fakōn

fakōn (infinitive)
fakōnijas (genitive infinitive)
fakōnijē (dative infinitive)
fakōniju (infinitive instrumental)
fakō (first-person present singular)
fakōdā (first-person past singular)
fakōs (present second-person singular)
fakōdēs (past second-person singular)
fakōdōs (past second-person singular)
fakōþ (present singular third-person)
fakōdē (past singular third-person)
fakōdā (past singular third-person)
fakōm (first-person plural present)
fakōdum (first-person past plural)
fakōþ (plural present second-person)
fakōdud (past plural second-person)
fakōnþ (plural present third-person)
fakōdun (past plural third-person)
fakōdī (first-person past singular)
fakōdī (past second-person singular)
fakō (present singular third-person)
fakōdī (past singular third-person)
fakōdīm (first-person past plural)
fakōdīd (past plural second-person)
fakōn (plural present third-person)
fakōdīn (past plural third-person)
fakō (present singular)
fakōþ (plural present)
fakōndī (participle present)
fakōd (participle past)

Old English: *facian, *faggian

Middle English: *faken, *faggen

English: fag

Scots: faik

Old Dutch: facon

Middle Dutch: vāken

Dutch: vaken (obsolete)

Old High German: *fahhōn

Middle High German: vachen

To explain the anomalous consonant in the modern English decendant, Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Germanic *fakk/gōn an iterative verb from Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck”). He suggests the following semantic development: 'to ravel out' > 'to become tired'. Possibly conflated with a factitive construction *fak (“sleepy”) + *-ōn.


mairōn

mairōn (infinitive)
mairōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mairōnijē (dative infinitive)
mairōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mairō (first-person present singular)
mairōdā (first-person past singular)
mairōs (present second-person singular)
mairōdēs (past second-person singular)
mairōdōs (past second-person singular)
mairōþ (present singular third-person)
mairōdē (past singular third-person)
mairōdā (past singular third-person)
mairōm (first-person plural present)
mairōdum (first-person past plural)
mairōþ (plural present second-person)
mairōdud (past plural second-person)
mairōnþ (plural present third-person)
mairōdun (past plural third-person)
mairōdī (first-person past singular)
mairōdī (past second-person singular)
mairō (present singular third-person)
mairōdī (past singular third-person)
mairōdīm (first-person past plural)
mairōdīd (past plural second-person)
mairōn (plural present third-person)
mairōdīn (past plural third-person)
mairō (present singular)
mairōþ (plural present)
mairōndī (participle present)
mairōd (participle past)

Old English: *mārian

Middle English: moren

English: moor

→ Low German: vermoren

Old Frisian: *māria

West Frisian: mearje, mierje

→ Middle Dutch: māren

→ Middle French: marer, amarer

French: amarrer

Old Saxon: *mērōn

Middle Low German: mêren

Old Dutch: *mēron

Middle Dutch: mêren

Dutch: meren

From *mairī (“mooring post”) + *-ōn, the former from Proto-Germanic *mairiją.

(intransitive, nautical) to moor, fasten at a mooring post


gladōn

gladōn (infinitive)
gladōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gladōnijē (dative infinitive)
gladōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gladō (first-person present singular)
gladōdā (first-person past singular)
gladōs (present second-person singular)
gladōdēs (past second-person singular)
gladōdōs (past second-person singular)
gladōþ (present singular third-person)
gladōdē (past singular third-person)
gladōdā (past singular third-person)
gladōm (first-person plural present)
gladōdum (first-person past plural)
gladōþ (plural present second-person)
gladōdud (past plural second-person)
gladōnþ (plural present third-person)
gladōdun (past plural third-person)
gladōdī (first-person past singular)
gladōdī (past second-person singular)
gladō (present singular third-person)
gladōdī (past singular third-person)
gladōdīm (first-person past plural)
gladōdīd (past plural second-person)
gladōn (plural present third-person)
gladōdīn (past plural third-person)
gladō (present singular)
gladōþ (plural present)
gladōndī (participle present)
gladōd (participle past)

Old English: gladian

Middle English: gladen

English: glad (archaic)

Old Frisian: *gledia

West Frisian: gledzje

Old Dutch: *gladon

Middle Dutch: *gladden

Dutch: gladden (backformed to the adjective)

From Proto-Germanic *gladōną. Equivalent to *glad (“bright, smooth, cheerful”) + *-ōn.


dobēn

dobēn (infinitive)
dobēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dobēnijē (dative infinitive)
dobēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dobē (first-person present singular)
dob?dā (first-person past singular)
dobēs (present second-person singular)
dob?dēs (past second-person singular)
dobēþ (present singular third-person)
dob?dē (past singular third-person)
dob?dā (past singular third-person)
dobēm (first-person plural present)
dob?dum (first-person past plural)
dobēþ (plural present second-person)
dob?dud (past plural second-person)
dobēnþ (plural present third-person)
dob?dun (past plural third-person)
dob?dī (first-person past singular)
dob?dī (past second-person singular)
dobē (present singular third-person)
dob?dī (past singular third-person)
dob?dīm (first-person past plural)
dob?dīd (past plural second-person)
dobēn (plural present third-person)
dob?dīn (past plural third-person)
dobē (present singular)
dobēþ (plural present)
dobēndī (participle present)
dob?d (participle past)

Old English: dofian

Old Saxon: *dovōn

Middle Low German: dōven

desctree

Old Dutch: *dovon
Middle Dutch: dōven
Dutch: doven

Old High German: tobēn, tobōn

Middle High German: toben

German: toben

From *dob (“dull, crazy”) + *-ēn, from the same ultimate source as *daub (“deaf, stunned”)


bidōn

bidōn (infinitive)
bidōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bidōnijē (dative infinitive)
bidōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bidō (first-person present singular)
bidōdā (first-person past singular)
bidōs (present second-person singular)
bidōdēs (past second-person singular)
bidōdōs (past second-person singular)
bidōþ (present singular third-person)
bidōdē (past singular third-person)
bidōdā (past singular third-person)
bidōm (first-person plural present)
bidōdum (first-person past plural)
bidōþ (plural present second-person)
bidōdud (past plural second-person)
bidōnþ (plural present third-person)
bidōdun (past plural third-person)
bidōdī (first-person past singular)
bidōdī (past second-person singular)
bidō (present singular third-person)
bidōdī (past singular third-person)
bidōdīm (first-person past plural)
bidōdīd (past plural second-person)
bidōn (plural present third-person)
bidōdīn (past plural third-person)
bidō (present singular)
bidōþ (plural present)
bidōndī (participle present)
bidōd (participle past)

Old English: bidian

Old Frisian: bidia

Old Saxon: bidōn

From Proto-Germanic *bidōną. Equivalent to *bid (“waiting, biding”) + *-ōn.


sumarōn

sumarōn (infinitive)
sumarōnijas (genitive infinitive)
sumarōnijē (dative infinitive)
sumarōniju (infinitive instrumental)
sumarō (first-person present singular)
sumarōdā (first-person past singular)
sumarōs (present second-person singular)
sumarōdēs (past second-person singular)
sumarōdōs (past second-person singular)
sumarōþ (present singular third-person)
sumarōdē (past singular third-person)
sumarōdā (past singular third-person)
sumarōm (first-person plural present)
sumarōdum (first-person past plural)
sumarōþ (plural present second-person)
sumarōdud (past plural second-person)
sumarōnþ (plural present third-person)
sumarōdun (past plural third-person)
sumarōdī (first-person past singular)
sumarōdī (past second-person singular)
sumarō (present singular third-person)
sumarōdī (past singular third-person)
sumarōdīm (first-person past plural)
sumarōdīd (past plural second-person)
sumarōn (plural present third-person)
sumarōdīn (past plural third-person)
sumarō (present singular)
sumarōþ (plural present)
sumarōndī (participle present)
sumarōd (participle past)

Old English: *sumerian

Middle English: someren

English: summer

Old Frisian: *sumria

West Frisian: simmerje

Old Saxon: *sumarōn

Middle Low German: sōmeren

Old Dutch: *sumaron

Middle Dutch: sōmeren

Dutch: zomeren

Old High German: *sumarōn

Middle High German: sumeren

German: sommern

From Proto-Germanic *sumarōną. Equivalent to *sumar (“summer”) + *-ōn.


regulā

regulā (nominative singular)
regulōn (nominative plural)
regulōn (accusative singular)
regulōn (accusative plural)
regulōn (genitive singular)
regulōnō (genitive plural)
regulōn (dative singular)
regulōm (dative plural)
regulum (dative plural)
regulōn (instrumental singular)
regulōm (instrumental plural)
regulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: regol, regul, reogol, regal
Middle English: rail, rayl (reenforced by Old French)
English: rail
→ French: rail

Old Saxon: *regula

desc

Middle Low German: rêgule, regule, rêgul, rêgele, regele, rêgel, regle, reggele

German Low German: Regel

→ Old Norse: regla

Danish: regel

Icelandic: regla

Norwegian: regel

Swedish: regel

Old Dutch: *regula

Middle Dutch: regel, regule

desctree

Dutch: regel
Afrikaans: reël, riffel
Negerhollands: regel
→ Sranan Tongo: regel
→ Caribbean Javanese: rékhel
→? West Frisian: regel

Old High German: regula, regel

Middle High German: regele, regile

German: Regel

Hunsrik: Reghel


skamil

skamil (nominative singular)
skamilō (nominative plural)
skamilōs (nominative plural)
skamil (accusative singular)
skamilā (accusative plural)
skamilas (genitive singular)
skamilō (genitive plural)
skamilē (dative singular)
skamilum (dative plural)
skamilu (instrumental singular)
skamilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċamol, sċamul, sċamel, sċeamol, sċeamul, sċeamel, sċamela
Middle English: schamel, shamel, schamil, shamyll, schambyll, schamylle, shamell, sæmel, scamel, sceomel, scheomel
English: shamble; shambles
Scots: shammel, shammle

Old Saxon: skamel

desc

Middle Low German: schêmel, scemel, schâmel, schabelle

Plautdietsch: Schämel

desctree

→ Old Norse: skemill
Danish: skammel
Icelandic: skemill
Swedish: skammel

Old Dutch: *skamil

Middle Dutch: scāmel, scēmel

Dutch: schemel

Old High German: skamal, scamal, skamel, scamel, skamil, scamil, ᚲᛊᚨᛗᛖᛚᛚᚨ (ksamella /skamella/)
Middle High German: schamel, schemel
German: Schemel
→ Hungarian: zsámoly

Borrowed from Latin scamellum, scabellum, formally as if from Proto-Germanic *skamilaz.


katinnjā

katinnjā (nominative singular)
katinnjōn (nominative plural)
katinnjōn (accusative singular)
katinnjōn (accusative plural)
katinnjōn (genitive singular)
katinnjōnō (genitive plural)
katinnjōn (dative singular)
katinnjōm (dative plural)
katinnjum (dative plural)
katinnjōn (instrumental singular)
katinnjōm (instrumental plural)
katinnjum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kede

West Frisian: ketten

Old Saxon: *ketina

desc

Middle Low German: kêdene, kêtene, kêde, kête, kedde

German Low German: Kette, Kedde, Kettene

→ Old Norse: kæta

Danish: kæde

Norwegian: kjede

Swedish: kedja, kätting

→ Finnish: ketju, kettinki

⇒ Old Saxon: raketinia

desctree

Old Dutch: *ketinna
Middle Dutch: ketene
Dutch: keten

Old High German: ketinna, ketina

desc

Middle High German: ketene, keten, kitene

German: Kette

Yiddish: קייט (keyt)

⇒ Cimbrian: khéttinga

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *catenia, from Latin catēna.


bannjōn

bannjōn (infinitive)
bannjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bannjōnijē (dative infinitive)
bannjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bannjō (first-person present singular)
bannjōdā (first-person past singular)
bannjōs (present second-person singular)
bannjōdēs (past second-person singular)
bannjōdōs (past second-person singular)
bannjōþ (present singular third-person)
bannjōdē (past singular third-person)
bannjōdā (past singular third-person)
bannjōm (first-person plural present)
bannjōdum (first-person past plural)
bannjōþ (plural present second-person)
bannjōdud (past plural second-person)
bannjōnþ (plural present third-person)
bannjōdun (past plural third-person)
bannjōdī (first-person past singular)
bannjōdī (past second-person singular)
bannjō (present singular third-person)
bannjōdī (past singular third-person)
bannjōdīm (first-person past plural)
bannjōdīd (past plural second-person)
bannjōn (plural present third-person)
bannjōdīn (past plural third-person)
bannjō (present singular)
bannjōþ (plural present)
bannjōndī (participle present)
bannjōd (participle past)

Old English: bennian

From Proto-Germanic *banjōną. Equivalent to *bannju (“wound”) + *-ōn.


blakkrōn

blakkrōn (infinitive)
blakkrōnijas (genitive infinitive)
blakkrōnijē (dative infinitive)
blakkrōniju (infinitive instrumental)
blakkrō (first-person present singular)
blakkrōdā (first-person past singular)
blakkrōs (present second-person singular)
blakkrōdēs (past second-person singular)
blakkrōdōs (past second-person singular)
blakkrōþ (present singular third-person)
blakkrōdē (past singular third-person)
blakkrōdā (past singular third-person)
blakkrōm (first-person plural present)
blakkrōdum (first-person past plural)
blakkrōþ (plural present second-person)
blakkrōdud (past plural second-person)
blakkrōnþ (plural present third-person)
blakkrōdun (past plural third-person)
blakkrōdī (first-person past singular)
blakkrōdī (past second-person singular)
blakkrō (present singular third-person)
blakkrōdī (past singular third-person)
blakkrōdīm (first-person past plural)
blakkrōdīd (past plural second-person)
blakkrōn (plural present third-person)
blakkrōdīn (past plural third-person)
blakkrō (present singular)
blakkrōþ (plural present)
blakkrōndī (participle present)
blakkrōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *blakria

West Frisian: blakerje, bleakerje

Old Dutch: *blakaron

Middle Dutch: blākeren

Dutch: blakeren

From Proto-Germanic *blakrōną. Equivalent to *blakōn (“to burn, to blacken”) + *-rōn (frequentative suffix).


buhs

buhs (nominative singular)
bohsō (nominative plural)
bohsōs (nominative plural)
buhs (accusative singular)
bohsā (accusative plural)
bohsas (genitive singular)
bohsō (genitive plural)
buhsē (dative singular)
buhsum (dative plural)
buhsu (instrumental singular)
buhsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: box
Middle English: box
English: box

Old High German: buhs

Middle High German: buhs

German: Buchs

→ Dutch: buks

Borrowed from Latin buxus /buxum. Doublet of *buhsā.


orgalā

orgalā (nominative singular)
orgalōn (nominative plural)
orgalōn (accusative singular)
orgalōn (accusative plural)
orgalōn (genitive singular)
orgalōnō (genitive plural)
orgalōn (dative singular)
orgalōm (dative plural)
orgalum (dative plural)
orgalōn (instrumental singular)
orgalōm (instrumental plural)
orgalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: orgel, orgol

Middle English: orgel

Old Frisian: orgel

West Frisian: oargel

Old Saxon: *orgela

desc

Middle Low German: orgel, orgele, örgel, oregel, orgal, orgule

→ Danish: orgel

→ Estonian: orel

→ Icelandic: orgel

→ Faroese: orgul

→ Norwegian: orgel

→ Swedish: orgel

→ Finnish: urut

Old Dutch: *orgela

Middle Dutch: orgele

desctree

Dutch: orgel
Afrikaans: orrel
→ Indonesian: orgel
→ Japanese: オルゴール (orugōru)
→ Korean: 오르골 (oreugol)
→ Papiamentu: òrgel, òru
→ Sranan Tongo: orgu

Old High German: orgela, orgala, argela

Middle High German: orgele

Alemannic German: Oorgele

German: Orgel

Luxembourgish: Uergel

→ Macedonian: оргула (orgula)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: оргуље

Latin script: orgulje

→ Slovene: orgle

Borrowed and corrupted from Latin organa, organum.


glant

glant (masculine nominative singular)
glantu (feminine nominative singular)
glant (neuter nominative singular)
glantanā (accusative masculine singular)
glantā (accusative feminine singular)
glant (accusative neuter singular)
glantas (genitive masculine singular)
glanteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
glantas (genitive neuter singular)
glantumē (dative masculine singular)
glanteʀē (dative feminine singular)
glantumē (dative neuter singular)
glantu (instrumental masculine singular)
glanteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
glantu (instrumental neuter singular)
glantē (masculine nominative plural)
glantō (feminine nominative plural)
glantu (neuter nominative plural)
glantā (accusative masculine plural)
glantā (accusative feminine plural)
glantu (accusative neuter plural)
glanteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
glanteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
glanteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
glantēm (dative masculine plural)
glantum (dative masculine plural)
glantēm (dative feminine plural)
glantum (dative feminine plural)
glantēm (dative neuter plural)
glantum (dative neuter plural)
glantēm (instrumental masculine plural)
glantum (instrumental masculine plural)
glantēm (feminine instrumental plural)
glantum (feminine instrumental plural)
glantēm (instrumental neuter plural)
glantum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old High German: glanz
Middle High German: glanz (“bright; brightness”)
→ Danish: glans
German: Glanz
→ Danish: glans
→ Dutch: glans
→ Norwegian Bokmål: glans
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: glans
→ Polish: glans, → glanc
→ Swedish: glans
→ Swedish: glans

From the o-grade ablaut of the root of *glintan; hypothetically an old formation from Proto-Germanic *glantaz, from Pre-Germanic *gʰlondos, though attested only in High German. Separate from *gland (“glowing”), despite the superficial similarity.


alemōsinā

alemōsinā (nominative singular)
alemōsinōn (nominative plural)
alemōsinōn (accusative singular)
alemōsinōn (accusative plural)
alemōsinōn (genitive singular)
alemōsinōnō (genitive plural)
alemōsinōn (dative singular)
alemōsinōm (dative plural)
alemōsinum (dative plural)
alemōsinōn (instrumental singular)
alemōsinōm (instrumental plural)
alemōsinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ælmesse
Middle English: almesse, allemesse, allmess, alme, almisse, almose, almouse, almus, amesse, elmes, elmesse
English: alms
Gullah: aa'ms
Scots: aumous
Yola: alomes

Old Frisian: ielmisse, *almōsse

Saterland Frisian: Aalmoose

desc

Old Saxon: alamōsna, alemōsna, allamōsa, elimōsina

Middle Low German: âlmisse, allemisse, almissende, almese, almüsse, almose, almuse, almusie

German Low German: Almäosen

→ Old Norse: ǫlmusa

Icelandic: ölmusa

Faroese: olmussa

Norwegian Bokmål: almisse

Norwegian Nynorsk: almisse, olmose

Danish: almisse

Swedish: allmosa

→ Estonian: almus

→ Finnish: almu

Old Dutch: *alamuosna

Middle Dutch: aelmoesene

desctree

Dutch: aalmoes
Afrikaans: aalmoes
Negerhollands: almis, almisse

Old High German: alamuosa, alamuosan
Middle High German: almuosen (influenced by Middle Low German)
Cimbrian: almozen
German: Almosen
→ Czech: almužna
→ Polish: jałmużna


glotōn

glotōn (infinitive)
glotōnijas (genitive infinitive)
glotōnijē (dative infinitive)
glotōniju (infinitive instrumental)
glotō (first-person present singular)
glotōdā (first-person past singular)
glotōs (present second-person singular)
glotōdēs (past second-person singular)
glotōdōs (past second-person singular)
glotōþ (present singular third-person)
glotōdē (past singular third-person)
glotōdā (past singular third-person)
glotōm (first-person plural present)
glotōdum (first-person past plural)
glotōþ (plural present second-person)
glotōdud (past plural second-person)
glotōnþ (plural present third-person)
glotōdun (past plural third-person)
glotōdī (first-person past singular)
glotōdī (past second-person singular)
glotō (present singular third-person)
glotōdī (past singular third-person)
glotōdīm (first-person past plural)
glotōdīd (past plural second-person)
glotōn (plural present third-person)
glotōdīn (past plural third-person)
glotō (present singular)
glotōþ (plural present)
glotōndī (participle present)
glotōd (participle past)

Old English: *glotian

q

alternatively borrowed from Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">glotta</i>

Middle English: *gloten, glouten (alternatively borrowed from Old Norse glotta)

Scots: glout

English: gloat

Old High German: *glozzōn

Middle High German: glotzen

German: glotzen

→ German Low German: glotzen

From Proto-Germanic *glutōną, *gluttōną.


pastinakā

pastinakā (nominative singular)
pastinakōn (nominative plural)
pastinakōn (accusative singular)
pastinakōn (accusative plural)
pastinakōn (genitive singular)
pastinakōnō (genitive plural)
pastinakōn (dative singular)
pastinakōm (dative plural)
pastinakum (dative plural)
pastinakōn (instrumental singular)
pastinakōm (instrumental plural)
pastinakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *pastenak

desc

Middle English: pasternak, pasturnak, paternak

Old Saxon: *pastinaka

Middle Low German: pasternâk, pasternack, pasternâke, pasternake, pastenâk, pastenâke, pastarnak, pastarnack, posternâke, palsternâke, pestnâke

German Low German: Pastinak

→ Danish: pastinak

→ Icelandic: pastínakka

→ Norwegian: pastinakk

desctree

→ Swedish: palsternacka
→ Finnish: palsternakka

Old Dutch: *pastinaka

Middle Dutch: pastenāke, postenāke

Dutch: pastinaak

Limburgish: pastinaak

desc

Old High German: pastinaka, pastinaca, pasternaka, pasternaca, pastinaga, pastinagia

Middle High German: pasternack, pasternacke

desctree

German: Pastinake, Pastinak, Pasternake (archaic)
→ Bulgarian: пащърна́к (paštǎrnák), пастърна́к (pastǎrnák), пастърня́к (pastǎrnják), пастерна́к (pasternák), пастерня́к (pasternják), пастарна́к (pastarnák), пастина́к (pastinák), пащерна́к (pašternák), пашкана́т (paškanát), пашкарна́з (paškarnáz)
→ Romanian: păstârnac
→ Czech: pastinák
→ Estonian: pastinaak
→ Hungarian: paszternák, pasztinák
→ Karelian: pasternakku
→ Kashubian: pasternôk
→ Lithuanian: pastarnokas
→ Macedonian: пашканат (paškanat)
→ Russian: пастина́ка (pastináka)
→ Samogitian: pastarnuoks
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пашка̀на̄т, па̀стрња̄к, па̀штрња̄к, па̀стрна̄к, па̀штрна̄к, паштинак, пастинак
Latin script: paškànāt, pàstrnjāk, pàštrnjāk, pàstrnāk, pàštrnāk, paštinak, pastinak
→ Slovak: paštrnák
→ Slovene: pastinak

→ Polish: pasternak
→ Belarusian: пастарна́к (pastarnák)
→ Russian: пастерна́к (pasternák)
→ Ukrainian: пастерна́к (pasternák)

desc

פּאַסטערנאַק

Yiddish: פּאַסטערנאַק (pasternak)


pulwī

pulwī (nominative singular)
pulwīn (accusative singular)
pulwīn (genitive singular)
pulwīn (dative singular)
pulwīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: pylwe, pylu, pyle

desctree

Middle English: pilwe, pilue, pilew, pelew, pilow, pylwe, pylow, pule, pyle, pile, pelewe, pilewe, pelowe, pilowe
English: pillow
→ Maori: pera
Scots: pillae

Old Frisian: pēl

Saterland Frisian: Peel

West Frisian: pel

Old Saxon: puli

desc

Middle Low German: pȫl, pol, pȫle, poil, poll, pêl, pǖle, pule

German Low German: Pöhl

→ Saterland Frisian: Púul

Old Dutch: *puluwī

Middle Dutch: poluwe

Dutch: peluw

West Flemish: fluwyn

Old High German: pfuluwī, phuluwī, pfuluwī, pfuliwī, phuliwī, pfulwī, phulwī

Middle High German: pfulwe, pfülwe, phulwe, phülwe

Alemannic German: Pfulme

German: Pfühl

Luxembourgish: Pillem


bolstr

bolstr (nominative singular)
bolstrō (nominative plural)
bolstrōs (nominative plural)
bolstr (accusative singular)
bolstrā (accusative plural)
bolstras (genitive singular)
bolstrō (genitive plural)
bolstrē (dative singular)
bolstrum (dative plural)
bolstru (instrumental singular)
bolstrum (instrumental plural)
*bulstr (alternative)

desctree

Old English: bolster
Middle English: bolster, bolstre, bolstere, bowstur
English: bolster
Scots: bowster, bouster, boster

Old Frisian: *bulster, *bolster

Saterland Frisian: Bulster

West Frisian: bolster, bulster

Old Saxon: *bulster, *bolster

Middle Low German: bulster, bolster

German Low German: Bulster

Old Dutch: *bulster, *bolster

Middle Dutch: bulster, bolster

Dutch: bolster

desc

Old High German: bolstar, bolstor, polstor, polstar

Middle High German: bolster, polster

desctree

German: Polster
→ Czech: polštář
→ German Low German: Polster

Lombardic: *polstar

→ Italian: poltro (“bed, couch”)

⇒ Italian: poltrona

→ Lombard: polter (Milanese)

→⇒ Venetan: poltrona


parafred

parafred (nominative singular)
parafredō (nominative plural)
parafredōs (nominative plural)
parafred (accusative singular)
parafredā (accusative plural)
parafredas (genitive singular)
parafredō (genitive plural)
parafredē (dative singular)
parafredum (dative plural)
parafredu (instrumental singular)
parafredum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: perd

Old Saxon: parafreth

desc

Middle Low German: pêrt, perht, peret, perit, port

German Low German: Peerd, Päärd, Piärd

Old Dutch: *parifrid, *perid

desctree

Middle Dutch: pert
Dutch: paard, perd, peerd (dialectal)
Afrikaans: perd
→ Phuthi: ipere
→ Sotho: pere
Jersey Dutch: pêrt, pêrd
→ English: prad
Limburgish: paerd
West Flemish: peird

Old High German: pfarifrit, pharifrit, pharafrit, pferit, pherit, pherfrit
Middle High German: phërt, pfërt, pfërit, pfaerît n
Central Franconian: Pääd, Perd (chiefly Moselle Franconian), Päärd (Siegerland Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Peerd, Peer, Pied
Luxembourgish: Päerd
Transylvanian Saxon: Faard
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: [ˈpfaːɰ]
Silesian East Central German: Faard
Vilamovian: faod
German: Pferd
Rhine Franconian: Pääd, Päär, Per, Perd
Frankfurterisch: [fæː(ɐ̯)t]
Yiddish: פֿערד (ferd)

Borrowed from Late Latin parafrēdus, palafrēdus, paravrēdus, from Latin paraverēdus.


brēf

brēf (nominative singular)
brēfō (nominative plural)
brēfōs (nominative plural)
brēf (accusative singular)
brēfā (accusative plural)
brēfas (genitive singular)
brēfō (genitive plural)
brēfē (dative singular)
brēfum (dative plural)
brēfu (instrumental singular)
brēfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *brēf

Middle English: breve, breef, bref (reinforced by Old French)

English: brief

Scots: brief

Old Frisian: brēf

desc

North Frisian: briaf, bräif (Mooring), Breev (Sylt)

West Frisian: brief

Old Saxon: brēf

Middle Low German: brêf

German Low German: Breev, Breef

German Low German: Breew

Plautdietsch: Breef

→ Old Norse: bréf

Danish: brev

Faroese: bræv

Norwegian: brev

→ Northern Sami: reive

Swedish: brev

Old Dutch: *brēf

Middle Dutch: brief (reinforced by Old French)

desctree

Dutch: brief
Afrikaans: brief
Berbice Creole Dutch: brifu
Negerhollands: brief, brif
→ Papiamentu: brifi (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: brifi
Aukan: biifi
Saramaccan: biífi
→ Kari'na: brifi

Limburgish: breef

Old High German: brief

Middle High German: brief

Bavarian: Briaf

Cimbrian: briif

German: Brief

Luxembourgish: Bréif

Yiddish: בריוו (briv)

Borrowed from Late Latin brevis (“summary, brief”), ellipsis of Latin brevis liber (literally “short book”). Doublet of *murgī (“short; slow”).


murgī

murgī (masculine nominative singular)
murgiju (feminine nominative singular)
murgī (neuter nominative singular)
murgijanā (accusative masculine singular)
murgijā (accusative feminine singular)
murgī (accusative neuter singular)
murgijas (genitive masculine singular)
murgijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
murgijas (genitive neuter singular)
murgijumē (dative masculine singular)
murgijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
murgijumē (dative neuter singular)
murgiju (instrumental masculine singular)
murgijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
murgiju (instrumental neuter singular)
murgijē (masculine nominative plural)
murgijō (feminine nominative plural)
murgiju (neuter nominative plural)
murgijā (accusative masculine plural)
murgijā (accusative feminine plural)
murgiju (accusative neuter plural)
murgijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
murgijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
murgijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
murgijēm (dative masculine plural)
murgijum (dative masculine plural)
murgijēm (dative feminine plural)
murgijum (dative feminine plural)
murgijēm (dative neuter plural)
murgijum (dative neuter plural)
murgijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
murgijum (instrumental masculine plural)
murgijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
murgijum (feminine instrumental plural)
murgijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
murgijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: myrġe, miriġe, murġe, myriġe, myreġe, meriġe, merġe
Middle English: mery, merie, mirie, myrie, murie, murȝe, merye, myrry, myry, miry, mirye, myriȝe, myrye, murye, miri, meri, mury
English: merry
Scots: mirry, mery

Old Dutch: *murgi, *mirgi

⇒ Old Dutch: *mirgilīk

Middle Dutch: mergelijc

Old High German: murgi, murg

Middle High German: murc

German: murk

⇒ Alemannic German: Mürggu, Mürgu n

Middle High German: murc n

⇒ Middle High German: frīmurc m

⇒? Middle High German: murz

From Proto-Germanic *murguz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


hīgōn

hīgōn (infinitive)
hīgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hīgōnijē (dative infinitive)
hīgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hīgō (first-person present singular)
hīgōdā (first-person past singular)
hīgōs (present second-person singular)
hīgōdēs (past second-person singular)
hīgōdōs (past second-person singular)
hīgōþ (present singular third-person)
hīgōdē (past singular third-person)
hīgōdā (past singular third-person)
hīgōm (first-person plural present)
hīgōdum (first-person past plural)
hīgōþ (plural present second-person)
hīgōdud (past plural second-person)
hīgōnþ (plural present third-person)
hīgōdun (past plural third-person)
hīgōdī (first-person past singular)
hīgōdī (past second-person singular)
hīgō (present singular third-person)
hīgōdī (past singular third-person)
hīgōdīm (first-person past plural)
hīgōdīd (past plural second-person)
hīgōn (plural present third-person)
hīgōdīn (past plural third-person)
hīgō (present singular)
hīgōþ (plural present)
hīgōndī (participle present)
hīgōd (participle past)

Old English: hīgian (“to hasten, hurry”, < *hīgōjan)
Middle English: hyen
English: hie
Scots: hie

Old Saxon: *hīgōn

Middle Low German: hîgen, hîchen; (hêgen, heigen)

Low German: higen

Old Dutch: *hīgon

Middle Dutch: hīgen, hīghen

Dutch: hijgen; hikken

Afrikaans: hyg

Old High German: *hīgōn (?)

desc

⇒? Middle High German: hecheln, hacheln (“to copulate”) (probably of different origin)

>? German: hechen, heichen, hecheln (“to pant”) (possibly from Low German)

to breathe (heavily), pant, snort, wheeze


swartijan

swartijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swartijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swartijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swartijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swartiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swartidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swartisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swartidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swartidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swartiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swartidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swartidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swartijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swartidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swartiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swartidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swartijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swartidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swartijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swartidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swartijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swartidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swartijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swartidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swartijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swartidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swartijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swartidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swartijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swartidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swarti (class-1 present singular weak)
swartiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swartijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swartid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *swertian

Middle Low German: swerten

Old Dutch: *swerten

Middle Dutch: swerten, swarten (conflated with *swartōn and *swartēn)

Dutch: zwarten

Old High German: swerzen

Middle High German: swerzen

German: schwärzen

From Proto-Germanic *swartijaną. Equivalent to *swart (“black”) + *-jan.


strangijan

strangijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strangijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strangijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strangijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strangiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strangidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strangisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strangidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strangidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strangiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strangidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strangidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strangijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strangidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strangiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strangidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strangijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strangidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strangijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strangidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strangijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strangidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strangijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strangidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strangijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strangidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strangijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strangidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strangijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strangidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strangi (class-1 present singular weak)
strangiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strangijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strangid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: strengan

Middle English: strengen

English: string

Old Frisian: strenza

West Frisian: stringe, stringje

Old Saxon: *strengian

Middle Low German: strengen

Old Dutch: *strengen

Middle Dutch: strengen

Dutch: strengen

Old High German: strengen

Middle High German: strengen

German: strängen

From Proto-Germanic *strangijaną. Equivalent *strangi (“string”) + *-jan.


strangijan

Old English: *strengan

⇒ Old English: ætstrengan

Middle English: strengen

Old Frisian: *strenga

West Frisian: stringe, stringje

Old Saxon: *strengian

Middle Low German: strengen

Old Dutch: *strengen

Middle Dutch: strengen

Dutch: strengen

Old High German: *strengen

Middle High German: strengen

German: strengen


farwijan

farwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
farwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
farwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
farwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
farwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
farwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
farwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
farwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
farwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
farwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
farwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
farwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
farwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
farwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
farwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
farwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
farwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
farwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
farwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
farwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
farwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
farwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
farwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
farwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
farwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
farwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
farwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
farwi (class-1 present singular weak)
farwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
farwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
farwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *ferwa

Old Saxon: *ferwian

Middle Low German: ferwen

Old Dutch: *ferwen

Middle Dutch: verwen, varwen

Dutch: verven

Old High German: farwen, farawen

Middle High German: ferwen, verwen, ferben

German: färben

⇒ Old High German: gifarwit

→? Old French: fart m, farde f

Middle French: fard

French: fard (see there for further descendants)


swarmijan

swarmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swarmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swarmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swarmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swarmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swarmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swarmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swarmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swarmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swarmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swarmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swarmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swarmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swarmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swarmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swarmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swarmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swarmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swarmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swarmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swarmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swarmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swarmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swarmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swarmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swarmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swarmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swarmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swarmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swarmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swarmi (class-1 present singular weak)
swarmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swarmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swarmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: swirman

desctree

Middle English: swarmen, swermen, swarmyn
English: swarm
Scots: swairm

Old Saxon: *swermian

Middle Low German: swermen

Old Dutch: *swermen

Middle Dutch: swermen, swarmen

Dutch: zwermen

Old High German: swermen

Middle High German: swermen

German: schwärmen

From Proto-Germanic *swarmijaną. Equivalent to *swarm (“swarm”) + *-jan.


þwangijan

þwangijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þwangijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þwangijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þwangijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þwangiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þwangidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þwangisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þwangidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þwangidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þwangiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þwangidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þwangidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þwangijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þwangidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þwangiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þwangidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þwangijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þwangidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þwangijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þwangidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þwangijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þwangidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þwangijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þwangidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þwangijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þwangidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þwangijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þwangidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þwangijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þwangidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þwangi (class-1 present singular weak)
þwangiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þwangijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þwangid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *þwengian

Middle Low German: dwengen

Old High German: dwengen

Middle High German: twengen

German: zwängen

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *þwangijaną, a causative formation to *þwingan. Otherwise from *þwangi (“force”) + *-jan.


baddjōn

baddjōn (infinitive)
baddjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
baddjōnijē (dative infinitive)
baddjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
baddjō (first-person present singular)
baddjōdā (first-person past singular)
baddjōs (present second-person singular)
baddjōdēs (past second-person singular)
baddjōdōs (past second-person singular)
baddjōþ (present singular third-person)
baddjōdē (past singular third-person)
baddjōdā (past singular third-person)
baddjōm (first-person plural present)
baddjōdum (first-person past plural)
baddjōþ (plural present second-person)
baddjōdud (past plural second-person)
baddjōnþ (plural present third-person)
baddjōdun (past plural third-person)
baddjōdī (first-person past singular)
baddjōdī (past second-person singular)
baddjō (present singular third-person)
baddjōdī (past singular third-person)
baddjōdīm (first-person past plural)
baddjōdīd (past plural second-person)
baddjōn (plural present third-person)
baddjōdīn (past plural third-person)
baddjō (present singular)
baddjōþ (plural present)
baddjōndī (participle present)
baddjōd (participle past)

Old English: beddian

Middle English: bedden

English: bed

Scots: bede, bed

Old Frisian: *beddia

West Frisian: bêdzje

Old Saxon: *beddiōn

Middle Low German: bedden

German Low German: bedden

Old Dutch: *beddon
Middle Dutch: bedden
Dutch: bedden

Old High German: bettōn

Middle High German: betten

German: betten


swandijan

swandijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swandijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swandijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swandijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swandiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swandidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swandisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swandidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swandidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swandiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swandidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swandidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swandijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swandidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swandiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swandidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swandijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swandidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swandijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swandidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swandijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swandidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swandijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swandidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swandijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swandidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swandijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swandidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swandijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swandidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swandi (class-1 present singular weak)
swandiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swandijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swandid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *swendian

Middle Low German: swenden

Old Dutch: *swenden

Middle Dutch: swenden

Old High German: swenten

Middle High German: swenden

German: schwenden

From Proto-Germanic *swandijaną, a causative formation to *swindan.


swankijan

swankijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swankijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swankijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swankijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swankiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swankidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swankisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swankidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swankidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swankiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swankidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swankidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swankijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swankidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swankiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swankidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swankijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swankidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swankijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swankidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swankijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swankidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swankijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swankidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swankijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swankidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swankijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swankidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swankijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swankidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swanki (class-1 present singular weak)
swankiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swankijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swankid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: swenċan
Middle English: swenchen

>? Old Frisian: swensa (strong verb)

Old Saxon: *swenkian

Middle Low German: swenken

Low German: swenken

→ Saterland Frisian: swänkje

Old Dutch: *swenken

Middle Dutch: swenken

Dutch: zwenken

Afrikaans: swink

Old High German: swenken

Middle High German: swenken

German: schwenken


mōr

mōr (nominative singular)
mōrō (nominative plural)
mōrōs (nominative plural)
mōr (accusative singular)
mōrā (accusative plural)
mōras (genitive singular)
mōrō (genitive plural)
mōrē (dative singular)
mōrum (dative plural)
mōru (instrumental singular)
mōrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōr
Middle English: mor, more, moer
English: moor
Scots: muir
Yola: mor

Old Frisian: mōr

North Frisian: moar, moer

West Frisian: moer

Old Saxon: mōr

Middle Low German: môr, mûr

German Low German: Moor

→ German: Moor

Old Dutch: *mōr

Middle Dutch: moer

Dutch: moer

Afrikaans: moer

Old High German: muor

Middle High German: muor

Alemannic German: Nüere

Bavarian: Müer


smakkijan

smakkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
smakkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
smakkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
smakkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
smakkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smakkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smakkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smakkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smakkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smakkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smakkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smakkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smakkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smakkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smakkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smakkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smakkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smakkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smakkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smakkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smakkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smakkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smakkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smakkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smakkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smakkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smakkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smakkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smakkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smakkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smakki (class-1 present singular weak)
smakkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
smakkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
smakkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: smæċċan, smeċġan, smeċċan
Middle English: smacchen, smachen, smaicche, smatchen
English: smatch (obsolete)

Old Frisian: smekka, smetza

West Frisian: smeitsje, smeitse

Old Saxon: *smeckian

Middle Low German: smecken

German Low German: smecken

→ Estonian: mekkima/mekkida

→ Ingrian: mekkiä

Old Dutch: smecken

Middle Dutch: smecken

Dutch: smekken

desc

Old High German: smecchen, smekken, smecken

Middle High German: smecken

German: schmecken


abbjōn

abbjōn (infinitive)
abbjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
abbjōnijē (dative infinitive)
abbjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
abbjō (first-person present singular)
abbjōdā (first-person past singular)
abbjōs (present second-person singular)
abbjōdēs (past second-person singular)
abbjōdōs (past second-person singular)
abbjōþ (present singular third-person)
abbjōdē (past singular third-person)
abbjōdā (past singular third-person)
abbjōm (first-person plural present)
abbjōdum (first-person past plural)
abbjōþ (plural present second-person)
abbjōdud (past plural second-person)
abbjōnþ (plural present third-person)
abbjōdun (past plural third-person)
abbjōdī (first-person past singular)
abbjōdī (past second-person singular)
abbjō (present singular third-person)
abbjōdī (past singular third-person)
abbjōdīm (first-person past plural)
abbjōdīd (past plural second-person)
abbjōn (plural present third-person)
abbjōdīn (past plural third-person)
abbjō (present singular)
abbjōþ (plural present)
abbjōndī (participle present)
abbjōd (participle past)

Old English: ebbian

desctree

Middle English: ebben
English: ebb
Scots: ebb

Old Saxon: *ebbōn, *ebbiōn

Middle Low German: ebben

Low German: ebben

→ German: ebben

Old Dutch: *ebbon
Middle Dutch: ebben
Dutch: ebben

>? Old High German: *ebben

q

⇒? Old High German: firebben (only attested once, a class 1 weak verb)

From *abbjā (“ebb”) + *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“off, away”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *apó.


smakkēn

smakkēn (infinitive)
smakkēnijas (genitive infinitive)
smakkēnijē (dative infinitive)
smakkēniju (infinitive instrumental)
smakkē (first-person present singular)
smakk?dā (first-person past singular)
smakkēs (present second-person singular)
smakk?dēs (past second-person singular)
smakkēþ (present singular third-person)
smakk?dē (past singular third-person)
smakk?dā (past singular third-person)
smakkēm (first-person plural present)
smakk?dum (first-person past plural)
smakkēþ (plural present second-person)
smakk?dud (past plural second-person)
smakkēnþ (plural present third-person)
smakk?dun (past plural third-person)
smakk?dī (first-person past singular)
smakk?dī (past second-person singular)
smakkē (present singular third-person)
smakk?dī (past singular third-person)
smakk?dīm (first-person past plural)
smakk?dīd (past plural second-person)
smakkēn (plural present third-person)
smakk?dīn (past plural third-person)
smakkē (present singular)
smakkēþ (plural present)
smakkēndī (participle present)
smakk?d (participle past)

Old Frisian: *smakkia

West Frisian: smakke (a class 1 verb, possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *smakkōn

Middle Low German: smacken

Old Dutch: *smackon

Middle Dutch: smacken

Dutch: smakken

Old High German: *smakkēn

⇒ Old High German: gismakkēn

Middle High German: smacken

German: schmacken

From *smakk, *smakku (“taste”) + *-ēn. A Doublet of *smakēn.

to smack one's lips, to eat or drink loudly (possibly influenced by *smakkōn (“to hit, smack”))


smakēn

smakēn (infinitive)
smakēnijas (genitive infinitive)
smakēnijē (dative infinitive)
smakēniju (infinitive instrumental)
smakē (first-person present singular)
smak?dā (first-person past singular)
smakēs (present second-person singular)
smak?dēs (past second-person singular)
smakēþ (present singular third-person)
smak?dē (past singular third-person)
smak?dā (past singular third-person)
smakēm (first-person plural present)
smak?dum (first-person past plural)
smakēþ (plural present second-person)
smak?dud (past plural second-person)
smakēnþ (plural present third-person)
smak?dun (past plural third-person)
smak?dī (first-person past singular)
smak?dī (past second-person singular)
smakē (present singular third-person)
smak?dī (past singular third-person)
smak?dīm (first-person past plural)
smak?dīd (past plural second-person)
smakēn (plural present third-person)
smak?dīn (past plural third-person)
smakē (present singular)
smakēþ (plural present)
smakēndī (participle present)
smak?d (participle past)

Old Frisian: smakia

West Frisian: smeitsje

Old Saxon: *smakōn

Middle Low German: smāken

desctree

→ Middle English: smaken, smake, smakie, smakkyn, smakyn, smacky (Kent)
English: smack
Scots: smack
Yola: smack

→ Faroese: smakka

→ Icelandic: smakka

→ Norwegian:

→ Norwegian Bokmål: smake

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: smake, smaka

→ Swedish: smaka

→ Danish: smage

Old Dutch: *smacon
Middle Dutch: smāken
Dutch: smaken

Old High German: smahhēn

Middle High German: smachen


swakkjan

swakkjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swakkjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swakkjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swakkjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swakkju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swakidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swakisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swakidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swakidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swakiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swakidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swakidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swakkjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swakidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swakiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swakidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swakkjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swakidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swakkjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swakidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swakkjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swakidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swakkjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swakidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swakkjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swakidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swakkjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swakidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swakkjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swakidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swaki (class-1 present singular weak)
swakiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swakkjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swakid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *swekkian

Middle Low German: swecken

→ Norwegian:

→ Norwegian Bokmål: svekke

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: svekke, svekka

→ Danish: svække

⇒? Old Dutch: *farswekken

q

>? Middle Dutch: verswecken (possibly an alternative form of verswicken instead)

Old High German: *swehhen

Middle High German: swechen (likely adopted the -ch- from the adjective)

German: schwächen


Bajawarjō

Bajawarjā (accusative plural)
Bajawarjō (genitive plural)
Bajawarjum (dative plural)
Bajawarjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: Beiara

Middle High German: Beier

German: Bayer

→ Latin: Baiuvariī

Borrowed, possibly via Latin Boiī, from a Celtic language, plus the Germanic *-wari (“dweller, citizen”).

the Bavarians, inhabitants of Bavaria or the nearby Bohemia


-wari

-wari (nominative singular)
-warjō (nominative plural)
-warjōs (nominative plural)
-wari (accusative singular)
-warjā (accusative plural)
-warjas (genitive singular)
-warjō (genitive plural)
-warjē (dative singular)
-warjum (dative plural)
-warju (instrumental singular)
-warjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: -ware, -waras, -waran, -waru
Middle English: -ware, -wæren, -wærre (Laȝamon), -waress (Ormulum)
⇒ Early Modern English: endware
>? Middle English: -ere
English: -er
Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
Scots: -er

Old Frisian: -ere

Saterland Frisian: -er

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: *-āri

Middle Low German: -ære, -er

German Low German: -er

→ Old Norse: -ari

Faroese: -ari

Old Swedish: -are

Swedish: -are

Old Dutch: *-āri

Middle Dutch: -ere

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -āri, -eri, -wari

Middle High German: -āre, -ære, -er

German: -er


burgwari

borgwari (nominative singular)
borgwarjō (nominative plural)
borgwarjōs (nominative plural)
borgwari (accusative singular)
borgwarjā (accusative plural)
borgwarjas (genitive singular)
borgwarjō (genitive plural)
borgwarjē (dative singular)
borgwarjum (dative plural)
borgwarju (instrumental singular)
borgwarjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: burgware

Old Frisian: burger, borger

West Frisian: boarger

Old Saxon: *burgari

Middle Low German: börgære, börgere

Old Dutch: *burgari

Middle Dutch: borgere, borger, burgere

Dutch: burger

Old High German: burgāri, burgeri

Middle High German: burgære, borgāre

German: Bürger


Rūmu

Rūmu (nominative singular)
Rūmu (instrumental singular)

Old English: Rōm, Rūm
Middle English: Rome
English: Rome
Scots: Roum, Rome

Old Frisian: Rūme

Old Saxon: Rūma
Middle Low German: Rōme, Rōm
Dutch Low Saxon: Rome

Old Dutch: *Rōma

Middle Dutch: Rōme
Dutch: Rome
Afrikaans: Rome
Limburgish: Roeme

Old High German: Rūma, Rōma

Middle High German: Rōme

German: Rom

Luxembourgish: Roum

Yiddish: רוים (roym)

From Proto-Germanic *Rūmō, itself from Latin Rōma (possibly through Proto-Celtic *Rūmā).


rūmawari

rūmawari (nominative singular)
rūmawarjō (nominative plural)
rūmawarjōs (nominative plural)
rūmawari (accusative singular)
rūmawarjā (accusative plural)
rūmawarjas (genitive singular)
rūmawarjō (genitive plural)
rūmawarjē (dative singular)
rūmawarjum (dative plural)
rūmawarju (instrumental singular)
rūmawarjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōmware

Old Frisian: rūmere

West Frisian: Romer

Old Saxon: *rōmāri

Middle Low German: rö̂mære, rö̂mer

Old Dutch: *rōmeri

Middle Dutch: rômere, rômer

Dutch: Romer (obsolete)

Old High German: rūmāri, rōmāri

desc

Middle High German: rōmære, rōmer, rœmer

German: Römer


Hasu

Hasu (nominative singular)
Hasu (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: Hasa


haswawari

haswawari (nominative singular)
haswawarjō (nominative plural)
haswawarjōs (nominative plural)
haswawari (accusative singular)
haswawarjā (accusative plural)
haswawarjas (genitive singular)
haswawarjō (genitive plural)
haswawarjē (dative singular)
haswawarjum (dative plural)
haswawarju (instrumental singular)
haswawarjum (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Chasuarii


Amisi

Old Saxon: Emisa

From Proto-Germanic *Amisī, though the ultimate source for this is unknown. Cognate with Latin Amisia, Ancient Greek Ἀμασία (Amasía).


amisiwari

amisiwari (nominative singular)
amisiwarjō (nominative plural)
amisiwarjōs (nominative plural)
amisiwari (accusative singular)
amisiwarjā (accusative plural)
amisiwarjas (genitive singular)
amisiwarjō (genitive plural)
amisiwarjē (dative singular)
amisiwarjum (dative plural)
amisiwarju (instrumental singular)
amisiwarjum (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Ampsivarii


Eutō

Old English: Ēotas


kastannjā

kastannjā (nominative singular)
kastannjōn (nominative plural)
kastannjōn (accusative singular)
kastannjōn (accusative plural)
kastannjōn (genitive singular)
kastannjōnō (genitive plural)
kastannjōn (dative singular)
kastannjōm (dative plural)
kastannjum (dative plural)
kastannjōn (instrumental singular)
kastannjōm (instrumental plural)
kastannjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċisten, ċysten, *ċeasten, *ċiesten, *ċistene
Middle English: chesteyne, chasteine, chasten, chasteyn, chaston, chestan, chestayn, chesten, chestein, chesteyn, chestyn, cheston, kesteyn (merged with Old French chastaigne)
English: chesten (obsolete)
⇒ English: chestnut
→ Middle Scots: chastnut (calque)
Scots: chestnut
Middle Scots: chastan, chasten, chestane

Old Saxon: kestena, *kastannia

desc

Middle Low German: kastanie, kastannie, castanee, kastandie, karstânie, karstannie, karstandie, karstênie, karstênige

German Low German: Kastanje, Kristanje, Kastanigge, Kaschtanje, Kustanje

→ Swedish: kastanj
→ Finnish: kastanja

Old Dutch: *kestina

Middle Dutch: castānie

Dutch: kastanje

Old High German: kestina, kestinna

Middle High German: kestene, kesten

Alemannic German: Chestene

Bavarian: Kestn

German: Kästen, Kesten

⇒ Middle High German: *keste (reanalyzed in the singular)

Bavarian: Kest, Kescht

Cimbrian: khésta, khest (Luserna)

German: Käste, Keste

Luxembourgish: Käscht

Palatine German: Keschde

Kastanjenboom

Middle Low German: kastanienbôm, kastanntenbôm


mespilā

mispilā (nominative singular)
mispilōn (nominative plural)
mispilōn (accusative singular)
mispilōn (accusative plural)
mispilōn (genitive singular)
mispilōnō (genitive plural)
mispilōn (dative singular)
mispilōm (dative plural)
mispilum (dative plural)
mispilōn (instrumental singular)
mispilōm (instrumental plural)
mispilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mespile

Middle English: mespile

English: mesple

Old Saxon: mispela

Middle Low German: mispel, mispele

German Low German: Mispel

→ Danish: mispel

→ Finnish: mispeli

desctree

Old Dutch: *mespila, *mispila
Middle Dutch: mespele, mispel
Dutch: mispel
→ Papiamentu: mespel, mespu, mispel
→ Sranan Tongo: mispu
→ Aukan: mesupu
Limburgish: mispel

Old High German: mespila, mespil, nespila, nespil, mispila
Middle High German: mispel, mëspel, nëspel, mëstel, mistel
German: Mispel, Mißpel, Mespel, Meßpel (till later 18th century often), Espel, Hespel, Haspel, Nespel, Nispel, Wispel (regional)
→ Old Czech: mišpile, mišpule, nyšpule
Czech: mišpule, older often nyšpule
→ Hungarian: naspolya, formerly by region náspolya, naszpolya, nászpolya, noszpolya. lasponya, lásponya, miszpulya, nespolya
→ Polish: nieszpułka, nieszpułk, nieszpuła, niesplik, myszpuła
→ Slovak: mišpuľa, dialectally nyšpuľa, nešpuľa
→ Lower Sorbian: hušpula, rušpula
→ Upper Sorbian: nyšpula, nyšpla, nyspla, myšpla
→ Serbo-Croatian: nȅšpula, nȅšpola, mešpula, nespula, nespola, nješpula
→ Slovene: nẹ̑šplja


mespilabaum

mispilabaum (nominative singular)
mispilabaumō (nominative plural)
mispilabaumōs (nominative plural)
mispilabaum (accusative singular)
mispilabaumā (accusative plural)
mispilabaumas (genitive singular)
mispilabaumō (genitive plural)
mispilabaumē (dative singular)
mispilabaumum (dative plural)
mispilabaumu (instrumental singular)
mispilabaumum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *mispelbām

West Frisian: mispelbeam

Old Saxon: mispelbōm

Middle Low German: mispelenbôm

German Low German: Mispelboom

Old Dutch: *mespilbōm, *mispilbōm

Middle Dutch: mispelboom, mispelboem

Dutch: mispelboom

desc

Old High German: mespilboum, mispilboum, nespilboum

Middle High German: nespelboum

German: Nespelbaum, Nespelbaum, Mispelbaum (archaic)

From *mespilā (“medlar”) + *baum (“tree”).


bruggjōn

bruggjōn (infinitive)
bruggjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bruggjōnijē (dative infinitive)
bruggjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bruggjō (first-person present singular)
bruggjōdā (first-person past singular)
bruggjōs (present second-person singular)
bruggjōdēs (past second-person singular)
bruggjōdōs (past second-person singular)
bruggjōþ (present singular third-person)
bruggjōdē (past singular third-person)
bruggjōdā (past singular third-person)
bruggjōm (first-person plural present)
bruggjōdum (first-person past plural)
bruggjōþ (plural present second-person)
bruggjōdud (past plural second-person)
bruggjōnþ (plural present third-person)
bruggjōdun (past plural third-person)
bruggjōdī (first-person past singular)
bruggjōdī (past second-person singular)
bruggjō (present singular third-person)
bruggjōdī (past singular third-person)
bruggjōdīm (first-person past plural)
bruggjōdīd (past plural second-person)
bruggjōn (plural present third-person)
bruggjōdīn (past plural third-person)
bruggjō (present singular)
bruggjōþ (plural present)
bruggjōndī (participle present)
bruggjōd (participle past)

Old English: bryċġian

Middle English: briggen

English: bridge

Old Saxon: *bruggon, *bruggion

Middle Low German: brüggen

Old Dutch: *bruggon

Middle Dutch: bruggen

Dutch: bruggen (obsolete)

Old High German: brukkōn

Middle High German: brücken


lahtukā

lahtukā (nominative singular)
lahtukōn (nominative plural)
lahtukōn (accusative singular)
lahtukōn (accusative plural)
lahtukōn (genitive singular)
lahtukōnō (genitive plural)
lahtukōn (dative singular)
lahtukōm (dative plural)
lahtukum (dative plural)
lahtukōn (instrumental singular)
lahtukōm (instrumental plural)
lahtukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lactuċe f, lactuċ, leāhtuċ, lactuċa m

desctree

Middle English: letuse, letus, letys, letuce, letuze, letes, letows, letyse (corrupted by Old French)
English: lettuce
Scots: lettuce, lattice
→ Welsh: letys

Old Saxon: lodika, lodeka, lattika

desc

Middle Low German: lādeke, ladeke, lādike, laddeke, lēdeke, loddeke, lōdeke, lödike, löddike, lattik, lattike, latik, lattuke, latuk

German Low German: Lottche

Plautdietsch: Lottke

Old Dutch: *ladika, *lahtika

Middle Dutch: lachteke, lacteke, ladicke, ladeke, ledicke, ladich, ladik, ladike

Old High German: lattuhha, lattucha, latihha, laktuh, lattuh, latih, letih

Middle High German: latech, latche, leteche, latouch, lattuoch, latūn, lactuca, lactihha, lactūke

German: Lattich

→ Polish: laktuka

→ Belarusian: лату́к (latúk)

→ Ukrainian: лату́к (latúk)

→ Russian: лату́к (latúk)

Borrowed from Latin *ladduca, lattuca, lactūca.


ailijan

ailijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
ailijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
ailijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
ailijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
ailiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
ailidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
ailisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
ailidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ailidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ailiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
ailidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ailidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ailijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
ailidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
ailiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
ailidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
ailijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
ailidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ailijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
ailidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
ailijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
ailidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ailijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
ailidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ailijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
ailidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
ailijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
ailidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
ailijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
ailidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
aili (class-1 present singular weak)
ailiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
ailijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
ailid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ǣlan

From Proto-Germanic *ailijaną; equivalent to *ail (“fire”) + *-jan.


fraetan

fraetan (infinitive)
fraetannjas (genitive infinitive)
fraetannjē (dative infinitive)
fraetannju (infinitive instrumental)
fraetu (first-person present singular)
frat (first-person past singular)
fraitiʀi (present second-person singular)
frātī (past second-person singular)
fraitidi (present singular third-person)
frat (past singular third-person)
fraetum (first-person plural present)
frātum (first-person past plural)
fraitid (plural present second-person)
frātud (past plural second-person)
fraetand (plural present third-person)
frātun (past plural third-person)
fraetē (first-person present singular)
frātī (first-person past singular)
fraetēs (present second-person singular)
fraetē (present singular third-person)
frātī (past singular third-person)
fraetēm (first-person plural present)
frātīm (first-person past plural)
fraetēþ (plural present second-person)
frātīd (past plural second-person)
fraetēn (plural present third-person)
frātīn (past plural third-person)
frait (present singular)
fraitid (plural present)
fraetandī (participle present)
fraetan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: fretan
Middle English: freten, ffrete, frete, fretyn, vreten, freoten
English: fret
Scots: frete, freet

Old Frisian: freta

Saterland Frisian: freete

West Frisian: frette

Old Saxon: fretan
Middle Low German: vrēten
German Low German: freten, friätten
→ Swedish: fräta

Old Dutch: *fretan

Middle Dutch: vrēten
Dutch: vreten
Afrikaans: vreet
Limburgish: vraete

Old High German: frëȥȥan, firëȥȥan

Middle High German: vrëȥȥen

Cimbrian: vrèssan, brèssan, vrèzzan

German: fressen
→ English: fress (or from Yiddish)
→ Polish: frasować

Luxembourgish: friessen

Vilamovian: fraosa

Yiddish: פֿרעסן (fresn)
→ English: fress (or from German)

From Proto-Germanic *fraetaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *etan (“to eat”).


attjan

attjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
attjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
attjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
attjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
attju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
attā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
atisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
attēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
attōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
atiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
attē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
attā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
attjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
attum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
atiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
attud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
attjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
attun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
attjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
attī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
attjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
attī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
attjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
attī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
attjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
attīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
attjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
attīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
attjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
attīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ati (class-1 present singular weak)
atiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
attjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
att (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ettan
Middle English: etten, eten (merged with Old English etan)

Old Frisian: etta

⇒? West Frisian: ettjen, eattjen

Old Saxon: *ettian

Middle Low German: etten

German Low German: etten

Old Dutch: *etten

Middle Dutch: etten

Dutch: etten

Old High German: *azzen, ezzen

Middle High German: atzen, etzen

Alemannic German: etze

Cimbrian: etzan

German: ätzen, etzen
→ German Low German: ätzen
→ Danish: ætse
→ Finnish: etsata
→ Dutch: etsen
→ English: etch


kraftijan

kraftijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kraftijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kraftijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kraftijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kraftiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kraftidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kraftisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kraftidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kraftidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kraftiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kraftidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kraftidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kraftijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kraftidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kraftiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kraftidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kraftijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kraftidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kraftijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kraftidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kraftijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kraftidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kraftijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kraftidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kraftijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kraftidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kraftijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kraftidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kraftijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kraftidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
krafti (class-1 present singular weak)
kraftiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kraftijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kraftid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cræftan

Middle English: craften, creften

English: craft

Old Frisian: krefta

Old Saxon: *kreftian

Middle Low German: kreften

Old High German: kreften

Middle High German: kreften

German: kräften


strūbijan

strūbijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strūbijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strūbijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strūbijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strūbiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strūbidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strūbisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strūbidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūbidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūbiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strūbidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūbidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūbijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strūbidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strūbiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strūbidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strūbijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strūbidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strūbijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strūbidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strūbijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strūbidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūbijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strūbidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūbijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strūbidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strūbijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strūbidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strūbijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strūbidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strūbi (class-1 present singular weak)
strūbiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strūbijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strūbid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: strūvian

Middle Low German: struven

Old Dutch: *strūven

Middle Dutch: struven

Dutch: struiven

Old High German: strūben

Middle High German: strūben

German: sträuben

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

From *strūb (“stiff, rough”) + *-jan. Compare Lithuanian strùbas (“cut short, curtailed”), Proto-Slavic *strupъ (“scab, crust of a wound”), as well as perhaps Ancient Greek στρῠφνός (strŭphnós, “sour, astringent, severe”).


striunijan

striunijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
striunijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
striunijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
striunijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
striuniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
striunidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
striunisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
striunidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
striunidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
striuniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
striunidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
striunidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
striunijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
striunidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
striuniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
striunidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
striunijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
striunidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
striunijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
striunidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
striunijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
striunidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
striunijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
striunidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
striunijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
striunidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
striunijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
striunidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
striunijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
striunidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
striuni (class-1 present singular weak)
striuniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
striunijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
striunid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: strīenan, strēonan

Middle English: strenen

English: strain (obsolete)

Old Frisian: *striūna

West Frisian: strune

Old Saxon: striunian

Old Dutch: *striunen

Middle Dutch: strunen

Dutch: struinen

Old High German: striunen

Middle High German: striunen

German: streunen

Likely from *streun (“profit, business”) + *-jan.


sūrijan

sūrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sūrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sūrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sūrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sūriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūri (class-1 present singular weak)
sūriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sūrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sūrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *sūrian

Middle Low German: sǖren

Old Dutch: *sūren

Middle Dutch: suren (merged with the descendant of *sūrēn)

Dutch: zuren

Old High German: *sūren

⇒ Old High German: gisūren

Middle High German: siuren

German: säuern


brūnijan

brūnijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
brūnijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
brūnijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
brūnijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
brūniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
brūnidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
brūnisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
brūnidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brūnidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brūniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
brūnidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brūnidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brūnijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
brūnidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
brūniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
brūnidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
brūnijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
brūnidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
brūnijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
brūnidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
brūnijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
brūnidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brūnijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
brūnidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brūnijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
brūnidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
brūnijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
brūnidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
brūnijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
brūnidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
brūni (class-1 present singular weak)
brūniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
brūnijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
brūnid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: brȳnan

Old Dutch: *brūnen

Middle Dutch: brunen

Dutch: bruinen

Old High German: brūnen

Middle High German: briunen

German: bräunen

desctree

→ Old French: brunir, burnir
→ Italian: brunire
Middle French: brunir
French: brunir
→ Middle English: burnysshen, burnischen
English: burnish

→ Old Occitan: brunir

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: bronir

Portuguese: brunir

→ Old Spanish:

Spanish: bruñir


brūn

brūn (masculine nominative singular)
brūnu (feminine nominative singular)
brūn (neuter nominative singular)
brūnanā (accusative masculine singular)
brūnā (accusative feminine singular)
brūn (accusative neuter singular)
brūnas (genitive masculine singular)
brūneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
brūnas (genitive neuter singular)
brūnumē (dative masculine singular)
brūneʀē (dative feminine singular)
brūnumē (dative neuter singular)
brūnu (instrumental masculine singular)
brūneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
brūnu (instrumental neuter singular)
brūnē (masculine nominative plural)
brūnō (feminine nominative plural)
brūnu (neuter nominative plural)
brūnā (accusative masculine plural)
brūnā (accusative feminine plural)
brūnu (accusative neuter plural)
brūneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
brūneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
brūneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
brūnēm (dative masculine plural)
brūnum (dative masculine plural)
brūnēm (dative feminine plural)
brūnum (dative feminine plural)
brūnēm (dative neuter plural)
brūnum (dative neuter plural)
brūnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
brūnum (instrumental masculine plural)
brūnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
brūnum (feminine instrumental plural)
brūnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
brūnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: brūn
Middle English: broun, broyn, brown, brun, bruyn
English: brown
Bislama: braon
Tok Pisin: braun
→ Welsh: brown
→ Tongan: palauni
Geordie English: broon
Scots: broon, broun

Old Frisian: brūn

East Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: bruun

→ Latvian: brūns

West Frisian: brún

Old Saxon: brūn

Middle Low German: brûn

Dutch Low Saxon: brun, broen, bruun

German Low German: bruun, brun

Plautdietsch: brun

→ Estonian: pruun

→ Latgalian: bryuns

→ Latvian: brūns

Old Dutch: *brūn

Middle Dutch: bruun
Dutch: bruin
Afrikaans: bruin
Negerhollands: bruun, brin, bryen
→ Papiamentu: brùin, brein, bruin
→ Sranan Tongo: broin
Limburgish: broen
West Flemish: bruun
→ English: bruin
→ Latvian: brūns

Old High German: brūn

Middle High German: brūn

Alemannic German: bruun

Swabian:

Bavarian:

Central Franconian: brong, brung, broun

Hunsrik: braun

Luxembourgish: brong

East Central German:

Vilamovian: braojn

East Franconian:

German: braun

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: brau

Yiddish: ברוין (broyn)

→ Late Latin: brūnus

→ Dalmatian: broin

→ Italian: bruno

→ Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: brun

Portuguese: bruno

→ Old Spanish:

Spanish: bruno

⇒ Medieval Latin: brunneus
→ English: brunneous

→ Old French: brun
Middle French: brun
French: brun
→ Breton: brun
Louisiana Creole: brun
→ Romanian: brun
Norman: breun, brun (Jersey)
→ Galician: brun (archaic)


kurtijan

kurtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kurtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kurtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kurtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kurtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kurtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kurtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kurtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kurtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kurtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kurtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kurtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kurtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kurtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kurtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kurtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kurtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kurtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kurtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kurtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kurtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kurtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kurtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kurtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kurtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kurtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kurtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kurtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kurtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kurtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kurti (class-1 present singular weak)
kurtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kurtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kurtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cyrtan

Old Frisian: kerta, kirta, kurta, korta; (kortia)

(Saterland Frisian: kuutje, kutje)

West Frisian: kerte

Old Saxon: *kurtian

desc

Middle Low German: korten, kürten, körten, karten

German Low German: körten

Old Dutch: *kurten

Middle Dutch: curten, corten

Dutch: korten

Afrikaans: kort

Old High German: kurzen

Middle High German: kurzen, kürzen

German: kürzen


skurtijan

skurtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skurtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skurtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skurtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skurtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skurtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skurtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skurtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skurtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skurtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skurtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skurtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skurtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skurtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skurtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skurtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skurtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skurtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skurtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skurtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skurtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skurtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skurtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skurtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skurti (class-1 present singular weak)
skurtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skurtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skurtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *sċyrtan

Middle English: scyrten, scirten

⇒ Old English: ġesċyrtan

Old Frisian: skerta

Old Saxon: *skurtian

gl

Middle Low German: schörten (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *skurtēn and *skurtōn)

German Low German: schörten, schörtjen

Old High German: *skurzen

Middle High German: schürzen

>? German: schürzen


skurpijan

skurpijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skurpijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skurpijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skurpijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skurpiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skurpidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skurpisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skurpidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurpidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurpiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skurpidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurpidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurpijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skurpidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skurpiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skurpidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skurpijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skurpidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skurpijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skurpidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skurpijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skurpidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurpijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skurpidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurpijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skurpidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skurpijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skurpidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skurpijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skurpidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skurpi (class-1 present singular weak)
skurpiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skurpijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skurpid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: skurpian

Old Dutch: *skurpen

Middle Dutch: schorpen, schurpen

Dutch: schorpen, schurpen (dialectal)

>? Dutch: schulpen (to cut wood)

Old High German: skurfen, skurpfen

Middle High German: schürfen, schürpfen

German: schürfen

A zero-grade derivation from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerb-, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Closely related to *skarp (“sharp”).


kussīn

kussīn (nominative singular)
kussīnu (nominative plural)
kussīn (accusative singular)
kussīnu (accusative plural)
kussīnas (genitive singular)
kussīnō (genitive plural)
kussīnē (dative singular)
kussīnum (dative plural)
kussīnu (instrumental singular)
kussīnum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kessen

Saterland Frisian: Käsen

West Frisian: kessen

desctree

Old Saxon: kussīn, cussīn
Middle Low German: küssen, kuzen, cyssen, kößen
German Low German: Küssen
Plautdietsch: Kjessen

Old Dutch: *kussīn

Middle Dutch: cussin, cussine, cuossen (partially from Old French)

Dutch: kussen
Afrikaans: kussing
Negerhollands: kissintje, kisintśi (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: kusinchi, koesientje, bunsinchi (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: kunsu
→ Aukan: kunsu
→ Kari'na: kunsu
→ Saramaccan: kúnsu

Limburgish: kösse

Old High German: kussīn, chuissīn, chusse, chussī, cussen, cussī, cussīe, cussīn, kssīn, kuszīn
Middle High German: küssen, küssein, küsse
Alemannic German: Chüssi
Alsatian: Kissi, Kisse
Swabian: Kissa
Bavarian: Kissn
Central Franconian: Kösse, Kössem, Küsse
Hunsrik: Kisse
German: Kissen (obsolete Küssen)
Luxembourgish: Këssen
Rhine Franconian: Kisse, Kesse
Palatine German: Kisse, Kesse
Pennsylvania German: Kisse
Yiddish: קישן (kishn)

Borrowed from Late Latin cussīnus, cosīnus, coxīnus (“cushion, pillow”).

(Continental West Germanic) cushion, pillow


gahrustī

gahhrustī (masculine nominative singular)
gahhrustiju (feminine nominative singular)
gahhrustī (neuter nominative singular)
gahhrustijanā (accusative masculine singular)
gahhrustijā (accusative feminine singular)
gahhrustī (accusative neuter singular)
gahhrustijas (genitive masculine singular)
gahhrustijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gahhrustijas (genitive neuter singular)
gahhrustijumē (dative masculine singular)
gahhrustijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gahhrustijumē (dative neuter singular)
gahhrustiju (instrumental masculine singular)
gahhrustijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gahhrustiju (instrumental neuter singular)
gahhrustijē (masculine nominative plural)
gahhrustijō (feminine nominative plural)
gahhrustiju (neuter nominative plural)
gahhrustijā (accusative masculine plural)
gahhrustijā (accusative feminine plural)
gahhrustiju (accusative neuter plural)
gahhrustijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gahhrustijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gahhrustijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gahhrustijēm (dative masculine plural)
gahhrustijum (dative masculine plural)
gahhrustijēm (dative feminine plural)
gahhrustijum (dative feminine plural)
gahhrustijēm (dative neuter plural)
gahhrustijum (dative neuter plural)
gahhrustijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gahhrustijum (instrumental masculine plural)
gahhrustijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gahhrustijum (feminine instrumental plural)
gahhrustijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gahhrustijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: gehyrste

Middle English: irust

Old High German: gihrusti, girusti

Middle High German: gerüste

desc

Cimbrian: gerüsta, garüst (Sette Comuni)

German: Gerüst

From *ga- + *hrusti (“adornment”) + *-ī (adjective suffix).


haubidakussīn

haubidakussīn (nominative singular)
haubidakussīnu (nominative plural)
haubidakussīn (accusative singular)
haubidakussīnu (accusative plural)
haubidakussīnas (genitive singular)
haubidakussīnō (genitive plural)
haubidakussīnē (dative singular)
haubidakussīnum (dative plural)
haubidakussīnu (instrumental singular)
haubidakussīnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōvidkussīn

desc

Middle Low German: hȫvetküssen, hȫvetkissen, houftküssen

Old Dutch: *hōvitkussīn

Middle Dutch: hovetkussen

Dutch: hoofdkussen

Old High German: houbitkussīn

Middle High German: houbetküssen, houptküssen

From *haubid (“head”) + *kussīn (“cushion”).


haubidapulwī

haubidapulwī (nominative singular)
haubidapulwīn (accusative singular)
haubidapulwīn (genitive singular)
haubidapulwīn (dative singular)
haubidapulwīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: hōvidpuli

Middle Low German: hȫvetpōl, hovetpōl, hȫvetpȫl, hȫftpȫl

Old Dutch: *hōvitpuluwī

Middle Dutch: hovetpoluwe, hovetpeulwe, hooftpelu

Dutch: hoofdpeluw

Old High German: houbitpfuluwīn, houbitphuluwīn, houbitpfuluwī, houbitphuluwī, houbitpfuluwi, houbitphuluwi, houbitpfuliwi, houbitphuliwi

Middle High German: houbetpfulwe, houbetphulwe

German: Hauptpfühl

From *haubid (“head”) + *pulwī (“cushion”).


kaupō

kaupō (nominative singular)
kaupan (nominative plural)
kaupan (accusative singular)
kaupan (accusative plural)
kaupini (genitive singular)
kaupan (genitive singular)
kaupanō (genitive plural)
kaupini (dative singular)
kaupan (dative singular)
kaupum (dative plural)
kaupini (instrumental singular)
kaupan (instrumental singular)
kaupum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċīepa

desctree

Old High German: koufo
Middle High German: koufe


kaupijan

kaupijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kaupijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kaupijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kaupijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kaupiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kaupidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kaupisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kaupidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaupidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaupiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kaupidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kaupidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kaupijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kaupidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kaupiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kaupidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kaupijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kaupidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kaupijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kaupidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kaupijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kaupidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaupijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kaupidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kaupijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kaupidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kaupijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kaupidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kaupijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kaupidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kaupi (class-1 present singular weak)
kaupiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kaupijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kaupid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ċīepan, ċȳpan

Middle English: chepen (merged with descendant of *kaupōn)

Scots: chepe, cheip

English: cheap

Old Saxon: kōpian
Middle Low German: kö̂pen
Low German: köpen

Old Dutch: cōpen
Middle Dutch: côpen
Dutch: kopen
Afrikaans: koop
Berbice Creole Dutch: kopu
Negerhollands: koop, kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kop
Limburgish: koupe

Old High German: koufen

Old High German: koufen, keufen

German: käufen

From Proto-Germanic *kaupijaną. Equivalent to *kaupō (“merchant, innkeeper”) + *-jan.


kaupamann

kaupamann (nominative singular)
kaupamanni (nominative plural)
kaupamannu (accusative singular)
kaupamanni (accusative plural)
kaupamanni (genitive singular)
kaupamannō (genitive plural)
kaupamanni (dative singular)
kaupamannum (dative plural)
kaupamanni (instrumental singular)
kaupamannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēapmann, ċēapman, cȳpman, cȳpeman
Middle English: chapman, capman, chepman, chipman, schapman, schipman, shapmann, chapmon, chæpmon, chepmon (Early Middle English), chappmann (Ormulum)
English: chapman
⇒ English: chap
Pennsylvania German: Tschaepp (“guy”)
Scots: chapman

Old Frisian: kāpmann, kāpmonn

Saterland Frisian: Koopmon

West Frisian: keapman

Old Saxon: kōpman

Middle Low German: kôpman

German Low German: Koopmann

Plautdietsch: Koopmaun

→ Swedish: köpman

→ Danish: købmand

→ Gutnish: kaupman

Old Dutch: kōpman

Middle Dutch: koopman

Dutch: koopman

Afrikaans: koopman

Old High German: koufman

Middle High German: koufman

German: Kaufmann

Hunsrik: Kaafmann

Vilamovian: kaojfmaon

Yiddish: קויפֿמאַן (koyfman)


mangārī

mangārī (nominative singular)
mangārijō (nominative plural)
mangārijōs (nominative plural)
mangārī (accusative singular)
mangārijā (accusative plural)
mangārijas (genitive singular)
mangārijō (genitive plural)
mangārijē (dative singular)
mangārijum (dative plural)
mangāriju (instrumental singular)
mangārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mangere
Middle English: mongere
English: monger

Old Saxon: *mangāri

desc

Middle Low German: mengäre, menger, manger, mangäre

desctree

→ Old Norse: mangari
Old Swedish: mangare

Old Dutch: *mangāri

Middle Dutch: manghere, menghere

Dutch: manger, menger

desc

Old High German: mangāri, mengāri, mangari

Middle High German: mangäre, mengäre, manger, menger

German: Manger

From Latin mangō (“dealer, monger”) + *-ārī.

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