sōm(ī)

sōm (canonical)
ī (romanization)
sōm (masculine nominative singular)
sōmu (feminine nominative singular)
sōm (neuter nominative singular)
sōmanā (accusative masculine singular)
sōmā (accusative feminine singular)
sōm (accusative neuter singular)
sōmas (genitive masculine singular)
sōmeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sōmas (genitive neuter singular)
sōmumē (dative masculine singular)
sōmeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sōmumē (dative neuter singular)
sōmu (instrumental masculine singular)
sōmeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sōmu (instrumental neuter singular)
sōmē (masculine nominative plural)
sōmō (feminine nominative plural)
sōmu (neuter nominative plural)
sōmā (accusative masculine plural)
sōmā (accusative feminine plural)
sōmu (accusative neuter plural)
sōmeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sōmeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sōmeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sōmēm (dative masculine plural)
sōmum (dative masculine plural)
sōmēm (dative feminine plural)
sōmum (dative feminine plural)
sōmēm (dative neuter plural)
sōmum (dative neuter plural)
sōmēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sōmum (instrumental masculine plural)
sōmēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sōmum (feminine instrumental plural)
sōmēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sōmum (instrumental neuter plural)
sōmī (masculine nominative singular)
sōmiju (feminine nominative singular)
sōmī (neuter nominative singular)
sōmijanā (accusative masculine singular)
sōmijā (accusative feminine singular)
sōmī (accusative neuter singular)
sōmijas (genitive masculine singular)
sōmijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sōmijas (genitive neuter singular)
sōmijumē (dative masculine singular)
sōmijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sōmijumē (dative neuter singular)
sōmiju (instrumental masculine singular)
sōmijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sōmiju (instrumental neuter singular)
sōmijē (masculine nominative plural)
sōmijō (feminine nominative plural)
sōmiju (neuter nominative plural)
sōmijā (accusative masculine plural)
sōmijā (accusative feminine plural)
sōmiju (accusative neuter plural)
sōmijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sōmijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sōmijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sōmijēm (dative masculine plural)
sōmijum (dative masculine plural)
sōmijēm (dative feminine plural)
sōmijum (dative feminine plural)
sōmijēm (dative neuter plural)
sōmijum (dative neuter plural)
sōmijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sōmijum (instrumental masculine plural)
sōmijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sōmijum (feminine instrumental plural)
sōmijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sōmijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *sōme, *sōm

⇒ Old English: ġesōm

Old Frisian: sōm

Old Saxon: sōmi

Old High German: *suomi

Middle High German: süome

From Proto-Germanic *sōmiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


-īn

-īn (nominative singular)
-īnō (nominative plural)
-īnōs (nominative plural)
-īn (accusative singular)
-īnā (accusative plural)
-īnas (genitive singular)
-īnō (genitive plural)
-īnē (dative singular)
-īnum (dative plural)
-īnu (instrumental singular)
-īnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

English: -en

Old Frisian: -en

Saterland Frisian: -en

West Frisian: -en

Old Saxon: -īn

Middle Low German: -en

Low German: -en

Old Dutch: *-īn

Middle Dutch: -ijn, -en

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -īn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en, -ern

Creates adjectives from nouns with the sense 'characteristic of, made of'.


-īn

-īn (nominative singular)
-īnu (nominative plural)
-īn (accusative singular)
-īnu (accusative plural)
-īnas (genitive singular)
-īnō (genitive plural)
-īnē (dative singular)
-īnum (dative plural)
-īnu (instrumental singular)
-īnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

English: -en

Scots: -in, -een

Old Frisian: -en

Saterland Frisian: -en

West Frisian: -en, -e

Old Saxon: -īn

Middle Low German: -en

German Low German: -en

Old Dutch: *-īn

Middle Dutch: -ijn, -en

Old High German: -īn

desc

Middle High German: -īn, -en, (chiefly Alemannic) -ī

German: -i, (obsolete) -en

Creates diminutive nouns from other nouns.


ansiju

ansiju (nominative singular)
ansijō (nominative plural)
ansijā (accusative singular)
ansijā (accusative plural)
ansijā (genitive singular)
ansijō (genitive plural)
ansijē (dative singular)
ansijōm (dative plural)
ansijum (dative plural)
ansiju (instrumental singular)
ansijōm (instrumental plural)
ansijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Frisian: *ōse, *ōs
North Frisian: ous
Saterland Frisian: Oose
West Frisian: oes

Old Saxon: *ōsia

desc

Middle Low German: ö̂se, oese, o̊se, ouse, osse

German Low German:

Dortmunder, Westphalian (Sauerländisch (Niedersfeld, Olpe)): Ööse

Old Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, East Westphalian (Lippe)): Öse

Sauerländisch: Oise, Öüse (Attendorn, Drolshagen), Ööese (Wenden)

→ Middle High German: ōse

German: Öse

>? Old High German: *ansa, ensa

→ Vulgar Latin: *ansia, *āsia (“loop, eyelet, pot handle, cup handle, arms akimbo, elbow room”) (possibly)

Old French: aise, eise (“elbow room, opportunity”)

Middle French: aise

French: aise

→ Middle English: ese

English: ease


manakuni

manakuni (nominative singular)
manakunnju (nominative plural)
manakuni (accusative singular)
manakunnju (accusative plural)
manakunnjas (genitive singular)
manakunnjō (genitive plural)
manakunnjē (dative singular)
manakunnjum (dative plural)
manakunnju (instrumental singular)
manakunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mancynn
Middle English: mankin, mankun, mancun
English: mankin

Old Saxon: mankunni

Old High German: mankunni

Middle High German: mankünne

From Proto-Germanic *manakunją. Equivalent to *mann + *kuni.


Ingumār

Ingumār (nominative singular)
Ingumār (accusative singular)
Ingumāras (genitive singular)
Ingumārē (dative singular)
Ingumāru (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Ingomār

German: Ingemar

→ German: Ingomar (semi-learned)

→ Latin: Hincmārus

→ French: Hincmar, Incmar (semi-learned)

→? Galician: Angumil

Suevic:

→ Latin: Ingomaris

From Proto-Germanic *Ingumēraz, equivalent to *Ingu (“Germanic fertility god”) + *mār (“fame”).

af

a male given name, meaning famous in battle


ambō

ambō (nominative singular)
amban (nominative plural)
amban (accusative singular)
amban (accusative plural)
ambini (genitive singular)
amban (genitive singular)
ambanō (genitive plural)
ambini (dative singular)
amban (dative singular)
ambum (dative plural)
ambini (instrumental singular)
amban (instrumental singular)
ambum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *ambo (attested as ambon (plural))

Middle Low German: amme

Old High German: ambo, amban (< *ambanaz), ambana (< *ambanō) (secondary thematicization)

German: Amen (Hessian)

From Proto-Germanic *ambô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃émbʰō ~ *h₃m̥bʰnés, from the root *h₃enbʰ- (“navel, hub”). Formal cognate with Latin umbō.


wagn

wagn (nominative singular)
wagnō (nominative plural)
wagnōs (nominative plural)
wagn (accusative singular)
wagnā (accusative plural)
wagnas (genitive singular)
wagnō (genitive plural)
wagnē (dative singular)
wagnum (dative plural)
wagnu (instrumental singular)
wagnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wæġn, wæġen, wǣn
Middle English: wayn, wain, wein, weyne, weine, wayne, wayen, wene, wen, waȝȝn, waynne, wane
English: wain
Scots: wain, wayn, wane

Old Frisian: wain, wein

North Frisian: wajen

Saterland Frisian: Woain

West Frisian: wein

Old Saxon: wagan
Middle Low German: wagen
Low German: Wagen

Old Dutch: *wagan

Middle Dutch: wagen

Dutch: wagen
Afrikaans: wa
Jersey Dutch: wâxe
→ Lokono: wagen
→ Sranan Tongo: wagi
→ Aukan: wagi
→ Dutch: waggie
→ Caribbean Javanese: wagé
→ Saramaccan: wági

Limburgish: wage

Old High German: wagan

Middle High German: wagen

German: Wagen

Central Franconian: Woon

Hunsrik: Waan

Luxembourgish: Won

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: baago

Yiddish: וואָגן (vogn)


gerōn

gerōn (infinitive)
gerōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gerōnijē (dative infinitive)
gerōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gerō (first-person present singular)
gerōdā (first-person past singular)
gerōs (present second-person singular)
gerōdēs (past second-person singular)
gerōdōs (past second-person singular)
gerōþ (present singular third-person)
gerōdē (past singular third-person)
gerōdā (past singular third-person)
gerōm (first-person plural present)
gerōdum (first-person past plural)
gerōþ (plural present second-person)
gerōdud (past plural second-person)
gerōnþ (plural present third-person)
gerōdun (past plural third-person)
gerōdī (first-person past singular)
gerōdī (past second-person singular)
gerō (present singular third-person)
gerōdī (past singular third-person)
gerōdīm (first-person past plural)
gerōdīd (past plural second-person)
gerōn (plural present third-person)
gerōdīn (past plural third-person)
gerō (present singular)
gerōþ (plural present)
gerōndī (participle present)
gerōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: jeria, jaria, *geria

Old Saxon: gerōn

Middle Low German: geren

Old Dutch: geron

Middle Dutch: gēren

Dutch: geren

Old High German: gerōn

Middle High German: geren, gern

German: geren, gehren

From *gerī (“greed”) + *-ōn or *gerīg (“greedy”) + *-ōn. Compare *gern (“willing, eager”).

begeare

Old Frisian: bijeria, biieria, *bigeria; West Frisian

begehren

Middle High German: begëren, begërn, begirn


leuskō

leuskō (nominative singular)
leuskan (nominative plural)
leuskan (accusative singular)
leuskan (accusative plural)
liuskini (genitive singular)
leuskan (genitive singular)
leuskanō (genitive plural)
liuskini (dative singular)
leuskan (dative singular)
leuskum (dative plural)
liuskini (instrumental singular)
leuskan (instrumental singular)
leuskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēosċa

Old Frisian: *liāska

North Frisian: jaoske (Halligen)

Saterland Frisian: Ljaaske f

West Frisian: ljisk m or f

Old Saxon: *liosko

Middle Low German: lēsche, leische

German Low German: Leeske, Leesk

Old Dutch: *liosko

Middle Dutch: liesche, liesse f

Dutch: lies

Afrikaans: lies

From Proto-Germanic *leuskô (“light or transparent skin, specially the groin”).


wedr

wedr (nominative singular)
wedru (nominative plural)
wedr (accusative singular)
wedru (accusative plural)
wedras (genitive singular)
wedrō (genitive plural)
wedrē (dative singular)
wedrum (dative plural)
wedru (instrumental singular)
wedrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weder

Middle English: weder, wethyr

English: weather

Scots: weddir, wethir, wathir

Old Frisian: weder, wedder

Saterland Frisian: Weeder

West Frisian: waar

Old Saxon: wedar

German Low German: Weder

Plautdietsch:

Old Dutch: wedar

Dutch: weder, weer

Afrikaans: weer

Old High German: wetar, *wedar

Middle High German: weter (classical), wetter (late), weder (Central German)

Alemannic German: Wätter

Swabian:

Bavarian: Wetta

Austrian: Weda

Cimbrian: bèttar

Mòcheno:

desc

Central Franconian: Wedder, Wäder, Weader, Wäer

Hunsrik: Wetter

Luxembourgish: Wieder

Transylvanian Saxon: Wadder, Wodder

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German: Wättr

East Franconian:

German: Wetter

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Wedder

Yiddish: וועטער (veter)

From Proto-Germanic *wedrą, whence also Old Norse veðr.


unwedr

unwedr (nominative singular)
unwedru (nominative plural)
unwedr (accusative singular)
unwedru (accusative plural)
unwedras (genitive singular)
unwedrō (genitive plural)
unwedrē (dative singular)
unwedrum (dative plural)
unwedru (instrumental singular)
unwedrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: unweder
Middle English: unweder (hapax)
→ English: unweather (calque)

Old Frisian: unweder

Saterland Frisian: Uunweeder

West Frisian: ûnwaar

Old Saxon: unwedar

Old Saxon: unweder

Low German: unweder

Old Dutch: *unwedar

Middle Dutch: onweder

Dutch: onweder, onweer

Old High German: unwetar

Middle High German: unweter, unwiter

German: Unwetter

From Proto-Germanic *unwedrą, whence also Old Norse úveðr, óveðr. Equivalent to *un- + *wedr.


ādrā

ādrā (nominative singular)
ādrōn (nominative plural)
ādrōn (accusative singular)
ādrōn (accusative plural)
ādrōn (genitive singular)
ādrōnō (genitive plural)
ādrōn (dative singular)
ādrōm (dative plural)
ādrum (dative plural)
ādrōn (instrumental singular)
ādrōm (instrumental plural)
ādrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣdre
Middle English: edre

Old Frisian: eddere, ēdere

Saterland Frisian: Äddere

Old Dutch: *āthera

Middle Dutch: adere
Dutch: ader, aar (dialectal), aâr (obsolete)
Afrikaans: aar
Negerhollands: ader, aar
→ Papiamentu: ader, ardu
Limburgish: aoder, aor

Old High German: ādra, ādara

Middle High German: āder

Central Franconian: Oder

German: Ader

Luxembourgish: Oder

Yiddish: אָדער (oder)


tuʀ-

Old English: tor-

Old High German: zur-

tore

Middle English: tor, tore, toor (reinforced by Old Norse tor-)


flaih

flaih (masculine nominative singular)
flaihu (feminine nominative singular)
flaih (neuter nominative singular)
flaihanā (accusative masculine singular)
flaihā (accusative feminine singular)
flaih (accusative neuter singular)
flaihas (genitive masculine singular)
flaiheʀā (feminine genitive singular)
flaihas (genitive neuter singular)
flaihumē (dative masculine singular)
flaiheʀē (dative feminine singular)
flaihumē (dative neuter singular)
flaihu (instrumental masculine singular)
flaiheʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
flaihu (instrumental neuter singular)
flaihē (masculine nominative plural)
flaihō (feminine nominative plural)
flaihu (neuter nominative plural)
flaihā (accusative masculine plural)
flaihā (accusative feminine plural)
flaihu (accusative neuter plural)
flaiheʀō (genitive masculine plural)
flaiheʀō (feminine genitive plural)
flaiheʀō (genitive neuter plural)
flaihēm (dative masculine plural)
flaihum (dative masculine plural)
flaihēm (dative feminine plural)
flaihum (dative feminine plural)
flaihēm (dative neuter plural)
flaihum (dative neuter plural)
flaihēm (instrumental masculine plural)
flaihum (instrumental masculine plural)
flaihēm (feminine instrumental plural)
flaihum (feminine instrumental plural)
flaihēm (instrumental neuter plural)
flaihum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: flāh


aʀanōn

aʀanōn (infinitive)
aʀanōnijas (genitive infinitive)
aʀanōnijē (dative infinitive)
aʀanōniju (infinitive instrumental)
aʀanō (first-person present singular)
aʀanōdā (first-person past singular)
aʀanōs (present second-person singular)
aʀanōdēs (past second-person singular)
aʀanōdōs (past second-person singular)
aʀanōþ (present singular third-person)
aʀanōdē (past singular third-person)
aʀanōdā (past singular third-person)
aʀanōm (first-person plural present)
aʀanōdum (first-person past plural)
aʀanōþ (plural present second-person)
aʀanōdud (past plural second-person)
aʀanōnþ (plural present third-person)
aʀanōdun (past plural third-person)
aʀanōdī (first-person past singular)
aʀanōdī (past second-person singular)
aʀanō (present singular third-person)
aʀanōdī (past singular third-person)
aʀanōdīm (first-person past plural)
aʀanōdīd (past plural second-person)
aʀanōn (plural present third-person)
aʀanōdīn (past plural third-person)
aʀanō (present singular)
aʀanōþ (plural present)
aʀanōndī (participle present)
aʀanōd (participle past)

Old English: earnian
Middle English: ernen, arne, erne, earniæn, earnin, ernien (Early Middle English)
English: earn
Scots: earn

Old Saxon: aran

Middle Low German: ernen

Old Dutch: aranōn

Old High German: arnōn

q

with umlaut after noun <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmh">erne</i>

Middle High German: arnen, ernen (with umlaut after noun erne)

with -t- after noun <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Ernte</i>

German: ernten (with -t- after noun Ernte)

From Proto-Germanic *azanōną. Equivalent to *aʀani (“summer, harvent”) + *-ōn.


harbistamānōþ

harbistamānōþ (nominative singular)
harbistamānōþi (nominative plural)
harbistamānōþu (accusative singular)
harbistamānōþi (accusative plural)
harbistamānōþi (genitive singular)
harbistamānōþō (genitive plural)
harbistamānōþi (dative singular)
harbistamānōþum (dative plural)
harbistamānōþi (instrumental singular)
harbistamānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hærfestmōnaþ

Old Dutch: hervistmānōth (“November”)

desc

Old High German: herbistmānod (“September, November”)

Middle High German: herbestmānōt, herbestmānet

German: Herbstmonat (“September, October, November”)

From Proto-Germanic *harbistamēnōþs. Equivalent to *harbist (“harvest”) + *mānōþ (“month”).

a month of the Germanic calendar, corresponds roughy to September.


nōnā

nōnā (nominative singular)
nōnōn (nominative plural)
nōnōn (accusative singular)
nōnōn (accusative plural)
nōnōn (genitive singular)
nōnōnō (genitive plural)
nōnōn (dative singular)
nōnōm (dative plural)
nōnum (dative plural)
nōnōn (instrumental singular)
nōnōm (instrumental plural)
nōnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nōn m
Middle English: non, none, noon, noun, noune
English: noon

Old Saxon: nōna f, nōn m

Old Dutch: *nōna f, *nōn m

Middle Dutch: noene f, noen m

Dutch: noen m

Old High German: nōna f

Middle High German: nône

German: None

Borrowed from Latin nōna (hōra) (“ninth (hour)”).


gasihti

gasihti (nominative singular)
gasihtī (nominative plural)
gasihti (accusative singular)
gasihtī (accusative plural)
gasihtī (genitive singular)
gasihtijō (genitive plural)
gasihtī (dative singular)
gasihtim (dative plural)
gasihtijum (dative plural)
gasihtī (instrumental singular)
gasihtim (instrumental plural)
gasihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesihþ, gesiht
Middle English: i-sight

Old Saxon: gisiht

Old Dutch: gisiht
Middle Dutch: gesicht
Dutch: gezicht
Afrikaans: gesig
Javindo: gesicht
Negerhollands: gesicht, gesėg, gesė, gesigt

Old High German: gisiht

Middle High German: gesiht

Cimbrian: gazicht

German: Gesicht

Yiddish: געזיכט (gezikht)

Luxembourgish: Gesiicht


drupil

drupil (nominative singular)
drupilō (nominative plural)
drupilōs (nominative plural)
drupil (accusative singular)
drupilā (accusative plural)
drupilas (genitive singular)
drupilō (genitive plural)
drupilē (dative singular)
drupilum (dative plural)
drupilu (instrumental singular)
drupilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *drupel, *drepel

West Frisian: drippel

Old Saxon: drupil, *dropil

Middle Low German: drōpel, drȫpel

Old Dutch: *dropil, *drupil

Middle Dutch: dropel, druppel

Dutch: druppel

Old High German: *tropfil

Middle High German: tröpfel

German: Tröpfel


sturmijan

sturmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sturmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sturmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sturmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sturmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturmi (class-1 present singular weak)
sturmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sturmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sturmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: styrman

Old High German: sturmen

Middle High German: stürmen

German: stürmen

From Proto-Germanic *sturmijaną. Equivalent to *sturm + *-jan.


stormōn

stormōn (infinitive)
stormōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stormōnijē (dative infinitive)
stormōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stormō (first-person present singular)
stormōdā (first-person past singular)
stormōs (present second-person singular)
stormōdēs (past second-person singular)
stormōdōs (past second-person singular)
stormōþ (present singular third-person)
stormōdē (past singular third-person)
stormōdā (past singular third-person)
stormōm (first-person plural present)
stormōdum (first-person past plural)
stormōþ (plural present second-person)
stormōdud (past plural second-person)
stormōnþ (plural present third-person)
stormōdun (past plural third-person)
stormōdī (first-person past singular)
stormōdī (past second-person singular)
stormō (present singular third-person)
stormōdī (past singular third-person)
stormōdīm (first-person past plural)
stormōdīd (past plural second-person)
stormōn (plural present third-person)
stormōdīn (past plural third-person)
stormō (present singular)
stormōþ (plural present)
stormōndī (participle present)
stormōd (participle past)

Old English: *stormian

Middle English: stormen

English: storm

Old Frisian: stormia

West Frisian: stoarmje

Old Saxon: sturmōn (the vowel 'u' is unexpected)

Middle Low German: stormen, störmen

Low German: stormen, störmen

Old Dutch: *stormon

Middle Dutch: stormen

Dutch: stormen

Afrikaans: storm


kaupōn

kaupōn (infinitive)
kaupōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kaupōnijē (dative infinitive)
kaupōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kaupō (first-person present singular)
kaupōdā (first-person past singular)
kaupōs (present second-person singular)
kaupōdēs (past second-person singular)
kaupōdōs (past second-person singular)
kaupōþ (present singular third-person)
kaupōdē (past singular third-person)
kaupōdā (past singular third-person)
kaupōm (first-person plural present)
kaupōdum (first-person past plural)
kaupōþ (plural present second-person)
kaupōdud (past plural second-person)
kaupōnþ (plural present third-person)
kaupōdun (past plural third-person)
kaupōdī (first-person past singular)
kaupōdī (past second-person singular)
kaupō (present singular third-person)
kaupōdī (past singular third-person)
kaupōdīm (first-person past plural)
kaupōdīd (past plural second-person)
kaupōn (plural present third-person)
kaupōdīn (past plural third-person)
kaupō (present singular)
kaupōþ (plural present)
kaupōndī (participle present)
kaupōd (participle past)

Old English: ċēapian

Middle English: chepen

Scots: chepe, cheip

English: cheap

Old Frisian: kāpia

North Frisian: kupe, koope

Saterland Frisian: koopje

West Frisian: keapje

→ Dutch: kapen

→ English: cop

Old Saxon: *kōpōn

Middle Low German: kôpen

German Low German: kopen

Old Dutch: cōpon
Middle Dutch: côpen
Dutch: kopen
Afrikaans: koop
Berbice Creole Dutch: kopu
Negerhollands: koop, kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kop
Limburgish: koupe

Old High German: koufōn, choufōn — Upper German, Alemannic, Bavarian
Middle High German: koufen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: köife
Swabian: kaafe
Bavarian: kaufn, kaffa
Central Franconian: koofe, kaufe (Kölsch; Westerwald), koofn
East Franconian: kaafm
German: kaufen
Luxembourgish: kafen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kaafe
Vilamovian: kaofja
Yiddish: קויפֿן (koyfn)

From Proto-Germanic *kaupōną. Equivalent to *kaupō (“merchant, innkeeper”) + *-ōn.


gābā

gābā (nominative singular)
gābōn (nominative plural)
gābōn (accusative singular)
gābōn (accusative plural)
gābōn (genitive singular)
gābōnō (genitive plural)
gābōn (dative singular)
gābōm (dative plural)
gābum (dative plural)
gābōn (instrumental singular)
gābōm (instrumental plural)
gābum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *gāva

Middle Low German: gāve

Low German:

German Low German: Gaav

Westphalian:

Suerländer-Märkisch: Gaabe

Westmünsterländisch: Gaabe

Plautdietsch: Gow

Old Dutch: gāva
Middle Dutch: gāve
Dutch: gave
Afrikaans: gawe

Old High German: *gāba

Middle High German: gābe

German: Gabe

Luxembourgish: Gof

Yiddish: גאָב (gob)

From Proto-Germanic *gēbǭ. Cognate with Old Norse gáfa, sometimes suggested to be a borrowing from West Germanic.


swammijan

swammijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swammijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swammijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swammijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swammiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swammidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swammisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swammidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swammidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swammiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swammidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swammidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swammijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swammidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swammiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swammidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swammijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swammidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swammijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swammidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swammijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swammidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swammijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swammidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swammijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swammidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swammijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swammidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swammijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swammidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swammi (class-1 present singular weak)
swammiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swammijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swammid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *swemman

⇒ Old English: beswemman

Old Saxon: *swemmian

Middle Low German: swemmen

Old Dutch: *swemmen

Middle Dutch: swemmen
Dutch: zwemmen
Limburgish: zwömme

Old High German: *swemmen

Middle High German: swemmen

German: schwemmen


hirmijan

hirmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hirmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hirmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hirmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hirmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hirmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hirmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hirmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hirmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hirmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hirmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hirmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hirmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hirmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hirmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hirmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hirmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hirmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hirmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hirmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hirmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hirmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hirmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hirmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hirmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hirmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hirmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hirmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hirmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hirmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hirmi (class-1 present singular weak)
hirmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hirmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hirmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Dutch: *hirmen

Middle Dutch: hermen

Old High German: hirmen

Middle High German: hirmen

Switzerland German: hirmen

⇒ Switzerland German: gehirmen


saikijan

saikijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
saikijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
saikijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
saikijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
saikiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saikidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
saikisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saikidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saikidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saikiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saikidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saikidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saikijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saikidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
saikiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saikidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
saikijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saikidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
saikijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saikidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
saikijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saikidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saikijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saikidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saikijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saikidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
saikijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saikidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
saikijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saikidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
saiki (class-1 present singular weak)
saikiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
saikijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
saikid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *sēkian

Middle High German: sēken

Old Dutch: *seiken, *sēken

Middle Dutch: seiken, sêken

Dutch: zeiken

Old High German: seihhen

Middle High German: seichen

German: seichen


staubijan

staubijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
staubijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
staubijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
staubijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
staubiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
staubidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
staubisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
staubidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staubidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staubiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
staubidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staubidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staubijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
staubidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
staubiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
staubidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
staubijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
staubidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
staubijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
staubidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
staubijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
staubidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staubijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
staubidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staubijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
staubidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
staubijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
staubidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
staubijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
staubidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
staubi (class-1 present singular weak)
staubiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
staubijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
staubid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *stōvian

Middle Low German: stōven, stöven

Old Dutch: *stōven

Middle Dutch: stôven

Dutch: stoven

Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Germanic *staubijaną, a causative verb from which this verb would descend, from *steubaną (“to fume, smoke”). Other etymological sources prefer to reconstruct this verb as a derivation of *stubu (“stove, heating place”) (i.e. *stubōn), possibly from Vulgar Latin *extūfa, *extūfāre (“to heat with steam”), from Latin ex- + *tūfus (“hot vapor”), from Ancient Greek τῦφος (tûphos, “fever”). Perhaps it's a merger of both.


staubijan

Old Saxon: *stōvian

Middle Low German: stöven

Old High German: stouben

Middle High German: stäuben

German: stäuben

From *staub (“dust”) + *-jan. See *stubbju.


stampijan

stampijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stampijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stampijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stampijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stampiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stampidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stampisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stampidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stampidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stampiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stampidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stampidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stampijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stampidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stampiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stampidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stampijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stampidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stampijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stampidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stampijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stampidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stampijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stampidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stampijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stampidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stampijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stampidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stampijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stampidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stampi (class-1 present singular weak)
stampiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stampijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stampid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: stempan
Middle English: stampen, staumpe, stompe
English: stamp
Yola: stampe

Old Frisian: *stempa

West Frisian: stimpe, stimpje

Old Saxon: *stempian

Middle Low German: stempen

Old Dutch: *stempen
Middle Dutch: stempen

Old High German: *stempfen

Middle High German: stempfen

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *stampijaną, iterative to *stampōną (“to compress; to stamp”), whence Proto-West Germanic *stampōn.


tundijan

tundijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
tundijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
tundijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
tundijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
tundiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
tundidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tundisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
tundidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tundidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tundiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
tundidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tundidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tundijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
tundidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tundiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
tundidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tundijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
tundidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tundijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
tundidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tundijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
tundidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tundijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
tundidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tundijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
tundidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tundijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
tundidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tundijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
tundidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tundi (class-1 present singular weak)
tundiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
tundijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
tundid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: zunden

Middle High German: zünden

Bavarian: zindn

German: zünden


hūdijan

hūdijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hūdijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hūdijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hūdijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hūdiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hūdidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hūdisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hūdidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hūdidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hūdiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hūdidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hūdidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hūdijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hūdidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hūdiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hūdidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hūdijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hūdidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hūdijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hūdidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hūdijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hūdidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hūdijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hūdidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hūdijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hūdidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hūdijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hūdidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hūdijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hūdidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hūdi (class-1 present singular weak)
hūdiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hūdijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hūdid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hȳdan
Middle English: huden, hyden, hiden
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde

Old Frisian: hūda, hēda

Old Saxon: *hūdian

Middle Low German: hü̂den

Low German: hüden

⇒ Low German: verhüden

Old Dutch: *hūden

Middle Dutch: huden

Dutch: huiden


wrankijan

wrankijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wrankijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wrankijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wrankijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wrankiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wrankidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wrankisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wrankidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wrankidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wrankiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wrankidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wrankidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wrankijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wrankidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wrankiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wrankidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wrankijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wrankidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wrankijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wrankidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wrankijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wrankidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wrankijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wrankidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wrankijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wrankidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wrankijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wrankidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wrankijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wrankidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wranki (class-1 present singular weak)
wrankiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wrankijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wrankid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wrencan
Middle English: wrenchen, wrenche, wrynche, wrenk, wrenke (Northern)
English: wrench
Middle Scots: wrenk, wrink
>? Scots: renk

Old High German: *renken

Middle High German: renken

German: renken


swalljan

swalljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swalljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swalljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swalljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swaldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swalisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swaldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swaldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swaliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swaldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swaldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swalljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swaldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swaliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swaldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swalljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swaldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swalljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swaldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swalljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swaldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swalljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swaldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swalljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swaldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swalljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swaldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swalljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swaldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swali (class-1 present singular weak)
swaliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swalljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: swellan

Old Saxon: *swellian

Middle Low German: swellen

Old High German: swellen


plukkijan

plukkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
plukkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
plukkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
plukkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
plukkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
plukkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
plukkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
plukkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
plukkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
plukkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
plukkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
plukkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
plukkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
plukkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
plukkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
plukkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
plukkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
plukkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
plukkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
plukkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
plukkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
plukkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
plukkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
plukkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
plukkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
plukkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
plukkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
plukkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
plukkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
plukkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
plukki (class-1 present singular weak)
plukkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
plukkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
plukkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: plyċċan

Middle English: plicchen

English: plitch

Old Saxon: *plukkian

Middle Low German: plücken

German Low German: plücken, plöcken

Old Dutch: *plukken

Middle Dutch: plucken

Dutch: plukken
Afrikaans: pluk
Jersey Dutch: plökke

Old High German: *pflucken

Middle High German: pflücken

German: pflücken

A class 1 weak verb closely related to the iterative verb *plukkōn. Could be derived from *plukkō (“pluck of hair”) + *-jan. Possibly inherited from a theoretical Proto-Germanic *plukkijaną.


stuntijan

stuntijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stuntijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stuntijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stuntijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stuntiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stuntidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stuntisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stuntidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuntidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuntiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stuntidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuntidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuntijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stuntidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stuntiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stuntidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stuntijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stuntidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stuntijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stuntidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stuntijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stuntidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuntijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stuntidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuntijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stuntidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stuntijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stuntidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stuntijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stuntidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stunti (class-1 present singular weak)
stuntiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stuntijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stuntid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: styntan

Middle English: stinten

English: stint, stent


paþþjan

paþþjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
paþþjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
paþþjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
paþþjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
paþþju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
paþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
paþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
paþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
paþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
paþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
paþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
paþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
paþþjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
paþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
paþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
paþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
paþþjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
paþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
paþþjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
paþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
paþþjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
paþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
paþþjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
paþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
paþþjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
paþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
paþþjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
paþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
paþþjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
paþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
paþi (class-1 present singular weak)
paþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
paþþjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
paþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: pæþþan, peþþan

Old Saxon: *peþþian

Middle Low German: pedden

Low German: pedden

Old High German: *pfeden

Middle High German: pfeden


galīkī

galīkī (nominative singular)
galīkīn (accusative singular)
galīkīn (genitive singular)
galīkīn (dative singular)
galīkīn (instrumental singular)
galīkī (nominative singular)
galīkiju (nominative plural)
galīkī (accusative singular)
galīkiju (accusative plural)
galīkijas (genitive singular)
galīkijō (genitive plural)
galīkijē (dative singular)
galīkijum (dative plural)
galīkiju (instrumental singular)
galīkijum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *gilīki

Middle Dutch: gelike f or n

Dutch: gelijk n

Old High German: gilīhhi f

Middle High German: gelīche f

German: Gleiche f or n

From Proto-Germanic *galīkiją. Equivalent to *galīk (“alike”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


mastijan

mastijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
mastijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
mastijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
mastijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
mastiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mastidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mastisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mastidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mastidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mastiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mastidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mastidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mastijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mastidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mastiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mastidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mastijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mastidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mastijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mastidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mastijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mastidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mastijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mastidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mastijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mastidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mastijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mastidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mastijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mastidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
masti (class-1 present singular weak)
mastiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
mastijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
mastid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: mæstan

Old Saxon: *mestian

Middle Low German: mesten

Old Dutch: *mesten

Middle Dutch: mesten

Dutch: mesten

⇒ Dutch: vetmesten

Old High German: *mesten

Middle High German: mesten

German: mästen

From *mast (“mast, fruits of the forest”) + *-jan.


skuttjan

skuttjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skuttjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skuttjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skuttjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skuttju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skuttā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skutisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skuttēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skuttōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skutiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skuttē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuttā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuttjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skuttum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skutiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skuttud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skuttjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skuttun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skuttjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skuttī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skuttjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skuttī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skuttjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skuttī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuttjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skuttīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skuttjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skuttīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skuttjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skuttīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skuti (class-1 present singular weak)
skutiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skuttjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skutt (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: sċyttan
Middle English: shetten, shutten
English: shut
Scots: schut, schott

Old Frisian: sketta

Saterland Frisian: skätte

West Frisian: skutte (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *skuttian

Middle Low German: schütten

German Low German: schütten

Old Dutch: *skutten

Middle Dutch: schutten

Dutch: schutten

Old High German: *skuzzen, *scuzzen

Middle High German: schützen

German: schützen

desc

⇒ Old High German: firskuzzen, firscuzzen

Middle High German: ferschützen, verschützen

German: verschützen

⇒ Old High German: framskuzzen, framscuzzen

From *skut (“a border, a divider”) + *-jan.


helpārī

helpārī (nominative singular)
helpārijō (nominative plural)
helpārijōs (nominative plural)
helpārī (accusative singular)
helpārijā (accusative plural)
helpārijas (genitive singular)
helpārijō (genitive plural)
helpārijē (dative singular)
helpārijum (dative plural)
helpāriju (instrumental singular)
helpārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *helpere
Middle English: helpere
English: helper
Scots: helpare, helpar, helper

Old Frisian: helpere
Saterland Frisian: Hälper
West Frisian: helper

Old Saxon: helpāri, helperi

desc

Middle Low German: helpære, helpēre, helpere, helper, hölpere, hölper

German Low German: Helper

Old Dutch: *helpāri

Middle Dutch: helpere

Dutch: helper

Old High German: helfāri

Middle High German: helfære, helpfāre, helpfære, helpfer, helfer

German: Helfer

From *helpu + *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *helpō.


skuddjan

skuddjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skuddjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skuddjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skuddjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skuddju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skuddā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skudisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skuddēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skuddōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skudiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skuddē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuddā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuddjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skuddum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skudiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skuddud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skuddjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skuddun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skuddjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skuddī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skuddjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skuddī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skuddjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skuddī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuddjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skuddīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skuddjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skuddīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skuddjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skuddīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skudi (class-1 present singular weak)
skudiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skuddjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skudd (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: skedda

Old Saxon: skuddian

Middle Low German: schüdden

Low German: schüdden

desctree

Old Dutch: scudden
Middle Dutch: schudden
Dutch: schudden
Afrikaans: skud
Negerhollands: skud, skyd
Limburgish: sjödde

Old High German: scutten

Middle High German: schütten

German: schütten

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Germanic *skudjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kuh₁t-yé-ti. The short u could be adopted from the related *skundijan (“to hasten”), see Proto-Germanic *skundijaną.


hrōmijan

hrōmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hrōmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hrōmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hrōmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hrōmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrōmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrōmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrōmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrōmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrōmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrōmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrōmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrōmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrōmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrōmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrōmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrōmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrōmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrōmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrōmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrōmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrōmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrōmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrōmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrōmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrōmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrōmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrōmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrōmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrōmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrōmi (class-1 present singular weak)
hrōmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hrōmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hrōmid (class-1 participle past weak)

q

Old English: hrœ̄man, hrēman (seems to be confused/conflated with *hraumijan)

Middle English: remen

Old Saxon: hrōmian

Middle Low German: rȫmen

Old Dutch: *ruomen

Middle Dutch: roemen

Dutch: roemen

Afrikaans: roem

Old High German: ruomen

Middle High German: rüehmen

German: rühmen


regnabogō

regnabogō (nominative singular)
regnabogan (nominative plural)
regnabogan (accusative singular)
regnabogan (accusative plural)
regnabugini (genitive singular)
regnabogan (genitive singular)
regnaboganō (genitive plural)
regnabugini (dative singular)
regnabogan (dative singular)
regnabogum (dative plural)
regnabugini (instrumental singular)
regnabogan (instrumental singular)
regnabogum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: reġnboga, rēnboga
Middle English: reynbowe, raynbowe, raynebowe, rayne-bowe, reinbow, reinbowe, rein-bowe, reynebawe, reynebow, reynebowe, rainbou, rainbow, rayn-boghe (Northern)
English: rainbow
Scots: rainbow

Old Frisian: reinboga

Saterland Frisian: Rienbooge

West Frisian: reinbôge

Old Saxon: *reganbogo

desc

Middle Low German: regenboge, regensboge

German Low German: Regenboog

Low German: Regenbaag, Regenbagen

Plautdietsch: Räajenboagen

Old Dutch: *reganbogo

Middle Dutch: rēgenbōge

Dutch: regenboog

Afrikaans: reënboog

desctree

Old High German: reginbogo, reganbogo
Middle High German: regenboge, rëgenboge
German: Regenbogen
Hunsrik: Rehnbohe
Luxembourgish: Reebou
Vilamovian: ranaböga, rȧnaböga, rȧnböga, raenaböga, rǡnabȫga
Yiddish: רעגנבויגן (regnboygn)

From Proto-Germanic *regnabugô. Equivalent to *regn + *bogō.


wōlijan

wōlijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wōlijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wōlijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wōlijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wōliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wōlidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wōlisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wōlidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōlidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wōlidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōlidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōlijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wōlidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wōliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wōlidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wōlijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wōlidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wōlijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wōlidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wōlijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wōlidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōlijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wōlidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōlijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wōlidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wōlijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wōlidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wōlijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wōlidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wōli (class-1 present singular weak)
wōliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wōlijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wōlid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: wōlian

Middle Low German: wōlen

Old Dutch: *wuolen

Middle Dutch: woelen

Dutch: woelen

Old High German: wuolen

Middle High German: wüelen

Cimbrian: büulan

German: wühlen

Luxembourgish: wullen

Unclear, could be derived from *wōl (“disaster”) + *-jan, or from the same root as *wellan (“to toss, turn”) with a different ablaut grade.


snōrijan

snōrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
snōrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
snōrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
snōrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
snōriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
snōridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
snōrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
snōridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snōridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snōriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
snōridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snōridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snōrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
snōridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
snōriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
snōridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
snōrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
snōridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
snōrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
snōridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
snōrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
snōridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snōrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
snōridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snōrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
snōridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
snōrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
snōridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
snōrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
snōridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
snōri (class-1 present singular weak)
snōriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
snōrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
snōrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *snōrian

Middle Low German: snȫren

Old Dutch: *snuoren

Middle Dutch: snoeren

Dutch: snoeren

Old High German: *snuoren

Middle High German: snüeren

German: schnüren


stalukōn

stalukōn (infinitive)
stalukōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stalukōnijē (dative infinitive)
stalukōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stalukō (first-person present singular)
stalukōdā (first-person past singular)
stalukōs (present second-person singular)
stalukōdēs (past second-person singular)
stalukōdōs (past second-person singular)
stalukōþ (present singular third-person)
stalukōdē (past singular third-person)
stalukōdā (past singular third-person)
stalukōm (first-person plural present)
stalukōdum (first-person past plural)
stalukōþ (plural present second-person)
stalukōdud (past plural second-person)
stalukōnþ (plural present third-person)
stalukōdun (past plural third-person)
stalukōdī (first-person past singular)
stalukōdī (past second-person singular)
stalukō (present singular third-person)
stalukōdī (past singular third-person)
stalukōdīm (first-person past plural)
stalukōdīd (past plural second-person)
stalukōn (plural present third-person)
stalukōdīn (past plural third-person)
stalukō (present singular)
stalukōþ (plural present)
stalukōndī (participle present)
stalukōd (participle past)

Old English: *stealcian

Middle English: stalken

English: stalk

Scots: stalk

⇒ Old English: bestealcian

⇒ Old English: stealcung, stalcung
Middle English: stalkyng, stalkynge
English: stalking
Scots: stalking

From Proto-Germanic *stalukōną, equivalent to *stalōn + *-ukōn (frequentative suffix).


swōnijan

swōnijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swōnijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swōnijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swōnijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swōniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swōnidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swōnisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swōnidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swōnidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swōniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swōnidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swōnidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swōnijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swōnidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swōniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swōnidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swōnijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swōnidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swōnijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swōnidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swōnijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swōnidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swōnijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swōnidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swōnijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swōnidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swōnijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swōnidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swōnijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swōnidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swōni (class-1 present singular weak)
swōniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swōnijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swōnid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: sēna

Old Saxon: sōnian, *swōnian

Middle Low German: sȫnen, swȫnen

→ German: versöhnen

Old Dutch: *suonen

Middle Dutch: soenen

Dutch: zoenen

Old High German: suonen

Middle High German: süenen

German: sühnen

From *swōnu (“reconciliation, atonement”) + *-jan.


blautijan

blautijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
blautijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
blautijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
blautijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
blautiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
blautidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
blautisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
blautidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blautidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blautiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
blautidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blautidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blautijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
blautidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
blautiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
blautidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
blautijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
blautidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
blautijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
blautidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
blautijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
blautidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blautijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
blautidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blautijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
blautidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
blautijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
blautidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
blautijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
blautidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
blauti (class-1 present singular weak)
blautiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
blautijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
blautid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: blōtian

Middle Low German: blȫten

Old Dutch: *blōten

Middle Dutch: blôten

Dutch: bloten

Old High German: blōzen

Middle High German: blözen

German: blößen

From Proto-Germanic *blautijaną, equivalent to *blaut (“naked, weak, soft”) + *-jan.


skūmijan

skūmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skūmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skūmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skūmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skūmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skūmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skūmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skūmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skūmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skūmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skūmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skūmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skūmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skūmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skūmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skūmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skūmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skūmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skūmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skūmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skūmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skūmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skūmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skūmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skūmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skūmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skūmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skūmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skūmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skūmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skūmi (class-1 present singular weak)
skūmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skūmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skūmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *scūmian

Middle Low German: schǖmen

Old Dutch: *scūmen

Middle Dutch: schumen

Dutch: schuimen

Afrikaans: skuim

Old High German: scūmen

Middle High German: schoumen

German: schäumen


skeuh

skeuh (masculine nominative singular)
skeuhu (feminine nominative singular)
skeuh (neuter nominative singular)
skeuhanā (accusative masculine singular)
skeuhā (accusative feminine singular)
skeuh (accusative neuter singular)
skeuhas (genitive masculine singular)
skeuheʀā (feminine genitive singular)
skeuhas (genitive neuter singular)
skeuhumē (dative masculine singular)
skeuheʀē (dative feminine singular)
skeuhumē (dative neuter singular)
skeuhu (instrumental masculine singular)
skeuheʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
skeuhu (instrumental neuter singular)
skeuhē (masculine nominative plural)
skeuhō (feminine nominative plural)
skeuhu (neuter nominative plural)
skeuhā (accusative masculine plural)
skeuhā (accusative feminine plural)
skeuhu (accusative neuter plural)
skeuheʀō (genitive masculine plural)
skeuheʀō (feminine genitive plural)
skeuheʀō (genitive neuter plural)
skeuhēm (dative masculine plural)
skeuhum (dative masculine plural)
skeuhēm (dative feminine plural)
skeuhum (dative feminine plural)
skeuhēm (dative neuter plural)
skeuhum (dative neuter plural)
skeuhēm (instrumental masculine plural)
skeuhum (instrumental masculine plural)
skeuhēm (feminine instrumental plural)
skeuhum (feminine instrumental plural)
skeuhēm (instrumental neuter plural)
skeuhum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: sċēoh
Middle English: sceouh, skey, schey
English: shy
Scots: skeich, skiech, skick

Old Frisian: *skiāch, *skiā

Saterland Frisian: skjou

West Frisian: skou

Dutch: scheu

Old High German: *skioh

desc

Middle High German: schiech, schiehe, schie

Bavarian: schiach

German: scheu

German: schiech, schiach, schirch (dialectal)

→ Old French: eschif, eschiu

→ Italian: schifo

→ Middle English: escheu, eschew


skiuhī

skiuhī (masculine nominative singular)
skiuhiju (feminine nominative singular)
skiuhī (neuter nominative singular)
skiuhijanā (accusative masculine singular)
skiuhijā (accusative feminine singular)
skiuhī (accusative neuter singular)
skiuhijas (genitive masculine singular)
skiuhijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
skiuhijas (genitive neuter singular)
skiuhijumē (dative masculine singular)
skiuhijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
skiuhijumē (dative neuter singular)
skiuhiju (instrumental masculine singular)
skiuhijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
skiuhiju (instrumental neuter singular)
skiuhijē (masculine nominative plural)
skiuhijō (feminine nominative plural)
skiuhiju (neuter nominative plural)
skiuhijā (accusative masculine plural)
skiuhijā (accusative feminine plural)
skiuhiju (accusative neuter plural)
skiuhijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
skiuhijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
skiuhijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
skiuhijēm (dative masculine plural)
skiuhijum (dative masculine plural)
skiuhijēm (dative feminine plural)
skiuhijum (dative feminine plural)
skiuhijēm (dative neuter plural)
skiuhijum (dative neuter plural)
skiuhijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
skiuhijum (instrumental masculine plural)
skiuhijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
skiuhijum (feminine instrumental plural)
skiuhijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
skiuhijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *skiuwi, *skiuhi

Middle Low German: schǖwe, schǖw, schouw, schügge

German Low German: schoo, schööi

→ Danish: sky

→ Norwegian: sky

Old Dutch: *skiuwi

Middle Dutch: scuw, scu, schuw, schu

Dutch: schuw

Afrikaans: sku

Old High German: *skiuhi

Middle High German: schiuche, schiuh, schūche

Alemannic German: schüüch

German: scheu

→ Vulgar Latin: *scivus

Italian: schivo

Old Galician-Portuguese: esquivo

Galician: esquivo, esquío

Portuguese: esquivo

Spanish: esquivo

From *skeuh (“frightened, shy”) + *-ī (adjective suffix).


þwiril

þwiril (nominative singular)
þwirilō (nominative plural)
þwirilōs (nominative plural)
þwiril (accusative singular)
þwirilā (accusative plural)
þwirilas (genitive singular)
þwirilō (genitive plural)
þwirilē (dative singular)
þwirilum (dative plural)
þwirilu (instrumental singular)
þwirilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þwirel

Old High German: thwiril, dwiril

desc

Middle High German: twirel, twirl, quirel

German: Quirl

→ German Low German: Quirl

From Proto-Germanic *þwirilaz. Equivalent to *þweran + *-il.


togōn

togōn (infinitive)
togōnijas (genitive infinitive)
togōnijē (dative infinitive)
togōniju (infinitive instrumental)
togō (first-person present singular)
togōdā (first-person past singular)
togōs (present second-person singular)
togōdēs (past second-person singular)
togōdōs (past second-person singular)
togōþ (present singular third-person)
togōdē (past singular third-person)
togōdā (past singular third-person)
togōm (first-person plural present)
togōdum (first-person past plural)
togōþ (plural present second-person)
togōdud (past plural second-person)
togōnþ (plural present third-person)
togōdun (past plural third-person)
togōdī (first-person past singular)
togōdī (past second-person singular)
togō (present singular third-person)
togōdī (past singular third-person)
togōdīm (first-person past plural)
togōdīd (past plural second-person)
togōn (plural present third-person)
togōdīn (past plural third-person)
togō (present singular)
togōþ (plural present)
togōndī (participle present)
togōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: togian
Middle English: toȝen, towen
English: tow
Scots: tow, toll, togh
Middle English: tuggen, toggen (alternatively from Old Norse toga)
English: tug
Scots: tug
⇒ Yola: thugerleen

Old Frisian: togia

Saterland Frisian: toogje

West Frisian: tôgje, toaie

Old Saxon: *togōn

desc

Middle Low German: tōgen, tȫgen, tāgen, tēgen

⇒ German Low German: tagen (past participle)

⇒ Middle Low German: togeren, tȫgeren

German Low German: tögern

Old Dutch: *togon

Middle Dutch: tōgen

Dutch: togen, teugen (archaic or obsolete)

⇒ Dutch: ademtogen

⇒ Dutch: zieltogen

Old High German: zogōn

Middle High German: zogen, schogen

German: zogen (archaic or obsolete)

⇒ Middle High German: zogeren

German: zögern

→ Old French: touer

Middle French: touer

French: touer


bukkjan

bukkjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bukkjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bukkjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bukkjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bukkju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bukidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bukisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bukidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bukidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bukiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bukidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bukidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bukkjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bukidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bukiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bukidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bukkjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bukidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bukkjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bukidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bukkjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bukidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bukkjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bukidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bukkjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bukidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bukkjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bukidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bukkjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bukidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
buki (class-1 present singular weak)
bukiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bukkjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bukid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *bukkian

Middle Low German: bucken

Old Dutch: *bukken

Middle Dutch: bucken

Dutch: bukken

Old High German: bukken

Middle High German: bücken

German: bücken

An intensive formation related to *beugan.


nāhwijan

nāhwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
nāhwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
nāhwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
nāhwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
nāhwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nāhwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nāhwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nāhwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nāhwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nāhwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nāhwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nāhwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nāhwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nāhwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nāhwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nāhwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nāhwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nāhwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nāhwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nāhwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nāhwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nāhwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nāhwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nāhwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nāhwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nāhwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nāhwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nāhwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nāhwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nāhwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nāhwi (class-1 present singular weak)
nāhwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
nāhwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
nāhwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *nǣgan

⇒ Old English: ġenǣgan

Old Saxon: nāhian

Middle Low German: nēgen

Old High German: nāhen

Middle High German: nähen

From Proto-Germanic *nēhwijaną, equivalent to *nāhw (“near”) + *-jan. Related to Old Norse ná (“to approach”) a class 3 weak verb derived from the same root.


snaisijan

snaisijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
snaisijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
snaisijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
snaisijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
snaisiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
snaisidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
snaisisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
snaisidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snaisidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snaisiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
snaisidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snaisidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snaisijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
snaisidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
snaisiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
snaisidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
snaisijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
snaisidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
snaisijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
snaisidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
snaisijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
snaisidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snaisijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
snaisidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snaisijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
snaisidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
snaisijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
snaisidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
snaisijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
snaisidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
snaisi (class-1 present singular weak)
snaisiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
snaisijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
snaisid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: snǣsan

Old High German: *sneisen

Middle High German: sneisen

From Proto-Germanic *snaisijaną. Equivalent to *snaisu + *-jan.


strammjan

strammjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strammjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strammjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strammjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strammju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stramidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stramisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stramidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stramidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stramiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stramidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stramidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strammjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stramidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stramiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stramidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strammjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stramidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strammjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stramidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strammjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stramidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strammjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stramidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strammjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stramidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strammjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stramidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strammjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stramidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strami (class-1 present singular weak)
stramiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strammjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stramid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *stremmian

Middle Low German: stremmen

→ German: stremmen

Old Dutch: *stremmen

desctree

Middle Dutch: stremmen
Dutch: stremmen
Limburgish: strömme


fluhtijan

fluhtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
fluhtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
fluhtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
fluhtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
fluhtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fluhtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fluhtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fluhtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fluhtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fluhtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fluhtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fluhtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fluhtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fluhtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fluhtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fluhtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fluhtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fluhtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fluhtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fluhtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fluhtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fluhtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fluhtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fluhtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fluhtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fluhtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fluhtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fluhtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fluhtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fluhtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fluhti (class-1 present singular weak)
fluhtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
fluhtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
fluhtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *fluchtsia

West Frisian: flechtsje, fluchtsje

Old Saxon: *fluhtian

desc

Middle Low German: vlüchten, vlöchten, flüchten

Old Dutch: *fluhten

desctree

Middle Dutch: vluchten
Dutch: vluchten
Limburgish: vlöchte

Old High German: fluhten

Middle High German: flühten, vlühten

German: flüchten

From *fluhti (“act of fleeing”) + *-jan.


klunnjan

klunnjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
klunnjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
klunnjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
klunnjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
klunnju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
klunidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
klunisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
klunidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klunidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kluniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
klunidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klunidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klunnjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
klunidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kluniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
klunidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
klunnjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
klunidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
klunnjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
klunidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
klunnjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
klunidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klunnjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
klunidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klunnjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
klunidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
klunnjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
klunidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
klunnjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
klunidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kluni (class-1 present singular weak)
kluniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
klunnjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
klunid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: clynnan, clynian, clynan

Old Saxon: *klunnian, *klunian

desc

Middle Low German: *klunen, klunden, *klünen, *klōnen, *klȫnen

German Low German: klönen

Old Dutch: *klunnen, *klunen

Middle Dutch: kluenen, klōnen

Dutch: kleunen

A zero-grade intensive verb related to the strong verb *klinnan (“to sound”).


kruppijan

kruppijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kruppijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kruppijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kruppijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kruppiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kruppidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kruppisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kruppidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kruppidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kruppiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kruppidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kruppidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kruppijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kruppidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kruppiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kruppidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kruppijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kruppidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kruppijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kruppidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kruppijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kruppidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kruppijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kruppidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kruppijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kruppidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kruppijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kruppidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kruppijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kruppidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kruppi (class-1 present singular weak)
kruppiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kruppijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kruppid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cryppan

Old High German: *krupfen

Middle High German: krüpfen

German: krüpfen

A zero-grade intensive verb related to the strong verb *kreupan and iterative verb *kruppōn (“to crawl”).


harwijan

harwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
harwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
harwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
harwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
harwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
harwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
harwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
harwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
harwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
harwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
harwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
harwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
harwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
harwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
harwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
harwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
harwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
harwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
harwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
harwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
harwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
harwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
harwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
harwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
harwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
harwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
harwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
harwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
harwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
harwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
harwi (class-1 present singular weak)
harwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
harwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
harwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hierwan, herwan, hyrwan

Old Saxon: *herwian

Middle Low German: herwen

Old High German: *herwen

Middle High German: herwen


balkijan

balkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
balkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
balkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
balkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
balkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
balkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
balkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
balkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
balkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
balkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
balkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
balkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
balkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
balkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
balkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
balkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
balkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
balkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
balkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
balkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
balkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
balkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
balkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
balkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
balkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
balkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
balkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
balkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
balkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
balkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
balki (class-1 present singular weak)
balkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
balkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
balkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: bielċan

Middle English: belchen

English: belch

Old Saxon: *belkian

Middle Low German: belken

Low German: belken

Old Dutch: belken

Middle Dutch: belken, belleken

From Proto-Germanic *belkaną. Related to Proto-West Germanic *bellan, *bulgijan, and *balkōn.


bulgijan

bulgijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bulgijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bulgijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bulgijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bulgiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bulgidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bulgisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bulgidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bulgidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bulgiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bulgidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bulgidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bulgijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bulgidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bulgiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bulgidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bulgijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bulgidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bulgijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bulgidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bulgijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bulgidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bulgijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bulgidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bulgijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bulgidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bulgijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bulgidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bulgijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bulgidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bulgi (class-1 present singular weak)
bulgiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bulgijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bulgid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: bylġan

Middle English: belwen

English: bellow

Old Dutch: *bulgen

Middle Dutch: bulgen, bulken

Related to *balkijan and *balkōn (“to bellow, roar”)


bulgijan

Old English: *bylgan

⇒ Old English: ābylgan

⇒ Old English: gebylgan

Old Dutch: *bulgen

Middle Dutch: bulgen


knuttijan

knuttijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
knuttijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
knuttijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
knuttijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
knuttiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
knuttidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
knuttisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
knuttidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
knuttidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
knuttiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
knuttidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
knuttidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
knuttijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
knuttidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
knuttiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
knuttidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
knuttijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
knuttidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
knuttijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
knuttidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
knuttijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
knuttidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
knuttijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
knuttidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
knuttijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
knuttidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
knuttijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
knuttidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
knuttijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
knuttidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
knutti (class-1 present singular weak)
knuttiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
knuttijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
knuttid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: cnyttan, cnittan
Middle English: knytten, knutten, knetten, knitten
English: knit
Scots: knyt, knit

Old Saxon: *knuttian

Middle Low German: knütten

Low German: knütten

Old Dutch: *knutten

Middle Dutch: cnutten

Dutch: knutten (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *knuttijaną, equivalent to *knuttō (“knot”) + *-jan.


plōgijan

plōgijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
plōgijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
plōgijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
plōgijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
plōgiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
plōgidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
plōgisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
plōgidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
plōgidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
plōgiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
plōgidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
plōgidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
plōgijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
plōgidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
plōgiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
plōgidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
plōgijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
plōgidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
plōgijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
plōgidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
plōgijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
plōgidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
plōgijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
plōgidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
plōgijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
plōgidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
plōgijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
plōgidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
plōgijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
plōgidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
plōgi (class-1 present singular weak)
plōgiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
plōgijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
plōgid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *plōgian

Middle Low German: plȫgen

Old Dutch: *pluogen

Middle Dutch: ploegen
Dutch: ploegen
Limburgish: plógke

Old High German: *pfluogen

Middle High German: pflügen

German: pflügen

Rhine Franconian: pluge, pluje