مصر

pa-proper noun

مِصَر • (miṣar) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਮਿਸਰ)

مِصَر (canonical)
miṣar (romanization)
ਮਿਸਰ (Gurmukhi)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


ਹਿੰਦ

ਹਿੰਦ • (hind) m (Shahmukhi spelling ہند)

hind (romanization)
ہند (Shahmukhi)
ਹਿੰਦ (direct singular)
ਹਿੰਦ (direct plural)
ਹਿੰਦ (oblique singular)
ਹਿੰਦਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਹਿੰਦਾ (singular vocative)
ਹਿੰਦੋ (plural vocative)
ਹਿੰਦੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਹਿੰਦੇ (locative singular)
ਹਿੰਦੀਂ (locative plural)
ਹਿੰਦੇ (instrumental singular)
ਹਿੰਦੀਂ (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Classical Persian هند (hind); see there for more.


ਭਾਰਤ

pa-proper noun

ਭਾਰਤ • (bhārat) m (Shahmukhi spelling بھارت)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit भारत (bhārata).


ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ

pa-proper noun

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ • (sãyukat rāj amrīkā) ?

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


یونان

یُونان • (yūnān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਯੂਨਾਨ)

یُونان (canonical)
yūnān (romanization)
ਯੂਨਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian یُونَان (yūnān).

bor+

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


چینی

pa-noun

چِینِی • (cīnī) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਚੀਨੀ)

چِینِی (canonical)
cīnī (romanization)
ਚੀਨੀ (Gurmukhi)


امریکہ

pa-proper noun

امریکہ • (amrīkā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਅਮਰੀਕਾ)


ਤਾਜ ਮਹਿਲ

ਤਾਜ ਮਹਿਲ • (tāj mahil) m (Shahmukhi spelling تاج محل)

tāj mahil (romanization)
تاج محل (Shahmukhi)

/t̪äːd͡ʒə̆‿mɛː˦lə̆/

Taj Mahal (a monument in Agra, India, constructed between 1631 and 1654, considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in the world)


پاکستان

پاکستان • (pākistān) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ)

pākistān (romanization)
ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ (Gurmukhi)


زمین

pa-noun

زَمِین • (zamīn) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਜ਼ਮੀਨ)

زَمِین (canonical)
zamīn (romanization)
ਜ਼ਮੀਨ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian زمین (zamīn). Compare Urdu زمین.


مراکش

pa-proper noun

مَراکَش • (marākaś) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼)

مَراکَش (canonical)
marākaś (romanization)
ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian مَرَاکِش (marākiš), from Arabic مُرّاكُش (murrākuš).

bor+

Marrakech (the capital city of the Marrakesh-Safi region, Morocco)


عمان

pa-proper noun

عُمان • (ʻumān) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਉਮਾਨ)

عُمان (canonical)
ʻumān (romanization)
ਉਮਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


عمان

عَمّان • (ʻammān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਅੱਮਾਨ)

عَمّان (canonical)
ʻammān (romanization)
ਅੱਮਾਨ (Gurmukhi)


آسٹریلیا

آسْٹْریلِیا • (āsṭrelīyā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ)

آسْٹْریلِیا (canonical)
āsṭrelīyā (romanization)
ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from Latin auster (“the south wind”).

der

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ

pa-proper noun

ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ • (caṇḍīgaṛh) m (Shahmukhi spelling چنڈی گڑھ)

caṇḍīgaṛh (romanization)
چنڈی گڑھ (Shahmukhi)

[t͡ʃən.ɖiː.ɡəɽʱ]

Pa-ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ.oga

Borrowed from Hindi चंडीगढ़ (caṇḍīgaṛh).

Chandigarh the capital of the Punjab and Haryana states of India


پنجاب

پنجاب • (pañjāb) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਪੰਜਾਬ)

/pənˈd͡ʒäːb/

Borrowed from Classical Persian پنجاب (panjāb).


شام

pa-proper noun

شام • (śām) m

Borrowed from Classical Persian شام (šām, “Greater Syria; Levant”), from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām, “Levant; Damascus”).

der

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)

(by extension) Greater Syria, the Levant (a region of Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ਮੁੰਬਈ

Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


بیروت

pa-proper noun

بَیرُوت • (bairūt) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਬੈਰੂਤ)

بَیرُوت (canonical)
bairūt (romanization)
ਬੈਰੂਤ (Gurmukhi)


کرناٹک

کرناٹک • (karnāṭaka) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਰਨਾਟਕ)

karnāṭaka (romanization)
ਕਰਨਾਟਕ (Gurmukhi)


ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ

ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ • (pākistān) m (Shahmukhi spelling پاکستان)

pākistān (romanization)
پاکستان (Shahmukhi)

From ਪਾਕ (pāk, “pure, holy, immaculate, chaste, undefiled”) + -ਇਸਤਾਨ (-istān, “-istan”), which derive from Classical Persian. The word was coined by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, who published it in the pamphlet Now or Never issued on January 28, 1933, as an acronym of the names of the "Muslim homelands" of western India—Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and Balochistan. An i was later added to the name to ease pronunciation.

suf

ਪਾਕ<t:pure, holy, immaculate, chaste, undefiled>


حلب

pa-proper noun

حَلَب • (ḥalab) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਹਲਬ)

حَلَب (canonical)
ḥalab (romanization)
ਹਲਬ (Gurmukhi)

Aleppo (the capital city of Aleppo governorate, Syria)


ਜਗ੍ਹਾ

pa-adv

ਜਗ੍ਹਾ • (jag-hā) (Shahmukhi spelling جگہ)

Borrowed from Classical Persian جایگاه (jāygāh), جاگه (jāgah). Compare Hindi जगह (jagah).


ਦਰਿਆ

pa-noun

ਦਰਿਆ • (dariā) m (Shahmukhi spelling دریا)

Borrowed from Classical Persian دریا (daryā). Compare Hindi दर्या (daryā).


ਨਦੀ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit नदी (nadī). Doublet of native ਨੈਂ (naĩ).


گراں

pa-noun

گْراں • (grāṉ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਗ੍ਰਾਂ or ਗਰਾਂ)

گْراں (canonical)
grāṉ (romanization)
ਗ੍ਰਾਂ (Gurmukhi)
ਗਰਾਂ (Gurmukhi)

Inherited from Sanskrit ग्राम (grā́ma). Akin to Pahari-Potwari گْراں (grāṉ).


ਪੰਜਾਬ

pa-proper noun

ਪੰਜਾਬ • (pañjāb) m (Shahmukhi spelling پنجاب)

/pənˈd͡ʒäːb/

Borrowed from Classical Persian پنجاب (panj-āb, literally “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from پنج (panj, “five”) and آب (āb, “water”), referring to five rivers of the Punjab region: the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Sutlej and the Beas. The Persian term is based on Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada, “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from पञ्च (pañca, “five”) and नद (nada, “river”).


ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆ

pa-proper noun

ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆ • (isaṭonīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling اسٹونیا)

isaṭonīā (romanization)
اسٹونیا (Shahmukhi)


گجرات

گُجْرات • (gujrāt) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਗੁਜਰਾਤ)

گُجْرات (canonical)
gujrāt (romanization)
ਗੁਜਰਾਤ (Gurmukhi)


ਬ੍ਰਹਮਦੇਸ਼

ਬ੍ਰਹਮਦੇਸ਼ • (brhamadeś) m (Shahmukhi spelling برہمدیش)

brhamadeś (romanization)
برہمدیش (Shahmukhi)

ਬਰਮਾ ਬਰਮਾ#Punjabi

Alternative form of ਬਰਮਾ (barmā): Myanmar, Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


ਓਹਾਇਓ

ਓਹਾਇਓ • (ohāio) f (Shahmukhi spelling اوہائیو)

ohāio (romanization)
اوہائیو (Shahmukhi)


اوہائیو

اوہائیو • (ohāeo) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਓਹਾਇਓ)


ਟਾਪੂ

pa-noun

ਟਾਪੂ • (ṭāpū) m (Shahmukhi spelling ٹاپو)


ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ

pa-proper noun

ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ • (ammritsar) m (Shahmukhi spelling امرتسر)

ammritsar (romanization)
امرتسر (Shahmukhi)

ਅੰ‧ਮ੍ਰਿ‧ਤ‧ਸ‧ਰ


ਲਹੌਰ

ਲਹੌਰ • (lahaur) m (Shahmukhi spelling لہور)

Inherited from Old Punjabi ਲਾਹੋਰੁ (lāhoru). Compare Hindi लाहौर (lāhaur).

inh+

ਜਿਨੇ ਲਹੌਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਤੱਕਿਆ, ਉਹ ਜੰਮਿਆ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ।

The one who hasn't seen Lahore has yet to see anything.

jine lahaur nahī̃ takkiā, uha jammiā hī nahī̃.

Lahore (a city, the provincial capital of Punjab, Pakistan)


ਸਮੁੰਦਰ

pa-noun

ਸਮੁੰਦਰ • (samundar) m (Shahmukhi spelling سمندر)

samundar (romanization)
سمندر (Shahmukhi)


ਅਮਰੀਕਾ

pa-proper noun

ਅਮਰੀਕਾ • (amrīkā) m (Shahmukhi spelling امریکہ)

amrīkā (romanization)
امریکہ (Shahmukhi)


ਪਿੰਡ

pa-noun

ਪਿੰਡ • (piṇḍ) m (Shahmukhi spelling پنڈ)


ਚਿੱਟਾ

pa-proper noun

ਚਿੱਟਾ • (ciṭṭā) m

Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai#English

Chita (a city, the administrative center of Zabaykalsky Krai, Siberia, Russia).


ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ

pa-noun

ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ • (rājdhānī) f

rājdhānī (romanization)
ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (direct singular)
ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀਆਂ (direct plural)
ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (oblique singular)
ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀਆਂ (oblique plural)
ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀਏ (singular vocative)
ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀਓ (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit राजधानी (rājadhānī).


ਸ਼ਹਿਰ

pa-noun

ਸ਼ਹਿਰ • (śahir) m (Shahmukhi spelling شہر)

śahir (romanization)
شہر (Shahmukhi)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (direct singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (direct plural)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (oblique singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰਾ (singular vocative)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੋ (plural vocative)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੇ (locative singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀਂ (locative plural)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੇ (instrumental singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀਂ (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Classical Persian شهر (šahr). Compare Hindi शहर (śahar).

bor+

ਮੈਂ ਇਸ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿਂਦਾ ਹਾਂ।


ਦਿੱਲੀ

pa-proper noun

ਦਿੱਲੀ • (dillī) f

Delhi (a megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi)


ਸਾਊਥਾਲ

ਸਾਊਥਾਲ • (sāūthāl) ?

Borrowed from English Southall. Compare Hindi साउथॉल (sāuthŏl).

Southall (a district of London, England)


ਜਲੰਧਰ

Inherited from Old Punjabi ਜਾਲੰਧਰ (jālandhara).


ਰੂਸ

Borrowed from Classical Persian روس (rūs).

bor+

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ • (xālistān) m (Shahmukhi spelling خالصتان)

xālistān (romanization)
خالصتان (Shahmukhi)

→ English: Khalistan

→ Bengali: খালিস্তান (khalistan)

→ Hindi: ख़ालिस्तान (xālistān)

ਖ਼ਾ‧ਲਿ‧ਸ‧ਤਾ‧ਨ

From ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ (xālsā, “Khalsa”) + -ਇਸਤਾਨ (-isatān, “-istan”).


ਰਾਵੀ

pa-proper noun

ਰਾਵੀ • (rāvī) f (Shahmukhi spelling راوی)

Babu Rajab Ali, Anokha Rajab Ali compiled by Dr. Atam Hamrahi page 101
ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ, ਤਾਹੀਉਂ ਕਹਿਣ ਪੰਜਾਬ. ਰਾਵੀ, ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ ਜੀ, ਜਿਹਲਮ ਅਤੇ ਚਨਾਬ.
pañj dariā isa deś de, tāhīũ kahiṇ pañjāba. rāvī, satluja, biāsa jī, jihlam ate canāba.
Five rivers of this region, reason it is called Punjab. Ravi, Satluj, Bias, Jhelum and Chenab.

Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh#English

A river of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in India and Punjab in Pakistan


ਜੇਹਲਮ

ਜੇਹਲਮ • (jehlam) m (Shahmukhi spelling جہلم)

ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ, ਤਾਹੀਉਂ ਕਹਿਣ ਪੰਜਾਬ. ਰਾਵੀ, ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ ਜੀ, ਜਿਹਲਮ ਅਤੇ ਚਨਾਬ.
pañj dariā isa deś de, tāhīũ kahiṇ pañjāba. rāvī, satluja, biāsa jī, jihlam ate canāba.

Babu Rajab Ali, Anokha Rajab Ali compiled by Dr. Atam Hamrahi page 101

Five rivers of this region, reason it is called Punjab. Ravi, Satluj, Bias, Jhelum and Chenab.

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir#English

Jhelum (a river in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir)


ਸਤਲੁਜ

ਸਤਲੁਜ • (satluj) m (Shahmukhi spelling ستلج)

A river in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Tibet


ਬਿਆਸ

ਬਿਆਸ • (biāsa) m (Shahmukhi spelling بیاس)

Beas (A river of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh)


ਚਨਾਬ

ਚਨਾਬ • (canāb) m (Shahmukhi spelling چناب)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)bor.
Classical Persian چَنَاب (čanāb)bor.
Punjabi ਚਨਾਬ (canāb)
Borrowed from Classical Persian چَنَاب (čanāb), borrowed from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā), from चन्द्र (candra) + भाग (bhāga).

etymon

ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ, ਤਾਹੀਉਂ ਕਹਿਣ ਪੰਜਾਬ. ਰਾਵੀ, ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ ਜੀ, ਜਿਹਲਮ ਅਤੇ ਚਨਾਬ.
pañj dariā isa deś de, tāhīũ kahiṇ pañjāba. rāvī, satluja, biāsa jī, jihlam ate canāb.

A river in Punjab, Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh


ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ

head

ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ • (kartārpur) (Shahmukhi کرتارپور)

kartārpur (romanization)
کرتارپور (Shahmukhi)

ਕਰਤਾਰ (kartār, “Creator”) + ਪੁਰ (pur, “city, town, village”)

com

ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰਿ ਕਰਤਾ ਵਸੈ ਸੰਤਨ ਕੈ ਪਾਸਿ

Guru Granth Sahib, Guru Arjan, translation by Dr. Sant Singh Khalsa, ang 816

In Kartaarpur, the City of the Creator Lord, the Saints dwell with the Creator.


کرتارپور

pa-proper noun

کرتارپور • (kartārpur) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ)

kartārpur (romanization)
ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ (Gurmukhi)

From کرتار (kartār, “Creator”) + پور (por, “city, town, village”).


ਆਓਤੇਆਰੋਆ

pa-proper noun

ਆਓਤੇਆਰੋਆ • (āoteāroā) m (Shahmukhi spelling آؤتیاروآ)

āoteāroā (romanization)
آؤتیاروآ (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Maori Aotearoa (“long white cloud; North Island; New Zealand”), see there for more.


ਬ੍ਰਿਟਨ

pa-proper noun

ਬ੍ਰਿਟਨ • (briṭan) m (Shahmukhi spelling برٹن)


ਕੈਨੇਡਾ

ਕੈਨੇਡਾ • (kaineḍā) m (Shahmukhi spelling کینیڈا)

kaineḍā (romanization)
کینیڈا (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from English Canada, from the Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”).


ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ

pa-proper noun

ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ • (niūzīlaiṇḍ) m (Shahmukhi spelling نیوزیلینڈ)

niūzīlaiṇḍ (romanization)
نیوزیلینڈ (Shahmukhi)

From Dutch Nieuw-Zeeland (“new Zeeland”), after the Dutch settlement in Batavia, which in turn had been named after the Dutch province of Zeeland.

pa:ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ


ਮਿਆਂਮਾਰ

ਮਿਆਂਮਾਰ • (miāmmār) m (Shahmukhi spelling میانمار)

miāmmār (romanization)
میانمار (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma), the formal Burmese name of the main ethnic group in Myanmar; ဗမာ (ba.ma), from which Burma is derived, is the informal name. Both Burmese terms are also adjectives meaning "Burmese" (related to Myanmar/Burma, its, people, language, etc). When certain words are attached, the combination may mean specifically Myanmar (Burma) (country) or Burmese (person, language, etc.) - a noun.


ਦੁਬਈ

ਦੁਬਈ • (dubaī) f (Shahmukhi spelling دبئی)


ਮਲੇਸ਼ੀਆ

ਮਲੇਸ਼ੀਆ • (maleśīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling ملیشیا)

maleśīā (romanization)
ملیشیا (Shahmukhi)


ਬਰਮਾ

ਬਰਮਾ • (barmā) m (Shahmukhi spelling برما)

Borrowed from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma), colloquial form of မြန်မာ (mranma); see Myanmar for more.


ਇਟਲੀ

ਇਟਲੀ • (iṭalī) f (Shahmukhi spelling اٹلی)


ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ

ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ • (maiksīko) m (Shahmukhi spelling میکسیکو)

maiksīko (romanization)
میکسیکو (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco, a place-name referring to the Mēxihcah (Mexica/Aztecs).


ਇਰਾਨ

ਇਰਾਨ • (irān) m (Shahmukhi spelling ایران)

From Persian ایران ('îrân), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān, “of the Aryans”). See ērān for word formation, further etymology and cognates.

der

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


ਜਪਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਜਪਾਨ • (japān) m (Shahmukhi spelling جاپان)

From English Japan, from Portuguese Japão or Dutch Japan, from Malay Jepang, from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún), from Middle Chinese 日本 (ȵiɪt̚ puən^X).


ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ

ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ • (āsaṭrelīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling آسٹریلیا)

āsaṭrelīā (romanization)
آسٹریلیا (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from Latin auster (“the south wind”).

der

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)

pa:ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ


ਚੀਨ

cīn (romanization)
چین (Shahmukhi)
ਚੀਨ (direct singular)
ਚੀਨ (direct plural)
ਚੀਨ (oblique singular)
ਚੀਨਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਚੀਨਾ (singular vocative)
ਚੀਨੋ (plural vocative)
ਚੀਨੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਚੀਨੇ (locative singular)
ਚੀਨੀਂ (locative plural)
ਚੀਨੇ (instrumental singular)
ਚੀਨੀਂ (instrumental plural)


ਜਰਮਨੀ

pa-proper noun

ਜਰਮਨੀ • (jarmanī) f (Shahmukhi spelling جرمنی)

jarmanī (romanization)
جرمنی (Shahmukhi)

From Middle English Germanie, from Old English Germania, from Latin Germānia (“land of the Germans”), from Germānī, a people living around and east of the Rhine first attested in the 1st century B.C.E. works of Julius Caesar and of uncertain etymology.

nowrap

1st century <small class='ce-date'>B.C.E.</small>

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ਜਰਮਨੀ

pa-adj

ਜਰਮਨੀ • (jarmanī) (Shahmukhi spelling جرمنی)

ਜਰਮਨ ਜਰਮਨ#Punjabi

Alternative form of ਜਰਮਨ (jarman): Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ • (afġānistān) m (Shahmukhi spelling افغانستان)

afġānistān (romanization)
افغانستان (Shahmukhi)

/əfˈɣänˑɪˌst̪äːn/

From Classical Persian افغانستان (afğānistān).

bor

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)

pa:ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ


ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼

pa-proper noun

ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ • (baṅglādeś) m (Shahmukhi spelling بنگلہ دیش)

baṅglādeś (romanization)
بنگلہ دیش (Shahmukhi)

Bengali বাংলাদেশ (baṅladeś), from বাংলা (baṅla, “Bengali”) + দেশ (deś, “country”).

pa:ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼


کینیڈا

کَینیڈا • (kaineḍā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕੈਨੇਡਾ)

کَینیڈا (canonical)
kaineḍā (romanization)
ਕੈਨੇਡਾ (Gurmukhi)

/kɛː.neː.ɖːäː/

/kɛː.nə.ɖːäː/

der

Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”)


قسطنطنیہ

pa-proper noun

قُسْطُنْطُنِیَہ

ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ

قُسْطُنْطُنِیَہ • (qustuntuniyah) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ)

قُسْطُنْطُنِیَہ (canonical)
qustuntuniyah (romanization)
ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ (Gurmukhi)

قُسْ‧طَنْ‧طُ‧نِ‧یَہ

Corrupted from Classical Persian قسطنطنیه (qustantaniya), from Arabic الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّة (al-qusṭanṭīniyya).

der

الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّة

Constantinople (the former name of Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey)


انطاکیہ

pa-proper noun

اَنْطاکِیَہ • (ant̤ākiyah) m

اَنْطاکِیَہ (canonical)
ant̤ākiyah (romanization)

Borrowed from Arabic أَنْطَاكِيَة (ʔanṭākiya), from Ancient Greek Ἀντιόχεια (Antiókheia).

bor+

أَنْطَاكِيَة


شقرا

pa-proper noun

شَقْرا • (śaqrā) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਸ਼ਕਰਾ)

شَقْرا (canonical)
śaqrā (romanization)
ਸ਼ਕਰਾ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Arabic شَقْرَاء (šaqrāʔ), feminine singular of أَشْقَر (ʔašqar).


لداخ

لَدّاخ • (laddāx) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਲੱਦਾਖ਼)

لَدّاخ (canonical)
laddāx (romanization)
ਲੱਦਾਖ਼ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian لداخ (ladāx), from Tibetan ལ་དྭགས (la dwags).

bor+

Ladakh (a union territory of India), disputed between China and Pakistan.


ਖਾੜੀ

pa-noun

ਖਾੜੀ • (khāṛī) f (Shahmukhi spelling کھاڑی)

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀔𑀸𑀟 (*khāḍa). Cognate with Hindi खाड़ी (khāṛī), Gujarati ખાડી (khāḍī), Bengali খাঁড়ি (khãṛi).


داغستان

pa-proper noun

داغِسْتان • (dāġistān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਦਾਗ਼ਿਸਤਾਨ)

داغِسْتان (canonical)
dāġistān (romanization)
ਦਾਗ਼ਿਸਤਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Dagestan (a republic of Russia, located in the Caucasus region)


بیاس

بیاس • (beyās) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਬਿਆਸ)

Beas (A river of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in northern India, rising in the Himalayas and emptying into the Sutlej).


ਗੁਆਂਢ

pa-noun

ਗੁਆਂਢ • (guāṇḍha) m (Shahmukhi spelling گوانڈھ)

guāṇḍha (romanization)
گوانڈھ (Shahmukhi)

Inherited from Prakrit, from Sanskrit ग्रामार्ध (grāmārdha, “vicinity of village”), compound of ग्राम (grā́ma, “village”) + अर्ध (árdha, “half”).


لہور

pa-proper noun

لَہَور or لَہور • (lahaur or lahor) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਲਹੌਰ)

لَہَور (canonical)
لَہور (canonical)
lahaur (romanization)
lahor (romanization)
ਲਹੌਰ (Gurmukhi)

Inherited from Old Punjabi ਲਾਹੋਰੁ (lāhoru), further unknown or disputed. A legend claims to be inherited from Sanskrit लव (lava, “Lava”) + पुर (pura, “fortress; city”), literally “city of Lava”, from Ramayana, a Hindu epic. Compare Kashmiri لوہوٗر (lohūr) and Urdu لاہَوْر (lāhaur).

unknown

further unknown or disputed

com

جِنے لَہَور نَئیں تَکیا، اوْہ جَمِیا ہی نَئیں۔

jine lahaur na'īṉ takeyā, oh jamīyā hī na'īṉ.

Lahore (a city, the provincial capital of Punjab, Pakistan)


پیرس

pa-proper noun

پَیْرَس • (pairas) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਪੈਰਸ)

پَیْرَس (canonical)
pairas (romanization)
ਪੈਰਸ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Urdu پَیرِس (pairis), from English Paris.

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


مانچسٹر

مانْچَسْٹَر • (māncasṭar) m

مانْچَسْٹَر (canonical)
māncasṭar (romanization)

/mä̃ː(n).t͡ʃəs̪.ʈəɾᵊ/

لندن توں مانچسٹر جاݨا ہووے تے ریل گڈی ڈھائی گھنٹے لاندی اے۔

1998, فارق ندیم [Farūq Nadīm], پہلے پیار دا پہلا بھلیکھا [Pahle piyār dā pahlā bhulekhā], Lahore: PILAC – Institute of Punjab Language and Culture, →OCLC, page 271:

If one went from London to Manchester, the train would take two and a half hours.


ਜ਼ਮੀਨ

pa-noun

ਜ਼ਮੀਨ • (zamīn) f (Shahmukhi spelling زمین)

Borrowed from Classical Persian زمین (zamīn). Compare Hindi ज़मीन (zamīn).


دبئی

pa-proper noun

دُبَئی • (duba'ī) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਦੁਬਈ)

دُبَئی (canonical)
duba'ī (romanization)
ਦੁਬਈ (Gurmukhi)


سری نگر

سَری نَگَر • (sarī nagar) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਰੀਨਗਰ)

سَری نَگَر (canonical)
sarī nagar (romanization)
ਸਰੀਨਗਰ (Gurmukhi)

قائدِ اعظم نعریاں دے شور وچ سری نگر نُوں ٹُر پئے

1986, Kanval Mushtaq, چونویں انشائیے [Chonven̲ inshāʼiye], Lahore, →OCLC, page 187:

The Prime Minister left for Srinagar in the midst of the noise of slogans

Srinagar (a city, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India)


آسٹریا

pa-noun

آسْٹَرِیا • (āsṭriyā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਆਸਟਰੀਆ)

آسْٹَرِیا (canonical)
āsṭriyā (romanization)
ਆਸਟਰੀਆ (Gurmukhi)

اَسْٹَرِیا اسٹریا#Punjabi

Alternative form of اَسْٹَرِیا (asṭarīyā): Austria (a country in Central Europe)


سعودی عرب

سَعوْدی عَرَب

سَعوْدی عَرَب • (saʻodī ʻarab) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ)

سَعوْدی عَرَب (canonical)
saʻodī ʻarab (romanization)
ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ (Gurmukhi)

/sɔʊ̯.d̪iː‿ə.ɾəbᵊ/

Saudi Arabia (a country in the Middle East)


پنڈ

پِنْڈ • (pinḍ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਪਿੰਡ)

پِنْڈ (canonical)
pinḍ (romanization)
ਪਿੰਡ (Gurmukhi)
پِنڈ (direct singular)
پِنڈ (direct plural)
پِنڈ (oblique singular)
پِنڈاں (oblique plural)
پِنڈا (singular vocative)
پِنڈو (plural vocative)
پِنڈوں (ablative singular)
پِنڈاں (ablative plural)
پِنڈے (locative singular)
پِنڈِیں (locative plural)
پِنڈوں (instrumental singular)


نیپال

pa-proper noun

نیپال • (nepāl) m

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


ਯੂਕਰੇਨ

ਯੂਕਰੇਨ • (yūkren) m (Shahmukhi spelling یوکرین)

yūkren (romanization)
یوکرین (Shahmukhi)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨ (direct singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨ (direct plural)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨ (oblique singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨਾ (singular vocative)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੋ (plural vocative)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੇ (locative singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਂ (locative plural)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੇ (instrumental singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਂ (instrumental plural)


بنگالی

بَنگالِی • (bangālī) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਬੰਗਾਲੀ)

بَنگالِی (canonical)
bangālī (romanization)
ਬੰਗਾਲੀ (Gurmukhi)

/bə̃ŋ.ɡäː.liː/

Nicobar district
Nicobar district#English

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands#English

A village in Nancowry, Nicobar district, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

A village in Ramkan, Qeshm County, Hormozgan, Iran.


سلہٹ

سِلْہَٹ • (silhaṭ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਿਲਹਟ)

سِلْہَٹ (canonical)
silhaṭ (romanization)
ਸਿਲਹਟ (Gurmukhi)


ਮਿਸਰ

ਮਿਸਰ • (misar) f (Shahmukhi spelling مِصْر)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼

ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼ • (marākiś) m (Shahmukhi spelling مراکش)

marākiś (romanization)
مراکش (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian مراکش (marākiš), from Arabic مُرّاكُش (murrākuš), ultimately from Berber ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ (amur n akuc, literally “Land of God”).

bor+

Marrakech (the capital city of the Marrakesh-Safi region, Morocco)


پشور

pa-proper noun

پِشَور • (piśaur) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਪਿਸ਼ੌਰ)

پِشَور (canonical)
piśaur (romanization)
ਪਿਸ਼ੌਰ (Gurmukhi)

/pɪ.ʃɔː.ɾə̆/

Corrupted from Classical Persian پرشاور (parašāvar), ultimately from Sanskrit पुरुषपुर (puruṣapura, “city of men”). Cognates Pashto پېښور (pex̌awar) and Urdu پشاور (piśāvar).

inh

اوہناں دیاں لکھتاں ویکھ کے انج لگدا اے جِہڑا پنجاب لہور توں دِلی تائیں تے پشور توں کابل تائیں بھلیا ہویا سی

1998, فارق ندیم [Farūq Nadīm], پہلے پیار دا پہلا بھلیکھا [Pahle piyār dā pahlā bhulekhā], Lahore: Institute of Punjab Language and Culture, →OCLC, page 210:

From his writings, it would seem that the Punjab from Lahore to Delhi and from Peshawar to Kabul was neglected

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#English

Peshawar (a city, the provincial capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan).


ڈھاکا

pa-proper noun

ڈھاکا • (ḍhākā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਢਾਕਾ)


چناب

چَناب • (canāb) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਚਨਾਬ)

چَناب (canonical)
canāb (romanization)
ਚਨਾਬ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian چَنَاب (čanāb), borrowed from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā), from चन्द्र (candra) + भाग (bhāga).


جرمن

pa-proper noun

جَرْمَن • (jarman) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਜਰਮਨ)

جَرْمَن (canonical)
jarman (romanization)
ਜਰਮਨ (Gurmukhi)

/d͡ʒəɾə̆.mənə̆/

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


راوی

راوی • (rāvī) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਰਾਵੀ)

→ Urdu: راوی (rāvī)

Inherited from Sanskrit इरावती (irāvatī).

inh+

Ravi (a river in Punjab, Pakistan and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the state of Himachal Pradesh in India).


ਟੈਕਸਸ

pa-proper noun

ਟੈਕਸਸ • (ṭaiksas) m (Shahmukhi spelling ٹیکسس)

ṭaiksas (romanization)
ٹیکسس (Shahmukhi)
ਟੈਕਸਸ (direct singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸ (direct plural)
ਟੈਕਸਸ (oblique singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਟੈਕਸਸਾ (singular vocative)
ਟੈਕਸਸੋ (plural vocative)
ਟੈਕਸਸੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸੇ (locative singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸੀਂ (locative plural)
ਟੈਕਸਸੇ (instrumental singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸੀਂ (instrumental plural)

ਉਹ ਟੈਕਸਾਸ ਤੋਂ ਹੈ।


کراچی

کراچی • (karācī) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਰਾਚੀ)

Supposedly from Sindhi کولاچی (kōlāčī), named after Mai Kolachi.

bor

Sindhi کولاچی (kōlāčī)

Karachi (the largest city in Pakistan situated along the Arabian Sea, as well as the provincial capital of Sindh Province)


ਤੁਰਕੀ

pa-proper noun

ਤੁਰਕੀ • (turkī) m (Shahmukhi spelling ترکی)

turkī (romanization)
ترکی (Shahmukhi)
ਤੁਰਕੀ (direct singular)
ਤੁਰਕੀ (direct plural)
ਤੁਰਕੀ (oblique singular)
ਤੁਰਕੀਆਂ (oblique plural)
ਤੁਰਕੀਆ (singular vocative)
ਤੁਰਕੀਓ (plural vocative)

Phono-semantic matching of English Turkey.

phono-semantic matching

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)

ਲੀਖਟਨਸ਼ਟਾਈ

līkhṭanaśṭāī


راولپنڈی

pa-noun

راوَلْپِنْڈی

راوَلْپِنْڈی • (rāvalpinḍī) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ)

راوَلْپِنْڈی (canonical)
rāvalpinḍī (romanization)
ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ (Gurmukhi)

/ɾäː.ʋəl.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

/ɾäː.wəl.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

/ɾäː˦ɭə̆.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

From راول (rāval) + پنڈی (pinḍī), diminutive of پنڈ (pinḍ, “village”).


جھناں

pa-proper noun

جَھناں • (jhanāṉ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਝਨਾਂ or ਚਨਾਬ)

جَھناں (canonical)
jhanāṉ (romanization)
ਝਨਾਂ (Gurmukhi)
ਚਨਾਬ (Gurmukhi)

/ˈt͡ʃə˨.nä̃ː˦/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)
Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā)
Punjabi جَھناں (jhanāṉ)
From Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā), from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā), from चन्द्र (candra) + भाग (bhāga). Compare Saraiki چَنان٘ہہ (canāṉh) and Hindustani چَنَاب (canāb) / चनाब (canāb).

etymon

جَھناں

وگے لہراں لیندا راوی ٹھاٹھاں مارے جھناں

a. 1973, فقیر محمّد فقیر [fqer mḥmmd fqer, Faqir Muhammad Faqir], میرا دیس امیر [merā des amīr], quoted in لعلاں دی پنڈ [Laʻlān dī pinḍ], Lahore: Aziz Depot, archived from the original on 2023-03-29, page 375:

تے جھناں دا پانی ایڈا چڑھیا ہوندا اے کہ پاراوار کجھ نظر نہیں آؤندا

2001, شبنم اسحاق [Shabnam Isḥāq], سوہنی مہینوال [Sohṇī Mahīnvāl], Lahore: حیدر پبلیکیشنز [ḥedr pblekīśnz, Haider Publications], →OCLC, page 135:

And the Chenab waters rise so much, that nothing beyond the limit can be visible

تاریخ دے کسے موڑ اُتے راوی تے جھناں دے وِچکار لے علاقے وِچ

2005, میر تنہا یوسفی [Mīr Tanhā Yūsufī], کالا چانن [Kālā cānaṇ], Lahore: Institute of Punjabi Language and Culture, →OCLC, page 25:

At some point in history, the areas between Ravi and Chenab

Chenab (a river in Punjab, Pakistan and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the state of Himachal Pradesh in India).


اسٹریا

pa-noun

اَسْٹَرِیا • (asṭarīyā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਅਸਟਰੀਆ)

اَسْٹَرِیا (canonical)
asṭarīyā (romanization)
ਅਸਟਰੀਆ (Gurmukhi)

اَسْ‧ٹَ‧رِ‧یا

(Pakistan) Austria (a country in Central Europe)


ਛੱਤੀਸਗੜ੍ਹ

pa-proper noun

ਛੱਤੀਸਗੜ੍ਹ • (chattīsgaṛh) ? (Shahmukhi spelling چھتیس گڑھ)

chattīsgaṛh (romanization)
چھتیس گڑھ (Shahmukhi)

/t͡ʃʰət̪.t̪iː.sə.ɡə.ɽʱə/

[t͡ʃʰət̪.t̪iː.sə̆.ɡə.ɽʱə̆]

Pa-ਛੱਤੀਸਗੜ੍ਹ.oga

ਛੱ‧ਤੀ‧ਸ‧ਗ‧ੜ੍ਹ


ਆਂਧਰਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

آندھَرَ پرَدیشَ

ਆਂਧਰਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (Āndharā pradēśa) m (Shahmukhi spelling آندھَرَ پرَدیشَ)

Āndharā pradēśa (romanization)
آندھَرَ پرَدیشَ (Shahmukhi)

[äːn˦.t̪ə̆.ɾäː‿prə˦.deː.ʃə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi आंध्र प्रदेश (āndhra pradeś)

bor

आंध्र प्रदेश


ਅਸਾਮ

pa-proper noun

ਅਸਾਮ • (asām) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اَسَام)


ਬਿਹਾਰ

ਬਿਹਾਰ • (bihār) ? (Shahmukhi spelling بِحَارَ)

bihār (romanization)
بِحَارَ (Shahmukhi)

[bi.ɦäː.ɾə̆]


ਅਰੁਣਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

اَرُݨَاچَل پرَدیش

ਅਰੁਣਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (aruṇācal pradeś) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اَرُݨَاچَل پرَدیش)

aruṇācal pradeś (romanization)
اَرُݨَاچَل پرَدیش (Shahmukhi)

[ə.ɾu.ɳäː.t͡ʃəl‿pɾə.deːʃ]

ਅ‧ਰੁ‧ਣਾ‧ਚਲ‧ਪ੍ਰ‧ਦੇਸ਼

Borrowed from Hindi अरुणाचल प्रदेश (aruṇācal pradeś)

bor

अरुणाचल प्रदेश

Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh#English


ਦੁਆਬਾ

pa-proper noun

ਦੁਆਬਾ • (duābā) m

From Classical Persian دو آب (dō-āb, “two waters”).


ਸਿੰਧ

pa-proper noun

ਸਿੰਧ • (sindh) m (Shahmukhi spelling سندھ)

Sindh (a province of Pakistan; capital: Karachi)


بعلبک

بَعْلَبَک • (baʻlabak) m

بَعْلَبَک (canonical)
baʻlabak (romanization)

Borrowed from Classical Persian بَعْلَبَکّ (ba'labakk), from Arabic بَعْلَبَكّ (baʕlabakk).

bor+

Baalbek-Hermel Governorate
Baalbek-Hermel Governorate#English

Baalbek (the capital city of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon)


ਝਨਾਂ

pa-proper noun

ਝਨਾਂ • (jhanā̃) m (Shahmukhi spelling جَھناں)

jhanā̃ (romanization)
جَھناں (Shahmukhi)

/ˈt͡ʃə˨.nä̃ː˦/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)
Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā)
Punjabi ਝਨਾਂ (jhanā̃)
From Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā), from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā), from चन्द्र (candra) + भाग (bhāga).

etymon

Chenab (A river of Punjab in India and Pakistan)


ਕੋਹਸਤਾਨ

pa-noun

ਕੋਹਸਤਾਨ • (kohastān) m (Shahmukhi spelling کوهستان)

kohastān (romanization)
کوهستان (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian کوهستان (kōhistān).


ਪਹਾੜ

pa-noun

ਪਹਾੜ • (pahāṛ) m (Shahmukhi spelling پہاڑ)


ਪਟਿਆਲਾ

pa-proper noun

ਪਟਿਆਲਾ • (paṭiālā) m


ਕੋਹ

Inherited from Sanskrit क्रोश (króśa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *krawć- (“to cry, to call out”), as it was considered to be the distance over which a human voice could be heard.

der

coss (a unit of measurement equivalent to about 2.4 km)


ਜਰਮਨ

pa-proper noun

ਜਰਮਨ • (jarman) m (Shahmukhi spelling جَرْمَن)

jarman (romanization)
جَرْمَن (Shahmukhi)

/d͡ʒəɾə̆.mənə̆/

(colloquial) Germany (a country in Western Europe)


ਗੋਵਾ

ਗੋਵਾ • (govā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling گوَا)

Borrowed from Hindi गोवा (govā), from Konkani गोंय (goiya)


ਹਰਿਆਣਾ

ਹਰਿਆਣਾ • (hariāṇā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling حَرِآݨَا)

hariāṇā (romanization)
حَرِآݨَا (Shahmukhi)

[hə.ɾɪ.äː.ɳäː]

Borrowed from Hindi हरियाणा (hariyāṇā, “Haryana”)


ਝਾਰਖੰਡ

ਝਾਰਖੰਡ • (jhārkhaṇḍ) ? (Shahmukhi spelling جھَارکھَݨڈ)

jhārkhaṇḍ (romanization)
جھَارکھَݨڈ (Shahmukhi)

/t͡ʃaː˨.ɾə.kʰəɳ.ɖə/

[t͡ʃäː˨.ɾə̆.kʰəɳ.ɖə̆]


ਗੁਜਰਾਤ

ਗੁਜਰਾਤ • (gujrāt) m (Shahmukhi spelling گُجرَات)

gujrāt (romanization)
گُجرَات (Shahmukhi)

[ɡu.d͡ʒə̆.ɾäː.t̪ə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi गुजरात (gujrāt), from Gujarati ગુજરાત (gujrāt)


ਕੇਰਲਾ

ਕੇਰਲਾ • (kerlā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling کیرَلَ)


ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

حِمَچَال پرَدیش

ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (himācal prdeś) ? (Shahmukhi spelling حِمَچَال پرَدیش)

himācal prdeś (romanization)
حِمَچَال پرَدیش (Shahmukhi)

/ɦɪ.maː.t͡ʃə.lə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃə̆/

[ɦɪ.mäː.t͡ʃə.lə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃə̆]

ਹਿ‧ਮਾ‧ਚ‧ਲ‧ਪ੍ਰ‧ਦੇ‧ਸ਼

Borrowed from Hindi हिमाचल प्रदेश (himācal pradeś)

bor

हिमाचल प्रदेश


ਮੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

pa-proper noun

مَدّھ پرَدیش

ਮੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (maddha pradeś) m (Shahmukhi spelling مَدّھ پرَدیش)

maddha pradeś (romanization)
مَدّھ پرَدیش (Shahmukhi)

/mə́d̪.d̪ə‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃᵊ/

[məd̪˦.d̪ə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃᵊ]

ਮੱ‧ਧ‧ਪ੍ਰ‧ਦੇ‧ਸ਼

Calque of Hindi मध्य प्रदेश (madhya pradeś)


ਕਰਨਾਟਕ

pa-proper noun

ਕਰਨਾਟਕ • (karnāṭak) ? (Shahmukhi spelling کَرنَاٹَکَ)

karnāṭak (romanization)
کَرنَاٹَکَ (Shahmukhi)

[kə.ɾə̆.näː.ʈə.kə̆]

Borrowed from Kannada ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ (karnāṭaka)


ਜੰਮੂ ਅਤੇ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ

جَمُّو اَتے کَشمِیر

ਜੰਮੂ ਅਤੇ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ • (jammū ate kaśmīr) ? (Shahmukhi spelling جَمُّو اَتے کَشمِیر)

jammū ate kaśmīr (romanization)
جَمُّو اَتے کَشمِیر (Shahmukhi)

[d͡ʒəm.muː‿ə.t̪eː‿kə.ʃə̆.miː.ɾə̆]

ਜੰ‧ਮੂ‧ਅ‧ਤੇ‧ਕ‧ਸ਼‧ਮੀ‧ਰ

Calque of Hindi जम्मू और कश्मीर (jammū aur kaśmīr)

calque

जम्मू और कश्मीर

Jammu and Kashmir (a union territory of India)


ਮਹਾਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ

pa-proper noun

مَحَارَاشٹرَ

ਮਹਾਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ • (mahārāśṭar) ? (Shahmukhi spelling مَحَارَاشٹرَ)

mahārāśṭar (romanization)
مَحَارَاشٹرَ (Shahmukhi)

/mə.ɦaː.ɾaː.ʃə.ʈə.ɾə/

[mə.ɦäː.ɾäː.ʃə̆.ʈə̆.ɾə]

ਮ‧ਹਾ‧ਰਾ‧ਸ਼‧ਟ‧ਰ

Borrowed from Marathi महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)


ਮਨੀਪੁਰ

ਮਨੀਪੁਰ • (manīpur) ? (Shahmukhi spelling مَݨِیپُر)

manīpur (romanization)
مَݨِیپُر (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Urdu مَنی پُور (manī pūr).


ਮੇਘਾਲਿਆ

ਮੇਘਾਲਿਆ • (meghāliā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling میگھَالِآ)

meghāliā (romanization)
میگھَالِآ (Shahmukhi)

[meː˦.ɡäː.lɪ.äː]


ਮਿਜ਼ੋਰਮ

ਮਿਜ਼ੋਰਮ • (mizoram) ? (Shahmukhi spelling مِزورَم)

mizoram (romanization)
مِزورَم (Shahmukhi)

Pa-ਮਿਜ਼ੋਰਮ.ogg

Borrowed from Hindi मिज़ोरम (mizoram), from Mizo Mizoram


ਤਾਮਿਲ ਨਾਡੂ

تَامِل نَاڈُو

ਤਾਮਿਲ ਨਾਡੂ • (tāmil nāḍū) ? (Shahmukhi spelling تَامِل نَاڈُو)

tāmil nāḍū (romanization)
تَامِل نَاڈُو (Shahmukhi)

ਤਾ‧ਮਿ‧ਲ‧ਨਾ‧ਡੂ

Borrowed from Tamil தமிழ் நாடு (tamiḻ nāṭu)


ਓੜੀਸਾ

pa-proper noun

ਓੜੀਸਾ • (oṛīsā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اورِیسَا)

oṛīsā (romanization)
اورِیسَا (Shahmukhi)


ਨਾਗਾਲੈਂਡ

ਨਾਗਾਲੈਂਡ • (nāgālaiṇḍ) ? (Shahmukhi spelling نَاگَالَیݨڈ)

nāgālaiṇḍ (romanization)
نَاگَالَیݨڈ (Shahmukhi)

[näː.ɡäː.lɛːɳ.ɖə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi नागालैंड (nāgālaiṇḍ), from English Nagaland

bor

Hindi नागालैंड (nāgālaiṇḍ)


ਰਾਜਸਥਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਰਾਜਸਥਾਨ • (rājasthān) ? (Shahmukhi spelling رَاجَستَان)

rājasthān (romanization)
رَاجَستَان (Shahmukhi)

[ɾäː.d͡ʒə.sə̆.t̪äː.nə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi राजस्थान (rājasthān), from Marwari राजस्थान (rājasthān)


ਉੱਤਰ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

pa-proper noun

اُتَّر پرَدیش

ਉੱਤਰ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (uttar pradeś) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اُتَّر پرَدیش)

uttar pradeś (romanization)
اُتَّر پرَدیش (Shahmukhi)

/ʊt̪.t̪ə.ɾə‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃə/

[ʊt̪.t̪ə.ɾə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃə̆]

ਉੱ‧ਤ‧ਰ‧ਪ੍ਰ‧ਦੇ‧ਸ਼

Borrowed from Hindi उत्तर प्रदेश (uttar pradeś)

bor+

उत्तर प्रदेश


ਉੱਤਰਖੰਡ

pa-proper noun

اُتَّرَاکھَݨڈ

ਉੱਤਰਖੰਡ • (uttarkhaṇḍ) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اُتَّرَاکھَݨڈ)

uttarkhaṇḍ (romanization)
اُتَّرَاکھَݨڈ (Shahmukhi)

/ʊt̪.t̪ə.ɾə.kʰəɳ.ɖə/

[ʊt̪.t̪ə.ɾə̆.kʰəɳ.ɖə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi उत्तराखंड (uttarākhaṇḍ)


ਤ੍ਰਿਪੁਰਾ

pa-proper noun

ਤ੍ਰਿਪੁਰਾ • (tripurā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling ترِپُرَا)

tripurā (romanization)
ترِپُرَا (Shahmukhi)

[t̪ɾɪ.pʊ.ɾäː]


ਸਿਕਿਮ

ਸਿਕਿਮ • (sikim) ? (Shahmukhi spelling سِکِم)

Borrowed from Hindi सिक्किम (sikkim), from Sikkimese སུ་ཁྱིམ (su khyim)


ਪੱਛਮੀ ਬੰਗਾਲ

پَچَّمِی بینگَل

ਪੱਛਮੀ ਬੰਗਾਲ • (pacchamī baṅgāl) ? (Shahmukhi spelling پَچَّمِی بینگَل)

pacchamī baṅgāl (romanization)
پَچَّمِی بینگَل (Shahmukhi)

[pət̚.t͡ʃə.miː‿beːŋ.ɡäː.lə̆]

Calque of Bengali পশ্চিম বঙ্গ (pościm boṅgo)


اسکندریہ

pa-proper noun

اِسکَندَرِیَہ

اِسکَندَرِیَہ • (īskandariyah) m

اِسکَندَرِیَہ (canonical)
īskandariyah (romanization)

From Arabic الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة (al-ʔiskandariyya).

bor

الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة


ਰਾਜ ਸਭਾ

pa-proper noun

ਰਾਜ ਸਭਾ • (rāj sabhā) f

Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Parliament of the Republic of India)


ਲੋਕ ਸਭਾ

Lok Sabha (lower house of the Parliament of the Republic of India)


ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ

pa-noun

ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ • (rāśṭar) m

Borrowed from Sanskrit राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra).


لوسیل

pa-proper noun

لُوسَیْل • (lūsail) m (Shahmukhi spelling ਲੂਸੈਲ)

لُوسَیْل (canonical)
lūsail (romanization)
ਲੂਸੈਲ (Shahmukhi)


ਪਠਾਰ

pa-noun

ਪਠਾਰ • (paṭhār) m (Shahmukhi spelling پَٹھار)

paṭhār (romanization)
پَٹھار (Shahmukhi)

/pə.ʈʰaː.ɾə̆/

From Sanskrit पृष्ठधार (pṛṣṭhadhāra). Cognate with Pahari-Potwari ਪਠਾਰ (paṭhār) and Hindi पठार (paṭhār).


ਲਾਲ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ

pa-proper noun

ਲਾਲ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ • (lāl samundar) m (Shahmukhi spelling لال سمندر)

lāl samundar (romanization)
لال سمندر (Shahmukhi)

Red Sea (A sea between the Arabian Peninsula and Africa)


ਦਹਾਨਾ

pa-noun

ਦਹਾਨਾ • (dahānā) m


جھنگ

جھنگ • (jhang) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਝੰਗ)

Ultimately from Sanskrit जाङ्गल (jāṅgala, “rough terrain; forested terrain”) (whence جنگل (jangal, “forest; jungle; wilderness”).


ਬਜਰਾ

/bə.d͡ʒə̆.ɾäː/

Bajra (a village in Jalandhar district, Punjab)


ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ

pa-proper noun

ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ • (afarīkā) m

Africa (The continent located south of Europe and north of Antarctica)


ਉੱਤਰੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ

ਉੱਤਰੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ • (uttarī korīā) ?


ਮਾਲਟਾ

ਮਾਲਟਾ • (mālṭā) m (Shahmukhi spelling مالٹا)


ਪੋਠੋਹਾਰ

ਪੋਠੋਹਾਰ • (poṭhohār) m

/poːʈʰo.aː˥˩.ɾə̆/

Pothohar (A region of northwestern Punjab, located in northern Pakistan)


ਦੱਖਣੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ

ਦੱਖਣੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ • (dakkhaṇī korīā) ?


ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ

ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ • (kaśmīr) m (Shahmukhi spelling کشمیر)

Kashmir (A region of South Asia, currently divided between India, Pakistan, and China.)


فیصل آباد

فَیصَل آباد • (faisalābād) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾਬਾਦ)

فَیصَل آباد (canonical)
faisalābād (romanization)
ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾਬਾਦ (Gurmukhi)

From فیصل (faisal) + ـآباد (-ābād). Named after Saudi monarch Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

named-after

Faisalabad (a city in Faisalabad district, Punjab, Pakistan). It is the third largest city in Pakistan and the second largest in Punjab.


ਹਵਾਈ

pa-proper noun

ਹਵਾਈ • (havāī) ? (Shahmukhi spelling ہوائی)

From English Hawaii, from Hawaiian Hawaiʻi.

An insular state United States, formerly a territory. Capital: Honolulu.


ساہیوال

ساہِیوَال • (sāhīvāl) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਾਹੀਵਾਲ)

ساہِیوَال (canonical)
sāhīvāl (romanization)
ਸਾਹੀਵਾਲ (Gurmukhi)

desc

→ Urdu: ساہِیوَال (sāhīvāl)

→ Urdu: ساہِیوَال (sāhīvāl)


ਕਰਾਚੀ

pa-proper noun

ਕਰਾਚੀ • (karācī) m (Shahmukhi spelling کراچی)

Supposedly from Sindhi کولاچی (kōlāčī), named after Mai Kolachi.

bor

Sindhi کولاچی (kōlāčī)

Karachi (a city, the provincial capital of Sindh, Pakistan)


ਬਲੋਚਿਸਤਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਬਲੋਚਿਸਤਾਨ • (balocistān) m (Shahmukhi spelling بلوچستان)

balocistān (romanization)
بلوچستان (Shahmukhi)

Balochistan (a province of Pakistan; capital: Quetta).


ਪਰਾਗ

ਪਰਾਗ • (parāg) ? (Shahmukhi spelling پراگ)

Borrowed from English Prague, probably from German Prag.

Prague (the capital of the Czech Republic)


ਪਨਾਹਗਾਹ

pa-noun

ਪਨਾਹਗਾਹ • (panāhgāh) f (Shahmukhi spelling پناہ گاہ)

panāhgāh (romanization)
پناہ گاہ (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian پناهگاه (panāhgāh).


ਤੇਲੰਗਾਨਾ

pa-proper noun

ਤੇਲੰਗਾਨਾ • (telaṅgānā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling تیلنگاݨا)

telaṅgānā (romanization)
تیلنگاݨا (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Telugu తెలంగాణ (telaṅgāṇa).

bor+

Telangana (A state of southern India, until 2014 the northwestern part of the state of Andhra Pradesh.; capital: Hyderabad)


ਹੈਦਰਾਬਾਦ

pa-proper noun

ਹੈਦਰਾਬਾਦ • (haidrābād) ? (Shahmukhi spelling حیدرآباد)

haidrābād (romanization)
حیدرآباد (Shahmukhi)

Hyderabad (the capital city of Telangana)


ਵਾਦੀ

pa-noun

ਵਾਦੀ • (vādī) f (Shahmukhi spelling وادی)

Borrowed from Classical Persian وادی (wādī), from Arabic وَادٍ (wādin). Compare Hindi वादी (vādī).


ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

pa-noun

ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (pradeś) m (Shahmukhi spelling پردیش)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit प्रदेश (pradeśa).


ਦੰਦ ਖੰਡ ਤਟ

head

ਦੰਦ ਖੰਡ ਤਟ • (dand khaṇḍ taṭ)

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


ਕੇਂਦਰ ਸ਼ਾਸਿਤ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

pa-noun

ਕੇਂਦਰ ਸ਼ਾਸਿਤ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (kendar śāsit prdeś) m

ਕੇਂਦਰ (kendar, “centre”) + ਸ਼ਾਸਿਤ (śāsit, “ruled”) + ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ (prdeś, “territory”)

com

union territory (administrative division ruled by the central government)

en-ਕੇਂਦਰ_ਸ਼ਾਸਿਤ_ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼-pa-noun-paIbRlUF


ਸਿਲਹਟ

pa-proper noun

ਸਿਲਹਟ • (silhaṭ) m (Shahmukhi spelling سلہٹ)


ਢਾਕਾ

ਢਾਕਾ • (ḍhākā) m (Shahmukhi spelling ڈھاکا)


ਕਠਮੰਡੂ

ਕਠਮੰਡੂ • (kaṭhmaṇḍū) m (Shahmukhi spelling کٹھمنڈو)

kaṭhmaṇḍū (romanization)
کٹھمنڈو (Shahmukhi)


ਨੇਪਾਲ

ਨੇਪਾਲ • (nepāl) m (Shahmukhi spelling نیپال)

Ultimately from Sanskrit नेपाल (nepāla).

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


ਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ

pa-noun

ਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ • (mahāndīp) m


ਉਪਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ

ਉਪਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ • (upamhāndīp) m

From ਉਪ- (upa-, “sub-”) + ਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ (mahāndīp, “continent”).


ਪਣਜੋੜ

pa-noun

ਪਣਜੋੜ • (paṇjoṛ) m (Shahmukhi spelling پنجوڑ)

ਪਣ- (paṇa-, “water”) + ਜੋੜ (joṛ, “joint”).


ਭੂਟਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਭੂਟਾਨ • (bhūṭān) m (Shahmukhi spelling بھوٹان)

bhūṭān (romanization)
بھوٹان (Shahmukhi)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


ਦਿਹ

Borrowed from Classical Persian ده (dih).


سہون سریف

pa-proper noun

سِہْوَݨ شَرِیف

ਸਿਹਵਣ ਸ਼ਰੀਫ਼

سِہْوَݨ شَرِیف • (sihvaṇ śarīf) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਿਹਵਣ ਸ਼ਰੀਫ਼)

سِہْوَݨ شَرِیف (canonical)
sihvaṇ śarīf (romanization)
ਸਿਹਵਣ ਸ਼ਰੀਫ਼ (Gurmukhi)

/seː˦.ʋəɳᵊ‿ʃə.ɾiːfᵊ/

Sehwan (a city in Jamshoro district, Sindh, Pakistan)


ਤਿੱਬਤ

ਤਿੱਬਤ • (tibbat) m (Shahmukhi spelling تبت)


مدھ پردیش

مدھ پردیش • (maddha pradeś) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਮੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼)

maddha pradeś (romanization)
ਮੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ (Gurmukhi)

/mə́d̪.d̪ə‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃᵊ/

[məd̪˦.d̪ə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃᵊ]

مَ‧دّھ‧پرَ‧دے‧ش

Calque of Hindi मध्य प्रदेश (madhya pradeś)


ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ

pa-proper noun

ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ • (sāūdī arab) m (Shahmukhi spelling سعودی عرب)

sāūdī arab (romanization)
سعودی عرب (Shahmukhi)

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਅਰਬ ਅਮੀਰਾਤ

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਅਰਬ ਅਮੀਰਾਤ • (sãyukat arab amīrāt) f pl

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ناصرہ

نَاصِرَہ • (nāṣirah) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਨਾਸਿਰਾ)

نَاصِرَہ (canonical)
nāṣirah (romanization)
ਨਾਸਿਰਾ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Arabic النَّاصِرَة (an-nāṣira).


ਖਾਈ

pa-noun

ਖਾਈ • (khāī) f

(figutative) estrangement, (in relations) distance


ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ

pa-proper noun

ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ • (maiksīko dī khāṛī) f

Gulf of Mexico (a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean)


ਖਲੀਜ

pa-noun

ਖਲੀਜ • (khalīj) f (Shahmukhi spelling خلیج)


ਫ਼ਾਰਸ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ

pa-proper noun

فارس دی کھاڑی

ਫ਼ਾਰਸ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ • (fāras dī khāṛī) f (Shahmukhi spelling فارس دی کھاڑی)

fāras dī khāṛī (romanization)
فارس دی کھاڑی (Shahmukhi)

Persian Gulf (A gulf between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula)


ਤੀਰ

Borrowed from Classical Persian تیر (tīr). Compare Hindi तीर (tīr).


ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ

pa-proper noun

ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ • (ludhiāṇā) m (Shahmukhi spelling لُدِھیاݨَہ)

ludhiāṇā (romanization)
لُدِھیاݨَہ (Shahmukhi)

→ Hindi: लुधियाना (ludhiyānā)

→ Urdu: لدھیانہ (ludhiyāna)

→ Odia: ଲୁଧିଆନା (ludhiānā)


ਗਣਤੰਤਰ ਦਿਵਸ

Republic Day (national holiday commemorating when the Constitution of India came into effect)


ਬਾਲਟਿਕ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ

ਬਾਲਟਿਕ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ • (bālṭik samundar) m (Shahmukhi spelling بالٹک سمندر)

bālṭik samundar (romanization)
بالٹک سمندر (Shahmukhi)


ਖਾਦਰ

pa-noun

ਖਾਦਰ • (khādar) m (Shahmukhi spelling کهادر)


ਤ੍ਰਿਵੇਣੀ

ਤ੍ਰਿਵੇਣੀ • (triveṇī) f

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit त्रिवेणी (triveṇī), literally "thrice-braided", from वेणी (veṇī, “braid; stream”).

lbor

ਇਲਾਹਾਬਾਦ ਤ੍ਰਿਵੇਣੀ ਸੰਗਮ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਸਥਿਤ ਹੈ.

Prayagraj is located near the confluence of three rivers.

ilāhābād triveṇī saṅgam de neṛe sathit hai.


ਬੈਰੂਤ

pa-proper noun

ਬੈਰੂਤ • (bairūt) m (Shahmukhi spelling بَیرُوت)

bairūt (romanization)
بَیرُوت (Shahmukhi)


ਨਗਰ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit नगर (nagara).


ਚਟਾਨ

pa-noun

ਚਟਾਨ • (caṭān) f


ਬਰੇਤਾ

ਬਰੇਤਾ • (baretā) m (Shahmukhi spelling بریتا)


ਨੀਲ

Borrowed from Classical Persian نیل (nīl), from Arabic النِيل (an-nīl).


ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ

pa-proper noun

ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ • (mādāgāskar) m (Shahmukhi spelling مڈغاسکر)

mādāgāskar (romanization)
مڈغاسکر (Shahmukhi)

Pa-ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ.ogg

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


ਰੇਗਿਸਤਾਨ

pa-noun

ਰੇਗਿਸਤਾਨ • (registān) m (Shahmukhi spelling ریگستان)

registān (romanization)
ریگستان (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ریگستان (rêgistân, literally “sandy place”).


ਮਾਰੂਥਲ

pa-noun

ਮਾਰੂਥਲ • (mārūthal) m

ਮਾਰੂ (mārū, “deadly; dry”) + ਥਲ (thal, “land”)


ਸਹਿਰਾ

pa-noun

ਸਹਿਰਾ • (sahirā) m (Shahmukhi spelling صحرا)

sahirā (romanization)
صحرا (Shahmukhi)
ਸਹਿਰਾ (direct singular)
ਸਹਿਰੇ (direct plural)
ਸਹਿਰੇ (oblique singular)
ਸਹਿਰਿਆਂ (oblique plural)
ਸਹਿਰਿਆ (singular vocative)
ਸਹਿਰਿਓ (plural vocative)
ਸਹਿਰਿਓਂ (ablative singular)
ਸਹਿਰੇ (locative singular)
ਸਹਿਰੇ (instrumental singular)

Borrowed from Classical Persian صحرا (sahrā), from Arabic صَحْرَاء (ṣaḥrāʔ)..

der

Arabic صَحْرَاء (ṣaḥrāʔ)


ਮਾਝਾ

pa-proper noun

ਮਾਝਾ • (mā́jā) m (Shahmukhi spelling ماجھا)

mā́jā (romanization)
ماجھا (Shahmukhi)
ਮਾਝਾ (direct singular)
ਮਾਝੇ (direct plural)
ਮਾਝੇ (oblique singular)
ਮਾਝਿਆਂ (oblique plural)
ਮਾਝਿਆ (singular vocative)
ਮਾਝਿਓ (plural vocative)
ਮਾਝਿਓਂ (ablative singular)
ਮਾਝੇ (locative singular)
ਮਾਝੇ (instrumental singular)

From Sanskrit मध्य (madhya, “middle, centre”).

der

/maː˩˥.d͡ʒːaː/

Majha (A region in central Punjab now split between India and Pakistan)


ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ

pa-noun

راوَلْپِنْڈی

ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ • (rāvalpiṇḍī) m (Shahmukhi spelling راوَلْپِنْڈی)

rāvalpiṇḍī (romanization)
راوَلْپِنْڈی (Shahmukhi)

/ɾäː.ʋəl.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

/ɾäː.wəl.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

/ɾäː˦ɭə̆.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

From ਰਾਵਲ (rāval) + ਪਿੰਡੀ (piṇḍī), diminutive of ਪਿੰਡ (piṇḍ, “village”).

com

ਰਾਵਲ (rāval) + ਪਿੰਡੀ (piṇḍī)


ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾਬਾਦ

pa-proper noun

ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾਬਾਦ • (faislābād) m (Shahmukhi spelling فیصل آباد)

faislābād (romanization)
فیصل آباد (Shahmukhi)

From ਫ਼ੈਸਲ (faisal) + ਆਬਾਦ (ābād). Named after Saudi monarch Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

named-after

Faisalabad (a city in Faisalabad district, Punjab, Pakistan).


ਇਸਲਾਮਾਬਾਦ

pa-noun

ਇਸਲਾਮਾਬਾਦ • (isalāmābād) m (Shahmukhi spelling اسلام آباد)

isalāmābād (romanization)
اسلام آباد (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Urdu اسلام آباد (islām ābād). Equivalent to ਇਸਲਾਮ (isalām) + ਆਬਾਦ (ābād).

com

ਇਸਲਾਮ (isalām) + ਆਬਾਦ (ābād)

Islamabad Capital Territory
Islamabad Capital Territory

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan), located within the Islamabad Capital Territory.


سلیمانیہ

pa-proper noun

سُلَیمانِیَہ

سُلَیمانِیَہ • (sulaimāniyah) m

سُلَیمانِیَہ (canonical)
sulaimāniyah (romanization)

From Arabic السُّلَيْمَانِيَّة (as-sulaymāniyya).

bor

السُّلَيْمَانِيَّة


لاذقیہ

pa-proper noun

لاذِقِیَہ • (lāẕiqiyah) m

لاذِقِیَہ (canonical)
lāẕiqiyah (romanization)

From Arabic اللَّاذِقِيَّة (al-lāḏiqiyya).

bor

اللَّاذِقِيَّة


اسماعیلیہ

pa-proper noun

اِسماعِیلِیَہ

اِسماعِیلِیَہ • (īsmā‘īliyah) m

اِسماعِیلِیَہ (canonical)
īsmā‘īliyah (romanization)

From Arabic الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيَّة (al-ʔismāʕīliyya).

bor

الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيَّة


وہران

pa-proper noun

وَہْران • (vahrān) ?

وَہْران (canonical)
vahrān (romanization)


قیروان

Borrowed from Arabic الْقَيْرَوَان (al-qayrawān), from Middle Persian kʾlwʾn'.

bor+

الْقَيْرَوَان


ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ

pa-proper noun

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ • (sãyukat bādśāhī) ?

United Kingdom (a country in Europe; capital: London)


ਯੂਨਾਈਟਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ

ਯੂਨਾਈਟਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ • (yūnāīṭaḍ kiṅgḍam) ?

/juːnaːiːʈəɖə‿kiŋɡəɖəmə/

[juːnaːiːʈəɖ‿kiŋɡɖəm]


ਗੁਜਰਾਂਵਾਲਾ

ਗੁਜਰਾਂਵਾਲਾ • (gujrā̃vālā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling گوجرانوالہ)

gujrā̃vālā (romanization)
گوجرانوالہ (Shahmukhi)

desc

گوجْران٘وَالَہ

→ Urdu: گوجْران٘وَالَہ (gujrānvālā)

→ Urdu: گوجْران٘وَالَہ (gujrānvālā)

→ English: Gujranwala

[ɡud͡ʒɾãːʋaːlaː]

a city and division in Punjab, Pakistan.


قادیاں

pa-proper noun

قادِیاں • (qādīyāṉ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਾਦੀਆਂ)

قادِیاں (canonical)
qādīyāṉ (romanization)
ਕਾਦੀਆਂ (Gurmukhi)

Qadian (a town in Gurdaspur district, Punjab, India)


ਕੋਂਕਣ

ਕੋਂਕਣ • (koṅkaṇ) m

Konkan (a traditional region on the western coast of India.)


فزان

فَزّان • (fazzān) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਫ਼ੱਜ਼ਾਨ)

فَزّان (canonical)
fazzān (romanization)
ਫ਼ੱਜ਼ਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Arabic فَزَّان (fazzān), from Latin Phazania.


ਪੁਆਧ

ਪੁਆਧ • (puādha) ? (Shahmukhi spelling پوادھ)

→ English: Puadh, Poadh, Powadh

From ਪੂਰਵ (pūrav, “eastern”) + ਆੱਧ (āddha, “half”).


ਦੀਪ

pa-noun

ਦੀਪ • (dīp) m


ادرنہ

pa-proper noun

اَدِرْنَہ • (adirnah) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਅਦਿਰਨਾ)

اَدِرْنَہ (canonical)
adirnah (romanization)
ਅਦਿਰਨਾ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ادرنه (adirna), from Ancient Greek Ἁδριανούπολις (Hadrianoúpolis).

der

Ἁδριανούπολις


ਖ਼ੈਬਰ ਪਖ਼ਤੂਨਖ਼ਵਾ

pa-proper noun

خَیبَر پَخْتُونْخْوا

ਖ਼ੈਬਰ ਪਖ਼ਤੂਨਖ਼ਵਾ • (xaibar paxtūnaxvā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling خَیبَر پَخْتُونْخْوا)

xaibar paxtūnaxvā (romanization)
خَیبَر پَخْتُونْخْوا (Shahmukhi)

[xɛbəɾᵊ‿pəxᵊtuːnᵊxʋaː]

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (a province of Pakistan; capital: Peshawar)


ਟੇਕਰੀ

pa-noun

ਟੇਕਰੀ • (ṭekrī) f (Shahmukhi spelling ٹیکری)


بھوں

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀪𑀽𑀫𑀺 (bhūmi), from Sanskrit भूमि (bhū́mi, “earth, ground”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHmiš (“earth”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be”). Doublet of بھوئیں (bho'īṉ).


اصفہان

pa-proper noun

اَصْفَہَان • (aṣfahān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਅਸਫ਼ਹਾਨ)

اَصْفَہَان (canonical)
aṣfahān (romanization)
ਅਸਫ਼ਹਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Urdu اِصْفَہان (isfahān), from Classical Persian اِصْفَهَان (isfahān).


ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ

ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ • (qustuntunīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling قسطُنطُنیہ)

qustuntunīā (romanization)
قسطُنطُنیہ (Shahmukhi)

ਕ਼ੁਸ‧ਤੁਨ‧ਤੁ‧ਨੀ‧ਆ

Corrupted from Classical Persian قسطنطنیه (qustantaniya), from Arabic الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّة (al-qusṭanṭīniyya).

der

الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّة

Constantinople (the former name of Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey)


ਗੁਲਸ਼ਨ

pa-proper noun

ਗੁਲਸ਼ਨ • (gulśan) ?

Borrowed from Classical Persian گُلشَن (golšan). Cognate with Assamese গুলছন (gulsôn), Bengali গুলশান (gulśān), Hindi गुलशन (gulśan), Marathi गुलशन (gulśan), Nepali गुलशन (gulaśan).

bor+

Gulshan (a neighbourhood of Dhaka, Bangladesh)


ਹੜੱਪਾ

pa-proper noun

ਹੜੱਪਾ • (haṛappā) m (Shahmukhi spelling ہَڑَپّا)

haṛappā (romanization)
ہَڑَپّا (Shahmukhi)

Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization#English

Indus Valley Civilization (an ancient civilization extant along the river Indus in South Asia)

Harappa (an archeological site in Pakistan)


ਭੋਏਂ

pa-noun

ਭੋਏਂ • (bhoē̃) f (Shahmukhi spelling بھوئیں)


بھوئیں

بھوئیں • (bho'eṉ) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਭੋਏਂ)

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀪𑀽𑀫𑀺 (bhūmi), from Sanskrit भूमि (bhū́mi, “earth, ground”). Doublet of بھوں (bhoṉ). Cognate with Pahari-Potwari بِھیئیں (bhī'eṉ).


لھاسہ

pa-proper noun

لھاسَہ • (lhāsah) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਲ੍ਹਾਸਾ)

لھاسَہ (canonical)
lhāsah (romanization)
ਲ੍ਹਾਸਾ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa). Probably through an intermediate like Hindi ल्हासा (lhāsā).

Lhasa (a city, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


ਲ੍ਹਾਸਾ

ਲ੍ਹਾਸਾ • (lhāsā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling لھاسہ)


شکی

شَکی • (śakī) ?


ਯੂਨਾਨ

ਯੂਨਾਨ • (yūnān) m (Shahmukhi spelling یُونان)

Borrowed from Classical Persian یُونَان (yūnān), ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἰωνία (Iōnía, “Ionia”).


ਯੁਨਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਯੁਨਾਨ • (yunān) m (Shahmukhi spelling یُنان)


تھیہہ

pa-noun

تھیہہ • (theh) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਥੇਹ)

theh (romanization)
ਥੇਹ (Gurmukhi)
تھیہ (direct singular)
تھیہ (direct plural)
تھیہ (oblique singular)
تھیہاں (oblique plural)
تھیہا (singular vocative)
تھیہو (plural vocative)
تھیہوں (ablative singular)
تھیہاں (ablative plural)
تھیہے (locative singular)
تھیہِیں (locative plural)
تھیہوں (instrumental singular)

Inherited from Sanskrit स्तिभि (stíbhi, “clump, obstruction”).


ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ

pa-proper noun

نَوِیں دِلّی

ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ • (navī̃ dillī) f (Shahmukhi spelling نَوِیں دِلّی)

navī̃ dillī (romanization)
نَوِیں دِلّی (Shahmukhi)

pa:ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ