ت

ـَت (canonical)
-at (romanization)
-ਅਤ (Gurmukhi)

پنجابی (panjābī, “Punjabi”) + ـَت (-at) → پنجابیت (panjābiyat, “Punjabi culture, Punjabi-ness”)

Forming abstract nouns denoting a state, condition, or quality.


ک

کُ (canonical)
ku (romanization)
ਕੁ (Gurmukhi)

کِنّا کُ؟

مِیل کُ

رَتا کُ


نا

ـݨا (canonical)
-ṇā (romanization)
-ਣਾ (Gurmukhi)

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀡 (-aṇa), from Sanskrit -अन (-ana). Compare Urdu ـنا (-nā).

پی (pī, “drink (stem)”) + ـݨا (-ṇā) → پِیݨا (pīṇā, “to drink”)


نا

ـنا (canonical)
-nā (romanization)
-ਨਾ (Gurmukhi)

لَڑ (laṛ, “fight (stem)”) + ـنا (-nā) → لَڑنا (laṛnā, “to fight”)

(India) Alternative form of ـݨا (-ṇā); used to form the infinitive after letters ر (r), ڑ (ṛ), ݨ (ṇ) and ࣇ (ḷ)


ਮੰਦ

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـمند (-mand).


-ਇਸਤਾਨ

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـِسْتَان (-istān), from Middle Persian -stʾn' (-estān), from Old Persian 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /stāna/), from Proto-Iranian *stā́nam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stʰáHnam, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).


ـستان

head

ـِسْتان or ـسْتان • (-istān or -stān) (Gurmukhi spelling -ਇਸਤਾਨ or -ਸਤਾਨ)

ـِسْتان (canonical)
ـسْتان (canonical)
-istān (romanization)
-stān (romanization)
-ਇਸਤਾਨ (Gurmukhi)
-ਸਤਾਨ (Gurmukhi)


ਘਾਤ

ghāt (romanization)
spellinh گھات (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Sanskrit घात (ghāta, “killing, blow, bruise”). Compare derived Punjabi doublets ਘਾਉ (ghāu); ਘਾਅ (ghāa, “wound, sore”).

bor+

ਆਤਮ ਘਾਤ


-ਣਾ

-ṇā (romanization)
ـݨا (Shahmukhi)
-ਣਾ (infinitive)
-ਣ (infinitive oblique)
-ਕੇ (conjunctive)
-ਦੇ--ਦੇ (progressive)
-ਦਾ (direct habitual masculine singular)
-ਦੇ (habitual masculine oblique singular)
-ਦੇ (habitual masculine plural)
-ਦੀ (feminine habitual singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ (feminine habitual plural)
-ਿਆ (direct masculine perfective singular)
-e (masculine oblique perfective singular)
-e (masculine perfective plural)
-ī (feminine perfective singular)
-ਿਆਂ (feminine perfective plural)
-ਣ ਵਾਲ਼ਾ (agentive direct masculine prospective singular)
-ਣ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ (agentive masculine prospective singular)
-ਣ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ (agentive masculine plural prospective)
-ਣ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ (agentive feminine prospective singular)
-ਣ ਵਾਲ਼ਿਆਂ (agentive feminine plural prospective)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ (adjectival direct masculine perfective singular)
-ੇ ਹੋਏ (adjectival masculine oblique perfective singular)
-ੇ ਹੋਏ (adjectival masculine perfective plural)
-ੀ ਹੋਈ (adjectival feminine perfective singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਇਆਂ (adjectival feminine perfective plural)
-ਦਾ ਹੋਇਆ (adjectival direct habitual masculine singular)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਏ (adjectival habitual masculine oblique singular)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਏ (adjectival habitual masculine plural)
-ਦੀ ਹੋਈ (adjectival feminine habitual singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਇਆਂ (adjectival feminine habitual plural)
-ਿਆ (first-person indicative masculine perfect singular third-person)
-ਿਆ (indicative intimate masculine perfect second-person singular)
-e (familiar formal indicative masculine perfect second-person singular)
-e (indicative masculine perfect third-person)
-ī (feminine first-person indicative perfect singular third-person)
-ī (feminine indicative intimate perfect second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ (familiar feminine formal indicative perfect second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ (feminine indicative perfect third-person)
-ਾਂਗਾ (first-person future indicative masculine singular)
-ੂਂਗਾ (dialectal first-person future indicative masculine singular)
-ੇਗਾ (future indicative intimate masculine second-person singular)
-ੇਗਾ (future indicative masculine singular third-person)
-ੋਗੇ (familiar future indicative masculine second-person singular)
-ਾਂਗੇ (future indicative masculine third-person)
-ਣਗੇ (formal future indicative masculine second-person singular)
-ਣਗੇ (future indicative masculine third-person)
-ਾਂਗੀ (feminine first-person future indicative singular)
-ੂਂਗੀ (dialectal feminine first-person future indicative singular)
-ੇਗੀ (feminine future indicative intimate second-person singular)
-ੇਗੀ (feminine future indicative singular third-person)
-ੋਗਿਆਂ (familiar feminine future indicative second-person singular)
-ਾਂਗਿਆਂ (feminine future indicative third-person)
-ਣਗਿਆਂ (feminine formal future indicative second-person singular)
-ਣਗਿਆਂ (feminine future indicative third-person)
-ā̃ (feminine first-person future masculine singular subjunctive)
-ū̃ (dialectal feminine first-person future masculine singular subjunctive)
-e (feminine future intimate masculine second-person singular subjunctive)
-e (feminine future masculine singular subjunctive third-person)
-o (familiar feminine future masculine second-person singular subjunctive)
-ā̃ (feminine future masculine subjunctive third-person)
-ਣ (feminine formal future masculine second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਣ (feminine future masculine subjunctive third-person)
-ਦਾ (counterfactual first-person masculine past singular third-person)
-ਦਾ (counterfactual intimate masculine past second-person singular)
-ਦੇ (counterfactual familiar formal masculine past second-person singular)
-ਦੇ (counterfactual masculine past third-person)
-ਦੀ (counterfactual feminine first-person past singular third-person)
-ਦੀ (counterfactual feminine intimate past second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ (counterfactual familiar feminine formal past second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ (counterfactual feminine past third-person)
-o (familiar feminine imperative masculine second-person singular)
-o (feminine formal imperative masculine second-person singular)
-o (feminine imperative masculine third-person)
-ī̃ (feminine imperative intimate masculine polite second-person singular)
-ਿਓ (familiar feminine imperative masculine polite second-person singular)
-ਿਓ (feminine formal imperative masculine polite second-person singular)
-ਿਓ (feminine imperative masculine polite third-person)
-ਦਾ ਹਾਂ (first-person indicative masculine present singular)
-ਦਾ ਹੈ (indicative intimate masculine present second-person singular)
-ਦਾ ਹੈ (indicative masculine present singular third-person)
-ਦੇ ਹੋ (familiar indicative masculine present second-person singular)
-ਦੇ ਹਾਂ (indicative masculine present third-person)
-ਦੇ ਹਨ (formal indicative masculine present second-person singular)
-ਦੇ ਹਨ (indicative masculine present third-person)
-ਦੀ ਹਾਂ (feminine first-person indicative present singular)
-ਦੀ ਹੈ (feminine indicative intimate present second-person singular)
-ਦੀ ਹੈ (feminine indicative present singular third-person)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋ (familiar feminine indicative present second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹਾਂ (feminine indicative present third-person)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹਨ (feminine formal indicative present second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹਨ (feminine indicative present third-person)
-ਦਾ ਸੀ (first-person indicative masculine past singular third-person)
-ਦਾ ਸੀ (indicative intimate masculine past second-person singular)
-ਦੇ ਸੀ (familiar formal indicative masculine past second-person singular)
-ਦੇ ਸੀ (indicative masculine past third-person)
-ਦੀ ਸੀ (feminine first-person indicative past singular third-person)
-ਦੀ ਸੀ (feminine indicative intimate past second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਸੀ (familiar feminine formal indicative past second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਸੀ (feminine indicative past third-person)
-ਦਾ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਾ (first-person masculine past present presumptive singular)
-ਦਾ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (intimate masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਦਾ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (masculine past present presumptive singular third-person)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਵੋਗੇ (familiar masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੇ (masculine past present presumptive third-person)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (formal masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (masculine past present presumptive third-person)
-ਦੀ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੀ (feminine first-person past present presumptive singular)
-ਦੀ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ (feminine intimate past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਦੀ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ (feminine past present presumptive singular third-person)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਵੋਗਿਆਂ (familiar feminine past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਿਆਂ (feminine past present presumptive third-person)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗਿਆਂ (feminine formal past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗਿਆਂ (feminine past present presumptive third-person)
-ਦਾ ਹੋਵਾਂ (first-person masculine present singular subjunctive)
-ਦਾ ਹੋਵੇ (intimate masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਦਾ ਹੋਵੇ (masculine present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਵੋ (familiar masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਇਏ (masculine present subjunctive third-person)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਣ (formal masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਦੇ ਹੋਣ (masculine present subjunctive third-person)
-ਦੀ ਹੋਵਾਂ (feminine first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ਦੀ ਹੋਵੇ (feminine intimate present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਦੀ ਹੋਵੇ (feminine present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਵੋ (familiar feminine present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਇਏ (feminine present subjunctive third-person)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਣ (feminine formal present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੋਣ (feminine present subjunctive third-person)
-ਦਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ (counterfactual first-person masculine past singular third-person)
-ਦਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ (counterfactual intimate masculine past second-person singular)
-ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ (counterfactual familiar formal masculine past second-person singular)
-ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ (counterfactual masculine past third-person)
-ਦੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ (counterfactual feminine first-person past singular third-person)
-ਦੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ (counterfactual feminine intimate past second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੁੰਦਿਆਂ (counterfactual familiar feminine formal past second-person singular)
-ਦਿਆਂ ਹੁੰਦਿਆਂ (counterfactual feminine past third-person)
-ਿਆ ਹਾਂ (first-person indicative masculine present singular)
-ਿਆ ਹੈ (indicative intimate masculine present second-person singular)
-ਿਆ ਹੈ (indicative masculine present singular third-person)
-ੇ ਹੋ (familiar indicative masculine present second-person singular)
-ੇ ਹਾਂ (indicative masculine present third-person)
-ੇ ਹਨ (formal indicative masculine present second-person singular)
-ੇ ਹਨ (indicative masculine present third-person)
-ੀ ਹਾਂ (feminine first-person indicative present singular)
-ੀ ਹੈ (feminine indicative intimate present second-person singular)
-ੀ ਹੈ (feminine indicative present singular third-person)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋ (familiar feminine indicative present second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹਾਂ (feminine indicative present third-person)
-ਿਆਂ ਹਨ (feminine formal indicative present second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹਨ (feminine indicative present third-person)
-ਿਆ ਸੀ (first-person indicative masculine past singular third-person)
-ਿਆ ਸੀ (indicative intimate masculine past second-person singular)
-ੇ ਸੀ (familiar formal indicative masculine past second-person singular)
-ੇ ਸੀ (indicative masculine past third-person)
-ੀ ਸੀ (feminine first-person indicative past singular third-person)
-ੀ ਸੀ (feminine indicative intimate past second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਸੀ (familiar feminine formal indicative past second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਸੀ (feminine indicative past third-person)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਾ (first-person future indicative masculine singular)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (future indicative intimate masculine second-person singular)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (future indicative masculine singular third-person)
-ੇ ਹੋਵੋਗੇ (familiar future indicative masculine second-person singular)
-ੇ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੇ (future indicative masculine third-person)
-ੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (formal future indicative masculine second-person singular)
-ੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (future indicative masculine third-person)
-ੀ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਾ (feminine first-person future indicative singular)
-ੀ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (feminine future indicative intimate second-person singular)
-ੀ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (feminine future indicative singular third-person)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਵੋਗੇ (familiar feminine future indicative second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੇ (feminine future indicative third-person)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗੇ (feminine formal future indicative second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗੇ (feminine future indicative third-person)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਾ (first-person masculine past present presumptive singular)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (intimate masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (masculine past present presumptive singular third-person)
-ੇ ਹੋਵੋਗੇ (familiar masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ੇ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੇ (masculine past present presumptive third-person)
-ੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (formal masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (masculine past present presumptive third-person)
-ੀ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਾ (feminine first-person past present presumptive singular)
-ੀ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (feminine intimate past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ੀ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (feminine past present presumptive singular third-person)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਵੋਗੇ (familiar feminine past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੇ (feminine past present presumptive third-person)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗੇ (feminine formal past present presumptive second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗੇ (feminine past present presumptive third-person)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵਾਂ (first-person masculine present singular subjunctive)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵੇ (intimate masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਿਆ ਹੋਵੇ (masculine present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ੇ ਹੋਵੋ (familiar masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ੇ ਹੋਇਏ (masculine present subjunctive third-person)
-ੇ ਹੋਣ (formal masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ੇ ਹੋਣ (masculine present subjunctive third-person)
-ੀ ਹੋਵਾਂ (feminine first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ੀ ਹੋਵੇ (feminine intimate present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ੀ ਹੋਵੇ (feminine present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਵੋ (familiar feminine present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਇਏ (feminine present subjunctive third-person)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਣ (feminine formal present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੋਣ (feminine present subjunctive third-person)
-ਿਆ ਹੁੰਦਾ (counterfactual first-person masculine past singular third-person)
-ਿਆ ਹੁੰਦਾ (counterfactual intimate masculine past second-person singular)
-ੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ (counterfactual familiar formal masculine past second-person singular)
-ੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ (counterfactual masculine past third-person)
-ੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ (counterfactual feminine first-person past singular third-person)
-ੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ (counterfactual feminine intimate past second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੁੰਦਿਆਂ (counterfactual familiar feminine formal past second-person singular)
-ਿਆਂ ਹੁੰਦਿਆਂ (counterfactual feminine past third-person)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹਾਂ (first-person indicative masculine present singular)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ (indicative intimate masculine present second-person singular)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ (indicative masculine present singular third-person)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋ (familiar indicative masculine present second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਹਾਂ (indicative masculine present third-person)
- ਰਹੇ ਹਨ (formal indicative masculine present second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਹਨ (indicative masculine present third-person)
- ਰਹੀ ਹਾਂ (feminine first-person indicative present singular)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੈ (feminine indicative intimate present second-person singular)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੈ (feminine indicative present singular third-person)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋ (familiar feminine indicative present second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹਾਂ (feminine indicative present third-person)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹਨ (feminine formal indicative present second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹਨ (feminine indicative present third-person)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ (first-person indicative masculine past singular third-person)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ (indicative intimate masculine past second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਸੀ (familiar formal indicative masculine past second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਸੀ (indicative masculine past third-person)
- ਰਹੀ ਸੀ (feminine first-person indicative past singular third-person)
- ਰਹੀ ਸੀ (feminine indicative intimate past second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਸੀ (familiar feminine formal indicative past second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਸੀ (feminine indicative past third-person)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਾ (first-person future indicative masculine singular)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (future indicative intimate masculine second-person singular)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (future indicative masculine singular third-person)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਵੋਗੇ (familiar future indicative masculine second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੇ (future indicative masculine third-person)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (formal future indicative masculine second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (future indicative masculine third-person)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੀ (feminine first-person future indicative singular)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ (feminine future indicative intimate second-person singular)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ (feminine future indicative singular third-person)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਵੋਗਿਆਂ (familiar feminine future indicative second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਿਆਂ (feminine future indicative third-person)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗਿਆਂ (feminine formal future indicative second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗਿਆਂ (feminine future indicative third-person)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਾ (first-person future masculine past present presumptive singular)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (future intimate masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ (future masculine past present presumptive singular third-person)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਵੋਗੇ (familiar future masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੇ (future masculine past present presumptive third-person)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (formal future masculine past present presumptive second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ (future masculine past present presumptive third-person)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵਾਂਗੀ (feminine first-person future past present presumptive singular)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ (feminine future intimate past present presumptive second-person singular)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ (feminine future past present presumptive singular third-person)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਵੋਗਿਆਂ (familiar feminine future past present presumptive second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਵਾਂਗਿਆਂ (feminine future past present presumptive third-person)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗਿਆਂ (feminine formal future past present presumptive second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਣਗਿਆਂ (feminine future past present presumptive third-person)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵਾਂ (first-person masculine present singular subjunctive)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵੇ (intimate masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੋਵੇ (masculine present singular subjunctive third-person)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਵੋ (familiar masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਇਏ (masculine present subjunctive third-person)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਣ (formal masculine present second-person singular subjunctive)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੋਣ (masculine present subjunctive third-person)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵਾਂ (feminine first-person present singular subjunctive)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵੇ (feminine intimate present second-person singular subjunctive)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੋਵੇ (feminine present singular subjunctive third-person)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਵੋ (familiar feminine present second-person singular subjunctive)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਇਏ (feminine present subjunctive third-person)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਣ (feminine formal present second-person singular subjunctive)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੋਣ (feminine present subjunctive third-person)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ (counterfactual first-person masculine past singular third-person)
- ਰਿਹਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ (counterfactual intimate masculine past second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ (counterfactual familiar formal masculine past second-person singular)
- ਰਹੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ (counterfactual masculine past third-person)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ (counterfactual feminine first-person past singular third-person)
- ਰਹੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ (counterfactual feminine intimate past second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੁੰਦਿਆਂ (counterfactual familiar feminine formal past second-person singular)
- ਰਹਿਆਂ ਹੁੰਦਿਆਂ (counterfactual feminine past third-person)

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀡 (-aṇa), from Sanskrit -अन (-ana).

ਪੀ (pī, “drink (stem)”) + -ਣਾ (-ṇā) → ਪੀਣਾ (pīṇā, “to drink”)


-ਈ

From Sanskrit -इक (-ika) or Sanskrit -ईय (-īya). Later influenced by Classical Persian ـی (-ī), from Middle Persian -yk' / 𐭩𐭪𐭩 (yky /-īg/, adjectival suffix), a cognate of Sanskrit -इक (-ika) through Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas. Also influenced by Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy, nisba suffix), which in Classical Persian becomes ی (-ī).

ਭਾਰਤ (bhārat, “India”) + -ਈ (-ī) → ਭਾਰਤੀ (bhārtī, “Indian”)

ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ (viśeśaṇ, “adjective”) + -ਈ (-ī) → ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣੀ (viśeśṇī, “adjectival”)

relating to, forms adjectives from nouns


-ਈ

Borrowed from the nominative singular form of Sanskrit -इन् (-in, “doer, possessor”).

ਸੁਖ (sukh, “comfort, ease”) + -ਈ (-ī) → ਸੁਖੀ (sukhī, “comforting”)

ਯਾਤਰਾ (yātrā, “travel”) + -ਈ (-ī) → ਯਾਤਰੀ (yātrī, “traveller”)


-ਈ

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـی (-ī), from Middle Persian 𐭩𐭧 (yḥ /-īh/) (forms nouns from adjectives).

ਡੱਬਾਬੰਦ (ḍabbāband, “canned”) + -ਈ (-ī) → ਡੱਬਾਬੰਦੀ (ḍabbābandī, “canning”)

ਮੈਂਬਰ (maimbar, “member”) + -ਈ (-ī) → ਮੈਂਬਰੀ (maimbrī, “membership”)

forms abstract nouns from adjectives or common nouns


-ਹੀਣ

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-ਹੀਣ • (-hīṇ)

ਨਿਆਂ (niā̃, “justice”) + -ਹੀਣ (-hīṇ) → ਨਿਆਂਹੀਣ (niā̃hīṇ, “unjust”)

-less (Usually added to a noun to form an adjective signifying a lack of that noun)


-ਨਵੀਸ

Borrowed from Classical Persian نویس (nawīs), stem of نوشتن (nawištan, “to write”). Compare Bengali -নবিস (-nobiś).

bor+

ਨਕਸ਼ਾ (nakśā, “map”) + -ਨਵੀਸ (-navīs) → ਨਕਸ਼ਾ ਨਵੀਸ (nakśā navīs, “mapmaker”)

ਅਖਬਾਰ (akhabār, “news”) + -ਨਵੀਸ (-navīs) → ਅਖਬਾਰ ਨਵੀਸ (akhabār navīs, “journalist”)

(added to nouns) used to form an agent noun indicating someone who writes or draws.


-ਪਣ

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀡 (-ppaṇa), from Sanskrit -त्व (-tva).

Forms masculine abstract nouns from adjectives and other nouns: -ity, -ness, -hood, -ship, etc.


-ਦਾਰ

-dār (romanization)
-ਦਾਰ (direct singular)
-ਦਾਰ (direct plural)
-ਦਾਰ (oblique singular)
-ਦਾਰਾਂ (oblique plural)
-ਦਾਰਾ (singular vocative)
-ਦਾਰੋ (plural vocative)
-ਦਾਰੋਂ (ablative singular)
-ਦਾਰੇ (locative singular)
-ਦਾਰੀਂ (locative plural)
-ਦਾਰੇ (instrumental singular)
-ਦਾਰੀਂ (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـدار (-dār). Compare Hindi -दार (-dār).

ਝਿਰੀ (jhirī, “slot, groove”) + -ਦਾਰ (-dār) → ਝਿਰੀਦਾਰ (jhirīdār, “slotted, grooved”)


-ਵਾਦ

From Sanskrit वाद (vāda, “saying, speech; assertion; dispute”).

der

ਸਾਮਰਾਜ (sāmrāj, “empire”) + -ਵਾਦ (-vād) → ਸਾਮਰਾਜਵਾਦ (sāmrājavād, “imperialism”)

-ism; (added to nouns to form terms for ideologies or philosophies)


-ਪ੍ਰਸਤ

pa-noun

-ਪ੍ਰਸਤ • (-prsat) m (Shahmukhi spelling ـپرست)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـپرست (“-parast”), stem of پرستیدن (parastīdan).

bor+

ਮਾਦਾ (mādā, “material”) + -ਪ੍ਰਸਤ (-prsat) → ਮਾਦਾਪ੍ਰਸਤ (mādāprsat, “materialist(ic)”)

Forms adjectives and nouns denoting extreme attachment to something


-ਸ਼ੀਲ

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-ਸ਼ੀਲ • (-śīl)

Derived from Sanskrit शील (śīla, “conduct, disposition”).

der

ਨਿਆਂ (niā̃, “justice”) + -ਸ਼ੀਲ (-śīl) → ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ੀਲ (niā̃śīl, “just”)

ਪਤਨ (patan, “fall”) + -ਸ਼ੀਲ (-śīl) → ਪਤਨਸ਼ੀਲ (patnaśīl, “fallible; decadent”)

Used to form adjectives from Sanskrit-derived nouns with the sense of possessing the quality expressed by the noun.


-ਮੰਦ

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـمَند (-mand).

bor+

ਫ਼ਿਕਰ (fikar, “worry”) + -ਮੰਦ (-mand) → ਫ਼ਿਕਰਮੰਦ (fikramand, “worried”)

ਅਕ਼ਲ (aqal, “intelligence”) + -ਮੰਦ (-mand) → ਅਕ਼ਲਮੰਦ (aqalmand, “intelligent”)

Used to form adjectives from nouns with the sense of possessing the quality expressed by the noun.


-ਧਾਰੀ

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-ਧਾਰੀ • (-dhārī)

ਖੜਗ (khaṛag, “sword”) + -ਧਾਰੀ (-dhārī) → ਖੜਗਧਾਰੀ (khaṛgadhārī, “sword-bearing”)

ਥਣ (thaṇ, “breast”) + -ਧਾਰੀ (-dhārī) → ਥਣਧਾਰੀ (thaṇdhārī, “mammal (literally "breast-bearing")”)

-bearing; (forms adjectives and nouns from indicating possession of the root noun)

ਖੱਦਰ (khaddar, “homespun”) + -ਧਾਰੀ (-dhārī) → ਖੱਦਰਧਾਰੀ (khaddardhārī, “wearing homespun”)

ਭੇਖ (bhekh, “distinctive dress of a sect”) + -ਧਾਰੀ (-dhārī) → ਭੇਖਧਾਰੀ (bhekhdhārī, “member of a sect”)

-wearing, -clad (forms adjectives and nouns indicating wearing of the root noun)


-ਮੁਖੀ

ਅੰਤਰ (antar, “interior”) + -ਮੁਖੀ (-mukhī) → ਅੰਤਰਮੁਖੀ (antarmukhī, “inward-facing; introverted”)

ਸੂਰਜ (sūraj, “sun”) + -ਮੁਖੀ (-mukhī) → ਸੂਰਜਮੁਖੀ (sūrjamukhī, “sunflower”)

-facing (forms adjectives and nouns from nouns)

ਚੁ- (cu-, “four (combining form)”) + -ਮੁਖੀ (-mukhī) → ਚੁਮੁਖੀ (cumukhī, “having four sides or corners”)

ਬਹੁ- (bahu-, “many; multi-”) + -ਮੁਖੀ (-mukhī) → ਬਹੁਮੁਖੀ (bahumukhī, “multifaceted”)

-faceted (forms adjectives and nouns from nouns)


-ਈਕਰਨ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit -ईकरण (-īkaraṇa).

lbor

ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (śahir, “city”) + -ਈਕਰਨ (-īkaran) → ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀਕਰਨ (śahirīkran, “urbanization”)

ਵਾਸ਼ਪ (vāśap, “vapour”) + -ਈਕਰਨ (-īkaran) → ਵਾਸ਼ਪੀਕਰਨ (vāśpīkaran, “vaporization”)

-ization (suffix forming nouns denoting the act, process, or result of doing or making something.)


-ਦਾਨ

head

-ਦਾਨ • (-dān) m (diminutive -ਦਾਨੀ, Shahmukhi spelling ـدان)

-dān (romanization)
-ਦਾਨੀ (diminutive)
ـدان (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـدان (-dān). Compare Hindi -दान (-dān).

bor+

ਫੁੱਲ (phulla, “flower”) + -ਦਾਨ (-dān) → ਫੁੱਲਦਾਨ (phulladān, “flowerpot”)

ਕੂੜਾ (kūṛā, “rubbish”) + -ਦਾਨ (-dān) → ਕੂੜੇਦਾਨ (kūṛedān, “dustbin”)

forms nouns referring to containers or recepticles


-ਅਤ

ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (pañjābī, “Punjabi”) + -ਅਤ (-ata) → ਪੰਜਾਬੀਅਤ (pañjābīata, “Punjabi culture, Punjabi-ness”)

Forming abstract nouns denoting a state, condition, or quality.


-ݨا

پی (pī, “drink (stem)”) + -ݨا (-ṇā) → پِیݨا (pīṇā, “to drink”)


-نا

پی (pī, “drink (stem)”) + -نا (-nā) → پِیݨا (pīṇā, “to drink”)


-ਆਅ

From older -ਆਉ (-āu) / -ਆਵ (-āva), possibly a deverbal of the causative suffix -ਆਉਣਾ (-āuṇā) / -ਆਵਣਾ (-āvaṇā). Compare Hindi -आव (-āv).

ਦੱਬਣਾ (dabbaṇā, “to press”) + -ਆਅ (-āa) → ਦਬਾਅ (dabāa, “pressing, pressure”)

forms abstract nouns from verbs, or nouns referring to someone or something that conforms to the verb's description


ـاء

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ـاء • (-ā'a)

From older ـاو, possibly a deverbal of the causative suffix ـاوݨا. Compare Urdu ـاؤ (-āu).

دَبّݨا (dabbṇā, “to press”) + ـاء → دَباءَ (dabāʾa, “pressing, pressure”)


-ਨਾ

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀡 (-aṇa), from Sanskrit -अन (-ana). Compare Hindi -ना (-nā).

ਲੜ (laṛ, “fight (stem)”) + -ਨਾ (-nā) → ਲੜਨਾ (laṛnā, “to fight”)

(India) Alternative form of -ਣਾ (-ṇā); used to form the infinitive after letters ਰ (ra), ੜ (ṛa), ਣ (ṇa) and ਲ਼ (ḷa)


-ੜ

-ṛa (romanization)
ـڑ (Shahmukhi)
-ੜ (direct singular)
-ੜ (direct plural)
-ੜ (oblique singular)
-ੜਾਂ (oblique plural)
-ੜਾ (singular vocative)
-ੜੋ (plural vocative)
-ੜੋਂ (ablative singular)
-ੜੇ (locative singular)
-ੜੀਂ (locative plural)
-ੜੇ (instrumental singular)
-ੜੀਂ (instrumental plural)

ਪੱਗ (pagga, “turban”) + -ੜ (-ṛa) → ਪੱਗੜ (paggaṛ, “large, grand turban”)

used to form masculine augmentative nouns

ਦੁਹੱਥ (duhattha, “two hands”) + -ੜ (-ṛa) → ਦੁਹੱਥੜ (duhatthaṛ, “a blow with two hands”, literally “two-hander”)


ـڑ

-ṛ (romanization)
-ੜ (Gurmukhi)
ـڑ (direct singular)
ـڑ (direct plural)
ـڑ (oblique singular)
ـڑاں (oblique plural)
ـڑا (singular vocative)
ـڑو (plural vocative)
ـڑوں (ablative singular)
ـڑاں (ablative plural)
ـڑے (locative singular)
ـڑِیں (locative plural)
ـڑوں (instrumental singular)

پَگّ (pagg, “turban”) + ـڑ (-ṛ) → پَگَّڑ (paggaṛ, “large, grand turban”)

دُہَتّھ (duhatth, “two hands”) + ـڑ (-ṛ) → دُہَتَّھڑ (duhatthaṛ, “a blow with two hands”, literally “two-hander”)


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