брый (predóbryj, “most kind”)

пре- (pre-) + кра́сный (krásnyj, “beautiful”) (archaic) → прекра́сный (prekrásnyj, “most beautiful”)

пре- (pre-) + драго́й (dragój, “dear”) → предраго́й (predragój)

пре- (pre-) + скве́рный (skvérnyj, “bad, foul”) → прескве́рный (preskvérnyj, “very bad”)

(used with adjectives, may be accompanied by reduplication) most, very (superlative degree)


за-

за- (za-) + -йти́ impf (-jtí, “to go”) → зайти́ pf (zajtí, “to go behind, to go beyond; to call on”)

за- (za-) + говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to speak”) → заговори́ть pf (zagovorítʹ, “to begin to speak”)

(used with verbs) to begin doing (describing an action of commencing)

за- (za-) + гото́вить impf (gotóvitʹ, “to prepare”) → загото́вить pf (zagotóvitʹ, “to prepare”)

(used with verbs) in advance (describing an action of doing something ahead of time)

за- (za-) + бетони́ровать impf (betonírovatʹ, “to concrete”) → забетони́ровать pf (zabetonírovatʹ, “to concrete”)

за- (za-) + по́лнить impf (pólnitʹ, “to fill”) (now archaic, not to be confused with полни́ть (polnítʹ)) → запо́лнить pf (zapólnitʹ, “to fill”)

за- (za-) + асфальти́ровать impf (asfalʹtírovatʹ, “to asphalt, to resurface”) → заасфальти́ровать pf (zaasfalʹtírovatʹ, “to asphalt, to resurface”)

за- (za-) + бели́ть impf (belítʹ, “to whitewash, to whiten”) → забели́ть pf (zabelítʹ, “to whitewash, to whiten”)

за- (za-) + верши́ть impf (veršítʹ, “to manage, control, direct”) (literary) → заверши́ть pf (zaveršítʹ, “to finish, complete, accomplish”)

(used with verbs) to the finish, to the end (describing a completed result)

за- (za-) + ржа́веть, ржаве́ть impf (ržávetʹ, ržavétʹ, “to become rusty”) → заржа́веть, заржаве́ть pf (zaržávetʹ, zaržavétʹ, “to become rusty (as an emphasis, by being covered with rust)”)

за- (za-) + целова́ть impf (celovátʹ, “to kiss”) → зацелова́ть pf (zacelovátʹ, “to cover with kisses (denoting kissing many times, that one's body is fully covered with kisses)”)

(used with verbs) describing an action of covering something, of being covered, or hiding behind something

за- (za-) + чита́ть impf (čitátʹ, “to read”) → зачита́ть pf (začitátʹ, “to read (a book, as well as not returning it back; until it becomes all torn apart; simply reading out loud, denoting that the loud voice is a sign of intensified or extreme action)”)

за- (za-) + сиде́ть impf (sidétʹ, “to sit”) → засиде́ться pf (zasidétʹsja, “to sit down, to stay for quite a long time (denoting that the long duration of sitting is a sign of intensified or extreme action)”)

за- (za-) + ду́мать impf (dúmatʹ, “to think”) → заду́мать pf (zadúmatʹ, “to devise”)

(used with verbs) describing an intensified or extreme action or an action of doing something up to the point that an object becomes junk

за- (za-) + баллоти́ровать impf (ballotírovatʹ, “to vote (for someone)”) → забаллоти́ровать pf (zaballotírovatʹ, “to fail to elect”)

за- (za-) + держа́ть impf (deržátʹ, “to hold, keep, support”) → задержа́ть pf (zaderžátʹ, “to detain, delay”)

(used with verbs) describing an action that implies the existence of barriers, obstacles, or hindrance

за- (za-) + говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to speak”) + -ся (-sja) → заговори́ться pf (zagovorítʹsja, “to spout nonsense; to rattle on; to have a long talk with, forgetting the time”)

(with a reflexive verb) to do with abandonment

за- (za-) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians”) + -ье (-ʹje) → Закарпа́тье (Zakarpátʹje, “Transcarpathia”)

за- (za-) + Кавка́з (Kavkáz, “Caucasus”) + -ье (-ʹje) → Закавка́зье (Zakavkázʹje, “Transcaucasia”)

(used with nouns, in place names) trans-


про-

From the Proto-Slavic *pro- prefix, from Proto-Slavic *pro.

про- (pro-) + -йти́ impf (-jtí) + to go pf (“to go through, to pass by”) → пройти́ (projtí)

про- (pro-) + ступа́ть impf (stupátʹ, “to tread, step”) → проступа́ть pf (prostupátʹ, “to exude, ooze (in a metaphorical sense)”)

(used with verbs) through, past (describing an action of passing through a space or an object)

про- (pro-) + са́лить impf (sálitʹ, “to grease, apply oil onto something”) → проса́лить pf (prosálitʹ, “to cover something with oil completely”)

(used with verbs) describing an action of covering a whole object

про- (pro-) + пусти́ть pf (pustítʹ, “to let”) → пропусти́ть pf (propustítʹ, “to let pass through”)

(used with verbs) describing an action of passing by an entity and moving further from an entity

про- (pro-) + штуди́ровать impf (študírovatʹ, “to study (in a form of researching)”) → проштуди́ровать pf (proštudírovatʹ, “to study thoroughly”)

(used with verbs) describing an action that entails completeness, exhaustiveness, or accuracy

про- (pro-) + визжа́ть impf (vizžátʹ, “to squeal”) → провизжа́ть pf (provizžátʹ, “to squeal (momentarily for a short time)”)

(used with verbs) describing a momentary action with a short duration

про- (pro-) + ждать impf (ždatʹ, “to wait”) → прожда́ть pf (proždátʹ, “to wait (for a while, for some time)”)

про- (pro-) + рабо́тать impf (rabótatʹ, “to work”) → прорабо́тать pf (prorabótatʹ, “to work (for a while, for some time)”)

про- (pro-) + сиде́ть impf (sidétʹ, “to sit”) → просиде́ть pf (prosidétʹ, “to sit (for a while, for some time)”)

(used with verbs) describing an action that lasts for a certain period of time

про- (pro-) + срок (srok, “period, term”) + -ить (-itʹ) → просро́чить pf (prosróčitʹ, “to expire (time-wise, as time for doing something is lost)”)

про- (pro-) + пасть impf (pastʹ, “to fall”) (figuratively) → пропа́сть pf (propástʹ, “to get lost”)

(used with verbs) describing an action that describes losses, expenses, wasting, or forgetting

про- (pro-) + меж (mež, “between”) + уте́чь (utéčʹ, “to pass by”) (deverbal) → промежу́ток (promežútok, “interval”)

(used with nouns) describing a state of being that is located between two entities or among more than two entities

про́- (pró-) + зелёный (zeljónyj, “green”) + -ь (-ʹ) → про́зелень (prózelenʹ, “greenness”)

(used with adjectives or nouns) describing an initial appearance or insufficiency of characteristics


на-

на- (na-) + идти́ (idtí, “to go”) → найти́ (najtí, “to find”, literally “to come upon”)

на- (na-) + пить (pitʹ, “to drink”) + -ся (-sja, reflexive suffix) → напи́ться (napítʹsja, “to drink to the full; to quench one’s thirst; to get drunk”)

(with verbs) to repletion, to satiation, to the full, enough, too much

на- (na-) + купи́ть (kupítʹ, “to buy”) → накупи́ть книг (nakupítʹ knig, “to buy a quantity of books, a lot of books”)


со-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)- (see с- (s-) and Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) for more information). The yer sound -ъ- was treated as strong when another yer followed in the next syllable, and was vocalized to -o-, whereas the yer in the next syllable was deleted, producing a consonant cluster.

Alternative form of с- (s-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


со-

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic съ- (sŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)-; see above.

со- (so-) + гласи́ть (glasítʹ, “to say”) + -ся (-sja) → согласи́ться (soglasítʹsja, “to consent”)

со- (so-) + жить (žitʹ, “to live”) + -тель (-telʹ) → сожи́тель (sožítelʹ, “cohabitant”)


при-

при- (pri-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → прийти́ (prijtí, “to come”)

при- (pri-) + лете́ть (letétʹ, “to fly”) → прилете́ть (priletétʹ, “to arrive by plane”)

при- (pri-) + шить (šitʹ, “to sew”) → приши́ть (prišítʹ, “to sew on”)

при- (pri-) + винти́ть (vintítʹ, “to screw”) → привинти́ть (privintítʹ, “to screw on, to attach by screwing”)

при- (pri-) + крути́ть (krutítʹ, “to twist, to spin”) → прикрути́ть (prikrutítʹ, “to spin on, to attach by spinning; to screw in”)

при- (pri-) + писа́ть (pisátʹ, “to write”) → приписа́ть (pripisátʹ, “to add in writing”)

при- (pri-) + купи́ть (kupítʹ, “to buy”) → прикупи́ть (prikupítʹ, “to buy some more”)

при- (pri-) + -ба́вить (-bávitʹ) → приба́вить (pribávitʹ, “to add”)

при- (pri-) + отвори́ть (otvorítʹ, “to open”) → приотвори́ть (priotvorítʹ, “to open slightly”)

при- (pri-) + спусти́ть (spustítʹ, “to lower”) → приспусти́ть (prispustítʹ, “to lower partially”)

при- (pri-) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians”) + -ье (-ʹje) → Прикарпа́тье (Prikarpátʹje, “Prykarpattia, Circumcarpathia”, literally “near the Carpathian Mountains”)

при- (pri-) + Днестр (Dnestr, “Dniester (river)”) + -о́вый (-óvyj) + -ье (-ʹje) → Приднестро́вье (Pridnestróvʹje, “Transnistria”, literally “next to the Dniester River”)

при- (pri-) + мо́ре (móre, “sea”) + -ский (-skij) + край (kraj, “krai, territory”) → Примо́рский край (Primórskij kraj, “Primorsky Krai”, literally “seaside territory”)

при- (pri-) + Днепр (Dnepr, “Dnieper (river)”) + -о́вский (-óvskij) → Приднепро́вский (Pridnepróvskij, literally “near the Dnieper”)

Приднепро́вская ни́зменность ― Pridnepróvskaja nízmennostʹ ― Dnieper Lowland (literally, “lowland by the Dnieper River”)

Приднепро́вская желе́зная доро́га


в-

Inherited from Old East Slavic въ- (vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. The /n/ persists in внять (vnjatʹ). See also в (v), Old East Slavic въ (vŭ), Proto-Slavic *vъ(n). Compare the similar development in с- (s-) from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)-.

inh+

во- (vo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → войти́ (vojtí, “to go in, to enter”)

added to verbs, forms verbs with the approximate meaning 'in' or 'into'

в- (v-) + чита́ть (čitátʹ, “to read”) + -ся (-sja) → вчита́ться (včitátʹsja, “to read carefully, delving into the content to better understand”)

added with -ся (-sja) to verbs, forms verbs with the approximate meaning of thoroughness or completeness of action

в- (v-) + ручно́й (ručnój, “(relational) hand; manual”) → вручну́ю (vručnúju, “manually (by hand)”)

added to adjectives, forms adverbs with the approximate meaning 'in the manner of [the adjective]'

в- (v-) + нутро́ (nutró, “the inside”) → внутри́ (vnutrí, “inside”)

в- (v-) + низ (niz, “the bottom”) → вниз (vniz, “downwards”)

added to nouns, forms adverbs with the approximate meaning 'in the direction or location of [the noun]'

в- (v-) + дво́е (dvóje, “two (in a group together)”) → вдво́е (vdvóje, “twice, by half”)

в- (v-) + дво́е (dvóje, “two (in a group together)”) → вдвоём (vdvojóm, “as a two”)

added to numerals, forms adverbs based on the numeral


с-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom. See Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) for more information. The /n/ persists in снять (snjatʹ) (originally a prefixed derivative of ять (jatʹ, “to take”)), from which other words in -нять (-njatʹ) were produced by rebracketing. See also с (s), Old East Slavic съ (sŭ), and compare the analogous loss of -n- in в- (v-).

с- (s-) + лить impf (litʹ, “to pour”) → слить pf (slitʹ, “to pour into one place”)

(with verbs) (describing an action moving from a single position or many positions into another single position)

с- (s-) + ходи́ть (xodítʹ, “to go”) → сходи́ть (sxodítʹ, “to go down”)

(with verbs) down (describing a downward action)

(with verbs) off, from off (describing an action of removing oneself to another location)

с- (s-) + верх (verx, “the top”) → све́рху (svérxu, “from above”)

added to nouns, forms adverbs with the approximate meaning "from the location of [the noun]"


до-

до- (do-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → дойти́ (dojtí, “to go up to, to reach”)

до- (do-) + чита́ть (čitátʹ, “to read”) → дочита́ть (dočitátʹ, “to finish reading”)

(used with verbs) completely (describing a completion of an action to its end)

до- (do-) + истори́ческий (istoríčeskij, “historic”) → доистори́ческий (doistoríčeskij, “prehistoric”)

(used with adjectives and nouns) pre-, ante- (earlier in time)


без-

дно

бе́здна

поко́иться

беспоко́ить


по-

по- (canonical)
по́- (canonical)
po- (romanization)
pó- (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pо-. See по (po, “up to”).

по- (po-) + -йти́ impf (-jtí, “to go”) → пойти́ pf (pojtí, “to go”)

по- (po-) + купи́ть pf (kupítʹ, “to buy, purchase”) + -а́ть (-átʹ) → покупа́ть impf (pokupátʹ, “to buy, purchase”)

по- (po-) + говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to talk”) → поговори́ть pf (pogovorítʹ, “to talk a bit, to chat”)

по- (po-) + рабо́тать (rabótatʹ, “to work”) → порабо́тать (porabótatʹ, “to work a bit”)

по- (po-) + спа́ть (spátʹ, “to sleep”) → поспа́ть (pospátʹ, “to sleep a bit”)

delimitative aspect
w:delimitative aspect

for a while, a little (see delimitative aspect)

по- (po-) + ру́сский (rússkij, “Russian”) → по-ру́сски (po-rússki, “in a Russian way, Russian (the language)”)

по- (po-) + мужско́й (mužskój, “male, masculine”) → по-мужски́ (po-mužskí, “in a manly way, like a man”)

по- (po-) + ра́зный (ráznyj, “different, various”) → по-ра́зному (po-ráznomu, “in various ways, it depends”)

по- (po-) + дома́шний (domášnij, “domestic, home”) → по-дома́шнему (po-domášnemu, “like at home”)

added with a hyphen to certain adjectives to create adverbs, often (but not always) with the meaning "in the manner of behaviour, speech etc. of [the adjective]" typically changes the adjective ending to the dative masculine/neuter singular ending, but the following additional changes also occur: -ский (-skij) to -ски (-ski), -ско́й (-skój) to -ски́ (-skí), -ий (-ij) to -ьи (-ʹi)

по- (po-) + Во́лга (Vólga, “the Volga River”) + -ье (-ʹje) → Пово́лжье (Povólžʹje, “Volga Region”)

пово́лжские не́мцы

по- (po-) + Ла́ба (Lába, “the Elbe River”) + -ский (-skij) + доли́на (dolína, “basin”) → Пола́бская доли́на (Polábskaja dolína, “Elbe River Basin”)

пола́бские славя́не

Померания


цис-

цис-соедине́ние ― cis-sojedinénije ― cis-compound

цис-терпи́н ― cis-terpín ― cis-terpine

цис-транс-изомери́я ― cis-trans-izomeríja ― cis-trans-isomerism


разо-

Alternative form of раз- (raz-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


пра-

пра- (pra-) + дед (ded, “grandfather”) → пра́дед (práded, “great-grandfather”)

great (when used with ancestors and descendants)

пра- (pra-) + славя́нский (slavjánskij, “Slavic”) → праславя́нский (praslavjánskij, “Proto-Slavic”)

пра- (pra-) + восточнославя́нский (vostočnoslavjánskij, “East Slavic”) → правосточнославя́нский (pravostočnoslavjánskij, “Old East Slavic”) (relational)


авиа-

Abbreviation of авиа́ция (aviácija, “aviation”).


тетра-

From combining form of Ancient Greek τέτταρες (téttares), τέσσαρες (téssares, “four”).


анти-

From Ancient Greek ἀντι- (anti-, “against”).


полу-

Inherited from Old East Slavic полъ (polŭ), from Proto-Slavic *polъ (“half”).

inh+

полукру́г ― polukrúg ― semicircle

полумра́к

полуо́стров

полусо́н

полупроводни́к

полуавтома́т

(highly productive, takes nouns, produces compound nouns) semi-, demi-, half-

highly productive; produces compound nouns; highly productive; produces compound nouns

полко́мнаты

полпроце́нта

полведра́

полчаса́

пол-очка́

пол-Москвы́

полми́ра

полбеды́

полсу́ток

по́лдень

по́лночь

полу́дня

полу́ночи

(highly productive, takes nouns in genitive case, produces compound nouns) semi-, demi-, half- paired with пол- form

полушерстяно́й ― polušerstjanój ― half-woollen

полулега́льный ― polulegálʹnyj ― semi-legal

полуосвещённый

полувью́щийся ― poluvʹjúščijsja ― semi-curly

(takes adjective, produces compound adjective) semi-, demi-, half-

полузакры́ть

полулежа́ть

to lie reclined, to lie with the upper body raised

полуоде́ть

полусиде́ть

to sit reclined, to lie with the upper body raised

полуистле́ть

полускры́ть

полусгиба́ться

(productive, takes verbs, produces compound verbs) incompletely

productive; produces compound verbs; productive; produces compound verbs

полулёжа ― poluljóža ― in a semi-recumbent position, recumbently

полуси́дя

полушутя́

полутемно́

half-dark, semi-dark, with insufficient lighting

полувсерьёз

полунауга́д

(takes adverb, produces compound adverb) incompletely


пол-

полвторо́го

half past one (literally, “half of the second”)

полтре́тьего

half past two (literally, “half of the third”)

полчетвёртого

half past three (literally, “half of the fourth”)

полпя́того

half past four (literally, “half of the fifth”)

полшесто́го

half past five (literally, “half of the sixth”)

полседьмо́го

half past six (literally, “half of the seventh”)

полвосьмо́го

half past seven (literally, “half of the eighth”)

полдевя́того

half past eight (literally, “half of the ninth”)

полдеся́того

half past nine (literally, “half of the tenth”)

пол-оди́ннадцатого

half past ten (literally, “half of the eleventh”)

полдвена́дцатого

half past eleven (literally, “half of the twelfth”)

полтрина́дцатого

half past twelve (literally, “half of the thirteenth”)

(takes ordinal adjective in genitive case, produces compound nouns) half past


анархо-

head

ана́рхо- • (anárxo-)

ана́рхо- (canonical)
anárxo- (romanization)

anarcho- (denoting anarchy or anarchism)


контр-

контр- (kontr-) + револю́ция (revoljúcija, “revolution”) → контрреволю́ция (kontrrevoljúcija, “counterrevolution”)

контр- (kontr-) + аргуме́нт (argumént, “argument”) → контраргуме́нт (kontrargumént, “counterargument”)

контр- (kontr-) + га́йка (gájka, “nut”) → контрга́йка (kontrgájka, “locknut”)

контр- (kontr-) + адмира́л (admirál, “admiral”) → контр-адмира́л (kontr-admirál, “rear admiral”)

rear (of military ranks; written with a dash)


афро-

а́фро- • (áfro-)


евро-

е́вро- (canonical)
jévro- (romanization)

Related to French euro-, from Евро́па (Jevrópa, “Europe”).


англо-

а́нгло- • (ánglo-)

а́нгло- (canonical)
ánglo- (romanization)


германо-

герма́но- • (germáno-)

герма́но- (canonical)
germáno- (romanization)


франко-

фра́нко- • (fránko-)

фра́нко- (canonical)
fránko- (romanization)


архи-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-).

bor+

архи- (arxi-) + епи́скоп (jepískop, “bishop”) → архиепи́скоп (arxijepískop, “archbishop”)

архи- (arxi-) + плут (plut, “rogue”) → архиплу́т (arxiplút, “archrogue”)

архи- (arxi-) + фоне́ма (fonéma, “phoneme”) → архифоне́ма (arxifonéma, “archiphoneme”)

(with nouns) archi-, arch- (chief, highest, most extreme)

архи- (arxi-) + ва́жный (vážnyj, “important”) → архива́жный (arxivážnyj, “paramount”)

архи- (arxi-) + консервати́вный (konservatívnyj, “conservative”) → архиконсервати́вный (arxikonservatívnyj, “archconservative”)

(with adjectives) arch-, highly, extremely


авто-

From Ancient Greek αὐτός (autós) in classical compounds, originally through mostly German and Polish.

auto- (relating to cars or the driving of cars)


само-

Prefixed version of сам (sam, “self”); see there for further information.


электро-

→⇒ Armenian: էլեկտրա- (ēlektra-)

electro- (meaning electricity or electrical)


вице-

head

ви́це- • (více-)


мини-

mini- (a smaller than usual version of an item)


теле-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek τῆλε (têle, “at a distance, far off, far away, far from”).

der

tele- (over a distance; relating to television)


не-

не- (canonical)
не́- (canonical)
ne- (romanization)
né- (romanization)

→ Kildin Sami: ни- (ni-)

un-, non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-, mis- (not)


трёх-

трёх- (trjox-) + сторона́ (storoná, “side”) + -ний (-nij) → трёхсторо́нний (trjoxstorónnij, “trilateral”)

трёх- (trjox-) + струна́ (struná, “string”) + -ный (-nyj) → трёхстру́нный (trjoxstrúnnyj, “three-stringed”)

трёх- (trjox-) + колесо́ (kolesó, “wheel”) + -ный (-nyj) → трёхколё́сный (trjoxkoljósnyj, “three-wheeled”)

трёх- (trjox-) + неде́ля (nedélja, “week”) + -ный (-nyj) → трёхнеде́льный (trjoxnedélʹnyj, “three-week”)

трёх- (trjox-) + ли́ния (línija, “line”) + -ка (-ka) → трёхлине́йка (trjoxlinéjka, “three-line rifle (Mosin-Nagant)”)


четырёх-

head

четырёх- • (četyrjóx-)

[t͡ɕɪtɨrʲɵx]

[t͡ɕɪtɨˌrʲɵx]

[t͡ɕɪtɨrʲɪx]

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + колесо́ (kolesó, “wheel”) + -ный (-nyj) → четырёхколёсный (četyrjoxkoljósnyj, “four-wheeled”)

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + эта́ж (etáž, “floor, story”) + -ный (-nyj) → четырёхэта́жный (četyrjoxɛtážnyj, “four-story”) (relational)

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + звезда́ (zvezdá, “star”) + -ный (-nyj) → четырё̀хзвё́здный (četyrjòxzvjózdnyj, “four-star”) (relational)

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + у́гол (úgol, “corner, angle”) + -ник (-nik) → четырёхуго́льник (četyrjoxugólʹnik, “quadrilateral”)

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + грань (granʹ, “face”) + -ник (-nik) → четырёхгра́нник (četyrjoxgránnik, “tetrahedron”)


сов-

Soviet (used in the names of companies or organizations)


рос-

ро́с- • (rós-)

рассыпа́ть (rassypátʹ, “to strew”) → ро́ссыпь (róssypʹ, “(geological) deposit”)

распуска́ть (raspuskátʹ, “to dissolve”) → ро́спуск (róspusk, “dissolution”)

расписа́ть (raspisátʹ, “to paint, to decorate”) → ро́спись (róspisʹ, “painting, mural”)

рассказа́ть (rasskazátʹ, “to tell, to narrate”) → ро́ссказни (rósskazni, “tale, yarn (colloquial)”)

рас- (ras-) + deverbal from черка́ть (čerkátʹ, “to scratch, to mark (colloquial)”) → ро́счерк (rósčerk, “flourish”)

Stressed equivalent of рас- (ras-). Found primarily in deverbal nouns.


рос-

Russian (used in the names of companies or organizations)


тре-

трено́жник

тре- (tre-) + волне́ние (volnénije, “anxiety, excitement”) → треволне́ние (trevolnénije, “extreme anxiety”)

тре- (tre-) + кля́тый (kljátyj, “cursed, damned”) → трекля́тый (trekljátyj, “cursed, damned”, as an intense expletive)

тре- (tre-) + звони́ть (zvonítʹ, “to ring”) → трезво́нить (trezvónitʹ, “to ring a lot or ring many things”)

Found in a small number of words describing a state or action; has an intensifying effect.


видео-

video- (related to moving images, and especially to television)


радио-

radio- (radiation; radio (broadcasting))


техно-

From Ancient Greek τέχνη (tékhnē, “skill”).

techno- (used to form words relating to technology)


кое-

(expresses indefiniteness) some (implies that one knows who or what, but is deliberately refraining from naming who or what)


после-

[ˌpos⁽ʲ⁾lʲɪ]


милли-

→ Ingrian: milli-


кило-

→ Ingrian: kilo-


аэро-

aero-, air (referring to air or (usually) aircraft)


деци-

→ Ingrian: detsi-

Learned borrowing from Latin decimus (“tenth”).


недо-

недо- (nedo-) + дать (datʹ, “to give”) → недода́ть (nedodátʹ, “to give less than required”)

недо- (nedo-) + плати́ть (platítʹ, “to pay”) → недоплати́ть (nedoplatítʹ, “to underpay”)

недо- (nedo-) + стать (statʹ, “to happen, to become”) → недоста́ть (nedostátʹ, “to be insufficient”)

недо- (nedo-) + ед- (jed-, “to eat”) + -а́ть (-átʹ) → недоеда́ть (nedojedátʹ, “to be undernourished”)

(used with verbs) under-, insufficiently

недо- (nedo-) + де́лать (délatʹ, “to do”) → недоде́лать (nedodélatʹ, “to fail to do, to fail to finish”)

недо- (nedo-) + смотре́ть (smotrétʹ, “to look at; to look after, to watch”) → недосмотре́ть (nedosmotrétʹ, “to overlook; to fail to look after”)

недо- (nedo-) + мог- (mog-, “to be able”) + -а́ть (-átʹ) → недомога́ть (nedomogátʹ, “to be unwell, to be indisposed”)

недо- (nedo-) + а́рмия- (ármija-, “army”) → недоа́рмия (nedoármija, “sad excuse for an army”)


низо-

Alternative form of низ- (niz-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


благо-

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic благо- (blago-), a calque of Ancient Greek εὐ- (eu-). Bound form of благо́й (blagój).

bor+

о́браз (óbraz, “appearance”) → благообра́зный (blagoobráznyj, “good-looking”)

род (rod, “birth”) → благоро́дный (blagoródnyj, “noble”)

сло́во (slóvo, “word”) → благослове́ние (blagoslovénije, “blessing”)

дар (dar, “gift”) → благодари́ть (blagodarítʹ, “to thank”)


все-

росси́йский (rossíjskij, “Russian”) → всеросси́йский (vserossíjskij, “all-Russian”)

ви́дящий (vídjaščij, “seeing”) → всеви́дящий (vsevídjaščij, “all-seeing”)

наро́д (naród, “people, nation”) → всенаро́дный (vsenaródnyj, “nationwide”)


наи-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *naj-.
Compare Ukrainian най- (naj-), Polish naj-, Serbo-Croatian naj-, Slovak naj- Slovene naj-, Czech nej-, Macedonian нај- (naj-), Bulgarian най- (naj-).

бо́льший (bólʹšij, “bigger, greater”) → наибо́льший (naibólʹšij, “the biggest, the greatest”)

лу́чший (lúčšij, “better, the best”) → наилу́чший (nailúčšij, “the best”)

хоро́ший (xoróšij, “good”) → (nonstandard) наихоро́ший (naixoróšij, “the best”)

prefix forming superlatives from comparative adjectives (or nonstandardly from positive adjectives)


еже-

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic иже (iže) (whence Russian и́же (íže)), from Proto-Slavic *jь že.

ме́сяц (mésjac, “month”) → ежеме́сячный (ježemésjačnyj, “monthly”)

неде́ля (nedélja, “week”) → еженеде́льный (ježenedélʹnyj, “weekly”)

год (god, “year”) → ежего́дник (ježegódnik, “yearbook, annual publication”)

once a ... (occurring once in a given time period)


пона-

покупа́ть (pokupátʹ, “to buy”) → накупа́ть книг (nakupátʹ knig, “to buy a quantity of books, a lot of books”) → понакупа́ть книг (ponakupátʹ knig, “to buy a quantity of books, to buy an excessive amount of books”)

Япо́нские телеви́зоры бы́ли понатыканы по всей тюрьме́

There were Japanese TV sets all over the prison

Japónskije televízory býli ponatykany po vsej tjurʹmé

Про филосо́фские кни́ги он слыха́л, но ему́ и не сни́лось что по э́той части сто́лько понапи́сано

He had heard of philosophical books, but had not imagined there had been so much written about it

Pro filosófskije knígi on slyxál, no jemú i ne snílosʹ što po étoj časti stólʹko ponapísano

(used with verbs) a quantity of, a lot of

Понакупа́ют маши́н (и стоят в про́бках, и броса́ют где попа́ло)
Ponakupájut mašín (i stojat v próbkax, i brosájut gde popálo)
they buy a lot of cars (and then get stuck in traffic jams and leave them where they are)

Понаехали тут!

They flocked here in large numbers (for no point)

(derogatory, colloquial, productive, used with verbs) to indicate pointless action


экс-

эксмини́стр ― eksminístr ― ex-minster

экспрезиде́нт ― eksprezidént ― ex-president

экскоро́ль ― ekskorólʹ ― ex-king

экспремье́р

эксчемпио́н ― eksčempión ― ex-champion

эксрекордсме́н

эксдикта́тор ― eksdiktátor ― ex-dictator

(productive, in journalistic style, occasional or colloquial, takes nouns, produces nouns) ex- (former)

productive; occasional or colloquial; produces nouns; productive; occasional or colloquial; produces nouns

экстерриториа́льный

(unproductive, takes adjective, produces adjective) extra- (out of; outside)

unproductive; produces adjective; unproductive; produces adjective


через-

Adjectival and nominal prefix, used in specialized terminology, slightly productive: trans-, cross-

через- (čerez-) + борозда́ (borozdá, “furrow”) + -ый (-yj) → черезборо́здый (čerezborózdyj, “in alternating furrows”)

через- (čerez-) + ряд (rjad, “row, line”) + -ный (-nyj) → черезря́дный (čerezrjádnyj, “in alternating rows”)

через- (čerez-) + зерно́ (zernó, “seed, grain”) + -ица (-ica) → череззе́рница (čerezzérnica, “partial absence of seeds (in some spikelets of ears of grain)”)

Adjectival and nominal prefix, used in specialized terminology, slightly productive: alternating


четверо-

[t͡ɕɪtvʲɪrə]


роз-

head

ро́з- • (róz-)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *orz-. Doublet of раз- (raz-), a borrowing from Old Church Slavonic.

разыска́ть (razyskátʹ, “to search for”) → ро́зыск (rózysk, “search”)

разыгра́ть (razygrátʹ, “to perform”) → ро́зыгрыш (rózygryš, “(sports) competition”)

разня́ть (raznjátʹ, “to separate, to pull apart”) → рознь (roznʹ, “discord, strife”) (compare also ро́зно (rózno, “separately, apart (obsolete)”))

раз- (raz-) + deverbal from гове́ть (govétʹ, “to prepare for Communion by fasting”) → ро́зговенье (rózgovenʹje, “first day after a fast”)

разда́ть (razdátʹ, “to distribute”) → ро́зданный (rózdannyj, “distributed”, past passive participle)

Stressed equivalent of раз- (raz-). Found primarily in deverbal nouns and past passive participles.


па-

дуб (dub, “oak”) → па́дуб (pádub, “holly”)

труба́ (trubá, “pipe”) → па́трубок (pátrubok, “nozzle”)

дочь (dočʹ, “daughter”) → па́дчерица (pádčerica, “stepdaughter”)

сын (syn, “son”) → па́сынок (pásynok, “stepson”)


су-

су́- (canonical)
су- (canonical)
sú- (romanization)
su- (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sǫ-. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic сѫ- (sǫ-). From either Proto-Indo-European *sm̥- (“one, same”) or Proto-Indo-European *ḱom (“with”). Further cognate with Old Prussian san-, sen, Lithuanian sán-, są́-, Latvian suo- (the latter three being nominal prefixes), along with Old Lithuanian sa-, sù-, Sanskrit सम् (sam), स (sa), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨- (ham-), 𐬵𐬀- (ha-), Ancient Greek ὁμοῦ (homoû, “together with”), ἅμα (háma, “together with”), ἁ- (ha-, “with”), Latin semel (“once”).
Etymologically identical to the verbal prefix с- (s-), from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)-. The difference in development is because of the looser juncture between early Proto-Slavic verbs and preverbs: thus, preverbal *sun was subject to Slavic Auslautgesetze. A similar situation is found in modern German. Not to be confused with Proto-Slavic *sъ- (“good”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-.
A similar or equivalent prefix appears in a few words in Old Church Slavonic as соу- (sou-), with no trace of a nasal vowel, e.g. соугоубь (sugubĭ, “double”), with the root of -гиба́ть (-gibátʹ, “to bend”); compare Russian сугу́бый (sugúbyj, “strict, pure, (originally) double”). Some linguists believe this to be a distinct suffix, while Vasmer sees (in this case at least) assimilation from earlier *sǫ-, as above.

cog

су- (su-) + nominal form (with o-vocalism, Proto-Slavic -ǫ-) corresponding to -прячь (-prjačʹ, “to yoke, to join”) (root пряг- (prjag-)) → супру́г (suprúg, “husband”)

су- (su-) + nominal form of сесть (sestʹ, “to sit”) (root сед- (sed-), Old East Slavic сѣд- (sěd-)) → Old East Slavic сусѣдъ (susědŭ, “neighbor”) → Russian сосе́д (soséd, “neighbor”) (with change of prefix vowel, influenced by со- (so-))

су- (su-) + порос- (poros-, “pig”) (compare порося́ (porosjá), поросёнок (porosjónok)) + -ость (-ostʹ) → супоро́сость (suporósostʹ, “pregnancy (in a pig)”)

com-, con- (forms nouns denoting a connection or link)


мото-

motor (referring to something motorized)


черес-

черес- (čeres-) + седло́ (sedló, “saddle”) + -ный (-nyj) → чересседе́льный (čeressedélʹnyj, “cross-saddle (attached on both sides of a saddle)”)

черес- (čeres-) + седло́ (sedló, “saddle”) + -ник (-nik) → чересседе́льник (čeressedélʹnik, “cross-saddle belt (part of a horse's harness)”)

черес- (čeres-) + поду́шка (podúška, “pillow, cushion”) + -ный (-nyj) → чересподу́шечный (čerespodúšečnyj, “across-the-pillow”)

черес- (čeres-) + подъём (podʺjóm, “instep”) + -ный (-nyj) → чересподъёмный (čerespodʺjómnyj, “across-the-instep (of a shoe belt)”)

черес- (čeres-) + плечо́ (plečó, “shoulder”) + -ный (-nyj) → череспле́чный (čerespléčnyj, “across-the-shoulder”)

черес- (čeres-) + полоса́ (polosá, “strip, stripe”) + -ный (-nyj) → чересполо́сный (čerespolósnyj, “in alternating strips (of interspersed, alternately-owned strips of farmland)”)

черес- (čeres-) + полоса́ (polosá, “strip, stripe”) + -ица (-ica) → чересполо́сица (čerespolósica, “alternation of strips (of interspersed, alternately-owned strips of farmland); overlapping (of lands)”)


чрез-

From чрез (črez). Compare через- (čerez-), from через (čerez).

чрез- (črez-) + Polish zwyczajny → чрезвыча́йный (črezvyčájnyj)

чрез- (črez-) + ме́ра (méra) + -ный (-nyj) → чрезме́рный (črezmérnyj)

чрез- (črez-) + брюши́на (brjušína) + -ный (-nyj) → чрезбрюши́нный (črezbrjušínnyj)


внутри-

From внутри́ (vnutrí, “inside, within”).


русско-

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ру́сско- • (rússko-)

ру́сско- (canonical)
rússko- (romanization)


гипер-

From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”). Doublet of супер-.


кино-

→ Armenian: կինո- (kino-)


псевдо-

From Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false, lying”).


алко-

Abbreviation of алкого́ль (alkogólʹ, “alcohol”).


суе-

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic соуѥ- (suje-), calque of Ancient Greek ματαιο- (mataio-). Ultimately from Proto-Slavic *sujь (“futile”).


психо-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ψυχή (psukhḗ).


нейро-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”). Doublet of невро- (nevro-).