bedu

bedu (nominative singular)
bedō (nominative plural)
bedā (accusative singular)
bedā (accusative plural)
bedā (genitive singular)
bedō (genitive plural)
bedē (dative singular)
bedōm (dative plural)
bedum (dative plural)
bedu (instrumental singular)
bedōm (instrumental plural)
bedum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bedu, beodo
Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (Early Middle English) (conflated with Old English ġebed)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid

Old Frisian: bede

Saterland Frisian: Beed

West Frisian: bea

Old Saxon: beda

Middle Low German: bēde

German Low German: Beed

→ German: Bede

Old Dutch: beda
Middle Dutch: bēde
Dutch: bede
Afrikaans: bede

Old High German: beta

Middle High German: bëte, bët

q

altered after <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">bitten</i>

German: Bete (obsolete), Bitte (altered after bitten)


biraupijan

biraupijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
biraupijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
biraupijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
biraupijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
biraupiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
biraupidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
biraupisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
biraupidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
biraupidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
biraupiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
biraupidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
biraupidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
biraupijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
biraupidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
biraupiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
biraupidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
biraupijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
biraupidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
biraupijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
biraupidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
biraupijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
biraupidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
biraupijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
biraupidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
biraupijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
biraupidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
biraupijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
biraupidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
biraupijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
biraupidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
biraupi (class-1 present singular weak)
biraupiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
biraupijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
biraupid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *berīepan, berȳpan

desctree

Old Saxon: birôpian
Middle Low German: berȫpen

Old High German: biroufen
Middle High German: beroufen, beröufen
German: beraufen

Lombardic: *bihroffen
German: beraufen
→ Italian: baruffare


talkōn

talkōn (infinitive)
talkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
talkōnijē (dative infinitive)
talkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
talkō (first-person present singular)
talkōdā (first-person past singular)
talkōs (present second-person singular)
talkōdēs (past second-person singular)
talkōdōs (past second-person singular)
talkōþ (present singular third-person)
talkōdē (past singular third-person)
talkōdā (past singular third-person)
talkōm (first-person plural present)
talkōdum (first-person past plural)
talkōþ (plural present second-person)
talkōdud (past plural second-person)
talkōnþ (plural present third-person)
talkōdun (past plural third-person)
talkōdī (first-person past singular)
talkōdī (past second-person singular)
talkō (present singular third-person)
talkōdī (past singular third-person)
talkōdīm (first-person past plural)
talkōdīd (past plural second-person)
talkōn (plural present third-person)
talkōdīn (past plural third-person)
talkō (present singular)
talkōþ (plural present)
talkōndī (participle present)
talkōd (participle past)

Old English: *tealcian

Middle English: talkien, talken

English: talk

Scots: talk

Old Frisian: *talkia

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Toalke (“gossiper, chatterer, chatterbox”)

Old Saxon: *talkōn

Middle Low German: *talken, *tālken

German Low German: taalken

From *talōn + *-ukōn (frequentative suffix); or alternatively a denominal from *taluk (“short story, summary, chat”), diminutive of *talu (“account, tale”).


garwā

garwā (nominative singular)
garwōn (nominative plural)
garwōn (accusative singular)
garwōn (accusative plural)
garwōn (genitive singular)
garwōnō (genitive plural)
garwōn (dative singular)
garwōm (dative plural)
garwum (dative plural)
garwōn (instrumental singular)
garwōm (instrumental plural)
garwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġearwe, ġearuuae — early
Middle English: yarwe, ȝarewe, ȝarow, ȝarowe, ȝarwe, ȝorow, yare, yarewe, yarou, yarow, yarowe
English: yarrow; >? yarr
>? Scots: yarr

Old Saxon: garwa

Middle Low German: garve

German Low German: Garwe

Old Dutch: *garwa
Middle Dutch: garwe
Dutch: gerw (obsolete)
Limburgish: hazegerf

Old High German: garwa, garawa

Middle High German: garwe

German: Garbe (obsolete)

⇒ German: Schafgarbe

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


galīkanassī

galīkanassī (nominative singular)
galīkanassīn (accusative singular)
galīkanassīn (genitive singular)
galīkanassīn (dative singular)
galīkanassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: ġelīcnes, ġelīcnis, ġelīcnys
Middle English: liknesse, likenesse
English: likeness

Old Frisian: līknisse, līkense

West Frisian: likenis

Old Saxon: gilīknessi
Middle Low German: gelīkenisse, gelīknisse, līkenisse
German Low German: Glieknis
→ Danish: lignelse
→ Norwegian: lignelse

Old Dutch: gilīcnussi

Middle Dutch: gelîkenisse

Dutch: gelijkenis

Afrikaans: gelykenis

desc

Old High German: gilīhnassi, gilīhnessi, gilīhnissi, gilīhnussi

Middle High German: gelīchnisse

German: Gleichnis


tukkōn

tukkōn (infinitive)
tukkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
tukkōnijē (dative infinitive)
tukkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
tukkō (first-person present singular)
tukkōdā (first-person past singular)
tukkōs (present second-person singular)
tukkōdēs (past second-person singular)
tukkōdōs (past second-person singular)
tukkōþ (present singular third-person)
tukkōdē (past singular third-person)
tukkōdā (past singular third-person)
tukkōm (first-person plural present)
tukkōdum (first-person past plural)
tukkōþ (plural present second-person)
tukkōdud (past plural second-person)
tukkōnþ (plural present third-person)
tukkōdun (past plural third-person)
tukkōdī (first-person past singular)
tukkōdī (past second-person singular)
tukkō (present singular third-person)
tukkōdī (past singular third-person)
tukkōdīm (first-person past plural)
tukkōdīd (past plural second-person)
tukkōn (plural present third-person)
tukkōdīn (past plural third-person)
tukkō (present singular)
tukkōþ (plural present)
tukkōndī (participle present)
tukkōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: tucian
Middle English: tuken (influenced by Middle Dutch, Middle Low German tucken)
English: tuck
Scots: tuck

Old Frisian: *tukia

Saterland Frisian: tukje, tuukje; tokje

West Frisian: tûkje; (tûke)

⇒ West Frisian: tûkelje

Old Saxon: *tukkōn

Middle Low German: tucken

German Low German: tucken, tocken

Low German: tukken, tokken

Old Dutch: *tukkon, *tokkon

Middle Dutch: tucken, tocken

Dutch: tokken

⇒ Dutch: tokkelen

desc

→? Old High German: tokkōn, tockōn (“to collide”)

Old High German: zucchōn, zocchōn

→? Vulgar Latin: *tuccō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *tukkōną (“to tug, grab, grasp”), from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull”).


fūlijan

fūlijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
fūlijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
fūlijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
fūlijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
fūliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fūlidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fūlisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fūlidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūlidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fūlidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūlidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūlijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fūlidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fūliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fūlidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fūlijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fūlidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fūlijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fūlidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fūlijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fūlidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūlijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fūlidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūlijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fūlidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fūlijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fūlidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fūlijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fūlidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fūli (class-1 present singular weak)
fūliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
fūlijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
fūlid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: fȳlan
Middle English: fulen, fuilen, filen
English: file

Old Saxon: fūlian

Middle Low German: vü̂len

Old Dutch: *fūlen

Middle Dutch: vulen (merged with the descendant of *fūlēn)

Dutch: vuilen

From Proto-Germanic *fūlijaną. Equivalent to *fūl (“foul, dirty”) + *-jan.


klagōn

klagōn (infinitive)
klagōnijas (genitive infinitive)
klagōnijē (dative infinitive)
klagōniju (infinitive instrumental)
klagō (first-person present singular)
klagōdā (first-person past singular)
klagōs (present second-person singular)
klagōdēs (past second-person singular)
klagōdōs (past second-person singular)
klagōþ (present singular third-person)
klagōdē (past singular third-person)
klagōdā (past singular third-person)
klagōm (first-person plural present)
klagōdum (first-person past plural)
klagōþ (plural present second-person)
klagōdud (past plural second-person)
klagōnþ (plural present third-person)
klagōdun (past plural third-person)
klagōdī (first-person past singular)
klagōdī (past second-person singular)
klagō (present singular third-person)
klagōdī (past singular third-person)
klagōdīm (first-person past plural)
klagōdīd (past plural second-person)
klagōn (plural present third-person)
klagōdīn (past plural third-person)
klagō (present singular)
klagōþ (plural present)
klagōndī (participle present)
klagōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: klagōn

Middle Low German: klagen

Low German: klagen

→ Danish: klage

q

possibly via Danish <i class="Latn mention" lang="da">klage</i>

→ Faroese: klaga (possibly via Danish klage)

→ Icelandic: klaga

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: klage

Norwegian Nynorsk: klage, klaga

→ Old Swedish: klagha

Swedish: klaga

desctree

Old Dutch: clagon
Middle Dutch: clāgen
Dutch: klagen

Old High German: klagōn

Middle High German: klagen

Alemannic German: chlaage, chlage

Bavarian: klågn

Cimbrian: khlaagan

German: klagen

Luxembourgish: kloen

From *klagu (“lamentation, complaint”) + *-ōn.


agastrijā

agastrijā (nominative singular)
agastrijōn (nominative plural)
agastrijōn (accusative singular)
agastrijōn (accusative plural)
agastrijōn (genitive singular)
agastrijōnō (genitive plural)
agastrijōn (dative singular)
agastrijōm (dative plural)
agastrijum (dative plural)
agastrijōn (instrumental singular)
agastrijōm (instrumental plural)
agastrijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *egstre, *ekster; *agster, *akster

Saterland Frisian: Akster

West Frisian: ekster, akster

Old Saxon: agastria, agistra

desc

Middle Low German: êgelster, êgester, êgster, êxter, exter, hêgester, hegster, hegister, hegester, heister, hechster

Low German: Ääkster, Äkster, Eekster, Ekster, Hääster, Heester, Heister

Dutch Low Saxon: ökster

Plautdietsch: Heista

→ German: Heister

desctree

→ Polish: hajstra (“grey heron”)
→ Old Ruthenian: га́йстеръ (hájster)
Belarusian: га́йсцер (hájscjer), га́йсцёр (hájscjor), га́йстр (hájstr) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: га́йстер (hájster), га́стір (hástir), а́стер (áster), га́рист (háryst) (dialectal)

desc

→ Middle Russian: а́истъ (áist), а́гистъ (ágist, “stork”)

Russian: а́ист (áist, “stork”)

Old Dutch: *agastra

Middle Dutch: egestre, aecstren, aexter, exter

desctree

Dutch: ekster, (obsolete) exter, aakster, aekster, aexter
Afrikaans: ekster

desc

Old High German: agalstra, agastra, egilistra

Middle High German: agelster, agelaster, aglaster, Alster, elster

German: Elster

Possibly from *ag-ad- ~ *ag-at-, suffixed variant of *agu (“magpie”), + *-þr (agent suffix) + *-jā (agent suffix).


agattjā

agattjā (nominative singular)
agattjōn (nominative plural)
agattjōn (accusative singular)
agattjōn (accusative plural)
agattjōn (genitive singular)
agattjōnō (genitive plural)
agattjōn (dative singular)
agattjōm (dative plural)
agattjum (dative plural)
agattjōn (instrumental singular)
agattjōm (instrumental plural)
agattjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: agazza, agaza

⇒ Old High German: *agazil

Middle High German: atzel

Middle High German: hetze

→ Late Latin: agazia

Italo-Romance:

Italian: gazza

Padanian:

Ligurian: jazza

Lombard: gaza

Piedmontese: ajassa, jassa

Romagnol: argaza

Southern Gallo-Romance:

>? Aragonese: garza

>? Catalan: garsa

Old Occitan: agassa

Occitan: agaça

Nord-Occitan: ajaça

Vivaro-Alpine: aiassa

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: aguiasse, ageasse, égeasse, ouasse

Bourguignon: aiguaisse

Old French: agace, agasse, agas

Middle French: agace

French: agace

Norman: agase

Picard: agache

Walloon: aguèse, agaesse

→ Medieval Latin: agasia, aigatia

→ Middle English: agas, agaas

Possibly from *ag-ad- ~ *ag-at-, suffixed variant of *agu (“magpie”), + *-jā (agent suffix).


aiwahaft

aiwahaft (masculine nominative singular)
aiwahaftu (feminine nominative singular)
aiwahaft (neuter nominative singular)
aiwahaftanā (accusative masculine singular)
aiwahaftā (accusative feminine singular)
aiwahaft (accusative neuter singular)
aiwahaftas (genitive masculine singular)
aiwahafteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aiwahaftas (genitive neuter singular)
aiwahaftumē (dative masculine singular)
aiwahafteʀē (dative feminine singular)
aiwahaftumē (dative neuter singular)
aiwahaftu (instrumental masculine singular)
aiwahafteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aiwahaftu (instrumental neuter singular)
aiwahaftē (masculine nominative plural)
aiwahaftō (feminine nominative plural)
aiwahaftu (neuter nominative plural)
aiwahaftā (accusative masculine plural)
aiwahaftā (accusative feminine plural)
aiwahaftu (accusative neuter plural)
aiwahafteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aiwahafteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aiwahafteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aiwahaftēm (dative masculine plural)
aiwahaftum (dative masculine plural)
aiwahaftēm (dative feminine plural)
aiwahaftum (dative feminine plural)
aiwahaftēm (dative neuter plural)
aiwahaftum (dative neuter plural)
aiwahaftēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aiwahaftum (instrumental masculine plural)
aiwahaftēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aiwahaftum (feminine instrumental plural)
aiwahaftēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aiwahaftum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: āfte

Old Saxon: *ēhaft

Middle Low German: echt

German Low German: echt

Norwegian Bokmål: ekte

→ Middle High German: echt

Bavarian: ächd

desctree

German: echt, ächt (obsolete)
→ English: echt

Hunsrik: echt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ekte

→ Icelandic: ekta

→ Swedish: äkta

→ Danish: ægte

→ Estonian: eht

Old Dutch: *ēhaft

Middle Dutch: echt

Dutch: echt

Afrikaans: eg

Old High German: ēhaft

From *aiw (“law”) + *haft (“captive, bound”).


þornag

þornag (masculine nominative singular)
þornagu (feminine nominative singular)
þornag (neuter nominative singular)
þornaganā (accusative masculine singular)
þornagā (accusative feminine singular)
þornag (accusative neuter singular)
þornagas (genitive masculine singular)
þornageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þornagas (genitive neuter singular)
þornagumē (dative masculine singular)
þornageʀē (dative feminine singular)
þornagumē (dative neuter singular)
þornagu (instrumental masculine singular)
þornageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þornagu (instrumental neuter singular)
þornagē (masculine nominative plural)
þornagō (feminine nominative plural)
þornagu (neuter nominative plural)
þornagā (accusative masculine plural)
þornagā (accusative feminine plural)
þornagu (accusative neuter plural)
þornageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þornageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þornageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þornagēm (dative masculine plural)
þornagum (dative masculine plural)
þornagēm (dative feminine plural)
þornagum (dative feminine plural)
þornagēm (dative neuter plural)
þornagum (dative neuter plural)
þornagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þornagum (instrumental masculine plural)
þornagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þornagum (feminine instrumental plural)
þornagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þornagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þorniġ

Middle English: þorni, thorny

English: thorny

Scots: thorny

Old Frisian: *thornich

West Frisian: toarnich

Old Saxon: *thornig

Middle Low German: dōrnich, dörnich

Low German: doornig

Old Dutch: *thornig

Middle Dutch: *dornig

Dutch: doornig

Old High German: *dornag, *dornig

Middle High German: dornec, dornic

German: dornig

From *þorn + *-g, from Proto-Germanic *þurnuz.


steupa-

Old English: stēop-, stēp-
Middle English: steop-, step-, stappe-, ste-
English: step-
Scots: step-

Old Frisian: stiāp-

Saterland Frisian: stäif- (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: styp-, styf-

Old Saxon: *stiop-

desc

Middle Low German: stiep-, stip-, stêf-, stîf-

German Low German: steev-, steef-

Old Dutch: *stiop-

Middle Dutch: stiep-, stippe-, stief-

Dutch: stief-

Afrikaans: stief-

Old High German: stiof-

Middle High German: stief-

German: stief-


steupakind

steupakind (nominative singular)
steupakindu (nominative plural)
steupakind (accusative singular)
steupakindu (accusative plural)
steupakindas (genitive singular)
steupakindō (genitive plural)
steupakindē (dative singular)
steupakindum (dative plural)
steupakindu (instrumental singular)
steupakindum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: stiāpkind

Saterland Frisian: Stäifkind

Old Saxon: *stiopkind

Middle Low German: stiepkint, stipkint, stêfkint, stîfkint

German Low German: Steefkind

Old Dutch: *stiopkind

Middle Dutch: stippekint, stiefkint

Dutch: stiefkind

Old High German: stiofkind

Middle High German: stiefkint

German: Stiefkind

From *steupa- (“step-”) + *kind (“child”).


rāswijan

rāswijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
rāswijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
rāswijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
rāswijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
rāswiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rāswidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rāswisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rāswidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rāswidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rāswiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rāswidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rāswidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rāswijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rāswidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rāswiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rāswidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rāswijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rāswidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rāswijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rāswidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rāswijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rāswidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rāswijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rāswidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rāswijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rāswidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rāswijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rāswidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rāswijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rāswidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rāswi (class-1 present singular weak)
rāswiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
rāswijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
rāswid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ræswan

desctree

→ Old French: resver, rever, raver (alternatively from Latin *reexvagus)
Middle French: resver, rêver
French: rêver
→ Middle English: rauen, raven
English: rave

From *rāsu (“a counsel, deliberation”) + *-jan.


sagisnu

sagisnu (nominative singular)
sagisnō (nominative plural)
sagisnā (accusative singular)
sagisnā (accusative plural)
sagisnā (genitive singular)
sagisnō (genitive plural)
sagisnē (dative singular)
sagisnōm (dative plural)
sagisnum (dative plural)
sagisnu (instrumental singular)
sagisnōm (instrumental plural)
sagisnum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: seine

Old Saxon: segisna

desc

Middle Low German: seisene, seisen, sēgedese, seysne, sēsne, sēsene, sēssenē

German Low German: Seeß, Seiß

Old Dutch: *segisna

Middle Dutch: seisene, seise

Dutch: zeis

Old High German: segisna, (with metathesis) segansa

Middle High German: sëgense, seinse, sēnse

German: Sense

⇒ Luxembourgish: Séissel

From *sagi or *sagu (“saw”) + *-snu (instrumental suffix).


drast

drast (nominative singular)
drastiʀu (nominative plural)
drast (accusative singular)
drastiʀu (accusative plural)
drastiʀi (genitive singular)
drastiʀō (genitive plural)
drastiʀi (dative singular)
drastiʀum (dative plural)
drastiʀi (instrumental singular)
drastiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: trestir pl

Middle High German: trester

German: Trester

⇒ Old High German: trestig

From Proto-Germanic *drastaz, from earlier *drahstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰragʰs-tó-s, from *dʰrā́ks (“dregs, sediment”).


kataʀō

kataʀō (nominative singular)
kataʀan (nominative plural)
kataʀan (accusative singular)
kataʀan (accusative plural)
kataʀini (genitive singular)
kataʀan (genitive singular)
kataʀanō (genitive plural)
kataʀini (dative singular)
kataʀan (dative singular)
kataʀum (dative plural)
kataʀini (instrumental singular)
kataʀan (instrumental singular)
kataʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: katera

Saterland Frisian: Koater

West Frisian: kater

Old Saxon: *kataro

Middle Low German: kāter

German Low German: Kater, Koter, kaoter

Plautdietsch: Kota

→ Old High German: kataro

Middle High German: katere

Bavarian: Koda, Kåda

Cimbrian: khàttaro

German: Kater

Luxembourgish: Kueder

Vilamovian: kōter

desctree

Yiddish: קאָטער (koter)
→ Hebrew: קוּטֶר (kúter)

Old Dutch: *kataro

Middle Dutch: cāter

Dutch: kater

Limburgish: kater

A West Germanic formation taken from *kattu (“cat”) + the masculinizing suffix *-aʀō, *-aʀ; compare the development from Proto-Germanic *gans (“goose”) to *ganzô (“gander (male goose)”).


furþar

forþar (masculine nominative singular)
forþaru (feminine nominative singular)
forþar (neuter nominative singular)
forþaranā (accusative masculine singular)
forþarā (accusative feminine singular)
forþar (accusative neuter singular)
forþaras (genitive masculine singular)
forþareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
forþaras (genitive neuter singular)
forþarumē (dative masculine singular)
forþareʀē (dative feminine singular)
forþarumē (dative neuter singular)
forþaru (instrumental masculine singular)
forþareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
forþaru (instrumental neuter singular)
forþarē (masculine nominative plural)
forþarō (feminine nominative plural)
forþaru (neuter nominative plural)
forþarā (accusative masculine plural)
forþarā (accusative feminine plural)
forþaru (accusative neuter plural)
forþareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
forþareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
forþareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
forþarēm (dative masculine plural)
forþarum (dative masculine plural)
forþarēm (dative feminine plural)
forþarum (dative feminine plural)
forþarēm (dative neuter plural)
forþarum (dative neuter plural)
forþarēm (instrumental masculine plural)
forþarum (instrumental masculine plural)
forþarēm (feminine instrumental plural)
forþarum (feminine instrumental plural)
forþarēm (instrumental neuter plural)
forþarum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: furþor

Middle English: further, forther

English: further

Scots: forder, furder

Old Frisian: further, forther

Saterland Frisian: foarder

West Frisian: fierder

Old Saxon: furðor, furðir, forðar

Middle Low German: vörder, vürder

German Low German:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch, Sauerländisch: födder

Old Dutch: furthir, forthor

Dutch: vorder

Old High German: furdir, fordar

desc

Middle High German: vurder, vürder, vorder

German: fürder (archaic)

Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *furþeraz, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥-tero-s, from *pr̥- (“before, in front”) + *-teros.


altārī

altārī (nominative singular)
altārijō (nominative plural)
altārijōs (nominative plural)
altārī (accusative singular)
altārijā (accusative plural)
altārijas (genitive singular)
altārijō (genitive plural)
altārijē (dative singular)
altārijum (dative plural)
altāriju (instrumental singular)
altārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: alter, altar

Middle English: alter

English: altar
→ Maori: āta

Scots: altar

desctree

Old Frisian: altare, alter
West Frisian: alter

Old Saxon: altāri

desc

Middle Low German: altār, alter, oltar, olter, altāre

desctree

→ Old Norse: altari
Icelandic: altari
Faroese: altar
Norwegian Nynorsk: altar; (dialectal) altari
Old Swedish: altari
Swedish: altare
→ Finnish: alttari
Danish: alter
Norwegian Bokmål: alter

Old Dutch: altāri
Middle Dutch: altare
Dutch: altaar, autaar (dialectal), outaar (dialectal), outer (dialectal)
Afrikaans: altaar
Negerhollands: altar
→ Indonesian: altar
→ Sranan Tongo: altari
Limburgish: alter

Old High German: altāri

Middle High German: alter, altære

Cimbrian: altar

German: Altar

Luxembourgish: Altor

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: олътарь (olŭtarĭ) (see there for further descendants)


lugi

lugi (masculine nominative singular)
luggju (feminine nominative singular)
lugi (neuter nominative singular)
luggjanā (accusative masculine singular)
luggjā (accusative feminine singular)
lugi (accusative neuter singular)
luggjas (genitive masculine singular)
luggjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
luggjas (genitive neuter singular)
luggjumē (dative masculine singular)
luggjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
luggjumē (dative neuter singular)
luggju (instrumental masculine singular)
luggjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
luggju (instrumental neuter singular)
luggjē (masculine nominative plural)
luggjō (feminine nominative plural)
luggju (neuter nominative plural)
luggjā (accusative masculine plural)
luggjā (accusative feminine plural)
luggju (accusative neuter plural)
luggjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
luggjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
luggjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
luggjēm (dative masculine plural)
luggjum (dative masculine plural)
luggjēm (dative feminine plural)
luggjum (dative feminine plural)
luggjēm (dative neuter plural)
luggjum (dative neuter plural)
luggjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
luggjum (instrumental masculine plural)
luggjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
luggjum (feminine instrumental plural)
luggjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
luggjum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: lyġe
Middle English: lie, lye, legh, leye (merged with descendant of Old English lyġen)
English: lie

Old Saxon: luggi

Middle Low German: lügge, lucke

Old High German: luggi, lukki, lucki

Middle High German: lügge, lücke

From Proto-Germanic *lugiz (“lying”, adjective), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewgʰ-.


bedōn

bedōn (infinitive)
bedōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bedōnijē (dative infinitive)
bedōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bedō (first-person present singular)
bedōdā (first-person past singular)
bedōs (present second-person singular)
bedōdēs (past second-person singular)
bedōdōs (past second-person singular)
bedōþ (present singular third-person)
bedōdē (past singular third-person)
bedōdā (past singular third-person)
bedōm (first-person plural present)
bedōdum (first-person past plural)
bedōþ (plural present second-person)
bedōdud (past plural second-person)
bedōnþ (plural present third-person)
bedōdun (past plural third-person)
bedōdī (first-person past singular)
bedōdī (past second-person singular)
bedō (present singular third-person)
bedōdī (past singular third-person)
bedōdīm (first-person past plural)
bedōdīd (past plural second-person)
bedōn (plural present third-person)
bedōdīn (past plural third-person)
bedō (present singular)
bedōþ (plural present)
bedōndī (participle present)
bedōd (participle past)

Old English: ġebedian

Old High German: betōn

Middle High German: beten

German: beten


ūr

ūr (nominative singular)
ūrō (nominative plural)
ūrōs (nominative plural)
ūr (accusative singular)
ūrā (accusative plural)
ūras (genitive singular)
ūrō (genitive plural)
ūrē (dative singular)
ūrum (dative plural)
ūru (instrumental singular)
ūrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ūr

Middle English: oure

Old Saxon: *ūr

Middle Low German: ûr

German Low German: Ur

⇒ Middle Low German: ūrosse

→ Swedish: uroxe

Old Dutch: *ūr, uor

Middle Dutch: *uur

⇒ Dutch: uuros (the historical form, attested once)

Old High German: ūro

Middle High German: ūr

German: Ur

⇒ Old High German: ūrohso

Middle High German: ūrochse

German: Auerochse

→ English: aurochs

→ Middle Dutch: oeros

Dutch: oeros


heʀdā

heʀdā (nominative singular)
heʀdōn (nominative plural)
heʀdōn (accusative singular)
heʀdōn (accusative plural)
heʀdōn (genitive singular)
heʀdōnō (genitive plural)
heʀdōn (dative singular)
heʀdōm (dative plural)
heʀdum (dative plural)
heʀdōn (instrumental singular)
heʀdōm (instrumental plural)
heʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorde

desc

Middle English: herde, harde, hyrde, hurde

⇒ English: hards, hurds (from the plural)

⇒ Scots: hards, harden, harn (from the plural)

Old Frisian: hede

Saterland Frisian: Häide

West Frisian: heed

Old Saxon: *herda, *hēda

Middle Low German: hêde, heide

German Low German: Hede

→ German: (regional) Hede

⇒ German: verheddern

Old Dutch: *herda, *hēda

Middle Dutch: herde, heerde, hēde

Dutch: hede

→ Old French: hard, hart

Middle French: hart

French: hart

From Proto-Germanic *hezdǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *kés-dʰh₁-eh₂, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) with a *dʰh₁-extension similar to that of Proto-Germanic *mizdō (“reward”).


kōlī

kōlī (nominative singular)
kōlīn (accusative singular)
kōlīn (genitive singular)
kōlīn (dative singular)
kōlīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: *kōlī

Middle Low German: *köle

Low German: Köle

Old Dutch: *kuoli

Middle Dutch: coele

desctree

Old High German: kuolī, choͧle, chuele, chuile, chuilī, chulī, chuͦle, chuolī, cuole
Middle High German: chůle, küele, kůli
Alemannic German: Chüeli
Cimbrian: khüule
German: Kühle
Pennsylvania German: Kiehle

From *kōl(ī) (“cold”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


gabed

gabed (nominative singular)
gabedu (nominative plural)
gabed (accusative singular)
gabedu (accusative plural)
gabedas (genitive singular)
gabedō (genitive plural)
gabedē (dative singular)
gabedum (dative plural)
gabedu (instrumental singular)
gabedum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġebed, ġebæd, ġebedd
Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (Early Middle English) (partially from Old English bedu)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid

Old Saxon: gibed

Middle Low German: gebet

German Low German: Gebedd

→ Saterland Frisian: Gebäd

Old Dutch: gebet

Middle Dutch: gebet

Dutch: gebed
Afrikaans: gebed
Negerhollands: gebed, gobėt, gobėd

→ West Frisian: gebet

Old High German: gibet

Middle High German: gebët

Cimbrian: gapéet

German: Gebet


wlitīg

wlitīg (masculine nominative singular)
wlitīgu (feminine nominative singular)
wlitīg (neuter nominative singular)
wlitīganā (accusative masculine singular)
wlitīgā (accusative feminine singular)
wlitīg (accusative neuter singular)
wlitīgas (genitive masculine singular)
wlitīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wlitīgas (genitive neuter singular)
wlitīgumē (dative masculine singular)
wlitīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
wlitīgumē (dative neuter singular)
wlitīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
wlitīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wlitīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
wlitīgē (masculine nominative plural)
wlitīgō (feminine nominative plural)
wlitīgu (neuter nominative plural)
wlitīgā (accusative masculine plural)
wlitīgā (accusative feminine plural)
wlitīgu (accusative neuter plural)
wlitīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wlitīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wlitīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wlitīgēm (dative masculine plural)
wlitīgum (dative masculine plural)
wlitīgēm (dative feminine plural)
wlitīgum (dative feminine plural)
wlitīgēm (dative neuter plural)
wlitīgum (dative neuter plural)
wlitīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wlitīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
wlitīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wlitīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
wlitīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wlitīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wlitiġ, wlytiġ
Middle English: wliti, wlitig, wlitiȝ (early)

Old Saxon: wlitig


þehsan

þehsan (infinitive)
þehsannjas (genitive infinitive)
þehsannjē (dative infinitive)
þehsannju (infinitive instrumental)
þehsu (first-person present singular)
þahs (first-person past singular)
þihsiʀi (present second-person singular)
þuhsī (past second-person singular)
þihsidi (present singular third-person)
þahs (past singular third-person)
þehsum (first-person plural present)
þuhsum (first-person past plural)
þihsid (plural present second-person)
þuhsud (past plural second-person)
þehsand (plural present third-person)
þuhsun (past plural third-person)
þehsē (first-person present singular)
þuhsī (first-person past singular)
þehsēs (present second-person singular)
þehsē (present singular third-person)
þuhsī (past singular third-person)
þehsēm (first-person plural present)
þuhsīm (first-person past plural)
þehsēþ (plural present second-person)
þuhsīd (past plural second-person)
þehsēn (plural present third-person)
þuhsīn (past plural third-person)
þihs (present singular)
þihsid (plural present)
þehsandī (participle present)
þohsan (participle past)

Old High German: *dehsan

Middle High German: dehsen

From Proto-Germanic *þehsaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ték-se-ti, from *tek- (“to fashion, weave”) + *-seti. Cognate with Latin texō (“to weave”).


galang

galang (masculine nominative singular)
galangu (feminine nominative singular)
galang (neuter nominative singular)
galanganā (accusative masculine singular)
galangā (accusative feminine singular)
galang (accusative neuter singular)
galangas (genitive masculine singular)
galangeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
galangas (genitive neuter singular)
galangumē (dative masculine singular)
galangeʀē (dative feminine singular)
galangumē (dative neuter singular)
galangu (instrumental masculine singular)
galangeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
galangu (instrumental neuter singular)
galangē (masculine nominative plural)
galangō (feminine nominative plural)
galangu (neuter nominative plural)
galangā (accusative masculine plural)
galangā (accusative feminine plural)
galangu (accusative neuter plural)
galangeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
galangeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
galangeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
galangēm (dative masculine plural)
galangum (dative masculine plural)
galangēm (dative feminine plural)
galangum (dative feminine plural)
galangēm (dative neuter plural)
galangum (dative neuter plural)
galangēm (instrumental masculine plural)
galangum (instrumental masculine plural)
galangēm (feminine instrumental plural)
galangum (feminine instrumental plural)
galangēm (instrumental neuter plural)
galangum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġelang
Middle English: ylong, along
English: along

Old Saxon: gilang

Old Dutch: *gilang

Middle Dutch: gelang

Dutch: gelang

Old High German: gilang

desc

→ Vulgar Latin: *sub longum, *sublungum (calque)

Old French: sulonc, sulunc, solonc, selunc

Middle French: sulum, solonc, selonc

French: selon

reaching, touching; relating, belonging, depending


kampijan

kampijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kampijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kampijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kampijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kampiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kampidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kampisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kampidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kampidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kampiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kampidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kampidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kampijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kampidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kampiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kampidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kampijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kampidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kampijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kampidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kampijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kampidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kampijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kampidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kampijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kampidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kampijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kampidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kampijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kampidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kampi (class-1 present singular weak)
kampiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kampijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kampid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *cempan

Middle English: kempen

Scots: kemp

English: kemp (obsolete)

Old Frisian: kempa, kampa

West Frisian: kimpe

Old Saxon: *kempian

Middle Low German: kempen

German Low German: kämpen

Old Dutch: *kempen

Middle Dutch: kempen

Dutch: kempen (obsolete)

Old High German: kempfen

Middle High German: kempfen

German: kämpfen

→ Plautdietsch: kjamfen

Hunsrik: kemfe

Luxembourgish: kämpfen

Yiddish: קעמפֿן (kemfn)

→ Old Norse: keppa

Icelandic: keppa

Norwegian Nynorsk: kappa

From *kamp (“(battle)field; battle”) + *-jan.


dōm

dōm (nominative singular)
dōmō (nominative plural)
dōmōs (nominative plural)
dōm (accusative singular)
dōmā (accusative plural)
dōmas (genitive singular)
dōmō (genitive plural)
dōmē (dative singular)
dōmum (dative plural)
dōmu (instrumental singular)
dōmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dōm, ᛞᚩᛗ (dóm) — Franks Casket
Middle English: doom, doim, dom, dome
English: doom
Middle Scots: dome, dume

Old Frisian: dōm

West Frisian: doem

Old Saxon: dōm

Old Dutch: *duom

Middle Dutch: doem

Dutch: doem

Afrikaans: doem

Old High German: tuom


dōm

Old Saxon: *dōm

q

Middle Low German: dôm (all descendants may also be from Modern German)

Low German: Dom, Doom

→ Danish: dom

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dom

→ Swedish: dom

Old Dutch: duom

Middle Low German: doem

(⇒ Dutch: dom) (altered after Middle French)

Old High German: tuom

Middle High German: tuom

German: Thum (obsolete)

(⇒ German: Dom) (altered after Middle French and/or Low German)

Luxembourgish: Doum (possibly inherited)


kolamaisā

kolamaisā (nominative singular)
kolamaisōn (nominative plural)
kolamaisōn (accusative singular)
kolamaisōn (accusative plural)
kolamaisōn (genitive singular)
kolamaisōnō (genitive plural)
kolamaisōn (dative singular)
kolamaisōm (dative plural)
kolamaisum (dative plural)
kolamaisōn (instrumental singular)
kolamaisōm (instrumental plural)
kolamaisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: colmāse, cōlmāse

Middle English: collemase, colmose

English: coalmouse

Old Frisian: *kolemēse

Saterland Frisian: Koolmeeske

Old Saxon: *kolmēsa

Middle Low German: *kolemêse

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Kohlmeesch

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Kollmeese

desctree

Old Dutch: *colmēsa
Middle Dutch: cōolmêse
Dutch: koolmees

Old High German: *kolmeisa

Middle High German: kolemeise

German: Kohlmeise

From *kol (“coal”) + *maisā (“titmouse”).


sālīg

sālīg (masculine nominative singular)
sālīgu (feminine nominative singular)
sālīg (neuter nominative singular)
sālīganā (accusative masculine singular)
sālīgā (accusative feminine singular)
sālīg (accusative neuter singular)
sālīgas (genitive masculine singular)
sālīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sālīgas (genitive neuter singular)
sālīgumē (dative masculine singular)
sālīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sālīgumē (dative neuter singular)
sālīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
sālīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sālīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
sālīgē (masculine nominative plural)
sālīgō (feminine nominative plural)
sālīgu (neuter nominative plural)
sālīgā (accusative masculine plural)
sālīgā (accusative feminine plural)
sālīgu (accusative neuter plural)
sālīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sālīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sālīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sālīgēm (dative masculine plural)
sālīgum (dative masculine plural)
sālīgēm (dative feminine plural)
sālīgum (dative feminine plural)
sālīgēm (dative neuter plural)
sālīgum (dative neuter plural)
sālīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sālīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
sālīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sālīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
sālīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sālīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sǣliġ
Middle English: sēlī
English: silly, sely
Scots: seelie

Old Frisian: sēlich, sīlich

West Frisian: silich

Old Saxon: sālig

Middle Low German: sä̂lich

→ Danish: salig

→ Norwegian Bokmål: salig

→ Swedish: salig

Old Dutch: sālig, sēlig (“umlauted variant”)
Middle Dutch: sâlich
Dutch: zalig
Afrikaans: salig
→ West Frisian: salich
Limburgish: zieëlig, zaolig

Old High German: sālīg
Middle High German: sælic
German: selig
Luxembourgish: séileg
Silesian East Central German: salig (Gebirgsschlesisch); sälig; selig (Breslauisch)
⇒ Silesian East Central German: glücksälig (also Breslauisch)


attō

attō (nominative singular)
attan (nominative plural)
attan (accusative singular)
attan (accusative plural)
attini (genitive singular)
attan (genitive singular)
attanō (genitive plural)
attini (dative singular)
attan (dative singular)
attum (dative plural)
attini (instrumental singular)
attan (instrumental singular)
attum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: atta, aththa, atha, eththa
North Frisian: ate, aatj, taatje, tääte
West Frisian: heit
→ Dutch: heit

Old Saxon: *atto, *etto

desc

>? Middle Low German: ette (“local elder, hereditary male judge”)

Old Dutch: *atto, *etto

Middle Dutch: ette

Dutch: ette

desctree

Old High German: atto
Middle High German: atte
Alemannic German: Ätti, Ätte
Italian Walser: attu, àttu, attò
⇒ Alemannic German: Großätti, Großatt
Bavarian: Ätt
⇒? Cimbrian: tatta


forþbringan

forþbringan (infinitive)
forþbringannjas (genitive infinitive)
forþbringannjē (dative infinitive)
forþbringannju (infinitive instrumental)
forþbringu (first-person present singular)
forþbrang (first-person past singular)
forþbringiʀi (present second-person singular)
forþbrungī (past second-person singular)
forþbringidi (present singular third-person)
forþbrang (past singular third-person)
forþbringum (first-person plural present)
forþbrungum (first-person past plural)
forþbringid (plural present second-person)
forþbrungud (past plural second-person)
forþbringand (plural present third-person)
forþbrungun (past plural third-person)
forþbringē (first-person present singular)
forþbrungī (first-person past singular)
forþbringēs (present second-person singular)
forþbringē (present singular third-person)
forþbrungī (past singular third-person)
forþbringēm (first-person plural present)
forþbrungīm (first-person past plural)
forþbringēþ (plural present second-person)
forþbrungīd (past plural second-person)
forþbringēn (plural present third-person)
forþbrungīn (past plural third-person)
forþbring (present singular)
forþbringid (plural present)
forþbringandī (participle present)
forþbrungan (participle past)

Old English: forþbringan
Middle English: forthbringen
English: forthbring
Scots: furthbring

Old Frisian: *forthbringa

West Frisian: fuortbringe

Old Saxon: *forthbringan

Middle Low German: vōrtbringen

→? German: fortbringen

Old Dutch: forthbringan, fortbringan

Middle Dutch: vortbringen

Dutch: voortbrengen

Afrikaans: voortbring

foortbrengen

Middle Low German: vortbrengen, vōrtbrengen


solag

solag (masculine nominative singular)
solagu (feminine nominative singular)
solag (neuter nominative singular)
solaganā (accusative masculine singular)
solagā (accusative feminine singular)
solag (accusative neuter singular)
solagas (genitive masculine singular)
solageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
solagas (genitive neuter singular)
solagumē (dative masculine singular)
solageʀē (dative feminine singular)
solagumē (dative neuter singular)
solagu (instrumental masculine singular)
solageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
solagu (instrumental neuter singular)
solagē (masculine nominative plural)
solagō (feminine nominative plural)
solagu (neuter nominative plural)
solagā (accusative masculine plural)
solagā (accusative feminine plural)
solagu (accusative neuter plural)
solageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
solageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
solageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
solagēm (dative masculine plural)
solagum (dative masculine plural)
solagēm (dative feminine plural)
solagum (dative feminine plural)
solagēm (dative neuter plural)
solagum (dative neuter plural)
solagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
solagum (instrumental masculine plural)
solagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
solagum (feminine instrumental plural)
solagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
solagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *soleġ, *soliġ

Middle English: soly

Old Saxon: solag

Middle Low German: sōlich, sālich

Old High German: solag

Middle High German: *solec, *solic

German: solig, sölig


teun

teun (nominative singular)
teunu (nominative plural)
teun (accusative singular)
teunu (accusative plural)
teunas (genitive singular)
teunō (genitive plural)
teunē (dative singular)
teunum (dative plural)
teunu (instrumental singular)
teunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tēon

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*teunō</i>

⇒? Old English: tēona, tēone (or from *teunō)

Middle English: tene

English: teen

Scots: tene, teyne

Old Saxon: *tion

⇒? Old Saxon: tiono (or from *teunō)

(North Sea Germanic) destruction, ruin, damage


-jan

-jan (class-1 infinitive weak)
-jannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
-jannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
-jannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
-ju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-idā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-isi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-idēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-idōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-iþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-idē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-idā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-jum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-idum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-iþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-idud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-janþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-idun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-jē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-idī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-jēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-idī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-jē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-idī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-jēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-idīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-jēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-idīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-jēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-idīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-i (class-1 present singular weak)
-iþ (class-1 plural present weak)
-jandī (class-1 participle present weak)
-id (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: -an (merged with strong verb ending), -ian (after r).

Middle English: -en, -ien (after r)

English: -y (only after r, as in ferry, herry, etc.)

Old Frisian: -a (merged with strong verb ending), -ia (after r)

Saterland Frisian: -e, -je

West Frisian: -e, -je

Old Saxon: -ian

Middle Low German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -en, -ien (after r)

Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -en, -ien (after r)

Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German: -en

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


þweran

þweran (infinitive)
þwerannjas (genitive infinitive)
þwerannjē (dative infinitive)
þwerannju (infinitive instrumental)
þweru (first-person present singular)
þwar (first-person past singular)
þwiriʀi (present second-person singular)
þwārī (past second-person singular)
þwiridi (present singular third-person)
þwar (past singular third-person)
þwerum (first-person plural present)
þwārum (first-person past plural)
þwirid (plural present second-person)
þwārud (past plural second-person)
þwerand (plural present third-person)
þwārun (past plural third-person)
þwerē (first-person present singular)
þwārī (first-person past singular)
þwerēs (present second-person singular)
þwerē (present singular third-person)
þwārī (past singular third-person)
þwerēm (first-person plural present)
þwārīm (first-person past plural)
þwerēþ (plural present second-person)
þwārīd (past plural second-person)
þwerēn (plural present third-person)
þwārīn (past plural third-person)
þwir (present singular)
þwirid (plural present)
þwerandī (participle present)
þworan (participle past)

Old English: þweran

Old Saxon: *thweran

Middle Low German: dwēren

German Low German: dweren

Old High German: *dweran, *tweran

desc

Middle High German: dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn, thueran, tuiran, dueran

German: zweren (obsolete)

Bavarian: zweren


waisund

waisund (nominative singular)
waisundō (nominative plural)
waisundōs (nominative plural)
waisund (accusative singular)
waisundā (accusative plural)
waisundas (genitive singular)
waisundō (genitive plural)
waisundē (dative singular)
waisundum (dative plural)
waisundu (instrumental singular)
waisundum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wāsend m, *wǣsend
English: weasand, wozzen (dialectal)

Old Frisian: wāsande

Old Saxon: wāsendi

Old High German: weisunt, weisant f

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *waisundaz, from *wais- + *-undaz (body part suffix), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to flow”) (compare Sanskrit वेषति (véṣati, “to flow”)). Possibly related to Norwegian veise (“rivulet; horsetail”).


samalōn

samalōn (infinitive)
samalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
samalōnijē (dative infinitive)
samalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
samalō (first-person present singular)
samalōdā (first-person past singular)
samalōs (present second-person singular)
samalōdēs (past second-person singular)
samalōdōs (past second-person singular)
samalōþ (present singular third-person)
samalōdē (past singular third-person)
samalōdā (past singular third-person)
samalōm (first-person plural present)
samalōdum (first-person past plural)
samalōþ (plural present second-person)
samalōdud (past plural second-person)
samalōnþ (plural present third-person)
samalōdun (past plural third-person)
samalōdī (first-person past singular)
samalōdī (past second-person singular)
samalō (present singular third-person)
samalōdī (past singular third-person)
samalōdīm (first-person past plural)
samalōdīd (past plural second-person)
samalōn (plural present third-person)
samalōdīn (past plural third-person)
samalō (present singular)
samalōþ (plural present)
samalōndī (participle present)
samalōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *samlia, *somlia

Saterland Frisian: sammelje

West Frisian: sammelje

Old Saxon: *samalōn

desc

Middle Low German: sāmelen, sammelen, sammeln

German Low German: sammeln

→ Norwegian: samle

→ Old Swedish: sambla

Swedish: samla

→ Danish: samle

Old Dutch: *samalon

Middle Dutch: sāmelen (attested in sāmelinghe)

q

through confluence with German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">sammeln</i>

Dutch: zamelen (through confluence with German sammeln)

Old High German: *samalōn

desc

Middle High German: samelen, samlen, sameln

Alemannic German:

Swabian: sammla

German: sammeln

Dissimilated from earlier *samnalōn, from *samnōn + *-lōn.


brōþerlaus

brōþerlaus (masculine nominative singular)
brōþerlausu (feminine nominative singular)
brōþerlaus (neuter nominative singular)
brōþerlausanā (accusative masculine singular)
brōþerlausā (accusative feminine singular)
brōþerlaus (accusative neuter singular)
brōþerlausas (genitive masculine singular)
brōþerlauseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
brōþerlausas (genitive neuter singular)
brōþerlausumē (dative masculine singular)
brōþerlauseʀē (dative feminine singular)
brōþerlausumē (dative neuter singular)
brōþerlausu (instrumental masculine singular)
brōþerlauseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
brōþerlausu (instrumental neuter singular)
brōþerlausē (masculine nominative plural)
brōþerlausō (feminine nominative plural)
brōþerlausu (neuter nominative plural)
brōþerlausā (accusative masculine plural)
brōþerlausā (accusative feminine plural)
brōþerlausu (accusative neuter plural)
brōþerlauseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
brōþerlauseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
brōþerlauseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
brōþerlausēm (dative masculine plural)
brōþerlausum (dative masculine plural)
brōþerlausēm (dative feminine plural)
brōþerlausum (dative feminine plural)
brōþerlausēm (dative neuter plural)
brōþerlausum (dative neuter plural)
brōþerlausēm (instrumental masculine plural)
brōþerlausum (instrumental masculine plural)
brōþerlausēm (feminine instrumental plural)
brōþerlausum (feminine instrumental plural)
brōþerlausēm (instrumental neuter plural)
brōþerlausum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: brōþorlēas

Middle English: brotherles

English: brotherless

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: broerleas

Old Dutch:

Dutch: broederloos

Old High German:

German: bruderlos

From *brōþer (“brother”) + *laus (“-less”).


faderlaus

faderlaus (masculine nominative singular)
faderlausu (feminine nominative singular)
faderlaus (neuter nominative singular)
faderlausanā (accusative masculine singular)
faderlausā (accusative feminine singular)
faderlaus (accusative neuter singular)
faderlausas (genitive masculine singular)
faderlauseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
faderlausas (genitive neuter singular)
faderlausumē (dative masculine singular)
faderlauseʀē (dative feminine singular)
faderlausumē (dative neuter singular)
faderlausu (instrumental masculine singular)
faderlauseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
faderlausu (instrumental neuter singular)
faderlausē (masculine nominative plural)
faderlausō (feminine nominative plural)
faderlausu (neuter nominative plural)
faderlausā (accusative masculine plural)
faderlausā (accusative feminine plural)
faderlausu (accusative neuter plural)
faderlauseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faderlauseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faderlauseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
faderlausēm (dative masculine plural)
faderlausum (dative masculine plural)
faderlausēm (dative feminine plural)
faderlausum (dative feminine plural)
faderlausēm (dative neuter plural)
faderlausum (dative neuter plural)
faderlausēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faderlausum (instrumental masculine plural)
faderlausēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faderlausum (feminine instrumental plural)
faderlausēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faderlausum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fæderlēas, feadurlēas
Middle English: faderles, fadirles
English: fatherless

Old High German: faterlōs

Middle High German: vaterlōs

German: vaterlos

From *fader (“father”) + *-laus (“-less”).


dirkinōn

dirkinōn (infinitive)
dirkinōnijas (genitive infinitive)
dirkinōnijē (dative infinitive)
dirkinōniju (infinitive instrumental)
dirkinō (first-person present singular)
dirkinōdā (first-person past singular)
dirkinōs (present second-person singular)
dirkinōdēs (past second-person singular)
dirkinōdōs (past second-person singular)
dirkinōþ (present singular third-person)
dirkinōdē (past singular third-person)
dirkinōdā (past singular third-person)
dirkinōm (first-person plural present)
dirkinōdum (first-person past plural)
dirkinōþ (plural present second-person)
dirkinōdud (past plural second-person)
dirkinōnþ (plural present third-person)
dirkinōdun (past plural third-person)
dirkinōdī (first-person past singular)
dirkinōdī (past second-person singular)
dirkinō (present singular third-person)
dirkinōdī (past singular third-person)
dirkinōdīm (first-person past plural)
dirkinōdīd (past plural second-person)
dirkinōn (plural present third-person)
dirkinōdīn (past plural third-person)
dirkinō (present singular)
dirkinōþ (plural present)
dirkinōndī (participle present)
dirkinōd (participle past)

Old English: *diercnian, *deorcnian

Middle English: dirkenen, derkenen

English: darken

Scots: derken, durken


gailisōn

gailisōn (infinitive)
gailisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gailisōnijē (dative infinitive)
gailisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gailisō (first-person present singular)
gailisōdā (first-person past singular)
gailisōs (present second-person singular)
gailisōdēs (past second-person singular)
gailisōdōs (past second-person singular)
gailisōþ (present singular third-person)
gailisōdē (past singular third-person)
gailisōdā (past singular third-person)
gailisōm (first-person plural present)
gailisōdum (first-person past plural)
gailisōþ (plural present second-person)
gailisōdud (past plural second-person)
gailisōnþ (plural present third-person)
gailisōdun (past plural third-person)
gailisōdī (first-person past singular)
gailisōdī (past second-person singular)
gailisō (present singular third-person)
gailisōdī (past singular third-person)
gailisōdīm (first-person past plural)
gailisōdīd (past plural second-person)
gailisōn (plural present third-person)
gailisōdīn (past plural third-person)
gailisō (present singular)
gailisōþ (plural present)
gailisōndī (participle present)
gailisōd (participle past)

Old English: *gǣlsian

⇒ Old English: gǣlsa

Old High German: geilisōn

Middle High German: geilsen


smaltī

smaltī (nominative singular)
smaltiju (nominative plural)
smaltī (accusative singular)
smaltiju (accusative plural)
smaltijas (genitive singular)
smaltijō (genitive plural)
smaltijē (dative singular)
smaltijum (dative plural)
smaltiju (instrumental singular)
smaltijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *smelti

Middle Low German: smelte

Old Dutch: *smelti

Middle Dutch: smelte

Dutch: smelt

Old High German: smelzi

Middle High German: *smelze

German: Schmelze, Schmelz

⇒ Old High German: gismelzi

Middle High German: gesmelze

→ Medieval Latin: smaltum (see there for further descendants)

From *smeltan (“to melt; to smelt”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


furtijan

furtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
furtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
furtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
furtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
furtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
furtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
furtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
furtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
furtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
furtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
furtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
furtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
furtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
furtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
furtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
furtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
furtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
furtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
furtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
furtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
furtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
furtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
furtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
furtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
furti (class-1 present singular weak)
furtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
furtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
furtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *furtian

Middle Low German: vorten, vörten

German Low German:

Sauerländisch: fuarten

Westphalian: forten

Old Dutch: *furten

desctree

Middle Dutch: vorten, vurten
Dutch: vorten (obsolete)

Old High German: furzen

Middle High German: vurzen, vorzen

Cimbrian: vórtzan, bórtzan (Mezzaselva)

Central Franconian:

Ripuarian: fotze

German: furzen

Luxembourgish: fuerzen

→ Plautdietsch: forzen


giskōn

giskōn (infinitive)
giskōnijas (genitive infinitive)
giskōnijē (dative infinitive)
giskōniju (infinitive instrumental)
giskō (first-person present singular)
giskōdā (first-person past singular)
giskōs (present second-person singular)
giskōdēs (past second-person singular)
giskōdōs (past second-person singular)
giskōþ (present singular third-person)
giskōdē (past singular third-person)
giskōdā (past singular third-person)
giskōm (first-person plural present)
giskōdum (first-person past plural)
giskōþ (plural present second-person)
giskōdud (past plural second-person)
giskōnþ (plural present third-person)
giskōdun (past plural third-person)
giskōdī (first-person past singular)
giskōdī (past second-person singular)
giskō (present singular third-person)
giskōdī (past singular third-person)
giskōdīm (first-person past plural)
giskōdīd (past plural second-person)
giskōn (plural present third-person)
giskōdīn (past plural third-person)
giskō (present singular)
giskōþ (plural present)
giskōndī (participle present)
giskōd (participle past)

Old English: ġeocsian, ġeoxian, ġiscian

Middle English: yexen, yoxen, ȝexin, ȝesken, ȝixin, ȝiske, ȝoxen, ȝosken, yiske
English: yex
Scots: ȝesk, ȝisk, yesk
Yola: yux

Old Saxon: *geskōn, *giskōn

desc

Middle Low German: gēschen, geschen, jeschen, gischen, jischen

Old Dutch: *giskon

Middle Dutch: gisscen, jesscen, yesscen, iesscen, isscen

Dutch: jesschen (obsolete)

Old High German: geskōn, *giskōn

Middle High German: geschen, gischen

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵeys- (“gaping, cracked”).


gauwjamann

gauwjamann (nominative singular)
gauwjamanni (nominative plural)
gauwjamannu (accusative singular)
gauwjamanni (accusative plural)
gauwjamanni (genitive singular)
gauwjamannō (genitive plural)
gauwjamanni (dative singular)
gauwjamannum (dative plural)
gauwjamanni (instrumental singular)
gauwjamannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *ġēamann
Middle English: ȝeman, yeman, yoman
English: yeoman

Old Frisian: gāmann, gāmonn

Old Dutch: *gawiman

q

or a corruption of Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">godeman</i> (“man of God”)

>? Middle Dutch: goyman (or a corruption of Middle Dutch godeman (“man of God”))


būkōn

būkōn (infinitive)
būkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
būkōnijē (dative infinitive)
būkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
būkō (first-person present singular)
būkōdā (first-person past singular)
būkōs (present second-person singular)
būkōdēs (past second-person singular)
būkōdōs (past second-person singular)
būkōþ (present singular third-person)
būkōdē (past singular third-person)
būkōdā (past singular third-person)
būkōm (first-person plural present)
būkōdum (first-person past plural)
būkōþ (plural present second-person)
būkōdud (past plural second-person)
būkōnþ (plural present third-person)
būkōdun (past plural third-person)
būkōdī (first-person past singular)
būkōdī (past second-person singular)
būkō (present singular third-person)
būkōdī (past singular third-person)
būkōdīm (first-person past plural)
būkōdīd (past plural second-person)
būkōn (plural present third-person)
būkōdīn (past plural third-person)
būkō (present singular)
būkōþ (plural present)
būkōndī (participle present)
būkōd (participle past)

Old Dutch: *būkōn (“to soak, wash”)

desc

Middle Dutch: bûken (“to wash in beech lye”)

→ Middle English: bouken (“to soak in a lye solution”)

English: buck

Old High German: *būkōn

Middle High German: būchen, biuchen (“to wash out with lye”) (late)

German: bauchen, bäuchen

→ Vulgar Latin: *būcō (“to soak, wash”)

Old French: buer [13th c., Sept Sages]
French: buer

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *būcāta (“laundry”, literally “soaked”)

Old French: buee [1190, J. Bod.]

Middle French: buée

French: buée

Norman:

Jersey Norman: buâie

Old Occitan: bugada

Catalan: bugada

→ Franco-Provençal:

Savoyard: boya

Italian: bucato

Unknown; possibly related to *bōku (“beech”), *bōkijā (“beech”), lye being commonly made from beech ash. Perhaps cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbaugjan, “to sweep”).


blaitijan

blaitijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
blaitijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
blaitijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
blaitijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
blaitiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
blaitidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
blaitisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
blaitidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blaitidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blaitiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
blaitidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blaitidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blaitijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
blaitidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
blaitiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
blaitidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
blaitijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
blaitidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
blaitijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
blaitidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
blaitijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
blaitidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blaitijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
blaitidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blaitijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
blaitidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
blaitijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
blaitidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
blaitijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
blaitidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
blaiti (class-1 present singular weak)
blaitiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
blaitijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
blaitid (class-1 participle past weak)
*blaitōn (alternative)

Old English: blātian (< *blaitōn)

Old High German:

Middle High German:

German: blaßen

→ Old French: blecier (see there for further descendants)

From *blait (“pale, discoloured”) + *-jan.


wunnjusam

wunnjusam (masculine nominative singular)
wunnjusamu (feminine nominative singular)
wunnjusam (neuter nominative singular)
wunnjusamanā (accusative masculine singular)
wunnjusamā (accusative feminine singular)
wunnjusam (accusative neuter singular)
wunnjusamas (genitive masculine singular)
wunnjusameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wunnjusamas (genitive neuter singular)
wunnjusamumē (dative masculine singular)
wunnjusameʀē (dative feminine singular)
wunnjusamumē (dative neuter singular)
wunnjusamu (instrumental masculine singular)
wunnjusameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wunnjusamu (instrumental neuter singular)
wunnjusamē (masculine nominative plural)
wunnjusamō (feminine nominative plural)
wunnjusamu (neuter nominative plural)
wunnjusamā (accusative masculine plural)
wunnjusamā (accusative feminine plural)
wunnjusamu (accusative neuter plural)
wunnjusameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wunnjusameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wunnjusameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wunnjusamēm (dative masculine plural)
wunnjusamum (dative masculine plural)
wunnjusamēm (dative feminine plural)
wunnjusamum (dative feminine plural)
wunnjusamēm (dative neuter plural)
wunnjusamum (dative neuter plural)
wunnjusamēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wunnjusamum (instrumental masculine plural)
wunnjusamēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wunnjusamum (feminine instrumental plural)
wunnjusamēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wunnjusamum (instrumental neuter plural)
*wuniusam (alternative)

desctree

Old English: wynsum
Middle English: wynsom, winsom, winsum, wunsum, wonsom, wonsome, wonsum
English: winsome
Scots: wunsome, winsome

Old Saxon: wunnisam, wunsam

Middle Low German: wunnesam, wunsam

Old High German: wunnisam

Middle High German: wunnesam, wünnesam

German: wonnesam


frijahaidu

frijahaidu (nominative singular)
frijahaidiwi (nominative plural)
frijahaidō (nominative plural)
frijahaidu (accusative singular)
frijahaidū (accusative plural)
frijahaidō (genitive singular)
frijahaidiwō (genitive plural)
frijahaidiwi (dative singular)
frijahaidō (dative singular)
frijahaidum (dative plural)
frijahaidu (instrumental singular)
frijahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old English:

Middle English:

English: freehood

Old Saxon: *frīhēd

Middle Low German: vrîheit

German Low German: Freeiheid

Old Dutch: frīheid

Middle Dutch: vriheit

Dutch: vrijheid

Old High German:

Middle High German:

German: Freiheit


nabu

nabu (nominative singular)
nabō (nominative plural)
nabā (accusative singular)
nabā (accusative plural)
nabā (genitive singular)
nabō (genitive plural)
nabē (dative singular)
nabōm (dative plural)
nabum (dative plural)
nabu (instrumental singular)
nabōm (instrumental plural)
nabum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nafu
Middle English: nave, nawe, naf, naff, naffe (Northern)
English: nave
Scots: naff

Old Frisian: *nave

West Frisian: nauwe

Old Saxon: nava

Middle Low German: nāve

Old Dutch: *nava

Middle Dutch: nāve

Dutch: naaf

Afrikaans: naaf

Old High German: naba

Middle High German: nabe

German: Nabe

Luxembourgish: Nuef


þrīstī

þrīstī (masculine nominative singular)
þrīstiju (feminine nominative singular)
þrīstī (neuter nominative singular)
þrīstijanā (accusative masculine singular)
þrīstijā (accusative feminine singular)
þrīstī (accusative neuter singular)
þrīstijas (genitive masculine singular)
þrīstijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þrīstijas (genitive neuter singular)
þrīstijumē (dative masculine singular)
þrīstijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
þrīstijumē (dative neuter singular)
þrīstiju (instrumental masculine singular)
þrīstijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þrīstiju (instrumental neuter singular)
þrīstijē (masculine nominative plural)
þrīstijō (feminine nominative plural)
þrīstiju (neuter nominative plural)
þrīstijā (accusative masculine plural)
þrīstijā (accusative feminine plural)
þrīstiju (accusative neuter plural)
þrīstijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þrīstijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þrīstijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þrīstijēm (dative masculine plural)
þrīstijum (dative masculine plural)
þrīstijēm (dative feminine plural)
þrīstijum (dative feminine plural)
þrīstijēm (dative neuter plural)
þrīstijum (dative neuter plural)
þrīstijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þrīstijum (instrumental masculine plural)
þrīstijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þrīstijum (feminine instrumental plural)
þrīstijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þrīstijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þrīste, þrīst

Middle English: thriste, thrist

Old Saxon: thrīsti, thrīst

Middle Low German: drîste, drîst

German Low German: driest

→ Dutch: driest

→ Saterland Frisian: driest

→ West Frisian: dryst

→ German: dreist

→ Old Swedish: drister, dristogher

Swedish: drist

⇒ Middle Low German: drîstich

→ Danish: dristig

Norwegian Bokmål: dristig

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dristig

→ Swedish: dristig

Old Dutch: *thrīsti

Middle Dutch: drijste

Dutch: drijst (archaic)

Unknown; suggested to perhaps be from *þrīsti (“pushiness”) + *-ī (adjective suffix), from earlier *þrinhsti, from *þringwan (“to press, push”) + *-þi. Cognacy to Latin trīstis (“sad, sorrowful”) is disputed, and a connection to *durstī (“bold, daring”) is tempting, but difficult to morphologically reconcile.


baum

baum (nominative singular)
baumō (nominative plural)
baumōs (nominative plural)
baum (accusative singular)
baumā (accusative plural)
baumas (genitive singular)
baumō (genitive plural)
baumē (dative singular)
baumum (dative plural)
baumu (instrumental singular)
baumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēam, bēom, bōm
Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam
Yola: baam

Old Frisian: bām, baem (Late Old Frisian)
North Frisian:
Most dialects: buum
Heligoland: Booam
Sylt: Boom
Saterland Frisian: Boom
West Frisian: beam

Old Saxon: bōm
Middle Low German: bôm
Low German: Boom
German Low German: Boom
Plautdietsch: Boom
→ Danish: bom
→ Finnish: puomi
→ Gutnish: bom
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bom
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bom
→ Swedish: bom

Old Dutch: bōm, boum
Middle Dutch: bôom
Dutch: boom
Afrikaans: boom
Berbice Creole Dutch: bom
Jersey Dutch: bôm
Negerhollands: bom, boom
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bom (archaic)
Polish: bom, bum
Skepi Creole Dutch: bom, boom
Sranan Tongo: bon
Aukan: bon
→ English: boom
→ Indonesian: bom (“tree, pole”), bum
Limburgish: boum

Old High German: boum, poum, paum
Middle High German: boum, boun, bōm, bōn, bām, poum, pām
Alemannic German: Baaum, Bum, Baim, Baum, Boum
Swabian: Boum, Boom
Walser: böim, baum, bem
Bavarian: Bam, paam, pame
Cimbrian: póom, puam, pome
Mòcheno: pa'm
Central Franconian: Boom, Baum, Boum, Baam
Hunsrik: Baam
Luxembourgish: Bam
Transylvanian Saxon: bum
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Baam
Upper Saxon German: Boom, Baam
Vilamovian: baojm, boum
East Franconian: Baam, Bääm
German: Baum
Rhine Franconian: Baam
Pennsylvania German: Baam
Palatine German: Baam
Yiddish: בוים (boym)


kweman

kweman (infinitive)
kwemannjas (genitive infinitive)
kwemannjē (dative infinitive)
kwemannju (infinitive instrumental)
kwemu (first-person present singular)
kwam (first-person past singular)
kwimiʀi (present second-person singular)
kwāmī (past second-person singular)
kwimidi (present singular third-person)
kwam (past singular third-person)
kwemum (first-person plural present)
kwāmum (first-person past plural)
kwimid (plural present second-person)
kwāmud (past plural second-person)
kwemand (plural present third-person)
kwāmun (past plural third-person)
kwemē (first-person present singular)
kwāmī (first-person past singular)
kwemēs (present second-person singular)
kwemē (present singular third-person)
kwāmī (past singular third-person)
kwemēm (first-person plural present)
kwāmīm (first-person past plural)
kwemēþ (plural present second-person)
kwāmīd (past plural second-person)
kwemēn (plural present third-person)
kwāmīn (past plural third-person)
kwim (present singular)
kwimid (plural present)
kwemandī (participle present)
kuman (participle past)
*kwuman (alternative)
*kuman (alternative)

Old English: cuman
Middle English: comen, cumen
English: come, cum
Solombala English: комъ (kom)
Scots: cum
Yola: coome, come, cum

Old Frisian: koma

North Frisian:

Mooring: kaame

Föhr-Amrum: kem

Saterland Frisian: kume

West Frisian: komme

Old Saxon: kuman, queman, cuman
Middle Low German: kōmen, kommen, kamen
Low German: kamen
Dutch Low Saxon: kommen, kåmen
German Low German: komen
Plautdietsch: kome

Old Dutch: kuman, cuman
Middle Dutch: cōmen
Dutch: komen, kommen
Afrikaans: kom
Berbice Creole Dutch: kumu
Javindo: kom
Jersey Dutch: kôme
Negerhollands: kom
Skepi Creole Dutch: kum, com, come
Limburgish: kómme

Old High German: quëman, kweman, chuëman, kuman, cuman, chuman
Middle High German: quëmen, këmen, kümen, kumen, komen
Alemannic German: choo, cho, cha
Italian Walser: cheemen, cheme, cho, chomu, chéeme
Bavarian: kemman, kumman
Cimbrian: khemmen, khèmman, ken
Mòcheno: kemmen
Udinese: ckeman, kèmmin, khemen
Central Franconian: komme, kumme (some Ripuarian dialects, including Kölsch), kun, kunn, konn (Ripuarian; some Moselle Franconian dialects; chiefly dated), kunn, kuun, konn, kumme, komme
Hunsrik: komme
German: kommen
Luxembourgish: kommen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kumme
Yiddish: קומען (kumen)


hildi

hildi (nominative singular)
hildī (nominative plural)
hildi (accusative singular)
hildī (accusative plural)
hildī (genitive singular)
hildijō (genitive plural)
hildī (dative singular)
hildim (dative plural)
hildijum (dative plural)
hildī (instrumental singular)
hildim (instrumental plural)
hildijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hild

→⇒ Latin: Eldilda

Old Saxon: hild, hildi

gl

Old High German: hilt, hild, hilta, hiltia (having merged into the ō-/jō-stem declension)

q

a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*boudi</i> (“victory”)

→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic *boudi (“victory”))


strātu

strātu (nominative singular)
strātō (nominative plural)
strātā (accusative singular)
strātā (accusative plural)
strātā (genitive singular)
strātō (genitive plural)
strātē (dative singular)
strātōm (dative plural)
strātum (dative plural)
strātu (instrumental singular)
strātōm (instrumental plural)
strātum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: strǣt, strēt
Middle English: strete, stræt, strate, street, streete, stret
English: street
Scots: street, streit, stret
→ Breton: straed
→ Cornish: stret
→ Welsh: stryd
→ Old Irish: sráit (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Norse: stræti (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: strēte
Saterland Frisian: Sträite
West Frisian: strjitte

Old Saxon: strāta
Middle Low German: strâte
Low German: Strate
German Low German: Straat, Stroot, (Westphalian) Straote
→ North Frisian: struat, stroote, Straat

Old Dutch: strāta
Middle Dutch: strâte
Dutch: straat (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: sjtraot, straot

Old High German: strāȥa

Middle High German: strāȥe

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Schdrôs

Bavarian: Stråßn, Strossn

Apeltonerisch: Streoss

Mòcheno: stros

Upper Bavarian: Straß

Central Franconian: Stroß

Eifel: Strooß

Hunsrik: Stros

Luxembourgish: Strooss

German: Straße

Rhine Franconian: Schdrooß

Vilamovian: śtrös

Yiddish: שטראָז (shtroz)

Borrowed from Latin (via) strāta (“paved road”).


dūnā

dūnā (nominative singular)
dūnōn (nominative plural)
dūnōn (accusative singular)
dūnōn (accusative plural)
dūnōn (genitive singular)
dūnōnō (genitive plural)
dūnōn (dative singular)
dūnōm (dative plural)
dūnum (dative plural)
dūnōn (instrumental singular)
dūnōm (instrumental plural)
dūnum (instrumental plural)
*dūn (alternative)
*dūnu (alternative)
*dūnō (alternative)

Old English: dūn f or m

Middle English: dune, doun

English: dune, down

Scots: doun, down

Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m

desc

Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m

German Low German: Düne, Düün

→ German: Düne

→ Swedish: dyn, dyne

→ Norwegian: dyne

→ Danish: dyne

desctree

Old Dutch: *dūna
Middle Dutch: dûne f or n
Dutch: duin f
Afrikaans: duin
→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)
Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f
West Frisian: dún n
→ Old French: dune
Middle French: dune
French: dune

Old High German: *tūna, dūna f

Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.
Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of "hill, fortified hill" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū.

unk

disputed


pīpā

pīpā (nominative singular)
pīpōn (nominative plural)
pīpōn (accusative singular)
pīpōn (accusative plural)
pīpōn (genitive singular)
pīpōnō (genitive plural)
pīpōn (dative singular)
pīpōm (dative plural)
pīpum (dative plural)
pīpōn (instrumental singular)
pīpōm (instrumental plural)
pīpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pīpe

desctree

Middle English: pipe, pype
English: pipe (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pipe
Yola: peeps (plural)

Old Frisian: pīpe

Saterland Frisian: Piepe

West Frisian: piip

Old Saxon: *pīpa

Middle Low German: pîpe

Low German: piep

→ Old Norse: pípa

Icelandic: pípa

Faroese: pípa

Norwegian: pipe

Danish: pibe

Old Swedish: pipa

Swedish: pipa
→ Finnish: piippu
→ Ingrian: piippu

Old Dutch: *pīpa
Middle Dutch: pipe
Dutch: pijp
Afrikaans: pyp
Berbice Creole Dutch: pipa
Negerhollands: pipa, pipe
→ Virgin Islands Creole: pipa (dated)
→ Aukan: pipa
→ Caribbean Hindustani: pipá
→ Caribbean Javanese: pèp
→ Papiamentu: peip
→ Saramaccan: pípa
→ Sranan Tongo: peipi
→ Lokono: paipa
→ Kari'na: paipa

Old High German: phīfa, pfīfa

Middle High German: pfīfe

desc

Central Franconian: Pief, Peif (Moselle Franconian)

Cimbrian: faif (faifle)

German: Pfeife

→ English: fife

Luxembourgish: Päif

Vilamovian: fajf

Yiddish: פֿײַף (fayf)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *pīpa, from Latin pīpō (“to pip, peep”).


kubil

kubil (nominative singular)
kubilō (nominative plural)
kubilōs (nominative plural)
kubil (accusative singular)
kubilā (accusative plural)
kubilas (genitive singular)
kubilō (genitive plural)
kubilē (dative singular)
kubilum (dative plural)
kubilu (instrumental singular)
kubilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kuvil

gl

gender possibly taken from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*kubilīn</i>

Middle Low German: kǖvel n (gender possibly taken from Proto-West Germanic *kubilīn)

Old High German: kubil

Middle High German: kubel, kübel

German: Kübel

→ Dutch: kubel

→ English: kibble

⇒ Old High German: kubilo

From Proto-Germanic *kub- (“to be vaulted, arch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve, arch, vault”) + *-il.


kneu

kneu (nominative singular)
kneu (nominative plural)
kneu (accusative singular)
kneu (accusative plural)
knewas (genitive singular)
knewō (genitive plural)
knewē (dative singular)
kneum (dative plural)
kneu (instrumental singular)
kneum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cnēow, cnēo
Middle English: kne, knewe, knee, knew, know, kneo, cneowe, cneo (Early Middle English)
English: knee
Scots: kne, kney, knie
Yola: konnee

Old Frisian: kniu, knī, knē

Saterland Frisian: Knie

⇒ Old Frisian: knībola, knēbolla

Saterland Frisian: Kniebel

West Frisian: knibbel

Old Saxon: knio, kneo, kniu
Middle Low German: knê
Low German: Knee, Knie
German Low German: Kneei
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Knåi
Sauerländisch: Knai, Knoi, Knaue, Knī
Westmünsterländisch: Knee
Plautdietsch: Kjnee

Old Dutch: *cnio
Middle Dutch: cnie
Dutch: knie
Afrikaans: knie
Limburgish: kneen (plural reanalysed as singular)

Old High German: kneo, kniu, knio, chniu, chneo
Middle High German: knie
Alemannic German: Chnüüw
Cimbrian: khnia
German: Knie
Luxembourgish: Knéi
Vilamovian: kni
Yiddish: קני (kni)


kokur

kokur (nominative singular)
kokurō (nominative plural)
kokurōs (nominative plural)
kokur (accusative singular)
kokurā (accusative plural)
kokuras (genitive singular)
kokurō (genitive plural)
kokurē (dative singular)
kokurum (dative plural)
kokuru (instrumental singular)
kokurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cocer, cocur
Middle English: coker, cuker, cokir, cocur, cokre, kokur, quequer, koker
English: cocker, cogger

Old Frisian: koker

North Frisian: koker

West Frisian: koker

Old Saxon: kokar, kokor

desc

Middle Low German: kȫker, koyker, kōker, kāker

→ Old Danish: kogher

Danish: kogger

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kogger

→ Swedish: koger

Old Dutch: *kokar

Middle Dutch: coker

Dutch: koker (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: kohhar, kochar

Middle High German: kocher

German: Köcher

desctree

→ Old French: quivre, cuivre, coivre, wirre
→ Middle English: quiver, quyver, qwyver, qwywere, qwyvere, whyver
English: quiver

From Medieval Latin cucurus, cucurum (“quiver”).

kochære

Old High German: kohhāri, kochāri, kohhari, kochari; Middle High German


þeu

þeu (nominative singular)
þewō (nominative plural)
þewōs (nominative plural)
þeu (accusative singular)
þewā (accusative plural)
þewas (genitive singular)
þewō (genitive plural)
þewē (dative singular)
þeum (dative plural)
þeu (instrumental singular)
þeum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēow, (older) þēo
Middle English: theow, thew
English: theow

Old High German: deo

From Proto-Germanic *þewaz (“servant, slave”).


þeu

þeu (masculine nominative singular)
þeu (feminine nominative singular)
þeu (neuter nominative singular)
þewanā (accusative masculine singular)
þewā (accusative feminine singular)
þeu (accusative neuter singular)
þewas (genitive masculine singular)
þeweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þewas (genitive neuter singular)
þeumē (dative masculine singular)
þeweʀē (dative feminine singular)
þeumē (dative neuter singular)
þeu (instrumental masculine singular)
þeweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þeu (instrumental neuter singular)
þewē (masculine nominative plural)
þewō (feminine nominative plural)
þeu (neuter nominative plural)
þewā (accusative masculine plural)
þewā (accusative feminine plural)
þeu (accusative neuter plural)
þeweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þeweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þeweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þewēm (dative masculine plural)
þeum (dative masculine plural)
þewēm (dative feminine plural)
þeum (dative feminine plural)
þewēm (dative neuter plural)
þeum (dative neuter plural)
þewēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þeum (instrumental masculine plural)
þewēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þeum (feminine instrumental plural)
þewēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þeum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þēow, þēo

Old High German: dio

From Proto-Germanic *þewaz (“servile, slavish”).


watarīg

watarīg (masculine nominative singular)
watarīgu (feminine nominative singular)
watarīg (neuter nominative singular)
watarīganā (accusative masculine singular)
watarīgā (accusative feminine singular)
watarīg (accusative neuter singular)
watarīgas (genitive masculine singular)
watarīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
watarīgas (genitive neuter singular)
watarīgumē (dative masculine singular)
watarīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
watarīgumē (dative neuter singular)
watarīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
watarīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
watarīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
watarīgē (masculine nominative plural)
watarīgō (feminine nominative plural)
watarīgu (neuter nominative plural)
watarīgā (accusative masculine plural)
watarīgā (accusative feminine plural)
watarīgu (accusative neuter plural)
watarīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
watarīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
watarīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
watarīgēm (dative masculine plural)
watarīgum (dative masculine plural)
watarīgēm (dative feminine plural)
watarīgum (dative feminine plural)
watarīgēm (dative neuter plural)
watarīgum (dative neuter plural)
watarīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
watarīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
watarīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
watarīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
watarīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
watarīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wætriġ, wæteriġ

desc

Middle English: watry, wattry, watirry, watery

English: watery

Scots: wattiry, watry, waterie

Old Frisian: *waterich, *weterich

Saterland Frisian: woaterch

West Frisian: wetterich

Old Saxon: *watarig

Middle Low German: waterich, wāterich

German Low German: waterig

Old Dutch: *watarig

Middle Dutch: waterich

Dutch: waterig

Afrikaans: waterig

Old High German: wazzarīg

Middle High German: wazzeric, wezzeric, wezric, wezzric

German: wässerig, wässrig


stigā

stigā (nominative singular)
stigōn (nominative plural)
stigōn (accusative singular)
stigōn (accusative plural)
stigōn (genitive singular)
stigōnō (genitive plural)
stigōn (dative singular)
stigōm (dative plural)
stigum (dative plural)
stigōn (instrumental singular)
stigōm (instrumental plural)
stigum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *stige

Saterland Frisian: Stieg (possibly from German or Low German)

West Frisian: steech (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *stiga

Middle Low German: stege, stēge

German Low German: Stieg

Old Dutch: *stiga, stega

Middle Dutch: stēge

Dutch: steeg
Afrikaans: steeg

Old High German: stega

Middle High German: stege

Alemannic German: Schtäge, Stäge

⇒ Old High German: stiega (byform with unexplained ablaut)

Middle High German: stiege, stieg

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: stiage

Mòcheno: stiag

German: Stiege

From Proto-Germanic *stigǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *stigʰ-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *stéyks (“steep path”). Cognate with Old Norse uppstiga (“ascent”).


spiht

spiht (nominative singular)
spihtō (nominative plural)
spihtōs (nominative plural)
spiht (accusative singular)
spihtā (accusative plural)
spihtas (genitive singular)
spihtō (genitive plural)
spihtē (dative singular)
spihtum (dative plural)
spihtu (instrumental singular)
spihtum (instrumental plural)
*speht (alternative)

desctree

Old English: *spiht, *speoht
Middle English: speght (late)
English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Middle Scots: specht

Old Frisian: *spiāht

West Frisian: spjocht, spjucht

Saterland Frisian: Spächt

North Frisian: specht, spjucht

Old Saxon: speht

Middle Low German: specht

Dutch Low Saxon: specht, spechte

Plautdietsch: Specht

desc

→ English: speight, specht, spekt, spight

Old Dutch: *speht

Middle Dutch: specht

Dutch: specht

Old High German: speht

Middle High German: spëht, specht, speiht

German: Specht

Luxembourgish: Spiecht

→ Old French: espec, espoit, espois

Middle French: espec, especq

French: épeiche

→ Middle English: spek, spec, speke

⇒ Middle English: wod spek


tīkō

tīkō (nominative singular)
tīkan (nominative plural)
tīkan (accusative singular)
tīkan (accusative plural)
tīkini (genitive singular)
tīkan (genitive singular)
tīkanō (genitive plural)
tīkini (dative singular)
tīkan (dative singular)
tīkum (dative plural)
tīkini (instrumental singular)
tīkan (instrumental singular)
tīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ticia (for *tiica, *tīcca, or *ticca)

Middle English: tyke, teke

English: tick, tyke (“sheep-tick”)

Scots: tick

→ Middle French: tique

French: tique

Old Frisian: *tīkke, *tīke

North Frisian: teg f

Saterland Frisian: Tieke

West Frisian: tyk

Old Saxon: *tiko, *tikko

Middle Low German: tēke, tecke f

Low German: Tieke

German Low German: Tieke, Tiek, Teek

Old Dutch: *tiko, *tikko

q

Middle Dutch: tēke, thecke (late; possibly borrowed from Low German)

Dutch: teek; tijg (dialectal)

Old High German: *zehho, *zecko (attested as cecho, which could be either form)

Middle High German: zeche, zecke m or f

Alemannic German: Zëche

Central Franconian: Zeck, Zech, Zääch f

German: Zecke f

→ German Low German: Zecke

→ Italian: zecca

Possibly from Proto-Germanic an-stem paradigm *tīgô ~ *tikkaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *deigʰ-ō ~ *digʰ-nos, from Proto-Indo-European *deyǵʰ-, cognate with Middle Armenian տիզ (tiz, “tick”) and Middle Irish dega (“stag beetle”).


kagil

kagil (nominative singular)
kagilō (nominative plural)
kagilōs (nominative plural)
kagil (accusative singular)
kagilā (accusative plural)
kagilas (genitive singular)
kagilō (genitive plural)
kagilē (dative singular)
kagilum (dative plural)
kagilu (instrumental singular)
kagilum (instrumental plural)

>? Old Frisian: *keil, *kegel

Saterland Frisian: Kíegel (or borrowed from Low German)

West Frisian: kegel (or borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *kegil

Middle Low German: kēgel

German Low German: Kegel

→ Danish: kegle

→ Norwegian: kjegle

→ Swedish: kägel

Old Dutch: *kegel (attested in tonames)

desctree

Middle Dutch: kēgel
Dutch: kegel
Afrikaans: keël, kegel
Limburgish: kieëgel
→ Middle English: keyle, kayle
English: kayles
Yola: keillès, keilès

Old High German: kegil

Middle High German: kegel

German: Kegel

Luxembourgish: Keel

→ Middle French: quille

French: quille


wunungu

From *wunēn (“to stay, dwell”) + *-ungu.


wunungu

wunungu (nominative singular)
wunungō (nominative plural)
wunungā (accusative singular)
wunungā (accusative plural)
wunungā (genitive singular)
wunungō (genitive plural)
wunungē (dative singular)
wunungōm (dative plural)
wunungum (dative plural)
wunungu (instrumental singular)
wunungōm (instrumental plural)
wunungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wunung
Middle English: wununge, wunnunge, wuning, woning, wonyng
English: woning
Scots: wonnyng, wonyng, wonyn

Old Frisian: weninge, wenninge

Saterland Frisian: Woonenge

West Frisian: wenning

Old Saxon: *wununga, *wonunga

desc

Middle Low German: wonunge, wōnunge, wāninge

German Low German: Wohnung

→ Danish: våning

→ Swedish: våning

→ Norwegian: våning

desctree

Old Dutch: wonunga
Middle Dutch: woninge
Dutch: woning

Old High German: wonunga
Middle High German: wonunge
German: Wohnung


stirniju

stirniju (nominative singular)
stirnijō (nominative plural)
stirnijā (accusative singular)
stirnijā (accusative plural)
stirnijā (genitive singular)
stirnijō (genitive plural)
stirnijē (dative singular)
stirnijōm (dative plural)
stirnijum (dative plural)
stirniju (instrumental singular)
stirnijōm (instrumental plural)
stirnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: steorn

Old Frisian: *stirne

Saterland Frisian: Stierne

Old Saxon: *stirna

Middle Low German: sterne, stērne

German Low German:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stīrne

Westmünsterländisch: Steerne, Sterne

Old Dutch: *stirna

Middle Dutch: sternne, stern

Dutch: sterre, ster (dialectal)

Old High German: stirna
Middle High German: stirne
German: Stirn
Luxembourgish: Stier
Yiddish: שטערן (shtern)

Uncertain; possibly from:
* Proto-Germanic *stirnijō, from Proto-Indo-European *ster(h₃)-no-m, from *sterh₃- (“to be broad, spread out”), cognate with Ancient Greek στέρνον (stérnon, “breast, chest”);
* or metathesized from *striniju, from Proto-Germanic *strinijō, from Proto-Indo-European *sren-yeh₂, from *sren- (“side”), cognate with Latin frōns (“forehead”), Proto-Iranian *rā́nah (“side; hip”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *srḗˀnas (“hip”), and related to Old Norse strind (“side”).


gnuʀnōn

gnuʀnōn (infinitive)
gnuʀnōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gnuʀnōnijē (dative infinitive)
gnuʀnōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gnuʀnō (first-person present singular)
gnuʀnōdā (first-person past singular)
gnuʀnōs (present second-person singular)
gnuʀnōdēs (past second-person singular)
gnuʀnōdōs (past second-person singular)
gnuʀnōþ (present singular third-person)
gnuʀnōdē (past singular third-person)
gnuʀnōdā (past singular third-person)
gnuʀnōm (first-person plural present)
gnuʀnōdum (first-person past plural)
gnuʀnōþ (plural present second-person)
gnuʀnōdud (past plural second-person)
gnuʀnōnþ (plural present third-person)
gnuʀnōdun (past plural third-person)
gnuʀnōdī (first-person past singular)
gnuʀnōdī (past second-person singular)
gnuʀnō (present singular third-person)
gnuʀnōdī (past singular third-person)
gnuʀnōdīm (first-person past plural)
gnuʀnōdīd (past plural second-person)
gnuʀnōn (plural present third-person)
gnuʀnōdīn (past plural third-person)
gnuʀnō (present singular)
gnuʀnōþ (plural present)
gnuʀnōndī (participle present)
gnuʀnōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: gnornian, gnornan
Middle English: nornen, nurnen
English: norn

Old Saxon: gnornōn

From *gruʀn (“grief”) + *-ōn (whence Old English grorn, gnorn (“grief”)) or *gnuʀn (“sad”) + *-ōn (whence Old English gnorn (“sad”)), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrus-nó-s, from *gʰrews-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *grustь (“sadness”).


strau

strau (nominative singular)
strau (nominative plural)
strau (accusative singular)
strau (accusative plural)
strawas (genitive singular)
strawō (genitive plural)
strawē (dative singular)
straum (dative plural)
strau (instrumental singular)
straum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strēaw

Middle English: straw

English: straw

Scots: strae

Yola: strew, stre

Old Frisian: strē

Saterland Frisian: Sträi

West Frisian: strie

Old Saxon: strō

Middle Low German: strô

German Low German: Stroh

Plautdietsch: Stroo

Old Dutch: strō

Middle Dutch: strô

Dutch: stro

Limburgish: struue

Old High German: strou, strō
Middle High German: strō
German: Stroh
Luxembourgish: Stréi
Vilamovian: śtruf
Yiddish: שטרוי (shtroy)


willjōn

willjōn (infinitive)
willjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
willjōnijē (dative infinitive)
willjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
willjō (first-person present singular)
willjōdā (first-person past singular)
willjōs (present second-person singular)
willjōdēs (past second-person singular)
willjōdōs (past second-person singular)
willjōþ (present singular third-person)
willjōdē (past singular third-person)
willjōdā (past singular third-person)
willjōm (first-person plural present)
willjōdum (first-person past plural)
willjōþ (plural present second-person)
willjōdud (past plural second-person)
willjōnþ (plural present third-person)
willjōdun (past plural third-person)
willjōdī (first-person past singular)
willjōdī (past second-person singular)
willjō (present singular third-person)
willjōdī (past singular third-person)
willjōdīm (first-person past plural)
willjōdīd (past plural second-person)
willjōn (plural present third-person)
willjōdīn (past plural third-person)
willjō (present singular)
willjōþ (plural present)
willjōndī (participle present)
willjōd (participle past)

Old English: willian
Middle English: willen (merged with descendant of willan)
English: will
Scots: will, wil
Yola: woul, wull, weel, well, will, ill

Old Saxon: *williōn

⇒ Old Saxon: giwilliōn

Middle Low German: willen (merged with descendant of willian)

German Low German: willen

Old Dutch: willon

Middle Dutch: willen (merged with descendant of willen)

Dutch: willen

Old High German: willeōn, willōn

Middle High German: willen

German: willen


paþ

paþ (nominative singular)
paþō (nominative plural)
paþōs (nominative plural)
paþ (accusative singular)
paþā (accusative plural)
paþas (genitive singular)
paþō (genitive plural)
paþē (dative singular)
paþum (dative plural)
paþu (instrumental singular)
paþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pæþ m
Middle English: path, paath, paaþ, pathe, paththe, paþ, paþþe, pað, peþ (Early Middle English)
English: path
Scots: peth, paith

Old Frisian: path

Saterland Frisian: Paad, Pad (Skäddel)

West Frisian: paad

Old Saxon: path

Middle Low German: pat, pāt, paet

Low German: Pad, Paad, Padd

German Low German: Padd

Old Dutch: path

Middle Dutch: pat m or n

Dutch: pad n

Old High German: pfad, phad

Middle High German: pfat, pat, phat

German: Pfad m

Luxembourgish: Pad, Paad