مصر

pa-proper noun

مِصَر • (miṣar) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਮਿਸਰ)

مِصَر (canonical)
miṣar (romanization)
ਮਿਸਰ (Gurmukhi)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


ਹਿੰਦ

ਹਿੰਦ • (hind) m (Shahmukhi spelling ہند)

hind (romanization)
ہند (Shahmukhi)
ਹਿੰਦ (direct singular)
ਹਿੰਦ (direct plural)
ਹਿੰਦ (oblique singular)
ਹਿੰਦਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਹਿੰਦਾ (singular vocative)
ਹਿੰਦੋ (plural vocative)
ਹਿੰਦੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਹਿੰਦੇ (locative singular)
ਹਿੰਦੀਂ (locative plural)
ਹਿੰਦੇ (instrumental singular)
ਹਿੰਦੀਂ (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Classical Persian هند (hind); see there for more.


ਭਾਰਤ

pa-proper noun

ਭਾਰਤ • (bhārat) m (Shahmukhi spelling بھارت)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit भारत (bhārata).


ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ

pa-proper noun

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ • (sãyukat rāj amrīkā) ?

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


یونان

یُونان • (yūnān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਯੂਨਾਨ)

یُونان (canonical)
yūnān (romanization)
ਯੂਨਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian یُونَان (yūnān).

bor+

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


امریکہ

pa-proper noun

امریکہ • (amrīkā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਅਮਰੀਕਾ)

America, United States of America (a country in North America; in full, United States of America)


ਤਾਜ ਮਹਿਲ

ਤਾਜ ਮਹਿਲ • (tāj mahil) m (Shahmukhi spelling تاج محل)

tāj mahil (romanization)
تاج محل (Shahmukhi)

/t̪äːd͡ʒə̆‿mɛː˦lə̆/

Taj Mahal (a monument in Agra, India, constructed between 1631 and 1654, considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in the world)


پاکستان

پاکستان • (pākistān) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ)

pākistān (romanization)
ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ (Gurmukhi)


مراکش

مَراکَش • (marākaś) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼)

مَراکَش (canonical)
marākaś (romanization)
ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian مَرَاکِش (marākiš), from Arabic مُرّاكُش (murrākuš).

bor+

Marrakech (the capital city of the Marrakesh-Safi region, Morocco)


عمان

pa-proper noun

عُمان • (ʻumān) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਉਮਾਨ)

عُمان (canonical)
ʻumān (romanization)
ਉਮਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


عمان

عَمّان • (ʻammān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਅੱਮਾਨ)

عَمّان (canonical)
ʻammān (romanization)
ਅੱਮਾਨ (Gurmukhi)


آسٹریلیا

آسْٹْریلِیا • (āsṭrelīyā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ)

آسْٹْریلِیا (canonical)
āsṭrelīyā (romanization)
ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ (Gurmukhi)
اَسٹریلِیا (alternative)
اَوسٹریلِیا (alternative)

Borrowed from English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from Latin auster (“the south wind”).

der

Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ

pa-proper noun

ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ • (caṇḍīgaṛh) m (Shahmukhi spelling چنڈی گڑھ)

caṇḍīgaṛh (romanization)
چنڈی گڑھ (Shahmukhi)

[t͡ʃən.ɖiː.ɡəɽʱ]

Pa-ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ.oga

Borrowed from Hindi चंडीगढ़ (caṇḍīgaṛh).

Chandigarh (a city and union territory in northern India, located between Punjab and Haryana; the capital city of Haryana and Punjab)


پنجاب

پنجاب • (pañjāb) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਪੰਜਾਬ)

/pənˈd͡ʒäːb/

Borrowed from Classical Persian پنجاب (panjāb).

bor+

پنج دریا اس دیش دے، تاہیؤں کہن پنجاب۔ راوی، ستلج، بیاس جی، جہلم اتے چناب۔
pañj dariā es desh de, tāhīũ kahiṇ pañjāb. rāvī, satluj, biās jī, jehlam ate chanāb.

Babu Rajab Ali, Anokha Rajab Ali compiled by Dr. Atam Hamrahi page 101

Five rivers of this region, reason it is called Punjab. Ravi, Satluj, Bias, Jhelum and Chenab.

Punjab (a geographical region in South Asia, politically divided between India and Pakistan)


شام

pa-proper noun

شام • (śām) m

Borrowed from Classical Persian شام (šām, “Greater Syria; Levant”), from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām, “Levant; Damascus”).

der

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


ਮੁੰਬਈ

Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


بیروت

pa-proper noun

بَیرُوت • (bairūt) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਬੈਰੂਤ)

بَیرُوت (canonical)
bairūt (romanization)
ਬੈਰੂਤ (Gurmukhi)


کرناٹک

کرناٹک • (karnāṭaka) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਰਨਾਟਕ)

karnāṭaka (romanization)
ਕਰਨਾਟਕ (Gurmukhi)


ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ

ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ • (pākistān) m (Shahmukhi spelling پاکستان)

pākistān (romanization)
پاکستان (Shahmukhi)

From ਪਾਕ (pāk, “pure, holy, immaculate, chaste, undefiled”) + -ਇਸਤਾਨ (-istān, “-istan”), which derive from Classical Persian. The word was coined by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, who published it in the pamphlet Now or Never issued on January 28, 1933, as an acronym of the names of the "Muslim homelands" of western India—Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and Balochistan. An i was later added to the name to ease pronunciation.

suf

ਪਾਕ<t:pure, holy, immaculate, chaste, undefiled>


اسٹونیا

pa-proper noun

اسٹونیا • (transliteration needed) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆ)

Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


حلب

حَلَب • (ḥalab) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਹਲਬ)

حَلَب (canonical)
ḥalab (romanization)
ਹਲਬ (Gurmukhi)

Aleppo (the capital city of Aleppo governorate, Syria)


ਜਗ੍ਹਾ

pa-adv

ਜਗ੍ਹਾ • (jag-hā) (Shahmukhi spelling جگہ)

Borrowed from Classical Persian جایگاه (jāygāh), جاگه (jāgah). Compare Hindi जगह (jagah).


گراں

pa-noun

گْراں • (grāṉ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਗ੍ਰਾਂ or ਗਰਾਂ)

گْراں (canonical)
grāṉ (romanization)
ਗ੍ਰਾਂ (Gurmukhi)
ਗਰਾਂ (Gurmukhi)

Inherited from Sanskrit ग्राम (grā́ma). Akin to Pahari-Potwari گْراں (grāṉ).


ਪੰਜਾਬ

pa-proper noun

ਪੰਜਾਬ • (pañjāb) m (Shahmukhi spelling پنجاب)

/pənˈd͡ʒäːb/

Borrowed from Classical Persian پنجاب (panj-āb, literally “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from پنج (panj, “five”) and آب (āb, “water”), referring to five rivers of the Punjab region: the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Sutlej and the Beas. The Persian term is based on Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada, “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from पञ्च (pañca, “five”) and नद (nada, “river”).

der

Babu Rajab Ali, Anokha Rajab Ali compiled by Dr. Atam Hamrahi page 101−
ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ, ਤਾਹੀਉਂ ਕਹਿਣ ਪੰਜਾਬ। ਰਾਵੀ, ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ ਜੀ, ਜਿਹਲਮ ਅਤੇ ਚਨਾਬ।
pañj dariā es desh de, tāhīũ kahiṇ pañjāb. rāvī, satluj, biās jī, jehlam ate chanāb.
Five rivers of this region, reason it is called Punjab. Ravi, Satluj, Bias, Jhelum and Chenab.


گجرات

pa-proper noun

گُجْرات • (gujrāt) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਗੁਜਰਾਤ)

گُجْرات (canonical)
gujrāt (romanization)
ਗੁਜਰਾਤ (Gurmukhi)


ਬ੍ਰਹਮਦੇਸ਼

ਬ੍ਰਹਮਦੇਸ਼ • (brhamadeś) m (Shahmukhi spelling برہمدیش)

brhamadeś (romanization)
برہمدیش (Shahmukhi)

ਬਰਮਾ ਬਰਮਾ#Punjabi

alternative form of ਬਰਮਾ (barmā): Myanmar, Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


ਓਹਾਇਓ

ਓਹਾਇਓ • (ohāio) f (Shahmukhi spelling اوہائیو)

ohāio (romanization)
اوہائیو (Shahmukhi)


اوہائیو

اوہائیو • (ohāeo) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਓਹਾਇਓ)


ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ

ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ • (ammritsar) m (Shahmukhi spelling امرتسر)

ammritsar (romanization)
امرتسر (Shahmukhi)

ਅੰ ਮ੍ਰਿ ਤ ਸ ਰ


ਲਹੌਰ

ਲਹੌਰ • (lahaur) m (Shahmukhi spelling لہور)

Inherited from Old Punjabi ਲਾਹੋਰੁ (lāhoru). Compare Hindi लाहौर (lāhaur).

inh+

ਜੀਹਨੇ ਲਹੌਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਤੱਕਿਆ, ਉਹ ਜੰਮਿਆ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ।

jīhne lahaur nahī̃ takkiā, uha jammiā hī nahī̃.

The one who hasn't seen Lahore has yet to see anything.

Lahore (a city, the provincial capital of Punjab, Pakistan)


ਅਮਰੀਕਾ

pa-proper noun

ਅਮਰੀਕਾ • (amrīkā) m (Shahmukhi spelling امریکہ)

amrīkā (romanization)
امریکہ (Shahmukhi)

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ
ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ#Punjabi

America, United States of America (a country in North America; in full, ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ (sãyukat rāj amarīkā))


ਪਿੰਡ

pa-noun

ਪਿੰਡ • (piṇḍ) m (Shahmukhi spelling پنڈ)


ਚਿੱਟਾ

pa-proper noun

ਚਿੱਟਾ • (ciṭṭā) m

Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai#English

Chita (a city, the administrative center of Zabaykalsky Krai, Siberia, Russia)


ਸ਼ਹਿਰ

pa-noun

ਸ਼ਹਿਰ • (śahir) m (Shahmukhi spelling شہر)

śahir (romanization)
شہر (Shahmukhi)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (direct singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (direct plural)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (oblique singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰਾ (singular vocative)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੋ (plural vocative)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੇ (locative singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀਂ (locative plural)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੇ (instrumental singular)
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀਂ (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Classical Persian شهر (šahr). Compare Hindi शहर (śahar).

bor+

ਮੈਂ ਇਸ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿਂਦਾ ਹਾਂ।


ਸਾਊਥਾਲ

pa-proper noun

ਸਾਊਥਾਲ • (sāūthāl) ?

sāūthāl (romanization)
ਸਾਊਥਹਾਲ (alternative)

Borrowed from English Southall. Compare Hindi साउथॉल (sāuthŏl).

Southall (a district of London, England)


ਦਿੱਲੀ

ਦਿੱਲੀ • (dillī) f (Shahmukhi spelling دِلّی)

ਦਿੱਲੀ ਦਾ ਨਖ਼ਰਾ ਆ
ਸਟਾਇਲ ਉਹਦਾ ਵੱਖਰਾ ਆ
ਬੰਬਈ ਦੀ ਗਰਮੀ ਵਾਂਗ
ਨੇਚਰ ਉਹਦਾ ਅੱਥਰਾ ਆ

2017, “Lahore (song)”, Guru Randhawa (lyrics), Guru Randhawa, Vee Music (music), performed by Guru Randhawa:

[She] has the mannerisms of [a] Delhi [girl]
Her style is different
Like the heat of Bombay
Her nature is unpredictable

dillī dā naxrā ā
saṭāil uhdā vakkhrā ā
bambaī dī garmī vāṅg
necar uhdā atthrā ā

Delhi (a megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi)


ਜਲੰਧਰ

Inherited from Old Punjabi ਜਾਲੰਧਰ (jālandhara).


ਰੂਸ

Borrowed from Classical Persian روس (rūs).

bor+

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ਜੇਹਲਮ

pa-proper noun

ਜੇਹਲਮ • (jehlam) m (Shahmukhi spelling جہلم)

ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ, ਤਾਹੀਉਂ ਕਹਿਣ ਪੰਜਾਬ. ਰਾਵੀ, ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ ਜੀ, ਜਿਹਲਮ ਅਤੇ ਚਨਾਬ.
pañj dariā isa deś de, tāhīũ kahiṇ pañjāba. rāvī, satluja, biāsa jī, jihlam ate canāba.

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir#English

Jhelum (a river in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir)


ਰਾਵੀ

ਰਾਵੀ • (rāvī) f (Shahmukhi spelling راوی)

Babu Rajab Ali, Anokha Rajab Ali compiled by Dr. Atam Hamrahi page 101
ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ, ਤਾਹੀਉਂ ਕਹਿਣ ਪੰਜਾਬ. ਰਾਵੀ, ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ ਜੀ, ਜਿਹਲਮ ਅਤੇ ਚਨਾਬ.
pañj dariā isa deś de, tāhīũ kahiṇ pañjāba. rāvī, satluja, biāsa jī, jihlam ate canāba.
Five rivers of this region, reason it is called Punjab. Ravi, Satluj, Bias, Jhelum and Chenab.

Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh#English

A river of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in India and Punjab in Pakistan


ਸਤਲੁਜ

ਸਤਲੁਜ • (satluj) m (Shahmukhi spelling ستلج)

a river in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Tibet


ਬਿਆਸ

ਬਿਆਸ • (biāsa) m (Shahmukhi spelling بیاس)

Beas (A river of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh)


ਚਨਾਬ

ਚਨਾਬ • (canāb) m (Shahmukhi spelling چناب)

canāb (romanization)
چناب (Shahmukhi)
ਝਨਾਂ (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)bor.
Classical Persian چَنَاب (čanāb)bor.
Punjabi ਚਨਾਬ (canāb)
Borrowed from Classical Persian چَنَاب (čanāb), borrowed from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā), from चन्द्र (candra) + भाग (bhāga).

etymon

ਪੰਜ ਦਰਿਆ ਇਸ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ, ਤਾਹੀਉਂ ਕਹਿਣ ਪੰਜਾਬ. ਰਾਵੀ, ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ ਜੀ, ਜਿਹਲਮ ਅਤੇ ਚਨਾਬ.
pañj dariā isa deś de, tāhīũ kahiṇ pañjāba. rāvī, satluja, biāsa jī, jihlam ate canāb.

a river in Punjab, Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh


ਦੇਹਰਾ

pa-noun

ਦੇਹਰਾ • (dehrā) m (Shahmukhi spelling دیہرا)

dehrā (romanization)
دیہرا (Shahmukhi)
ਦੇਹਰਾ (direct singular)
ਦੇਹਰੇ (direct plural)
ਦੇਹਰੇ (oblique singular)
ਦੇਹਰਿਆਂ (oblique plural)
ਦੇਹਰਿਆ (singular vocative)
ਦੇਹਰਿਓ (plural vocative)
ਦੇਹਰਿਓਂ (ablative singular)
ਦੇਹਰੇ (locative singular)
ਦੇਹਰੇ (instrumental singular)

Ultimately from Sanskrit देवगृह (devagṛha). Cognate to Hindi देहरा (dehrā), Gujarati દેરું (derũ).

shrine, temple, especially one built over a cremation site or ashes


ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ

head

ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ • (kartārpur) (Shahmukhi کرتارپور)

kartārpur (romanization)
کرتارپور (Shahmukhi)

ਕਰਤਾਰ (kartār, “Creator”) + ਪੁਰ (pur, “city, town, village”)

com

ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰਿ ਕਰਤਾ ਵਸੈ ਸੰਤਨ ਕੈ ਪਾਸਿ

Guru Granth Sahib, Guru Arjan, translation by Dr. Sant Singh Khalsa, ang 816

In Kartaarpur, the City of the Creator Lord, the Saints dwell with the Creator.


کرتارپور

pa-proper noun

کرتارپور • (kartārpur) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ)

kartārpur (romanization)
ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ (Gurmukhi)

From کرتار (kartār, “Creator”) + پور (por, “city, town, village”).


ਕੈਨੇਡਾ

pa-proper noun

ਕੈਨੇਡਾ • (kaineḍā) m (Shahmukhi spelling کینیڈا)

kaineḍā (romanization)
کینیڈا (Shahmukhi)
ਕਨੇਡਾ (alternative)

Borrowed from English Canada, from the Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”).


ਅਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ

pa-proper noun

ਅਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ • (asaṭrelīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling اسٹریلیا)

asaṭrelīā (romanization)
اسٹریلیا (Shahmukhi)

pa:ਅਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ

ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ#Punjabi

alternative form of ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ (āsaṭrelīā):

Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


ਇਸਤੋਨੀਆ

ਇਸਤੋਨੀਆ • (isatonīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling استونیا)

isatonīā (romanization)
استونیا (Shahmukhi)

ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆ ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆ#Punjabi

alternative spelling of ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆ (isaṭonīā): Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ

ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ • (āsaṭrelīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling آسٹریلیا)

āsaṭrelīā (romanization)
آسٹریلیا (Shahmukhi)
ਅਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ (alternative)
ਔਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ (alternative)

Borrowed from English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from Latin auster (“the south wind”).

der

pa:ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ


ਮਿਆਂਮਾਰ

pa-proper noun

ਮਿਆਂਮਾਰ • (miāmmār) m (Shahmukhi spelling میانمار)

miāmmār (romanization)
میانمار (Shahmukhi)
ਮੀਆਂਮਾਰ (alternative)

Borrowed from Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma), the formal Burmese name of the main ethnic group in Myanmar; ဗမာ (ba.ma), from which Burma is derived, is the informal name. Both Burmese terms are also adjectives meaning "Burmese" (related to Myanmar/Burma, its, people, language, etc). When certain words are attached, the combination may mean specifically Myanmar (Burma) (country) or Burmese (person, language, etc.) - a noun.


ਬਰਮਾ

ਬਰਮਾ • (barmā) m (Shahmukhi spelling برما)

barmā (romanization)
برما (Shahmukhi)
ਬ੍ਰਹਮਦੇਸ਼ (alternative)

Borrowed from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma), colloquial form of မြန်မာ (mranma); see Myanmar for more.


ਮਲੇਸ਼ੀਆ

ਮਲੇਸ਼ੀਆ • (maleśīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling ملیشیا)

maleśīā (romanization)
ملیشیا (Shahmukhi)


ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ

ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ • (niūzīlaiṇḍ) m (Shahmukhi spelling نیوزیلینڈ)

niūzīlaiṇḍ (romanization)
نیوزیلینڈ (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Dutch Nieuw-Zeeland (“new Zeeland”), after the Dutch settlement in Batavia, which in turn had been named after the Dutch province of Zeeland.

bor+

New Zealand (a country and archipelago of Oceania, to the east of Australia)

pa:ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ


ਆਓਤੇਆਰੋਆ

pa-proper noun

ਆਓਤੇਆਰੋਆ • (āoteāroā) m (Shahmukhi spelling آؤتیاروآ)

āoteāroā (romanization)
آؤتیاروآ (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Maori Aotearoa (“long white cloud; North Island; New Zealand”), see there for more.

bor+

Aotearoa (new Zealand, a country in Oceania; the Māori name, used especially in a Polynesian or pre-colonial context)


ਚੀਨ

cīn (romanization)
چین (Shahmukhi)
ਚੀਨ (direct singular)
ਚੀਨ (direct plural)
ਚੀਨ (oblique singular)
ਚੀਨਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਚੀਨਾ (singular vocative)
ਚੀਨੋ (plural vocative)
ਚੀਨੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਚੀਨੇ (locative singular)
ਚੀਨੀਂ (locative plural)
ਚੀਨੇ (instrumental singular)
ਚੀਨੀਂ (instrumental plural)
ਚਾਈਨਾ (alternative)


ਇਰਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਇਰਾਨ • (irān) m (Shahmukhi spelling ایران)

irān (romanization)
ایران (Shahmukhi)
ਅਰਾਨ (alternative)
ਈਰਾਨ (alternative)

From Persian ایران ('îrân), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān, “of the Aryans”). See ērān for word formation, further etymology and cognates.

der

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


ਇਟਲੀ

pa-proper noun

ਇਟਲੀ • (iṭalī) f (Shahmukhi spelling اٹلی)


ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ

ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ • (maiksīko) m (Shahmukhi spelling میکسیکو)

maiksīko (romanization)
میکسیکو (Shahmukhi)
ਮਕਸੀਕੋ (alternative)

Borrowed from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco, a place-name referring to the Mēxihcah (Mexica/Aztecs).


ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ

ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ • (afġānistān) m (Shahmukhi spelling افغانستان)

afġānistān (romanization)
افغانستان (Shahmukhi)
ਅਫ਼ਗਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ (alternative)

/əfˈɣänˑɪˌst̪äːn/

From Classical Persian افغانستان (afġānistān).

bor

Afghanistan (a landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)

pa:ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ


ਜਰਮਨੀ

pa-proper noun

ਜਰਮਨੀ • (jarmanī) f (Shahmukhi spelling جرمنی)

jarmanī (romanization)
جرمنی (Shahmukhi)

From Middle English Germanie, from Old English Germania, from Latin Germānia (“land of the Germans”), from Germānī, a people living around and east of the Rhine first attested in the 1st century B.C.E. works of Julius Caesar and of uncertain etymology.

nowrap

1st century <small class='ce-date'>B.C.E.</small>

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ਜਰਮਨੀ

pa-adj

ਜਰਮਨੀ • (jarmanī) (Shahmukhi spelling جرمنی)

ਜਰਮਨ ਜਰਮਨ#Punjabi

alternative form of ਜਰਮਨ (jarman): Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼

pa-proper noun

ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ • (baṅglādeś) m (Shahmukhi spelling بنگلہ دیش)

baṅglādeś (romanization)
بنگلہ دیش (Shahmukhi)

Bengali বাংলাদেশ (baṅladeś), from বাংলা (baṅla, “Bengali”) + দেশ (deś, “country”).

pa:ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼


ਜਪਾਨ

ਜਪਾਨ • (japān) m (Shahmukhi spelling جاپان)

From English Japan, from Portuguese Japão or Dutch Japan, from Malay Jepang, from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún), from Middle Chinese 日本 (nyit pwon^X).

Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)


کینیڈا

کَینیڈا • (kaineḍā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕੈਨੇਡਾ)

کَینیڈا (canonical)
kaineḍā (romanization)
ਕੈਨੇਡਾ (Gurmukhi)
کنیڈا (alternative)

der

Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”)


مسیت

pa-noun

مَسِیت • (masīt) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਮਸੀਤ)

مَسِیت (canonical)
masīt (romanization)
ਮਸੀਤ (Gurmukhi)
مَسِیت (direct singular)
مَسِیتاں (direct plural)
مَسِیت (oblique singular)
مَسِیتاں (oblique plural)
مَسِیتے (singular vocative)
مَسِیتو (plural vocative)
مَسِیتوں (ablative singular)
مَسِیتاں (ablative plural)
مَسِیتی (locative singular)
مَسِیتِیں (locative plural)
مَسِیتِیں (instrumental singular)
مَسِیتے (instrumental plural)

Etymology tree
Arabic سَجَدَ (sajada)
Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid)bor.
Classical Persian مَسْجِد /مَزْگِت (masjid)bor.
Old Punjabi مَسِیتِ (masīti)
Punjabi مَسِیت (masīt)
First attested as Old Punjabi مَسِیتِ (masīti). Compare Marathi मशीद (maśīd) and Marwari मसीद (masīd). Doublet of مَسْجِد (masjid).

etymon

مَسِیت

"ایہنوں مسیت وچ وڑݨ نہیں دینا چاہِدا"۔

1993, Anvar ʻAlī, Nūrī, volume 2, →ISBN, page 100:

"He musn't be allowed inside the mosque".

ehnūṉ masīt vicc vaṛaṇ nahīṉ denā cāhidā.


قسطنطنیہ

pa-proper noun

قُسْطُنْطُنِیَہ

ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ

قُسْطُنْطُنِیَہ • (qustuntuniyah) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ)

قُسْطُنْطُنِیَہ (canonical)
qustuntuniyah (romanization)
ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ (Gurmukhi)

قُسْ طَنْ طُ نِ یَہ

Corrupted from Classical Persian قسطنطنیه (qustantaniya), from Arabic الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّة (al-qusṭanṭīniyya).

der

الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّة

Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire#English

(historical) Constantinople (the former name, from 330–1930 C.E., of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey; the former capital of the Ottoman Empire and of the Byzantine Empire before that)


شقرا

pa-proper noun

شَقْرا • (śaqrā) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਸ਼ਕਰਾ)

شَقْرا (canonical)
śaqrā (romanization)
ਸ਼ਕਰਾ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Arabic شَقْرَاء (šaqrāʔ), feminine singular of أَشْقَر (ʔašqar).


ਮਸੀਤ

pa-noun

ਮਸੀਤ • (masīt) f (Shahmukhi spelling مَسِیت)

masīt (romanization)
مَسِیت (Shahmukhi)
ਮਸੀਤ (direct singular)
ਮਸੀਤਾਂ (direct plural)
ਮਸੀਤ (oblique singular)
ਮਸੀਤਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਮਸੀਤੇ (singular vocative)
ਮਸੀਤੋ (plural vocative)
ਮਸੀਤੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਮਸੀਤਿਆੰ (ablative plural)
ਮਸੀਤੇ (locative singular)
ਮਸੀਤੀਂ (locative plural)
ਮਸੀਤੇ (instrumental singular)
ਮਸੀਤੀਂ (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Classical Persian مسجد (masjid), from Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid). First attested as Old Punjabi ਮਸੀਤਿ (masīti). Compare Hindi मस्जिद (masjid), Marathi मशीद (maśīd) and Marwari मसीद (masīd).

bor+

ਮੈਂ ਮਸੀਤ ਚਲੀਆਂ ਵਾਂ।


لداخ

pa-proper noun

لَدّاخ • (laddāx) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਲੱਦਾਖ਼)

لَدّاخ (canonical)
laddāx (romanization)
ਲੱਦਾਖ਼ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian لداخ (ladāx), from Tibetan ལ་དྭགས (la dwags).


داغستان

pa-proper noun

داغِسْتان • (dāġistān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਦਾਗ਼ਿਸਤਾਨ)

داغِسْتان (canonical)
dāġistān (romanization)
ਦਾਗ਼ਿਸਤਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Dagestan (a republic and federal subject of Russia, located in the Caucasus region)


بیاس

بیاس • (beyās) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਬਿਆਸ)

Beas (A river of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in northern India, rising in the Himalayas and emptying into the Sutlej)


ਗੁਆਂਢ

pa-noun

ਗੁਆਂਢ • (guāṇḍha) m (Shahmukhi spelling گوانڈھ)

guāṇḍha (romanization)
گوانڈھ (Shahmukhi)
ਗਵਾਂਢ (alternative)

Inherited from Prakrit, from Sanskrit ग्रामार्ध (grāmārdha, “vicinity of village”), compound of ग्राम (grā́ma, “village”) + अर्ध (árdha, “half”).


لہور

pa-proper noun

لَہَور or لَہور • (lahaur or lahor) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਲਹੌਰ)

لَہَور (canonical)
لَہور (canonical)
lahaur (romanization)
lahor (romanization)
ਲਹੌਰ (Gurmukhi)

Inherited from Old Punjabi ਲਾਹੋਰੁ (lāhoru), further unknown or disputed. A legend claims to be inherited from Sanskrit लव (lava, “Lava”) + पुर (pura, “fortress; city”), literally “city of Lava”, from Ramayana, a Hindu epic. Compare Kashmiri لوہوٗر (lohūr) and Urdu لاہَوْر (lāhaur).

unknown

further unknown or disputed

com

جیہنے لہور نہیں تکیا، اوہ جمیا ہی نہیں۔

jīhne lahaur nahīṉ takkeyā, oh jammeyā hī nahīṉ.

Lahore (a city, the provincial capital of Punjab, Pakistan)


مانچسٹر

pa-proper noun

مانْچَسْٹَر • (māncasṭar) m

مانْچَسْٹَر (canonical)
māncasṭar (romanization)

/mä̃ː(n).t͡ʃəs̪.ʈəɾᵊ/

لندن توں مانچسٹر جاݨا ہووے تے ریل گڈی ڈھائی گھنٹے لاندی اے۔

1998, فارق ندیم [Farūq Nadīm], پہلے پیار دا پہلا بھلیکھا [Pahle piyār dā pahlā bhulekhā], Lahore: PILAC – Institute of Punjab Language and Culture, →OCLC, page 271:

If one went from London to Manchester, the train would take two and a half hours.


پیرس

پَیْرَس • (pairas) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਪੈਰਸ)

پَیْرَس (canonical)
pairas (romanization)
ਪੈਰਸ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Urdu پَیرِس (pairis), from English Paris.

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


سری نگر

سَری نَگَر • (sarī nagar) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਰੀਨਗਰ)

سَری نَگَر (canonical)
sarī nagar (romanization)
ਸਰੀਨਗਰ (Gurmukhi)

قائدِ اعظم نعریاں دے شور وچ سری نگر نُوں ٹُر پئے

1986, Kanval Mushtaq, چونویں انشائیے [Chonven̲ inshāʼiye], Lahore, →OCLC, page 187:

The Prime Minister left for Srinagar in the midst of the noise of slogans

Srinagar (a city and district, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India)


آسٹریا

pa-noun

آسْٹَرِیا • (āsṭriyā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਆਸਟਰੀਆ)

آسْٹَرِیا (canonical)
āsṭriyā (romanization)
ਆਸਟਰੀਆ (Gurmukhi)

اَسْٹَرِیا اسٹریا#Punjabi

alternative form of اَسْٹَرِیا (asṭarīyā): Austria (a country in Central Europe)


پنڈ

پِنْڈ • (pinḍ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਪਿੰਡ)

پِنْڈ (canonical)
pinḍ (romanization)
ਪਿੰਡ (Gurmukhi)
پِنڈ (direct singular)
پِنڈ (direct plural)
پِنڈ (oblique singular)
پِنڈاں (oblique plural)
پِنڈا (singular vocative)
پِنڈو (plural vocative)
پِنڈوں (ablative singular)
پِنڈاں (ablative plural)
پِنڈے (locative singular)
پِنڈِیں (locative plural)
پِنڈوں (instrumental singular)


نیپال

pa-proper noun

نیپال • (nepāl) m

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


ਯੂਕਰੇਨ

ਯੂਕਰੇਨ • (yūkren) m (Shahmukhi spelling یوکرین)

yūkren (romanization)
یوکرین (Shahmukhi)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨ (direct singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨ (direct plural)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨ (oblique singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨਾ (singular vocative)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੋ (plural vocative)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੇ (locative singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਂ (locative plural)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੇ (instrumental singular)
ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਂ (instrumental plural)


بنگالی

بَنگالِی • (bangālī) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਬੰਗਾਲੀ)

بَنگالِی (canonical)
bangālī (romanization)
ਬੰਗਾਲੀ (Gurmukhi)

/bə̃ŋ.ɡäː.liː/

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands#English

a village in Nancowry, Nicobar district, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

a village in Ramkan district, Qeshm County, Hormozgan Province, Iran


سلہٹ

سِلْہَٹ • (silhaṭ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਿਲਹਟ)

سِلْہَٹ (canonical)
silhaṭ (romanization)
ਸਿਲਹਟ (Gurmukhi)


ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼

ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼ • (marākiś) m (Shahmukhi spelling مراکش)

marākiś (romanization)
مراکش (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian مراکش (marākiš), from Arabic مُرّاكُش (murrākuš), ultimately from Berber ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ (amur n akuc, literally “Land of God”).

bor+

Marrakech (the capital city of the Marrakesh-Safi region, Morocco)


ਮਿਸਰ

pa-proper noun

ਮਿਸਰ • (misar) f (Shahmukhi spelling مِصْر)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


پشور

پِشَور • (piśaur) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਪਿਸ਼ੌਰ)

پِشَور (canonical)
piśaur (romanization)
ਪਿਸ਼ੌਰ (Gurmukhi)

/pɪ.ʃɔː.ɾə̆/

Corrupted from Classical Persian پرشاور (parašāvar), ultimately from Sanskrit पुरुषपुर (puruṣapura, “city of men”). Cognates Pashto پېښور (pex̌awar) and Urdu پشاور (piśāvar).

inh

اوہناں دیاں لکھتاں ویکھ کے انج لگدا اے جِہڑا پنجاب لہور توں دِلی تائیں تے پشور توں کابل تائیں بھلیا ہویا سی

1998, فارق ندیم [Farūq Nadīm], پہلے پیار دا پہلا بھلیکھا [Pahle piyār dā pahlā bhulekhā], Lahore: Institute of Punjab Language and Culture, →OCLC, page 210:

From his writings, it would seem that the Punjab from Lahore to Delhi and from Peshawar to Kabul was neglected

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#English

Peshawar (a city, the provincial capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)


ڈھاکا

pa-proper noun

ڈھاکا • (ḍhākā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਢਾਕਾ)


چناب

چَناب • (canāb) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਚਨਾਬ)

چَناب (canonical)
canāb (romanization)
ਚਨਾਬ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian چَنَاب (čanāb), borrowed from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā), from चन्द्र (candra) + भाग (bhāga).


جرمن

pa-proper noun

جَرْمَن • (jarman) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਜਰਮਨ)

جَرْمَن (canonical)
jarman (romanization)
ਜਰਮਨ (Gurmukhi)

/d͡ʒəɾə̆.mənə̆/


راوی

راوی • (rāvī) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਰਾਵੀ)

→ Urdu: راوی (rāvī)

Inherited from Sanskrit इरावती (irāvatī).

inh+

Ravi (a river in Punjab, Pakistan and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the state of Himachal Pradesh in India)


ਟੈਕਸਸ

pa-proper noun

ਟੈਕਸਸ • (ṭaiksas) m (Shahmukhi spelling ٹیکسس)

ṭaiksas (romanization)
ٹیکسس (Shahmukhi)
ਟੈਕਸਸ (direct singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸ (direct plural)
ਟੈਕਸਸ (oblique singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਟੈਕਸਸਾ (singular vocative)
ਟੈਕਸਸੋ (plural vocative)
ਟੈਕਸਸੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸੇ (locative singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸੀਂ (locative plural)
ਟੈਕਸਸੇ (instrumental singular)
ਟੈਕਸਸੀਂ (instrumental plural)

ਉਹ ਟੈਕਸਾਸ ਤੋਂ ਹੈ।


کراچی

کراچی • (karācī) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਰਾਚੀ)

Supposedly from Sindhi کولاچی (kōlāčī), named after Mai Kolachi.

bor

Sindhi کولاچی (kōlāčī)

Karachi (the largest city in Pakistan situated along the Arabian Sea, as well as the provincial capital of Sindh Province)


ਤੁਰਕੀ

pa-proper noun

ਤੁਰਕੀ • (turkī) m (Shahmukhi spelling ترکی)

turkī (romanization)
ترکی (Shahmukhi)
ਤੁਰਕੀ (direct singular)
ਤੁਰਕੀ (direct plural)
ਤੁਰਕੀ (oblique singular)
ਤੁਰਕੀਆਂ (oblique plural)
ਤੁਰਕੀਆ (singular vocative)
ਤੁਰਕੀਓ (plural vocative)

Phono-semantic matching of English Turkey.

phono-semantic matching

Southeastern Europe
Southeastern Europe#English

Turkey (a country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia)

ਲੀਖਟਨਸ਼ਟਾਈ

līkhṭanaśṭāī


راولپنڈی

pa-noun

راوَلْپِنْڈی

راوَلْپِنْڈی • (rāvalpinḍī) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ)

راوَلْپِنْڈی (canonical)
rāvalpinḍī (romanization)
ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ (Gurmukhi)

/ɾäː.ʋəl.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

/ɾäː.wəl.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

/ɾäː˦ɭə̆.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

From راول (rāval) + پنڈی (pinḍī), diminutive of پنڈ (pinḍ, “village”).


جھناں

pa-proper noun

جَھناں • (jhanāṉ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਝਨਾਂ or ਚਨਾਬ)

جَھناں (canonical)
jhanāṉ (romanization)
ਝਨਾਂ (Gurmukhi)
ਚਨਾਬ (Gurmukhi)
چَنھاں (alternative)
چَنہاں (alternative)

/ˈt͡ʃə˨.nä̃ː˦/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)
Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā)
Punjabi جَھناں (jhanāṉ)
From Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā), from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā), from चन्द्र (candra) + भाग (bhāga). Compare Saraiki چَنان٘ہہ (canāṉh) and Hindustani چَنَاب (canāb) / चनाब (canāb).

etymon

جَھناں

وگے لہراں لیندا راوی ٹھاٹھاں مارے جھناں

a. 1973, فقیر محمّد فقیر [fqer mḥmmd fqer, Faqir Muhammad Faqir], میرا دیس امیر [merā des amīr], quoted in لعلاں دی پنڈ [Laʻlān dī pinḍ], Lahore: Aziz Depot, archived from the original on 2023-03-29, page 375:

تے جھناں دا پانی ایڈا چڑھیا ہوندا اے کہ پاراوار کجھ نظر نہیں آؤندا

2001, شبنم اسحاق [Shabnam Isḥāq], سوہنی مہینوال [Sohṇī Mahīnvāl], Lahore: حیدر پبلیکیشنز [ḥedr pblekīśnz, Haider Publications], →OCLC, page 135:

And the Chenab waters rise so much, that nothing beyond the limit can be visible

تاریخ دے کسے موڑ اُتے راوی تے جھناں دے وِچکار لے علاقے وِچ

2005, میر تنہا یوسفی [Mīr Tanhā Yūsufī], کالا چانن [Kālā cānaṇ], Lahore: Institute of Punjabi Language and Culture, →OCLC, page 25:

At some point in history, the areas between Ravi and Chenab

Chenab (a river in Punjab, Pakistan and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the state of Himachal Pradesh in India)


اسٹریا

pa-noun

اَسْٹَرِیا • (asṭarīyā) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਅਸਟਰੀਆ)

اَسْٹَرِیا (canonical)
asṭarīyā (romanization)
ਅਸਟਰੀਆ (Gurmukhi)

اَسْ ٹَ رِ یا

(Pakistan) Austria (a country in Central Europe)


ਛੱਤੀਸਗੜ੍ਹ

pa-proper noun

ਛੱਤੀਸਗੜ੍ਹ • (chattīsgaṛh) ? (Shahmukhi spelling چھتیس گڑھ)

chattīsgaṛh (romanization)
چھتیس گڑھ (Shahmukhi)

/t͡ʃʰət̪.t̪iː.sə.ɡə.ɽʱə/

[t͡ʃʰət̪.t̪iː.sə̆.ɡə.ɽʱə̆]

Pa-ਛੱਤੀਸਗੜ੍ਹ.oga

ਛੱ ਤੀ ਸ ਗ ੜ੍ਹ


ਆਂਧਰਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

آندھَرَ پرَدیشَ

ਆਂਧਰਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (Āndharā pradēśa) m (Shahmukhi spelling آندھَرَ پرَدیشَ)

Āndharā pradēśa (romanization)
آندھَرَ پرَدیشَ (Shahmukhi)

[äːn˦.t̪ə̆.ɾäː‿prə˦.deː.ʃə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi आंध्र प्रदेश (āndhra pradeś)

bor

आंध्र प्रदेश

Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh#English:_Q1159

Andhra Pradesh (a state in southeastern India, where Telugu is the primary language)


ਅਰੁਣਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

pa-proper noun

اَرُݨَاچَل پرَدیش

ਅਰੁਣਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (aruṇācal pradeś) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اَرُݨَاچَل پرَدیش)

aruṇācal pradeś (romanization)
اَرُݨَاچَل پرَدیش (Shahmukhi)

[ə.ɾu.ɳäː.t͡ʃəl‿pɾə.deːʃ]

ਅ ਰੁ ਣਾ ਚਲ ਪ੍ਰ ਦੇਸ਼

Borrowed from Hindi अरुणाचल प्रदेश (aruṇācal pradeś)

bor

अरुणाचल प्रदेश

Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh#English


ਅਸਾਮ

pa-proper noun

ਅਸਾਮ • (asām) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اَسَام)


ਬਿਹਾਰ

ਬਿਹਾਰ • (bihār) ? (Shahmukhi spelling بِحَارَ)

bihār (romanization)
بِحَارَ (Shahmukhi)

[bi.ɦäː.ɾə̆]


بعلبک

بَعْلَبَک • (baʻlabak) m

بَعْلَبَک (canonical)
baʻlabak (romanization)

Borrowed from Classical Persian بَعْلَبَکّ (ba'labakk), from Arabic بَعْلَبَكّ (baʕlabakk).

bor+

Baalbek-Hermel Governorate
Baalbek-Hermel Governorate#English

Baalbek (the capital city of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon)


ਦੁਆਬਾ

pa-proper noun

ਦੁਆਬਾ • (duābā) m

duābā (romanization)
ਦੋਆਬ (alternative)
ਦੋਆਬਾ (alternative)

From Classical Persian دو آب (dō-āb, “two waters”).


ਝਨਾਂ

pa-proper noun

ਝਨਾਂ • (jhanā̃) m (Shahmukhi spelling جَھناں)

jhanā̃ (romanization)
جَھناں (Shahmukhi)
ਚਨਾਬ (alternative)

/ˈt͡ʃə˨.nä̃ː˦/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)
Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā)
Punjabi ਝਨਾਂ (jhanā̃)
From Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀸 (caṃdabhāgā), from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā), from चन्द्र (candra) + भाग (bhāga).

etymon

Chenab (A river of Punjab in India and Pakistan)


ਸਿੰਧ

pa-proper noun

ਸਿੰਧ • (sindh) m (Shahmukhi spelling سندھ)

Sindh (a province of Pakistan; capital: Karachi)


ਪਟਿਆਲਾ

ਪਟਿਆਲਾ • (paṭiālā) m


ਜਰਮਨ

ਜਰਮਨ • (jarman) m (Shahmukhi spelling جَرْمَن)

jarman (romanization)
جَرْمَن (Shahmukhi)

/d͡ʒəɾə̆.mənə̆/

(colloquial) Germany (a country in Western Europe)


ਗੋਵਾ

ਗੋਵਾ • (govā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling گوَا)

Borrowed from Hindi गोवा (govā), from Konkani गोंय (goiya)


ਗੁਜਰਾਤ

ਗੁਜਰਾਤ • (gujrāt) m (Shahmukhi spelling گُجرَات)

gujrāt (romanization)
گُجرَات (Shahmukhi)

[ɡu.d͡ʒə̆.ɾäː.t̪ə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi गुजरात (gujrāt), from Gujarati ગુજરાત (gujrāt)


ਹਰਿਆਣਾ

ਹਰਿਆਣਾ • (hariāṇā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling حَرِآݨَا)

hariāṇā (romanization)
حَرِآݨَا (Shahmukhi)

[hə.ɾɪ.äː.ɳäː]

Borrowed from Hindi हरियाणा (hariyāṇā, “Haryana”)


ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

حِمَچَال پرَدیش

ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (himācal prdeś) ? (Shahmukhi spelling حِمَچَال پرَدیش)

himācal prdeś (romanization)
حِمَچَال پرَدیش (Shahmukhi)

/ɦɪ.maː.t͡ʃə.lə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃə̆/

[ɦɪ.mäː.t͡ʃə.lə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃə̆]

ਹਿ ਮਾ ਚ ਲ ਪ੍ਰ ਦੇ ਸ਼

Borrowed from Hindi हिमाचल प्रदेश (himācal pradeś)

bor

हिमाचल प्रदेश

Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh#English:_Q1177

Himachal Pradesh (a state in northern India)


ਜੰਮੂ ਅਤੇ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ

pa-proper noun

جَمُّو اَتے کَشمِیر

ਜੰਮੂ ਅਤੇ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ • (jammū ate kaśmīr) ? (Shahmukhi spelling جَمُّو اَتے کَشمِیر)

jammū ate kaśmīr (romanization)
جَمُّو اَتے کَشمِیر (Shahmukhi)

[d͡ʒəm.muː‿ə.t̪eː‿kə.ʃə̆.miː.ɾə̆]

ਜੰ ਮੂ ਅ ਤੇ ਕ ਸ਼ ਮੀ ਰ

Calque of Hindi जम्मू और कश्मीर (jammū aur kaśmīr)

calque

जम्मू और कश्मीर

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir#English:_Q66278313

Jammu and Kashmir (a union territory of India)


ਝਾਰਖੰਡ

pa-proper noun

ਝਾਰਖੰਡ • (jhārkhaṇḍ) ? (Shahmukhi spelling جھَارکھَݨڈ)

jhārkhaṇḍ (romanization)
جھَارکھَݨڈ (Shahmukhi)

/t͡ʃaː˨.ɾə.kʰəɳ.ɖə/

[t͡ʃäː˨.ɾə̆.kʰəɳ.ɖə̆]


ਕਰਨਾਟਕ

ਕਰਨਾਟਕ • (karnāṭak) ? (Shahmukhi spelling کَرنَاٹَکَ)

karnāṭak (romanization)
کَرنَاٹَکَ (Shahmukhi)

[kə.ɾə̆.näː.ʈə.kə̆]

Borrowed from Kannada ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ (karnāṭaka)


ਕੇਰਲਾ

ਕੇਰਲਾ • (kerlā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling کیرَلَ)


ਮੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

مَدّھ پرَدیش

ਮੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (maddha pradeś) m (Shahmukhi spelling مَدّھ پرَدیش)

maddha pradeś (romanization)
مَدّھ پرَدیش (Shahmukhi)

/mə́d̪.d̪ə‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃᵊ/

[məd̪˦.d̪ə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃᵊ]

ਮੱ ਧ ਪ੍ਰ ਦੇ ਸ਼

Calque of Hindi मध्य प्रदेश (madhya pradeś)

calque

Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh#English:_Q1188

Madhya Pradesh (a state in central India)


ਮਨੀਪੁਰ

pa-proper noun

ਮਨੀਪੁਰ • (manīpur) ? (Shahmukhi spelling مَݨِیپُر)

manīpur (romanization)
مَݨِیپُر (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Urdu مَنی پُور (manī pūr).


ਮੇਘਾਲਿਆ

ਮੇਘਾਲਿਆ • (meghāliā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling میگھَالِآ)

meghāliā (romanization)
میگھَالِآ (Shahmukhi)

[meː˦.ɡäː.lɪ.äː]

Meghalaya (a state in northeastern India)


ਮਿਜ਼ੋਰਮ

ਮਿਜ਼ੋਰਮ • (mizoram) ? (Shahmukhi spelling مِزورَم)

mizoram (romanization)
مِزورَم (Shahmukhi)

Pa-ਮਿਜ਼ੋਰਮ.ogg

Borrowed from Hindi मिज़ोरम (mizoram), from Mizo Mizoram


ਨਾਗਾਲੈਂਡ

ਨਾਗਾਲੈਂਡ • (nāgālaiṇḍ) ? (Shahmukhi spelling نَاگَالَیݨڈ)

nāgālaiṇḍ (romanization)
نَاگَالَیݨڈ (Shahmukhi)

[näː.ɡäː.lɛːɳ.ɖə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi नागालैंड (nāgālaiṇḍ), from English Nagaland

bor

Hindi नागालैंड (nāgālaiṇḍ)

Nagaland (a state in northeastern India)


ਓੜੀਸਾ

pa-proper noun

ਓੜੀਸਾ • (oṛīsā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اورِیسَا)

oṛīsā (romanization)
اورِیسَا (Shahmukhi)


ਰਾਜਸਥਾਨ

ਰਾਜਸਥਾਨ • (rājasthān) ? (Shahmukhi spelling رَاجَستَان)

rājasthān (romanization)
رَاجَستَان (Shahmukhi)

[ɾäː.d͡ʒə.sə̆.t̪äː.nə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi राजस्थान (rājasthān), from Marwari राजस्थान (rājasthān)

bor+

Rajasthan (a state in northwestern India, created in 1949 and replacing the former province of Rajputana)


ਸਿਕਿਮ

pa-proper noun

ਸਿਕਿਮ • (sikim) ? (Shahmukhi spelling سِکِم)

sikim (romanization)
سِکِم (Shahmukhi)
ਸਿੱਕਮ (alternative)

Borrowed from Hindi सिक्किम (sikkim), from Sikkimese སུ་ཁྱིམ (su khyim)

(historical) Sikkim (a former country in South Asia that existed from the 17th century until its annexation by India in 1975)


ਤਾਮਿਲ ਨਾਡੂ

تَامِل نَاڈُو

ਤਾਮਿਲ ਨਾਡੂ • (tāmil nāḍū) ? (Shahmukhi spelling تَامِل نَاڈُو)

tāmil nāḍū (romanization)
تَامِل نَاڈُو (Shahmukhi)

ਤਾ ਮਿ ਲ ਨਾ ਡੂ

Borrowed from Tamil தமிழ் நாடு (tamiḻ nāṭu)


ਤ੍ਰਿਪੁਰਾ

pa-proper noun

ਤ੍ਰਿਪੁਰਾ • (tripurā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling ترِپُرَا)

tripurā (romanization)
ترِپُرَا (Shahmukhi)

[t̪ɾɪ.pʊ.ɾäː]


ਉੱਤਰ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼

اُتَّر پرَدیش

ਉੱਤਰ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ • (uttar pradeś) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اُتَّر پرَدیش)

uttar pradeś (romanization)
اُتَّر پرَدیش (Shahmukhi)

/ʊt̪.t̪ə.ɾə‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃə/

[ʊt̪.t̪ə.ɾə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃə̆]

ਉੱ ਤ ਰ ਪ੍ਰ ਦੇ ਸ਼

Borrowed from Hindi उत्तर प्रदेश (uttar pradeś)

bor+

उत्तर प्रदेश

Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh#English:_Q1498

Uttar Pradesh (a state in northern India)


ਉੱਤਰਖੰਡ

pa-proper noun

اُتَّرَاکھَݨڈ

ਉੱਤਰਖੰਡ • (uttarkhaṇḍ) ? (Shahmukhi spelling اُتَّرَاکھَݨڈ)

uttarkhaṇḍ (romanization)
اُتَّرَاکھَݨڈ (Shahmukhi)

/ʊt̪.t̪ə.ɾə.kʰəɳ.ɖə/

[ʊt̪.t̪ə.ɾə̆.kʰəɳ.ɖə̆]

Borrowed from Hindi उत्तराखंड (uttarākhaṇḍ)

bor+

Uttarakhand (a state in northern India, created in 2000 by separation from Uttar Pradesh)


ਪੱਛਮੀ ਬੰਗਾਲ

pa-proper noun

پَچَّمِی بینگَل

ਪੱਛਮੀ ਬੰਗਾਲ • (pacchamī baṅgāl) ? (Shahmukhi spelling پَچَّمِی بینگَل)

pacchamī baṅgāl (romanization)
پَچَّمِی بینگَل (Shahmukhi)

[pət̚.t͡ʃə.miː‿beːŋ.ɡäː.lə̆]

Calque of Bengali পশ্চিম বঙ্গ (pościm boṅgo)


اسکندریہ

pa-proper noun

اِسکَندَرِیَہ

اِسکَندَرِیَہ • (īskandariyah) m

اِسکَندَرِیَہ (canonical)
īskandariyah (romanization)

From Arabic الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة (al-ʔiskandariyya).

bor

الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة


لوسیل

pa-proper noun

لُوسَیْل • (lūsail) m (Shahmukhi spelling ਲੂਸੈਲ)

لُوسَیْل (canonical)
lūsail (romanization)
ਲੂਸੈਲ (Shahmukhi)


ਮੰਦਰ

mandar (romanization)
ਮੰਦਿਰ (alternative)


جھنگ

جَھن٘گ • (jhaṉg) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਝੰਗ)

جَھن٘گ (canonical)
jhaṉg (romanization)
ਝੰਗ (Gurmukhi)

Ultimately from Sanskrit जाङ्गल (jāṅgala, “rough terrain; forested terrain”) (whence جنگل (jangal, “forest; jungle; wilderness”).


ਬਜਰਾ

/bə.d͡ʒə̆.ɾäː/

Bajra (a village in Jalandhar district, Punjab)


ਮਾਲਟਾ

pa-proper noun

ਮਾਲਟਾ • (mālṭā) m (Shahmukhi spelling مالٹا)

Malta (an archipelago and country in Southern Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea)


ਦੱਖਣੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ

ਦੱਖਣੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ • (dakkhaṇī korīā) ?


ਉੱਤਰੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ

ਉੱਤਰੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ • (uttarī korīā) ?


ਪੋਠੋਹਾਰ

ਪੋਠੋਹਾਰ • (poṭhohār) m

poṭhohār (romanization)
ਪੋਠਵਾਰ (alternative)

/poːʈʰo.aː˥˩.ɾə̆/

Pothohar (A region of northwestern Punjab, located in northern Pakistan)


ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ

ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ • (kaśmīr) m (Shahmukhi spelling کشمیر)

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


فیصل آباد

فَیصَل آباد • (faisalābād) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾਬਾਦ)

فَیصَل آباد (canonical)
faisalābād (romanization)
ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾਬਾਦ (Gurmukhi)

From فیصل (faisal) + ـآباد (-ābād). Named after Saudi monarch Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

named-after

Faisalabad (a city in Faisalabad district, Punjab, Pakistan). It is the third largest city in Pakistan and the second largest in Punjab.


ਹਵਾਈ

pa-proper noun

ਹਵਾਈ • (havāī) ? (Shahmukhi spelling ہوائی)

From English Hawaii, from Hawaiian Hawaiʻi.

Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)


ساہیوال

ساہِیوَال • (sāhīvāl) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਾਹੀਵਾਲ)

ساہِیوَال (canonical)
sāhīvāl (romanization)
ਸਾਹੀਵਾਲ (Gurmukhi)

desc

→ Urdu: ساہِیوَال (sāhīvāl)

→ Urdu: ساہِیوَال (sāhīvāl)


جہلم

pa-proper noun

جِہْلَم • (jihlam) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਜਿਹਲਮ or ਜੇਹਲਮ)

جِہْلَم (canonical)
jihlam (romanization)
ਜਿਹਲਮ (Gurmukhi)
ਜੇਹਲਮ (Gurmukhi)

[d͡ʒeː˩˥.lˑɐ̃mᵊ]

Jhelum (a city in Jhelum district, province of Punjab, Pakistan)

ویہَت ویہت#Punjabi

Jhelum (a river in the Punjab of Pakistan and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India) – synonym of ویہَت (vehat)


ਕਰਾਚੀ

ਕਰਾਚੀ • (karācī) m (Shahmukhi spelling کراچی)

Supposedly from Sindhi کولاچی (kōlāčī), named after Mai Kolachi.

bor

Sindhi کولاچی (kōlāčī)

Karachi (a city, the provincial capital of Sindh, Pakistan)


ਬਲੋਚਿਸਤਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਬਲੋਚਿਸਤਾਨ • (balocistān) m (Shahmukhi spelling بلوچستان)

balocistān (romanization)
بلوچستان (Shahmukhi)

Balochistan (a province of Pakistan; capital: Quetta)


ਪਰਾਗ

ਪਰਾਗ • (parāg) ? (Shahmukhi spelling پراگ)

Borrowed from English Prague, probably from German Prag.

Prague (the capital of the Czech Republic)


ਪਨਾਹਗਾਹ

pa-noun

ਪਨਾਹਗਾਹ • (panāhgāh) f (Shahmukhi spelling پناہ گاہ)

panāhgāh (romanization)
پناہ گاہ (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian پناهگاه (panāhgāh).


ਹੈਦਰਾਬਾਦ

pa-proper noun

ਹੈਦਰਾਬਾਦ • (haidrābād) ? (Shahmukhi spelling حیدرآباد)

haidrābād (romanization)
حیدرآباد (Shahmukhi)

Hyderabad (the capital city of Telangana)


ਤੇਲੰਗਾਨਾ

ਤੇਲੰਗਾਨਾ • (telaṅgānā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling تیلنگاݨا)

telaṅgānā (romanization)
تیلنگاݨا (Shahmukhi)
ਤੇਲੰਗਾਣਾ (alternative)

Borrowed from Telugu తెలంగాణ (telaṅgāṇa).

bor+

Telangana (a state in south-central India, created in 2014 by separation from Andhra Pradesh)


ਦੰਦ ਖੰਡ ਤਟ

head

ਦੰਦ ਖੰਡ ਤਟ • (dand khaṇḍ taṭ)

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


ਸਿਲਹਟ

pa-proper noun

ਸਿਲਹਟ • (silhaṭ) m (Shahmukhi spelling سلہٹ)


ਢਾਕਾ

ਢਾਕਾ • (ḍhākā) m (Shahmukhi spelling ڈھاکا)


ਕਠਮੰਡੂ

ਕਠਮੰਡੂ • (kaṭhmaṇḍū) m (Shahmukhi spelling کٹھمنڈو)

kaṭhmaṇḍū (romanization)
کٹھمنڈو (Shahmukhi)


ਨੇਪਾਲ

ਨੇਪਾਲ • (nepāl) m (Shahmukhi spelling نیپال)

Ultimately from Sanskrit नेपाल (nepāla).

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


ਭੂਟਾਨ

ਭੂਟਾਨ • (bhūṭān) m (Shahmukhi spelling بھوٹان)

bhūṭān (romanization)
بھوٹان (Shahmukhi)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


ਦਿਹ

dih (romanization)
ده (Shahmukhi)
ਦੇਹ (alternative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ده (dih).


سہون سریف

pa-proper noun

سِہْوَݨ شَرِیف

ਸਿਹਵਣ ਸ਼ਰੀਫ਼

سِہْوَݨ شَرِیف • (sihvaṇ śarīf) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਿਹਵਣ ਸ਼ਰੀਫ਼)

سِہْوَݨ شَرِیف (canonical)
sihvaṇ śarīf (romanization)
ਸਿਹਵਣ ਸ਼ਰੀਫ਼ (Gurmukhi)

/seː˦.ʋəɳᵊ‿ʃə.ɾiːfᵊ/

Sehwan (a city in Jamshoro district, Sindh, Pakistan)


مدھ پردیش

مدھ پردیش • (maddha pradeś) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਮੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼)

maddha pradeś (romanization)
ਮੱਧ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ (Gurmukhi)

/mə́d̪.d̪ə‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃᵊ/

[məd̪˦.d̪ə̆‿pɾə.d̪eː.ʃᵊ]

مَ دّھ پرَ دے ش

Calque of Hindi मध्य प्रदेश (madhya pradeś)


ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਅਰਬ ਅਮੀਰਾਤ

pa-proper noun

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਅਰਬ ਅਮੀਰਾਤ • (sãyukat arab amīrāt) f pl

sãyukat arab amīrāt (romanization)
ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਅਰਬ ਇਮਰਾਤ (alternative)

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ

ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ • (sāūdī arab) m

ਸਾਊਦੀ (sāūdī) + ਅਰਬ (arab)

com

ਸਾਊਦੀ (sāūdī) + ਅਰਬ (arab)

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ

pa-proper noun

ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ • (ludhiāṇā) m (Shahmukhi spelling لُدِھیاݨَہ)

ludhiāṇā (romanization)
لُدِھیاݨَہ (Shahmukhi)

→ Hindi: लुधियाना (ludhiyānā)

→ Urdu: لدھیانہ (ludhiyāna)

→ Odia: ଲୁଧିଆନା (ludhiānā)


ਬਾਲਟਿਕ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ

ਬਾਲਟਿਕ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ • (bālṭik samundar) m (Shahmukhi spelling بالٹک سمندر)

bālṭik samundar (romanization)
بالٹک سمندر (Shahmukhi)

Baltic Sea (a sea in Northern Europe, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden)


ਬੈਰੂਤ

ਬੈਰੂਤ • (bairūt) m (Shahmukhi spelling بَیرُوت)

bairūt (romanization)
بَیرُوت (Shahmukhi)


ਨਗਰ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit नगर (nagara).


ਨੀਲ

Borrowed from Classical Persian نیل (nīl), from Arabic النِيل (an-nīl).


ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ

pa-proper noun

ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ • (mādāgāskar) m (Shahmukhi spelling مڈغاسکر)

mādāgāskar (romanization)
مڈغاسکر (Shahmukhi)

Pa-ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ.ogg

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


ਮਾਝਾ

ਮਾਝਾ • (mā́jā) m (Shahmukhi spelling ماجھا)

mā́jā (romanization)
ماجھا (Shahmukhi)
ਮਾਝਾ (direct singular)
ਮਾਝੇ (direct plural)
ਮਾਝੇ (oblique singular)
ਮਾਝਿਆਂ (oblique plural)
ਮਾਝਿਆ (singular vocative)
ਮਾਝਿਓ (plural vocative)
ਮਾਝਿਓਂ (ablative singular)
ਮਾਝੇ (locative singular)
ਮਾਝੇ (instrumental singular)

From Sanskrit मध्य (madhya, “middle, centre”).

der

Majha (A region in central Punjab now split between India and Pakistan)


ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ

pa-noun

راوَلْپِنْڈی

ਰਾਵਲਪਿੰਡੀ • (rāvalpiṇḍī) m (Shahmukhi spelling راوَلْپِنْڈی)

rāvalpiṇḍī (romanization)
راوَلْپِنْڈی (Shahmukhi)

/ɾäː.ʋəl.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

/ɾäː.wəl.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

/ɾäː˦ɭə̆.pɪ̃ɳ.ɖiː/

From ਰਾਵਲ (rāval) + ਪਿੰਡੀ (piṇḍī), diminutive of ਪਿੰਡ (piṇḍ, “village”).

com

ਰਾਵਲ (rāval) + ਪਿੰਡੀ (piṇḍī)


ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾਬਾਦ

pa-proper noun

ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾਬਾਦ • (faislābād) m (Shahmukhi spelling فیصل آباد)

faislābād (romanization)
فیصل آباد (Shahmukhi)

From ਫ਼ੈਸਲ (faisal) + ਆਬਾਦ (ābād). Named after Saudi monarch Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

named-after

Faisalabad (a city in Faisalabad district, Punjab, Pakistan)


ਇਸਲਾਮਾਬਾਦ

pa-noun

ਇਸਲਾਮਾਬਾਦ • (isalāmābād) m (Shahmukhi spelling اسلام آباد)

isalāmābād (romanization)
اسلام آباد (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Urdu اسلام آباد (islām ābād). Equivalent to ਇਸਲਾਮ (isalām) + ਆਬਾਦ (ābād).

com

ਇਸਲਾਮ (isalām) + ਆਬਾਦ (ābād)

Islamabad Capital Territory
Islamabad Capital Territory

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan), located within the Islamabad Capital Territory.


سلیمانیہ

pa-proper noun

سُلَیمانِیَہ

سُلَیمانِیَہ • (sulaimāniyah) m

سُلَیمانِیَہ (canonical)
sulaimāniyah (romanization)

From Arabic السُّلَيْمَانِيَّة (as-sulaymāniyya).

bor

السُّلَيْمَانِيَّة


اسماعیلیہ

pa-proper noun

اِسماعِیلِیَہ

اِسماعِیلِیَہ • (īsmā‘īliyah) m

اِسماعِیلِیَہ (canonical)
īsmā‘īliyah (romanization)

From Arabic الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيَّة (al-ʔismāʕīliyya).

der

الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيَّة


لاذقیہ

pa-proper noun

لاذِقِیَہ • (lāẕiqiyah) m

لاذِقِیَہ (canonical)
lāẕiqiyah (romanization)

From Arabic اللَّاذِقِيَّة (al-lāḏiqiyya).

bor

اللَّاذِقِيَّة


وہران

pa-proper noun

وَہْران • (vahrān) ?

وَہْران (canonical)
vahrān (romanization)


قیروان

Borrowed from Arabic الْقَيْرَوَان (al-qayrawān), from Middle Persian kʾlwʾn'.

bor+

الْقَيْرَوَان


ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ

pa-proper noun

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ • (sãyukat bādśāhī) ?

United Kingdom
United Kingdom#English:_Q145

United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)


ਯੂਨਾਈਟਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ

ਯੂਨਾਈਟਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ • (yūnāīṭaḍ kiṅgḍam) ?

/juːnaːiːʈəɖə‿kiŋɡəɖəmə/

[juːnaːiːʈəɖ‿kiŋɡɖəm]

United Kingdom (a country in Europe; capital: London)


ਗੁਜਰਾਂਵਾਲਾ

ਗੁਜਰਾਂਵਾਲਾ • (gujrā̃vālā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling گوجرانوالہ)

gujrā̃vālā (romanization)
گوجرانوالہ (Shahmukhi)

desc

گوجْران٘وَالَہ

→ Urdu: گوجْران٘وَالَہ (gujrānvālā)

→ Urdu: گوجْران٘وَالَہ (gujrānvālā)

→ English: Gujranwala

[ɡud͡ʒɾãːʋaːlaː]

a city and division in Punjab, Pakistan.


قادیاں

pa-proper noun

قادِیاں • (qādīyāṉ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਾਦੀਆਂ)

قادِیاں (canonical)
qādīyāṉ (romanization)
ਕਾਦੀਆਂ (Gurmukhi)

Qadian (a town in Gurdaspur district, Punjab, India)


ਕੋਂਕਣ

ਕੋਂਕਣ • (koṅkaṇ) m

Konkan (a traditional region on the western coast of India.)


فزان

فَزّان • (fazzān) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਫ਼ੱਜ਼ਾਨ)

فَزّان (canonical)
fazzān (romanization)
ਫ਼ੱਜ਼ਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Arabic فَزَّان (fazzān), from Latin Phazania.


ਪੁਆਧ

ਪੁਆਧ • (puādha) ? (Shahmukhi spelling پوادھ)

→ English: Puadh, Poadh, Powadh

From ਪੂਰਵ (pūrav, “eastern”) + ਆੱਧ (āddha, “half”).


ادرنہ

pa-proper noun

اَدِرْنَہ • (adirnah) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਅਦਿਰਨਾ)

اَدِرْنَہ (canonical)
adirnah (romanization)
ਅਦਿਰਨਾ (Gurmukhi)

Etymology tree
Etruscan 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌀 (hatria)der.?
Latin Hadria
Latin -ānus
Latin Hadriānusbor.
Ancient Greek Ἁδριανός (Hadrianós)
Proto-Indo-European *tpelH-
Proto-Hellenic *ptólis
Ancient Greek πόλις (pólis)
Byzantine Greek Ἁδριανούπολις (Hadrianoúpolis)der.
Ottoman Turkish ادرنهbor.
Classical Persian اَدِرْنَه (adirna)bor.
Punjabi ادرنہ
Borrowed from Classical Persian اَدِرْنَه (adirna).

etymon

Edirne (a municipality, the capital of Edirne district and Edirne Province, Turkey)

Edirne (a province in eastern Thrace, in northwestern Turkey)

Edirne (a district of Edirne Province, Turkey)


ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ • (hindustān) m (Shahmukhi spelling ہِندُسْتان)

hindustān (romanization)
ہِندُسْتان (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian هِنْدُوسْتَان (hindūstān). First attested as Old Punjabi ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੁ (hindusatānu).

bor+

هِنْدُوسْتَان


ਖ਼ੈਬਰ ਪਖ਼ਤੂਨਖ਼ਵਾ

pa-proper noun

خَیبَر پَخْتُونْخْوا

ਖ਼ੈਬਰ ਪਖ਼ਤੂਨਖ਼ਵਾ • (xaibar paxtūnaxvā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling خَیبَر پَخْتُونْخْوا)

xaibar paxtūnaxvā (romanization)
خَیبَر پَخْتُونْخْوا (Shahmukhi)

[xɛbəɾᵊ‿pəxᵊtuːnᵊxʋaː]

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (a province of Pakistan; capital: Peshawar)


بھوں

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀪𑀽𑀫𑀺 (bhūmi), from Sanskrit भूमि (bhū́mi, “earth, ground”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHmiš (“earth”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be”). Doublet of بھوئیں (bho'īṉ).


اصفہان

اَصْفَہَان • (aṣfahān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਅਸਫ਼ਹਾਨ)

اَصْفَہَان (canonical)
aṣfahān (romanization)
ਅਸਫ਼ਹਾਨ (Gurmukhi)

Borrowed from Urdu اِصْفَہان (isfahān), from Classical Persian اِصْفَهَان (isfahān).

Isfahan (a city in Iran, the seat of Isfahan County's Central District, and the capital of Isfahan Province, the third largest city of Iran; the former capital of Iran, from 1598–1736)


ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ

ਕ਼ੁਸਤੁਨਤੁਨੀਆ • (qustuntunīā) m (Shahmukhi spelling قسطُنطُنیہ)

qustuntunīā (romanization)
قسطُنطُنیہ (Shahmukhi)

ਕ਼ੁਸ ਤੁਨ ਤੁ ਨੀ ਆ

Corrupted from Classical Persian قسطنطنیه (qustantaniya), from Arabic الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّة (al-qusṭanṭīniyya).

der

الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّة

Constantinople (the former name of Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey)


ਗੁਲਸ਼ਨ

pa-proper noun

ਗੁਲਸ਼ਨ • (gulśan) ?

Borrowed from Classical Persian گُلشَن (golšan). Cognate with Assamese গুলছন (gulsôn), Bengali গুলশান (gulśān), Hindi गुलशन (gulśan), Marathi गुलशन (gulśan), Nepali गुलशन (gulaśan).

bor+

Gulshan (a neighbourhood of Dhaka, Bangladesh)


ਗਿਰਜਾ

pa-noun

ਗਿਰਜਾ • (girjā) m (Shahmukhi spelling گرجا)

girjā (romanization)
گرجا (Shahmukhi)
ਗਿਰਜਾ (direct singular)
ਗਿਰਜੇ (direct plural)
ਗਿਰਜੇ (oblique singular)
ਗਿਰਜਿਆਂ (oblique plural)
ਗਿਰਜਿਆ (singular vocative)
ਗਿਰਜਿਓ (plural vocative)
ਗਿਰਜਿਓਂ (ablative singular)
ਗਿਰਜੇ (locative singular)
ਗਿਰਜੇ (instrumental singular)

[ɡɪɾə̆d͡ʒaː]

Borrowed from Urdu گِرْجا (girjā), from Portuguese igreja.


ਚਰਚ

ਚਰਚ • (carac) m (Shahmukhi spelling چرچ)

carac (romanization)
چرچ (Shahmukhi)
ਚਰਚ (direct singular)
ਚਰਚ (direct plural)
ਚਰਚ (oblique singular)
ਚਰਚਾਂ (oblique plural)
ਚਰਚਾ (singular vocative)
ਚਰਚੋ (plural vocative)
ਚਰਚੋਂ (ablative singular)
ਚਰਚੇ (locative singular)
ਚਰਚੀਂ (locative plural)
ਚਰਚੇ (instrumental singular)
ਚਰਚੀਂ (instrumental plural)

[t͡ʃəɾə̆d͡ʒə̆]


ਹੜੱਪਾ

pa-proper noun

ਹੜੱਪਾ • (haṛappā) m (Shahmukhi spelling ہَڑَپّا)

haṛappā (romanization)
ہَڑَپّا (Shahmukhi)

Harappa (an archeological site in Pakistan)


ਲ੍ਹਾਸਾ

ਲ੍ਹਾਸਾ • (lhāsā) ? (Shahmukhi spelling لھاسہ)

lhāsā (romanization)
لھاسہ (Shahmukhi)
ਲਾਸਾ (alternative)

Borrowed from Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa). Probably through an intermediate like Hindi ल्हासा (lhāsā).

Lhasa (a city, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


لھاسہ

لھاسَہ • (lhāsah) ? (Gurmukhi spelling ਲ੍ਹਾਸਾ)

لھاسَہ (canonical)
lhāsah (romanization)
ਲ੍ਹਾਸਾ (Gurmukhi)
لھاسا (alternative)
لہاسا (alternative)
لہاسہ (alternative)


شکی

شَکی • (śakī) ?


ਯੂਨਾਨ

ਯੂਨਾਨ • (yūnān) m (Shahmukhi spelling یُونان)

yūnān (romanization)
یُونان (Shahmukhi)
ਯੁਨਾਨ (alternative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian یُونَان (yūnān), ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἰωνία (Iōnía, “Ionia”).

bor+

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


ਯੁਨਾਨ

pa-proper noun

ਯੁਨਾਨ • (yunān) m (Shahmukhi spelling یُنان)

yunān (romanization)
یُنان (Shahmukhi)
ਯੂਨਾਨ (alternative)


تھیہہ

pa-noun

تھیہہ • (theh) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਥੇਹ)

theh (romanization)
ਥੇਹ (Gurmukhi)
تھیہ (direct singular)
تھیہ (direct plural)
تھیہ (oblique singular)
تھیہاں (oblique plural)
تھیہا (singular vocative)
تھیہو (plural vocative)
تھیہوں (ablative singular)
تھیہاں (ablative plural)
تھیہے (locative singular)
تھیہِیں (locative plural)
تھیہوں (instrumental singular)
تِھہہ (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit स्तिभि (stíbhi, “clump, obstruction”).


ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ

pa-proper noun

نَوِیں دِلّی

ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ • (navī̃ dillī) f (Shahmukhi spelling نَوِیں دِلّی)

navī̃ dillī (romanization)
نَوِیں دِلّی (Shahmukhi)

pa:ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ


ਬੰਬਈ

pa-prop

ਬੰਬਈ • (bambaī) f (Shahmukhi spelling بَمْبَئی)

bambaī (romanization)
بَمْبَئی (Shahmukhi)

Borrowed from Hindustani बंबई / بَمْبَئی (bambaī), from Portuguese Bombaim.

Bombay (former name of Mumbai, a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


ویہت

pa-proper noun

ویہَت • (vehat) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਵਿਹਤ or ਵੇਹਤ)

ویہَت (canonical)
vehat (romanization)
ਵਿਹਤ (Gurmukhi)
ਵੇਹਤ (Gurmukhi)

Inherited from Sanskrit वितस्ता (vitástā).
Cognates
Cognate with Kashmiri وؠتھ (vyath).

inh+

چار مہینے گُزر گئے۔ سکندر نوں ویہت نہیں لنگھن دِتا

2015, سعید بُھٹا [Saʻīd Bhuṭṭah], کمال کہانی [Kamāl kahāṇī, An Excellent Story], 2nd edition (fiction), Lahore: سانجھ [sānjh], →ISBN, page 41:

Four months had passed. Sikandar wasn't [allowed to be] able to cross the [river] Jhelum

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir#English

Jhelum (a river in the Punjab of Pakistan and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India)