wiþrasakō

wiþrasakō (nominative singular)
wiþrasakan (nominative plural)
wiþrasakan (accusative singular)
wiþrasakan (accusative plural)
wiþrasakini (genitive singular)
wiþrasakan (genitive singular)
wiþrasakanō (genitive plural)
wiþrasakini (dative singular)
wiþrasakan (dative singular)
wiþrasakum (dative plural)
wiþrasakini (instrumental singular)
wiþrasakan (instrumental singular)
wiþrasakum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wiþersaca, wiðersaca — edh spelling
Middle English: withersake
English: withersake

Old Frisian: witherseka, withirsaka

Old Saxon: witharsako

Middle Low German: weddersake

Old Dutch: withersako, withersacco

Old High German: widarsahho, widarsacho

Middle High German: widersache

German: Widersacher (with the "-r" from -er)

From *wiþrasakan (“to quarrel, argue”) (whence Old English wiþsacan) + *-ō, from *wiþra- (“toward”) + *sakan (“to quarrel, argue”).


wullu

wullu (nominative singular)
wollō (nominative plural)
wollā (accusative singular)
wollā (accusative plural)
wollā (genitive singular)
wollō (genitive plural)
wullē (dative singular)
wollōm (dative plural)
wullum (dative plural)
wullu (instrumental singular)
wollōm (instrumental plural)
wullum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wull

Middle English: wulle, woule, wolle

desc

Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo

English: wool

Old Frisian: wulle, wolle, ulle, ul

Saterland Frisian: Wulle

West Frisian: wolle, wol

Old Saxon: wulla

Middle Low German: wulle

German Low German: Wulle, Wull

Low German: Wulle

Old Dutch: *wulla, *wolla

Middle Dutch: wolle

Dutch: wol

Afrikaans: wol

→ Indonesian: wol

Old High German: wolla

Middle High German: wolle

Cimbrian: bòlla

German: Wolle

Hunsrik: Woll

Luxembourgish: Woll

Pennsylvania German: Woll

Vilamovian: wuuł

Yiddish: וואָל (vol)


slāpan

slāpan (infinitive)
slāpannjas (genitive infinitive)
slāpannjē (dative infinitive)
slāpannju (infinitive instrumental)
slāpu (first-person present singular)
slēp (first-person past singular)
slāpiʀi (present second-person singular)
slēpī (past second-person singular)
slāpidi (present singular third-person)
slēp (past singular third-person)
slāpum (first-person plural present)
slēpum (first-person past plural)
slāpid (plural present second-person)
slēpud (past plural second-person)
slāpand (plural present third-person)
slēpun (past plural third-person)
slāpē (first-person present singular)
slēpī (first-person past singular)
slāpēs (present second-person singular)
slāpē (present singular third-person)
slēpī (past singular third-person)
slāpēm (first-person plural present)
slēpīm (first-person past plural)
slāpēþ (plural present second-person)
slēpīd (past plural second-person)
slāpēn (plural present third-person)
slēpīn (past plural third-person)
slāp (present singular)
slāpid (plural present)
slāpandī (participle present)
slāpan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: slǣpan, slēpan — Anglian, slāpan, slēpian
Middle English: slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe
English: sleep
Sranan Tongo: sribi
Middle Scots: sleip, slepe
Scots: sleep

Old Frisian: slēpa

North Frisian: sliepe

Saterland Frisian: släipe

West Frisian: sliepe

Old Saxon: slāpan
Middle Low German: slâpen
German Low German: slapen
Low German: slapen

Old Dutch: slāpan
Middle Dutch: slâpen
Dutch: slapen
Afrikaans: slaap
Negerhollands: slaap, slap, slaep
Skepi Creole Dutch: slapi, slappe
Limburgish: slaope
Zealandic: slaepe

Old High German: slāfan
Middle High German: slāfen
Alemannic German: schlaaffe, schlooffe
Badisch: schlofe
Italian Walser: schloafe, schloafen, schlofe, schlàfu, schlaafä
Bavarian:
Central Bavarian: schloffa
Cimbrian: slaafan, slafan, slavan
Mòcheno: schloven
South Tyrolean: schlofn, sghlofn
Central Franconian: schlofe
Hunsrik: schlofe
Luxembourgish: schlofen
German: schlafen
Rhine Franconian: schlofe
Pennsylvania German: schlofe
Yiddish: שלאָפֿן (shlofn)


aiʀ

aiʀ (nominative singular)
aiʀu (nominative plural)
aiʀ (accusative singular)
aiʀu (accusative plural)
aiʀas (genitive singular)
aiʀō (genitive plural)
aiʀē (dative singular)
aiʀum (dative plural)
aiʀu (instrumental singular)
aiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ār
Middle English: ore (merged with ōra)
English: ore
Scots: ure, uir

Old Frisian: *ār, ēr

Saterland Frisian: Oare, Orre

Old Saxon: ēr

Middle Low German: ēr

Old Dutch: *ēr

Middle Dutch: êer

Dutch: eer

Old High German: ēr

Middle High German: er

Alemannic German: Eer

⇒ Alemannic German: eerig

⇒ Old High German: ērīn

Middle High German: ērīn

German: ehern


willjan

Old English: willan, wyllan
Middle English: willen, wil, wille, wilen, welin, wole, wolle, willian, wullen (early southwest Midlands)
English: will
Scots: will, wil
Yola: woul, wull, weel, well, will, ill

Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle

Old Saxon: willian
Middle Low German: willen, wellen
Low German: wüllen

Old Dutch: willen
Middle Dutch: willen
Dutch: willen
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wel
Skepi Creole Dutch: wel, well, will
Limburgish: wille

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*waljaną</i>

Old High German: wellen, willen, wollen, wollen (conflated with *waljaną)
Middle High German: wellen, wollen, wöllen, wullen
Alemannic German: welle, wella, wölla
Swabian: wella
Bavarian: woian
Apetlonerisch: walln
Cimbrian: bölln, béllan (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: welle, wolle (non-native; but now common in some dialects via German)
Hunsrik: weele
Luxembourgish: wëllen
German: wollen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: wolle
Yiddish: וועלן (veln)


grōnī

grōnī (masculine nominative singular)
grōniju (feminine nominative singular)
grōnī (neuter nominative singular)
grōnijanā (accusative masculine singular)
grōnijā (accusative feminine singular)
grōnī (accusative neuter singular)
grōnijas (genitive masculine singular)
grōnijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
grōnijas (genitive neuter singular)
grōnijumē (dative masculine singular)
grōnijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
grōnijumē (dative neuter singular)
grōniju (instrumental masculine singular)
grōnijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
grōniju (instrumental neuter singular)
grōnijē (masculine nominative plural)
grōnijō (feminine nominative plural)
grōniju (neuter nominative plural)
grōnijā (accusative masculine plural)
grōnijā (accusative feminine plural)
grōniju (accusative neuter plural)
grōnijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
grōnijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
grōnijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
grōnijēm (dative masculine plural)
grōnijum (dative masculine plural)
grōnijēm (dative feminine plural)
grōnijum (dative feminine plural)
grōnijēm (dative neuter plural)
grōnijum (dative neuter plural)
grōnijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
grōnijum (instrumental masculine plural)
grōnijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
grōnijum (feminine instrumental plural)
grōnijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
grōnijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: grēne, grœ̄ne — Anglian, early Kentish, grœ̄ni — Mercian, Corpus Glossary
Middle English: grene, greene
English: green (see there for further descendants)
Scots: green
Yola: green

Old Frisian: grēne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: green
Saterland Frisian: gräin
West Frisian: grien

Old Saxon: grōni
Middle Low German: grōne, gröne
Low German: grön, gröön, green
Plautdietsch: jreen
→ Polabian: grönĕ

Old Dutch: gruoni
Middle Dutch: groene
Dutch: groen
Afrikaans: groen
Berbice Creole Dutch: grun
Negerhollands: groen, grun
Skepi Creole Dutch: gruin
Sranan Tongo: grun
Aukan: guun
Saramaccan: guúun
Limburgish: greun, gruuen
West Flemish: groene

Old High German: gruoni
Middle High German: grüene
Alemannic German: grüen
Swabian: grea, grien
Walser: geriénts, grien, gréén, grün
Bavarian: grian, gri͡an (alternative spelling, e.g. Styria), grean (most dialects), grien (Sappada, Sauris), grea
Apeltonerisch: gria
Cimbrian: gruan, grümma, grüun
Mòcheno: grea'
Central Franconian: jrön, green, grien
Hunsrik: grien
Luxembourgish: gréng
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: grin
East Franconian:
German: grün
Rhine Franconian: grie, grien, griene
Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀĩː]
Pennsylvania German: grie
Yiddish: גרין (grin)

From Proto-Germanic *grōniz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


fą̄han

fą̄han (infinitive)
fą̄hannjas (genitive infinitive)
fą̄hannjē (dative infinitive)
fą̄hannju (infinitive instrumental)
fą̄hu (first-person present singular)
feang (first-person past singular)
fą̄hiʀi (present second-person singular)
feangī (past second-person singular)
fą̄hidi (present singular third-person)
feang (past singular third-person)
fą̄hum (first-person plural present)
feangum (first-person past plural)
fą̄hid (plural present second-person)
feangud (past plural second-person)
fą̄hand (plural present third-person)
feangun (past plural third-person)
fą̄hē (first-person present singular)
feangī (first-person past singular)
fą̄hēs (present second-person singular)
fą̄hē (present singular third-person)
feangī (past singular third-person)
fą̄hēm (first-person plural present)
feangīm (first-person past plural)
fą̄hēþ (plural present second-person)
feangīd (past plural second-person)
fą̄hēn (plural present third-person)
feangīn (past plural third-person)
fą̄h (present singular)
fą̄hid (plural present)
fą̄handī (participle present)
fangan (participle past)

Old English: fōn
Middle English: fon, fangen
Scots: fang
English: fang

Old Frisian: fā
Saterland Frisian: fange
West Frisian: fange

Old Saxon: fāhan
Low German: fangen

Old Dutch: fān
Middle Dutch: vâen
Dutch: vangen
Afrikaans: vang
Berbice Creole Dutch: fanggi
Negerhollands: vang, faṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: fank
→ Aukan: fanga
→ Sranan Tongo: fanga
→ Caribbean Javanese: fangah, mangah
Limburgish: vange

Old High German: fāhan

Middle High German: vāhen, vān

Alemannic German: faa, faahe

Bavarian: fångan, fånga

Cimbrian: vangan, bangan (Mezzaselva)

German: fangen, (obsolete) fahen

Luxembourgish: fänken


rīkī

rīkī (masculine nominative singular)
rīkiju (feminine nominative singular)
rīkī (neuter nominative singular)
rīkijanā (accusative masculine singular)
rīkijā (accusative feminine singular)
rīkī (accusative neuter singular)
rīkijas (genitive masculine singular)
rīkijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rīkijas (genitive neuter singular)
rīkijumē (dative masculine singular)
rīkijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rīkijumē (dative neuter singular)
rīkiju (instrumental masculine singular)
rīkijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rīkiju (instrumental neuter singular)
rīkijē (masculine nominative plural)
rīkijō (feminine nominative plural)
rīkiju (neuter nominative plural)
rīkijā (accusative masculine plural)
rīkijā (accusative feminine plural)
rīkiju (accusative neuter plural)
rīkijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rīkijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rīkijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rīkijēm (dative masculine plural)
rīkijum (dative masculine plural)
rīkijēm (dative feminine plural)
rīkijum (dative feminine plural)
rīkijēm (dative neuter plural)
rīkijum (dative neuter plural)
rīkijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rīkijum (instrumental masculine plural)
rīkijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rīkijum (feminine instrumental plural)
rīkijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rīkijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: rīċe
Middle English: riche, rech, reche, rich, ruche, rych, ryche, reke, rik, rike (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)
English: rich
Scots: rich
Yola: reeche

Old Frisian: rīke

North Frisian: rijck

Saterland Frisian: riek

West Frisian: ryk

Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîk, rîke, rîch
German Low German: riek
Low German: riek, rik, rike
Plautdietsch: rikj

Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk
Limburgish: riek

Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: rīche
Alemannic German: riich
Central Franconian: rich, riech, reich
Luxembourgish: räich
German: reich
Yiddish: רײַך (raykh)
→ Italian: ricco
→ Sicilian: riccu

→ Vulgar Latin: *rīcius, *rīcus

Old French: riche (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: ric (see there for further descendants)


rīkī

rīkī (nominative singular)
rīkiju (nominative plural)
rīkī (accusative singular)
rīkiju (accusative plural)
rīkijas (genitive singular)
rīkijō (genitive plural)
rīkijē (dative singular)
rīkijum (dative plural)
rīkiju (instrumental singular)
rīkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rīce
Middle English: riche, ryche, rik, rike, ryk (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)

Old Frisian: rīke

Saterland Frisian: Riek

West Frisian: ryk

Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîch, ricke, rijke, rîk, rîke
Low German: riek
Plautdietsch: Rikj

Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk

Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: riche
Bavarian: Reich
German: Reich
→ English: Reich
→ Polish: Reich
→ Russian: рейх (rejx)
Luxembourgish: Räich
→ Polish: rzesza
→ Czech: říše
→ Slovak: ríša


gōd

head

*gōd (comparative *batiʀō, superlative *batist)

batiʀō (comparative)
batist (superlative)
gōd (masculine nominative singular)
gōdu (feminine nominative singular)
gōd (neuter nominative singular)
gōdanā (accusative masculine singular)
gōdā (accusative feminine singular)
gōd (accusative neuter singular)
gōdas (genitive masculine singular)
gōdeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gōdas (genitive neuter singular)
gōdumē (dative masculine singular)
gōdeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gōdumē (dative neuter singular)
gōdu (instrumental masculine singular)
gōdeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gōdu (instrumental neuter singular)
gōdē (masculine nominative plural)
gōdō (feminine nominative plural)
gōdu (neuter nominative plural)
gōdā (accusative masculine plural)
gōdā (accusative feminine plural)
gōdu (accusative neuter plural)
gōdeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gōdeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gōdeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gōdēm (dative masculine plural)
gōdum (dative masculine plural)
gōdēm (dative feminine plural)
gōdum (dative feminine plural)
gōdēm (dative neuter plural)
gōdum (dative neuter plural)
gōdēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gōdum (instrumental masculine plural)
gōdēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gōdum (feminine instrumental plural)
gōdēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gōdum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: gōd

desctree

Middle English: good, god, gode, goed, gude
English: good, goode (obsolete)
Solombala English: гудъ (gud), гутъ (gut)
Scots: guid
Yola: gooude, gude, gayde

Old Frisian: gōd
North Frisian: gud, gödj, gur
Saterland Frisian: goud
West Frisian: goed

Old Saxon: gōd, guod
Middle Low German: gôt
Low German: god, goot
German Low German: good
Dutch Low Saxon: good

Old Dutch: guot
Middle Dutch: goet
Dutch: goed, goei (dialectal)
Afrikaans: goed
Javindo: goet
Jersey Dutch: xût
Negerhollands: goed, goei, goeie, got, gu, gue, guet
Skepi Creole Dutch: gut
Limburgish: good
Zealandic: goed

Old High German: guot, cuot
Middle High German: guot
Alemannic German: guet
Alsatian: güet (north), güat (south)
Swabian: guat
Bavarian: guad, guat
Cimbrian: guut, guat (Luserna)
Mòcheno: guat
Central Franconian: jot, got, gut
Hunsrik: gud
Kölsch: joot
Luxembourgish: gutt
Transylvanian Saxon: geat, gäd
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: gutt (inflected gud-)
⇒ Silesian East Central German: Gudes (as in nischt Gudes, viel Gudes)
Upper Saxon German: gudd
Vilamovian: güt
German: gut
Yiddish: גוט (gut)


gebu

gebu (nominative singular)
gebō (nominative plural)
gebā (accusative singular)
gebā (accusative plural)
gebā (genitive singular)
gebō (genitive plural)
gebē (dative singular)
gebōm (dative plural)
gebum (dative plural)
gebu (instrumental singular)
gebōm (instrumental plural)
gebum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiefu, ġifu, ġyfu

Middle English: gife (early), ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve

Old Frisian: jef, jeve

Old Saxon: geva

Old Dutch: geva
Middle Dutch: geve

Old High German: gëba

From Proto-Germanic *gebō. Equivalent to *geban (“to give”) + *-u.


gumō

gumō (nominative singular)
guman (nominative plural)
guman (accusative singular)
guman (accusative plural)
gumini (genitive singular)
guman (genitive singular)
gumanō (genitive plural)
gumini (dative singular)
guman (dative singular)
gumum (dative plural)
gumini (instrumental singular)
guman (instrumental singular)
gumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: guma
Middle English: gome, gom, gomme, gone, goom, goome, gume
English: gome
Scots: gome

Old Frisian: goma

Old Saxon: gumo, gomo

Old Dutch: *gomo

Middle Dutch: gome

Old High German: gomo
Middle High German: gome


hauhī

hauhī (nominative singular)
hauhīn (accusative singular)
hauhīn (genitive singular)
hauhīn (dative singular)
hauhīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: hōhi

Middle Low German: höge, höe

Old High German: hōhī
Middle High German: hœhe, hōhe, hō
Alemannic German: Hechi, Höchi, Hööchi
Swabian: Hea, Hee
Bavarian:
Austrian: He
German: Höhe, Höh
Yiddish: הייך (heykh)

From Proto-Germanic *hauhį̄. Equivalent to *hauh (“high”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


fōt

fōt (nominative singular)
fōti (nominative plural)
fōtu (accusative singular)
fōti (accusative plural)
fōti (genitive singular)
fōtō (genitive plural)
fōti (dative singular)
fōtum (dative plural)
fōti (instrumental singular)
fōtum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fōt
Middle English: fot, fod, foȝt, foit, foot, foote, fote, fout, fut, vot
English: foot (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute
Yola: voote

Old Frisian: fōt

North Frisian: fötj, fut, Fut

Saterland Frisian: Fout

West Frisian: foet

Old Saxon: fōt, fuot
Middle Low German: vôt
Low German: Foot
German Low German: Voot
Hamburgisch: Foot
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Féut m
Ravensbergisch: Feot
Westmünsterländisch: Foot
Märkisch: Faut
Plautdietsch: Foot

Old Dutch: fuot
Middle Dutch: voet
Dutch: voet
Limburgish: voot

Old High German: fuoȥ
Middle High German: vuoȥ, fuoȥ
Alemannic German: Fuas
Bavarian: Fuaß
Cimbrian: vuus, buus, vuaz
Gottscheerish: vúəs
Mòcheno: vuas
Central Franconian: Foß, Fuß
Hunsrik: Fus
Kölsch: Fooß
Luxembourgish: Fouss
German: Fuß
Rhine Franconian: Fuss, Fuß
Frankfurterisch: Fuß – [fuːs], (older) [fois]
Pennsylvania German: Fuuss
Swabian: Fuaß
Vilamovian: füs
Yiddish: פֿוס (fus)


friþu

friþu (nominative singular)
friþiwi (nominative plural)
friþō (nominative plural)
friþu (accusative singular)
friþū (accusative plural)
friþō (genitive singular)
friþiwō (genitive plural)
friþiwi (dative singular)
friþō (dative singular)
friþum (dative plural)
friþu (instrumental singular)
friþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: friþ, ferþ
Middle English: frith, ffryth, firth, freth, freþ, frið, friþ, friþþ, fryth, fryþ
English: frith
⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + es or 's)

Old Frisian: fretho

Saterland Frisian: Free

West Frisian: frede

Old Saxon: frithu
Middle Low German: vrēde
Low German:
German Low German: Freed
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Frää, Frääden, Frääde, Frääne, Freeden (Westmünsterländisch)
Münsterländisch: Friäde, Friäden; tefriäden
East Westphalian: Friae (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: Fräd

Old Dutch: fritho
Middle Dutch: vrēde
Dutch: vrede, vree, vreed
Afrikaans: vrede
Negerhollands: vreed, vrede, vreede
Sranan Tongo: vrede, freide
Limburgish: vrieëd

Old High German: fridu
Middle High German: vride, vrit
Cimbrian: friide
German: Friede, Frieden
Luxembourgish: Fridden
Yiddish: פֿרידן (fridn)

→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *exfridō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *friþuz. Equivalent to *frī (“free”) + *-þu.


hēr

Old English: hēr, ᚻᛖᚱ (her) — Franks Casket
Middle English: her, here, heer
English: here
Scots: her, here

Old Frisian: hīr

Saterland Frisian: hier

West Frisian: hjir

Old Saxon: hēr, hīr

Middle Low German: hêr, hîr, hîre

Low German: hier

Plautdietsch: hia, häa

Old Dutch: hiera, hier
Middle Dutch: hier
Dutch: hier, her
Afrikaans: hier
Limburgish: hier; hie, heej (influenced by High German)

Old High German: hie, hier

Middle High German: hie

Alemannic German: hie

Bavarian: hia

Cimbrian: hia

Central Franconian: hee, hie

German: hie

Luxembourgish: hei

Middle High German: hier

German: hier


hwār

Old English: hwǣr, hwār — Late West Saxon, hwēr — Anglian, late Kentish, hwœ̄r — Northumbrian, hwīer, wēr, wār
Middle English: wher, where, wheir, whare, were, qwere
English: where, quhair, quhar, quher, quhere (all obsolete)
Scots: whaur

Old Frisian: hwēr

Saterland Frisian: wier

West Frisian: wêr

Old Saxon: hwār, hwar
Middle Low German: wār, wōr
Low German: war, wor
German Low German: waar

Old Dutch: war, wara

Middle Dutch: waer, war
Dutch: waar
Afrikaans: waar
Javindo: waar
Jersey Dutch: wääir
Negerhollands: waar, wa
Petjo: waar
Skepi Creole Dutch: war

Old High German: hwār, wār

Middle High German: wār, wā, wō

Alemannic German: warr

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: bo, ba (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: bou

German: wo

Hunsrik: wo

Luxembourgish: wou

From Proto-Germanic *hwar, with irregular lengthening, possibly due to influence of *hēr.


þār

Old English: þǣr, þār, þēr

desc

Middle English: ther, there, that, thare, thore

Scots: that, thare, thair, thaire

English: there

Old Frisian: thēr, dēr

Saterland Frisian: deer

West Frisian: der

desctree

Old Saxon: thār, thar
Middle Low German: dār
Low German: dar, dor

Old Dutch: thār
Middle Dutch: dâer
Dutch: daar, d'r, er
Limburgish: daer, dao

Old High German: thār, dār

Middle High German: dār, dā

German: dar-, da

Luxembourgish: do

From Proto-Germanic *þar, with irregular lengthening, possibly due to influence of *hēr.


twai-

Old English: twēġen m, twā f, tū, twā n

desc

Middle English: twei, tweine, two, twa, tu

English: twain, two, tway (obsolete)

Solombala English: ту (tu)

Scots: twa, twae

Yola: twye

Old Frisian: twēne, twā

North Frisian: tou

Saterland Frisian: twäin, two

West Frisian: twa

Old Saxon: twēne, twēna m, twō, twā f, twē n

Middle Low German: twê, twî

German Low German: twee

Plautdietsch: twee

Old Dutch: twēne m, twē

Middle Dutch: twee, twe

Dutch: twee

Afrikaans: twee

desctree

Old High German: zwēne m
Middle High German: zwēne m, zwō f, zwei n
Alemannic German: zwei, zwe, zwo, zwöi, zwee, zwa, zwoi, zwea, zwuo
Bavarian: zwoa, zwo
Cimbrian:
Luserna: zboa
Sette Comuni: sbéen m or n, sbòa f
Mòcheno: zboa
Central Franconian: zwei, zwien (archaic masculine form), zwo, zwu (archaic feminine form)
Hunsrik: zweu
Luxembourgish: zwéin m, zwou f, zwee n
East Franconian: zwej
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: zwee
German: zwei, (rarer) zwo, (obsolete) zween
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: zwee
Pennsylvania German: zwee
Vilamovian: cwē
Yiddish: צוויי (tsvey)

From Proto-Germanic *twai, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.


þrīʀ

desctree

Old English: þrī, þrīe, þrīo, þrȳ, þrēo
Middle English: thre, threo, thri, thrie, þre, þreo
English: three
Scots: three, threi, hrei
Yola: dhree, dhrie, dree

Old Frisian: thrē, thriā

North Frisian: tri

Saterland Frisian: träi

West Frisian: trije

Old Saxon: thrīe

Middle Low German: drê

Low German: drei, dree

German Low German: dree

Plautdietsch: dree

Old Dutch: thrie

Middle Dutch: dri m, drie f

Dutch: drie, drij (dialectal)

Afrikaans: drie

Old High German: drī
Middle High German: drī
Alemannic German: drüü, drü
Bavarian: drei
Cimbrian: drai
Mòcheno: drai
Central Franconian: drei
Hunsrik: drei
Luxembourgish: dräi
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: dreie
German: drei
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: drei
Vilamovian: draj
Yiddish: דרײַ (dray)

From Proto-Germanic *þrīz, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


feuwar

desctree

Old English: fēower, fēwer, fēuor — Northumbrian, fēowor, fēowur — West Saxon
Middle English: four, fore, feour, fower, fowwre, foure, fowr, vour
English: four
Geordie English: fower
Scots: fower
Yola: vour, voure, vowre

Old Frisian: fiūwer
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fjauer
Goesharde: fjauer
Helgoland: schtjuur
Mooring: fjouer
Sylt: fjuur
Wiedingharde: fjauer
Saterland Frisian: fjauer
West Frisian: fjouwer

Old Saxon: fiuwar, fiwar, fior, fiar, fier
Middle Low German: vêr
Low German: veer, vier
Dutch Low Saxon: vier, veer
German Low German: veer (Hamburgisch)
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: veer
East Westphalian: veier (Paderbornisch), fåir' (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: vea

Old Dutch: fiuwar (found in toponym Viuwarflet now called Viervliet), *fior, *fier

Middle Dutch: vier

Dutch: vier

Afrikaans: vier

Old High German: fior
Middle High German: vier
Alemannic German: vier
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: viare
Mòcheno: viar
Central Franconian: vier
Hunsrik: fier
German: vier
Luxembourgish: véier
Pennsylvania German: vier
Vilamovian: fiyr
Yiddish: פֿיר (fir)

From earlier *fewwār, from Proto-Germanic *fedwōr.


akusi

akusi (nominative singular)
akusī (nominative plural)
akusi (accusative singular)
akusī (accusative plural)
akusī (genitive singular)
akusijō (genitive plural)
akusī (dative singular)
akusim (dative plural)
akusijum (dative plural)
akusī (instrumental singular)
akusim (instrumental plural)
akusijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æx, æces, acas, eax
Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe, æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix

Old Frisian: axa

Saterland Frisian: Äkse

Old Saxon: akus
Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
Westphalian:
Märkisch: Akes
Plautdietsch: Akjs

Old Dutch: acus
Middle Dutch: ākes, āex
Dutch: aks, akst
Limburgish: aaks

Old High German: ackis, ackus

Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt

German: Axt

Luxembourgish: Aaxt


blīþisi

blīþisi (nominative singular)
blīþissjō (nominative plural)
blīþissjā (accusative singular)
blīþissjā (accusative plural)
blīþissjā (genitive singular)
blīþissjō (genitive plural)
blīþissjē (dative singular)
blīþissjōm (dative plural)
blīþissjum (dative plural)
blīþissju (instrumental singular)
blīþissjōm (instrumental plural)
blīþissjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blīþs, blīds, bliss

Middle English: bliss

English: bliss

Old Saxon: blīthsia, blīdsea, blizza


blīþī

blīþī (masculine nominative singular)
blīþiju (feminine nominative singular)
blīþī (neuter nominative singular)
blīþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
blīþijā (accusative feminine singular)
blīþī (accusative neuter singular)
blīþijas (genitive masculine singular)
blīþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blīþijas (genitive neuter singular)
blīþijumē (dative masculine singular)
blīþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
blīþijumē (dative neuter singular)
blīþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
blīþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blīþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
blīþijē (masculine nominative plural)
blīþijō (feminine nominative plural)
blīþiju (neuter nominative plural)
blīþijā (accusative masculine plural)
blīþijā (accusative feminine plural)
blīþiju (accusative neuter plural)
blīþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blīþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blīþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blīþijēm (dative masculine plural)
blīþijum (dative masculine plural)
blīþijēm (dative feminine plural)
blīþijum (dative feminine plural)
blīþijēm (dative neuter plural)
blīþijum (dative neuter plural)
blīþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blīþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
blīþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blīþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
blīþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blīþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: blīþe

Middle English: blith, blyth, blithe

Scots: blithe, blythe, blide

English: blithe

Old Frisian: *blīthe, *blīth, *blīd (in compounds)

North Frisian: blid

Saterland Frisian: bliede

West Frisian: bliid

Old Saxon: blīthi

Middle Low German: blîde

Low German: blide, blyde

Old Dutch: *blīthi
Middle Dutch: blide
Dutch: blij
Afrikaans: bly

Old High German: blīdi, plīdi

Middle High German: blīde

German: blid, blied (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *blīþiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


andī

andī (nominative singular)
andijō (nominative plural)
andijōs (nominative plural)
andī (accusative singular)
andijā (accusative plural)
andijas (genitive singular)
andijō (genitive plural)
andijē (dative singular)
andijum (dative plural)
andiju (instrumental singular)
andijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ende
Middle English: ende, eend, eende, end, eynde, ȝend, hende, yende, ynde
English: end
Scots: end, ende, hend
Yola: een, eene

Old Frisian: ende, enda

Saterland Frisian: Eende, Eend

West Frisian: ein

Old Saxon: endi

Middle Low German: ende

Dutch Low Saxon: ende

German Low German: End, Enne, Enn

Plautdietsch: Enj

Old Dutch: endi
Middle Dutch: ende
Dutch: einde
Limburgish: ènj

Old High German: enti
Middle High German: ende
Alemannic German: Endi, End
Central Franconian: Enk
Hunsrik: Enn
Luxembourgish: Enn
Cimbrian: énte
German: Ende
Rhine Franconian: End, Enn, Enne, Inn
Frankfurterisch: [ent]; [en] (older)
Pennsylvania German: End
Vilamovian: end


hirdī

hirdī (nominative singular)
hirdijō (nominative plural)
hirdijōs (nominative plural)
hirdī (accusative singular)
hirdijā (accusative plural)
hirdijas (genitive singular)
hirdijō (genitive plural)
hirdijē (dative singular)
hirdijum (dative plural)
hirdiju (instrumental singular)
hirdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hierde, hyrde, hiorde, hirde, heorde
Middle English: herde
English: herd
Scots: herd, hird

Old Frisian: *herde, *hirde

East Frisian: höid

Old Saxon: hirdi, herdi
Middle Low German: herde, hirde
German Low German: Heier
Plautdietsch: Hoad

Old Dutch: *hirdi
Middle Dutch: herde
Dutch: herde

Old High German: hirti, hirt
Middle High German: hirte, hirt
Cimbrian: hiart
German: Hirte, Hirt (both are roughly equally common)
Luxembourgish: Hiert


arbī

arbī (nominative singular)
arbiju (nominative plural)
arbī (accusative singular)
arbiju (accusative plural)
arbijas (genitive singular)
arbijō (genitive plural)
arbijē (dative singular)
arbijum (dative plural)
arbiju (instrumental singular)
arbijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ierfe, yrfe, irfe, erfe, ærfe
Middle English: erve, erfe, erf, irve, yrfe (through the Anglian equivalent)
English: erf
Scots: arff, airf

Old Frisian: erve

Saterland Frisian: Ierwe, Äärwe

Old Saxon: ervi

Low German: Arf

Old Dutch: ervi

Middle Dutch: erve
Dutch: erf
Afrikaans: erf
→ English: erf
Negerhollands: erfe
Petjo: erf

Old High German: erbi
Middle High German: erbe
German: Erbe
Luxembourgish: Ierwen
→ Old Czech: erb
Czech: erb (“coat of arms”)
→ Polish: herb (“coat of arms”)
→ Lithuanian: herbas
→ Old Ruthenian: гербъ (herb)
Belarusian: герб (hjerb)
Ukrainian: герб (herb)
→ Russian: герб (gerb), гербъ (gerb) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: gerb
→ Kildin Sami: ге̄ррп (gierrp)
→ Latvian: ģerbonis
→ Macedonian: грб (grb)
→ Uzbek: gerb
→ Romanian: herb
→ Yiddish: הערב (herb)


irʀī

irʀī (masculine nominative singular)
irʀiju (feminine nominative singular)
irʀī (neuter nominative singular)
irʀijanā (accusative masculine singular)
irʀijā (accusative feminine singular)
irʀī (accusative neuter singular)
irʀijas (genitive masculine singular)
irʀijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
irʀijas (genitive neuter singular)
irʀijumē (dative masculine singular)
irʀijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
irʀijumē (dative neuter singular)
irʀiju (instrumental masculine singular)
irʀijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
irʀiju (instrumental neuter singular)
irʀijē (masculine nominative plural)
irʀijō (feminine nominative plural)
irʀiju (neuter nominative plural)
irʀijā (accusative masculine plural)
irʀijā (accusative feminine plural)
irʀiju (accusative neuter plural)
irʀijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
irʀijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
irʀijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
irʀijēm (dative masculine plural)
irʀijum (dative masculine plural)
irʀijēm (dative feminine plural)
irʀijum (dative feminine plural)
irʀijēm (dative neuter plural)
irʀijum (dative neuter plural)
irʀijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
irʀijum (instrumental masculine plural)
irʀijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
irʀijum (feminine instrumental plural)
irʀijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
irʀijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: eorre, ierre, yrre

Middle English: eorre, erre, irre

Old Frisian: irre, īre

Saterland Frisian: íer

Old Saxon: *erri, irri

Middle Low German: erre, irre

Old Dutch: *erri, *irri

Middle Dutch: erre, irre, arre

Dutch: ar

Old High German: *erri, irri

Middle High German: ërre, irre

German: irre


mārī

mārī (masculine nominative singular)
māriju (feminine nominative singular)
mārī (neuter nominative singular)
mārijanā (accusative masculine singular)
mārijā (accusative feminine singular)
mārī (accusative neuter singular)
mārijas (genitive masculine singular)
mārijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mārijas (genitive neuter singular)
mārijumē (dative masculine singular)
mārijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
mārijumē (dative neuter singular)
māriju (instrumental masculine singular)
mārijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
māriju (instrumental neuter singular)
mārijē (masculine nominative plural)
mārijō (feminine nominative plural)
māriju (neuter nominative plural)
mārijā (accusative masculine plural)
mārijā (accusative feminine plural)
māriju (accusative neuter plural)
mārijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mārijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mārijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mārijēm (dative masculine plural)
mārijum (dative masculine plural)
mārijēm (dative feminine plural)
mārijum (dative feminine plural)
mārijēm (dative neuter plural)
mārijum (dative neuter plural)
mārijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mārijum (instrumental masculine plural)
mārijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mārijum (feminine instrumental plural)
mārijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mārijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mǣre
Middle English: mere
English: mere (“just, only”) (partially)

Old Frisian: mēre

Old Saxon: māri

Old Dutch: māri
Middle Dutch: mâre

Old High German: māri

Middle High German: mære

Alemannic German: määr


mārī

mārī (nominative singular)
māriju (nominative plural)
mārī (accusative singular)
māriju (accusative plural)
mārijas (genitive singular)
mārijō (genitive plural)
mārijē (dative singular)
mārijum (dative plural)
māriju (instrumental singular)
mārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣre

Old Frisian: mēre

Old Saxon: māri

Old Dutch: māri

Middle Dutch: mâre

Dutch: mare

Old High German: māri

Middle High German: mære

Alemannic German: Määri

German: Mär, Märchen

From Proto-Germanic *mēriją, related to Etymology 1 above.


mārī

mārī (nominative singular)
mārīn (accusative singular)
mārīn (genitive singular)
mārīn (dative singular)
mārīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: mārī

Middle High German: mære

German: Märe

From Proto-Germanic *mērį̄. Equivalent to *mārī (“famous”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


wītī

wītī (nominative singular)
wītiju (nominative plural)
wītī (accusative singular)
wītiju (accusative plural)
wītijas (genitive singular)
wītijō (genitive plural)
wītijē (dative singular)
wītijum (dative plural)
wītiju (instrumental singular)
wītijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīte

Middle English: wite

English: wite, wyte

Scots: wyte

→ Latin: wīta

Old Frisian: wīte

Old Saxon: wīti

Middle Low German: wīte

Dutch: wijte

Old High German: wīzi, wīzzi

Middle High German: wīze


gaidu

gaidu (nominative singular)
gaidu (nominative plural)
gaidu (accusative singular)
gaidu (accusative plural)
gaidwas (genitive singular)
gaidwō (genitive plural)
gaidwē (dative singular)
gaidum (dative plural)
gaidu (instrumental singular)
gaidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gād, gǣd

⇒ Old English: *ǣgǣde

Middle English: ægæde, ægede, egede

Old Frisian: gād

Old Saxon: gēdia, gēdea

⇒ Lombardic: *faragaidu, *farageita

→⇒ Latin: farigaidus

desc

⇒ Old High German: fārigaidus (“without descendants”)


maiþm

maiþm (nominative singular)
maiþmō (nominative plural)
maiþmōs (nominative plural)
maiþm (accusative singular)
maiþmā (accusative plural)
maiþmas (genitive singular)
maiþmō (genitive plural)
maiþmē (dative singular)
maiþmum (dative plural)
maiþmu (instrumental singular)
maiþmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: māþum, māþm

Middle English: mathem, madme

→ English: mathum, mathom

Old Saxon: mēthom, mēþom

Old High German: *meidam

Middle High German: meidem, meiden


hwīt

hwīt (masculine nominative singular)
hwītu (feminine nominative singular)
hwīt (neuter nominative singular)
hwītanā (accusative masculine singular)
hwītā (accusative feminine singular)
hwīt (accusative neuter singular)
hwītas (genitive masculine singular)
hwīteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hwītas (genitive neuter singular)
hwītumē (dative masculine singular)
hwīteʀē (dative feminine singular)
hwītumē (dative neuter singular)
hwītu (instrumental masculine singular)
hwīteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hwītu (instrumental neuter singular)
hwītē (masculine nominative plural)
hwītō (feminine nominative plural)
hwītu (neuter nominative plural)
hwītā (accusative masculine plural)
hwītā (accusative feminine plural)
hwītu (accusative neuter plural)
hwīteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hwīteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hwīteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hwītēm (dative masculine plural)
hwītum (dative masculine plural)
hwītēm (dative feminine plural)
hwītum (dative feminine plural)
hwītēm (dative neuter plural)
hwītum (dative neuter plural)
hwītēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hwītum (instrumental masculine plural)
hwītēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hwītum (feminine instrumental plural)
hwītēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hwītum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hwīt
Middle English: whit, hwit, white, whyte, whitt, whytt, whyt, whiȝt, qwyght, ȝwijt, wyghte, whiyt, whijt
English: white (see there for further descendants)
Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white
Yola: whit

Old Frisian: hwīt, wīt

North Frisian: wit, witj

Saterland Frisian: wiet

West Frisian: wyt

Old Saxon: hwīt
Middle Low German: wit
Low German: witt
German Low German: witt
Plautdietsch: witt

Old Dutch: wit

Middle Dutch: wit

Dutch: wit

Afrikaans: wit

Limburgish: wiet

Old High German: wīȥ
Middle High German: wīȥ
Alemannic German: wiiss
Italian Walser: wiss, wéiss
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baiz, baizz, bais
Mòcheno: bais
Udinese: bais, baiss
Central Franconian: wieß
Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: wies
German: weiß
Luxembourgish: wäiss
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: weiss
Vilamovian: wȧjs
Yiddish: ווײַס (vays)


hwaitī

hwaitī (nominative singular)
hwaitijō (nominative plural)
hwaitijōs (nominative plural)
hwaitī (accusative singular)
hwaitijā (accusative plural)
hwaitijas (genitive singular)
hwaitijō (genitive plural)
hwaitijē (dative singular)
hwaitijum (dative plural)
hwaitiju (instrumental singular)
hwaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwǣte
Middle English: whete, ȝwete, huete, weete, wete, wheete, whet, whette, wheyte, wheytt, whiett, whyte, quete, quheyt, qwet, qwhete (Northern), hwæte, hweate, hwete, whæte (Early Middle English)
English: wheat
Middle Scots: quhete
Scots: white, wheat, wheyt
Yola: whet

Old Frisian: hwēte, wēt

Saterland Frisian: Weete

West Frisian: weet

Old Saxon: hwēti

Middle Low German: wête, weite

desc

German Low German: Weet, Weite, Weit, Weten

Old Dutch: *wēt, *weit

Middle Dutch: weet, weit

Dutch: weit

Limburgish: weit

desctree

Old High German: weizi, hwaizi
Middle High German: weize
Alemannic German: Weisse
Cimbrian: bòotze
German: Weizen
Hunsrik: Weize
Luxembourgish: Weess
Pennsylvania German: Weeze
Vilamovian: waas
Yiddish: ווייץ (veyts)


hwarbōn

hwarbōn (infinitive)
hwarbōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hwarbōnijē (dative infinitive)
hwarbōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hwarbō (first-person present singular)
hwarbōdā (first-person past singular)
hwarbōs (present second-person singular)
hwarbōdēs (past second-person singular)
hwarbōdōs (past second-person singular)
hwarbōþ (present singular third-person)
hwarbōdē (past singular third-person)
hwarbōdā (past singular third-person)
hwarbōm (first-person plural present)
hwarbōdum (first-person past plural)
hwarbōþ (plural present second-person)
hwarbōdud (past plural second-person)
hwarbōnþ (plural present third-person)
hwarbōdun (past plural third-person)
hwarbōdī (first-person past singular)
hwarbōdī (past second-person singular)
hwarbō (present singular third-person)
hwarbōdī (past singular third-person)
hwarbōdīm (first-person past plural)
hwarbōdīd (past plural second-person)
hwarbōn (plural present third-person)
hwarbōdīn (past plural third-person)
hwarbō (present singular)
hwarbōþ (plural present)
hwarbōndī (participle present)
hwarbōd (participle past)

Old English: hwearfian

Middle English: wharven

English: wharve

Scots: wharve

Old Saxon: hwarvōn

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hwerban</i>

Middle Low German: warven (strong verb) (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hwerban)

German Low German: warven (strong verb)

Old Dutch: *warvon

desc

Middle Dutch: warven, waerven (strong verb) (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hwerban)

Old High German: warbōn


hwōstō

hwōstō (nominative singular)
hwōstan (nominative plural)
hwōstan (accusative singular)
hwōstan (accusative plural)
hwōstini (genitive singular)
hwōstan (genitive singular)
hwōstanō (genitive plural)
hwōstini (dative singular)
hwōstan (dative singular)
hwōstum (dative plural)
hwōstini (instrumental singular)
hwōstan (instrumental singular)
hwōstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwōsta

Middle English: host

English: whoost, hoost

Old Saxon: *hwōsto

Middle Low German: hôste

Old Dutch: *huosto

Middle Dutch: hoeste

Dutch: hoest

Afrikaans: hoes

Old High German: huosto

Middle High German: huoste

German: Husten

→ Yiddish: הוסט (hust)


kwenā

kwenā (nominative singular)
kwenōn (nominative plural)
kwenōn (accusative singular)
kwenōn (accusative plural)
kwenōn (genitive singular)
kwenōnō (genitive plural)
kwenōn (dative singular)
kwenōm (dative plural)
kwenum (dative plural)
kwenōn (instrumental singular)
kwenōm (instrumental plural)
kwenum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwene

Middle English: quene

Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin

English: quean

Old Saxon: quena

gl

merged with Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">quān</i>

Middle Low German: quēne, quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quān)

Low German: Quene

→ German: Queene

desctree

Old Dutch: quena
Middle Dutch: quene, kone
Dutch: kween
Afrikaans: kween

Old High German: chuuena, quena

desc

Middle High German: kone, kan, kun, quëne

German: Kone (obsolete)


kwernu

kwernu (nominative singular)
kwirniwi (nominative plural)
kwernō (nominative plural)
kwernu (accusative singular)
kwernū (accusative plural)
kwernō (genitive singular)
kwirniwō (genitive plural)
kwirniwi (dative singular)
kwernō (dative singular)
kwernum (dative plural)
kwernu (instrumental singular)
kwernum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kwern, quern

Middle Low German: quern

Old Dutch: *kwern

Middle Dutch: querne

Dutch: kweern

Old High German: kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn

Middle High German: kurn, kürn


kwainōn

kwainōn (infinitive)
kwainōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kwainōnijē (dative infinitive)
kwainōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kwainō (first-person present singular)
kwainōdā (first-person past singular)
kwainōs (present second-person singular)
kwainōdēs (past second-person singular)
kwainōdōs (past second-person singular)
kwainōþ (present singular third-person)
kwainōdē (past singular third-person)
kwainōdā (past singular third-person)
kwainōm (first-person plural present)
kwainōdum (first-person past plural)
kwainōþ (plural present second-person)
kwainōdud (past plural second-person)
kwainōnþ (plural present third-person)
kwainōdun (past plural third-person)
kwainōdī (first-person past singular)
kwainōdī (past second-person singular)
kwainō (present singular third-person)
kwainōdī (past singular third-person)
kwainōdīm (first-person past plural)
kwainōdīd (past plural second-person)
kwainōn (plural present third-person)
kwainōdīn (past plural third-person)
kwainō (present singular)
kwainōþ (plural present)
kwainōndī (participle present)
kwainōd (participle past)

Old English: cwānian

gl

merged with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">kveina</i>

Middle English: quanen, quainen (merged with Old Norse kveina)


kwalu

kwalu (nominative singular)
kwalō (nominative plural)
kwalā (accusative singular)
kwalā (accusative plural)
kwalā (genitive singular)
kwalō (genitive plural)
kwalē (dative singular)
kwalōm (dative plural)
kwalum (dative plural)
kwalu (instrumental singular)
kwalōm (instrumental plural)
kwalum (instrumental plural)
*kwālu (alternative)

Old English: cwalu
Middle English: qual


kwālu

kwālu (nominative singular)
kwālō (nominative plural)
kwālā (accusative singular)
kwālā (accusative plural)
kwālā (genitive singular)
kwālō (genitive plural)
kwālē (dative singular)
kwālōm (dative plural)
kwālum (dative plural)
kwālu (instrumental singular)
kwālōm (instrumental plural)
kwālum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: quāla

desctree

Old Dutch: quāla
Middle Dutch: quâle
Dutch: kwaal
Afrikaans: kwaal

Old High German: quāla

Middle High German: quāle

German: Qual


skappjan

skappjan (infinitive)
skappjannjas (genitive infinitive)
skappjannjē (dative infinitive)
skappjannju (infinitive instrumental)
skappju (first-person present singular)
skōp (first-person past singular)
skapiʀi (present second-person singular)
skōpī (past second-person singular)
skapidi (present singular third-person)
skōp (past singular third-person)
skappjum (first-person plural present)
skōpum (first-person past plural)
skapid (plural present second-person)
skōpud (past plural second-person)
skappjand (plural present third-person)
skōpun (past plural third-person)
skappjē (first-person present singular)
skōpī (first-person past singular)
skappjēs (present second-person singular)
skappjē (present singular third-person)
skōpī (past singular third-person)
skappjēm (first-person plural present)
skōpīm (first-person past plural)
skappjēþ (plural present second-person)
skōpīd (past plural second-person)
skappjēn (plural present third-person)
skōpīn (past plural third-person)
skapi (present singular)
skapid (plural present)
skappjandī (participle present)
skapan (participle past)

Old English: sċieppan, sċippan — Early West Saxon, sċyppan — Late West Saxon, sċeppan — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen
English: shape
Scots: schape, schaipe

Old Frisian: skeppa

Saterland Frisian: skäppe, schäppe

West Frisian: skeppe

Old Saxon: skeppian

Middle Low German: scheppen

Low German: schapen

Old Dutch: skeppen
Middle Dutch: scheppen
Dutch: scheppen
Afrikaans: skep
Limburgish: sjape

desc

Old High German: scafan, skaffan, scaphan, skepfen, scephen

Middle High German: schaffen, schepfen

Alemannic German: schaffe

Swabian: schaffa

German: schöpfen (archaic), schaffen

→ Low German: schaffen

→ Dutch: schaffen

Afrikaans: skaf

→ Saterland Frisian: skafje, schafje

→ Danish: skaffe

→ Faroese: skaffa

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skaffe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skaffe, skaffa

→ Swedish: skaffa

Luxembourgish: schafen

Yiddish: שעפּן (shepn)


skappjan

skappjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skappjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skappjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skappjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skappju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skapidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skapisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skapidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skapidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skapiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skapidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skapidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skappjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skapidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skapiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skapidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skappjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skapidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skappjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skapidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skappjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skapidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skappjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skapidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skappjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skapidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skappjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skapidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skappjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skapidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skapi (class-1 present singular weak)
skapiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skappjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skapid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *skeppa

West Frisian: skeppe

⇒ Old Frisian: skeppene (a scoop)

Old Saxon: skeppian

Middle Low German: scheppen

German Low German: scheppen

Old Dutch: skeppen

Middle Dutch: scheppen

Dutch: scheppen

Afrikaans: skep

Old High German: skepfen, scephen

Middle High German: schepfen

German: schöpfen

From *skap (“hollow object, barrel, cup”) + *-jan.


habbjan

habbjan (infinitive)
habbjannjas (genitive infinitive)
habbjannjē (dative infinitive)
habbjannju (infinitive instrumental)
habbju (first-person present singular)
habdā (first-person past singular)
habēs (present second-person singular)
habdēs (past second-person singular)
habdōs (past second-person singular)
habēþ (present singular third-person)
habdē (past singular third-person)
habdā (past singular third-person)
habbjum (first-person plural present)
habdum (first-person past plural)
habēþ (plural present second-person)
habdud (past plural second-person)
habbjanþ (plural present third-person)
habdun (past plural third-person)
habbjē (first-person present singular)
habdī (first-person past singular)
habbjēs (present second-person singular)
habdī (past second-person singular)
habbjē (present singular third-person)
habdī (past singular third-person)
habbjēm (first-person plural present)
habdīm (first-person past plural)
habbjēþ (plural present second-person)
habdīd (past plural second-person)
habbjēn (plural present third-person)
habdīn (past plural third-person)
habē (present singular)
habēþ (plural present)
habbjandī (participle present)
habd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: habban, hæbban
Middle English: haven, have, haav, haf, hafe, haben, habben, heven, hawe, han, haan, ha
English: have (-'ve, -a)
Scots: hae, ha, hiv, have, hawe (-a)
Yola: ha, have

Old Frisian: hebba, habba
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: haa
Hallig, Mooring: heewe
Helgoland: hoa
Saterland Frisian: häbe
West Frisian: hawwe

Old Saxon: hebbian, heffian
Middle Low German: hebben
Low German: hebben
German Low German: hebben, hewwen
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: häbben, hävven
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: häwwen, häbben
Sauerländisch: hewwen, häbben, hänn, hann
Westmünsterländisch: häbben
Plautdietsch: haben

Old Dutch: hebben
Middle Dutch: hebben
Dutch: hebben
Afrikaans: hê
Berbice Creole Dutch: ha, habu
Javindo: geef
Jersey Dutch: hävve, häbbe
Negerhollands: ha, a, hab
Limburgish: höbbe

Old High German: habēn
Middle High German: hān, haben
Alemannic German: haa, ha, heen, hoh, hä, häbä, hè
Swabian: hau
Bavarian: hoom, hobm, hobn, hom, ho, hob
Cimbrian: haban, hen, håm
Mòcheno: hom
Northern Bavarian: [hɔm]
Central Franconian: han, hann (most dialects)
Hunsrik: hon
Kölsch: han
Luxembourgish: hunn
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: hamm
Upper Saxon German: ham, hom
Vilamovian: hon
East Franconian:
German: haben
Berlinerisch: ham
Ruhrpöttisch: habn
Rhine Franconian: hann, hawwe (Vorderpfälzisch), hunn (northern Palatine)
Frankfurterisch: [havə]; [hɑvə], [hɔvə] (older)
Palatine German: hann, hawwe, hunn
Pennsylvania German: hawwe
Upper Hessian: hu, hunn
Yiddish: האָבן (hobn)


habbjan

habbjan (infinitive)
habbjannjas (genitive infinitive)
habbjannjē (dative infinitive)
habbjannju (infinitive instrumental)
habbju (first-person present singular)
hōb (first-person past singular)
habiʀi (present second-person singular)
hōbī (past second-person singular)
habidi (present singular third-person)
hōb (past singular third-person)
habbjum (first-person plural present)
hōbum (first-person past plural)
habid (plural present second-person)
hōbud (past plural second-person)
habbjand (plural present third-person)
hōbun (past plural third-person)
habbjē (first-person present singular)
hōbī (first-person past singular)
habbjēs (present second-person singular)
habbjē (present singular third-person)
hōbī (past singular third-person)
habbjēm (first-person plural present)
hōbīm (first-person past plural)
habbjēþ (plural present second-person)
hōbīd (past plural second-person)
habbjēn (plural present third-person)
hōbīn (past plural third-person)
habi (present singular)
habid (plural present)
habbjandī (participle present)
haban (participle past)

Old English: hebban, heffan
Middle English: heven, heiven, heoven, hefen, hewen, hebben
English: heave (see there for further descendants)
Scots: heave, heve, hewe
Yola: heve, hev

Old Frisian: heva, hebba, heffa

Saterland Frisian: hieuwje

West Frisian: heffe

Old Saxon: hebbian, heffian

Middle Low German: hēven, heffen

Low German: heven

Old Dutch: heffen
Middle Dutch: heffen
Dutch: heffen
Afrikaans: hef
Limburgish: höffe

Old High German: heffen, hevan, heven
Middle High German: heben, heven
Cimbrian: höoban
German: heben
Luxembourgish: hiewen


sibbju

sibbju (nominative singular)
sibbjō (nominative plural)
sibbjā (accusative singular)
sibbjā (accusative plural)
sibbjā (genitive singular)
sibbjō (genitive plural)
sibbjē (dative singular)
sibbjōm (dative plural)
sibbjum (dative plural)
sibbju (instrumental singular)
sibbjōm (instrumental plural)
sibbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sibb
Middle English: sibbe, sib
English: sib
Scots: sib
→ Norn: sib (?)

Old Frisian: sibbe

West Frisian: sibbe

Old Saxon: sibbia

Middle Low German: sibbe

Low German: Sibbe

Old Dutch: *sibba

Middle Dutch: sibbe

Dutch: sibbe (possibly a loanword from Frisian)

Old High German: sippea, sibba, sippa

Middle High German: sippe

German: Sippe


sittjan

sittjan (infinitive)
sittjannjas (genitive infinitive)
sittjannjē (dative infinitive)
sittjannju (infinitive instrumental)
sittju (first-person present singular)
sat (first-person past singular)
sitiʀi (present second-person singular)
sātī (past second-person singular)
sitidi (present singular third-person)
sat (past singular third-person)
sittjum (first-person plural present)
sātum (first-person past plural)
sitid (plural present second-person)
sātud (past plural second-person)
sittjand (plural present third-person)
sātun (past plural third-person)
sittjē (first-person present singular)
sātī (first-person past singular)
sittjēs (present second-person singular)
sittjē (present singular third-person)
sātī (past singular third-person)
sittjēm (first-person plural present)
sātīm (first-person past plural)
sittjēþ (plural present second-person)
sātīd (past plural second-person)
sittjēn (plural present third-person)
sātīn (past plural third-person)
siti (present singular)
sitid (plural present)
sittjandī (participle present)
setan (participle past)

Old English: sittan
Middle English: sitten, zitten, zitte (Kent)
English: sit
Scots: sit
Yola: zit

Old Frisian: sitta

West Frisian: sitte

Old Saxon: sittian

Middle Low German: sitten

Low German: sitten

Old Dutch: sitten

Middle Dutch: sitten

Dutch: zitten

Afrikaans: sit

Old High German: sitzen, sizzen, sitten
Middle High German: sitzen
Alemannic German:
Swabian: sitza
Central Franconian: setze
Cimbrian: zètzan (suppletive; some conjugations)
German: sitzen
Luxembourgish: sëtzen
Yiddish: זיצן (zitsn)


sattjan

sattjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sattjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sattjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sattjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sattju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sattā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
satisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sattēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sattōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
satiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sattē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sattā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sattjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sattum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
satiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sattud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sattjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sattun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sattjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sattī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sattjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sattī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sattjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sattī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sattjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sattīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sattjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sattīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sattjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sattīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sati (class-1 present singular weak)
satiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sattjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
satt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: settan
Middle English: setten, cetten, settan, settæn, sætten, seit, sette, sete, zetten, zete (Kent)
English: set
Scots: sett, set
Yola: zet, set

Old Frisian: setta

Saterland Frisian: sätte

West Frisian: sette

Old Saxon: settian
Middle Low German: setten
German Low German: setten

Old Dutch: setten

Middle Dutch: setten
Dutch: zetten
Afrikaans: sit
Berbice Creole Dutch: sete
Negerhollands: set, sit
Limburgish: zètte

Old High German: sezzen

Middle High German: setzen

Central Franconian: setze

Bavarian: setzn

Cimbrian: zètzan

German: setzen

Luxembourgish: setzen

Pennsylvania German: setze

Yiddish: זעצן (zetsn)


biddjan

biddjan (infinitive)
biddjannjas (genitive infinitive)
biddjannjē (dative infinitive)
biddjannju (infinitive instrumental)
biddju (first-person present singular)
bad (first-person past singular)
bidiʀi (present second-person singular)
bādī (past second-person singular)
bididi (present singular third-person)
bad (past singular third-person)
biddjum (first-person plural present)
bādum (first-person past plural)
bidid (plural present second-person)
bādud (past plural second-person)
biddjand (plural present third-person)
bādun (past plural third-person)
biddjē (first-person present singular)
bādī (first-person past singular)
biddjēs (present second-person singular)
biddjē (present singular third-person)
bādī (past singular third-person)
biddjēm (first-person plural present)
bādīm (first-person past plural)
biddjēþ (plural present second-person)
bādīd (past plural second-person)
biddjēn (plural present third-person)
bādīn (past plural third-person)
bidi (present singular)
bidid (plural present)
biddjandī (participle present)
bedan (participle past)

Old English: biddan
Middle English: bidden
English: bid
Scots: bid

Old Frisian: bidda
North Frisian: bade, bad, ber
Saterland Frisian: bidje
West Frisian: bidde

Old Saxon: biddian
Middle Low German: bidden
Low German: bidden
Plautdietsch: beeden, bedden

Old Dutch: bidden
Middle Dutch: bidden
Dutch: bidden
Afrikaans: bid
Negerhollands: bed, bet, bit
Limburgish: baeje

Old High German: bitten
Middle High German: bitten
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pittan
Mòcheno: pitten
German: bitten
Yiddish: ביטן (bitn)


þriddjō

þriddjō (masculine nominative singular)
þriddjā (feminine nominative singular)
þriddjā (neuter nominative singular)
þriddjan (accusative masculine singular)
þriddjōn (accusative feminine singular)
þriddjā (accusative neuter singular)
þriddini (genitive masculine singular)
þriddjan (genitive masculine singular)
þriddjōn (feminine genitive singular)
þriddini (genitive neuter singular)
þriddjan (genitive neuter singular)
þriddini (dative masculine singular)
þriddjan (dative masculine singular)
þriddjōn (dative feminine singular)
þriddini (dative neuter singular)
þriddjan (dative neuter singular)
þriddini (instrumental masculine singular)
þriddjan (instrumental masculine singular)
þriddjōn (feminine instrumental singular)
þriddini (instrumental neuter singular)
þriddjan (instrumental neuter singular)
þriddjan (masculine nominative plural)
þriddjōn (feminine nominative plural)
þriddjōn (neuter nominative plural)
þriddjan (accusative masculine plural)
þriddjōn (accusative feminine plural)
þriddjōn (accusative neuter plural)
þriddjanō (genitive masculine plural)
þriddjōnō (feminine genitive plural)
þriddjanō (genitive neuter plural)
þriddjum (dative masculine plural)
þriddjōm (dative feminine plural)
þriddjum (dative feminine plural)
þriddjum (dative neuter plural)
þriddjum (instrumental masculine plural)
þriddjōm (feminine instrumental plural)
þriddjum (feminine instrumental plural)
þriddjum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þridda, þridde
Middle English: thridde, thrid
English: third
Scots: thrid

Old Frisian: thredda

Saterland Frisian: trääde

West Frisian: tredde

Old Saxon: thriddio

Middle Low German: dridde, derde, dirde

German Low German: drüdde, dörde, darde, dard

Old Dutch: *thriddo

Middle Dutch: dridde, derde

Dutch: derde

Afrikaans: derde

Old High German: dritto

desc

Middle High German: dritte, drite, tritte

German: dritte


skaþþjan

skaþþjan (infinitive)
skaþþjannjas (genitive infinitive)
skaþþjannjē (dative infinitive)
skaþþjannju (infinitive instrumental)
skaþþju (first-person present singular)
skōþ (first-person past singular)
skaþiʀi (present second-person singular)
skōdī (past second-person singular)
skaþidi (present singular third-person)
skōþ (past singular third-person)
skaþþjum (first-person plural present)
skōdum (first-person past plural)
skaþid (plural present second-person)
skōdud (past plural second-person)
skaþþjand (plural present third-person)
skōdun (past plural third-person)
skaþþjē (first-person present singular)
skōdī (first-person past singular)
skaþþjēs (present second-person singular)
skaþþjē (present singular third-person)
skōdī (past singular third-person)
skaþþjēm (first-person plural present)
skōdīm (first-person past plural)
skaþþjēþ (plural present second-person)
skōdīd (past plural second-person)
skaþþjēn (plural present third-person)
skōdīn (past plural third-person)
skaþi (present singular)
skaþid (plural present)
skaþþjandī (participle present)
skadan (participle past)

Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan

Middle English: sceþþen

From Proto-Germanic *skaþjaną. Equivalent to *skaþō (“damage, destruction”) + *-jan.


hrissjan

hrissjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hrissjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hrissjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hrissjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hrissju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrisidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrisisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrisidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrisidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrisiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrisidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrisidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrissjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrisidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrisiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrisidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrissjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrisidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrissjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrisidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrissjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrisidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrissjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrisidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrissjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrisidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrissjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrisidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrissjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrisidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrisi (class-1 present singular weak)
hrisiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hrissjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hrisid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hrissan; hrisian, hrysian

Middle English: resien, rusien, resen

Old Saxon: hrissian

Middle Low German: rissen


wakkjan

wakkjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wakkjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wakkjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wakkjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wakkju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wakidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wakisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wakidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wakidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wakiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wakidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wakidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wakkjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wakidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wakiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wakidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wakkjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wakidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wakkjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wakidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wakkjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wakidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wakkjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wakidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wakkjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wakidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wakkjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wakidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wakkjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wakidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
waki (class-1 present singular weak)
wakiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wakkjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wakid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wæċċan, weċċan

Middle English: wecchen

English: watch

Old Saxon: wekkian

Middle Low German: wekken

Old Dutch: *wecken

Middle Dutch: wecken

Dutch: wekken

Afrikaans: wek

Old High German: wecchen

Middle High German: wecken

German: wecken


liggjan

liggjan (infinitive)
liggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
liggjannjē (dative infinitive)
liggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
liggju (first-person present singular)
lag (first-person past singular)
ligiʀi (present second-person singular)
lāgī (past second-person singular)
ligidi (present singular third-person)
lag (past singular third-person)
liggjum (first-person plural present)
lāgum (first-person past plural)
ligid (plural present second-person)
lāgud (past plural second-person)
liggjand (plural present third-person)
lāgun (past plural third-person)
liggjē (first-person present singular)
lāgī (first-person past singular)
liggjēs (present second-person singular)
liggjē (present singular third-person)
lāgī (past singular third-person)
liggjēm (first-person plural present)
lāgīm (first-person past plural)
liggjēþ (plural present second-person)
lāgīd (past plural second-person)
liggjēn (plural present third-person)
lāgīn (past plural third-person)
ligi (present singular)
ligid (plural present)
liggjandī (participle present)
legan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: liċġan
Middle English: lien
English: lie, lig
Scots: lie
Yola: lee, lidge

Old Frisian: lidzia

q

merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ofs">ledza</i>

West Frisian: lizze (merger with ledza)

desctree

Old Saxon: liggian
Middle Low German: liggen
Low German: liggen
Dutch Low Saxon: liggen
German Low German: liggen

Old Dutch: liggen
Middle Dutch: liggen
Dutch: liggen
Afrikaans: lê (merger with leggen)
Jersey Dutch: lixxe
Negerhollands: lee, lei, lej
→ Papiamentu: lèg
Limburgish: ligke

Old High German: ligen, liggen, licken

Middle High German: ligen, licken

Alemannic German: ligge

Central Franconian: lijje

German: liegen, licken (dialectal)

Luxembourgish: leien

Yiddish: ליגן (lign)


laggjan

laggjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
laggjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
laggjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
laggjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
laggju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lagidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lagisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lagidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lagidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lagiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lagidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lagidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laggjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lagidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lagiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lagidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laggjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lagidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laggjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lagidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laggjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lagidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laggjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lagidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laggjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lagidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laggjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lagidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laggjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lagidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lagi (class-1 present singular weak)
lagiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
laggjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lagid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: leċġan
Middle English: leyen, leyn, leygen, layn, leggen, leghen, lecchen
English: lay
Scots: lay
Yola: laaye, laay, leiough, leigh

Old Frisian: ledza, lega, leia, lidza

Saterland Frisian: ledsa, lääse

West Frisian: lizze

Old Saxon: leggian
Middle Low German: leggen
German Low German: leggen
Plautdietsch: lajen

Old Dutch: leggen
Middle Dutch: leggen
Dutch: leggen
Afrikaans: lê
Berbice Creole Dutch: lek
Negerhollands: lee, leggen
Skepi Creole Dutch: lek
Limburgish: lègke

Old High German: legen, leggen

Middle High German: legen, lecken

Bavarian: leng

Cimbrian: leng

Central Franconian: läje

East Central German: lejen

German: legen

Luxembourgish: leeën

Vilamovian: łen

Yiddish: לייגן (leygn)

→ Old French: laiier (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Occitan: laihar, laiar

→ Old Italian: lagare


buggjan

buggjan (infinitive)
buggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
buggjannjē (dative infinitive)
buggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
buggju (first-person present singular)
bohtā (first-person past singular)
bugisi (present second-person singular)
bohtēs (past second-person singular)
bohtōs (past second-person singular)
bugiþi (present singular third-person)
bohtē (past singular third-person)
bohtā (past singular third-person)
buggjum (first-person plural present)
bohtum (first-person past plural)
bugiþ (plural present second-person)
bohtud (past plural second-person)
buggjanþ (plural present third-person)
bohtun (past plural third-person)
buggjē (first-person present singular)
bohtī (first-person past singular)
buggjēs (present second-person singular)
bohtī (past second-person singular)
buggjē (present singular third-person)
bohtī (past singular third-person)
buggjēm (first-person plural present)
bohtīm (first-person past plural)
buggjēþ (plural present second-person)
bohtīd (past plural second-person)
buggjēn (plural present third-person)
bohtīn (past plural third-person)
bugi (present singular)
bugiþ (plural present)
buggjandī (participle present)
boht (participle past)

Old English: byċġan, biċġan
Middle English: byen, bien, biggen, buggen
English: buy
Scots: by
Yola: bidge

Old Saxon: buggian, buggean

Old High German: *buggen

⇒ Old High German: bugidi

⇒ Old High German: bugihaft


hlahhjan

hlahhjan (infinitive)
hlahhjannjas (genitive infinitive)
hlahhjannjē (dative infinitive)
hlahhjannju (infinitive instrumental)
hlahhju (first-person present singular)
hlōh (first-person past singular)
hlahiʀi (present second-person singular)
hlōgī (past second-person singular)
hlahidi (present singular third-person)
hlōh (past singular third-person)
hlahhjum (first-person plural present)
hlōgum (first-person past plural)
hlahid (plural present second-person)
hlōgud (past plural second-person)
hlahhjand (plural present third-person)
hlōgun (past plural third-person)
hlahhjē (first-person present singular)
hlōgī (first-person past singular)
hlahhjēs (present second-person singular)
hlahhjē (present singular third-person)
hlōgī (past singular third-person)
hlahhjēm (first-person plural present)
hlōgīm (first-person past plural)
hlahhjēþ (plural present second-person)
hlōgīd (past plural second-person)
hlahhjēn (plural present third-person)
hlōgīn (past plural third-person)
hlahi (present singular)
hlahid (plural present)
hlahhjandī (participle present)
hlagan (participle past)

Old English: hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
Middle English: laughen
English: laugh
Scots: lauch
Yola: leeigh, leigh

Old Saxon: hlahhian, hlahan
Middle Low German: lachen
Low German: lachen
Plautdietsch: lachen

Old Dutch: *lahhen, *lahhan

Middle Dutch: lachen
Dutch: lachen
Afrikaans: lag
Berbice Creole Dutch: laki
Javindo: lach, lag, lah
Negerhollands: lach, lak
Petjo: lahen
Limburgish: lache

Old High German: hlahhan, hlahhēn

Middle High German: lachen

Alemannic German: lache

Cimbrian: lachan

German: lachen

Luxembourgish: laachen

Yiddish: לאַכן (lakhn)


þannjan

þannjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þannjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þannjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þannjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þannju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þanidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þanisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þanidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þanidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þaniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þanidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þanidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þannjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þanidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þaniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þanidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þannjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þanidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þannjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þanidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þannjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þanidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þannjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þanidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þannjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þanidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þannjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þanidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þannjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þanidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þani (class-1 present singular weak)
þaniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þannjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þanid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: þennan

Middle English: thinnen

Old Frisian: *thenna, *thena

Saterland Frisian: diene; deenje

Old Saxon: thennian

Middle Low German: dennen, dēnen

Old Dutch: thennen
Middle Dutch: dēnen

desc

Old High German: thenen, thennen, denen, dennen

Middle High German: denen, dennen

German: dehnen

→ Luxembourgish: deenen


brunnjā

brunnjā (nominative singular)
brunnjōn (nominative plural)
brunnjōn (accusative singular)
brunnjōn (accusative plural)
brunnjōn (genitive singular)
brunnjōnō (genitive plural)
brunnjōn (dative singular)
brunnjōm (dative plural)
brunnjum (dative plural)
brunnjōn (instrumental singular)
brunnjōm (instrumental plural)
brunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: byrne
Middle English: burne
English: byrnie/brinie

Old Saxon: brunnia

desc

Old High German: brunna, prunna, (dat.) prunni

German: Brünne

→ Early Medieval Latin: brunia

Old French: bronie
French: broigne


hallju

hallju (nominative singular)
halljō (nominative plural)
halljā (accusative singular)
halljā (accusative plural)
halljā (genitive singular)
halljō (genitive plural)
halljē (dative singular)
halljōm (dative plural)
halljum (dative plural)
hallju (instrumental singular)
halljōm (instrumental plural)
halljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hell, hel
Middle English: helle, hel, hell, hælle (Early Middle English)
English: hell, Hell
Scots: hell, Hell

Old Frisian: helle, hille

North Frisian: helle, hille, hel

Saterland Frisian: Hälle

West Frisian: hel

Old Saxon: hel, hellja, hellia
Middle Low German: helle
German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Helle
Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
Plautdietsch: Hal

Old Dutch: hella
Middle Dutch: helle
Dutch: hel
Afrikaans: hel
Limburgish: hel

Old High German: hellia, hella

Middle High German: helle

Alemannic German: Hell

Cimbrian: hélla

German: Helle, Hölle

Luxembourgish: Häll

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Hell


alljan

alljan (nominative singular)
alljanu (nominative plural)
alljan (accusative singular)
alljanu (accusative plural)
alljanas (genitive singular)
alljanō (genitive plural)
alljanē (dative singular)
alljanum (dative plural)
alljanu (instrumental singular)
alljanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ellen

Middle English: ellen

English: ellen, elne

Old Saxon: ellian

Middle Low German: ellen, ellent

Old High German: ellan, eillan, ellian

Middle High German: ellen


frammjan

frammjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
frammjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
frammjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
frammjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
frammju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
framidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
framisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
framidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
framidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
framidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frammjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
framidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
framiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
framidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
frammjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
framidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
frammjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
framidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
frammjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
framidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
frammjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
framidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frammjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
framidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
frammjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
framidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
frammjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
framidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
frami (class-1 present singular weak)
framiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
frammjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
framid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: fremman
Middle English: fremmen
English: frame
→ Dutch: frame
→ German: framen
Scots: frame

Old Frisian: frema, fremma

Old Saxon: fremmian

Old Dutch: fremmen
Middle Dutch: vrēmen

Old High German: fremmen


haʀjan

haʀjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
haʀjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
haʀjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
haʀjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
haʀju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
haʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
haʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
haʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
haʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haʀjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
haʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
haʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
haʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
haʀjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
haʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
haʀjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
haʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
haʀjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
haʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haʀjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
haʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haʀjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
haʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
haʀjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
haʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
haʀjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
haʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
haʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
haʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
haʀjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
haʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: herian

Middle English: herien, heryen

English: herry

⇒ Middle English: hersen

Old English: hyrian

Old Saxon: *herian

Middle Low German: hēren

Old High German: heren


waʀjan

waʀjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
waʀjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
waʀjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
waʀjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
waʀju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
waʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
waʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
waʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
waʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
waʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
waʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
waʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
waʀjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
waʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
waʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
waʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
waʀjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
waʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
waʀjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
waʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
waʀjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
waʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
waʀjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
waʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
waʀjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
waʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
waʀjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
waʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
waʀjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
waʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
waʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
waʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
waʀjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
waʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: werian

Middle English: werien, weren

Scots: were, weir

English: wear

Old Saxon: werian

Old High German: werian, werien, werren


niwi

head

*niwi (comparative *niwiʀō, superlative *niwist)

niwiʀō (comparative)
niwist (superlative)
niwi (masculine nominative singular)
niuwju (feminine nominative singular)
niwi (neuter nominative singular)
niuwjanā (accusative masculine singular)
niuwjā (accusative feminine singular)
niwi (accusative neuter singular)
niuwjas (genitive masculine singular)
niuwjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
niuwjas (genitive neuter singular)
niuwjumē (dative masculine singular)
niuwjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
niuwjumē (dative neuter singular)
niuwju (instrumental masculine singular)
niuwjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
niuwju (instrumental neuter singular)
niuwjē (masculine nominative plural)
niuwjō (feminine nominative plural)
niuwju (neuter nominative plural)
niuwjā (accusative masculine plural)
niuwjā (accusative feminine plural)
niuwju (accusative neuter plural)
niuwjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
niuwjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
niuwjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
niuwjēm (dative masculine plural)
niuwjum (dative masculine plural)
niuwjēm (dative feminine plural)
niuwjum (dative feminine plural)
niuwjēm (dative neuter plural)
niuwjum (dative neuter plural)
niuwjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
niuwjum (instrumental masculine plural)
niuwjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
niuwjum (feminine instrumental plural)
niuwjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
niuwjum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: nīewe, nīwe, nēowe, nīowe
Middle English: newe, new, neue, nywe, neowe (Early Middle English or West Midlands)
English: new
Scots: new

Old Frisian: nīe

North Frisian: nei

Saterland Frisian: näi

West Frisian: nij

Old Saxon: niuwi
Middle Low German: nîe, nîge, nü̂we
Dutch Low Saxon: nij
Low German: nee, nie, neu
German Low German: nü, nüe, nii, nee, neei
Plautdietsch: nie

Old Dutch: niuwi
Middle Dutch: niewe, neuwe, newe, niwe, nuwe, niew
Dutch: nieuw, nie (Eastern Netherlands), nij (Frisian, eastern & northern Netherlands), nieuwt (dialectal, originally neuter), nouw (Holland, dialectal), nuw (Holland), nuwt (Holland, dialectal, originally neuter)
Afrikaans: nuwe, nuut
Javindo: nuwe
Jersey Dutch: njuew
Negerhollands: nieuw, niw
Limburgish: nuuj

Old High German: niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi
Middle High German: niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe
Alemannic German: nüüw, nöi, nüü
Alsatian: nèi
Swabian: nei
Walser: niw, niww, nu
Bavarian: nei, neich
Cimbrian: nòjar, nauk, naüge
Gottscheerish: nai
Hianzisch: neich
Mòcheno: nai
Udinese: naie, naje, noi
Central Franconian: nei, neu
Hunsrik: nei
Kölsch: neu
Transylvanian Saxon: na
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: neu
Upper Saxon German: nei
Erzgebirgisch: nei
East Franconian: nei, neu
German: neu
Luxembourgish: nei
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: nei, neu
Palatine German: nau, nei, neu
Pennsylvania German: nei
Vilamovian: noj
Yiddish: נײַ (nay)
Zipser German: nai, neu


siuwjan

siuwjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
siuwjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
siuwjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
siuwjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
siuwju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
siwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
siwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
siwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
siwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siuwjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
siwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
siwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
siwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
siuwjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
siwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
siuwjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
siwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
siuwjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
siwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siuwjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
siwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siuwjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
siwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
siuwjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
siwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
siuwjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
siwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
siwi (class-1 present singular weak)
siwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
siuwjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
siwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: siwian, seowian, sēowan
Middle English: sewen, seowen, sowen
English: sew
→ Akolet: sewim
Scots: sew

Old Frisian: sīa

North Frisian: saie, seie, siie, sei

Saterland Frisian: säie

Old Saxon: siuwian

Middle Low German: suwen

Old High German: siuwen

Middle High German: siuwen


gliwi

gliwi (nominative singular)
gliuwju (nominative plural)
gliwi (accusative singular)
gliuwju (accusative plural)
gliuwjas (genitive singular)
gliuwjō (genitive plural)
gliuwjē (dative singular)
gliuwjum (dative plural)
gliuwju (instrumental singular)
gliuwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gleo, glēow, glīw, glīġ
Middle English: gle, gleu, glewe
English: glee
Scots: gle. glee, glie
Scots: glewe, glew (poetic)


auwju

auwju (nominative singular)
auwjō (nominative plural)
auwjā (accusative singular)
auwjā (accusative plural)
auwjā (genitive singular)
auwjō (genitive plural)
auwjē (dative singular)
auwjōm (dative plural)
auwjum (dative plural)
auwju (instrumental singular)
auwjōm (instrumental plural)
auwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: īeġ, ēġ, īġ
Middle English: ei, i, ie
English: ey

Old Frisian: ā

Saterland Frisian: Äi

Old Saxon: ōia

Middle Low German: ouwe, ou, ow, ō (in compounds)

Low German: Oie

Old Dutch: ōi, *owe

Middle Dutch: ooy, ouwe

Dutch: Ooij

⇒ ooibos, landouw

Old High German: ouwa

Middle High German: ouwe

German: Au, Aue

Luxembourgish: A


strauwjan

strauwjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strauwjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strauwjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strauwjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strauwju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strawidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strawisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strawidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strawidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strawiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strawidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strawidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strauwjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strawidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strawiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strawidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strauwjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strawidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strauwjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strawidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strauwjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strawidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strauwjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strawidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strauwjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strawidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strauwjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strawidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strauwjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strawidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strawi (class-1 present singular weak)
strawiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strauwjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strawid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: strēawian, strēowian, strēwian
Middle English: strewen, streuen
English: strew, strow, straw (dialectal)
Scots: straw

Old Frisian: strēwa

North Frisian: strijen

West Frisian: streauwe

Old Saxon: streuwian, strōian
Middle Low German: strōen, strōuwen

Old Dutch: *strōien

Middle Dutch: strôyen

Dutch: strooien, strouwen
Afrikaans: strooi
Negerhollands: strui, strooj
→ Papiamentu: stroi, strooi
→ West Frisian: struie

Limburgish: struie

Old High German: strewen, strouwen

desc

Middle High German: streuwen, ströuwen, strouwen

Alemannic German: streuwe

Central Franconian: streue, streie, strähe, straaie

Luxembourgish: streeën

German: streuen


snotr

snotr (masculine nominative singular)
snottru (feminine nominative singular)
snotr (neuter nominative singular)
snottranā (accusative masculine singular)
snottrā (accusative feminine singular)
snotr (accusative neuter singular)
snottras (genitive masculine singular)
snottreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
snottras (genitive neuter singular)
snottrumē (dative masculine singular)
snottreʀē (dative feminine singular)
snottrumē (dative neuter singular)
snottru (instrumental masculine singular)
snottreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
snottru (instrumental neuter singular)
snottrē (masculine nominative plural)
snottrō (feminine nominative plural)
snottru (neuter nominative plural)
snottrā (accusative masculine plural)
snottrā (accusative feminine plural)
snottru (accusative neuter plural)
snottreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
snottreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
snottreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
snottrēm (dative masculine plural)
snottrum (dative masculine plural)
snottrēm (dative feminine plural)
snottrum (dative feminine plural)
snottrēm (dative neuter plural)
snottrum (dative neuter plural)
snottrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
snottrum (instrumental masculine plural)
snottrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
snottrum (feminine instrumental plural)
snottrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
snottrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: snotor, snottor, snoter

Middle English: snoter

⇒? Saterland Frisian: snotterch (“brilliant, super-smart”)

Old High German: snottar, snotar


hlūtr

hlūtr (masculine nominative singular)
hlūttru (feminine nominative singular)
hlūtr (neuter nominative singular)
hlūttranā (accusative masculine singular)
hlūttrā (accusative feminine singular)
hlūtr (accusative neuter singular)
hlūttras (genitive masculine singular)
hlūttreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hlūttras (genitive neuter singular)
hlūttrumē (dative masculine singular)
hlūttreʀē (dative feminine singular)
hlūttrumē (dative neuter singular)
hlūttru (instrumental masculine singular)
hlūttreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hlūttru (instrumental neuter singular)
hlūttrē (masculine nominative plural)
hlūttrō (feminine nominative plural)
hlūttru (neuter nominative plural)
hlūttrā (accusative masculine plural)
hlūttrā (accusative feminine plural)
hlūttru (accusative neuter plural)
hlūttreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hlūttreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hlūttreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hlūttrēm (dative masculine plural)
hlūttrum (dative masculine plural)
hlūttrēm (dative feminine plural)
hlūttrum (dative feminine plural)
hlūttrēm (dative neuter plural)
hlūttrum (dative neuter plural)
hlūttrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hlūttrum (instrumental masculine plural)
hlūttrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hlūttrum (feminine instrumental plural)
hlūttrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hlūttrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hlūtor

Middle English: lutter

Old Frisian: hlutter

Old Saxon: hluttar

desctree

Old Dutch: lutter, *lūter
Middle Dutch: lutter, lotter, luter
Dutch: luiter (obsolete)

Old High German: hlūtar

Middle High German: lūter

German: lauter

→ Dutch: louter

Afrikaans: louter


aitr

aitr (nominative singular)
aittru (nominative plural)
aitr (accusative singular)
aittru (accusative plural)
aittras (genitive singular)
aittrō (genitive plural)
aittrē (dative singular)
aittrum (dative plural)
aittru (instrumental singular)
aittrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ātor, āttor, ǣtor, ǣttor
Middle English: atter, attere, attir, attre, atture, attyr, attyre, atterr (Ormulum)
English: atter
Scots: atter, etter

Old Frisian: āter, ater, ātter, atter

Saterland Frisian: Atter

West Frisian: etter

Old Saxon: ēttor, ēttar; eitir

Middle Low German: etter

German Low German: Etter, Atter

Old Dutch: *ētar, *ēttar; eitir

Middle Dutch: etter, atter

Dutch: etter, atter

Old High German: eitar, eittar
Middle High German: eiter
German: Eiter
Luxembourgish: Eeter


ahaʀ

ahaʀ (nominative singular)
ahiʀu (nominative plural)
ahaʀ (accusative singular)
ahiʀu (accusative plural)
ahiʀi (genitive singular)
ahiʀō (genitive plural)
ahiʀi (dative singular)
ahiʀum (dative plural)
ahiʀi (instrumental singular)
ahiʀum (instrumental plural)
*ahiʀ (alternative)

Old English: ēar, æhher — Northumbrian
Middle English: eere, ear, ere, er, ȝer, eyre
English: ear
Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)

Old Frisian: *ēr

Saterland Frisian: Iere

West Frisian: ier

Old Saxon: ahar, ahir, ehir
Middle Low German: ār
Low German: Ahr
Plautdietsch: Oa

Old Dutch: *ār

Middle Dutch: aer
Dutch: aar
Afrikaans: aar

Old High German: ahir, ahar, ehir
Middle High German: eher, äher
Alemannic German: Äli
Central Franconian: Ohr, Öhr, Ähr, Ähjer, Iehr
Luxembourgish: Éi
German: Ähre
Vilamovian: yjer

From Proto-Germanic *ahaz. The final -z, which should have been lost in Proto-West Germanic, was reintroduced on the basis of the inflected forms.


tungā

tungā (nominative singular)
tungōn (nominative plural)
tungōn (accusative singular)
tungōn (accusative plural)
tungōn (genitive singular)
tungōnō (genitive plural)
tungōn (dative singular)
tungōm (dative plural)
tungum (dative plural)
tungōn (instrumental singular)
tungōm (instrumental plural)
tungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tunge
Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue, tounge (misspelling, otherwise obsolete), tung (eye dialect, otherwise obsolete), tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge (obsolete)
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong

Old Frisian: tunge
North Frisian: tonge, tunge
Saterland Frisian: Tunge
West Frisian: tonge

Old Saxon: tunga, tunge
Middle Low German: tunge
German Low German: Tunge
Plautdietsch: Tung

Old Dutch: tunga
Middle Dutch: tonge, tonghe
Dutch: tong
Afrikaans: tong
Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
→ Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
→? Sranan Tongo: tongo
→ Aukan: tongo
→ Kwinti: tongo
→ Saramaccan: tongò
Limburgish: tóng

Old High German: zunga
Middle High German: zunge
Alemannic German: Zunge
Central Franconian: Zong
Cimbrian: zung
German: Zunge
Luxembourgish: Zong
Vilamovian: cung
Yiddish: צונג (tsung)


hertā

hertā (nominative singular)
hertōn (nominative plural)
hertā (accusative singular)
hertōn (accusative plural)
hirtini (genitive singular)
hertan (genitive singular)
hertanō (genitive plural)
hirtini (dative singular)
hertan (dative singular)
hertum (dative plural)
hirtini (instrumental singular)
hertan (instrumental singular)
hertum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorte, herte — Northumbrian, hearte, hiorte
Middle English: herte, hert, hertt, hirte, heortæ, hierte (Early Middle English), hart, harte (Late Middle English), herrte, heorrte (Ormulum), heorte, horte, huerte, hurte (West Midland, Southern)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart

Old Frisian: herte, hirte
Saterland Frisian: Haat
West Frisian: hert

Old Saxon: herta
Middle Low German: herte, harte
Low German: Hart, Hiärt, Hert
German Low German: Hart
Plautdietsch: Hoat

Old Dutch: herta
Middle Dutch: herte, harte
Dutch: hart
Afrikaans: hart
Limburgish: hert
West Flemish: erte

Old High German: hërza
Middle High German: hërze
Alemannic German: Härz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hèrtz, hèertze (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hèrz
Central Franconian: Hätz, Hetz (variant spelling), Hatz (Ripuarian), Herz (Ripuarian variant), Hearz (Moselle Franconian variant), Häerz
Hunsrik: Herz
German: Herz
Luxembourgish: Häerz
Silesian East Central German: Herze / Härze (Breslauisch) / Harze n
⇒ Silesian East Central German: / harzlich
Vilamovian: haoc
Yiddish: האַרץ (harts)