hagōn

hagōn (infinitive)
hagōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hagōnijē (dative infinitive)
hagōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hagō (first-person present singular)
hagōdā (first-person past singular)
hagōs (present second-person singular)
hagōdēs (past second-person singular)
hagōdōs (past second-person singular)
hagōþ (present singular third-person)
hagōdē (past singular third-person)
hagōdā (past singular third-person)
hagōm (first-person plural present)
hagōdum (first-person past plural)
hagōþ (plural present second-person)
hagōdud (past plural second-person)
hagōnþ (plural present third-person)
hagōdun (past plural third-person)
hagōdī (first-person past singular)
hagōdī (past second-person singular)
hagō (present singular third-person)
hagōdī (past singular third-person)
hagōdīm (first-person past plural)
hagōdīd (past plural second-person)
hagōn (plural present third-person)
hagōdīn (past plural third-person)
hagō (present singular)
hagōþ (plural present)
hagōndī (participle present)
hagōd (participle past)

Old English: *hagian

desc

⇒ Old English: ġehagian (“to be possible, convenient”)

⇒ Old English: onhagian, anhagian (“to be within one's ablity or convenience”)

⇒ Middle English: bihaȝen

Old Frisian: hagia

Saterland Frisian: hoagje

West Frisian: haagje

Old Saxon: *hagōn

Middle Low German: hāgen

German Low German: hagen

desctree

Old Dutch: *hagon
Middle Dutch: hāgen
Dutch: hagen (obsolete)

Old High German: *hagōn

Middle High German: hagen

German: hagen (archaic)


skrapōn

skrapōn (infinitive)
skrapōnijas (genitive infinitive)
skrapōnijē (dative infinitive)
skrapōniju (infinitive instrumental)
skrapō (first-person present singular)
skrapōdā (first-person past singular)
skrapōs (present second-person singular)
skrapōdēs (past second-person singular)
skrapōdōs (past second-person singular)
skrapōþ (present singular third-person)
skrapōdē (past singular third-person)
skrapōdā (past singular third-person)
skrapōm (first-person plural present)
skrapōdum (first-person past plural)
skrapōþ (plural present second-person)
skrapōdud (past plural second-person)
skrapōnþ (plural present third-person)
skrapōdun (past plural third-person)
skrapōdī (first-person past singular)
skrapōdī (past second-person singular)
skrapō (present singular third-person)
skrapōdī (past singular third-person)
skrapōdīm (first-person past plural)
skrapōdīd (past plural second-person)
skrapōn (plural present third-person)
skrapōdīn (past plural third-person)
skrapō (present singular)
skrapōþ (plural present)
skrapōndī (participle present)
skrapōd (participle past)

Old English: sċrapian

Middle English: schrapen, scrapen (influenced by Old Norse)

English: scrape

Scots: scrap, scraip

Old Frisian: *skrapia, *skrabia

Saterland Frisian: skraabje

West Frisian: skraabje

Old Saxon: *skrapōn

Middle Low German: schrāpen, schrappen

German Low German: schrabben

Old Dutch: *scrapon

Middle Dutch: schrāpen

Dutch: schrapen

Afrikaans: skraap

Old High German: *skrapōn

Middle High German: schrapen

German: schrappen

Walloon: screper, Walloon: crape


gernō

Old English: ġeorne
Middle English: ȝeorne, ȝerne, gerne, ȝorne

Old Saxon: gerno
Middle Low German: gerne

Old Dutch: *gerno

Middle Dutch: gerne
Dutch: gaarne
Limburgish: gaern, gaer
West Flemish: geirn

Old High German: gerno
Middle High German: gërne
Bavarian: gean
Cimbrian: gearn
Central Franconian: jään, jär, gär(e), geare
Luxembourgish: gär, gären
German: gern, gerne
Yiddish: גערן (gern)

From Proto-Germanic *gernô. Equivalent to *gern (“eager, willing”) + *-ō.


stabōn

stabōn (infinitive)
stabōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stabōnijē (dative infinitive)
stabōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stabō (first-person present singular)
stabōdā (first-person past singular)
stabōs (present second-person singular)
stabōdēs (past second-person singular)
stabōdōs (past second-person singular)
stabōþ (present singular third-person)
stabōdē (past singular third-person)
stabōdā (past singular third-person)
stabōm (first-person plural present)
stabōdum (first-person past plural)
stabōþ (plural present second-person)
stabōdud (past plural second-person)
stabōnþ (plural present third-person)
stabōdun (past plural third-person)
stabōdī (first-person past singular)
stabōdī (past second-person singular)
stabō (present singular third-person)
stabōdī (past singular third-person)
stabōdīm (first-person past plural)
stabōdīd (past plural second-person)
stabōn (plural present third-person)
stabōdīn (past plural third-person)
stabō (present singular)
stabōþ (plural present)
stabōndī (participle present)
stabōd (participle past)

Old English: stafian

Old Frisian: stavia

West Frisian: staavje

Old Dutch: *stavon

Middle Dutch: stāven

Dutch: staven

Old High German: stabōn


talōn

talōn (infinitive)
talōnijas (genitive infinitive)
talōnijē (dative infinitive)
talōniju (infinitive instrumental)
talō (first-person present singular)
talōdā (first-person past singular)
talōs (present second-person singular)
talōdēs (past second-person singular)
talōdōs (past second-person singular)
talōþ (present singular third-person)
talōdē (past singular third-person)
talōdā (past singular third-person)
talōm (first-person plural present)
talōdum (first-person past plural)
talōþ (plural present second-person)
talōdud (past plural second-person)
talōnþ (plural present third-person)
talōdun (past plural third-person)
talōdī (first-person past singular)
talōdī (past second-person singular)
talō (present singular third-person)
talōdī (past singular third-person)
talōdīm (first-person past plural)
talōdīd (past plural second-person)
talōn (plural present third-person)
talōdīn (past plural third-person)
talō (present singular)
talōþ (plural present)
talōndī (participle present)
talōd (participle past)

Old English: talian
Middle English: talien, talen
English: tale
Scots: tale, tail

Old Frisian: talia

Old Saxon: talōn

Middle Low German: talen

Old Dutch: *talon

Middle Dutch: talen
Dutch: talen
Limburgish: tale

Old High German: zalōn

Middle High German: zalen

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: zaln

Mòcheno: zoln

German: zahlen

From Proto-Germanic *talōną. Equivalent to *talu (“calculation”) + *-ōn.


hakkōn

hakkōn (infinitive)
hakkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hakkōnijē (dative infinitive)
hakkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hakkō (first-person present singular)
hakkōdā (first-person past singular)
hakkōs (present second-person singular)
hakkōdēs (past second-person singular)
hakkōdōs (past second-person singular)
hakkōþ (present singular third-person)
hakkōdē (past singular third-person)
hakkōdā (past singular third-person)
hakkōm (first-person plural present)
hakkōdum (first-person past plural)
hakkōþ (plural present second-person)
hakkōdud (past plural second-person)
hakkōnþ (plural present third-person)
hakkōdun (past plural third-person)
hakkōdī (first-person past singular)
hakkōdī (past second-person singular)
hakkō (present singular third-person)
hakkōdī (past singular third-person)
hakkōdīm (first-person past plural)
hakkōdīd (past plural second-person)
hakkōn (plural present third-person)
hakkōdīn (past plural third-person)
hakkō (present singular)
hakkōþ (plural present)
hakkōndī (participle present)
hakkōd (participle past)

Old English: *haccian
Middle English: hakken
English: hack
Scots: hak, hack

Old Frisian: *hakkia, *hakia

Saterland Frisian: häkje

West Frisian: hakje

⇒ Old Frisian: tohakia, *tohakkia

Old Saxon: *hakkōn

Middle Low German: hacken

German Low German: hacken

Plautdietsch: haken

→ Danish: hakke

→ Swedish: hacka

→ Norn: hakka

→ Norwegian: hakke

→ Faroese: hakka

→ Icelandic: hakka

→ Gutnish: hakke

Old Dutch: *hakkon, *hakon

Middle Dutch: hacken
Dutch: hakken
Limburgish: hakke

Old High German: hacchōn, *hakkōn

Middle High German: hacken

Bavarian: håckn

Cimbrian: hàkhan

German: hacken
→ Estonian: hakkima

→ Old French: hacher (see there for further descendants)


sanþasagul

sanþasagul (masculine nominative singular)
sanþasagulu (feminine nominative singular)
sanþasagul (neuter nominative singular)
sanþasagulanā (accusative masculine singular)
sanþasagulā (accusative feminine singular)
sanþasagul (accusative neuter singular)
sanþasagulas (genitive masculine singular)
sanþasaguleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sanþasagulas (genitive neuter singular)
sanþasagulumē (dative masculine singular)
sanþasaguleʀē (dative feminine singular)
sanþasagulumē (dative neuter singular)
sanþasagulu (instrumental masculine singular)
sanþasaguleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sanþasagulu (instrumental neuter singular)
sanþasagulē (masculine nominative plural)
sanþasagulō (feminine nominative plural)
sanþasagulu (neuter nominative plural)
sanþasagulā (accusative masculine plural)
sanþasagulā (accusative feminine plural)
sanþasagulu (accusative neuter plural)
sanþasaguleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sanþasaguleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sanþasaguleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sanþasagulēm (dative masculine plural)
sanþasagulum (dative masculine plural)
sanþasagulēm (dative feminine plural)
sanþasagulum (dative feminine plural)
sanþasagulēm (dative neuter plural)
sanþasagulum (dative neuter plural)
sanþasagulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sanþasagulum (instrumental masculine plural)
sanþasagulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sanþasagulum (feminine instrumental plural)
sanþasagulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sanþasagulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sōþsagol

From Proto-Germanic *sanþasagulaz. Equivalent to *sanþ + *saggjan + *-ul.


sanþ

sanþ (masculine nominative singular)
sanþu (feminine nominative singular)
sanþ (neuter nominative singular)
sanþanā (accusative masculine singular)
sanþā (accusative feminine singular)
sanþ (accusative neuter singular)
sanþas (genitive masculine singular)
sanþeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sanþas (genitive neuter singular)
sanþumē (dative masculine singular)
sanþeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sanþumē (dative neuter singular)
sanþu (instrumental masculine singular)
sanþeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sanþu (instrumental neuter singular)
sanþē (masculine nominative plural)
sanþō (feminine nominative plural)
sanþu (neuter nominative plural)
sanþā (accusative masculine plural)
sanþā (accusative feminine plural)
sanþu (accusative neuter plural)
sanþeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sanþeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sanþeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sanþēm (dative masculine plural)
sanþum (dative masculine plural)
sanþēm (dative feminine plural)
sanþum (dative feminine plural)
sanþēm (dative neuter plural)
sanþum (dative neuter plural)
sanþēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sanþum (instrumental masculine plural)
sanþēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sanþum (feminine instrumental plural)
sanþēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sanþum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sōþ
Middle English: soth
English: sooth
Scots: suthe, suith

Old Frisian: sōth

Old Saxon: sōth


sanþ

sanþ (nominative singular)
sanþu (nominative plural)
sanþ (accusative singular)
sanþu (accusative plural)
sanþas (genitive singular)
sanþō (genitive plural)
sanþē (dative singular)
sanþum (dative plural)
sanþu (instrumental singular)
sanþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sōþ

Middle English: soth

English: sooth

Scots: suthe, suith

Old Saxon: sōth

Old High German: *sand

⇒ Old High German: sandōn


sanþijan

sanþijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sanþijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sanþijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sanþijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sanþiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sanþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sanþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sanþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sanþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sanþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sanþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sanþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sanþijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sanþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sanþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sanþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sanþijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sanþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sanþijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sanþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sanþijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sanþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sanþijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sanþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sanþijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sanþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sanþijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sanþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sanþijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sanþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sanþi (class-1 present singular weak)
sanþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sanþijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sanþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sēþan, sēðan — edh spelling
Middle English: sethen


stapul

stapul (nominative singular)
stapulō (nominative plural)
stapulōs (nominative plural)
stapul (accusative singular)
stapulā (accusative plural)
stapulas (genitive singular)
stapulō (genitive plural)
stapulē (dative singular)
stapulum (dative plural)
stapulu (instrumental singular)
stapulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stapol, stapel
Middle English: stapel, stapil, stapille, staple, stapul, stable
English: staple
Scots: steeple

Old Frisian: stapul

Saterland Frisian: Stoapel

West Frisian: steapel

Old Saxon: stapol

Middle Low German: stapel

German Low German: Stapel

→ German: Stapel

→ Yiddish: שטאַפּל (shtapl)

Old Dutch: stapul, stapal

Middle Dutch: stāpel

Dutch: stapel

Afrikaans: stapel

Old High German: staffal, stapfal

Middle High German: staffel, stapfel

German: Staffel

→ Late Latin: stapula

Old French: estaple
Anglo-Norman: staple
→ Middle English: staple, stapel, stapil, stapul
English: staple
Scots: stapill, staple, steple
Middle French: estappe
French: étape (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: stapula


staþul

staþul (nominative singular)
staþulō (nominative plural)
staþulōs (nominative plural)
staþul (accusative singular)
staþulā (accusative plural)
staþulas (genitive singular)
staþulō (genitive plural)
staþulē (dative singular)
staþulum (dative plural)
staþulu (instrumental singular)
staþulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: staþul, staþol

Middle English: stathel

Scots: stathel, stassel

English: staddle

Old Frisian: stathul, stāl

Saterland Frisian: Staal

West Frisian: steal

Old Saxon: stathal

Middle Low German: stadel, stāle

Old Dutch: *stathal

Middle Dutch: stādel

Dutch: staal

Old High German: stadal

Middle High German: stadel

German: Stadel


mōmā

mōmā (nominative singular)
mōmōn (nominative plural)
mōmōn (accusative singular)
mōmōn (accusative plural)
mōmōn (genitive singular)
mōmōnō (genitive plural)
mōmōn (dative singular)
mōmōm (dative plural)
mōmum (dative plural)
mōmōn (instrumental singular)
mōmōm (instrumental plural)
mōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mōme

Middle English: mome, mone

desc

English: mama, mam, mammy, mom, mommy, mum, mummy

Scots: mam, mamie

Old Frisian: *mōme

>? Saterland Frisian: Mäme

>? West Frisian: mem, mâm, memme, mâme

Old Saxon: *mōma, *mōme

Middle Low German: môme, mône, mȫme

Low German: Mohme

German Low German: Mohm, Möhm (regional)

Old Dutch: *muoma

Middle Dutch: moeme, mone, moene, moyne; memme, mamme

Dutch: moene (dialectal); mem, mam

Limburgish: meun

Old High German: *muoma

Middle High German: muome; mamme, memme

Alemannic German:

Mòcheno: moa'm

Central Franconian: Möhn, Mehn, Mihn, Mihm

Luxembourgish: Mimm

German: Muhme; Mamme

Yiddish: מומע (mume)


skīnan

skīnan (infinitive)
skīnannjas (genitive infinitive)
skīnannjē (dative infinitive)
skīnannju (infinitive instrumental)
skīnu (first-person present singular)
skain (first-person past singular)
skīniʀi (present second-person singular)
skinī (past second-person singular)
skīnidi (present singular third-person)
skain (past singular third-person)
skīnum (first-person plural present)
skinum (first-person past plural)
skīnid (plural present second-person)
skinud (past plural second-person)
skīnand (plural present third-person)
skinun (past plural third-person)
skīnē (first-person present singular)
skinī (first-person past singular)
skīnēs (present second-person singular)
skīnē (present singular third-person)
skinī (past singular third-person)
skīnēm (first-person plural present)
skinīm (first-person past plural)
skīnēþ (plural present second-person)
skinīd (past plural second-person)
skīnēn (plural present third-person)
skinīn (past plural third-person)
skīn (present singular)
skīnid (plural present)
skīnandī (participle present)
skinan (participle past)

Old English: sċīnan

Middle English: shinen, schinen

English: shine

Old Frisian: skīna

Saterland Frisian: skiene

West Frisian: skine, skyne

Old Saxon: skīnan

Low German: schienen

desctree

Old Dutch: skīnan
Middle Dutch: schinen
Dutch: schijnen
Afrikaans: skyn
Limburgish: sjiene

Old High German: skīnan

Middle High German: schīnen

German: scheinen

→ Esperanto: ŝajni

Hunsrik: scheine

Luxembourgish: schéngen

Yiddish: שײַנען (shaynen)


spangu

spangu (nominative singular)
spangō (nominative plural)
spangā (accusative singular)
spangā (accusative plural)
spangā (genitive singular)
spangō (genitive plural)
spangē (dative singular)
spangōm (dative plural)
spangum (dative plural)
spangu (instrumental singular)
spangōm (instrumental plural)
spangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spang

Old High German: spanga


wīb

wīb (nominative singular)
wību (nominative plural)
wīb (accusative singular)
wību (accusative plural)
wības (genitive singular)
wībō (genitive plural)
wībē (dative singular)
wībum (dative plural)
wību (instrumental singular)
wībum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīf

Middle English: wif, wyf

English: wife

Sranan Tongo: wefi

→ Japanese: ワイフ (waifu)

→ English: waifu

Scots: wife

Old Frisian: wīf

North Frisian: wüf

Saterland Frisian: Wieuw

West Frisian: wiif, wyf

Old Saxon: wīf

Middle Low German: wîf

German Low German: Wiev

Low German: Wief

Old Dutch: wīf

Middle Dutch: wijf

Dutch: wijf

Afrikaans: wyf

Sranan Tongo: wefi

Old High German: wīb

Middle High German: wīp; (northwestern) wīf

Alemannic German:

Italian Walser: wib

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: baip, baibe (Luserna)

Mòcheno: baib

Udinese: baip, baib

Central Franconian: Wiev, Wivv, Weiv

German: Weib

Yiddish: ווײַב (vayb)


þiustrī

þiustrī (masculine nominative singular)
þiustriju (feminine nominative singular)
þiustrī (neuter nominative singular)
þiustrijanā (accusative masculine singular)
þiustrijā (accusative feminine singular)
þiustrī (accusative neuter singular)
þiustrijas (genitive masculine singular)
þiustrijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þiustrijas (genitive neuter singular)
þiustrijumē (dative masculine singular)
þiustrijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
þiustrijumē (dative neuter singular)
þiustriju (instrumental masculine singular)
þiustrijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þiustriju (instrumental neuter singular)
þiustrijē (masculine nominative plural)
þiustrijō (feminine nominative plural)
þiustriju (neuter nominative plural)
þiustrijā (accusative masculine plural)
þiustrijā (accusative feminine plural)
þiustriju (accusative neuter plural)
þiustrijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þiustrijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þiustrijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þiustrijēm (dative masculine plural)
þiustrijum (dative masculine plural)
þiustrijēm (dative feminine plural)
þiustrijum (dative feminine plural)
þiustrijēm (dative neuter plural)
þiustrijum (dative neuter plural)
þiustrijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þiustrijum (instrumental masculine plural)
þiustrijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þiustrijum (feminine instrumental plural)
þiustrijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þiustrijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þīestre, þȳstre; þēostre (conflated with descendant of *þeustraz)

Middle English: þester, þuster, þeostre

Old Frisian: *thiūstere

Saterland Frisian: tjuuster

West Frisian: tsjuster

Old Saxon: thiustri

Middle Low German: dûster

German Low German: düüster

→ German: düster, duster

→ Danish: dyster

→ Swedish: dyster

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dyster

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyster

Old Dutch: *thiustri

Middle Dutch: dustere, diester, duuster

Dutch: duister

Afrikaans: duister

Limburgish: duuster

Old High German: *thiustri (northern)

Middle High German: dūster, diuster

Central Franconian: düster, deister

Luxembourgish: däischter

q

Rhine Franconian: deischter (few dialects; most only have non-native duschter, duster)

Possibly from *þimstr (“dark, dusky”) + *-ī (adjective suffix), with unexpected *m > *w. Or, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *þiustrijaz, *þiuhstrijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Compare Proto-Slavic *tuskъ (“gloom”).


þwingan

þwingan (infinitive)
þwingannjas (genitive infinitive)
þwingannjē (dative infinitive)
þwingannju (infinitive instrumental)
þwingu (first-person present singular)
þwang (first-person past singular)
þwingiʀi (present second-person singular)
þwungī (past second-person singular)
þwingidi (present singular third-person)
þwang (past singular third-person)
þwingum (first-person plural present)
þwungum (first-person past plural)
þwingid (plural present second-person)
þwungud (past plural second-person)
þwingand (plural present third-person)
þwungun (past plural third-person)
þwingē (first-person present singular)
þwungī (first-person past singular)
þwingēs (present second-person singular)
þwingē (present singular third-person)
þwungī (past singular third-person)
þwingēm (first-person plural present)
þwungīm (first-person past plural)
þwingēþ (plural present second-person)
þwungīd (past plural second-person)
þwingēn (plural present third-person)
þwungīn (past plural third-person)
þwing (present singular)
þwingid (plural present)
þwingandī (participle present)
þwungan (participle past)

Old Frisian: thwinga

Old Saxon: thwingan

Middle Low German: dwingen

Old Dutch: *thwingan

Middle Dutch: dwingen

Dutch: dwingen

Old High German: dwingan

Middle High German: dwingen, twingen

German: zwingen


īsarn

īsarn (nominative singular)
īsarnu (nominative plural)
īsarn (accusative singular)
īsarnu (accusative plural)
īsarnas (genitive singular)
īsarnō (genitive plural)
īsarnē (dative singular)
īsarnum (dative plural)
īsarnu (instrumental singular)
īsarnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: īsern, īren, īsen
Middle English: iren, eren, irne, iron, isen
English: iron
→ Marshallese: aen
Scots: airn, ern, irne
Yola: eeren

Old Frisian: īsern

North Frisian: jaarn

Saterland Frisian: Iersen

West Frisian: izer

Old Saxon: īsarn

Middle Low German: îsen, îsern, îseren

German Low German: Iesen

⇒ German Low German: Iesder

Low German: Isen

Plautdietsch: Iesa

Old Dutch: *īsarn

Middle Dutch: iser
Dutch: ijzer
Afrikaans: yster
Berbice Creole Dutch: isiri
Jersey Dutch: äize
Negerhollands: iser, izu
Skepi Creole Dutch: isir
→ Aukan: insii
→ Sranan Tongo: isri
→ Caribbean Hindustani: isri
→ Caribbean Javanese: isri
Limburgish: iezer
West Flemish: yzer

Old High German: īsarn
Middle High German: īsern, īser, īsen
Alemannic German: Iise
Vorarlbergerisch: Iisa, Oasa
Bavarian: Eisn
Cimbrian: aizarn
Mòcheno: aisn
Central Franconian: Ieser, Iese, Eise
Hunsrik: Eise
Luxembourgish: Eisen
German: Eisen, Eiser
Vilamovian: ȧjza
Yiddish: אײַזן (ayzn)


þarʀijan

þarʀijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þarʀijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þarʀijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þarʀijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þarʀiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þarʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þarʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þarʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þarʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þarʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þarʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þarʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þarʀijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þarʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þarʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þarʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þarʀijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þarʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þarʀijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þarʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þarʀijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þarʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þarʀijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þarʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þarʀijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þarʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þarʀijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þarʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þarʀijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þarʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þarʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
þarʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þarʀijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þarʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: derren

Middle High German: derren

Cimbrian: dèrran

German: dörren

→ Old French: tarir

French: tarir


þursti

þursti (nominative singular)
þurstī (nominative plural)
þursti (accusative singular)
þurstī (accusative plural)
þurstī (genitive singular)
þurstijō (genitive plural)
þurstī (dative singular)
þurstim (dative plural)
þurstijum (dative plural)
þurstī (instrumental singular)
þurstim (instrumental plural)
þurstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þurst, þyrst

English: thirst

Old Frisian: thorst

West Frisian: toarst

Old Saxon: thurst

Old Dutch: thurst

Middle Dutch: dorst

Dutch: dorst

Old High German: durst

German: Durst

Luxembourgish: Duuscht


haliþ

haliþ (nominative singular)
haliþō (nominative plural)
haliþōs (nominative plural)
haliþ (accusative singular)
haliþā (accusative plural)
haliþas (genitive singular)
haliþō (genitive plural)
haliþē (dative singular)
haliþum (dative plural)
haliþu (instrumental singular)
haliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð
Middle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))
English: (obsolete) health
Middle Scots: hathill

Old Frisian: *heleth

Saterland Frisian: Häld

West Frisian: held

Old Saxon: helith, helid
Middle Low German: helt
German Low German: Held
→ Danish: helt
→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt
→ Swedish: hjälte

Old Dutch: *helit

Middle Dutch: helet, helt

Dutch: held

Afrikaans: held

Old High German: helid

Middle High German: helt

German: Held

Yiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)


maþō

maþō (nominative singular)
maþan (nominative plural)
maþan (accusative singular)
maþan (accusative plural)
maþini (genitive singular)
maþan (genitive singular)
maþanō (genitive plural)
maþini (dative singular)
maþan (dative singular)
maþum (dative plural)
maþini (instrumental singular)
maþan (instrumental singular)
maþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: maþa

Middle English: mathe

desc

Scots: mathe, maith, maithe, meath, meith

English: mad, made

Old Saxon: matho

Middle Low German: made

Old Dutch: *matho

Middle Dutch: māde

Dutch: made

desctree

Old High German: mado
Middle High German: made
German: Made
Luxembourgish: Mued


krabbō

krabbō (nominative singular)
krabban (nominative plural)
krabban (accusative singular)
krabban (accusative plural)
krabbini (genitive singular)
krabban (genitive singular)
krabbanō (genitive plural)
krabbini (dative singular)
krabban (dative singular)
krabbum (dative plural)
krabbini (instrumental singular)
krabban (instrumental singular)
krabbum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crabba

Middle English: crabbe

Scots: crab, craib

English: crab

Old Frisian: *krabba

North Frisian: kraab

Saterland Frisian: Krabbe

West Frisian: kraab, krab

Old Saxon: *krabbo

Middle Low German: krabbe

German Low German: Krabbe, Krabb

Low German: Krabbe

→ German: Krabbe

→ Lower Sorbian: kraba

Old Dutch: *crabbo

Middle Dutch: crabbe

Dutch: krab

Afrikaans: krap

Limburgish: krab

→ Walloon: crappe, crape

→ Picard: crape

Old High German: *chrappo, *krappo

Middle High German: krappe

German: Krappe

Luxembourgish: Krabb


flaskā

flaskā (nominative singular)
flaskōn (nominative plural)
flaskōn (accusative singular)
flaskōn (accusative plural)
flaskōn (genitive singular)
flaskōnō (genitive plural)
flaskōn (dative singular)
flaskōm (dative plural)
flaskum (dative plural)
flaskōn (instrumental singular)
flaskōm (instrumental plural)
flaskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: flasce, flaxe
Middle English: flask, flaske (partly)
English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg
Scots: flask, flas

Old Frisian: *fleske, *flesche

West Frisian: flesse

Old Saxon: *flaska

Middle Low German: vlasche

German Low German: Fless

Old Dutch: *flasca
Middle Dutch: flassce, flesce, vlessche, vlesch, vles
Dutch: fles
Afrikaans: fles

Old High German: flasca, flaska

Middle High German: vlasche, flesche

Alemannic German: Fläsche

Swabian: Flasch

Central Franconian:

Kölsch: Fläsch

German: Flasche
→ Macedonian: флаша (flaša)
→ Old Slovak: fľaša, fľäša
Pannonian Rusyn: фляша (fljaša)
Slovak: fľaša
→ Polish: flasza
⇒ Polish: flaszka
→ Belarusian: пля́шка (pljáška)
→ Russian: фля́жка (fljážka)
→ Ukrainian: пля́шка (pljáška)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: флаша
Latin script: flaša

Luxembourgish: Fläsch

Rhine Franconian:

Hessian: Flasch

Vilamovian: fłoś

Yiddish: פֿלאַש (flash)

→ Russian: фля́жка (fljážka)

→ Late Latin: flascō, flasca (see there for further descendants)


hasō

hasō (nominative singular)
hasan (nominative plural)
hasan (accusative singular)
hasan (accusative plural)
haʀini (genitive singular)
haʀan (genitive singular)
haʀanō (genitive plural)
haʀini (dative singular)
haʀan (dative singular)
haʀum (dative plural)
haʀini (instrumental singular)
haʀan (instrumental singular)
haʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hara
Middle English: hare
English: hare
Scots: hare, hair

Old Frisian: hasa, hase

North Frisian:

Sylt: Haas

Saterland Frisian: Hoaze, Hoase

West Frisian: hazze

Old Saxon: haso

Middle Low German: hāse

German Low German: Haas, Hoos

Plautdietsch: Hos

Old Dutch: *haso

Middle Dutch: hāse
Dutch: haas
Afrikaans: haas
Jersey Dutch: hâśe (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haas

Old High German: haso
Middle High German: hase
Alemannic German: Haase
Bavarian: Hås
Cimbrian: haazo, has (Luserna)
Mòcheno: hos
Central Franconian: Has, Hoas
Luxembourgish: Hues
German: Hase, Haase
→ French: hase
→ Silesian: hazŏk
Vilamovian: hoza
Yiddish: האָז (hoz)


apō

apō (nominative singular)
apan (nominative plural)
apan (accusative singular)
apan (accusative plural)
apini (genitive singular)
apan (genitive singular)
apanō (genitive plural)
apini (dative singular)
apan (dative singular)
apum (dative plural)
apini (instrumental singular)
apan (instrumental singular)
apum (instrumental plural)

Old English: apa
Middle English: ape, eape, aape
English: ape
Scots: ape, aip

Old Frisian: *apa

North Frisian: aab (Föhr-Amrum), ååwe (Mooring)

Saterland Frisian: Oape

West Frisian: aap

Old Saxon: apo
Middle Low German: āpe
Low German: Ape
German Low German: Aap
Plautdietsch: Op

Old Dutch: *apo

Middle Dutch: āpe

Dutch: aap
Afrikaans: aap

Old High German: affo
Middle High German: affe
Alemannic German: Aff
Central Franconian: Aff, Aap (Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Aff
Luxembourgish: Af
East Central German: Aff
German: Affe
Rhine Franconian: Aff
Pennsylvania German: Aff
Yiddish: אַפֿע (afe)

→ Proto-Slavic: *opъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *opica (see there for further descendants)


magō

magō (nominative singular)
magan (nominative plural)
magan (accusative singular)
magan (accusative plural)
magini (genitive singular)
magan (genitive singular)
maganō (genitive plural)
magini (dative singular)
magan (dative singular)
magum (dative plural)
magini (instrumental singular)
magan (instrumental singular)
magum (instrumental plural)

Old English: maga
Middle English: maȝe, maghe, mawe
English: maw
Scots: mawe, maw

Old Frisian: maga

Saterland Frisian: Moage

West Frisian: mage

Old Saxon: mago

Middle Low German: māge
Low German:
German Low German: Mage, Maag
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Māge
Sauerländisch: Māge
Westmünsterländian: Maagen, Maage
Plautdietsch: Moag

Old Dutch: *mago
Middle Dutch: māge
Dutch: maag
Afrikaans: maag
Negerhollands: maag
→ Indonesian: mag
Limburgish: maag

Old High German: mago
Middle High German: mage
Bavarian: Mågn
German: Magen
Hunsrik: Maaghe, Maan
Luxembourgish: Mo
Vilamovian: maoga
Yiddish: מאָגן (mogn)
→ Italian: magone
→ Venetan: magon


skaþō

skaþō (nominative singular)
skaþan (nominative plural)
skaþan (accusative singular)
skaþan (accusative plural)
skaþini (genitive singular)
skaþan (genitive singular)
skaþanō (genitive plural)
skaþini (dative singular)
skaþan (dative singular)
skaþum (dative plural)
skaþini (instrumental singular)
skaþan (instrumental singular)
skaþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: scaþa, sċeaþa

desc

Middle English: scaþe, scathe, schaþe, schathe

English: shathe, shade

Old Frisian: skatha, sketha

Saterland Frisian: Skoade

West Frisian: skea

Old Saxon: skatho, scatho

Middle Low German: schāde

German Low German: Schaad, Schood, Schåd, Schoad, Schaod, Schade, Schaden

Old Dutch: scatho

desctree

Middle Dutch: schāde
Dutch: schade
Afrikaans: skade
Limburgish: sjaaj

Old High German: skado, scado
Middle High German: schāde
Central Franconian: Schade
German: Schaden
Hunsrik: Schaade
Luxembourgish: Schued
Yiddish: שאָד (shod)
→ Czech: škoda
→ Old Polish: szkoda
Polish: szkoda
→ Old East Slavic: шкода (škoda)
Belarusian: шко́да (škóda)
Russian: шко́да (škóda)
Ukrainian: шко́да (škóda)
→ Serbo-Croatian: škȍda, шко̏да
→ Old Slovak: škoda, *čkoda
Pannonian Rusyn: чкода (čkoda)
Slovak: škoda


knabō

knabō (nominative singular)
knaban (nominative plural)
knaban (accusative singular)
knaban (accusative plural)
knabini (genitive singular)
knaban (genitive singular)
knabanō (genitive plural)
knabini (dative singular)
knaban (dative singular)
knabum (dative plural)
knabini (instrumental singular)
knaban (instrumental singular)
knabum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cnafa
Middle English: knave, cnave, knafe, cnafe, knaffe, knaue, knawe, knaf, knaw
English: knave
Middle Scots: knave, knafe, knaif
Scots: knave
→ Middle Welsh: cnaf
Welsh: cnaf

Old Saxon: *knabo, *knavo

Middle Low German: knābe, knāve

Low German: knawe

Old High German: knabo, chnabo
Middle High German: knabe
German: Knabe
→ Esperanto: knabo
→ Kashubian: knôp

alternative reconstruction of *knappō (“boy”)


gagadō

gagadō (nominative singular)
gagadan (nominative plural)
gagadan (accusative singular)
gagadan (accusative plural)
gagadini (genitive singular)
gagadan (genitive singular)
gagadanō (genitive plural)
gagadini (dative singular)
gagadan (dative singular)
gagadum (dative plural)
gagadini (instrumental singular)
gagadan (instrumental singular)
gagadum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġegada

Old Saxon: gigado

Old Dutch: *gigado

Middle Dutch: gegāde

Old High German: gigato


hagatussjā

hagatussjā (nominative singular)
hagatussjōn (nominative plural)
hagatussjōn (accusative singular)
hagatussjōn (accusative plural)
hagatussjōn (genitive singular)
hagatussjōnō (genitive plural)
hagatussjōn (dative singular)
hagatussjōm (dative plural)
hagatussjum (dative plural)
hagatussjōn (instrumental singular)
hagatussjōm (instrumental plural)
hagatussjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hægtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
Middle English: hagge, hegge
English: hag

Old Frisian: *hegtesse, *hexe

Saterland Frisian: Häkse

West Frisian: hekse

Old Saxon: *hagatusia

Middle Low German: hexe

German Low German: Häxe, Hexe

Plautdietsch: Hakjs

→ Danish: heks

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: heks

→ Swedish: häxa

Old Dutch: *hagatissa

Middle Dutch: hagetisse

Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)

Old High German: hagzissa, hagazussa, hagzussa, hāzissa, hāzussa, hāzessa, hāzus
Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
German: Hexe
→ Dutch: heks
Afrikaans: heks
→ Papiamentu: hèks
→ Polish: heksa
Luxembourgish: Hex

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hagatusjō, from *hagô (“enclosure; pasture”) + *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), compare English hedgewitch. Second element perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”), whence Proto-Slavic *duxъ (“breath; spirit”).

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


agiþahsijā

agiþahsijā (nominative singular)
agiþahsijōn (nominative plural)
agiþahsijōn (accusative singular)
agiþahsijōn (accusative plural)
agiþahsijōn (genitive singular)
agiþahsijōnō (genitive plural)
agiþahsijōn (dative singular)
agiþahsijōm (dative plural)
agiþahsijum (dative plural)
agiþahsijōn (instrumental singular)
agiþahsijōm (instrumental plural)
agiþahsijum (instrumental plural)
*awiþahsijā (alternative)

desctree

Old English: āþexe
Middle English: aske, arske
English: ask, askard
Scots: ask, esk, awsk

Old Saxon: egithassa, ewidehsa
Middle Low German: gedisse, egidesse
German Low German: Eevtaske, Heevtaske, Eevtask, Heevtask
Plautdietsch: Äajdakjs, Äajdakjsel

Old Dutch: *egithassa

Middle Dutch: hāgetisse

Dutch: hagedis
Afrikaans: akkedis
Negerhollands: kakatės, kakketis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kakates (dated)
→ Aukan: lagadisa
→ Sranan Tongo: lagadisa
→ West Frisian: hagedis

Limburgish: eektes, herdis, ees, redis

Old High German: egidehsa, ewidehsa
Middle High German: egedëhse, eidëhse
Alemannic German: Heidëchsli
Bavarian: Adachsl, Eidachsl
German: Eidechse, Echse
→ Luxembourgish: Eidechs
Luxembourgish: Eederes (dated)
Vilamovian: edikjys
Yiddish: עקדיש (ekdish, “scorpion”)

From otherwise unattested *agi (“lizard, snake”), from Proto-Germanic *agiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ógʷʰis, + *þehsan (whence Middle High German dehsan (“to swingle (flax)”), from *þehsaną, from Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to cut, hew”), + *-jā (agent suffix).


rīpī

rīpī (masculine nominative singular)
rīpiju (feminine nominative singular)
rīpī (neuter nominative singular)
rīpijanā (accusative masculine singular)
rīpijā (accusative feminine singular)
rīpī (accusative neuter singular)
rīpijas (genitive masculine singular)
rīpijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rīpijas (genitive neuter singular)
rīpijumē (dative masculine singular)
rīpijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rīpijumē (dative neuter singular)
rīpiju (instrumental masculine singular)
rīpijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rīpiju (instrumental neuter singular)
rīpijē (masculine nominative plural)
rīpijō (feminine nominative plural)
rīpiju (neuter nominative plural)
rīpijā (accusative masculine plural)
rīpijā (accusative feminine plural)
rīpiju (accusative neuter plural)
rīpijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rīpijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rīpijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rīpijēm (dative masculine plural)
rīpijum (dative masculine plural)
rīpijēm (dative feminine plural)
rīpijum (dative feminine plural)
rīpijēm (dative neuter plural)
rīpijum (dative neuter plural)
rīpijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rīpijum (instrumental masculine plural)
rīpijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rīpijum (feminine instrumental plural)
rīpijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rīpijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: rīpe

Middle English: ripe

English: ripe

Old Frisian: rīp

West Frisian: ryp

Old Saxon: rīpi

Middle Low German: rîpe

Low German: riep

desctree

Old Dutch: rīpi
Middle Dutch: ripe, rijp
Dutch: rijp
Afrikaans: ryp

Old High German: rīfi

Middle High German: rīfe

German: reif

From Proto-Germanic *rīpiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


kōl(ī)

kōl (canonical)
ī (romanization)
kōl (masculine nominative singular)
kōlu (feminine nominative singular)
kōl (neuter nominative singular)
kōlanā (accusative masculine singular)
kōlā (accusative feminine singular)
kōl (accusative neuter singular)
kōlas (genitive masculine singular)
kōleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kōlas (genitive neuter singular)
kōlumē (dative masculine singular)
kōleʀē (dative feminine singular)
kōlumē (dative neuter singular)
kōlu (instrumental masculine singular)
kōleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kōlu (instrumental neuter singular)
kōlē (masculine nominative plural)
kōlō (feminine nominative plural)
kōlu (neuter nominative plural)
kōlā (accusative masculine plural)
kōlā (accusative feminine plural)
kōlu (accusative neuter plural)
kōleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kōleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kōleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kōlēm (dative masculine plural)
kōlum (dative masculine plural)
kōlēm (dative feminine plural)
kōlum (dative feminine plural)
kōlēm (dative neuter plural)
kōlum (dative neuter plural)
kōlēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kōlum (instrumental masculine plural)
kōlēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kōlum (feminine instrumental plural)
kōlēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kōlum (instrumental neuter plural)
kōlī (masculine nominative singular)
kōliju (feminine nominative singular)
kōlī (neuter nominative singular)
kōlijanā (accusative masculine singular)
kōlijā (accusative feminine singular)
kōlī (accusative neuter singular)
kōlijas (genitive masculine singular)
kōlijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kōlijas (genitive neuter singular)
kōlijumē (dative masculine singular)
kōlijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
kōlijumē (dative neuter singular)
kōliju (instrumental masculine singular)
kōlijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kōliju (instrumental neuter singular)
kōlijē (masculine nominative plural)
kōlijō (feminine nominative plural)
kōliju (neuter nominative plural)
kōlijā (accusative masculine plural)
kōlijā (accusative feminine plural)
kōliju (accusative neuter plural)
kōlijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kōlijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kōlijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kōlijēm (dative masculine plural)
kōlijum (dative masculine plural)
kōlijēm (dative feminine plural)
kōlijum (dative feminine plural)
kōlijēm (dative neuter plural)
kōlijum (dative neuter plural)
kōlijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kōlijum (instrumental masculine plural)
kōlijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kōlijum (feminine instrumental plural)
kōlijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kōlijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: cōl, *cœ̄l, *cēl

Middle English: col, coul, cool

English: cool (see there for further descendants)

⇒ English: coolth

desc

Scots: cule, cuill, kuil, ceul, kül, queel

⇒ Scots: queelie, kjöl (“coolness”)

⇒ Old English: cōlnes, cœ̄lnes, cēlnes

Middle English: colnesse

English: coolness

Old Frisian: *kōl

Saterland Frisian: köil

West Frisian: koel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *kōli, *kōl

Middle Low German: kôle, kôl, kȫl

German Low German: köhl

Low German: kool, kööl, köhl

desctree

Old Dutch: *cuol
Middle Dutch: coel
Dutch: koel
Afrikaans: koel
Limburgish: keul, kool

Old High German: kuoli, chuali, chuoli, kuali
Middle High German: küele, küel, kůl, kule
Alemannic German: chüel
Alsatian: kiahl
Swabian: kiahl
Bavarian:
Hianzisch: kiahl
Central Franconian: köhl, kehl, kiehl
Hunsrik: kiel
Luxembourgish: kill
German: kühl
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: kihl, koil
Palatine German: kihl
Pennsylvania German: kiehl
Vilamovian: kīł

From Proto-Germanic *kōlaz, *kōluz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


kōlijan

kōlijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kōlijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kōlijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kōlijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kōliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kōlidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kōlisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kōlidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kōlidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kōliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kōlidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kōlidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kōlijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kōlidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kōliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kōlidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kōlijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kōlidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kōlijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kōlidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kōlijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kōlidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kōlijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kōlidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kōlijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kōlidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kōlijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kōlidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kōlijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kōlidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kōli (class-1 present singular weak)
kōliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kōlijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kōlid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cœ̄lan, cēlan, ċēlan

Middle English: kelen, chelen

English: keel

Scots: kele, keyle

Old Frisian: kēla

Saterland Frisian: käile, köile

Old Saxon: *kōlian

desc

Middle Low German: kö̂len, koilen, kůlen

German Low German: köhlen

Old Dutch: *cuolen

Middle Dutch: coelen

Dutch: koelen

Afrikaans: koel

Limburgish: keule

Old High German: kuolen

Middle High German: küelen

Alemannic German: chüele

Bavarian: kuin, kühn

Central Franconian: köhle, kehle, kiehle

Luxembourgish: killen

German: kühlen

From Proto-Germanic *kōlijaną. Equivalent to *kōl(ī) (“cool”) + *-jan.


þraku

þraku (nominative singular)
þrakō (nominative plural)
þrakā (accusative singular)
þrakā (accusative plural)
þrakā (genitive singular)
þrakō (genitive plural)
þrakē (dative singular)
þrakōm (dative plural)
þrakum (dative plural)
þraku (instrumental singular)
þrakōm (instrumental plural)
þrakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þracu

⇒ Old Saxon: mōdthraka


wraku

wraku (nominative singular)
wrakō (nominative plural)
wrakā (accusative singular)
wrakā (accusative plural)
wrakā (genitive singular)
wrakō (genitive plural)
wrakē (dative singular)
wrakōm (dative plural)
wrakum (dative plural)
wraku (instrumental singular)
wrakōm (instrumental plural)
wrakum (instrumental plural)
*wrāku (alternative)

desctree

Old English: wracu
Middle English: wrake
English: wrack


wrāku

wrāku (nominative singular)
wrākō (nominative plural)
wrākā (accusative singular)
wrākā (accusative plural)
wrākā (genitive singular)
wrākō (genitive plural)
wrākē (dative singular)
wrākōm (dative plural)
wrākum (dative plural)
wrāku (instrumental singular)
wrākōm (instrumental plural)
wrākum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrǣc, wrǣċ

desc

Middle English: wrake, wreke, wræche, wrache, wreche

Scots: wrak, wraik, wrek

English: wrack, wreak

Old Frisian: wrēke, wrēze, wrētze

West Frisian: wrake, wraak (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: wrāka

Middle Low German: wrāke

Low German: Wraak

Old Dutch: wrāca

Middle Dutch: wrâke

Dutch: wraak

Afrikaans: wraak

Old High German: rāhha, rācha

Middle High German: rāche

German: Rache

→ Luxembourgish: Rach

→ Saterland Frisian: Rache


swaþu

swaþu (nominative singular)
swaþō (nominative plural)
swaþā (accusative singular)
swaþā (accusative plural)
swaþā (genitive singular)
swaþō (genitive plural)
swaþē (dative singular)
swaþōm (dative plural)
swaþum (dative plural)
swaþu (instrumental singular)
swaþōm (instrumental plural)
swaþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: swæþ, swaþu
Middle English: swath, swathe
English: swath (“swath”)


sagā

sagā (nominative singular)
sagōn (nominative plural)
sagōn (accusative singular)
sagōn (accusative plural)
sagōn (genitive singular)
sagōnō (genitive plural)
sagōn (dative singular)
sagōm (dative plural)
sagum (dative plural)
sagōn (instrumental singular)
sagōm (instrumental plural)
sagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: saga, sagu
Middle English: sawe
English: saw

Old Frisian: sege

Old Dutch: *saga
Middle Dutch: sāge
Dutch: sage (influenced by German)
Afrikaans: sage
Limburgish: zaag

Old High German: saga
Middle High German: sage
German: Sage
Luxembourgish: So


siftijan

siftijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
siftijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
siftijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
siftijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
siftiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
siftidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
siftisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
siftidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siftidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siftiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
siftidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siftidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siftijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
siftidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
siftiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
siftidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
siftijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
siftidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
siftijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
siftidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
siftijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
siftidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siftijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
siftidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siftijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
siftidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
siftijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
siftidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
siftijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
siftidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sifti (class-1 present singular weak)
siftiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
siftijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
siftid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: siftan

Middle English: syften

English: sift

Old Saxon: *siftan

Middle Low German: sichten

→ German: sichten

Old Dutch: *siften

Middle Dutch: sichten

Dutch: ziften, zichten


rīfan

rīfan (infinitive)
rīfannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīfannjē (dative infinitive)
rīfannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīfu (first-person present singular)
raif (first-person past singular)
rīfiʀi (present second-person singular)
ribī (past second-person singular)
rīfidi (present singular third-person)
raif (past singular third-person)
rīfum (first-person plural present)
ribum (first-person past plural)
rīfid (plural present second-person)
ribud (past plural second-person)
rīfand (plural present third-person)
ribun (past plural third-person)
rīfē (first-person present singular)
ribī (first-person past singular)
rīfēs (present second-person singular)
rīfē (present singular third-person)
ribī (past singular third-person)
rīfēm (first-person plural present)
ribīm (first-person past plural)
rīfēþ (plural present second-person)
ribīd (past plural second-person)
rīfēn (plural present third-person)
ribīn (past plural third-person)
rīf (present singular)
rīfid (plural present)
rīfandī (participle present)
riban (participle past)

Old English: *rīfan

Middle English: riven

English: rive

Old Frisian: rīva


hrīdrā

hrīdrā (nominative singular)
hrīdrōn (nominative plural)
hrīdrōn (accusative singular)
hrīdrōn (accusative plural)
hrīdrōn (genitive singular)
hrīdrōnō (genitive plural)
hrīdrōn (dative singular)
hrīdrōm (dative plural)
hrīdrum (dative plural)
hrīdrōn (instrumental singular)
hrīdrōm (instrumental plural)
hrīdrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hridder, hriddel n

Middle English: ridder; riddel

English: ridder; riddle

Scots: riddil

Old Saxon: hrīdra

Old High German: rītra, rītera

Middle High German: rītere, rīter

German: Reiter


hrīm

hrīm (nominative singular)
hrīmō (nominative plural)
hrīmōs (nominative plural)
hrīm (accusative singular)
hrīmā (accusative plural)
hrīmas (genitive singular)
hrīmō (genitive plural)
hrīmē (dative singular)
hrīmum (dative plural)
hrīmu (instrumental singular)
hrīmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrīm

Middle English: rime, ryme

Scots: ryme, rime

English: rime

Old Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)

Old Dutch: *rīm

Middle Dutch: rijm

Dutch: rijm

Old High German: *hrīm, *rīm

Middle High German: rīm

Bavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)

desc

⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)

→ Old French: frime; frimas

Middle French: frimas

French: frimas

From the nominative stem of Proto-Germanic *hrīmô.


hrīpō

hrīpō (nominative singular)
hrīpan (nominative plural)
hrīpan (accusative singular)
hrīpan (accusative plural)
hrīpini (genitive singular)
hrīpan (genitive singular)
hrīpanō (genitive plural)
hrīpini (dative singular)
hrīpan (dative singular)
hrīpum (dative plural)
hrīpini (instrumental singular)
hrīpan (instrumental singular)
hrīpum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hrīpa

Saterland Frisian: Riep

Old Saxon: *hrīpo

Middle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe

Old Dutch: *rīpo

Middle Dutch: ripe

Dutch: rijp

Afrikaans: ryp

desctree

Old High German: rīfo
Middle High German: rīfe, rīf
German: Reif

From the oblique stem of Proto-Germanic *hrīmô, *hrip-.


agr

agr (nominative singular)
agrō (nominative plural)
agrōs (nominative plural)
agr (accusative singular)
agrā (accusative plural)
agras (genitive singular)
agrō (genitive plural)
agrē (dative singular)
agrum (dative plural)
agru (instrumental singular)
agrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēagor

English: eagre

Old Dutch: *aggar

Middle Dutch: *agger

Dutch: agger


nattjan

nattjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
nattjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
nattjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
nattjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
nattju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nattā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
natisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nattēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nattōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
natiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nattē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nattā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nattjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nattum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
natiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nattud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nattjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nattun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nattjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nattī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nattjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nattī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nattjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nattī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nattjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nattīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nattjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nattīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nattjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nattīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nati (class-1 present singular weak)
natiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
nattjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
natt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *nettan

gl

⇒? Middle English: netting (possibly from Middle Low German nette (“wetness, urine”), nattinge (“wetness”))

English: netting (“urine”)

Old Saxon: *nettian

Middle Low German: netten, natten

German Low German: natten, nattjen

Old Dutch: *netten

Middle Dutch: netten, natten

Dutch: netten

Old High German: nezzen

Middle High German: netzen

German: netzen (archaic); benetzen, nässen

Luxembourgish: netzen

From Proto-Germanic *natjaną. Equivalent to *nat (“wet”) + *-jan.


nattjan

Old High German: *nezzen

Middle High German: netzen

⇒ Old High German: benezzen

From Proto-Germanic *natjaną. Equivalent to *nati (“net”) + *-jan.


framiþī

framiþī (masculine nominative singular)
framiþiju (feminine nominative singular)
framiþī (neuter nominative singular)
framiþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
framiþijā (accusative feminine singular)
framiþī (accusative neuter singular)
framiþijas (genitive masculine singular)
framiþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
framiþijas (genitive neuter singular)
framiþijumē (dative masculine singular)
framiþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
framiþijumē (dative neuter singular)
framiþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
framiþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
framiþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
framiþijē (masculine nominative plural)
framiþijō (feminine nominative plural)
framiþiju (neuter nominative plural)
framiþijā (accusative masculine plural)
framiþijā (accusative feminine plural)
framiþiju (accusative neuter plural)
framiþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
framiþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
framiþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
framiþijēm (dative masculine plural)
framiþijum (dative masculine plural)
framiþijēm (dative feminine plural)
framiþijum (dative feminine plural)
framiþijēm (dative neuter plural)
framiþijum (dative neuter plural)
framiþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
framiþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
framiþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
framiþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
framiþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
framiþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fremde, fremede, fremeþe
Middle English: fremde, fremede, fremed, fremmed, frempt, fremmid, fremmede, freomede, ffremyd, fremd
English: fremd (rare, chiefly dialectal)
Scots: fremmit, fremd, frempt, frem

desc

Old Frisian: framede, framde, fromede, fromde

Saterland Frisian: froamd

West Frisian: frjemd, freamd

desctree

Old Saxon: fremithi, fremidi
Middle Low German: vremede, vremde, vrömede, vrömde
German Low German: frömd
Plautdietsch: framd
→ Old Norse: framandi
Icelandic: framandi
Faroese: fremmandur
>? Norn: fremd (perhaps from Old or Middle English)
Norwegian Nynorsk: framand; (dialectal) framund
Swedish: främmad (dated, poetic, dialectal), främmande
Danish: fremmed
Norwegian Bokmål: fremmed
Gutnish: främmande, främmandi
→ Middle English: fromond

Old Dutch: fremithi
Middle Dutch: vremt
Dutch: vreemd, (obsolete) vreemt, vreempt
Afrikaans: vreemd
Negerhollands: vreemd
Limburgish: vraemp

Old High German: fremidi

Middle High German: vremede, vremde

Central Franconian: fremb

Cimbrian: brömade

German: fremd

Luxembourgish: friem

Vilamovian: fremd

Yiddish: פֿרעמד (fremd)

From Proto-Germanic *framaþiz. The reason for the change of the second-syllable vowel from *a to *i is unknown.


gīsl

gīsl (nominative singular)
gīslō (nominative plural)
gīslōs (nominative plural)
gīsl (accusative singular)
gīslā (accusative plural)
gīslas (genitive singular)
gīslō (genitive plural)
gīslē (dative singular)
gīslum (dative plural)
gīslu (instrumental singular)
gīslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġīsel, ġīsl

Middle English: ȝisel, ȝisle

Old Saxon: gīsal

Middle Low German: gîsel

Low German: Giesel

Old Dutch: *gīsal

Middle Dutch: gisel

Dutch: gijzel

→ West Frisian: gizel

Middle Dutch: giselare

Dutch: gijzelaar

→ West Frisian: gizeler

desc

Old High German: gīsal, (Lombardic) gîsil

Middle High German: gīsel

German: Geisel

→ German Low German: Geisel


gardō

gardō (nominative singular)
gardan (nominative plural)
gardan (accusative singular)
gardan (accusative plural)
gardini (genitive singular)
gardan (genitive singular)
gardanō (genitive plural)
gardini (dative singular)
gardan (dative singular)
gardum (dative plural)
gardini (instrumental singular)
gardan (instrumental singular)
gardum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: garda

North Frisian: gard, gerd, gord

Old Saxon: gardo

Middle Low German: garde, gārde

German Low German: Goorn

desctree

Old Dutch: gardo
Middle Dutch: garde
Dutch: gaard
Limburgish: gäörd

Old High German: garto
Middle High German: garte
Alemannic German: Garte, Gaarte
Bavarian: Gåatn, Goatn, Gårtn, Gåschtn
Cimbrian: gaarto, gart (Luserna)
Central Franconian: (Ripuarian) Jaade, Jaat (western Ripuarian), Gaade, Gaarde, Goarde, Goart (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Gaarde
Luxembourgish: Gaart
, ([ˈɡɔːɐ̯tn̩] Britten)
East Franconian: [ˈɡ̊ad̥n̩]
German: Garten
Rhine Franconian: (South Hessian) /ˈɡaːtə/, /ˈɡaːrə/, (Palatine) /ˈɡaːtə/
Pennsylvania German: Gaarde
Yiddish: גאָרטן (gortn)


wundr

wundr (nominative singular)
wundru (nominative plural)
wundr (accusative singular)
wundru (accusative plural)
wundras (genitive singular)
wundrō (genitive plural)
wundrē (dative singular)
wundrum (dative plural)
wundru (instrumental singular)
wundrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wundor

Middle English: wunder, wonder

English: wonder

Scots: winder

Scots: wunner

Old Frisian: wunder, wonder

Saterland Frisian: Wunder, Wunner

West Frisian: wonder, wûnder

Old Saxon: wundar

Middle Low German: wunder

German Low German: Wunner

Low German: wunder, wunner

Old Dutch: wundar

Middle Dutch: wunder, wonder

Dutch: wonder
Afrikaans: wonder
Jersey Dutch: wonder
Negerhollands: wonder
→ Sranan Tongo: wondru
→ Caribbean Javanese: wonder

Old High German: wuntar, *wundar

Middle High German: wunder

German: Wunder

Luxembourgish: Wonner

Vilamovian: wunder


skard

skard (masculine nominative singular)
skardu (feminine nominative singular)
skard (neuter nominative singular)
skardanā (accusative masculine singular)
skardā (accusative feminine singular)
skard (accusative neuter singular)
skardas (genitive masculine singular)
skardeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
skardas (genitive neuter singular)
skardumē (dative masculine singular)
skardeʀē (dative feminine singular)
skardumē (dative neuter singular)
skardu (instrumental masculine singular)
skardeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
skardu (instrumental neuter singular)
skardē (masculine nominative plural)
skardō (feminine nominative plural)
skardu (neuter nominative plural)
skardā (accusative masculine plural)
skardā (accusative feminine plural)
skardu (accusative neuter plural)
skardeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
skardeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
skardeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
skardēm (dative masculine plural)
skardum (dative masculine plural)
skardēm (dative feminine plural)
skardum (dative feminine plural)
skardēm (dative neuter plural)
skardum (dative neuter plural)
skardēm (instrumental masculine plural)
skardum (instrumental masculine plural)
skardēm (feminine instrumental plural)
skardum (feminine instrumental plural)
skardēm (instrumental neuter plural)
skardum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sċeard
Middle English: scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde
English: shard, sherd
Scots: shaird
Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde

Old Frisian: skerd, skerde

Old Saxon: skard

Middle Low German: schart

Old High German: *skart

Middle High German: schart, scharte

German: Scharte

From Proto-Germanic *skardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *skerdʰ-.


skard

skard (nominative singular)
skardu (nominative plural)
skard (accusative singular)
skardu (accusative plural)
skardas (genitive singular)
skardō (genitive plural)
skardē (dative singular)
skardum (dative plural)
skardu (instrumental singular)
skardum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: skerd

Saterland Frisian: Skeed

West Frisian: schird, skurd

Old Saxon: *skard

Middle Low German: schart

German Low German: Schaarde

Old Dutch: *skard

desc

Middle Dutch: scart, scaert, schaerde, scheerde

Dutch: schaarde

→ West Frisian: skaart

Old High German: scart; *skarti

Middle High German: scharte

German: Scharte

Luxembourgish: Schaart

→ Catalan: esquerda

→ Old French: escharde, escherde

Middle French: eschardre

French: écharde

→ Old Italian: scarda

⇒ Italian: scardare

→ Basque: eskarda

From Proto-Germanic *skardą, derivative of *skardaz.


kerban

kerban (infinitive)
kerbannjas (genitive infinitive)
kerbannjē (dative infinitive)
kerbannju (infinitive instrumental)
kerbu (first-person present singular)
karb (first-person past singular)
kirbiʀi (present second-person singular)
kurbī (past second-person singular)
kirbidi (present singular third-person)
karb (past singular third-person)
kerbum (first-person plural present)
kurbum (first-person past plural)
kirbid (plural present second-person)
kurbud (past plural second-person)
kerband (plural present third-person)
kurbun (past plural third-person)
kerbē (first-person present singular)
kurbī (first-person past singular)
kerbēs (present second-person singular)
kerbē (present singular third-person)
kurbī (past singular third-person)
kerbēm (first-person plural present)
kurbīm (first-person past plural)
kerbēþ (plural present second-person)
kurbīd (past plural second-person)
kerbēn (plural present third-person)
kurbīn (past plural third-person)
kirb (present singular)
kirbid (plural present)
kerbandī (participle present)
korban (participle past)

desctree

Old English: ceorfan
Middle English: cherven
Middle English: kerven, carve, carven, cerven, karven, kerve, kirven, kyrvyn, ceorfan, ceorfæn, keorven (Early Middle English)
English: carve
Scots: cairve, kerve, kerf, carf

Old Frisian: kerva

North Frisian: karve

Saterland Frisian: käärwje

West Frisian: kerve

Old Saxon: kervan

Middle Low German: kerven, karven

Low German: karven

→ Danish: karve

→ Swedish: karva

→ Norwegian: karve

Old Dutch: *kervan
Middle Dutch: kerven
Dutch: kerven

Old High German: kerban

Middle High German: kërben

Alemannic German: chërbe, kërbe

German: kerben

East Franconian: kerwe

Vilamovian: karwa

Yiddish: קאַרבן (karbn)

→ Polish: karbować


skelh

skelh (masculine nominative singular)
skelhu (feminine nominative singular)
skelh (neuter nominative singular)
skelhanā (accusative masculine singular)
skelhā (accusative feminine singular)
skelh (accusative neuter singular)
skelhas (genitive masculine singular)
skelheʀā (feminine genitive singular)
skelhas (genitive neuter singular)
skelhumē (dative masculine singular)
skelheʀē (dative feminine singular)
skelhumē (dative neuter singular)
skelhu (instrumental masculine singular)
skelheʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
skelhu (instrumental neuter singular)
skelhē (masculine nominative plural)
skelhō (feminine nominative plural)
skelhu (neuter nominative plural)
skelhā (accusative masculine plural)
skelhā (accusative feminine plural)
skelhu (accusative neuter plural)
skelheʀō (genitive masculine plural)
skelheʀō (feminine genitive plural)
skelheʀō (genitive neuter plural)
skelhēm (dative masculine plural)
skelhum (dative masculine plural)
skelhēm (dative feminine plural)
skelhum (dative feminine plural)
skelhēm (dative neuter plural)
skelhum (dative neuter plural)
skelhēm (instrumental masculine plural)
skelhum (instrumental masculine plural)
skelhēm (feminine instrumental plural)
skelhum (feminine instrumental plural)
skelhēm (instrumental neuter plural)
skelhum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sċeolh, sċeol

desc

⇒ Old English: sċeolhēagede, sċylhēagede, sċelgegede

Middle English: sculeiȝede

Old Saxon: *skelh, *skel

Middle Low German: schēle, schēl

→ German: scheel

Old Dutch: *skelh, *skel

Middle Dutch: schēel

Dutch: scheel

Afrikaans: skeel

Limburgish: sjael

Old High German: skelah

Middle High German: schelh, schelch, schel, schelwe, schelb

German: schelch (obsolete)


skaunī

skaunī (masculine nominative singular)
skauniju (feminine nominative singular)
skaunī (neuter nominative singular)
skaunijanā (accusative masculine singular)
skaunijā (accusative feminine singular)
skaunī (accusative neuter singular)
skaunijas (genitive masculine singular)
skaunijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
skaunijas (genitive neuter singular)
skaunijumē (dative masculine singular)
skaunijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
skaunijumē (dative neuter singular)
skauniju (instrumental masculine singular)
skaunijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
skauniju (instrumental neuter singular)
skaunijē (masculine nominative plural)
skaunijō (feminine nominative plural)
skauniju (neuter nominative plural)
skaunijā (accusative masculine plural)
skaunijā (accusative feminine plural)
skauniju (accusative neuter plural)
skaunijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
skaunijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
skaunijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
skaunijēm (dative masculine plural)
skaunijum (dative masculine plural)
skaunijēm (dative feminine plural)
skaunijum (dative feminine plural)
skaunijēm (dative neuter plural)
skaunijum (dative neuter plural)
skaunijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
skaunijum (instrumental masculine plural)
skaunijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
skaunijum (feminine instrumental plural)
skaunijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
skaunijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: sċīene, sċēne, sċēone, sċīne, sċīone, sċȳne
Middle English: schene, schen, schone, shone
English: sheen
Middle Scots: schene, scheine

Old Frisian: skēne

North Frisian: schien

Saterland Frisian: skeen

West Frisian: skjin

Old Saxon: skōni
Middle Low German: schö̂ne
Low German: schöön
Altmärkisch: schön
Bremisch: schön (substantivised: (dat) Schöne n)
Dithmarsisch: schön
Hamburgisch: scheun
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: schön
Ostfälisch: schöne (schön)
Westfälisch:
Lippisch: scheun
Münsterländisch: schön
Paderbornisch: schoin
Ravensbergisch: schåün
Sauerländisch: schoine, scho̊n
Westmünsterländisch: schöön
Plautdietsch: scheen
→ Old Swedish: skön
Swedish: skön
→ Danish: skøn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjønn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjønn

Old Dutch: scōni
Middle Dutch: schône
Dutch: schoon
Afrikaans: skoon
→ West Frisian: skoan
Limburgish: sjoen, sjoean, sjuun, sjun

Old High German: scōni
Middle High German: schœne
Bavarian: schee
Cimbrian: söon, schümma (Luserna)
Mòcheno: schea'
Central Franconian: schün
Hunsrik: scheen
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: scheene
Volhynian German: scheen
East Franconian: schee
German: schön
→ Central Franconian: schön, schien
→ Japanese: シャン (shan)
Luxembourgish: schéin
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: schee
Palatine German: schee, schää, schään
Pennsylvania German: schee
Yiddish: שיין (sheyn)

From Proto-Germanic *skauniz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


skeutan

skeutan (infinitive)
skeutannjas (genitive infinitive)
skeutannjē (dative infinitive)
skeutannju (infinitive instrumental)
skeutu (first-person present singular)
skaut (first-person past singular)
skiutiʀi (present second-person singular)
skutī (past second-person singular)
skiutidi (present singular third-person)
skaut (past singular third-person)
skeutum (first-person plural present)
skutum (first-person past plural)
skiutid (plural present second-person)
skutud (past plural second-person)
skeutand (plural present third-person)
skutun (past plural third-person)
skeutē (first-person present singular)
skutī (first-person past singular)
skeutēs (present second-person singular)
skeutē (present singular third-person)
skutī (past singular third-person)
skeutēm (first-person plural present)
skutīm (first-person past plural)
skeutēþ (plural present second-person)
skutīd (past plural second-person)
skeutēn (plural present third-person)
skutīn (past plural third-person)
skiut (present singular)
skiutid (plural present)
skeutandī (participle present)
skotan (participle past)

Old English: sċēotan
Middle English: shoten, shuten, sheten
English: shoot, skeet
Scots: schute, schuit, schote, schoot, schete

Old Frisian: skiata
West Frisian: sjitte

Old Saxon: skiotan
Middle Low German: scheten
Low German: scheten

Old Dutch: skietan
Middle Dutch: schieten
Dutch: schieten
Afrikaans: skiet
Berbice Creole Dutch: skiti
Jersey Dutch: sxjite
Negerhollands: skud, skit, skiet
→ Indonesian: sekip
→ Papiamentu: skit
Limburgish: sjete

Old High German: skioȥan, scioȥan, skioȥȥan, scioȥȥan — early
Middle High German: schieȥen
Alemannic German: schieße
Bavarian: schiaßn
Central Franconian: schieße, scheeße (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian)
German: schießen
Hunsrik: schiese
Luxembourgish: schéissen
Vilamovian: śisa
Yiddish: שיסן (shisn)

From Proto-Germanic *skeutaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd-.


skaub

skaub (nominative singular)
skaubō (nominative plural)
skaubōs (nominative plural)
skaub (accusative singular)
skaubā (accusative plural)
skaubas (genitive singular)
skaubō (genitive plural)
skaubē (dative singular)
skaubum (dative plural)
skaubu (instrumental singular)
skaubum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċēaf
Middle English: scheef
English: sheaf
Scots: schefe, scheif

Old Frisian: *skāf

Saterland Frisian: Schoof, Schoowe

West Frisian: skeaf

Old Saxon: skōf

Middle Low German: schôf

Low German: Schoof

→ German: Schof

Old Dutch: *skōf

Middle Dutch: scoef, schoof

Dutch: schoof

Afrikaans: skoof

Old High German: skoub, scoub
Middle High German: schoup
German: Schaub


kauwjan

kauwjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kauwjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kauwjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kauwjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kauwju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kawidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kawisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kawidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kawidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kawiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kawidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kawidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kauwjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kawidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kawiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kawidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kauwjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kawidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kauwjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kawidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kauwjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kawidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kauwjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kawidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kauwjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kawidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kauwjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kawidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kauwjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kawidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kawi (class-1 present singular weak)
kawiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kauwjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kawid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ċīeġan

⇒ Old English: ġeċīeġan

Middle English: ȝeciȝen, icheien

Old High German: *kewen

⇒ Old High German: gikewen


kiʀn

kiʀn (nominative singular)
kiʀnō (nominative plural)
kiʀnōs (nominative plural)
kiʀn (accusative singular)
kiʀnā (accusative plural)
kiʀnas (genitive singular)
kiʀnō (genitive plural)
kiʀnē (dative singular)
kiʀnum (dative plural)
kiʀnu (instrumental singular)
kiʀnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēn

Old Frisian: *kēn, *kin

Saterland Frisian: Käin n

⇒ West Frisian: kynbeam

⇒ West Frisian: kynhout

Old Saxon: *kin, *kēn

Middle Low German: kên, kin

German Low German: Kien, Keen

Old Dutch: *kien

Middle Dutch: kien, kiene

Dutch: kien

⇒ Dutch: kienhout

⇒ Dutch: kienspaan

⇒ Dutch: Kinrooi (placename)

Old High German: kēn, kien, chien

Middle High German: kien

German: Kien

Unknown; possibly cognate with Irish giúis, Scottish Gaelic giuthas (“spruce”).

resinous pine wood which was used for torches


witīg

witīg (masculine nominative singular)
witīgu (feminine nominative singular)
witīg (neuter nominative singular)
witīganā (accusative masculine singular)
witīgā (accusative feminine singular)
witīg (accusative neuter singular)
witīgas (genitive masculine singular)
witīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
witīgas (genitive neuter singular)
witīgumē (dative masculine singular)
witīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
witīgumē (dative neuter singular)
witīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
witīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
witīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
witīgē (masculine nominative plural)
witīgō (feminine nominative plural)
witīgu (neuter nominative plural)
witīgā (accusative masculine plural)
witīgā (accusative feminine plural)
witīgu (accusative neuter plural)
witīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
witīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
witīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
witīgēm (dative masculine plural)
witīgum (dative masculine plural)
witīgēm (dative feminine plural)
witīgum (dative feminine plural)
witīgēm (dative neuter plural)
witīgum (dative neuter plural)
witīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
witīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
witīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
witīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
witīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
witīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wittiġ, witiġ
Middle English: witti, witty
English: witty
Scots: wittie, witty

Old Frisian: wittich, witich

Old Saxon: *wittig, *witig

desc

Middle Low German: wittich, wettich, wētich

Old Dutch: *wittig, *witig

Middle Dutch: witigh, wittich, wittigh

Old High German: wizzīg

Middle High German: wizzic, wizzec

German: witzig

From *witi (“knowledge, sense, wit”) + *-g.


wītagō

wītagō (nominative singular)
wītagan (nominative plural)
wītagan (accusative singular)
wītagan (accusative plural)
wītagini (genitive singular)
wītagan (genitive singular)
wītaganō (genitive plural)
wītagini (dative singular)
wītagan (dative singular)
wītagum (dative plural)
wītagini (instrumental singular)
wītagan (instrumental singular)
wītagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wītga, wītega, wītiga

Middle English: witega, witege, witiȝe, witie

Old High German: wīzago, wīzzago

gl

merged with Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">wīssago</i>

Middle High German: wīssage (merged with Old High German wīssago)

⇒ Middle High German: wīssagen

German: weissagen

desc

⇒ Middle High German: wīssagære, wīssager

⇒ German: Weissager

→ Middle Dutch: wijssagger, wijssegger, wijsseggher

→ English: wiseacre

From Proto-Germanic *wītagô, compare *wītag. Cognate with Old Norse vitki (“wizard, warlock”).


wītag

wītag (masculine nominative singular)
wītagu (feminine nominative singular)
wītag (neuter nominative singular)
wītaganā (accusative masculine singular)
wītagā (accusative feminine singular)
wītag (accusative neuter singular)
wītagas (genitive masculine singular)
wītageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wītagas (genitive neuter singular)
wītagumē (dative masculine singular)
wītageʀē (dative feminine singular)
wītagumē (dative neuter singular)
wītagu (instrumental masculine singular)
wītageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wītagu (instrumental neuter singular)
wītagē (masculine nominative plural)
wītagō (feminine nominative plural)
wītagu (neuter nominative plural)
wītagā (accusative masculine plural)
wītagā (accusative feminine plural)
wītagu (accusative neuter plural)
wītageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wītageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wītageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wītagēm (dative masculine plural)
wītagum (dative masculine plural)
wītagēm (dative feminine plural)
wītagum (dative feminine plural)
wītagēm (dative neuter plural)
wītagum (dative neuter plural)
wītagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wītagum (instrumental masculine plural)
wītagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wītagum (feminine instrumental plural)
wītagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wītagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wītiġ

Old High German: wīzag


wītagōn

wītagōn (infinitive)
wītagōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wītagōnijē (dative infinitive)
wītagōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wītagō (first-person present singular)
wītagōdā (first-person past singular)
wītagōs (present second-person singular)
wītagōdēs (past second-person singular)
wītagōdōs (past second-person singular)
wītagōþ (present singular third-person)
wītagōdē (past singular third-person)
wītagōdā (past singular third-person)
wītagōm (first-person plural present)
wītagōdum (first-person past plural)
wītagōþ (plural present second-person)
wītagōdud (past plural second-person)
wītagōnþ (plural present third-person)
wītagōdun (past plural third-person)
wītagōdī (first-person past singular)
wītagōdī (past second-person singular)
wītagō (present singular third-person)
wītagōdī (past singular third-person)
wītagōdīm (first-person past plural)
wītagōdīd (past plural second-person)
wītagōn (plural present third-person)
wītagōdīn (past plural third-person)
wītagō (present singular)
wītagōþ (plural present)
wītagōndī (participle present)
wītagōd (participle past)

Old English: wītgian, wītegian

Middle English: wītīen

Old Frisian: wītgia

Saterland Frisian: wikje, wikke

Old High German: wīzagōn

⇒? Old High German: wīssagōn (conflated/absorbed into)

Middle High German: wīssagen

German: weissagen

From *wītag (“having knowledge, clever, wise”) + *-ōn. Compare Old Norse vítka (“to reprimand, punish”).


wītagōn

Old High German: *wīzagōn

Middle High German: wīzegen, wītzegen

German: weizigen

From Proto-Germanic *wītagōną, equivalent *wītag (“blameable, reproachable”) + *-ōn.


skōh

skōh (nominative singular)
skōhō (nominative plural)
skōhōs (nominative plural)
skōh (accusative singular)
skōhā (accusative plural)
skōhas (genitive singular)
skōhō (genitive plural)
skōhē (dative singular)
skōhum (dative plural)
skōhu (instrumental singular)
skōhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċōh

Middle English: sho, shoo

Scots: shae

English: shoe

Old Frisian: skōch, skō

Saterland Frisian: Skou, Schou

West Frisian: skoech

Old Saxon: skōh

Middle Low German: schō

German Low German: Schoh

Old Dutch: *scuoh, *scuo

Middle Dutch: scoech, scoe

Dutch: schoen

Afrikaans: skoen

Limburgish: sjoon

desctree

Old High German: skuoh, scūoh, skūo
Middle High German: schuoch, schuo
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Schüe
Swabian: Schuah
Central Franconian: Schohn, Schuh, Schoh (Moselle Franconian)
German: Schuh
Luxembourgish: Schong
Yiddish: שוך (shukh)


skrūd

skrūd (nominative singular)
skrūdu (nominative plural)
skrūd (accusative singular)
skrūdu (accusative plural)
skrūdas (genitive singular)
skrūdō (genitive plural)
skrūdē (dative singular)
skrūdum (dative plural)
skrūdu (instrumental singular)
skrūdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċrūd
Middle English: schroud, shroude, shroute, sheroude, shrude, shrute, scrude, sroude, srout, srud, sruð, ssroud (Early Middle English)
English: shroud
Yola: shrude


frikī

frikī (nominative singular)
frikīn (accusative singular)
frikīn (genitive singular)
frikīn (dative singular)
frikīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: friċu

Old High German: frehhī, frechī

Middle High German: vreche

Alemannic German: Freche

Bavarian: Freche

From Proto-Germanic *frikį̄. Equivalent to *frek (“greed”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


frek

frek (masculine nominative singular)
freku (feminine nominative singular)
frek (neuter nominative singular)
frekanā (accusative masculine singular)
frekā (accusative feminine singular)
frek (accusative neuter singular)
frekas (genitive masculine singular)
frekeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
frekas (genitive neuter singular)
frekumē (dative masculine singular)
frekeʀē (dative feminine singular)
frekumē (dative neuter singular)
freku (instrumental masculine singular)
frekeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
freku (instrumental neuter singular)
frekē (masculine nominative plural)
frekō (feminine nominative plural)
freku (neuter nominative plural)
frekā (accusative masculine plural)
frekā (accusative feminine plural)
freku (accusative neuter plural)
frekeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
frekeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
frekeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
frekēm (dative masculine plural)
frekum (dative masculine plural)
frekēm (dative feminine plural)
frekum (dative feminine plural)
frekēm (dative neuter plural)
frekum (dative neuter plural)
frekēm (instrumental masculine plural)
frekum (instrumental masculine plural)
frekēm (feminine instrumental plural)
frekum (feminine instrumental plural)
frekēm (instrumental neuter plural)
frekum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: frec

Middle English: frec, frek (merging with other synonymous words from *frakjaz, *frakaz, *frakuz)

Old Dutch: *frec

Middle Dutch: vrec

Dutch: vrek (adjective & derived noun)

Afrikaans: vrek (noun)

Old High German: freh

Middle High German: frech, vrech

German: frech


brūkī

brūkī (masculine nominative singular)
brūkiju (feminine nominative singular)
brūkī (neuter nominative singular)
brūkijanā (accusative masculine singular)
brūkijā (accusative feminine singular)
brūkī (accusative neuter singular)
brūkijas (genitive masculine singular)
brūkijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
brūkijas (genitive neuter singular)
brūkijumē (dative masculine singular)
brūkijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
brūkijumē (dative neuter singular)
brūkiju (instrumental masculine singular)
brūkijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
brūkiju (instrumental neuter singular)
brūkijē (masculine nominative plural)
brūkijō (feminine nominative plural)
brūkiju (neuter nominative plural)
brūkijā (accusative masculine plural)
brūkijā (accusative feminine plural)
brūkiju (accusative neuter plural)
brūkijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
brūkijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
brūkijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
brūkijēm (dative masculine plural)
brūkijum (dative masculine plural)
brūkijēm (dative feminine plural)
brūkijum (dative feminine plural)
brūkijēm (dative neuter plural)
brūkijum (dative neuter plural)
brūkijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
brūkijum (instrumental masculine plural)
brūkijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
brūkijum (feminine instrumental plural)
brūkijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
brūkijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: brȳċe (“useful”)

Middle English: bryche, briche

Old High German: brūhhi

From Proto-Germanic *brūkiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


brūkan

brūkan (infinitive)
brūkannjas (genitive infinitive)
brūkannjē (dative infinitive)
brūkannju (infinitive instrumental)
brūku (first-person present singular)
brauk (first-person past singular)
brūkiʀi (present second-person singular)
brukī (past second-person singular)
brūkidi (present singular third-person)
brauk (past singular third-person)
brūkum (first-person plural present)
brukum (first-person past plural)
brūkid (plural present second-person)
brukud (past plural second-person)
brūkand (plural present third-person)
brukun (past plural third-person)
brūkē (first-person present singular)
brukī (first-person past singular)
brūkēs (present second-person singular)
brūkē (present singular third-person)
brukī (past singular third-person)
brūkēm (first-person plural present)
brukīm (first-person past plural)
brūkēþ (plural present second-person)
brukīd (past plural second-person)
brūkēn (plural present third-person)
brukīn (past plural third-person)
brūk (present singular)
brūkid (plural present)
brūkandī (participle present)
brokan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: brūcan
Middle English: brouken
English: brook
Scots: brook, brouk

Old Frisian: brūka
North Frisian: bruwcken
Saterland Frisian: bruke
West Frisian: brûke

Old Saxon: brūkan
Middle Low German: brûken
Low German: bruken
→ Danish: bruge
→ Icelandic: brúka
→ Faroese: brúka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bruke
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bruke
→ Polabian: brükot
→ Swedish: bruka
→ Finnish: ruukata

Old Dutch: *brūkan

Middle Dutch: bruken
Dutch: bruiken (archaic)
Limburgish: broeke

Old High German: brūhhan

Middle High German: brūchen

Alemannic German: bruuche

Central Franconian: bruche, brauche

Luxembourgish: brauchen

German: brauchen

Mòcheno: prauchen


drankijan

drankijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
drankijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
drankijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
drankijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
drankiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
drankidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
drankisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
drankidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
drankidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
drankiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
drankidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
drankidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
drankijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
drankidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
drankiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
drankidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
drankijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
drankidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
drankijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
drankidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
drankijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
drankidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
drankijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
drankidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
drankijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
drankidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
drankijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
drankidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
drankijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
drankidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dranki (class-1 present singular weak)
drankiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
drankijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
drankid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: drenċan

Middle English: drenchen

English: drench

Old Frisian: drenka, drentza

North Frisian:

Mooring/Ockholm-Hoolmer: drånke

Wiedingharde: dranke

Langenhorn-Hoorninger: drange

Sylt: dreenk

West Frisian: drinzje

Old Saxon: drenkian

Middle Low German: drenken

Low German: dränken

Old Dutch: drenken
Middle Dutch: drenken
Dutch: drenken

Old High German: trenken

Middle High German: trenken

German: tränken

Luxembourgish: dränken


furdu

furdu (nominative singular)
furdiwi (nominative plural)
fordō (nominative plural)
furdu (accusative singular)
furdū (accusative plural)
fordō (genitive singular)
furdiwō (genitive plural)
furdiwi (dative singular)
fordō (dative singular)
furdum (dative plural)
furdu (instrumental singular)
furdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ford
Middle English: ford, furd, foord
English: ford
Scots: furde, furd, fuird
⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣres + ford)
→ Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: forda

West Frisian: furde

Old Saxon: ford

Middle Low German: furd, vōrde, vōrt

German Low German: Föörd

Old Dutch: furda, *ford

Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
Dutch: voorde f, voord m, (archaic) voort m

Old High German: furt
Middle High German: vurt
German: Furt
→ Saterland Frisian: Fúurt


gawerþan

gawerþan (infinitive)
gawerþannjas (genitive infinitive)
gawerþannjē (dative infinitive)
gawerþannju (infinitive instrumental)
gawerþu (first-person present singular)
gawarþ (first-person past singular)
gawirþiʀi (present second-person singular)
gawurdī (past second-person singular)
gawirþidi (present singular third-person)
gawarþ (past singular third-person)
gawerþum (first-person plural present)
gawurdum (first-person past plural)
gawirþid (plural present second-person)
gawurdud (past plural second-person)
gawerþand (plural present third-person)
gawurdun (past plural third-person)
gawerþē (first-person present singular)
gawurdī (first-person past singular)
gawerþēs (present second-person singular)
gawerþē (present singular third-person)
gawurdī (past singular third-person)
gawerþēm (first-person plural present)
gawurdīm (first-person past plural)
gawerþēþ (plural present second-person)
gawurdīd (past plural second-person)
gawerþēn (plural present third-person)
gawurdīn (past plural third-person)
gawirþ (present singular)
gawirþid (plural present)
gawerþandī (participle present)
gawordan (participle past)

Old English: ġeweorþan

Middle English: iworthen

Old Saxon: giwerthan

Middle Low German: gewerden, giwērden

Old Dutch: giwerthan

Middle Dutch: gewerden

Dutch: geworden (obsolete)

Old High German: giwerdan

German: gewerden


plōg

plōg (nominative singular)
plōgō (nominative plural)
plōgōs (nominative plural)
plōg (accusative singular)
plōgā (accusative plural)
plōgas (genitive singular)
plōgō (genitive plural)
plōgē (dative singular)
plōgum (dative plural)
plōgu (instrumental singular)
plōgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: plōg, plōh
Middle English: plough, ploug, plouh, plogh, plog, ploh, ploch, plugh, pleugh, plue, pleu (northern)
English: plough, plow (US) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pleuch, plou
Yola: pleough, plowe, plou

Old Frisian: plōch

North Frisian: plog

Saterland Frisian: Plouch

West Frisian: ploech

Old Saxon: *plōg

Middle Low German: plôg

Low German: Ploog

Plautdietsch: Pluach, Plüach

Old Dutch: *pluog

Middle Dutch: ploech
Dutch: ploeg
Afrikaans: ploeg
Limburgish: plógk

Old High German: phluog, pfluog

Middle High German: pfluoc

desc

Central Franconian: Plooch, Pluuch (southern Moselle Franconian)

Hunsrik: Plugh

Luxembourgish: Plou

East Central German:

Vilamovian: fłüg

East Franconian:

German: Pflug

Rhine Franconian: Plug

→ Medieval Latin: plōvum, ploum

→ Proto-Slavic: *plùgъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Lithuanian: plū̃gas


harjatogō

harjatogō (nominative singular)
harjatogan (nominative plural)
harjatogan (accusative singular)
harjatogan (accusative plural)
harjatugini (genitive singular)
harjatogan (genitive singular)
harjatoganō (genitive plural)
harjatugini (dative singular)
harjatogan (dative singular)
harjatogum (dative plural)
harjatugini (instrumental singular)
harjatogan (instrumental singular)
harjatogum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: heretoga
Middle English: heretowa, heretoȝe, heretogh, heretoȝæ, heretoche
→ English: heretog
→ English: heretoga

Old Frisian: hertoga

Saterland Frisian: Heertoch

West Frisian: hartoch

Old Saxon: heritogo

Middle Low German: hertōge, hertoch

German Low German:

Lippisch: Hertog

→? Old Norse: hertogi
Icelandic: hertogi
Faroese: hertogi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: hertug
Norwegian Nynorsk: hertug
Swedish: hertig
Danish: hertug

Old Dutch: *heritogo
Middle Dutch: hertōge
Dutch: hertog
Afrikaans: hertog

Old High German: herizogo, herizoho
Middle High German: herzoge, herzog
German: Herzog, Hertzog (obsolete)
→ Albanian: hercog
→ Bulgarian: херцо́г (hercóg)
→ Saterland Frisian: Härtsoch
→ Georgian: ჰერცოგი (hercogi)
→ Hungarian: herceg
→ Latgalian: gercogs
→ Latvian: hercogs
→ Lithuanian: hercogas
→ Luxembourgish: Herzog
→ Ottoman Turkish: هرسك (hersek)
Turkish: Hersek
→ Armenian: Հէրսէք (Hērsēkʻ)
→ Arabic: هرسك (Harsek)
→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܸܪܣܲܟ݂ (hirsaḵ)
→ Russian: ге́рцог (gércog)
→ Azerbaijani: hersoq
→ Uzbek: gersog
→ Translingual: Herzogiella
→ Ukrainian: ге́рцог (hércoh)
→ Saterland Frisian: Härtsoch
→ Serbo-Croatian: Херцег
Serbo-Croatian: Хѐрцеговина
→ English: Herzegovina
Yiddish: הערצאָג (hertsog)
→ Slovak: herzog

Suggested to be a calque of Ancient Greek στρατηγός (stratēgós) (from στρατός (stratós, “army”) + ἄγω (ágō, “to lead”) + -ος (-os)), from *hari (“army”) + *togō (“leader”) (compare *teuhan (“to lead, pull”)). Alternatively inherited from Proto-Germanic *harjatugô, if Old Norse hertogi isn't borrowed from Middle Low German.


balgi

balgi (nominative singular)
balgī (nominative plural)
balgi (accusative singular)
balgī (accusative plural)
balgī (genitive singular)
balgijō (genitive plural)
balgī (dative singular)
balgim (dative plural)
balgijum (dative plural)
balgī (instrumental singular)
balgim (instrumental plural)
balgijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bielġ, belġ, bæliġ, beliġ, bylg, byliġ, bælġ
Middle English: bely, beli, baly, balyw, belgh, belwe, belu
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze
Middle English: bely, beli, baly, balyw, belgh, belwe, belu
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze

Old Frisian: balg

Saterland Frisian: Balch

West Frisian: bealch, balge

Old Saxon: balg

Middle Low German: balch

German Low German: Balg

Plautdietsch: Baulch

Old Dutch: *balg

Middle Dutch: balch
Dutch: balg
→ French: blague, blaque (obsolete)
→ Italian: blaga, → blague
→ Polish: blaga

Old High German: balg

Middle High German: balc

German: Balg


slagi

slagi (nominative singular)
slagī (nominative plural)
slagi (accusative singular)
slagī (accusative plural)
slagī (genitive singular)
slaggjō (genitive plural)
slagī (dative singular)
slagim (dative plural)
slaggjum (dative plural)
slagī (instrumental singular)
slagim (instrumental plural)
slaggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sleġe
Middle English: slay, sleye, slaye
English: sley

Old Frisian: *slegi, slei

⇒ Old Frisian: durslegi

Old Saxon: slegi, slag

Middle Low German: slach

German Low German: Slag

Old Dutch: slag
Middle Dutch: slach
Dutch: slag
Afrikaans: slag
Negerhollands: slaa

Old High German: slag

Middle High German: slac, slag

German: Schlag

Luxembourgish: Schlag

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Schlach


brōk

brōk (nominative singular)
brōki (nominative plural)
brōku (accusative singular)
brōki (accusative plural)
brōki (genitive singular)
brōkō (genitive plural)
brōki (dative singular)
brōkum (dative plural)
brōki (instrumental singular)
brōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōc

desc

Middle English: brek, breke, brech, breche, breech

English: breech, breeches, britches

→ Irish: bríste

→ Welsh: britis

Scots: breke, breik, breek, britchin

→ Scottish Gaelic: briogais

Old Frisian: brōk

Saterland Frisian: Breek

West Frisian: broek

Old Saxon: brōk

Middle Low German: brôk

Low German: Brook

desctree

Old Dutch: *bruoc
Middle Dutch: broec
Dutch: broek
→ Russian: брюки (brjuki)

Old High German: pruoh, bruoh, bruohha

Middle High German: bruoch

Alemannic German: Bruech

German: Bruch (obsolete)


brōk

brōk (nominative singular)
brōku (nominative plural)
brōk (accusative singular)
brōku (accusative plural)
brōkas (genitive singular)
brōkō (genitive plural)
brōkē (dative singular)
brōkum (dative plural)
brōku (instrumental singular)
brōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōc

Middle English: brook

English: brook

Scots: broke, bruke

Old Frisian: brōk

Saterland Frisian: Brouk

West Frisian: broek

Old Saxon: *brōk

Middle Low German: brôk

Low German:

German Low German: Brook

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Brüöke

Suerländer-Märkisch: Brüək

Westmünsterländisch: Bröcke

Plautdietsch: Broak

Old Dutch: *bruoc
Middle Dutch: bruec, broec, brouc, brouck, broek
Dutch: broek

Old High German: bruoh

Middle High German: bruoch

German: Bruch

Luxembourgish: Bruch

Unknown; possibly a vṛddhi derivative related to *brakk (“briny, brackish”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mre-g-, *mer-g-, extension of *mer- (“sea, lake, wetland”).


rauki

rauki (nominative singular)
raukī (nominative plural)
rauki (accusative singular)
raukī (accusative plural)
raukī (genitive singular)
raukijō (genitive plural)
raukī (dative singular)
raukim (dative plural)
raukijum (dative plural)
raukī (instrumental singular)
raukim (instrumental plural)
raukijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēc, rīec, rēċ, rīeċ (possibly a loan from Old Norse)

desc

Middle English: rek, reke, reche, rich, reech

Scots: reek, reke, reik

English: reek

Old Frisian: rēk

North Frisian: reck, rieck

West Frisian: reek, riik

Old Saxon: rōk

Middle Low German: rôk

German Low German: Rook

Low German: Röök

→ Saterland Frisian: Rook

desctree

Old Dutch: rōc
Middle Dutch: rôoc
Dutch: rook
Afrikaans: rook
Negerhollands: rook
→ Middle English: roke (also possibly through Old Norse *rauk)
Scots: rok, roke, roik, rouk
English: roke

Old High German: rouh

Middle High German: rouch

German: Rauch

Luxembourgish: Raach

Vilamovian: raojch

Yiddish: רויך (roykh)