krīskan

krīskan (infinitive)
krīskannjas (genitive infinitive)
krīskannjē (dative infinitive)
krīskannju (infinitive instrumental)
krīsku (first-person present singular)
kraisk (first-person past singular)
krīskiʀi (present second-person singular)
kriskī (past second-person singular)
krīskidi (present singular third-person)
kraisk (past singular third-person)
krīskum (first-person plural present)
kriskum (first-person past plural)
krīskid (plural present second-person)
kriskud (past plural second-person)
krīskand (plural present third-person)
kriskun (past plural third-person)
krīskē (first-person present singular)
kriskī (first-person past singular)
krīskēs (present second-person singular)
krīskē (present singular third-person)
kriskī (past singular third-person)
krīskēm (first-person plural present)
kriskīm (first-person past plural)
krīskēþ (plural present second-person)
kriskīd (past plural second-person)
krīskēn (plural present third-person)
kriskīn (past plural third-person)
krīsk (present singular)
krīskid (plural present)
krīskandī (participle present)
kriskan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *krīskan

desc

Middle Low German: krîschen, krissen, krisken, kreisen, krêsen

desctree

Old Dutch: *crīscan
Middle Dutch: criscen, crischen
Dutch: krijsen
Afrikaans: krys
West Frisian: krieze
⇒ West Frisian: kryskje
Limburgish: kriesje, kriese

→ Old French: crincier

Middle French: crincier

French: crincer

⇒ Old French: recrincier

⇒ Old French: crinçon

Old High German: *krīskan

Middle High German: krīschen

German: kreischen (weak, probably through merger with the causative < MHG kreischen)

Central Franconian: kriesche, kreische

Luxembourgish: kräischen

Hunsrik: kreische


mīþan

mīþan (infinitive)
mīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
mīþannjē (dative infinitive)
mīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
mīþu (first-person present singular)
maiþ (first-person past singular)
mīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
midī (past second-person singular)
mīþidi (present singular third-person)
maiþ (past singular third-person)
mīþum (first-person plural present)
midum (first-person past plural)
mīþid (plural present second-person)
midud (past plural second-person)
mīþand (plural present third-person)
midun (past plural third-person)
mīþē (first-person present singular)
midī (first-person past singular)
mīþēs (present second-person singular)
mīþē (present singular third-person)
midī (past singular third-person)
mīþēm (first-person plural present)
midīm (first-person past plural)
mīþēþ (plural present second-person)
midīd (past plural second-person)
mīþēn (plural present third-person)
midīn (past plural third-person)
mīþ (present singular)
mīþid (plural present)
mīþandī (participle present)
midan (participle past)

Old English: mīþan
Middle English: mithen

Old Frisian: mītha (in combination)

Saterland Frisian: miede

West Frisian: mije

Old Saxon: mīthan

Middle Low German: mîden

German Low German: mieden

Old Dutch: mīthan
Middle Dutch: miden
Dutch: mijden
Limburgish: mieje

Old High German: mīdan

Middle High German: mīden

German: meiden

Luxembourgish: meiden


pīpan

pīpan (infinitive)
pīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
pīpannjē (dative infinitive)
pīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
pīpu (first-person present singular)
paip (first-person past singular)
pīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
pipī (past second-person singular)
pīpidi (present singular third-person)
paip (past singular third-person)
pīpum (first-person plural present)
pipum (first-person past plural)
pīpid (plural present second-person)
pipud (past plural second-person)
pīpand (plural present third-person)
pipun (past plural third-person)
pīpē (first-person present singular)
pipī (first-person past singular)
pīpēs (present second-person singular)
pīpē (present singular third-person)
pipī (past singular third-person)
pīpēm (first-person plural present)
pipīm (first-person past plural)
pīpēþ (plural present second-person)
pipīd (past plural second-person)
pīpēn (plural present third-person)
pipīn (past plural third-person)
pīp (present singular)
pīpid (plural present)
pīpandī (participle present)
pipan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *pīpan

Middle Low German: pîpen

Low German: piepen

→ German: piepen

Old Dutch: *pīpan
Middle Dutch: pipen
Dutch: pijpen, piepen
Limburgish: piepe

Old High German: *phīfan

Middle High German: pfīfen

Alemannic German: pfife

Bavarian: pfeifn, pfeifa

Cimbrian: faifan

Central Franconian: piefe, peife

Luxembourgish: päifen

East Central German: feifen

German: pfeifen

Rhine Franconian: poife, peife, piefe

Yiddish: פֿײַפֿן (fayfn)

→ Catalan: pifiar

→ Italian: piffero, piffaro
→ English: piffero

→ Spanish: pifiar

⇒ Spanish: pifia (noun) (back-formation)
→ Portuguese: pífio

To peep, chirp, or squeak (like a bird or rodent)

To talk in a high-pitched or squeaky voice.


rīman

rīman (infinitive)
rīmannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīmannjē (dative infinitive)
rīmannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīmu (first-person present singular)
raim (first-person past singular)
rīmiʀi (present second-person singular)
rimī (past second-person singular)
rīmidi (present singular third-person)
raim (past singular third-person)
rīmum (first-person plural present)
rimum (first-person past plural)
rīmid (plural present second-person)
rimud (past plural second-person)
rīmand (plural present third-person)
rimun (past plural third-person)
rīmē (first-person present singular)
rimī (first-person past singular)
rīmēs (present second-person singular)
rīmē (present singular third-person)
rimī (past singular third-person)
rīmēm (first-person plural present)
rimīm (first-person past plural)
rīmēþ (plural present second-person)
rimīd (past plural second-person)
rīmēn (plural present third-person)
rimīn (past plural third-person)
rīm (present singular)
rīmid (plural present)
rīmandī (participle present)
riman (participle past)

Old English: rīman

Middle English: rimen

English: rime, rhyme

Scots: rime, rhyme

Old Frisian: *rīma

⇒ Saterland Frisian: riemje

West Frisian: rime, rymje

Old Saxon: *rīman

Middle Low German: rîmen

German Low German: riemen

Old Dutch: *rīman

Middle Dutch: rimen

Dutch: rijmen

→ Vulgar Latin: *rīmāre

Old French: rimer

Middle French: rimer

French: rimer

Old High German: *rīman

Middle High German: reimen

German: reimen

Luxembourgish: reimen


rīpan

rīpan (infinitive)
rīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīpannjē (dative infinitive)
rīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīpu (first-person present singular)
raip (first-person past singular)
rīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
ripī (past second-person singular)
rīpidi (present singular third-person)
raip (past singular third-person)
rīpum (first-person plural present)
ripum (first-person past plural)
rīpid (plural present second-person)
ripud (past plural second-person)
rīpand (plural present third-person)
ripun (past plural third-person)
rīpē (first-person present singular)
ripī (first-person past singular)
rīpēs (present second-person singular)
rīpē (present singular third-person)
ripī (past singular third-person)
rīpēm (first-person plural present)
ripīm (first-person past plural)
rīpēþ (plural present second-person)
ripīd (past plural second-person)
rīpēn (plural present third-person)
ripīn (past plural third-person)
rīp (present singular)
rīpid (plural present)
rīpandī (participle present)
ripan (participle past)

Old English: rīpan

Middle English: ripen


rīsan

rīsan (infinitive)
rīsannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīsannjē (dative infinitive)
rīsannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīsu (first-person present singular)
rais (first-person past singular)
rīsiʀi (present second-person singular)
riʀī (past second-person singular)
rīsidi (present singular third-person)
rais (past singular third-person)
rīsum (first-person plural present)
riʀum (first-person past plural)
rīsid (plural present second-person)
riʀud (past plural second-person)
rīsand (plural present third-person)
riʀun (past plural third-person)
rīsē (first-person present singular)
riʀī (first-person past singular)
rīsēs (present second-person singular)
rīsē (present singular third-person)
riʀī (past singular third-person)
rīsēm (first-person plural present)
riʀīm (first-person past plural)
rīsēþ (plural present second-person)
riʀīd (past plural second-person)
rīsēn (plural present third-person)
riʀīn (past plural third-person)
rīs (present singular)
rīsid (plural present)
rīsandī (participle present)
riʀan (participle past)

Old English: rīsan

Middle English: risen

Scots: rise

English: rise

Old Frisian: rīsa

Saterland Frisian: risa

Saterland Frisian: riese

West Frisian: rize

Old Saxon: rīsan

Middle Low German: rîsen

German Low German: riesen

Low German: risen

Old Dutch: *rīsan
Middle Dutch: risen
Dutch: rijzen
Limburgish: rieze

Old High German: rīsan (“to fall”)
Middle High German: rīsen (“to fall, rise”)
German: reisen (“to fall”) (obsolete or dialectal)


sīgan

sīgan (infinitive)
sīgannjas (genitive infinitive)
sīgannjē (dative infinitive)
sīgannju (infinitive instrumental)
sīgu (first-person present singular)
saig (first-person past singular)
sīgiʀi (present second-person singular)
sigī (past second-person singular)
sīgidi (present singular third-person)
saig (past singular third-person)
sīgum (first-person plural present)
sigum (first-person past plural)
sīgid (plural present second-person)
sigud (past plural second-person)
sīgand (plural present third-person)
sigun (past plural third-person)
sīgē (first-person present singular)
sigī (first-person past singular)
sīgēs (present second-person singular)
sīgē (present singular third-person)
sigī (past singular third-person)
sīgēm (first-person plural present)
sigīm (first-person past plural)
sīgēþ (plural present second-person)
sigīd (past plural second-person)
sīgēn (plural present third-person)
sigīn (past plural third-person)
sīg (present singular)
sīgid (plural present)
sīgandī (participle present)
sigan (participle past)

Old English: sīġan

Middle English: sien

English: sie, sye

Old Frisian: sīga

North Frisian: siuken

West Frisian: sige

Old Saxon: sīgan

Middle Low German: sîgen

Old Dutch: *sīgan
Middle Dutch: sigen
Dutch: zijgen
Limburgish: ziege

Old High German: sīgan

Middle High German: sīgen

German: seigen


sīhwan

sīhwan (infinitive)
sīhwannjas (genitive infinitive)
sīhwannjē (dative infinitive)
sīhwannju (infinitive instrumental)
sīhu (first-person present singular)
saihw (first-person past singular)
sīhwiʀi (present second-person singular)
siwī (past second-person singular)
sīhwidi (present singular third-person)
saihw (past singular third-person)
sīhum (first-person plural present)
sigum (first-person past plural)
sīhwid (plural present second-person)
sigud (past plural second-person)
sīhwand (plural present third-person)
sigun (past plural third-person)
sīhwē (first-person present singular)
siwī (first-person past singular)
sīhwēs (present second-person singular)
sīhwē (present singular third-person)
siwī (past singular third-person)
sīhwēm (first-person plural present)
siwīm (first-person past plural)
sīhwēþ (plural present second-person)
siwīd (past plural second-person)
sīhwēn (plural present third-person)
siwīn (past plural third-person)
sīhw (present singular)
sīhwid (plural present)
sīhwandī (participle present)
siwan (participle past)

Old English: sīon, sēon

i

Middle English: sihen, sien (merged with sīġan < Proto-Germanic *sīganą)

Scots: sye

English: sie

Old Frisian: *sīa

Old Saxon: *sīhan

Middle Low German: sîen

German Low German: sejen

desctree

Old Dutch: *sīan
Middle Dutch: siën
Dutch: zien
Afrikaans: sien
Javindo: sien, siet
Jersey Dutch: zîn, zîne
Limburgish: zeen

Old High German: sīhan

Middle High German: sīhen

German: seihen

Bavarian: siachen (southern dialect)


skītan

skītan (infinitive)
skītannjas (genitive infinitive)
skītannjē (dative infinitive)
skītannju (infinitive instrumental)
skītu (first-person present singular)
skait (first-person past singular)
skītiʀi (present second-person singular)
skitī (past second-person singular)
skītidi (present singular third-person)
skait (past singular third-person)
skītum (first-person plural present)
skitum (first-person past plural)
skītid (plural present second-person)
skitud (past plural second-person)
skītand (plural present third-person)
skitun (past plural third-person)
skītē (first-person present singular)
skitī (first-person past singular)
skītēs (present second-person singular)
skītē (present singular third-person)
skitī (past singular third-person)
skītēm (first-person plural present)
skitīm (first-person past plural)
skītēþ (plural present second-person)
skitīd (past plural second-person)
skītēn (plural present third-person)
skitīn (past plural third-person)
skīt (present singular)
skītid (plural present)
skītandī (participle present)
skitan (participle past)

Old English: sċītan
Middle English: schiten, schite, schyte, schytyn, shyte, shytyn
English: shit, shite
Scots: shit

Old Frisian: skīta

Saterland Frisian: skiete

West Frisian: skite

Old Saxon: skītan
Middle Low German: schīten
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: schieten
Plautdietsch: schieten

Old Dutch: *skītan
Middle Dutch: schiten
Dutch: schijten
Limburgish: sjiete

Old High German: skīzan

Middle High German: schīzen

German: scheißen

Hunsrik: scheise

Luxembourgish: schäissen


skrīþan

skrīþan (infinitive)
skrīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
skrīþannjē (dative infinitive)
skrīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
skrīþu (first-person present singular)
skraiþ (first-person past singular)
skrīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
skridī (past second-person singular)
skrīþidi (present singular third-person)
skraiþ (past singular third-person)
skrīþum (first-person plural present)
skridum (first-person past plural)
skrīþid (plural present second-person)
skridud (past plural second-person)
skrīþand (plural present third-person)
skridun (past plural third-person)
skrīþē (first-person present singular)
skridī (first-person past singular)
skrīþēs (present second-person singular)
skrīþē (present singular third-person)
skridī (past singular third-person)
skrīþēm (first-person plural present)
skridīm (first-person past plural)
skrīþēþ (plural present second-person)
skridīd (past plural second-person)
skrīþēn (plural present third-person)
skridīn (past plural third-person)
skrīþ (present singular)
skrīþid (plural present)
skrīþandī (participle present)
skridan (participle past)

Old English: sċrīþan

→ English: shrithe (revived)

Old Frisian: *skrītha, skrīda

Old Saxon: scrīthan, skrīdan

Middle Low German: schrîden

Low German: schrieden

Old Dutch: *scrīthan
Middle Dutch: schriden
Dutch: schrijden

Old High German: skrītan, scrītan

Middle High German: schrīten

German: schreiten


slīban

slīban (infinitive)
slībannjas (genitive infinitive)
slībannjē (dative infinitive)
slībannju (infinitive instrumental)
slību (first-person present singular)
slaib (first-person past singular)
slībiʀi (present second-person singular)
slibī (past second-person singular)
slībidi (present singular third-person)
slaib (past singular third-person)
slībum (first-person plural present)
slibum (first-person past plural)
slībid (plural present second-person)
slibud (past plural second-person)
slīband (plural present third-person)
slibun (past plural third-person)
slībē (first-person present singular)
slibī (first-person past singular)
slībēs (present second-person singular)
slībē (present singular third-person)
slibī (past singular third-person)
slībēm (first-person plural present)
slibīm (first-person past plural)
slībēþ (plural present second-person)
slibīd (past plural second-person)
slībēn (plural present third-person)
slibīn (past plural third-person)
slīb (present singular)
slībid (plural present)
slībandī (participle present)
sliban (participle past)

Old English: slīfan
Middle English: sliven; slivere, sliver
Scots: slive; scleeberie, slaiver, sliver
English: slive (obsolete); sliver

Old Saxon: *slīvan

desc

>? Middle Low German: slîven (“to ladle out, spoon in, ingest”)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“smooth, slick; sticky, slimy”), the same source as *slīm (“slime”) and *līm (“glue”). For the semantics, compare Proto-West Germanic *slīpan (“to whet, sharpen”), Old High German slīman (“to make smooth”), Proto-Celtic *limāti (“to polish, sharpen”), and Latin līma (“carpenter's file”), from the same root.


slīdan

slīdan (infinitive)
slīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
slīdannjē (dative infinitive)
slīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
slīdu (first-person present singular)
slaid (first-person past singular)
slīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
slidī (past second-person singular)
slīdidi (present singular third-person)
slaid (past singular third-person)
slīdum (first-person plural present)
slidum (first-person past plural)
slīdid (plural present second-person)
slidud (past plural second-person)
slīdand (plural present third-person)
slidun (past plural third-person)
slīdē (first-person present singular)
slidī (first-person past singular)
slīdēs (present second-person singular)
slīdē (present singular third-person)
slidī (past singular third-person)
slīdēm (first-person plural present)
slidīm (first-person past plural)
slīdēþ (plural present second-person)
slidīd (past plural second-person)
slīdēn (plural present third-person)
slidīn (past plural third-person)
slīd (present singular)
slīdid (plural present)
slīdandī (participle present)
slidan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: slīdan
Middle English: sliden, slyden, slydyn, slijden, slidyn, slithen, slide, slyde
English: slide
→ Japanese: スライド (suraido)
Scots: slide

Old Saxon: *slīdan

Middle Low German: slīden

Old Dutch: *slīdan
Middle Dutch: slīden

Old High German: slītan

Middle High German: slīten


slīkan

slīkan (infinitive)
slīkannjas (genitive infinitive)
slīkannjē (dative infinitive)
slīkannju (infinitive instrumental)
slīku (first-person present singular)
slaik (first-person past singular)
slīkiʀi (present second-person singular)
slikī (past second-person singular)
slīkidi (present singular third-person)
slaik (past singular third-person)
slīkum (first-person plural present)
slikum (first-person past plural)
slīkid (plural present second-person)
slikud (past plural second-person)
slīkand (plural present third-person)
slikun (past plural third-person)
slīkē (first-person present singular)
slikī (first-person past singular)
slīkēs (present second-person singular)
slīkē (present singular third-person)
slikī (past singular third-person)
slīkēm (first-person plural present)
slikīm (first-person past plural)
slīkēþ (plural present second-person)
slikīd (past plural second-person)
slīkēn (plural present third-person)
slikīn (past plural third-person)
slīk (present singular)
slīkid (plural present)
slīkandī (participle present)
slikan (participle past)

Old English: *slīcan
Middle English: sliken
English: slike

Old Frisian: *slīka

Saterland Frisian: slieke

Old Saxon: *slīkan

Middle Low German: slîken

German Low German: slieken

Plautdietsch: schlijken

Old High German: slīhhan

Middle High German: slīchen

German: schleichen

Luxembourgish: schläichen


smītan

smītan (infinitive)
smītannjas (genitive infinitive)
smītannjē (dative infinitive)
smītannju (infinitive instrumental)
smītu (first-person present singular)
smait (first-person past singular)
smītiʀi (present second-person singular)
smitī (past second-person singular)
smītidi (present singular third-person)
smait (past singular third-person)
smītum (first-person plural present)
smitum (first-person past plural)
smītid (plural present second-person)
smitud (past plural second-person)
smītand (plural present third-person)
smitun (past plural third-person)
smītē (first-person present singular)
smitī (first-person past singular)
smītēs (present second-person singular)
smītē (present singular third-person)
smitī (past singular third-person)
smītēm (first-person plural present)
smitīm (first-person past plural)
smītēþ (plural present second-person)
smitīd (past plural second-person)
smītēn (plural present third-person)
smitīn (past plural third-person)
smīt (present singular)
smītid (plural present)
smītandī (participle present)
smitan (participle past)

Old English: smītan

Middle English: smiten

Scots: smite, smyte

English: smite

Old Frisian: smīta

Saterland Frisian: smiete

West Frisian: smite

Old Saxon: smītan

Middle Low German: smîten

Low German: smieten

Old Dutch: *smītan
Middle Dutch: smiten
Dutch: smijten
Afrikaans: smyt
Limburgish: smiete

Old High German: smīzan

Middle High German: smīzen

German: schmeißen

Hunsrik: schmeise

Luxembourgish: schmäissen


snīkan

snīkan (infinitive)
snīkannjas (genitive infinitive)
snīkannjē (dative infinitive)
snīkannju (infinitive instrumental)
snīku (first-person present singular)
snaik (first-person past singular)
snīkiʀi (present second-person singular)
snikī (past second-person singular)
snīkidi (present singular third-person)
snaik (past singular third-person)
snīkum (first-person plural present)
snikum (first-person past plural)
snīkid (plural present second-person)
snikud (past plural second-person)
snīkand (plural present third-person)
snikun (past plural third-person)
snīkē (first-person present singular)
snikī (first-person past singular)
snīkēs (present second-person singular)
snīkē (present singular third-person)
snikī (past singular third-person)
snīkēm (first-person plural present)
snikīm (first-person past plural)
snīkēþ (plural present second-person)
snikīd (past plural second-person)
snīkēn (plural present third-person)
snikīn (past plural third-person)
snīk (present singular)
snīkid (plural present)
snīkandī (participle present)
snikan (participle past)

Old English: snīcan
Middle English: sniken
>? English: sneak, snitch
>? Scots: sneke, sneak


spīwan

spīwan (infinitive)
spīwannjas (genitive infinitive)
spīwannjē (dative infinitive)
spīwannju (infinitive instrumental)
spīwu (first-person present singular)
spaiw (first-person past singular)
spīwiʀi (present second-person singular)
spiwī (past second-person singular)
spīwidi (present singular third-person)
spaiw (past singular third-person)
spīwum (first-person plural present)
spiwum (first-person past plural)
spīwid (plural present second-person)
spiwud (past plural second-person)
spīwand (plural present third-person)
spiwun (past plural third-person)
spīwē (first-person present singular)
spiwī (first-person past singular)
spīwēs (present second-person singular)
spīwē (present singular third-person)
spiwī (past singular third-person)
spīwēm (first-person plural present)
spiwīm (first-person past plural)
spīwēþ (plural present second-person)
spiwīd (past plural second-person)
spīwēn (plural present third-person)
spiwīn (past plural third-person)
spīw (present singular)
spīwid (plural present)
spīwandī (participle present)
spiwan (participle past)

Old English: spīwan
Middle English: spewen, speouwen, spew, spewe, spiewen, spiwan, spue, spuen, spuwe
English: spew
Scots: spew

Old Frisian: spīa

Saterland Frisian: späie

West Frisian: spije

Old Saxon: spīwan
Middle Low German: spîgen, spîen, spiggen
Low German: spiien, speen
Plautdietsch: spieen

Old Dutch: *spīwan
Middle Dutch: spuwen
Dutch: spuwen, spouwen, spuien, spugen
Afrikaans: spu, spuug, spoeg
Limburgish: spieje

Old High German: spīwan

Middle High German: spīen

Alemannic German: spiiwe

German: speien

Yiddish: שפּײַען (shpayen)


splītan

splītan (infinitive)
splītannjas (genitive infinitive)
splītannjē (dative infinitive)
splītannju (infinitive instrumental)
splītu (first-person present singular)
splait (first-person past singular)
splītiʀi (present second-person singular)
splitī (past second-person singular)
splītidi (present singular third-person)
splait (past singular third-person)
splītum (first-person plural present)
splitum (first-person past plural)
splītid (plural present second-person)
splitud (past plural second-person)
splītand (plural present third-person)
splitun (past plural third-person)
splītē (first-person present singular)
splitī (first-person past singular)
splītēs (present second-person singular)
splītē (present singular third-person)
splitī (past singular third-person)
splītēm (first-person plural present)
splitīm (first-person past plural)
splītēþ (plural present second-person)
splitīd (past plural second-person)
splītēn (plural present third-person)
splitīn (past plural third-person)
splīt (present singular)
splītid (plural present)
splītandī (participle present)
splitan (participle past)

Old Frisian: splīta

Saterland Frisian: spliete

West Frisian: splite

Old Saxon: *splītan

Middle Low German: splîten

Low German: splieten

Old Dutch: splītan

Middle Dutch: spliten

Dutch: splijten

Afrikaans: splyt

→? English: split

Limburgish: spliete

Old High German: splīzan

Middle High German: splīzen

German: spleißen


sprīþan

sprīþan (infinitive)
sprīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
sprīþannjē (dative infinitive)
sprīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
sprīþu (first-person present singular)
spraiþ (first-person past singular)
sprīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
spridī (past second-person singular)
sprīþidi (present singular third-person)
spraiþ (past singular third-person)
sprīþum (first-person plural present)
spridum (first-person past plural)
sprīþid (plural present second-person)
spridud (past plural second-person)
sprīþand (plural present third-person)
spridun (past plural third-person)
sprīþē (first-person present singular)
spridī (first-person past singular)
sprīþēs (present second-person singular)
sprīþē (present singular third-person)
spridī (past singular third-person)
sprīþēm (first-person plural present)
spridīm (first-person past plural)
sprīþēþ (plural present second-person)
spridīd (past plural second-person)
sprīþēn (plural present third-person)
spridīn (past plural third-person)
sprīþ (present singular)
sprīþid (plural present)
sprīþandī (participle present)
spridan (participle past)

Old High German: *sprīdan, sprīzan (influenced by *sprittōn)

Middle High German: sprīden, sprīten


strīban

strīban (infinitive)
strībannjas (genitive infinitive)
strībannjē (dative infinitive)
strībannju (infinitive instrumental)
strību (first-person present singular)
straib (first-person past singular)
strībiʀi (present second-person singular)
stribī (past second-person singular)
strībidi (present singular third-person)
straib (past singular third-person)
strībum (first-person plural present)
stribum (first-person past plural)
strībid (plural present second-person)
stribud (past plural second-person)
strīband (plural present third-person)
stribun (past plural third-person)
strībē (first-person present singular)
stribī (first-person past singular)
strībēs (present second-person singular)
strībē (present singular third-person)
stribī (past singular third-person)
strībēm (first-person plural present)
stribīm (first-person past plural)
strībēþ (plural present second-person)
stribīd (past plural second-person)
strībēn (plural present third-person)
stribīn (past plural third-person)
strīb (present singular)
strībid (plural present)
strībandī (participle present)
striban (participle past)

Old Dutch: *strīvan
Middle Dutch: *striven
Dutch: strijven

Old High German: *strīban

Middle High German: strīben

→ Old French: estriver
French: étriver
→ Middle English: striven, strive, striwen, strife, striffe
English: strive
Yola: streu (preterite)


strīdan

strīdan (infinitive)
strīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
strīdannjē (dative infinitive)
strīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
strīdu (first-person present singular)
straid (first-person past singular)
strīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
stridī (past second-person singular)
strīdidi (present singular third-person)
straid (past singular third-person)
strīdum (first-person plural present)
stridum (first-person past plural)
strīdid (plural present second-person)
stridud (past plural second-person)
strīdand (plural present third-person)
stridun (past plural third-person)
strīdē (first-person present singular)
stridī (first-person past singular)
strīdēs (present second-person singular)
strīdē (present singular third-person)
stridī (past singular third-person)
strīdēm (first-person plural present)
stridīm (first-person past plural)
strīdēþ (plural present second-person)
stridīd (past plural second-person)
strīdēn (plural present third-person)
stridīn (past plural third-person)
strīd (present singular)
strīdid (plural present)
strīdandī (participle present)
stridan (participle past)

Old English: strīdan

Middle English: strīden

English: stride

Scots: stryde, stride

Old Frisian: strīda

Saterland Frisian: striedje

West Frisian: stride, strijde

Old Saxon: strīdan

Middle Low German: strîden

German Low German: strieden

Old Dutch: *strīdan
Middle Dutch: striden
Dutch: strijden
Afrikaans: stry
Limburgish: strieje

Old High German: strītan

Middle High German: strīten

German: streiten

Luxembourgish: streiden


strīkan

strīkan (infinitive)
strīkannjas (genitive infinitive)
strīkannjē (dative infinitive)
strīkannju (infinitive instrumental)
strīku (first-person present singular)
straik (first-person past singular)
strīkiʀi (present second-person singular)
strikī (past second-person singular)
strīkidi (present singular third-person)
straik (past singular third-person)
strīkum (first-person plural present)
strikum (first-person past plural)
strīkid (plural present second-person)
strikud (past plural second-person)
strīkand (plural present third-person)
strikun (past plural third-person)
strīkē (first-person present singular)
strikī (first-person past singular)
strīkēs (present second-person singular)
strīkē (present singular third-person)
strikī (past singular third-person)
strīkēm (first-person plural present)
strikīm (first-person past plural)
strīkēþ (plural present second-person)
strikīd (past plural second-person)
strīkēn (plural present third-person)
strikīn (past plural third-person)
strīk (present singular)
strīkid (plural present)
strīkandī (participle present)
strikan (participle past)

Old English: strīcan

Middle English: striken

Scots: strik, stryke, strike

English: strike

→ Esperanto: striko

Ido: striko

→ German: streiken, Streik

Old Frisian: strīka

Saterland Frisian: strieke

Old Saxon: strīkan

Middle Low German: strîken

Low German: strieken

Old Dutch: *strīcan
Middle Dutch: striken
Dutch: strijken
Afrikaans: stryk
Limburgish: strieke
→ Middle French: estriquer
French: étriquer

Old High German: strīhhan

Middle High German: strīchen

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: streiche

Luxembourgish: sträichen

German: streichen

desc

Rhine Franconian: streiche, streische, striche, stroiche, stroische


swīban

swīban (infinitive)
swībannjas (genitive infinitive)
swībannjē (dative infinitive)
swībannju (infinitive instrumental)
swību (first-person present singular)
swaib (first-person past singular)
swībiʀi (present second-person singular)
swibī (past second-person singular)
swībidi (present singular third-person)
swaib (past singular third-person)
swībum (first-person plural present)
swibum (first-person past plural)
swībid (plural present second-person)
swibud (past plural second-person)
swīband (plural present third-person)
swibun (past plural third-person)
swībē (first-person present singular)
swibī (first-person past singular)
swībēs (present second-person singular)
swībē (present singular third-person)
swibī (past singular third-person)
swībēm (first-person plural present)
swibīm (first-person past plural)
swībēþ (plural present second-person)
swibīd (past plural second-person)
swībēn (plural present third-person)
swibīn (past plural third-person)
swīb (present singular)
swībid (plural present)
swībandī (participle present)
swiban (participle past)

desctree

Old English: swīfan
Middle English: swiven
English: swive
⇒ Middle English: swift
English: swift

Old Frisian: swīva


swīkwan

swīkwan (infinitive)
swīkwannjas (genitive infinitive)
swīkwannjē (dative infinitive)
swīkwannju (infinitive instrumental)
swīku (first-person present singular)
swaikw (first-person past singular)
swīkwiʀi (present second-person singular)
swikwī (past second-person singular)
swīkwidi (present singular third-person)
swaikw (past singular third-person)
swīkum (first-person plural present)
swikum (first-person past plural)
swīkwid (plural present second-person)
swikud (past plural second-person)
swīkwand (plural present third-person)
swikun (past plural third-person)
swīkwē (first-person present singular)
swikwī (first-person past singular)
swīkwēs (present second-person singular)
swīkwē (present singular third-person)
swikwī (past singular third-person)
swīkwēm (first-person plural present)
swikwīm (first-person past plural)
swīkwēþ (plural present second-person)
swikwīd (past plural second-person)
swīkwēn (plural present third-person)
swikwīn (past plural third-person)
swīkw (present singular)
swīkwid (plural present)
swīkwandī (participle present)
swikwan (participle past)

Old English: swīcan

Middle English: swiken

Scots: swike, swyk

English: swike

Old Frisian: swīka

Old Saxon: swīkan

Middle Low German: swīken

Old Dutch: *swīcan
Middle Dutch: swiken
Dutch: zwijken
Limburgish: zwieke

Old High German: swīhhan, swīchan

Middle High German: swīchen


swīþan

swīþan (infinitive)
swīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
swīþannjē (dative infinitive)
swīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
swīþu (first-person present singular)
swaiþ (first-person past singular)
swīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
swidī (past second-person singular)
swīþidi (present singular third-person)
swaiþ (past singular third-person)
swīþum (first-person plural present)
swidum (first-person past plural)
swīþid (plural present second-person)
swidud (past plural second-person)
swīþand (plural present third-person)
swidun (past plural third-person)
swīþē (first-person present singular)
swidī (first-person past singular)
swīþēs (present second-person singular)
swīþē (present singular third-person)
swidī (past singular third-person)
swīþēm (first-person plural present)
swidīm (first-person past plural)
swīþēþ (plural present second-person)
swidīd (past plural second-person)
swīþēn (plural present third-person)
swidīn (past plural third-person)
swīþ (present singular)
swīþid (plural present)
swīþandī (participle present)
swidan (participle past)

Old High German: swīdan


uʀbīdan

uʀbīdan (infinitive)
uʀbīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
uʀbīdannjē (dative infinitive)
uʀbīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
uʀbīdu (first-person present singular)
uʀbaid (first-person past singular)
uʀbīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
uʀbidī (past second-person singular)
uʀbīdidi (present singular third-person)
uʀbaid (past singular third-person)
uʀbīdum (first-person plural present)
uʀbidum (first-person past plural)
uʀbīdid (plural present second-person)
uʀbidud (past plural second-person)
uʀbīdand (plural present third-person)
uʀbidun (past plural third-person)
uʀbīdē (first-person present singular)
uʀbidī (first-person past singular)
uʀbīdēs (present second-person singular)
uʀbīdē (present singular third-person)
uʀbidī (past singular third-person)
uʀbīdēm (first-person plural present)
uʀbidīm (first-person past plural)
uʀbīdēþ (plural present second-person)
uʀbidīd (past plural second-person)
uʀbīdēn (plural present third-person)
uʀbidīn (past plural third-person)
uʀbīd (present singular)
uʀbīdid (plural present)
uʀbīdandī (participle present)
uʀbidan (participle past)

Old English: ābīdan
Middle English: abyden, abiden
English: abide
Scots: abyde, abide

Old High German: irbītan

Middle High German: irbīten, erbīten

From Proto-Germanic *uzbīdaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- + *bīdan.


uʀrīsan

uʀrīsan (infinitive)
uʀrīsannjas (genitive infinitive)
uʀrīsannjē (dative infinitive)
uʀrīsannju (infinitive instrumental)
uʀrīsu (first-person present singular)
uʀrais (first-person past singular)
uʀrīsiʀi (present second-person singular)
uʀriʀī (past second-person singular)
uʀrīsidi (present singular third-person)
uʀrais (past singular third-person)
uʀrīsum (first-person plural present)
uʀriʀum (first-person past plural)
uʀrīsid (plural present second-person)
uʀriʀud (past plural second-person)
uʀrīsand (plural present third-person)
uʀriʀun (past plural third-person)
uʀrīsē (first-person present singular)
uʀriʀī (first-person past singular)
uʀrīsēs (present second-person singular)
uʀrīsē (present singular third-person)
uʀriʀī (past singular third-person)
uʀrīsēm (first-person plural present)
uʀriʀīm (first-person past plural)
uʀrīsēþ (plural present second-person)
uʀriʀīd (past plural second-person)
uʀrīsēn (plural present third-person)
uʀriʀīn (past plural third-person)
uʀrīs (present singular)
uʀrīsid (plural present)
uʀrīsandī (participle present)
uʀriʀan (participle past)

Old English: ārīsan

Middle English: arisen

Scots: arise, aryse

English: arise

Old Saxon: *arīsan

Middle Low German: errīsen

Old Dutch: *irrīsan

Middle Dutch: errisen

Old High German: irrīsan, arrīsan

From Proto-Germanic *uzrīsaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- + *rīsan.


wīgan

wīgan (infinitive)
wīgannjas (genitive infinitive)
wīgannjē (dative infinitive)
wīgannju (infinitive instrumental)
wīgu (first-person present singular)
waig (first-person past singular)
wīgiʀi (present second-person singular)
wigī (past second-person singular)
wīgidi (present singular third-person)
waig (past singular third-person)
wīgum (first-person plural present)
wigum (first-person past plural)
wīgid (plural present second-person)
wigud (past plural second-person)
wīgand (plural present third-person)
wigun (past plural third-person)
wīgē (first-person present singular)
wigī (first-person past singular)
wīgēs (present second-person singular)
wīgē (present singular third-person)
wigī (past singular third-person)
wīgēm (first-person plural present)
wigīm (first-person past plural)
wīgēþ (plural present second-person)
wigīd (past plural second-person)
wīgēn (plural present third-person)
wigīn (past plural third-person)
wīg (present singular)
wīgid (plural present)
wīgandī (participle present)
wigan (participle past)

Old English: wīgan

Old Dutch: *wigan

Middle Dutch: wigen

Dutch: wijgen

Old High German: wīgan

From Proto-Germanic *wiganą, with the present-tense vowel analogically modified.


wlītan

wlītan (infinitive)
wlītannjas (genitive infinitive)
wlītannjē (dative infinitive)
wlītannju (infinitive instrumental)
wlītu (first-person present singular)
wlait (first-person past singular)
wlītiʀi (present second-person singular)
wlitī (past second-person singular)
wlītidi (present singular third-person)
wlait (past singular third-person)
wlītum (first-person plural present)
wlitum (first-person past plural)
wlītid (plural present second-person)
wlitud (past plural second-person)
wlītand (plural present third-person)
wlitun (past plural third-person)
wlītē (first-person present singular)
wlitī (first-person past singular)
wlītēs (present second-person singular)
wlītē (present singular third-person)
wlitī (past singular third-person)
wlītēm (first-person plural present)
wlitīm (first-person past plural)
wlītēþ (plural present second-person)
wlitīd (past plural second-person)
wlītēn (plural present third-person)
wlitīn (past plural third-person)
wlīt (present singular)
wlītid (plural present)
wlītandī (participle present)
wlitan (participle past)

Old English: wlītan

→ English: wlite (revived)


wrīban

wrīban (infinitive)
wrībannjas (genitive infinitive)
wrībannjē (dative infinitive)
wrībannju (infinitive instrumental)
wrību (first-person present singular)
wraib (first-person past singular)
wrībiʀi (present second-person singular)
wribī (past second-person singular)
wrībidi (present singular third-person)
wraib (past singular third-person)
wrībum (first-person plural present)
wribum (first-person past plural)
wrībid (plural present second-person)
wribud (past plural second-person)
wrīband (plural present third-person)
wribun (past plural third-person)
wrībē (first-person present singular)
wribī (first-person past singular)
wrībēs (present second-person singular)
wrībē (present singular third-person)
wribī (past singular third-person)
wrībēm (first-person plural present)
wribīm (first-person past plural)
wrībēþ (plural present second-person)
wribīd (past plural second-person)
wrībēn (plural present third-person)
wribīn (past plural third-person)
wrīb (present singular)
wrībid (plural present)
wrībandī (participle present)
wriban (participle past)

Old Frisian: *wrīva

Saterland Frisian: wrieuwe

West Frisian: wriuwe

Old Saxon: wrīvan

Middle Low German: wrîven, rîven

Dutch Low Saxon:

Twents: frieuwen

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: riwen

East Frisian: rieven

Mecklenburgisch, Pommerellisch, Northern Low Saxon (Bremisch): wriwen

Schleswig-Holsteinisch: wriewen

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, East Westphalian (Lippe), Westmünsterländisch: riewen

Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch: friewen

q

Sauerländisch: reywen, reyben (Brilon, Wenden), rǖben (Niedersfeld), rīen (Finnentrop, Attendorn, Kirchhundem, Olpe), ruiwen (Meschede)

East Westphalian: rüiwen (Lippe), wruiben (Ravensberg), rieben (Wedemark)

Westmünsterländisch: frieben

desctree

Old Dutch: *wrīvan
Middle Dutch: wrîven
Dutch: wrijven
Afrikaans: vryf, vrywe
Limburgish: wrieve

Old High German: rīban, *rīvan, *wrīvan

Middle High German: rīben

Alemannic German: riibe

desc

Central Franconian: rieve, frieve, reive

Hunsrik: reive

Luxembourgish: reiwen

German: reiben

→ Old French: riper

Middle French: riper, ripper

French: riper

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wreyp- / *wrīp-, from a labial extension of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn”), whence Ancient Greek ῥίπτω (rhíptō, “to throw, cast”), though this is disputed.


wrīþan

wrīþan (infinitive)
wrīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
wrīþannjē (dative infinitive)
wrīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
wrīþu (first-person present singular)
wraiþ (first-person past singular)
wrīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
wridī (past second-person singular)
wrīþidi (present singular third-person)
wraiþ (past singular third-person)
wrīþum (first-person plural present)
wridum (first-person past plural)
wrīþid (plural present second-person)
wridud (past plural second-person)
wrīþand (plural present third-person)
wridun (past plural third-person)
wrīþē (first-person present singular)
wridī (first-person past singular)
wrīþēs (present second-person singular)
wrīþē (present singular third-person)
wridī (past singular third-person)
wrīþēm (first-person plural present)
wridīm (first-person past plural)
wrīþēþ (plural present second-person)
wridīd (past plural second-person)
wrīþēn (plural present third-person)
wridīn (past plural third-person)
wrīþ (present singular)
wrīþid (plural present)
wrīþandī (participle present)
wridan (participle past)

Old English: wrīþan

Middle English: writhen, wrythen

Scots: wryth, writhe

English: writhe

Old Dutch: *wrīthan

Middle Dutch: writen (with -t- by influence of an iterative *writtōną)

Old High German: wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan (Lombardic)

Middle High German: rīden

German: reiden; (wrideln)

→ Old French: rider

Middle French: rider

French: rider

→ Italian: riddare


dreugan

dreugan (infinitive)
dreugannjas (genitive infinitive)
dreugannjē (dative infinitive)
dreugannju (infinitive instrumental)
dreugu (first-person present singular)
draug (first-person past singular)
driugiʀi (present second-person singular)
drugī (past second-person singular)
driugidi (present singular third-person)
draug (past singular third-person)
dreugum (first-person plural present)
drugum (first-person past plural)
driugid (plural present second-person)
drugud (past plural second-person)
dreugand (plural present third-person)
drugun (past plural third-person)
dreugē (first-person present singular)
drugī (first-person past singular)
dreugēs (present second-person singular)
dreugē (present singular third-person)
drugī (past singular third-person)
dreugēm (first-person plural present)
drugīm (first-person past plural)
dreugēþ (plural present second-person)
drugīd (past plural second-person)
dreugēn (plural present third-person)
drugīn (past plural third-person)
driug (present singular)
driugid (plural present)
dreugandī (participle present)
drogan (participle past)

Old Frisian: driāga

Saterland Frisian: drjooge

Old Saxon: driogan

desc

Middle Low German: drêgen, drȫgen, drogen

German Low German: dregen

desctree

Old Dutch: *driegan
Middle Dutch: driegen
Dutch: bedriegen

Old High German: triogan

Middle High German: triegen, trūgen

German: trügen

From Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to mislead”).


dreugan

Old English: drēogan

desc

Middle English: dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen

Scots: dre, drie, drey, dree

English: dree, drudge

From Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to serve”).


leugan

leugan (infinitive)
leugannjas (genitive infinitive)
leugannjē (dative infinitive)
leugannju (infinitive instrumental)
leugu (first-person present singular)
laug (first-person past singular)
liugiʀi (present second-person singular)
lugī (past second-person singular)
liugidi (present singular third-person)
laug (past singular third-person)
leugum (first-person plural present)
lugum (first-person past plural)
liugid (plural present second-person)
lugud (past plural second-person)
leugand (plural present third-person)
lugun (past plural third-person)
leugē (first-person present singular)
lugī (first-person past singular)
leugēs (present second-person singular)
leugē (present singular third-person)
lugī (past singular third-person)
leugēm (first-person plural present)
lugīm (first-person past plural)
leugēþ (plural present second-person)
lugīd (past plural second-person)
leugēn (plural present third-person)
lugīn (past plural third-person)
liug (present singular)
liugid (plural present)
leugandī (participle present)
logan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: lēogan
Middle English: lien
English: lie
Scots: lee

Old Frisian: liāga

Saterland Frisian: ljooge

West Frisian: lige

Old Saxon: liogan
Middle Low German: lēgen
Low German: liegen, legen, lögen

Old Dutch: liegan
Middle Dutch: liegen
Dutch: liegen
Afrikaans: lieg
Berbice Creole Dutch: liki
Jersey Dutch: lîxe
Negerhollands: lug, lik, lieg
Skepi Creole Dutch: lig
Limburgish: lege

Old High German: liogan

Middle High German: liegen

German: lügen

Central Franconian: leeje, lieje, lüjje

Luxembourgish: léien

Bavarian: liagn, liang

Yiddish: לײַגן (laygn)


breutan

breutan (infinitive)
breutannjas (genitive infinitive)
breutannjē (dative infinitive)
breutannju (infinitive instrumental)
breutu (first-person present singular)
braut (first-person past singular)
briutiʀi (present second-person singular)
brutī (past second-person singular)
briutidi (present singular third-person)
braut (past singular third-person)
breutum (first-person plural present)
brutum (first-person past plural)
briutid (plural present second-person)
brutud (past plural second-person)
breutand (plural present third-person)
brutun (past plural third-person)
breutē (first-person present singular)
brutī (first-person past singular)
breutēs (present second-person singular)
breutē (present singular third-person)
brutī (past singular third-person)
breutēm (first-person plural present)
brutīm (first-person past plural)
breutēþ (plural present second-person)
brutīd (past plural second-person)
breutēn (plural present third-person)
brutīn (past plural third-person)
briut (present singular)
briutid (plural present)
breutandī (participle present)
brotan (participle past)

Old English: brēotan

Middle English: breten

Old High German: *briozan

Middle High German: briezen


dreusan

dreusan (infinitive)
dreusannjas (genitive infinitive)
dreusannjē (dative infinitive)
dreusannju (infinitive instrumental)
dreusu (first-person present singular)
draus (first-person past singular)
driusiʀi (present second-person singular)
druʀī (past second-person singular)
driusidi (present singular third-person)
draus (past singular third-person)
dreusum (first-person plural present)
druʀum (first-person past plural)
driusid (plural present second-person)
druʀud (past plural second-person)
dreusand (plural present third-person)
druʀun (past plural third-person)
dreusē (first-person present singular)
druʀī (first-person past singular)
dreusēs (present second-person singular)
dreusē (present singular third-person)
druʀī (past singular third-person)
dreusēm (first-person plural present)
druʀīm (first-person past plural)
dreusēþ (plural present second-person)
druʀīd (past plural second-person)
dreusēn (plural present third-person)
druʀīn (past plural third-person)
drius (present singular)
driusid (plural present)
dreusandī (participle present)
droʀan (participle past)

Old English: drēosan

Middle English: drēsen

English: drowse

Old Saxon: driosan

Middle Low German: *drūsen

Low German: drusen, drusken

desc

→? German: dräuschen (Central German; may be inherited, but not attested in Old and Middle High German)

Old Dutch: *driosan

Middle Dutch: druschen, druyschen

Dutch: druisen

Afrikaans: druis


dūban

dūban (infinitive)
dūbannjas (genitive infinitive)
dūbannjē (dative infinitive)
dūbannju (infinitive instrumental)
dūbu (first-person present singular)
daub (first-person past singular)
dūbiʀi (present second-person singular)
dubī (past second-person singular)
dūbidi (present singular third-person)
daub (past singular third-person)
dūbum (first-person plural present)
dubum (first-person past plural)
dūbid (plural present second-person)
dubud (past plural second-person)
dūband (plural present third-person)
dubun (past plural third-person)
dūbē (first-person present singular)
dubī (first-person past singular)
dūbēs (present second-person singular)
dūbē (present singular third-person)
dubī (past singular third-person)
dūbēm (first-person plural present)
dubīm (first-person past plural)
dūbēþ (plural present second-person)
dubīd (past plural second-person)
dūbēn (plural present third-person)
dubīn (past plural third-person)
dūb (present singular)
dūbid (plural present)
dūbandī (participle present)
doban (participle past)

Old English: dūfan

Middle English: duven, diven (merger with Old English dyfan and Proto-Germanic *dūbijaną)

English: dive

⇒ Old Dutch: *bidūvan

Middle Dutch: beduven

⇒ Dutch: bedoven


dūkan

dūkan (infinitive)
dūkannjas (genitive infinitive)
dūkannjē (dative infinitive)
dūkannju (infinitive instrumental)
dūku (first-person present singular)
dauk (first-person past singular)
dūkiʀi (present second-person singular)
dukī (past second-person singular)
dūkidi (present singular third-person)
dauk (past singular third-person)
dūkum (first-person plural present)
dukum (first-person past plural)
dūkid (plural present second-person)
dukud (past plural second-person)
dūkand (plural present third-person)
dukun (past plural third-person)
dūkē (first-person present singular)
dukī (first-person past singular)
dūkēs (present second-person singular)
dūkē (present singular third-person)
dukī (past singular third-person)
dūkēm (first-person plural present)
dukīm (first-person past plural)
dūkēþ (plural present second-person)
dukīd (past plural second-person)
dūkēn (plural present third-person)
dukīn (past plural third-person)
dūk (present singular)
dūkid (plural present)
dūkandī (participle present)
dokan (participle past)

Old English: *dūcan

Middle English: duken, douken

English: duck

Scots: douk, dook

Old Frisian: dūka

West Frisian: dûke

Old Saxon: *dūkan

Middle Low German: dûken

Low German: duken

→ Swedish: dyka, duka

desctree

Old Dutch: *dūcan
Middle Dutch: duken
Dutch: duiken
Limburgish: duke

Old High German: *tūhhan, *tūchan

Middle High German: tūchen, douchen

German: tauchen

Luxembourgish: dauchen


fleutan

fleutan (infinitive)
fleutannjas (genitive infinitive)
fleutannjē (dative infinitive)
fleutannju (infinitive instrumental)
fleutu (first-person present singular)
flaut (first-person past singular)
fliutiʀi (present second-person singular)
flutī (past second-person singular)
fliutidi (present singular third-person)
flaut (past singular third-person)
fleutum (first-person plural present)
flutum (first-person past plural)
fliutid (plural present second-person)
flutud (past plural second-person)
fleutand (plural present third-person)
flutun (past plural third-person)
fleutē (first-person present singular)
flutī (first-person past singular)
fleutēs (present second-person singular)
fleutē (present singular third-person)
flutī (past singular third-person)
fleutēm (first-person plural present)
flutīm (first-person past plural)
fleutēþ (plural present second-person)
flutīd (past plural second-person)
fleutēn (plural present third-person)
flutīn (past plural third-person)
fliut (present singular)
fliutid (plural present)
fleutandī (participle present)
flotan (participle past)

Old English: flēotan
Middle English: fleten, fleoten, flete, fleetyn, fleete
English: fleet
Scots: fleet

Old Frisian: fliāta

Saterland Frisian: fljoote

Old Saxon: fliotan

Middle Low German: vlêten

Low German: flieten

Old Dutch: flietan
Middle Dutch: vlieten
Dutch: vlieten

Old High German: flioȥan

Middle High German: vlieȥen

German: fließen

Luxembourgish: fléissen

Yiddish: פֿליסן (flisn)


fneusan

fneusan (infinitive)
fneusannjas (genitive infinitive)
fneusannjē (dative infinitive)
fneusannju (infinitive instrumental)
fneusu (first-person present singular)
fnaus (first-person past singular)
fniusiʀi (present second-person singular)
fnuʀī (past second-person singular)
fniusidi (present singular third-person)
fnaus (past singular third-person)
fneusum (first-person plural present)
fnuʀum (first-person past plural)
fniusid (plural present second-person)
fnuʀud (past plural second-person)
fneusand (plural present third-person)
fnuʀun (past plural third-person)
fneusē (first-person present singular)
fnuʀī (first-person past singular)
fneusēs (present second-person singular)
fneusē (present singular third-person)
fnuʀī (past singular third-person)
fneusēm (first-person plural present)
fnuʀīm (first-person past plural)
fneusēþ (plural present second-person)
fnuʀīd (past plural second-person)
fneusēn (plural present third-person)
fnuʀīn (past plural third-person)
fnius (present singular)
fniusid (plural present)
fneusandī (participle present)
fnoʀan (participle past)

Old English: fnēosan
Middle English: snesen, fnesen, fnese, sniesen, snese
English: sneeze
Scots: sneeze, sneesh

Old Dutch: *fniesan
Middle Dutch: fniesen
Dutch: fniezen

Old High German: *fniosan, *fnūsan

desc

Middle High German: phnūsen, pfnūsen, *snūsen, phūsen

German: pfnausen (archaic)

⇒ Middle High German: snūsen n (noun)


furibeudan

furibeudan (infinitive)
furibeudannjas (genitive infinitive)
furibeudannjē (dative infinitive)
furibeudannju (infinitive instrumental)
furibeudu (first-person present singular)
furibaud (first-person past singular)
furibiudiʀi (present second-person singular)
furibudī (past second-person singular)
furibiudidi (present singular third-person)
furibaud (past singular third-person)
furibeudum (first-person plural present)
furibudum (first-person past plural)
furibiudid (plural present second-person)
furibudud (past plural second-person)
furibeudand (plural present third-person)
furibudun (past plural third-person)
furibeudē (first-person present singular)
furibudī (first-person past singular)
furibeudēs (present second-person singular)
furibeudē (present singular third-person)
furibudī (past singular third-person)
furibeudēm (first-person plural present)
furibudīm (first-person past plural)
furibeudēþ (plural present second-person)
furibudīd (past plural second-person)
furibeudēn (plural present third-person)
furibudīn (past plural third-person)
furibiud (present singular)
furibiudid (plural present)
furibeudandī (participle present)
furibodan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: forbēodan
Middle English: forbeoden, forbeden, vorbeoden, verbeode, forboden, forbuden, forbiden, forbidden
English: forbid
Scots: forbede, forbeid, forbid, forbyd

Old Frisian: forbiada

Old Saxon: farbiodan

desc

Middle Low German: vörbēden, vorbēden, vorbeeden, vorbeyden, vorbeiden, vorbīden, verbēden

Low German: vorbeden, verbeden

desctree

→ Old Swedish: forbiuþa (or perhaps from Old English)
Swedish: förbjuda
→ Elfdalian: febiuoða

Old Dutch: *farbiodan

Middle Dutch: verbieden
Dutch: verbieden
Afrikaans: verbied
Limburgish: verbijje

Old High German: firbiotan, furibiotan

Middle High German: verbieten

Cimbrian: borpòotan

German: verbieten

Luxembourgish: verbidden

From Proto-Germanic *furibeudaną. Equivalent to *furi- + *beudan.


greutan

greutan (infinitive)
greutannjas (genitive infinitive)
greutannjē (dative infinitive)
greutannju (infinitive instrumental)
greutu (first-person present singular)
graut (first-person past singular)
griutiʀi (present second-person singular)
grutī (past second-person singular)
griutidi (present singular third-person)
graut (past singular third-person)
greutum (first-person plural present)
grutum (first-person past plural)
griutid (plural present second-person)
grutud (past plural second-person)
greutand (plural present third-person)
grutun (past plural third-person)
greutē (first-person present singular)
grutī (first-person past singular)
greutēs (present second-person singular)
greutē (present singular third-person)
grutī (past singular third-person)
greutēm (first-person plural present)
grutīm (first-person past plural)
greutēþ (plural present second-person)
grutīd (past plural second-person)
greutēn (plural present third-person)
grutīn (past plural third-person)
griut (present singular)
griutid (plural present)
greutandī (participle present)
grotan (participle past)

Old High German: *griozan

Middle High German: griezen


forē

Old English: fore

Middle English: fore
Scots: fore
English: fore

Old Frisian: fore

Old Saxon: fora, for, fore, fur, far
German Low German: för, vär, veer, ver (Low Prussian), vör, vœr

Old Dutch: fora, fore

Middle Dutch: vōre, vor, vōor
Dutch: voor, vore
Afrikaans: voor
Berbice Creole Dutch: foro
Javindo: foor
Negerhollands: voor, fo, for
Jersey Dutch: för, f'r
→ Virgin Islands Creole: voor (dated)
Petjo: voor, foor
Skepi Creole Dutch: foo, fou
→ Manado Malay: for
Limburgish: veur

Old High German: fora, for, fore
Middle High German: vor, vore
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vóar, bóar (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vour
Central Franconian: vür
German: vor


brāþm

brāþm (nominative singular)
brāþmō (nominative plural)
brāþmōs (nominative plural)
brāþm (accusative singular)
brāþmā (accusative plural)
brāþmas (genitive singular)
brāþmō (genitive plural)
brāþmē (dative singular)
brāþmum (dative plural)
brāþmu (instrumental singular)
brāþmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *brātham

Middle Low German: brādem

>? Low German: Bradden

Old High German: brādam

Middle High German: brādem

German: Brodem

Suevic:

→ Galician: brétema (“fog, mist”)


brāþi

brāþi (nominative singular)
brāþī (nominative plural)
brāþi (accusative singular)
brāþī (accusative plural)
brāþī (genitive singular)
brāþijō (genitive plural)
brāþī (dative singular)
brāþim (dative plural)
brāþijum (dative plural)
brāþī (instrumental singular)
brāþim (instrumental plural)
brāþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣþ
Middle English: breeth, breað, braþe, breth, breith
English: breath
Scots: breth, brethe, breith

From *brāan (“to smoke, fume; to smell”) + *-þi.


āþm

āþm (nominative singular)
āþmō (nominative plural)
āþmōs (nominative plural)
āþm (accusative singular)
āþmā (accusative plural)
āþmas (genitive singular)
āþmō (genitive plural)
āþmē (dative singular)
āþmum (dative plural)
āþmu (instrumental singular)
āþmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ǣþm, ǣðm, ēþm, ēðm
Middle English: ethem

Old Saxon: āthom, āthum

desc

Middle Low German: âdem, âtem, âtmen, âdam

German Low German: Aam

Old Dutch: *āthom; *āththem

Middle Dutch: âdem; âessem, âsem

Dutch: adem; asem

Afrikaans: asem

Limburgish: aom, aosem

desctree

Old High German: ātum, ātam, ātem, ātim, ādum, ādom, ādem, hātam
Middle High German: ātem, ādem, āten
Bavarian: Åtem
Cimbrian: aatom
German: Atem, Odem (influenced by Low German)
Hunsrik: Ochtem
Yiddish: אָטעם (otem)


hleutan

hleutan (infinitive)
hleutannjas (genitive infinitive)
hleutannjē (dative infinitive)
hleutannju (infinitive instrumental)
hleutu (first-person present singular)
hlaut (first-person past singular)
hliutiʀi (present second-person singular)
hlutī (past second-person singular)
hliutidi (present singular third-person)
hlaut (past singular third-person)
hleutum (first-person plural present)
hlutum (first-person past plural)
hliutid (plural present second-person)
hlutud (past plural second-person)
hleutand (plural present third-person)
hlutun (past plural third-person)
hleutē (first-person present singular)
hlutī (first-person past singular)
hleutēs (present second-person singular)
hleutē (present singular third-person)
hlutī (past singular third-person)
hleutēm (first-person plural present)
hlutīm (first-person past plural)
hleutēþ (plural present second-person)
hlutīd (past plural second-person)
hleutēn (plural present third-person)
hlutīn (past plural third-person)
hliut (present singular)
hliutid (plural present)
hleutandī (participle present)
hlotan (participle past)

Old English: hlēotan

Old Saxon: hliotan

Old High German: hliozan, liozan

Middle High German: liezen


hneudan

hneudan (infinitive)
hneudannjas (genitive infinitive)
hneudannjē (dative infinitive)
hneudannju (infinitive instrumental)
hneudu (first-person present singular)
hnaud (first-person past singular)
hniudiʀi (present second-person singular)
hnudī (past second-person singular)
hniudidi (present singular third-person)
hnaud (past singular third-person)
hneudum (first-person plural present)
hnudum (first-person past plural)
hniudid (plural present second-person)
hnudud (past plural second-person)
hneudand (plural present third-person)
hnudun (past plural third-person)
hneudē (first-person present singular)
hnudī (first-person past singular)
hneudēs (present second-person singular)
hneudē (present singular third-person)
hnudī (past singular third-person)
hneudēm (first-person plural present)
hnudīm (first-person past plural)
hneudēþ (plural present second-person)
hnudīd (past plural second-person)
hneudēn (plural present third-person)
hnudīn (past plural third-person)
hniud (present singular)
hniudid (plural present)
hneudandī (participle present)
hnodan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *hniodan

Middle Low German: nêden

Old Dutch: *niedan

Middle Dutch: nieden

Old High German: *hniotan, *niotan

Middle High German: nieten

German: nieten
→ Swedish: nita
→ Finnish: niitata
→ Danish: nitte

⇒ Old High German: bihniotan


hneusan

hneusan (infinitive)
hneusannjas (genitive infinitive)
hneusannjē (dative infinitive)
hneusannju (infinitive instrumental)
hneusu (first-person present singular)
hnaus (first-person past singular)
hniusiʀi (present second-person singular)
hnuʀī (past second-person singular)
hniusidi (present singular third-person)
hnaus (past singular third-person)
hneusum (first-person plural present)
hnuʀum (first-person past plural)
hniusid (plural present second-person)
hnuʀud (past plural second-person)
hneusand (plural present third-person)
hnuʀun (past plural third-person)
hneusē (first-person present singular)
hnuʀī (first-person past singular)
hneusēs (present second-person singular)
hneusē (present singular third-person)
hnuʀī (past singular third-person)
hneusēm (first-person plural present)
hnuʀīm (first-person past plural)
hneusēþ (plural present second-person)
hnuʀīd (past plural second-person)
hneusēn (plural present third-person)
hnuʀīn (past plural third-person)
hnius (present singular)
hniusid (plural present)
hneusandī (participle present)
hnoʀan (participle past)

Old English: *hnēosan (possibly a loan)

Middle English: nesen

English: neeze

Scots: nese, neese

Old Saxon: *hniosan

Middle Low German: nēsen, neisen

Old Dutch: *niesan
Middle Dutch: niesen
Dutch: niezen
Afrikaans: nies

Old High German: niosan

Middle High German: niesen

German: niesen

Yiddish: ניסן (nisn)


hneuwan

hneuwan (infinitive)
hneuwannjas (genitive infinitive)
hneuwannjē (dative infinitive)
hneuwannju (infinitive instrumental)
hneuwu (first-person present singular)
hnauw (first-person past singular)
hniuwiʀi (present second-person singular)
hnuwī (past second-person singular)
hniuwidi (present singular third-person)
hnauw (past singular third-person)
hneuwum (first-person plural present)
hnuwum (first-person past plural)
hniuwid (plural present second-person)
hnuwud (past plural second-person)
hneuwand (plural present third-person)
hnuwun (past plural third-person)
hneuwē (first-person present singular)
hnuwī (first-person past singular)
hneuwēs (present second-person singular)
hneuwē (present singular third-person)
hnuwī (past singular third-person)
hneuwēm (first-person plural present)
hnuwīm (first-person past plural)
hneuwēþ (plural present second-person)
hnuwīd (past plural second-person)
hneuwēn (plural present third-person)
hnuwīn (past plural third-person)
hniuw (present singular)
hniuwid (plural present)
hneuwandī (participle present)
hnowan (participle past)

Old High German: hniuwan, niuwan

Middle High German: niuwen


hrūtan

hrūtan (infinitive)
hrūtannjas (genitive infinitive)
hrūtannjē (dative infinitive)
hrūtannju (infinitive instrumental)
hrūtu (first-person present singular)
hraut (first-person past singular)
hrūtiʀi (present second-person singular)
hrutī (past second-person singular)
hrūtidi (present singular third-person)
hraut (past singular third-person)
hrūtum (first-person plural present)
hrutum (first-person past plural)
hrūtid (plural present second-person)
hrutud (past plural second-person)
hrūtand (plural present third-person)
hrutun (past plural third-person)
hrūtē (first-person present singular)
hrutī (first-person past singular)
hrūtēs (present second-person singular)
hrūtē (present singular third-person)
hrutī (past singular third-person)
hrūtēm (first-person plural present)
hrutīm (first-person past plural)
hrūtēþ (plural present second-person)
hrutīd (past plural second-person)
hrūtēn (plural present third-person)
hrutīn (past plural third-person)
hrūt (present singular)
hrūtid (plural present)
hrūtandī (participle present)
hrotan (participle past)

Old English: hrūtan
Middle English: routen, roten
English: rout
Scots: rout

Old Frisian: hrūta

West Frisian: rute

Old Saxon: hrūtan

Middle Low German: ruten

Old Dutch: *rūtan

Middle Dutch: ruten

Dutch: ruiten (obsolete)

Old High German: rūzan, rūzzan

Middle High German: rūzen


kleuban

kleuban (infinitive)
kleubannjas (genitive infinitive)
kleubannjē (dative infinitive)
kleubannju (infinitive instrumental)
kleubu (first-person present singular)
klaub (first-person past singular)
kliubiʀi (present second-person singular)
klubī (past second-person singular)
kliubidi (present singular third-person)
klaub (past singular third-person)
kleubum (first-person plural present)
klubum (first-person past plural)
kliubid (plural present second-person)
klubud (past plural second-person)
kleuband (plural present third-person)
klubun (past plural third-person)
kleubē (first-person present singular)
klubī (first-person past singular)
kleubēs (present second-person singular)
kleubē (present singular third-person)
klubī (past singular third-person)
kleubēm (first-person plural present)
klubīm (first-person past plural)
kleubēþ (plural present second-person)
klubīd (past plural second-person)
kleubēn (plural present third-person)
klubīn (past plural third-person)
kliub (present singular)
kliubid (plural present)
kleubandī (participle present)
kloban (participle past)

Old English: clēofan
Middle English: cleven
English: cleave
Scots: cleave

Old Saxon: kliovan

Middle Low German: klûven (with alternative present-tense vowel)

Low German: klöven

Old Dutch: *clievan
Middle Dutch: clieven
Dutch: klieven
Limburgish: kleive

Old High German: klioban

Middle High German: klieben

Cimbrian: khliipan

German: klieben


kreupan

kreupan (infinitive)
kreupannjas (genitive infinitive)
kreupannjē (dative infinitive)
kreupannju (infinitive instrumental)
kreupu (first-person present singular)
kraup (first-person past singular)
kriupiʀi (present second-person singular)
krupī (past second-person singular)
kriupidi (present singular third-person)
kraup (past singular third-person)
kreupum (first-person plural present)
krupum (first-person past plural)
kriupid (plural present second-person)
krupud (past plural second-person)
kreupand (plural present third-person)
krupun (past plural third-person)
kreupē (first-person present singular)
krupī (first-person past singular)
kreupēs (present second-person singular)
kreupē (present singular third-person)
krupī (past singular third-person)
kreupēm (first-person plural present)
krupīm (first-person past plural)
kreupēþ (plural present second-person)
krupīd (past plural second-person)
kreupēn (plural present third-person)
krupīn (past plural third-person)
kriup (present singular)
kriupid (plural present)
kreupandī (participle present)
kropan (participle past)

Old English: crēopan

Middle English: crepen

English: creep

Scots: crepe, creip

desc

Old Frisian: krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa

Saterland Frisian: krjope, kjoope

West Frisian: krippe, krûpe

Old Saxon: kriopan

Middle Low German: krêpen, krûpen

German Low German: krepen, krupen

desctree

Old Dutch: *crūpan
Middle Dutch: crupen
Dutch: kruipen
Afrikaans: kruip
Negerhollands: krup, kryb
Limburgish: kroepe

Old High German: kriofan, *krūfan

Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen

German: kraufen, krüpfen

Alemannic German: chrüpfen

Central Franconian: kruffe


krūdan

krūdan (infinitive)
krūdannjas (genitive infinitive)
krūdannjē (dative infinitive)
krūdannju (infinitive instrumental)
krūdu (first-person present singular)
kraud (first-person past singular)
krūdiʀi (present second-person singular)
krudī (past second-person singular)
krūdidi (present singular third-person)
kraud (past singular third-person)
krūdum (first-person plural present)
krudum (first-person past plural)
krūdid (plural present second-person)
krudud (past plural second-person)
krūdand (plural present third-person)
krudun (past plural third-person)
krūdē (first-person present singular)
krudī (first-person past singular)
krūdēs (present second-person singular)
krūdē (present singular third-person)
krudī (past singular third-person)
krūdēm (first-person plural present)
krudīm (first-person past plural)
krūdēþ (plural present second-person)
krudīd (past plural second-person)
krūdēn (plural present third-person)
krudīn (past plural third-person)
krūd (present singular)
krūdid (plural present)
krūdandī (participle present)
krodan (participle past)

Old English: crūdan

Middle English: cruden, crouden, croden

English: crowd

Scots: crood

Old Frisian: *krūde, *krūe, *krūie

Saterland Frisian: kröie

West Frisian: kruie

Old Saxon: *krūdan

desc

Middle Low German: krǖden, krōden, kruden, kroden

German Low German: kroden

desctree

Old Dutch: *crūdan
Middle Dutch: cruden
Dutch: kruien
Afrikaans: kruie, krui

Old High German: *krūtan

desc

Middle High German: kruden, kroten, kröten


leukan

leukan (infinitive)
leukannjas (genitive infinitive)
leukannjē (dative infinitive)
leukannju (infinitive instrumental)
leuku (first-person present singular)
lauk (first-person past singular)
liukiʀi (present second-person singular)
lukī (past second-person singular)
liukidi (present singular third-person)
lauk (past singular third-person)
leukum (first-person plural present)
lukum (first-person past plural)
liukid (plural present second-person)
lukud (past plural second-person)
leukand (plural present third-person)
lukun (past plural third-person)
leukē (first-person present singular)
lukī (first-person past singular)
leukēs (present second-person singular)
leukē (present singular third-person)
lukī (past singular third-person)
leukēm (first-person plural present)
lukīm (first-person past plural)
leukēþ (plural present second-person)
lukīd (past plural second-person)
leukēn (plural present third-person)
lukīn (past plural third-person)
liuk (present singular)
liukid (plural present)
leukandī (participle present)
lokan (participle past)

Old English: lūcan

Middle English: louken

English: louk, look (“to weed”) (dialectal)

Old Frisian: lūka

West Frisian: lûke

Old Saxon: *lūkan

Middle Low German: lûken

Low German: luken

⇒ Low German: lucksen

→ German: abluchsen (partially)

Old High German: liohhan

Middle High German: liechen

German: liechen


lūtan

lūtan (infinitive)
lūtannjas (genitive infinitive)
lūtannjē (dative infinitive)
lūtannju (infinitive instrumental)
lūtu (first-person present singular)
laut (first-person past singular)
lūtiʀi (present second-person singular)
lutī (past second-person singular)
lūtidi (present singular third-person)
laut (past singular third-person)
lūtum (first-person plural present)
lutum (first-person past plural)
lūtid (plural present second-person)
lutud (past plural second-person)
lūtand (plural present third-person)
lutun (past plural third-person)
lūtē (first-person present singular)
lutī (first-person past singular)
lūtēs (present second-person singular)
lūtē (present singular third-person)
lutī (past singular third-person)
lūtēm (first-person plural present)
lutīm (first-person past plural)
lūtēþ (plural present second-person)
lutīd (past plural second-person)
lūtēn (plural present third-person)
lutīn (past plural third-person)
lūt (present singular)
lūtid (plural present)
lūtandī (participle present)
lotan (participle past)

Old English: lūtan

Middle English: louten

Scots: loot, lout

English: lout


reudan

reudan (infinitive)
reudannjas (genitive infinitive)
reudannjē (dative infinitive)
reudannju (infinitive instrumental)
reudu (first-person present singular)
raud (first-person past singular)
riudiʀi (present second-person singular)
rudī (past second-person singular)
riudidi (present singular third-person)
raud (past singular third-person)
reudum (first-person plural present)
rudum (first-person past plural)
riudid (plural present second-person)
rudud (past plural second-person)
reudand (plural present third-person)
rudun (past plural third-person)
reudē (first-person present singular)
rudī (first-person past singular)
reudēs (present second-person singular)
reudē (present singular third-person)
rudī (past singular third-person)
reudēm (first-person plural present)
rudīm (first-person past plural)
reudēþ (plural present second-person)
rudīd (past plural second-person)
reudēn (plural present third-person)
rudīn (past plural third-person)
riud (present singular)
riudid (plural present)
reudandī (participle present)
rodan (participle past)

Old English: rēodan

From Proto-Germanic *reudaną (“to redden”).


reudan

Old English: rēodan

Old High German: *riotan

Middle High German: rieten

From Proto-Germanic *reudaną (“to clear”).


reufan

reufan (infinitive)
reufannjas (genitive infinitive)
reufannjē (dative infinitive)
reufannju (infinitive instrumental)
reufu (first-person present singular)
rauf (first-person past singular)
riufiʀi (present second-person singular)
rubī (past second-person singular)
riufidi (present singular third-person)
rauf (past singular third-person)
reufum (first-person plural present)
rubum (first-person past plural)
riufid (plural present second-person)
rubud (past plural second-person)
reufand (plural present third-person)
rubun (past plural third-person)
reufē (first-person present singular)
rubī (first-person past singular)
reufēs (present second-person singular)
reufē (present singular third-person)
rubī (past singular third-person)
reufēm (first-person plural present)
rubīm (first-person past plural)
reufēþ (plural present second-person)
rubīd (past plural second-person)
reufēn (plural present third-person)
rubīn (past plural third-person)
riuf (present singular)
riufid (plural present)
reufandī (participle present)
roban (participle past)

Old English: rēofan

Middle English: reven (merged with descendants of *raubōną)

Scots: refe, reiff, reve

English: reave, reeve, reve


reutan

reutan (infinitive)
reutannjas (genitive infinitive)
reutannjē (dative infinitive)
reutannju (infinitive instrumental)
reutu (first-person present singular)
raut (first-person past singular)
riutiʀi (present second-person singular)
rutī (past second-person singular)
riutidi (present singular third-person)
raut (past singular third-person)
reutum (first-person plural present)
rutum (first-person past plural)
riutid (plural present second-person)
rutud (past plural second-person)
reutand (plural present third-person)
rutun (past plural third-person)
reutē (first-person present singular)
rutī (first-person past singular)
reutēs (present second-person singular)
reutē (present singular third-person)
rutī (past singular third-person)
reutēm (first-person plural present)
rutīm (first-person past plural)
reutēþ (plural present second-person)
rutīd (past plural second-person)
reutēn (plural present third-person)
rutīn (past plural third-person)
riut (present singular)
riutid (plural present)
reutandī (participle present)
rotan (participle past)

Old English: rēotan

Old Saxon: *riotan

Middle Low German: rêten

Old High German: riozan, riuzan

Middle High German: riezen


seuþan

seuþan (infinitive)
seuþannjas (genitive infinitive)
seuþannjē (dative infinitive)
seuþannju (infinitive instrumental)
seuþu (first-person present singular)
sauþ (first-person past singular)
siuþiʀi (present second-person singular)
sudī (past second-person singular)
siuþidi (present singular third-person)
sauþ (past singular third-person)
seuþum (first-person plural present)
sudum (first-person past plural)
siuþid (plural present second-person)
sudud (past plural second-person)
seuþand (plural present third-person)
sudun (past plural third-person)
seuþē (first-person present singular)
sudī (first-person past singular)
seuþēs (present second-person singular)
seuþē (present singular third-person)
sudī (past singular third-person)
seuþēm (first-person plural present)
sudīm (first-person past plural)
seuþēþ (plural present second-person)
sudīd (past plural second-person)
seuþēn (plural present third-person)
sudīn (past plural third-person)
siuþ (present singular)
siuþid (plural present)
seuþandī (participle present)
sodan (participle past)

Old English: sēoþan

Middle English: sethen

Scots: seth, seith

English: seethe

Old Frisian: siāþa, siātha

Saterland Frisian: sjoode

West Frisian: sjiedden, siede

Old Saxon: *siothan

Middle Low German: sêden

Low German: seden

desctree

Old Dutch: *siethan
Middle Dutch: sieden
Dutch: zieden

Old High German: siodan

Middle High German: sieden

German: sieden

Bavarian: siadn

Luxembourgish: sueden


sleupan

sleupan (infinitive)
sleupannjas (genitive infinitive)
sleupannjē (dative infinitive)
sleupannju (infinitive instrumental)
sleupu (first-person present singular)
slaup (first-person past singular)
sliupiʀi (present second-person singular)
slupī (past second-person singular)
sliupidi (present singular third-person)
slaup (past singular third-person)
sleupum (first-person plural present)
slupum (first-person past plural)
sliupid (plural present second-person)
slupud (past plural second-person)
sleupand (plural present third-person)
slupun (past plural third-person)
sleupē (first-person present singular)
slupī (first-person past singular)
sleupēs (present second-person singular)
sleupē (present singular third-person)
slupī (past singular third-person)
sleupēm (first-person plural present)
slupīm (first-person past plural)
sleupēþ (plural present second-person)
slupīd (past plural second-person)
sleupēn (plural present third-person)
slupīn (past plural third-person)
sliup (present singular)
sliupid (plural present)
sleupandī (participle present)
slopan (participle past)

Old English: slūpan

Old Frisian: *slūpa

⇒ Saterland Frisian: sluupje

West Frisian: slûpe

Old Saxon: *slūpan

Middle Low German: slûpen

German Low German: slupen

Old Dutch: slūpen

Middle Dutch: slupen

Dutch: sluipen

Afrikaans: sluip

Old High German: sliofan

Middle High German: sliefen

German: schliefen


smeugan

smeugan (infinitive)
smeugannjas (genitive infinitive)
smeugannjē (dative infinitive)
smeugannju (infinitive instrumental)
smeugu (first-person present singular)
smaug (first-person past singular)
smiugiʀi (present second-person singular)
smugī (past second-person singular)
smiugidi (present singular third-person)
smaug (past singular third-person)
smeugum (first-person plural present)
smugum (first-person past plural)
smiugid (plural present second-person)
smugud (past plural second-person)
smeugand (plural present third-person)
smugun (past plural third-person)
smeugē (first-person present singular)
smugī (first-person past singular)
smeugēs (present second-person singular)
smeugē (present singular third-person)
smugī (past singular third-person)
smeugēm (first-person plural present)
smugīm (first-person past plural)
smeugēþ (plural present second-person)
smugīd (past plural second-person)
smeugēn (plural present third-person)
smugīn (past plural third-person)
smiug (present singular)
smiugid (plural present)
smeugandī (participle present)
smogan (participle past)

Old English: smūgan
Middle English: smuȝen
Scots: smue, smow, smoo

Old Frisian: *smūga

⇒ Old Frisian: smūginge

Old Dutch: *smūgan, *smiogan
Middle Dutch: *smugen, *smiegen
Dutch: smuigen, smiegen, smoegen

Old High German: smiogan

Middle High German: smiegen

German: schmiegen

Proto-West Germanic: *smaugijanOld High German: *smougenMiddle High German: smougen

smogen

Old High German: *smogōn; Middle High German


spreutan

spreutan (infinitive)
spreutannjas (genitive infinitive)
spreutannjē (dative infinitive)
spreutannju (infinitive instrumental)
spreutu (first-person present singular)
spraut (first-person past singular)
spriutiʀi (present second-person singular)
sprutī (past second-person singular)
spriutidi (present singular third-person)
spraut (past singular third-person)
spreutum (first-person plural present)
sprutum (first-person past plural)
spriutid (plural present second-person)
sprutud (past plural second-person)
spreutand (plural present third-person)
sprutun (past plural third-person)
spreutē (first-person present singular)
sprutī (first-person past singular)
spreutēs (present second-person singular)
spreutē (present singular third-person)
sprutī (past singular third-person)
spreutēm (first-person plural present)
sprutīm (first-person past plural)
spreutēþ (plural present second-person)
sprutīd (past plural second-person)
spreutēn (plural present third-person)
sprutīn (past plural third-person)
spriut (present singular)
spriutid (plural present)
spreutandī (participle present)
sprotan (participle past)

Old English: *sprēotan, sprūtan

Middle English: spruten, sprouten

English: sprout

Scots: sproot, spruit

⇒ Old English: āsprēotan

⇒ Old English: ġeondsprēot

Old Frisian: sprūta

Saterland Frisian: sprute, spruutje

West Frisian: sprûte

Old Saxon: *spriotan, *sprūtan

Middle Low German: sprêten, sprûten

German Low German: spruten

⇒ Old Saxon: ūtsprūtan

Middle Low German: ûtsprûten

German Low German: utspruten

Old Dutch: *sprūtan
Middle Dutch: spruten
Dutch: spruiten
Afrikaans: spruit
→ Papiamentu: sprùit, spreit, spruit

Old High German: *spriozan, *sprūzan

Middle High German: spriezen, sprūzen

German: sprießen

Luxembourgish: spréissen


steuban

steuban (infinitive)
steubannjas (genitive infinitive)
steubannjē (dative infinitive)
steubannju (infinitive instrumental)
steubu (first-person present singular)
staub (first-person past singular)
stiubiʀi (present second-person singular)
stubī (past second-person singular)
stiubidi (present singular third-person)
staub (past singular third-person)
steubum (first-person plural present)
stubum (first-person past plural)
stiubid (plural present second-person)
stubud (past plural second-person)
steuband (plural present third-person)
stubun (past plural third-person)
steubē (first-person present singular)
stubī (first-person past singular)
steubēs (present second-person singular)
steubē (present singular third-person)
stubī (past singular third-person)
steubēm (first-person plural present)
stubīm (first-person past plural)
steubēþ (plural present second-person)
stubīd (past plural second-person)
steubēn (plural present third-person)
stubīn (past plural third-person)
stiub (present singular)
stiubid (plural present)
steubandī (participle present)
stoban (participle past)

Old Frisian: *stūva

Saterland Frisian: stuuwe

West Frisian: stowe

Old Saxon: *stiovan, *stūvan

Middle Low German: stûven

German Low German: stuven

Old Dutch: *stūvan
Middle Dutch: stuven
Dutch: stuiven
Afrikaans: stuif, stuiwe

Old High German: stioban

Middle High German: stieben, stiuben

German: stieben


streupan

streupan (infinitive)
streupannjas (genitive infinitive)
streupannjē (dative infinitive)
streupannju (infinitive instrumental)
streupu (first-person present singular)
straup (first-person past singular)
striupiʀi (present second-person singular)
strupī (past second-person singular)
striupidi (present singular third-person)
straup (past singular third-person)
streupum (first-person plural present)
strupum (first-person past plural)
striupid (plural present second-person)
strupud (past plural second-person)
streupand (plural present third-person)
strupun (past plural third-person)
streupē (first-person present singular)
strupī (first-person past singular)
streupēs (present second-person singular)
streupē (present singular third-person)
strupī (past singular third-person)
streupēm (first-person plural present)
strupīm (first-person past plural)
streupēþ (plural present second-person)
strupīd (past plural second-person)
streupēn (plural present third-person)
strupīn (past plural third-person)
striup (present singular)
striupid (plural present)
streupandī (participle present)
stropan (participle past)

Old High German: *striofan

Middle High German: striefen

German: striefen (archaic, obsolete)


sūkan

sūkan (infinitive)
sūkannjas (genitive infinitive)
sūkannjē (dative infinitive)
sūkannju (infinitive instrumental)
sūku (first-person present singular)
sauk (first-person past singular)
sūkiʀi (present second-person singular)
sukī (past second-person singular)
sūkidi (present singular third-person)
sauk (past singular third-person)
sūkum (first-person plural present)
sukum (first-person past plural)
sūkid (plural present second-person)
sukud (past plural second-person)
sūkand (plural present third-person)
sukun (past plural third-person)
sūkē (first-person present singular)
sukī (first-person past singular)
sūkēs (present second-person singular)
sūkē (present singular third-person)
sukī (past singular third-person)
sūkēm (first-person plural present)
sukīm (first-person past plural)
sūkēþ (plural present second-person)
sukīd (past plural second-person)
sūkēn (plural present third-person)
sukīn (past plural third-person)
sūk (present singular)
sūkid (plural present)
sūkandī (participle present)
sokan (participle past)

Old English: sūcan

Middle English: souken, suken

Scots: souke, souk

English: suck

Old Dutch: *sūcan
Middle Dutch: suken
Dutch: zuiken (dialectal or obsolete)
Limburgish: zuken, zoeken


þreutan

þreutan (infinitive)
þreutannjas (genitive infinitive)
þreutannjē (dative infinitive)
þreutannju (infinitive instrumental)
þreutu (first-person present singular)
þraut (first-person past singular)
þriutiʀi (present second-person singular)
þrutī (past second-person singular)
þriutidi (present singular third-person)
þraut (past singular third-person)
þreutum (first-person plural present)
þrutum (first-person past plural)
þriutid (plural present second-person)
þrutud (past plural second-person)
þreutand (plural present third-person)
þrutun (past plural third-person)
þreutē (first-person present singular)
þrutī (first-person past singular)
þreutēs (present second-person singular)
þreutē (present singular third-person)
þrutī (past singular third-person)
þreutēm (first-person plural present)
þrutīm (first-person past plural)
þreutēþ (plural present second-person)
þrutīd (past plural second-person)
þreutēn (plural present third-person)
þrutīn (past plural third-person)
þriut (present singular)
þriutid (plural present)
þreutandī (participle present)
þrotan (participle past)

Old English: þrēotan

Old Saxon: thriotan

Middle Low German: drēten


þreuwan

þreuwan (infinitive)
þreuwannjas (genitive infinitive)
þreuwannjē (dative infinitive)
þreuwannju (infinitive instrumental)
þreuwu (first-person present singular)
þrauw (first-person past singular)
þriuwiʀi (present second-person singular)
þruwī (past second-person singular)
þriuwidi (present singular third-person)
þrauw (past singular third-person)
þreuwum (first-person plural present)
þruwum (first-person past plural)
þriuwid (plural present second-person)
þruwud (past plural second-person)
þreuwand (plural present third-person)
þruwun (past plural third-person)
þreuwē (first-person present singular)
þruwī (first-person past singular)
þreuwēs (present second-person singular)
þreuwē (present singular third-person)
þruwī (past singular third-person)
þreuwēm (first-person plural present)
þruwīm (first-person past plural)
þreuwēþ (plural present second-person)
þruwīd (past plural second-person)
þreuwēn (plural present third-person)
þruwīn (past plural third-person)
þriuw (present singular)
þriuwid (plural present)
þreuwandī (participle present)
þrowan (participle past)

Old High German: driuwan


-attjan

-attjan (infinitive)
-attjannjas (genitive infinitive)
-attjannjē (dative infinitive)
-attjannju (infinitive instrumental)
-attju (first-person present singular)
-attā (first-person past singular)
-atisi (present second-person singular)
-attēs (past second-person singular)
-attōs (past second-person singular)
-atiþi (present singular third-person)
-attē (past singular third-person)
-attā (past singular third-person)
-attjum (first-person plural present)
-attum (first-person past plural)
-atiþ (plural present second-person)
-attud (past plural second-person)
-attjanþ (plural present third-person)
-attun (past plural third-person)
-attjē (first-person present singular)
-attī (first-person past singular)
-attjēs (present second-person singular)
-attī (past second-person singular)
-attjē (present singular third-person)
-attī (past singular third-person)
-attjēm (first-person plural present)
-attīm (first-person past plural)
-attjēþ (plural present second-person)
-attīd (past plural second-person)
-attjēn (plural present third-person)
-attīn (past plural third-person)
-ati (present singular)
-atiþ (plural present)
-attjandī (participle present)
-att (participle past)

Old English: -ettan, -etan, -tan
Middle English: thouten (“to address as 'thou'”), yeten (“to address as 'ye'”) (likely), grunten (from Old English grunnettan), spouten
English: yeet, grunt, fidget (possibly), spout, botch, haunt (via French)
>? English: -et

Old High German: -azzen, -ezzen

Middle High German: -ezzen, -zen, -sen

German: -zen, -sen

Creates verbs from nouns and adjectives, similar to -ise.

Creates intensive verbs from other verbs.


dropō

dropō (nominative singular)
dropan (nominative plural)
dropan (accusative singular)
dropan (accusative plural)
drupini (genitive singular)
dropan (genitive singular)
dropanō (genitive plural)
drupini (dative singular)
dropan (dative singular)
dropum (dative plural)
drupini (instrumental singular)
dropan (instrumental singular)
dropum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dropa
Middle English: drope, drop, droppe, droupe, droype (Northern)
English: drop
Scots: drap

Old Frisian: *dropa

Saterland Frisian: Droupe, Druppe

Old Saxon: dropo
Middle Low German: drope, drupe, drup
German Low German: Drüpp

Old Dutch: dropo

Middle Dutch: drope, drop

Dutch: drop, drup
Afrikaans: drup

Old High German: tropfo, troffo, tropho
Middle High German: tropfe
German: Tropfe, Tropfen
Yiddish: טראָפּן (tropn), טראָפּ (trop)


wirkijan

wirkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wirkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wirkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wirkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wirkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wirkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wirkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wirkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wirkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wirkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wirkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wirkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wirkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wirkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wirkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wirkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wirkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wirkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wirkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wirkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wirkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wirkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wirkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wirkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wirkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wirkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wirkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wirkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wirkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wirkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wirki (class-1 present singular weak)
wirkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wirkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wirkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wyrċan, wyrċean, wirċean, wirċan
Middle English: werchen, wirchen, werken
English: work, wrought (from past participle worhte)
Scots: wark, wirk

Old Frisian: wirka, wirza, werka

West Frisian: wurkje

Old Saxon: wirkian

Middle Low German: werken

German Low German: warken, werken

Old Dutch: wirken
Middle Dutch: werken
Dutch: werken
Afrikaans: werk
Limburgish: wèrke

Old High German: wirken, wirchen

Middle High German: wirken

German: wirken

Luxembourgish: wierken

From Proto-Germanic *wirkijaną. Equivalent to *werk (“work”) + *-jan.


dropattjan

dropattjan (infinitive)
dropattjannjas (genitive infinitive)
dropattjannjē (dative infinitive)
dropattjannju (infinitive instrumental)
dropattju (first-person present singular)
dropattā (first-person past singular)
dropatisi (present second-person singular)
dropattēs (past second-person singular)
dropattōs (past second-person singular)
dropatiþi (present singular third-person)
dropattē (past singular third-person)
dropattā (past singular third-person)
dropattjum (first-person plural present)
dropattum (first-person past plural)
dropatiþ (plural present second-person)
dropattud (past plural second-person)
dropattjanþ (plural present third-person)
dropattun (past plural third-person)
dropattjē (first-person present singular)
dropattī (first-person past singular)
dropattjēs (present second-person singular)
dropattī (past second-person singular)
dropattjē (present singular third-person)
dropattī (past singular third-person)
dropattjēm (first-person plural present)
dropattīm (first-person past plural)
dropattjēþ (plural present second-person)
dropattīd (past plural second-person)
dropattjēn (plural present third-person)
dropattīn (past plural third-person)
dropati (present singular)
dropatiþ (plural present)
dropattjandī (participle present)
dropatt (participle past)
*droppattjan (alternative)

Old English: dropettan, droppettan

Old Dutch: dropetten

Old High German: tropfezzen, trophezzen

Middle High German: tropfezen

From Proto-Germanic *drupatjaną. Equivalent to *dropō + *-attjan.

to form into drops and fall, dribble, drip


-nassī

-nassī (nominative singular)
-nassīn (accusative singular)
-nassīn (genitive singular)
-nassīn (dative singular)
-nassīn (instrumental singular)
-nassī (nominative singular)
-nassiju (nominative plural)
-nassī (accusative singular)
-nassiju (accusative plural)
-nassijas (genitive singular)
-nassijō (genitive plural)
-nassijē (dative singular)
-nassijum (dative plural)
-nassiju (instrumental singular)
-nassijum (instrumental plural)
*-nussī (alternative)
*-nassi (alternative)
*-nussi (alternative)

Old English: -nes, -ness, -nis, -niss, -nys, -nyss
Middle English: -nesse, -ness, -nes, -nece, -nesce, -nisse, -nis, -næse, -næs, -nez
English: -ness
Scots: -nes

Old Frisian: -nisse, -ense

Saterland Frisian: -nisse, -nis

West Frisian: -ens

Old Saxon: -nessi, -nissi, -nussi

Middle Low German: -nisse
Low German: -nisse, -nis

Old Dutch: -nissi, -nussi

Middle Dutch: -nisse

Dutch: -nis

Afrikaans: -nis

Old High German: -nissi, -nussi

desc

Middle High German: -nisse, -nusse, -nüsse (at least in rhyme)

German: -nis, -niß -nüß, -nuß

Yiddish: ־ניש (-nish)

From *-nass, from Proto-Germanic *-inassuz, + *-ī.

Used to form abstract nouns, usually from adjectives, denoting quality or state; -ness


aunōn

aunōn (infinitive)
aunōnijas (genitive infinitive)
aunōnijē (dative infinitive)
aunōniju (infinitive instrumental)
aunō (first-person present singular)
aunōdā (first-person past singular)
aunōs (present second-person singular)
aunōdēs (past second-person singular)
aunōdōs (past second-person singular)
aunōþ (present singular third-person)
aunōdē (past singular third-person)
aunōdā (past singular third-person)
aunōm (first-person plural present)
aunōdum (first-person past plural)
aunōþ (plural present second-person)
aunōdud (past plural second-person)
aunōnþ (plural present third-person)
aunōdun (past plural third-person)
aunōdī (first-person past singular)
aunōdī (past second-person singular)
aunō (present singular third-person)
aunōdī (past singular third-person)
aunōdīm (first-person past plural)
aunōdīd (past plural second-person)
aunōn (plural present third-person)
aunōdīn (past plural third-person)
aunō (present singular)
aunōþ (plural present)
aunōndī (participle present)
aunōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: ēanian
Middle English: enen, einde, enyen, enyn
English: ean
Scots: eenie

Old Frisian: *ānia

⇒ Saterland Frisian: bejänne

West Frisian: eandsje, inje, (antsje?)

Old Saxon: *ōnon

Middle Low German: *ônen

→ North Frisian: oone (Hallig)

Old Dutch: *ōnon

Middle Dutch: *ônen

Dutch: onen (dialectal)

Transactions of the Philological Society