mārijan

mārijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
mārijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
mārijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
mārijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
māriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
māridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mārisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
māridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
māridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
māriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
māridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
māridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mārijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
māridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
māriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
māridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mārijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
māridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mārijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
māridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mārijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
māridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mārijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
māridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mārijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
māridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mārijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
māridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mārijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
māridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
māri (class-1 present singular weak)
māriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
mārijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
mārid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: mǣran

Old Saxon: mārian

Old Dutch: *māren

Middle Dutch: maren, vermaren

Dutch: vermaren (vermaard)

Old High German: māren

From Proto-Germanic *mērijaną. Equivalent to *mār (“famous”) + *-jan.


māriþu

māriþu (nominative singular)
māriþō (nominative plural)
māriþā (accusative singular)
māriþā (accusative plural)
māriþā (genitive singular)
māriþō (genitive plural)
māriþē (dative singular)
māriþōm (dative plural)
māriþum (dative plural)
māriþu (instrumental singular)
māriþōm (instrumental plural)
māriþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣrþo, mǣrþu, mǣrþ

Middle English: merthe

Old Saxon: māritha, mārtha

Old Dutch: māritha

Old High German: mārida

From Proto-Germanic *mēriþō. Equivalent to *mār (“famous”) + *-iþu.


gunþifanō

gunþifanō (nominative singular)
gunþifanan (nominative plural)
gunþifanan (accusative singular)
gunþifanan (accusative plural)
gunþifanini (genitive singular)
gunþifanan (genitive singular)
gunþifananō (genitive plural)
gunþifanini (dative singular)
gunþifanan (dative singular)
gunþifanum (dative plural)
gunþifanini (instrumental singular)
gunþifanan (instrumental singular)
gunþifanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gūþfana

Old Saxon: gūthfano

Old High German: gundfano

desctree

→ Old French: gonfanon, gonfalon
French: gonfanon
→ Middle Dutch: gonfanoen
Dutch: gonfanon
→ Middle English: gonfanon
English: gonfanon

From Proto-Germanic *gunþifanô. Equivalent to *gunþi + *fanō.


andasakan

andasakan (infinitive)
andasakannjas (genitive infinitive)
andasakannjē (dative infinitive)
andasakannju (infinitive instrumental)
andasaku (first-person present singular)
andasōk (first-person past singular)
andasakiʀi (present second-person singular)
andasōkī (past second-person singular)
andasakidi (present singular third-person)
andasōk (past singular third-person)
andasakum (first-person plural present)
andasōkum (first-person past plural)
andasakid (plural present second-person)
andasōkud (past plural second-person)
andasakand (plural present third-person)
andasōkun (past plural third-person)
andasakē (first-person present singular)
andasōkī (first-person past singular)
andasakēs (present second-person singular)
andasakē (present singular third-person)
andasōkī (past singular third-person)
andasakēm (first-person plural present)
andasōkīm (first-person past plural)
andasakēþ (plural present second-person)
andasōkīd (past plural second-person)
andasakēn (plural present third-person)
andasōkīn (past plural third-person)
andasak (present singular)
andasakid (plural present)
andasakandī (participle present)
andasakan (participle past)

Old English: onsacan

Old Saxon: andsakan

From Proto-Germanic *andasakaną. Equivalent to *anda- + *sakan.

(North Sea Germanic) to speak against, refute


sniumijan

sniumijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sniumijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sniumijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sniumijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sniumiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sniumidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sniumisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sniumidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sniumidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sniumiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sniumidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sniumidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sniumijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sniumidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sniumiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sniumidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sniumijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sniumidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sniumijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sniumidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sniumijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sniumidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sniumijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sniumidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sniumijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sniumidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sniumijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sniumidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sniumijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sniumidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sniumi (class-1 present singular weak)
sniumiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sniumijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sniumid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *sniumen

Middle Low German: gesniumen

Old High German: sniumen

From Proto-Germanic *sniumijaną. Equivalent to *sniumī (“hasty, fast”) + *-jan.


garūnī

garūnī (nominative singular)
garūniju (nominative plural)
garūnī (accusative singular)
garūniju (accusative plural)
garūnijas (genitive singular)
garūnijō (genitive plural)
garūnijē (dative singular)
garūnijum (dative plural)
garūniju (instrumental singular)
garūnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġerȳne

Middle English: irīne, *yrīne, ʒerīnu (pl.)

Old High German: *girūni

Middle High German: gerūne, geriune

German: Geraune

From Proto-Germanic *garūniją. Equivalent to *ga- + *rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


rūnu

rūnu (nominative singular)
rūnō (nominative plural)
rūnā (accusative singular)
rūnā (accusative plural)
rūnā (genitive singular)
rūnō (genitive plural)
rūnē (dative singular)
rūnōm (dative plural)
rūnum (dative plural)
rūnu (instrumental singular)
rūnōm (instrumental plural)
rūnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rūn

Middle English: roun

Scots: rune, roun, round

English: roun, round

Old Saxon: rūna

Middle Low German: rûne, rune

Old Dutch: *rūna

Middle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)

(Dutch: alruin)

Old High German: rūna

Middle High German: rūne

German: Raune, Rune


garūnō

garūnō (nominative singular)
garūnan (nominative plural)
garūnan (accusative singular)
garūnan (accusative plural)
garūnini (genitive singular)
garūnan (genitive singular)
garūnanō (genitive plural)
garūnini (dative singular)
garūnan (dative singular)
garūnum (dative plural)
garūnini (instrumental singular)
garūnan (instrumental singular)
garūnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gerūna

Old High German: girūno

Dutch: ruiner, from Middle Dutch runer

From Proto-Germanic *garūnô, equivalent to *ga- + *rūnō.


raunu

raunu (nominative singular)
raunō (nominative plural)
raunā (accusative singular)
raunā (accusative plural)
raunā (genitive singular)
raunō (genitive plural)
raunē (dative singular)
raunōm (dative plural)
raunum (dative plural)
raunu (instrumental singular)
raunōm (instrumental plural)
raunum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rān


hrītan

hrītan (infinitive)
hrītannjas (genitive infinitive)
hrītannjē (dative infinitive)
hrītannju (infinitive instrumental)
hrītu (first-person present singular)
hrait (first-person past singular)
hrītiʀi (present second-person singular)
hritī (past second-person singular)
hrītidi (present singular third-person)
hrait (past singular third-person)
hrītum (first-person plural present)
hritum (first-person past plural)
hrītid (plural present second-person)
hritud (past plural second-person)
hrītand (plural present third-person)
hritun (past plural third-person)
hrītē (first-person present singular)
hritī (first-person past singular)
hrītēs (present second-person singular)
hrītē (present singular third-person)
hritī (past singular third-person)
hrītēm (first-person plural present)
hritīm (first-person past plural)
hrītēþ (plural present second-person)
hritīd (past plural second-person)
hrītēn (plural present third-person)
hritīn (past plural third-person)
hrīt (present singular)
hrītid (plural present)
hrītandī (participle present)
hritan (participle past)

Old English: *hrītan

Old Frisian: *hrīta

Saterland Frisian: riete

West Frisian: rite

Old Saxon: hrītan

Middle Low German: rîten

Low German: rieten

German Low German: rieten

desctree

Old Dutch: *rītan
Middle Dutch: riten
Dutch: rijten
Limburgish: riete

Old High German: rīȥan

Middle High German: rīȥen

German: reißen

Luxembourgish: räissen


rīhan

rīhan (infinitive)
rīhannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīhannjē (dative infinitive)
rīhannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīhu (first-person present singular)
raih (first-person past singular)
rīhiʀi (present second-person singular)
rigī (past second-person singular)
rīhidi (present singular third-person)
raih (past singular third-person)
rīhum (first-person plural present)
rigum (first-person past plural)
rīhid (plural present second-person)
rigud (past plural second-person)
rīhand (plural present third-person)
rigun (past plural third-person)
rīhē (first-person present singular)
rigī (first-person past singular)
rīhēs (present second-person singular)
rīhē (present singular third-person)
rigī (past singular third-person)
rīhēm (first-person plural present)
rigīm (first-person past plural)
rīhēþ (plural present second-person)
rigīd (past plural second-person)
rīhēn (plural present third-person)
rigīn (past plural third-person)
rīh (present singular)
rīhid (plural present)
rīhandī (participle present)
rigan (participle past)

Old Frisian: *rīa

West Frisian: riuwe

Old Saxon: *rīhan

Middle Low German: rīhen

Old Dutch: *rīan

Middle Dutch: rien, rigen

Dutch: rijgen

Afrikaans: ryg

Old High German: *rīhan

Middle High German: rīhen

German: reihen


sīpan

sīpan (infinitive)
sīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
sīpannjē (dative infinitive)
sīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
sīpu (first-person present singular)
saip (first-person past singular)
sīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
sipī (past second-person singular)
sīpidi (present singular third-person)
saip (past singular third-person)
sīpum (first-person plural present)
sipum (first-person past plural)
sīpid (plural present second-person)
sipud (past plural second-person)
sīpand (plural present third-person)
sipun (past plural third-person)
sīpē (first-person present singular)
sipī (first-person past singular)
sīpēs (present second-person singular)
sīpē (present singular third-person)
sipī (past singular third-person)
sīpēm (first-person plural present)
sipīm (first-person past plural)
sīpēþ (plural present second-person)
sipīd (past plural second-person)
sīpēn (plural present third-person)
sipīn (past plural third-person)
sīp (present singular)
sīpid (plural present)
sīpandī (participle present)
sipan (participle past)

Old Frisian: sīpa

Old Saxon: *sīpan

Middle Low German: sīpen

Low German: siepen

Old Dutch: *sīpan

Middle Dutch: sipen

Dutch: zijpen

Old High German: *sīfan

Middle High German: sīfen

Central Franconian: siefe, siffe, seife

⇒ Luxembourgish: säifeg


þrūþi

þrūþi (nominative singular)
þrūþī (nominative plural)
þrūþi (accusative singular)
þrūþī (accusative plural)
þrūþī (genitive singular)
þrūþijō (genitive plural)
þrūþī (dative singular)
þrūþim (dative plural)
þrūþijum (dative plural)
þrūþī (instrumental singular)
þrūþim (instrumental plural)
þrūþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrȳþ
Middle English: thrith, thirth

Old Saxon: *thrūth (in personal names and placenames)

⇒ Old Saxon: Thrudbertus

⇒ Old Saxon: Thruthburg


þrukkijan

þrukkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þrukkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þrukkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þrukkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þrukkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þrukkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þrukkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þrukkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þrukkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þrukkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þrukkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þrukkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þrukkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þrukkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þrukkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þrukkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þrukkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þrukkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þrukkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þrukkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þrukkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þrukkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þrukkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þrukkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þrukkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þrukkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þrukkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þrukkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þrukkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þrukkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þrukki (class-1 present singular weak)
þrukkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þrukkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þrukkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: þryċċan
Middle English: thrucchen, thrycchen, thricchen
English: thrutch (dialectal), druck
Middle English: *threkken, threken
English: thrack
Scots: thratch, thrack

Old Frisian: thretza, thrikka

West Frisian: druwckjen, drukke

Old Saxon: thrukkian
Middle Low German: drücken
German Low German: drücken
→ West Frisian: drukke

Old Dutch: *thrucken

Middle Dutch: drucken
Dutch: drukken
Afrikaans: druk
→ Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig
→ Papiamentu: drùk, druk
Limburgish: drókke, drökke

Old High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan
Middle High German: drücken, drucken
Bavarian: druckn
Cimbrian: drukhan
German: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)
→ Ladin: druché
→ Low German: drucken
→ Polish: drukować
→ Belarusian: друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)
→ Ukrainian: друкува́ти (drukuváty)
→ Yiddish: דרוקן (drukn)
Luxembourgish: drécken
Yiddish: דריקן (drikn)


þurstu

þurstu (nominative singular)
þurstiwi (nominative plural)
þorstō (nominative plural)
þurstu (accusative singular)
þurstū (accusative plural)
þorstō (genitive singular)
þurstiwō (genitive plural)
þurstiwi (dative singular)
þorstō (dative singular)
þurstum (dative plural)
þurstu (instrumental singular)
þurstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þurst, þyrst
Middle English: þurst, thurst, thorst, thirst
English: thirst
Scots: thrist

Old Frisian: thorst

Saterland Frisian: Toarst

West Frisian: toarst

Old Saxon: thurst
Middle Low German: dorst
German Low German: Dörst, Döst
Plautdietsch: Darscht

Old Dutch: thurst

Middle Dutch: dorst
Dutch: dorst
Afrikaans: dors
Negerhollands: dorst, dos, durst
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dos (archaic)

Old High German: thurst, durst

Middle High German: durst

Central Franconian: Dursch

Cimbrian: duarst

East Central German: Durscht (Erzgebirgisch)

German: Durst

Luxembourgish: Duuscht

Yiddish: דאָרשט (dorsht)


uʀþrot

uʀþrot (nominative singular)
uʀþrotu (nominative plural)
uʀþrot (accusative singular)
uʀþrotu (accusative plural)
uʀþrotas (genitive singular)
uʀþrotō (genitive plural)
uʀþrotē (dative singular)
uʀþrotum (dative plural)
uʀþrotu (instrumental singular)
uʀþrotum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣþrot

Old High German: urdruz

Middle High German: urdruz

German: Urdruss


uʀþreutan

uʀþreutan (infinitive)
uʀþreutannjas (genitive infinitive)
uʀþreutannjē (dative infinitive)
uʀþreutannju (infinitive instrumental)
uʀþreutu (first-person present singular)
uʀþraut (first-person past singular)
uʀþriutiʀi (present second-person singular)
uʀþrutī (past second-person singular)
uʀþriutidi (present singular third-person)
uʀþraut (past singular third-person)
uʀþreutum (first-person plural present)
uʀþrutum (first-person past plural)
uʀþriutid (plural present second-person)
uʀþrutud (past plural second-person)
uʀþreutand (plural present third-person)
uʀþrutun (past plural third-person)
uʀþreutē (first-person present singular)
uʀþrutī (first-person past singular)
uʀþreutēs (present second-person singular)
uʀþreutē (present singular third-person)
uʀþrutī (past singular third-person)
uʀþreutēm (first-person plural present)
uʀþrutīm (first-person past plural)
uʀþreutēþ (plural present second-person)
uʀþrutīd (past plural second-person)
uʀþreutēn (plural present third-person)
uʀþrutīn (past plural third-person)
uʀþriut (present singular)
uʀþriutid (plural present)
uʀþreutandī (participle present)
uʀþrotan (participle past)

Old English: āþrēotan

Old Saxon: āthriotan

desc

Middle Low German: vordrēten, vordreiten

Old High German: irdriozan, irdruzzen

Middle High German: erdriezen, verdriezen

German: erdrießen (archaic), verdrießen

From Proto-Germanic *uzþreutaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- + *þreutan.


walh

walh (nominative singular)
walhō (nominative plural)
walhōs (nominative plural)
walh (accusative singular)
walhā (accusative plural)
walhas (genitive singular)
walhō (genitive plural)
walhē (dative singular)
walhum (dative plural)
walhu (instrumental singular)
walhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wealh
Middle English: wælh, wale
→ English: wealh (learned)
→ Medieval Latin: wallus

⇒ Old English: Cornwēalas (“Cornwall”)

Middle English: Cornwale, Cornwaile

English: Cornwall

⇒ Old English: Wēalas (“Wales”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: *Wala, *Wale

Middle Dutch: wāle

Dutch: Waal

Old High German: walh, walah

Middle High German: walch

German: Walchen pl, Walen pl (in placenames)

→ Vulgar Latin: *Wallō

Walloon: walon, Walon

→ French: wallon, Wallon

→ English: Walloon

→? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ

→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

foreigner, non-Germanic person (a Celt, later also a Roman)


walhisk

walhisk (masculine nominative singular)
walhisku (feminine nominative singular)
walhisk (neuter nominative singular)
walhiskanā (accusative masculine singular)
walhiskā (accusative feminine singular)
walhisk (accusative neuter singular)
walhiskas (genitive masculine singular)
walhiskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
walhiskas (genitive neuter singular)
walhiskumē (dative masculine singular)
walhiskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
walhiskumē (dative neuter singular)
walhisku (instrumental masculine singular)
walhiskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
walhisku (instrumental neuter singular)
walhiskē (masculine nominative plural)
walhiskō (feminine nominative plural)
walhisku (neuter nominative plural)
walhiskā (accusative masculine plural)
walhiskā (accusative feminine plural)
walhisku (accusative neuter plural)
walhiskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
walhiskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
walhiskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
walhiskēm (dative masculine plural)
walhiskum (dative masculine plural)
walhiskēm (dative feminine plural)
walhiskum (dative feminine plural)
walhiskēm (dative neuter plural)
walhiskum (dative neuter plural)
walhiskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
walhiskum (instrumental masculine plural)
walhiskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
walhiskum (feminine instrumental plural)
walhiskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
walhiskum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Old English: wǣlisċ, wēlisċ, wīlisċ, wȳlisċ, wīelisċ

Middle English: Walsch, Welische

Scots: Welsche, Welch

English: Welsh, Welch

→ Dutch: Wels

Old Dutch: *walisc

Middle Dutch: walsch, *wāalsch

Dutch: waals, Waals

Old High German: walask, walahisk, welisk

Middle High German: welisc

Alemannic German:

Italian Walser: wälsch, wailsch, walts, wältsch

Bavarian:

Mòcheno: balsch

Cimbrian: bèllos, belisch, belesch

German: welsch

Yiddish: וועליש (velish)

→ English: Vellish

→ Old French: gualeis, walois

Middle French: gaulois

French: gaulois

From Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz. Equivalent to *walh + *-isk.


þiudisk

þiudisk (masculine nominative singular)
þiudisku (feminine nominative singular)
þiudisk (neuter nominative singular)
þiudiskanā (accusative masculine singular)
þiudiskā (accusative feminine singular)
þiudisk (accusative neuter singular)
þiudiskas (genitive masculine singular)
þiudiskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þiudiskas (genitive neuter singular)
þiudiskumē (dative masculine singular)
þiudiskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
þiudiskumē (dative neuter singular)
þiudisku (instrumental masculine singular)
þiudiskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þiudisku (instrumental neuter singular)
þiudiskē (masculine nominative plural)
þiudiskō (feminine nominative plural)
þiudisku (neuter nominative plural)
þiudiskā (accusative masculine plural)
þiudiskā (accusative feminine plural)
þiudisku (accusative neuter plural)
þiudiskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þiudiskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þiudiskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þiudiskēm (dative masculine plural)
þiudiskum (dative masculine plural)
þiudiskēm (dative feminine plural)
þiudiskum (dative feminine plural)
þiudiskēm (dative neuter plural)
þiudiskum (dative neuter plural)
þiudiskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þiudiskum (instrumental masculine plural)
þiudiskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þiudiskum (feminine instrumental plural)
þiudiskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þiudiskum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: þēodisc, þīodisċ
Middle English: thedisch, þedisch, þeodisc
→ English: thedish, theodish (learned)

Old Frisian: thiōsk

West Frisian: Tsjutsk (“German”) (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thiudisk
Middle Low German: düdesch
Low German:
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: dütsch
Bremisch: dütsch
Dithmarsisch: dütsch
Hamburgisch: dütsch, düütsch
Eastphalian: duitsch
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: dütsk; Dütsk
Osnabrückisch: düütsk
Lippisch: duitsk
Paderbornisch: duitsk
Ravensbergisch: duütsk
Sauerländer-Märkisch: duͤdsk
Sauerländisch: duitsk
Westmünsterländisch: düüts, düütsk
Plautdietsch: dietsch
→ Saterland Frisian: düütsk

Old Dutch: *thiudisc
Middle Dutch: dietsch, duutsch
Dutch: Diets (“Middle Dutch”)
Dutch: Duits (“German”), (obsolete) Duitsch, Duytsch, Duitser (“German person”)
Afrikaans: Duits
Negerhollands: dutsch
→? Japanese: ドイツ (Doitsu)
→ English: Doitsu
→ Korean: 독일 (dogil)
Sranan Tongo: Doisri
→ Caribbean Hindustani: Doisri
→ Caribbean Javanese: Dhoisri
Limburgish: Dutsj
→ Middle English: Duch, Duche, Deuche, Dusche, Dewche, Dowche, duch, duche, deuche, dusche
English: Dutch
Scots: Dutch
→ West Frisian: Dútsk

Old High German: diutisk, diutisc
Middle High German: diutsc, diutisch, diutsch, tiutsch, tiusch
Alemannic German: tüütsch, dütsch, düütsch, Dütsch, Ditsch, Dytsch
Swabian: deitsch, daitsch
Walser: töitsch, titsch, tittschu, titzsch
Bavarian: daitsch, deitsch, taitsch
Cimbrian: tòiz, tauč, taütsch
Gottscheerish: taitš
Mòcheno: taitsch
Central Franconian: dütsch
Hunsrik: deitsch, Deitsch
Kölsch: duetsch
Luxembourgish: däitsch, Däitsch
East Central German: deitsch
Silesian East Central German: deitsch, doitsch (Glätzisch)
Upper Saxon German: Deitsch, deidsch
German: Deutsch, deutsch
→ Chinese: 德意志 (Déyìzhì)
→? Japanese: ドイツ (Doitsu)
→ English: Doitsu
→ Korean: 독일 (dogil)

Rhine Franconian: deitsch
Pennsylvania German: deitsch, Deitsch
Vilamovian: daojć
Yiddish: דײַטש (daytsh), טײַטש (taytsh)

Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus
French: thiois, tudesque
Friulian: todesc
Italian: tedesco
Ladin: tudësch
Portuguese: tudesco
Sranan Tongo: Tudesku
Romanian: tudesc
Romansch: tudestg
Sardinian: tedescu
Sicilian: tudiscu
Spanish: tudesco
Venetan: todesco

From Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz. Equivalent to *þeudu + *-isk.


rakkjan

rakkjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
rakkjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
rakkjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
rakkjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
rakkju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rakidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rakisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rakidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rakidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rakiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rakidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rakidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rakkjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rakidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rakiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rakidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rakkjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rakidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rakkjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rakidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rakkjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rakidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rakkjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rakidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rakkjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rakidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rakkjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rakidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rakkjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rakidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
raki (class-1 present singular weak)
rakiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
rakkjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
rakid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: reċċean, reċċan

Middle English: recchen

English: reche, retch

Scots: rak

Old Frisian: reka, retsa

Saterland Frisian: räkke

West Frisian: rekke

Old Saxon: rekkian

Middle Low German: recken

German Low German: recken

Old Dutch: *recken

Middle Dutch: recken
Dutch: rekken
Afrikaans: rek
Limburgish: rèkke

desc

Old High German: recchen, reckian, recken

Middle High German: recken, reken

German: recken

From Proto-Germanic *rakjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵéyeti.


hrōþi

hrōþi (nominative singular)
hrōþī (nominative plural)
hrōþi (accusative singular)
hrōþī (accusative plural)
hrōþī (genitive singular)
hrōþijō (genitive plural)
hrōþī (dative singular)
hrōþim (dative plural)
hrōþijum (dative plural)
hrōþī (instrumental singular)
hrōþim (instrumental plural)
hrōþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrēþ

Old Saxon: hrōth-

Old High German: hruod, (early) hrōd, (Freising) hroad, (early 9th C.) rōd, (Freising) road, (from 9th C.) ruod


bōkōn

bōkōn (infinitive)
bōkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bōkōnijē (dative infinitive)
bōkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bōkō (first-person present singular)
bōkōdā (first-person past singular)
bōkōs (present second-person singular)
bōkōdēs (past second-person singular)
bōkōdōs (past second-person singular)
bōkōþ (present singular third-person)
bōkōdē (past singular third-person)
bōkōdā (past singular third-person)
bōkōm (first-person plural present)
bōkōdum (first-person past plural)
bōkōþ (plural present second-person)
bōkōdud (past plural second-person)
bōkōnþ (plural present third-person)
bōkōdun (past plural third-person)
bōkōdī (first-person past singular)
bōkōdī (past second-person singular)
bōkō (present singular third-person)
bōkōdī (past singular third-person)
bōkōdīm (first-person past plural)
bōkōdīd (past plural second-person)
bōkōn (plural present third-person)
bōkōdīn (past plural third-person)
bōkō (present singular)
bōkōþ (plural present)
bōkōndī (participle present)
bōkōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: bōcian
Middle English: booken, boken
English: book
Scots: buik, beuk

Old Frisian: bōkia

West Frisian: boekje

Old Saxon: *bōkon

Middle Low German: bôken

German Low German: boken

Old Dutch: *buocon
Middle Dutch: boeken
Dutch: boeken

Old High German: *buohhōn, *buochōn

Middle High German: buochen

From Proto-Germanic *bōkōną. Equivalent to *bōk + *-ōn.


grīsan

grīsan (infinitive)
grīsannjas (genitive infinitive)
grīsannjē (dative infinitive)
grīsannju (infinitive instrumental)
grīsu (first-person present singular)
grais (first-person past singular)
grīsiʀi (present second-person singular)
griʀī (past second-person singular)
grīsidi (present singular third-person)
grais (past singular third-person)
grīsum (first-person plural present)
griʀum (first-person past plural)
grīsid (plural present second-person)
griʀud (past plural second-person)
grīsand (plural present third-person)
griʀun (past plural third-person)
grīsē (first-person present singular)
griʀī (first-person past singular)
grīsēs (present second-person singular)
grīsē (present singular third-person)
griʀī (past singular third-person)
grīsēm (first-person plural present)
griʀīm (first-person past plural)
grīsēþ (plural present second-person)
griʀīd (past plural second-person)
grīsēn (plural present third-person)
griʀīn (past plural third-person)
grīs (present singular)
grīsid (plural present)
grīsandī (participle present)
griʀan (participle past)

Old English: grīsan
Middle English: grisen, gryse
English: grise
⇒ Yola: greezee, grizee

Old Dutch: *grīsan

Middle Dutch: grisen

⇒ Dutch: afgrijzen (obsolete except as gerund)


galaubō

galaubō (nominative singular)
galauban (nominative plural)
galauban (accusative singular)
galauban (accusative plural)
galaubini (genitive singular)
galauban (genitive singular)
galaubanō (genitive plural)
galaubini (dative singular)
galauban (dative singular)
galaubum (dative plural)
galaubini (instrumental singular)
galauban (instrumental singular)
galaubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeleafa, ġelǣfa
Middle English: ȝeleafe, ileafe, ȝeleave, ileave, ȝeleve, ileve

Old Frisian: *lāva

North Frisian: louwe, luwe

West Frisian: leauwe

Old Saxon: gilōvo
Middle Low German: gelôve, lôve
German Low German: Gloov, Glööv
Plautdietsch: Gloowen
→ Danish: love
→ Saterland Frisian: Glove

Old Dutch: gilōvo
Middle Dutch: gelôve
Dutch: geloof, gelove (archaic)
Afrikaans: geloof
Negerhollands: geloof, gelovf, gloof

Old High German: giloubo
Middle High German: geloube, gloube
Cimbrian: klóobe
German: Glaube
Hunsrik: Glaave
Luxembourgish: Glawen
Vilamovian: głaowa


galaubijan

galaubijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
galaubijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
galaubijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
galaubijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
galaubiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
galaubidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
galaubisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
galaubidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galaubidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galaubiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
galaubidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galaubidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galaubijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
galaubidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
galaubiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
galaubidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
galaubijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
galaubidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
galaubijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
galaubidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
galaubijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
galaubidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galaubijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
galaubidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galaubijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
galaubidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
galaubijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
galaubidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
galaubijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
galaubidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
galaubi (class-1 present singular weak)
galaubiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
galaubijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
galaubid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ġelīefan, ġelȳfan — Late West Saxon, ġelēfan — Anglian
Middle English: ȝeleven, yleven, ileven

Old Frisian: lēva

Saterland Frisian: leeuwe

West Frisian: liuwa, lyowa

Old Saxon: gilōvian

Middle Low German: gelôven

German Low German: glöven, löven

Plautdietsch: jleewe

Old Dutch: gilōven

Middle Dutch: gelôven

Dutch: geloven
Afrikaans: glo
Berbice Creole Dutch: glofu
Javindo: gelofen
Jersey Dutch: xjelôve
Negerhollands: geloof, gloof

Limburgish: geluive

Old High German: gilouben

Middle High German: gelouben, gelöuben

desc

Central Franconian: jläuve, jlööve, gleewe, glaawe

Luxembourgish: gleewen

Hunsrik: glaave

Cimbrian: klóoban

German: glauben, (obsolete) gläuben

Yiddish: גלייבן (gleybn)

From Proto-Germanic *galaubijaną. Equivalent to *ga- + *laubijan.


wōstī

wōstī (masculine nominative singular)
wōstiju (feminine nominative singular)
wōstī (neuter nominative singular)
wōstijanā (accusative masculine singular)
wōstijā (accusative feminine singular)
wōstī (accusative neuter singular)
wōstijas (genitive masculine singular)
wōstijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wōstijas (genitive neuter singular)
wōstijumē (dative masculine singular)
wōstijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
wōstijumē (dative neuter singular)
wōstiju (instrumental masculine singular)
wōstijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wōstiju (instrumental neuter singular)
wōstijē (masculine nominative plural)
wōstijō (feminine nominative plural)
wōstiju (neuter nominative plural)
wōstijā (accusative masculine plural)
wōstijā (accusative feminine plural)
wōstiju (accusative neuter plural)
wōstijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wōstijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wōstijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wōstijēm (dative masculine plural)
wōstijum (dative masculine plural)
wōstijēm (dative feminine plural)
wōstijum (dative feminine plural)
wōstijēm (dative neuter plural)
wōstijum (dative neuter plural)
wōstijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wōstijum (instrumental masculine plural)
wōstijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wōstijum (feminine instrumental plural)
wōstijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wōstijum (instrumental neuter plural)
*wōst (alternative)
*wōstu (alternative)

desctree

Old English: wēste, wœ̄ste, wōstu
Middle English: weste, west, wesste (Ormulum)

Old Frisian: wēste, wōst

Saterland Frisian: wöist

West Frisian: woast

Old Saxon: wōsti

Middle Low German: wôste, wûste

German Low German: wööst

Old Dutch: wuosti
Middle Dutch: woeste
Dutch: woest
Afrikaans: woes
Limburgish: weus

Old High German: wuosti, wuasti

Middle High German: wüeste

German: wüst

Luxembourgish: wéischt

Hunsrik: wiest

→ Vulgar Latin: *wasti, *guasti

Old French: waste, wast, gaste

Middle French: gast

→ Middle English: waste, wast

English: waste

Scots: waste, wast, waist

From Proto-Germanic *wōstaz, *wōstuz + *-ī (adjective suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂-s-to-s, *h₁weh₂-s-tu-s, from *h₁weh₂- (“to leave, abandon”). Cognate with Latin vāstus (“empty; wasted; vast”), Old Irish fás (“empty, void, uninhabited”).

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


wōstini

wōstini (nominative singular)
wōstunnjō (nominative plural)
wōstunnjā (accusative singular)
wōstunnjā (accusative plural)
wōstunnjā (genitive singular)
wōstunnjō (genitive plural)
wōstunnjē (dative singular)
wōstunnjōm (dative plural)
wōstunnjum (dative plural)
wōstunnju (instrumental singular)
wōstunnjōm (instrumental plural)
wōstunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wēsten
Middle English: westen, wæsten

Old Frisian: wēstene, wōstene

North Frisian: woastine

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Wöistenäi

West Frisian: woastine, woastyn

⇒ West Frisian: woastenije

Old Saxon: wōstinnia, wōstunnia

Middle Low German: wôstine

German Low German: Wööste, Wööst

Plautdietsch: Wuste

Old Dutch: *wuostinna

Middle Dutch: woestine, woesten

Dutch: woestijn (stress shift by Romance anology)

Afrikaans: woestyn

desc

Old High German: wuostin, wuostinna, wuastinna

Middle High German: wuostinne, wüestene, wüestin

q

regularly merged with Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*wōstį̄</i>

German: Wüste (regularly merged with Proto-West Germanic *wōstį̄)

→ German Low German: Wüüste, Wüüst

→ Saterland Frisian: Wüüste

Yiddish: וויסט (vist)

→ Medieval Latin: wastina, wastīna (see there for further descendants)


wardēn

wardēn (infinitive)
wardēnijas (genitive infinitive)
wardēnijē (dative infinitive)
wardēniju (infinitive instrumental)
wardē (first-person present singular)
ward?dā (first-person past singular)
wardēs (present second-person singular)
ward?dēs (past second-person singular)
wardēþ (present singular third-person)
ward?dē (past singular third-person)
ward?dā (past singular third-person)
wardēm (first-person plural present)
ward?dum (first-person past plural)
wardēþ (plural present second-person)
ward?dud (past plural second-person)
wardēnþ (plural present third-person)
ward?dun (past plural third-person)
ward?dī (first-person past singular)
ward?dī (past second-person singular)
wardē (present singular third-person)
ward?dī (past singular third-person)
ward?dīm (first-person past plural)
ward?dīd (past plural second-person)
wardēn (plural present third-person)
ward?dīn (past plural third-person)
wardē (present singular)
wardēþ (plural present)
wardēndī (participle present)
ward?d (participle past)

Old English: weardian

Middle English: warden

English: ward

Old Saxon: wardon

Middle Low German: warden, wārden

Old Dutch: wardon

Middle Dutch: warden

Dutch: warden

Old High German: wartēn

Middle High German: warten

Central Franconian: waade, waarde

German: warten

Hunsrik: waarte

Luxembourgish: waarden

Yiddish: וואַרטן (vartn)

→ Early Medieval Latin: wardō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *wardāną. Equivalent to *wardu (“protection”) + *-ēn.


wardu

wardu (nominative singular)
wardō (nominative plural)
wardā (accusative singular)
wardā (accusative plural)
wardā (genitive singular)
wardō (genitive plural)
wardē (dative singular)
wardōm (dative plural)
wardum (dative plural)
wardu (instrumental singular)
wardōm (instrumental plural)
wardum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: weard, uueard, ward
Middle English: warde, ward
Scots: ward
English: ward

Old Saxon: warda

Middle Low German: warde

Old Dutch: *warda (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: wāerde

Old High German: warta

Middle High German: warte

German: Warte

→ Medieval Latin: warda (see there for further descendants)


wrakkjō

wrakkjō (nominative singular)
wrakkjan (nominative plural)
wrakkjan (accusative singular)
wrakkjan (accusative plural)
wrakkjini (genitive singular)
wrakkjan (genitive singular)
wrakkjanō (genitive plural)
wrakkjini (dative singular)
wrakkjan (dative singular)
wrakkjum (dative plural)
wrakkjini (instrumental singular)
wrakkjan (instrumental singular)
wrakkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wræċċa, wreċċa

Middle English: wrecche

English: wretch

Scots: wratch, wretch, werch, warch

Old Saxon: wrekkio

Old Dutch: *recko

Middle Dutch: recke

Old High German: reccho, *wreccheo, wreccho, hrechjo, wrecko, recko
Middle High German: reche, recke
→ Middle Low German: recke
German: Recke

→ Medieval Latin: garciō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *wrakjô. Equivalent to *wrekan (“to drive out; to persecute”) + *-jō.


wahtu

wahtu (nominative singular)
wahtwō (nominative plural)
wahtwā (accusative singular)
wahtwā (accusative plural)
wahtwā (genitive singular)
wahtwō (genitive plural)
wahtwē (dative singular)
wahtwōm (dative plural)
wahtum (dative plural)
wahtu (instrumental singular)
wahtwōm (instrumental plural)
wahtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wacht

Saterland Frisian: Wacht

West Frisian: wacht

desctree

Old Saxon: wahta
Middle Low German: wachte, wacht
German Low German: Wacht
→ Danish: vagt
→ Norwegian: vakt
→ Swedish: vakt
→ Finnish: vahti
→ Ingrian: vahti

Old Dutch: wahta
Middle Dutch: wachte
Dutch: wacht

Old High German: wahta

Middle High German: wahte

Alemannic German: Wacht

⇒ Alemannic German: Biiwacht
→ French: bivouac (see there for further descendants)

German: Wacht
→ Russian: вахта (vaxta) (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Wuecht

→ Polish: wachta

⇒ Old High German: wahtāri (see there for further descendants)

→ Medieval Latin: wacta (see there for further descendants)

Old French: waite, weite

→ Middle English: waite, wayte

English: wait

Scots: wait


þwahilu

þwahilu (nominative singular)
þwahilō (nominative plural)
þwahilā (accusative singular)
þwahilā (accusative plural)
þwahilā (genitive singular)
þwahilō (genitive plural)
þwahilē (dative singular)
þwahilōm (dative plural)
þwahilum (dative plural)
þwahilu (instrumental singular)
þwahilōm (instrumental plural)
þwahilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þwǣle

Old Saxon: thwahila, thwehila

Middle Low German: dwēle, dweile, twele

German Low German: Twele, Dweel

Old Dutch: *thwāla
Middle Dutch: *dweile, dwâle, dwêle, dwâel
Dutch: dweil, dwaal

Old High German: dwehila, dwahila

desc

Middle High German: dwehele, twehele, dwehel, twehel, twahel, dwēle, twēle, twelle, zwehel, zwechel, zwehele, zwēle

Alemannic German: Zwächele

German: Zwehle, Quehle (from East Central German)

→ Medieval Latin: toallia (see there for further descendants)

→ Old High German: tuallia (reborrowing)


sturjō

sturjō (nominative singular)
sturjan (nominative plural)
sturjan (accusative singular)
sturjan (accusative plural)
sturjini (genitive singular)
sturjan (genitive singular)
sturjanō (genitive plural)
sturjini (dative singular)
sturjan (dative singular)
sturjum (dative plural)
sturjini (instrumental singular)
sturjan (instrumental singular)
sturjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: styria, styriġa, styrġa, styra, stiriġa, stiria
Middle English: store, stor
Scots: stur, sture, stuir

Old Frisian: *sturia, *steria, *storia

Saterland Frisian: Stör

West Frisian: steur

Old Saxon: sturio

Middle Low German: stȫre

German Low German: Stöör

Old Dutch: sturo
Middle Dutch: stōre, stuere
Dutch: steur
Afrikaans: steur
Limburgish: stjeur

Old High German: sturio, sturo

desc

Middle High German: stür(e), stör(e), stor(e)

German: Stör

→ Medieval Latin: sturio, sturgio (943, Italy) (see there for further descendants)


spehōn

spehōn (infinitive)
spehōnijas (genitive infinitive)
spehōnijē (dative infinitive)
spehōniju (infinitive instrumental)
spehō (first-person present singular)
spehōdā (first-person past singular)
spehōs (present second-person singular)
spehōdēs (past second-person singular)
spehōdōs (past second-person singular)
spehōþ (present singular third-person)
spehōdē (past singular third-person)
spehōdā (past singular third-person)
spehōm (first-person plural present)
spehōdum (first-person past plural)
spehōþ (plural present second-person)
spehōdud (past plural second-person)
spehōnþ (plural present third-person)
spehōdun (past plural third-person)
spehōdī (first-person past singular)
spehōdī (past second-person singular)
spehō (present singular third-person)
spehōdī (past singular third-person)
spehōdīm (first-person past plural)
spehōdīd (past plural second-person)
spehōn (plural present third-person)
spehōdīn (past plural third-person)
spehō (present singular)
spehōþ (plural present)
spehōndī (participle present)
spehōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *spehōn

Middle Low German: spēgen, spējen, spēen, spēn

→ Old Norse: speja, spæja

Icelandic: speja, spæja

Norwegian: speide

Swedish: speja

Danish: spejde

Old Dutch: *spion

Middle Dutch: spien, spieden

Dutch: spieden

Old High German: spehōn, spiohōn, *spihōn (attested in derivative spihāri (“spy”))

Middle High German: spëhen, spēn, *spiehen (attested in derivative spieher (“spy”))

German: spähen

→ Czech: špehovat

→ Polish: szpiegować

→ Vulgar Latin: *spiō (see there for further descendants)


skraudu

skraudu (nominative singular)
skraudō (nominative plural)
skraudā (accusative singular)
skraudā (accusative plural)
skraudā (genitive singular)
skraudō (genitive plural)
skraudē (dative singular)
skraudōm (dative plural)
skraudum (dative plural)
skraudu (instrumental singular)
skraudōm (instrumental plural)
skraudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċrēad

Middle English: shrede, shred

Scots: screid, skreid, schred, schreid

English: shred

Old Frisian: skrēd

Old Dutch: *scrōda

Middle Dutch: schrôde

Dutch: schroot

Old High German: scrōt

Middle High German: schrōt, schrāt

German: Schrot

Luxembourgish: Schrout

desctree

→ Old French: escroe, escrehue, escroue, escrouwe, escrowe
Middle French: escroue
French: écrou m
→ Middle English: scrowe, scrouwe, scrawe, skrowe, skrau
English: scrow (obsolete)
Middle Scots: scrow
Scots: scrow
→ English: escrow (via Law French)

From Proto-Germanic *skraudō. Equivalent to *skraudan (“to cut up, shred”) + *-u.


skrīan

skrīan (infinitive)
skrīannjas (genitive infinitive)
skrīannjē (dative infinitive)
skrīannju (infinitive instrumental)
skrīu (first-person present singular)
skrai (first-person past singular)
skrīiʀi (present second-person singular)
skriī (past second-person singular)
skrīidi (present singular third-person)
skrai (past singular third-person)
skrīum (first-person plural present)
skrium (first-person past plural)
skrīid (plural present second-person)
skriud (past plural second-person)
skrīand (plural present third-person)
skriun (past plural third-person)
skrīē (first-person present singular)
skriī (first-person past singular)
skrīēs (present second-person singular)
skrīē (present singular third-person)
skriī (past singular third-person)
skrīēm (first-person plural present)
skriīm (first-person past plural)
skrīēþ (plural present second-person)
skriīd (past plural second-person)
skrīēn (plural present third-person)
skriīn (past plural third-person)
skrī (present singular)
skrīid (plural present)
skrīandī (participle present)
skrian (participle past)

Old English: sċrēon

Old Frisian: skrīa

Old Saxon: *skrīan

desc

Middle Low German: schrîen, schrîgen, scrîen

German Low German: schrien, schriegen

desctree

Old Dutch: skrīan, *scrīan
Middle Dutch: schriën
Dutch: schriën, schrieën (dialectal)

Old High German: scrīan

Middle High German: schrīen

Alemannic German: schriie

German: schreien

Hunsrik: schreue

Yiddish: שרײַען (shrayen)

→ Old French: escrier, acrier, escrïer
Middle French: escrier, écrier
French: écrier
→ Middle English: ascrien, ascryen
English: scry


raubōn

raubōn (infinitive)
raubōnijas (genitive infinitive)
raubōnijē (dative infinitive)
raubōniju (infinitive instrumental)
raubō (first-person present singular)
raubōdā (first-person past singular)
raubōs (present second-person singular)
raubōdēs (past second-person singular)
raubōdōs (past second-person singular)
raubōþ (present singular third-person)
raubōdē (past singular third-person)
raubōdā (past singular third-person)
raubōm (first-person plural present)
raubōdum (first-person past plural)
raubōþ (plural present second-person)
raubōdud (past plural second-person)
raubōnþ (plural present third-person)
raubōdun (past plural third-person)
raubōdī (first-person past singular)
raubōdī (past second-person singular)
raubō (present singular third-person)
raubōdī (past singular third-person)
raubōdīm (first-person past plural)
raubōdīd (past plural second-person)
raubōn (plural present third-person)
raubōdīn (past plural third-person)
raubō (present singular)
raubōþ (plural present)
raubōndī (participle present)
raubōd (participle past)

Old English: rēafian
Middle English: reven, rayve, ref, refe, reffe, reve, revyn, reeve, ræven, reave, reaven, reavie, reavin, reawen (Early Middle English), ræfenn (Ormulum)
English: reave (archaic)
Scots: reve, refe, reif

Old Frisian: *rāvia

Saterland Frisian: roowje

West Frisian: rove

Old Saxon: rōbon

Middle Low German: rôven

German Low German: roven

→ Old Swedish: rova

Swedish: rova

Old Dutch: *rōvon

Middle Dutch: rôven

Dutch: roven

Afrikaans: roof, rowe

Old High German: roubōn

Middle High German: rouben

German: rauben

Luxembourgish: rawen, rowen

→ Late Latin: raubō (see there for further descendants)


krabit

krabit (nominative singular)
krabitō (nominative plural)
krabitōs (nominative plural)
krabit (accusative singular)
krabitā (accusative plural)
krabitas (genitive singular)
krabitō (genitive plural)
krabitē (dative singular)
krabitum (dative plural)
krabitu (instrumental singular)
krabitum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: krevit

Middle Low German: krēvet

German Low German: Kreeft, Krefft

Plautdietsch: Kjräft

→ Danish: kræft

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreft

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreft

→ Old Swedish: krævet, kræveta

Swedish: kräfta

Old Dutch: *crevet

Middle Dutch: creft, crēvet, crēeft

Dutch: kreeft
Afrikaans: kreef
Negerhollands: kreeft, greef
→ Papiamentu: kref, kreeft

Limburgish: kreef

→ Norman: crabette, cravette, crevette (possibly)

→ French: crevette

Old High German: krebiz, krebazzo

Old High German: crebiz, krëbez, krebz

Alemannic German: Chräps

German: Krebs
→ Danish: krebs
→ German Low German: Krebs
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreps
→ Saterland Frisian: Krääps
→ Scanian: krævs
→ Yiddish: קרעבס (krebs)

Luxembourgish: Kriibs

→ Old French: crevice, crevez, crevis, crevesce, creveche, creveis, escrevise, escreveice, escreviche (either from a diminutive *krabitjō or from Old High German krebiz)
Middle French: escrevice, escrevisse, escrevisce, crevis, creviche, crevice
French: écrevisse
→ Middle Dutch: crevetse
→ Middle English: crevis, crevyse, creuez, crevez, crevise, creveys, crevesse, krevys
English: crevis; crayfish, crawfish (influenced by fish)


miurijā

miurijā (nominative singular)
miurijōn (nominative plural)
miurijōn (accusative singular)
miurijōn (accusative plural)
miurijōn (genitive singular)
miurijōnō (genitive plural)
miurijōn (dative singular)
miurijōm (dative plural)
miurijum (dative plural)
miurijōn (instrumental singular)
miurijōm (instrumental plural)
miurijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mīere, *mȳre

Middle English: mire

English: mire

⇒ English: antmire

⇒ Middle English: pissemyre

English: pismire

Old Saxon: miuria

Middle Low German: miere (possibly a loan from Dutch)

German Low German: Miere

Old Dutch: *miura
Middle Dutch: miere
Dutch: mier


āmaitijā

āmaitijā (nominative singular)
āmaitijōn (nominative plural)
āmaitijōn (accusative singular)
āmaitijōn (accusative plural)
āmaitijōn (genitive singular)
āmaitijōnō (genitive plural)
āmaitijōn (dative singular)
āmaitijōm (dative plural)
āmaitijum (dative plural)
āmaitijōn (instrumental singular)
āmaitijōm (instrumental plural)
āmaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣmete, ǣmette, ǣmytte
Middle English: ampte, amte, emete, amete, emotte, emot, ante, empt, empte, amote
English: ant, emmet
Scots: emmot, emott, imat
⇒ Yola: emothee

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: ämel

West Frisian: eameler, eamel, eamelder

Old Saxon: *āmētia

Middle Low German: êmete, emete, âmete, amete, âmente, êmte, empte, êmeke, emeke
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Emk, Êmk
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: Hampelte, Ampelte
Sauerländisch: Amperte

Old Dutch: *āmēta

Middle Dutch: âmete, emte

Dutch: emt, empt (eastern dialects)

Old High German: āmeiȥa

Middle High German: āmeiȥe

Alemannic German: Ameisse

Bavarian: Åmeisn, Omeis, Omoas

Cimbrian: amasa

German: Ameise, Emse (obsolete)

→ Luxembourgish: Ameis

Hunsrik: Omeis

Luxembourgish: Omes (chiefly in Seechomes)

Central Franconian:

Ripuarian: Secksoemel

→ Limburgish: aomezeik

Uncertain, possibly from:
* *ā- (“off, away”), unstressed *uʀ-, + *maitan (“to cut off”) + *-jā (agent suffix);
* *āmā (“larva”) + *maitan (“to cut off”) + *-jā (agent suffix);
* or borrowed from a substrate language, compare Ancient Greek μίδᾱς (mídās, “a destructive insect in grains”), from hypothetical proto form *a-m-īd-.


flauh

flauh (nominative singular)
flauhō (nominative plural)
flauhōs (nominative plural)
flauh (accusative singular)
flauhā (accusative plural)
flauhas (genitive singular)
flauhō (genitive plural)
flauhē (dative singular)
flauhum (dative plural)
flauhu (instrumental singular)
flauhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flēah, flēa, flǣh, fleah, flēo
Middle English: fle, flee, flei, fleigh, fley
English: flea (dialectal fleck)
Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae
Yola: fleen (plural)

Old Frisian: *flā, *flē

Saterland Frisian: Flee

West Frisian: flie

Old Saxon: *flōh, *flō

Middle Low German: vlô

Low German: Flo, Flö, Flau, Flua

Old Dutch: *flō
Middle Dutch: vlô
Dutch: vlo
Limburgish: vloea, vloej

Old High German: flōh, flō

Middle High German: vlōch, vlō

Alemannic German: Flo

Bavarian: Floach

Cimbrian: vlòach, blòach (Mezzaselva)

Central Franconian: Fluh, Floh f

Luxembourgish: Flou f

German: Floh

Yiddish: פֿלוי (floy)


wurmi

wurmi (nominative singular)
wurmī (nominative plural)
wurmi (accusative singular)
wurmī (accusative plural)
wurmī (genitive singular)
wurmijō (genitive plural)
wurmī (dative singular)
wurmim (dative plural)
wurmijum (dative plural)
wurmī (instrumental singular)
wurmim (instrumental plural)
wurmijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrm, weorm, wurm
Middle English: worm, werm, wirm, wurm, wyrm, wyrme, wrim, worme
English: worm
Scots: worm, wirm
→ English: wyrm

Old Frisian: worm, werm, wirm

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: wörem

Saterland Frisian: Wurm, Wúurm

West Frisian: wjirm

Old Saxon: wurm
Middle Low German: worm
Low German:
German Low German: Worm
Plautdietsch: Worm

Old Dutch: wurm
Middle Dutch: worm, wurm
Dutch: worm, wurm
Afrikaans: wurm
Berbice Creole Dutch: worum
Negerhollands: worm, wurum
Limburgish: worm

Old High German: wurm

Middle High German: wurm

Alemannic German: Wüüre

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: bórm, burm

Mòcheno: burm

Hunsrik: Worrem

German: Wurm

Luxembourgish: Wuerm

Vilamovian: wüm

Yiddish: וואָרעם (vorem)

→ Old French: gourme, gorme

French: gourme
→ Spanish: gurma


imbī

imbī (nominative singular)
imbijō (nominative plural)
imbijōs (nominative plural)
imbī (accusative singular)
imbijā (accusative plural)
imbijas (genitive singular)
imbijō (genitive plural)
imbijē (dative singular)
imbijum (dative plural)
imbiju (instrumental singular)
imbijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: imbe, ymbe

Old Frisian: *em, *eme (in derivative emka)

North Frisian: imkönag

Saterland Frisian: Ieme; Imker

West Frisian: ime

Old Saxon: *imbi

Middle Low German: imme; immenkar

Low German: Imm

German Low German: Imme, Imm

Old Dutch: *imbi

Middle Dutch: imme

Dutch: imme

Old High German: imbi, impi
Middle High German: imbe, impe, imme
German: Imme
Bavarian: Imp

Unknown; possibly related to Ancient Greek ἐμπίς (empís, “mosquito”), Latin apis (“bee”) via a European substrate, though Kroonen rejects the Greek comparison.


nadrā

nadrā (nominative singular)
nadrōn (nominative plural)
nadrōn (accusative singular)
nadrōn (accusative plural)
nadrōn (genitive singular)
nadrōnō (genitive plural)
nadrōn (dative singular)
nadrōm (dative plural)
nadrum (dative plural)
nadrōn (instrumental singular)
nadrōm (instrumental plural)
nadrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nǣdre, nǣddre

Middle English: naddere, addere

Scots: edder

English: adder; nedder (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *nēdre

Saterland Frisian: Neder

West Frisian: njirre

Old Saxon: nādra, nādara
Middle Low German: nâder, nader, nadder
Low German: Adder
German Low German: Adder
→ Saterland Frisian: Adder

Old Dutch: *nadra
Middle Dutch: nadre, nadder, adre, adder
Dutch: adder
Afrikaans: adder
Limburgish: adder

Old High German: nātara, otter

desc

Middle High German: nātere, nāter, otter

German: Natter, Otter

Swedish: natter

Luxembourgish: Adder


fiskārī

fiskārī (nominative singular)
fiskārijō (nominative plural)
fiskārijōs (nominative plural)
fiskārī (accusative singular)
fiskārijā (accusative plural)
fiskārijas (genitive singular)
fiskārijō (genitive plural)
fiskārijē (dative singular)
fiskārijum (dative plural)
fiskāriju (instrumental singular)
fiskārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fisċere

Middle English: fischer, fischare

English: fisher

Scots: fisher

Old Frisian: fisker

Saterland Frisian: Fisker

West Frisian: fisker

Old Saxon: fiskari

Middle Low German: viscer, visser

German Low German: Fisker, Fisser

Plautdietsch: Fescha

Old Dutch: *fiscari

Middle Dutch: visscher

Dutch: visser

Afrikaans: visser

Limburgish: vèsser

Old High German: fiscari

Middle High German: vischære, vischer

German: Fischer

Luxembourgish: Fëscher

Yiddish: פֿישער (fisher)

From Proto-Germanic *fiskārijaz. Equivalent to *fisk + *-ārī.


fiskōn

fiskōn (infinitive)
fiskōnijas (genitive infinitive)
fiskōnijē (dative infinitive)
fiskōniju (infinitive instrumental)
fiskō (first-person present singular)
fiskōdā (first-person past singular)
fiskōs (present second-person singular)
fiskōdēs (past second-person singular)
fiskōdōs (past second-person singular)
fiskōþ (present singular third-person)
fiskōdē (past singular third-person)
fiskōdā (past singular third-person)
fiskōm (first-person plural present)
fiskōdum (first-person past plural)
fiskōþ (plural present second-person)
fiskōdud (past plural second-person)
fiskōnþ (plural present third-person)
fiskōdun (past plural third-person)
fiskōdī (first-person past singular)
fiskōdī (past second-person singular)
fiskō (present singular third-person)
fiskōdī (past singular third-person)
fiskōdīm (first-person past plural)
fiskōdīd (past plural second-person)
fiskōn (plural present third-person)
fiskōdīn (past plural third-person)
fiskō (present singular)
fiskōþ (plural present)
fiskōndī (participle present)
fiskōd (participle past)

Old English: fiscian

Middle English: fisshen, fischen, fissen

English: fish

Old Frisian: fiskia

Saterland Frisian: fiskje

West Frisian: fiskje

Old Saxon: fiskon

Middle Low German: vischen

Plautdietsch: feschen

desctree

Old Dutch: *fiscon
Middle Dutch: visschen
Dutch: vissen
Afrikaans: vis
Jersey Dutch: fässe
Negerhollands: fes, fis
→? Sranan Tongo: fisi
→ Lokono: fishidin
Limburgish: vèsse, visje, vèsje, vösje

Old High German: fiskon

Middle High German: vischen

German: fischen

Luxembourgish: fëschen

Yiddish: פֿישן (fishn)

From Proto-Germanic *fiskōną. Equivalent to *fisk (“fish”) + *-ōn.


lahs

lahs (nominative singular)
lahsō (nominative plural)
lahsōs (nominative plural)
lahs (accusative singular)
lahsā (accusative plural)
lahsas (genitive singular)
lahsō (genitive plural)
lahsē (dative singular)
lahsum (dative plural)
lahsu (instrumental singular)
lahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: leax

Middle English: lax

Scots: lax

English: lax

Old Saxon: lahs

Middle Low German: las

Old Dutch: *lahs

desc

Middle Dutch: lachs, lasche, lacks, lack

Dutch: las

Old High German: lahs

Middle High German: lahs

German: Lachs

→ German Low German: Lachs

→ Saterland Frisian: Lachs

Yiddish: לאַקס (laks)

→ English: lox


dāhwā

dāhwā (nominative singular)
dāhwōn (nominative plural)
dāhwōn (accusative singular)
dāhwōn (accusative plural)
dāhwōn (genitive singular)
dāhwōnō (genitive plural)
dāhwōn (dative singular)
dāhwōm (dative plural)
dāhwum (dative plural)
dāhwōn (instrumental singular)
dāhwōm (instrumental plural)
dāhwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dāwe

Middle English: dawe

English: daw

⇒ English: jackdaw

Scots: da, daa, daw

Old Saxon: dāha

desctree

Old High German: tāha
Middle High German: tāhe
German: Tach, Dache (dialectal)

Uncertain; possibly of imitative origin, similar to *dēhǭ. Perhaps cognate with Old Prussian doacke (“starling”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


hrabn

hrabn (nominative singular)
hrabnō (nominative plural)
hrabnōs (nominative plural)
hrabn (accusative singular)
hrabnā (accusative plural)
hrabnas (genitive singular)
hrabnō (genitive plural)
hrabnē (dative singular)
hrabnum (dative plural)
hrabnu (instrumental singular)
hrabnum (instrumental plural)
*hrabō (alternative)

desctree

Old English: hræfn, hrefn, hræmn, hrem, hremn, hræfen
Middle English: raven, reven, revin
English: raven
Scots: ravin, revin, rawin

Old Frisian: ravan

Saterland Frisian: Roave (possibly from Middle Low German)

West Frisian: raven

Old Saxon: hravan, hraƀan, ravan
Middle Low German: rāven, rāve, rāvene, rāmme
German Low German: Raav, Roov
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Räwe
Lippisch: Rabe
Westmünsterländisch: Raawe, Raabe
Plautdietsch: Rowen

Old Dutch: ravan
Middle Dutch: rāven
Dutch: raaf

Old High German: raban, hraban, hram, ram, rabo, rappo
Middle High German: raben, ram; rabe, rab, rappe, rapp; rauen (plural; Niederrheinisch)
Alemannic German: Rapp
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Raab, Raaf
Luxembourgish: Ramm
German: Rabe
Rhine Franconian: Rab, Ramm, Rapp
Frankfurterisch: [ʀɑːp]
Yiddish: ראָב (rob)


krāā

krāā (nominative singular)
krāōn (nominative plural)
krāōn (accusative singular)
krāōn (accusative plural)
krāōn (genitive singular)
krāōnō (genitive plural)
krāōn (dative singular)
krāōm (dative plural)
krāum (dative plural)
krāōn (instrumental singular)
krāōm (instrumental plural)
krāum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crāwe, crāuuae — early
Middle English: crowe, crawe, crow, crauw, craw
English: crow
Geordie English: craw
Scots: craw
Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw

Old Frisian: *krā, *krē

West Frisian: krie

Old Saxon: krāia, krāa

Middle Low German: krâ, kreie

Plautdietsch: Krauj

Old Dutch: *crāia
Middle Dutch: crâye
Dutch: kraai
Afrikaans: kraai
Limburgish: krej

Old High German: krāwa, kraja, krāha

Middle High German: krā, krāe, krāwe

Cimbrian: kre

German: Krähe

Hunsrik: Kreh

Luxembourgish: Kréi

Vilamovian: kröw

Yiddish: קראָ (kro)

From Proto-Germanic *krēǭ. Equivalent to *krāan (“to crow”) + *-jā.


kranō

kranō (nominative singular)
kranan (nominative plural)
kranan (accusative singular)
kranan (accusative plural)
kranini (genitive singular)
kranan (genitive singular)
krananō (genitive plural)
kranini (dative singular)
kranan (dative singular)
kranum (dative plural)
kranini (instrumental singular)
kranan (instrumental singular)
kranum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krana

Saterland Frisian: Kroane

West Frisian: kraan

Old Saxon: krano

Middle Low German: krāne, krāen, krān

German Low German: Kraan

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Kraan

→ Danish: kran

→ Icelandic: kran

q

or from German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Kran</i>

→ Estonian: kraan (or from German Kran)

→ Latvian: krāns

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kran

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kran

→ Swedish: kran
→ Finnish: kraana

desctree

Old Dutch: *crano
Middle Dutch: crāne, crāen
Dutch: kraan (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kraan
West Flemish: kraan
→ Walloon: cråne

Old High German: krano

Middle High German: krane

German: Kran

Hunsrik: Kraan

Luxembourgish: Krunn

desc

>? Yiddish: (or via Slavic) קראַן (kran)


dūbā

dūbā (nominative singular)
dūbōn (nominative plural)
dūbōn (accusative singular)
dūbōn (accusative plural)
dūbōn (genitive singular)
dūbōnō (genitive plural)
dūbōn (dative singular)
dūbōm (dative plural)
dūbum (dative plural)
dūbōn (instrumental singular)
dūbōm (instrumental plural)
dūbum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *dūfe
Middle English: douve, dove, duve, dowve, dowe, doufe, douf
English: dove
Scots: doo, dow

Old Frisian: *dūve, *dūe

Saterland Frisian: Dúve

West Frisian: do

Old Saxon: dūva

Middle Low German: dūve

Low German:

German Low German: Duuv, Duve, Duuf, Duuw, Düüv, Düüw
→ Kashubian: duwa

Dutch Low Saxon: duve, doeve

desc

Plautdietsch: Duw, Düw, Duuv, Düüv, Duuw, Düüw, Duv, Düv

→ Estonian: tuvi

desctree

Old Dutch: dūva
Middle Dutch: duve
Dutch: duif
Afrikaans: duif
Negerhollands: dufje, difi, diffie
→ Sranan Tongo: doifi
Limburgish: doef

Old High German: tūba; (West Central German) dūva

Middle High German: tūbe, dūve

Bavarian: Taubm, Daum, Taubn

desc

Alemannic German: Tuub, Duub, Duube, Düüwe, Daup, Taub, Tuube, Tube, Tubo

German: Taube

Central Franconian: Duuv, Dauv

Kirchröadsj: Doef

Luxembourgish: Dauf

Rhine Franconian: daup, dǫup

Pennsylvania German: Daub

Swabian: Taub, Daup

Vilamovian: tue, taoj

Yiddish: טויב (toyb)


maiwī

maiwī (nominative singular)
maiwijō (nominative plural)
maiwijōs (nominative plural)
maiwī (accusative singular)
maiwijā (accusative plural)
maiwijas (genitive singular)
maiwijō (genitive plural)
maiwijē (dative singular)
maiwijum (dative plural)
maiwiju (instrumental singular)
maiwijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mǣw, mēu, mēw, mēau, mēaw
Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette


gawerpan

gawerpan (infinitive)
gawerpannjas (genitive infinitive)
gawerpannjē (dative infinitive)
gawerpannju (infinitive instrumental)
gawerpu (first-person present singular)
gawarp (first-person past singular)
gawirpiʀi (present second-person singular)
gawurpī (past second-person singular)
gawirpidi (present singular third-person)
gawarp (past singular third-person)
gawerpum (first-person plural present)
gawurpum (first-person past plural)
gawirpid (plural present second-person)
gawurpud (past plural second-person)
gawerpand (plural present third-person)
gawurpun (past plural third-person)
gawerpē (first-person present singular)
gawurpī (first-person past singular)
gawerpēs (present second-person singular)
gawerpē (present singular third-person)
gawurpī (past singular third-person)
gawerpēm (first-person plural present)
gawurpīm (first-person past plural)
gawerpēþ (plural present second-person)
gawurpīd (past plural second-person)
gawerpēn (plural present third-person)
gawurpīn (past plural third-person)
gawirp (present singular)
gawirpid (plural present)
gawerpandī (participle present)
gaworpan (participle past)

Old English: ġeweorpan

Middle English: iwerpen

Old High German: giwerfan

Middle High German: gewërfen

German: gewerfen (archaic)

From Proto-Germanic *gawerpaną. Equivalent to *ga- + *werpan.


uʀwerpan

uʀwerpan (infinitive)
uʀwerpannjas (genitive infinitive)
uʀwerpannjē (dative infinitive)
uʀwerpannju (infinitive instrumental)
uʀwerpu (first-person present singular)
uʀwarp (first-person past singular)
uʀwirpiʀi (present second-person singular)
uʀwurpī (past second-person singular)
uʀwirpidi (present singular third-person)
uʀwarp (past singular third-person)
uʀwerpum (first-person plural present)
uʀwurpum (first-person past plural)
uʀwirpid (plural present second-person)
uʀwurpud (past plural second-person)
uʀwerpand (plural present third-person)
uʀwurpun (past plural third-person)
uʀwerpē (first-person present singular)
uʀwurpī (first-person past singular)
uʀwerpēs (present second-person singular)
uʀwerpē (present singular third-person)
uʀwurpī (past singular third-person)
uʀwerpēm (first-person plural present)
uʀwurpīm (first-person past plural)
uʀwerpēþ (plural present second-person)
uʀwurpīd (past plural second-person)
uʀwerpēn (plural present third-person)
uʀwurpīn (past plural third-person)
uʀwirp (present singular)
uʀwirpid (plural present)
uʀwerpandī (participle present)
uʀworpan (participle past)

Old English: āweorpan

desc

Middle English: aworpen, aweorpen, awerpen, awarpen

Old Frisian: urwerpa

Old Saxon: āwerpan

Old High German: urwerfan, irwerfan

Middle High German: erwerfen

German: erwerfen (archaic)

From Proto-Germanic *uzwerpaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- + *werpan.


þuris

þuris (nominative singular)
þurisō (nominative plural)
þurisōs (nominative plural)
þuris (accusative singular)
þurisā (accusative plural)
þurisas (genitive singular)
þurisō (genitive plural)
þurisē (dative singular)
þurisum (dative plural)
þurisu (instrumental singular)
þurisum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þyrs, ðyrs — edh spelling
Middle English: thurs, thirs, thrisse, thrusse, thurse, thursse, thyrce, þurs
English: thurse

Old Saxon: thuris

Old High German: duris, turs

Middle High German: turse, türse, torse

German: Turse


maʀg

maʀg (nominative singular)
maʀgu (nominative plural)
maʀg (accusative singular)
maʀgu (accusative plural)
maʀgas (genitive singular)
maʀgō (genitive plural)
maʀgē (dative singular)
maʀgum (dative plural)
maʀgu (instrumental singular)
maʀgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mærh, mearh, mearg

desc

Middle English: mary, marow, marowe, marowȝ

English: marrow

Scots: merch, mery, mairch

Old Frisian: *march, merch, merg

West Frisian: murch, march, moarch

Old Saxon: marg

Middle Low German: marg

Old Dutch: marg

Middle Dutch: march, merch

Dutch: merg

Afrikaans: murg

Old High German: marg

Middle High German: marc, march

Central Franconian: Märch, March (Moselle Franconian), Mark (many dialects via German)

German: Mark

→ Saterland Frisian: Maak

Luxembourgish: Muerch

Vilamovian: miök

Yiddish: מאַרך (markh)


timr

timr (nominative singular)
timru (nominative plural)
timr (accusative singular)
timru (accusative plural)
timras (genitive singular)
timrō (genitive plural)
timrē (dative singular)
timrum (dative plural)
timru (instrumental singular)
timrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: timber
Middle English: timber
English: timber
Scots: timmer, tymmer, tymer

Old Frisian: timber, timmer

Saterland Frisian: Timmer

West Frisian: timmer

Old Saxon: timbar
Middle Low German: timber, timmer
German Low German: Timmer
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Timmer
Westmünsterländisch: Timmer

Old Dutch: *timbar

Middle Dutch: timber, timmer

Dutch: timmer

Old High German: zimbar

desc

Middle High German: zimber, zimmer, zimer

German: Zimmer

Luxembourgish: Zëmmer

Yiddish: צימער (tsimer)


timrijan

timrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
timrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
timrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
timrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
timriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
timridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
timrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
timridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
timridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
timriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
timridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
timridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
timrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
timridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
timriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
timridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
timrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
timridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
timrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
timridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
timrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
timridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
timrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
timridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
timrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
timridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
timrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
timridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
timrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
timridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
timri (class-1 present singular weak)
timriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
timrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
timrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: timbran

Middle English: timbren

English: timber

Old Frisian: timbra

Old Saxon: timbrian

Middle Low German: timberen, timmeren

Old Dutch: timbren

Middle Dutch: timmeren

Dutch: timmeren

Afrikaans: timmer

Old High German: zimbaren

Middle High German: zimbern

German: zimmern

From Proto-Germanic *timrijaną. Equivalent to *timr (“(act of) building; building, structure”) + *-jan.


forhnu

forhnu (nominative singular)
forhnō (nominative plural)
forhnā (accusative singular)
forhnā (accusative plural)
forhnā (genitive singular)
forhnō (genitive plural)
forhnē (dative singular)
forhnōm (dative plural)
forhnum (dative plural)
forhnu (instrumental singular)
forhnōm (instrumental plural)
forhnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: forn

Old Saxon: forhna

Middle Low German: vôrne

→ Swedish: färna

Old Dutch: *forna

Middle Dutch: vōorne

Dutch: voorn

Old High German: forhana

Middle High German: forhen, forhel

German: Forelle

→ Danish: forel

→ Dutch: forel

Luxembourgish: Frell


ebn

ebn (masculine nominative singular)
ebnu (feminine nominative singular)
ebn (neuter nominative singular)
ebnanā (accusative masculine singular)
ebnā (accusative feminine singular)
ebn (accusative neuter singular)
ebnas (genitive masculine singular)
ebneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
ebnas (genitive neuter singular)
ebnumē (dative masculine singular)
ebneʀē (dative feminine singular)
ebnumē (dative neuter singular)
ebnu (instrumental masculine singular)
ebneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
ebnu (instrumental neuter singular)
ebnē (masculine nominative plural)
ebnō (feminine nominative plural)
ebnu (neuter nominative plural)
ebnā (accusative masculine plural)
ebnā (accusative feminine plural)
ebnu (accusative neuter plural)
ebneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
ebneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
ebneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
ebnēm (dative masculine plural)
ebnum (dative masculine plural)
ebnēm (dative feminine plural)
ebnum (dative feminine plural)
ebnēm (dative neuter plural)
ebnum (dative neuter plural)
ebnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
ebnum (instrumental masculine plural)
ebnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
ebnum (feminine instrumental plural)
ebnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
ebnum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: efn, efen, emn, em
Middle English: even, evene, efen
English: even
Scots: evin
Yola: e'en

Old Frisian: even, ivin

Saterland Frisian: íeuwen

West Frisian: effen, even

Old Saxon: evan
Middle Low German: even
Low German: effen, even
→ Danish: effen
→ Polabian: aven
→ Swedish: även

Old Dutch: *evan

Middle Dutch: ēven
Dutch: even
Afrikaans: ewe
Limburgish: aeve

Middle Dutch: effen

Dutch: effen

Afrikaans: effe

Old High German: eban
Middle High German: eben
Alemannic German: ëben
Cimbrian: ébane
German: eben


unebn

unebn (masculine nominative singular)
unebnu (feminine nominative singular)
unebn (neuter nominative singular)
unebnanā (accusative masculine singular)
unebnā (accusative feminine singular)
unebn (accusative neuter singular)
unebnas (genitive masculine singular)
unebneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
unebnas (genitive neuter singular)
unebnumē (dative masculine singular)
unebneʀē (dative feminine singular)
unebnumē (dative neuter singular)
unebnu (instrumental masculine singular)
unebneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
unebnu (instrumental neuter singular)
unebnē (masculine nominative plural)
unebnō (feminine nominative plural)
unebnu (neuter nominative plural)
unebnā (accusative masculine plural)
unebnā (accusative feminine plural)
unebnu (accusative neuter plural)
unebneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
unebneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
unebneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
unebnēm (dative masculine plural)
unebnum (dative masculine plural)
unebnēm (dative feminine plural)
unebnum (dative feminine plural)
unebnēm (dative neuter plural)
unebnum (dative neuter plural)
unebnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
unebnum (instrumental masculine plural)
unebnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
unebnum (feminine instrumental plural)
unebnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
unebnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: unefen, unemn, unefn
Middle English: unevene, vnevene, vneven
English: uneven

Old Frisian: uneven

West Frisian: ûneven

Old Saxon: *unevan

Middle Low German: unēven

Old Dutch: *unevan

Middle Dutch: onēven

Dutch: oneven

Limburgish: ónaeve

Old High German: uneban

Middle High German: uneben

German: uneben


spanan

spanan (infinitive)
spanannjas (genitive infinitive)
spanannjē (dative infinitive)
spanannju (infinitive instrumental)
spanu (first-person present singular)
spōn (first-person past singular)
spaniʀi (present second-person singular)
spōnī (past second-person singular)
spanidi (present singular third-person)
spōn (past singular third-person)
spanum (first-person plural present)
spōnum (first-person past plural)
spanid (plural present second-person)
spōnud (past plural second-person)
spanand (plural present third-person)
spōnun (past plural third-person)
spanē (first-person present singular)
spōnī (first-person past singular)
spanēs (present second-person singular)
spanē (present singular third-person)
spōnī (past singular third-person)
spanēm (first-person plural present)
spōnīm (first-person past plural)
spanēþ (plural present second-person)
spōnīd (past plural second-person)
spanēn (plural present third-person)
spōnīn (past plural third-person)
span (present singular)
spanid (plural present)
spanandī (participle present)
spanan (participle past)

Old English: spanan

Middle English: spannen

Old Saxon: spanan

Middle Low German: spanen

Old High German: spanan

Middle High German: spanen


kweban

kweban (infinitive)
kwebannjas (genitive infinitive)
kwebannjē (dative infinitive)
kwebannju (infinitive instrumental)
kwebu (first-person present singular)
kwab (first-person past singular)
kwibiʀi (present second-person singular)
kwābī (past second-person singular)
kwibidi (present singular third-person)
kwab (past singular third-person)
kwebum (first-person plural present)
kwābum (first-person past plural)
kwibid (plural present second-person)
kwābud (past plural second-person)
kweband (plural present third-person)
kwābun (past plural third-person)
kwebē (first-person present singular)
kwābī (first-person past singular)
kwebēs (present second-person singular)
kwebē (present singular third-person)
kwābī (past singular third-person)
kwebēm (first-person plural present)
kwābīm (first-person past plural)
kwebēþ (plural present second-person)
kwābīd (past plural second-person)
kwebēn (plural present third-person)
kwābīn (past plural third-person)
kwib (present singular)
kwibid (plural present)
kwebandī (participle present)
kweban (participle past)

Old High German: *kweban, *queban

⇒ Old High German: irkweban, irqueban

Middle High German: erqueben


rōu

rō (nominative singular)
rōō (nominative plural)
rōā (accusative singular)
rōā (accusative plural)
rōā (genitive singular)
rōō (genitive plural)
rōē (dative singular)
rōōm (dative plural)
rōm (dative plural)
rō (instrumental singular)
rōōm (instrumental plural)
rōm (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōw, rō
Middle English: ro, rou, rowe, roo
English: roo
Scots: ro, ruve

Old Saxon: *rōwa

Middle Low German: rôwe

German Low German:

Altmärkisch, Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Raue

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: Rugge, Riu (Sundern), Rūre (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: Ruhe

East Westphalian: Riuhe (Lippisch), Rue (Wedemarkisch)

Old Dutch: ruowa
Middle Dutch: rowe, rouwe

Old High German: ruowa

Middle High German: ruowe, rouwe, ruo

German: Ruhe

Alemannic German: Ruew

Hunsrik: Ruh

Luxembourgish: Rou

Yiddish: רו (ru)


uʀkannjan

uʀkannjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
uʀkannjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
uʀkannjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
uʀkannjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
uʀkannju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀkanidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀkanisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀkanidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀkanidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀkaniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀkanidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀkanidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀkannjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀkanidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀkaniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀkanidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀkannjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀkanidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀkannjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀkanidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀkannjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀkanidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀkannjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀkanidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀkannjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀkanidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀkannjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀkanidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀkannjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀkanidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀkani (class-1 present singular weak)
uʀkaniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
uʀkannjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
uʀkanid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ācennan

Old High German: irkennen


saliþu

saliþu (nominative singular)
saliþwō (nominative plural)
saliþwā (accusative singular)
saliþwā (accusative plural)
saliþwā (genitive singular)
saliþwō (genitive plural)
saliþwē (dative singular)
saliþwōm (dative plural)
saliþum (dative plural)
saliþu (instrumental singular)
saliþwōm (instrumental plural)
saliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sælþ

Old Saxon: selitha

Old Dutch: selitha

desc

Old High German: selida, selitha, seleda, selda

Middle High German: selede, selide, selde, sölde

German: Selde, Sölde


skākārī

skākārī (nominative singular)
skākārijō (nominative plural)
skākārijōs (nominative plural)
skākārī (accusative singular)
skākārijā (accusative plural)
skākārijas (genitive singular)
skākārijō (genitive plural)
skākārijē (dative singular)
skākārijum (dative plural)
skākāriju (instrumental singular)
skākārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċēacere

Old Frisian: skākere

Old Dutch: *scākere

Middle Dutch: schâkere

Dutch: schaker (obsolete)

Old High German: skāhhāri

Middle High German: schāchære, schæchære

German: Schächer


skāk

skāk (nominative singular)
skākō (nominative plural)
skākōs (nominative plural)
skāk (accusative singular)
skākā (accusative plural)
skākas (genitive singular)
skākō (genitive plural)
skākē (dative singular)
skākum (dative plural)
skāku (instrumental singular)
skākum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *skāk

⇒ Old Frisian: skākdēd, skākdēde

⇒ Old Frisian: skākrâf

⇒ Old Frisian: skākrâvere

Old Saxon: *skāk

Middle Low German: schāk

Old Dutch: *scāc

Middle Dutch: schâec

Dutch: schaak

desctree

Old High German: skāh, scah
Middle High German: schāch

→ Medieval Latin: scacchum, scachum

desc

Old French: eschec, eschiec (“booty, spoils”)

Middle French: eschec, eschiec

⇒ Old French: eschiequer, eschecer, escheker, eschieker

→ Middle English: skekken, skiken

⇒ Latin: scachator

Unknown; perhaps related to *skakan (“to shake”).


burjan

burjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
burjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
burjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
burjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
burju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
buridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
burisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
buridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
buridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
buriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
buridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
buridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
burjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
buridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
buriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
buridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
burjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
buridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
burjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
buridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
burjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
buridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
burjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
buridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
burjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
buridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
burjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
buridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
burjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
buridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
buri (class-1 present singular weak)
buriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
burjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
burid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: byrian

Middle English: birren, biren

Old Frisian: bera

Old Saxon: burian

Middle Low German: boren, bören

Low German: böhren

Old Dutch: *burien

desctree

Middle Dutch: bueren
Dutch: beuren
Afrikaans: beur
Limburgish: beure, bäöre

Old High German: burien, burren

Middle High German: bürn


gaburjan

gaburjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gaburjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gaburjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gaburjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
gaburju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gaburidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gaburisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gaburidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaburidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaburiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gaburidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaburidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaburjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gaburidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gaburiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gaburidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gaburjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gaburidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gaburjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gaburidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gaburjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gaburidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaburjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gaburidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaburjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gaburidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gaburjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gaburidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gaburjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gaburidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gaburi (class-1 present singular weak)
gaburiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gaburjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gaburid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ġebyrian, ġebyrġian, ġebyrede
Middle English: ȝebürien
⇒ Middle English: birrde, bürde
Scots: byrde, byrd, bird

Old Frisian: bera

West Frisian: barre

Old Saxon: giburian

Middle Low German: geboren, gebören

Low German: geböhren

→ Saterland Frisian: geböäre

Old Dutch: giburen

Middle Dutch: gebueren
Dutch: gebeuren
Afrikaans: gebeur
Limburgish: gebäöre

desc

Old High German: gaburjan, giburien, giburren, geburen

Middle High German: gebürn

German: gebühren

Luxembourgish: gebiren

From Proto-Germanic *gaburjaną. Equivalent to *ga- + *burjan.


druhti

druhti (nominative singular)
druhtī (nominative plural)
druhti (accusative singular)
druhtī (accusative plural)
druhtī (genitive singular)
druhtijō (genitive plural)
druhtī (dative singular)
druhtim (dative plural)
druhtijum (dative plural)
druhtī (instrumental singular)
druhtim (instrumental plural)
druhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dryht

English: dright

Old Frisian: drecht, dracht

North Frisian: dregte

Old Saxon: *druht

Middle Low German: drucht

Old Dutch: druht

Middle Dutch: drucht

Old High German: truht

Middle High German: truht


forht

forht (masculine nominative singular)
forhtu (feminine nominative singular)
forht (neuter nominative singular)
forhtanā (accusative masculine singular)
forhtā (accusative feminine singular)
forht (accusative neuter singular)
forhtas (genitive masculine singular)
forhteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
forhtas (genitive neuter singular)
forhtumē (dative masculine singular)
forhteʀē (dative feminine singular)
forhtumē (dative neuter singular)
forhtu (instrumental masculine singular)
forhteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
forhtu (instrumental neuter singular)
forhtē (masculine nominative plural)
forhtō (feminine nominative plural)
forhtu (neuter nominative plural)
forhtā (accusative masculine plural)
forhtā (accusative feminine plural)
forhtu (accusative neuter plural)
forhteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
forhteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
forhteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
forhtēm (dative masculine plural)
forhtum (dative masculine plural)
forhtēm (dative feminine plural)
forhtum (dative feminine plural)
forhtēm (dative neuter plural)
forhtum (dative neuter plural)
forhtēm (instrumental masculine plural)
forhtum (instrumental masculine plural)
forhtēm (feminine instrumental plural)
forhtum (feminine instrumental plural)
forhtēm (instrumental neuter plural)
forhtum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: forht, froht

Old Saxon: forht

Old High German: *forht, *foraht

⇒ Old High German: gotforht, gotforaht


forhtu

forhtu (nominative singular)
forhtō (nominative plural)
forhtā (accusative singular)
forhtā (accusative plural)
forhtā (genitive singular)
forhtō (genitive plural)
forhtē (dative singular)
forhtōm (dative plural)
forhtum (dative plural)
forhtu (instrumental singular)
forhtōm (instrumental plural)
forhtum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: forhta

Middle Low German: vruchte, vrochte

⇒ Old Saxon: furhtuwerth

desctree

Old Dutch: forhta
Middle Dutch: vrucht
Dutch: vrucht

Old High German: forhta
Middle High German: vorhte, vorht
German: Furcht, (obsolete) Forcht


furhtī

furhtī (nominative singular)
furhtīn (accusative singular)
furhtīn (genitive singular)
furhtīn (dative singular)
furhtīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: fyrhtu, fryhtu
Middle English: fright, friȝt, freyhte, fyrht, furht, frigt, fryȝt
English: fright
Scots: fricht

Old Frisian: fruchte

From Proto-Germanic *furhtį̄. Equivalent to *forht (“fearful”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


furhtijan

furhtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
furhtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
furhtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
furhtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
furhtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
furhtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
furhtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
furhtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furhtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furhtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
furhtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furhtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furhtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
furhtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
furhtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
furhtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
furhtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
furhtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
furhtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
furhtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
furhtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
furhtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furhtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
furhtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furhtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
furhtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
furhtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
furhtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
furhtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
furhtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
furhti (class-1 present singular weak)
furhtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
furhtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
furhtid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: fyrhtan
Middle English: frighten, friȝten, fyrten
English: fright (verb) (archaic)
Scots: fricht

Old Saxon: forhtian

desc

Middle Low German: vörchten, vröchten, vörchten, vrüchten, vürchten

German Low German: fürchten

Old Dutch: *forhten, *furhten

Middle Dutch: vruchten

Dutch: vruchten

Old High German: furhten, forhten, forahten

Middle High German: vurchten

German: fürchten

Luxembourgish: fäerten

From Proto-Germanic *furhtijaną. Equivalent to *forht (“fearful”) + *-jan and *forhtu (“fear”) + *-jan.


gamundi

gamundi (nominative singular)
gamundī (nominative plural)
gamundi (accusative singular)
gamundī (accusative plural)
gamundī (genitive singular)
gamundijō (genitive plural)
gamundī (dative singular)
gamundim (dative plural)
gamundijum (dative plural)
gamundī (instrumental singular)
gamundim (instrumental plural)
gamundijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġemynd

Middle English: ȝemünd, imunde, ymunde, mynde, minde

Scots: mind

English: mind

Old High German: gimunt

>? Middle High German: mun m (“thought, intent, attitude, memory”)

⇒ Old High German: gimunten (verb)

From Proto-Germanic *gamundiz. Equivalent to *ga- + *mundi.


hungrijan

hungrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hungrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hungrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hungrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hungriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hungridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hungrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hungridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hungridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hungriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hungridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hungridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hungrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hungridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hungriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hungridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hungrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hungridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hungrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hungridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hungrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hungridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hungrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hungridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hungrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hungridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hungrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hungridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hungrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hungridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hungri (class-1 present singular weak)
hungriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hungrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hungrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hyngran

Middle English: hüngren, hingren, hengren

Scots: hungir

English: hunger

Old Saxon: hungrian

Old Dutch: hungeren

Middle Dutch: hongeren

Dutch: hongeren

Afrikaans: honger

Old High German: hungaren

From Proto-Germanic *hungrijaną. Equivalent to *hungr (“hunger”) + *-jan.


hurdi

hurdi (nominative singular)
hurdī (nominative plural)
hurdi (accusative singular)
hurdī (accusative plural)
hurdī (genitive singular)
hurdijō (genitive plural)
hurdī (dative singular)
hurdim (dative plural)
hurdijum (dative plural)
hurdī (instrumental singular)
hurdim (instrumental plural)
hurdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hyrd

Middle English: hurde

Old Saxon: hurth

Middle Low German: hōrde, hōrt

Old Dutch: *hurd

Middle Dutch: hurde, huerde, horde

Dutch: horde, hor

Old High German: hurt, hurd

Middle High German: hurt

German: Hürde

→ Old French: hort, hourd, hourt, hurde

Middle French: hourd

French: hourd

→ Middle English: hord, whourde

⇒ English: hoarding

→ Medieval Latin: hurdicium, hurdicia

Old French: hordëiz, hourdeis, hurdis

Middle French: hourdis, hourdy

French: hourdis, hourdi

→ Middle English: hurdeiz, hurdis, hurdice


roggō

roggō (nominative singular)
roggan (nominative plural)
roggan (accusative singular)
roggan (accusative plural)
ruggini (genitive singular)
roggan (genitive singular)
rogganō (genitive plural)
ruggini (dative singular)
roggan (dative singular)
roggum (dative plural)
ruggini (instrumental singular)
roggan (instrumental singular)
roggum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rogga

Saterland Frisian: Roage

West Frisian: rogge

desctree

Old Saxon: roggo
Middle Low German: rogge
German Low German: Rogg
→⇒? German: Roggen
Plautdietsch: Rogg

Old Dutch: *roggo

Middle Dutch: rogge

Dutch: rogge

Old High German: rocko
Middle High German: rocke
German: Rocken (archaic)
Mòcheno: rocken

From Proto-Germanic *ruggô, from Proto-Indo-European *Hrugʰís. Compare *rugiz.


kussijan

kussijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kussijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kussijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kussijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kussiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kussidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kussisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kussidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kussidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kussiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kussidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kussidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kussijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kussidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kussiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kussidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kussijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kussidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kussijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kussidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kussijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kussidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kussijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kussidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kussijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kussidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kussijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kussidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kussijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kussidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kussi (class-1 present singular weak)
kussiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kussijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kussid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cyssan

Middle English: kissen, cusse, cussen, kess, kessen, kis, kiss, kisse, kysse, kussen
English: kiss
→ Esperanto: kisi
Scots: kiss
Yola: kisth (preterite)

Old Frisian: kessa

Old Saxon: kussian

Middle Low German: kussen

Low German: küssen

Plautdietsch: kussen

Old Dutch: *cussen

Middle Dutch: cussen
Dutch: kussen
Afrikaans: kus
Limburgish: kösse, kösje

Old High German: kussen

Middle High German: küssen, kussen

German: küssen

Hunsrik: kisse

Luxembourgish: këssen

Yiddish: קושן (kushn)

From Proto-Germanic *kussijaną. Equivalent to *koss (“a kiss”) + *-jan.