-astrijā

-astrijā (nominative singular)
-astrijōn (nominative plural)
-astrijōn (accusative singular)
-astrijōn (accusative plural)
-astrijōn (genitive singular)
-astrijōnō (genitive plural)
-astrijōn (dative singular)
-astrijōm (dative plural)
-astrijum (dative plural)
-astrijōn (instrumental singular)
-astrijōm (instrumental plural)
-astrijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: -estre, -istræ, -istre, -ystre
Middle English: -estere, -ester, -estre, -ister, -istre, -star, -stare, -ster, -stere, -uster, -ysstere
English: -ster
⇒ English: -stress
Scots: -ster

Old Frisian: -ster, -stere

Saterland Frisian: -ster

West Frisian: -ster

Old Saxon: *-istra

Middle Low German: -ester, -ster

Old Dutch: *-istra

Middle Dutch: -ster, *-stere

Dutch: -ster

>? Old High German: *-astria

⇒ Old High German: wagastria

Uncertain; multiple origins have been suggested, but none has received widespread approval.
* Despite the similarity of the suffix to Vulgar Latin -istria, borrowing from it is now usually rejected because of the large number of Old English formations where this suffix is applied to native roots.
* Davis and Bammesberger derive it from earlier -astrī (a neuter ja-stem; they see this form surviving in relics such as Old English eowestre) suffixed with *-jā, from Proto-Germanic *-astriją, itself a suffixation of *-istrą, *-astrą with *-ją.
* Gąsiorowski instead considers this suffix to be an extension of earlier *-astri (an ī/jō-stem), with replacement of the unproductive ī/jō-stem endings with more common ōn-stem endings. He suggests that *-astri originates from Proto-Indo-European *-sr-ih₂, a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂; he also suggests a relation to Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz (see *-ārī).

-ress: Forms feminine agent nouns from verbs.


buʀdō

boʀdō (nominative singular)
boʀdan (nominative plural)
boʀdan (accusative singular)
boʀdan (accusative plural)
buʀdini (genitive singular)
boʀdan (genitive singular)
boʀdanō (genitive plural)
buʀdini (dative singular)
boʀdan (dative singular)
buʀdum (dative plural)
buʀdini (instrumental singular)
boʀdan (instrumental singular)
buʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: budda

Middle English: budde, boude

English: boud, bug

Old Frisian: *budda

Saterland Frisian: Budde

Old Saxon: *buddo

Middle Low German: *budde (suggested by buddich, buddech (“thick, swollen”))

German Low German: Budde

desc

→ Medieval Latin: burdō (“beetle, cricket, drone, bumblebee”)

desctree

Old French: bordon
Middle French: bourdon
French: bourdon
→ Galician: bordón
→ Middle English: burdoun, bordoun, burdon, burdowne
English: burden, bourdon
→ Irish: burdún


smaltijan

smaltijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
smaltijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
smaltijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
smaltijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
smaltiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaltidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smaltisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaltidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaltidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaltiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaltidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaltidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaltijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaltidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smaltiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaltidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smaltijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaltidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smaltijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaltidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smaltijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaltidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaltijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaltidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaltijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaltidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smaltijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaltidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smaltijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaltidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smalti (class-1 present singular weak)
smaltiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
smaltijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
smaltid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *smelta

Saterland Frisian: smilte

West Frisian: smelte, smeltsje

Old Saxon: *smeltian

Middle Low German: smelten

Low German: smölten

Old Dutch: *smelten
Middle Dutch: smelten
Dutch: smelten
Afrikaans: smelt
Berbice Creole Dutch: smelti
Negerhollands: smelt
→ English: smelt
Limburgish: smöltje

Old High German: smelzen

Middle High German: smelzen

German: schmelzen

Luxembourgish: schmëlzen


swīpan

swīpan (infinitive)
swīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
swīpannjē (dative infinitive)
swīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
swīpu (first-person present singular)
swaip (first-person past singular)
swīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
swipī (past second-person singular)
swīpidi (present singular third-person)
swaip (past singular third-person)
swīpum (first-person plural present)
swipum (first-person past plural)
swīpid (plural present second-person)
swipud (past plural second-person)
swīpand (plural present third-person)
swipun (past plural third-person)
swīpē (first-person present singular)
swipī (first-person past singular)
swīpēs (present second-person singular)
swīpē (present singular third-person)
swipī (past singular third-person)
swīpēm (first-person plural present)
swipīm (first-person past plural)
swīpēþ (plural present second-person)
swipīd (past plural second-person)
swīpēn (plural present third-person)
swipīn (past plural third-person)
swīp (present singular)
swīpid (plural present)
swīpandī (participle present)
swipan (participle past)

⇒ Old Saxon: farswīpan

Old Dutch: *swīpan

Middle Dutch: *swipen

Dutch: zwijpen, swijpen (obsolete)


flīhan

flīhan (infinitive)
flīhannjas (genitive infinitive)
flīhannjē (dative infinitive)
flīhannju (infinitive instrumental)
flīhu (first-person present singular)
flaih (first-person past singular)
flīhiʀi (present second-person singular)
fligī (past second-person singular)
flīhidi (present singular third-person)
flaih (past singular third-person)
flīhum (first-person plural present)
fligum (first-person past plural)
flīhid (plural present second-person)
fligud (past plural second-person)
flīhand (plural present third-person)
fligun (past plural third-person)
flīhē (first-person present singular)
fligī (first-person past singular)
flīhēs (present second-person singular)
flīhē (present singular third-person)
fligī (past singular third-person)
flīhēm (first-person plural present)
fligīm (first-person past plural)
flīhēþ (plural present second-person)
fligīd (past plural second-person)
flīhēn (plural present third-person)
fligīn (past plural third-person)
flīh (present singular)
flīhid (plural present)
flīhandī (participle present)
fligan (participle past)

Old Frisian: *flīa

West Frisian: flije

Old Saxon: *flīhan

Middle Low German: vlīen, vlīgen

⇒ Old Saxon: giflīhan

Old Dutch: *flīan

Middle Dutch: vliën

Dutch: vlijen

Afrikaans: vly

Old High German: *flīhan

desc

Middle High German: vlīhen, vlīen, flīhen, flīen


stikkō

stikkō (nominative singular)
stikkan (nominative plural)
stikkan (accusative singular)
stikkan (accusative plural)
stikkini (genitive singular)
stikkan (genitive singular)
stikkanō (genitive plural)
stikkini (dative singular)
stikkan (dative singular)
stikkum (dative plural)
stikkini (instrumental singular)
stikkan (instrumental singular)
stikkum (instrumental plural)
*stekkō (alternative)

desctree

Old English: sticca, *stecca
Middle English: stikke, sticke, stik
English: stick
Scots: stick, stikk

desc

Old Frisian: *stikka, *stekka, stekk, stek

Saterland Frisian: Stikke

West Frisian: stikke

Old Saxon: stekko, stikko

Middle Low German: sticke, stecke, sticken, stik

Dutch Low Saxon: stek, stik

German Low German: Stick

Old Dutch: *stikko, *stekko

Middle Dutch: stecke, stec

Dutch: stek

West Flemish: stek, stekke

desctree

Old High German: stecko, steccho
Middle High German: stecke, steche
Alemannic German: Steche
Swabian: Schdägga
Bavarian: Schdagga, Schdägn, Stacka, Steckn
German: Stecken
Pennsylvania German: Schtecke
Rhine Franconian: Stecke
Yiddish: שטעקן (shtekn)

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *stikkô; compare *stikkōn.

w:Oxford English Dictionary#Electronic versions

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


olibaʀi

olibaʀi (nominative singular)
olibaʀju (nominative plural)
olibaʀi (accusative singular)
olibaʀju (accusative plural)
olibaʀjas (genitive singular)
olibaʀjō (genitive plural)
olibaʀjē (dative singular)
olibaʀjum (dative plural)
olibaʀju (instrumental singular)
olibaʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eleberġe

Old Saxon: oliberi

>? Faroese: oljuber

Old High German: oliberi

Middle High German: ölbere

Yiddish: איילבערט (eylbert)


sprangijan

sprangijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sprangijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sprangijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sprangijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sprangiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sprangidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sprangisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sprangidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sprangidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sprangiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sprangidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sprangidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sprangijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sprangidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sprangiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sprangidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sprangijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sprangidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sprangijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sprangidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sprangijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sprangidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sprangijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sprangidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sprangijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sprangidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sprangijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sprangidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sprangijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sprangidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sprangi (class-1 present singular weak)
sprangiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sprangijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sprangid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sprenġan, sprenġċan, sprænġan
Middle English: sprengen, sprenge, springe
English: springe (obsolete)

Old Frisian: sprenga, sprendza

Saterland Frisian: spränge

Old Saxon: *sprengian

Middle Low German: sprengen

German Low German: sprengen

Old Dutch: *sprengen

Middle Dutch: sprengen

Dutch: sprengen

Old High German: sprengen

Middle High German: sprengen

Alemannic German: sprengge

German: sprengen


auþmōdijan

auþmōdijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
auþmōdijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
auþmōdijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
auþmōdijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
auþmōdiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
auþmōdidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
auþmōdisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
auþmōdidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
auþmōdidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
auþmōdiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
auþmōdidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
auþmōdidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
auþmōdijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
auþmōdidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
auþmōdiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
auþmōdidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
auþmōdijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
auþmōdidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
auþmōdijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
auþmōdidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
auþmōdijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
auþmōdidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
auþmōdijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
auþmōdidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
auþmōdijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
auþmōdidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
auþmōdijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
auþmōdidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
auþmōdijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
auþmōdidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
auþmōdi (class-1 present singular weak)
auþmōdiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
auþmōdijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
auþmōdid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ēaþmēdan

Old Dutch: *ōtmuoden

Middle Dutch: ôotmoeden

Old High German: ōdmuoten

Middle High German: ōtmuoten

From *auþmōd (“humbleness, humility”) + *-jan.


salwijan

salwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
salwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
salwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
salwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
salwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
salwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
salwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
salwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
salwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
salwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
salwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
salwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
salwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
salwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
salwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
salwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
salwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
salwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
salwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
salwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
salwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
salwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
salwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
salwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
salwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
salwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
salwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
salwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
salwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
salwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
salwi (class-1 present singular weak)
salwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
salwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
salwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *selwan, salwan

⇒ Old English: salwed (adjective)

Old Saxon: *salwian

desc

Middle Low German: salwen, salewen, salven, saluen

⇒ Middle Low German: vörsalewen

Old Dutch: *salwen, *saluwen

Middle Dutch: saluwen, salwen, seluwen, selwen

Dutch: zaluwen (obsolete)

Old High German: salawen

Middle High German: salewen, salwen, selwen, selewen, selben

German: selwen (obsolete)


raudijan

raudijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
raudijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
raudijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
raudijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
raudiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
raudidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
raudisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
raudidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
raudidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
raudiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
raudidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
raudidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
raudijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
raudidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
raudiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
raudidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
raudijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
raudidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
raudijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
raudidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
raudijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
raudidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
raudijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
raudidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
raudijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
raudidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
raudijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
raudidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
raudijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
raudidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
raudi (class-1 present singular weak)
raudiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
raudijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
raudid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *rīedan

q

Middle English: reden (conflated with the descendant of *raudēn)

Old Saxon: *rōdian

Middle Low German: rȫden

Old Dutch: *rōden

Middle Dutch: rôden (conflated with the descendant of *raudēn)

Dutch: roden

Old High German: *rōten

Middle High German: rœten

German: röten

⇒ Old High German: girōten


sūbrōn

sūbrōn (infinitive)
sūbrōnijas (genitive infinitive)
sūbrōnijē (dative infinitive)
sūbrōniju (infinitive instrumental)
sūbrō (first-person present singular)
sūbrōdā (first-person past singular)
sūbrōs (present second-person singular)
sūbrōdēs (past second-person singular)
sūbrōdōs (past second-person singular)
sūbrōþ (present singular third-person)
sūbrōdē (past singular third-person)
sūbrōdā (past singular third-person)
sūbrōm (first-person plural present)
sūbrōdum (first-person past plural)
sūbrōþ (plural present second-person)
sūbrōdud (past plural second-person)
sūbrōnþ (plural present third-person)
sūbrōdun (past plural third-person)
sūbrōdī (first-person past singular)
sūbrōdī (past second-person singular)
sūbrō (present singular third-person)
sūbrōdī (past singular third-person)
sūbrōdīm (first-person past plural)
sūbrōdīd (past plural second-person)
sūbrōn (plural present third-person)
sūbrōdīn (past plural third-person)
sūbrō (present singular)
sūbrōþ (plural present)
sūbrōndī (participle present)
sūbrōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *sūvria

West Frisian: suverje

Old Saxon: sūvron

Middle Low German: sūveren

desctree

Old Dutch: *sūvaron
Middle Dutch: suveren
Dutch: zuiveren
Afrikaans: suiwer
Limburgish: zuvere

Old High German: *sūberōn

Middle High German: sūberen, sūbern

German: saubern (dialectal)

⇒ Old High German: unsūbarōn


sūbrijan

sūbrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sūbrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sūbrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sūbrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sūbriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūbridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūbrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūbridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūbridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūbriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūbridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūbridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūbrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūbridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūbriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūbridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūbrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūbridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūbrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūbridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūbrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūbridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūbrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūbridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūbrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūbridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūbrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūbridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūbrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūbridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūbri (class-1 present singular weak)
sūbriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sūbrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sūbrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *sūvrian

Middle Low German: sǖveren

Old Dutch: *sūvaren (and / or from *sūbrōn)

Middle Dutch: suveren
Dutch: zuiveren
Afrikaans: suiwer
Limburgish: zuvere

Old High German: sūbaren, sūbiren

Middle High German: süberen, sübern

German: säubern


grunnattjan

grunnattjan (infinitive)
grunnattjannjas (genitive infinitive)
grunnattjannjē (dative infinitive)
grunnattjannju (infinitive instrumental)
grunnattju (first-person present singular)
grunnattā (first-person past singular)
grunnatisi (present second-person singular)
grunnattēs (past second-person singular)
grunnattōs (past second-person singular)
grunnatiþi (present singular third-person)
grunnattē (past singular third-person)
grunnattā (past singular third-person)
grunnattjum (first-person plural present)
grunnattum (first-person past plural)
grunnatiþ (plural present second-person)
grunnattud (past plural second-person)
grunnattjanþ (plural present third-person)
grunnattun (past plural third-person)
grunnattjē (first-person present singular)
grunnattī (first-person past singular)
grunnattjēs (present second-person singular)
grunnattī (past second-person singular)
grunnattjē (present singular third-person)
grunnattī (past singular third-person)
grunnattjēm (first-person plural present)
grunnattīm (first-person past plural)
grunnattjēþ (plural present second-person)
grunnattīd (past plural second-person)
grunnattjēn (plural present third-person)
grunnattīn (past plural third-person)
grunnati (present singular)
grunnatiþ (plural present)
grunnattjandī (participle present)
grunnatt (participle past)

Old English: grunnettan
Middle English: grunten, gronte, gronten, grunt, grunte, grunton
English: grunt
Scots: grunt

Old High German: grunnezzen, grunzen

Middle High German: grunzen

German: grunzen

Luxembourgish: grunzen

→ Middle Low German: grunsen, grünsen

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *grunnatjaną; equivalent to *grunnōn + *-attjan.


skimpijan

skimpijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skimpijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skimpijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skimpijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skimpiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skimpidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skimpisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skimpidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skimpidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skimpiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skimpidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skimpidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skimpijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skimpidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skimpiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skimpidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skimpijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skimpidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skimpijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skimpidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skimpijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skimpidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skimpijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skimpidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skimpijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skimpidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skimpijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skimpidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skimpijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skimpidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skimpi (class-1 present singular weak)
skimpiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skimpijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skimpid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *skimpa

Saterland Frisian: skimpe, schimpe

West Frisian: skimpe, skimpje

Old Saxon: *skimpian

Middle Low German: schimpen

German Low German: schimpen

→ Swedish: skimpa

Old Dutch: *skimpen

Middle Dutch: schimpen

Dutch: schimpen

Afrikaans: skimp

Old High German: skimpfen

Middle High German: schimpfen

German: schimpfen

From Proto-Germanic *skimpijaną (“to skip, dance; gesture, mock”).


slippjan

slippjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
slippjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
slippjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
slippjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
slippju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
slipidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
slipisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
slipidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slipidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slipiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
slipidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slipidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slippjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
slipidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
slipiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
slipidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
slippjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
slipidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
slippjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
slipidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
slippjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
slipidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slippjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
slipidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slippjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
slipidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
slippjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
slipidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
slippjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
slipidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
slipi (class-1 present singular weak)
slipiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
slippjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
slipid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *slippan

q

Middle English: slippen (Late Middle English; probably borrowed from Middle Low German or Dutch instead)

English: slip

Scots: slip, slyp

Old Frisian: *slippa

⇒ Saterland Frisian: slipje

West Frisian: slippe

Old Saxon: *slippian

Middle Low German: slippen

German Low German: slippen

Old Dutch: *slippen

Middle Dutch: slippen

Dutch: slippen

Old High German: slipfen, sliphen

Middle High German: slipfen

German: schlipfen

From Proto-Germanic *slipjaną (“to slip, glide”), iterative of strong verb Proto-Germanic *slīpaną.


skuldōn

skuldōn (infinitive)
skuldōnijas (genitive infinitive)
skuldōnijē (dative infinitive)
skuldōniju (infinitive instrumental)
skuldō (first-person present singular)
skuldōdā (first-person past singular)
skuldōs (present second-person singular)
skuldōdēs (past second-person singular)
skuldōdōs (past second-person singular)
skuldōþ (present singular third-person)
skuldōdē (past singular third-person)
skuldōdā (past singular third-person)
skuldōm (first-person plural present)
skuldōdum (first-person past plural)
skuldōþ (plural present second-person)
skuldōdud (past plural second-person)
skuldōnþ (plural present third-person)
skuldōdun (past plural third-person)
skuldōdī (first-person past singular)
skuldōdī (past second-person singular)
skuldō (present singular third-person)
skuldōdī (past singular third-person)
skuldōdīm (first-person past plural)
skuldōdīd (past plural second-person)
skuldōn (plural present third-person)
skuldōdīn (past plural third-person)
skuldō (present singular)
skuldōþ (plural present)
skuldōndī (participle present)
skuldōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *skuldōn

Middle Low German: schulden

Low German: schullen, schulden

→ Icelandic: skulda

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skulde

Norwegian Nynorsk: skulde, skulda

Old High German: skuldōn

Middle High German: schulden

German: schulden

From Proto-Germanic *skuldōną. Equivalent to *skuldi + *-ōn.


skuldijan

skuldijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skuldijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skuldijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skuldijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skuldiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skuldidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skuldisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skuldidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skuldidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skuldiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skuldidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuldidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuldijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skuldidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skuldiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skuldidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skuldijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skuldidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skuldijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skuldidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skuldijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skuldidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skuldijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skuldidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skuldijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skuldidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skuldijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skuldidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skuldijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skuldidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skuldi (class-1 present singular weak)
skuldiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skuldijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skuldid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sċyldan

Old Frisian: *skelda

⇒ Old Frisian: bonskelda

⇒ Old Frisian: urskelda

Old Saxon: *skuldian

⇒ Old Saxon: farskuldian

⇒ Old Saxon: giskuldian

Old Dutch: *skulden

Middle Dutch: schulden

Old High German: skulden


stādijan

stādijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stādijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stādijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stādijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stādiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stādidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stādisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stādidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stādidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stādiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stādidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stādidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stādijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stādidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stādiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stādidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stādijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stādidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stādijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stādidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stādijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stādidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stādijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stādidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stādijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stādidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stādijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stādidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stādijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stādidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stādi (class-1 present singular weak)
stādiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stādijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stādid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *stādian

Middle Low German: stēden

Old Dutch: *stāden

Middle Dutch: stâden

Dutch: staden (obsolete)

Old High German: stāten

Middle High German: stæten, stēten


swippjan

swippjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swippjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swippjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swippjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swippju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swipidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swipisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swipidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swipidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swipiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swipidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swipidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swippjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swipidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swipiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swipidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swippjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swipidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swippjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swipidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swippjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swipidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swippjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swipidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swippjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swipidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swippjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swipidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swippjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swipidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swipi (class-1 present singular weak)
swipiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swippjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swipid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: swippan

desctree

Middle English: swippen, swype (merged with the descendant of *swippōn)
English: swip
>? English: swipe
Scots: soop

Old High German: swipfen

Closely related to the strong verbs *swīpan and *swaipan.


jungijan

jungijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
jungijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
jungijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
jungijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
jungiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
jungidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
jungisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
jungidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
jungidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
jungiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
jungidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
jungidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
jungijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
jungidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
jungiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
jungidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
jungijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
jungidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
jungijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
jungidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
jungijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
jungidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
jungijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
jungidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
jungijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
jungidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
jungijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
jungidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
jungijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
jungidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
jungi (class-1 present singular weak)
jungiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
jungijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
jungid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *ġinġan

Middle English: gingen (early)

Old Saxon: *jungian

Middle Low German: jüngen

Old High German: jungen

Middle High German: jüngen

⇒ German: verjüngen

From Proto-Germanic *jungijaną. Equivalent to *jung (“young”) + *-jan.


rūmiþu

rūmiþu (nominative singular)
rūmiþō (nominative plural)
rūmiþā (accusative singular)
rūmiþā (accusative plural)
rūmiþā (genitive singular)
rūmiþō (genitive plural)
rūmiþē (dative singular)
rūmiþōm (dative plural)
rūmiþum (dative plural)
rūmiþu (instrumental singular)
rūmiþōm (instrumental plural)
rūmiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rȳmþ

Middle English: rymthe, rymth
English: roomth (remodelled after room)
>? Middle Scots: rind

Old Frisian: *rūmithe, *rūmethe

West Frisian: romte, rûmte

Old Dutch: *rūmitha

Middle Dutch: ruumte, rūmede

Dutch: ruimte, rumede

Afrikaans: ruimte

Old Saxon: *rūmitha

Middle Low German: rǖmte

Low German: Rüümte

→ German: Räumte (calque)


abrūtā

abrūtā (nominative singular)
abrūtōn (nominative plural)
abrūtōn (accusative singular)
abrūtōn (accusative plural)
abrūtōn (genitive singular)
abrūtōnō (genitive plural)
abrūtōn (dative singular)
abrūtōm (dative plural)
abrūtum (dative plural)
abrūtōn (instrumental singular)
abrūtōm (instrumental plural)
abrūtum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: afreta, avarata

desc

Middle Low German: afrūde, aberrūde, afrūte, averrūde, ēverrūde, ēverūde, ēverūth

German Low German: Hawerut, Häweriut

Old Dutch: *avarūta

Middle Dutch: averûde, averûte

Dutch: averuit

Old High German: afaruza, avaruza, abruta, *abarūta

Middle High German: aberrūte, abrūte

German: Eberraute, Aberraute, Afrusch

→ Hungarian: ebruta

Corrupted from earlier *abrotā under the influence of *rūtā (“rue (bitter herb)”), borrowed from Vulgar Latin *abrota (“southernwood”) (compare cognate Old French abrote), from Latin abrotonum, abrotanum.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


rūtā

rūtā (nominative singular)
rūtōn (nominative plural)
rūtōn (accusative singular)
rūtōn (accusative plural)
rūtōn (genitive singular)
rūtōnō (genitive plural)
rūtōn (dative singular)
rūtōm (dative plural)
rūtum (dative plural)
rūtōn (instrumental singular)
rūtōm (instrumental plural)
rūtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rūde, rūte, rūta

Middle English: rude, rute

Old Saxon: rūta

Middle Low German: rūte, rūde

German Low German: Rute

→ Danish: rude

→ Norwegian: rute

→ Swedish: ruta

Old Dutch: *rūta

Middle Dutch: rūte

Dutch: ruit

Old High German: rūta

Middle High German: rūte

German: Raute


wīnarūtā

wīnarūtā (nominative singular)
wīnarūtōn (nominative plural)
wīnarūtōn (accusative singular)
wīnarūtōn (accusative plural)
wīnarūtōn (genitive singular)
wīnarūtōnō (genitive plural)
wīnarūtōn (dative singular)
wīnarūtōm (dative plural)
wīnarūtum (dative plural)
wīnarūtōn (instrumental singular)
wīnarūtōm (instrumental plural)
wīnarūtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wīnrūta

West Frisian: wynrut

Old Saxon: *wīnrūta

Middle Low German: wīnrūte, wīnrūde

German Low German: Wienrute

→ Norwegian: vinrute

→ Swedish: vinruta

desctree

Old Dutch: *wīnrūta
Middle Dutch: wijnrute
Dutch: wijnruit

Old High German: *wīnrūta

Middle High German: wīnrūte

German: Weinraute

Yiddish: װײַנרוטע (vaynrute)


apuldrijā

apuldrijā (nominative singular)
apuldrijōn (nominative plural)
apuldrijōn (accusative singular)
apuldrijōn (accusative plural)
apuldrijōn (genitive singular)
apuldrijōnō (genitive plural)
apuldrijōn (dative singular)
apuldrijōm (dative plural)
apuldrijum (dative plural)
apuldrijōn (instrumental singular)
apuldrijōm (instrumental plural)
apuldrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: apuldre

Old Saxon: apuldra

Old High German: apfoltra

desc

Middle High German: apfelter, apfalter, affalter, affolter

German: Apfalter, Affalter, Affolter

From *apaldr, *apuldr (“apple tree”) + *-jā (agen suffix), from Proto-Germanic *apaldraz. Equivalent to *applu (“apple, fruit”) + *-dr (tree suffix) + *-jā (agent suffix).


mapuldr

mapuldr (nominative singular)
mapuldrō (nominative plural)
mapuldrōs (nominative plural)
mapuldr (accusative singular)
mapuldrā (accusative plural)
mapuldras (genitive singular)
mapuldrō (genitive plural)
mapuldrē (dative singular)
mapuldrum (dative plural)
mapuldru (instrumental singular)
mapuldrum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: mapulder, mapolder, mapuldor

desctree

Old Saxon: mapulder
Low German: mapeldorn, mapelder

From *mapul (“maple tree”) + *-dr (tree suffix).


mapuldrijā

mapuldrijā (nominative singular)
mapuldrijōn (nominative plural)
mapuldrijōn (accusative singular)
mapuldrijōn (accusative plural)
mapuldrijōn (genitive singular)
mapuldrijōnō (genitive plural)
mapuldrijōn (dative singular)
mapuldrijōm (dative plural)
mapuldrijum (dative plural)
mapuldrijōn (instrumental singular)
mapuldrijōm (instrumental plural)
mapuldrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mapuldre

Old Saxon: mapuldria

From *mapuldr (“maple tree”) + *-jā (agent suffix). Equivalent to *mapul (“maple tree”) + *-dr (tree suffix) + *-jā (agent suffix).


mapul

mapul (nominative singular)
mapulō (nominative plural)
mapulōs (nominative plural)
mapul (accusative singular)
mapulā (accusative plural)
mapulas (genitive singular)
mapulō (genitive plural)
mapulē (dative singular)
mapulum (dative plural)
mapulu (instrumental singular)
mapulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mapul

desctree

Middle English: mapel, mapell, mapil, maple, mapulle, mapyl
English: maple

⇒ Old English: mapultrēow

From Proto-Germanic *mapulaz. Cognate with Old Norse mǫpurr.


mapuldrīn

mapuldrīn (masculine nominative singular)
mapuldrīnu (feminine nominative singular)
mapuldrīn (neuter nominative singular)
mapuldrīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
mapuldrīnā (accusative feminine singular)
mapuldrīn (accusative neuter singular)
mapuldrīnas (genitive masculine singular)
mapuldrīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mapuldrīnas (genitive neuter singular)
mapuldrīnumē (dative masculine singular)
mapuldrīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
mapuldrīnumē (dative neuter singular)
mapuldrīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
mapuldrīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
mapuldrīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
mapuldrīnē (masculine nominative plural)
mapuldrīnō (feminine nominative plural)
mapuldrīnu (neuter nominative plural)
mapuldrīnā (accusative masculine plural)
mapuldrīnā (accusative feminine plural)
mapuldrīnu (accusative neuter plural)
mapuldrīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mapuldrīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mapuldrīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mapuldrīnēm (dative masculine plural)
mapuldrīnum (dative masculine plural)
mapuldrīnēm (dative feminine plural)
mapuldrīnum (dative feminine plural)
mapuldrīnēm (dative neuter plural)
mapuldrīnum (dative neuter plural)
mapuldrīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mapuldrīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
mapuldrīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mapuldrīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
mapuldrīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mapuldrīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mapuldern

Old Saxon: mapuldrīn

Old High German: maffoltarīn


abruttjā

abruttjā (nominative singular)
abruttjōn (nominative plural)
abruttjōn (accusative singular)
abruttjōn (accusative plural)
abruttjōn (genitive singular)
abruttjōnō (genitive plural)
abruttjōn (dative singular)
abruttjōm (dative plural)
abruttjum (dative plural)
abruttjōn (instrumental singular)
abruttjōm (instrumental plural)
abruttjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *avarattia, *avaratta

desc

Middle Low German: ēverritte, ēveritte, eferith, everete

German Low German: Ewerittken

Old High German: abrizza, ebareiza

Middle High German: ebereize, eberitz

German: Eberreis, Eberitz

From *abrotā (“southernwood”) + *-jā (agent suffix).


skībā

skībā (nominative singular)
skībōn (nominative plural)
skībōn (accusative singular)
skībōn (accusative plural)
skībōn (genitive singular)
skībōnō (genitive plural)
skībōn (dative singular)
skībōm (dative plural)
skībum (dative plural)
skībōn (instrumental singular)
skībōm (instrumental plural)
skībum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċīfe

desctree

Middle English: schyve, schive, shive, shyve
English: shive
Scots: shive

Old Frisian: *skīve

West Frisian: skiif

Old Saxon: skīva

Middle Low German: schîve

German Low German: Schiev

Plautdietsch: Schiew

Old Dutch: *skīva
Middle Dutch: skive
Dutch: schijf
Afrikaans: skyf
→ Papiamentu: schijfie (dated)
Limburgish: sjief

Old High German: skība

Middle High German: schībe

Alemannic German: Schiibe, Schiebe

Swabian: Scheiba

Bavarian: Scheim, Scheibm

Central Franconian: Scheif, Schiev

German: Scheibe
→ Bulgarian: шайба (šajba)
→ Hunsrik: Scheib
→ Polish: szajba
→ Romanian: șaibă
→ Russian: шайба (šajba)
→ Armenian: շայբա (šayba)
→ Azerbaijani: şayba
→ Georgian: შაიბა (šaiba)

Luxembourgish: Scheif

Rhine Franconian: Scheib, Schieb

Palatine German: Scheib, Schäib, Schiew

Pennsylvania German: Scheib

Vilamovian: śajw

Yiddish: שײַב (shayb)

→ Slovene: šípa


strālijan

strālijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strālijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strālijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strālijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strāliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strālidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strālisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strālidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strālidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strāliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strālidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strālidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strālijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strālidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strāliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strālidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strālijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strālidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strālijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strālidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strālijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strālidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strālijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strālidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strālijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strālidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strālijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strālidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strālijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strālidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strāli (class-1 present singular weak)
strāliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strālijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strālid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *strēla

West Frisian: striele, strielje

Old Saxon: *strālian

⇒ Old Saxon: gistrālian

>? Old Dutch: *strālen

q

Middle Dutch: strêlen (shows unexpected umlaut, possibly borrowed instead)

Dutch: strelen

Old High German: strālen

Middle High German: strælen

German: strählen


Walhaland

Walhaland (nominative singular)
Walhalandu (nominative plural)
Walhaland (accusative singular)
Walhalandu (accusative plural)
Walhalandas (genitive singular)
Walhalandō (genitive plural)
Walhalandē (dative singular)
Walhalandum (dative plural)
Walhalandu (instrumental singular)
Walhalandum (instrumental plural)
*Walhanland (alternative)
*Walhō land (alternative)

desc

Old English: Wealhland, Wēaland, Wealland, Wālland

→? Old Norse: Valland

→ Swedish: Valland (learned)

Old Saxon: *Walhaland, *Walhanland

Middle Low German: Wâlelant, Wallant, Wâlenlant

Old Dutch: *Walhalant, *Walhanlant

Middle Dutch: *Walenlant

Middle Dutch: *Walenlant

q

Dutch: Walenland (alternatively borrowed from Middle Low German)

desc

Old High German: Walholant, Walaholant, Walaho lant

→ Vulgar Latin: *Walla

Old French: Waulle, Gaule

Middle French: Gaule
French: Gaule

→ English: Gaul

From *walhō (“foreigners'”) or *walh (“foreigner”) + *land (“land”).

land of the foreigners, foreign land (e.g. Gallia, Italy, etc.)


stabawurti

stabawurti (nominative singular)
stabawurtī (nominative plural)
stabawurti (accusative singular)
stabawurtī (accusative plural)
stabawurtī (genitive singular)
stabawurtijō (genitive plural)
stabawurtī (dative singular)
stabawurtim (dative plural)
stabawurtijum (dative plural)
stabawurtī (instrumental singular)
stabawurtim (instrumental plural)
stabawurtijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: stafwurt

Middle Low German: stafwort

Old High German: stabawurz

Middle High German: stabwurz

German: Stabwurz

From *stab (“staff”) + *wurti (“root, spice”).


falwēn

falwēn (infinitive)
falwēnijas (genitive infinitive)
falwēnijē (dative infinitive)
falwēniju (infinitive instrumental)
falwē (first-person present singular)
falw?dā (first-person past singular)
falwēs (present second-person singular)
falw?dēs (past second-person singular)
falwēþ (present singular third-person)
falw?dē (past singular third-person)
falw?dā (past singular third-person)
falwēm (first-person plural present)
falw?dum (first-person past plural)
falwēþ (plural present second-person)
falw?dud (past plural second-person)
falwēnþ (plural present third-person)
falw?dun (past plural third-person)
falw?dī (first-person past singular)
falw?dī (past second-person singular)
falwē (present singular third-person)
falw?dī (past singular third-person)
falw?dīm (first-person past plural)
falw?dīd (past plural second-person)
falwēn (plural present third-person)
falw?dīn (past plural third-person)
falwē (present singular)
falwēþ (plural present)
falwēndī (participle present)
falw?d (participle past)

desctree

Old English: fealwian, fealewian, fealuwian
Middle English: falwen

Old Saxon: *falwōn

desc

Middle Low German: vālewen, valwen, fālewen, falven

desctree

Old Dutch: *falwon
Middle Dutch: valen, valuwen
Dutch: valen, valuwen (obsolete)

Old High German: falawēn, falwēn

Middle High German: valwen, falwen


spehu

spehu (nominative singular)
spehō (nominative plural)
spehā (accusative singular)
spehā (accusative plural)
spehā (genitive singular)
spehō (genitive plural)
spehē (dative singular)
spehōm (dative plural)
spehum (dative plural)
spehu (instrumental singular)
spehōm (instrumental plural)
spehum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *speha

Middle Low German: *spē

Low German: spee

Old Dutch: *spia

Middle Dutch: spie

Dutch: spie, spee, spij (dialectal)

Old High German: speha

Middle High German: spehe, spē

German: Spähe


snellēn

snellēn (infinitive)
snellēnijas (genitive infinitive)
snellēnijē (dative infinitive)
snellēniju (infinitive instrumental)
snellē (first-person present singular)
snell?dā (first-person past singular)
snellēs (present second-person singular)
snell?dēs (past second-person singular)
snellēþ (present singular third-person)
snell?dē (past singular third-person)
snell?dā (past singular third-person)
snellēm (first-person plural present)
snell?dum (first-person past plural)
snellēþ (plural present second-person)
snell?dud (past plural second-person)
snellēnþ (plural present third-person)
snell?dun (past plural third-person)
snell?dī (first-person past singular)
snell?dī (past second-person singular)
snellē (present singular third-person)
snell?dī (past singular third-person)
snell?dīm (first-person past plural)
snell?dīd (past plural second-person)
snellēn (plural present third-person)
snell?dīn (past plural third-person)
snellē (present singular)
snellēþ (plural present)
snellēndī (participle present)
snell?d (participle past)

Old Saxon: *snellōn

Middle Low German: snellen

Old Dutch: *snellon
Middle Dutch: snellen
Dutch: snellen
Afrikaans: snel

Old High German: snellēn

Middle High German: snellen

German: schnellen


lausēn

lausēn (infinitive)
lausēnijas (genitive infinitive)
lausēnijē (dative infinitive)
lausēniju (infinitive instrumental)
lausē (first-person present singular)
laus?dā (first-person past singular)
lausēs (present second-person singular)
laus?dēs (past second-person singular)
lausēþ (present singular third-person)
laus?dē (past singular third-person)
laus?dā (past singular third-person)
lausēm (first-person plural present)
laus?dum (first-person past plural)
lausēþ (plural present second-person)
laus?dud (past plural second-person)
lausēnþ (plural present third-person)
laus?dun (past plural third-person)
laus?dī (first-person past singular)
laus?dī (past second-person singular)
lausē (present singular third-person)
laus?dī (past singular third-person)
laus?dīm (first-person past plural)
laus?dīd (past plural second-person)
lausēn (plural present third-person)
laus?dīn (past plural third-person)
lausē (present singular)
lausēþ (plural present)
lausēndī (participle present)
laus?d (participle past)

Old English: lēasian
Middle English: lesen
English: lease
Scots: lease, leaze, leeze, leese

Old Saxon: *lōsōn

Middle Low German: lōsen

Old High German: lōsēn

Middle High German: lōsen


latēn

latēn (infinitive)
latēnijas (genitive infinitive)
latēnijē (dative infinitive)
latēniju (infinitive instrumental)
latē (first-person present singular)
lat?dā (first-person past singular)
latēs (present second-person singular)
lat?dēs (past second-person singular)
latēþ (present singular third-person)
lat?dē (past singular third-person)
lat?dā (past singular third-person)
latēm (first-person plural present)
lat?dum (first-person past plural)
latēþ (plural present second-person)
lat?dud (past plural second-person)
latēnþ (plural present third-person)
lat?dun (past plural third-person)
lat?dī (first-person past singular)
lat?dī (past second-person singular)
latē (present singular third-person)
lat?dī (past singular third-person)
lat?dīm (first-person past plural)
lat?dīd (past plural second-person)
latēn (plural present third-person)
lat?dīn (past plural third-person)
latē (present singular)
latēþ (plural present)
latēndī (participle present)
lat?d (participle past)

Old English: latian

Middle English: laten

Old Saxon: *latōn

Middle Low German: lāten

Old High German: lazēn, lazzēn, lazōn

Middle High German: lazzen

From Proto-Germanic *latāną. Equivalent to *lat (“late”) + *-ēn.


sunþr

head

*sunþr (comparative *sunþriʀō, superlative *sunþrist)

sunþriʀō (comparative)
sunþrist (superlative)

desctree

Old English: sūþ
Middle English: south, souþ, suþ, sowth, suthe, souþe, suth, souht, zouth (Kent)
English: south
Scots: sooth
Yola: zouth
→ Old French: sud, su
Middle French: sud
French: sud

Old Frisian: *sūther

West Frisian: suder, súd

Old Saxon: *sūthar

Middle Low German: sǖder, suder

Old High German: sundar

Middle High German: sunder


sunþr

head

*sunþr (comparative *sunþrō, superlative *sunþrōst)

sunþrō (comparative)
sunþrōst (superlative)

Old English: sūþ

Old Frisian: *sūth

West Frisian: súd

Old Saxon: sūthar

Old Dutch: *sūthar

Middle Dutch: suid

desctree

Dutch: zuid
Afrikaans: suid
Negerhollands: sud, seit, syd
→ Papiamentu: sùit

Old High German: *sundar

Middle High German: sunder


sunþr

sunþr (nominative singular)
sunþrō (nominative plural)
sunþrōs (nominative plural)
sunþr (accusative singular)
sunþrā (accusative plural)
sunþras (genitive singular)
sunþrō (genitive plural)
sunþrē (dative singular)
sunþrum (dative plural)
sunþru (instrumental singular)
sunþrum (instrumental plural)
sunþr (nominative singular)
sunþru (nominative plural)
sunþr (accusative singular)
sunþru (accusative plural)
sunþras (genitive singular)
sunþrō (genitive plural)
sunþrē (dative singular)
sunþrum (dative plural)
sunþru (instrumental singular)
sunþrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sūth n
Saterland Frisian: Sude
West Frisian: súd

Old Saxon: *sūthar

Middle Low German: *sūd

Low German: süüd

→ Middle High German: sūd m

German: Süd m

Old High German: sund m or n


ainōn

ainōn (infinitive)
ainōnijas (genitive infinitive)
ainōnijē (dative infinitive)
ainōniju (infinitive instrumental)
ainō (first-person present singular)
ainōdā (first-person past singular)
ainōs (present second-person singular)
ainōdēs (past second-person singular)
ainōdōs (past second-person singular)
ainōþ (present singular third-person)
ainōdē (past singular third-person)
ainōdā (past singular third-person)
ainōm (first-person plural present)
ainōdum (first-person past plural)
ainōþ (plural present second-person)
ainōdud (past plural second-person)
ainōnþ (plural present third-person)
ainōdun (past plural third-person)
ainōdī (first-person past singular)
ainōdī (past second-person singular)
ainō (present singular third-person)
ainōdī (past singular third-person)
ainōdīm (first-person past plural)
ainōdīd (past plural second-person)
ainōn (plural present third-person)
ainōdīn (past plural third-person)
ainō (present singular)
ainōþ (plural present)
ainōndī (participle present)
ainōd (participle past)

Old English: ānian

Middle English: onen

English: one

Old Frisian: *ēnia, *ānia

West Frisian: ienje

Old Saxon: *ēnōn

Middle Low German: ênen

⇒ Old Saxon: giēnōn

Old Dutch: ēnon

Middle Dutch: ênen

Dutch: enen

Old High German: einōn

Middle High German: einen

German: einen


ainēn

ainēn (infinitive)
ainēnijas (genitive infinitive)
ainēnijē (dative infinitive)
ainēniju (infinitive instrumental)
ainē (first-person present singular)
ain?dā (first-person past singular)
ainēs (present second-person singular)
ain?dēs (past second-person singular)
ainēþ (present singular third-person)
ain?dē (past singular third-person)
ain?dā (past singular third-person)
ainēm (first-person plural present)
ain?dum (first-person past plural)
ainēþ (plural present second-person)
ain?dud (past plural second-person)
ainēnþ (plural present third-person)
ain?dun (past plural third-person)
ain?dī (first-person past singular)
ain?dī (past second-person singular)
ainē (present singular third-person)
ain?dī (past singular third-person)
ain?dīm (first-person past plural)
ain?dīd (past plural second-person)
ainēn (plural present third-person)
ain?dīn (past plural third-person)
ainē (present singular)
ainēþ (plural present)
ainēndī (participle present)
ain?d (participle past)

Old High German: *einēn

Middle High German: einen

⇒ Old High German: ireinēn

From Proto-Germanic *aināną. Equivalent to *ain (“one”) + *-ēn.


spehārī

spehārī (nominative singular)
spehārijō (nominative plural)
spehārijōs (nominative plural)
spehārī (accusative singular)
spehārijā (accusative plural)
spehārijas (genitive singular)
spehārijō (genitive plural)
spehārijē (dative singular)
spehārijum (dative plural)
spehāriju (instrumental singular)
spehārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *spehāri

desc

Middle Low German: spēære, spēer, spēger, spēr

→ Swedish: spejare

Old Dutch: *speāri

Middle Dutch: spiere, spierre, spier

Dutch: *spieder (in bespieder, verspieder)

→ West Frisian: ferspieder

Old High German: spehāri, spihāri, spiohāri

Middle High German: spëhære, spehāre, speher, spieher, spicher

German: Späher


-umō

-umō (masculine nominative singular)
-umā (feminine nominative singular)
-umā (neuter nominative singular)
-uman (accusative masculine singular)
-umōn (accusative feminine singular)
-umā (accusative neuter singular)
-umini (genitive masculine singular)
-uman (genitive masculine singular)
-umōn (feminine genitive singular)
-umini (genitive neuter singular)
-uman (genitive neuter singular)
-umini (dative masculine singular)
-uman (dative masculine singular)
-umōn (dative feminine singular)
-umini (dative neuter singular)
-uman (dative neuter singular)
-umini (instrumental masculine singular)
-uman (instrumental masculine singular)
-umōn (feminine instrumental singular)
-umini (instrumental neuter singular)
-uman (instrumental neuter singular)
-uman (masculine nominative plural)
-umōn (feminine nominative plural)
-umōn (neuter nominative plural)
-uman (accusative masculine plural)
-umōn (accusative feminine plural)
-umōn (accusative neuter plural)
-umanō (genitive masculine plural)
-umōnō (feminine genitive plural)
-umanō (genitive neuter plural)
-umum (dative masculine plural)
-umōm (dative feminine plural)
-umum (dative feminine plural)
-umum (dative neuter plural)
-umum (instrumental masculine plural)
-umōm (feminine instrumental plural)
-umum (feminine instrumental plural)
-umum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: -uma, -ema, -ma
English: -most (from -emest(a))

Forms comparative or superlative adjectives.


magrēn

magrēn (infinitive)
magrēnijas (genitive infinitive)
magrēnijē (dative infinitive)
magrēniju (infinitive instrumental)
magrē (first-person present singular)
magr?dā (first-person past singular)
magrēs (present second-person singular)
magr?dēs (past second-person singular)
magrēþ (present singular third-person)
magr?dē (past singular third-person)
magr?dā (past singular third-person)
magrēm (first-person plural present)
magr?dum (first-person past plural)
magrēþ (plural present second-person)
magr?dud (past plural second-person)
magrēnþ (plural present third-person)
magr?dun (past plural third-person)
magr?dī (first-person past singular)
magr?dī (past second-person singular)
magrē (present singular third-person)
magr?dī (past singular third-person)
magr?dīm (first-person past plural)
magr?dīd (past plural second-person)
magrēn (plural present third-person)
magr?dīn (past plural third-person)
magrē (present singular)
magrēþ (plural present)
magrēndī (participle present)
magr?d (participle past)

Old Saxon: *magaron

Middle Low German: māgeren

Old Dutch: *mageron
Middle Dutch: māgeren
Dutch: mageren

Old High German: magerēn

Middle High German: mageren

German: magern


wisnēn

wisnēn (infinitive)
wisnēnijas (genitive infinitive)
wisnēnijē (dative infinitive)
wisnēniju (infinitive instrumental)
wisnē (first-person present singular)
wisn?dā (first-person past singular)
wisnēs (present second-person singular)
wisn?dēs (past second-person singular)
wisnēþ (present singular third-person)
wisn?dē (past singular third-person)
wisn?dā (past singular third-person)
wisnēm (first-person plural present)
wisn?dum (first-person past plural)
wisnēþ (plural present second-person)
wisn?dud (past plural second-person)
wisnēnþ (plural present third-person)
wisn?dun (past plural third-person)
wisn?dī (first-person past singular)
wisn?dī (past second-person singular)
wisnē (present singular third-person)
wisn?dī (past singular third-person)
wisn?dīm (first-person past plural)
wisn?dīd (past plural second-person)
wisnēn (plural present third-person)
wisn?dīn (past plural third-person)
wisnē (present singular)
wisnēþ (plural present)
wisnēndī (participle present)
wisn?d (participle past)

Old English: wisnian, weosnian

Middle English: wisenen

English: wizen

Old High German: wesanēn


niþanā

Old English: neoþan
Middle English: nēthen
English: neath
Scots: neath, neth

Old Saxon: nithana

Middle Low German: *neden

Plautdietsch: naden

Old High German: nidana
Middle High German: niden, nidene
German: nieden (obsolete)

From Proto-Germanic *niþanē. Equivalent to *niþ(a)r (“down, downwards”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *niþ(a)r (“down, downwards”): from below, from beneath


sunþanā

Old English: sūþan

Middle English: suthen

Old Saxon: sūthan

Old Dutch: *sūthan

Middle Dutch: sūden

→ German: Süden

→ Alemannic German: Süde

Dutch: zuiden

Old High German: sundan, sundana

Middle High German: sunden

From Proto-Germanic *sunþanē. Equivalent to *sunþr (“southern”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

ablative of *sunþr (“southern”): from the south


westanā

desctree

Old English: westan, westane
Middle English: westen, westan, westene
Yola: westan

Old Saxon: westan, westana

Old High German: *westana

Middle High German: westen, westene

From Proto-Germanic *westanē. Equivalent to *westr (“western”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *westr (“western”): from the west


norþanā

Old English: norþan

Old High German: nordana

Middle High German: nordane, norden

From Proto-Germanic *nurþanē. Equivalent to *norþr (“northern”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

ablative of *norþr (“northern”): from the north


austanā

desctree

Old English: ēastan, ēastane
Middle English: easten

Old Saxon: ōstan, ōstana

Old High German: ōstana

Middle High German: ōsten, ōstene

From Proto-Germanic *austanē. Equivalent to *austr (“eastern”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *austr (“eastern”): from the east


ūtanā

desctree

Old English: ūtan, ūtane, ūte
Middle English: outen, oute
English: outen
Scots: outin, outtin

Old Frisian: ūta, ūte

Old Saxon: ūtana, ūtan, ūta

Middle Low German: ûten

Low German: uten

Old Dutch: *ūtan

Middle Dutch: ûten, ûte

Dutch: uite-

Old High German: ūzana, ūȥan, ūȥe
Middle High German: ūȥen
German: außen

From Proto-Germanic *ūtanē. Equivalent to *ūt (“out, outward”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *ūt (“out, outward”): from without, outside of


biūtanā

desctree

Old English: būtan, būton
Middle English: but, bute, buten, boute, bouten, botte, bot, bod
English: but
Scots: but
Yola: mot

Old Frisian: būta

Saterland Frisian: buuten, buute

West Frisian: bûten, bûte

Old Saxon: biūtan, būtan

Middle Low German: bûten

German Low German: buten

Old Dutch: *biūtan, *būtan

Middle Dutch: bûten

Dutch: buiten

Old High German: biūzan, būzan

Middle High German: būzen

German: baußen

Luxembourgish: baussen

From *bi- + *ūtanā (“from without, outside of”).

cat

Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-anā


haimanā

Old Saxon: hēmena

Old High German: heimina

From Proto-Germanic *haimanē. Equivalent to *haim (“home”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).


twiʀnēn

twiʀnēn (infinitive)
twiʀnēnijas (genitive infinitive)
twiʀnēnijē (dative infinitive)
twiʀnēniju (infinitive instrumental)
twiʀnē (first-person present singular)
twiʀn?dā (first-person past singular)
twiʀnēs (present second-person singular)
twiʀn?dēs (past second-person singular)
twiʀnēþ (present singular third-person)
twiʀn?dē (past singular third-person)
twiʀn?dā (past singular third-person)
twiʀnēm (first-person plural present)
twiʀn?dum (first-person past plural)
twiʀnēþ (plural present second-person)
twiʀn?dud (past plural second-person)
twiʀnēnþ (plural present third-person)
twiʀn?dun (past plural third-person)
twiʀn?dī (first-person past singular)
twiʀn?dī (past second-person singular)
twiʀnē (present singular third-person)
twiʀn?dī (past singular third-person)
twiʀn?dīm (first-person past plural)
twiʀn?dīd (past plural second-person)
twiʀnēn (plural present third-person)
twiʀn?dīn (past plural third-person)
twiʀnē (present singular)
twiʀnēþ (plural present)
twiʀnēndī (participle present)
twiʀn?d (participle past)

Old English: *twīnian

desctree

Middle English: twynen
English: twine
Scots: twine

Old Frisian: *twīnia

Saterland Frisian: twienje

West Frisian: twynje, twine

Old Saxon: *twirnōn

Middle Low German: twernen

Low German: twernen

Old Dutch: *twirnon, *twīnon

Middle Dutch: twernen, twinen

Dutch: tweernen, twijnen

Old High German: zwirnēn, zwirnōn

Middle High German: zwirnen

German: zwirnen

From Proto-Germanic *twiznāną. Equivalent to *twiʀn (“twine”) + *-ēn.


innanā

Old English: innan
Middle English: innen

Old Saxon: innan

Old High German: innana
Middle High German: innen
German: innen

From Proto-Germanic *innanē. Equivalent to *in(n) (“in, inward”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *in (“in, inward”): from inside, from within


binnanā

Old English: binnan

Old Frisian: binna

West Frisian: binnen

Old Saxon: *binnan

Middle Low German: binnen

Low German: binnen

Old Dutch: *binnan

Middle Dutch: binnen

desctree

Dutch: binnen
Afrikaans: binne
Berbice Creole Dutch: ben
Jersey Dutch: bänne
Negerhollands: bini
→ Virgin Islands Creole: abini, bini, nabinisi (archaic)
→ Indonesian: binnen

Old High German: *binnana

Middle High German: binnen

German: binnen (partly from Low German)

Luxembourgish: bannen

From *bi- + *innanā (“from inside, from within”).


aftanā

Old English: æftan

From Proto-Germanic *aftanē. Equivalent to *aftar (“behind, after”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

ablative of *aftar (“behind, after”): from behind


fuglārī

foglārī (nominative singular)
foglārijō (nominative plural)
foglārijōs (nominative plural)
foglārī (accusative singular)
foglārijā (accusative plural)
foglārijas (genitive singular)
foglārijō (genitive plural)
foglārijē (dative singular)
foglārijum (dative plural)
foglāriju (instrumental singular)
foglārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fuglere, fugelere
Middle English: fugelere, fuwelare, voȝelere, foulere
English: fowler
Scots: foular, fouler, fouller

Old Frisian: *fugelere

West Frisian: fûgeler, fûgelder

Old Saxon: *fugalari, *fugaleri

desc

Middle Low German: vōgelære, vōgelēre, vōgeler, vögelēr

German Low German: Vögler

→ Old Norse: fuglari

Icelandic: fuglari

Old Dutch: *fogalari

Middle Dutch: vogelaer

Dutch: vogelaar

→ Middle French: veuglaire

French: veuglaire

→ English: veuglaire

Old High German: fogalāri

Middle High German: vogelære, vogeler, vogler

German: Vogler, Vögler


gramittjan

gramittjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gramittjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gramittjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gramittjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
gramittju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gramittā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gramitisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gramittēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gramittōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gramitiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gramittē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gramittā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gramittjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gramittum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gramitiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gramittud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gramittjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gramittun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gramittjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gramittī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gramittjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gramittī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gramittjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gramittī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gramittjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gramittīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gramittjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gramittīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gramittjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gramittīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gramiti (class-1 present singular weak)
gramitiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gramittjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gramitt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: gremettan, *griemettan, grymettan (merged with descendant of *grumittjan)

Old High German: gremizzen

Middle High German: gremezen, gremzen

German: gremsen


strikkijan

strikkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strikkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strikkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strikkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strikkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strikkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strikkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strikkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strikkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strikkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strikkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strikkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strikkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strikkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strikkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strikkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strikkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strikkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strikkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strikkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strikkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strikkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strikkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strikkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strikkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strikkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strikkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strikkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strikkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strikkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strikki (class-1 present singular weak)
strikkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strikkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strikkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *strikka

West Frisian: strikke, strikje

Old Saxon: strikkian

Middle Low German: stricken

Old Dutch: *strikken

Middle Dutch: stricken

Dutch: strikken

Old High German: strikken

Middle High German: stricken

German: stricken


stuppijan

stuppijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stuppijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stuppijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stuppijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stuppiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stuppidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stuppisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stuppidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuppidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuppiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stuppidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuppidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuppijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stuppidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stuppiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stuppidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stuppijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stuppidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stuppijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stuppidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stuppijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stuppidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stuppijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stuppidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stuppijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stuppidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stuppijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stuppidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stuppijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stuppidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stuppi (class-1 present singular weak)
stuppiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stuppijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stuppid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *stuppian

Middle Low German: stüppen, stippen

German Low German: stippen

→ German: stippen

Old Dutch: *stuppen

Middle Dutch: stuppen, *stupen, stopen, stoepen (“to incite, indulge in something bad”)

⇒ Dutch: *aanstupen

⇒ Dutch: aanstuping (“instigation, urging, admonishment”)

Old High German: stupfen, *stuppen

Middle High German: stüpfen, stupfen, stuppen

German: stüpfen, stupfen, stuppen (dialectal)

desctree

Yiddish: שטופּן (shtupn)
→ English: shtup

Likely from *stupp (“thrust, push”) + *-jan.


skībōn

skībōn (infinitive)
skībōnijas (genitive infinitive)
skībōnijē (dative infinitive)
skībōniju (infinitive instrumental)
skībō (first-person present singular)
skībōdā (first-person past singular)
skībōs (present second-person singular)
skībōdēs (past second-person singular)
skībōdōs (past second-person singular)
skībōþ (present singular third-person)
skībōdē (past singular third-person)
skībōdā (past singular third-person)
skībōm (first-person plural present)
skībōdum (first-person past plural)
skībōþ (plural present second-person)
skībōdud (past plural second-person)
skībōnþ (plural present third-person)
skībōdun (past plural third-person)
skībōdī (first-person past singular)
skībōdī (past second-person singular)
skībō (present singular third-person)
skībōdī (past singular third-person)
skībōdīm (first-person past plural)
skībōdīd (past plural second-person)
skībōn (plural present third-person)
skībōdīn (past plural third-person)
skībō (present singular)
skībōþ (plural present)
skībōndī (participle present)
skībōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: skīvia

From Proto-Germanic *skībōną. Equivalent to *skībā (“slice, disk”) + *-ōn.

(Anglo-Frisian) to slice, cut into slices


daumijan

daumijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
daumijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
daumijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
daumijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
daumiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daumidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
daumisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daumidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daumidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daumiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daumidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daumidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daumijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daumidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
daumiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daumidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
daumijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daumidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
daumijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daumidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
daumijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daumidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daumijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daumidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daumijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daumidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
daumijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daumidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
daumijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daumidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
daumi (class-1 present singular weak)
daumiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
daumijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
daumid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: dōmian

>? Middle Low German: dômen (no umlaut?)

Old Saxon: *dōmen

Middle Dutch: dômen

Dutch: domen (Southern dialectal)

q

Old High German: *toumen (actually attested as doumen with an unexpected initial d-)

Middle High German: toumen

⇒ Old High German: bitoumen

From *daum (“haze, steam, smoke”) + *-jan.


þaismijan

þaismijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þaismijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þaismijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þaismijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þaismiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þaismidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þaismisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þaismidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þaismidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þaismiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þaismidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þaismidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þaismijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þaismidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þaismiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þaismidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þaismijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þaismidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þaismijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þaismidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þaismijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þaismidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þaismijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þaismidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þaismijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þaismidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þaismijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þaismidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þaismijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þaismidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þaismi (class-1 present singular weak)
þaismiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þaismijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þaismid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Dutch: *thēsmen

Middle Dutch: dêsemen

Dutch: desemen

Old High German: deismen

Middle High German: deismen

German: deisamen


brugdijan

brugdijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
brugdijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
brugdijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
brugdijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
brugdiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
brugdidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
brugdisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
brugdidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brugdidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brugdiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
brugdidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brugdidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brugdijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
brugdidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
brugdiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
brugdidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
brugdijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
brugdidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
brugdijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
brugdidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
brugdijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
brugdidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brugdijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
brugdidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brugdijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
brugdidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
brugdijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
brugdidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
brugdijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
brugdidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
brugdi (class-1 present singular weak)
brugdiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
brugdijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
brugdid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: brygdan, bryddan

Old High German: brutten

Middle High German: brütten

Likely from *brugdi (“fright, terror”) + *-jan.


nahtas

Old English: nihtes

Middle English: nightes

English: nights

Old Frisian: nahtes

Old Saxon: nahtes

Low German: nachts

Old High German: nahtes

Middle High German: nahtes

German: nachts

Derived from *naht (“night”) but with the ending taken from *dagas (“during the day”), an adverbial use of the genitive of *dag (“day”).


wirþīgijan

wirþīgijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wirþīgijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wirþīgijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wirþīgijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wirþīgiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wirþīgidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wirþīgisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wirþīgidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wirþīgidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wirþīgiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wirþīgidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wirþīgidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wirþīgijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wirþīgidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wirþīgiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wirþīgidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wirþīgijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wirþīgidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wirþīgijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wirþīgidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wirþīgijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wirþīgidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wirþīgijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wirþīgidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wirþīgijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wirþīgidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wirþīgijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wirþīgidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wirþīgijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wirþīgidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wirþīgi (class-1 present singular weak)
wirþīgiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wirþīgijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wirþīgid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *wirþigian, *werþigian

Middle Low German: werdigen, wērdigen

Old Dutch: *wirþigen, *werþigen

Middle Dutch: werdigen

Dutch: waardigen

Old High German: wirdīgen

Middle High German: wirdigen

German: würdigen


priunijan

priunijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
priunijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
priunijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
priunijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
priuniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
priunidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
priunisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
priunidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
priunidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
priuniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
priunidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
priunidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
priunijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
priunidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
priuniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
priunidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
priunijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
priunidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
priunijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
priunidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
priunijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
priunidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
priunijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
priunidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
priunijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
priunidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
priunijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
priunidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
priunijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
priunidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
priuni (class-1 present singular weak)
priuniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
priunijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
priunid (class-1 participle past weak)
*priumijan (alternative)

Old English: *prīenan (and / or from *preunōn)

Middle English: prenen

English: preen

Old Saxon: *priunan

Middle Low German: prǖnen

Old Dutch: *priumen (and / or from *preunōn)

Middle Dutch: priemen

Dutch: priemen

Old High German: pfriemen, pfrienen

Middle High German: pfriemen

German: pfriemen


preunōn

preunōn (infinitive)
preunōnijas (genitive infinitive)
preunōnijē (dative infinitive)
preunōniju (infinitive instrumental)
preunō (first-person present singular)
preunōdā (first-person past singular)
preunōs (present second-person singular)
preunōdēs (past second-person singular)
preunōdōs (past second-person singular)
preunōþ (present singular third-person)
preunōdē (past singular third-person)
preunōdā (past singular third-person)
preunōm (first-person plural present)
preunōdum (first-person past plural)
preunōþ (plural present second-person)
preunōdud (past plural second-person)
preunōnþ (plural present third-person)
preunōdun (past plural third-person)
preunōdī (first-person past singular)
preunōdī (past second-person singular)
preunō (present singular third-person)
preunōdī (past singular third-person)
preunōdīm (first-person past plural)
preunōdīd (past plural second-person)
preunōn (plural present third-person)
preunōdīn (past plural third-person)
preunō (present singular)
preunōþ (plural present)
preunōndī (participle present)
preunōd (participle past)
*preumōn (alternative)

Old English: *prēonan (and / or from *priunijan)

Middle English: prenen

English: preen

Old Frisian: *priāmia

West Frisian: priemje, priemkje

Old Saxon: *priomon

Middle Low German: prêmen

Old Dutch: *priemon (and / or from *priunijan)

Middle Dutch: priemen

Dutch: priemen

From Proto-Germanic *preunōną, equivalent *preun (“pin, needle”) + *-ōn.


knuppijan

knuppijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
knuppijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
knuppijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
knuppijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
knuppiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
knuppidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
knuppisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
knuppidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
knuppidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
knuppiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
knuppidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
knuppidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
knuppijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
knuppidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
knuppiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
knuppidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
knuppijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
knuppidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
knuppijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
knuppidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
knuppijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
knuppidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
knuppijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
knuppidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
knuppijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
knuppidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
knuppijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
knuppidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
knuppijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
knuppidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
knuppi (class-1 present singular weak)
knuppiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
knuppijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
knuppid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *knuppian

Middle Low German: knüppen

Old Dutch: *knuppen

Middle Dutch: cnoppen, cnuppen

Dutch: knoppen, knuppen

desc

Old High German: knupfen, knuphen, knuffen

Middle High German: knüpfen

German: knüpfen


rīmijan

rīmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
rīmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
rīmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
rīmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
rīmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rīmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rīmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rīmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rīmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rīmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rīmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rīmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rīmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rīmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rīmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rīmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rīmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rīmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rīmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rīmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rīmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rīmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rīmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rīmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rīmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rīmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rīmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rīmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rīmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rīmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rīmi (class-1 present singular weak)
rīmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
rīmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
rīmid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: rīman
Middle English: rimen
Scots: rime
English: rime

Old Saxon: *rīmian (implied by ungirīmendi)

Middle Low German: rîmen

German Low German: riemen

Old Frisian: *rīma

West Frisian: rime, rymje

Old Dutch: *rīmen

Middle Dutch: rimen

Dutch: rijmen

Old High German: rīmen

Middle High German: reimen

German: reimen

Luxembourgish: reimen

From *rīm (“calculation, number”) + *-jan.


sultijan

sultijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sultijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sultijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sultijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sultiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sultidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sultisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sultidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sultidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sultiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sultidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sultidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sultijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sultidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sultiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sultidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sultijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sultidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sultijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sultidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sultijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sultidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sultijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sultidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sultijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sultidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sultijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sultidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sultijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sultidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sulti (class-1 present singular weak)
sultiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sultijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sultid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *sultian

Middle Low German: sülten

→ Norwegian Bokmål: sylte

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sylte, sylta

→ Swedish: sylta

→ Danish: sylta

Old Dutch: *sulten

Middle Dutch: *sulten

Dutch: zulten

Old High German: sulzen

Middle High German: sülzen

German: sülzen

From *sultiju (“brine, salty water”) + *-jan.


taldijan

taldijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
taldijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
taldijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
taldijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
taldiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taldidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
taldisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taldidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taldidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taldiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taldidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taldidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taldijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taldidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taldiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taldidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
taldijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taldidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
taldijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taldidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
taldijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taldidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taldijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taldidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taldijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taldidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taldijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taldidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
taldijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taldidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
taldi (class-1 present singular weak)
taldiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
taldijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
taldid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *teldian

Middle Low German: telden

Old Dutch: *telden

Middle Dutch: telden, tellen

Dutch: tellen (dialectal)

Old High German: zelten

Middle High German: zelten


staigrijan

staigrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
staigrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
staigrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
staigrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
staigriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
staigridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
staigrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
staigridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staigridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staigriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
staigridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staigridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staigrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
staigridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
staigriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
staigridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
staigrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
staigridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
staigrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
staigridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
staigrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
staigridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staigrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
staigridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staigrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
staigridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
staigrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
staigridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
staigrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
staigridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
staigri (class-1 present singular weak)
staigriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
staigrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
staigrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *stǣġran

Middle English: steiren, stairen

Old Saxon: *stēgrian

desc

Middle Low German: stēgeren, steigeren, steieren

Old Dutch: steigeren

Middle Dutch: steigeren

Dutch: steigeren

→ West Frisian: stegerje, steigerje

Old High German: stegeren (the short vowel e is unexpected)

Middle High German: steigeren, steigern, stegeren

German: steigern

Possibly derived from *staigijan (“to raise”) + -r- frequentative suffix.
However the weak class 1 inflection is unexpected as frequentives are normally class 2 verbs. Otherwise possibly from *staigr (“steep”) + *-jan.


mōtīgijan

mōtīgijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
mōtīgijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
mōtīgijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
mōtīgijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
mōtīgiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mōtīgidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mōtīgisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mōtīgidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōtīgidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōtīgiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mōtīgidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōtīgidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōtīgijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mōtīgidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mōtīgiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mōtīgidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mōtīgijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mōtīgidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mōtīgijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mōtīgidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mōtīgijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mōtīgidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōtīgijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mōtīgidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōtīgijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mōtīgidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mōtīgijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mōtīgidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mōtīgijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mōtīgidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mōtīgi (class-1 present singular weak)
mōtīgiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
mōtīgijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
mōtīgid (class-1 participle past weak)

From *mōtīg (“free, leisurely”) + *-jan.