skiti

skiti (nominative singular)
skitī (nominative plural)
skiti (accusative singular)
skitī (accusative plural)
skitī (genitive singular)
skittjō (genitive plural)
skitī (dative singular)
skitim (dative plural)
skittjum (dative plural)
skitī (instrumental singular)
skitim (instrumental plural)
skittjum (instrumental plural)
*skīt (alternative)
*skīti (alternative)

Old English: *sċite
Middle English: schite, Schit, schute, schyt
English: shite, shit
Scots: schit, shit

⇒ Old English: sċitel, sċytel

Old Frisian: *skite

North Frisian: skitj

Saterland Frisian: Skiete; Skiet m

West Frisian: skyt

Old Saxon: *skiti

desc

Middle Low German: schite, schît, schîte, schete, schēte

German Low German: Schitte, Schiete, Schiet

→ German: Schitte; Schiet- (chiefly in Schietwetter)

→ Early Modern Danish: schijt

Danish: skidt

Norwegian Bokmål: skitt

Plautdietsch: Schiet

Old Dutch: *skiti, scite (attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: scite, schite, schete

Dutch: schijt, schit (dialectal)

Old High German: *skizi, *skizzi, *skīz

Middle High German: schīze, schīz

Alemannic German: Schiss

Swabian: Scheiß

Bavarian: Scheissa, Scheißn, Schaisn, Schaisa

Central Franconian: Schiss, Schess, Schass, Scheß, Schet

Hunsrik: Scheis

German: Schiss, Scheiße, Scheiß

→ Danish: scheisse

→ English: scheisse, Scheiss, Scheisse, Scheiße, scheiss, scheiße, shize

Luxembourgish: Schäiss

Pennsylvania German: Schiss

Rhine Franconian: Schiss

Palatine German: Schiss, Schisse

Vilamovian: śajs

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *skitiz, *skītaz.


þistil

þistil (nominative singular)
þistilō (nominative plural)
þistilōs (nominative plural)
þistil (accusative singular)
þistilā (accusative plural)
þistilas (genitive singular)
þistilō (genitive plural)
þistilē (dative singular)
þistilum (dative plural)
þistilu (instrumental singular)
þistilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þistel
Middle English: thistel, þistel, thystyl, þistil, thestel, thystylle, thystyll, þestel, thistill, þystel, þissle, thystul
English: thistle
Scots: thrissel

Old Frisian: *thistel

Saterland Frisian: Tíesel

West Frisian: tister

Old Saxon: thistil, thīstil

Middle Low German: distel, dîstel

desc

German Low German: Diestel, Dießel, Diesel

Old Dutch: *thistil

Middle Dutch: distel

Dutch: distel

Afrikaans: distel

desctree

Old High German: distil, distila
Middle High German: distel
German: Distel
Luxembourgish: Dëschtel
Vilamovian: döstuł
Pennsylvania German: Dischdel


frōbru

frōbru (nominative singular)
frōbrō (nominative plural)
frōbrā (accusative singular)
frōbrā (accusative plural)
frōbrā (genitive singular)
frōbrō (genitive plural)
frōbrē (dative singular)
frōbrōm (dative plural)
frōbrum (dative plural)
frōbru (instrumental singular)
frōbrōm (instrumental plural)
frōbrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frōfor
Middle English: frovre, frother
English: frover, frother

Old Saxon: frōvra, frōfra

Old High German: fluobara

Unknown; presumably from Proto-Germanic *frōbrō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *proH-bʰr-eh₂, from *proH- (“toward”) + *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-eh₂, or perhaps from *pro- (“toward”) + *op- (“to work, ability”) + *-rós.


siuni

siuni (nominative singular)
siunī (nominative plural)
siuni (accusative singular)
siunī (accusative plural)
siunī (genitive singular)
siunijō (genitive plural)
siunī (dative singular)
siunim (dative plural)
siunijum (dative plural)
siunī (instrumental singular)
siunim (instrumental plural)
siunijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sīen, sȳn, sēon, sīn
Middle English: sene

Old Frisian: siōne, siūne

Saterland Frisian: Sjune, Sjün, Sün

Old Saxon: siun

Middle Low German: sune, süne

Old Dutch: *siun

Middle Dutch: siene, sien, ziene

Old High German: siun

Middle High German: siune, sūne


klammjan

klammjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
klammjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
klammjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
klammjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
klammju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
klamidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
klamisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
klamidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klamidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klamiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
klamidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klamidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klammjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
klamidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
klamiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
klamidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
klammjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
klamidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
klammjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
klamidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
klammjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
klamidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klammjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
klamidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klammjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
klamidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
klammjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
klamidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
klammjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
klamidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
klami (class-1 present singular weak)
klamiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
klammjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
klamid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: clemman, clæmman
Middle English: *clammen, *clemmen
English: clam, clem, claum, glaum (dialectal)
Scots: clem, clam, claum, glaum, glom
→ English: glom
⇒ Middle English: forclemmen (attested in past participle forclemmed)

Old Frisian: klemma

Saterland Frisian: klämme

West Frisian: klimme, klamme

⇒ West Frisian: klammerje

Old Saxon: *klemmian
Middle Low German: klemmen
German Low German: klemmen
→ Old Danish: klæme
Danish: klemme
→ Old Swedish: klæmma
Swedish: klämma
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: klemme
Norwegian Nynorsk: klemme, klemma

Old Dutch: *klemmen

Middle Dutch: clemmen
Dutch: klemmen
Afrikaans: klem
→ Papiamentu: klèm
Limburgish: klèmme

Old High German: klemmen

Middle High German: klemmen

Alemannic German: chlamme, chlëmme

Alsatian: klamme, klemme

Central Franconian: klemme

Hunsrik: klemme

German: klemmen

Luxembourgish: klemmen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: glemme

Yiddish: קלעם (klem)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *klamjaną, of unclear further etymology. If considering the material that formed clasps or clamps, namely wood or metal, then it can be derived from Proto-Indo-European *glembʰ- (“clasp; mass”), from *gel- (“form into a ball; ball”). In North Germanic all three phases of ablaut appear, klimp (“small lump”), klamp (“wooden or iron clamp”), and klump (“clump, clog”). Compare *klumpō.


bauknijan

bauknijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bauknijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bauknijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bauknijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
baukniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bauknidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bauknisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bauknidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bauknidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
baukniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bauknidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bauknidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bauknijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bauknidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
baukniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bauknidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bauknijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bauknidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bauknijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bauknidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bauknijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bauknidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bauknijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bauknidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bauknijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bauknidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bauknijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bauknidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bauknijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bauknidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
baukni (class-1 present singular weak)
baukniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bauknijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bauknid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: bīecnan

desctree

Middle English: bekenen, beckenen, bekenyn, beknen, beknyn, becnen, bæcnien, becnien, beknien (Early Middle English), beccyn, bekyn, bekken, bikken (reanalysed)
English: beckon; beck
Middle Scots: bekin

Old Saxon: bōknian

Old High German: bouhnen


bifurhtijan

bifurhtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bifurhtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bifurhtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bifurhtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bifurhtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bifurhtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bifurhtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bifurhtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bifurhtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bifurhtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bifurhtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bifurhtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bifurhtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bifurhtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bifurhtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bifurhtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bifurhtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bifurhtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bifurhtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bifurhtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bifurhtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bifurhtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bifurhtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bifurhtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bifurhtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bifurhtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bifurhtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bifurhtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bifurhtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bifurhtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bifurhti (class-1 present singular weak)
bifurhtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bifurhtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bifurhtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: befyrhtan

Middle English: befrighten

English: befright

Old Saxon: biforhtian

Middle Low German: bevrüchten

Old High German: biforhten

desc

Middle High German: befürhten, bevürhten

German: befürchten


wippōn

wippōn (infinitive)
wippōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wippōnijē (dative infinitive)
wippōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wippō (first-person present singular)
wippōdā (first-person past singular)
wippōs (present second-person singular)
wippōdēs (past second-person singular)
wippōdōs (past second-person singular)
wippōþ (present singular third-person)
wippōdē (past singular third-person)
wippōdā (past singular third-person)
wippōm (first-person plural present)
wippōdum (first-person past plural)
wippōþ (plural present second-person)
wippōdud (past plural second-person)
wippōnþ (plural present third-person)
wippōdun (past plural third-person)
wippōdī (first-person past singular)
wippōdī (past second-person singular)
wippō (present singular third-person)
wippōdī (past singular third-person)
wippōdīm (first-person past plural)
wippōdīd (past plural second-person)
wippōn (plural present third-person)
wippōdīn (past plural third-person)
wippō (present singular)
wippōþ (plural present)
wippōndī (participle present)
wippōd (participle past)

*wippil

Old Dutch: *wippil

Middle Dutch: wippel

Old High German: wipfil

Middle High German: wipfel, wiffel

German: Wipfel

Old Dutch: *wippon

Middle Dutch: wippen

Dutch: wippen

→ Middle English: wippen, whippen

English: whip

Old High German: wipfōn, wiphōn (“to rush, scurry, bob”)

Middle High German: wipfen (“bounce, hop, jump”)


kattā

kattā (nominative singular)
kattōn (nominative plural)
kattōn (accusative singular)
kattōn (accusative plural)
kattōn (genitive singular)
kattōnō (genitive plural)
kattōn (dative singular)
kattōm (dative plural)
kattum (dative plural)
kattōn (instrumental singular)
kattōm (instrumental plural)
kattum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: catte
Middle English: catte, katte

Old Frisian: katte

North Frisian: kaat, kåt

Saterland Frisian: Kat

West Frisian: kat

Old Saxon: katta
Middle Low German: katte
Low German: Katte
Dutch Low Saxon: katte
German Low German: Katt, Katte
Plautdietsch: Kautt, Kaut

Old Dutch: katta, *catta
Middle Dutch: catte
Dutch: kat
Afrikaans: kat
→ Xhosa: ikati
→ Zulu: ikati
Jersey Dutch: kāt
Negerhollands: katje (from the Dutch diminutive)
Skepi Creole Dutch: kat
Limburgish: kat
West Flemish: katte

Old High German: kazza, chazza
Middle High German: katze
Alemannic German: Chatz, Chats, Chazz, Chaz, Kàtz (Alsatian), chatza, chatzu, chatzò, chàzzà (Walser)
Bavarian: ckozza, khoze, kòtze, Katz
Cimbrian: katze, khatz, khatza
Mòcheno: kòtz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Katz
German: Katze
Luxembourgish: Kaz
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Katz
Yiddish: קאַץ (kats)

From Proto-Germanic *kattǭ, from *kattuz.

etymon

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


faihiþu

faihiþu (nominative singular)
faihiþō (nominative plural)
faihiþā (accusative singular)
faihiþā (accusative plural)
faihiþā (genitive singular)
faihiþō (genitive plural)
faihiþē (dative singular)
faihiþōm (dative plural)
faihiþum (dative plural)
faihiþu (instrumental singular)
faihiþōm (instrumental plural)
faihiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣhþ

Old Frisian: faithe, feithe

Saterland Frisian: Feede

West Frisian: fete (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *fēhitha

Middle Low German: vêde, veide

→ Danish: fejde

→ Swedish: fejd

→ Norwegian: feide

Old Dutch: *faitha

Middle Dutch: vede, vete

Dutch: vete

Afrikaans: vete

Old High German: faihida, fēhida

Middle High German: vēhede, vēde

German: Fehde

→ Medieval Latin: faida, faidia

desctree

Old French: faide, feide
→ Middle English: fede, fed, fedd, feide
English: feud
Scots: fede, feid

Italian: faida


garāfijō

garāfijō (nominative singular)
garāfijan (nominative plural)
garāfijan (accusative singular)
garāfijan (accusative plural)
garāfijini (genitive singular)
garāfijan (genitive singular)
garāfijanō (genitive plural)
garāfijini (dative singular)
garāfijan (dative singular)
garāfijum (dative plural)
garāfijini (instrumental singular)
garāfijan (instrumental singular)
garāfijum (instrumental plural)

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Boston
Brill
Brill Publishers
Leiden
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Old English: ġerēfa, groefa
Middle English: reve (via rēfa)
English: reeve

Old Frisian: greva

North Frisian: greve

Saterland Frisian: greve

West Frisian: greafa

Old Saxon: grāvio

Middle Low German: grēve, grāve

German Low German: gräve

Dutch Low Saxon: gråve

→ Old Norse: greifi, grefi

Icelandic: greifi

Faroese: greivi

desc

→ Middle English: greyve, grafe, grave, grayve, ꟑreȝȝfe (Ormulum)

→ Danish: greve

→ Swedish: greve

→ Norwegian Bokmål: greve

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: greve

desctree

Old Dutch: grāvo
Middle Dutch: grâve
Dutch: graaf
Afrikaans: graaf

Old High German: grāfio, grāfo, grāvo, grāvio, grāphio, krāvio
Middle High German: grâve
German: Graf

desc

→ Latin: grāfiō, garāfiō, grāffiō, grāviō

Unknown. Possibly related to Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gagrēfts, “decree, edict”), from unattested Proto-Germanic *grēfan (“to command, dictate”) of unknown origin, or perhaps from unattested *garāfan (“to seize”), from Proto-Germanic *ga-rēfaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁p- (“to seize, pluck”) or *h₁rep- (“to rip, snatch, tear, pinch”) + *-jō, related to *rafjaną (“to seize, take”), *rafsijaną (“to reproach, blame”), *rōf (“famous”).
Alternatively and most likely borrowed from Ancient Greek γραφεύς (grapheús, “scribe”) via Medieval Latin graphio, grafio, gravio, -gravius.

der

markgrêve

Old Saxon: *marcgrāvio; Middle Low German


laugiþu

laugiþu (nominative singular)
laugiþō (nominative plural)
laugiþā (accusative singular)
laugiþā (accusative plural)
laugiþā (genitive singular)
laugiþō (genitive plural)
laugiþē (dative singular)
laugiþōm (dative plural)
laugiþum (dative plural)
laugiþu (instrumental singular)
laugiþōm (instrumental plural)
laugiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līeġetu f, līġet n

desctree

Middle English: leyt, lait, laite, layt, layte, leit, leite, leyte
English: lait (obsolete)


finþan

finþan (infinitive)
finþannjas (genitive infinitive)
finþannjē (dative infinitive)
finþannju (infinitive instrumental)
finþu (first-person present singular)
fanþ (first-person past singular)
finþiʀi (present second-person singular)
fundī (past second-person singular)
finþidi (present singular third-person)
fanþ (past singular third-person)
finþum (first-person plural present)
fundum (first-person past plural)
finþid (plural present second-person)
fundud (past plural second-person)
finþand (plural present third-person)
fundun (past plural third-person)
finþē (first-person present singular)
fundī (first-person past singular)
finþēs (present second-person singular)
finþē (present singular third-person)
fundī (past singular third-person)
finþēm (first-person plural present)
fundīm (first-person past plural)
finþēþ (plural present second-person)
fundīd (past plural second-person)
finþēn (plural present third-person)
fundīn (past plural third-person)
finþ (present singular)
finþid (plural present)
finþandī (participle present)
fundan (participle past)

Old English: findan, fīþan

Middle English: finden

Scots: find, fynd

English: find

→ Welsh: ffeindio

Old Frisian: finda, fītha

Saterland Frisian: fiende

West Frisian: fine

Old Saxon: findan, fīthan

Middle Low German: vinden

Low German: finden, finnen

Plautdietsch: finje

Old Dutch: findan
Middle Dutch: vinden
Dutch: vinden
Limburgish: vinje

Old High German: findan
Middle High German: vinden
Alemannic German: fianda (Vorarlberg)
Bavarian: findn
Cimbrian: vènnan, bènnan, vennen, vintan
Mòcheno: vinnen
Central Franconian: fenge
German: finden
Luxembourgish: fannen
Yiddish: געפֿינען (gefinen)


sadul

sadul (nominative singular)
sadulō (nominative plural)
sadulōs (nominative plural)
sadul (accusative singular)
sadulā (accusative plural)
sadulas (genitive singular)
sadulō (genitive plural)
sadulē (dative singular)
sadulum (dative plural)
sadulu (instrumental singular)
sadulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sadol, sadel, sadul
Middle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle
English: saddle
→ Chichewa: sadulo
Scots: saddle, saidle

Old Frisian: sadel, sāl

Saterland Frisian: Soadel

West Frisian: seal

Old Saxon: sadul (in compounds)

Middle Low German: sadel

German Low German: Sadel

Plautdietsch: Sodel

Old Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: sādel

Dutch: zadel
Afrikaans: saal
Negerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal
→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel
→ Indonesian: sadel

Old High German: satul, satil

Middle High German: satel

German: Sattel

Luxembourgish: Suedel


wulbi

wulbi (nominative singular)
wulbijō (nominative plural)
wulbijā (accusative singular)
wulbijā (accusative plural)
wulbijā (genitive singular)
wulbijō (genitive plural)
wulbijē (dative singular)
wulbijōm (dative plural)
wulbijum (dative plural)
wulbiju (instrumental singular)
wulbijōm (instrumental plural)
wulbijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wylf

Old High German: wulpa

Middle High German: wülpe

German: Wülpe

From Proto-Germanic *wulbī, from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p-íh₂, an alteration of *wl̥kʷ-íh₂, ultimately derived from *wĺ̥kʷos. Compare Proto-Germanic *wulgī.


wrōtil

wrōtil (nominative singular)
wrōtilō (nominative plural)
wrōtilōs (nominative plural)
wrōtil (accusative singular)
wrōtilā (accusative plural)
wrōtilas (genitive singular)
wrōtilō (genitive plural)
wrōtilē (dative singular)
wrōtilum (dative plural)
wrōtilu (instrumental singular)
wrōtilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wrōtel, wrōt

Middle English: wrot, wrotte

Old Saxon: *wrōtil, *wrōt

q

attested only in the sense of "<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">mole</i>"

Middle Low German: wrôte (attested only in the sense of "mole")

German Low German: Fröte, Frööt (from earlier wrote, wröte)

Dutch: reutel (“snout, elephant trunk”)

Old High German: *wruozil, *ruozil

Middle High German: rüezel, rüzzel

German: Rüssel

→ Middle Low German: rö̂sel

German Low German: Rüssel (reinforced by German)

From *wrōtan (“to root, dig with the nose”) + *-il (“agent noun suffix”).

af

that which is used to root around, rooter, snout

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


tarjan

tarjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
tarjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
tarjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
tarjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
tarju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tarisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tarjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tarjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tarjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tarjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tarjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tarjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tarjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tarjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tari (class-1 present singular weak)
tariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
tarjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
tarid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: tera

West Frisian: tarre

Old Saxon: terian

Middle Low German: tēren

German Low German: tehren

→ Old Norse: tæra

Icelandic: tæra

Norwegian Nynorsk: tæra

Swedish: tära

Danish: tære

Norwegian Bokmål: tære

Old Dutch: *teren

desctree

Middle Dutch: tēren, terren
Dutch: teren
Afrikaans: teer
Limburgish: taere

Old High German: zeren, zerren, zerien

Middle High German: zeren

German: zehren, zerren


wallan

wallan (infinitive)
wallannjas (genitive infinitive)
wallannjē (dative infinitive)
wallannju (infinitive instrumental)
wallu (first-person present singular)
weall (first-person past singular)
walliʀi (present second-person singular)
weallī (past second-person singular)
wallidi (present singular third-person)
weall (past singular third-person)
wallum (first-person plural present)
weallum (first-person past plural)
wallid (plural present second-person)
weallud (past plural second-person)
walland (plural present third-person)
weallun (past plural third-person)
wallē (first-person present singular)
weallī (first-person past singular)
wallēs (present second-person singular)
wallē (present singular third-person)
weallī (past singular third-person)
wallēm (first-person plural present)
weallīm (first-person past plural)
wallēþ (plural present second-person)
weallīd (past plural second-person)
wallēn (plural present third-person)
weallīn (past plural third-person)
wall (present singular)
wallid (plural present)
wallandī (participle present)
wallan (participle past)

Old English: wallan, weallan

Middle English: wallen

Scots: wall, wal

English: wall

Old Frisian: walla

(West Frisian: wâlje)

Old Saxon: wallan

Middle Low German: wallen

German Low German: wallen

Old Dutch: wallan
Middle Dutch: wallen
Dutch: wallen

Old High German: wallan

Middle High German: wallen

German: wallen


hwattjastain

hwattjastain (nominative singular)
hwattjastainō (nominative plural)
hwattjastainōs (nominative plural)
hwattjastain (accusative singular)
hwattjastainā (accusative plural)
hwattjastainas (genitive singular)
hwattjastainō (genitive plural)
hwattjastainē (dative singular)
hwattjastainum (dative plural)
hwattjastainu (instrumental singular)
hwattjastainum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: huetistān, hwetestān, hwetstān

Middle English: whetstan, whetston, whestone

English: whetstone

Scots: whatstane

Old Frisian: *hwetstēn

Saterland Frisian: Wätsteen

West Frisian: wetstien

Old Saxon: *hwettistēn

Middle Low German: wettestên, wetstên

German Low German: Wettsteen

Plautdietsch: Watsteen

Old Dutch: *wettistēn

Middle Dutch: wetsteen

Dutch: wetsteen

Old High German: wezzistein

Middle High German: wetzestein, wetzstein

German: Wetzstein


þarm

þarm (nominative singular)
þarmō (nominative plural)
þarmōs (nominative plural)
þarm (accusative singular)
þarmā (accusative plural)
þarmas (genitive singular)
þarmō (genitive plural)
þarmē (dative singular)
þarmum (dative plural)
þarmu (instrumental singular)
þarmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þearm

Middle English: tharm, therm

English: tharm

Scots: thairm, tharm

Old Frisian: therm

North Frisian: teerm

Saterland Frisian: Tíerm

West Frisian: term

Old Saxon: tharm

Middle Low German: darm

German Low German:

Plautdietsch: Doarm

desctree

Old Dutch: *tharm
Middle Dutch: darm, dāerm, derm
Dutch: darm (dialectal derm)
Afrikaans: derm
→ English: derm
Limburgish: derm
West Flemish: derm

Old High German: darm

Middle High German: darm

German: Darm

Hunsrik: Daarem

Luxembourgish: Daarm

Vilamovian: diüem

Yiddish: דאַרם (darm)

→ English: derma


gantijan

gantijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gantijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gantijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gantijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
gantiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gantidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gantisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gantidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gantidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gantiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gantidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gantidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gantijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gantidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gantiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gantidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gantijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gantidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gantijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gantidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gantijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gantidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gantijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gantidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gantijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gantidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gantijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gantidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gantijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gantidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ganti (class-1 present singular weak)
gantiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gantijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gantid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Dutch: *genten

Middle Dutch: genten

desc

Old High German: *genzen (wk 1a verb), genzēn (wk 3 verb)

Middle High German: genzen (wk 1 verb)

German: gänzen

⇒ Old High German: gigenzen (wk 1a verb)


aikilā

aikilā (nominative singular)
aikilōn (nominative plural)
aikilōn (accusative singular)
aikilōn (accusative plural)
aikilōn (genitive singular)
aikilōnō (genitive plural)
aikilōn (dative singular)
aikilōm (dative plural)
aikilum (dative plural)
aikilōn (instrumental singular)
aikilōm (instrumental plural)
aikilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *ēkele, *ēkel

Saterland Frisian: Äkkel

West Frisian: ikel

Old Saxon: *eikila

Middle Low German: eikel

German Low German:

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Ekkel

Sauerländisch: Aikel

Westmünsterländisch: Eekel

South Westphalian: Aëkel (Dortmund)

Old Dutch: *eikila

Middle Dutch: eikele

Dutch: eikel

Old High German: eihhila

Middle Low German: eichel

German: Eichel

From *aik (“oak”) + *-ilā (plant and animal suffix).


aist

aist (nominative singular)
aistō (nominative plural)
aistōs (nominative plural)
aist (accusative singular)
aistā (accusative plural)
aistas (genitive singular)
aistō (genitive plural)
aistē (dative singular)
aistum (dative plural)
aistu (instrumental singular)
aistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āst

English: oast

Old Saxon: *ēsta

Middle Low German: eiste f

Old Dutch: *ēst

Middle Dutch: êest

Dutch: eest


aiþī

aiþī (nominative singular)
aiþīn (accusative singular)
aiþīn (genitive singular)
aiþīn (dative singular)
aiþīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: *eidī

Middle High German: eide

⇒ Old High German: fuotareidī


aiþī

aiþī (masculine nominative singular)
aiþiju (feminine nominative singular)
aiþī (neuter nominative singular)
aiþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
aiþijā (accusative feminine singular)
aiþī (accusative neuter singular)
aiþijas (genitive masculine singular)
aiþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aiþijas (genitive neuter singular)
aiþijumē (dative masculine singular)
aiþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aiþijumē (dative neuter singular)
aiþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
aiþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aiþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
aiþijē (masculine nominative plural)
aiþijō (feminine nominative plural)
aiþiju (neuter nominative plural)
aiþijā (accusative masculine plural)
aiþijā (accusative feminine plural)
aiþiju (accusative neuter plural)
aiþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aiþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aiþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aiþijēm (dative masculine plural)
aiþijum (dative masculine plural)
aiþijēm (dative feminine plural)
aiþijum (dative feminine plural)
aiþijēm (dative neuter plural)
aiþijum (dative neuter plural)
aiþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aiþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
aiþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aiþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
aiþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aiþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *ǣþe

⇒ Old English: cyningǣþe

From *aiþ (“oath”) + *-ī (adjective suffix).

(Anglo-Frisian) capable of taking an oath


aiʀīn

aiʀīn (masculine nominative singular)
aiʀīnu (feminine nominative singular)
aiʀīn (neuter nominative singular)
aiʀīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
aiʀīnā (accusative feminine singular)
aiʀīn (accusative neuter singular)
aiʀīnas (genitive masculine singular)
aiʀīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aiʀīnas (genitive neuter singular)
aiʀīnumē (dative masculine singular)
aiʀīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
aiʀīnumē (dative neuter singular)
aiʀīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
aiʀīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aiʀīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
aiʀīnē (masculine nominative plural)
aiʀīnō (feminine nominative plural)
aiʀīnu (neuter nominative plural)
aiʀīnā (accusative masculine plural)
aiʀīnā (accusative feminine plural)
aiʀīnu (accusative neuter plural)
aiʀīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aiʀīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aiʀīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aiʀīnēm (dative masculine plural)
aiʀīnum (dative masculine plural)
aiʀīnēm (dative feminine plural)
aiʀīnum (dative feminine plural)
aiʀīnēm (dative neuter plural)
aiʀīnum (dative neuter plural)
aiʀīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aiʀīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
aiʀīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aiʀīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
aiʀīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aiʀīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ǣren

Old High German: ērīn

German: ehern


dannā

dannā (nominative singular)
dannōn (nominative plural)
dannōn (accusative singular)
dannōn (accusative plural)
dannōn (genitive singular)
dannōnō (genitive plural)
dannōn (dative singular)
dannōm (dative plural)
dannum (dative plural)
dannōn (instrumental singular)
dannōm (instrumental plural)
dannum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: danna

Middle Low German: danne

Low German: Dann

Old Dutch: *danna
Middle Dutch: danne

Old High German: tanna

Middle High German: tanne

Alemannic German: Tanne

German: Tanne

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dannǭ, from earlier *danwǭ, cognate with Hittite 𒄑𒋫𒈾𒀀𒌑 (^(GIŠ)ta-na-a-ú /tanau/, “a type of tree”), and perhaps Sanskrit धनु (dhanu, “bow”), धन्वन् (dhanvan, “bow”) and Proto-Celtic *tannos (“green oak”). Alternatively related to *dani (“woodland pasture”), or borrowed from a substrate language.

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


lahan

lahan (infinitive)
lahannjas (genitive infinitive)
lahannjē (dative infinitive)
lahannju (infinitive instrumental)
lahu (first-person present singular)
lōh (first-person past singular)
lahiʀi (present second-person singular)
lōgī (past second-person singular)
lahidi (present singular third-person)
lōh (past singular third-person)
lahum (first-person plural present)
lōgum (first-person past plural)
lahid (plural present second-person)
lōgud (past plural second-person)
lahand (plural present third-person)
lōgun (past plural third-person)
lahē (first-person present singular)
lōgī (first-person past singular)
lahēs (present second-person singular)
lahē (present singular third-person)
lōgī (past singular third-person)
lahēm (first-person plural present)
lōgīm (first-person past plural)
lahēþ (plural present second-person)
lōgīd (past plural second-person)
lahēn (plural present third-person)
lōgīn (past plural third-person)
lah (present singular)
lahid (plural present)
lahandī (participle present)
lagan (participle past)

Old English: lēan

Middle English: *lēen (attested in past tense lough)

Old Saxon: lahan

Old High German: lahan


skuldihaitijō

skuldihaitijō (nominative singular)
skuldihaitijan (nominative plural)
skuldihaitijan (accusative singular)
skuldihaitijan (accusative plural)
skuldihaitijini (genitive singular)
skuldihaitijan (genitive singular)
skuldihaitijanō (genitive plural)
skuldihaitijini (dative singular)
skuldihaitijan (dative singular)
skuldihaitijum (dative plural)
skuldihaitijini (instrumental singular)
skuldihaitijan (instrumental singular)
skuldihaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyldhǣta, sċuldhēta

Old Frisian: skeltāta, skelta, schelta

Old Saxon: skuldhētio

desc

Middle Low German: schulthete, schultete, schulte

Old Dutch: skolthēti

Middle Dutch: sculthete, schouthete, schouthet, scoutete, scoute, scout, scouthate, scoutate, schouteet, schoutate, schoutaet, schouthate, schoutete, schoutheit, schouteit schoutet, schoute, schout, scholte, schulte, scholtis, schoutent

desctree

Dutch: schout
Afrikaans: skout
Berbice Creole Dutch: skotu
Sranan Tongo: skowtu
Aukan: sikowtu
Saramaccan: sikooútu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: skoutu, skotu
→ Dutch: skotoe
→ Trió: sikoutu
→ Caribbean Javanese: sekaut, skaut
→ English: schout
→ Indonesian: sekaut
→ Javanese: sekaut

Old High German: sculdheizo, scultheizzo, schultheizo, sculthaizeo, scultheizo
Middle High German: schultheiz(e), schultez(e), (since 14th c., attested as scolze, schultz etc.) *schulz(e)
German: Schulze, Schultheiß
→ Hungarian: soltész
→ Kashubian: szôłtës
→ Polish: sołtys
→ Romanian: șoltuz

Lombardic: schuldhais

desc

→ Medieval Latin: sculdasius, sculdachius

Italian: sculdascio

→ Latin: scultetus

→ Italian: scoltetto

From *skuldi (“tribute, debts, crime”) + *haitijō (“caller, leader”).


dohter

dohter (nominative singular)
dohtar (nominative plural)
dohtar (accusative singular)
dohtar (accusative plural)
dohtur (genitive singular)
dohtrō (genitive plural)
duhtri (dative singular)
dohtrum (dative plural)
duhtri (instrumental singular)
dohtrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dohtor, dohtur — Mercian, dohter — Northumbrian, dochtor, dæhter
Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere

Old Frisian: dochter
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring: doochter
Sylt: Daachter
Saterland Frisian: Dochter
West Frisian: dochter

Old Saxon: dohtar
Middle Low German: dochter
German Low German: Dochter

Old Dutch: dohtar, dohter

Middle Dutch: dochter
Dutch: dochter
Afrikaans: dogter
Jersey Dutch: doxter
Negerhollands: dochter, dogter
Petjo: dohter
Limburgish: dóchter

Old High German: tohter
Middle High German: tohter
Alemannic German: Tochter
Italian Walser: techter, töchter, tachter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: tochtar, toustar, tochtar
Mòcheno: tochter
Udinese: tochter, touchter, toachtar
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Dochter
German: Tochter
Luxembourgish: Duechter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Dochder
Vilamovian: tohter
Yiddish: טאָכטער (tokhter)
→ Piedmontese: tota


apaldr

apaldr (nominative singular)
apaldrō (nominative plural)
apaldrōs (nominative plural)
apaldr (accusative singular)
apaldrā (accusative plural)
apaldras (genitive singular)
apaldrō (genitive plural)
apaldrē (dative singular)
apaldrum (dative plural)
apaldru (instrumental singular)
apaldrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: apuldur, apulder

Old Saxon: apalder

From Proto-Germanic *apaldraz. Equivalent to *apl (“apple, fruit”) + *-dr (tree suffix).


templ

templ (nominative singular)
templu (nominative plural)
templ (accusative singular)
templu (accusative plural)
templas (genitive singular)
templō (genitive plural)
templē (dative singular)
templum (dative plural)
templu (instrumental singular)
templum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tempel, templ, tempil
Middle English: tempel, temple
English: temple
Scots: tempil, tempill, temple

Old Saxon: tempal m

Middle Low German: tempel, temple

→ Danish: tempel

→ Swedish: tæmpel

Swedish: tempel

Old Dutch: *tempal

Middle Dutch: tempel n or m

Dutch: tempel m

Old High German: tempal

Middle High German: tempel n or m

German: Tempel m


augapl

augapl (nominative singular)
augapplō (nominative plural)
augapplōs (nominative plural)
augapl (accusative singular)
augapplā (accusative plural)
augapplas (genitive singular)
augapplō (genitive plural)
augapplē (dative singular)
augapplum (dative plural)
augapplu (instrumental singular)
augapplum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēagæppel
Middle English: ij appel
English: eye-apple
⇒ Middle English: appel of þe eyȝe, appel of the eie, appel of the yë
English: apple of the eye

Old Frisian: āgappel

Saterland Frisian: Oogappel

West Frisian: eachappel

Old Saxon: *ougaappul, *ougaappel

Middle Low German: ôgeappel

Low German: Oogappel

→ Danish: øjeæble (calque)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: øyeeple (calque)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: augeeple (calque)

Old Dutch: *ougappul

Middle Dutch: ogeappel

Dutch: oogappel

Afrikaans: oogappel

Old High German: ougapful, augaphul

Middle High German: ougapfel

German: Augapfel

From *augā (“eye”) + *apl (“apple, fruit”).


biwellan

biwellan (infinitive)
biwellannjas (genitive infinitive)
biwellannjē (dative infinitive)
biwellannju (infinitive instrumental)
biwellu (first-person present singular)
biwall (first-person past singular)
biwilliʀi (present second-person singular)
biwullī (past second-person singular)
biwillidi (present singular third-person)
biwall (past singular third-person)
biwellum (first-person plural present)
biwullum (first-person past plural)
biwillid (plural present second-person)
biwullud (past plural second-person)
biwelland (plural present third-person)
biwullun (past plural third-person)
biwellē (first-person present singular)
biwullī (first-person past singular)
biwellēs (present second-person singular)
biwellē (present singular third-person)
biwullī (past singular third-person)
biwellēm (first-person plural present)
biwullīm (first-person past plural)
biwellēþ (plural present second-person)
biwullīd (past plural second-person)
biwellēn (plural present third-person)
biwullīn (past plural third-person)
biwill (present singular)
biwillid (plural present)
biwellandī (participle present)
biwollan (participle past)

Old Frisian: biwella

Old Saxon: biwellan

Middle Low German: bewellen

Old Dutch: biwellan

Old High German: biwellan

Middle High German: bewëllen

From *bi- + *wellan (from Proto-Germanic *wellaną (“to well up, spring out, bubble forth”)).

af

from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wellaną</i> (“to well up, spring out, bubble forth”)


warki

warki (nominative singular)
warkī (nominative plural)
warki (accusative singular)
warkī (accusative plural)
warkī (genitive singular)
warkijō (genitive plural)
warkī (dative singular)
warkim (dative plural)
warkijum (dative plural)
warkī (instrumental singular)
warkim (instrumental plural)
warkijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: wærc, werc, weorc, wræc, wærċ

Middle English: werk, warch

Scots: wark, wrak

English: wark

gl

conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*werk</i>

Old Saxon: werk n (“pain”) (conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *werk)


wurdi

wurdi (nominative singular)
wurdī (nominative plural)
wurdi (accusative singular)
wurdī (accusative plural)
wurdī (genitive singular)
wurdijō (genitive plural)
wurdī (dative singular)
wurdim (dative plural)
wurdijum (dative plural)
wurdī (instrumental singular)
wurdim (instrumental plural)
wurdijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wyrd, *werd — Kentish, weord
Middle English: werde, weerde, weird, werd, werede, werid, wierde, wired, wird, wirde, wired, wirid, word, wyerde, wyrde
English: werd, weard (obsolete)
Middle Scots: weird, werd
Scots: weird
→ English: weird
→ English: wyrd

Old Frisian: werd, werde

Old Saxon: wurd

Old High German: wurt
Middle High German: wurt


āl

āl (nominative singular)
ālō (nominative plural)
ālōs (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
ālā (accusative plural)
ālas (genitive singular)
ālō (genitive plural)
ālē (dative singular)
ālum (dative plural)
ālu (instrumental singular)
ālum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣl
Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale

Old Frisian: ēl

Saterland Frisian: Äil

West Frisian: iel

Old Saxon: āl

Middle Low German: âl, êl

German Low German: Aal

Old Dutch: *āl, ael (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: ael

Dutch: aal

Afrikaans: aal

Old High German: āl

Middle High German: āl

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Ool

Luxembourgish: Éil

German: Aal

Rhine Franconian: Ool (West Palatine)


landamarku

landamarku (nominative singular)
landamarkō (nominative plural)
landamarkā (accusative singular)
landamarkā (accusative plural)
landamarkā (genitive singular)
landamarkō (genitive plural)
landamarkē (dative singular)
landamarkōm (dative plural)
landamarkum (dative plural)
landamarku (instrumental singular)
landamarkōm (instrumental plural)
landamarkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: landmearc
Middle English: *landmark, *londmark
English: landmark
Scots: landmark

Old Saxon: *landamarka, *landmarka

desc

Middle Low German: lannemarke, lantmarke

Old High German: lantmarka, lantmarca

Middle High German: lantmarke, lantmarc

German: Landmark


stainijā

stainijā (nominative singular)
stainijōn (nominative plural)
stainijōn (accusative singular)
stainijōn (accusative plural)
stainijōn (genitive singular)
stainijōnō (genitive plural)
stainijōn (dative singular)
stainijōm (dative plural)
stainijum (dative plural)
stainijōn (instrumental singular)
stainijōm (instrumental plural)
stainijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stǣne; stǣna

Middle English: stene

English: stean

Old High German: steina, steinna

From *stain (“stone”) + *-jā. Compare Proto-Samic *stāńćō (“crucible”), a borrowing from unattested Norse cognate.


hrustijan

hrustijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hrustijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hrustijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hrustijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hrustiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrustidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrustisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrustidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrustidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrustiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrustidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrustidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrustijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrustidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrustiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrustidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrustijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrustidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrustijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrustidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrustijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrustidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrustijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrustidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrustijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrustidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrustijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrustidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrustijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrustidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrusti (class-1 present singular weak)
hrustiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hrustijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hrustid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hyrstan

Old Dutch: *rusten

Middle Dutch: rusten

Dutch: rusten

Old High German: hrusten

Middle High German: rüsten

German: rüsten


dodr

dodr (nominative singular)
dodrō (nominative plural)
dodrōs (nominative plural)
dodr (accusative singular)
dodrā (accusative plural)
dodras (genitive singular)
dodrō (genitive plural)
dodrē (dative singular)
dodrum (dative plural)
dodru (instrumental singular)
dodrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *doder

Saterland Frisian: Doder

Old Saxon: *dodor

Middle Low German: dôder, dodder

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Döder, Dödder, Dort

→ Icelandic: doðra

→ Norwegian: dådre

→ Swedish: dodra, doddra, dådra

→ Danish: dodder, dudder

Old Dutch: *doder

Middle Dutch: *dôder

Dutch: dodder (or < Low German)

→ Middle English: doder, dodyr [1265] (or < Low German)

English: dodder

Old High German: totir

Middle High German: toter, tother

German: Dotter

Unknown; possibly either related to:
* *dodrō (“egg yolk”), due to their yellow or orange stems, perhaps both from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₂ut-ró-s, from *dʰuh₂-tó-s (“yellow”) (whence Tocharian B [Term?] (tute, “yellow”)), from *dʰewh₂- (“smoke”) (whence also *dusnaz (“brownish, yellow”)),
* or Proto-Germanic *duttaz (“tuft”) and possibly Latvian duža (“tuft”), presumably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰudʰ-yéh₂.
North Germanic forms are perhaps instead inherited from unattested Old Norse *doðra, from Proto-Germanic *dudrǭ.


dodrō

dodrō (nominative singular)
dodran (nominative plural)
dodran (accusative singular)
dodran (accusative plural)
dudrini (genitive singular)
dodran (genitive singular)
dodranō (genitive plural)
dudrini (dative singular)
dodran (dative singular)
dodrum (dative plural)
dudrini (instrumental singular)
dodran (instrumental singular)
dodrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dydra

⇒ Old English: *dydring, dydrin

West Frisian: djerre, djirre

Old Saxon: dodro

Middle Low German: doder, dodder, dȫder, dōdder; dodel, dōdel, dȫdel

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Dodder

Westphalian:

Dortmundisch: Dɔ̄ə, Dɔ̄əer

Lippisch: Dödderk

Ravensbergisch: Duaer

Sauerländisch: Duater, Dotter (Niedersfeld, Bestwig, Felbecke), Dōeter (Wenden)

→ Icelandic: döddur

Old Dutch: *dodro

Middle Dutch: dōdre, dōder

Dutch: dooier

Afrikaans: dooier

Limburgish: daore

desctree

Old High German: totoro, tuter
Middle High German: toter, tuter
German: Dotter
Luxembourgish: Dueder

Unknown; possibly related to *dodr (“dodder”), see there.


hreud

hreud (nominative singular)
hreudu (nominative plural)
hreud (accusative singular)
hreudu (accusative plural)
hreudas (genitive singular)
hreudō (genitive plural)
hreudē (dative singular)
hreudum (dative plural)
hreudu (instrumental singular)
hreudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrēod
Middle English: red, red, reed, reede, reod, reede, rode, rued
English: reed
Scots: reed

Old Frisian: hriād, hreid

Saterland Frisian: Räit

West Frisian: reid

Old Saxon: hriod

Middle Low German: rêt, reit, riet

German Low German: Reet

Old Dutch: *riod, ried, riet

Middle Dutch: riet

Dutch: riet

Old High German: hriot, riot

Middle High German: riet

German: Ried

Unknown. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *krew- (“to shake, wave around”), referring to its movement in the wind, in which case related to Old English hrēaþemūs (“bat”), Tocharian A kru (“reed”), Tocharian B kärwats, Lithuanian krutéti (“to move”).


waldu

waldu (nominative singular)
waldō (nominative plural)
waldā (accusative singular)
waldā (accusative plural)
waldā (genitive singular)
waldō (genitive plural)
waldē (dative singular)
waldōm (dative plural)
waldum (dative plural)
waldu (instrumental singular)
waldōm (instrumental plural)
waldum (instrumental plural)

Old English:

Middle English: wēld, wolde

English: weld

Frankish: *walda

Old Dutch: *walda

Middle Dutch: wolde, woulde

Dutch: wouw

→ German: Wau

→ French: gaude

→ Spanish: gualda

Unknown. Proto-Germanic *walþuz (“forest”) (itself of uncertain origin) is sometimes mentioned as having some connection, but this is semantically unattractive, as there is no obvious connection in meaning, apart from both involving plants. Likely cognate with Latin lūtum of the same meaning, but these cannot be reconciled as formal cognates from Proto-Indo-European. Therefore probably a European substrate word.

Reseda luteola
Reseda luteola#Translingual


mātu

mātu (nominative singular)
mātō (nominative plural)
mātā (accusative singular)
mātā (accusative plural)
mātā (genitive singular)
mātō (genitive plural)
mātē (dative singular)
mātōm (dative plural)
mātum (dative plural)
mātu (instrumental singular)
mātōm (instrumental plural)
mātum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mēte

Saterland Frisian: Mäite

West Frisian: mjitte

Old Saxon: *māta

Middle Low German: mâte, mât

German Low German: Maat n

→ Old Norse: máti m

Faroese: máti m

Norwegian Bokmål: måte m

Norwegian Nynorsk: måte m

Danish: måde c

Old Dutch: *māta

Middle Dutch: mâte

Dutch: maat

Limburgish: maot

Old High German: māza

Middle High German: māz

German: Maß

Hunsrik: Mos

Luxembourgish: Mooss

Yiddish: מאָס (mos)


andarādan

andarādan (infinitive)
andarādannjas (genitive infinitive)
andarādannjē (dative infinitive)
andarādannju (infinitive instrumental)
andarādu (first-person present singular)
andarēd (first-person past singular)
andarādiʀi (present second-person singular)
andarēdī (past second-person singular)
andarādidi (present singular third-person)
andarēd (past singular third-person)
andarādum (first-person plural present)
andarēdum (first-person past plural)
andarādid (plural present second-person)
andarēdud (past plural second-person)
andarādand (plural present third-person)
andarēdun (past plural third-person)
andarādē (first-person present singular)
andarēdī (first-person past singular)
andarādēs (present second-person singular)
andarādē (present singular third-person)
andarēdī (past singular third-person)
andarādēm (first-person plural present)
andarēdīm (first-person past plural)
andarādēþ (plural present second-person)
andarēdīd (past plural second-person)
andarādēn (plural present third-person)
andarēdīn (past plural third-person)
andarād (present singular)
andarādid (plural present)
andarādandī (participle present)
andarādan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: ondrǣdan, ādrǣdan, drǣdan
Middle English: adreden, dreden
English: adread, dread
Scots: dreid, dreed

Old Frisian: ondrēda

desc

Old Saxon: andrādan, andrēdan, antdrādan, ondrādan, anddrādan

Old Dutch: andrādan

Old High German: intrātan

Middle High German: entrāten


wārahaidu

wārahaidu (nominative singular)
wārahaidiwi (nominative plural)
wārahaidō (nominative plural)
wārahaidu (accusative singular)
wārahaidū (accusative plural)
wārahaidō (genitive singular)
wārahaidiwō (genitive plural)
wārahaidiwi (dative singular)
wārahaidō (dative singular)
wārahaidum (dative plural)
wārahaidu (instrumental singular)
wārahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: wērhēd, wērd, wīrd

Saterland Frisian: Weerhaid

West Frisian: wierheid

Old Saxon: wārhēd

Middle Low German: wârhêt, wârheit

German Low German: Wahrheid

Old Dutch: wārheid, wārheit, wārheide

Middle Dutch: waerhede

desctree

Dutch: waarheid
Afrikaans: waarheid
Negerhollands: waarheit, waerheit

Old High German: wārheit

Middle High German: wārheit, wōrheit

German: Wahrheit


sturjan

sturjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sturjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sturjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sturjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sturju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturi (class-1 present singular weak)
sturiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sturjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sturid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: styrian, stirian
Middle English: stiren, sturien, steren
English: stir
Scots: stir, ster, stour
Yola: stir
→ Welsh: ystwyrian

Old Saxon: sturian

Middle Low German: stü̂ren

Low German: sturen

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *sturjaną, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)twr̥H-yé-ti, from *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate, propel”).


daʀēn

daʀēn (infinitive)
daʀēnijas (genitive infinitive)
daʀēnijē (dative infinitive)
daʀēniju (infinitive instrumental)
daʀē (first-person present singular)
daʀ?dā (first-person past singular)
daʀēs (present second-person singular)
daʀ?dēs (past second-person singular)
daʀēþ (present singular third-person)
daʀ?dē (past singular third-person)
daʀ?dā (past singular third-person)
daʀēm (first-person plural present)
daʀ?dum (first-person past plural)
daʀēþ (plural present second-person)
daʀ?dud (past plural second-person)
daʀēnþ (plural present third-person)
daʀ?dun (past plural third-person)
daʀ?dī (first-person past singular)
daʀ?dī (past second-person singular)
daʀē (present singular third-person)
daʀ?dī (past singular third-person)
daʀ?dīm (first-person past plural)
daʀ?dīd (past plural second-person)
daʀēn (plural present third-person)
daʀ?dīn (past plural third-person)
daʀē (present singular)
daʀēþ (plural present)
daʀēndī (participle present)
daʀ?d (participle past)

Old English: darian
Middle English: daren
English: dare

Middle English: daren


skuti

skuti (nominative singular)
skutī (nominative plural)
skuti (accusative singular)
skutī (accusative plural)
skutī (genitive singular)
skuttjō (genitive plural)
skutī (dative singular)
skutim (dative plural)
skuttjum (dative plural)
skutī (instrumental singular)
skutim (instrumental plural)
skuttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyte
Middle English: schute

Old Frisian: skete, skette

Saterland Frisian: Sköät

Old Dutch: *skuti

Middle Dutch: schote

Dutch: scheut

Afrikaans: skeut

Old High German: scuz, skuz

Middle High German: schuz

German: Schuss, Schuß (superseded spelling)
→ English: schuss
→ French: schuss
→ Kashubian: sus
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȕs

Luxembourgish: Schoss


drūrēn

drūrēn (infinitive)
drūrēnijas (genitive infinitive)
drūrēnijē (dative infinitive)
drūrēniju (infinitive instrumental)
drūrē (first-person present singular)
drūr?dā (first-person past singular)
drūrēs (present second-person singular)
drūr?dēs (past second-person singular)
drūrēþ (present singular third-person)
drūr?dē (past singular third-person)
drūr?dā (past singular third-person)
drūrēm (first-person plural present)
drūr?dum (first-person past plural)
drūrēþ (plural present second-person)
drūr?dud (past plural second-person)
drūrēnþ (plural present third-person)
drūr?dun (past plural third-person)
drūr?dī (first-person past singular)
drūr?dī (past second-person singular)
drūrē (present singular third-person)
drūr?dī (past singular third-person)
drūr?dīm (first-person past plural)
drūr?dīd (past plural second-person)
drūrēn (plural present third-person)
drūr?dīn (past plural third-person)
drūrē (present singular)
drūrēþ (plural present)
drūrēndī (participle present)
drūr?d (participle past)

Old High German: trūrēn

Middle High German: trūren

German: trauern

→ Middle Low German: trūren, troren

→ Middle Dutch: truren, truren

Dutch: treuren

Uncertain,
* Could be related to *dreusan (“to fall”). With the semantic development "to fall" > "to lower one's head" > "to mourn".
* Possibly an alternative form of *dūrēn (“to mourn”).


dūrēn

dūrēn (infinitive)
dūrēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dūrēnijē (dative infinitive)
dūrēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dūrē (first-person present singular)
dūr?dā (first-person past singular)
dūrēs (present second-person singular)
dūr?dēs (past second-person singular)
dūrēþ (present singular third-person)
dūr?dē (past singular third-person)
dūr?dā (past singular third-person)
dūrēm (first-person plural present)
dūr?dum (first-person past plural)
dūrēþ (plural present second-person)
dūr?dud (past plural second-person)
dūrēnþ (plural present third-person)
dūr?dun (past plural third-person)
dūr?dī (first-person past singular)
dūr?dī (past second-person singular)
dūrē (present singular third-person)
dūr?dī (past singular third-person)
dūr?dīm (first-person past plural)
dūr?dīd (past plural second-person)
dūrēn (plural present third-person)
dūr?dīn (past plural third-person)
dūrē (present singular)
dūrēþ (plural present)
dūrēndī (participle present)
dūr?d (participle past)

Old English:

Middle English: douren

Old High German:

⇒ Middle High German: betūren

German: bedauern

Could be related to *diurī (“dear, precious”). Possibly an alternative form of *drūrēn (“to mourn”).


hōkīn

hōkīn (nominative singular)
hōkīnu (nominative plural)
hōkīn (accusative singular)
hōkīnu (accusative plural)
hōkīnas (genitive singular)
hōkīnō (genitive plural)
hōkīnē (dative singular)
hōkīnum (dative plural)
hōkīnu (instrumental singular)
hōkīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēċen

Old Saxon: *hōkīn

desc

Middle Low German: hȫken, hôcken, hoiken, hoyken, huken

Old Dutch: *hōkīn

Middle Dutch: hoekijn

From *hōk (“buck, goat”) + *-īn (diminutive ending). According to Kroonen, borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Possibly cognate with Proto-Slavic *kozà (e.g. Russian коза́ (kozá, “goat”), Serbo-Croatian ко̀за (“goat”) and Old Church Slavonic коза (koza, “goat”)), however common Indo-European inheritance is impossible due to the absence of application of Winter's law in the Slavic forms. Compare also Albanian kedh (“kid”).


middjahriþrī

middjahhriþrī (nominative singular)
middjahhriþriju (nominative plural)
middjahhriþrī (accusative singular)
middjahhriþriju (accusative plural)
middjahhriþrijas (genitive singular)
middjahhriþrijō (genitive plural)
middjahhriþrijē (dative singular)
middjahhriþrijum (dative plural)
middjahhriþriju (instrumental singular)
middjahhriþrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: midhriþere

Old Frisian: midrith, midrhether

Metathesized from earlier Proto-Germanic *middjahirþrī, perhaps under the influence of *middjahrif (“midrif”), from *midi (“middle, mid”) + *herþr (“intestines; chest”) + *-ī.


middjahrif

middjahhrif (nominative singular)
middjahhrifiʀu (nominative plural)
middjahhrif (accusative singular)
middjahhrifiʀu (accusative plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (genitive singular)
middjahhrifiʀō (genitive plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (dative singular)
middjahhrifiʀum (dative plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (instrumental singular)
middjahhrifiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: midhrif, midrif

desc

Middle English: midref, mydrif, mydref, midrif

English: midriff

Old Frisian: midrof

Middle Dutch: *midref

Middle Dutch: middelrijf

Dutch: middenrif, (archaic) middelrif

From *midi (“middle, mid”) + *hrif (“body, torso”).


hrutt

hrutt (nominative singular)
hrottō (nominative plural)
hrottōs (nominative plural)
hrutt (accusative singular)
hrottā (accusative plural)
hrottas (genitive singular)
hrottō (genitive plural)
hruttē (dative singular)
hruttum (dative plural)
hruttu (instrumental singular)
hruttum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrot

Old High German: roz, hroz

German: Rotz

From *hruttōn (“to snore, roar”), from Proto-Germanic *hruttōną (“to snore, roar”).


firrisōn

firrisōn (infinitive)
firrisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
firrisōnijē (dative infinitive)
firrisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
firrisō (first-person present singular)
firrisōdā (first-person past singular)
firrisōs (present second-person singular)
firrisōdēs (past second-person singular)
firrisōdōs (past second-person singular)
firrisōþ (present singular third-person)
firrisōdē (past singular third-person)
firrisōdā (past singular third-person)
firrisōm (first-person plural present)
firrisōdum (first-person past plural)
firrisōþ (plural present second-person)
firrisōdud (past plural second-person)
firrisōnþ (plural present third-person)
firrisōdun (past plural third-person)
firrisōdī (first-person past singular)
firrisōdī (past second-person singular)
firrisō (present singular third-person)
firrisōdī (past singular third-person)
firrisōdīm (first-person past plural)
firrisōdīd (past plural second-person)
firrisōn (plural present third-person)
firrisōdīn (past plural third-person)
firrisō (present singular)
firrisōþ (plural present)
firrisōndī (participle present)
firrisōd (participle past)

Old English: firsian

From *ferrai, *ferrô (“far, distant”) + *-isōn.


aʀanimānōþ

aʀanimānōþ (nominative singular)
aʀanimānōþi (nominative plural)
aʀanimānōþu (accusative singular)
aʀanimānōþi (accusative plural)
aʀanimānōþi (genitive singular)
aʀanimānōþō (genitive plural)
aʀanimānōþi (dative singular)
aʀanimānōþum (dative plural)
aʀanimānōþi (instrumental singular)
aʀanimānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: aranmānuth

Old Dutch: aranmānōth

Old High German: aranmānōd

From *aʀani (“harvest”) + *mānōþ (“month”).

eighth month of Continental Germanic calendar, corresponding to roughly August.


hailagamānōþ

hailagamānōþ (nominative singular)
hailagamānōþi (nominative plural)
hailagamānōþu (accusative singular)
hailagamānōþi (accusative plural)
hailagamānōþi (genitive singular)
hailagamānōþō (genitive plural)
hailagamānōþi (dative singular)
hailagamānōþum (dative plural)
hailagamānōþi (instrumental singular)
hailagamānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hāligmōnaþ (“September”)

Old Saxon: hēlagmānuth (“September”)

Old Dutch: heilmānōth (“December”)

desc

Old High German: hailagmānod (“December”) heilīgmānōd, heilīgenmānōd

German: Heiligmonat (obsolete)

From *hailag (“holy”) + *mānōþ (“month”).

month of the Germanic calendar, correspondence varies.


dursti

dursti (nominative singular)
durstī (nominative plural)
dursti (accusative singular)
durstī (accusative plural)
durstī (genitive singular)
durstijō (genitive plural)
durstī (dative singular)
durstim (dative plural)
durstijum (dative plural)
durstī (instrumental singular)
durstim (instrumental plural)
durstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dyrst

Middle English: durst

Old High German: *turst

Middle High German: turst

German: Durst (archaic)

⇒ Old High German: *urturst

⇒ Old High German: foraurturst


unhiurijalīk

unhiurijalīk (masculine nominative singular)
unhiurijalīku (feminine nominative singular)
unhiurijalīk (neuter nominative singular)
unhiurijalīkanā (accusative masculine singular)
unhiurijalīkā (accusative feminine singular)
unhiurijalīk (accusative neuter singular)
unhiurijalīkas (genitive masculine singular)
unhiurijalīkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
unhiurijalīkas (genitive neuter singular)
unhiurijalīkumē (dative masculine singular)
unhiurijalīkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
unhiurijalīkumē (dative neuter singular)
unhiurijalīku (instrumental masculine singular)
unhiurijalīkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
unhiurijalīku (instrumental neuter singular)
unhiurijalīkē (masculine nominative plural)
unhiurijalīkō (feminine nominative plural)
unhiurijalīku (neuter nominative plural)
unhiurijalīkā (accusative masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkā (accusative feminine plural)
unhiurijalīku (accusative neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
unhiurijalīkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (dative masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkum (dative masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (dative feminine plural)
unhiurijalīkum (dative feminine plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (dative neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkum (dative neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkum (instrumental masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
unhiurijalīkum (feminine instrumental plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: unhīrlīċ

Middle English: unhērlī, unherly

Old Saxon: unhiurlīk

Old High German: unhiurlīh

From *un- + *hiurijalīk (“friendly”, from Proto-Germanic *hiurijalīkaz).

affix

from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hiurijalīkaz</i>


skalu

skalu (nominative singular)
skalō (nominative plural)
skalā (accusative singular)
skalā (accusative plural)
skalā (genitive singular)
skalō (genitive plural)
skalē (dative singular)
skalōm (dative plural)
skalum (dative plural)
skalu (instrumental singular)
skalōm (instrumental plural)
skalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċealu (“husk”)

desc

Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)

English: shale

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: scale

Dutch: schaal

desctree

Old High German: scala
Middle High German: schāle
Bavarian: Schoin
German: Schale
→ Serbo-Croatian: šolja
Yiddish: שאָל (shol)

→ Old French: escale, eschale
French: écale
→ Middle English: scale
English: scale
Yola: skaulès (plural)


wakan

wakan (infinitive)
wakannjas (genitive infinitive)
wakannjē (dative infinitive)
wakannju (infinitive instrumental)
waku (first-person present singular)
wōk (first-person past singular)
wakiʀi (present second-person singular)
wōkī (past second-person singular)
wakidi (present singular third-person)
wōk (past singular third-person)
wakum (first-person plural present)
wōkum (first-person past plural)
wakid (plural present second-person)
wōkud (past plural second-person)
wakand (plural present third-person)
wōkun (past plural third-person)
wakē (first-person present singular)
wōkī (first-person past singular)
wakēs (present second-person singular)
wakē (present singular third-person)
wōkī (past singular third-person)
wakēm (first-person plural present)
wōkīm (first-person past plural)
wakēþ (plural present second-person)
wōkīd (past plural second-person)
wakēn (plural present third-person)
wōkīn (past plural third-person)
wak (present singular)
wakid (plural present)
wakandī (participle present)
wakan (participle past)

Old English: wacan
Middle English: waken
English: wake
Scots: wake


hoppō

hoppō (nominative singular)
hoppan (nominative plural)
hoppan (accusative singular)
hoppan (accusative plural)
huppini (genitive singular)
hoppan (genitive singular)
hoppanō (genitive plural)
huppini (dative singular)
hoppan (dative singular)
hoppum (dative plural)
huppini (instrumental singular)
hoppan (instrumental singular)
hoppum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hoppo

Middle Low German: hoppe, hoppen

German Low German: Hoppen

Old Dutch: *hoppo

Middle Dutch: hoppe

Dutch: hop

→ Middle English: hoppe, hope, hoope

English: hop

Old High German: hopfo

Middle High German: hopfe

German: Hopfen

→ Medieval Latin: hupa

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keup (“tuft, hair of the head”), referring to the plant's appearance. Or, related to *haup (“pile, heap, throng”), named after the cone-shaped flower clusters.


twīflōn

twīflōn (infinitive)
twīflōnijas (genitive infinitive)
twīflōnijē (dative infinitive)
twīflōniju (infinitive instrumental)
twīflō (first-person present singular)
twīflōdā (first-person past singular)
twīflōs (present second-person singular)
twīflōdēs (past second-person singular)
twīflōdōs (past second-person singular)
twīflōþ (present singular third-person)
twīflōdē (past singular third-person)
twīflōdā (past singular third-person)
twīflōm (first-person plural present)
twīflōdum (first-person past plural)
twīflōþ (plural present second-person)
twīflōdud (past plural second-person)
twīflōnþ (plural present third-person)
twīflōdun (past plural third-person)
twīflōdī (first-person past singular)
twīflōdī (past second-person singular)
twīflō (present singular third-person)
twīflōdī (past singular third-person)
twīflōdīm (first-person past plural)
twīflōdīd (past plural second-person)
twīflōn (plural present third-person)
twīflōdīn (past plural third-person)
twīflō (present singular)
twīflōþ (plural present)
twīflōndī (participle present)
twīflōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *twīflia

West Frisian: twivelje

Old Saxon: twīflōn

Middle Low German: twivelen (merged with descendant of *twīflijan)

Low German: twiefeln

Old High German: zwīfalōn, zwīvalōn

Middle High German: zwīveln (merged with descendant of *twīflijan)

German: zweifeln


frafal(i)

frafal (canonical)
i (romanization)
frafal (masculine nominative singular)
frafalu (feminine nominative singular)
frafal (neuter nominative singular)
frafalanā (accusative masculine singular)
frafalā (accusative feminine singular)
frafal (accusative neuter singular)
frafalas (genitive masculine singular)
frafaleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
frafalas (genitive neuter singular)
frafalumē (dative masculine singular)
frafaleʀē (dative feminine singular)
frafalumē (dative neuter singular)
frafalu (instrumental masculine singular)
frafaleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
frafalu (instrumental neuter singular)
frafalē (masculine nominative plural)
frafalō (feminine nominative plural)
frafalu (neuter nominative plural)
frafalā (accusative masculine plural)
frafalā (accusative feminine plural)
frafalu (accusative neuter plural)
frafaleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
frafaleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
frafaleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
frafalēm (dative masculine plural)
frafalum (dative masculine plural)
frafalēm (dative feminine plural)
frafalum (dative feminine plural)
frafalēm (dative neuter plural)
frafalum (dative neuter plural)
frafalēm (instrumental masculine plural)
frafalum (instrumental masculine plural)
frafalēm (feminine instrumental plural)
frafalum (feminine instrumental plural)
frafalēm (instrumental neuter plural)
frafalum (instrumental neuter plural)
frafali (masculine nominative singular)
frafallju (feminine nominative singular)
frafali (neuter nominative singular)
frafalljanā (accusative masculine singular)
frafalljā (accusative feminine singular)
frafali (accusative neuter singular)
frafalljas (genitive masculine singular)
frafalljeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
frafalljas (genitive neuter singular)
frafalljumē (dative masculine singular)
frafalljeʀē (dative feminine singular)
frafalljumē (dative neuter singular)
frafallju (instrumental masculine singular)
frafalljeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
frafallju (instrumental neuter singular)
frafalljē (masculine nominative plural)
frafalljō (feminine nominative plural)
frafallju (neuter nominative plural)
frafalljā (accusative masculine plural)
frafalljā (accusative feminine plural)
frafallju (accusative neuter plural)
frafalljeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
frafalljeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
frafalljeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
frafalljēm (dative masculine plural)
frafalljum (dative masculine plural)
frafalljēm (dative feminine plural)
frafalljum (dative feminine plural)
frafalljēm (dative neuter plural)
frafalljum (dative neuter plural)
frafalljēm (instrumental masculine plural)
frafalljum (instrumental masculine plural)
frafalljēm (feminine instrumental plural)
frafalljum (feminine instrumental plural)
frafalljēm (instrumental neuter plural)
frafalljum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fræfel, fræfele, fræfeli, *frefel, frævol
>? Scots: frewall

Old Frisian: frevel

Saterland Frisian: friewel

Old Saxon: frabol, fravol

desc

Middle Low German: vrêvel, vrevel, frêvel, wrevel, vreffel

Old Dutch: *fravali

Middle Dutch: vrevel

Dutch: wrevel (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: frafali, fravali

Middle High German: vrevel, vrävel, vrevele, vrabel, vrebel

German: frevel, frebels

→ Medieval Latin: frafalius, farfalius (“empty, trifling, worthless, frivolous”)

Uncertain; possibly from *fra- (“fully”) + *fali (“evil, cruel”), or alternatively from *fra- + *afl (“strength, power”) + *-ī.

frevellich

Old Saxon: *fravillīk; Middle Low German

vrevellich

Old High German: frafallīh, fravallīh; Middle High German


waigr

waigr (masculine nominative singular)
waigru (feminine nominative singular)
waigr (neuter nominative singular)
waigranā (accusative masculine singular)
waigrā (accusative feminine singular)
waigr (accusative neuter singular)
waigras (genitive masculine singular)
waigreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
waigras (genitive neuter singular)
waigrumē (dative masculine singular)
waigreʀē (dative feminine singular)
waigrumē (dative neuter singular)
waigru (instrumental masculine singular)
waigreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
waigru (instrumental neuter singular)
waigrē (masculine nominative plural)
waigrō (feminine nominative plural)
waigru (neuter nominative plural)
waigrā (accusative masculine plural)
waigrā (accusative feminine plural)
waigru (accusative neuter plural)
waigreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
waigreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
waigreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
waigrēm (dative masculine plural)
waigrum (dative masculine plural)
waigrēm (dative feminine plural)
waigrum (dative feminine plural)
waigrēm (dative neuter plural)
waigrum (dative neuter plural)
waigrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
waigrum (instrumental masculine plural)
waigrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
waigrum (feminine instrumental plural)
waigrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
waigrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Dutch: *wēger

Middle Dutch: weiger, wêger

Dutch: weiger (dialectal)

Old High German: weigar

German: weiger

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *waigraz, from Proto-Indo-European *woyk-ró-s, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome, defeat”). By synchronic analysis, a ra-stem adjectival formation from Proto-Germanic *wiganą (“to fight”).


waigrōn

waigrōn (infinitive)
waigrōnijas (genitive infinitive)
waigrōnijē (dative infinitive)
waigrōniju (infinitive instrumental)
waigrō (first-person present singular)
waigrōdā (first-person past singular)
waigrōs (present second-person singular)
waigrōdēs (past second-person singular)
waigrōdōs (past second-person singular)
waigrōþ (present singular third-person)
waigrōdē (past singular third-person)
waigrōdā (past singular third-person)
waigrōm (first-person plural present)
waigrōdum (first-person past plural)
waigrōþ (plural present second-person)
waigrōdud (past plural second-person)
waigrōnþ (plural present third-person)
waigrōdun (past plural third-person)
waigrōdī (first-person past singular)
waigrōdī (past second-person singular)
waigrō (present singular third-person)
waigrōdī (past singular third-person)
waigrōdīm (first-person past plural)
waigrōdīd (past plural second-person)
waigrōn (plural present third-person)
waigrōdīn (past plural third-person)
waigrō (present singular)
waigrōþ (plural present)
waigrōndī (participle present)
waigrōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: weigeria

desctree

Old Dutch: *weigeron
Middle Dutch: weigeren, wēgeren
Dutch: weigeren
Afrikaans: weier
Negerhollands: weiger

Old High German: weigerōn, weigarōn

Middle High German: weigeren

German: weigern


frankō

frankō (nominative singular)
frankan (nominative plural)
frankan (accusative singular)
frankan (accusative plural)
frankini (genitive singular)
frankan (genitive singular)
frankanō (genitive plural)
frankini (dative singular)
frankan (dative singular)
frankum (dative plural)
frankini (instrumental singular)
frankan (instrumental singular)
frankum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: franca (“spear, javelin”), Franca (“Frank”)

Old English: Francan (“Franks”, plural)

Middle English: Franken (plural)

English: Frank (partially)

Old Saxon: *Franko

Middle Low German: Vranke

German Low German: Franke

Plautdietsch: Fraunk

Old Dutch: *Franko

Middle Dutch: Vranke

Dutch: Frank

Old High German: Franko

Middle High German: Franke

German: Franke

desctree

→ Latin: francus, Francus (alternative case form)
Old French: franc
→ English: frank
French: franc
→ Middle High German: franc
Norman: franc (Jersey)
Persian: فرنگ (farang)
Middle Welsh: Frangc
Welsh: Ffranc

→ Latin: Francia

Old French: France

French: France

→ English: France


kūtijō

kūtijō (nominative singular)
kūtijan (nominative plural)
kūtijan (accusative singular)
kūtijan (accusative plural)
kūtijini (genitive singular)
kūtijan (genitive singular)
kūtijanō (genitive plural)
kūtijini (dative singular)
kūtijan (dative singular)
kūtijum (dative plural)
kūtijini (instrumental singular)
kūtijan (instrumental singular)
kūtijum (instrumental plural)
*kūtō (alternative)

Old English: cȳta
Middle English: kyte, kijt, kite, kete (Kent, Middlesex), kute, kuyte (West Midlands)
English: kite
Scots: kyt, kyte
→ Welsh: cud

>? Old High German: *kūzo

Middle High German: kūze

Derived from Proto-Germanic *kūts (“bird of prey”) and ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


marik

marik (nominative singular)
marikō (nominative plural)
marikōs (nominative plural)
marik (accusative singular)
marikā (accusative plural)
marikas (genitive singular)
marikō (genitive plural)
marikē (dative singular)
marikum (dative plural)
mariku (instrumental singular)
marikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mereċe, meriċi, merċe, mearċe (< *marikī)
Middle English: merche, marche, merch, merege, merc, merce (Early Middle English)
English: march
→ Old Norse: merki
Old Danish: mærkæ
Danish: mærke
Norwegian: merke
Old Swedish: mærke
Swedish: märke

Old Saxon: *merik, *merk

Middle Low German: merk

→ Dutch: merk

→ German: Merk

→ Knaanic: מֵירק (merk)

Old High German: merk, merc

→ Polish: marek

Unknown; possibly from *mari (“sea, lake”) + *-(u)k or perhaps related to *morhā (“wild carrot”).


farjan

farjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
farjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
farjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
farjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
farju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
faridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
farisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
faridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
faridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
faridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
faridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
faridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
faridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
farjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
faridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
farjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
faridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
farjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
faridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
farjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
faridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
faridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
farjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
faridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
farjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
faridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fari (class-1 present singular weak)
fariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
farjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
farid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ferian

Middle English: ferien

Scots: fery, ferry

English: ferry

Old Frisian: feria

Old Saxon: ferian

(Middle Low German: varen)

Old Dutch: *ferien

Middle Dutch: veren

Dutch: veren

Old High German: ferian, ferren

Middle High German: verren, vern


fiuhtijā

fiuhtijā (nominative singular)
fiuhtijōn (nominative plural)
fiuhtijōn (accusative singular)
fiuhtijōn (accusative plural)
fiuhtijōn (genitive singular)
fiuhtijōnō (genitive plural)
fiuhtijōn (dative singular)
fiuhtijōm (dative plural)
fiuhtijum (dative plural)
fiuhtijōn (instrumental singular)
fiuhtijōm (instrumental plural)
fiuhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fiuhtia

Middle Low German: *füchte

German Low German: Fücht

Plautdietsch: Fijcht

Old High German: fiuhta

Middle High German: viehte

Cimbrian: vòichta, bòichta, vaücht

German: Fichte

Luxembourgish: Fiicht

From Proto-Germanic *fiuhtijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *péwḱ-t-ih₂, from *pewḱ- (“pine”).


unmann

unmann (nominative singular)
unmanni (nominative plural)
unmannu (accusative singular)
unmanni (accusative plural)
unmanni (genitive singular)
unmannō (genitive plural)
unmanni (dative singular)
unmannum (dative plural)
unmanni (instrumental singular)
unmannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: unmann
Middle English: unman

Old Saxon: *unmann

Middle Low German: unman, umman

desc

→? Old Norse: úmannan (“wretch, laughing-stock”)

Icelandic: úmannan

Old High German: *unmann

Middle High German: unman

German: Unmann


raihō

raihō (nominative singular)
raihan (nominative plural)
raihan (accusative singular)
raihan (accusative plural)
raihini (genitive singular)
raihan (genitive singular)
raihanō (genitive plural)
raihini (dative singular)
raihan (dative singular)
raihum (dative plural)
raihini (instrumental singular)
raihan (instrumental singular)
raihum (instrumental plural)
*raih (alternative)

Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)

desctree

Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae

Old Frisian: *rāha, *rē, *rā

>? Saterland Frisian: Räi n (possibly via Middle Low German)

West Frisian: ree

Old Saxon: rēho m; *rēh n

Middle Low German: rē n

German Low German: Reh

Plautdietsch: Ree

Old Dutch: reio m

Middle Dutch: ree, re

Dutch: ree
Afrikaans: ree

Limburgish: rieë

Old High German: rēho m; rēh n (reiga, rēia f)

Middle High German: rēch n, rē n

German: Reh

Hunsrik: Reh

Luxembourgish: Réi

Mòcheno: reach


wōd

wōd (masculine nominative singular)
wōdu (feminine nominative singular)
wōd (neuter nominative singular)
wōdanā (accusative masculine singular)
wōdā (accusative feminine singular)
wōd (accusative neuter singular)
wōdas (genitive masculine singular)
wōdeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wōdas (genitive neuter singular)
wōdumē (dative masculine singular)
wōdeʀē (dative feminine singular)
wōdumē (dative neuter singular)
wōdu (instrumental masculine singular)
wōdeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wōdu (instrumental neuter singular)
wōdē (masculine nominative plural)
wōdō (feminine nominative plural)
wōdu (neuter nominative plural)
wōdā (accusative masculine plural)
wōdā (accusative feminine plural)
wōdu (accusative neuter plural)
wōdeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wōdeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wōdeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wōdēm (dative masculine plural)
wōdum (dative masculine plural)
wōdēm (dative feminine plural)
wōdum (dative feminine plural)
wōdēm (dative neuter plural)
wōdum (dative neuter plural)
wōdēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wōdum (instrumental masculine plural)
wōdēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wōdum (feminine instrumental plural)
wōdēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wōdum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wōd

Middle English: wod, wode, wood

Scots: wod, wode, wud, wude, wuid

English: wode, wood

Old Dutch: *wōd, *wuod, *wuot

Middle Dutch: woet, woede, woed

Dutch: woede

Old High German: wuot

Middle High German: wuot

German: Wut

From Proto-Germanic *wōdaz (“excited, frenzied, furious”).


wōd

wōd (nominative singular)
wōdō (nominative plural)
wōdōs (nominative plural)
wōd (accusative singular)
wōdā (accusative plural)
wōdas (genitive singular)
wōdō (genitive plural)
wōdē (dative singular)
wōdum (dative plural)
wōdu (instrumental singular)
wōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōd

Middle English: wod, wode

Old Saxon: *wōd

Middle Low German: wôt

German Low German: Woot

Old High German: wuot

Middle High German: wuot

German: Wut

→ German Low German: Wut


tigā

tigā (nominative singular)
tigōn (nominative plural)
tigōn (accusative singular)
tigōn (accusative plural)
tigōn (genitive singular)
tigōnō (genitive plural)
tigōn (dative singular)
tigōm (dative plural)
tigum (dative plural)
tigōn (instrumental singular)
tigōm (instrumental plural)
tigum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: ziga

Middle High German: zige, zege

German: Ziege

→ English: ziege

→ Silesian: ciga

Yiddish: ציג (tsig)

desc

→ Middle Low German: sēge, zēge, czēge, schēge, tzēge, tsegge, siege, ziege

German Low German: Zeeg

→ Saterland Frisian: Säge

→ Middle Dutch: sege, tzege, zege

Dutch: zeeg

Since Lidén usually connected with Old Armenian տիկ (tik, “wineskin”) and derived from Proto-Indo-European *déyk-s ~ *digʰ-é-s (“goat”), but this is uncertain; see the Armenian word for more. Compare also Laconian Ancient Greek δίζα (díza, “she-goat”), Albanian dhi (“goat”), Old Norse tík (“female dog, bitch”).


sarwijan

sarwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sarwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sarwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sarwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sarwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sarwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sarwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sarwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sarwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sarwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sarwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sarwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sarwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sarwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sarwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sarwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sarwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sarwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sarwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sarwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sarwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sarwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sarwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sarwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sarwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sarwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sarwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sarwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sarwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sarwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sarwi (class-1 present singular weak)
sarwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sarwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sarwid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: sierwan, sirwan, syrwan, serwan, sirwian, sirewan
Middle English: sirwen

Old Frisian: sera, sara

Old High German: sarawen

Middle High German: serwen

From *saru (“equipment, armour”) + *-jan.


druhtin

druhtin (nominative singular)
druhtinō (nominative plural)
druhtinōs (nominative plural)
druhtin (accusative singular)
druhtinā (accusative plural)
druhtinas (genitive singular)
druhtinō (genitive plural)
druhtinē (dative singular)
druhtinum (dative plural)
druhtinu (instrumental singular)
druhtinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dryhten, drihten

Middle English: drihten, drihte

Scots: drichtin, drichtine

English: drightin, drighten, dright

Old Frisian: drochten

Old Saxon: druhtin, drohtin

Old Dutch: druhtin, druftin
Middle Dutch: drochtijn

Old High German: truhtin, trohtin

desc

Middle High German: trohtīn, trehtīn, trehten

German: Trechtein (obsolete)


minnjōn

minnjōn (infinitive)
minnjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
minnjōnijē (dative infinitive)
minnjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
minnjō (first-person present singular)
minnjōdā (first-person past singular)
minnjōs (present second-person singular)
minnjōdēs (past second-person singular)
minnjōdōs (past second-person singular)
minnjōþ (present singular third-person)
minnjōdē (past singular third-person)
minnjōdā (past singular third-person)
minnjōm (first-person plural present)
minnjōdum (first-person past plural)
minnjōþ (plural present second-person)
minnjōdud (past plural second-person)
minnjōnþ (plural present third-person)
minnjōdun (past plural third-person)
minnjōdī (first-person past singular)
minnjōdī (past second-person singular)
minnjō (present singular third-person)
minnjōdī (past singular third-person)
minnjōdīm (first-person past plural)
minnjōdīd (past plural second-person)
minnjōn (plural present third-person)
minnjōdīn (past plural third-person)
minnjō (present singular)
minnjōþ (plural present)
minnjōndī (participle present)
minnjōd (participle past)

Old English: *minnian

Middle English: minnen

Old Frisian: minnia

Old Saxon: minniōn, minnōn

Middle Low German: minnen

Old Dutch: minnon

Middle Dutch: minnen

Dutch: minnen

Old High German: minneōn, minnōn

Middle High German: minnen

German: minnen

From *mini (“love, remembrance”) + *-ōn.


mangōn

mangōn (infinitive)
mangōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mangōnijē (dative infinitive)
mangōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mangō (first-person present singular)
mangōdā (first-person past singular)
mangōs (present second-person singular)
mangōdēs (past second-person singular)
mangōdōs (past second-person singular)
mangōþ (present singular third-person)
mangōdē (past singular third-person)
mangōdā (past singular third-person)
mangōm (first-person plural present)
mangōdum (first-person past plural)
mangōþ (plural present second-person)
mangōdud (past plural second-person)
mangōnþ (plural present third-person)
mangōdun (past plural third-person)
mangōdī (first-person past singular)
mangōdī (past second-person singular)
mangō (present singular third-person)
mangōdī (past singular third-person)
mangōdīm (first-person past plural)
mangōdīd (past plural second-person)
mangōn (plural present third-person)
mangōdīn (past plural third-person)
mangō (present singular)
mangōþ (plural present)
mangōndī (participle present)
mangōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: mangian
Middle English: mongen, mangen

Old Saxon: mangōn, *mangian

Middle Low German: mangen, mengen

→ Dutch: mengen (archaic)

→ German: mengen (archaic)

→ Old Norse: manga
Icelandic: manga
Swedish: många

From *mangārī (“merchant, dealer, monger”) + *-ōn.


galiuhtijan

galiuhtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
galiuhtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
galiuhtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
galiuhtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
galiuhtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
galiuhtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
galiuhtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
galiuhtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galiuhtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galiuhtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
galiuhtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galiuhtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galiuhtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
galiuhtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
galiuhtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
galiuhtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
galiuhtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
galiuhtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
galiuhtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
galiuhtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
galiuhtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
galiuhtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galiuhtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
galiuhtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galiuhtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
galiuhtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
galiuhtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
galiuhtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
galiuhtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
galiuhtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
galiuhti (class-1 present singular weak)
galiuhtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
galiuhtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
galiuhtid (class-1 participle past weak)

desc

Old English: gelīhtan, gelīehtan, gelȳhtan, gelēhtan, gelēohtan

Old Saxon: giliuhtian

⇒ Middle Low German: geluchete, geluchte

Old High German: giliuhten


Aþalburg

Aþalburg (nominative singular)
Aþalburg (accusative singular)
Aþalburgas (genitive singular)
Aþalburgē (dative singular)
Aþalburgu (instrumental singular)

Old English: Æþelburg, Æþelburh

Old High German: Adalburg

From *aþal (“noble”) + *burg (“stronghold”).


Audaburg

Audaburg (nominative singular)
Audaburgi (nominative plural)
Audaburgu (accusative singular)
Audaburgi (accusative plural)
Audaburgi (genitive singular)
Audaburgō (genitive plural)
Audaburgi (dative singular)
Audaburgum (dative plural)
Audaburgi (instrumental singular)
Audaburgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: Ēadburg, Ēadburh

Middle English: Edburgh

→ Medieval Latin: Eadburga

Old Dutch: *Ōtburg

→ Medieval Latin: Odburga

Old High German: Ōtburg, Ōtpurc, Autburg

→ Medieval Latin: Otburgis, Otburga

From *aud (“rich”) + *burg (“stronghold”).


rōbijā

rōbijā (nominative singular)
rōbijōn (nominative plural)
rōbijōn (accusative singular)
rōbijōn (accusative plural)
rōbijōn (genitive singular)
rōbijōnō (genitive plural)
rōbijōn (dative singular)
rōbijōm (dative plural)
rōbijum (dative plural)
rōbijōn (instrumental singular)
rōbijōm (instrumental plural)
rōbijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *rōvia

Middle Low German: rö̂ve

Low German: Rööv

→? Swedish: rova

→? Danish: roe, (dialectal) rove

Old Dutch: *ruova

Middle Dutch: rôve, roeve

Dutch: reuf (dialectal)

Old High German: ruoba, ruoppa

Middle High German: rüebe, ruobe

Alemannic German: Rueb

⇒ Alemannic German: Rüebli

Bavarian: Ruam, Ruab

Mòcheno: ruab

German: Rübe

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *rōbijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)rāp-yéh₂, from *(s)rā́ps (“turnip”).


binut

binut (nominative singular)
binutō (nominative plural)
binutōs (nominative plural)
binut (accusative singular)
binutā (accusative plural)
binutas (genitive singular)
binutō (genitive plural)
binutē (dative singular)
binutum (dative plural)
binutu (instrumental singular)
binutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bionot, beonot, beonet (used in toponyms and anthroponyms)

Middle English: benet, bent

English: bent

Scots: bent, bynt

Old Frisian: *binut

Saterland Frisian: Bjunt

West Frisian: bjint, biünte, bjont, also pluraletantum bjinten, binten

Old Saxon: binut (used in toponyms)

⇒ Old Saxon: binutīn, binitīn (“made of bentgrass”, adjective)

Old Dutch: bint, bent (in toponyms)

Middle Dutch: bent

Dutch: bent, bunt

Old High German: binuʒ m, biniʒ m, binuʒʒa f

Middle High German: bineʒ m, binʒ f, binʒe f or m, binʒen n

German: Binze, Bintze f or m, now Binse f

⇒ Old High German: binuzzīn (adjective)

Middle High German: binezīn

German: binsen

Unknown. Probably a pre-Indo-European substrate word.


uʀlausijan

uʀlausijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
uʀlausijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
uʀlausijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
uʀlausijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
uʀlausiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀlausidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀlausisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀlausidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀlausidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀlausiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀlausidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀlausidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀlausijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀlausidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀlausiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀlausidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀlausijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀlausidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀlausijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀlausidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀlausijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀlausidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀlausijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀlausidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀlausijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀlausidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀlausijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀlausidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀlausijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀlausidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀlausi (class-1 present singular weak)
uʀlausiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
uʀlausijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
uʀlausid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: ālīesan, ālēsan — Anglian, ālīsan, ālȳsan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: alesen

Old Frisian: urlēsa

Old Saxon: *arlōsian, ālōsian, alōsian

Middle Low German: erlȫsen

Low German: erlöösen

Old Dutch: irlōsen

Middle Dutch: erlosen

Old High German: irlōsen

Middle High German: erlœsen

German: erlösen

From Proto-Germanic *uzlausijaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- (“up, out”) + *lausijan (“to release, set free”).