hlunni

hlunni (nominative singular)
hlunnī (nominative plural)
hlunni (accusative singular)
hlunnī (accusative plural)
hlunnī (genitive singular)
hlunnijō (genitive plural)
hlunnī (dative singular)
hlunnim (dative plural)
hlunnijum (dative plural)
hlunnī (instrumental singular)
hlunnim (instrumental plural)
hlunnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlynn (“torrent”), hlyn

⇒ Old English: hlynrian

⇒ Old English: hlynsian

Old Saxon: *hlunn, *hlunni

⇒ Old Saxon: gihlunn (“din, roar”)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hlunniz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥nów-is ~ *ḱln̥w-éy-s, from *ḱl̥néwti (“to be listening”), related to *hleuþr (“noise”), *hlūd (“loud”).


flagil

flagil (nominative singular)
flagilō (nominative plural)
flagilōs (nominative plural)
flagil (accusative singular)
flagilā (accusative plural)
flagilas (genitive singular)
flagilō (genitive plural)
flagilē (dative singular)
flagilum (dative plural)
flagilu (instrumental singular)
flagilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fliġel, *fleġel
Middle English: fleyl, flaell, flayl, flayle, flayll, fleel, fleil, fleyle, fleȝȝl (Ormulum)
English: flail (dialectal frail)
Scots: flail
Yola: vleal

Old Frisian: fleil, flail m; fleile, flaile f

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: flaiel, flailer

Helgoland: Vlaien

Mooring and Sylt:

Mooring: floil

Sylt: Flail

Wiedingharde:

Emsbull: flöiel

Rodenäs: floil, floi

Saterland Frisian: Floaine

West Frisian: fleil, flaaiel

Old Saxon: flegil

Middle Low German: vlegel, plegel

Low German: Flegel

Plautdietsch: Fläajel

→ Danish: plejl

→ North Frisian:

Halligen: fläägel

→ Saterland Frisian: Flägel

Old Dutch: *flegil

Middle Dutch: vlegel, vleil

Dutch: vlegel
Afrikaans: vleël

Limburgish: vlegel

West Flemish: fleil

→ Old Frisian: flēgel

desc

West Frisian: fleagel, flegel (Hindeloopen, Schiermonnikoog)

desctree

Old High German: flegil
Middle High German: vlegel, pflegel
Alemannic German: Pflegel
Alsatian: Flejl
Central Franconian: Fleel, Fliel
Hunsrik: Fleghel
German: Flegel, Pflegel (archaic)
East Franconian: Flechl, Flegl, Fleichl
Luxembourgish: Fléiwel, Fleel, Fléiel
Rhine Franconian: Flejel
Hessian: Fleel, Flechl, Fleschl
Palatine German: Fleel, Flechel, Flejel, Fliel
Vilamovian: fłygel

Origin disputed. Most sources state the term is most likely borrowed from Latin flagellum (“flail, small whip”).
Alternatively, and perhaps less likely, the term is possibly a native formation inherited from Proto-Germanic *flagilaz, from the verb Proto-Germanic *flahaną (“to skin, flay”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂g-, *pleh₂k- (“to beat, strike”), from *pel- (“to beat, push”) + *-ilaz (masculine agent suffix); related to Proto-Germanic *flagǭ (“a blow, strike, hit”), *flōkaną (“to beat, strike”), *flakkōną (“to beat”), and therefore distantly related to English flag, flack. For an example of another term previously considered to be derived from the Latin due to coincidental semblance of form and meaning, see English pluck.

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


watarweg

watarweg (nominative singular)
watarwegō (nominative plural)
watarwegōs (nominative plural)
watarweg (accusative singular)
watarwegā (accusative plural)
watarwegas (genitive singular)
watarwegō (genitive plural)
watarwegē (dative singular)
watarwegum (dative plural)
watarwegu (instrumental singular)
watarwegum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæterweġ

Middle English: waterwey

English: waterway

Old Frisian: weterwei

Saterland Frisian: Woaterwai

West Frisian: wetterwei

Old Saxon: *watarweg

Middle Low German: waterwech, wāterwech

Low German: Waterweg

→ Danish: vandvej (calque)

→ Swedish: vattenväg (calque)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vannvei (calque)

→? Dutch: waterweg

Afrikaans: waterweg

Old High German: *wazzarweg

Middle High German: wazzerwec

German: Wasserweg


tēgulā

tēgulā (nominative singular)
tēgulōn (nominative plural)
tēgulōn (accusative singular)
tēgulōn (accusative plural)
tēgulōn (genitive singular)
tēgulōnō (genitive plural)
tēgulōn (dative singular)
tēgulōm (dative plural)
tēgulum (dative plural)
tēgulōn (instrumental singular)
tēgulōm (instrumental plural)
tēgulum (instrumental plural)

Readjustment under the influence of Latin tēgula.

alternative form of *tigulā (“tile, brick”)


frijōdil

frijōdil (nominative singular)
frijōdilō (nominative plural)
frijōdilōs (nominative plural)
frijōdil (accusative singular)
frijōdilā (accusative plural)
frijōdilas (genitive singular)
frijōdilō (genitive plural)
frijōdilē (dative singular)
frijōdilum (dative plural)
frijōdilu (instrumental singular)
frijōdilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: friūdel, friūdelf, frūdelf

desctree

Old Saxon: friuthil, *friothil
>? Middle Low German: vridel, vredel (from this if original length î, ê; otherwise < *friþil)

desc

Old Dutch: *friuthil, *friothil, *frūthil

Middle Dutch: vriedel

⇒ Old Dutch: frūthilo

Old High German: friudil, freodil

< OHG <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">freodil</i>

Middle High German: vriedel (< OHG freodil)

possibly merged with MHG <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmh">vridel</i>

German: Friedel (possibly merged with MHG vridel)


habrō

habrō (nominative singular)
habran (nominative plural)
habran (accusative singular)
habran (accusative plural)
habrini (genitive singular)
habran (genitive singular)
habranō (genitive plural)
habrini (dative singular)
habran (dative singular)
habrum (dative plural)
habrini (instrumental singular)
habran (instrumental singular)
habrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hæfera

Old Frisian: *havera; *haver, *hever

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: heewer

Helgoland: Heewer

Mooring: hääwer

Wiedingharde: hääwer

East Frisian:

Harlingerland Frisian: heffer

Saterland Frisian: Hoawer, Heeuwer

Wangerooge Frisian: hüvvër, hǘvër

West Frisian: hjouwer

Schiermonnikoog: jeeuwer, jeeuwre

Old Saxon: habaro, havaro

Middle Low German: hāvere, hāver

German Low German: Haver, Hafer, Hawer

→ German: Hafer

Plautdietsch: Howa

Old Dutch: *havaro

Middle Dutch: havere

desctree

Dutch: haver
Afrikaans: hawer
Jersey Dutch: hâver
→⇒ English: haversack
→ Papiamentu: haver
→ West Frisian: haver (dialectal)

Old High German: habaro
Middle High German: habere, haber
Cimbrian: habarn pl
German: Haber
Luxembourgish: Huewer
Yiddish: האָבער (hober)


kirnijā

kirnijā (nominative singular)
kirnijōn (nominative plural)
kirnijōn (accusative singular)
kirnijōn (accusative plural)
kirnijōn (genitive singular)
kirnijōnō (genitive plural)
kirnijōn (dative singular)
kirnijōm (dative plural)
kirnijum (dative plural)
kirnijōn (instrumental singular)
kirnijōm (instrumental plural)
kirnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċirin, ċyrin

Middle English: chyrne, cherine, cherne, cheyrne, chirne, kirne, kyrn, kyrne
English: churn, kern
Scots: kirn, kern, kurn, curn

Old Frisian: *tzerne

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: saaren

Halligen: seern

Karrharde: scharn

Mooring: scharn

Wiedingharde: scharn

East Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Säddene

Wangerooge Frisian: sjënn

West Frisian: tsjerne

Hindeloopen: serne

Schiermonnikoog: tjen

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: kerne, kirne, karne

Low German: Karne

→ German: Karn, Kirne, Kerne

→ Latvian: ķērne

Old Dutch: *kirna
Middle Dutch: kerne, keerne
Dutch: karn
Afrikaans: karring

→ Walloon: serene

From Proto-Germanic *kirnijǭ (“a churn”).


baitil

baitil (nominative singular)
baitilō (nominative plural)
baitilōs (nominative plural)
baitil (accusative singular)
baitilā (accusative plural)
baitilas (genitive singular)
baitilō (genitive plural)
baitilē (dative singular)
baitilum (dative plural)
baitilu (instrumental singular)
baitilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bētel

Saterland Frisian: Betel

West Frisian: beitel

Old Saxon: *bētil

Middle Low German: bêtel, beitel

German Low German: Beitel

Old Dutch: *bētil

Middle Dutch: betel, beitel

Dutch: beitel

Old High German: *beizil

Middle High German: beizel

German: Beißel

From Proto-Germanic *baitilaz, equivalent to *baitan + *-il.


trappā

trappā (nominative singular)
trappōn (nominative plural)
trappōn (accusative singular)
trappōn (accusative plural)
trappōn (genitive singular)
trappōnō (genitive plural)
trappōn (dative singular)
trappōm (dative plural)
trappum (dative plural)
trappōn (instrumental singular)
trappōm (instrumental plural)
trappum (instrumental plural)

desc

>? Old English: træppe, treppe (“trap, snare”)

desctree

Middle English: trappe, trap, trape
English: trap
Middle Scots: trap, trape, trop
Scots: trap
Yola: traaps

Old Frisian: trappe

Saterland Frisian: trappe

West Frisian: trep, treppe

Old Saxon: *trappa

Middle Low German: trappe, treppe

German Low German: Trappe, Trapp

→ Estonian: trepp

→ Danish: trappe

→ Faroese: trappa

→ Icelandic: trappa

→ Norwegian: tropp

→ Old Swedish: trapa, trappa

Swedish: trappa
→ Finnish: rappu, trappu (dialectal)
→ Ingrian: trappu (from earlier trappu)

Old Dutch: *trappa
Middle Dutch: trap, trappe
Dutch: trap
Afrikaans: trap
Berbice Creole Dutch: trapu
Jersey Dutch: trāp
Negerhollands: trap
→ Indonesian: terap
→ Japanese: タラップ (tarappu)
→ Korean: 트랩 (teuraep)
→ Lokono: taráfo
→ Russian: трап (trap)
→ Sinhalese: තරප්පුව (tarappuwa)
→ Sranan Tongo: trapu, trappo
→ Aukan: taapu
→ Kari'na: tarapu
→ Warao: tarabha, taraja

Old High German: trappa

Middle High German: treppe, trappe

Alemannic German: Treppe

Swabian: Treppa

German: Treppe

desc

→ Medieval Latin: trappa, trapa (“trap, pit”) [1080] (see there for further descendants)

A nominal formation from Proto-Indo-European *dreb- (“to tread, step”), related to *trappōn (“to trample”); see there for more. The above root has been tentatively connected to Proto-Indo-European *drem- (“to run”).


bautō

bautō (nominative singular)
bautan (nominative plural)
bautan (accusative singular)
bautan (accusative plural)
bautini (genitive singular)
bautan (genitive singular)
bautanō (genitive plural)
bautini (dative singular)
bautan (dative singular)
bautum (dative plural)
bautini (instrumental singular)
bautan (instrumental singular)
bautum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bōto

Middle Low German: bôte

⇒ Middle Low German: bö̂teken, bö̂tken

Old High German: bōzo

Middle High German: bōze

German: Bosse

→ Old French: boton, bouton

Middle French: boton, bouton

French: bouton

→ Romanian: buton

→ Italian: bottone

→ Spanish: botón

→ Portuguese: botão

→ Middle English: botoun

English: button

Scots: button

that which pushes up or is raised; bump, knob


sālijan

sālijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sālijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sālijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sālijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sāliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sālidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sālisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sālidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sālidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sāliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sālidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sālidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sālijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sālidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sāliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sālidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sālijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sālidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sālijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sālidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sālijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sālidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sālijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sālidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sālijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sālidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sālijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sālidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sālijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sālidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sāli (class-1 present singular weak)
sāliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sālijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sālid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sǣlan

From Proto-Germanic *sēlijaną. Equivalent to *sālī + *-jan.


sōmijan

sōmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sōmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sōmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sōmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sōmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sōmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sōmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sōmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sōmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sōmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sōmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sōmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sōmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sōmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sōmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sōmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sōmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sōmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sōmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sōmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sōmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sōmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sōmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sōmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sōmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sōmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sōmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sōmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sōmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sōmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sōmi (class-1 present singular weak)
sōmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sōmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sōmid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: sēman
Middle English: semen, seme, semi

From Proto-Germanic *sōmijaną. Equivalent to *sōmī + *-jan.


saddjan

saddjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
saddjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
saddjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
saddjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
saddju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saddā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sadisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saddēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saddōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sadiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saddē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saddā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saddjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saddum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sadiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saddud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
saddjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saddun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
saddjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saddī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
saddjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saddī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saddjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saddī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saddjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saddīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
saddjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saddīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
saddjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saddīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sadi (class-1 present singular weak)
sadiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
saddjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sadd (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *sedian

Middle Low German: sēden

Old Dutch: *seden

Middle Dutch: sēden

Old High German: *setten

Middle High German: seten, setten

From Proto-Germanic *sadjaną. Equivalent to *sad + *-jan.


skardijan

skardijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skardijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skardijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skardijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skardiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skardidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skardisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skardidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skardidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skardiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skardidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skardidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skardijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skardidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skardiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skardidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skardijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skardidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skardijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skardidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skardijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skardidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skardijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skardidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skardijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skardidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skardijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skardidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skardijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skardidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skardi (class-1 present singular weak)
skardiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skardijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skardid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sċierdan

>? Old Dutch: *skerden

>? Middle Dutch: scherden (meaning 'to decide')

Old High German: skerten

Middle High German: scherten

From Proto-Germanic *skardijaną. Equivalent to *skard + *-jan.


stuþþjan

stuþþjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stuþþjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stuþþjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stuþþjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stuþþju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stuþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stuþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stuþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stuþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuþþjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stuþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stuþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stuþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stuþþjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stuþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stuþþjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stuþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stuþþjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stuþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuþþjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stuþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuþþjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stuþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stuþþjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stuþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stuþþjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stuþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stuþi (class-1 present singular weak)
stuþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stuþþjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stuþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: studden, studen

Middle High German: stüden

From Proto-Germanic *stuþjaną. Equivalent to *stuþ (“support, prop, post”) + *-jan.


wātijan

wātijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wātijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wātijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wātijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wātiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wātidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wātisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wātidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wātidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wātiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wātidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wātidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wātijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wātidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wātiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wātidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wātijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wātidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wātijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wātidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wātijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wātidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wātijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wātidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wātijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wātidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wātijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wātidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wātijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wātidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wāti (class-1 present singular weak)
wātiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wātijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wātid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wǣtan, wētan
Middle English: weten
English: wet
Scots: wete, weit
⇒ Middle English: wett, iwett, ywett (ppt)
English: wet
Scots: wat

Old Frisian: wēta

From Proto-Germanic *wētijaną. Equivalent to *wāt (“wet”) + *-jan.


taumijan

taumijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
taumijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
taumijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
taumijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
taumiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taumidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
taumisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taumidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taumidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taumiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taumidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taumidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taumijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taumidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taumiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taumidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
taumijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taumidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
taumijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taumidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
taumijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taumidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taumijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taumidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taumijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taumidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taumijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taumidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
taumijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taumidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
taumi (class-1 present singular weak)
taumiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
taumijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
taumid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: tēman, tȳman, tīeman

Middle English: temen

English: teem

Old Frisian: *tēma

West Frisian: teamme, teamje

Old Saxon: *tōmian

Middle Low German: tomen, tö̂men

German Low German: tomen

Old Dutch: *tōmen

Middle Dutch: tômen

Dutch: tomen

Old High German: *zoumen

Middle High German: zöumen, zoumen

German: zäumen

From Proto-Germanic *taumijaną. Equivalent to *taum (“tie, leash, bridle”) + *-jan.


kūsiju

kūsiju (nominative singular)
kūsijō (nominative plural)
kūsijā (accusative singular)
kūsijā (accusative plural)
kūsijā (genitive singular)
kūsijō (genitive plural)
kūsijē (dative singular)
kūsijōm (dative plural)
kūsijum (dative plural)
kūsiju (instrumental singular)
kūsijōm (instrumental plural)
kūsijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kēse

West Frisian: kies

→ Middle Dutch: kiese

Dutch: kies
→ Papiamentu: kis, kies

Old Saxon: *kūsa

Middle Low German: kûse

Low German: kuze, kuus


hringijā

hringijā (nominative singular)
hringijōn (nominative plural)
hringijōn (accusative singular)
hringijōn (accusative plural)
hringijōn (genitive singular)
hringijōnō (genitive plural)
hringijōn (dative singular)
hringijōm (dative plural)
hringijum (dative plural)
hringijōn (instrumental singular)
hringijōm (instrumental plural)
hringijum (instrumental plural)
*hringā (alternative)

Old English: hrinġe, hrinġiae, hrinġae, hrinġċe, rinġċe, rhinġæ
Middle English: ring, rynge, renge (merged with descendant of hring)
English: ring
Scots: ring

Old Saxon: hringa

Middle Low German: rinke

Old High German: ringa

Middle High German: ringge, rinke

German: Rinke


swinþijan

swinþijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swinþijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swinþijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swinþijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swinþiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swinþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swinþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swinþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swinþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swinþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swinþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swinþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swinþijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swinþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swinþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swinþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swinþijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swinþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swinþijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swinþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swinþijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swinþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swinþijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swinþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swinþijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swinþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swinþijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swinþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swinþijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swinþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swinþi (class-1 present singular weak)
swinþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swinþijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swinþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: swīþan

From Proto-Germanic *swinþijaną. Equivalent to *swinþ (“strong”) + *-jan.


spraidijan

spraidijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
spraidijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
spraidijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
spraidijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
spraidiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
spraididā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
spraidisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
spraididēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spraididōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spraidiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
spraididē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spraididā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spraidijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
spraididum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
spraidiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
spraididud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
spraidijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
spraididun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
spraidijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
spraididī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
spraidijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
spraididī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spraidijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
spraididī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spraidijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
spraididīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
spraidijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
spraididīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
spraidijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
spraididīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
spraidi (class-1 present singular weak)
spraidiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
spraidijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
spraidid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sprǣdan
Middle English: spreden
English: spread
Scots: spreid

Old Frisian: *sprēda

North Frisian: spriedjen

Saterland Frisian: spreede

West Frisian: spriede

Old Saxon: *sprēdian

Middle Low German: sprêden)

Low German: spreden

→ Norwegian: spre, spreia

Old Dutch: *spreiden, *sprēden

Middle Dutch: spreiden, sprêden

Dutch: spreiden

Afrikaans: sprei

Old High German: spreiten

Middle High German: spreiten

Alemannic German: spräite

German: spreiten

From Proto-Germanic *spraidijaną. A causative verb to *sprīþan.


stammijan

stammijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stammijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stammijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stammijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stammiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stammidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stammisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stammidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stammidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stammiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stammidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stammidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stammijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stammidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stammiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stammidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stammijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stammidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stammijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stammidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stammijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stammidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stammijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stammidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stammijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stammidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stammijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stammidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stammijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stammidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stammi (class-1 present singular weak)
stammiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stammijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stammid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *stemman

Middle English: stemmen

English: stem

⇒ Old English: forstemman

Old Saxon: *stemmian

Middle Low German: stemmen

Old Dutch: *stemmen

Middle Dutch: stemmen

Dutch: stemmen

Old High German: *stemmen

Middle High German: stemmen

German: stemmen

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *stammijaną.


stankwijan

stankwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stankwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stankwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stankwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stankwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stankwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stankwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stankwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stankwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stankwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stankwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stankwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stankwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stankwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stankwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stankwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stankwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stankwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stankwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stankwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stankwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stankwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stankwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stankwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stankwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stankwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stankwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stankwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stankwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stankwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stankwi (class-1 present singular weak)
stankwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stankwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stankwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: stenċan

Middle English: stenchen, stenche
English: stench (obsolete)

Old Saxon: *stenkian

Middle Low German: stenken

Old High German: stenken

Middle High German: stenken

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *stankwijaną. A causative formation to the strong verb *stinkwan.


bikārī

bikārī (nominative singular)
bikārijō (nominative plural)
bikārijōs (nominative plural)
bikārī (accusative singular)
bikārijā (accusative plural)
bikārijas (genitive singular)
bikārijō (genitive plural)
bikārijē (dative singular)
bikārijum (dative plural)
bikāriju (instrumental singular)
bikārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *biker

Middle English: biker, byker, bekyr (or borrowed from Old Norse)

English: beaker
→ Irish: bíocar
→ Welsh: bicer

Scots: bicker

Old Frisian: *biker, *beker

Saterland Frisian: Bieker

North Frisian: baager

West Frisian: beker

Old Saxon: bikeri, *bekari

Middle Low German: bēker

→ Old Norse: bikarr
Icelandic: bikar
Faroese: bikar
Norwegian Nynorsk: bikar, bekar; (dialectal) bekare
Old Swedish: bikare
Swedish: bägare
→ Finnish: pikari
→ Ingrian: pikkaari
→ Karelian: pikari
→ Votic: pikari
Danish: bæger
Norwegian Bokmål: beger
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: beger
→ North Frisian: baager
→ Middle English: biker, beker (partially from Middle Dutch)
English: beaker
Scots: bikker, bicker

Old Dutch: *becari

Middle Dutch: bēker

Dutch: beker
Afrikaans: beker
Negerhollands: beeker
→ Indonesian: beker
→ Papiamentu: beker
→ Sranan Tongo: beiker
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèker

→ Middle English: beker, biker (partially from Old Norse)

English: beaker

Scots: bikker, bicker

desc

Old High German: behhari, pehhari, behhar

Middle High German: becher, bechāre, pechāre

desctree

German: Becher
→ French: bécher
→ Italian: becher

Luxembourgish: Becher

Mòcheno: bikera

→ Lower Sorbian: bjachaŕ

→ Upper Sorbian: bjechaŕ

Yiddish: בעכער (bekher)

→ Bulgarian: пахар (pahar)

→ Hungarian: pohár
→ Polish: puchar
→ Romanian: pahar
→ Slovak: pohár
→ Czech: pohár

→ Macedonian: пехар (pehar)

→ Russian: пахирь (paxirʹ)

→ Serbo-Croatian: pehar
→ Albanian: pehar

Borrowed from Late Latin bīcārium (“drinking glass”).


tarbijan

tarbijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
tarbijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
tarbijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
tarbijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
tarbiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
tarbidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tarbisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
tarbidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tarbidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tarbiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
tarbidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tarbidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tarbijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
tarbidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tarbiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
tarbidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tarbijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
tarbidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tarbijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
tarbidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tarbijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
tarbidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tarbijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
tarbidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tarbijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
tarbidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tarbijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
tarbidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tarbijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
tarbidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tarbi (class-1 present singular weak)
tarbiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
tarbijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
tarbid (class-1 participle past weak)

desc

Old English: *tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian

Middle English: tirven, tyrven, terven

⇒ English: topsy-turvy

Scots: tirvie

⇒ Middle English: overterven, overtarven

Scots: overtirve, ourtirve

⇒ Middle English: tyrf, tyrfe

English: tirfe

⇒ Old English: ġetyrfan, ġetyrfian

Old High German: zerben

Middle High German: zirben

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *tarbijaną.


fullī

fullī (nominative singular)
fullīn (accusative singular)
fullīn (genitive singular)
fullīn (dative singular)
fullīn (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old English: fyllu, fyll, fyllo
Middle English: fille, fell, felle, fil, fill, fyll, fylle; fulle, ffolle, folle, ful, volle, vulle
English: fill; full
Scots: full, fou
Yola: vill

Old Saxon: *fulli

Middle Low German: vulle, vülle

German Low German: Füll

Old High German: fullī, follī, vollī — by analogy with foll
Middle High German: vülle, völle
Alemannic German: Fülli, Völli
German: Fülle, Völle

From Proto-Germanic *fullį̄ (“fullness”). Equivalent to *full (“full”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


diupī

diupī (nominative singular)
diupīn (accusative singular)
diupīn (genitive singular)
diupīn (dative singular)
diupīn (instrumental singular)

Old Dutch: diupi
Middle Dutch: diepe

Old Saxon: diupi

Middle Low German: dēpe

desctree

Old High German: tiufī, tiufe, tiufīn
Middle High German: tiufe, tiefe
Alemannic German: Tüüfi, Tieffi
German: Tiefe (obsolete Teufe)
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Dief, Tief
Vilamovian: tif

From Proto-Germanic *diupį̄ (“depth”). Equivalent to *deup (“deep”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


halhuk

halhuk (nominative singular)
halhukō (nominative plural)
halhukōs (nominative plural)
halhuk (accusative singular)
halhukā (accusative plural)
halhukas (genitive singular)
halhukō (genitive plural)
halhukē (dative singular)
halhukum (dative plural)
halhuku (instrumental singular)
halhukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: healoc, healc
Middle English: halk, halke

Old Saxon: *halhuk, *halahuk

Middle Low German: hallik


slaut

slaut (nominative singular)
slautō (nominative plural)
slautōs (nominative plural)
slaut (accusative singular)
slautā (accusative plural)
slautas (genitive singular)
slautō (genitive plural)
slautē (dative singular)
slautum (dative plural)
slautu (instrumental singular)
slautum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: slāt

North Frisian:

Sylt: Sluat

Saterland Frisian: Sloot

West Frisian: sleat

→ Dutch: slat (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *slōt

Middle Dutch: slôot, slôte

Dutch: sloot
Afrikaans: sloot
→ English: sloot, sluit

Old Saxon: *slōt

Middle Low German: slôt

German Low German: Sloot

Westphalian: Sluat

Uncertain; possibly related to *sleutan (“to lock, close”), compare semantics of *pundu (“enclosure (for animals, water); lock”), whence English pond. Alternately, related to *slautijā (“hail”).


slautijā

slautijā (nominative singular)
slautijōn (nominative plural)
slautijōn (accusative singular)
slautijōn (accusative plural)
slautijōn (genitive singular)
slautijōnō (genitive plural)
slautijōn (dative singular)
slautijōm (dative plural)
slautijum (dative plural)
slautijōn (instrumental singular)
slautijōm (instrumental plural)
slautijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *slīete, *slēte

Middle English: slete, sleet, slet, sleth, slethe
English: sleet

Old Saxon: *slōtia

Middle Low German: slö̂te

German Low German: Slöten, Sloot

Old High German: *slōza

q

Middle High German: slôz m, slôze f (either from a byform *slautā or a back-formation from plural *slœzzen)

Alemannic German:

Alsatian: Schloss

Central Franconian: Schluß

Hunsrik: Schlos

Transylvanian Saxon: Schloße

East Central German: Schlooßen

German: Schloße, Schloßen (dialectal)

Luxembourgish: Schlouss

Rhine Franconian: Schloß

desc

Palatine German: Schloß, Schloße, Schlouße

Pennsylvania German: Schlooss

From Proto-Germanic *slautijǭ (compare Gutnish sloyta) of unclear origin, but probably related to *slaut.


sandastain

sandastain (nominative singular)
sandastainō (nominative plural)
sandastainōs (nominative plural)
sandastain (accusative singular)
sandastainā (accusative plural)
sandastainas (genitive singular)
sandastainō (genitive plural)
sandastainē (dative singular)
sandastainum (dative plural)
sandastainu (instrumental singular)
sandastainum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *sandstān
Middle English: *sandstan, sandston
English: sandstone
Scots: sandstane

Old Frisian: *sandstēn, *sondstēn

North Frisian:

Amrum: Sunstian

Saterland Frisian: Soundsteen

West Frisian: sânstien

Old Saxon: *sandstēn

Middle Low German: sandstên, sandstein

German Low German: Sandsteen

→ Danish: sandsten (calque)

→ Swedish: sandsten (calque)

→ Norwegian: sandsten (calque)

→ Icelandic: sandsteinn (calque)

Old Dutch: *sandstēn

Middle Dutch: santsteen

Dutch: zandsteen
Afrikaans: sandsteen

Limburgish: zandjsjtein

Old High German: santstein

Middle High German: *santstein

Bavarian: Sandstoa

German: Sandstein

Luxembourgish: Sandsteen


sakōn

sakōn (infinitive)
sakōnijas (genitive infinitive)
sakōnijē (dative infinitive)
sakōniju (infinitive instrumental)
sakō (first-person present singular)
sakōdā (first-person past singular)
sakōs (present second-person singular)
sakōdēs (past second-person singular)
sakōdōs (past second-person singular)
sakōþ (present singular third-person)
sakōdē (past singular third-person)
sakōdā (past singular third-person)
sakōm (first-person plural present)
sakōdum (first-person past plural)
sakōþ (plural present second-person)
sakōdud (past plural second-person)
sakōnþ (plural present third-person)
sakōdun (past plural third-person)
sakōdī (first-person past singular)
sakōdī (past second-person singular)
sakō (present singular third-person)
sakōdī (past singular third-person)
sakōdīm (first-person past plural)
sakōdīd (past plural second-person)
sakōn (plural present third-person)
sakōdīn (past plural third-person)
sakō (present singular)
sakōþ (plural present)
sakōndī (participle present)
sakōd (participle past)

Old English: sacian

Old Frisian: sekia

Old Saxon: sakōn

Middle Low German: sāken

Old Dutch: *sakon

Middle Dutch: sāken

Old High German: *sahhōn

Middle High German: sachen

From Proto-Germanic *sakōną, equivalent to *saku (“case, lawsuit, quarrel”) + *-ōn.


brokkōn

brokkōn (infinitive)
brokkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
brokkōnijē (dative infinitive)
brokkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
brokkō (first-person present singular)
brokkōdā (first-person past singular)
brokkōs (present second-person singular)
brokkōdēs (past second-person singular)
brokkōdōs (past second-person singular)
brokkōþ (present singular third-person)
brokkōdē (past singular third-person)
brokkōdā (past singular third-person)
brokkōm (first-person plural present)
brokkōdum (first-person past plural)
brokkōþ (plural present second-person)
brokkōdud (past plural second-person)
brokkōnþ (plural present third-person)
brokkōdun (past plural third-person)
brokkōdī (first-person past singular)
brokkōdī (past second-person singular)
brokkō (present singular third-person)
brokkōdī (past singular third-person)
brokkōdīm (first-person past plural)
brokkōdīd (past plural second-person)
brokkōn (plural present third-person)
brokkōdīn (past plural third-person)
brokkō (present singular)
brokkōþ (plural present)
brokkōndī (participle present)
brokkōd (participle past)
*brokōn (alternative)

Old English: brocian

Old Dutch: *brocken, *broken

Middle Dutch: brocken, brōken

Dutch: brokken, broken

Old High German: brohhōn, brokkōn

Middle High German: brocken

⇒ Middle High German: erbrochen

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *brukkōną. An iterative verb to the strong verb *brekan.


fōtōn

fōtōn (infinitive)
fōtōnijas (genitive infinitive)
fōtōnijē (dative infinitive)
fōtōniju (infinitive instrumental)
fōtō (first-person present singular)
fōtōdā (first-person past singular)
fōtōs (present second-person singular)
fōtōdēs (past second-person singular)
fōtōdōs (past second-person singular)
fōtōþ (present singular third-person)
fōtōdē (past singular third-person)
fōtōdā (past singular third-person)
fōtōm (first-person plural present)
fōtōdum (first-person past plural)
fōtōþ (plural present second-person)
fōtōdud (past plural second-person)
fōtōnþ (plural present third-person)
fōtōdun (past plural third-person)
fōtōdī (first-person past singular)
fōtōdī (past second-person singular)
fōtō (present singular third-person)
fōtōdī (past singular third-person)
fōtōdīm (first-person past plural)
fōtōdīd (past plural second-person)
fōtōn (plural present third-person)
fōtōdīn (past plural third-person)
fōtō (present singular)
fōtōþ (plural present)
fōtōndī (participle present)
fōtōd (participle past)

Old English: fōtian

Middle English: foten

English: foot

Old Saxon: *fōtōn

Middle Low German: vōten

Old Dutch: *fuoton
Middle Dutch: voeten
Dutch: voeten

Old High German: *fuozōn

Middle High German: vuozen

German: fußen

Luxembourgish: foussen


leuhtōn

leuhtōn (infinitive)
leuhtōnijas (genitive infinitive)
leuhtōnijē (dative infinitive)
leuhtōniju (infinitive instrumental)
leuhtō (first-person present singular)
leuhtōdā (first-person past singular)
leuhtōs (present second-person singular)
leuhtōdēs (past second-person singular)
leuhtōdōs (past second-person singular)
leuhtōþ (present singular third-person)
leuhtōdē (past singular third-person)
leuhtōdā (past singular third-person)
leuhtōm (first-person plural present)
leuhtōdum (first-person past plural)
leuhtōþ (plural present second-person)
leuhtōdud (past plural second-person)
leuhtōnþ (plural present third-person)
leuhtōdun (past plural third-person)
leuhtōdī (first-person past singular)
leuhtōdī (past second-person singular)
leuhtō (present singular third-person)
leuhtōdī (past singular third-person)
leuhtōdīm (first-person past plural)
leuhtōdīd (past plural second-person)
leuhtōn (plural present third-person)
leuhtōdīn (past plural third-person)
leuhtō (present singular)
leuhtōþ (plural present)
leuhtōndī (participle present)
leuhtōd (participle past)

Old English: lēohtian

Middle English: lighten

English: light

Old Frisian: liāchtia

West Frisian: ljochtsje, ljochte

Old Saxon: *liohtōn

Middle Low German: lichten

Old Dutch: *liehton
Middle Dutch: lichten
Dutch: lichten

Old High German: *liohtōn

Middle High German: liehten

German: lichten

From *leuht (“light (noun)”) + *-ōn or *leuht (“light (adjective)”) + *-ōn.


augālaus

augālaus (masculine nominative singular)
augālausu (feminine nominative singular)
augālaus (neuter nominative singular)
augālausanā (accusative masculine singular)
augālausā (accusative feminine singular)
augālaus (accusative neuter singular)
augālausas (genitive masculine singular)
augālauseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
augālausas (genitive neuter singular)
augālausumē (dative masculine singular)
augālauseʀē (dative feminine singular)
augālausumē (dative neuter singular)
augālausu (instrumental masculine singular)
augālauseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
augālausu (instrumental neuter singular)
augālausē (masculine nominative plural)
augālausō (feminine nominative plural)
augālausu (neuter nominative plural)
augālausā (accusative masculine plural)
augālausā (accusative feminine plural)
augālausu (accusative neuter plural)
augālauseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
augālauseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
augālauseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
augālausēm (dative masculine plural)
augālausum (dative masculine plural)
augālausēm (dative feminine plural)
augālausum (dative feminine plural)
augālausēm (dative neuter plural)
augālausum (dative neuter plural)
augālausēm (instrumental masculine plural)
augālausum (instrumental masculine plural)
augālausēm (feminine instrumental plural)
augālausum (feminine instrumental plural)
augālausēm (instrumental neuter plural)
augālausum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *ēagelēas

Middle English: eieles, eyles

English: eyeless

Scots: eeless

Old Frisian: *āgelās

West Frisian: eachleas

Old Dutch: *ōgelōs

Middle Dutch: ogeloos

Dutch: oogloos

West Flemish: oogeloos, oogenloos

Old High German: ougalōs

Middle High German: ougenlōs, ōgenlōs

German: augenlos


lammjan

lammjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lammjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lammjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lammjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lammju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lamidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lamisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lamidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lamidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lamiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lamidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lamidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lammjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lamidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lamiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lamidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lammjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lamidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lammjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lamidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lammjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lamidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lammjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lamidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lammjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lamidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lammjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lamidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lammjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lamidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lami (class-1 present singular weak)
lamiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lammjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lamid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: lemman, lemian

Middle English: lemen

Old Frisian: lemma, lamma

Old Saxon: *lemmian

Middle Low German: lemmen, lēmen

⇒ Old Saxon: bilemmian

Old Dutch: *lemmen

Middle Dutch: lemmen, lēmen

Dutch: lemmen (obsolete)

Old High German: lemmen

Middle High German: lemmen, lemen

German: lähmen

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *lamjaną. Equivalent to *lam + *-jan.


þurstijan

þurstijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þurstijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þurstijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þurstijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þurstiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þurstidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þurstisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þurstidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þurstidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þurstiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þurstidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þurstidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þurstijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þurstidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þurstiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þurstidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þurstijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þurstidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þurstijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þurstidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þurstijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þurstidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þurstijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þurstidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þurstijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þurstidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þurstijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þurstidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þurstijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þurstidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þursti (class-1 present singular weak)
þurstiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þurstijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þurstid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: þyrstan

Middle English: thirsten

English: thirst

Old Frisian:

q

>? West Frisian: toarstje, toarstgje (a class 2 verb, possibly a new formation)

Old Saxon: thurstian

Middle Low German: dörsten

Old Dutch: thursten

Middle Dutch: dorsten

Dutch: dorsten

Old High German: dursten

Middle High German: dürsten

German: dürsten

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *þurstijaną. Equivalent to *þurstu (“thirst”) + *-jan.


langijan

langijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
langijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
langijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
langijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
langiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
langidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
langisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
langidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
langidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
langiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
langidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
langidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
langijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
langidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
langiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
langidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
langijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
langidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
langijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
langidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
langijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
langidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
langijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
langidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
langijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
langidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
langijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
langidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
langijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
langidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
langi (class-1 present singular weak)
langiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
langijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
langid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: lengan

Middle English: lengen

English: linge

Scots: ling

Old Frisian: lendza

West Frisian: linge

Old Saxon: *lengian

Middle Low German: lengen

Old Dutch: *lengen

Middle Dutch: lengen, lingen

Dutch: lengen

Old High German: lengen

Middle High German: lengen

German: längen

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *langijaną. Equivalent to *lang (“long”) + *-jan.


landijan

landijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
landijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
landijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
landijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
landiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
landidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
landisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
landidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
landidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
landiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
landidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
landidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
landijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
landidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
landiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
landidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
landijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
landidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
landijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
landidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
landijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
landidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
landijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
landidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
landijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
landidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
landijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
landidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
landijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
landidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
landi (class-1 present singular weak)
landiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
landijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
landid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: lendan

desc

Middle English: lenden, leende, leind, lend, lende, lendyn, leynd, leynde, lyende, lynde

Old Frisian: *lenda

⇒ Old Frisian: onlenda, undlenda

Old Saxon: *lendian

Middle Low German: lenden

Old Dutch: *lenden

Middle Dutch: lenden

⇒ Middle Dutch: belenden

Dutch: belenden

Old High German: lenten

Middle High German: lenten, lenden, leinten

German: länden (obsolete)

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *landijaną. Equivalent to *land (“land”) + *-jan.


kampōn

kampōn (infinitive)
kampōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kampōnijē (dative infinitive)
kampōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kampō (first-person present singular)
kampōdā (first-person past singular)
kampōs (present second-person singular)
kampōdēs (past second-person singular)
kampōdōs (past second-person singular)
kampōþ (present singular third-person)
kampōdē (past singular third-person)
kampōdā (past singular third-person)
kampōm (first-person plural present)
kampōdum (first-person past plural)
kampōþ (plural present second-person)
kampōdud (past plural second-person)
kampōnþ (plural present third-person)
kampōdun (past plural third-person)
kampōdī (first-person past singular)
kampōdī (past second-person singular)
kampō (present singular third-person)
kampōdī (past singular third-person)
kampōdīm (first-person past plural)
kampōdīd (past plural second-person)
kampōn (plural present third-person)
kampōdīn (past plural third-person)
kampō (present singular)
kampōþ (plural present)
kampōndī (participle present)
kampōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: campian, compian
Middle English: campen
English: camp
Scots: camp

Old Frisian: kampia

Old Saxon: *kampōn

Middle Low German: kampen

Old Dutch: *kampon

Middle Dutch: campen

Dutch: kampen

From *kamp (“(battle)field; battle”) + *-ōn.


þebu

þebu (nominative singular)
þebō (nominative plural)
þebā (accusative singular)
þebā (accusative plural)
þebā (genitive singular)
þebō (genitive plural)
þebē (dative singular)
þebōm (dative plural)
þebum (dative plural)
þebu (instrumental singular)
þebōm (instrumental plural)
þebum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *þeofu

Middle English: theve, theyve
English: theave, thaive, thave

Old Frisian: *theve

North Frisian:

Amrum: seew

Föhr: teew

Sylt: Teew

⇒ Old Frisian: *thevek

North Frisian:

Amrum: seefk

Föhr: teefk

⇒ West Frisian: touke

Unknown; compare *þebōn (“to be heated”), but the semantic gap is hard to bridge.


Frankisk

Frankisk (masculine nominative singular)
Frankisku (feminine nominative singular)
Frankisk (neuter nominative singular)
Frankiskā (accusative feminine singular)
Frankisk (accusative neuter singular)
Frankiskas (genitive masculine singular)
Frankiskas (genitive neuter singular)
Frankisku (instrumental masculine)
Frankisku (instrumental neuter)
Frankiskē (masculine nominative plural)
Frankiskō (feminine nominative plural)
Frankisku (neuter nominative plural)
Frankiskā (accusative masculine plural)
Frankiskā (accusative feminine plural)
Frankisku (accusative neuter plural)
*frankisk (alternative)

Old English: Frenċisċ
Middle English: Frenkysch, Frankisch, Franche, Frankyshe, Frensche, Frankish, Franssh, Frenssh, French
English: French, Frankish
Scots: Frensche, Frenche, Freinch

Old Frisian: *Frankisk

Saterland Frisian: fransk, Fransk

West Frisian: Frânsk

desc

Old Saxon: *Frankisk, *Frenkisk, frenkiski

Middle Low German: frenkisch, vrankisch, vrankesch, vranksch, vrankes, vrenkisch, vrenkesch, vrenksch

German Low German: fransk, fransch

→ Danish: fransk

→ Swedish: fransk

→ Norwegian: fransk

→ Icelandic: franska

Old Dutch: *Frankisk

Middle Dutch: francsch, vrancs, vrans

Dutch: fransch, frans

West Flemish: fransch

Old High German: *frankisc, frenkisk, frenkisc

Middle High German: vrenkisch, vreinkisch, vrensch, frenkisch, frensch

German: fränkisch


smorōn

smorōn (infinitive)
smorōnijas (genitive infinitive)
smorōnijē (dative infinitive)
smorōniju (infinitive instrumental)
smorō (first-person present singular)
smorōdā (first-person past singular)
smorōs (present second-person singular)
smorōdēs (past second-person singular)
smorōdōs (past second-person singular)
smorōþ (present singular third-person)
smorōdē (past singular third-person)
smorōdā (past singular third-person)
smorōm (first-person plural present)
smorōdum (first-person past plural)
smorōþ (plural present second-person)
smorōdud (past plural second-person)
smorōnþ (plural present third-person)
smorōdun (past plural third-person)
smorōdī (first-person past singular)
smorōdī (past second-person singular)
smorō (present singular third-person)
smorōdī (past singular third-person)
smorōdīm (first-person past plural)
smorōdīd (past plural second-person)
smorōn (plural present third-person)
smorōdīn (past plural third-person)
smorō (present singular)
smorōþ (plural present)
smorōndī (participle present)
smorōd (participle past)

Old English: smorian

desctree

Middle English: smoren, smore, smor
Scots: smore, smuir
Yola: smore

Old Frisian: *smoria

West Frisian: smoarje, smoare

Old Saxon: *smorōn

Middle Low German: smōren

→ German: schmoren

Old Dutch: *smoron

Middle Dutch: smōren

Dutch: smoren

>? Old High German: *smorōn

>? Middle High German: smoren (attested as meaning 'to wither')

Uncertain, possibly related to *smokōn and *smallijan.


smalōn

smalōn (infinitive)
smalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
smalōnijē (dative infinitive)
smalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
smalō (first-person present singular)
smalōdā (first-person past singular)
smalōs (present second-person singular)
smalōdēs (past second-person singular)
smalōdōs (past second-person singular)
smalōþ (present singular third-person)
smalōdē (past singular third-person)
smalōdā (past singular third-person)
smalōm (first-person plural present)
smalōdum (first-person past plural)
smalōþ (plural present second-person)
smalōdud (past plural second-person)
smalōnþ (plural present third-person)
smalōdun (past plural third-person)
smalōdī (first-person past singular)
smalōdī (past second-person singular)
smalō (present singular third-person)
smalōdī (past singular third-person)
smalōdīm (first-person past plural)
smalōdīd (past plural second-person)
smalōn (plural present third-person)
smalōdīn (past plural third-person)
smalō (present singular)
smalōþ (plural present)
smalōndī (participle present)
smalōd (participle past)

Old English: smalian

Middle English: smalen

English: small

Old Frisian: smelia, smellia

Old Saxon: *smalōn

Middle Low German: smālen

Old Dutch: *smalon
Middle Dutch: smālen, smallen
Dutch: smalen, smallen

Old High German: *smalōn

Middle High German: smalen, smaln


frafalu

frafalu (nominative singular)
frafaliwi (nominative plural)
frafalō (nominative plural)
frafalu (accusative singular)
frafalū (accusative plural)
frafalō (genitive singular)
frafaliwō (genitive plural)
frafaliwi (dative singular)
frafalō (dative singular)
frafalum (dative plural)
frafalu (instrumental singular)
frafalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fræfel, frefel n

Old Saxon: *fraval

desc

Middle Low German: vrêvel, vrevel, frêvel, vrêvele, wrevel

German Low German: Frevel

→ Saterland Frisian: Wríeuwel

gl

Old Dutch: fravali (attested in Latin texts as faravalium, farfalium, farfalius)

Middle Dutch: vrēvel, wrevel

Dutch: wrevel

→ West Frisian: wrevel

desc

Old High German: frefil, frevil m; frafalī, frafalīn, frafilī f

Middle High German: vrevel, frefel m; vrevele f

German: Frevel m

From *frafal(i) (“wanton, wicked”) + *-u.


frafalihaidu

frafalihaidu (nominative singular)
frafalihaidiwi (nominative plural)
frafalihaidō (nominative plural)
frafalihaidu (accusative singular)
frafalihaidū (accusative plural)
frafalihaidō (genitive singular)
frafalihaidiwō (genitive plural)
frafalihaidiwi (dative singular)
frafalihaidō (dative singular)
frafalihaidum (dative plural)
frafalihaidu (instrumental singular)
frafalihaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frevelhēd

Old Saxon: *fravalhēd

Middle Low German: vrêvelhêt, vrevelheit, wrevelhêt

German Low German: Frevelheid

Old Dutch: *fravalheid, *fravalheit

Middle Dutch: vrēvelheit, verēvelheit

Dutch: wrevelheid

Old High German: *fravalheit

Middle High German: vrevelheit, vrävelheit, vreveleheit, vravelkeit, vrevelicheit, frefelheit, fräfelheit, frefeleheit, frafelkeit

German: Frevelheit

From *frafal(i) (“impudent, bold”) + *-haidu.


nīþ

nīþ (nominative singular)
nīþu (nominative plural)
nīþ (accusative singular)
nīþu (accusative plural)
nīþas (genitive singular)
nīþō (genitive plural)
nīþē (dative singular)
nīþum (dative plural)
nīþu (instrumental singular)
nīþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nīþ, nīð
Middle English: nith, nithe, niþ, nuþ, nyth, nyþe, nið, nuð (Early Middle English)
English: nith

Old Frisian: nīth, nīd

Saterland Frisian: Nied

West Frisian: niid

Old Saxon: nīth
Middle Low German: nît
German Low German: Nied

Old Dutch: nīth

Middle Dutch: nijt

Dutch: nijd
Afrikaans: nyd
Negerhollands: neid

Old High German: nīd
Middle High German: nīt
German: Neid
Luxembourgish: Näid


frafalilīkō

Old English: fræfellīċe

Old Saxon: frabillīko, fravillīko

desc

Middle Low German: vrevellîke, vrevelîke

Old High German: frafallīhho, fravallīhho, frafallīcho

Middle High German: vrevellīche

German: frevellich, frevelich

From *frafal(i) (“impudent, bold”) + *-līkō, or *frafalilīk (“impudently, boldly”) + *-ō.

af

impudently, boldly, aggressively, wickedly


mōþīg

mōþīg (masculine nominative singular)
mōþīgu (feminine nominative singular)
mōþīg (neuter nominative singular)
mōþīganā (accusative masculine singular)
mōþīgā (accusative feminine singular)
mōþīg (accusative neuter singular)
mōþīgas (genitive masculine singular)
mōþīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mōþīgas (genitive neuter singular)
mōþīgumē (dative masculine singular)
mōþīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
mōþīgumē (dative neuter singular)
mōþīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
mōþīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
mōþīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
mōþīgē (masculine nominative plural)
mōþīgō (feminine nominative plural)
mōþīgu (neuter nominative plural)
mōþīgā (accusative masculine plural)
mōþīgā (accusative feminine plural)
mōþīgu (accusative neuter plural)
mōþīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mōþīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mōþīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mōþīgēm (dative masculine plural)
mōþīgum (dative masculine plural)
mōþīgēm (dative feminine plural)
mōþīgum (dative feminine plural)
mōþīgēm (dative neuter plural)
mōþīgum (dative neuter plural)
mōþīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mōþīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
mōþīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mōþīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
mōþīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mōþīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mēþiġ

Old Saxon: *mōthīg

Middle Low German: *mö̂dich

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: mö̂dichhêt, mö̂dichêt, mödichêt

German Low German: Mööigheid

Old High German: *muodīg

Middle High German: müedic

German: müdig

⇒ Middle High German: müedicheit, müedecheit, mūdicheit

German: Müdigkeit


mōþīgōn

mōþīgōn (infinitive)
mōþīgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mōþīgōnijē (dative infinitive)
mōþīgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mōþīgō (first-person present singular)
mōþīgōdā (first-person past singular)
mōþīgōs (present second-person singular)
mōþīgōdēs (past second-person singular)
mōþīgōdōs (past second-person singular)
mōþīgōþ (present singular third-person)
mōþīgōdē (past singular third-person)
mōþīgōdā (past singular third-person)
mōþīgōm (first-person plural present)
mōþīgōdum (first-person past plural)
mōþīgōþ (plural present second-person)
mōþīgōdud (past plural second-person)
mōþīgōnþ (plural present third-person)
mōþīgōdun (past plural third-person)
mōþīgōdī (first-person past singular)
mōþīgōdī (past second-person singular)
mōþīgō (present singular third-person)
mōþīgōdī (past singular third-person)
mōþīgōdīm (first-person past plural)
mōþīgōdīd (past plural second-person)
mōþīgōn (plural present third-person)
mōþīgōdīn (past plural third-person)
mōþīgō (present singular)
mōþīgōþ (plural present)
mōþīgōndī (participle present)
mōþīgōd (participle past)

Old English: *mœ̄þgian, mēþgian (attested as past partciple ġemēþgad)

Old Saxon: *mōdīgōn

Middle Low German: môdigen, mö̂digen

gl

>? German Low German: möjen (possible merging with Middle Low German mōien, möien, from Proto-West Germanic *mōjan)

Old High German: *muodīgōn

Middle High German: müedigen, müdigen

German: müdigen


mattjō

mattjō (nominative singular)
mattjan (nominative plural)
mattjan (accusative singular)
mattjan (accusative plural)
mattjini (genitive singular)
mattjan (genitive singular)
mattjanō (genitive plural)
mattjini (dative singular)
mattjan (dative singular)
mattjum (dative plural)
mattjini (instrumental singular)
mattjan (instrumental singular)
mattjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: mezzo

⇒ Old High German: steinmezzo

Middle High German: steinmetze

German: Steinmetz

→ Vulgar Latin: *mattiō, *matiō

Medieval Latin: maciō

desc

Old French: maçon, macon (manuscript form) (see there for further descendants)

→? Medieval Latin: matia (see there for further descendants)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *matjô, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *met- (“to cut”). Cognate with Sanskrit मत्य (matyà, “harrow, roller, club”), Proto-Slavic *motyka (“hoe”), Lithuanian matikkas (“mattock”), Latin mateola (“mallet”).

cog

someone who cuts, stonecutter, butcher, etc.


dwāsōn

dwāsōn (infinitive)
dwāsōnijas (genitive infinitive)
dwāsōnijē (dative infinitive)
dwāsōniju (infinitive instrumental)
dwāsō (first-person present singular)
dwāsōdā (first-person past singular)
dwāsōs (present second-person singular)
dwāsōdēs (past second-person singular)
dwāsōdōs (past second-person singular)
dwāsōþ (present singular third-person)
dwāsōdē (past singular third-person)
dwāsōdā (past singular third-person)
dwāsōm (first-person plural present)
dwāsōdum (first-person past plural)
dwāsōþ (plural present second-person)
dwāsōdud (past plural second-person)
dwāsōnþ (plural present third-person)
dwāsōdun (past plural third-person)
dwāsōdī (first-person past singular)
dwāsōdī (past second-person singular)
dwāsō (present singular third-person)
dwāsōdī (past singular third-person)
dwāsōdīm (first-person past plural)
dwāsōdīd (past plural second-person)
dwāsōn (plural present third-person)
dwāsōdīn (past plural third-person)
dwāsō (present singular)
dwāsōþ (plural present)
dwāsōndī (participle present)
dwāsōd (participle past)

Old English: dwǣsian

Old Saxon: *dwāsōn

Middle Low German: dwâsen

Old Dutch: *dwāson

Middle Dutch: dwâsen

Dutch: dwazen (obsolete)

Old High German: *twāsōn

Middle Low German: twāsen

From *dwās (“fool”) + *-ōn or *dwās (“foolish”) + *-ōn.


harpōn

harpōn (infinitive)
harpōnijas (genitive infinitive)
harpōnijē (dative infinitive)
harpōniju (infinitive instrumental)
harpō (first-person present singular)
harpōdā (first-person past singular)
harpōs (present second-person singular)
harpōdēs (past second-person singular)
harpōdōs (past second-person singular)
harpōþ (present singular third-person)
harpōdē (past singular third-person)
harpōdā (past singular third-person)
harpōm (first-person plural present)
harpōdum (first-person past plural)
harpōþ (plural present second-person)
harpōdud (past plural second-person)
harpōnþ (plural present third-person)
harpōdun (past plural third-person)
harpōdī (first-person past singular)
harpōdī (past second-person singular)
harpō (present singular third-person)
harpōdī (past singular third-person)
harpōdīm (first-person past plural)
harpōdīd (past plural second-person)
harpōn (plural present third-person)
harpōdīn (past plural third-person)
harpō (present singular)
harpōþ (plural present)
harpōndī (participle present)
harpōd (participle past)

Old English: hearpian

Middle English: harpen

English: harp

Old Saxon: *harpōn

Middle Low German: harpen

Old Dutch: *harpon

Middle Dutch: harpen

Dutch: harpen

Old High German: *harpfōn

Middle High German: harpfen, harfen

German: harfen


mōþijēn

mōþijēn (infinitive)
mōþijēnijas (genitive infinitive)
mōþijēnijē (dative infinitive)
mōþijēniju (infinitive instrumental)
mōþijē (first-person present singular)
mōþij?dā (first-person past singular)
mōþijēs (present second-person singular)
mōþij?dēs (past second-person singular)
mōþijēþ (present singular third-person)
mōþij?dē (past singular third-person)
mōþij?dā (past singular third-person)
mōþijēm (first-person plural present)
mōþij?dum (first-person past plural)
mōþijēþ (plural present second-person)
mōþij?dud (past plural second-person)
mōþijēnþ (plural present third-person)
mōþij?dun (past plural third-person)
mōþij?dī (first-person past singular)
mōþij?dī (past second-person singular)
mōþijē (present singular third-person)
mōþij?dī (past singular third-person)
mōþij?dīm (first-person past plural)
mōþij?dīd (past plural second-person)
mōþijēn (plural present third-person)
mōþij?dīn (past plural third-person)
mōþijē (present singular)
mōþijēþ (plural present)
mōþijēndī (participle present)
mōþij?d (participle past)

Old English: mēþian

Old Saxon: *mōthiōn, *mōthōn

Middle Low German: mö̂den

Old Dutch: muothen

Middle Dutch: moeden, mueden, muden

Old High German: muodēn

desc

Middle High German: muoden, *müeden, mūden

German: müden


anafangi

anafangi (nominative singular)
anafangī (nominative plural)
anafangi (accusative singular)
anafangī (accusative plural)
anafangī (genitive singular)
anafangijō (genitive plural)
anafangī (dative singular)
anafangim (dative plural)
anafangijum (dative plural)
anafangī (instrumental singular)
anafangim (instrumental plural)
anafangijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: onfenġ

Old Frisian: anfeng, onefeng

>? West Frisian: oanfang

Old Dutch: *anafang

Middle Dutch: aenvanc

Dutch: aanvang

Limburgish: aanvank

desctree

Old Saxon: anafang
Middle Low German: anevanc, anvanc
German Low German: Anfang
Plautdietsch: Aunfang

Old High German: anafang, anafanc, anefang, anavanch, anavang
Middle High German: anevanc, anvanc
Alemannic German: Afang
Central Franconian: Afank
German: Anfang, Anf. (abbreviation)
→ Finnish: anfangi
→ Hunsrik: aanfank
→ Silesian: anfang
→ Swedish: anfang
Luxembourgish: Ufank
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Aafang
Pennsylvania German: Aafang

From *ana- + *fangi. Old Norse áfang n is either a parallel formation or a loan or cognate with a change in gender.


hlidōn

hlidōn (infinitive)
hlidōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hlidōnijē (dative infinitive)
hlidōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hlidō (first-person present singular)
hlidōdā (first-person past singular)
hlidōs (present second-person singular)
hlidōdēs (past second-person singular)
hlidōdōs (past second-person singular)
hlidōþ (present singular third-person)
hlidōdē (past singular third-person)
hlidōdā (past singular third-person)
hlidōm (first-person plural present)
hlidōdum (first-person past plural)
hlidōþ (plural present second-person)
hlidōdud (past plural second-person)
hlidōnþ (plural present third-person)
hlidōdun (past plural third-person)
hlidōdī (first-person past singular)
hlidōdī (past second-person singular)
hlidō (present singular third-person)
hlidōdī (past singular third-person)
hlidōdīm (first-person past plural)
hlidōdīd (past plural second-person)
hlidōn (plural present third-person)
hlidōdīn (past plural third-person)
hlidō (present singular)
hlidōþ (plural present)
hlidōndī (participle present)
hlidōd (participle past)

Old English: *hlidian

Middle English: liden

English: lid

⇒ Old English: ġehlidian

Old Frisian: hlidia

Old High German: *hlitōn, lidōn

Middle High German: liden, līn


ainfald

ainfald (masculine nominative singular)
ainfaldu (feminine nominative singular)
ainfald (neuter nominative singular)
ainfaldanā (accusative masculine singular)
ainfaldā (accusative feminine singular)
ainfald (accusative neuter singular)
ainfaldas (genitive masculine singular)
ainfaldeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
ainfaldas (genitive neuter singular)
ainfaldumē (dative masculine singular)
ainfaldeʀē (dative feminine singular)
ainfaldumē (dative neuter singular)
ainfaldu (instrumental masculine singular)
ainfaldeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
ainfaldu (instrumental neuter singular)
ainfaldē (masculine nominative plural)
ainfaldō (feminine nominative plural)
ainfaldu (neuter nominative plural)
ainfaldā (accusative masculine plural)
ainfaldā (accusative feminine plural)
ainfaldu (accusative neuter plural)
ainfaldeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
ainfaldeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
ainfaldeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
ainfaldēm (dative masculine plural)
ainfaldum (dative masculine plural)
ainfaldēm (dative feminine plural)
ainfaldum (dative feminine plural)
ainfaldēm (dative neuter plural)
ainfaldum (dative neuter plural)
ainfaldēm (instrumental masculine plural)
ainfaldum (instrumental masculine plural)
ainfaldēm (feminine instrumental plural)
ainfaldum (feminine instrumental plural)
ainfaldēm (instrumental neuter plural)
ainfaldum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ānfeald
Middle English: onfold, anfald
English: onefold
Scots: aefauld, aefald, aefaul (noun), ae-fald, ae-faul (adj), afawld, afald

Old Frisian: ēnfald

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: eenfooldig, eenfooldich, eenfooltich, eenfoltig

⇒ West Frisian: ienfâldich

desctree

Old Saxon: ēnfald
Middle Low German: ênvālt, ênvōlt
German Low German: Eenfold (noun)
⇒ German Low German: eenfoldig

Old Dutch: *ēnfalt

Middle Dutch: eenvout

⇒ Middle Dutch: eenvoude (noun)

Dutch: eenvoud

desc

⇒ Middle Dutch: einvoldeg, eenvuldich, eenvoudich

⇒ Dutch: eenvoudig

Old High German: einfalt

Middle High German: einvalt, einfalt

German: einfältig (Einfalt is a back-formation)

From Proto-Germanic *ainafalþaz. Equivalent to *ain (“one”) + *-fald (“-fold”).


jungiling

jungiling (nominative singular)
jungilingō (nominative plural)
jungilingōs (nominative plural)
jungiling (accusative singular)
jungilingā (accusative plural)
jungilingas (genitive singular)
jungilingō (genitive plural)
jungilingē (dative singular)
jungilingum (dative plural)
jungilingu (instrumental singular)
jungilingum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġeongling, iungling
Middle English: ȝongling, ȝongeling, ȝungling
English: youngling
Scots: younklin

Old Frisian: iungeling, jungeling

Old Saxon: jungling

Middle Low German: jüngelink

Old Dutch: *jungeling, iungelig

Middle Dutch: jongelinc, jonghelinc

Dutch: jongeling

Afrikaans: jongeling

desc

Old High German: jungiling, jungaling, jungeling

Middle High German: jungelinc

German: Jüngling

From Proto-Germanic *jungilingaz. Equivalent to *jung (“young”) + *-ling.


alljanōn

alljanōn (infinitive)
alljanōnijas (genitive infinitive)
alljanōnijē (dative infinitive)
alljanōniju (infinitive instrumental)
alljanō (first-person present singular)
alljanōdā (first-person past singular)
alljanōs (present second-person singular)
alljanōdēs (past second-person singular)
alljanōdōs (past second-person singular)
alljanōþ (present singular third-person)
alljanōdē (past singular third-person)
alljanōdā (past singular third-person)
alljanōm (first-person plural present)
alljanōdum (first-person past plural)
alljanōþ (plural present second-person)
alljanōdud (past plural second-person)
alljanōnþ (plural present third-person)
alljanōdun (past plural third-person)
alljanōdī (first-person past singular)
alljanōdī (past second-person singular)
alljanō (present singular third-person)
alljanōdī (past singular third-person)
alljanōdīm (first-person past plural)
alljanōdīd (past plural second-person)
alljanōn (plural present third-person)
alljanōdīn (past plural third-person)
alljanō (present singular)
alljanōþ (plural present)
alljanōndī (participle present)
alljanōd (participle past)

Old English: elnian

Middle English: elnen

English: elne

Old High German: ellanōn, ellenōn, *ellinōn

⇒ Old High German: ellanāri, ellināri

From Proto-Germanic *aljanōną. Equivalent to *alljan (“zeal”) + *-ōn.


haiþinnassī

haiþinnassī (nominative singular)
haiþinnassīn (accusative singular)
haiþinnassīn (genitive singular)
haiþinnassīn (dative singular)
haiþinnassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: hǣþennes

desctree

Middle English: hethenesse
English: heathenesse

desc

Old Saxon: hēthinissa, hēthinussia, hēthinussi

Middle Low German: heidenisse

Old Dutch: hēthinnussi, hethinissa, heithinissa

Middle Dutch: heidinesse, heidinisse, heidenesse, hedenesse

Old High German: heidannissa


petarsilljā

petarsilljā (nominative singular)
petarsilljōn (nominative plural)
petarsilljōn (accusative singular)
petarsilljōn (accusative plural)
petarsilljōn (genitive singular)
petarsilljōnō (genitive plural)
petarsilljōn (dative singular)
petarsilljōm (dative plural)
petarsilljum (dative plural)
petarsilljōn (instrumental singular)
petarsilljōm (instrumental plural)
petarsilljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: petersiliġe, petersilie, petersyliġe
Middle English: watersilie, wætersylie (mistaking p for ƿ (=w))

Old Frisian: *petersilie

desc

West Frisian: peterseelje, piterseelje, pattersylje

Old Saxon: *petarsella, *petarsilia

Middle Low German: persele, pētersilie, peetersilie, pētersillye, pēterselie, pētersilge, pētersillige

German Low German: Petersilie, Petersielje, Petersillje

→ Danish: persille

→ Norwegian: persille

→ Old Swedish: petersilia, pädersilia

Swedish: persilja

→ Finnish: persilja

Old Dutch: *petarsella, *petarsilia

Middle Dutch: petercelle, peterselie, petersilie

Dutch: peterselie

Limburgish: pitterseelje

q

influenced by Old High German petersil <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>

Old High German: federskella, federscella, *pfedrasilia, *petarsilia (influenced by Old High German petersil m)

desc

Middle High German: pētersilje, pētersilie, pfitersele, federscella

German: Petersilie

desctree

→ Czech: petržel
→ Polish: pietruszka
→ Belarusian: пятру́шка (pjatrúška)
→ Russian: петру́шка (petrúška)
→ Ingrian: petruška
→ Ukrainian: петру́шка (petrúška)
→ Yiddish: פּיעטרושקע (pyetrushke), פּעטרושקע (petrushke), פּעטרעשקע (petreshke), פּעטרישקע (petrishke)

From *petarsili + *-jā, from Vulgar Latin *petrosilium, from Latin petroselīnum (“rock parsley”).

pēterlīn

Old High German: peterlīn, petarlīn; Middle High German


Kōnirād

Kōnirād (nominative singular)
Kōnirād (accusative singular)
Kōnirādā (accusative plural)
Kōnirādas (genitive singular)
Kōnirādō (genitive plural)
Kōnirādē (dative singular)
Kōnirādum (dative plural)
Kōnirādu (instrumental singular)
Kōnirādum (instrumental plural)

Old English: Cēnrǣd, Cēnrēd, Cōenrēd

→ English: Kenred

Old Dutch: *Cuonrāt

desc

Middle Dutch: Coenraet (or from Middle Low German)

Dutch: Coenraad, Koenraad

Old Saxon: *Cōnrād

Middle Low German: Cônrât, Côrd (or from Old High German)

→ Danish: Kurt

→ German: Kurt

→ Estonian: Konrad

→ Faroese: Konrad, Kurt

→ Icelandic: Konráð

→ Latvian: Konrāds

→ Swedish: Konrad, Kurt

Old High German: Kuonrād, Chuanrāt, Chuonrād

Middle High German: Konrāt, Kuonrāt

German: Konrad

→ English: Conrad

→ Hungarian: Konrád

→ Polish: Konrad

→ Medieval Latin: Conradus, Corradus, Corrardus

Old French: Courrat

Italian: Corrado

Sicilian: Currau

Venetan: Corrado

→ Byzantine Greek: Κορράδος (Korrhádos)

Greek: Κορράδος (Korrádos)

a male given name, equivalent to English Conrad


stahlīn

stahhlīn (masculine nominative singular)
stahhlīnu (feminine nominative singular)
stahhlīn (neuter nominative singular)
stahhlīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
stahhlīnā (accusative feminine singular)
stahhlīn (accusative neuter singular)
stahhlīnas (genitive masculine singular)
stahhlīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
stahhlīnas (genitive neuter singular)
stahhlīnumē (dative masculine singular)
stahhlīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
stahhlīnumē (dative neuter singular)
stahhlīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
stahhlīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
stahhlīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
stahhlīnē (masculine nominative plural)
stahhlīnō (feminine nominative plural)
stahhlīnu (neuter nominative plural)
stahhlīnā (accusative masculine plural)
stahhlīnā (accusative feminine plural)
stahhlīnu (accusative neuter plural)
stahhlīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
stahhlīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
stahhlīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
stahhlīnēm (dative masculine plural)
stahhlīnum (dative masculine plural)
stahhlīnēm (dative feminine plural)
stahhlīnum (dative feminine plural)
stahhlīnēm (dative neuter plural)
stahhlīnum (dative neuter plural)
stahhlīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
stahhlīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
stahhlīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
stahhlīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
stahhlīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
stahhlīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *stīelen, stȳlen

Middle English: stelen, stelyn, stilen

English: steelen

Scots: stelin, stelyn

Old Frisian: stēlen

Saterland Frisian: stäilen

West Frisian: stielen

Old Saxon: *stahlīn, *stehlīn, *stālīn, *stēlīn

Middle Low German: stâlen, stêlen, steilen

German Low German: stahlen

Old Dutch: *stālīn, *stēlīn

Middle Dutch: stalijn, stalin, stalen, stelen, steelen

Dutch: stalen

Old High German: stahalīn

Middle High German: stahelīn, stehelīn, stælīn, stālīn, stēlīn

German: stählen, stählern

From *stahl (“steel”) + *-īn (adjective suffix).


wordalōn

wordalōn (infinitive)
wordalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wordalōnijē (dative infinitive)
wordalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wordalō (first-person present singular)
wordalōdā (first-person past singular)
wordalōs (present second-person singular)
wordalōdēs (past second-person singular)
wordalōdōs (past second-person singular)
wordalōþ (present singular third-person)
wordalōdē (past singular third-person)
wordalōdā (past singular third-person)
wordalōm (first-person plural present)
wordalōdum (first-person past plural)
wordalōþ (plural present second-person)
wordalōdud (past plural second-person)
wordalōnþ (plural present third-person)
wordalōdun (past plural third-person)
wordalōdī (first-person past singular)
wordalōdī (past second-person singular)
wordalō (present singular third-person)
wordalōdī (past singular third-person)
wordalōdīm (first-person past plural)
wordalōdīd (past plural second-person)
wordalōn (plural present third-person)
wordalōdīn (past plural third-person)
wordalō (present singular)
wordalōþ (plural present)
wordalōndī (participle present)
wordalōd (participle past)

Old English: wordlian

Old High German: wortalōn

From *wordōn (“to speak”) + *-lōn (frequentative).


wurtwalōn

wurtwalōn (infinitive)
wurtwalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wurtwalōnijē (dative infinitive)
wurtwalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wurtwalō (first-person present singular)
wurtwalōdā (first-person past singular)
wurtwalōs (present second-person singular)
wurtwalōdēs (past second-person singular)
wurtwalōdōs (past second-person singular)
wurtwalōþ (present singular third-person)
wurtwalōdē (past singular third-person)
wurtwalōdā (past singular third-person)
wurtwalōm (first-person plural present)
wurtwalōdum (first-person past plural)
wurtwalōþ (plural present second-person)
wurtwalōdud (past plural second-person)
wurtwalōnþ (plural present third-person)
wurtwalōdun (past plural third-person)
wurtwalōdī (first-person past singular)
wurtwalōdī (past second-person singular)
wurtwalō (present singular third-person)
wurtwalōdī (past singular third-person)
wurtwalōdīm (first-person past plural)
wurtwalōdīd (past plural second-person)
wurtwalōn (plural present third-person)
wurtwalōdīn (past plural third-person)
wurtwalō (present singular)
wurtwalōþ (plural present)
wurtwalōndī (participle present)
wurtwalōd (participle past)

Old English: wyrtwalian

Old Frisian: *wortelia

West Frisian: woartelje, wurtelje

Old Saxon: *wurtalōn

Middle Low German: wortelen, wörtelen

desctree

Old Dutch: *wurtalon
Middle Dutch: wortelen
Dutch: wortelen

Old High German: wurzalōn

desc

Middle High German: wurzelen, wurzeln, wurtzeln

German: wurzeln


watarōn

watarōn (infinitive)
watarōnijas (genitive infinitive)
watarōnijē (dative infinitive)
watarōniju (infinitive instrumental)
watarō (first-person present singular)
watarōdā (first-person past singular)
watarōs (present second-person singular)
watarōdēs (past second-person singular)
watarōdōs (past second-person singular)
watarōþ (present singular third-person)
watarōdē (past singular third-person)
watarōdā (past singular third-person)
watarōm (first-person plural present)
watarōdum (first-person past plural)
watarōþ (plural present second-person)
watarōdud (past plural second-person)
watarōnþ (plural present third-person)
watarōdun (past plural third-person)
watarōdī (first-person past singular)
watarōdī (past second-person singular)
watarō (present singular third-person)
watarōdī (past singular third-person)
watarōdīm (first-person past plural)
watarōdīd (past plural second-person)
watarōn (plural present third-person)
watarōdīn (past plural third-person)
watarō (present singular)
watarōþ (plural present)
watarōndī (participle present)
watarōd (participle past)

Old English: wæterian

Middle English: watren

English: water

Scots: water, watir

Old Frisian: wetria

Saterland Frisian: woaterje

West Frisian: wetterje, wietterje

Old Saxon: *watarōn

Middle Low German: wateren

German Low German: watern

desctree

Old Dutch: *wataron
Middle Dutch: wāteren
Dutch: wateren
Afrikaans: water
Negerhollands: water

Old High German: *wazzarōn

Middle High German: wazzeren, wazzern

German: wassern


slāpag

slāpag (masculine nominative singular)
slāpagu (feminine nominative singular)
slāpag (neuter nominative singular)
slāpaganā (accusative masculine singular)
slāpagā (accusative feminine singular)
slāpag (accusative neuter singular)
slāpagas (genitive masculine singular)
slāpageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
slāpagas (genitive neuter singular)
slāpagumē (dative masculine singular)
slāpageʀē (dative feminine singular)
slāpagumē (dative neuter singular)
slāpagu (instrumental masculine singular)
slāpageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
slāpagu (instrumental neuter singular)
slāpagē (masculine nominative plural)
slāpagō (feminine nominative plural)
slāpagu (neuter nominative plural)
slāpagā (accusative masculine plural)
slāpagā (accusative feminine plural)
slāpagu (accusative neuter plural)
slāpageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
slāpageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
slāpageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
slāpagēm (dative masculine plural)
slāpagum (dative masculine plural)
slāpagēm (dative feminine plural)
slāpagum (dative feminine plural)
slāpagēm (dative neuter plural)
slāpagum (dative neuter plural)
slāpagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
slāpagum (instrumental masculine plural)
slāpagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
slāpagum (feminine instrumental plural)
slāpagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
slāpagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *slǣpiġ, *slǣpeġ
Middle English: slepy, slepi, slepie, sclepy (Late Middle English)
English: sleepy
Middle Scots: slepy, sleipy
Scots: sleepy

⇒ Old English: unslǣpiġ

Old Frisian: slēpich

Saterland Frisian: släipich

West Frisian: sliepich

Old Saxon: *slāpag

Middle Low German: slâpich

German Low German: slapig

Old Dutch: *slāpig

Middle Dutch: slâpig, slâpich, slêpig

Dutch: slapig

Old High German: slāfag

Middle High German: slāfec

German: schlafig


kamisi

kamisi (nominative singular)
kamisī (nominative plural)
kamisi (accusative singular)
kamisī (accusative plural)
kamisī (genitive singular)
kamissjō (genitive plural)
kamisī (dative singular)
kamisim (dative plural)
kamissjum (dative plural)
kamisī (instrumental singular)
kamisim (instrumental plural)
kamissjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cemes
Middle English: kemes, kemese, kemse

Old High German: kemis

Reborrowed from Late Latin camīsia, from Proto-West Germanic doublet *hamiþi (“shirt”).


bordō

bordō (nominative singular)
bordan (nominative plural)
bordan (accusative singular)
bordan (accusative plural)
burdini (genitive singular)
bordan (genitive singular)
bordanō (genitive plural)
burdini (dative singular)
bordan (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)
burdini (instrumental singular)
bordan (instrumental singular)
bordum (instrumental plural)

Old English: borda

Middle English: borde

Scots: burde, buird

Old Frisian: *borda

Saterland Frisian: Boude f

West Frisian: buorde

Old Saxon: *bordo

Middle Low German: borde, bōrde

German Low German: Boorde

Old Dutch: *bordo

Middle Dutch: borde, boerde f

Dutch: boord

Old High German: borto
Middle High German: borte m or f
German: Borte

Old French: borde, bourde f

Middle French: borde

French: borde

From Proto-Germanic *burdô. There are no convincing Indo-European cognates, so it is probably ultimately of substrate origin. NEW and FvW assume a relation with *bord (“plank, board”), but a connection between the meaning ‘edge, hem’ and the meaning ‘plank’ is not very plausible; moreover, the words with the meaning ‘edge, bank’ have traditionally been masculine and weakly declined, and the words with the meaning ‘plank, ship’s board etc.’ are neuter and strong.


þananā

Old English: þanan, þanon, þanone, þonan
Middle English: þenne
⇒ Middle English: þennes
English: thence
→? Old Norse: þanan (calque)

Old Frisian: thana

Old Saxon: thanan, thanana

Middle Low German: danen

Low German:

Westphalian: diëne

Old Dutch: *thanana

Middle Dutch: danen, dane, daen

⇒ Middle Dutch: van dane

Dutch: vandaan

Old High German: danān, danana

Middle High German: dannen

Alemannic German: danne, dänne

Central Franconian: danne, dänne

German: dannen

Luxembourgish: danen (obsolete)

From *þan (“then”) + *-anā (ablative suffix).


þannē

Old English: þonne, þanne, þænne, ðonne
Middle English: then(ne), than(ne)
English: then, than
Scots: than, then, an
⇒ Scots: thance

Old Frisian: thanna, thanne

Old Saxon: thanna, thanne

Middle Low German: danne

Old High German: danne, thanne

Middle High German: danne

Extension of *þan by analogy with *innē (Proto-Germanic *innai), *uppē (Proto-Germanic *uppai), etc.


ārundijōn

ārundijōn (infinitive)
ārundijōnijas (genitive infinitive)
ārundijōnijē (dative infinitive)
ārundijōniju (infinitive instrumental)
ārundijō (first-person present singular)
ārundijōdā (first-person past singular)
ārundijōs (present second-person singular)
ārundijōdēs (past second-person singular)
ārundijōdōs (past second-person singular)
ārundijōþ (present singular third-person)
ārundijōdē (past singular third-person)
ārundijōdā (past singular third-person)
ārundijōm (first-person plural present)
ārundijōdum (first-person past plural)
ārundijōþ (plural present second-person)
ārundijōdud (past plural second-person)
ārundijōnþ (plural present third-person)
ārundijōdun (past plural third-person)
ārundijōdī (first-person past singular)
ārundijōdī (past second-person singular)
ārundijō (present singular third-person)
ārundijōdī (past singular third-person)
ārundijōdīm (first-person past plural)
ārundijōdīd (past plural second-person)
ārundijōn (plural present third-person)
ārundijōdīn (past plural third-person)
ārundijō (present singular)
ārundijōþ (plural present)
ārundijōndī (participle present)
ārundijōd (participle past)

Old English: ǣrendian, ǣrndian
Middle English: arndien, erndien, erenden, ernden
English: errand

⇒ Old English: ǣrendung

⇒ Old English: ġeǣrendian

Old Saxon: *ārundeōn

⇒ Old Saxon: giārundeod (ppt)

From *ārundī (“message, errand”) + *-ōn.


sādōn

sādōn (infinitive)
sādōnijas (genitive infinitive)
sādōnijē (dative infinitive)
sādōniju (infinitive instrumental)
sādō (first-person present singular)
sādōdā (first-person past singular)
sādōs (present second-person singular)
sādōdēs (past second-person singular)
sādōdōs (past second-person singular)
sādōþ (present singular third-person)
sādōdē (past singular third-person)
sādōdā (past singular third-person)
sādōm (first-person plural present)
sādōdum (first-person past plural)
sādōþ (plural present second-person)
sādōdud (past plural second-person)
sādōnþ (plural present third-person)
sādōdun (past plural third-person)
sādōdī (first-person past singular)
sādōdī (past second-person singular)
sādō (present singular third-person)
sādōdī (past singular third-person)
sādōdīm (first-person past plural)
sādōdīd (past plural second-person)
sādōn (plural present third-person)
sādōdīn (past plural third-person)
sādō (present singular)
sādōþ (plural present)
sādōndī (participle present)
sādōd (participle past)

Old English: sǣdian, sēdian

Middle English: seden

English: seed

Old Frisian: sēdia

Old Dutch: *sādon

Middle Dutch: *sâden

Dutch: zaden (possibly a new formation)


faraweg

faraweg (nominative singular)
farawegō (nominative plural)
farawegōs (nominative plural)
faraweg (accusative singular)
farawegā (accusative plural)
farawegas (genitive singular)
farawegō (genitive plural)
farawegē (dative singular)
farawegum (dative plural)
farawegu (instrumental singular)
farawegum (instrumental plural)

Old English: færweġ, ferweġ, *fareweġ
Middle English: farewaye, fairway, fare-waye
English: fareway

Old Frisian: *farewei, *ferewei

West Frisian: farwei

Old Saxon: *farweg, *faraweg

desc

Middle Low German: varewech, vaerwech, vārwech

Old Dutch: *farweg, *faraweg

Middle Dutch: vaerwech

Dutch: vaarweg

Old High German: *farweg, *faraweg

Middle High German: farwec, varwec

German: Fahrweg

From *far or *faru (“journey”) + *weg (“way”).


sikilu

sikilu (nominative singular)
sikilō (nominative plural)
sikilā (accusative singular)
sikilā (accusative plural)
sikilā (genitive singular)
sikilō (genitive plural)
sikilē (dative singular)
sikilōm (dative plural)
sikilum (dative plural)
sikilu (instrumental singular)
sikilōm (instrumental plural)
sikilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sicol m, sicul, siċel, siocol — Kentish
Middle English: sikel, sekell, sikil, sykel
English: sickle
Scots: sikil, sicle, sickle

Old Frisian: *sikel, *sitsel

West Frisian: sytsel, sisel, sizel

Old Saxon: *sikila

Middle Low German: sēkele, sēkel, seckele
German Low German: Seckel
Plautdietsch: Säakjel
→ Danish: segl

Old Dutch: *sikila

Middle Dutch: sickele, sēkele, sikle

Dutch: sikkel
Afrikaans: sekel
→ Sotho: sekele
→ Tswana: sekele
→ Xhosa: sekile
→ Zulu: sikela (or English)
→ French: skèye, skêye (dialectal)

Old High German: sihhila, sichila
Middle High German: sichel
German: Sichel
→ Dutch: zichel
Luxembourgish: Séchel
Vilamovian: sychuł

Borrowed from Latin secula (“sickle”), readjusted by instrumental suffix *-ilu (compare *skutilu), and perhaps also influenced by Latin sīcīlis (“sickle”). Thought to be related to *sigiþī (“sickle”).


grōm

grōm (nominative singular)
grōmu (nominative plural)
grōm (accusative singular)
grōmu (accusative plural)
grōmas (genitive singular)
grōmō (genitive plural)
grōmē (dative singular)
grōmum (dative plural)
grōmu (instrumental singular)
grōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *grōm

⇒ Old English: *grōma

Old Frisian: *grōm

West Frisian: grom, gram, grim

Old Saxon: *grōm

Middle Low German: grôm, grom, grum

Old Dutch: *grōm

Middle Dutch: grom

Dutch: grom

From Proto-Germanic *grōaną (“to grow”).