wiþr

Old English: wiþer

Middle English: wither

English: wither

Scots: wither, quither

Old Frisian: wither

Saterland Frisian: wieder, wier

West Frisian: wider, weer

Old Saxon: withar

Middle Low German: weder, wedder

Low German: wedder, wieder

Old Dutch: wither

Middle Dutch: wēder, wēer

Dutch: weder, weer

Afrikaans: weer

Old High German: widar

Middle High German: wider

German: wider, wieder

Hunsrik: witter


wilþī

wilþī (masculine nominative singular)
wilþiju (feminine nominative singular)
wilþī (neuter nominative singular)
wilþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
wilþijā (accusative feminine singular)
wilþī (accusative neuter singular)
wilþijas (genitive masculine singular)
wilþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wilþijas (genitive neuter singular)
wilþijumē (dative masculine singular)
wilþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
wilþijumē (dative neuter singular)
wilþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
wilþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wilþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
wilþijē (masculine nominative plural)
wilþijō (feminine nominative plural)
wilþiju (neuter nominative plural)
wilþijā (accusative masculine plural)
wilþijā (accusative feminine plural)
wilþiju (accusative neuter plural)
wilþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wilþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wilþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wilþijēm (dative masculine plural)
wilþijum (dative masculine plural)
wilþijēm (dative feminine plural)
wilþijum (dative feminine plural)
wilþijēm (dative neuter plural)
wilþijum (dative neuter plural)
wilþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wilþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
wilþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wilþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
wilþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wilþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: wilde
Middle English: wild, wilde, wielde, wille, will
English: wild
Scots: wilth, wylde, wild, wile

Old Frisian: wilde

Saterland Frisian: wíeld, wüüld

West Frisian: wyld

Old Saxon: wildi
Middle Low German: wilde, wilt
Low German: wild
Plautdietsch: wilt
→ Danish: vild
→ Swedish: vild

Old Dutch: wildi
Middle Dutch: wilde, wilt
Dutch: wild
Afrikaans: wild
Berbice Creole Dutch: weldri
Jersey Dutch: wäld
Negerhollands: wild, weeld, welt, willit, wil
Limburgish: wildj

Old High German: wildi
Middle High German: wilde
Central Franconian: weld, well (chiefly Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: wild
Luxembourgish: wëll
Bavarian: wüd, wuid, wüld
Cimbrian: bill
German: wild
Vilamovian: wyłd
Yiddish: ווילד (vild)


balþ

balþ (masculine nominative singular)
balþu (feminine nominative singular)
balþ (neuter nominative singular)
balþanā (accusative masculine singular)
balþā (accusative feminine singular)
balþ (accusative neuter singular)
balþas (genitive masculine singular)
balþeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
balþas (genitive neuter singular)
balþumē (dative masculine singular)
balþeʀē (dative feminine singular)
balþumē (dative neuter singular)
balþu (instrumental masculine singular)
balþeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
balþu (instrumental neuter singular)
balþē (masculine nominative plural)
balþō (feminine nominative plural)
balþu (neuter nominative plural)
balþā (accusative masculine plural)
balþā (accusative feminine plural)
balþu (accusative neuter plural)
balþeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
balþeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
balþeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
balþēm (dative masculine plural)
balþum (dative masculine plural)
balþēm (dative feminine plural)
balþum (dative feminine plural)
balþēm (dative neuter plural)
balþum (dative neuter plural)
balþēm (instrumental masculine plural)
balþum (instrumental masculine plural)
balþēm (feminine instrumental plural)
balþum (feminine instrumental plural)
balþēm (instrumental neuter plural)
balþum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: beald, bald
Middle English: bolde, bold, boold, bald, beald
English: bold, bawd
Scots: bald, bauld, baul, bawl, beld

Old Frisian: bald

⇒ Old Frisian: balde (adverb)

Saterland Frisian: boalde

Old Saxon: bald
Middle Low German: bald, bold, balt, bolt
German Low German: bold, boll

Old Dutch: *balt

Middle Dutch: bout

Dutch: boud

Afrikaans: boud

Old High German: bald, pald
Middle High German: balt
German: (obsolete) bald
Bavarian: bald

⇒ Old High German: baldo (adverb)

Middle High German: balde, palde

Bavarian: båld, boid

German: bald

→ Old French: baud (see there for further descendants)


managī

managī (nominative singular)
managīn (accusative singular)
managīn (genitive singular)
managīn (dative singular)
managīn (instrumental singular)

desc

Old English: maneġu, maniġu, meniġu, meniġeo, menġu

Middle English: manye, *menye

Scots: monie

English: many

Old Frisian: menī, menie, mene

Old Saxon: menegī, menigī

desctree

Old High German: managī, managīn, manegī, menigī, manakī, menikī
Middle High German: menege, mengi, menige
German: Menge
Rhine Franconian: Meng, Menge
Palatine German: Meng
Pennsylvania German: Meng
Vilamovian: meń
Yiddish: מענגע (menge)

From Proto-Germanic *managį̄. Equivalent to *manag (“many”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


wursti

wursti (nominative singular)
wurstī (nominative plural)
wursti (accusative singular)
wurstī (accusative plural)
wurstī (genitive singular)
wurstijō (genitive plural)
wurstī (dative singular)
wurstim (dative plural)
wurstijum (dative plural)
wurstī (instrumental singular)
wurstim (instrumental plural)
wurstijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wurst, *worst

West Frisian: woarst

Old Saxon: worst

Middle Low German: worst

Low German: Wurst

German Low German: Worst

Plautdietsch: Worscht

→ Estonian: vorst

Old Dutch: *wurst, *worst

desctree

Middle Dutch: worst
Dutch: worst
Afrikaans: wors
→ English: wors
Jersey Dutch: wârst
→ Papiamentu: wòrs
→ Russian: ворса (vorsa)
→ Sranan Tongo: worst
Limburgish: wósj

Old High German: wurst

Middle High German: wurst

Alemannic German: Wurscht

Swabian: Wurscht

Sathmar Swabian: Wurscht

Bavarian: Wurscht, Wuascht

desc

Central Franconian: Woosch, Wuersch, Wuerscht, Wuuscht, Woscht, Woeësj, Wursch

Luxembourgish: Wuuscht (archaic), Wurscht (influenced by German)

Hunsrik: Worst

East Central German: Wurscht

Vilamovian: wiyśt

East Franconian: Woschd

Vogtländisch: Wurschd

desctree

German: Wurst
→ English: wurst
→ French: wurst
→ German Low German: Wust
→ Greater Polish: worszta
→ Kashubian: wòrzta
→ Saterland Frisian: Wust
→ Czech: buřt

Rhine Franconian: Wurscht, Worscht

Pennsylvania German:

Yiddish: וווּרשט (vursht)

Uncertain; possibly related to Proto-Germanic *werþaną, which would derive it from Indo-European *wr̥t(s)-tis, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”). In this case the original meaning would have been "something twisted". Alternatively from *wr̥s-tis, from the root *wers- (“to mix up”), which would make it "something mixed up, something mangled".


wār

wār (masculine nominative singular)
wāru (feminine nominative singular)
wār (neuter nominative singular)
wāranā (accusative masculine singular)
wārā (accusative feminine singular)
wār (accusative neuter singular)
wāras (genitive masculine singular)
wāreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wāras (genitive neuter singular)
wārumē (dative masculine singular)
wāreʀē (dative feminine singular)
wārumē (dative neuter singular)
wāru (instrumental masculine singular)
wāreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wāru (instrumental neuter singular)
wārē (masculine nominative plural)
wārō (feminine nominative plural)
wāru (neuter nominative plural)
wārā (accusative masculine plural)
wārā (accusative feminine plural)
wāru (accusative neuter plural)
wāreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wāreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wāreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wārēm (dative masculine plural)
wārum (dative masculine plural)
wārēm (dative feminine plural)
wārum (dative feminine plural)
wārēm (dative neuter plural)
wārum (dative neuter plural)
wārēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wārum (instrumental masculine plural)
wārēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wārum (feminine instrumental plural)
wārēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wārum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wǣr

English: weer

Old Frisian: wēr

North Frisian: wer

Saterland Frisian: weer

West Frisian: wier

Old Saxon: wār; *wāri

Middle Low German: wâr

Low German: wahr

Old Dutch: wār
Middle Dutch: wâer, war
Dutch: waar
Afrikaans: waar
Javindo: waar
Jersey Dutch: wääir
Negerhollands: waar, wa
Petjo: waar
Skepi Creole Dutch: war

Old High German: wār
Middle High German: wār
Cimbrian: baar
German: wahr
Hunsrik: woher
Luxembourgish: wouer
Yiddish: וואָר (vor)


draumijan

draumijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
draumijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
draumijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
draumijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
draumiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
draumidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
draumisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
draumidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
draumidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
draumiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
draumidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
draumidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
draumijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
draumidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
draumiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
draumidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
draumijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
draumidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
draumijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
draumidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
draumijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
draumidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
draumijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
draumidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
draumijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
draumidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
draumijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
draumidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
draumijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
draumidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
draumi (class-1 present singular weak)
draumiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
draumijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
draumid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: drīeman, drēman, drȳman
Middle English: dremen, dreme, dreomen, dreamen (Early Middle English)
English: dream

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: dreme, drööme

West Frisian: dreame

Old Saxon: drōmian, *drōmen

Middle Low German: drö̂men

Low German: drömen

Old Dutch: *drōmen

Middle Dutch: drômen

Dutch: dromen

Limburgish: druime, droume

Old High German: troumen, (Central German) *droumen

desc

Middle High German: troumen, tröumen, dröumen

Bavarian: trama

Cimbrian: tröoman, truamen

Central Franconian: drööme, dreeme

Luxembourgish: dreemen

German: träumen

Yiddish: טרוימען (troymen)

From Proto-Germanic *draumijaną. Equivalent to *draum (“dream”) + *-jan.


langī

langī (nominative singular)
langīn (accusative singular)
langīn (genitive singular)
langīn (dative singular)
langīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: lenġu

Middle English: lēnge, lengh, længe

Old Frisian: lentze

desctree

Old High German: lengī
Middle High German: lenge
Alemannic German: Längi
Alsatian: Länga
Swabian: Läng
Bavarian: Läng, Leng
Central Franconian: Läng, Leng
Hunsrik: Leng
German: Länge
Rhine Franconian: Läng, Leng
Palatine German: Läng
Pennsylvania German: Leng
Vilamovian: łeń
Yiddish: לענג (leng)

From Proto-Germanic *langį̄. Equivalent to *lang (“long”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


laub

laub (nominative singular)
laubu (nominative plural)
laub (accusative singular)
laubu (accusative plural)
laubas (genitive singular)
laubō (genitive plural)
laubē (dative singular)
laubum (dative plural)
laubu (instrumental singular)
laubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēaf

desctree

Middle English: leef, lefe, leve, lewe
English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip
Scots: leaf, lefe, leif
Yola: laafe

Old Frisian: lāf

North Frisian: lof, luf

Saterland Frisian: Loof, Loouw, Looch

West Frisian: leaf

Old Saxon: lōf

Middle Low German: lôf

German Low German: Loov

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Läuf

Westmünsterländisch: Loof

Plautdietsch: Loof

Old Dutch: lōf

Middle Dutch: lôof
Dutch: loof
Afrikaans: lof
Limburgish: louf

Old High German: loup, loub
Middle High German: loup
Alemannic German: Làuib (Alsatian)
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: loap
Mòcheno: lap
Hunsrik: Laab
German: Laub
Luxembourgish: Laf
Rhine Franconian: Laab
Frankfurterisch: Laab
Vilamovian: łojp


lapil

lapil (nominative singular)
lapilō (nominative plural)
lapilōs (nominative plural)
lapil (accusative singular)
lapilā (accusative plural)
lapilas (genitive singular)
lapilō (genitive plural)
lapilē (dative singular)
lapilum (dative plural)
lapilu (instrumental singular)
lapilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lepel, leppel

Saterland Frisian: Lääpel

West Frisian: leppel

Old Saxon: lepil

Middle Low German: lēpel, leppel

Low German: Lepel

Plautdietsch: Läpel

→? Norn: lepel

Old Dutch: *lepil

Middle Dutch: lēpel
Dutch: lepel
Afrikaans: lepel
Berbice Creole Dutch: leple
Jersey Dutch: lêpel
Negerhollands: leepel, leppu
Skepi Creole Dutch: lepel
→ Lokono: lepele
Limburgish: laepel

Limburgish: laepel

Old High German: lepfil, leffil

Middle High German: leffel

desc

Alemannic German: Leffel, Läffel, Löffel

Bavarian: Leffl

Cimbrian: löffl

Mòcheno: leffl

Central Franconian: Läffel, Läfel

Hunsrik: Leffel

Luxembourgish: Läffel

German: Löffel

Rhine Franconian: Leffel, Lewwel

Frankfurterisch: [lev̥l̩]

Pennsylvania German: Leffel

Vilamovian: łefuł

Yiddish: לעפֿל (lefl)

From *lappjan (“to provide food”) + *-il.


lappjan

lappjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lappjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lappjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lappjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lappju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lapidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lapisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lapidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lapidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lapiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lapidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lapidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lappjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lapidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lapiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lapidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lappjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lapidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lappjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lapidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lappjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lapidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lappjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lapidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lappjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lapidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lappjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lapidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lappjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lapidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lapi (class-1 present singular weak)
lapiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lappjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lapid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: leppan

>? Old Dutch: *leppen

Middle Dutch: *leppen

Dutch: leppen (“to lap”) (17th c., could alternatively be backformed < lepperen < lapen)

Old High German: *lepfen

⇒ Old High German: gilepfen

cog

Proto-Germanic *-janą (“causative suffix”)


slutil

slutil (nominative singular)
slutilō (nominative plural)
slutilōs (nominative plural)
slutil (accusative singular)
slutilā (accusative plural)
slutilas (genitive singular)
slutilō (genitive plural)
slutilē (dative singular)
slutilum (dative plural)
slutilu (instrumental singular)
slutilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sletel, slotel

West Frisian: slotel

Old Saxon: slutil

Middle Low German: slȫtel, slȫttel

German Low German: Slötel

Old Dutch: *slutil

desctree

Middle Dutch: slōtel, sluetel
Dutch: sleutel
Afrikaans: sleutel
Berbice Creole Dutch: slotro, slutro
Negerhollands: sleuter, sleetel
→ Lokono: shilotoro
→ Aukan: sooto
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
→ Sranan Tongo: sroto, slotto
→ Caribbean Javanese: sroto
→ Trió: soroto
→ Warao: sidyotóre, sidiotore
Limburgish: släötel
West Flemish: sloter

Old High German: sluzzil
Middle High German: slüzzel
Bavarian: Schlissl
Cimbrian: slüssel
German: Schlüssel
Hunsrik: Schlissel
Luxembourgish: Schlëssel
Vilamovian: śłysuł
Yiddish: שליסל (shlisl)


sleutan

sleutan (infinitive)
sleutannjas (genitive infinitive)
sleutannjē (dative infinitive)
sleutannju (infinitive instrumental)
sleutu (first-person present singular)
slaut (first-person past singular)
sliutiʀi (present second-person singular)
slutī (past second-person singular)
sliutidi (present singular third-person)
slaut (past singular third-person)
sleutum (first-person plural present)
slutum (first-person past plural)
sliutid (plural present second-person)
slutud (past plural second-person)
sleutand (plural present third-person)
slutun (past plural third-person)
sleutē (first-person present singular)
slutī (first-person past singular)
sleutēs (present second-person singular)
sleutē (present singular third-person)
slutī (past singular third-person)
sleutēm (first-person plural present)
slutīm (first-person past plural)
sleutēþ (plural present second-person)
slutīd (past plural second-person)
sleutēn (plural present third-person)
slutīn (past plural third-person)
sliut (present singular)
sliutid (plural present)
sleutandī (participle present)
slotan (participle past)

Old Frisian: slūta

Saterland Frisian: sluute, slute

West Frisian: slute

Old Saxon: *slūtan (in combination)

Middle Low German: slûten

German Low German: sluten, slüten

→ Danish: slutte

Norwegian Bokmål: slutte

→ Swedish: sluta

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: slutte, slutta

Old Dutch: *slūtan
Middle Dutch: sluten
Dutch: sluiten
Afrikaans: sluit
Berbice Creole Dutch: slokti
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
Limburgish: sloete

Old High German: sliozan

Middle High German: sliezen

German: schließen

Luxembourgish: schléissen

Yiddish: שליסן (shlisn)

Unknown; suggested to possibly be from a metathesized s-mobile form of Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w- (“hook, peg, latch”), and cognate with Latin claudō (“to close”).


gabulu

gabulu (nominative singular)
gabulō (nominative plural)
gabulā (accusative singular)
gabulā (accusative plural)
gabulā (genitive singular)
gabulō (genitive plural)
gabulē (dative singular)
gabulōm (dative plural)
gabulum (dative plural)
gabulu (instrumental singular)
gabulōm (instrumental plural)
gabulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gafol, ġeafel, ġeafle

Old Saxon: gavala, gafila

Middle Low German: gaffel, gaffele

Low German: Gavel, Gaffel

→ German: Gaffel (“gaff”)

Plautdietsch: Gaufel

desctree

→ Danish: gaffel
→ Faroese: gaffil
→ Icelandic: gaffall

→ Elfdalian: gaffel

→ Gutnish: gaffel, gafful

→ Kashubian: gafla

→ Norwegian: gaffel

→ Swedish: gaffel

→ Finnish: kahveli

Old Dutch: *gavala, *gafila

Middle Dutch: gavele, gaffele

Dutch: gavel, gaffel

Afrikaans: gaffel

Limburgish: gaffel

→ Middle English: gaffolle

English: gaffle

Old High German: gabala, (northern) *gaffala (in mistgaffela)

desc

Middle High German: gabele, gabel, gaffel(e)

Alemannic German: Gable

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: gabala, gabl (Luserna)

Mòcheno: gabel

Central Franconian: Jaffel, Gaffel, Gawel

Hunsrik: Gawel, Gauel

Luxembourgish: Gafel

→ German: Gaffel (“kind of guild”)

desctree

German: Gabel
→ German Low German: Gabel
→ North Frisian: goobel

Rhine Franconian: Gawwel

Pennsylvania German: Gawwel

Yiddish: גאָפּל (gopl)

Likely borrowed from Gaulish gabalos, gablos, from Proto-Celtic *gablā (“fork, something forked”) (i.e. a road or branch).


wāru

wāru (nominative singular)
wārō (nominative plural)
wārā (accusative singular)
wārā (accusative plural)
wārā (genitive singular)
wārō (genitive plural)
wārē (dative singular)
wārōm (dative plural)
wārum (dative plural)
wāru (instrumental singular)
wārōm (instrumental plural)
wārum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣr

Middle English: were, ware

Old Saxon: *wāra; wār

Middle Low German: wâre

Old Dutch: *wāra

Middle Dutch: wâre, waer

Dutch: waar

Old High German: wāra

Middle High German: wāre

German: Wahre (archaic)


gaumijan

gaumijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gaumijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gaumijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gaumijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
gaumiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gaumidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gaumisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gaumidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaumidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaumiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gaumidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaumidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaumijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gaumidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gaumiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gaumidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gaumijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gaumidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gaumijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gaumidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gaumijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gaumidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaumijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gaumidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaumijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gaumidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gaumijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gaumidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gaumijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gaumidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gaumi (class-1 present singular weak)
gaumiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gaumijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gaumid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ġīeman, ġīman, ġȳman

Middle English: ȝemen, yemen

English: yeme (obsolete)

Old Saxon: gōmian

Middle Low German: gômen, gȫmen

Old Dutch: *gōmen

Middle Dutch: gômen

Dutch: gomen (obsolete)

Old High German: goumen

Middle High German: goumen

Alemannic German: gaume

From Proto-Germanic *gaumijaną. Equivalent to *gaum (“heedance, attention”) + *-jan.


garwijan

garwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
garwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
garwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
garwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
garwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
garwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
garwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
garwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
garwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
garwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
garwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
garwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
garwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
garwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
garwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
garwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
garwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
garwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
garwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
garwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
garwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
garwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
garwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
garwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
garwi (class-1 present singular weak)
garwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
garwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
garwid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: ġierwan, ġyrwan — Late West Saxon
⇒ Middle English: bigeored

Old Saxon: gerwian, garwian
Middle Low German: gerwen
→ Danish: garve
→ Norwegian Bokmål: garve
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: garve, garva
→ Swedish: garva

Old Dutch: gerwen
Middle Dutch: gerwen, geerwen, geruwen, gaerwen
Dutch: gerven

Old High German: garwen, garawen
Middle High German: gerwen, garwen, gerben
German: gerben
Luxembourgish: gierwen

From Proto-Germanic *garwijaną. Equivalent to *garu (“ready”) + *-jan.


niuhsijan

niuhsijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
niuhsijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
niuhsijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
niuhsijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
niuhsiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
niuhsidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
niuhsisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
niuhsidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
niuhsidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
niuhsiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
niuhsidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
niuhsidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
niuhsijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
niuhsidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
niuhsiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
niuhsidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
niuhsijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
niuhsidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
niuhsijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
niuhsidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
niuhsijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
niuhsidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
niuhsijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
niuhsidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
niuhsijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
niuhsidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
niuhsijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
niuhsidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
niuhsijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
niuhsidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
niuhsi (class-1 present singular weak)
niuhsiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
niuhsijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
niuhsid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: nēosan

Old Saxon: niusian

Old High German: niusen


sehtō

sehtō (masculine nominative singular)
sehtā (feminine nominative singular)
sehtā (neuter nominative singular)
sehtan (accusative masculine singular)
sehtōn (accusative feminine singular)
sehtā (accusative neuter singular)
sihtini (genitive masculine singular)
sehtan (genitive masculine singular)
sehtōn (feminine genitive singular)
sihtini (genitive neuter singular)
sehtan (genitive neuter singular)
sihtini (dative masculine singular)
sehtan (dative masculine singular)
sehtōn (dative feminine singular)
sihtini (dative neuter singular)
sehtan (dative neuter singular)
sihtini (instrumental masculine singular)
sehtan (instrumental masculine singular)
sehtōn (feminine instrumental singular)
sihtini (instrumental neuter singular)
sehtan (instrumental neuter singular)
sehtan (masculine nominative plural)
sehtōn (feminine nominative plural)
sehtōn (neuter nominative plural)
sehtan (accusative masculine plural)
sehtōn (accusative feminine plural)
sehtōn (accusative neuter plural)
sehtanō (genitive masculine plural)
sehtōnō (feminine genitive plural)
sehtanō (genitive neuter plural)
sehtum (dative masculine plural)
sehtōm (dative feminine plural)
sehtum (dative feminine plural)
sehtum (dative neuter plural)
sehtum (instrumental masculine plural)
sehtōm (feminine instrumental plural)
sehtum (feminine instrumental plural)
sehtum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sixta, siexta, syxta, sihsta, sexta, sesta
Middle English: sixte
English: sixth
Scots: saxt, sext, sixt

Old Frisian: sexta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: seekst
Helgoland: sös
Saterland Frisian: säkste
West Frisian: sechste

Old Saxon: sehsto

Middle Low German: seste, sēste, söste

German Low German: sessde, sessd

Old Dutch: *sesto

Middle Dutch: seste, sesde (Limburgish)
Dutch: zesde
Afrikaans: sesde
Negerhollands: sesde
→ Kwinti: zesde
Limburgish: zèsdje

Old High German: sehto, sehsto

Middle High German: sehte, sehste

Cimbrian: zèkste

German: sechste

Yiddish: זעקסט (zekst)

From Proto-Germanic *sehtô. Alternative *sehstō under the infleuence of *sehs (“six”).


þį̄hslu

þį̄hslu (nominative singular)
þį̄hslō (nominative plural)
þį̄hslā (accusative singular)
þį̄hslā (accusative plural)
þį̄hslā (genitive singular)
þį̄hslō (genitive plural)
þį̄hslē (dative singular)
þį̄hslōm (dative plural)
þį̄hslum (dative plural)
þį̄hslu (instrumental singular)
þį̄hslōm (instrumental plural)
þį̄hslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þīxl, þīsl

Old Frisian: *thīxl, *thixl

West Frisian: tiksel

desc

Old Saxon: thīsla, thīhsla, thīhsala, thessalia, thesla

Middle Low German: dîhsele, dîsle, dîsel, dîstel, dîssel

German Low German: Dießel

→ Saterland Frisian: Diesel

Old Dutch: *thīhsala

Middle Dutch: diesele, dissel

Dutch: dissel

West Flemish: dijsel

Old High German: dīhsala, dīhsila

Middle High German: dīhsele, dīhsel, dīsle

German: Deichsel


ardōn

ardōn (infinitive)
ardōnijas (genitive infinitive)
ardōnijē (dative infinitive)
ardōniju (infinitive instrumental)
ardō (first-person present singular)
ardōdā (first-person past singular)
ardōs (present second-person singular)
ardōdēs (past second-person singular)
ardōdōs (past second-person singular)
ardōþ (present singular third-person)
ardōdē (past singular third-person)
ardōdā (past singular third-person)
ardōm (first-person plural present)
ardōdum (first-person past plural)
ardōþ (plural present second-person)
ardōdud (past plural second-person)
ardōnþ (plural present third-person)
ardōdun (past plural third-person)
ardōdī (first-person past singular)
ardōdī (past second-person singular)
ardō (present singular third-person)
ardōdī (past singular third-person)
ardōdīm (first-person past plural)
ardōdīd (past plural second-person)
ardōn (plural present third-person)
ardōdīn (past plural third-person)
ardō (present singular)
ardōþ (plural present)
ardōndī (participle present)
ardōd (participle past)

Old English: eardian

Old Saxon: ardon

Old Dutch: ardon

Old High German: artōn


hlinēn

hlinēn (infinitive)
hlinēnijas (genitive infinitive)
hlinēnijē (dative infinitive)
hlinēniju (infinitive instrumental)
hlinē (first-person present singular)
hlin?dā (first-person past singular)
hlinēs (present second-person singular)
hlin?dēs (past second-person singular)
hlinēþ (present singular third-person)
hlin?dē (past singular third-person)
hlin?dā (past singular third-person)
hlinēm (first-person plural present)
hlin?dum (first-person past plural)
hlinēþ (plural present second-person)
hlin?dud (past plural second-person)
hlinēnþ (plural present third-person)
hlin?dun (past plural third-person)
hlin?dī (first-person past singular)
hlin?dī (past second-person singular)
hlinē (present singular third-person)
hlin?dī (past singular third-person)
hlin?dīm (first-person past plural)
hlin?dīd (past plural second-person)
hlinēn (plural present third-person)
hlin?dīn (past plural third-person)
hlinē (present singular)
hlinēþ (plural present)
hlinēndī (participle present)
hlin?d (participle past)

Old English: hleonian, hlinian

Middle English: leonien, lenen

Scots: lene, leyn

English: lean

Old Frisian: *hlinia

Saterland Frisian: lienje

West Frisian: lynje

Old Saxon: hlinōn

Middle Low German: lēnen

German Low German: lehnen

desctree

Old Dutch: *linon
Middle Dutch: lēnen
Dutch: leunen
Afrikaans: leun
Negerhollands: lee
→ West Frisian: leune
→ Papiamentu: lèn, len, lènt, leun, leen

Old High German: hlinēn, linēn

Middle High German: lënen, linen

German: lehnen


sān(ō)

Old English: sōna

Middle English: sone

desc

Scots: sone, sune, schone, schune, seun, suin

English: soon

Old Frisian: sān, sōn

North Frisian: san

Old Saxon: sān, sāna, sāno, sāne

Middle Low German: sân

Old Dutch: *sān

desctree

Middle Dutch: sâen
Dutch: zaan
Limburgish: zaon

Old High German: sān

Middle High German: sān, son

From Proto-Germanic *sēna, *sēnô (“immediately, soon, then”), from *sa (demonstrative pronoun), from Proto-Indo-European *só (demonstrative pronoun). Compare also Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 (suns, “immediately, soon”), from Proto-Germanic *suniz (“soon”).


drīban

drīban (infinitive)
drībannjas (genitive infinitive)
drībannjē (dative infinitive)
drībannju (infinitive instrumental)
drību (first-person present singular)
draib (first-person past singular)
drībiʀi (present second-person singular)
dribī (past second-person singular)
drībidi (present singular third-person)
draib (past singular third-person)
drībum (first-person plural present)
dribum (first-person past plural)
drībid (plural present second-person)
dribud (past plural second-person)
drīband (plural present third-person)
dribun (past plural third-person)
drībē (first-person present singular)
dribī (first-person past singular)
drībēs (present second-person singular)
drībē (present singular third-person)
dribī (past singular third-person)
drībēm (first-person plural present)
dribīm (first-person past plural)
drībēþ (plural present second-person)
dribīd (past plural second-person)
drībēn (plural present third-person)
dribīn (past plural third-person)
drīb (present singular)
drībid (plural present)
drībandī (participle present)
driban (participle past)

desctree

Old English: drīfan
Middle English: driven, drifen, drifven
English: drive
Scots: dryve
Yola: dhreeve, dhrive, dreeve, drieve, drive

Old Frisian: drīva
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: driiw
Mooring: driwe
Sylt: driiv
Wiedingharde: driwwe
Saterland Frisian: drieuwe
West Frisian: driuwe

Old Saxon: drīvan, drīƀan
Middle Low German: driven
Low German: drieven

Old Dutch: drīvan
Middle Dutch: driven
Dutch: drijven
Afrikaans: dryf, drywe
Papiamentu: drif
Limburgish: drieve

Old High German: trīban

Middle High German: trīben

Alemannic German: triibe

Bavarian: dreibm, dreim

Central Franconian: drieve, dreive

Hunsrik: dreive

Luxembourgish: dreiwen

German: treiben

Yiddish: טרײַבן (traybn)


aiþ

aiþ (nominative singular)
aiþō (nominative plural)
aiþōs (nominative plural)
aiþ (accusative singular)
aiþā (accusative plural)
aiþas (genitive singular)
aiþō (genitive plural)
aiþē (dative singular)
aiþum (dative plural)
aiþu (instrumental singular)
aiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āþ
Middle English: oth, ooth, ath
English: oath
Scots: aith
Yola: oathès (plural)

Old Frisian: ēth, āth

North Frisian: ith, iss

Saterland Frisian: Eed

West Frisian: eed

Old Saxon: ēth
Middle Low German: êt
German Low German: Eed
Plautdietsch: Eit

Old Dutch: *ēth
Middle Dutch: êet
Dutch: eed
Afrikaans: eed
Negerhollands: eed, eid

Old High German: eid, aid — Lombardic
Middle High German: eit
German: Eid
Luxembourgish: Eed
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ait]
⇒ Lombardic: *aido (“oath-helper”) (attested as aidos pl (“oath-helpers”))


snaiw

snaiw (nominative singular)
snaiwō (nominative plural)
snaiwōs (nominative plural)
snaiw (accusative singular)
snaiwā (accusative plural)
snaiwas (genitive singular)
snaiwō (genitive plural)
snaiwē (dative singular)
snaiwum (dative plural)
snaiwu (instrumental singular)
snaiwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snāw
Middle English: snow, snaw, snowe, snawe, snowȝ, snoȝ, snogh, snou
English: snow
Scots: snaw
Yola: sneew, sneow, snowe, snow

Old Frisian: snē

North Frisian: snä

Saterland Frisian: Snee

West Frisian: snie

Old Saxon: snēo, snēu
Middle Low German: snê
Low German: Snee
German Low German: Snei, Snee, Sneei
Plautdietsch: Schnee

Old Dutch: snēo
Middle Dutch: snêe
Dutch: sneeuw, snee (now dialectal, otherwise obsolete)
Afrikaans: sneeu
Negerhollands: sneew
→ Papiamentu: sneu, sneeuw
→ Sranan Tongo: snew
Limburgish: snieë

Old High German: snēo
Middle High German: snē
Alemannic German: Schnee
Swabian: Schnéa, Schnéé
Italian Walser: schnee, schnei, schnia, schné, schnìj
Bavarian: Schnää, Schnèj, schnea, sghneab
Cimbrian: snea, snèa
Mòcheno: schnea
Central Franconian: Schnie
Hunsrik: Schnee
German: Schnee
Luxembourgish: Schnéi
Rhine Franconian: Schnäi, Schnee, Schnei, Schnie
Pennsylvania German: Schnee
Vilamovian: śnej
Yiddish: שניי (shney)


snīwan

snīwan (infinitive)
snīwannjas (genitive infinitive)
snīwannjē (dative infinitive)
snīwannju (infinitive instrumental)
snīwu (first-person present singular)
snaiw (first-person past singular)
snīwiʀi (present second-person singular)
sniwī (past second-person singular)
snīwidi (present singular third-person)
snaiw (past singular third-person)
snīwum (first-person plural present)
sniwum (first-person past plural)
snīwid (plural present second-person)
sniwud (past plural second-person)
snīwand (plural present third-person)
sniwun (past plural third-person)
snīwē (first-person present singular)
sniwī (first-person past singular)
snīwēs (present second-person singular)
snīwē (present singular third-person)
sniwī (past singular third-person)
snīwēm (first-person plural present)
sniwīm (first-person past plural)
snīwēþ (plural present second-person)
sniwīd (past plural second-person)
snīwēn (plural present third-person)
sniwīn (past plural third-person)
snīw (present singular)
snīwid (plural present)
snīwandī (participle present)
sniwan (participle past)

Old English: snīwan
Middle English: snewen, sneuwen, snew, snewe, sniwe
English: snew

Old Frisian: *snīa

West Frisian: snije

Old Saxon: *snīwan
Middle Low German: snîen
Low German: snien
Plautdietsch: schnieen

Old Dutch: *snīwan
Middle Dutch: snuwen
Dutch: snuwen
Limburgish: snieë, snieëje

Old High German: snīwan

Middle High German: snīen, snīwen

Bavarian: schneibn

Cimbrian: snaiban, snaim (Luserna)

German: schneien

Luxembourgish: schneien

Yiddish: שנייען (shneyen)


saiwalu

saiwalu (nominative singular)
saiwalō (nominative plural)
saiwalā (accusative singular)
saiwalā (accusative plural)
saiwalā (genitive singular)
saiwalō (genitive plural)
saiwalē (dative singular)
saiwalōm (dative plural)
saiwalum (dative plural)
saiwalu (instrumental singular)
saiwalōm (instrumental plural)
saiwalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāwol, sāwel, sāwal, sāul, sawl, sōwhul, sawul
Middle English: soule
English: soul (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saul
→ Old Norse: sála, sál
Icelandic: sál
Faroese: sál
Norwegian Nynorsk: sål
Old Gutnish: selu

Old Frisian: sēla

North Frisian: siel, sial

Saterland Frisian: Seele

West Frisian: siel

Old Saxon: sēola
Middle Low German: sêle
Low German: Seel, Siel, Seele, Siele, Sele
German Low German: Seel
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Siäle, Säile, Saile, Sǟle
Westmünsterländisch: Seele, Sääle
Plautdietsch: Seel
→ Old Norse:
Norwegian: sjel
Old Swedish: siæl, sial
Swedish: själ
Danish: sjæl

Old Dutch: sēla
Middle Dutch: siele
Dutch: ziel
Afrikaans: siel
Limburgish: zeel

Old High German: sēla

Middle High German: sēle

Alemannic German: Seel

Central Franconian: Siel

German: Seele

Luxembourgish: Séil

Vilamovian: zejł


raidu

raidu (nominative singular)
raidō (nominative plural)
raidā (accusative singular)
raidā (accusative plural)
raidā (genitive singular)
raidō (genitive plural)
raidē (dative singular)
raidōm (dative plural)
raidum (dative plural)
raidu (instrumental singular)
raidōm (instrumental plural)
raidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rād
Middle English: rode, rade, rod, rood, roode
English: road
Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd
→ Old French: *rade
Middle French: rade
French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada

Old Frisian: *rēd

West Frisian: reed

Old Saxon: *rēda

>? Middle Low German: rêde, reide

→ German: Reede

Old Dutch: rēda

>? Middle Dutch: rêde

Dutch: rede

Old High German: reita

Middle High German: reite


rīdan

rīdan (infinitive)
rīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīdannjē (dative infinitive)
rīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīdu (first-person present singular)
raid (first-person past singular)
rīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
ridī (past second-person singular)
rīdidi (present singular third-person)
raid (past singular third-person)
rīdum (first-person plural present)
ridum (first-person past plural)
rīdid (plural present second-person)
ridud (past plural second-person)
rīdand (plural present third-person)
ridun (past plural third-person)
rīdē (first-person present singular)
ridī (first-person past singular)
rīdēs (present second-person singular)
rīdē (present singular third-person)
ridī (past singular third-person)
rīdēm (first-person plural present)
ridīm (first-person past plural)
rīdēþ (plural present second-person)
ridīd (past plural second-person)
rīdēn (plural present third-person)
ridīn (past plural third-person)
rīd (present singular)
rīdid (plural present)
rīdandī (participle present)
ridan (participle past)

Old English: rīdan

Middle English: riden, ryden

Scots: ryde, ride

English: ride

Old Frisian: rīda

North Frisian: ride

Saterland Frisian: riede

West Frisian: ride

Old Saxon: rīdan

Middle Low German: riden

Low German: rieden

Plautdietsch: rieden

Old Dutch: rīdan
Middle Dutch: riden
Dutch: rijden
Limburgish: rieje

Old High German: rītan

Middle High German: rīten

German: reiten

Hunsrik: reide

Luxembourgish: reiden


taihā

taihā (nominative singular)
taihōn (nominative plural)
taihōn (accusative singular)
taihōn (accusative plural)
taihōn (genitive singular)
taihōnō (genitive plural)
taihōn (dative singular)
taihōm (dative plural)
taihum (dative plural)
taihōn (instrumental singular)
taihōm (instrumental plural)
taihum (instrumental plural)
*taiwā (alternative)

Old English: tā, tāhe (Mercian)

Middle English: ta, to

Scots: ta, tae

English: toe

Old Frisian: tāne (originally a plural?)

Saterland Frisian: Tone

West Frisian: tean

Old Saxon: *tēha

Middle Low German: tēhe, tē

Low German: Tehn, Töhn, Teuhn

Old Dutch: *tēa

Middle Dutch: tee

q

Dutch: teen (plural reanalysed as singular), toon (dialectal, also a plural reanalysed as singular)

Afrikaans: toon

Old High German: *zēha

desctree

Middle High German: zēhe, zē
Alemannic German: Zeewe
Bavarian: Zächa
Central Franconian: Zieh
German: Zehe, Zeh
Luxembourgish: Zéif
Pennsylvania German: Zehe, Zeh


saipā

saipā (nominative singular)
saipōn (nominative plural)
saipōn (accusative singular)
saipōn (accusative plural)
saipōn (genitive singular)
saipōnō (genitive plural)
saipōn (dative singular)
saipōm (dative plural)
saipum (dative plural)
saipōn (instrumental singular)
saipōm (instrumental plural)
saipum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāpe
Middle English: sope, sape
English: soap (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saip, sape
→ Middle Irish: sóp
→ Old Norse: sápa
Icelandic: sápa
Faroese: sápa
Norwegian: såpa, såpe
→ Danish: såpe
Norwegian Bokmål: såpe
Old Swedish: sāpa
Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa

Old Frisian: *sēpe

Saterland Frisian: Seepe

West Frisian: sjippe

Old Saxon: *sēpa

Middle Low German: sêpe, seipe

German Low German: Seep

desc

Dutch Low Saxon: ziepe, zaip, zaipe, zeeip, zepe, zeip, ziep, zaibe, zeep

→ Estonian: seep

desctree

→ Danish: sæbe
Norwegian Bokmål: sæbe, sæpe, sepe

→ Latvian: ziepes

Old Dutch: *sēpa
Middle Dutch: sêpe, seipe
Dutch: zeep
Afrikaans: seep (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: sepu
Skepi Creole Dutch: sepu
→ Akawaio: seepoo, sawana
→ Pemon: seepoo, sawana
→ Lokono: sêpo
Limburgish: zeip

Old High German: seipfa, seiffa, seifa

Middle High German: seife

desc

Alemannic German: Seif, Seife, Seifi, Seipfe, Soapfe

Swabian: Soif

Bavarian: Saf, Soaffa, Soaf

Central Franconian: Seef, Sääf, Seif

Hunsrik: Seif

Luxembourgish: Seef

East Central German:

Vilamovian: zaof

East Franconian: Saafe

German: Seife

Rhine Franconian: Saaf, Saaif, Sääf, Sääif, Seef

Frankfurterisch: [saːf]

Pennsylvania German: Seef

Yiddish: זייף (zeyf)


arbaiþi

arbaiþi (nominative singular)
arbaiþī (nominative plural)
arbaiþi (accusative singular)
arbaiþī (accusative plural)
arbidī (genitive singular)
arbidijō (genitive plural)
arbidī (dative singular)
arbidim (dative plural)
arbidijum (dative plural)
arbidī (instrumental singular)
arbidim (instrumental plural)
arbidijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
Middle English: arveð

Old Frisian: arbēd

Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid

West Frisian: arbeid

Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
→ Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
→ Faroese: arbeiði
→ Norwegian: arbeid
→ Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
Swedish: arbete
→ Danish: arbejde

Old Dutch: arvit

Old High German: arbeit, arabeit

desc

Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: òrbet

Hunsrik: Aarvet

Upper Saxon German: Orbeid

desctree

German: Arbeit
→ Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
→ Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)

Luxembourgish: Aarbecht

Rhine Franconian:

Hessian: Abeit

Pennsylvania German: Arewet

Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)

→ Old Dutch: arbeit

Middle Dutch: arbeit

Dutch: arbeid
Afrikaans: arbeid

Limburgish: arbeid

From Proto-Germanic *arbaiþiz, *arbaidiz.


daudijan

daudijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
daudijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
daudijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
daudijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
daudiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daudidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
daudisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daudidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daudidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daudiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daudidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daudidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daudijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daudidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
daudiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daudidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
daudijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daudidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
daudijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daudidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
daudijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daudidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daudijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daudidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daudijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daudidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
daudijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daudidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
daudijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daudidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
daudi (class-1 present singular weak)
daudiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
daudijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
daudid (class-1 participle past weak)
*dauþijan (alternative)

Old English: dīedan, dȳdan
Middle English: deden, deaden

Old Frisian: dēda

desc

attested in <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">bidōdian</i>

Old Saxon: *dōdian (attested in bidōdian)

Middle Low German: dö̂den

Old Dutch: *dōden, *dōthen

desctree

Middle Dutch: dôden
Dutch: doden
Afrikaans: dood
Negerhollands: dood
Limburgish: doeaje

desc

Old High German: *tōten, tōden, (Central German) dōten, *dōden

Middle High German: tœten, tœden

Alemannic German: tööde, töde

Cimbrian: töatan

German: töten

From Proto-Germanic *daudijaną. Equivalent to *daud (“dead”) + *-jan.


dauwjan

dauwjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dauwjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dauwjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dauwjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dauwju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dawidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dawisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dawidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dawidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dawiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dawidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dawidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dauwjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dawidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dawiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dawidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dauwjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dawidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dauwjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dawidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dauwjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dawidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dauwjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dawidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dauwjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dawidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dauwjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dawidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dauwjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dawidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dawi (class-1 present singular weak)
dawiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dauwjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dawid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: *dīeġan
Middle English: deyen, deȝen, dien, deien, digen, degen, deghen, deȝen
English: die, dye
→ Vietnamese: đai
Geordie English: dee
Scots: de, dee, dey
Yola: dee

Old Frisian: deia, deja

Old Saxon: dōian

Middle Low German: doeien

Low German: döen (archaic)

Old Dutch: *douwen, *dōien

Middle Dutch: douwen, dôyen

Dutch: douwen (archaic)

Old High German: touwen, tewen

Middle High German: touwen, töuwen

German: tauen (archaic)


lausijan

lausijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lausijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lausijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lausijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lausiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lausidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lausisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lausidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lausidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lausiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lausidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lausidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lausijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lausidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lausiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lausidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lausijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lausidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lausijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lausidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lausijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lausidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lausijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lausidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lausijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lausidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lausijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lausidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lausijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lausidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lausi (class-1 present singular weak)
lausiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lausijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lausid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: līesan

Middle English: lesen

Scots: leese, lease

English: leese, lease

Old Frisian: lēsa

Saterland Frisian: leze

Old Saxon: lōsian

desc

Middle Low German: lôsen, lö̂sen, loesen, loysen, lössen

German Low German: lösen

Old Dutch: lōsen

Middle Dutch: lôsen

Dutch: lozen

desctree

Old High German: lōsen, lossan
Middle High German: losen
German: lösen
Luxembourgish: léisen
Yiddish: לייזן (leyzn)

From Proto-Germanic *lausijaną. Equivalent to *laus (“lose, free”) + *-jan.


dwergan

dwergan (infinitive)
dwergannjas (genitive infinitive)
dwergannjē (dative infinitive)
dwergannju (infinitive instrumental)
dwergu (first-person present singular)
dwarg (first-person past singular)
dwirgiʀi (present second-person singular)
dwurgī (past second-person singular)
dwirgidi (present singular third-person)
dwarg (past singular third-person)
dwergum (first-person plural present)
dwurgum (first-person past plural)
dwirgid (plural present second-person)
dwurgud (past plural second-person)
dwergand (plural present third-person)
dwurgun (past plural third-person)
dwergē (first-person present singular)
dwurgī (first-person past singular)
dwergēs (present second-person singular)
dwergē (present singular third-person)
dwurgī (past singular third-person)
dwergēm (first-person plural present)
dwurgīm (first-person past plural)
dwergēþ (plural present second-person)
dwurgīd (past plural second-person)
dwergēn (plural present third-person)
dwurgīn (past plural third-person)
dwirg (present singular)
dwirgid (plural present)
dwergandī (participle present)
dworgan (participle past)

Old High German: *twergen

Middle High German: zwergen


bītan

bītan (infinitive)
bītannjas (genitive infinitive)
bītannjē (dative infinitive)
bītannju (infinitive instrumental)
bītu (first-person present singular)
bait (first-person past singular)
bītiʀi (present second-person singular)
bitī (past second-person singular)
bītidi (present singular third-person)
bait (past singular third-person)
bītum (first-person plural present)
bitum (first-person past plural)
bītid (plural present second-person)
bitud (past plural second-person)
bītand (plural present third-person)
bitun (past plural third-person)
bītē (first-person present singular)
bitī (first-person past singular)
bītēs (present second-person singular)
bītē (present singular third-person)
bitī (past singular third-person)
bītēm (first-person plural present)
bitīm (first-person past plural)
bītēþ (plural present second-person)
bitīd (past plural second-person)
bītēn (plural present third-person)
bitīn (past plural third-person)
bīt (present singular)
bītid (plural present)
bītandī (participle present)
bitan (participle past)

Old English: bītan

Middle English: biten

English: bite

Scots: bite

Old Frisian: bīta

Saterland Frisian: biete

West Frisian: bite

Old Saxon: bītan

Middle Low German: bîten

Low German: bieten

Old Dutch: *bītan
Middle Dutch: biten
Dutch: bijten
Afrikaans: byt
Berbice Creole Dutch: biti
Skepi Creole Dutch: bet, bit
→? Sranan Tongo: beti
Limburgish: biete

Old High German: bīȥan, pīȥan

Middle High German: bīȥen

German: beißen

Hunsrik: beise

Luxembourgish: bäissen

Rhine Franconian: beiße

Vilamovian: bȧjsa

Yiddish: בײַסן (baysn)


nahtmarā

nahtmarā (nominative singular)
nahtmarōn (nominative plural)
nahtmarōn (accusative singular)
nahtmarōn (accusative plural)
nahtmarōn (genitive singular)
nahtmarōnō (genitive plural)
nahtmarōn (dative singular)
nahtmarōm (dative plural)
nahtmarum (dative plural)
nahtmarōn (instrumental singular)
nahtmarōm (instrumental plural)
nahtmarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *nihtmare

Middle English: night-mare, nytmare, niȝt-mare, niȝthe-mare
English: nightmare
Scots: nichtmare, nichtmeer

Old Frisian: *nachtmare

West Frisian: nachtmerje

Old Saxon: *nahtmara

Middle Low German: nachtmār

Old Dutch: *nahtmara

desc

Middle Dutch: nachtmāre, nachtmērië, nachtmēre

Dutch: nachtmare, nachtmerrie

Afrikaans: nagmerrie

Old High German: *nahtmara

Middle High German: nahtmare

German: Nachtmahr


marā

marā (nominative singular)
marōn (nominative plural)
marōn (accusative singular)
marōn (accusative plural)
marōn (genitive singular)
marōnō (genitive plural)
marōn (dative singular)
marōm (dative plural)
marum (dative plural)
marōn (instrumental singular)
marōm (instrumental plural)
marum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mare

Middle English: mare

Scots: mare, mair

English: mare

Old Saxon: *mara

Middle Low German: māre, mar m

desctree

Old Dutch: *mara
Middle Dutch: māre
Dutch: mare, maar

Old High German: mara

Middle High German: mare, mar

German: Mahr


hrōpan

hrōpan (infinitive)
hrōpannjas (genitive infinitive)
hrōpannjē (dative infinitive)
hrōpannju (infinitive instrumental)
hrōpu (first-person present singular)
hreōp (first-person past singular)
hrōpiʀi (present second-person singular)
hreōpī (past second-person singular)
hrōpidi (present singular third-person)
hreōp (past singular third-person)
hrōpum (first-person plural present)
hreōpum (first-person past plural)
hrōpid (plural present second-person)
hreōpud (past plural second-person)
hrōpand (plural present third-person)
hreōpun (past plural third-person)
hrōpē (first-person present singular)
hreōpī (first-person past singular)
hrōpēs (present second-person singular)
hrōpē (present singular third-person)
hreōpī (past singular third-person)
hrōpēm (first-person plural present)
hreōpīm (first-person past plural)
hrōpēþ (plural present second-person)
hreōpīd (past plural second-person)
hrōpēn (plural present third-person)
hreōpīn (past plural third-person)
hrōp (present singular)
hrōpid (plural present)
hrōpandī (participle present)
hrōpan (participle past)

Old English: hrōpan
Middle English: ropen, rope, roupe, rupe
English: roop, roup
Scots: roup; croup
→ English: croup
→ Dutch: kroep
→ French: croup

Old Frisian: hrōpa

Saterland Frisian: ropa

Saterland Frisian: roupe

West Frisian: roppe

Old Saxon: hrōpan

Middle Low German: rôpen

German Low German: ropen

Old Dutch: ruopan
Middle Dutch: roepen
Dutch: roepen (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: rope

Old High German: ruofan, hruofan
Middle High German: ruofen
Bavarian: ruafn
Central Franconian: rofe
German: rufen
Luxembourgish: ruffen
Yiddish: רופֿן (rufn)


mōsijan

mōsijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
mōsijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
mōsijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
mōsijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
mōsiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mōsidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mōsisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mōsidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōsidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōsiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mōsidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōsidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōsijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mōsidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mōsiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mōsidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mōsijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mōsidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mōsijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mōsidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mōsijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mōsidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōsijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mōsidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōsijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mōsidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mōsijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mōsidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mōsijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mōsidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mōsi (class-1 present singular weak)
mōsiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
mōsijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
mōsid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: mēsan

Old Saxon: *mōsian

>? Middle Low German: môsen, mö̂sen ("to gather or harvest vegetables")

desc

German Low German: mösen (“to mash, crush, knead”)

Old High German: muosen

Middle High German: muosen

German: musen (“to eat or make mush/porridge”) (archaic)

From *mōs (“wet food, mush, porridge”) + *-jan.


aggju

aggju (nominative singular)
aggjō (nominative plural)
aggjā (accusative singular)
aggjā (accusative plural)
aggjā (genitive singular)
aggjō (genitive plural)
aggjē (dative singular)
aggjōm (dative plural)
aggjum (dative plural)
aggju (instrumental singular)
aggjōm (instrumental plural)
aggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: eċġ
Middle English: egge
English: edge
Scots: ege, egge

Old Frisian: egg, eg, egge

Saterland Frisian: Ägge

West Frisian: igge

Old Saxon: eggia
Middle Low German: egge, egke, ecke
German Low German: Eck
Plautdietsch: Agj, Akj

Old Dutch: *egga

Middle Dutch: egge

Dutch: egge, eg

Old High German: egga, ecka

Middle High German: egge, ecke

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Eck

Luxembourgish: Eck

East Central German:

Vilamovian: ekk

German: Ecke

Rhine Franconian: Eck

Yiddish: עק (ek)


aiʀu

aiʀu (nominative singular)
aiʀō (nominative plural)
aiʀā (accusative singular)
aiʀā (accusative plural)
aiʀā (genitive singular)
aiʀō (genitive plural)
aiʀē (dative singular)
aiʀōm (dative plural)
aiʀum (dative plural)
aiʀu (instrumental singular)
aiʀōm (instrumental plural)
aiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ār, āre
Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)

Old Frisian: ēre, ēr
Saterland Frisian: Eere
West Frisian: eare

Old Saxon: ēra
Middle Low German: ēre
Low German: Ehr, Ehre
→ Old Norse: æra, eir
Danish: ære
Icelandic: æra
Faroese: æra
Norwegian Nynorsk: ære
Norwegian Bokmål: ære
Swedish: ära
Icelandic: eir m or n
Norwegian Nynorsk: eir n
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eir n
Swedish: ärg c
Danish: ir c
Norwegian Bokmål: irr n

Old Dutch: ēra
Middle Dutch: êre
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Negerhollands: eer
Limburgish: ieër

Old High German: ēra

Middle High German: ēre

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Eher

Luxembourgish: Éier

German: Ehre

Rhine Franconian: Ehr, Ihr

Vilamovian: ere


frawurkijan

frawurkijan (infinitive)
frawurkijannjas (genitive infinitive)
frawurkijannjē (dative infinitive)
frawurkijannju (infinitive instrumental)
frawurkiju (first-person present singular)
fraworhtā (first-person past singular)
frawurkisi (present second-person singular)
fraworhtēs (past second-person singular)
fraworhtōs (past second-person singular)
frawurkiþi (present singular third-person)
fraworhtē (past singular third-person)
fraworhtā (past singular third-person)
frawurkijum (first-person plural present)
fraworhtum (first-person past plural)
frawurkiþ (plural present second-person)
fraworhtud (past plural second-person)
frawurkijanþ (plural present third-person)
fraworhtun (past plural third-person)
frawurkijē (first-person present singular)
fraworhtī (first-person past singular)
frawurkijēs (present second-person singular)
fraworhtī (past second-person singular)
frawurkijē (present singular third-person)
fraworhtī (past singular third-person)
frawurkijēm (first-person plural present)
fraworhtīm (first-person past plural)
frawurkijēþ (plural present second-person)
fraworhtīd (past plural second-person)
frawurkijēn (plural present third-person)
fraworhtīn (past plural third-person)
frawurki (present singular)
frawurkiþ (plural present)
frawurkijandī (participle present)
fraworht (participle past)

Old English: forwyrcan

Middle English: forwurchen

English: forwork

Old Saxon: farwirkian

Old High German: firwurken

From Proto-Germanic *frawurkijaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *wurkijan.


hrōmi

hrōmi (nominative singular)
hrōmī (nominative plural)
hrōmi (accusative singular)
hrōmī (accusative plural)
hrōmī (genitive singular)
hrōmijō (genitive plural)
hrōmī (dative singular)
hrōmim (dative plural)
hrōmijum (dative plural)
hrōmī (instrumental singular)
hrōmim (instrumental plural)
hrōmijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hrōm

Middle Low German: hrōm

Old Dutch: *ruom

Middle Dutch: roem

Dutch: roem

Afrikaans: roem

Old High German: ruom, hruom

Middle High German: ruom

German: Ruhm


hrōp

hrōp (nominative singular)
hrōpō (nominative plural)
hrōpōs (nominative plural)
hrōp (accusative singular)
hrōpā (accusative plural)
hrōpas (genitive singular)
hrōpō (genitive plural)
hrōpē (dative singular)
hrōpum (dative plural)
hrōpu (instrumental singular)
hrōpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrōp
Middle English: rop

Old Dutch: *ruop

Middle Dutch: roep

Dutch: roep

Old High German: ruof

Middle High German: ruof

German: Ruf

Hunsrik: Ruf


þeudu

þeudu (nominative singular)
þeudō (nominative plural)
þeudā (accusative singular)
þeudā (accusative plural)
þeudā (genitive singular)
þeudō (genitive plural)
þeudē (dative singular)
þeudōm (dative plural)
þeudum (dative plural)
þeudu (instrumental singular)
þeudōm (instrumental plural)
þeudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēod, þīod, ðēod, ðīod, ðēad, ðīed
Middle English: thede, þeode, þeod, þede, theode, thed
Scots: thede, theid

Old Frisian: thiād

Old Saxon: thīod, thioda
Middle Low German: dêt, deit

Old Dutch: thiet
Middle Dutch: diet
Dutch: diet

Old High German: diota, diot

Middle High German: diet

German: Diet


baunu

baunu (nominative singular)
baunō (nominative plural)
baunā (accusative singular)
baunā (accusative plural)
baunā (genitive singular)
baunō (genitive plural)
baunē (dative singular)
baunōm (dative plural)
baunum (dative plural)
baunu (instrumental singular)
baunōm (instrumental plural)
baunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēan, bīen
Middle English: bene, beane, beene, beyn, ben, bean
English: bean
Scots: bein, bene
Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)

Old Frisian: bāne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: buan
Saterland Frisian: Boone
West Frisian: bean, beane, beanne

Old Saxon: bōna
Middle Low German: bône
German Low German: Bohn
Plautdietsch: Boon

Old Dutch: *bōna
Middle Dutch: bône
Dutch: boon
Afrikaans: boon
→ Xhosa: imbotyi (from the diminutive)
Berbice Creole Dutch: bono
Negerhollands: bontśi, boontje, boonschi (from the diminutive)
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bontsi (archaic)
→ Caribbean Javanese: bontyis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Indonesian: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Petjo: bontjies, boontjies
→ Javanese: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Papiamentu: bonchi, boontsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: bonki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bongki
Limburgish: boean

Old High German: bōna
Middle High German: bōne, pōn
Alemannic German: Bone
Central Franconian: Bunn
Hunsrik: Bohn
Luxembourgish: Boun
East Central German: Bunn
German: Bohne
Rhine Franconian: Bohn
Frankfurterisch: [b̥õːn]
Pennsylvania German: Bohn, Buhn


kruppil

kruppil (masculine nominative singular)
kruppilu (feminine nominative singular)
kruppil (neuter nominative singular)
kruppilanā (accusative masculine singular)
kruppilā (accusative feminine singular)
kruppil (accusative neuter singular)
kruppilas (genitive masculine singular)
kruppileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kruppilas (genitive neuter singular)
kruppilumē (dative masculine singular)
kruppileʀē (dative feminine singular)
kruppilumē (dative neuter singular)
kruppilu (instrumental masculine singular)
kruppileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kruppilu (instrumental neuter singular)
kruppilē (masculine nominative plural)
kruppilō (feminine nominative plural)
kruppilu (neuter nominative plural)
kruppilā (accusative masculine plural)
kruppilā (accusative feminine plural)
kruppilu (accusative neuter plural)
kruppileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kruppileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kruppileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kruppilēm (dative masculine plural)
kruppilum (dative masculine plural)
kruppilēm (dative feminine plural)
kruppilum (dative feminine plural)
kruppilēm (dative neuter plural)
kruppilum (dative neuter plural)
kruppilēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kruppilum (instrumental masculine plural)
kruppilēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kruppilum (feminine instrumental plural)
kruppilēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kruppilum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: crypel
Middle English: crüpel, crepel, cripel
English: cripple, (dialectal) creeple
Scots: crepill, cripill, crippill, crupple

Old Frisian: kreppel

North Frisian: krebel, krabel

Saterland Frisian: Kreepel

West Frisian: krepel

Old Saxon: *krupil, krupel

Middle Low German: kropel, krepel

Low German: Kröpel

Old Dutch: crupil

Middle Dutch: cropel, cruepel

Dutch: kreupel

Old High German: krupil, kruppel

desc

Middle High German: krupel, kruppel, krüpel, krüppel

German: Krüppel

→ Slovak: kripel

Luxembourgish: Krëppel

From *kroppōn (“to crawl, crouch”) + *-il.


hrau

hrau (masculine nominative singular)
hrau (feminine nominative singular)
hrau (neuter nominative singular)
hrawanā (accusative masculine singular)
hrawā (accusative feminine singular)
hrau (accusative neuter singular)
hrawas (genitive masculine singular)
hraweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hrawas (genitive neuter singular)
hraumē (dative masculine singular)
hraweʀē (dative feminine singular)
hraumē (dative neuter singular)
hrau (instrumental masculine singular)
hraweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hrau (instrumental neuter singular)
hrawē (masculine nominative plural)
hrawō (feminine nominative plural)
hrau (neuter nominative plural)
hrawā (accusative masculine plural)
hrawā (accusative feminine plural)
hrau (accusative neuter plural)
hraweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hraweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hraweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hrawēm (dative masculine plural)
hraum (dative masculine plural)
hrawēm (dative feminine plural)
hraum (dative feminine plural)
hrawēm (dative neuter plural)
hraum (dative neuter plural)
hrawēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hraum (instrumental masculine plural)
hrawēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hraum (feminine instrumental plural)
hrawēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hraum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hrēaw, hrǣw
Middle English: rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe
English: raw
Scots: raw

Old Frisian: *hrā, *hrē

Saterland Frisian: räi

West Frisian: rau

Old Saxon: hrāo

Middle Low German: rō

Old Dutch: *rao, *rō

Middle Dutch: roo, rou, raeu

Dutch: rauw

Afrikaans: rou

Old High German: rō, hrō, rao, rāo
Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā
Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh
Luxembourgish: réi
German: roh
Yiddish: רוי (roy)

From Proto-Germanic *hrawaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.


deup

deup (masculine nominative singular)
deupu (feminine nominative singular)
deup (neuter nominative singular)
deupanā (accusative masculine singular)
deupā (accusative feminine singular)
deup (accusative neuter singular)
deupas (genitive masculine singular)
deupeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
deupas (genitive neuter singular)
deupumē (dative masculine singular)
deupeʀē (dative feminine singular)
deupumē (dative neuter singular)
deupu (instrumental masculine singular)
deupeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
deupu (instrumental neuter singular)
deupē (masculine nominative plural)
deupō (feminine nominative plural)
deupu (neuter nominative plural)
deupā (accusative masculine plural)
deupā (accusative feminine plural)
deupu (accusative neuter plural)
deupeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
deupeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
deupeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
deupēm (dative masculine plural)
deupum (dative masculine plural)
deupēm (dative feminine plural)
deupum (dative feminine plural)
deupēm (dative neuter plural)
deupum (dative neuter plural)
deupēm (instrumental masculine plural)
deupum (instrumental masculine plural)
deupēm (feminine instrumental plural)
deupum (feminine instrumental plural)
deupēm (instrumental neuter plural)
deupum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: dēop, dīop
Middle English: depe, deep, deepe, deop, dep, deope
English: deep
Scots: depe, deep, deip

Old Frisian: diāp

North Frisian: diip, jip

Saterland Frisian: djoop

West Frisian: djip

Old Saxon: diop
Middle Low German: dêp
Low German: deep, diep
German Low German: deep
Plautdietsch: deep

Old Dutch: diop, deop, diep

Middle Dutch: diep

Dutch: diep
Afrikaans: diep
Berbice Creole Dutch: dipu
Negerhollands: diep, dip
→? Sranan Tongo: dipi
→ Caribbean Javanese: dipi

Limburgish: deep

Old High German: tiof, tiuf
Middle High German: tiuf, tief
Alemannic German: tüüf
German: tief
Mòcheno: tiaf
Yiddish: טיף (tif)


þeub

þeub (nominative singular)
þeubō (nominative plural)
þeubōs (nominative plural)
þeub (accusative singular)
þeubā (accusative plural)
þeubas (genitive singular)
þeubō (genitive plural)
þeubē (dative singular)
þeubum (dative plural)
þeubu (instrumental singular)
þeubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēof
Middle English: thef, theef, þef, þeef, þeof, thief, þief, þyef (Kent, Essex), thefe, theff, thyef (Late Middle English)
English: thief
Middle Scots: thef, theif, thief
Scots: thief

Old Frisian: thiāf, tiēf
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tiif
Saterland Frisian: Tjoof
West Frisian: tsjeaf

Old Saxon: thiof
Middle Low German: dêf, dief
German Low German: Deef, Deev, Deew, Deiw
Plautdietsch: Deef, Deiw
→ Saterland Frisian: Däif

Old Dutch: *thiof

Middle Dutch: dief
Dutch: dief
Afrikaans: dief
Limburgish: deef

Old High German: diob

Middle High German: diup, diep

Cimbrian: diip

German: Dieb

Luxembourgish: Déif

Pennsylvania German: Dieb

Vilamovian: dīb


geutan

geutan (infinitive)
geutannjas (genitive infinitive)
geutannjē (dative infinitive)
geutannju (infinitive instrumental)
geutu (first-person present singular)
gaut (first-person past singular)
giutiʀi (present second-person singular)
gutī (past second-person singular)
giutidi (present singular third-person)
gaut (past singular third-person)
geutum (first-person plural present)
gutum (first-person past plural)
giutid (plural present second-person)
gutud (past plural second-person)
geutand (plural present third-person)
gutun (past plural third-person)
geutē (first-person present singular)
gutī (first-person past singular)
geutēs (present second-person singular)
geutē (present singular third-person)
gutī (past singular third-person)
geutēm (first-person plural present)
gutīm (first-person past plural)
geutēþ (plural present second-person)
gutīd (past plural second-person)
geutēn (plural present third-person)
gutīn (past plural third-person)
giut (present singular)
giutid (plural present)
geutandī (participle present)
gotan (participle past)

Old English: ġēotan
Middle English: yeten
English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete), yeet
Scots: ȝet, yet, yat
⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)
English: gut

Old Frisian: jāta

Saterland Frisian: joote

West Frisian: jitte

Old Saxon: giotan
Middle Low German: gêten
German Low German: geten

Old Dutch: gietan
Middle Dutch: gieten
Dutch: gieten
Afrikaans: giet
Limburgish: gete

Old High German: giozan
Middle High German: giezen
German: gießen
→ French: gueuse, guise (“pig iron”)
→ Italian: ghisa (“cast iron”)
→ Cimbrian: ghiiza
Luxembourgish: géissen
Yiddish: גיסן (gisn)


deuʀ

deuʀ (nominative singular)
deuʀu (nominative plural)
deuʀ (accusative singular)
deuʀu (accusative plural)
deuʀas (genitive singular)
deuʀō (genitive plural)
deuʀē (dative singular)
deuʀum (dative plural)
deuʀu (instrumental singular)
deuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dīor, dēor

desc

Middle English: deor, deure, dure, dier, dere

Scots: dere, deir

English: deer

Old Frisian: diār, diēr

North Frisian: dier

North Frisian: Diirt (Sylt)

i

Saterland Frisian: Diert (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

West Frisian: djier (obsolete), dier

desctree

Old Saxon: dior
Middle Low German: dēr, dēre, dērt, deirt, dêrd
Low German: Diert
Dutch Low Saxon: diert
German Low German: Deer, Deert, Dird, Dairt, Duert, Diert, Dirt, Dier

Old Dutch: dier, dior
Middle Dutch: dier
Dutch: dier
Afrikaans: dier
Limburgish: deer

Old High German: tior
Middle High German: tier
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Tier
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dier
Kölsch: Deer, Dier
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dier
German: Tier
→ Plautdietsch: Tier, Tiea
Luxembourgish: Déier
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Déier


seuk

seuk (masculine nominative singular)
seuku (feminine nominative singular)
seuk (neuter nominative singular)
seukanā (accusative masculine singular)
seukā (accusative feminine singular)
seuk (accusative neuter singular)
seukas (genitive masculine singular)
seukeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
seukas (genitive neuter singular)
seukumē (dative masculine singular)
seukeʀē (dative feminine singular)
seukumē (dative neuter singular)
seuku (instrumental masculine singular)
seukeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
seuku (instrumental neuter singular)
seukē (masculine nominative plural)
seukō (feminine nominative plural)
seuku (neuter nominative plural)
seukā (accusative masculine plural)
seukā (accusative feminine plural)
seuku (accusative neuter plural)
seukeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
seukeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
seukeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
seukēm (dative masculine plural)
seukum (dative masculine plural)
seukēm (dative feminine plural)
seukum (dative feminine plural)
seukēm (dative neuter plural)
seukum (dative neuter plural)
seukēm (instrumental masculine plural)
seukum (instrumental masculine plural)
seukēm (feminine instrumental plural)
seukum (feminine instrumental plural)
seukēm (instrumental neuter plural)
seukum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sēoc, sēc
Middle English: sik
English: sick
→ Dutch: sick
→? Navajo: sxih
Scots: seek, seeck
Yola: zeek

Old Frisian: siāk

North Frisian: sük

Saterland Frisian: säik, süük

West Frisian: siik

Old Saxon: siok
Middle Low German: sêk, sîk, sǖk
Low German: siek
German Low German: seek, süük, söök, sääk
Dutch Low Saxon: seek

Old Dutch: siec
Middle Dutch: siec
Dutch: ziek
Afrikaans: siek
Berbice Creole Dutch: siki
Javindo: siek
Negerhollands: siek, sik
Petjo: ziek
→? Saramaccan: síki
→? Sranan Tongo: siki
→ Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: siki, sikisiki

Old High German: sioh, siuh
Middle High German: siech
Alemannic German: siech
German: siech


swōtī

swōtī (masculine nominative singular)
swōtiju (feminine nominative singular)
swōtī (neuter nominative singular)
swōtijanā (accusative masculine singular)
swōtijā (accusative feminine singular)
swōtī (accusative neuter singular)
swōtijas (genitive masculine singular)
swōtijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
swōtijas (genitive neuter singular)
swōtijumē (dative masculine singular)
swōtijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
swōtijumē (dative neuter singular)
swōtiju (instrumental masculine singular)
swōtijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
swōtiju (instrumental neuter singular)
swōtijē (masculine nominative plural)
swōtijō (feminine nominative plural)
swōtiju (neuter nominative plural)
swōtijā (accusative masculine plural)
swōtijā (accusative feminine plural)
swōtiju (accusative neuter plural)
swōtijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
swōtijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
swōtijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
swōtijēm (dative masculine plural)
swōtijum (dative masculine plural)
swōtijēm (dative feminine plural)
swōtijum (dative feminine plural)
swōtijēm (dative neuter plural)
swōtijum (dative neuter plural)
swōtijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
swōtijum (instrumental masculine plural)
swōtijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
swōtijum (feminine instrumental plural)
swōtijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
swōtijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: swēte, swōt

desc

Middle English: swete, sweete, swoote, soote

Scots: swet, sweit, sweet

English: sweet

→ Zulu: uswidi

→ Swazi: liswidi

Old Frisian: swēte

North Frisian: sweete

Saterland Frisian: swäit

West Frisian: swiet

Old Saxon: swōti

Middle Low German: sôte, sö̂te, sûte

Low German: sööt

Plautdietsch: seet

desctree

Old Dutch: suoti
Middle Dutch: soete
Dutch: zoet
Afrikaans: soet
Limburgish: zeut

Old High German: suozi, swuozi
Middle High German: süeze
Alemannic German: süeß
Bavarian: siaß
Central Franconian: söß, seß, sieß
Luxembourgish: séiss
German: süß
Vilamovian: ziss
Yiddish: זיס (zis)

From Proto-Germanic *swōtuz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


hanapi

hanapi (nominative singular)
hanapī (nominative plural)
hanapi (accusative singular)
hanapī (accusative plural)
hanapī (genitive singular)
hanapijō (genitive plural)
hanapī (dative singular)
hanapim (dative plural)
hanapijum (dative plural)
hanapī (instrumental singular)
hanapim (instrumental plural)
hanapijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: henep, hænep
Middle English: hanep, henep, henepe, henpe, hempe, hemp
English: hemp
Scots: hemp, hempt

desc

Old Frisian: *hanep, *hānp, *henep, *henp

Saterland Frisian: Hoamp

West Frisian: himp

Old Saxon: hanap, hanup

Middle Low German: hennep, hennip, hēnep, henp

German Low German: Hämp

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Hannop (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Hamp (Ravensberger)

Old Dutch: *hanap, *henep

Middle Dutch: hannep, hennep, hanep, hennip

desctree

Dutch: hennep, hennip (obsolete)
Afrikaans: hennep

Old High German: hanaf, hanif

Middle High German: hanef, hanif, hanf

Alemannic German: Hamf

German: Hanf

→ Luxembourgish: Hanf

→ Low German: Hanf, Hannef

Luxembourgish: Hunnef (dated)

Yiddish: האַנף (hanf)


leuht

leuht (masculine nominative singular)
leuhtu (feminine nominative singular)
leuht (neuter nominative singular)
leuhtanā (accusative masculine singular)
leuhtā (accusative feminine singular)
leuht (accusative neuter singular)
leuhtas (genitive masculine singular)
leuhteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
leuhtas (genitive neuter singular)
leuhtumē (dative masculine singular)
leuhteʀē (dative feminine singular)
leuhtumē (dative neuter singular)
leuhtu (instrumental masculine singular)
leuhteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
leuhtu (instrumental neuter singular)
leuhtē (masculine nominative plural)
leuhtō (feminine nominative plural)
leuhtu (neuter nominative plural)
leuhtā (accusative masculine plural)
leuhtā (accusative feminine plural)
leuhtu (accusative neuter plural)
leuhteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
leuhteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
leuhteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
leuhtēm (dative masculine plural)
leuhtum (dative masculine plural)
leuhtēm (dative feminine plural)
leuhtum (dative feminine plural)
leuhtēm (dative neuter plural)
leuhtum (dative neuter plural)
leuhtēm (instrumental masculine plural)
leuhtum (instrumental masculine plural)
leuhtēm (feminine instrumental plural)
leuhtum (feminine instrumental plural)
leuhtēm (instrumental neuter plural)
leuhtum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lēoht, lēht — Anglian, līht
Middle English: leoht, liht, light
English: light
Scots: licht

Old Frisian: liācht

Saterland Frisian: ljoacht

West Frisian: ljocht

Old Saxon: lioht, liocht

Middle Low German: licht

Low German: Licht

German Low German: Licht

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: lecht, lech (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: lecht (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: leicht

Old Dutch: lieht

Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lich, leech

Old High German: lioht

Middle High German: liecht, licht

German: licht

Bavarian: liacht


leuht

leuht (nominative singular)
leuhtu (nominative plural)
leuht (accusative singular)
leuhtu (accusative plural)
leuhtas (genitive singular)
leuhtō (genitive plural)
leuhtē (dative singular)
leuhtum (dative plural)
leuhtu (instrumental singular)
leuhtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: liācht

Saterland Frisian: Ljoacht, Lucht

West Frisian: ljocht

Old Saxon: lioht
Middle Low German: licht, lucht
Low German: Licht
German Low German: Licht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Lecht
Lippisch: Lecht, Lucht
Sauerländisch: Lecht, Licht
Westmünsterländisch: Lecht, Lech
Plautdietsch: Licht

Old Dutch: lieht

Middle Dutch: licht

Dutch: licht

Afrikaans: lig

Limburgish: lèch

Old High German: lioht

Middle High German: liecht, licht

Alemannic German: Liecht (north Alsatian), Liacht (south Alsatian)

Bavarian: Liacht

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Licht

Kölsch: Leesch

Luxembourgish: Liicht

East Central German:

Vilamovian: łicht

East Franconian: Lieacht

German: Licht

Rhine Franconian: Licht, Liecht, Lischt

Frankfurterisch: [liʃt]

Pennsylvania German: Licht

Yiddish: ליכט (likht)


teuhan

teuhan (infinitive)
teuhannjas (genitive infinitive)
teuhannjē (dative infinitive)
teuhannju (infinitive instrumental)
teuhu (first-person present singular)
tauh (first-person past singular)
tiuhiʀi (present second-person singular)
tugī (past second-person singular)
tiuhidi (present singular third-person)
tauh (past singular third-person)
teuhum (first-person plural present)
tugum (first-person past plural)
tiuhid (plural present second-person)
tugud (past plural second-person)
teuhand (plural present third-person)
tugun (past plural third-person)
teuhē (first-person present singular)
tugī (first-person past singular)
teuhēs (present second-person singular)
teuhē (present singular third-person)
tugī (past singular third-person)
teuhēm (first-person plural present)
tugīm (first-person past plural)
teuhēþ (plural present second-person)
tugīd (past plural second-person)
teuhēn (plural present third-person)
tugīn (past plural third-person)
tiuh (present singular)
tiuhid (plural present)
teuhandī (participle present)
togan (participle past)

Old English: tēon, tīon
Middle English: teen
English: tee

Old Frisian: tiān

Saterland Frisian: tja

West Frisian: tsjen

Old Saxon: tiohan
Middle Low German: tên
Low German: tiehen, tehen, tehn, teen

Old Dutch: tian
Middle Dutch: tiën
Dutch: tijgen

Old High German: ziohan

Middle High German: ziehen
Alemannic German: zieh, züha
Bavarian: zahn, zaan, ziagen
Viennese: ziagn
German: ziehen
Hunsrik: ziehe
Luxembourgish: zéien
Yiddish: ציִען (tsien)


breust

breust (nominative singular)
breustu (nominative plural)
breust (accusative singular)
breustu (accusative plural)
breustas (genitive singular)
breustō (genitive plural)
breustē (dative singular)
breustum (dative plural)
breustu (instrumental singular)
breustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brēost
Middle English: brest, breste, breost, breist, brost, brust, brist, breast, bryest
English: brest, breast
Scots: brest, breist, breest

Old Frisian: briāst, brast

Old Saxon: breost, briost, brust


keul

keul (nominative singular)
keulō (nominative plural)
keulōs (nominative plural)
keul (accusative singular)
keulā (accusative plural)
keulas (genitive singular)
keulō (genitive plural)
keulē (dative singular)
keulum (dative plural)
keulu (instrumental singular)
keulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēol

desc

>? Middle English: chiel, kele, keel (“small shipping vessel, lighter”) (possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch; displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Frisian: *kiāl, *tziāl

West Frisian: tjalk, tsjalk

→ Dutch: tjalk

Old Saxon: kiol

Middle Low German: kêl, kîl

German Low German: Kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Dutch: *kiol

Middle Dutch: kiel

Dutch: kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old High German: kiol, chiol

Middle High German: kiel

German: Kiel (obsolete, displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)


feurþō

feurþō (masculine nominative singular)
feurþā (feminine nominative singular)
feurþā (neuter nominative singular)
feurþan (accusative masculine singular)
feurþōn (accusative feminine singular)
feurþā (accusative neuter singular)
fiurþini (genitive masculine singular)
feurþan (genitive masculine singular)
feurþōn (feminine genitive singular)
fiurþini (genitive neuter singular)
feurþan (genitive neuter singular)
fiurþini (dative masculine singular)
feurþan (dative masculine singular)
feurþōn (dative feminine singular)
fiurþini (dative neuter singular)
feurþan (dative neuter singular)
fiurþini (instrumental masculine singular)
feurþan (instrumental masculine singular)
feurþōn (feminine instrumental singular)
fiurþini (instrumental neuter singular)
feurþan (instrumental neuter singular)
feurþan (masculine nominative plural)
feurþōn (feminine nominative plural)
feurþōn (neuter nominative plural)
feurþan (accusative masculine plural)
feurþōn (accusative feminine plural)
feurþōn (accusative neuter plural)
feurþanō (genitive masculine plural)
feurþōnō (feminine genitive plural)
feurþanō (genitive neuter plural)
feurþum (dative masculine plural)
feurþōm (dative feminine plural)
feurþum (dative feminine plural)
feurþum (dative neuter plural)
feurþum (instrumental masculine plural)
feurþōm (feminine instrumental plural)
feurþum (feminine instrumental plural)
feurþum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fēorþa, fēorða, fēowerþa
Middle English: feorþe, veorðe, feorðe, forðe, ferthe, fourthe, ferþe, fourþe, feurþe, fourte, ferth, fferth, fourth, fourt, verþe, firþe, firthe, fuyrthe, feorþe, veorðe, feorðe, forðe, IIIIᵗʰ
English: fourth
Scots: fourt
Yola: vourthe

Old Frisian: fiārda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fjuard
Helgoland: fear
Sylt: fjåårt
Saterland Frisian: fjädde, fjoode
West Frisian: fjirde

Old Saxon: fiortho

Middle Low German: vêrde

Dutch Low Saxon: veerte

German Low German: feerde, feerd

Old Dutch: *fiortho

Middle Dutch: vierde
Dutch: vierde
Afrikaans: vierde
Negerhollands: veerde, vierde, firrde
Limburgish: veerdje

Old High German: fiordo

Middle High German: vierde, vierte

Cimbrian: viarte

German: vierte

Luxembourgish: véiert

Yiddish: פֿערט (fert)

From Proto-Germanic *fedurþô, with -d- removed by analogy with *feuwar.


reumō

reumō (nominative singular)
reuman (nominative plural)
reuman (accusative singular)
reuman (accusative plural)
riumini (genitive singular)
reuman (genitive singular)
reumanō (genitive plural)
riumini (dative singular)
reuman (dative singular)
reumum (dative plural)
riumini (instrumental singular)
reuman (instrumental singular)
reumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēoma

Middle English: reme, ryme, rym, rim

Scots: rimme, rimb, ryme, rim

English: rymme, rimme, rim

Old Saxon: reomo, riomo

Middle Low German: rême

German Low German:

East Frisian: Reem

Low Prussian, Westphalian (East Westphalian: Lippisch): Reumen

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch: Reem

East Westphalian: Raim (Wedemarkisch)

q

Sauerländisch: Raime, Roimen (Elpe, Meschede, Schmallenberg, Elspe, Kirchhundem, Selbecke), Rauemen (Niedersfeld), Riemen (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: Reemen

→ Danish: rem

→ Old Swedish: rem, reem

Swedish: rem

Old Dutch: *riomo

Middle Dutch: rieme, riem

Dutch: riem

Afrikaans: riem

→ English: riem, reim

desctree

Old High German: riomo
Middle High German: rieme
German: Riemen
Hunsrik: Rieme
Luxembourgish: Rimm

Unknown. Possibly sharing the same base as Proto-Germanic *raipaz (“cord, cable, strap”). Compare also Old Norse reim (“thong”).

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


leuþ

leuþ (nominative singular)
leuþu (nominative plural)
leuþ (accusative singular)
leuþu (accusative plural)
leuþas (genitive singular)
leuþō (genitive plural)
leuþē (dative singular)
leuþum (dative plural)
leuþu (instrumental singular)
leuþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēoþ

Middle English: leoþ, leod, lede

Scots: leith, leeth, lethe, leed, lede

English: leed (dialectal); lidden (dialectal, archaic)

Old Frisian: *liāth

Saterland Frisian: Läid

West Frisian: liet

Old Saxon: lioth

Middle Low German: *lēt, *liet

German Low German: Leed, Lied

Old Dutch: lioth

Middle Dutch: liet, lijt

Dutch: lied

Afrikaans: lied

Negerhollands: liederen (from the plural)

Old High German: liod

Middle High German: liet

German: Lied

→ English: lied

→ Finnish: lied

→ French: lied

→ Romanian: lied

Hunsrik: Lied

Luxembourgish: Lidd

Vilamovian: łid

Yiddish: ליד (lid)


teunō

teunō (nominative singular)
teunan (nominative plural)
teunan (accusative singular)
teunan (accusative plural)
tiunini (genitive singular)
teunan (genitive singular)
teunanō (genitive plural)
tiunini (dative singular)
teunan (dative singular)
teunum (dative plural)
tiunini (instrumental singular)
teunan (instrumental singular)
teunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tēona, tēone

Middle English: tene

English: teen

Scots: tene, teyne

Old Saxon: tiona


hangist

hangist (nominative singular)
hangistō (nominative plural)
hangistōs (nominative plural)
hangist (accusative singular)
hangistā (accusative plural)
hangistas (genitive singular)
hangistō (genitive plural)
hangistē (dative singular)
hangistum (dative plural)
hangistu (instrumental singular)
hangistum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hengest, hengst
⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman
English: henchman
→ Scots: hanchman
Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

desc

Old Frisian: hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst

North Frisian: hingst

Saterland Frisian: Houngst, Hoangst

West Frisian: hynst

⇒ West Frisian: hynder

Old Saxon: hengist

Middle Low German: hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst

German Low German: Hingst

→ Danish: hingst

→ Lower Sorbian: hengist

→ Norwegian: hingst

→ Old Swedish: hingist

Swedish: hingst

Old Dutch: hengist

Middle Dutch: hengest, hinxt, henxt

Dutch: hengst
Afrikaans: hings

Old High German: hengist

Middle High German: hengest, hengst

Alemannic German: Hengscht

German: Hengst

Luxembourgish: Hengscht

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Hengscht


ahsu

ahsu (nominative singular)
ahsō (nominative plural)
ahsā (accusative singular)
ahsā (accusative plural)
ahsā (genitive singular)
ahsō (genitive plural)
ahsē (dative singular)
ahsōm (dative plural)
ahsum (dative plural)
ahsu (instrumental singular)
ahsōm (instrumental plural)
ahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eax

Old Frisian: *ax

West Frisian: as

Old Saxon: ahsa

Middle Low German: asse

Old Dutch: *assa

Middle Dutch: asse

desctree

Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Negerhollands: az
→ Indonesian: as
→ Papiamentu: as (dated)

Old High German: ahsa

Middle High German: ahse

Alemannic German: Uechs

German: Achse

→ Norwegian Bokmål: akse

Luxembourgish: Achs


ahslu

ahslu (nominative singular)
ahslō (nominative plural)
ahslā (accusative singular)
ahslā (accusative plural)
ahslā (genitive singular)
ahslō (genitive plural)
ahslē (dative singular)
ahslōm (dative plural)
ahslum (dative plural)
ahslu (instrumental singular)
ahslōm (instrumental plural)
ahslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eaxl, eaxel, esl, exl
Middle English: axel, axle, eaxle, æxle, exle
English: axle (obsolete)
Scots: aixle, exle

Old Frisian: axle, axele

Saterland Frisian: ascle

→? Middle Dutch: ocsele (see lemma)

Dutch: oksel

Afrikaans: oksel

Old Dutch: *assala

Middle Dutch: assele

Dutch: assel

Old High German: ahsala

Middle High German: ahsel

Cimbrian: aksela, aksala, aksl, aksel

German: Achsel

Vilamovian: aochsuł

Yiddish: אַקסל (aksl)


hlahtr

hlahtr (nominative singular)
hlahtrō (nominative plural)
hlahtrōs (nominative plural)
hlahtr (accusative singular)
hlahtrā (accusative plural)
hlahtras (genitive singular)
hlahtrō (genitive plural)
hlahtrē (dative singular)
hlahtrum (dative plural)
hlahtru (instrumental singular)
hlahtrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hleahtor

desc

Middle English: laughter, laghter, laȝter

Scots: lachter, lauchter

English: laughter

Old Saxon: *hlahtar

Middle Low German: lachter

Old Dutch: *lahtar, lahter

Middle Dutch: lachter

Dutch: lachter (archaic)

Old High German: hlahtar, lahtar

Middle High German: lahter


flahs

flahs (nominative singular)
flahsu (nominative plural)
flahs (accusative singular)
flahsu (accusative plural)
flahsas (genitive singular)
flahsō (genitive plural)
flahsē (dative singular)
flahsum (dative plural)
flahsu (instrumental singular)
flahsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fleax, flæx, flex
Middle English: flax, fflex, flaxe, flex, flexe, vlex
English: flax

Old Frisian: flax

Saterland Frisian: Floaks

West Frisian: flaaks

Old Saxon: *flahs

Middle Low German: vlas

Low German: Flass

German Low German: Flass

Plautdietsch: Flauss

Old Dutch: *flas (only in toponyms)

Middle Dutch: vlas

Dutch: vlas

Afrikaans: vlas

Old High German: flahs
Middle High German: vlahs
German: Flachs
Luxembourgish: Fluess
Rhine Franconian: Flaas, Flas, Flachs
Vilamovian: fłaoks


kahhattjan

kahhattjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kahhattjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kahhattjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kahhattjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kahhattju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kahhattā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kahhatisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kahhattēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kahhattōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kahhatiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kahhattē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kahhattā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kahhattjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kahhattum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kahhatiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kahhattud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kahhattjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kahhattun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kahhattjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kahhattī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kahhattjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kahhattī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kahhattjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kahhattī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kahhattjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kahhattīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kahhattjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kahhattīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kahhattjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kahhattīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kahhati (class-1 present singular weak)
kahhatiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kahhattjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kahhatt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ċeahhettan

Old High German: kahhazzen

Middle Low German: kachezen

Likely onomatopoeic, seemingly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʰa kʰa (“ha ha”), compare Old Church Slavonic хохотати (xoxotati), Latin cachinno, Ancient Greek καχάζω (kakházō), καγχάξω (kankháxō), Old Armenian խախանք (xaxankʻ), Sanskrit कखति (kakhati), कक्खति (kakkhati).


gafehan

gafehan (infinitive)
gafehannjas (genitive infinitive)
gafehannjē (dative infinitive)
gafehannju (infinitive instrumental)
gafehu (first-person present singular)
gafah (first-person past singular)
gafihiʀi (present second-person singular)
gafāgī (past second-person singular)
gafihidi (present singular third-person)
gafah (past singular third-person)
gafehum (first-person plural present)
gafāgum (first-person past plural)
gafihid (plural present second-person)
gafāgud (past plural second-person)
gafehand (plural present third-person)
gafāgun (past plural third-person)
gafehē (first-person present singular)
gafāgī (first-person past singular)
gafehēs (present second-person singular)
gafehē (present singular third-person)
gafāgī (past singular third-person)
gafehēm (first-person plural present)
gafāgīm (first-person past plural)
gafehēþ (plural present second-person)
gafāgīd (past plural second-person)
gafehēn (plural present third-person)
gafāgīn (past plural third-person)
gafih (present singular)
gafihid (plural present)
gafehandī (participle present)
gafegan (participle past)

Old English: ġefēon, ġefeohan

Old High German: gifehan