mangalōn

mangalōn (infinitive)
mangalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mangalōnijē (dative infinitive)
mangalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mangalō (first-person present singular)
mangalōdā (first-person past singular)
mangalōs (present second-person singular)
mangalōdēs (past second-person singular)
mangalōdōs (past second-person singular)
mangalōþ (present singular third-person)
mangalōdē (past singular third-person)
mangalōdā (past singular third-person)
mangalōm (first-person plural present)
mangalōdum (first-person past plural)
mangalōþ (plural present second-person)
mangalōdud (past plural second-person)
mangalōnþ (plural present third-person)
mangalōdun (past plural third-person)
mangalōdī (first-person past singular)
mangalōdī (past second-person singular)
mangalō (present singular third-person)
mangalōdī (past singular third-person)
mangalōdīm (first-person past plural)
mangalōdīd (past plural second-person)
mangalōn (plural present third-person)
mangalōdīn (past plural third-person)
mangalō (present singular)
mangalōþ (plural present)
mangalōndī (participle present)
mangalōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *mangalōn

Middle Low German: mangelen

German Low German: mangeln

→ Old Swedish: mångel

Swedish: mångla

Old Dutch: *mangalon

Middle Dutch: mangelen

Dutch: mangelen (archaic)

Old High German: *mangalōn

Middle High German: mangelen

Alemannic German: mangeln, mänkeln

Bavarian: mänkeln

From *mangōn + *-lōn (frequentive suffix).


mangalōn

Old Saxon: *mangalōn

Middle Low German: mangelen

Old Dutch: *mangalōn

Middle Dutch: mangelen

Dutch: mangelen

Old High German: mangalōn, mangolōn

desc

Middle High German: mangelen, mangeln, manglen

German: mangeln

Borrowed from Latin *mancāre (“to lack”) + *-lōn (frequentive suffix).


kastinnju

kastinnju (nominative singular)
kastinnjō (nominative plural)
kastinnjā (accusative singular)
kastinnjā (accusative plural)
kastinnjā (genitive singular)
kastinnjō (genitive plural)
kastinnjē (dative singular)
kastinnjōm (dative plural)
kastinnjum (dative plural)
kastinnju (instrumental singular)
kastinnjōm (instrumental plural)
kastinnjum (instrumental plural)


uʀflaugijan

uʀflaugijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
uʀflaugijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
uʀflaugijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
uʀflaugijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
uʀflaugiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀflaugidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀflaugisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀflaugidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀflaugiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀflaugidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀflaugijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀflaugidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀflaugijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀflaugidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀflaugijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀflaugidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀflaugijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀflaugidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀflaugijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀflaugidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀflaugi (class-1 present singular weak)
uʀflaugiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
uʀflaugijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
uʀflaugid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: āflīegan

Old Dutch: irflōgen

Old High German: irflougen

Middle High German: erflougen

⇒ Old High German: framirflougen


flaugijan

flaugijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
flaugijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
flaugijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
flaugijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
flaugiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
flaugidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
flaugisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
flaugidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
flaugidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
flaugiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
flaugidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
flaugidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
flaugijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
flaugidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
flaugiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
flaugidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
flaugijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
flaugidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
flaugijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
flaugidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
flaugijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
flaugidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
flaugijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
flaugidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
flaugijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
flaugidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
flaugijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
flaugidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
flaugijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
flaugidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
flaugi (class-1 present singular weak)
flaugiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
flaugijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
flaugid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Dutch: *flōgen

Middle Dutch: vlôgen

Old High German: *flougen

Middle High German: vlougen, flougen


krumbijan

krumbijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
krumbijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
krumbijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
krumbijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
krumbiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
krumbidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
krumbisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
krumbidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krumbidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krumbiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
krumbidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krumbidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krumbijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
krumbidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
krumbiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
krumbidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
krumbijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
krumbidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
krumbijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
krumbidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
krumbijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
krumbidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krumbijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
krumbidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krumbijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
krumbidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
krumbijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
krumbidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
krumbijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
krumbidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
krumbi (class-1 present singular weak)
krumbiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
krumbijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
krumbid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *krumbian

Middle Low German: krümmen, krummen

Old Dutch: *crumben

Middle Dutch: crommen, crummen

Dutch: krommen

Limburgish: krómpe

⇒ Old Dutch: anacrumben

Old High German: krumben

Middle High German: krümben, krümmen

German: krümmen


arhu

arhu (nominative singular)
arhwō (nominative plural)
arhwā (accusative singular)
arhwā (accusative plural)
arhwā (genitive singular)
arhwō (genitive plural)
arhwē (dative singular)
arhwōm (dative plural)
arhum (dative plural)
arhu (instrumental singular)
arhwōm (instrumental plural)
arhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earh, arwe, arewe

desc

Middle English: arwe, arewe, arowe, arow

Scots: arowe, arow

English: arrow


atgaiʀ

atgaiʀ (nominative singular)
atgaiʀō (nominative plural)
atgaiʀōs (nominative plural)
atgaiʀ (accusative singular)
atgaiʀā (accusative plural)
atgaiʀas (genitive singular)
atgaiʀō (genitive plural)
atgaiʀē (dative singular)
atgaiʀum (dative plural)
atgaiʀu (instrumental singular)
atgaiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ætgār, ætegār, ategār m; ætgǣre, ætgēre n (< *atgaiʀī)

Middle English: hategar

→ English: atgar

Old Frisian: etgēr

Old High German: *atigēr, azgēr, azigēr

Middle High German: atigēr, azigēr

From Proto-Germanic *atgaizaz; equivalent to *at + *gaiʀ.


hārijā

hārijā (nominative singular)
hārijōn (nominative plural)
hārijōn (accusative singular)
hārijōn (accusative plural)
hārijōn (genitive singular)
hārijōnō (genitive plural)
hārijōn (dative singular)
hārijōm (dative plural)
hārijum (dative plural)
hārijōn (instrumental singular)
hārijōm (instrumental plural)
hārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣre, hēre

Middle English: here

Old Saxon: hāria, hāra

Middle Low German: hâre

Old Dutch: hēra

Old High German: hāra, hārra

Middle High German: hare, hære

→ Old French: haire

Middle French: haire

French: haire

From Proto-Germanic *hērijǭ, equivalent to *hār + *-jā.


naiwwiht

naiwwiht (nominative singular)
naiwwihtu (nominative plural)
naiwwiht (accusative singular)
naiwwihtu (accusative plural)
naiwwihtas (genitive singular)
naiwwihtō (genitive plural)
naiwwihtē (dative singular)
naiwwihtum (dative plural)
naiwwihtu (instrumental singular)
naiwwihtum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nāwiht, nāht, nāuht, nāwuht, nōht, nōwiht
Middle English: nought, noght, nouȝt, noȝt
⇒ Middle English: not, nat, note, notte, nate, nut
English: not
Geordie English: nut
Scots: nat (obsolete)
Yola: nat

Old Frisian: nāwet, nōwet, nāut, nāt

Saterland Frisian: nit

West Frisian: neat

Old Saxon: neowiht, niowiht, nieht

desc

Middle Low German: nichit, nǖwet, nicht, niet, nêt

German Low German: nich, neet

Old Dutch: niewiht, nuwieht, niuweht

desctree

Middle Dutch: niet, nicht, niewet
Dutch: niet (see there for further descendants)
Jersey Dutch: nît
Limburgish: neet

desc

Old High German: niowiht, niwiht, nieht, niht

Middle High German: niuweht, nieweht, neweht, niuwet, niwit, niwet, nūwet, nūwit, niuht, neuht, neut, nieht, niet, niut, nīt, nit, newiht, nichit, niwiht, niuwiht, niwet, niwit, niht

Bavarian: net

Central Franconian: net

Hunsrik: net

Kölsch: nit

Luxembourgish: net

German: nicht

Pennsylvania German: net

From *naiw + *wiht (from Proto-Germanic *wihtą).


liʀnēn

liʀnēn (infinitive)
liʀnēnijas (genitive infinitive)
liʀnēnijē (dative infinitive)
liʀnēniju (infinitive instrumental)
liʀnē (first-person present singular)
liʀn?dā (first-person past singular)
liʀnēs (present second-person singular)
liʀn?dēs (past second-person singular)
liʀnēþ (present singular third-person)
liʀn?dē (past singular third-person)
liʀn?dā (past singular third-person)
liʀnēm (first-person plural present)
liʀn?dum (first-person past plural)
liʀnēþ (plural present second-person)
liʀn?dud (past plural second-person)
liʀnēnþ (plural present third-person)
liʀn?dun (past plural third-person)
liʀn?dī (first-person past singular)
liʀn?dī (past second-person singular)
liʀnē (present singular third-person)
liʀn?dī (past singular third-person)
liʀn?dīm (first-person past plural)
liʀn?dīd (past plural second-person)
liʀnēn (plural present third-person)
liʀn?dīn (past plural third-person)
liʀnē (present singular)
liʀnēþ (plural present)
liʀnēndī (participle present)
liʀn?d (participle past)

desctree

Old High German: lernēn, lirnēn
Middle High German: lernen
Alemannic German: lërne, leernen, lérne
Bavarian: learnan, learna, learn (Sappada, Sauris)
Cimbrian: liirnan, lirnan, lirnen
Mòcheno: learnen
German: lernen
Yiddish: לערנען (lernen)

Elbe Germanic form of *liʀnōn (“to learn”)


laisu

laisu (nominative singular)
laisō (nominative plural)
laisā (accusative singular)
laisā (accusative plural)
laisā (genitive singular)
laisō (genitive plural)
laisē (dative singular)
laisōm (dative plural)
laisum (dative plural)
laisu (instrumental singular)
laisōm (instrumental plural)
laisum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *lēs

Middle Dutch: lêes

Old High German: leisa

Middle High German: leise

German: Leise

⇒ German: Geleise, Gleise

From Proto-Germanic *laisō. Piecewise doublet of *laiʀu.


bukkō

bokkō (nominative singular)
bokkan (nominative plural)
bokkan (accusative singular)
bokkan (accusative plural)
bukkini (genitive singular)
bokkan (genitive singular)
bokkanō (genitive plural)
bukkini (dative singular)
bokkan (dative singular)
bukkum (dative plural)
bukkini (instrumental singular)
bokkan (instrumental singular)
bukkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bucca

Middle English: bukke

English: buck

Scots: buk, buke, buik


krassjō

krassjō (nominative singular)
krassjan (nominative plural)
krassjan (accusative singular)
krassjan (accusative plural)
krassjini (genitive singular)
krassjan (genitive singular)
krassjanō (genitive plural)
krassjini (dative singular)
krassjan (dative singular)
krassjum (dative plural)
krassjini (instrumental singular)
krassjan (instrumental singular)
krassjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cressa

Middle English: cresse

English: cress

Old Saxon: *kressio, *kresso, krisso

⇒ Old Saxon: wildikresso

→ Old French: kerson

Middle French: cresson

French: cresson

Old High German: krasso, kresso

Middle High German: kresse m

→ Medieval Latin: crissinus


krassjā

krassjā (nominative singular)
krassjōn (nominative plural)
krassjōn (accusative singular)
krassjōn (accusative plural)
krassjōn (genitive singular)
krassjōnō (genitive plural)
krassjōn (dative singular)
krassjōm (dative plural)
krassjum (dative plural)
krassjōn (instrumental singular)
krassjōm (instrumental plural)
krassjum (instrumental plural)
*karsjā (alternative)

Old English: cærse, cerse

desc

Middle English: carse, crasse, kerse, cars

Scots: kerse, carse

Old Frisian: *kresse, *kerse

Saterland Frisian: Krässe

West Frisian: kers

Old Saxon: *kressia, *kersia

Middle Low German: kerse, kertze, kērse, karse f

desctree

Old Dutch: *cressa
Middle Dutch: kerse, kersse
Dutch: kers

Old High German: kressa

Middle High German: kresse f

German: Kresse f

From Proto-Germanic *krasjǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”).


sunnōnskīn

sunnōnskīn (nominative singular)
sunnōnskīnō (nominative plural)
sunnōnskīnōs (nominative plural)
sunnōnskīn (accusative singular)
sunnōnskīnā (accusative plural)
sunnōnskīnas (genitive singular)
sunnōnskīnō (genitive plural)
sunnōnskīnē (dative singular)
sunnōnskīnum (dative plural)
sunnōnskīnu (instrumental singular)
sunnōnskīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sunnsċīn

Middle English: sunnesine

English: sunshine

Old Frisian: sunnanskīn

West Frisian: sinneskyn

Old Saxon: sunnonskīn

desc

Middle Low German: sunnenschîn, sonnenschîn

Old Dutch: *sunnonskīn

Middle Dutch: sonneschijn, sonnenschijn

Dutch: zonneschijn

Afrikaans: sonskyn

Old High German: *sunnunskīn

Middle High German: sunnenschīn, sunneschīn

German: Sonnenschein

From *sunnā (“sun”) + *skīn. Paralleled in North Germanic, such as Icelandic sólskin, Danish solskin.


aiʀulīk

aiʀulīk (masculine nominative singular)
aiʀulīku (feminine nominative singular)
aiʀulīk (neuter nominative singular)
aiʀulīkanā (accusative masculine singular)
aiʀulīkā (accusative feminine singular)
aiʀulīk (accusative neuter singular)
aiʀulīkas (genitive masculine singular)
aiʀulīkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aiʀulīkas (genitive neuter singular)
aiʀulīkumē (dative masculine singular)
aiʀulīkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aiʀulīkumē (dative neuter singular)
aiʀulīku (instrumental masculine singular)
aiʀulīkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aiʀulīku (instrumental neuter singular)
aiʀulīkē (masculine nominative plural)
aiʀulīkō (feminine nominative plural)
aiʀulīku (neuter nominative plural)
aiʀulīkā (accusative masculine plural)
aiʀulīkā (accusative feminine plural)
aiʀulīku (accusative neuter plural)
aiʀulīkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aiʀulīkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aiʀulīkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aiʀulīkēm (dative masculine plural)
aiʀulīkum (dative masculine plural)
aiʀulīkēm (dative feminine plural)
aiʀulīkum (dative feminine plural)
aiʀulīkēm (dative neuter plural)
aiʀulīkum (dative neuter plural)
aiʀulīkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aiʀulīkum (instrumental masculine plural)
aiʀulīkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aiʀulīkum (feminine instrumental plural)
aiʀulīkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aiʀulīkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ārlīċ

Old Frisian: ērlik

Old Saxon: *ērlīk

Middle Low German: êrlik

Low German: ehrlik

→ Danish: ærlig

→ Swedish: ärlig

Old Dutch: ērlīc

Middle Dutch: êerlijc

Dutch: eerlijk

Limburgish: ieërlik

Old High German: ērlīh

Middle High German: ērlich

German: ehrlich

Luxembourgish: éierlech


agislīk

agislīk (masculine nominative singular)
agislīku (feminine nominative singular)
agislīk (neuter nominative singular)
agislīkanā (accusative masculine singular)
agislīkā (accusative feminine singular)
agislīk (accusative neuter singular)
agislīkas (genitive masculine singular)
agislīkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
agislīkas (genitive neuter singular)
agislīkumē (dative masculine singular)
agislīkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
agislīkumē (dative neuter singular)
agislīku (instrumental masculine singular)
agislīkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
agislīku (instrumental neuter singular)
agislīkē (masculine nominative plural)
agislīkō (feminine nominative plural)
agislīku (neuter nominative plural)
agislīkā (accusative masculine plural)
agislīkā (accusative feminine plural)
agislīku (accusative neuter plural)
agislīkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
agislīkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
agislīkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
agislīkēm (dative masculine plural)
agislīkum (dative masculine plural)
agislīkēm (dative feminine plural)
agislīkum (dative feminine plural)
agislīkēm (dative neuter plural)
agislīkum (dative neuter plural)
agislīkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
agislīkum (instrumental masculine plural)
agislīkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
agislīkum (feminine instrumental plural)
agislīkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
agislīkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: eġeslīċ

Old Saxon: egislīk, eislīk

Middle Low German: eislīk, eisk

Old Dutch: egislīc

Middle Dutch: eiselijc

q

reinterpreted as deriving from <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">ijs</i> (“ice”)

Dutch: ijselijk (reinterpreted as deriving from ijs (“ice”))

Old High German: egislīh

Middle High German: egeslich, eislich

From Proto-Germanic *agislīkaz. Equivalent to *agi + *-līk, but the stem-final -s of the first word is not retained in the standalone form.


þiggjan

þiggjan (infinitive)
þiggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
þiggjannjē (dative infinitive)
þiggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
þiggju (first-person present singular)
þag (first-person past singular)
þigiʀi (present second-person singular)
þāgī (past second-person singular)
þigidi (present singular third-person)
þag (past singular third-person)
þiggjum (first-person plural present)
þāgum (first-person past plural)
þigid (plural present second-person)
þāgud (past plural second-person)
þiggjand (plural present third-person)
þāgun (past plural third-person)
þiggjē (first-person present singular)
þāgī (first-person past singular)
þiggjēs (present second-person singular)
þiggjē (present singular third-person)
þāgī (past singular third-person)
þiggjēm (first-person plural present)
þāgīm (first-person past plural)
þiggjēþ (plural present second-person)
þāgīd (past plural second-person)
þiggjēn (plural present third-person)
þāgīn (past plural third-person)
þigi (present singular)
þigid (plural present)
þiggjandī (participle present)
þegan (participle past)

Old English: þiċġan

Middle English: thiggen

Scots: thig

English: thig (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thiggian

Old Dutch: thiggen

desc

Old High German: *thicken, *thiggen, diggen

Middle High German: digen, diegen

German: digen (obsolete)


skīn

skīn (nominative singular)
skīnō (nominative plural)
skīnōs (nominative plural)
skīn (accusative singular)
skīnā (accusative plural)
skīnas (genitive singular)
skīnō (genitive plural)
skīnē (dative singular)
skīnum (dative plural)
skīnu (instrumental singular)
skīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċīn

Middle English: shīn

English: shine

Scots: shine, schine, schyne (archaic)

Old Frisian: skīn

Saterland Frisian: Skien

West Frisian: skyn

Old Saxon: skīn

Middle Low German: schîn

German Low German: Schien

Old Dutch: *skīn

Middle Dutch: scijn, schine, schijn

Dutch: schijn

Old High German: skīn

Middle High German: schīn

German: Schein

From Proto-Germanic *skīnaz, *skīną, a nominal formation from *skīnaną (“to shine”).


bisīgōn

bisīgōn (infinitive)
bisīgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bisīgōnijē (dative infinitive)
bisīgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bisīgō (first-person present singular)
bisīgōdā (first-person past singular)
bisīgōs (present second-person singular)
bisīgōdēs (past second-person singular)
bisīgōdōs (past second-person singular)
bisīgōþ (present singular third-person)
bisīgōdē (past singular third-person)
bisīgōdā (past singular third-person)
bisīgōm (first-person plural present)
bisīgōdum (first-person past plural)
bisīgōþ (plural present second-person)
bisīgōdud (past plural second-person)
bisīgōnþ (plural present third-person)
bisīgōdun (past plural third-person)
bisīgōdī (first-person past singular)
bisīgōdī (past second-person singular)
bisīgō (present singular third-person)
bisīgōdī (past singular third-person)
bisīgōdīm (first-person past plural)
bisīgōdīd (past plural second-person)
bisīgōn (plural present third-person)
bisīgōdīn (past plural third-person)
bisīgō (present singular)
bisīgōþ (plural present)
bisīgōndī (participle present)
bisīgōd (participle past)

Old English: bisgian, bysgian; bisigan

Middle English: bisien, bisyen, bysien, besien, busien

English: busy

Scots: besy, bissy

Old Frisian: bisigia, bisgia

West Frisian: beuzigje, biizgje

Old Saxon: *bisigōn

Middle Low German: bēsigen

Old Dutch: *bisigon

Middle Dutch: bēsigen

Dutch: bezigen

Old High German: *bisīgōn (Langobardic)

→ Vulgar Latin: *bisigāre

Lombard: bizigà (Brescia)

Lombard: sbisegar (Trentino)

Venetan: bisegar


frāgu

frāgu (nominative singular)
frāgō (nominative plural)
frāgā (accusative singular)
frāgā (accusative plural)
frāgā (genitive singular)
frāgō (genitive plural)
frāgē (dative singular)
frāgōm (dative plural)
frāgum (dative plural)
frāgu (instrumental singular)
frāgōm (instrumental plural)
frāgum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frēge

Saterland Frisian: Fräige

Old Saxon: *frāga

desctree

Middle Low German: vrâge
→ Saterland Frisian: Froage
→ Swedish: fråga

Old Dutch: *frāga

Middle Dutch: vrâge
Dutch: vraag
Afrikaans: vraag
Negerhollands: vraag

Old High German: frāga
Middle High German: vrāge
Bavarian: Fråg
German: Frage
→ Yiddish: פֿראַגע (frage)
Hunsrik: Froh
Luxembourgish: Fro
Vilamovian: frög


frāgēn

frāgēn (infinitive)
frāgēnijas (genitive infinitive)
frāgēnijē (dative infinitive)
frāgēniju (infinitive instrumental)
frāgē (first-person present singular)
frāg?dā (first-person past singular)
frāgēs (present second-person singular)
frāg?dēs (past second-person singular)
frāgēþ (present singular third-person)
frāg?dē (past singular third-person)
frāg?dā (past singular third-person)
frāgēm (first-person plural present)
frāg?dum (first-person past plural)
frāgēþ (plural present second-person)
frāg?dud (past plural second-person)
frāgēnþ (plural present third-person)
frāg?dun (past plural third-person)
frāg?dī (first-person past singular)
frāg?dī (past second-person singular)
frāgē (present singular third-person)
frāg?dī (past singular third-person)
frāg?dīm (first-person past plural)
frāg?dīd (past plural second-person)
frāgēn (plural present third-person)
frāg?dīn (past plural third-person)
frāgē (present singular)
frāgēþ (plural present)
frāgēndī (participle present)
frāg?d (participle past)
*frāgōn (alternative)

Old English: *frāgian

⇒ Old English: ġefrāgian

Old Frisian: frēgia
North Frisian:
Hallig: freege
Helgoland: froage
Föhr-Amrum: fraage
Mooring: frååge
Sylt: fraagi
Saterland: fräigje
West Frisian: freegje

Old Saxon: frāgōn

Middle Low German: vrâgen

German Low German: fragen

→ Swedish: fråga

Old Dutch: frāgon
Middle Dutch: vrâgen
Dutch: vragen
Limburgish: vraoge

Old High German: frāgēn, frāgōn

Middle High German: vrāgen

German: fragen


pālu

pālu (nominative singular)
pāliwi (nominative plural)
pālō (nominative plural)
pālu (accusative singular)
pālū (accusative plural)
pālō (genitive singular)
pāliwō (genitive plural)
pāliwi (dative singular)
pālō (dative singular)
pālum (dative plural)
pālu (instrumental singular)
pālum (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pāl
Old English: pāl
Middle English: pole, pol, poll, pall, paal
English: pole
Scots: pale, pall
Yola: pulmere
Old Frisian: pāl
North Frisian: pul
West Frisian: peal, poal
Old Saxon: pāl
Middle Low German: pâl
German Low German: Pahl
Old Dutch: pāl
Middle Dutch: pale, pael
Dutch: paal
Old High German: pfāl, phāl
Middle High German: phāl, pfāl
German: Pfahl
Luxembourgish: Poul
Vilamovian: föł

Proto-West Germanic: *pāli
Old English: pǣl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)
Old Frisian: pēl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)
North Frisian: pil
Saterland Frisian: Peel
Old Saxon: pāl (inflected as an i-stem)
Old High German: pfāl, phāl (inflected as an i-stem)


ūtneman

ūtneman (infinitive)
ūtnemannjas (genitive infinitive)
ūtnemannjē (dative infinitive)
ūtnemannju (infinitive instrumental)
ūtnemu (first-person present singular)
ūtnam (first-person past singular)
ūtnimiʀi (present second-person singular)
ūtnāmī (past second-person singular)
ūtnimidi (present singular third-person)
ūtnam (past singular third-person)
ūtnemum (first-person plural present)
ūtnāmum (first-person past plural)
ūtnimid (plural present second-person)
ūtnāmud (past plural second-person)
ūtnemand (plural present third-person)
ūtnāmun (past plural third-person)
ūtnemē (first-person present singular)
ūtnāmī (first-person past singular)
ūtnemēs (present second-person singular)
ūtnemē (present singular third-person)
ūtnāmī (past singular third-person)
ūtnemēm (first-person plural present)
ūtnāmīm (first-person past plural)
ūtnemēþ (plural present second-person)
ūtnāmīd (past plural second-person)
ūtnemēn (plural present third-person)
ūtnāmīn (past plural third-person)
ūtnim (present singular)
ūtnimid (plural present)
ūtnemandī (participle present)
ūtnuman (participle past)

Old English: *ūtniman

Middle English: outnimen

Old Frisian: ūtnima

Saterland Frisian: uutnieme

West Frisian: útnimme

Old Saxon: *ūtneman

Middle Low German: ûtnēmen

German Low German: utnehmen

Old Dutch: *ūtneman

Middle Dutch: *uutnēmen

Dutch: uitnemen

Old High German: ūzneman

Middle High German: ūznemen

German: ausnehmen


erþapplu

erþapplu (nominative singular)
erþappliwi (nominative plural)
erþapplō (nominative plural)
erþapplu (accusative singular)
erþapplū (accusative plural)
erþapplō (genitive singular)
erþappliwō (genitive plural)
erþappliwi (dative singular)
erþapplō (dative singular)
erþapplum (dative plural)
erþapplu (instrumental singular)
erþapplum (instrumental plural)
*erþuapplu (alternative)

Old English: eorþæppel
Middle English: *erth-appel
English: earthapple

Old Frisian: *erthappel, *irthappel

desc

West Frisian: ierdappel, ierappel, ierpel, jirpel

Old Saxon: *erthappul, *erthappel

Middle Low German: ērdeappel, ērtappel, ērdappel

→ Danish: jordæble (calque)

→ Swedish: jordäpple (calque) (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *erthappel

Middle Dutch: erdappel

desctree

Dutch: aardappel (dialectal eerdappel, erpel)
Afrikaans: aartappel
→ Xhosa: itapile
Berbice Creole Dutch: adaplu
→ Ambonese Malay: artapel
→ English: earthapple (calque) (in the sense of "potato")
→ Icelandic: jarðepli
→ Kristang: atapal, artapal
→ Malayalam: അടുതാപ്പ് (aṭutāppŭ)
→ Sinhalese: අර්තාපල් (artāpal)
→ Tamil: அர்த்தாப்பு (arttāppu)

Limburgish: aerdappel, aerpel

Old High German: erdapful, erdaphul

desc

Middle High German: ertapfel, erdapfel, ertöpfel, erdöpfel, ertaphel

Alemannic German: Härdöpfel

Central Franconian: Äädappel, Ääpel

Moselle Franconian: Erdappel, Erpel

German: Erdapfel

Luxembourgish: Äerdapel, Äerpel, Ierpel (dialectal)

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Aerdabbel


biūtan

From *bi- (unstressed variant of *bī) + *ūtan, the accusative of *ūtō (“outside”).

af

unstressed variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*bī</i>

*būtan (alternative)
*biūtini (alternative)
*būtini (alternative)


biūtan

(with accusative) out of, apart from, besides


biūtan

Old English: būtan, būton

desc

Middle English: buten, bouten, boute, bute, butte, botte, but, bot

English: but

Scots: but

Old Frisian: būta, bota

Saterland Frisian: buute

West Frisian: bûte, bûten

Old Saxon: biūtan, būtan, botan

Middle Low German: bûten

German Low German: buten

Old Dutch: *biūtan, *būtan

Middle Dutch: bûten

Dutch: buiten

Old High German: biūzan, būzan

Middle High German: būzen

German: baußen (obsolete); bußen, baußen (Hessian dialectal)

Luxembourgish: baussen


failī

failī (masculine nominative singular)
failiju (feminine nominative singular)
failī (neuter nominative singular)
failijanā (accusative masculine singular)
failijā (accusative feminine singular)
failī (accusative neuter singular)
failijas (genitive masculine singular)
failijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
failijas (genitive neuter singular)
failijumē (dative masculine singular)
failijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
failijumē (dative neuter singular)
failiju (instrumental masculine singular)
failijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
failiju (instrumental neuter singular)
failijē (masculine nominative plural)
failijō (feminine nominative plural)
failiju (neuter nominative plural)
failijā (accusative masculine plural)
failijā (accusative feminine plural)
failiju (accusative neuter plural)
failijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
failijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
failijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
failijēm (dative masculine plural)
failijum (dative masculine plural)
failijēm (dative feminine plural)
failijum (dative feminine plural)
failijēm (dative neuter plural)
failijum (dative neuter plural)
failijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
failijum (instrumental masculine plural)
failijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
failijum (feminine instrumental plural)
failijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
failijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fǣle
Middle English: fele, feele, fell, felle, feale (Early Middle English)
English: feal
Scots: feal, feel, feil

Old Frisian: fēle

West Frisian: feil

Old Saxon: *fēli

Middle Low German: vêle, veile

Old Dutch: *feili, *fēli

Middle Dutch: veile

Dutch: veil

Old High German: feili

Middle High German: veile, veil

German: feil


þį̄ht(ī)

þį̄ht (canonical)
ī (romanization)
þį̄ht (masculine nominative singular)
þį̄htu (feminine nominative singular)
þį̄ht (neuter nominative singular)
þį̄htanā (accusative masculine singular)
þį̄htā (accusative feminine singular)
þį̄ht (accusative neuter singular)
þį̄htas (genitive masculine singular)
þį̄hteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þį̄htas (genitive neuter singular)
þį̄htumē (dative masculine singular)
þį̄hteʀē (dative feminine singular)
þį̄htumē (dative neuter singular)
þį̄htu (instrumental masculine singular)
þį̄hteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þį̄htu (instrumental neuter singular)
þį̄htē (masculine nominative plural)
þį̄htō (feminine nominative plural)
þį̄htu (neuter nominative plural)
þį̄htā (accusative masculine plural)
þį̄htā (accusative feminine plural)
þį̄htu (accusative neuter plural)
þį̄hteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þį̄hteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þį̄hteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þį̄htēm (dative masculine plural)
þį̄htum (dative masculine plural)
þį̄htēm (dative feminine plural)
þį̄htum (dative feminine plural)
þį̄htēm (dative neuter plural)
þį̄htum (dative neuter plural)
þį̄htēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þį̄htum (instrumental masculine plural)
þį̄htēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þį̄htum (feminine instrumental plural)
þį̄htēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þį̄htum (instrumental neuter plural)
þį̄htī (masculine nominative singular)
þį̄htiju (feminine nominative singular)
þį̄htī (neuter nominative singular)
þį̄htijanā (accusative masculine singular)
þį̄htijā (accusative feminine singular)
þį̄htī (accusative neuter singular)
þį̄htijas (genitive masculine singular)
þį̄htijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þį̄htijas (genitive neuter singular)
þį̄htijumē (dative masculine singular)
þį̄htijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
þį̄htijumē (dative neuter singular)
þį̄htiju (instrumental masculine singular)
þį̄htijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þį̄htiju (instrumental neuter singular)
þį̄htijē (masculine nominative plural)
þį̄htijō (feminine nominative plural)
þį̄htiju (neuter nominative plural)
þį̄htijā (accusative masculine plural)
þį̄htijā (accusative feminine plural)
þį̄htiju (accusative neuter plural)
þį̄htijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þį̄htijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þį̄htijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þį̄htijēm (dative masculine plural)
þį̄htijum (dative masculine plural)
þį̄htijēm (dative feminine plural)
þį̄htijum (dative feminine plural)
þį̄htijēm (dative neuter plural)
þį̄htijum (dative neuter plural)
þį̄htijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þį̄htijum (instrumental masculine plural)
þį̄htijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þį̄htijum (feminine instrumental plural)
þį̄htijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þį̄htijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *þīht, *þiht (in combination: meteþiht)

Middle English: thiht, thight

Scots: ticht

English: tight

→ Danish: tight

→ Norwegian: teit

→ Swedish: tajt, tight

English: tights

→ German: Tight

→ Danish: tights

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tights

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tights

→ Swedish: tajts, tights

Old Frisian: *thīcht

Saterland Frisian: ticht

West Frisian: ticht

Old Saxon: *thīht, *thīhti

Middle Low German: dicht, dichte

German Low German: dicht

Old Dutch: *thīhti
Middle Dutch: dichte, dicht
Dutch: dicht

Old High German: dīhti

Middle High German: dīchte, gedīhte

German: dicht; deicht (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *þinhtaz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


mainijan

mainijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
mainijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
mainijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
mainijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
mainiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mainidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mainisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mainidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mainidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mainiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mainidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mainidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mainijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mainidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mainiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mainidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mainijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mainidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mainijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mainidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mainijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mainidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mainijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mainidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mainijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mainidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mainijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mainidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mainijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mainidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
maini (class-1 present singular weak)
mainiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
mainijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
mainid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: mǣnan

Middle English: menen

Scots: mene, mein

English: mean

Old Frisian: mēna

Saterland Frisian: meene

West Frisian: miene

Old Saxon: mēnian

Middle Low German: mênen, meinen

German Low German: menen

→ Old Norse: meina

Icelandic: meina

Faroese: meina

Norwegian Nynorsk: meina

→ Norwegian Bokmål: meine

Danish: mene

Norwegian Bokmål: mene

Swedish: mena

Gutnish: maine

Old Dutch: mēnen
Middle Dutch: mênen
Dutch: menen
Afrikaans: meen
Limburgish: meine

Old High German: meinen

Middle High German: meinen

German: meinen

Hunsrik: menne

Yiddish: מיינען (meynen)


framainijan

framainijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
framainijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
framainijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
framainijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
framainiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
framainidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
framainisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
framainidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framainidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framainiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
framainidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
framainidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
framainijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
framainidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
framainiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
framainidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
framainijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
framainidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
framainijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
framainidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
framainijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
framainidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framainijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
framainidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
framainijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
framainidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
framainijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
framainidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
framainijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
framainidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
framaini (class-1 present singular weak)
framainiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
framainijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
framainid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Dutch: *farmēnen

Middle Dutch: vermênen

Old High German: firmeinen

Middle High German: vermeinen

German: vermeinen (“schlecht machen”) (obsolete)

From *fra- + *mainijan, from Proto-Germanic *mainijaną (“to demean, to defile”).


liuhsijan

liuhsijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
liuhsijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
liuhsijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
liuhsijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
liuhsiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
liuhsidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
liuhsisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
liuhsidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
liuhsidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
liuhsiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
liuhsidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
liuhsidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
liuhsijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
liuhsidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
liuhsiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
liuhsidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
liuhsijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
liuhsidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
liuhsijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
liuhsidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
liuhsijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
liuhsidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
liuhsijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
liuhsidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
liuhsijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
liuhsidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
liuhsijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
liuhsidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
liuhsijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
liuhsidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
liuhsi (class-1 present singular weak)
liuhsiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
liuhsijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
liuhsid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: līxan, līexan


ruddjan

ruddjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
ruddjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
ruddjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
ruddjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
ruddju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
ruddā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rudisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
ruddēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ruddōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rudiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
ruddē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ruddā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ruddjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
ruddum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rudiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
ruddud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
ruddjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
ruddun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ruddjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
ruddī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
ruddjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
ruddī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ruddjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
ruddī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ruddjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
ruddīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
ruddjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
ruddīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
ruddjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
ruddīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rudi (class-1 present singular weak)
rudiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
ruddjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
rudd (class-1 participle past weak)

⇒ Old English: āryddan

⇒ Old English: ġeryddan

Middle English: ridden

English: rid

From Proto-Germanic *rudjaną, equivalent to *rud (“a clearing”) + *-jan.


ropattjan

ropattjan (infinitive)
ropattjannjas (genitive infinitive)
ropattjannjē (dative infinitive)
ropattjannju (infinitive instrumental)
ropattju (first-person present singular)
ropattā (first-person past singular)
ropatisi (present second-person singular)
ropattēs (past second-person singular)
ropattōs (past second-person singular)
ropatiþi (present singular third-person)
ropattē (past singular third-person)
ropattā (past singular third-person)
ropattjum (first-person plural present)
ropattum (first-person past plural)
ropatiþ (plural present second-person)
ropattud (past plural second-person)
ropattjanþ (plural present third-person)
ropattun (past plural third-person)
ropattjē (first-person present singular)
ropattī (first-person past singular)
ropattjēs (present second-person singular)
ropattī (past second-person singular)
ropattjē (present singular third-person)
ropattī (past singular third-person)
ropattjēm (first-person plural present)
ropattīm (first-person past plural)
ropattjēþ (plural present second-person)
ropattīd (past plural second-person)
ropattjēn (plural present third-person)
ropattīn (past plural third-person)
ropati (present singular)
ropatiþ (plural present)
ropattjandī (participle present)
ropatt (participle past)

Old Saxon: *ropettian

Middle Low German: ropsen (influenced by Middle High German)

Old High German: ropfezzen, roffezzen

Middle High German: roffezen, rofzen

From Proto-Germanic *rupatjaną. Equivalent to *rupōn + *-attjan.


þingijan

þingijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þingijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þingijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þingijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þingiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þingidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þingisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þingidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þingidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þingiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þingidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þingidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þingijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þingidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þingiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þingidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þingijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þingidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þingijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þingidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þingijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þingidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þingijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þingidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þingijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þingidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þingijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þingidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þingijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þingidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þingi (class-1 present singular weak)
þingiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þingijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þingid (class-1 participle past weak)

⇒ Old Saxon: giþingian

⇒ Old Dutch: giþingen

Old High German: dingen

Middle High German: dingen


þingijan

Old English: þingan

q

likely conflated with the descendant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*þingōn</i>

Middle English: thingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingōn)

⇒ Old Saxon: farthingian

Old High German: dingen

Middle High German: dingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingōn)

German: dingen

From *þing (“meeting, case, matter”) + *-jan.


þingōn

þingōn (infinitive)
þingōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þingōnijē (dative infinitive)
þingōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þingō (first-person present singular)
þingōdā (first-person past singular)
þingōs (present second-person singular)
þingōdēs (past second-person singular)
þingōdōs (past second-person singular)
þingōþ (present singular third-person)
þingōdē (past singular third-person)
þingōdā (past singular third-person)
þingōm (first-person plural present)
þingōdum (first-person past plural)
þingōþ (plural present second-person)
þingōdud (past plural second-person)
þingōnþ (plural present third-person)
þingōdun (past plural third-person)
þingōdī (first-person past singular)
þingōdī (past second-person singular)
þingō (present singular third-person)
þingōdī (past singular third-person)
þingōdīm (first-person past plural)
þingōdīd (past plural second-person)
þingōn (plural present third-person)
þingōdīn (past plural third-person)
þingō (present singular)
þingōþ (plural present)
þingōndī (participle present)
þingōd (participle past)

Old English: þingian

likely conflated with the descendant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*þingijan</i>

Middle English: thingien, thingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingijan)

English: thing

Old Frisian: thingia

Saterland Frisian: tingje

West Frisian: tingje

Old Saxon: thingōn

Middle Low German: dingen

German Low German: dingen

desctree

Old Dutch: *thingon
Middle Dutch: dingen
Dutch: dingen
Afrikaans: ding

Old High German: dingōn

Middle High German: dingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingijan)

German: dingen

→ Esperanto: dungi

From Proto-Germanic *þingōną, equivalent to *þing (“meeting, case, matter”) + *-ōn.


raudō

raudō (nominative singular)
raudan (nominative plural)
raudan (accusative singular)
raudan (accusative plural)
raudini (genitive singular)
raudan (genitive singular)
raudanō (genitive plural)
raudini (dative singular)
raudan (dative singular)
raudum (dative plural)
raudini (instrumental singular)
raudan (instrumental singular)
raudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēada
Middle English: rede
English: reed, read
Scots: reid, reed

Old Frisian: *rād, *rāda

North Frisian: ruad (Föhr-Amrum)

West Frisian: rêd

Old Dutch: *rōdo

Middle Dutch: *rôde

Dutch: rood, ro, rooi (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *rōdo

Middle Low German: *rôde

German Low German: Rode, Roon

→ Danish: roden (obsolete)

→ German: Roden (regional)

Compare dialectal Swedish rudda (“abomasum”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrawtás (“intestines”) (whence Persian روده (rude, “intestines”), Kamkata-viri řu (“intestines”)).


sūlijan

sūlijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sūlijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sūlijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sūlijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sūliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūlidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūlisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūlidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūlidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūlidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūlidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūlijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūlidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūlidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūlijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūlidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūlijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūlidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūlijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūlidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūlijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūlidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūlijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūlidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūlijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūlidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūlijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūlidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūli (class-1 present singular weak)
sūliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sūlijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sūlid (class-1 participle past weak)

q

attested as <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">gisūlit</i> (“made of boards”)

Old High German: *sūlen (attested as gisūlit (“made of boards”))

desc

Middle High German: sūlen, *siulen (“to prop, support”)

⇒ Middle High German: undersiulen

German: untersäulen

From Proto-Germanic *sūlijaną. Equivalent to *sūli (“beam, pillar”) + *-jan.


bidulljan

bidulljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bidulljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bidulljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bidulljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bidullju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
biduldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bidulisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
biduldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
biduldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
biduliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
biduldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
biduldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bidulljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
biduldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
biduliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
biduldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bidulljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
biduldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bidulljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
biduldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bidulljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
biduldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bidulljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
biduldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bidulljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
biduldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bidulljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
biduldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bidulljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
biduldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
biduli (class-1 present singular weak)
biduliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bidulljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
biduld (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: bitullen

From Proto-Germanic *duljaną (“to mislead”) prefixed with *bi-.


saigijan

saigijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
saigijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
saigijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
saigijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
saigiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saigidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
saigisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saigidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saigidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saigiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saigidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saigidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saigijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saigidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
saigiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saigidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
saigijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saigidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
saigijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saigidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
saigijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saigidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saigijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saigidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saigijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saigidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
saigijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saigidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
saigijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saigidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
saigi (class-1 present singular weak)
saigiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
saigijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
saigid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: sǣgan
Middle English: seien

Old Saxon: sēgian

Old Dutch: *seigen, *sēgen

Middle Dutch: seigen

Old High German: seigen

Middle High German: seigen


wabbjan

wabbjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wabbjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wabbjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wabbjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wabbju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wabidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wabisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wabidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wabidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wabiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wabidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wabidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wabbjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wabidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wabiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wabidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wabbjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wabidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wabbjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wabidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wabbjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wabidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wabbjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wabidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wabbjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wabidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wabbjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wabidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wabbjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wabidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wabi (class-1 present singular weak)
wabiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wabbjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wabid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: webbian

Middle English: webben, webbe, webbon, webbyne
English: web
Scots: wab

From Proto-Germanic *wabjaną. The causative to *weban (“to weave”).


kalkijan

kalkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kalkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kalkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kalkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kalkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kalkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kalkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kalkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kalkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kalkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kalkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kalkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kalkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kalkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kalkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kalkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kalkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kalkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kalkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kalkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kalkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kalkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kalkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kalkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kalkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kalkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kalkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kalkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kalkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kalkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kalki (class-1 present singular weak)
kalkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kalkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kalkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cielcan

Old Saxon: kelkian

Middle Low German: kelken

Old High German: kelken, kalken

Middle High German: kelken

German: kälken


bōsmijan

bōsmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bōsmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bōsmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bōsmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bōsmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bōsmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bōsmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bōsmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōsmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōsmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bōsmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōsmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōsmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bōsmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bōsmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bōsmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bōsmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bōsmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bōsmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bōsmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bōsmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bōsmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōsmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bōsmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōsmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bōsmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bōsmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bōsmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bōsmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bōsmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bōsmi (class-1 present singular weak)
bōsmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bōsmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bōsmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: bœ̄sman

Old Saxon: bōsmian

Old High German: buosmen

Middle High German: buosmen


morþōn

morþōn (infinitive)
morþōnijas (genitive infinitive)
morþōnijē (dative infinitive)
morþōniju (infinitive instrumental)
morþō (first-person present singular)
morþōdā (first-person past singular)
morþōs (present second-person singular)
morþōdēs (past second-person singular)
morþōdōs (past second-person singular)
morþōþ (present singular third-person)
morþōdē (past singular third-person)
morþōdā (past singular third-person)
morþōm (first-person plural present)
morþōdum (first-person past plural)
morþōþ (plural present second-person)
morþōdud (past plural second-person)
morþōnþ (plural present third-person)
morþōdun (past plural third-person)
morþōdī (first-person past singular)
morþōdī (past second-person singular)
morþō (present singular third-person)
morþōdī (past singular third-person)
morþōdīm (first-person past plural)
morþōdīd (past plural second-person)
morþōn (plural present third-person)
morþōdīn (past plural third-person)
morþō (present singular)
morþōþ (plural present)
morþōndī (participle present)
morþōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: morthia

West Frisian: moardzje

Old Saxon: *morthon

Middle Low German: morden, mōrden

desc

German Low German: moorden, moren, murrtjen

Old Dutch: *morthon

Middle Dutch: morden, moorden

Dutch: moorden

>? Old High German: *mordōn

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*murþijaną</i> with readaptation

Middle High German: morden (or from *murþijaną with readaptation)

German: morden


murþijan

murþijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
murþijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
murþijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
murþijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
murþiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
murþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
murþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
murþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
murþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
murþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
murþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
murþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
murþijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
murþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
murþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
murþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
murþijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
murþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
murþijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
murþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
murþijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
murþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
murþijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
murþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
murþijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
murþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
murþijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
murþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
murþijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
murþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
murþi (class-1 present singular weak)
murþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
murþijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
murþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: murden, (readaptated to the noun) morden

desc

Middle High German: mürden, mörden, morden

German: morden

From Proto-Germanic *murþijaną, equivalent to *morþ (“death, murder”) + *-jan.


nastijan

nastijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
nastijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
nastijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
nastijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
nastiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nastidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nastisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nastidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nastidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nastiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nastidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nastidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nastijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nastidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nastiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nastidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nastijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nastidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nastijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nastidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nastijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nastidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nastijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nastidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nastijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nastidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nastijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nastidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nastijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nastidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nasti (class-1 present singular weak)
nastiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
nastijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
nastid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: nestan

Old High German: *nesten

Middle High German: nesten


dwalmijan

dwalmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dwalmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dwalmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dwalmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dwalmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dwalmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dwalmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dwalmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwalmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwalmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dwalmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwalmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwalmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dwalmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dwalmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dwalmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dwalmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dwalmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dwalmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dwalmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dwalmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dwalmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwalmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dwalmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwalmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dwalmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dwalmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dwalmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dwalmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dwalmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dwalmi (class-1 present singular weak)
dwalmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dwalmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dwalmid (class-1 participle past weak)

⇒ Old English: fordwielman

Old Frisian: *dwelma

West Frisian: dwelme, dwelmje

Old Dutch: *dwelmen

Middle Dutch: dwelmen

⇒ Middle Dutch: bedwelmen

Dutch: bedwelmen

From *dwalm (“confusion, bewilderment”) + *-jan. Compare also 𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌼𐍉𐌽 (dwalmōn, “to be mad”).


krummijan

krummijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
krummijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
krummijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
krummijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
krummiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
krummidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
krummisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
krummidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krummidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krummiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
krummidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krummidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krummijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
krummidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
krummiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
krummidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
krummijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
krummidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
krummijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
krummidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
krummijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
krummidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krummijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
krummidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krummijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
krummidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
krummijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
krummidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
krummijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
krummidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
krummi (class-1 present singular weak)
krummiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
krummijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
krummid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: crymman

Middle English: crimen

Old High German: *krummen

Middle High German: krümmen

>? German: krümmen (If not derived from krumm instead)

Closely related to the strong verb *krimman.


kwalmijan

kwalmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kwalmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kwalmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kwalmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kwalmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kwalmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kwalmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kwalmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwalmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwalmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kwalmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwalmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwalmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kwalmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kwalmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kwalmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kwalmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kwalmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kwalmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kwalmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kwalmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kwalmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwalmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kwalmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwalmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kwalmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kwalmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kwalmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kwalmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kwalmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kwalmi (class-1 present singular weak)
kwalmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kwalmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kwalmid (class-1 participle past weak)

desc

Old English: cwielman, cwylman, cwelman, cwælman

Middle English: quelmen

Old Frisian: quelma

Old Saxon: quelmian


grundijan

grundijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
grundijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
grundijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
grundijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
grundiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
grundidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
grundisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
grundidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
grundidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
grundiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
grundidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
grundidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
grundijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
grundidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
grundiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
grundidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
grundijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
grundidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
grundijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
grundidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
grundijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
grundidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
grundijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
grundidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
grundijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
grundidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
grundijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
grundidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
grundijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
grundidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
grundi (class-1 present singular weak)
grundiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
grundijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
grundid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: gryndan

Middle English: grinden

Old Saxon: grundian

Middle Low German: gründen

Old High German: grunten

Middle High German: gründen

German: gründen

From Proto-Germanic *grundijaną. Equivalent to *grundu (“ground”) + *-jan.


grundōn

grundōn (infinitive)
grundōnijas (genitive infinitive)
grundōnijē (dative infinitive)
grundōniju (infinitive instrumental)
grundō (first-person present singular)
grundōdā (first-person past singular)
grundōs (present second-person singular)
grundōdēs (past second-person singular)
grundōdōs (past second-person singular)
grundōþ (present singular third-person)
grundōdē (past singular third-person)
grundōdā (past singular third-person)
grundōm (first-person plural present)
grundōdum (first-person past plural)
grundōþ (plural present second-person)
grundōdud (past plural second-person)
grundōnþ (plural present third-person)
grundōdun (past plural third-person)
grundōdī (first-person past singular)
grundōdī (past second-person singular)
grundō (present singular third-person)
grundōdī (past singular third-person)
grundōdīm (first-person past plural)
grundōdīd (past plural second-person)
grundōn (plural present third-person)
grundōdīn (past plural third-person)
grundō (present singular)
grundōþ (plural present)
grundōndī (participle present)
grundōd (participle past)

Old English: *grundian

Middle English: grounden, grundien

Old Frisian: *grundia

West Frisian: grûnje

Old Saxon: *grundon

Middle Low German: grunden

Old Dutch: *grundon

Middle Dutch: gronden

Dutch: gronden

Old High German: *gruntōn

Middle High German: grunden

From Proto-Germanic *grundōną. Equivalent to *grundu (“ground”) + *-ōn.


stihtijan

stihtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stihtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stihtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stihtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stihtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stihtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stihtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stihtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stihtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stihtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stihtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stihtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stihtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stihtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stihtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stihtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stihtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stihtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stihtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stihtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stihtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stihtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stihtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stihtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stihtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stihtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stihtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stihtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stihtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stihtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stihti (class-1 present singular weak)
stihtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stihtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stihtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: stihtan

q

Middle English: stighten (merged with the descendant of *stihtōn)

English: stight

Old Saxon: *stihtian

Middle Low German: stichten (if not from *stihtōn instead)

Old Dutch: stihten

Middle Dutch: stichten (conflated with the descendant of *stiftijan)

Dutch: stichten

Afrikaans: stig

Old High German: stihten

Middle High German: stichten

Equivalent to *stiht (“step, track”) + *-jan.


stihtōn

stihtōn (infinitive)
stihtōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stihtōnijē (dative infinitive)
stihtōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stihtō (first-person present singular)
stihtōdā (first-person past singular)
stihtōs (present second-person singular)
stihtōdēs (past second-person singular)
stihtōdōs (past second-person singular)
stihtōþ (present singular third-person)
stihtōdē (past singular third-person)
stihtōdā (past singular third-person)
stihtōm (first-person plural present)
stihtōdum (first-person past plural)
stihtōþ (plural present second-person)
stihtōdud (past plural second-person)
stihtōnþ (plural present third-person)
stihtōdun (past plural third-person)
stihtōdī (first-person past singular)
stihtōdī (past second-person singular)
stihtō (present singular third-person)
stihtōdī (past singular third-person)
stihtōdīm (first-person past plural)
stihtōdīd (past plural second-person)
stihtōn (plural present third-person)
stihtōdīn (past plural third-person)
stihtō (present singular)
stihtōþ (plural present)
stihtōndī (participle present)
stihtōd (participle past)

Old English: stihtian

Middle English: stighten (merged with the descendant of *stihtijan)

English: stight

Old Frisian: *stihtia

West Frisian: stichtsje

Old Saxon: *stihtōn

Middle Low German: stichten (if not from *stihtijan instead)

Equivalent to *stiht (“step, track”) + *-ōn.


stiftijan

stiftijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stiftijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stiftijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stiftijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stiftiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stiftidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stiftisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stiftidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stiftidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stiftiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stiftidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stiftidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stiftijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stiftidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stiftiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stiftidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stiftijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stiftidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stiftijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stiftidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stiftijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stiftidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stiftijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stiftidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stiftijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stiftidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stiftijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stiftidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stiftijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stiftidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stifti (class-1 present singular weak)
stiftiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stiftijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stiftid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: stifta

Saterland Frisian: stiftje

Old Saxon: *stiftian

Middle Low German: stiften, stichten (conflated with the descendant of *stihtijan)

⇒ Middle Low German: stifte, stichte n

→ Old Norse: stipta, stifta, (stigta)

Danish: stifte

Swedish: stifta

Old Dutch: stiften

Middle Dutch: stiften, stichten (conflated with the descendant of *stihtijan)

Dutch: stichten

Afrikaans: stig

Old High German: stiften

Middle High German: stiften

German: stiften

⇒ Middle High German: stifte f

Equivalent to *stift (“order, establishment”) + *-jan, from Proto-Germanic *stiftijaną.


stikkjan

stikkjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stikkjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stikkjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stikkjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stikkju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stikidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stikisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stikidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stikidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stikiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stikidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stikidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stikkjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stikidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stikiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stikidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stikkjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stikidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stikkjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stikidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stikkjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stikidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stikkjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stikidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stikkjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stikidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stikkjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stikidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stikkjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stikidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stiki (class-1 present singular weak)
stikiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stikkjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stikid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *stiċċan, stiċċian

desctree

Middle English: stichen, sticchen, stychyn
English: stitch
Scots: steek

Old Frisian: *stikka, *stitza

West Frisian: stikke

Old Saxon: *stikkian

Middle Low German: sticken

Old Dutch: *stikken

Middle Dutch: sticken

Dutch: stikken

Afrikaans: stik

Old High German: sticken

Middle High German: sticken

German: sticken

→ Old French: estichier, estiquer

From Proto-Germanic *stikjaną. Equivalent to *stiki (“a sticking, prick”) + *-jan.


swārijan

swārijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swārijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swārijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swārijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swāriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swāridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swārisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swāridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swāridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swāriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swāridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swāridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swārijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swāridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swāriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swāridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swārijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swāridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swārijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swāridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swārijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swāridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swārijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swāridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swārijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swāridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swārijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swāridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swārijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swāridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swāri (class-1 present singular weak)
swāriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swārijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swārid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: swǣran

Old Frisian: swēra

Old Saxon: *swārian

Middle Low German: swēren

Old Dutch: *swāren

Middle Dutch: swâren

Dutch: zwaren (archaic)

Old High German: swāren

Middle High German: swæren

German: schweren (archaic)


strūdijan

strūdijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strūdijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strūdijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strūdijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strūdiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strūdidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strūdisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strūdidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūdidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūdiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strūdidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūdidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūdijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strūdidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strūdiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strūdidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strūdijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strūdidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strūdijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strūdidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strūdijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strūdidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūdijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strūdidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūdijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strūdidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strūdijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strūdidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strūdijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strūdidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strūdi (class-1 present singular weak)
strūdiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strūdijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strūdid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: strȳdan

Old High German: strūten

Middle High German: strūten


stainijan

stainijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stainijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stainijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stainijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stainiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stainidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stainisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stainidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stainidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stainiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stainidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stainidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stainijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stainidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stainiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stainidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stainijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stainidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stainijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stainidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stainijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stainidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stainijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stainidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stainijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stainidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stainijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stainidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stainijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stainidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
staini (class-1 present singular weak)
stainiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stainijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stainid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: stǣnan

Middle English: stenen

Old Saxon: *stēnian

Middle Low German: stênen

Old Dutch: stēnen

Middle Dutch: stênen

Dutch: stenen (archaic)

Old High German: steinen

Middle High German: steinen

German: steinen (archaic)

From Proto-Germanic *stainijaną, equivalent to *stain (“stone”) + *-jan.


diupijan

diupijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
diupijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
diupijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
diupijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
diupiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
diupidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
diupisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
diupidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
diupidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
diupiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
diupidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
diupidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
diupijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
diupidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
diupiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
diupidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
diupijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
diupidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
diupijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
diupidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
diupijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
diupidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
diupijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
diupidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
diupijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
diupidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
diupijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
diupidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
diupijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
diupidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
diupi (class-1 present singular weak)
diupiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
diupijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
diupid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: dīepan

Middle English: depen, deppen, depe
English: deep (obsolete)
Scots: depe

Old Frisian: *diūpa

⇒ Old Frisian: todiūpa

Old Saxon: *diupian

Middle Low German: dûpen, dü̂pen

German Low German: düpen

Old Dutch: *diupen (if not from *deupōn instead)

Middle Dutch: diepen

Dutch: diepen

Old High German: *tiufen

Middle High German: tiufen

German: teufen

From Proto-Germanic *diupijaną, equivalent to *deup (“deep”) + *-jan.


deupōn

deupōn (infinitive)
deupōnijas (genitive infinitive)
deupōnijē (dative infinitive)
deupōniju (infinitive instrumental)
deupō (first-person present singular)
deupōdā (first-person past singular)
deupōs (present second-person singular)
deupōdēs (past second-person singular)
deupōdōs (past second-person singular)
deupōþ (present singular third-person)
deupōdē (past singular third-person)
deupōdā (past singular third-person)
deupōm (first-person plural present)
deupōdum (first-person past plural)
deupōþ (plural present second-person)
deupōdud (past plural second-person)
deupōnþ (plural present third-person)
deupōdun (past plural third-person)
deupōdī (first-person past singular)
deupōdī (past second-person singular)
deupō (present singular third-person)
deupōdī (past singular third-person)
deupōdīm (first-person past plural)
deupōdīd (past plural second-person)
deupōn (plural present third-person)
deupōdīn (past plural third-person)
deupō (present singular)
deupōþ (plural present)
deupōndī (participle present)
deupōd (participle past)

Old English: dēopian

Old Frisian: *diāpia

Saterland Frisian: *djapje, japje

West Frisian: djipje

Old Saxon: *diopōn

Middle Low German: dêpen

Old Dutch: *diepon
Middle Dutch: diepen
Dutch: diepen

Old High German: *tiofōn

Middle High German: tiefen

German: tiefen


klaiþijan

klaiþijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
klaiþijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
klaiþijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
klaiþijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
klaiþiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
klaiþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
klaiþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
klaiþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klaiþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klaiþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
klaiþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klaiþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klaiþijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
klaiþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
klaiþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
klaiþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
klaiþijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
klaiþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
klaiþijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
klaiþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
klaiþijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
klaiþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klaiþijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
klaiþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klaiþijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
klaiþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
klaiþijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
klaiþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
klaiþijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
klaiþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
klaiþi (class-1 present singular weak)
klaiþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
klaiþijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
klaiþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: clǣþan

Middle English: clethen, cleyth, clethe, klethen
English: clead (dialectal)
Scots: cleed, cleid, cleethe

Old Saxon: *klēthian

desc

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*klaiþōn</i>

Middle Low German: klêden (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *klaiþōn)

German Low German: kleden

Old Dutch: *klēthen, *kleithen

desctree

Middle Dutch: clêden, cleiden, cleiden (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *klaiþōn)
Dutch: kleden
Limburgish: kleie

⇒ Old Dutch: anakleiden

Old High German: *kleiden

desc

Middle High German: kleiden (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *klaiþōn)

German: kleiden

From Proto-Germanic *klaiþijaną, equivalent to *klaiþ (“cloth”) + *-jan.


klaiþōn

klaiþōn (infinitive)
klaiþōnijas (genitive infinitive)
klaiþōnijē (dative infinitive)
klaiþōniju (infinitive instrumental)
klaiþō (first-person present singular)
klaiþōdā (first-person past singular)
klaiþōs (present second-person singular)
klaiþōdēs (past second-person singular)
klaiþōdōs (past second-person singular)
klaiþōþ (present singular third-person)
klaiþōdē (past singular third-person)
klaiþōdā (past singular third-person)
klaiþōm (first-person plural present)
klaiþōdum (first-person past plural)
klaiþōþ (plural present second-person)
klaiþōdud (past plural second-person)
klaiþōnþ (plural present third-person)
klaiþōdun (past plural third-person)
klaiþōdī (first-person past singular)
klaiþōdī (past second-person singular)
klaiþō (present singular third-person)
klaiþōdī (past singular third-person)
klaiþōdīm (first-person past plural)
klaiþōdīd (past plural second-person)
klaiþōn (plural present third-person)
klaiþōdīn (past plural third-person)
klaiþō (present singular)
klaiþōþ (plural present)
klaiþōndī (participle present)
klaiþōd (participle past)

Old English: *clāþian

Middle English: clathen, clothen

English: clothe

Scots: claithe

Old Frisian: klāthia

Saterland Frisian: kloodje, klodje

West Frisian: klaaie

Old Saxon: *klēthon

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*klaiþijan</i>

Middle Low German: klêden, kleiden (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *klaiþijan)

German Low German: kleiden

Old Dutch: *klēthon

Middle Dutch: cleden, cleiden (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *klaiþijan)

Old High German: *kleidōn

Middle High German: kleiden (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *klaiþijan)

German: kleiden


kalljan

kalljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kalljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kalljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kalljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kaldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kalisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kaldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kaldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kaldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kalljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kaldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kaliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kaldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kalljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kaldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kalljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kaldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kalljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kaldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kalljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kaldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kalljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kaldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kalljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kaldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kalljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kaldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kali (class-1 present singular weak)
kaliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kalljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *ciellan

Middle English: chillen

English: chill

⇒ Old English: forciellan

Old High German: *kellen

Middle High German: kellen


klappōn

klappōn (infinitive)
klappōnijas (genitive infinitive)
klappōnijē (dative infinitive)
klappōniju (infinitive instrumental)
klappō (first-person present singular)
klappōdā (first-person past singular)
klappōs (present second-person singular)
klappōdēs (past second-person singular)
klappōdōs (past second-person singular)
klappōþ (present singular third-person)
klappōdē (past singular third-person)
klappōdā (past singular third-person)
klappōm (first-person plural present)
klappōdum (first-person past plural)
klappōþ (plural present second-person)
klappōdud (past plural second-person)
klappōnþ (plural present third-person)
klappōdun (past plural third-person)
klappōdī (first-person past singular)
klappōdī (past second-person singular)
klappō (present singular third-person)
klappōdī (past singular third-person)
klappōdīm (first-person past plural)
klappōdīd (past plural second-person)
klappōn (plural present third-person)
klappōdīn (past plural third-person)
klappō (present singular)
klappōþ (plural present)
klappōndī (participle present)
klappōd (participle past)

Old English: clappian

Middle English: clappen

English: clap

Scots: clap

Old Frisian: klappia

Saterland Frisian: klappe

West Frisian: klappe

Old Saxon: *klappōn (klapōn)

Middle Low German: klappen

German Low German: klappen

→ German: klappen

Old Dutch: *klappon

Middle Dutch: clappen

Dutch: klappen

Afrikaans: klap

desc

Old High German: klaffōn, klapfōn, chlaphōn (← *klapōną)

Middle High German: klaffen, klapfen

German: klaffen

From Proto-Germanic *klappōną. Equivalent to *klapp (“a hit, clap”) + *-ōn.

To clap, strike or pound (especially two things against each other)

To make loud noises, especially breathing or pulsating.