striki

striki (nominative singular)
strikī (nominative plural)
striki (accusative singular)
strikī (accusative plural)
strikī (genitive singular)
strikkjō (genitive plural)
strikī (dative singular)
strikim (dative plural)
strikkjum (dative plural)
strikī (instrumental singular)
strikim (instrumental plural)
strikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strica

Middle English: streke

English: streak

Scots: strik, straik

Old Frisian: strike

North Frisian: strijck

Saterland Frisian: Striek

West Frisian: streek

Old Saxon: *striki

Middle Low German: streke

Low German: streek

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: strek

→ Danish: streg

→ Swedish: streck

→ Icelandic: stryk

Old Dutch: *striki

desctree

Middle Dutch: strēke
Dutch: streek
Afrikaans: streek

Old High German: strih

Middle High German: strich

German: Strich
→ Russian: штрих (štrix)

Luxembourgish: Stréch, Strach


getan

getan (infinitive)
getannjas (genitive infinitive)
getannjē (dative infinitive)
getannju (infinitive instrumental)
getu (first-person present singular)
gat (first-person past singular)
gitiʀi (present second-person singular)
gātī (past second-person singular)
gitidi (present singular third-person)
gat (past singular third-person)
getum (first-person plural present)
gātum (first-person past plural)
gitid (plural present second-person)
gātud (past plural second-person)
getand (plural present third-person)
gātun (past plural third-person)
getē (first-person present singular)
gātī (first-person past singular)
getēs (present second-person singular)
getē (present singular third-person)
gātī (past singular third-person)
getēm (first-person plural present)
gātīm (first-person past plural)
getēþ (plural present second-person)
gātīd (past plural second-person)
getēn (plural present third-person)
gātīn (past plural third-person)
git (present singular)
gitid (plural present)
getandī (participle present)
getan (participle past)

Old English: ġetan, ġietan

Middle English: ȝeten, yeten

English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete)

Scots: ȝet, yet, yat

q

via past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">yoten</i>

⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *jeta

⇒ Old Frisian: urjeta

Old High German: gezan, gezzan

Middle High German: gezzen


gail

gail (masculine nominative singular)
gailu (feminine nominative singular)
gail (neuter nominative singular)
gailanā (accusative masculine singular)
gailā (accusative feminine singular)
gail (accusative neuter singular)
gailas (genitive masculine singular)
gaileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gailas (genitive neuter singular)
gailumē (dative masculine singular)
gaileʀē (dative feminine singular)
gailumē (dative neuter singular)
gailu (instrumental masculine singular)
gaileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gailu (instrumental neuter singular)
gailē (masculine nominative plural)
gailō (feminine nominative plural)
gailu (neuter nominative plural)
gailā (accusative masculine plural)
gailā (accusative feminine plural)
gailu (accusative neuter plural)
gaileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gaileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gaileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gailēm (dative masculine plural)
gailum (dative masculine plural)
gailēm (dative feminine plural)
gailum (dative feminine plural)
gailēm (dative neuter plural)
gailum (dative neuter plural)
gailēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gailum (instrumental masculine plural)
gailēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gailum (feminine instrumental plural)
gailēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gailum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: gāl
Middle English: gal, gol
English: gole (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *gāl, *gēl

qualifier

Saterland Frisian: gail (perhaps borrowed from Low German or German)

West Frisian: geil (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: gēl

Middle Low German: geil

German Low German: geil

Old Dutch: *gēl, *geil

Middle Dutch: geel, gheil

Dutch: geil

Afrikaans: geil

Old High German: geil, keil

Middle High German: geil

German: geil

→ Danish: geil


laur

laur (nominative singular)
laurō (nominative plural)
laurōs (nominative plural)
laur (accusative singular)
laurā (accusative plural)
lauras (genitive singular)
laurō (genitive plural)
laurē (dative singular)
laurum (dative plural)
lauru (instrumental singular)
laurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: laur, lauwer, lawer

Borrowed from Latin laurus (“laurel tree”).


cedru

cedru (nominative singular)
cedrō (nominative plural)
cedrā (accusative singular)
cedrā (accusative plural)
cedrā (genitive singular)
cedrō (genitive plural)
cedrē (dative singular)
cedrōm (dative plural)
cedrum (dative plural)
cedru (instrumental singular)
cedrōm (instrumental plural)
cedrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċeder f, ċedar
Middle English: cedre (attested 1175 as cedrus (plural); merged with Old French cedre)
English: cedar
Scots: ceder, cedir

Old Frisian: *zedere, *sedere

Saterland Frisian: Tseder

West Frisian: seder

Old Saxon: *zedero, *zeduaro, *zedwero

desc

Middle Low German: sêder, sedder, ceder, cedder, sêdere, sêdewer, sêdwer, cedewer, tzedwer, seduer m

Plautdietsch: Zeeda

Old Dutch: *cedero

Middle Dutch: cēder m

desctree

Dutch: ceder
Afrikaans: seder
→ Sranan Tongo: sedre, redisedre
→ Aukan: sédé
→ Saramaccan: sedu

Old High German: *zēdara, *cēdara

desc

Middle High German: zēder, cēder, cēdar m

German: Zeder f

sēderen

Old Saxon: *zederīn, zeduarīn, zedwerīn; Middle Low German

zēderīn

Old High German: zēdarīn, zēdrīn; Middle High German


baut

baut (nominative singular)
bautu (nominative plural)
baut (accusative singular)
bautu (accusative plural)
bautas (genitive singular)
bautō (genitive plural)
bautē (dative singular)
bautum (dative plural)
bautu (instrumental singular)
bautum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bēat
Middle English: bete

Old High German: *bōz

Middle High German: bōz, boz n or m

German: Boss m

⇒ Old High German: anabōz

Middle High German: anebōz, anbōz

German: Amboß, Amboss

gebōz

Old High German: *gibōz; Middle High German


daud

daud (masculine nominative singular)
daudu (feminine nominative singular)
daud (neuter nominative singular)
daudanā (accusative masculine singular)
daudā (accusative feminine singular)
daud (accusative neuter singular)
daudas (genitive masculine singular)
daudeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
daudas (genitive neuter singular)
daudumē (dative masculine singular)
daudeʀē (dative feminine singular)
daudumē (dative neuter singular)
daudu (instrumental masculine singular)
daudeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
daudu (instrumental neuter singular)
daudē (masculine nominative plural)
daudō (feminine nominative plural)
daudu (neuter nominative plural)
daudā (accusative masculine plural)
daudā (accusative feminine plural)
daudu (accusative neuter plural)
daudeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
daudeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
daudeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
daudēm (dative masculine plural)
daudum (dative masculine plural)
daudēm (dative feminine plural)
daudum (dative feminine plural)
daudēm (dative neuter plural)
daudum (dative neuter plural)
daudēm (instrumental masculine plural)
daudum (instrumental masculine plural)
daudēm (feminine instrumental plural)
daudum (feminine instrumental plural)
daudēm (instrumental neuter plural)
daudum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: dēad, ᛞᛠᛞ (dead) — Near Fakenham plaque
Middle English: ded, deed
Scots: dede, deed, deid
English: dead
Yola: deed

Old Frisian: dād

North Frisian: ded

West Frisian: dead, dea

Saterland Frisian: dood

Old Saxon: dōd

Middle Low German: dōt

Low German: dood, doot, dod

Plautdietsch: doot

Old Dutch: dōt
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Berbice Creole Dutch: doto
Petjo: doot
Limburgish: doead

Old High German: tōt
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: daod, dod
Bavarian: doud
Cimbrian: tòat
Central Franconian: dut, dot
Hunsrik: dot
Luxembourgish: dout
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: duud
Upper Saxon German:
East Franconian:
German: tot
Rhine Franconian: dut, dot
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)


draum

draum (nominative singular)
draumō (nominative plural)
draumōs (nominative plural)
draum (accusative singular)
draumā (accusative plural)
draumas (genitive singular)
draumō (genitive plural)
draumē (dative singular)
draumum (dative plural)
draumu (instrumental singular)
draumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: drēam, drīm, drēm, *drīem, drām
Middle English: drem, dreme, dreem, dreeme, dream, dræm (Early Middle English)
English: dream
Scots: dreme

Old Frisian: drām
North Frisian: drom
Saterland Frisian: Droom
West Frisian: dream

Old Saxon: drōm
Middle Low German: drôm
Low German: Droom
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dräum(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Lippisch: Draum
Sauerländisch: Dräom, Draum, Dreyem, Droum, Drōem
Westmünsterländisch: Droom
Plautdietsch: Droom

Old Dutch: drōm, droum

Middle Dutch: drôom
Dutch: droom
Afrikaans: droom
Berbice Creole Dutch: drum
Jersey Dutch: drôm
Negerhollands: droom
Limburgish: droum

Old High German: troum

Middle High German: troum

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Draam

German: Traum

→ Hunsrik: Draum

Luxembourgish: Dram

Yiddish: טרוים (troym)


broþ

broþ (nominative singular)
broþu (nominative plural)
broþ (accusative singular)
broþu (accusative plural)
broþas (genitive singular)
broþō (genitive plural)
broþē (dative singular)
broþum (dative plural)
broþu (instrumental singular)
broþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: broþ
Middle English: broth
English: broth
→ Scottish Gaelic: brot
Scots: broth

Old Saxon: broth

Middle Low German: brot

Old Dutch: *brod

desc

>? Middle Dutch: bruud, bruyd (“slop from pots; liquid manure”)

Old High German: brod, prod

Middle High German: brod

Cimbrian: bröode

German: Brod

Luxembourgish: Britt

→ Late Latin: brodium (see there for further descendants)

→ Vulgar Latin: *brodum (“broth, stew”)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *brodiculāre (“to jumble together”)

Anglo-Norman: broiller

→ Middle English: broilen

English: broil

Scots: brulyie


stift

stift (nominative singular)
stiftō (nominative plural)
stiftōs (nominative plural)
stift (accusative singular)
stiftā (accusative plural)
stiftas (genitive singular)
stiftō (genitive plural)
stiftē (dative singular)
stiftum (dative plural)
stiftu (instrumental singular)
stiftum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stift

Middle Low German: stift, sticht

German Low German: Stift

→ Danish: stift

→ Swedish: stift

Old High German: stift, steft

Middle High German: stift, stëft

German: Stift

→ Esperanto: stifto

→ Polish: sztyft

Hunsrik: Stift

→ Middle Dutch: stifte

Dutch: stift

→ Papiamentu: steft

From Proto-Germanic *stiftaz, a nominal formation related to *stīfaz (“stiff”); see there for more.


gamet

gamet (nominative singular)
gametu (nominative plural)
gamet (accusative singular)
gametu (accusative plural)
gametas (genitive singular)
gametō (genitive plural)
gametē (dative singular)
gametum (dative plural)
gametu (instrumental singular)
gametum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġemet
Middle English: ȝemet, imet

Old Saxon: gimet

Old Dutch: gimet

Middle Dutch: gemet

Dutch: gemet

Old High German: gimez

Middle High German: *gemez

>? German: Gemäß


gamet

gamet (masculine nominative singular)
gametu (feminine nominative singular)
gamet (neuter nominative singular)
gametanā (accusative masculine singular)
gametā (accusative feminine singular)
gamet (accusative neuter singular)
gametas (genitive masculine singular)
gameteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gametas (genitive neuter singular)
gametumē (dative masculine singular)
gameteʀē (dative feminine singular)
gametumē (dative neuter singular)
gametu (instrumental masculine singular)
gameteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gametu (instrumental neuter singular)
gametē (masculine nominative plural)
gametō (feminine nominative plural)
gametu (neuter nominative plural)
gametā (accusative masculine plural)
gametā (accusative feminine plural)
gametu (accusative neuter plural)
gameteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gameteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gameteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gametēm (dative masculine plural)
gametum (dative masculine plural)
gametēm (dative feminine plural)
gametum (dative feminine plural)
gametēm (dative neuter plural)
gametum (dative neuter plural)
gametēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gametum (instrumental masculine plural)
gametēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gametum (feminine instrumental plural)
gametēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gametum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġemet

>? Old Frisian: met

Old Saxon: *gimet

⇒ Old Saxon: ungimet

Old High German: gimez

⇒ Old High German: ubargimez

⇒ Old High German: ungimez

Middle High German: *ungemez

>? German: ungemäß


afl

afl (nominative singular)
aflu (nominative plural)
afl (accusative singular)
aflu (accusative plural)
aflas (genitive singular)
aflō (genitive plural)
aflē (dative singular)
aflum (dative plural)
aflu (instrumental singular)
aflum (instrumental plural)

Old English: afol, abal
Middle English: afel

Old Frisian: evel

Old Saxon: aval

Old High German: *abal, *afal (in derivatives)

Middle High German: afel


drepan

drepan (infinitive)
drepannjas (genitive infinitive)
drepannjē (dative infinitive)
drepannju (infinitive instrumental)
drepu (first-person present singular)
drap (first-person past singular)
dripiʀi (present second-person singular)
drāpī (past second-person singular)
dripidi (present singular third-person)
drap (past singular third-person)
drepum (first-person plural present)
drāpum (first-person past plural)
dripid (plural present second-person)
drāpud (past plural second-person)
drepand (plural present third-person)
drāpun (past plural third-person)
drepē (first-person present singular)
drāpī (first-person past singular)
drepēs (present second-person singular)
drepē (present singular third-person)
drāpī (past singular third-person)
drepēm (first-person plural present)
drāpīm (first-person past plural)
drepēþ (plural present second-person)
drāpīd (past plural second-person)
drepēn (plural present third-person)
drāpīn (past plural third-person)
drip (present singular)
dripid (plural present)
drepandī (participle present)
drepan (participle past)

Old English: drepan
Middle English: drepen, drepe, drep
>? English: drib, drub
>? Scots: drib, drub

Old Saxon: drepan

Middle Low German: drēpen

German Low German: drapen, dropen

Low German: drapen, drepen

Old Dutch: drepan
Middle Dutch: drēpen
Limburgish: draepe

Old High German: treffan

Middle High German: treffen

→ Czech: trefit

German: treffen
→ Belarusian: трапіць (trapicʹ)
→ Danish: træffe
→ Esperanto: trafi
→ Luxembourgish: treffen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: treffe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: treffe
→ Polish: trefić
→ Silesian: trefić
→ Swedish: träffa
→ Ukrainian: трафити (trafyty)

→ Middle Dutch: treffen

Dutch: treffen

Afrikaans: tref

→ Polish: trafić

→ Serbo-Croatian: trefiti

→ Slovak: trafiť

Yiddish: טרעפֿן (trefn)


kastell

kastell (nominative singular)
kastellō (nominative plural)
kastellōs (nominative plural)
kastell (accusative singular)
kastellā (accusative plural)
kastellas (genitive singular)
kastellō (genitive plural)
kastellē (dative singular)
kastellum (dative plural)
kastellu (instrumental singular)
kastellum (instrumental plural)

Old English: castel, castell, cæstel, ċeastel
Middle English: castel, castell, castelle, castle, chastel (reinforced by Old French)
English: castle
→ Tongan: kāsolo
Scots: castle
→ Scottish Gaelic: caisteal

Old Saxon: kastel

desc

Middle Low German: kastêl, castêl, casteyl, kastel, kastell, kastelle

German Low German: Kasteel, Kastell

→ Danish: kastel

→ Esperanto: kastelo

Ido: kastelo

→ Icelandic: kastali

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kastell

→ Swedish: kastell

Old Dutch: *kastel

desctree

Middle Dutch: casteel (reinforced by Old French)
Dutch: kasteel
Afrikaans: kasteel
Negerhollands: kastell
→ Mahican: găstēnik
→ Malay: kastil
Indonesian: kastel, kastil
→ Papiamentu: kastel
→ West Frisian: kastiel
Limburgish: kestieël
West Flemish: kastêel, kastjil
→ Middle High German: kastēl
German: Kastell (partially)

Old High German: kastel

Middle High German: kastel, kastēl

Cimbrian: khastel

German: Kastell (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Czech: kostel

Czech: kostel

→ Polish: kościół (see there for further descendants)

→ Slovak: kostol


leudan

leudan (infinitive)
leudannjas (genitive infinitive)
leudannjē (dative infinitive)
leudannju (infinitive instrumental)
leudu (first-person present singular)
laud (first-person past singular)
liudiʀi (present second-person singular)
ludī (past second-person singular)
liudidi (present singular third-person)
laud (past singular third-person)
leudum (first-person plural present)
ludum (first-person past plural)
liudid (plural present second-person)
ludud (past plural second-person)
leudand (plural present third-person)
ludun (past plural third-person)
leudē (first-person present singular)
ludī (first-person past singular)
leudēs (present second-person singular)
leudē (present singular third-person)
ludī (past singular third-person)
leudēm (first-person plural present)
ludīm (first-person past plural)
leudēþ (plural present second-person)
ludīd (past plural second-person)
leudēn (plural present third-person)
ludīn (past plural third-person)
liud (present singular)
liudid (plural present)
leudandī (participle present)
lodan (participle past)

Old English: lēodan

Middle English: leoden

Old Saxon: liodan

Old High German: liotan


straum

straum (nominative singular)
straumō (nominative plural)
straumōs (nominative plural)
straum (accusative singular)
straumā (accusative plural)
straumas (genitive singular)
straumō (genitive plural)
straumē (dative singular)
straumum (dative plural)
straumu (instrumental singular)
straumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strēam

Middle English: strem, streem

Scots: strem, streme, streym, stream

English: stream

Old Frisian: strām

North Frisian: strum

Saterland Frisian: Stroom

West Frisian: stream

Old Saxon: strōm

Middle Low German: strōm

German Low German: Stroom

Low German: Stroom, Strom, Stråm

Old Dutch: *strōm

Middle Dutch: strôom
Dutch: stroom
Afrikaans: stroom
Limburgish: stroum

Old High German: stroum, strōm

q

Middle High German: stroum, strām, strōm, strūm (partially merged with strām (“streak”) < *strēmaz)

German: Strom

→ German Low German: Strom

desc

→ Silesian: sztrům (“electrical current”)

Luxembourgish: Stroum

Yiddish: שטראָם (shtrom)


tahr

tahr (nominative singular)
tahhru (nominative plural)
tahr (accusative singular)
tahhru (accusative plural)
tahhras (genitive singular)
tahhrō (genitive plural)
tahhrē (dative singular)
tahhrum (dative plural)
tahhru (instrumental singular)
tahhrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tēar, tæher, tǣr, teagor
Middle English: teer, teere, ter, tere, tær, tear (Early Middle English), tyer, tyear, tyar (Kent)
English: tear
Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir
Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir

Old Frisian: tār

Old High German: zahar, zahhar
Middle High German: zahar, zeher
Central Middle High German: zār ⇒ zære pl
German: Zähre sg
→ Italian: zacchera
→ Middle Low German: zâhē, zaahe


blokk

blokk (nominative singular)
blokku (nominative plural)
blokk (accusative singular)
blokku (accusative plural)
blokkas (genitive singular)
blokkō (genitive plural)
blokkē (dative singular)
blokkum (dative plural)
blokku (instrumental singular)
blokkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: blok

Saterland Frisian: Blok

West Frisian: blok

Old Saxon: blok

Middle Low German: blok

German Low German: Block

→ Danish: blok

→ Faroese: blokkur

→ Norwegian: blokk

→ Swedish: block

Old Dutch: *bloc

Middle Dutch: bloc

Dutch: blok
Afrikaans: blok
Berbice Creole Dutch: bloko
→ Caribbean Javanese: blog
→ Indonesian: blok
→ Papiamentu: blòki, blokki (from the diminutive)

Limburgish: blok, blók

→ Old French: bloc

Middle French: bloc

French: bloc (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: blok

→ Middle English: blok

English: block (see there for further descendants)

Scots: block

Old High German: bloh, bloch (also piloch, biloh, from a merger with an unrelated word)

Middle High German: bloch

German: Block (see there for further descendants)


swerd

swerd (nominative singular)
swerdu (nominative plural)
swerd (accusative singular)
swerdu (accusative plural)
swerdas (genitive singular)
swerdō (genitive plural)
swerdē (dative singular)
swerdum (dative plural)
swerdu (instrumental singular)
swerdum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: sweord, suord, swyrd, swurd

Middle English: swerd, sword

English: sword

Scots: swuird, swerd, sword

Old Frisian: swerd

North Frisian: swird, Swiirt

Sylt: Swērt

Saterland Frisian: Swäid, Swid

West Frisian: swurd

Old Saxon: swerd

Middle Low German: swert

German Low German: Sweerd, Schweerd, Schwert

Plautdietsch: Schwieet

desctree

Old Dutch: swert, suert
Middle Dutch: swert
Dutch: zwaard
Afrikaans: swaard
Negerhollands: sweerd
Limburgish: zwerd
West Flemish: zwoard
Zealandic: zwaerd

Old High German: swert

Middle High German: swert

German: Schwert

Hunsrik: Schweert

Luxembourgish: Schwäert

Vilamovian: świert

Yiddish: שווערד (shverd)


fetur

fetur (nominative singular)
feturō (nominative plural)
feturōs (nominative plural)
fetur (accusative singular)
feturā (accusative plural)
feturas (genitive singular)
feturō (genitive plural)
feturē (dative singular)
feturum (dative plural)
feturu (instrumental singular)
feturum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feter f

Middle English: feter

English: fetter

Old Dutch: *feter m, *fetura f

Middle Dutch: vēter m, vētere f

Dutch: veter m

Old High German: fezzera f

Middle High German: fezzer

German: Fesser (obsolete)


þū

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: þū, ðū
Middle English: þou, thou, þu, thu, þoue, thoue, þowe, thowe, þouȝ, thouȝ, þue, ðhu, þeu, þeou, thugh, thogh, þo, tu, tou, towe, you
English: thou, tha (Yorkshire, Lancashire), thow, thu, du (Scotland), thoo (Orkney)
Fingallian: thoo
Scots: thou, du, thoo
Yola: thou, th'

Old Frisian: thū, dū
North Frisian:
Most dialects: dü
Halligen: du
Heligoland: di
Saterland Frisian: du
West Frisian: do, dû

Old Saxon: thū

Middle Low German: thu (earlier), du (later)

Low German: du, diu (Westphalian)

Old Dutch: thū, tu
Middle Dutch: du
Dutch: (obsolete) du, dou, douw
Limburgish: doe

Old High German: dū, thū, ᛞᚢ (du)
Middle High German: du
Alemannic German: du
Swabian: dau, d
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: du
Mòcheno: du
Central Franconian: du, dou
Hunsrik: du
Kölsch: do
German: du
Luxembourgish: du
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: du
Pennsylvania German: du
Yiddish: דו (du)


trampan

trampan (infinitive)
trampannjas (genitive infinitive)
trampannjē (dative infinitive)
trampannju (infinitive instrumental)
trampu (first-person present singular)
treamp (first-person past singular)
trampiʀi (present second-person singular)
treampī (past second-person singular)
trampidi (present singular third-person)
treamp (past singular third-person)
trampum (first-person plural present)
treampum (first-person past plural)
trampid (plural present second-person)
treampud (past plural second-person)
trampand (plural present third-person)
treampun (past plural third-person)
trampē (first-person present singular)
treampī (first-person past singular)
trampēs (present second-person singular)
trampē (present singular third-person)
treampī (past singular third-person)
trampēm (first-person plural present)
treampīm (first-person past plural)
trampēþ (plural present second-person)
treampīd (past plural second-person)
trampēn (plural present third-person)
treampīn (past plural third-person)
tramp (present singular)
trampid (plural present)
trampandī (participle present)
trampan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *trampan

Middle Low German: trampen

→ Middle High German: *trampen

German: trampen

→ Middle English: trampen

English: tramp

⇒ Middle High German: trampelen

German: trampeln

Old Dutch: *trampan

Middle Dutch: trampen

Dutch: trampen

From Proto-Germanic *trampaną, generally considered of onomatopoeic origin. Alternative theories take the word as an extension of Proto-Indo-European *drem- (“to run”).

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


sagi

sagi (nominative singular)
saggjō (nominative plural)
saggjōs (nominative plural)
sagi (accusative singular)
saggjā (accusative plural)
saggjas (genitive singular)
saggjō (genitive plural)
saggjē (dative singular)
saggjum (dative plural)
saggju (instrumental singular)
saggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: seċġ

Middle English: segge

English: sedge

Scots: seg

Old Frisian: *sedz, *segg

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Säggäärs, Säächgäärs

West Frisian: sigge

Old Saxon: *seggi

Middle Low German: segge

German Low German: Segge, Segg

→ German: Segge

Old Dutch: *seggi

Middle Dutch: segge

Dutch: zegge


sagi

Old English: seċġ

Middle English: seg, sege, segge

English: segge, seg

Scots: seg

Old Frisian: siā

Old Saxon: segg

⇒ Old High German: beinseggo


ga-

desctree

Old English: ġe-, i- — Late West Saxon, ġæ-, ġi- — Northumbrian, ie- — Kentish, ᚷᛁ- (ġi-), ᚸᛖ- (ge-)
Middle English: ge-, ȝe-, i-, y-
English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)

desc

Old Frisian: ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a-

Saterland Frisian: ge-

West Frisian: ge-

desctree

Old Saxon: gi-, i-, ge-, ga-
Middle Low German: ge-
Low German: ge-, e-, je-

Old Dutch: gi-, ge-
Middle Dutch: ghe-, ge-, (West-Flanders) i-, y-
Dutch: ge-
Afrikaans: ge-
West Flemish: ge-, e-

Old High German: gi-, ga-, ki-, ka-
Middle High German: ge-
Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)
Bavarian: g-
German: ge-, g-
Luxembourgish: ge-
Vilamovian: gy-
Yiddish: גע־ (ge-)

used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfectivity

forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co-

forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process"

past participles
past participle#English

forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs


fehu

fehu (nominative singular)
fehu (accusative singular)
fehō (genitive singular)
fihiwi (dative singular)
fehō (dative singular)
fehu (instrumental singular)

Old English: feoh, fioh, feh
Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)
English: fee
Scots: fe, fee, fiel

Old Frisian: fia

Saterland Frisian: Fäi

West Frisian: fee

Old Saxon: fehu, feho, feu
Middle Low German: vehe, veh, vê, vie
German Low German: Veeh, Veh, Veih n (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch)
Plautdietsch: Fee

Old Dutch: fē, fio, fiu

Middle Dutch: vêe
Dutch: vee
Afrikaans: vee
Negerhollands: vee
Limburgish: vieë, vieëch

Old High German: fihu
Middle High German: vihe, vëhe, vich, viech, vech, vie, vē
Alemannic German: Vëh
Swabian: Viech
Bavarian: Viech
Cimbrian: viighe, biighe (Mezzaselva)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Viech
German: Vieh; Viech (with distinction)
Luxembourgish: Véi
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Veh, Veih, Vieh
Palatine: Veh, Vieh, Viech
Yiddish: פֿיך (fikh)

→ Vulgar Latin: *feus

Old French: fieu (dated 11th-century) (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: feu

Catalan: feu

Occitan: fèu

Medieval Latin: fevum (dated 899, La Garde-Freinet, France)

Old French: fief m (dated 13th-century)

Middle French: fief

French: fief

→ Romanian: fief

→ English: fief

Old French: feffe, feoffe f

Middle French: fieffe

→ Middle English: feffe, feoffe

English: feoff

⇒ Medieval Latin: feudum, feodum (see there for further descendants)


mūs

mūs (nominative singular)
mūsi (nominative plural)
mūsu (accusative singular)
mūsi (accusative plural)
mūsi (genitive singular)
mūsō (genitive plural)
mūsi (dative singular)
mūsum (dative plural)
mūsi (instrumental singular)
mūsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mūs
Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose

Old Frisian: mūs

North Frisian: müs

Saterland Frisian: Múus

West Frisian: mûs

Old Saxon: mūs
Middle Low German: mûs
Low German: Muus
Plautdietsch: Mus

Old Dutch: *mūs
Middle Dutch: muus
Dutch: muis
Afrikaans: muis
Jersey Dutch: mäus
Negerhollands: mischi, miśi, muśi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mus
→ Sranan Tongo: moismoisi
Limburgish: moes

Old High German: mūs
Middle High German: mūs
Alemannic German: Muus, Müss (Uri)
Central Franconian: Muus, Mus (variant spelling), Maus, Mous (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Maus
Luxembourgish: Maus
Cimbrian: maus
German: Maus
Vilamovian: maojs
Yiddish: מויז (moyz)

From Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múHs.


traust

traust (masculine nominative singular)
traustu (feminine nominative singular)
traust (neuter nominative singular)
traustanā (accusative masculine singular)
traustā (accusative feminine singular)
traust (accusative neuter singular)
traustas (genitive masculine singular)
trausteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
traustas (genitive neuter singular)
traustumē (dative masculine singular)
trausteʀē (dative feminine singular)
traustumē (dative neuter singular)
traustu (instrumental masculine singular)
trausteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
traustu (instrumental neuter singular)
traustē (masculine nominative plural)
traustō (feminine nominative plural)
traustu (neuter nominative plural)
traustā (accusative masculine plural)
traustā (accusative feminine plural)
traustu (accusative neuter plural)
trausteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
trausteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
trausteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
traustēm (dative masculine plural)
traustum (dative masculine plural)
traustēm (dative feminine plural)
traustum (dative feminine plural)
traustēm (dative neuter plural)
traustum (dative neuter plural)
traustēm (instrumental masculine plural)
traustum (instrumental masculine plural)
traustēm (feminine instrumental plural)
traustum (feminine instrumental plural)
traustēm (instrumental neuter plural)
traustum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *trōst

⇒ Old Saxon: *gitrōst

Middle Low German: getrôst

Old High German: trōst

⇒ Old High German: gitrōst

Middle High German: getrost

German: getrost


traust

traust (nominative singular)
traustō (nominative plural)
traustōs (nominative plural)
traust (accusative singular)
traustā (accusative plural)
traustas (genitive singular)
traustō (genitive plural)
traustē (dative singular)
traustum (dative plural)
traustu (instrumental singular)
traustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *trēast

desc

Middle English: trest, tryst, trist, treyst, trayste (through confluence with Old Norse verb treysta)

Scots: trest, traist

English: tryst

Old Frisian: trāst

North Frisian: trast

Saterland Frisian: Traast

West Frisian: treast

Old Saxon: trōst; gitrōst

Middle Low German: trôst

German Low German: Troost

Old Dutch: trōst

Middle Dutch: trôost

Dutch: troost

Afrikaans: troos

Old High German: trōst

Middle High German: trōst

German: Trost

Hunsrik: Troost

Luxembourgish: Trouscht

→ Medieval Latin: trustis (see there for further descendants)


belgan

belgan (infinitive)
belgannjas (genitive infinitive)
belgannjē (dative infinitive)
belgannju (infinitive instrumental)
belgu (first-person present singular)
balg (first-person past singular)
bilgiʀi (present second-person singular)
bulgī (past second-person singular)
bilgidi (present singular third-person)
balg (past singular third-person)
belgum (first-person plural present)
bulgum (first-person past plural)
bilgid (plural present second-person)
bulgud (past plural second-person)
belgand (plural present third-person)
bulgun (past plural third-person)
belgē (first-person present singular)
bulgī (first-person past singular)
belgēs (present second-person singular)
belgē (present singular third-person)
bulgī (past singular third-person)
belgēm (first-person plural present)
bulgīm (first-person past plural)
belgēþ (plural present second-person)
bulgīd (past plural second-person)
belgēn (plural present third-person)
bulgīn (past plural third-person)
bilg (present singular)
bilgid (plural present)
belgandī (participle present)
bolgan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: belgan
Middle English: *belȝen, bellen
English: bell

Old Frisian: belga

Old Saxon: belgan
Middle Low German: belgen
Low German: belgen

Old Dutch: belgan
Middle Dutch: belgen
Dutch: belgen

Old High German: belgan

Middle High German: bëlgen


sebun

Old English: seofon, sufon, syfon — Late West Saxon, siofun, seofun — Mercian, seofo, siofu, sifu — Northumbrian
Middle English: seven, ceven, seofen, seoven, sevene, sevyn, sewyn, zeven, zeve (Kent)
English: seven
Middle Scots: sevin, sewin
Scots: seiven, seeven
Yola: zeven

desc

Old Frisian: sigun, siugun, sogen, soven, saven, savn

Saterland Frisian: sogen

West Frisian: sân

Old Saxon: sivun

Middle Low German: sēven

Low German: söven, sieven, seven

German Low German: sëwe, sëwen, sæwen, sæben, söven, söben

Dutch Low Saxon: söben, söven, seben, seven

Plautdietsch: säwen

→ North Frisian: sööwen, soowen

Old Dutch: sivon

Middle Dutch: seven

Dutch: zeven

Afrikaans: sewe

Limburgish: zeve

West Flemish: zēvne

desctree

Old High German: sibun
Middle High German: siben, siven, seben, suben, söben
Alemannic German: sibe, sibä, siebë, siibe
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zibane, sibane (Luserna)
Mòcheno: sim
Central Franconian: sibbe, sivve (Moselle Franconian, westernmost and easternmost Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: sieve
Luxembourgish: siwen
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zejwa
East Franconian:
German: sieben
Rhine Franconian: siewe, siwwe
Pennsylvania German: siwwe
Yiddish: זיבן (zibn)


tehun

Old English: tīen, tēn — Mercian, tȳn — West Saxon, tēne, tēa, tīn
Middle English: ten, tene, tenne, tien
English: ten
Scots: ten
Yola: dhen

Old Frisian: tiān, tēne, tīne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tjiin
Helgoland: tain
Mooring: tin
Wiedingharde: tiin
Saterland Frisian: tjoon
West Frisian: tsien

Old Saxon: tehan, tehin, tian, tein
Middle Low German: tehen, tein, tēn, tīgen, tīn, tīen
Low German: teihn, tein, tehn, tien
German Low German: teihn, tiehn
Hamburgisch: tein
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: tåijjen
Sauerländisch: tian, tain
Westmünsterländisch: tehn
Plautdietsch: tieen

Old Dutch: *tian, tēn

Middle Dutch: tien
Dutch: tien
Afrikaans: tien
Berbice Creole Dutch: tin
Jersey Dutch: tîn
Negerhollands: tien, tin
→ Aukan: tin
Limburgish: teen, tieën
Zealandic: tien

Old High German: zehan
Middle High German: zëhen, zēn
Central Franconian: zehn
Cimbrian: sègane, zene (Luserna)
German: zehn
Luxembourgish: zéng
Yiddish: צען (tsen)


plantu

plantu (nominative singular)
plantō (nominative plural)
plantā (accusative singular)
plantā (accusative plural)
plantā (genitive singular)
plantō (genitive plural)
plantē (dative singular)
plantōm (dative plural)
plantum (dative plural)
plantu (instrumental singular)
plantōm (instrumental plural)
plantum (instrumental plural)

Old English: plante
Middle English: plante
English: plant

Old Saxon: *planta

Middle Low German: plante, plant

German Low German: Plante

Old Dutch: *planta
Middle Dutch: plante
Dutch: plant
Negerhollands: plan, plant

Old High German: pflanza
Middle High German: pflanze
German: Pflanze


fregnan

fregnan (infinitive)
fregnannjas (genitive infinitive)
fregnannjē (dative infinitive)
fregnannju (infinitive instrumental)
fregnu (first-person present singular)
fragn (first-person past singular)
frigniʀi (present second-person singular)
frugnī (past second-person singular)
frignidi (present singular third-person)
fragn (past singular third-person)
fregnum (first-person plural present)
frugnum (first-person past plural)
frignid (plural present second-person)
frugnud (past plural second-person)
fregnand (plural present third-person)
frugnun (past plural third-person)
fregnē (first-person present singular)
frugnī (first-person past singular)
fregnēs (present second-person singular)
fregnē (present singular third-person)
frugnī (past singular third-person)
fregnēm (first-person plural present)
frugnīm (first-person past plural)
fregnēþ (plural present second-person)
frugnīd (past plural second-person)
fregnēn (plural present third-person)
frugnīn (past plural third-person)
frign (present singular)
frignid (plural present)
fregnandī (participle present)
frognan (participle past)

Old English: friġnan, fræġnan, freġnan, frīnan, freġna — Northumbrian
Middle English: fraynen, frain, fraine, frainen, frayn, frayne, freinen, freyne, fræine, fræinien, vraini (Early Middle English), fraȝȝnenn (Ormulum)
English: frain
Scots: frain, frane, frayn, frayne

Old Saxon: fregnan

⇒ Old High German: gifrëgnan


waldi

waldi (nominative singular)
waldī (nominative plural)
waldi (accusative singular)
waldī (accusative plural)
waldī (genitive singular)
waldijō (genitive plural)
waldī (dative singular)
waldim (dative plural)
waldijum (dative plural)
waldī (instrumental singular)
waldim (instrumental plural)
waldijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wield

Middle English: weld

English: wield

⇒? Old English: ġewield n

Old Frisian: wald, weld f or n

Saterland Frisian: Weeld f

Old Saxon: *weldi

Middle Low German: welde

Old Dutch: *weldi, *weld

Middle Dutch: welde, welt

Old High German: walt m or f


makōn

makōn (infinitive)
makōnijas (genitive infinitive)
makōnijē (dative infinitive)
makōniju (infinitive instrumental)
makō (first-person present singular)
makōdā (first-person past singular)
makōs (present second-person singular)
makōdēs (past second-person singular)
makōdōs (past second-person singular)
makōþ (present singular third-person)
makōdē (past singular third-person)
makōdā (past singular third-person)
makōm (first-person plural present)
makōdum (first-person past plural)
makōþ (plural present second-person)
makōdud (past plural second-person)
makōnþ (plural present third-person)
makōdun (past plural third-person)
makōdī (first-person past singular)
makōdī (past second-person singular)
makō (present singular third-person)
makōdī (past singular third-person)
makōdīm (first-person past plural)
makōdīd (past plural second-person)
makōn (plural present third-person)
makōdīn (past plural third-person)
makō (present singular)
makōþ (plural present)
makōndī (participle present)
makōd (participle past)

Old English: macian
Middle English: maken, macke, mak, make, maki, makiȝe, makye, makyn, macen, machiæ, macian, makian, makie, makien, makiȝen, makyȝe (Early Middle English)
English: make
Geordie English: myek
Scots: mak, maak
Yola: maake, maak

Old Frisian: makia
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: maage
Mooring: mååge
Sylt: maaki
Saterland Frisian: moakje
West Frisian: meitsje, mâke, maaikje

Old Saxon: makōn, makoian
Middle Low German: māken
Low German: maken
Plautdietsch: moaken
→ Old Norse: maka
Icelandic: maka
Faroese: maka
Norwegian Nynorsk: maka
Swedish: maka (makare)
Danish: mage
Norwegian Bokmål: make
→ German: (Makler)

Old Dutch: macon
Middle Dutch: māken
Dutch: maken
Afrikaans: maak
Javindo: maken
Jersey Dutch: māke
Negerhollands: mak, maak
Skepi Creole Dutch: mak
Limburgish: make
→ Picard Old French: makier, maquier
→ Middle French: maquier, macquiller
French: maquiller
→ Catalan: maquillar
→ Dutch: maquilleren
→ Spanish: maquillar
→ Portuguese: maquilhar, maquiar (Brazil)
→ Romanian: machia

Old High German: mahhōn, machōn
Middle High German: machen
Alemannic German: mache
Alsatian: màche (north), màcha (south)
Swabian: macha
Bavarian: macha
Cimbrian: machan
Mòcheno: mòchen
Central Franconian: maache
Hunsrik: mache
Luxembourgish: maachen
East Central German:
Lusatian: machn
Upper Saxon German: machn
Vilamovian: maha
German: machen
Rhine Franconian: mache, machng (?)
Pennsylvania German: mache
Yiddish: מאַכן (makhn)


sinu

sinu (nominative singular)
sinwō (nominative plural)
sinwā (accusative singular)
sinwā (accusative plural)
sinwā (genitive singular)
sinwō (genitive plural)
sinwē (dative singular)
sinwōm (dative plural)
sinum (dative plural)
sinu (instrumental singular)
sinwōm (instrumental plural)
sinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sinu, seno, senu, seono, seonu, sionu, synu
Middle English: synwe
English: sinew
Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon

Old Frisian: sine, sini, sin

North Frisian: sine

Saterland Frisian: Siene

West Frisian: sine, senuw

Old Saxon: senewa, sinewa

Middle Low German: senuwe, sēne, senne

Low German:

German Low German: Sehne, Sehn

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Senne (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Siene (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: Sän

Old Dutch: *senewa
Middle Dutch: sēnewe, sēnuw, sēne
Dutch: zenuw, zeen
Afrikaans: senuwee

Old High German: senawa, sena

Middle High German: sënewe

German: Sehne

→ Luxembourgish: Seen


agisōn

agisōn (infinitive)
agisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
agisōnijē (dative infinitive)
agisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
agisō (first-person present singular)
agisōdā (first-person past singular)
agisōs (present second-person singular)
agisōdēs (past second-person singular)
agisōdōs (past second-person singular)
agisōþ (present singular third-person)
agisōdē (past singular third-person)
agisōdā (past singular third-person)
agisōm (first-person plural present)
agisōdum (first-person past plural)
agisōþ (plural present second-person)
agisōdud (past plural second-person)
agisōnþ (plural present third-person)
agisōdun (past plural third-person)
agisōdī (first-person past singular)
agisōdī (past second-person singular)
agisō (present singular third-person)
agisōdī (past singular third-person)
agisōdīm (first-person past plural)
agisōdīd (past plural second-person)
agisōn (plural present third-person)
agisōdīn (past plural third-person)
agisō (present singular)
agisōþ (plural present)
agisōndī (participle present)
agisōd (participle past)

Old English: eġsian

Middle English: eisien, *eien

English: ey (rare, Northern English, Scotland)

Old Dutch: *egison

Middle Dutch: eisen

Dutch: eisen (also ijzen)

Old High German: egison

Middle High German: eisen


liʀnōn

Old English: leornian, liornian, leornan
Middle English: lernen
English: learn
Scots: lerne, leirn, lairn

Old Frisian: lernia, lirnia; lerna, lirna

Old Saxon: *lernōn, līnōn
Middle Low German: lernen

Old Dutch: lernon
Middle Dutch: lēernen, lerenen
Dutch: lernen

Old High German: lernōn (rare)

A fientive verb derived from Proto-Germanic *lizaną.


batist

batist (masculine nominative singular)
batistu (feminine nominative singular)
batist (neuter nominative singular)
batistanā (accusative masculine singular)
batistā (accusative feminine singular)
batist (accusative neuter singular)
batistas (genitive masculine singular)
batisteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
batistas (genitive neuter singular)
batistumē (dative masculine singular)
batisteʀē (dative feminine singular)
batistumē (dative neuter singular)
batistu (instrumental masculine singular)
batisteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
batistu (instrumental neuter singular)
batistē (masculine nominative plural)
batistō (feminine nominative plural)
batistu (neuter nominative plural)
batistā (accusative masculine plural)
batistā (accusative feminine plural)
batistu (accusative neuter plural)
batisteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
batisteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
batisteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
batistēm (dative masculine plural)
batistum (dative masculine plural)
batistēm (dative feminine plural)
batistum (dative feminine plural)
batistēm (dative neuter plural)
batistum (dative neuter plural)
batistēm (instrumental masculine plural)
batistum (instrumental masculine plural)
batistēm (feminine instrumental plural)
batistum (feminine instrumental plural)
batistēm (instrumental neuter plural)
batistum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: betest, betst, bezt, betast, betost
Middle English: beste, betst, bettst, bezst, best
English: best
Scots: best

Old Frisian: betsta, besta

Saterland Frisian: bääste

West Frisian: best

Old Saxon: betst, best

Middle Low German: best

German Low German: beste, best

Old Dutch: *betst

Middle Dutch: best
Dutch: best
Afrikaans: beste
Berbice Creole Dutch: besti
Negerhollands: bes, best
→? Sranan Tongo: besi
Limburgish: bès

Old High German: bezzisto
Middle High German: bezzist
Alemannic German: bescht
Central Franconian: beste
Cimbrian: peste, péste (Sette Comuni)
German: beste
Luxembourgish: beschte
Yiddish: בעסט (best)

superlative degree of *gōd (“good”): best


langatīn

langatīn (nominative singular)
langatīnō (nominative plural)
langatīnōs (nominative plural)
langatīn (accusative singular)
langatīnā (accusative plural)
langatīnas (genitive singular)
langatīnō (genitive plural)
langatīnē (dative singular)
langatīnum (dative plural)
langatīnu (instrumental singular)
langatīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lencten, lengten
Middle English: lenten, leinten, lentren, lente, leinte
English: Lent, Lenten
Scots: Lentrin, Lentern

Old Frisian: *lenten, *lente

West Frisian: linte

Old Saxon: lentin

Middle Low German: lenten, lente, linte

German Low German: Lent

Old Dutch: lentin

Middle Dutch: lentin, lenten

Dutch: lente
Afrikaans: lente
→ Papiamentu: lènte, lente

Old High German: lenzo, lengizin, lenzin, lenz
Middle High German: lenze
Alemannic German: Langssi, langsé (Formazza)
Bavarian: longas, lòngas, longast
Cimbrian: langaz, langhes, långez; lentz
Mòcheno: langes
German: Lenz

From *lang (“long”) + *tīn (“day”) from Proto-Germanic *tīnaz, so named because the days become longer again in spring.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


bōkijā

bōkijā (nominative singular)
bōkijōn (nominative plural)
bōkijōn (accusative singular)
bōkijōn (accusative plural)
bōkijōn (genitive singular)
bōkijōnō (genitive plural)
bōkijōn (dative singular)
bōkijōm (dative plural)
bōkijum (dative plural)
bōkijōn (instrumental singular)
bōkijōm (instrumental plural)
bōkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēċe, bœ̄ċe — Anglian
Middle English: beche
English: beech
Scots: beech

Old Frisian: bōk

Saterland Frisian: Bouke

West Frisian: boek, boeke (in compounds)

Old Saxon: bōkia

Middle Low German: böke

German Low German: Böke, Böök

Low German: Böke

→ Dutch: beuk
Afrikaans: beuk

Old Dutch: *buoka

Middle Dutch: boeke

Dutch: beuk
Afrikaans: beuk

Old High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha (weak n-stem)
Middle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)
Alemannic German: Buech
German: Buche, Büche
Luxembourgish: Bich
Vilamovian: bih́łiḱ

→ Proto-Slavic: *buky (see there for further descendants)


mattjuk

mattjuk (nominative singular)
mattjukō (nominative plural)
mattjukōs (nominative plural)
mattjuk (accusative singular)
mattjukā (accusative plural)
mattjukas (genitive singular)
mattjukō (genitive plural)
mattjukē (dative singular)
mattjukum (dative plural)
mattjuku (instrumental singular)
mattjukum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: mettoc, meottoc, mattuc, mættoc, mattoc

desctree

Middle English: mattok, mattock, mattoke, mattokke
English: mattock
Yola: mattoke

→? Vulgar Latin: *matteūca

Italian: mazzocca

Old French: maçugue, maçuge, maçüe

Middle French: massuë

French: massue

Romanian: măciucă

Old Galician-Portuguese: massuca

Portuguese: machuca

Venetan: mazuco

→? Lithuanian: matikkas (“mattock”)

→? Proto-Slavic: *motyka (“hoe”) (see there for further descendants)


felu

Old English: fela, feola — Mercian, fiolu, feolu, feolo, fala
Middle English: fele, fale, feel, fel, feole, vele, feala, fela, felæ, feola, veole (Early Middle English)
English: fele (obsolete, dialectal)
Middle Scots: fele (poetic)

Old Frisian: felo, fele, fel

East Frisian:

Wangerooge Frisian: fêl, feyhl

Wursten Frisian: vlia

West Frisian: feal, fel

Old Saxon: filu, filo

Middle Low German: vele, vile

Low German: veel, viel

Old Dutch: filo

Middle Dutch: vele

Dutch: veel

Old High German: filu, vilu, filo, fila, vili
Middle High German: vil, vile
Alemannic German: viel
Swabian: viel
Bavarian: vui, vei, vii
Cimbrian: vil, viil, biil (Sette Comuni)
Viennese: vü
German: viel
Luxembourgish: vill
Yiddish: פֿיל (fil)


Mānini dag

Mānini dag (nominative singular)
Mānini dag (accusative singular)
Mānini dagā (accusative plural)
Mānini dagas (genitive singular)
Mānini dagō (genitive plural)
Mānini dagē (dative singular)
Mānini dagum (dative plural)
Mānini dagu (instrumental singular)
Mānini dagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōnandæg
Middle English: Monday, Monenday, Moneday, moneday
English: Monday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Monanday
Yola: Mondei

Old Frisian: mōnadei

North Frisian: mundai, moundi

Saterland Frisian: Moundai

West Frisian: moandei

Old Saxon: *mānundag

Middle Low German: mânendach

German Low German: Maandag, Moondag

Plautdietsch: Mondach

Old Dutch: *mānendag

Middle Dutch: mâendach
Dutch: maandag
Afrikaans: Maandag
Berbice Creole Dutch: mandaka
Jersey Dutch: Mândix
Negerhollands: maendag, maandag
Skepi Creole Dutch: móndak
→ Lokono: mandakha, mondakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: mundetar
→ Trió: mandi
Sotho: mantaha
Limburgish: maondig
West Flemish: moandag

desc

Old High German: mānitag, mānetag, māntag, mānintag

Middle High German: māntac, mæntac, māndac, mændac, mōntac, mēntac

Alemannic German: Määntig, Mändig, mäntag, Mäntig, meintog, méntag, miantag, mìntàg

Swabian: Mäntig, Medich, Medig

Bavarian: Monda, Maada, Moantog, Mondåg, Montog, Moontig, Muuntig, Maantig, montach, monti (Italy)

Cimbrian: matak, menta, méentag

Mòcheno: ma'ta

Central Franconian: Mondaach

Hunsrik: Montach

Kölsch: Mondach

Luxembourgish: Méindeg

East Franconian: Maadich

German: Montag

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Mundaag, Muundaag

Vilamovian: möntaog

Yiddish: מאָנטיק (montik)

desctree

→ Old Norse: mánadagr, mánudagr (calque)
Icelandic: mánadagur, mánudagur
Faroese: mánadagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: måndag
Old Swedish: mānadagher
Swedish: måndag
Old Danish: mandagh
Danish: mandag
Norwegian Bokmål: mandag
Gutnish: mandag, mandagar, måndagar
→ Finnish: maanantai
→ Lule Sami: mánnodahka
→ Northern Sami: mánnodat
→ Southern Sami: måanta

From *Mānini (“the Moon's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Lūnae (“Monday”, literally “day of the Moon”).


Tīwas dag

Tīwas dag (nominative singular)
Tīwas dag (accusative singular)
Tīwas dagā (accusative plural)
Tīwas dagas (genitive singular)
Tīwas dagō (genitive plural)
Tīwas dagē (dative singular)
Tīwas dagum (dative plural)
Tīwas dagu (instrumental singular)
Tīwas dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tiwesdæġ
Middle English: Tewesday, Tiwesday, Tisday, Tisdæi, Tywysday, tiwesday, twesday
English: Tuesday
Scots: Tysday
Yola: Tusedei, tuesdei

Old Frisian: tīesdei

North Frisian: teisdai

Saterland Frisian: Täisdai

West Frisian: tiisdei

Old Saxon: *tiuwesdag

Old High German: ziestag, ciesdac
Middle High German: zīestac, zīstac
Alemannic German: Ziischtig, Zischtig, Zischdi
Italian Walser: tschischtag, zischtag, zischtog, zischtàg, zéischtag
Swabian: Zaischdich, Zischtig, Zeischdig
German: Ziestag

→ Old Norse: týsdagr, *tísdagr — Old East Norse (calque)
Icelandic: týsdagur (archaic)
Faroese: týsdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tysdag; (dialectal) tisdag
Old Swedish: tīsdagher
Swedish: tisdag
Old Danish: tisdagh
Danish: tirsdag, tisdag
Norwegian Bokmål: tirsdag
Gutnish: teisdagar, teisdag
→ Finnish: tiistai

From *Tīwas (“Tiw's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Mārtis (“Tuesday”, literally “day of Mars”).


Wōdanas dag

Wōdanas dag (nominative singular)
Wōdanas dag (accusative singular)
Wōdanas dagā (accusative plural)
Wōdanas dagas (genitive singular)
Wōdanas dagō (genitive plural)
Wōdanas dagē (dative singular)
Wōdanas dagum (dative plural)
Wōdanas dagu (instrumental singular)
Wōdanas dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wōdnesdæġ, *wēdnesdæġ, wōdnesdœġ
Middle English: Wednesday, Wednesdei, Wodnesdai, Wedonesday, wednesday
English: Wednesday
→ Maori: Wenerei
Scots: Wadensday
Yola: Wennesdei

desc

Old Frisian: *wōdensdei, wedenesdei, wednesdei

North Frisian: weedensdai, weensdi

West Frisian: woansdei

desctree

Old Saxon: *wōdanesdag
Middle Low German: wōdensdach, gūdenesdach, gūdensdach, gunsdach, gudesdach, gūdenesdach, gūdenstach, gūnstach, kudensdach, wodenesdach, wodensdach, woensdach, wōnesdach, wōnsdach, wūnsdach
Low German: Goonsdag, Godenstag, Gonstag, Gaunstag, Gunstag
Dutch Low Saxon: woensdag, woonsdag, wonsdag
German Low German: Woonsdag
→ German: Wodenstag (archaic), Wotanstag (learned calque)

Old Dutch: *wuodansdag

Middle Dutch: woedensdag

Dutch: woensdag
Afrikaans: Woensdag
Jersey Dutch: Wônsdix
Negerhollands: wuensdag, woensdag
→ Lokono: wunsdakha, onsdakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: wonsartar

West Flemish: woensdag, oensdag

desc

Limburgish: goonsdig, goonsdag, wuensdag

Old High German: *wuotanstag

Middle High German: *wuotenstac

⇒ Middle High German: guotentac, guotemtac, *guotenstac (rare, regional)

Central Franconian: Jodesdaach (archaic)

desctree

→ Old Norse: óðinsdagr (calque)
Icelandic: óðinsdagur
Faroese: ónsdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: onsdag
Old Swedish: ōþinsdagher
Swedish: onsdag
Old Danish: othænsdagh
Danish: onsdag
Norwegian Bokmål: onsdag
Gutnish: onsdag, onsdagar

From *Wōdanas (“Woden's, Odin's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin dīes Mercuriī (“Wednesday”, literally “day of Mercury”).
Modern English Wednesday does not continue the Old English wōdnesdæġ but rather unattested Old English *wēdnesdæġ, the direct cognate to Old Frisian wednesdei and Middle Dutch wenesdach. All these umlauted (i-mutated) forms do not continue *Wōdanas dag but rather *Wōdinas dag, indicating a variation in the theonym in early West Germanic, i.e., *Wōdanaz vs. *Wōdinaz.


Þunras dag

Þunras dag (nominative singular)
Þunras dagō (nominative plural)
Þunras dagōs (nominative plural)
Þunras dag (accusative singular)
Þunras dagā (accusative plural)
Þunras dagas (genitive singular)
Þunras dagō (genitive plural)
Þunras dagē (dative singular)
Þunras dagum (dative plural)
Þunras dagu (instrumental singular)
Þunras dagum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: þunresdæġ, þurresdæġ, þursdæġ

Middle English: Thursday

English: Thursday

Scots: Fuirsday, Försday

Yola: Thorsdei

desctree

Old Frisian: thunresdei, thunresdī
North Frisian:
Föhr: tüürsdai
Saterland Frisian: Tuunsdai
West Frisian: tongersdei

Old Saxon: *thunaresdag

Middle Low German: *donersdach

Plautdietsch: Donnadach

Low German: Donnerdagg, Dunnersdag

Old Dutch: *thonarsdag

Middle Dutch: donresdach, donredach

Dutch: donderdag

Old High German: donarstag

Middle High German: donerstac

German: Donnerstag

→ Pennsylvania German: Dunnerschdaag

Luxembourgish: Donneschdeg

Vilamovian: dunyśtaog

→ Old Norse: þórsdagr (calque)
Icelandic: þórsdagur
Faroese: tórsdagur, hósdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: torsdag, tosdag
Elfdalian: tųosdag
Old Swedish: þōrsdagher
Swedish: torsdag
Old Danish: thorsdagh
Danish: torsdag
Norwegian Bokmål: torsdag
Gutnish: torste, torstda, torsdagar
→ Finnish: torstai

From *Þunras (“Thor's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Iovis (“Thursday”, literally “day of Jupiter”).


Frījā dag

Frījā dag (nominative singular)
Frījā dag (accusative singular)
Frījā dagā (accusative plural)
Frījā dagas (genitive singular)
Frījā dagō (genitive plural)
Frījā dagē (dative singular)
Frījā dagum (dative plural)
Frījā dagu (instrumental singular)
Frījā dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: frīġedæġ, frīġdæġ
Middle English: Friday, ffryday, Freday, fridai, Fryda, fryday, vridai, fridæi, Fridæig, friȝdæi (Early Middle English)
English: Friday
Tok Pisin: Fraide
→ Maori: Paraire
Scots: Friday
Yola: Vreedie, Vridei, vreedei

Old Frisian: frīadei, frīendei, frēdei, frēdī, frīgendei
North Frisian: freidai
Saterland Frisian: Fräindai
West Frisian: freed

Old Saxon: *frīadag, *frīgadag

desc

Middle Low German: vrīdach, vridach, vrigdach, vrigedach, vritdach, frigdach

German Low German: Freedag, Friedag

Plautdietsch: Friedach

desctree

→ Old Norse: frjádagr (< earlier *fríadagr)
Icelandic: frjádagur
Faroese: fríggjadagur
Middle Norwegian: fræigjadagr (akin to friggjardagr)
Norwegian: fredag; (dialectal) frei(d)dag, frædag
Elfdalian: frjådag
Old Swedish: frēadagher, frīadagher
Swedish: fredag
Danish: fredag
Norwegian Bokmål: fredag
Gutnish: fredagar, fredag, freda
→ Estonian: reede
→ Finnish: perjantai

Old Dutch: *frīadag

Middle Dutch: vrīdach, vriendach

Dutch: vrijdag
Afrikaans: Vrydag
Berbice Creole Dutch: fridaku
Jersey Dutch: Vrāidix
Negerhollands: vridag, vriedag
→ Lokono: fridakha, fredakha
→ Aukan: feeda
→ Mohegan-Pequot: beitar
→ Sranan Tongo: freida
→ Kari'na: freida
→ Trió: fredi

Old High German: frīatag, frījetag
Middle High German: vrītac
Alemannic German: Fritig
Italian Walser: fritog, frittag, vrittàg, vréitag
Swabian: Freidig, Fri'tig, Freidich
Bavarian: Freida
Carinthian: Freitog
Cimbrian: vraitag, braitag, vraita, fraitak
Mòcheno: vraita
Styrian: Freitog
Udinese: vraitach, vraiti
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Friedach
East Franconian:
Main-Franconian: Freidich
German: Freitag
Luxembourgish: Freideg
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Freidach
Pennsylvania German: Freidaag
Vilamovian: fretaog
Yiddish: פֿרײַטאָג (fraytog)

→? Livonian: brēḑig

From *Frījā (“Frigg's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Veneris (“Friday”, literally “day of Venus”).


Sunnōn dag

Sunnōn dag (nominative singular)
Sunnōn dag (accusative singular)
Sunnōn dagā (accusative plural)
Sunnōn dagas (genitive singular)
Sunnōn dagō (genitive plural)
Sunnōn dagē (dative singular)
Sunnōn dagum (dative plural)
Sunnōn dagu (instrumental singular)
Sunnōn dagum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: sunnadag

Middle Dutch: sondach, sonnendach

desctree

Dutch: zondag, Zondag (archaic)
Afrikaans: Sondag
→ Fwe: n-súndà
→ Shona: svondo
→ Sotho: Sontaha
→ Swazi: li-Sontfo
→ Venda: Swondaha
→ Xhosa: isonto
→ Zulu: iSonto
Berbice Creole Dutch: sondaka
Jersey Dutch: Zœndix
Negerhollands: sondag
→ Virgin Islands Creole: grossondag
Skepi Creole Dutch: sondak
→ Lokono: sondakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: zunatar
→ Japanese: どんたく (dontaku)

Limburgish: zönjig, zóndig

Old English: sunnandæġ
Middle English: Sunnenday, Sonnenday, Sonneday, Sonenday, Sunneday, Sonday, sunnedei, zondai (Kent)
English: Sunday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Soneday, Sunday
Yola: Zindei

Old Frisian: sunnandei, sonnendei

North Frisian: söndai, saandi

Saterland Frisian: Sundai

West Frisian: snein

Old High German: sunnuntag
Middle High German: sunnentac, sunntac, sunnetac, suntac
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Sunntig, Sonndich
Walser: ŝchunnutog, sònntag, sunntag, sunnatag, ŝchuntàg
Bavarian: Sunnda, sunntach, suntach, sunti
Carinthian: Sunntog
Cimbrian: sunta, suntak, zùntag
Mòcheno: sunta
Styrian: Sunntog
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Sonndach
East Franconian: Sunndooch
Main-Franconian: Sundich
German: Sonntag
Luxembourgish: Sonndeg
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Sunndaag
Vilamovian: zuntaog
Yiddish: זונטיק (zuntik), זונטאָג (zuntog)

Old Saxon: sunnundag
Middle Low German: sunnedag
Dutch Low Saxon: zundag
German Low German: Sünndag
Plautdietsch: Sindach
→ Old Norse: sunnudagr, sunundægi
Icelandic: sunnudagur
Faroese: sunnudagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sundag; syndag (dialectal)
Old Swedish: sunnodagher, synnodagher
Swedish: söndag
Danish: søndag
Norwegian Bokmål: søndag
Gutnish: sundag, sundagar, sunde, sund'
→ Finnish: sunnuntai

From *Sunnōn (“the Sun's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Sōlis (“Sunday”, literally “day of the Sun”).


sōl

sōl (nominative singular)
sōl (accusative singular)
sawili (genitive singular)
sawili (dative singular)
sawili (instrumental singular)

Old English: sōl ?

desc

⇒? Old English: siġel, sæġl, syġel, seġl n

⇒? Old English: sweġel, sweġl, swæġl n

Old Saxon: sōl f

From Proto-Germanic *sōl n (“sun”), possibly feminized from in an opposing gender pair with masculine *mānō (“moon”). See *sunnō.


berkan

berkan (infinitive)
berkannjas (genitive infinitive)
berkannjē (dative infinitive)
berkannju (infinitive instrumental)
berku (first-person present singular)
bark (first-person past singular)
birkiʀi (present second-person singular)
burkī (past second-person singular)
birkidi (present singular third-person)
bark (past singular third-person)
berkum (first-person plural present)
burkum (first-person past plural)
birkid (plural present second-person)
burkud (past plural second-person)
berkand (plural present third-person)
burkun (past plural third-person)
berkē (first-person present singular)
burkī (first-person past singular)
berkēs (present second-person singular)
berkē (present singular third-person)
burkī (past singular third-person)
berkēm (first-person plural present)
burkīm (first-person past plural)
berkēþ (plural present second-person)
burkīd (past plural second-person)
berkēn (plural present third-person)
burkīn (past plural third-person)
birk (present singular)
birkid (plural present)
berkandī (participle present)
borkan (participle past)

Old English: beorcan, bercan

desctree

Middle English: berken, barke, barken, beerke, beorken, berke, berkyn, borken
English: bark
Scots: berk, bark

Unknown; suggested to be related to Icelandic berkja (“to boast”), Norwegian borka (“to boast”), and perhaps further to Ancient Greek φάρυγξ (phárunx, “pharynx”).


bidrog

bidrog (nominative singular)
bidrogu (nominative plural)
bidrog (accusative singular)
bidrogu (accusative plural)
bidrogas (genitive singular)
bidrogō (genitive plural)
bidrogē (dative singular)
bidrogum (dative plural)
bidrogu (instrumental singular)
bidrogum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bedroch

Saterland Frisian: Bedroach

West Frisian: bedroch

Old Saxon: bedrog

Middle Low German: bedroch, bedrêch

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bedräuch

Westmünsterländisch: Bedrugg

Plautdietsch: Bedrach

Old Dutch: *bidrog

Middle Dutch: bedroch

Dutch: bedrog

Old High German: bitrog, bitroc

Middle High German: betroc

i

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Trug</i>

German: Betrug (influenced by Trug)


fau

head

*fau (comparative *minniʀō, superlative *minnist)

minniʀō (comparative)
minnist (superlative)
fau (masculine nominative singular)
fau (feminine nominative singular)
fau (neuter nominative singular)
fawanā (accusative masculine singular)
fawā (accusative feminine singular)
fau (accusative neuter singular)
fawas (genitive masculine singular)
faweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
fawas (genitive neuter singular)
faumē (dative masculine singular)
faweʀē (dative feminine singular)
faumē (dative neuter singular)
fau (instrumental masculine singular)
faweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fau (instrumental neuter singular)
fawē (masculine nominative plural)
fawō (feminine nominative plural)
fau (neuter nominative plural)
fawā (accusative masculine plural)
fawā (accusative feminine plural)
fau (accusative neuter plural)
faweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fawēm (dative masculine plural)
faum (dative masculine plural)
fawēm (dative feminine plural)
faum (dative feminine plural)
fawēm (dative neuter plural)
faum (dative neuter plural)
fawēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faum (instrumental masculine plural)
fawēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faum (feminine instrumental plural)
fawēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fēaw, fēawa, fēawe, fēa
Middle English: fewe, feawe, feu
English: few
Scots: feu, fyow
Yola: vew

Old Frisian: fē

Old Saxon: faho, fā, fō

Old High German: fao, fō, fōh


spind

spind (nominative singular)
spindō (nominative plural)
spindōs (nominative plural)
spind (accusative singular)
spindā (accusative plural)
spindas (genitive singular)
spindō (genitive plural)
spindē (dative singular)
spindum (dative plural)
spindu (instrumental singular)
spindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spind

Old Saxon: spind

Middle Low German: spint

Old Dutch: *spind

Middle Dutch: spint

Dutch: spint

Old High German: spint

Middle High German: spint

German: Spint (archaic, dialectal)

→ Bavarian: Spind; Spund


airi

head

*airi (comparative *airi, *airiʀō, superlative *airist(ō))

airi (comparative)
airiʀō (comparative)
airist (superlative)

desctree

Old English: ǣr
Middle English: er
English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear

Old Frisian: ēr

Saterland Frisian: eer, ädder

West Frisian: ier

⇒ West Frisian: eardat, ear't

Old Saxon: ēr

Middle Low German: êr

German Low German: ehr

⇒ German Low German: ehrdat

⇒ German Low German: ehrder

⇒ German Low German: ehrtieds

Old Dutch: ēr
Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Limburgish: ieër

Old High German: ēr

Middle High German: ēr, ē (loss of -r as in hie, dā)

German: eher, ehe, eh


airist(ō)

Old English: ǣrest, ǣrost, ārest, ǣrust, ǣrst, ǣst, ārest, ǣræst — Mercian
Middle English: erest, erst, arst
English: erst
Scots: erst

Old Frisian: ērist

Old Dutch: ērist

Middle Dutch: erst, eerst

Dutch: eerst
Afrikaans: eers
Javindo: eerst
Jersey Dutch: êrst, ast
Negerhollands: eerste, eerst

West Flemish: erst

Old High German: ērist
Middle High German: ērest, ērst
Bavarian: easchde
Cimbrian: èerste, earst (Luserna)
German: erster
Luxembourgish: éischt
Yiddish: ערשט (ersht)

superlative degree of *airi (“early”): earliest, first


airist

airist (masculine nominative singular)
airistu (feminine nominative singular)
airist (neuter nominative singular)
airistanā (accusative masculine singular)
airistā (accusative feminine singular)
airist (accusative neuter singular)
airistas (genitive masculine singular)
airisteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
airistas (genitive neuter singular)
airistumē (dative masculine singular)
airisteʀē (dative feminine singular)
airistumē (dative neuter singular)
airistu (instrumental masculine singular)
airisteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
airistu (instrumental neuter singular)
airistē (masculine nominative plural)
airistō (feminine nominative plural)
airistu (neuter nominative plural)
airistā (accusative masculine plural)
airistā (accusative feminine plural)
airistu (accusative neuter plural)
airisteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
airisteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
airisteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
airistēm (dative masculine plural)
airistum (dative masculine plural)
airistēm (dative feminine plural)
airistum (dative feminine plural)
airistēm (dative neuter plural)
airistum (dative neuter plural)
airistēm (instrumental masculine plural)
airistum (instrumental masculine plural)
airistēm (feminine instrumental plural)
airistum (feminine instrumental plural)
airistēm (instrumental neuter plural)
airistum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ǣresta

Middle English: erste

English: erst

Scots: erest

Old Frisian: ērest, ārist, ērst, ārst, ērost
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iarst
Helgoland: iáárs
Mooring: jarst
Sylt: jest
Saterland Frisian: eerst
West Frisian: earst

Old Saxon: ērist

Old Dutch: *ērist

Middle Dutch: erste, eerste

Dutch: eerste

Afrikaans: eerste

West Flemish: erste

superlative degree of *airi (“early”): earliest; first, foremost


fra-

Old English: for-, far-, fer-, fær-, fier-, fyr-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-, ver-
English: for-
Scots: for-

Old Frisian: for-

Saterland Frisian: fer-

West Frisian: for-, fer-

Old Saxon: far-, fir-, for-
Middle Low German: vor-
Low German: for-, ver-

Old Dutch: far-, for-, fer-

Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-

Old High German: far-, fir-

Middle High German: ver-

German: ver-

Yiddish: פֿאַר־ (far-)

From Proto-Germanic *fra-, merging with *furi- and *firi-.

*far- (alternative)
*fur- (alternative)
*fir- (alternative)

forms verbs with the sense of "away from" or "off of"

used as an intensifier for adjectives, indicating completeness or fullness


anda-

Old English: and-, an-, ond-, on-

English: an-, and-, on-, un-

Old Frisian: *and-, und-, ant-

Saterland Frisian: änt-

West Frisian: unt-, ûnt, ûnd

Old Saxon: and-

Middle Low German: ent-

German Low German: ent-

Old Dutch: ant-

Middle Dutch: ont-, ant-

Dutch: ont-

Afrikaans: ont-

Old High German: ant-, anta-, int-

Middle High German: ent-, -int-, ant-

German: ent-, emp-


hwat

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: hwæt, huæt, huæd, huædd, huætd, huædt, hwet, wæt, whæt, hwat
Middle English: what, whad, whote, watte, wath, wad, qhat, whæt, whæht, waht, waet, wæht, weht, hweat (Southern West Mid)
English: what
Scots: what, whate, whit, whut, wha', quhat, quat, fat, faht, phat, fit, fut, fout, at
Yola: faade, fhaade, faad, fade, f'ad

Old Frisian: hwet

Saterland Frisian: wät

West Frisian: wat

Old Saxon: hwat

Middle Low German: wat

Low German: wat

Old Dutch: wat
Middle Dutch: wat
Afrikaans: wat
Dutch: wat
Limburgish: waat

Old High German: waȥ, whaz, hwaz, hwat
Middle High German: waȥ, was, wat
Alemannic German: waas, waa, was, wa (unstressed)
Central Franconian: wat
Cimbrian: bas, baz (Luserna)
Hunsrik: was, wat
German: was
Luxembourgish: wat
Yiddish: וואָס (vos)


marku

marku (nominative singular)
markō (nominative plural)
markā (accusative singular)
markā (accusative plural)
markā (genitive singular)
markō (genitive plural)
markē (dative singular)
markōm (dative plural)
markum (dative plural)
marku (instrumental singular)
markōm (instrumental plural)
markum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mearc, merc
Middle English: marke, merke, mark
English: mark
Scots: merk, mark

Old Frisian: merk

Saterland Frisian: Maak, Määrk

West Frisian: mark

Old Saxon: marka

Middle Low German: marke

German Low German: Mark

Old Dutch: *marka

Middle Dutch: marke

Dutch: mark

Old High German: marka

Middle High German: marke, march, marc

German: Mark

Suevic:

→ Galician: marco

→ Portuguese: marco

→ Medieval Latin: marca (see there for further descendants)


haug

haug (nominative singular)
haugō (nominative plural)
haugōs (nominative plural)
haug (accusative singular)
haugā (accusative plural)
haugas (genitive singular)
haugō (genitive plural)
haugē (dative singular)
haugum (dative plural)
haugu (instrumental singular)
haugum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hōg

Middle Low German: hôch, hö̂

German Low German: Hooch, Hööch

⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chil

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chillîn, hö̂chilîn

Old High German: houg (in compounds: steinenhoug, marchoug, etc.)

Middle High German: houc

⇒ Middle High German: hogil

⇒ German: Hügel

→ Old French: hoge (also possibly via Old Norse haugr)

⇒ Old French: ahoge, ahuge

→ Middle English: huge

Scots: huge, hudge

English: huge


lūs

lūs (nominative singular)
lūsi (nominative plural)
lūsu (accusative singular)
lūsi (accusative plural)
lūsi (genitive singular)
lūsō (genitive plural)
lūsi (dative singular)
lūsum (dative plural)
lūsi (instrumental singular)
lūsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lūs

Middle English: lous, lows, lowse

Scots: louse, loose

English: louse

Old Frisian: *lūs

Saterland Frisian: Lúus

West Frisian: lûs

Old Saxon: *lūs

Middle Low German: lūs

Low German: Luus

Plautdietsch: Lus

Old Dutch: *lūs

Middle Dutch: luus, luys

Dutch: luis

Afrikaans: luis

Old High German: lūs

Middle High German: lūs

Cimbrian: laus

German: Laus

Hunsrik: Laus

Luxembourgish: Laus

Vilamovian: łaojs

Yiddish: לויז (loyz)


brekan

brekan (infinitive)
brekannjas (genitive infinitive)
brekannjē (dative infinitive)
brekannju (infinitive instrumental)
breku (first-person present singular)
brak (first-person past singular)
brikiʀi (present second-person singular)
brākī (past second-person singular)
brikidi (present singular third-person)
brak (past singular third-person)
brekum (first-person plural present)
brākum (first-person past plural)
brikid (plural present second-person)
brākud (past plural second-person)
brekand (plural present third-person)
brākun (past plural third-person)
brekē (first-person present singular)
brākī (first-person past singular)
brekēs (present second-person singular)
brekē (present singular third-person)
brākī (past singular third-person)
brekēm (first-person plural present)
brākīm (first-person past plural)
brekēþ (plural present second-person)
brākīd (past plural second-person)
brekēn (plural present third-person)
brākīn (past plural third-person)
brik (present singular)
brikid (plural present)
brekandī (participle present)
brokan (participle past)

Old English: brecan

Middle English: breken

Scots: breke

English: break

desctree

Old Frisian: breka
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: breeg
Helgoland and Sylt: breek
Mooring: breege
Saterland Frisian: breke
West Frisian: brekke

Old Saxon: brekan

Middle Low German: breken

Low German: breken

→ Danish: brække

→ Norwegian Bokmål: brekke

→ Swedish: bräcka

Old Dutch: brekan, *brecan
Middle Dutch: brēken
Dutch: breken
Limburgish: braeke

Old High German: brëhhan

Middle High German: brëchen

German: brechen

Luxembourgish: briechen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: breche

Yiddish: ברעכן (brekhn)

→ Franco-Provençal: breyér

Bressan: brayë

Fribourgeois: brêyi

→ Old French: broiier (see there for further descendants)


watar

watar (nominative singular)
wataru (nominative plural)
watar (accusative singular)
wataru (accusative plural)
wataras (genitive singular)
watarō (genitive plural)
watarē (dative singular)
watarum (dative plural)
wataru (instrumental singular)
watarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæter
Middle English: water, watere, watir, waterre
English: water (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: watter, wetter
Scots: watter
Yola: waudher, wadher

Old Frisian: weter, water, wetir
North Frisian: weeter, woar, waer, waar
Föhr-Amrum: weeder
Mooring: wååder
Saterland Frisian: Woater
West Frisian: wetter

Old Saxon: watar
Middle Low German: wāter
Dutch Low Saxon: water (Drents, Twents)
German Low German: Water
Plautdietsch: Wota

Old Dutch: watar, water, watir
Middle Dutch: wāter
Dutch: water
Afrikaans: water
Javindo: water
Negerhollands: watu, water, water, waeter
Petjo: watter
Skepi Creole Dutch: water
→? Sranan Tongo: watra
→ Aukan: wataa
→ Saramaccan: wáta
Limburgish: water
West Flemish: woater

Old High German: waȥȥar, waȥar, waȥȥer, waszer
Middle High German: waȥȥer
Alemannic German: Wasser, Wâser
Alsatian: Wasser, Wâsser, Wàser
Italian Walser: wasser, wàsser
Bavarian: Wåsser, Wossa
Cimbrian: bassar, bazzar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Gottscheerish: boßər, bàsser
Mòcheno: bòsser
Udinese: bosser, bosar, bòsser
Central Franconian: Wasser, Waßer
Hunsrik: Wasser
Luxembourgish: Waasser
Transylvanian Saxon: Wåsser, Wosser (Sibiu), Wauesser (Brașov)
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Woasser, Wosser, Wasser
Upper Saxon German: Wassor
German: Wasser
Unserdeutsch: Wasser
Rhine Franconian: Wasser
Hessian: Wassä
Pennsylvania German: Wasser
Vilamovian: wosser, woser
Yiddish: וואַסער (vaser)


sprekan

sprekan (infinitive)
sprekannjas (genitive infinitive)
sprekannjē (dative infinitive)
sprekannju (infinitive instrumental)
spreku (first-person present singular)
sprak (first-person past singular)
sprikiʀi (present second-person singular)
sprākī (past second-person singular)
sprikidi (present singular third-person)
sprak (past singular third-person)
sprekum (first-person plural present)
sprākum (first-person past plural)
sprikid (plural present second-person)
sprākud (past plural second-person)
sprekand (plural present third-person)
sprākun (past plural third-person)
sprekē (first-person present singular)
sprākī (first-person past singular)
sprekēs (present second-person singular)
sprekē (present singular third-person)
sprākī (past singular third-person)
sprekēm (first-person plural present)
sprākīm (first-person past plural)
sprekēþ (plural present second-person)
sprākīd (past plural second-person)
sprekēn (plural present third-person)
sprākīn (past plural third-person)
sprik (present singular)
sprikid (plural present)
sprekandī (participle present)
sprekan (participle past)

Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan
Middle English: speken, speke
English: speak
Middle Scots: speke, speik
Scots: speik, speak, spik, spikk

Old Frisian: spreka, sprekan
Saterland Frisian: spreke
West Frisian: sprekke

Old Saxon: sprekan
Middle Low German: sprēken
Low German: spreken
Plautdietsch: spräakjen

Old Dutch: sprecan
Middle Dutch: sprēken
Dutch: spreken
Limburgish: spraeke

Old High German: sprëhhan, sprëchan
Middle High German: sprëchen
Central Franconian: sjprèche
German: sprechen
→ Czech: šprechtit
→ Polish: szprechać
→ Serbo-Croatian: šprȅhati /шпре̏хати
→ Ukrainian: шпрехати (šprexaty)
Hunsrik: spreche
Luxembourgish: spriechen


himil

himil (nominative singular)
himilō (nominative plural)
himilōs (nominative plural)
himil (accusative singular)
himilā (accusative plural)
himilas (genitive singular)
himilō (genitive plural)
himilē (dative singular)
himilum (dative plural)
himilu (instrumental singular)
himilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: himel, himul
Saterland Frisian: Heemel
West Frisian: himel

Old Saxon: himil
Middle Low German: hemmel, hēmel
German Low German:
Ostfriesisch (East Frisian Low Saxon): Hemel, Himmel
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: Hiəmel
Lippisch, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Hemmel
Sauerländisch: Hiemel, Heämel (Wenden)
Westmünsterländisch: Himmel
Plautdietsch: Himmel
→ Norwegian: himmel
→ Old Swedish: himil
Swedish: himmel
→ Finnish: himmeli
→ Old Danish: *himæl
Danish: himmel
→ Gutnish: himmel

Old Dutch: himil
Middle Dutch: hēmel
Dutch: hemel
Afrikaans: hemel
Limburgish: hieëmel

Old High German: himil
Middle High German: himel, hemel
Swabian: Hemmel, Hemml, Himml
Bavarian: Himmi, Himml
Cimbrian: hümmel, hümbl (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Himmel, Hemmel
Hunsrik: Himmel
Luxembourgish: Himmel
Transylvanian Saxon: Hemmel
German: Himmel
Rhine Franconian: Himmel
Pennsylvania German: Himmel
Yiddish: הימל (himl)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from Proto-Germanic *himinaz with nasal dissimilation, perhaps under the influence of *sōwul ~ *sunnā (“sun”),
* from an older heteroclitic l/n-stem alongside Proto-Germanic *himinaz,
* cognate with Proto-Germanic *himinaz derived from a separate suffix.
Assuming a nasal dissimilation of Proto-Germanic *hemnaz to *hebnaz, doublet with *hebun.


skulan

Old English: sċulan, sċeolan
Middle English: schulen
English: shall, should
Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)
Yola: shell, shall, shul

Old Frisian: skela, skila

Saterland Frisian: skälle

West Frisian: sille

Old Saxon: skulan
Middle Low German: schȫlen, schöllen, schullen, sȫlen, scölen
Low German: schölen, sölen, schüllen, schöllen
German Low German: schölen, sölen, sallen

Old Dutch: sulan
Middle Dutch: sullen
Dutch: zullen
Afrikaans: sal
Jersey Dutch: zal
Negerhollands: sa, sal
Skepi Creole Dutch: sa
Limburgish: zölle, zólle

Old High German: skulan, sulan, scolan

desc

Middle High German: süln, suln, scholen, schulen, sollen, saln, soln

Alemannic German: solle

Bavarian: soin, solln

desctree

Central Franconian: solle
Hunsrik: solle
Luxembourgish: sollen

German: sollen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: solle

Yiddish: זאָלן (zoln)

From Proto-Germanic *skulaną. The change of sk to s observed in many languages is probably attributable to the word’s common appearance in unstressed position.


gangan

gangan (infinitive)
gangannjas (genitive infinitive)
gangannjē (dative infinitive)
gangannju (infinitive instrumental)
gangu (first-person present singular)
geang (first-person past singular)
gangiʀi (present second-person singular)
geangī (past second-person singular)
gangidi (present singular third-person)
geang (past singular third-person)
gangum (first-person plural present)
geangum (first-person past plural)
gangid (plural present second-person)
geangud (past plural second-person)
gangand (plural present third-person)
geangun (past plural third-person)
gangē (first-person present singular)
geangī (first-person past singular)
gangēs (present second-person singular)
gangē (present singular third-person)
geangī (past singular third-person)
gangēm (first-person plural present)
geangīm (first-person past plural)
gangēþ (plural present second-person)
geangīd (past plural second-person)
gangēn (plural present third-person)
geangīn (past plural third-person)
gang (present singular)
gangid (plural present)
gangandī (participle present)
gangan (participle past)

Old English: gangan, gongan, gancgan
Middle English: gangen, gongen
English: gang
Scots: gang

Old Frisian: ganga, gunga

Saterland Frisian: gunge (“in part”)

Old Saxon: gangan
Middle Low German: gangen

Old Dutch: *gangan

Middle Dutch: gangen (only in rhyme)

Old High German: gangan
Middle High German: gangen
Swabian: ganga
⇒ Central Franconian: jeng, jejange; jank (suppletive past forms and imperative of john)
⇒ German: ging, gegangen (suppletive past forms of gehen)


missa-

Old English: mis-
Middle English: mys-, mes-, mis-
English: mis-
Scots: mis-

Old Frisian: mis-

Saterland Frisian: mis-

West Frisian: mis-

Old Saxon: mis-

Middle Low German: mis-, misse-

German Low German: miss-

Old Dutch: mis-
Middle Dutch: mis-
Dutch: mis-
Afrikaans: mis-

Old High German: missa-, missi-

Middle High German: misse-

German: miss-, mis-

→ Vulgar Latin: *messa-

Old French: mes-

Middle French: mes-

French: més-, mé-

Occitan: mes-


faitid

faitid (masculine nominative singular)
faitidu (feminine nominative singular)
faitid (neuter nominative singular)
faitidanā (accusative masculine singular)
faitidā (accusative feminine singular)
faitid (accusative neuter singular)
faitidas (genitive masculine singular)
faitideʀā (feminine genitive singular)
faitidas (genitive neuter singular)
faitidumē (dative masculine singular)
faitideʀē (dative feminine singular)
faitidumē (dative neuter singular)
faitidu (instrumental masculine singular)
faitideʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
faitidu (instrumental neuter singular)
faitidē (masculine nominative plural)
faitidō (feminine nominative plural)
faitidu (neuter nominative plural)
faitidā (accusative masculine plural)
faitidā (accusative feminine plural)
faitidu (accusative neuter plural)
faitideʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faitideʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faitideʀō (genitive neuter plural)
faitidēm (dative masculine plural)
faitidum (dative masculine plural)
faitidēm (dative feminine plural)
faitidum (dative feminine plural)
faitidēm (dative neuter plural)
faitidum (dative neuter plural)
faitidēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faitidum (instrumental masculine plural)
faitidēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faitidum (feminine instrumental plural)
faitidēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faitidum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fǣtt
Middle English: fat, faat, fet, feet, vat, vet
English: fat
Sranan Tongo: fatu
Scots: fat

Old Frisian: fatt, fet

Saterland Frisian: fat

West Frisian: fet

Old Saxon: *fētid

Middle Low German: vet, vetten

→ German: fett

→ Yiddish: פֿעט (fet)

⇒ Old Saxon: *fētidian, *fēttian

Middle Low German: vetten

Old Dutch: *fētit, *fett

Middle Dutch: vet
Dutch: vet
Afrikaans: vet
Berbice Creole Dutch: fete
Negerhollands: vet, fet
→ Papiamentu: vèt
Limburgish: vèt

Old High German: feizit
Middle High German: veizt
Cimbrian: bòas
German: feist

⇒ Old High German: *feiziten, *feizten

Middle High German: veizten

German: feißten

⇒ Old High German: feizitī

Middle High German: veizte

German: Feiste

Yiddish: פֿעץ (fets)

Past participle of *faitijan (“to make fat”).


-mō

-mō (nominative singular)
-man (nominative plural)
-man (accusative singular)
-man (accusative plural)
-mini (genitive singular)
-man (genitive singular)
-manō (genitive plural)
-mini (dative singular)
-man (dative singular)
-mum (dative plural)
-mini (instrumental singular)
-man (instrumental singular)
-mum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: -ma

West Frisian: -me, -tme (literary)

Old Saxon: -mo

Old High German: -mo, -amo, -emo

From Proto-Germanic *-mô, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.

(rare) Forms abstract nouns from verbs, denoting a quality, state, or instrument.


blōdisōn

blōdisōn (infinitive)
blōdisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
blōdisōnijē (dative infinitive)
blōdisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
blōdisō (first-person present singular)
blōdisōdā (first-person past singular)
blōdisōs (present second-person singular)
blōdisōdēs (past second-person singular)
blōdisōdōs (past second-person singular)
blōdisōþ (present singular third-person)
blōdisōdē (past singular third-person)
blōdisōdā (past singular third-person)
blōdisōm (first-person plural present)
blōdisōdum (first-person past plural)
blōdisōþ (plural present second-person)
blōdisōdud (past plural second-person)
blōdisōnþ (plural present third-person)
blōdisōdun (past plural third-person)
blōdisōdī (first-person past singular)
blōdisōdī (past second-person singular)
blōdisō (present singular third-person)
blōdisōdī (past singular third-person)
blōdisōdīm (first-person past plural)
blōdisōdīd (past plural second-person)
blōdisōn (plural present third-person)
blōdisōdīn (past plural third-person)
blōdisō (present singular)
blōdisōþ (plural present)
blōdisōndī (participle present)
blōdisōd (participle past)

Old English: blētsian, blētsiġan, blēdsian, blœ̄dsian, blœ̄tsian
Middle English: blessen
English: bless
Scots: bliss
Yola: bless

→ Old Norse: bletza, bleza

Icelandic: blessa


labōn

labōn (infinitive)
labōnijas (genitive infinitive)
labōnijē (dative infinitive)
labōniju (infinitive instrumental)
labō (first-person present singular)
labōdā (first-person past singular)
labōs (present second-person singular)
labōdēs (past second-person singular)
labōdōs (past second-person singular)
labōþ (present singular third-person)
labōdē (past singular third-person)
labōdā (past singular third-person)
labōm (first-person plural present)
labōdum (first-person past plural)
labōþ (plural present second-person)
labōdud (past plural second-person)
labōnþ (plural present third-person)
labōdun (past plural third-person)
labōdī (first-person past singular)
labōdī (past second-person singular)
labō (present singular third-person)
labōdī (past singular third-person)
labōdīm (first-person past plural)
labōdīd (past plural second-person)
labōn (plural present third-person)
labōdīn (past plural third-person)
labō (present singular)
labōþ (plural present)
labōndī (participle present)
labōd (participle past)

Old English: lafian
Middle English: lavien, laven
English: lave, lavish
Scots: lave

Old Frisian: *lavia

⇒ West Frisian: lauwgje

Old Saxon: lavōn, labōn
Middle Low German: lāven
German Low German: laven

Old Dutch: lavon
Middle Dutch: lāven
Dutch: laven
Afrikaans: laaf, lawe
→ West Frisian: laavje
Limburgish: lave

Old High German: labōn

Middle High German: laben

German: laben

Of uncertain and disputed origin.
Possibly from Latin lavō (“to wash, bathe”), though Latin v usually becomes f or w in West Germanic (e.g. *lafendulā, *pulwī, *wall), not b; also, the early West Germanic meanings are difficult to explain, as they do not convey the meaning of "wash" or "bathe". Old High German labōn exclusively means "to refresh, revitalize, invigorate, strengthen, provide sustenance". Not until Middle High German did laben additionally come to mean "wash, bathe with water" (in addition to the existing senses). Likewise, the earliest Old English meaning was "to pour", not "wash, bathe with water". Old Saxon lavōn only means "refresh", and Middle Low German lāven means "refresh, revitalise, provide with food and drink" and never "wash, bathe with water". Indeed, Low German laven today still signifies "refresh/replenish (oneself), feast". Middle and Modern Dutch also mean "refresh, slake one's thirst", not "wash". Only through sound-alike influence from Latin lavō and Old French laver does Middle and Modern English acquire the meaning "wash" or "bathe" (in addition to earlier senses).
Alternatively, perhaps related to Ancient Greek λωφάω (lōpháō, “to recover, rest”), itself of unknown origin.

entlaben

Old High German: *antlabōn; Middle High German

(transitive) to refresh or revitalise with food, drink, warmth, etc.

gelaben

Middle High German: gelaben (“to recover from, recuperate, become strong”)


fragetan

fragetan (infinitive)
fragetannjas (genitive infinitive)
fragetannjē (dative infinitive)
fragetannju (infinitive instrumental)
fragetu (first-person present singular)
fragat (first-person past singular)
fragitiʀi (present second-person singular)
fragātī (past second-person singular)
fragitidi (present singular third-person)
fragat (past singular third-person)
fragetum (first-person plural present)
fragātum (first-person past plural)
fragitid (plural present second-person)
fragātud (past plural second-person)
fragetand (plural present third-person)
fragātun (past plural third-person)
fragetē (first-person present singular)
fragātī (first-person past singular)
fragetēs (present second-person singular)
fragetē (present singular third-person)
fragātī (past singular third-person)
fragetēm (first-person plural present)
fragātīm (first-person past plural)
fragetēþ (plural present second-person)
fragātīd (past plural second-person)
fragetēn (plural present third-person)
fragātīn (past plural third-person)
fragit (present singular)
fragitid (plural present)
fragetandī (participle present)
fragetan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: forġietan, forġitan, forġytan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: forȝeten, forȝiten, forȝuten, forgeten, forgetten, forgitten (influenced by Old Norse geta)
English: forget, foryete
Scots: forget, forgit, forgett, foirgett, foryet, foryat, furyatt

Old Frisian: forieta, urieta
Saterland Frisian: ferjeete
West Frisian: ferjitte

Old Saxon: fargetan
Middle Low German: vorgēten
Low German:
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: vergät'n
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: vergeten
Northern Low Saxon: vergäten, vergeten
Eastphalian: vergetten
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: vegetten
Lippisch: vergätten
Sauerländisch: vergiäten
Westmünsterländisch: vergääten, vergetten
Plautdietsch: vejäten
Dutch Low Saxon:
Achterhoeks: vergaet'n
Drents: vergeetn
Gronings: vergaiten, vergett'n
Twents: vergett'n
→ Old Danish:
Danish: forgæde, forgætte
→ Old Swedish: forgæta
Swedish: förgäta

Old Dutch: fargetan
Middle Dutch: vergēten
Dutch: vergeten
Afrikaans: vergeet
Berbice Creole Dutch: frugete, furgete
Jersey Dutch: verxête
→? Aukan: fegeete
→? Kwinti: fregeti
→? Saramaccan: fèèketè
Limburgish: vergaete

Old High German: firgezzan, vergezzen

Middle High German: vergëzzen

desc

Cimbrian: vorghessan, borghessan (Mezzaselva)

German: vergessen

Luxembourgish: vergiessen

Yiddish: פֿאַרגעסן (fargesn)

to forget (i.e. to lose hold of in one's mind)


hramusō

hramusō (nominative singular)
hramusan (nominative plural)
hramusan (accusative singular)
hramusan (accusative plural)
hramusini (genitive singular)
hramusan (genitive singular)
hramusanō (genitive plural)
hramusini (dative singular)
hramusan (dative singular)
hramusum (dative plural)
hramusini (instrumental singular)
hramusan (instrumental singular)
hramusum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hramsa, hromsa, hramse, ramesa
⇒ Middle English: ramson, ramsoun, rameson, ramesen, rampson, rampsoun
English: ramps, rams, ramson, buckrams (dialectal)
Scots: ramps, ramsh

Old Saxon: *hramuso, *hremiso

Middle Low German: ramese, remese

→ Danish: rams (dialectal)

⇒ Danish: ramsløg

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ramsløk

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ramslauk

→ Old Swedish: rams

Swedish: rams

⇒ Swedish: ramslök

Old Dutch: *ramuso

Middle Dutch: *ramese

Dutch: rams

Old High German: *hramuso, *ramuso,

Middle High German: *ramese

German: Rams

desc

⇒ Bavarian: Ramsel, Ramsenwurz, Ramschenwurz

From Proto-Germanic *hramusô, from Proto-Indo-European *krómus-ō ~ *kr̥mus-nés, from *kermus-, *kremus- (“wild garlic”). Cognate with Lithuanian kermùšė (“wild garlic”), Proto-Slavic *čermъša (“ramson”), Ancient Greek κρόμμυον (krómmuon, “onion”), Middle Irish crim (“garlic”).


ūt

head

*ūt (comparative *ūtiʀō, superlative *ūtist(ō))

desctree

Old English: ūt
Middle English: oute, out, ut, ute, uth, wt, uot
English: out
Geordie English: oot
Scots: out, oot
Yola: udh, uth, ut, out, outh

Old Frisian: ūt

Saterland Frisian: uut

West Frisian: út

Old Saxon: ūt
Middle Low German: ût
Low German: uut, ut
German Low German: uut

Old Dutch: ūt
Middle Dutch: uut, ute
Dutch: uit
Afrikaans: uit
Berbice Creole Dutch: oiti
Jersey Dutch: äut
Negerhollands: ut, it, yt

Old High German: ūȥ
Middle High German: ūȥ
Alemannic German: us
Cimbrian: aus, auz (Luserna)
German: aus
Luxembourgish: aus
Yiddish: אויס (oys)


nistijan

nistijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
nistijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
nistijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
nistijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
nistiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nistidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nistisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nistidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nistidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nistiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nistidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nistidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nistijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nistidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nistiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nistidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nistijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nistidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nistijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nistidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nistijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nistidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nistijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nistidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nistijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nistidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nistijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nistidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nistijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nistidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nisti (class-1 present singular weak)
nistiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
nistijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
nistid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: nistan, nistian

Middle English: nisten, nesten

English: nest

Scots: nest

Old Frisian: *nistia, *nestia

Saterland Frisian: näästje

Old Saxon: *nistian

Middle Low German: nesten

German Low German: nüsten

Old Dutch: *nisten

Middle Dutch: nesten

Dutch: nesten

Old High German: nistian, nisten

Middle High German: nisten

German: nisten


dalk

dalk (nominative singular)
dalkō (nominative plural)
dalkōs (nominative plural)
dalk (accusative singular)
dalkā (accusative plural)
dalkas (genitive singular)
dalkō (genitive plural)
dalkē (dative singular)
dalkum (dative plural)
dalku (instrumental singular)
dalkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dalc, dolc
Middle English: dalk, dalke
English: dalk, (dialectal) dawk


leut

leut (masculine nominative singular)
leutu (feminine nominative singular)
leut (neuter nominative singular)
leutanā (accusative masculine singular)
leutā (accusative feminine singular)
leut (accusative neuter singular)
leutas (genitive masculine singular)
leuteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
leutas (genitive neuter singular)
leutumē (dative masculine singular)
leuteʀē (dative feminine singular)
leutumē (dative neuter singular)
leutu (instrumental masculine singular)
leuteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
leutu (instrumental neuter singular)
leutē (masculine nominative plural)
leutō (feminine nominative plural)
leutu (neuter nominative plural)
leutā (accusative masculine plural)
leutā (accusative feminine plural)
leutu (accusative neuter plural)
leuteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
leuteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
leuteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
leutēm (dative masculine plural)
leutum (dative masculine plural)
leutēm (dative feminine plural)
leutum (dative feminine plural)
leutēm (dative neuter plural)
leutum (dative neuter plural)
leutēm (instrumental masculine plural)
leutum (instrumental masculine plural)
leutēm (feminine instrumental plural)
leutum (feminine instrumental plural)
leutēm (instrumental neuter plural)
leutum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: liāt