namō

namō (nominative singular)
naman (nominative plural)
naman (accusative singular)
naman (accusative plural)
namini (genitive singular)
naman (genitive singular)
namanō (genitive plural)
namini (dative singular)
naman (dative singular)
namum (dative plural)
namini (instrumental singular)
naman (instrumental singular)
namum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nama, noma
Middle English: name, nome (West Midland, Southern)
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, name, naume

Old Frisian: nama, noma

North Frisian: nom

(Mooring): noome

(Föhr-Amrum): nööm

Saterland Frisian: Nome

West Frisian: namme

Old Saxon: namo

Middle Low German: nâme

Low German: Name

German Low German: Naam

Plautdietsch: Naum, Nomen

Old Dutch: namo
Middle Dutch: nāme
Dutch: naam, name (obsolete)
Afrikaans: naam
Berbice Creole Dutch: nam
Jersey Dutch: nâm
Negerhollands: naam
Petjo: naam
Skepi Creole Dutch: nam, naam
→ Caribbean Hindustani: nám
Limburgish: naam, naom

Old High German: namo
Middle High German: nâme
Alemannic German: Naame
Italian Walser: namä, noame, nomu, nàmund
Bavarian: Nama, Nam, Nåm
Cimbrian: nåm, name, naamo
Mòcheno: nu'm
Udinese: nome, nòmm, nome, nomat
German: Name, Namen
Luxembourgish: Numm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Naame
Yiddish: נאָמען (nomen)


galīkō

Old Saxon: gilīko, gelīce

Middle Low German: gelīk, gelīke

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: gelike, geliken, gelijc

Old High German: gilīhho

desc

Middle High German: gelīch, gelīche, glīch, glīche

From Proto-Germanic *galīkô. Equivalent to *galīk + *-ō. Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉 (galeikō).


fiskōþu

fiskōþu (nominative singular)
fiskōþiwi (nominative plural)
fiskōþō (nominative plural)
fiskōþu (accusative singular)
fiskōþū (accusative plural)
fiskōþō (genitive singular)
fiskōþiwō (genitive plural)
fiskōþiwi (dative singular)
fiskōþō (dative singular)
fiskōþum (dative plural)
fiskōþu (instrumental singular)
fiskōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fiscoþ


salbōn

salbōn (infinitive)
salbōnijas (genitive infinitive)
salbōnijē (dative infinitive)
salbōniju (infinitive instrumental)
salbō (first-person present singular)
salbōdā (first-person past singular)
salbōs (present second-person singular)
salbōdēs (past second-person singular)
salbōdōs (past second-person singular)
salbōþ (present singular third-person)
salbōdē (past singular third-person)
salbōdā (past singular third-person)
salbōm (first-person plural present)
salbōdum (first-person past plural)
salbōþ (plural present second-person)
salbōdud (past plural second-person)
salbōnþ (plural present third-person)
salbōdun (past plural third-person)
salbōdī (first-person past singular)
salbōdī (past second-person singular)
salbō (present singular third-person)
salbōdī (past singular third-person)
salbōdīm (first-person past plural)
salbōdīd (past plural second-person)
salbōn (plural present third-person)
salbōdīn (past plural third-person)
salbō (present singular)
salbōþ (plural present)
salbōndī (participle present)
salbōd (participle past)

Old English: sealfian

desctree

Middle English: salven, salf, salfe, salve, salvyn, sallfenn (Ormulum)
English: salve

Old Frisian: salwia

Old Saxon: salbon

Old Dutch: salvon
Middle Dutch: salven

Old High German: salbon

Middle High German: salben

German: salben

Luxembourgish: sallefen, salewen

From Proto-Germanic *salbōną. Equivalent to *salbu (“salve, ointment”) + *-ōn.


dōmijan

dōmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dōmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dōmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dōmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dōmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dōmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dōmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dōmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dōmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dōmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dōmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dōmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dōmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dōmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dōmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dōmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dōmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dōmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dōmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dōmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dōmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dōmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dōmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dōmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dōmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dōmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dōmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dōmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dōmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dōmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dōmi (class-1 present singular weak)
dōmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dōmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dōmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: dēman, dœ̄man — Anglian
Middle English: demen
English: deem
Scots: deme

Old Frisian: dēma

North Frisian: dema

Old Saxon: dōmian

Middle Low German: dōmen

Old Dutch: duomen
Middle Dutch: doemen
Dutch: doemen

desc

Old High German: tuomjan, tuommen, tuomen

Middle High German: tüemen

From Proto-Germanic *dōmijaną. Equivalent to *dōm (“judgement”) + *-jan.


sōkijan

sōkijan (infinitive)
sōkijannjas (genitive infinitive)
sōkijannjē (dative infinitive)
sōkijannju (infinitive instrumental)
sōkiju (first-person present singular)
sōhtā (first-person past singular)
sōkisi (present second-person singular)
sōhtēs (past second-person singular)
sōhtōs (past second-person singular)
sōkiþi (present singular third-person)
sōhtē (past singular third-person)
sōhtā (past singular third-person)
sōkijum (first-person plural present)
sōhtum (first-person past plural)
sōkiþ (plural present second-person)
sōhtud (past plural second-person)
sōkijanþ (plural present third-person)
sōhtun (past plural third-person)
sōkijē (first-person present singular)
sōhtī (first-person past singular)
sōkijēs (present second-person singular)
sōhtī (past second-person singular)
sōkijē (present singular third-person)
sōhtī (past singular third-person)
sōkijēm (first-person plural present)
sōhtīm (first-person past plural)
sōkijēþ (plural present second-person)
sōhtīd (past plural second-person)
sōkijēn (plural present third-person)
sōhtīn (past plural third-person)
sōki (present singular)
sōkiþ (plural present)
sōkijandī (participle present)
sōht (participle past)

desctree

Old English: sēċan, sœ̄ċan, sēċean
Middle English: seken
English: seek, seech (Lancashire and other dialects)
Scots: seek
Yola: zeek

Old Frisian: sēka
Saterland Frisian: säike
West Frisian: sykje

Old Saxon: sōkian
Middle Low German: sö̂ken
Low German: sooken, söken, seuken, säuken (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: suoken
Middle Dutch: soeken
Dutch: zoeken
Afrikaans: soek
Berbice Creole Dutch: suku
Javindo: soeken
Negerhollands: soek, suk
Skepi Creole Dutch: sook
→ Aukan: suku
→ Kwinti: suku
→ Saramaccan: súku
→ Sranan Tongo: suku
Limburgish: zeuke

Old High German: suohhen, suochen
Middle High German: suochen, süechen
Alemannic German: sueche, süeche (Uri)
Alsatian: süacha
Bavarian: suacha, suachn
Cimbrian: züuchan
Central Franconian: seeche, sieche, suche (Moselle Franconian); söke (Ripuarian, a Low Franconian relict)
Hunsrik: suche
Luxembourgish: sichen
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
East Franconian:
German: suchen
Rhine Franconian: suche
Frankfurterisch: [suɣ̥ə]
Yiddish: זוכן (zukhn)


dōn

dōn (infinitive)
dōnijas (genitive infinitive)
dōnijē (dative infinitive)
dōniju (infinitive instrumental)
dōmi (first-person present singular)
dedā (first-person past singular)
dōsi (present second-person singular)
dedēs (past second-person singular)
dōþi (present singular third-person)
dedē (past singular third-person)
dōm (first-person plural present)
dādum (first-person past plural)
dōþ (plural present second-person)
dādud (past plural second-person)
dōnþi (plural present third-person)
dādun (past plural third-person)
dō (first-person present singular)
dādī (first-person past singular)
dōs (present second-person singular)
dādī (past second-person singular)
dō (present singular third-person)
dādī (past singular third-person)
dādīm (first-person past plural)
dādīd (past plural second-person)
dōn (plural present third-person)
dādīn (past plural third-person)
dō (present singular)
dōþ (plural present)
dōndī (participle present)
dān (participle past)

Old English: dōn, doan — Anglian, doa, doæ, doe — Northumbrian
Middle English: don, donne, doyn, do, doon
English: do
Geordie English: de, dee, div
Scots: dae, dee (Doric)
Yola: doone, deen

Old Frisian: dwā, dwān, duān, duā, dūa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: du
Mooring: düünj
Saterland Frisian: dwo
West Frisian: dwaan

Old Saxon: dōn, doan, dūan, duon
Middle Low German: dôn
Low German: deoen (Paderbornisch), dohn (Münsterländisch); doon

Old Dutch: duon
Middle Dutch: doen
Dutch: doen
Afrikaans: doen
Berbice Creole Dutch: dun
Jersey Dutch: dûn, dûne
Negerhollands: doe, du, due
Skepi Creole Dutch: doon
→? Aukan: du
Limburgish: doon

Old High German: tuon, duon, duan
Middle High German: tuon, tûn, tôn, duon, dûn, dôn, tœn, tain, tuogen, tuomen, thoenen
Alemannic German: tue, due, tuä
Swabian: dua, doa
Bavarian: doa
Cimbrian: tüan, tüunan (Sette Comuni)
Northern Bavarian: [d̥o͡u]
Viennese: tuan
Central Franconian: donn, don (northern Moselle Franconian, some Ripuarian dialects), dun (southern Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: dun
Kölsch: dunn
Luxembourgish: doen
German: tun
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [d̥ũː]
Pennsylvania German: duh
Yiddish: טאָן (ton)


werþan

werþan (infinitive)
werþannjas (genitive infinitive)
werþannjē (dative infinitive)
werþannju (infinitive instrumental)
werþu (first-person present singular)
warþ (first-person past singular)
wirþiʀi (present second-person singular)
wurdī (past second-person singular)
wirþidi (present singular third-person)
warþ (past singular third-person)
werþum (first-person plural present)
wurdum (first-person past plural)
wirþid (plural present second-person)
wurdud (past plural second-person)
werþand (plural present third-person)
wurdun (past plural third-person)
werþē (first-person present singular)
wurdī (first-person past singular)
werþēs (present second-person singular)
werþē (present singular third-person)
wurdī (past singular third-person)
werþēm (first-person plural present)
wurdīm (first-person past plural)
werþēþ (plural present second-person)
wurdīd (past plural second-person)
werþēn (plural present third-person)
wurdīn (past plural third-person)
wirþ (present singular)
wirþid (plural present)
werþandī (participle present)
wordan (participle past)

Old English: weorþan, wearþan — Anglian, weorðan — edh spelling, wurþan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: werthen
Scots: worth (dated)
English: worth, word (dialectal)

Old Frisian: wertha
North Frisian:
Mooring: wårde
Föhr-Amrum: wurd
Saterland Frisian: wäide
West Frisian: wurde

Old Saxon: werthan
Middle Low German: warden
Low German: werden, worden, warden, warrn, worrn
German Low German: werden, worden

Old Dutch: werthan
Middle Dutch: werden
Dutch: worden
Afrikaans: word
Negerhollands: word
Petjo: worden
Limburgish: waere

Old High German: werdan, ƿerdan — Manuscript spelling
Middle High German: werden
Alemannic German: wërde
Swabian: werra
Central Franconian: wääde, wääre (Moselle Franconian, but in limited use)
German: werden
Luxembourgish: wäerten
Pennsylvania German: waerre
Yiddish: ווערן (vern)


lātan

lātan (infinitive)
lātannjas (genitive infinitive)
lātannjē (dative infinitive)
lātannju (infinitive instrumental)
lātu (first-person present singular)
lēt (first-person past singular)
lātiʀi (present second-person singular)
lētī (past second-person singular)
lātidi (present singular third-person)
lēt (past singular third-person)
lātum (first-person plural present)
lētum (first-person past plural)
lātid (plural present second-person)
lētud (past plural second-person)
lātand (plural present third-person)
lētun (past plural third-person)
lātē (first-person present singular)
lētī (first-person past singular)
lātēs (present second-person singular)
lātē (present singular third-person)
lētī (past singular third-person)
lātēm (first-person plural present)
lētīm (first-person past plural)
lātēþ (plural present second-person)
lētīd (past plural second-person)
lātēn (plural present third-person)
lētīn (past plural third-person)
lāt (present singular)
lātid (plural present)
lātandī (participle present)
lātan (participle past)

Old English: lǣtan
Middle English: leten, letten
English: let
Scots: lat, let, lete
Yola: leth

Old Frisian: lēta

North Frisian:

Sylt: let

Saterland Frisian: läite

West Frisian: litte

Old Saxon: lātan
Middle Low German: lāten
Low German: laten
German Low German: laten, låten

Old Dutch: lātan
Middle Dutch: lâten
Dutch: laten
Afrikaans: laat
Berbice Creole Dutch: latn
Jersey Dutch: lâte
Skepi Creole Dutch: at
Limburgish: laote

Old High German: lāzan, lāȥȥan — early
Middle High German: lāȥen, lān
Alemannic German: laa, la, loo, lo, lou, lah
Swabian: lau, lassa
Bavarian: låssn
Central Franconian: loße, losse (southernmost Moselle Franconian; few dialects of Ripuarian, including Kölsch)
Hunsrik: losse
East Central German: lossn
German: lassen
Luxembourgish: loossen
Yiddish: לאָזן (lozn)
→ Old French: laissier, laiser, laisier, laisser, lesser, lessier (in part)
Middle French: laisser, laissier
French: laisser
→ Breton: lezel
Norman: laîssi
Picard: laissier
→ Middle English: *lesen
English: lease, leese (Scotland)
→ Dutch: leasen
⇒ English: leasing
→ Spanish: leasing
→ Finnish: leasing
→ Polish: leasing
→ Swedish: leasing
Scots: lease
→ Middle Irish: léas
Irish: léas


libbjan

libbjan (infinitive)
libbjannjas (genitive infinitive)
libbjannjē (dative infinitive)
libbjannju (infinitive instrumental)
libbju (first-person present singular)
libdā (first-person past singular)
libēs (present second-person singular)
libdēs (past second-person singular)
libdōs (past second-person singular)
libēþ (present singular third-person)
libdē (past singular third-person)
libdā (past singular third-person)
libbjum (first-person plural present)
libdum (first-person past plural)
libēþ (plural present second-person)
libdud (past plural second-person)
libbjanþ (plural present third-person)
libdun (past plural third-person)
libbjē (first-person present singular)
libdī (first-person past singular)
libbjēs (present second-person singular)
libdī (past second-person singular)
libbjē (present singular third-person)
libdī (past singular third-person)
libbjēm (first-person plural present)
libdīm (first-person past plural)
libbjēþ (plural present second-person)
libdīd (past plural second-person)
libbjēn (plural present third-person)
libdīn (past plural third-person)
libē (present singular)
libēþ (plural present)
libbjandī (participle present)
libd (participle past)

Old English: libban, lybban, lifian — Anglian
Middle English: lyven, leeve, lefe, leve, leven, libbe, libben, lifen, live, liven, lybbe, lyve, libbæn, libbenn, livie, livien, luvien (Early Middle English)
English: live
Scots: leeve
Yola: live

Old Frisian: leva

Saterland Frisian: líeuwje

West Frisian: libje

Old Saxon: libbian
Middle Low German: leven
Low German: leven
German Low German: lęven, lewen, lewe (in other dialects, including Low Prussian)

Old Dutch: libben
Middle Dutch: leven
Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
Afrikaans: leef, lewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
Jersey Dutch: lêve
Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
Limburgish: laeve

Old High German: lebēn
Middle High German: lëben
Alemannic German: lëëbe
Alsatian: lawe
Swabian: läba
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lem
Mòcheno: lem
German: leben
Luxembourgish: liewen
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לעבן (lebn)


saggjan

saggjan (infinitive)
saggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
saggjannjē (dative infinitive)
saggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
saggju (first-person present singular)
sagdā (first-person past singular)
sagēs (present second-person singular)
sagdēs (past second-person singular)
sagdōs (past second-person singular)
sagēþ (present singular third-person)
sagdē (past singular third-person)
sagdā (past singular third-person)
saggjum (first-person plural present)
sagdum (first-person past plural)
sagēþ (plural present second-person)
sagdud (past plural second-person)
saggjanþ (plural present third-person)
sagdun (past plural third-person)
saggjē (first-person present singular)
sagdī (first-person past singular)
saggjēs (present second-person singular)
sagdī (past second-person singular)
saggjē (present singular third-person)
sagdī (past singular third-person)
saggjēm (first-person plural present)
sagdīm (first-person past plural)
saggjēþ (plural present second-person)
sagdīd (past plural second-person)
saggjēn (plural present third-person)
sagdīn (past plural third-person)
sagē (present singular)
sagēþ (plural present)
saggjandī (participle present)
sagd (participle past)

Old English: seċġan

Middle English: seggen, seyen, sayen

Scots: say, sa

English: say

Old Frisian: sedza, sidza

North Frisian: seja, siie

West Frisian: sizze

Old Saxon: seggian

Middle Low German: seggen

Low German: seggen

Old Dutch: seggen
Middle Dutch: seggen
Dutch: zeggen
Afrikaans: sê
Javindo: seg, seggen, sèè
Jersey Dutch: sääxxe
Petjo: sehhen
Limburgish: zègke

Old High German: sagēn
Middle High German: sagen
Alemannic German: säge
Alsatian: soeje (near Fränkisch areas, in Northern Alsace), sawe (Central), sàge (South)
Swabian:
Sathmar Swabian: sage
Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége
Bavarian: sogn, sågn, song (phonetic spelling), soon (Timau), sång
Central Franconian: sage
German: sagen
Luxembourgish: soen
Vilamovian: ziön
Yiddish: זאָגן (zogn)


huggjan

huggjan (infinitive)
huggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
huggjannjē (dative infinitive)
huggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
huggju (first-person present singular)
hogdā (first-person past singular)
hogēs (present second-person singular)
hogdēs (past second-person singular)
hogdōs (past second-person singular)
hogēþ (present singular third-person)
hogdē (past singular third-person)
hogdā (past singular third-person)
huggjum (first-person plural present)
hugdum (first-person past plural)
hogēþ (plural present second-person)
hugdud (past plural second-person)
huggjanþ (plural present third-person)
hugdun (past plural third-person)
huggjē (first-person present singular)
hugdī (first-person past singular)
huggjēs (present second-person singular)
hugdī (past second-person singular)
huggjē (present singular third-person)
hugdī (past singular third-person)
huggjēm (first-person plural present)
hugdīm (first-person past plural)
huggjēþ (plural present second-person)
hugdīd (past plural second-person)
huggjēn (plural present third-person)
hugdīn (past plural third-person)
hogē (present singular)
hogēþ (plural present)
huggjandī (participle present)
hogd (participle past)

Old English: hyċġan

Middle English: huyen, hoyen

Scots: huik

Old Saxon: huggian

desc

Middle Low German: hugen, hogen, hügen, hȫgen

Low German: högen

desctree

Old Dutch: *huggen
Middle Dutch: hōgen, huegen
Dutch: heugen

Old High German: bihuggen, gihuggen


batēn

batēn (infinitive)
batēnijas (genitive infinitive)
batēnijē (dative infinitive)
batēniju (infinitive instrumental)
batē (first-person present singular)
bat?dā (first-person past singular)
batēs (present second-person singular)
bat?dēs (past second-person singular)
batēþ (present singular third-person)
bat?dē (past singular third-person)
bat?dā (past singular third-person)
batēm (first-person plural present)
bat?dum (first-person past plural)
batēþ (plural present second-person)
bat?dud (past plural second-person)
batēnþ (plural present third-person)
bat?dun (past plural third-person)
bat?dī (first-person past singular)
bat?dī (past second-person singular)
batē (present singular third-person)
bat?dī (past singular third-person)
bat?dīm (first-person past plural)
bat?dīd (past plural second-person)
batēn (plural present third-person)
bat?dīn (past plural third-person)
batē (present singular)
batēþ (plural present)
batēndī (participle present)
bat?d (participle past)

Old English: batian

Middle English: *baten

Scots: bat

⇒ Middle English: batful, badful

English: batful

⇒ Old English: *batol

Middle English: *batel

English: batell, battle

Scots: baittle, bettle

Old Frisian: batia

Saterland Frisian: baatje

West Frisian: bate, baatsje

Old Saxon: *batōn

Middle Low German: baten

Low German: batten

→ Danish: batte, både

→ Swedish: båta

Old Dutch: *baton
Middle Dutch: bāten
Dutch: baten
Afrikaans: baat

Old High German: bazzēn

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *batāną. Equivalent to *bat (“good”) + *-ēn.


bibēn

bibēn (infinitive)
bibēnijas (genitive infinitive)
bibēnijē (dative infinitive)
bibēniju (infinitive instrumental)
bibē (first-person present singular)
bib?dā (first-person past singular)
bibēs (present second-person singular)
bib?dēs (past second-person singular)
bibēþ (present singular third-person)
bib?dē (past singular third-person)
bib?dā (past singular third-person)
bibēm (first-person plural present)
bib?dum (first-person past plural)
bibēþ (plural present second-person)
bib?dud (past plural second-person)
bibēnþ (plural present third-person)
bib?dun (past plural third-person)
bib?dī (first-person past singular)
bib?dī (past second-person singular)
bibē (present singular third-person)
bib?dī (past singular third-person)
bib?dīm (first-person past plural)
bib?dīd (past plural second-person)
bibēn (plural present third-person)
bib?dīn (past plural third-person)
bibē (present singular)
bibēþ (plural present)
bibēndī (participle present)
bib?d (participle past)

Old English: bifian, biofian, beofian
Middle English: bivien, beovien, buvien, befien, byfien (Early Middle English)
⇒ Middle English: biveren, bevere, beveren
English: bever, bibber (Irish)
Scots: bever, baiver, baver, bevver
Yola: bebber

Old Frisian: bivia

North Frisian: bevern

Saterland Frisian: bieuwje

West Frisian: beevje

Old Saxon: bivon
Middle Low German: bēven
German Low German: beven
⇒ Middle Low German: *bibberen
German Low German: bibbern
→ German: bibbern

Old Dutch: *bevon
Middle Dutch: bēven
Dutch: beven
Afrikaans: bewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: befu
Negerhollands: beev, beeven
→ Aukan: beifi
→ Sranan Tongo: beifi

Old High German: bibēn
Middle High German: biben
Cimbrian: böoban
German: beben (influenced by Middle Low German beven)
Luxembourgish: biewen


dagēn

dagēn (infinitive)
dagēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dagēnijē (dative infinitive)
dagēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dagē (first-person present singular)
dag?dā (first-person past singular)
dagēs (present second-person singular)
dag?dēs (past second-person singular)
dagēþ (present singular third-person)
dag?dē (past singular third-person)
dag?dā (past singular third-person)
dagēm (first-person plural present)
dag?dum (first-person past plural)
dagēþ (plural present second-person)
dag?dud (past plural second-person)
dagēnþ (plural present third-person)
dag?dun (past plural third-person)
dag?dī (first-person past singular)
dag?dī (past second-person singular)
dagē (present singular third-person)
dag?dī (past singular third-person)
dag?dīm (first-person past plural)
dag?dīd (past plural second-person)
dagēn (plural present third-person)
dag?dīn (past plural third-person)
dagē (present singular)
dagēþ (plural present)
dagēndī (participle present)
dag?d (participle past)

Old English: dagian, dagiġan
Middle English: dawen, dawe, dawei, dawy, dagen, daȝiȝen, daiȝen (Early Middle English), daw, dawyn, dayyn (Late Middle English)
English: daw (obsolete)
Middle Scots: daw
Scots: daw

Old Frisian: *dagia

West Frisian: daagje

Old Saxon: *dagon

Middle Low German: dagen, dāgen

German Low German: dagen

Old Dutch: *dagon
Middle Dutch: dāgen
Dutch: dagen
Limburgish: dage

Old High German: tagēn

Middle High German: tagen

German: tagen

From Proto-Germanic *dagāną. Equivalent to *dag (“day”) + *-ēn.


giwēn

giwēn (infinitive)
giwēnijas (genitive infinitive)
giwēnijē (dative infinitive)
giwēniju (infinitive instrumental)
giwē (first-person present singular)
giw?dā (first-person past singular)
giwēs (present second-person singular)
giw?dēs (past second-person singular)
giwēþ (present singular third-person)
giw?dē (past singular third-person)
giw?dā (past singular third-person)
giwēm (first-person plural present)
giw?dum (first-person past plural)
giwēþ (plural present second-person)
giw?dud (past plural second-person)
giwēnþ (plural present third-person)
giw?dun (past plural third-person)
giw?dī (first-person past singular)
giw?dī (past second-person singular)
giwē (present singular third-person)
giw?dī (past singular third-person)
giw?dīm (first-person past plural)
giw?dīd (past plural second-person)
giwēn (plural present third-person)
giw?dīn (past plural third-person)
giwē (present singular)
giwēþ (plural present)
giwēndī (participle present)
giw?d (participle past)

Old English: ġiwian

Old Saxon: *giwōn

gl

merger with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*giwōn</i> (“to yawn”)

Middle Low German: giwen, gēwen, geuwen, gaeuwen (“to yawn, gape" also "to intensely desire”) (merger with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *giwōn (“to yawn”))

Old High German: *giwēn

gl

merger with descendant of Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">gewōn</i> (“to yawn, open one's mouth widely”)

>? Middle High German: giwen, gewen (“to gape”) (merger with descendant of Old High German gewōn (“to yawn, open one's mouth widely”))

desc

German: geuen, gäuen (“to yawn", also "to gape, stand with mouth wide open”)

⇒ Old High German: anagiwēn (“to desire eagerly, strive after greedily”)

From Proto-Germanic *gi-, *gī- (“to yawn, gape”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-, from *ǵʰeh₂- (“to yawn, gape”).

gaeuwen

merger with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *giwēn


hatēn

hatēn (infinitive)
hatēnijas (genitive infinitive)
hatēnijē (dative infinitive)
hatēniju (infinitive instrumental)
hatē (first-person present singular)
hat?dā (first-person past singular)
hatēs (present second-person singular)
hat?dēs (past second-person singular)
hatēþ (present singular third-person)
hat?dē (past singular third-person)
hat?dā (past singular third-person)
hatēm (first-person plural present)
hat?dum (first-person past plural)
hatēþ (plural present second-person)
hat?dud (past plural second-person)
hatēnþ (plural present third-person)
hat?dun (past plural third-person)
hat?dī (first-person past singular)
hat?dī (past second-person singular)
hatē (present singular third-person)
hat?dī (past singular third-person)
hat?dīm (first-person past plural)
hat?dīd (past plural second-person)
hatēn (plural present third-person)
hat?dīn (past plural third-person)
hatē (present singular)
hatēþ (plural present)
hatēndī (participle present)
hat?d (participle past)

desctree

Old English: hatian
Middle English: hatien, haten
English: hate
Scots: hate

Old Frisian: hatia

Saterland Frisian: haatje, hoatje; hasje

West Frisian: haetjen; haatsje

Old Saxon: hatōn
Middle Low German: hāten
German Low German: haten

Old Dutch: haton
Middle Dutch: hāten
Dutch: haten
Afrikaans: haat
Negerhollands: hat
Limburgish: hate

Old High German: hazzōn, hazzēn
Middle High German: hazzen
Cimbrian: haazan
German: hassen
→ Plautdietsch: hassen, haussen
Luxembourgish: haassen
Yiddish: האַסן (hasn)

From Proto-Germanic *hatāną. Equivalent to *hati (“hate”) + *-ēn.


wakēn

wakēn (infinitive)
wakēnijas (genitive infinitive)
wakēnijē (dative infinitive)
wakēniju (infinitive instrumental)
wakē (first-person present singular)
wak?dā (first-person past singular)
wakēs (present second-person singular)
wak?dēs (past second-person singular)
wakēþ (present singular third-person)
wak?dē (past singular third-person)
wak?dā (past singular third-person)
wakēm (first-person plural present)
wak?dum (first-person past plural)
wakēþ (plural present second-person)
wak?dud (past plural second-person)
wakēnþ (plural present third-person)
wak?dun (past plural third-person)
wak?dī (first-person past singular)
wak?dī (past second-person singular)
wakē (present singular third-person)
wak?dī (past singular third-person)
wak?dīm (first-person past plural)
wak?dīd (past plural second-person)
wakēn (plural present third-person)
wak?dīn (past plural third-person)
wakē (present singular)
wakēþ (plural present)
wakēndī (participle present)
wak?d (participle past)

Old English: wacian

Middle English: wakien, waken

Scots: wauk, walk, wak, wake

English: wake

Old Frisian: wakia

Old Saxon: wakōn

Middle Low German: waken

Plautdietsch: wakjen

Old Dutch: wacon
Middle Dutch: wāken
Dutch: waken
Limburgish: wake

Old High German: wahhēn
Middle High German: wachen
Cimbrian: bachan
German: wachen
Luxembourgish: waachen
Yiddish: וואַכן (vakhn)

From Proto-Germanic *wakāną. Equivalent to *wakan (“to wake”) + *-ēn.


sorgēn

sorgēn (infinitive)
sorgēnijas (genitive infinitive)
sorgēnijē (dative infinitive)
sorgēniju (infinitive instrumental)
sorgē (first-person present singular)
sorg?dā (first-person past singular)
sorgēs (present second-person singular)
sorg?dēs (past second-person singular)
sorgēþ (present singular third-person)
sorg?dē (past singular third-person)
sorg?dā (past singular third-person)
sorgēm (first-person plural present)
sorg?dum (first-person past plural)
sorgēþ (plural present second-person)
sorg?dud (past plural second-person)
sorgēnþ (plural present third-person)
sorg?dun (past plural third-person)
sorg?dī (first-person past singular)
sorg?dī (past second-person singular)
sorgē (present singular third-person)
sorg?dī (past singular third-person)
sorg?dīm (first-person past plural)
sorg?dīd (past plural second-person)
sorgēn (plural present third-person)
sorg?dīn (past plural third-person)
sorgē (present singular)
sorgēþ (plural present)
sorgēndī (participle present)
sorg?d (participle past)
*sorgōn (alternative)

Old English: sorgian, sorhgian, *sœrgian, *sergian
Middle English: sorȝen, serȝhen, sorwen, serwen
English: sorrow
Scots: sorow, sorrow

Old Frisian: sorgia

desc

Saterland Frisian: súurgje, sourgje (Strukelje)

West Frisian: soargje

Old Saxon: sorgōn

Middle Low German: sorgen, sörgen

German Low German: sörgen

desctree

Old Dutch: sorgon
Middle Dutch: sorgen
Dutch: zorgen
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
→ Aukan: solugu
→ Papiamentu: sòru
→ Saramaccan: solúgu
→ Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Javanese: sorgu, nyoru, nyorgoni
→ Kari'na: sorukuma
Limburgish: zórge, zörge

desc

Old High German: sorgēn, sworgōn, sorgōn

Middle High German: sorgen

German: sorgen

→ Esperanto: zorgi

Yiddish: זאָרגן (zorgn)

Luxembourgish: suergen

From Proto-Germanic *surgāną. Equivalent to *sorgu (“worry, sorrow”) + *-ēn.


þolēn

þolēn (infinitive)
þolēnijas (genitive infinitive)
þolēnijē (dative infinitive)
þolēniju (infinitive instrumental)
þolē (first-person present singular)
þol?dā (first-person past singular)
þolēs (present second-person singular)
þol?dēs (past second-person singular)
þolēþ (present singular third-person)
þol?dē (past singular third-person)
þol?dā (past singular third-person)
þolēm (first-person plural present)
þol?dum (first-person past plural)
þolēþ (plural present second-person)
þol?dud (past plural second-person)
þolēnþ (plural present third-person)
þol?dun (past plural third-person)
þol?dī (first-person past singular)
þol?dī (past second-person singular)
þolē (present singular third-person)
þol?dī (past singular third-person)
þol?dīm (first-person past plural)
þol?dīd (past plural second-person)
þolēn (plural present third-person)
þol?dīn (past plural third-person)
þolē (present singular)
þolēþ (plural present)
þolēndī (participle present)
þol?d (participle past)
*þolōn (alternative)

desctree

Old English: þolian
Middle English: þolien
Scots: thole
English: thole

Old Frisian: tholia

Old Saxon: tholōn, tholoian, tholian
Middle Low German: dōlen
⇒ Middle Low German: dulden, dülden
German Low German: dülden

Old Dutch: tholon
Middle Dutch: dōlen

Old High German: dolēn, dolōn
Middle High German: doln
Alemannic German: tole
German: dolen
Luxembourgish: dëllen
⇒ Old High German: dulten
Middle High German: dulden
German: dulden


sparēn

sparēn (infinitive)
sparēnijas (genitive infinitive)
sparēnijē (dative infinitive)
sparēniju (infinitive instrumental)
sparē (first-person present singular)
spar?dā (first-person past singular)
sparēs (present second-person singular)
spar?dēs (past second-person singular)
sparēþ (present singular third-person)
spar?dē (past singular third-person)
spar?dā (past singular third-person)
sparēm (first-person plural present)
spar?dum (first-person past plural)
sparēþ (plural present second-person)
spar?dud (past plural second-person)
sparēnþ (plural present third-person)
spar?dun (past plural third-person)
spar?dī (first-person past singular)
spar?dī (past second-person singular)
sparē (present singular third-person)
spar?dī (past singular third-person)
spar?dīm (first-person past plural)
spar?dīd (past plural second-person)
sparēn (plural present third-person)
spar?dīn (past plural third-person)
sparē (present singular)
sparēþ (plural present)
sparēndī (participle present)
spar?d (participle past)

Old English: sparian

Middle English: sparien, sparen

Scots: spar, spair

English: spare

Old Frisian: sparia, spara

Saterland Frisian: spoarje

West Frisian: sparje

Old Saxon: sparōn

Middle Low German: sparen

German Low German: sparen

Old Dutch: *sparon
Middle Dutch: spāren
Dutch: sparen
Afrikaans: spaar
Negerhollands: spaar, spaer
→ Caribbean Javanese: separ, nyepar
→ Papiamentu: spar, spaar

Old High German: sparēn, sparōn

Middle High German: sparn

German: sparen

Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)

Esperanto: ŝpari

Luxembourgish: spueren

→ Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare

Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià

Neapolitan: sparagnà

Sicilian: sparagnari

Padanian:

Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier

Lombard: spargnar, sparmir

Piedmontese: spargné

Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franc-Comtois: éparmaî

Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar

Valdôtain: éparmir

Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer

⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer

desc

Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner

French: épargner

Walloon: spârgnî

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: esparnhar

From Proto-Germanic *sparāną. Equivalent to *spar (“sparing, frugal”) + *-ēn.


sandijan

sandijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sandijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sandijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sandijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sandiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sandidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sandisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sandidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sandidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sandiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sandidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sandidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sandijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sandidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sandiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sandidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sandijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sandidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sandijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sandidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sandijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sandidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sandijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sandidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sandijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sandidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sandijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sandidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sandijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sandidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sandi (class-1 present singular weak)
sandiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sandijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sandid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sendan

Middle English: senden

Scots: send

English: send

→ Esperanto: sendi

Old Frisian: senda

Saterland Frisian: seende

West Frisian: seine

Old Saxon: sendian

Middle Low German: senden

Low German: senden, sengen, sennen

desctree

Old Dutch: senden
Middle Dutch: senden
Dutch: zenden
Limburgish: zènje

Old High German: sendan, senten

Middle High German: senden

German: senden

Luxembourgish: senden


mānōþ

mānōþ (nominative singular)
mānōþi (nominative plural)
mānōþu (accusative singular)
mānōþi (accusative plural)
mānōþi (genitive singular)
mānōþō (genitive plural)
mānōþi (dative singular)
mānōþum (dative plural)
mānōþi (instrumental singular)
mānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōnaþ, mōnoþ, mōnað — edh spelling
Middle English: moneth, moneþ, month, monthe, monþ, monæþ (Early Middle English)
English: month
Scots: moneth

Old Frisian: mōnath

North Frisian: muunt

Saterland Frisian: Mound

West Frisian: moanne

Old Saxon: mānuth
Middle Low German: mānet, mānt
Low German: Maand (Northern Germany), Maond (Westphalia)
Plautdietsch: Moonat

Old Dutch: *mānoth

Middle Dutch: mānet, maent

Dutch: maand
Afrikaans: maand
Jersey Dutch: mânt, mônt, mönt
Negerhollands: maent, maand

Old High German: mānōd

Middle High German: mānōt

Cimbrian: maanont

German: Monat

→ Yiddish: מאָנאַט (monat)

Luxembourgish: Mount


ahtō

Old English: eahta, æhta — Anglian, ehta — West Saxon, ahta
Middle English: eighte, eight, eiȝt, eiȝte, eyȝt, ahte, eahte, ehhte, ehte (Early Middle English), aghte, aucht, aughte (Northern)
English: eight
Sranan Tongo: aiti
Scots: echt, aucht
Yola: ayght, aught

Old Frisian: achta, echta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt and Wiedingharde: aacht
Helgoland: ach
Mooring: oocht
Saterland Frisian: oachte, oacht, oage, oa (in expressions)
West Frisian: acht

Old Saxon: ahto, achto, ahte, achte
Middle Low German: achte, acht
Low German: acht
Dutch Low Saxon: acht
German Low German: acht

Old Dutch: ahto

Middle Dutch: achte, acht
Dutch: acht
Afrikaans: agt, ag
Berbice Creole Dutch: akti
Jersey Dutch: āxt
Negerhollands: acht, agt, ak
Skepi Creole Dutch: akt
→ Sranan Tongo: acht
Limburgish: ach
Zealandic: acht

Old High German: ahto
Middle High German: ahte
Alemannic German: acht, ocht, àcht
Swabian: achd
Bavarian: achde
Cimbrian: achte
Mòcheno: òcht
Central Franconian: aach, aacht (Moselle Franconian), ach (Limburgan Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: acht
Luxembourgish: aacht
East Central German: achte
Vilamovian: aocht
East Franconian:
German: acht
Rhine Franconian: acht
Frankfurterisch: [ɑxt], [ɔxt], [axt]
Pennsylvania German: acht, achde
Yiddish: אַכט (akht)
Zipser German: åcht, acht


þrau

þrau (nominative singular)
þrawō (nominative plural)
þrawā (accusative singular)
þrawā (accusative plural)
þrawā (genitive singular)
þrawō (genitive plural)
þrawē (dative singular)
þrawōm (dative plural)
þraum (dative plural)
þrau (instrumental singular)
þrawōm (instrumental plural)
þraum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrēa

English: throw, throe

Old Saxon: *thrā

Old Saxon: thrāwerk (“pain”)

Old High German: drawa, drowa, drōa

Middle High German: drowe, drouwe, drō


swā

Old English: swā

Middle English: swa, sa, swo, so

English: so

Scots: swa, sa, swae, sae

Old Frisian: sā

Saterland Frisian: so

West Frisian: sa

Old Saxon: sō

Middle Low German: swê, swî, swô

Low German: so, soo, sou, sau

Old Dutch: sō
Middle Dutch: sô
Dutch: zo
Limburgish: zoe, zoea

Old High German: sō

Middle High German: sō

Central Franconian: su, so

Luxembourgish: sou

German: so


swā

Old English: swā

Middle English: so, swo

English: so

Old Frisian: sā

West Frisian: sa

Old Saxon: sō

Middle Low German: swê, swô

Low German: so

Old Dutch: sō

Middle Dutch: so

Dutch: zo

Old High German: sō

German: so


aij

aij (nominative singular)
aijiʀu (nominative plural)
aij (accusative singular)
aijiʀu (accusative plural)
aijiʀi (genitive singular)
aijiʀō (genitive plural)
aijiʀi (dative singular)
aijiʀum (dative plural)
aijiʀi (instrumental singular)
aijiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣġ, ǣġer — combining form
Middle English: ey, ay, aye, ei, eye, eyȝ, æȝ (Early Middle English)
English: ey (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)
English: Cockney

Old Frisian: *ei, *ai

Saterland Frisian: Oai

West Frisian: aei, aai

Old Saxon: ei, eig, egg
Middle Low German: ei, egg, eig
Low German:
German Low German: Ei
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Egg
Märkisch: Ägg
Ravensbergisch: Åich
Sauerländisch: Ai
Westmünsterländisch: Äi
Plautdietsch: Ei

Old Dutch: ei

Middle Dutch: ei, ey
Dutch: ei
Afrikaans: eier
Berbice Creole Dutch: airi
Jersey Dutch: āi
Negerhollands: ee, eiu, eyu, eju
Limburgish: ei

Old High German: ei
Middle High German: ei
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Oi
Bavarian: Oa
Mòcheno: oi
Central Franconian: Ei, Ää, Aai
Hunsrik: Eu
Luxembourgish: Ee
German: Ei
Vilamovian: e
Yiddish: איי (ey)


glauw

glauw (masculine nominative singular)
glauwu (feminine nominative singular)
glauw (neuter nominative singular)
glauwanā (accusative masculine singular)
glauwā (accusative feminine singular)
glauw (accusative neuter singular)
glauwas (genitive masculine singular)
glauweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
glauwas (genitive neuter singular)
glauwumē (dative masculine singular)
glauweʀē (dative feminine singular)
glauwumē (dative neuter singular)
glauwu (instrumental masculine singular)
glauweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
glauwu (instrumental neuter singular)
glauwē (masculine nominative plural)
glauwō (feminine nominative plural)
glauwu (neuter nominative plural)
glauwā (accusative masculine plural)
glauwā (accusative feminine plural)
glauwu (accusative neuter plural)
glauweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
glauweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
glauweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
glauwēm (dative masculine plural)
glauwum (dative masculine plural)
glauwēm (dative feminine plural)
glauwum (dative feminine plural)
glauwēm (dative neuter plural)
glauwum (dative neuter plural)
glauwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
glauwum (instrumental masculine plural)
glauwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
glauwum (feminine instrumental plural)
glauwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
glauwum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: glēaw

Middle English: gleaw, glæu, gleu, glew

Old Saxon: glau

Old Dutch: *glao

Dutch: glouw, glooi (dialectal)

Old High German: glou, glau, klau

Middle High German: *glou (in glouheit)

German: glau (dialectal)


bleuwan

bleuwan (infinitive)
bleuwannjas (genitive infinitive)
bleuwannjē (dative infinitive)
bleuwannju (infinitive instrumental)
bleuwu (first-person present singular)
blauw (first-person past singular)
bliuwiʀi (present second-person singular)
bluwī (past second-person singular)
bliuwidi (present singular third-person)
blauw (past singular third-person)
bleuwum (first-person plural present)
bluwum (first-person past plural)
bliuwid (plural present second-person)
bluwud (past plural second-person)
bleuwand (plural present third-person)
bluwun (past plural third-person)
bleuwē (first-person present singular)
bluwī (first-person past singular)
bleuwēs (present second-person singular)
bleuwē (present singular third-person)
bluwī (past singular third-person)
bleuwēm (first-person plural present)
bluwīm (first-person past plural)
bleuwēþ (plural present second-person)
bluwīd (past plural second-person)
bleuwēn (plural present third-person)
bluwīn (past plural third-person)
bliuw (present singular)
bliuwid (plural present)
bleuwandī (participle present)
blowan (participle past)

Old Saxon: bliuwan

Middle Low German: blǖwen, bluwen

→ Middle English: blēwe, northern and East Midlands blowe, blaw

Scots: blaw

English: blow

Old Dutch: *bliuwan
Middle Dutch: blouwen
Dutch: blouwen

Old High German: bliuwan

desc

Middle High German: bliuwen, blūwen, blouwen, bliugen, pliuwen, pliugen

German: bleuen, bläuen


skūwō

skūō (nominative singular)
skūan (nominative plural)
skūan (accusative singular)
skūan (accusative plural)
skūini (genitive singular)
skūan (genitive singular)
skūanō (genitive plural)
skūini (dative singular)
skūan (dative singular)
skūm (dative plural)
skūini (instrumental singular)
skūan (instrumental singular)
skūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċūwa, sċūa

Old High German: skūwo, skūo


snīþan

snīþan (infinitive)
snīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
snīþannjē (dative infinitive)
snīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
snīþu (first-person present singular)
snaiþ (first-person past singular)
snīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
snidī (past second-person singular)
snīþidi (present singular third-person)
snaiþ (past singular third-person)
snīþum (first-person plural present)
snidum (first-person past plural)
snīþid (plural present second-person)
snidud (past plural second-person)
snīþand (plural present third-person)
snidun (past plural third-person)
snīþē (first-person present singular)
snidī (first-person past singular)
snīþēs (present second-person singular)
snīþē (present singular third-person)
snidī (past singular third-person)
snīþēm (first-person plural present)
snidīm (first-person past plural)
snīþēþ (plural present second-person)
snidīd (past plural second-person)
snīþēn (plural present third-person)
snidīn (past plural third-person)
snīþ (present singular)
snīþid (plural present)
snīþandī (participle present)
snidan (participle past)

Old English: snīþan

Middle English: snithen

English: snithe

⇒ English: snide

Old Frisian: snītha

Saterland Frisian: sniede

West Frisian: snije

Old Saxon: snīthan

Middle Low German: snîden

German Low German: snieden

Low German: snieden

desctree

Old Dutch: snīthan
Middle Dutch: sniden
Dutch: snijden, snijen (dialectal)
Afrikaans: sny
Limburgish: snieje

Old High German: snīdan

Middle High German: snīden

German: schneiden

Luxembourgish: schneiden

Yiddish: שנײַדן (shnaydn)


anabeudan

anabeudan (infinitive)
anabeudannjas (genitive infinitive)
anabeudannjē (dative infinitive)
anabeudannju (infinitive instrumental)
anabeudu (first-person present singular)
anabaud (first-person past singular)
anabiudiʀi (present second-person singular)
anabudī (past second-person singular)
anabiudidi (present singular third-person)
anabaud (past singular third-person)
anabeudum (first-person plural present)
anabudum (first-person past plural)
anabiudid (plural present second-person)
anabudud (past plural second-person)
anabeudand (plural present third-person)
anabudun (past plural third-person)
anabeudē (first-person present singular)
anabudī (first-person past singular)
anabeudēs (present second-person singular)
anabeudē (present singular third-person)
anabudī (past singular third-person)
anabeudēm (first-person plural present)
anabudīm (first-person past plural)
anabeudēþ (plural present second-person)
anabudīd (past plural second-person)
anabeudēn (plural present third-person)
anabudīn (past plural third-person)
anabiud (present singular)
anabiudid (plural present)
anabeudandī (participle present)
anabodan (participle past)

Old English: onbēodan

Old Saxon: anbiodan

From Proto-Germanic *anabeudaną. Equivalent to *ana- + *beudan.

(North Sea Germanic) to command, order, instruct


beudan

beudan (infinitive)
beudannjas (genitive infinitive)
beudannjē (dative infinitive)
beudannju (infinitive instrumental)
beudu (first-person present singular)
baud (first-person past singular)
biudiʀi (present second-person singular)
budī (past second-person singular)
biudidi (present singular third-person)
baud (past singular third-person)
beudum (first-person plural present)
budum (first-person past plural)
biudid (plural present second-person)
budud (past plural second-person)
beudand (plural present third-person)
budun (past plural third-person)
beudē (first-person present singular)
budī (first-person past singular)
beudēs (present second-person singular)
beudē (present singular third-person)
budī (past singular third-person)
beudēm (first-person plural present)
budīm (first-person past plural)
beudēþ (plural present second-person)
budīd (past plural second-person)
beudēn (plural present third-person)
budīn (past plural third-person)
biud (present singular)
biudid (plural present)
beudandī (participle present)
bodan (participle past)

Old English: bēodan

Middle English: beden

Scots: bid, bede

English: bid, bede

Old Frisian: biāda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bad
Halligen: biide
Mooring: biidje
Saterland Frisian: biada, bjoode
West Frisian: biede

Old Saxon: biodan

Middle Low German: bēden

Low German: bieden, beden

Old Dutch: biedan
Middle Dutch: bieden
Dutch: bieden
Limburgish: beje, bijje

Old High German: biotan, piotan

Middle High German: bieten

German: bieten

Luxembourgish: bidden


wōpijan

wōpijan (infinitive)
wōpijannjas (genitive infinitive)
wōpijannjē (dative infinitive)
wōpijannju (infinitive instrumental)
wōpiju (first-person present singular)
weōp (first-person past singular)
wōpiʀi (present second-person singular)
weōpī (past second-person singular)
wōpidi (present singular third-person)
weōp (past singular third-person)
wōpijum (first-person plural present)
weōpum (first-person past plural)
wōpid (plural present second-person)
weōpud (past plural second-person)
wōpijand (plural present third-person)
weōpun (past plural third-person)
wōpijē (first-person present singular)
weōpī (first-person past singular)
wōpijēs (present second-person singular)
wōpijē (present singular third-person)
weōpī (past singular third-person)
wōpijēm (first-person plural present)
weōpīm (first-person past plural)
wōpijēþ (plural present second-person)
weōpīd (past plural second-person)
wōpijēn (plural present third-person)
weōpīn (past plural third-person)
wōpī (present singular)
wōpid (plural present)
wōpijandī (participle present)
wōpan (participle past)

Old English: wēpan

Middle English: wepen

Scots: wep, wepe, weip

English: weep

Old Frisian: wēpa

Saterland Frisian: wapia

Old Saxon: wōpian

Middle Low German: wōpen

Old Dutch: wuopan

desc

Old High German: wuofan, wuoffan, wuofen

Middle High German: wuofen, wüefen


wurkijan

wurkijan (infinitive)
wurkijannjas (genitive infinitive)
wurkijannjē (dative infinitive)
wurkijannju (infinitive instrumental)
wurkiju (first-person present singular)
worhtā (first-person past singular)
wurkisi (present second-person singular)
worhtēs (past second-person singular)
worhtōs (past second-person singular)
wurkiþi (present singular third-person)
worhtē (past singular third-person)
worhtā (past singular third-person)
wurkijum (first-person plural present)
worhtum (first-person past plural)
wurkiþ (plural present second-person)
worhtud (past plural second-person)
wurkijanþ (plural present third-person)
worhtun (past plural third-person)
wurkijē (first-person present singular)
worhtī (first-person past singular)
wurkijēs (present second-person singular)
worhtī (past second-person singular)
wurkijē (present singular third-person)
worhtī (past singular third-person)
wurkijēm (first-person plural present)
worhtīm (first-person past plural)
wurkijēþ (plural present second-person)
worhtīd (past plural second-person)
wurkijēn (plural present third-person)
worhtīn (past plural third-person)
wurki (present singular)
wurkiþ (plural present)
wurkijandī (participle present)
worht (participle past)

Old English: wyrċan

Middle English: werken, worken, worchen

English: work

Old Frisian: werka

West Frisian: werke

Old Saxon: workian, wurkian

Old High German: wurken

Middle High German: werken, würken


hauʀijan

hauʀijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hauʀijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hauʀijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hauʀijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hauʀiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hauʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hauʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hauʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hauʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hauʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hauʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hauʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hauʀijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hauʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hauʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hauʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hauʀijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hauʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hauʀijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hauʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hauʀijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hauʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hauʀijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hauʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hauʀijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hauʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hauʀijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hauʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hauʀijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hauʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hauʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
hauʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hauʀijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hauʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: hīeran, hīran — Early West Saxon, hȳran — Late West Saxon, hēran — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: heren
English: hear
Scots: her, hear
Yola: hert (preterite)

Old Frisian: hēra, heera
Saterland Frisian: here
West Frisian: hearre

Old Saxon: hōrian

Middle Low German: hōren

Low German: hören, heuren, höörn

Plautdietsch: hieren

Old Dutch: *hōren

Middle Dutch: hôren
Dutch: horen
Afrikaans: hoor
Berbice Creole Dutch: horo
Jersey Dutch: hôre
Negerhollands: hoor
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hoor (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: hoar
Limburgish: huuere, heure

Old High German: hōren
Middle High German: hœren
Bavarian: hearn
Cimbrian: hòrran, höarn (Luserna)
Central Franconian: hüre, hiere (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: heere
Luxembourgish: héieren
German: hören
Vilamovian: hüchia
Yiddish: הערן (hern)


þankijan

þankijan (infinitive)
þankijannjas (genitive infinitive)
þankijannjē (dative infinitive)
þankijannju (infinitive instrumental)
þankiju (first-person present singular)
þą̄htā (first-person past singular)
þankisi (present second-person singular)
þą̄htēs (past second-person singular)
þą̄htōs (past second-person singular)
þankiþi (present singular third-person)
þą̄htē (past singular third-person)
þą̄htā (past singular third-person)
þankijum (first-person plural present)
þą̄htum (first-person past plural)
þankiþ (plural present second-person)
þą̄htud (past plural second-person)
þankijanþ (plural present third-person)
þą̄htun (past plural third-person)
þankijē (first-person present singular)
þą̄htī (first-person past singular)
þankijēs (present second-person singular)
þą̄htī (past second-person singular)
þankijē (present singular third-person)
þą̄htī (past singular third-person)
þankijēm (first-person plural present)
þą̄htīm (first-person past plural)
þankijēþ (plural present second-person)
þą̄htīd (past plural second-person)
þankijēn (plural present third-person)
þą̄htīn (past plural third-person)
þanki (present singular)
þankiþ (plural present)
þankijandī (participle present)
þą̄ht (participle past)

Old English: þenċan, þenċean
Middle English: thinken, thenchen, thenken, thynken, thinke, think
English: think
Scots: think, thynk

Old Frisian: thenka

desc

North Frisian: teenk, taanke, tanke, tånke

Saterland Frisian: toanke

West Frisian: tinke

desctree

Old Saxon: thenkian
Middle Low German: denken
Low German: denken, dinken
→ Old Norse: þenkja
Icelandic: þenkja
Faroese: teinkja
Norwegian Nynorsk: tenke, tenka, tenkje, tenkja
Norwegian Bokmål: tenke
Old Swedish: þænkia
Swedish: tänka
Old Danish: thænkæ
Danish: tænke
Elfdalian: taintja
Gutnish: tänke
Scanian: tæńḱa
→ Polabian: denkot

Old Dutch: thenken
Middle Dutch: denken
Dutch: denken, (dialectal) dinken
Afrikaans: dink, denk
Jersey Dutch: dänke
Negerhollands: denk, dink, diṅk, diṅg, diṅ
→ Aukan: denki
→ Sranan Tongo: denki
→ Caribbean Javanese: dèngki
→ Saramaccan: tínga
Limburgish: dinke

Old High German: denken, thenken
Middle High German: denken
Alemannic German: tenke
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: dénkhan
Mòcheno: denken
German: denken
Yiddish: דענקען (denken)

etymon

*þankijan


þunkijan

þunkijan (infinitive)
þunkijannjas (genitive infinitive)
þunkijannjē (dative infinitive)
þunkijannju (infinitive instrumental)
þunkiju (first-person present singular)
þų̄htā (first-person past singular)
þunkisi (present second-person singular)
þų̄htēs (past second-person singular)
þų̄htōs (past second-person singular)
þunkiþi (present singular third-person)
þų̄htē (past singular third-person)
þų̄htā (past singular third-person)
þunkijum (first-person plural present)
þų̄htum (first-person past plural)
þunkiþ (plural present second-person)
þų̄htud (past plural second-person)
þunkijanþ (plural present third-person)
þų̄htun (past plural third-person)
þunkijē (first-person present singular)
þų̄htī (first-person past singular)
þunkijēs (present second-person singular)
þų̄htī (past second-person singular)
þunkijē (present singular third-person)
þų̄htī (past singular third-person)
þunkijēm (first-person plural present)
þų̄htīm (first-person past plural)
þunkijēþ (plural present second-person)
þų̄htīd (past plural second-person)
þunkijēn (plural present third-person)
þų̄htīn (past plural third-person)
þunki (present singular)
þunkiþ (plural present)
þunkijandī (participle present)
þų̄ht (participle past)

Old English: þyncan, þynċean

desc

Middle English: thynken, thunken, thunchen

Scots: think, me-think

English: think (“to seem”), methinks

Old Frisian: thinka, thinza, thinsza, tinsa

Saterland Frisian: tinke

West Frisian: tinckje, tinkje

Old Saxon: thunkian

Middle Low German: dünken, dunken

Low German: dünken

desctree

Old Dutch: thunken
Middle Dutch: dunken
Dutch: dunken
Limburgish: dönke

Old High German: dunken

Middle High German: dunken, tunken

German: dünken

Luxembourgish: dénken


lattjan

lattjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lattjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lattjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lattjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lattju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lattā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
latisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lattēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lattōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
latiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lattē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lattā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lattjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lattum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
latiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lattud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lattjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lattun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lattjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lattī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lattjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lattī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lattjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lattī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lattjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lattīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lattjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lattīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lattjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lattīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lati (class-1 present singular weak)
latiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lattjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
latt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: lettan

Middle English: letten

English: let

Scots: lat

Old Frisian: letta

Saterland Frisian: lätte

West Frisian: lette

Old Saxon: lettian

Middle Low German: letten

German Low German: letten

Old Dutch: *letten

Middle Dutch: letten

Dutch: letten

Afrikaans: let

Old High German: lezzen

Middle High German: lezen, letzen

German: letzen

desc

⇒ Middle High German: ferletzen, verletzen

German: verletzen

From Proto-Germanic *latjaną. Equivalent to *lat (“slow, lazy”) + *-jan.


traddjan

traddjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
traddjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
traddjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
traddjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
traddju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
traddā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tradisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
traddēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
traddōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tradiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
traddē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
traddā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
traddjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
traddum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tradiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
traddud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
traddjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
traddun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
traddjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
traddī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
traddjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
traddī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
traddjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
traddī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
traddjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
traddīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
traddjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
traddīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
traddjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
traddīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tradi (class-1 present singular weak)
tradiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
traddjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
tradd (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: treddan

Middle English: tredden

Old Saxon: *treddian

Middle Low German: tredden

Old Dutch: *tredden

Middle Dutch: tredden

Old High German: tretten

Middle High German: tretten


kwaddjan

kwaddjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kwaddjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kwaddjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kwaddjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kwaddju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kwaddā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kwadisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kwaddēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwaddōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwadiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kwaddē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwaddā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwaddjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kwaddum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kwadiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kwaddud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kwaddjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kwaddun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kwaddjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kwaddī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kwaddjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kwaddī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwaddjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kwaddī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwaddjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kwaddīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kwaddjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kwaddīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kwaddjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kwaddīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kwadi (class-1 present singular weak)
kwadiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kwaddjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kwadd (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: queddian

desctree

Old Dutch: quedden
Middle Dutch: quedden
Dutch: kwedden

Old High German: quetten


kwalljan

kwalljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kwalljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kwalljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kwalljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kwallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kwaldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kwalisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kwaldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwaldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwaliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kwaldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwaldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwalljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kwaldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kwaliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kwaldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kwalljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kwaldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kwalljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kwaldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kwalljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kwaldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kwalljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kwaldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kwalljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kwaldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kwalljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kwaldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kwalljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kwaldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kwali (class-1 present singular weak)
kwaliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kwalljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kwald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cwellan
Middle English: quellen, cwellen, quell, quelle, qwell, qwelle, cwellenn (Ormulum)
English: quell
Scots: quell, quel

Old Saxon: quellian

q

Old Dutch: *quellen, quelen (attested as a weak verb quelen without the geminate -ll-)

Middle Dutch: quellen

Dutch: kwellen

Afrikaans: kwel

Old High German: quellen

Middle High German: quellen, queln

German: quälen


dwalljan

dwalljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dwalljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dwalljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dwalljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dwallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dwaldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dwalisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dwaldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwaldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwaliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dwaldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwaldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwalljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dwaldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dwaliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dwaldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dwalljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dwaldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dwalljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dwaldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dwalljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dwaldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwalljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dwaldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwalljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dwaldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dwalljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dwaldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dwalljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dwaldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dwali (class-1 present singular weak)
dwaliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dwalljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dwald (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: dwellan
Middle English: dwellen, duell, duelle, dwel, dwell, dwelle, dwellyn, dweylle
English: dwell
Scots: dwall

Old Saxon: *dwellian

Old Dutch: *dwellen

Middle Dutch: dwellen

Limburgish: dwelle

Old High German: twellen

Middle High German: twellen


salljan

salljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
salljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
salljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
salljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
salisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
salljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
saliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
salljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
salljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
salljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
salljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
salljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
salljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
salljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sali (class-1 present singular weak)
saliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
salljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sellan, siellan, syllan
Middle English: sellen
English: sell
→ Dutch: sellen
Scots: sell

Old Frisian: sella

North Frisian: selle

Old Saxon: sellian (“to offer, give”)

Middle Low German: sellen

Low German: sellen

Old Dutch: *sellen

Middle Dutch: sellen

Old High German: sellen (“to hand over, betray”)
Middle High German: sellen
German: sellen (obsolete)


stalljan

stalljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stalljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stalljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stalljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
staldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stalisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
staldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
staldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stalljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
staldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
staliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
staldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stalljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
staldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stalljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
staldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stalljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
staldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stalljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
staldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stalljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
staldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stalljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
staldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stalljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
staldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stali (class-1 present singular weak)
staliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stalljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: stiellan, stellan — Anglian
Middle English: stellen
Scots: stell
English: stell

Old Frisian: *stella (attested in stelling)

Saterland Frisian: staale (through confluence with Old Frisian stallia)

West Frisian: stelle

Old Saxon: stellian
Middle Low German: stellen
Low German: stellen
→ Old Swedish: stælla
Swedish: ställa
→ Finnish: tällätä, ⇒ tälläytyä
→ Danish: stille
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stille
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stilla

Old Dutch: *stellen

Middle Dutch: stellen

Dutch: stellen

Afrikaans: stel

Old High German: stalljan, stellen

Middle High German: stellen

Bavarian: stäin, stön, stölln

German: stellen

Luxembourgish: stellen

Yiddish: שטעלן (shteln)

From Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, place”)

der

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


talljan

talljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
talljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
talljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
talljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
tallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
talisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
talljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
talljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
talljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
talljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
talljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
talljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
talljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
talljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tali (class-1 present singular weak)
taliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
talljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
tald (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: tellan
Middle English: tellen
English: tell
Scots: tell
Yola: tolth, told (preterite)

Old Frisian: tella

Saterland Frisian: tälle

West Frisian: telle

Old Saxon: tellian, tallian
Middle Low German: tellen
Low German: tellen

Old Dutch: tellen
Middle Dutch: tellen
Dutch: tellen
Limburgish: tèlle

Old High German: zellen, zellan
Middle High German: zellen, zeln
Bavarian: zäihn, zöhln, zöhn
Central Franconian: zälle, zähle, zeahle
Luxembourgish: zielen
Cimbrian: zelan
German: zählen
Yiddish: ציילן (tseyln)

From Proto-Germanic *taljaną. Equivalent to *tal (“number, amount”) + *-jan.


walljan

walljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
walljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
walljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
walljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
waldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
walisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
waldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
waldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
waliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
waldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
waldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
walljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
waldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
waliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
waldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
walljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
waldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
walljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
waldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
walljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
waldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
walljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
waldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
walljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
waldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
walljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
waldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
walljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
waldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wali (class-1 present singular weak)
waliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
walljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *welian

Middle Low German: wēlen

Low German: wählen (perhaps influenced by High German)

Old Dutch: wellen

Old High German: wellen (inflected welit etc.)

Middle High German: weln, welen, wellen

Bavarian: wäihn, wöhln, wöhn

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Wahl</i>

German: wählen (influenced by Wahl)

→ Low German: wählen

Luxembourgish: wielen


sāmō

sāmō (nominative singular)
sāman (nominative plural)
sāman (accusative singular)
sāman (accusative plural)
sāmini (genitive singular)
sāman (genitive singular)
sāmanō (genitive plural)
sāmini (dative singular)
sāman (dative singular)
sāmum (dative plural)
sāmini (instrumental singular)
sāman (instrumental singular)
sāmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: sāmo

Middle Low German: sāme

desctree

Old High German: sāmo
Middle High German: sāme, saume
Cimbrian: zamo
German: Samen, Same (now rare)
→ Japanese: ザーメン (zāmen)
Hunsrik: Some
Luxembourgish: Som
Vilamovian: zöma
Yiddish: זוימען (zoymen) (< saume)

From Proto-Germanic *sēmô; equivalent to *sāan + *-mō.


iʀ

iʀ (masculine nominative singular)
sī (feminine nominative singular)
siu (feminine nominative singular)
siju (feminine nominative singular)
it (neuter nominative singular)
sī (masculine nominative plural)
siu (masculine nominative plural)
siju (masculine nominative plural)
sī (feminine nominative plural)
siu (feminine nominative plural)
siju (feminine nominative plural)
sī (neuter nominative plural)
siu (neuter nominative plural)
siju (neuter nominative plural)
inā (accusative masculine singular)
sī (accusative feminine singular)
siu (accusative feminine singular)
siju (accusative feminine singular)
it (accusative neuter singular)
sī (accusative masculine plural)
siu (accusative masculine plural)
siju (accusative masculine plural)
sī (accusative feminine plural)
siu (accusative feminine plural)
siju (accusative feminine plural)
sī (accusative neuter plural)
siu (accusative neuter plural)
siju (accusative neuter plural)
es (genitive masculine singular)
eʀu (feminine genitive singular)
es (genitive neuter singular)
eʀō (genitive masculine plural)
eʀō (feminine genitive plural)
eʀō (genitive neuter plural)
imai? (dative masculine singular)
eʀu(i?) (dative feminine singular)
imai? (dative neuter singular)
im (dative masculine plural)
im (dative feminine plural)
im (dative neuter plural)

Old English: ī- (“self; same”, prefix)

Old Frisian: -er, -ere
Saterland Frisian: er
West Frisian: er

Old High German: ēr

Middle High German: ër

Alemannic German: er, är, aer, er, ër

Swabian: er, ear

Bavarian: er

desc

Cimbrian: èar, ar (aphetic), er (Luserna)

Mòcheno: er

Central Franconian: er

Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)

East Central German: er, ar, ea

German: er

East Franconian: er, ea, ar

Rhine Franconian: er, ér, éa

Pennsylvania German: er

Yiddish: ער (er)


hwaʀ

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

desctree

Old English: hwā
Middle English: who, ȝwo, ho, hoo, huo, quo, qwo, qwho, whoo, wo, woo, qua, wha, hwa, hwo, hwoa
English: who
Geordie English: whe
Scots: wha
Yola: fho, fo, vo

Old Frisian: hwā
West Frisian: wa

Old Saxon: hwē
Middle Low German: wê, wei, wie
Low German: we, wo, wie

Old Dutch: wie
Middle Dutch: wie
Dutch: wie
Limburgish: wae

Old High German: wër, hwër; (northern) *(h)wie

Middle High German: wër; (northern) wie, wē

Central Franconian: wä

Cimbrian: bèar, ber (Luserna)

German: wer

Yiddish: ווער (ver)


wiʀ

Old English: wē, wœ̄ — Northumbrian, wæ, ƿē
Middle English: we, ve, whe, huue, hwe, vue, wæ (Early Middle English), weo, woe, wue (Southwest Midlands)
English: we
Jamaican Creole: wi
Sranan Tongo: wi
Scots: we, oo
Yola: wough, wu, wee, we, w'

Old Frisian: wī, wē
North Frisian: wi, wü
Saterland Frisian: wie
West Frisian: wy

Old Saxon: wī
Middle Low German: wî
Low German: wir
Dutch Low Saxon: wi
German Low German: wi
Plautdietsch: wie

Old Dutch: wī
Middle Dutch: wi
Dutch: wij, we (muted)
Afrikaans: wy
Jersey Dutch: wāi
Negerhollands: wellie

Old High German: wir

Middle High German: wir
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: biar, bar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: biar
German: wir

⇒ Middle High German: mir

Alemannic German: mir, mier

Bavarian: mia

German: mir (dialectal)

Hunsrik: meer

Luxembourgish: mir, mer

Pennsylvania German: mer

Yiddish: מיר (mir)


jiʀ

Old English: ġē, gī — Northumbrian
Middle English: ye, yee, ȝe, ȝee, yeȝ, yhe, ȝhe, ge, iye, yie, ȝie, gie, hye, hie, ȝeo, geo
English: ye, yee
Scots: ȝe, ye
Yola: ye

Old Frisian: jī
North Frisian: jam, i (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: jie
West Frisian: jim, jimme

Old Saxon: gī
Middle Low German: gî, gê, î, y, ie, jê
Low German: ji, jie
Plautdietsch: jie

Old Dutch: gī
Middle Dutch: gi
Dutch: gij, jij
Afrikaans: jy
Berbice Creole Dutch: ju
Jersey Dutch: jāi
Negerhollands: joe, ju
Petjo: jij
Limburgish: geer

Old High German: ir, ier, er, aer, gi
Middle High German: ir
Alemannic German: ir
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: iar, iart (Luserna)
Mòcheno: ir
Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
Hunsrik: deer
Luxembourgish: dir
German: ihr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: dihr
Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish

From Proto-Germanic *jīz, Northwest Germanic form of *jūz.


þīn

þīn (masculine nominative singular)
þīnu (feminine nominative singular)
þīn (neuter nominative singular)
þīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
þīnā (accusative feminine singular)
þīn (accusative neuter singular)
þīnas (genitive masculine singular)
þīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þīnas (genitive neuter singular)
þīnumē (dative masculine singular)
þīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
þīnumē (dative neuter singular)
þīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
þīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
þīnē (masculine nominative plural)
þīnō (feminine nominative plural)
þīnu (neuter nominative plural)
þīnā (accusative masculine plural)
þīnā (accusative feminine plural)
þīnu (accusative neuter plural)
þīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þīnēm (dative masculine plural)
þīnum (dative masculine plural)
þīnēm (dative feminine plural)
þīnum (dative feminine plural)
þīnēm (dative neuter plural)
þīnum (dative neuter plural)
þīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
þīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
þīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þīnum (instrumental neuter plural)
ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: þīn
Middle English: þin, þine, þyn, þyne, thin, thine, thyn, thyne, þinne, thyen, theyn, tin, tine, yin
English: thine (determiner)
⇒ Middle English: þi, they, thi, thy, ti, ty, þei, þey, þhi, þy, yi, yhi (apocopated variant)
English: thy

Old Frisian: thīn

West Frisian: dyn

Old Saxon: thīn

Old Dutch: thīn
Middle Dutch: dijn
Dutch: dijn
Limburgish: dien

Old High German: dīn, thin
Middle High German: dīn
Alemannic German: diin, dyn
Bavarian: dei
Cimbrian: dain, doi (Luserna)
German: dein
Hunsrik: dein
Luxembourgish: däin
Yiddish: דײַן (dayn)


sīn

sīn (masculine nominative singular)
sīnu (feminine nominative singular)
sīn (neuter nominative singular)
sīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
sīnā (accusative feminine singular)
sīn (accusative neuter singular)
sīnas (genitive masculine singular)
sīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sīnas (genitive neuter singular)
sīnumē (dative masculine singular)
sīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
sīnumē (dative neuter singular)
sīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
sīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
sīnē (masculine nominative plural)
sīnō (feminine nominative plural)
sīnu (neuter nominative plural)
sīnā (accusative masculine plural)
sīnā (accusative feminine plural)
sīnu (accusative neuter plural)
sīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sīnēm (dative masculine plural)
sīnum (dative masculine plural)
sīnēm (dative feminine plural)
sīnum (dative feminine plural)
sīnēm (dative neuter plural)
sīnum (dative neuter plural)
sīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
sīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
sīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sīnum (instrumental neuter plural)
ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: sīn

Old Frisian: sīn

Saterland Frisian: sin

West Frisian: syn

Old Saxon: sīn

Middle Low German: sîn

German Low German: sien

Low German: sien

Old Dutch: sīn
Middle Dutch: sijn
Dutch: zijn
Limburgish: zeen

Old High German: sīn

Middle High German: sīn

Alemannic German: siin

Bavarian: sei

Cimbrian: zain, soi (Luserna)

German: sein

Hunsrik: sein

Luxembourgish: säin

Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)


unkar

unkar (masculine nominative singular)
unkaru (feminine nominative singular)
unkar (neuter nominative singular)
unkaranā (accusative masculine singular)
unkarā (accusative feminine singular)
unkar (accusative neuter singular)
unkaras (genitive masculine singular)
unkareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
unkaras (genitive neuter singular)
unkarumē (dative masculine singular)
unkareʀē (dative feminine singular)
unkarumē (dative neuter singular)
unkaru (instrumental masculine singular)
unkareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
unkaru (instrumental neuter singular)
unkarē (masculine nominative plural)
unkarō (feminine nominative plural)
unkaru (neuter nominative plural)
unkarā (accusative masculine plural)
unkarā (accusative feminine plural)
unkaru (accusative neuter plural)
unkareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
unkareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
unkareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
unkarēm (dative masculine plural)
unkarum (dative masculine plural)
unkarēm (dative feminine plural)
unkarum (dative feminine plural)
unkarēm (dative neuter plural)
unkarum (dative neuter plural)
unkarēm (instrumental masculine plural)
unkarum (instrumental masculine plural)
unkarēm (feminine instrumental plural)
unkarum (feminine instrumental plural)
unkarēm (instrumental neuter plural)
unkarum (instrumental neuter plural)
ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: uncer
Middle English: unker

Old Saxon: unker

>? Old High German:

Sette Comuni Cimbrian: ögnar


gaskafti

gaskafti (nominative singular)
gaskaftī (nominative plural)
gaskafti (accusative singular)
gaskaftī (accusative plural)
gaskaftī (genitive singular)
gaskaftijō (genitive plural)
gaskaftī (dative singular)
gaskaftim (dative plural)
gaskaftijum (dative plural)
gaskaftī (instrumental singular)
gaskaftim (instrumental plural)
gaskaftijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesċeaft, ġesċæft, ġesċeft
Middle English: ȝescafte, iscefte, ishafte, ishaft

Old Saxon: giskaft

Old Dutch: *giscaft

desc

Middle Dutch: gescefte, gesceft, gescefde f or n

Old High German: giscaft

Middle High German: geschaft, gescheft

Alemannic German: Geschäft

Bavarian: Gschäft

German: Geschäft

Hunsrik: Gescheft

Luxembourgish: Geschäft

Vilamovian: gysieft

Yiddish: געשעפֿט (gesheft)


gaiʀ

gaiʀ (nominative singular)
gaiʀō (nominative plural)
gaiʀōs (nominative plural)
gaiʀ (accusative singular)
gaiʀā (accusative plural)
gaiʀas (genitive singular)
gaiʀō (genitive plural)
gaiʀē (dative singular)
gaiʀum (dative plural)
gaiʀu (instrumental singular)
gaiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: gār
Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær
⇒ Middle English: garfysche
English: garfish
Scots: gairfish

Old Frisian: *gār, gēr

Saterland Frisian: Goare

West Frisian: gear

Old Saxon: gēr

Middle Low German: gêr

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Geere, Geer

Old Dutch: *gēr
Middle Dutch: gêer
Dutch: geer

Old High German: gēr, giri
Lombardic: ger
→⇒ Italian: gherone
Middle High German: gēr
German: Ger


auʀā

auʀā (nominative singular)
auʀōn (nominative plural)
auʀā (accusative singular)
auʀōn (accusative plural)
auʀini (genitive singular)
auʀan (genitive singular)
auʀanō (genitive plural)
auʀini (dative singular)
auʀan (dative singular)
auʀum (dative plural)
auʀini (instrumental singular)
auʀan (instrumental singular)
auʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēare
Middle English: ere, eare, eere, eyr, ȝhere, here, ire, yere
English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia
Scots: ear

Old Frisian: āre
North Frisian:
Föhr: uar
Hallig, Mooring: uur
Helgoland: Uaar
Saterland Frisian: Oor
West Frisian: ear

Old Saxon: ōra
Middle Low German: ôre
Low German: Ohr
Dutch Low Saxon: oor
German Low German: Ohr, Åhr, Ahr, Or, Ur
Plautdietsch: Oa, Ua

Old Dutch: ōra
Middle Dutch: ôre
Dutch: oor
Afrikaans: oor
Jersey Dutch: ôr
Negerhollands: oor, hoor, ho
Limburgish: oear

Old High German: ōra
Middle High German: ore
Alemannic German: Oor
Bavarian: Oar
Central Franconian: Uhr, Ohr
Hunsrik: Oher
Luxembourgish: Ouer
German: Ohr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Ohr
Vilamovian: ür
Yiddish: אויער (oyer)


laiʀijan

laiʀijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
laiʀijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
laiʀijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
laiʀijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
laiʀiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laiʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laiʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laiʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laiʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laiʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laiʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laiʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laiʀijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laiʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laiʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laiʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laiʀijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laiʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laiʀijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laiʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laiʀijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laiʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laiʀijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laiʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laiʀijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laiʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laiʀijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laiʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laiʀijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laiʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laiʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
laiʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
laiʀijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
laiʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: lǣran

Middle English: leren

Scots: lere, leir

English: lear (dialectal)

Old Frisian: lēra

Saterland Frisian: leere

West Frisian: leare

Old Saxon: lērian

Middle Low German: lêren

→ Old Norse: læra

Icelandic: læra

Faroese: læra

Norwegian Nynorsk: læra

Swedish: lära

Danish: lære

Norwegian Bokmål: lære

Low German: lehren, liehren

Old Dutch: lēren
Middle Dutch: lêren
Dutch: leren
Limburgish: lieëre

Old High German: lēren
Middle High German: lēren
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: lére, leire, lerä
German: lehren
Luxembourgish: léieren


snuʀu

snuʀu (nominative singular)
snoʀō (nominative plural)
snoʀā (accusative singular)
snoʀā (accusative plural)
snoʀā (genitive singular)
snoʀō (genitive plural)
snuʀē (dative singular)
snoʀōm (dative plural)
snuʀum (dative plural)
snuʀu (instrumental singular)
snoʀōm (instrumental plural)
snuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snoru

Middle English: snore

Old Frisian: snore

West Frisian: snoar

Old Saxon: *snura, *snora

desc

Middle Low German: snare, snāre, snōre, snōr

⇒ Middle Low German: snōreke, snǖreke, snorche, snoirche, snurche, snurghe

Old Dutch: *snura

Middle Dutch: snore, snoere, snare

Dutch: snaar, snoer

Old High German: snura

Middle High German: snuor, snur

Alemannic German: Schnuer

German: Schnur (obsolete)

Luxembourgish: Schnauer

Yiddish: שנור (shnur)