bineutan

bineutan (infinitive)
bineutannjas (genitive infinitive)
bineutannjē (dative infinitive)
bineutannju (infinitive instrumental)
bineutu (first-person present singular)
binaut (first-person past singular)
biniutiʀi (present second-person singular)
binutī (past second-person singular)
biniutidi (present singular third-person)
binaut (past singular third-person)
bineutum (first-person plural present)
binutum (first-person past plural)
biniutid (plural present second-person)
binutud (past plural second-person)
bineutand (plural present third-person)
binutun (past plural third-person)
bineutē (first-person present singular)
binutī (first-person past singular)
bineutēs (present second-person singular)
bineutē (present singular third-person)
binutī (past singular third-person)
bineutēm (first-person plural present)
binutīm (first-person past plural)
bineutēþ (plural present second-person)
binutīd (past plural second-person)
bineutēn (plural present third-person)
binutīn (past plural third-person)
biniut (present singular)
biniutid (plural present)
bineutandī (participle present)
binotan (participle past)

Old English: benēotan

Old Frisian: biniāta, binieta

Old Saxon: biniotan, bineotan

Middle Low German: benēten


strenō

strenō (nominative singular)
strenan (nominative plural)
strenan (accusative singular)
strenan (accusative plural)
strinini (genitive singular)
strenan (genitive singular)
strenanō (genitive plural)
strinini (dative singular)
strenan (dative singular)
strenum (dative plural)
strinini (instrumental singular)
strenan (instrumental singular)
strenum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *streno

Middle Dutch: strēne

Dutch: streen

Old High German: streno

Middle High German: strëne, strën

German: Strähne

→ Old French: *estren, estran

→ Middle English: *stran

Scots: stran, strawn

English: strand

From Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”).


skallju

skallju (nominative singular)
skalljō (nominative plural)
skalljā (accusative singular)
skalljā (accusative plural)
skalljā (genitive singular)
skalljō (genitive plural)
skalljē (dative singular)
skalljōm (dative plural)
skalljum (dative plural)
skallju (instrumental singular)
skalljōm (instrumental plural)
skalljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċiell, sċiel, sċyll, sċyl, sċill, sċil, sċell, sċel
Middle English: schelle
English: shell
Scots: schel, schell

Old Frisian: *skell, *skill

Saterland Frisian: Skeele, Skiele

West Frisian: skyl

Old Saxon: *skellia

Middle Low German: schelle, schille

German Low German: Schille, Schill

→ German: Schellfisch (compound)

Old Dutch: *skella

Middle Dutch: scelle, scille, schelle

Dutch: schil, schel
Afrikaans: skel, skil
Negerhollands: skel

desc

→ Middle English: schelle, schele, shelle, scille (“scale, outer layer, surface chip”)

Old High German: *skella

Middle High German: schelle (Central German)

→ Friulian: scae

desctree

→ Old French: escaille, eschaille, escalle
Middle French: escaille, eschaille, esquaille, escalle
French: écaille
→ Middle English: shelle, schelle, scele (“vessel, dish, drinking vessel”)

→ Italian: scaglia

→ Piedmontese: scaja

→ Venetan: scaja

From Proto-Germanic *skaljō (“scale, shell, husk”).


masur

masur (nominative singular)
masurō (nominative plural)
masurōs (nominative plural)
masur (accusative singular)
masurā (accusative plural)
masuras (genitive singular)
masurō (genitive plural)
masurē (dative singular)
masurum (dative plural)
masuru (instrumental singular)
masurum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *mæser, *maser, *masor
Middle English: maser, mazer
English: mazer

Old Saxon: masur

Middle Low German: maser

Old Dutch: *masur, *masar

Middle Dutch: maser, maeser

Dutch: (obsolete) maser

Old High German: masar, masor

Middle High German: maser

Alemannic German: Mäser

German: Maser

desc

→ Old French: mazer, maser, mazar, madre (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *masuraz (“maple or walnut wood”).


kahu

kahu (nominative singular)
kahwō (nominative plural)
kahwā (accusative singular)
kahwā (accusative plural)
kahwā (genitive singular)
kahwō (genitive plural)
kahwē (dative singular)
kahwōm (dative plural)
kahum (dative plural)
kahu (instrumental singular)
kahwōm (instrumental plural)
kahum (instrumental plural)
*kāu (alternative)

desctree

Old English: ċeahhe
Middle English: ka, ca, coo, koo; choughe, chowghe
Scots: ka, kae, kaae
English: chough

Old Frisian: *kā

West Frisian: ka

Old Saxon: *kaha, kāa, kā

Middle Low German: kâ

German Low German: Kaa; Kaan

→ Danish: kå

→ Swedish: kaja

→ Norwegian: kaie, kaae (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *cāwa
Middle Dutch: cauwe, ca
Dutch: kauw, ka
→ West Frisian: ka (likely borrowed)

Old High German: kaha, kāa, kā

Middle High German: chouch

→ Middle French: choucas

French: choucas

desc

→ Vulgar Latin: *cawa, *cāva, *cawa, *cāwa (see there for further descendants)

From the root of Proto-Germanic *kawjaną (“to call”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH- (“to call, cry”).


hūō

hūō (nominative singular)
hūan (nominative plural)
hūan (accusative singular)
hūan (accusative plural)
hūini (genitive singular)
hūan (genitive singular)
hūanō (genitive plural)
hūini (dative singular)
hūan (dative singular)
hūm (dative plural)
hūini (instrumental singular)
hūan (instrumental singular)
hūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hū; *hūle

Middle English: howle; howlat, houlott

Scots: howle, houll; hoolet

→ French: hulotte

⇒ Old English: hūilpa

Old Saxon: hūwo, hūo

Middle Low German: hûwe, houw

Old Dutch: *hūwo

Middle Dutch: *huwe

>? Dutch: hube, huib, heup, uibe

⇒ Dutch: huibke, huiben, uibeken, uibik

>? West Flemish: huiven, heuven

→? Old French: houpi

Old High German: hūwo; hūwila

Middle High German: hūwe; hūwel, hiuwel

Alemannic German: Huu

desctree

German: Uhu, Huw, Huhu, Huher
→ Dutch: oehoe
→ Hungarian: uhu

Probably ultimately of imitative origin. Cognacy with Russian сова́ (sová, “owl”), Latin cāvannus (“owl”) (< Celtic), Old Breton couann (“owl”), is implausible on phonological grounds.

onomatopoeic

imitative


baʀjan

baʀjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
baʀjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
baʀjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
baʀjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
baʀju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
baʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
baʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
baʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
baʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
baʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
baʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
baʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
baʀjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
baʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
baʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
baʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
baʀjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
baʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
baʀjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
baʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
baʀjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
baʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
baʀjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
baʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
baʀjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
baʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
baʀjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
baʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
baʀjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
baʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
baʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
baʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
baʀjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
baʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: berian

Old Frisian: *beria

West Frisian: bere


skirmijan

skirmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skirmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skirmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skirmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skirmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skirmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skirmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skirmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skirmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skirmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skirmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skirmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skirmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skirmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skirmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skirmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skirmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skirmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skirmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skirmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skirmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skirmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skirmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skirmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skirmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skirmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skirmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skirmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skirmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skirmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skirmi (class-1 present singular weak)
skirmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skirmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skirmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: skirma

⇒ Old Frisian: biskirma, beskermia

West Frisian: beskermje

Old Saxon: *skermian

Middle Low German: schermen

desctree

Old Dutch: *skirmen
Middle Dutch: schermen

Old High German: skirmen, bescirmen
Middle High German: schirmen
German: schirmen
→ Esperanto: ŝirmi
→⇒ Czech: šermovat

→ Vulgar Latin: *scermiō, *scirmīō (see there for further descendants)

From *skirmi (“fur, hide; covering, shelter”) + *-jan.


wankijan

wankijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wankijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wankijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wankijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wankiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wankidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wankisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wankidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wankidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wankiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wankidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wankidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wankijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wankidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wankiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wankidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wankijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wankidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wankijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wankidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wankijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wankidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wankijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wankidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wankijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wankidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wankijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wankidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wankijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wankidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wanki (class-1 present singular weak)
wankiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wankijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wankid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *wenka, *wenza

Saterland Frisian: wänke, wäänke

Old Saxon: wenkian

Middle Low German: wenken

German Low German: wenken

Old Dutch: *wenken, winken

Middle Dutch: wenken, winken

Dutch: wenken

Old High German: wenken

Middle High German: wenken

German: wenken (archaic)

→ Vulgar Latin: *wenchiō

desc

Old French: guenchir, genchir, guinchir, ganchir

Middle French: guenchir, genchir

French: guenchir

Old Northern French: wenchir, winchir

desctree

→ Middle English: wyncen, wynce, wynche, wyncyn, wynse, wynsen, wynci (Early Middle English)
English: wince
Scots: wince, winch

From Proto-Germanic *wankijaną (“to sway”), from Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend”).


daftī

daftī (masculine nominative singular)
daftiju (feminine nominative singular)
daftī (neuter nominative singular)
daftijanā (accusative masculine singular)
daftijā (accusative feminine singular)
daftī (accusative neuter singular)
daftijas (genitive masculine singular)
daftijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
daftijas (genitive neuter singular)
daftijumē (dative masculine singular)
daftijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
daftijumē (dative neuter singular)
daftiju (instrumental masculine singular)
daftijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
daftiju (instrumental neuter singular)
daftijē (masculine nominative plural)
daftijō (feminine nominative plural)
daftiju (neuter nominative plural)
daftijā (accusative masculine plural)
daftijā (accusative feminine plural)
daftiju (accusative neuter plural)
daftijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
daftijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
daftijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
daftijēm (dative masculine plural)
daftijum (dative masculine plural)
daftijēm (dative feminine plural)
daftijum (dative feminine plural)
daftijēm (dative neuter plural)
daftijum (dative neuter plural)
daftijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
daftijum (instrumental masculine plural)
daftijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
daftijum (feminine instrumental plural)
daftijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
daftijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: dæfte
Middle English: defte, dafte, daft, deffte
English: daft, deft
Scots: daft, dauft

From unattested *dafti + *-ī (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *daftiz, from *dabaną (“to be fitting, suitable”) + *-þiz.


wurpijan

wurpijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wurpijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wurpijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wurpijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wurpiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wurpidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wurpisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wurpidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wurpidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wurpiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wurpidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wurpidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wurpijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wurpidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wurpiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wurpidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wurpijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wurpidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wurpijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wurpidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wurpijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wurpidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wurpijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wurpidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wurpijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wurpidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wurpijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wurpidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wurpijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wurpidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wurpi (class-1 present singular weak)
wurpiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wurpijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wurpid (class-1 participle past weak)
*werpijan (alternative)

Old English: wyrpan (“to throw”)

Old Saxon: *wurpian

>? Middle Low German: *worpen

⇒ Middle Low German: rinkworpen

Old Dutch: *wurpen

>? Middle Dutch: worpen, woorpen

Old High German: *wurfen

Middle High German: wurfen, worfen

German: worfen (archaic)

⇒ Old High German: firwurfen

⇒ Middle High German: verwurfnisse

desc

→ Medieval Latin: werpiō, worpiō, guerpiō, gurpiō [723 CE, Saint-Omer, France] (see there for further descendants)


druknijan

druknijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
druknijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
druknijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
druknijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
drukniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
druknidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
druknisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
druknidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
druknidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
drukniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
druknidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
druknidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
druknijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
druknidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
drukniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
druknidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
druknijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
druknidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
druknijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
druknidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
druknijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
druknidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
druknijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
druknidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
druknijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
druknidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
druknijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
druknidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
druknijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
druknidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
drukni (class-1 present singular weak)
drukniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
druknijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
druknid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: drycnan

⇒ Old English: ġedrycnan

Old Saxon: druknian

Old High German: trukkanen, truckanen, trokkanen

Middle High German: truckenen

German: trocknen

Luxembourgish: dréchnen, dréchenen (merged with *drūgijan)


taisijan

taisijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
taisijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
taisijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
taisijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
taisiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taisidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
taisisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taisidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taisidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taisiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taisidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taisidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taisijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taisidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taisiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taisidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
taisijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taisidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
taisijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taisidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
taisijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taisidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taisijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taisidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taisijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taisidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taisijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taisidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
taisijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taisidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
taisi (class-1 present singular weak)
taisiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
taisijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
taisid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: tǣsan
Middle English: tesen, taise, teise, tese, tesien
English: tease
Scots: tease, taise

Old Frisian: *tēsa, *tēsia

desc

West Frisian: tize, tiizje, tieze, tiezje

Old Saxon: *tēsian

Middle Low German: têsen

→ Danish: tæse

→ Swedish: teisa, tesa (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *teisen

Middle Dutch: têsen

Dutch: tezen


breku

breku (nominative singular)
brekō (nominative plural)
brekā (accusative singular)
brekā (accusative plural)
brekā (genitive singular)
brekō (genitive plural)
brekē (dative singular)
brekōm (dative plural)
brekum (dative plural)
breku (instrumental singular)
brekōm (instrumental plural)
brekum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlāfġebrecu (possibly)

Old High German: brehha

Middle High German: breche

German: Breche

→ Vulgar Latin: *breca

Old French: breche, brekke, bresche, breke

Middle French: breche, bresche

French: brèche

→ Dutch bres

→ German: Bresche

→ Italian: brecchia, breccia

→ Spanish: brecha

→ Portuguese: brecha

Norman: brèque

Occitan: brech

Vulgar Latin: *brecāre, *breciāre

Old French: *brecher, *brechier

Old French: esbrechier

Middle French: ebrecher

French: ébrécher

Occitan: bercar


hōdijan

hōdijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hōdijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hōdijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hōdijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hōdiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hōdidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hōdisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hōdidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hōdidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hōdiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hōdidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hōdidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hōdijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hōdidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hōdiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hōdidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hōdijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hōdidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hōdijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hōdidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hōdijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hōdidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hōdijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hōdidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hōdijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hōdidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hōdijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hōdidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hōdijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hōdidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hōdi (class-1 present singular weak)
hōdiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hōdijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hōdid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: hēdan, hœ̄dan — Anglian
Middle English: heden
English: heed
Scots: hede

Old Frisian: hōda, hūda, *hēda; hōdia (wk2)

Saterland Frisian: häide, houde, houdje

West Frisian: hoedje, hoedzje

Old Saxon: hōdian, huodian
Middle Low German: hôden, hûden, hö̂den, hoeden, hoiden, hoyden, houden, heiden, höden
German Low German: höden

Old Dutch: huoden
Middle Dutch: hoeden
Dutch: hoeden
Afrikaans: hoed

Old High German: huoten

Middle High German: hüeten

Bavarian: hiatn

Cimbrian: hüutan

German: hüten
→ Danish: hytte

Luxembourgish: hidden

From *hōd (“shelter, protection, defense”) + *-jan. Of uncertain ultimate origin regarding connections outside of West Germanic; often compared to Proto-Germanic *hattuz (“hat, hood”) or *hōdaz (“hood”), both perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to cover, protect”), but the combination of voiceless and aspirated consonants is not common. Perhaps a substrate word, or developed from a causative Proto-Indo-European *koHtéyeti.

cog

to shelter; defend; protect against; guard; heed

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


klainī

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

klainī (masculine nominative singular)
klainiju (feminine nominative singular)
klainī (neuter nominative singular)
klainijanā (accusative masculine singular)
klainijā (accusative feminine singular)
klainī (accusative neuter singular)
klainijas (genitive masculine singular)
klainijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
klainijas (genitive neuter singular)
klainijumē (dative masculine singular)
klainijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
klainijumē (dative neuter singular)
klainiju (instrumental masculine singular)
klainijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
klainiju (instrumental neuter singular)
klainijē (masculine nominative plural)
klainijō (feminine nominative plural)
klainiju (neuter nominative plural)
klainijā (accusative masculine plural)
klainijā (accusative feminine plural)
klainiju (accusative neuter plural)
klainijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
klainijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
klainijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
klainijēm (dative masculine plural)
klainijum (dative masculine plural)
klainijēm (dative feminine plural)
klainijum (dative feminine plural)
klainijēm (dative neuter plural)
klainijum (dative neuter plural)
klainijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
klainijum (instrumental masculine plural)
klainijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
klainijum (feminine instrumental plural)
klainijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
klainijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: clǣne (“clean, pure”), clēne, clāne
Middle English: clene
English: clean
Scots: clene, clein

Old Frisian: klēne (“small”)

North Frisian: klien

Saterland Frisian: kleen

West Frisian: klien

desc

Old Saxon: klēni, kleini (“delicate, fine”)

desctree

Middle Low German: kleine, klêne, kleyne, kleyn, klyne, klên, klyn
Low German: kleen, klein
→ Old Norse: klénn
Icelandic: klénn
Faroese: klænur
Norwegian: klen, klein
Old Swedish: klēn
Swedish: klen
Danish: klejn

Old Dutch: cleini (“small, fine”)
Middle Dutch: cleine, clêne, clein, cleen
Dutch: klein
Afrikaans: klein
Jersey Dutch: klāin
Negerhollands: kleen, klen
Skepi Creole Dutch: klenk
Limburgish: klein

Old High German: kleini (“fine, small; clean”)
Middle High German: klein, kleine
Alemannic German: chlii, chly, chlei, klei, chli
Swabian: gloi
Vorarlbergerisch: klän, klen, kli, klin
Bavarian: klaa, kloa
Apeltonerisch: klua
Cimbrian: khlòan, khlumma (Luserna)
Mòcheno: khloa'n
Central Franconian: kleen
Hunsrik: kleen
Kölsch: klein
German: klein
Luxembourgish: kleng
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: klaan
Pennsylvania German: glee
Yiddish: קליין (kleyn)

Unknown; usually suggested to be related to *klenan (“to stick; to smear”) and *klaij (“clay”), through an intermediate meaning of either “shining” or “finely smeared, plastered”, however this is disputed. Alternatively proposed to be a substrate borrowing, perhaps merged from two separate terms meaning “clean” and “small”, respectively.


swerkan

swerkan (infinitive)
swerkannjas (genitive infinitive)
swerkannjē (dative infinitive)
swerkannju (infinitive instrumental)
swerku (first-person present singular)
swark (first-person past singular)
swirkiʀi (present second-person singular)
swurkī (past second-person singular)
swirkidi (present singular third-person)
swark (past singular third-person)
swerkum (first-person plural present)
swurkum (first-person past plural)
swirkid (plural present second-person)
swurkud (past plural second-person)
swerkand (plural present third-person)
swurkun (past plural third-person)
swerkē (first-person present singular)
swurkī (first-person past singular)
swerkēs (present second-person singular)
swerkē (present singular third-person)
swurkī (past singular third-person)
swerkēm (first-person plural present)
swurkīm (first-person past plural)
swerkēþ (plural present second-person)
swurkīd (past plural second-person)
swerkēn (plural present third-person)
swurkīn (past plural third-person)
swirk (present singular)
swirkid (plural present)
swerkandī (participle present)
sworkan (participle past)

Old English: sweorcan

Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)

Old Frisian: swerka

Old Saxon: swerkan

Middle Low German: swerken

Low German: swerken, schwerken

Old Dutch: *swerkan

Middle Dutch: swerken

Old High German: swerchan


smeltan

smeltan (infinitive)
smeltannjas (genitive infinitive)
smeltannjē (dative infinitive)
smeltannju (infinitive instrumental)
smeltu (first-person present singular)
smalt (first-person past singular)
smiltiʀi (present second-person singular)
smultī (past second-person singular)
smiltidi (present singular third-person)
smalt (past singular third-person)
smeltum (first-person plural present)
smultum (first-person past plural)
smiltid (plural present second-person)
smultud (past plural second-person)
smeltand (plural present third-person)
smultun (past plural third-person)
smeltē (first-person present singular)
smultī (first-person past singular)
smeltēs (present second-person singular)
smeltē (present singular third-person)
smultī (past singular third-person)
smeltēm (first-person plural present)
smultīm (first-person past plural)
smeltēþ (plural present second-person)
smultīd (past plural second-person)
smeltēn (plural present third-person)
smultīn (past plural third-person)
smilt (present singular)
smiltid (plural present)
smeltandī (participle present)
smoltan (participle past)

Old English: *smeltan

⇒ Old English: smelting

Old Frisian: *smelta

Saterland Frisian: smilte

West Frisian: smelte

Old Saxon: smeltan

Middle Low German: smelten

Low German: smölten

Old Dutch: *smeltan
Middle Dutch: smelten
Dutch: smelten
Afrikaans: smelt
Berbice Creole Dutch: smelti
Negerhollands: smelt
→ English: smelt
Limburgish: smöltje

Old High German: smelzan

Middle High German: smelzen

German: schmelzen

Luxembourgish: schmëlzen


wlank

wlank (masculine nominative singular)
wlanku (feminine nominative singular)
wlank (neuter nominative singular)
wlankanā (accusative masculine singular)
wlankā (accusative feminine singular)
wlank (accusative neuter singular)
wlankas (genitive masculine singular)
wlankeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wlankas (genitive neuter singular)
wlankumē (dative masculine singular)
wlankeʀē (dative feminine singular)
wlankumē (dative neuter singular)
wlanku (instrumental masculine singular)
wlankeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wlanku (instrumental neuter singular)
wlankē (masculine nominative plural)
wlankō (feminine nominative plural)
wlanku (neuter nominative plural)
wlankā (accusative masculine plural)
wlankā (accusative feminine plural)
wlanku (accusative neuter plural)
wlankeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wlankeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wlankeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wlankēm (dative masculine plural)
wlankum (dative masculine plural)
wlankēm (dative feminine plural)
wlankum (dative feminine plural)
wlankēm (dative neuter plural)
wlankum (dative neuter plural)
wlankēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wlankum (instrumental masculine plural)
wlankēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wlankum (feminine instrumental plural)
wlankēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wlankum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wlanc, wlonc
Middle English: wlank, wlanck, wlonc, wlonk, wlong (especially West Midlands)
Middle Scots: wlonk (poetic)

Old Saxon: wlank
Middle Low German: wlank

Unknown, but corresponding to a lost strong verb *wlinkan (according to Kroonen).


rādislī

rādislī (nominative singular)
rādisliju (nominative plural)
rādislī (accusative singular)
rādisliju (accusative plural)
rādislijas (genitive singular)
rādislijō (genitive plural)
rādislijē (dative singular)
rādislijum (dative plural)
rādisliju (instrumental singular)
rādislijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rǣdels, rǣdelse, rǣsele
Middle English: redels, redel, rydel, ridil
English: riddle
Middle Scots: riddill, riddil
Scots: riddle
→ Norn: ridl

Old Saxon: rādisli, rādislo

desc

Middle Low German: rēdisle, rātsel, rādelse, rēdelse

German Low German: Raadsel

Low German: redelse, radelse

⇒ Middle Low German: redelschen, redelszen

Old Dutch: *rādisli, *rādsili

Middle Dutch: ratsele, raetsel, rādeles, rāles

desctree

Dutch: raadsel
Afrikaans: rasel, raaisel

Old High German: rādisli (hapax, Ripuarian)

Middle High German: rātsal, rētsel (rare, Central German)

German: Rätsel

From *rādan (“to advise; to guess, interpret”) + *-islī.


felhan

felhan (infinitive)
felhannjas (genitive infinitive)
felhannjē (dative infinitive)
felhannju (infinitive instrumental)
felhu (first-person present singular)
falh (first-person past singular)
filhiʀi (present second-person singular)
fulgī (past second-person singular)
filhidi (present singular third-person)
falh (past singular third-person)
felhum (first-person plural present)
fulgum (first-person past plural)
filhid (plural present second-person)
fulgud (past plural second-person)
felhand (plural present third-person)
fulgun (past plural third-person)
felhē (first-person present singular)
fulgī (first-person past singular)
felhēs (present second-person singular)
felhē (present singular third-person)
fulgī (past singular third-person)
felhēm (first-person plural present)
fulgīm (first-person past plural)
felhēþ (plural present second-person)
fulgīd (past plural second-person)
felhēn (plural present third-person)
fulgīn (past plural third-person)
filh (present singular)
filhid (plural present)
felhandī (participle present)
folgan (participle past)

Old English: fēolan

Middle English: felen

English: feal (“to hide”)

Old Frisian: fela

Old Saxon: felhan

Middle Low German: vēlen

Low German: fehlen

Old Dutch: felan

Middle Dutch: vēlen

Dutch: velen

Old High German: felahan, felhan

Middle High German: felhen, velhen


spōan

spōan (infinitive)
spōannjas (genitive infinitive)
spōannjē (dative infinitive)
spōannju (infinitive instrumental)
spōu (first-person present singular)
speō (first-person past singular)
spōiʀi (present second-person singular)
speōī (past second-person singular)
spōidi (present singular third-person)
speō (past singular third-person)
spōum (first-person plural present)
speōum (first-person past plural)
spōid (plural present second-person)
speōud (past plural second-person)
spōand (plural present third-person)
speōun (past plural third-person)
spōē (first-person present singular)
speōī (first-person past singular)
spōēs (present second-person singular)
spōē (present singular third-person)
speōī (past singular third-person)
spōēm (first-person plural present)
speōīm (first-person past plural)
spōēþ (plural present second-person)
speōīd (past plural second-person)
spōēn (plural present third-person)
speōīn (past plural third-person)
spō (present singular)
spōid (plural present)
spōandī (participle present)
spōan (participle past)

Old English: spōwan

Old Saxon: *spōan

⇒ Old Saxon: *andspōan, *antspōan

Middle Low German: untspōn, entspōn (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Dutch: *spuon

Middle Dutch: spoen

⇒ Old Dutch: *antspuon

Middle Dutch: ontspoen

Old High German: spuoan, spuoen, spuon

Middle High German: spuon

From Proto-Germanic *spōaną, from Proto-Indo-European *spóh₁-e-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *speh₁- (“to succeed, prosper”).


rūnōn

rūnōn (infinitive)
rūnōnijas (genitive infinitive)
rūnōnijē (dative infinitive)
rūnōniju (infinitive instrumental)
rūnō (first-person present singular)
rūnōdā (first-person past singular)
rūnōs (present second-person singular)
rūnōdēs (past second-person singular)
rūnōdōs (past second-person singular)
rūnōþ (present singular third-person)
rūnōdē (past singular third-person)
rūnōdā (past singular third-person)
rūnōm (first-person plural present)
rūnōdum (first-person past plural)
rūnōþ (plural present second-person)
rūnōdud (past plural second-person)
rūnōnþ (plural present third-person)
rūnōdun (past plural third-person)
rūnōdī (first-person past singular)
rūnōdī (past second-person singular)
rūnō (present singular third-person)
rūnōdī (past singular third-person)
rūnōdīm (first-person past plural)
rūnōdīd (past plural second-person)
rūnōn (plural present third-person)
rūnōdīn (past plural third-person)
rūnō (present singular)
rūnōþ (plural present)
rūnōndī (participle present)
rūnōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: rūnian
Middle English: rounen, rownen
English: roun, round
Scots: roun, round

Old Frisian: *rūnia

Saterland Frisian: ruunje

West Frisian: rúnje

Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian

Middle Low German: rûnen

German Low German: runen

Old Dutch: *rūnōn

Middle Dutch: rûnen, ruynen, roenen

Dutch: ruinen

→ West Frisian: reaunje, reauntsje

Old High German: rūnōn

Middle High German: rūnen

German: raunen

→ Old French: runer

Middle French: runer


Gautafriþu

Gautafriþu (nominative singular)
Gautafriþā (accusative singular)
Gautafriþā (genitive singular)
Gautafriþē (dative singular)
Gautafriþu (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Gautfred

German: Gottfried
→ Swedish: Gottfrid

→ Latin: Godefridus (see there for further descendants)

a male given name, equivalent to English Godfrey or Jeffrey


asil

asil (nominative singular)
asilō (nominative plural)
asilōs (nominative plural)
asil (accusative singular)
asilā (accusative plural)
asilas (genitive singular)
asilō (genitive plural)
asilē (dative singular)
asilum (dative plural)
asilu (instrumental singular)
asilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: esol, eosol — Anglian
Middle English: asald

Old Frisian: *esel

North Frisian: eesel

Saterland Frisian: Íezel

West Frisian: ezel

Old Saxon: esil
Middle Low German: esel
Low German: Esel
Plautdietsch: Äsel
→ Danish: æsel
→ Faroese: esil
→ Estonian: eesel (or from German)
→ Norwegian: esel
→ Polabian: asål

Old Dutch: esil

Middle Dutch: ēsel
Dutch: ezel
Afrikaans: esel
→ Sotho: esele
→ Xhosa: i-esile
→ English: easel
Negerhollands: esel
Limburgish: aezel

Old High German: esil

Middle High German: esel

Alemannic German: Esel

Cimbrian: éezel

Central Franconian: Essel

German: Esel
→ Estonian: eesel (or from Middle Low German)
→ Lower Sorbian: ezel
→ Tok Pisin: esel

Luxembourgish: Iesel

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Esel

Yiddish: אייזל (eyzl)

Borrowed from Latin asellus. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍃 (asilus).


spōdijan

spōdijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
spōdijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
spōdijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
spōdijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
spōdiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
spōdidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
spōdisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
spōdidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spōdidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spōdiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
spōdidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spōdidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spōdijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
spōdidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
spōdiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
spōdidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
spōdijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
spōdidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
spōdijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
spōdidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
spōdijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
spōdidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spōdijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
spōdidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spōdijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
spōdidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
spōdijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
spōdidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
spōdijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
spōdidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
spōdi (class-1 present singular weak)
spōdiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
spōdijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
spōdid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: spēdan
Middle English: speden, spedden
English: speed
Scots: spede, speid
Yola: zpeed

Old Frisian: spēda

North Frisian: speda

Old Saxon: spōdian

Middle Low German: spōden, spöden

q

earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">spuden</i>, both by secondary adaptation

→ German: sputen (earlier spuden, both by secondary adaptation)

Old Dutch: spuoden

desctree

Middle Dutch: spoeden
Dutch: spoeden
Afrikaans: spoed
Limburgish: spooje

Old High German: spuoten (without continuation)

From *spōdi (“success, prosperity”) + *-jan.


stapi

stapi (nominative singular)
stapī (nominative plural)
stapi (accusative singular)
stapī (accusative plural)
stapī (genitive singular)
stappjō (genitive plural)
stapī (dative singular)
stapim (dative plural)
stappjum (dative plural)
stapī (instrumental singular)
stapim (instrumental plural)
stappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stæpe, stepe
Middle English: steppe, stap, stape, steape, steepe, step, stepe
English: step
Scots: step, stap, stop

Old Frisian: *stap, stepe

North Frisian: staep

Saterland Frisian: Stap, Stappe

Old Saxon: *stap, *step

Middle Low German: stappe

German Low German: Stapp

Old Dutch: *stap, *step

Middle Dutch: steppe, step

Old High German: stapho, staph (dative: stepfen)

Middle High German: stapf

German: Stapf, Stapfe, Stapfen

⇒ Old High German: fuozstapho

Middle High German: vuozstapfe

German: Fußstapfen

→ Medieval Latin: stapēs

New Latin: stapes

→ English: stapes

French: stapes

From Proto-Germanic *stapiz, from Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ‑, *steb‑ (“to support, stomp, rant, amaze”).


lindu

lindu (nominative singular)
lindō (nominative plural)
lindā (accusative singular)
lindā (accusative plural)
lindā (genitive singular)
lindō (genitive plural)
lindē (dative singular)
lindōm (dative plural)
lindum (dative plural)
lindu (instrumental singular)
lindōm (instrumental plural)
lindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lind
Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
English: lind, lime
Scots: lind, lynde, leind

Old Saxon: linda, lindia

Middle Low German: linde

Old Dutch: *linda

Middle Dutch: linde

Dutch: linde

Old High German: linta
Middle High German: linde
Bavarian: Lindn
German: Linde
Luxembourgish: Lann


gafadurjō

gafadurjō (nominative singular)
gafadurjan (nominative plural)
gafadurjan (accusative singular)
gafadurjan (accusative plural)
gafadurjini (genitive singular)
gafadurjan (genitive singular)
gafadurjanō (genitive plural)
gafadurjini (dative singular)
gafadurjan (dative singular)
gafadurjum (dative plural)
gafadurjini (instrumental singular)
gafadurjan (instrumental singular)
gafadurjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefædera

Old Frisian: fadera

Saterland Frisian: Fadder

Old Saxon: *gifadero
Middle Low German: gevaddere, gevādere, geveddere, gevedder
Low German: Gevadder, Vadder
→ German: Vadder

Old Dutch: *gefadero
Middle Dutch: gevādere
Dutch: gevader

Old High German: gifatero, gevatero; gifatera

Middle High German: gevatere, gevater

German: Gevatter m or f, Vatter

From *ga- (“co-”) + *fadurjō (“paternal uncle”). Equivalent to *ga- + *fader (“father”) + *-jō. Compare Latin compater (“first cousin, godfather”).


hramu

hramu (nominative singular)
hramō (nominative plural)
hramā (accusative singular)
hramā (accusative plural)
hramā (genitive singular)
hramō (genitive plural)
hramē (dative singular)
hramōm (dative plural)
hramum (dative plural)
hramu (instrumental singular)
hramōm (instrumental plural)
hramum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hrame, *hrama

Saterland Frisian: Roome

West Frisian: raam

gl

⇒ Old Frisian: hramkorf, raemkorf (“basket-shaped fishing net”) (raemkorf perhaps influenced by Middle Dutch raem)

desctree

Old Saxon: hrama, rama f
Middle Low German: rāme, rām, rāmen m
German Low German: Raam, Rahm, Räm n, Rahmen, Rame, Ramen m
Plautdietsch: Rämen m
→ Danish: ramme
→ Estonian: raam
→ Faroese: ramma
→ Icelandic: ramma
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ramme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ramme
→ Old Swedish: rama
Swedish: ram
→ Scanian: ramme

Old Dutch: *rama

Middle Dutch: rāme, raem, raam m or f

Dutch: raam, ramen

→ Old French: raime

Middle French: ranme

French: rame

⇒ Middle Dutch: geraemte, geremte

Dutch: geraamte
Afrikaans: geraamte
→ West Frisian: ramt, raamt
→ German: Geraamte, Geraamt (dialectal)

Limburgish: geraems, jerems

Old High German: rama, ram m or f
> Middle High German: rame, ram (inherited)
Alemannic German: Ramme
German: Rahmen m, Ramen, Rahme, Rame (obsolete)
→ Czech: rám
→ Romanian: ramă
→ Russian: рама (rama)
Luxembourgish: Rumm
Vilamovian: raom
→ Old Polish: rama, ram
Polish: rama
→ Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
→ Kashubian: rama
→ Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
→ Azerbaijani: rama
→ Ingush: рама (rama)
→ Yakut: араама (araama)
→ Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)
Silesian: rama, rōma

>? Vulgar Latin: *frama

Old French: frame

→? Middle English: frame

English: frame

desc

⇒ Middle English: framen (“to frame (a building)”)

English: frame

From Proto-Germanic *hramō (“frame, cross”), whence *hramjaną (“to frame”), possibly cognate with Proto-Slavic *krōmà (“edge, boundary”).


waskan

waskan (infinitive)
waskannjas (genitive infinitive)
waskannjē (dative infinitive)
waskannju (infinitive instrumental)
wasku (first-person present singular)
wōsk (first-person past singular)
waskiʀi (present second-person singular)
wōskī (past second-person singular)
waskidi (present singular third-person)
wōsk (past singular third-person)
waskum (first-person plural present)
wōskum (first-person past plural)
waskid (plural present second-person)
wōskud (past plural second-person)
waskand (plural present third-person)
wōskun (past plural third-person)
waskē (first-person present singular)
wōskī (first-person past singular)
waskēs (present second-person singular)
waskē (present singular third-person)
wōskī (past singular third-person)
waskēm (first-person plural present)
wōskīm (first-person past plural)
waskēþ (plural present second-person)
wōskīd (past plural second-person)
waskēn (plural present third-person)
wōskīn (past plural third-person)
wask (present singular)
waskid (plural present)
waskandī (participle present)
waskan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wascan, wæscan, wacsan, waxan
Middle English: wasshen, wasch, wasche, waschen, waschsche, washe, washen, wasse, wasschen, wasshe, weschen, waischen, waissche, waisshen, wayschen, whasche, whaschen
English: wash
→ Swazi: washa
Scots: wash, wesh

Old Frisian: waska

Saterland Frisian: waaske

West Frisian: waskje

Old Saxon: waskan

Middle Low German: waschen

Low German: waschen, wasken

Old Dutch: wascan
Middle Dutch: wasschen
Dutch: wassen
Limburgish: wasje, wesje

Old High German: wascan, waskan

Middle High German: waschen

Alemannic German: wäsche

Cimbrian: bèssan

German: waschen

Luxembourgish: wäschen

Yiddish: וואַשן (vashn)

desc

→ Old French: waschier, guaschier, gascher

Middle French: gascher

French: gâcher

→ Italian: guazzare


pannā

pannā (nominative singular)
pannōn (nominative plural)
pannōn (accusative singular)
pannōn (accusative plural)
pannōn (genitive singular)
pannōnō (genitive plural)
pannōn (dative singular)
pannōm (dative plural)
pannum (dative plural)
pannōn (instrumental singular)
pannōm (instrumental plural)
pannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: panne
Middle English: panne, pan, pane, ponne (West Midlands)
English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン
Scots: pan

Old Frisian: panne

Saterland Frisian: Ponne

West Frisian: pân

Old Saxon: panna

Middle Low German: panne

German Low German: Panne, Pann

Plautdietsch: Paun

Old Dutch: *panna
Middle Dutch: panne
Dutch: pan
Afrikaans: pan
Jersey Dutch: pān
Negerhollands: pan
→ Caribbean Javanese: pan
→ Indonesian: panci (from the diminutive)
→ Javanese: ꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (panci), ꦮꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (wanci) (from the diminutive)
→ Munsee: pán
→ Papiamentu: panchi, pannetsji, pannetsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: pan
→ Saramaccan: pánu
Limburgish: pan

Old High German: phanna, pfanna
Middle High German: pfanne
Alemannic German: Pfane
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: fanna, fånn (Luserna)
Mòcheno: pfònn
German: Pfanne
Yiddish: פֿאַן (fan)


trundil

trundil (nominative singular)
trundilō (nominative plural)
trundilōs (nominative plural)
trundil (accusative singular)
trundilā (accusative plural)
trundilas (genitive singular)
trundilō (genitive plural)
trundilē (dative singular)
trundilum (dative plural)
trundilu (instrumental singular)
trundilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trendel, trændel, tryndel
Middle English: trendel, trindel
English: trendle, trindle, trundle
Scots: trinnell

Old Saxon: *trendil

Middle Low German: trendel

⇒ Middle Low German: trendelen

Old Dutch: *trendil

Middle Dutch: trendel

Dutch: trendel

Old High German: trendila, trindila (< *trindilō)

Middle High German: trendel, trindel

German: Trendel

desc

⇒ Middle High German: trendelen, trenelen, treneln


bāru

bāru (nominative singular)
bārō (nominative plural)
bārā (accusative singular)
bārā (accusative plural)
bārā (genitive singular)
bārō (genitive plural)
bārē (dative singular)
bārōm (dative plural)
bārum (dative plural)
bāru (instrumental singular)
bārōm (instrumental plural)
bārum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bēr, bǣr
Middle English: bere, beere, beer
Scots: bere, beir
English: bier

Old Frisian: bēre

North Frisian: beer, baar

Saterland Frisian: Beere

West Frisian: berje, bier, baar

Old Saxon: bāra

Middle Low German: bāre

German Low German: Bahr

Old Dutch: *bāra

Middle Dutch: bâre
Dutch: baar
Afrikaans: baar

Old High German: bāra
Middle High German: bāre
German: Bahre
→ Italian: bara
⇒ Italian: barella

→ Vulgar Latin: *bera

Old French: bere, biere

Middle French: biere

French: bière

Old Occitan: bera


brām

brām (nominative singular)
brāmō (nominative plural)
brāmōs (nominative plural)
brām (accusative singular)
brāmā (accusative plural)
brāmas (genitive singular)
brāmō (genitive plural)
brāmē (dative singular)
brāmum (dative plural)
brāmu (instrumental singular)
brāmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōm
Middle English: brom, brome, broom, broome, brume (Northern)
English: broom
Scots: brume, bruim

Old Frisian: *brōm, *brām
Saterland Frisian: Brom
West Frisian: brem, bremerheide

Old Saxon: *brām

Middle Low German: brâm

German Low German: Braam, Braom

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“thorn, point”).

der

brāme

Old High German: brāmo m, brāma f; Middle High German


gaist

gaist (nominative singular)
gaistō (nominative plural)
gaistōs (nominative plural)
gaist (accusative singular)
gaistā (accusative plural)
gaistas (genitive singular)
gaistō (genitive plural)
gaistē (dative singular)
gaistum (dative plural)
gaistu (instrumental singular)
gaistum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast
Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast

Old Frisian: gāst, gēst
Saterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest
West Frisian: geast
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast
→ Old Danish: gast (or from Low German)
Danish: gast
→ Old Swedish: gaster
Swedish: gast

Old Saxon: gēst, geist
Middle Low German: gêst, geist
Low German: Geist
German Low German: Geest, Geist
Plautdietsch: Jeist

Old Dutch: geist, gēst, *gast

Middle Dutch: gêest

Dutch: geest
Afrikaans: gees
Negerhollands: geest

Old High German: geist, gheist, keist
Middle High German: geist
German: Geist
→ English: geist
→ Danish: gejst
→ Swedish: gejst
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist
Hunsrik: Geest, Geist
Luxembourgish: Geescht
Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)

From Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).


sturtijan

sturtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sturtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sturtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sturtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sturtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturti (class-1 present singular weak)
sturtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sturtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sturtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sturtan, styrtan

Middle English: sterten, sturten, styrtan, stirten, steorten, starten
English: start, sturt (dialectal)
Scots: stert, start
Yola: starth

Old Frisian: sterta, stirta

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: stört

Hallig and Ockholm: steerte

Mooring: stjarte

Saterland Frisian: stäite

Old Saxon: *sturtian

Middle Low German: storten

German Low German: störten

→ Danish: styrte

→ Icelandic: sturta

→ Faroese: sturta

→ Swedish: störta; stjärta (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *sturten

Middle Dutch: sturten, storten

Dutch: storten
Negerhollands: stort
→ Caribbean Javanese: setor, nyetor
→ Indonesian: setor
→ Saterland Frisian: stöärtje
→ West Frisian: stoarte

Afrikaans: stort

Old High German: sturzen

Middle High German: sturzen

German: stürzen

Luxembourgish: stierzen

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tr̥-d-yé-ti, from *(s)ter- (“to be stiff”), for which see Proto-Germanic *staraz (“stiff”) for more. Orel takes the term as related to Proto-Germanic *stertaz (“haughty, stately”) (whence Old Norse uppstertr (“idem”)), itself a variant of *sterdaz (“stiff, rigid”) (whence Old Norse stirðr (“idem”)), from a Proto-Indo-European *sterd- (“to be stiff”) implied above, adducing Welsh serth (“stiff, rigid”) as a cognate.


sauw

sauw (nominative singular)
sauwu (nominative plural)
sauw (accusative singular)
sauwu (accusative plural)
sauwas (genitive singular)
sauwō (genitive plural)
sauwē (dative singular)
sauwum (dative plural)
sauwu (instrumental singular)
sauwum (instrumental plural)
*sau (alternative)

desctree

Old English: sēaw, sēa
Middle English: sew, cew, cewe, seew, seue, sewe, seaw (Early Middle English)
English: sew (obsolete)
→ Middle Welsh: sew
Welsh: sew (obsolete)

Old Saxon: sō

Old High German: sou

From Proto-Germanic *saw(w)ą, *saw(w)az, from Proto-Indo-European *sow-ó-s, from *sew- (“to press out”) + *-ós. Cognate with Sanskrit सव (savá, “juice (of the Soma)”), सुनोति (sunóti, “to press (Soma)”).


rebā

rebā (nominative singular)
rebōn (nominative plural)
rebōn (accusative singular)
rebōn (accusative plural)
rebōn (genitive singular)
rebōnō (genitive plural)
rebōn (dative singular)
rebōm (dative plural)
rebum (dative plural)
rebōn (instrumental singular)
rebōm (instrumental plural)
rebum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: reva

Middle Low German: rēbe, rebbe

German Low German: Rewe, Reobn

→ Swedish: reva

Old Dutch: reva
Middle Dutch: rēve

Old High German: rëba, röba

Middle High German: rëbe

German: Rebe

Hunsrik: Reb

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁p- (“to creep”). If so, possibly related to Latin rēpō (“to creap, crawl”).


spilōn

spilōn (infinitive)
spilōnijas (genitive infinitive)
spilōnijē (dative infinitive)
spilōniju (infinitive instrumental)
spilō (first-person present singular)
spilōdā (first-person past singular)
spilōs (present second-person singular)
spilōdēs (past second-person singular)
spilōdōs (past second-person singular)
spilōþ (present singular third-person)
spilōdē (past singular third-person)
spilōdā (past singular third-person)
spilōm (first-person plural present)
spilōdum (first-person past plural)
spilōþ (plural present second-person)
spilōdud (past plural second-person)
spilōnþ (plural present third-person)
spilōdun (past plural third-person)
spilōdī (first-person past singular)
spilōdī (past second-person singular)
spilō (present singular third-person)
spilōdī (past singular third-person)
spilōdīm (first-person past plural)
spilōdīd (past plural second-person)
spilōn (plural present third-person)
spilōdīn (past plural third-person)
spilō (present singular)
spilōþ (plural present)
spilōndī (participle present)
spilōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: spilian, spillian
Middle English: spilen
Early Scots: *spel, *spele (attested in spelare)
Scots: speill
→ English: speel

Old Frisian: spilia

North Frisian: spàlen

Saterland Frisian: spielje

West Frisian: spylje

Old Saxon: spilōn

desc

Middle Low German: spēlen, spȫlen, spillen

Low German: spielen

German Low German: spälen, spelen, spillen, spölen

→ Old Norse: spila

Icelandic: spila

Faroese: spæla

Norwegian Bokmål: spelle, spille

Norwegian Nynorsk: spela, spele

Swedish: spela
→ Finnish: pelata

Danish: spille

Old Dutch: *spilon

desctree

Middle Dutch: spelen
Dutch: spelen
Afrikaans: speel
Berbice Creole Dutch: pele
Negerhollands: speel
Limburgish: spaele, spele, späöle

Old High German: spilōn

Middle High German: spilen, spiln

Alemannic German: schpile

Swabian: schpile, schpiele

Italian Walser: schpélju, schpile, schpélu, schpìlju, spélò, spillun

desc

Bavarian: spiln, schpiln, sghpiln, schbuin, schbejn, schbiin

Cimbrian: spiln, spillan (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: spiln

Central Franconian: spille, spelle

Hunsrik: spiele

Luxembourgish: spillen

East Franconian: schbieln

German: spielen

Yiddish: שפּילן (shpiln)

From *spil (“game; play; dance”) + *-ōn (“denominative verbal suffix”).


kokōn

kokōn (infinitive)
kokōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kokōnijē (dative infinitive)
kokōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kokō (first-person present singular)
kokōdā (first-person past singular)
kokōs (present second-person singular)
kokōdēs (past second-person singular)
kokōdōs (past second-person singular)
kokōþ (present singular third-person)
kokōdē (past singular third-person)
kokōdā (past singular third-person)
kokōm (first-person plural present)
kokōdum (first-person past plural)
kokōþ (plural present second-person)
kokōdud (past plural second-person)
kokōnþ (plural present third-person)
kokōdun (past plural third-person)
kokōdī (first-person past singular)
kokōdī (past second-person singular)
kokō (present singular third-person)
kokōdī (past singular third-person)
kokōdīm (first-person past plural)
kokōdīd (past plural second-person)
kokōn (plural present third-person)
kokōdīn (past plural third-person)
kokō (present singular)
kokōþ (plural present)
kokōndī (participle present)
kokōd (participle past)

Old English: *cōcian

Middle English: cōken

English: cook

Scots: keuk

⇒ Old English: cōcnian

⇒ Old English: ġecōcsian

Old Frisian: koka, *kōkia

North Frisian: kööge

West Frisian: koaitsje

Old Saxon: *kokōn

Middle Low German: kôken, kâken

German Low German: koken

→ Icelandic: kokka

→ Faroese: kóka

→ Norwegian Bokmål: koke

→ Old Swedish: koka

Swedish: koka (“boil”)

→ Finnish: kokata

→ Danish: koge

Old Dutch: *kokon

desctree

Middle Dutch: cōken
Dutch: koken
Afrikaans: kook
Berbice Creole Dutch: koki
Jersey Dutch: kôke
Negerhollands: kook, kok, kuk
→ Saramaccan: akòkí
Limburgish: kaoke

desc

Old High German: kochōn, kohhōn, chochōn

Middle High German: kochen, chochen

Cimbrian: khòchan, khochan

German: kochen

Pennsylvania German: koche

Hunsrik: koche

Luxembourgish: kachen

Vilamovian: kocha, koha

Yiddish: קאָכן (kokhn)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kuxati

East Slavic:

Belarusian: куха́рыць (kuxárycʹ)

Ukrainian: кухова́рити (kuxováryty)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̏вати, ку̏хати (Bosnia, Croatia)

Latin script: kȕvati, kȕhati (Bosnia, Croatia)

Slovene: kuhati

Borrowed from Late Latin cocō, itself from Classical Latin coquō. Equivalent to *kok (“cook”) + *-ōn.


raub

raub (nominative singular)
raubō (nominative plural)
raubōs (nominative plural)
raub (accusative singular)
raubā (accusative plural)
raubas (genitive singular)
raubō (genitive plural)
raubē (dative singular)
raubum (dative plural)
raubu (instrumental singular)
raubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēaf

desctree

Middle English: reif, reaf, ræf, ref, reve, raf, ræve, rave, reafe
English: reif, reaf, rief
Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref

Old Frisian: rāf

Saterland Frisian: Roof

West Frisian: rôf

Old Saxon: *rōf

Middle Low German: rôf

German Low German: Roov

→ Old Swedish: rōf

Swedish: rov

Old Dutch: *rōf

Middle Dutch: rôof

Dutch: roof

Afrikaans: roof

Old High German: roub, roup

Middle High German: roub, roup

Alemannic German: Raub

German: Raub

Luxembourgish: Raf

→ Early Medieval Latin: rauba

Italian: roba

Sicilian: robba

Old French: robe, robbe, reube
Middle French: robe
French: robe
→ Dutch: robe
→ German: Robe
→ Czech: róba
→ Romanian: robă f
→ Turkish: rop
Norman: robe
→ Middle English: robe, roobe, rob, robbe
English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb
Scots: robe

Old Occitan:

Catalan: roba

Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa

Galician: roupa

Portuguese: roupa

Old Spanish:

Spanish: ropa

→ Chamicuro: ropa


āmā

āmā (nominative singular)
āmōn (nominative plural)
āmōn (accusative singular)
āmōn (accusative plural)
āmōn (genitive singular)
āmōnō (genitive plural)
āmōn (dative singular)
āmōm (dative plural)
āmum (dative plural)
āmōn (instrumental singular)
āmōm (instrumental plural)
āmum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: ēmel (“caterpillar; weevil”)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: emel, emelte (“corn bug; aphid”)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: emelt (“mosquito larva”)


bulit

bulit (nominative singular)
bulitō (nominative plural)
bulitōs (nominative plural)
bulit (accusative singular)
bulitā (accusative plural)
bulitas (genitive singular)
bulitō (genitive plural)
bulitē (dative singular)
bulitum (dative plural)
bulitu (instrumental singular)
bulitum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bulit

Old Dutch: *bulit

Middle Dutch: *bult, *bült

Dutch: bult (archaic)

Old High German: buliz

Middle High German: bülez, bülz

German: Pilz, Bilz, Bülz, Pülz (obsolete)


lippjō

lippjō (nominative singular)
lippjan (nominative plural)
lippjan (accusative singular)
lippjan (accusative plural)
lippjini (genitive singular)
lippjan (genitive singular)
lippjanō (genitive plural)
lippjini (dative singular)
lippjan (dative singular)
lippjum (dative plural)
lippjini (instrumental singular)
lippjan (instrumental singular)
lippjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lippa, lippe f
Middle English: lippe
English: lip
Scots: lip
→ Middle Welsh: llippa
Welsh: llipa

Old Frisian: lippa, *lippe

Saterland Frisian: Lippe

West Frisian: lippe

Old Saxon: *lippia

Middle Low German: lippe, libbe

Low German: Lippe

desc

German Low German: Lippe, Lebbe, Lipp, Lebb

→ German: Lippe (with confluence from Central German)

→? Norwegian Bokmål: leppe

→? Norwegian Nynorsk: leppe, leppa, lippa, lippe

→ Faroese: lippa

desctree

Old Dutch: leppa
Middle Dutch: leppe
Dutch: lip
Afrikaans: lip
Negerhollands: lip, lepp
→ Papiamentu: lep, lip, leep

Old High German: *lippa, *lipha, *lipfa (unattested, probably existed in northern dialects)

Middle High German: lippe (Central German)

q

German: Lippe (with confluence from Middle Low German)

From Proto-Germanic *lipjô, from Proto-Germanic *lepô or *lepaz (“lip”) + *-jô. Equivalent to *lep + *-jō. Cognate with Old Swedish læpi, lippe, lippa (“lip”).


lepuʀ

lepuʀ (nominative singular)
lepuʀō (nominative plural)
lepuʀōs (nominative plural)
lepuʀ (accusative singular)
lepuʀā (accusative plural)
lepuʀas (genitive singular)
lepuʀō (genitive plural)
lepuʀē (dative singular)
lepuʀum (dative plural)
lepuʀu (instrumental singular)
lepuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lepar

Old Dutch: lëpor

Middle Dutch: lëper

Old High German: lëffur

→ Old French: leffre (merger of regular levre and possibly OHG lëffur)

Middle French: leffre

From *lepō (“lip”) + *-uʀ, from Proto-Germanic *lepô.


mōd

mōd (nominative singular)
mōdō (nominative plural)
mōdōs (nominative plural)
mōd (accusative singular)
mōdā (accusative plural)
mōdas (genitive singular)
mōdō (genitive plural)
mōdē (dative singular)
mōdum (dative plural)
mōdu (instrumental singular)
mōdum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mōd
Middle English: mod, mode, mood
English: mood
Scots: mude, muid

Old Frisian: mōd

Saterland Frisian: Moud

West Frisian: moed

Old Saxon: mōd

Middle Low German: môt, moit, mout, mût

Low German:

German Low German: Mood, Mōt, Mūt

Westphalian:

Münsterländisch: te Moode

Westmünsterländisch: Mood

East Westphalian: Meot (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)

Plautdietsch: Moot

Old Dutch: muot

Middle Dutch: moet

Dutch: moed

Afrikaans: moed

desc

Old High German: (before c.850) mōt, (Freising) moat, muot

Middle High German: muot

German: Muth, Mut

Luxembourgish: Mutt

Yiddish: מוט (mut)


mōs

mōs (nominative singular)
mōsu (nominative plural)
mōs (accusative singular)
mōsu (accusative plural)
mōsas (genitive singular)
mōsō (genitive plural)
mōsē (dative singular)
mōsum (dative plural)
mōsu (instrumental singular)
mōsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōs

Middle English: mos, mose

>? English: mush

>? Scots: moosh

Old Frisian: mōs

Saterland Frisian: Muus

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Muusmas

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Appelmuus, Apelmuus

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Gemöis (possibly from German)

West Frisian: moes

Old Saxon: *mōs

Middle Low German: môs

German Low German: Moos

Plautdietsch: Mooss

→ Estonian: moos

desctree

Old Dutch: muos
Middle Dutch: moes
Dutch: moes
Afrikaans: moes
→ English: moose
Limburgish: moos

Old High German: muos

Middle High German: muos

Alemannic German: Mues
→ French: mouise

⇒ Alemannic German: Müesli (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)

German: Mus

Luxembourgish: Mous

⇒ Middle High German: gemüese

Bavarian: Gmias

German: Gemüse

Hunsrik: Gemies

Luxembourgish: Geméis

Pennsylvania German: Gemies


līb

līb (nominative singular)
lību (nominative plural)
līb (accusative singular)
lību (accusative plural)
lības (genitive singular)
lībō (genitive plural)
lībē (dative singular)
lībum (dative plural)
lību (instrumental singular)
lībum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līf, liif, lȳf
Middle English: lyf, leyf, lif, life, lijf, live
English: life
Scots: life, leif
Yola: lief, life

Old Frisian: līf

North Frisian: liff

Saterland Frisian: Lieuw

West Frisian: liif

Old Saxon: līf

Middle Low German: lîf
Low German: Lief
German Low German: Lif n, Lief n
Plautdietsch: Läwen

Old Dutch: līf

Middle Dutch: lijf
Dutch: lijf
Afrikaans: lyf
Berbice Creole Dutch: lifu
Negerhollands: lief, lif, lijf
Limburgish: lief
Zealandic: lief

Old High German: līb
Middle High German: līp, līph, līf, līb
Alemannic German: Liib
Central Franconian: Liev, Leiv
Hunsrik: Leib
Luxembourgish: Läif, Leif
Cimbrian: laip
German: Leib
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לײַב (layb)


līm

līm (nominative singular)
līmō (nominative plural)
līmōs (nominative plural)
līm (accusative singular)
līmā (accusative plural)
līmas (genitive singular)
līmō (genitive plural)
līmē (dative singular)
līmum (dative plural)
līmu (instrumental singular)
līmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līm
Middle English: lym, lim, lime, lyme
English: lime

Old Frisian: *līm

West Frisian: lym

Old Saxon: līm

Middle Low German: lîm

→ Estonian: liim

Old Dutch: *līm

Middle Dutch: lijm
Dutch: lijm
Afrikaans: lym
Negerhollands: liem
→ Caribbean Javanese: lèm
→ Indonesian: lem
→ Papiamentu: leim, lijm, lym, leimu
Limburgish: liem

Old High German: līm

Middle High German: līm

Bavarian: Laam, Loam

German: Leim

Luxembourgish: Läim

Pennsylvania German: Leim


skaft

skaft (nominative singular)
skaftō (nominative plural)
skaftōs (nominative plural)
skaft (accusative singular)
skaftā (accusative plural)
skaftas (genitive singular)
skaftō (genitive plural)
skaftē (dative singular)
skaftum (dative plural)
skaftu (instrumental singular)
skaftum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċeaft
Middle English: schaft, scæft, scaft, shaft, sschaft, scheft, sheft, shafft, schafft, chafte, saft, shaffet, schafte, shafte
English: shaft
Scots: schaft, shaft

Old Frisian: skeft

Saterland Frisian: Schacht, Skacht

West Frisian: skaft

Old Saxon: skaft

Middle Low German: schacht, scacht
Dutch Low Saxon: schacht
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Low German: Schecht, Schefft
Westphalian:
Dortmunder, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Schacht
Dortmunder, Westmünsterländisch: Schaft
Westmünsterländisch: Schach
Plautdietsch: Scheft, Schajcht
→ Middle High German: schacht
Alemannic German: Schacht
German: Schacht
→ Belarusian: шахта (šaxta)
→ Czech: šachta
→ Danish: skakt
→ Esperanto: ŝakto
→ Estonian: šaht
→ Polish: szacht
→ Russian: ша́хта (šáxta)
→ Kazakh: шахта (şaxta)
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȁht
→ Swedish: schakt
→ Ukrainian: шахта (šaxta)

Old Dutch: scaft
Middle Dutch: schacht, schaft
Dutch: schacht, schaft (archaic)
Afrikaans: skag

Old High German: skaft

Middle High German: schaft

German: Schaft


karm(i)

karm (canonical masculine)
i (romanization)
karm (nominative singular)
karmō (nominative plural)
karmōs (nominative plural)
karm (accusative singular)
karmā (accusative plural)
karmas (genitive singular)
karmō (genitive plural)
karmē (dative singular)
karmum (dative plural)
karmu (instrumental singular)
karmum (instrumental plural)
karmi (nominative singular)
karmī (nominative plural)
karmi (accusative singular)
karmī (accusative plural)
karmī (genitive singular)
karmijō (genitive plural)
karmī (dative singular)
karmim (dative plural)
karmijum (dative plural)
karmī (instrumental singular)
karmim (instrumental plural)
karmijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċierm (< *karmi); ċearm (< *karm)

Middle English: chirm, charme, cherme, chirme (Late Middle English)
English: chirm, churm; charm, jarm
Scots: chirm, churme

Old Saxon: karm (< *karm)

Old Dutch: *kermi (< *karmi)

Middle Dutch: kerme f

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

From pre-Germanic *ǵ(h₂)or-m-(i-), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry, shout”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *garman (“call, cry, shout; summoning”, noun) (Old Irish gairm, Middle Welsh garm), which rather reflects *ǵh₂r̥-(s)mn̥.


skraudan

skraudan (infinitive)
skraudannjas (genitive infinitive)
skraudannjē (dative infinitive)
skraudannju (infinitive instrumental)
skraudu (first-person present singular)
skreōd (first-person past singular)
skraudiʀi (present second-person singular)
skreōdī (past second-person singular)
skraudidi (present singular third-person)
skreōd (past singular third-person)
skraudum (first-person plural present)
skreōdum (first-person past plural)
skraudid (plural present second-person)
skreōdud (past plural second-person)
skraudand (plural present third-person)
skreōdun (past plural third-person)
skraudē (first-person present singular)
skreōdī (first-person past singular)
skraudēs (present second-person singular)
skraudē (present singular third-person)
skreōdī (past singular third-person)
skraudēm (first-person plural present)
skreōdīm (first-person past plural)
skraudēþ (plural present second-person)
skreōdīd (past plural second-person)
skraudēn (plural present third-person)
skreōdīn (past plural third-person)
skraud (present singular)
skraudid (plural present)
skraudandī (participle present)
skraudan (participle past)

Old Frisian: skrēda

Old Saxon: *skrōdan

Middle Low German: schrôden, schrâden

German Low German: schraden

desctree

Old Dutch: *scrōdan
Middle Dutch: schrôden
Dutch: schrooien

Old High German: skrōtan

Middle High German: schrōten

Alemannic German: schroote

German: schroten

From Proto-Germanic *skraudaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skrówdʰ-e-ti, from *skrew- (“to cut; cutting tool”), extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


īlijan

īlijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
īlijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
īlijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
īlijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
īliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
īlidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
īlisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
īlidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
īlidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
īliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
īlidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
īlidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
īlijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
īlidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
īliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
īlidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
īlijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
īlidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
īlijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
īlidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
īlijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
īlidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
īlijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
īlidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
īlijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
īlidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
īlijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
īlidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
īlijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
īlidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
īli (class-1 present singular weak)
īliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
īlijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
īlid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: īla

Old Saxon: īlian

Middle Low German: îlen

German Low German: ielen

→ Danish: ile

→ Old Swedish: ila

Swedish: ila

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ile

Old Dutch: īlen

Middle Dutch: ilen

Dutch: ijlen

Old High German: īlen

Middle High German: īlen

German: eilen


forsku

forsku (nominative singular)
forskō (nominative plural)
forskā (accusative singular)
forskā (accusative plural)
forskā (genitive singular)
forskō (genitive plural)
forskē (dative singular)
forskōm (dative plural)
forskum (dative plural)
forsku (instrumental singular)
forskōm (instrumental plural)
forskum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: forsca

Middle High German: vorsche

German: Forsche

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *furskō, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱ-eh₂, from *pr̥sḱéti (“to keep asking, question”).


forskōn

forskōn (infinitive)
forskōnijas (genitive infinitive)
forskōnijē (dative infinitive)
forskōniju (infinitive instrumental)
forskō (first-person present singular)
forskōdā (first-person past singular)
forskōs (present second-person singular)
forskōdēs (past second-person singular)
forskōdōs (past second-person singular)
forskōþ (present singular third-person)
forskōdē (past singular third-person)
forskōdā (past singular third-person)
forskōm (first-person plural present)
forskōdum (first-person past plural)
forskōþ (plural present second-person)
forskōdud (past plural second-person)
forskōnþ (plural present third-person)
forskōdun (past plural third-person)
forskōdī (first-person past singular)
forskōdī (past second-person singular)
forskō (present singular third-person)
forskōdī (past singular third-person)
forskōdīm (first-person past plural)
forskōdīd (past plural second-person)
forskōn (plural present third-person)
forskōdīn (past plural third-person)
forskō (present singular)
forskōþ (plural present)
forskōndī (participle present)
forskōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *forskia

Saterland Frisian: foarskje

Old High German: forskōn, forscōn

Middle High German: vorschen

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: vóorsan, bóorsan, vorsan

German: forschen
→ Danish: forske
→ Dutch: vorsen
→ Norwegian: forske
→ Swedish: forska

Luxembourgish: fuerschen

desc

→ Middle Low German: förschen, fröschen, vorschen, vroschen

German Low German: försken

From *forsku (“question, inquiry”) + *-ōn.


kuffju

kuffju (nominative singular)
kuffjō (nominative plural)
kuffjā (accusative singular)
kuffjā (accusative plural)
kuffjā (genitive singular)
kuffjō (genitive plural)
kuffjē (dative singular)
kuffjōm (dative plural)
kuffjum (dative plural)
kuffju (instrumental singular)
kuffjōm (instrumental plural)
kuffjum (instrumental plural)
*kuffjā (alternative)

Old High German: kupfia, kupphia; kupfa, kupha, chuppa, chuppha (borrowed?)

Middle High German: kupfe, gupfe, kuffe

→ Late Latin: cofia

Old French: coife, cofe, coif, coiffe, coifve

Middle French: coiffe, coeffe

French: coiffe

Middle English: coyfe, coyffe, coiffe, coyf, coif

English: coif, coiffe

Old Galician-Portuguese: cofia

Galician: cofia

Portuguese: coifa

Romanian: coif

→ Spanish: cofia (learned)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewp-, whence Proto-Germanic *skuftą (“tuft, hair”). Perhaps also related to Proto-Germanic *kuppaz.


hwahtlā

hwahtlā (nominative singular)
hwahtlōn (nominative plural)
hwahtlōn (accusative singular)
hwahtlōn (accusative plural)
hwahtlōn (genitive singular)
hwahtlōnō (genitive plural)
hwahtlōn (dative singular)
hwahtlōm (dative plural)
hwahtlum (dative plural)
hwahtlōn (instrumental singular)
hwahtlōm (instrumental plural)
hwahtlum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hwahtula

Middle Low German: wachtele

→ Danish: vagtel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vaktel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vaktel

→ Swedish: vaktel

Old High German: wahtila, wahtula, wahtala

Middle High German: wahtel, wachtel

German: Wachtel

→ Late Latin: quaccola (see there for further descendants)

Old Saxon: kwattula, quatula

Old Dutch: *kwattula

Middle Dutch: quattel, quattele

Dutch: kwartel

Afrikaans: kwartel

Old High German: kwattala, kwahtila, kwattula, quattala

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hwahtlǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóǵ⁽ʰ⁾-tl-eh₂, from *kʷeǵ⁽ʰ⁾- (“to flee”), cognate with Latin quaccola (“quail”), cocturnīx, cōturnīx (“quail”). Perhaps related to Old Norse *hvekka (“to be startled”), Latin conquinīscō (“to crouch down”), Proto-Slavic *čeznǫti (“to disappear”). Apparently reborrowed from Latin as *kwattulā.


duhti

duhti (nominative singular)
duhtī (nominative plural)
duhti (accusative singular)
duhtī (accusative plural)
duhtī (genitive singular)
duhtijō (genitive plural)
duhtī (dative singular)
duhtim (dative plural)
duhtijum (dative plural)
duhtī (instrumental singular)
duhtim (instrumental plural)
duhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *duht

Middle Low German: ducht

Low German: Ducht

Old High German: *tuht

Middle High German: tuht, (Central German) duht

German: Tucht, Ducht

Luxembourgish: Duucht


bogōn

bogōn (infinitive)
bogōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bogōnijē (dative infinitive)
bogōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bogō (first-person present singular)
bogōdā (first-person past singular)
bogōs (present second-person singular)
bogōdēs (past second-person singular)
bogōdōs (past second-person singular)
bogōþ (present singular third-person)
bogōdē (past singular third-person)
bogōdā (past singular third-person)
bogōm (first-person plural present)
bogōdum (first-person past plural)
bogōþ (plural present second-person)
bogōdud (past plural second-person)
bogōnþ (plural present third-person)
bogōdun (past plural third-person)
bogōdī (first-person past singular)
bogōdī (past second-person singular)
bogō (present singular third-person)
bogōdī (past singular third-person)
bogōdīm (first-person past plural)
bogōdīd (past plural second-person)
bogōn (plural present third-person)
bogōdīn (past plural third-person)
bogō (present singular)
bogōþ (plural present)
bogōndī (participle present)
bogōd (participle past)

>? Old English: boġian, boġan, boian, bōn

Middle English: bowen

Old Frisian: bāgia

West Frisian: bôgje

Old Dutch: *bogon

Middle Dutch: bogen

Dutch: bogen

Unknown; possibly:
* from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁ǵʰ- (“to get angry, quarrel”), related to Old Saxon bāg (“a fight; a boast”), Old High German bāgan (“to fight, quarrel”),
* from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”), related to *bannan (“to proclaim”), *bōni (“prayer, request”),
* or cognate with Norwegian bauka (“to plow through; to roar”), Danish bøge (“to roar”), of unknown origin.


huntōn

huntōn (infinitive)
huntōnijas (genitive infinitive)
huntōnijē (dative infinitive)
huntōniju (infinitive instrumental)
huntō (first-person present singular)
huntōdā (first-person past singular)
huntōs (present second-person singular)
huntōdēs (past second-person singular)
huntōdōs (past second-person singular)
huntōþ (present singular third-person)
huntōdē (past singular third-person)
huntōdā (past singular third-person)
huntōm (first-person plural present)
huntōdum (first-person past plural)
huntōþ (plural present second-person)
huntōdud (past plural second-person)
huntōnþ (plural present third-person)
huntōdun (past plural third-person)
huntōdī (first-person past singular)
huntōdī (past second-person singular)
huntō (present singular third-person)
huntōdī (past singular third-person)
huntōdīm (first-person past plural)
huntōdīd (past plural second-person)
huntōn (plural present third-person)
huntōdīn (past plural third-person)
huntō (present singular)
huntōþ (plural present)
huntōndī (participle present)
huntōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: huntian
Middle English: huntien, hunten, hounten
English: hunt
Scots: hunt

From Proto-Germanic *huntōną, from earlier paradigm *huntᵗōþi ~ *hundunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *kunt-nā́-ti ~ *kunt-un-ánti, iterative to Proto-Germanic *hinþaną (“to chase”).


irh

irh (nominative singular)
irhu (nominative plural)
irh (accusative singular)
irhu (accusative plural)
irhas (genitive singular)
irhō (genitive plural)
irhē (dative singular)
irhum (dative plural)
irhu (instrumental singular)
irhum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: irah, irh

Middle High German: irch, irech

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *yerḱ-. Compare Ancient Greek ἴυρκες (íurkes), δορκάς (dorkás), δόρξ (dórx) ~ ζόρξ (zórx) ~ ἴορξ (íorx), etc., Latin hircus, ircus, Old Armenian որս (ors), Welsh iwrch, but note the many unexplained phonetic variations.


fūrijan

fūrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
fūrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
fūrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
fūrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
fūriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fūridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fūrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fūridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fūridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fūridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fūriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fūridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fūrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fūridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fūrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fūridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fūrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fūridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fūridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fūridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fūrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fūridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fūrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fūridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fūri (class-1 present singular weak)
fūriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
fūrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
fūrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *fȳran

⇒ Old English: afȳran

Old High German: *fūren

⇒ Old High German: arfūren


fleus

fleus (nominative singular)
fliusiʀu (nominative plural)
fleus (accusative singular)
fliusiʀu (accusative plural)
fliusiʀi (genitive singular)
fliusiʀō (genitive plural)
fliusiʀi (dative singular)
fliusiʀum (dative plural)
fliusiʀi (instrumental singular)
fliusiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flēos, flīes, flȳs, flēs
Middle English: flees, ffleyse, fleece, fleese, fleesse, fleis, fleos, fleose, fles, flese, floes, flus, vluys
English: fleece
→ Finnish: fliisi
→ German: Fleece
Scots: fleis
Yola: flaase

Old Frisian: *fliōs, *fliūs

Saterland Frisian: Flüüs

West Frisian: flues

Old Saxon: *flios

Middle Low German: vlüs

Low German: Flüs

Old Dutch: *flios, *flius

Middle Dutch: vlies, vluus
Dutch: vlies
Afrikaans: vlies
→ German: Vlies
Limburgish: vlees

Old High German: *flios, flius

Middle High German: vlius

German: Fleuß, Flüß (rare, obsolete)

From Proto-Germanic *fleusaz, from Proto-Indo-European *plews- (“to pull out, pluck”).


gadurōn

gadurōn (infinitive)
gadurōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gadurōnijē (dative infinitive)
gadurōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gadurō (first-person present singular)
gadurōdā (first-person past singular)
gadurōs (present second-person singular)
gadurōdēs (past second-person singular)
gadurōdōs (past second-person singular)
gadurōþ (present singular third-person)
gadurōdē (past singular third-person)
gadurōdā (past singular third-person)
gadurōm (first-person plural present)
gadurōdum (first-person past plural)
gadurōþ (plural present second-person)
gadurōdud (past plural second-person)
gadurōnþ (plural present third-person)
gadurōdun (past plural third-person)
gadurōdī (first-person past singular)
gadurōdī (past second-person singular)
gadurō (present singular third-person)
gadurōdī (past singular third-person)
gadurōdīm (first-person past plural)
gadurōdīd (past plural second-person)
gadurōn (plural present third-person)
gadurōdīn (past plural third-person)
gadurō (present singular)
gadurōþ (plural present)
gadurōndī (participle present)
gadurōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: gaderian, gadorian, gadoriġean, gadrian, gadriġean, gæderian, gædrian
Middle English: gaderen, gederen, getheren, gideren, gither
English: gather
Scots: gader, gadder, forgadder, gaither
Yola: gother (preterite) ⇒ agyther

Old Frisian: gaduria, gaderia, gadria

West Frisian: gearje

Old Saxon: *gadurōn, *gaderōn

Middle Low German: gāderen, gadderen

Low German: vergadern

Old Dutch: *gadurōn

Middle Dutch: gāderen
Dutch: gaderen, garen
Limburgish: gaedere

Old High German: *gaturōn

Middle High German: gatern

From *gadur (“together, gathered”) + *-ōn.


gadōn

gadōn (infinitive)
gadōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gadōnijē (dative infinitive)
gadōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gadō (first-person present singular)
gadōdā (first-person past singular)
gadōs (present second-person singular)
gadōdēs (past second-person singular)
gadōdōs (past second-person singular)
gadōþ (present singular third-person)
gadōdē (past singular third-person)
gadōdā (past singular third-person)
gadōm (first-person plural present)
gadōdum (first-person past plural)
gadōþ (plural present second-person)
gadōdud (past plural second-person)
gadōnþ (plural present third-person)
gadōdun (past plural third-person)
gadōdī (first-person past singular)
gadōdī (past second-person singular)
gadō (present singular third-person)
gadōdī (past singular third-person)
gadōdīm (first-person past plural)
gadōdīd (past plural second-person)
gadōn (plural present third-person)
gadōdīn (past plural third-person)
gadō (present singular)
gadōþ (plural present)
gadōndī (participle present)
gadōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: gadia

Old Saxon: *gadōn

Middle Low German: gāden

Old Dutch: *gadon

Middle Dutch: gāden

Dutch: gaden (archaic)

Old High German: *gatōn

Middle High German: gaten

German: gatten

⇒ Old High German: bigatōn

From *gad (“union, joining”) + *-ōn or *gad (“suitable”) + *-ōn.


kosp

kosp (nominative singular)
kospō (nominative plural)
kospōs (nominative plural)
kosp (accusative singular)
kospā (accusative plural)
kospas (genitive singular)
kospō (genitive plural)
kospē (dative singular)
kospum (dative plural)
kospu (instrumental singular)
kospum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cosp, cops;

Middle English: cospe, cops

English: cuffs

Scots: cuf, cuff

Old Saxon: *kosp

gl

⇒ Old Saxon: lithocosp, lithokosp (attested as lithocospun, liđokospun (dative plural))

→ Late Latin: cuspus

Unknown; possibly borrowed from Byzantine Greek κοῦσπα (koûspa, “fetter”).


aisku

aisku (nominative singular)
aiskō (nominative plural)
aiskā (accusative singular)
aiskā (accusative plural)
aiskā (genitive singular)
aiskō (genitive plural)
aiskē (dative singular)
aiskōm (dative plural)
aiskum (dative plural)
aisku (instrumental singular)
aiskōm (instrumental plural)
aiskum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: āske

West Frisian: eask

Old Saxon: *ēska

Middle Low German: êsche, eische

→ Old Swedish: æskia

Swedish: äska

→ Old Danish: æske

Danish: æske

Old High German: eiska

Middle High German: eische

From *aiskōn (“to claim, demand”) + *-u.


þimstr

þimstr (masculine nominative singular)
þimstru (feminine nominative singular)
þimstr (neuter nominative singular)
þimstranā (accusative masculine singular)
þimstrā (accusative feminine singular)
þimstr (accusative neuter singular)
þimstras (genitive masculine singular)
þimstreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þimstras (genitive neuter singular)
þimstrumē (dative masculine singular)
þimstreʀē (dative feminine singular)
þimstrumē (dative neuter singular)
þimstru (instrumental masculine singular)
þimstreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þimstru (instrumental neuter singular)
þimstrē (masculine nominative plural)
þimstrō (feminine nominative plural)
þimstru (neuter nominative plural)
þimstrā (accusative masculine plural)
þimstrā (accusative feminine plural)
þimstru (accusative neuter plural)
þimstreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þimstreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þimstreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þimstrēm (dative masculine plural)
þimstrum (dative masculine plural)
þimstrēm (dative feminine plural)
þimstrum (dative feminine plural)
þimstrēm (dative neuter plural)
þimstrum (dative neuter plural)
þimstrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þimstrum (instrumental masculine plural)
þimstrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þimstrum (feminine instrumental plural)
þimstrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þimstrum (instrumental neuter plural)
*finistr (alternative)

Old Saxon: *finistar, *thinstar

gl

Middle Low German: vinster, dinster, *dienster (attested in Middle Low German dinsternisse, diensternisse)

q

>? Middle Low German: dûnster (possibly conflated with dûster < *þiustrī)

Old Dutch: *thimster, *finistar

desc

Middle Dutch: demster, deemster, vinster

Dutch: deemster

Old High German: thinstar, dinstar, finistir, finstar

Middle High German: vinster, dinster, dunster

German: finster

Yiddish: פֿינצטער (fintster)

From Proto-Germanic *þimstraz, from Proto-Indo-European *témH-s-ro-s, from *temH- (“dark”). Cognate with Sanskrit तमिस्र (tamisra, “dark”), Latin tenebrae (“darkness”), Lithuanian tamsa (“darkness”). Perhaps related to *þiustrī (“dark, gloomy”).


falgu

falgu (nominative singular)
falgō (nominative plural)
falgā (accusative singular)
falgā (accusative plural)
falgā (genitive singular)
falgō (genitive plural)
falgē (dative singular)
falgōm (dative plural)
falgum (dative plural)
falgu (instrumental singular)
falgōm (instrumental plural)
falgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fealg, fealh, felg
Middle English: falwe, falow, falugh, falghe
English: fallow
Scots: fauch
Yola: falloo

Old Frisian: fallach

North Frisian: falig

Saterland Frisian: falge

West Frisian: felling

Old Dutch: *falh

Middle Dutch: *valch, valge

Dutch: valg, valge

Old High German: felga

Middle High German: velge

German: Felge (dialectal)

Uncertain; from Proto-Germanic *falgō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *polḱ-éh₂ (“arable land”), perhaps cognate with Gaulish *olcā (“arable land”) (whence French ouche), as well as Lithuanian plė́šti, Latvian plêst (“to tear, pluck; to plow land for the first time”).


badu

badu (nominative singular)
badwō (nominative plural)
badwā (accusative singular)
badwā (accusative plural)
badwā (genitive singular)
badwō (genitive plural)
badwē (dative singular)
badwōm (dative plural)
badum (dative plural)
badu (instrumental singular)
badwōm (instrumental plural)
badum (instrumental plural)

Old English: badu, beado, beadu

⇒ Old English: *beaduhōc

⇒ Middle English: *bedhok, bedocke

English: beadhook, beedhook, bidhook

Old Saxon: badu (in compounds and personal names)

Old High German: badu, batu, patu, pato (in personal names)


ōfer

ōfer (nominative singular)
ōferō (nominative plural)
ōferōs (nominative plural)
ōfer (accusative singular)
ōferā (accusative plural)
ōferas (genitive singular)
ōferō (genitive plural)
ōferē (dative singular)
ōferum (dative plural)
ōferu (instrumental singular)
ōferum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōfer, ōfor, ōbr

Middle English: over

English: over

Scots: offer

Old Frisian: ōvera, ōvere

North Frisian: over

Saterland Frisian: Ouger n

West Frisian: ouwer

Old Saxon: *ovar

desc

Middle Low German: över, oever, oyver, auver

Low German: Över

Old Dutch: *uovar, *ōvar

desctree

Middle Dutch: oever
Dutch: oever
Afrikaans: oewer
Limburgish: euver

Old High German: *uofar

Middle High German: uover, uober

German: Ufer

From Proto-Germanic *ōferaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁-per-o-s, from *h₂éh₁ (“to, at”) + *per- (“beyond, across”) + *-os, (whence Ancient Greek πέρας (péras, “end, boundary”)) + *-os. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἤπειρος (ḗpeiros, “mainland”), and possibly Old Armenian ափն (apʻn, “edge; shore”).


gerstu

gerstu (nominative singular)
gerstō (nominative plural)
gerstā (accusative singular)
gerstā (accusative plural)
gerstā (genitive singular)
gerstō (genitive plural)
gerstē (dative singular)
gerstōm (dative plural)
gerstum (dative plural)
gerstu (instrumental singular)
gerstōm (instrumental plural)
gerstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)

desctree

Middle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost
English: gorse
Yola: goss, gorr

Old Frisian: *jerste

Saterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste

Old Saxon: gersta

Middle Low German: gerste

German Low German: Garste, Garst

Plautdietsch: Joascht

Old Dutch: *gersta

Middle Dutch: gerste

Dutch: gerst
Afrikaans: gars
→ Xhosa: írhási
→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)

Old High German: gersta

Middle High German: gerste

Alemannic German: Geerste

Bavarian: Geaschtn

Cimbrian: ghéersta

Mòcheno: gerst

Central Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht

Luxembourgish: Geescht

German: Gerste

Yiddish: גערשט (gersht)


harwōn

harwōn (infinitive)
harwōnijas (genitive infinitive)
harwōnijē (dative infinitive)
harwōniju (infinitive instrumental)
harwō (first-person present singular)
harwōdā (first-person past singular)
harwōs (present second-person singular)
harwōdēs (past second-person singular)
harwōdōs (past second-person singular)
harwōþ (present singular third-person)
harwōdē (past singular third-person)
harwōdā (past singular third-person)
harwōm (first-person plural present)
harwōdum (first-person past plural)
harwōþ (plural present second-person)
harwōdud (past plural second-person)
harwōnþ (plural present third-person)
harwōdun (past plural third-person)
harwōdī (first-person past singular)
harwōdī (past second-person singular)
harwō (present singular third-person)
harwōdī (past singular third-person)
harwōdīm (first-person past plural)
harwōdīd (past plural second-person)
harwōn (plural present third-person)
harwōdīn (past plural third-person)
harwō (present singular)
harwōþ (plural present)
harwōndī (participle present)
harwōd (participle past)

gl

Old Frisian: *harja (likely a borrowing from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)

Saterland Frisian: hoarje

West Frisian: harje

Old Saxon: *harwōn

Middle Low German: haren, harwen

German Low German: haaren

Old Dutch: *harwon

Middle Dutch: haren

Dutch: haren


snarkōn

snarkōn (infinitive)
snarkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
snarkōnijē (dative infinitive)
snarkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
snarkō (first-person present singular)
snarkōdā (first-person past singular)
snarkōs (present second-person singular)
snarkōdēs (past second-person singular)
snarkōdōs (past second-person singular)
snarkōþ (present singular third-person)
snarkōdē (past singular third-person)
snarkōdā (past singular third-person)
snarkōm (first-person plural present)
snarkōdum (first-person past plural)
snarkōþ (plural present second-person)
snarkōdud (past plural second-person)
snarkōnþ (plural present third-person)
snarkōdun (past plural third-person)
snarkōdī (first-person past singular)
snarkōdī (past second-person singular)
snarkō (present singular third-person)
snarkōdī (past singular third-person)
snarkōdīm (first-person past plural)
snarkōdīd (past plural second-person)
snarkōn (plural present third-person)
snarkōdīn (past plural third-person)
snarkō (present singular)
snarkōþ (plural present)
snarkōndī (participle present)
snarkōd (participle past)

Old English: *snearcian, *sniercian

Middle English: *snerken, *snarken

English: snark (likely borrowed from Low German)

Scots: snark (likely borrowed from Low German)

Old Frisian: *snarkia

>? North Frisian: snarke (perhaps a borrowing from Low German or Danish)

Old Saxon: *snarkōn

Middle Low German: snarken

German Low German:

Low Prussian: schnarken

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: schnarken (Drolshagen, Kirchhundem, Olpe), schnareken (Selbecke)

→ Danish: snarke

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: snarka, snarke

→ Old Swedish: snarka

Swedish: snarka

Old Dutch: *snerkon (< *snarrikōn)

Middle Dutch: snerken

Dutch: snerken

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: snerka

→ Old Swedish: snærka

Swedish: snärka (dialectal)

Old High German: *snarhōn

Middle High German: snarchen

German: schnarchen

desc

⇒ Middle High German: snarchelen, snarcheln

German: schnarcheln

⇒ Old High German: gisnarhōn

Uncertain; possibly metathesized from Proto-Indo-European *srengʰ-, cognate with Lithuanian snarglýs (“snot”), Old Irish srennaid (“to snore”), Ancient Greek ῥέγκω (rhénkō, “to snore”), Sanskrit शृङ्खाणिका (śṛṅkhāṇikā, “snot”).
Alternatively, perhaps from earlier *snarrukōn, equivalent to *snarrōn (“to buzz, drone, snarl”) + *-ukōn. Pfeifer considers said Germanic root to be an onomatopoeic formation related to German schnarren (“to croak, snarl”); it is feasible that *srengʰ-, if it indeed existed, is also of this same sound-symbolic origin.

suf

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


kranuk

kranuk (nominative singular)
kranukō (nominative plural)
kranukōs (nominative plural)
kranuk (accusative singular)
kranukā (accusative plural)
kranukas (genitive singular)
kranukō (genitive plural)
kranukē (dative singular)
kranukum (dative plural)
kranuku (instrumental singular)
kranukum (instrumental plural)
*kranik (alternative)

Old English: cranoc, cornuc

Old Saxon: *kranuk, *kranik

Middle Low German: krānek, krānk

German Low German: Kraank

Plautdietsch: Kraunkje

Old Dutch: *cranuk

Middle Dutch: *cranek

⇒? Middle Dutch: cranekin, cranekijn

Dutch: kraantje

desc

Old High German: chranuh, chranih, kranuh, kranih

Middle High German: kranech, kranch, kranc, krenech, krenich, krench

German: Kranich

→ Saterland Frisian: Kranich

From *kranō or *kran (“crane”) + *-uk (diminutive suffix).