slakōn

slakōn (infinitive)
slakōnijas (genitive infinitive)
slakōnijē (dative infinitive)
slakōniju (infinitive instrumental)
slakō (first-person present singular)
slakōdā (first-person past singular)
slakōs (present second-person singular)
slakōdēs (past second-person singular)
slakōdōs (past second-person singular)
slakōþ (present singular third-person)
slakōdē (past singular third-person)
slakōdā (past singular third-person)
slakōm (first-person plural present)
slakōdum (first-person past plural)
slakōþ (plural present second-person)
slakōdud (past plural second-person)
slakōnþ (plural present third-person)
slakōdun (past plural third-person)
slakōdī (first-person past singular)
slakōdī (past second-person singular)
slakō (present singular third-person)
slakōdī (past singular third-person)
slakōdīm (first-person past plural)
slakōdīd (past plural second-person)
slakōn (plural present third-person)
slakōdīn (past plural third-person)
slakō (present singular)
slakōþ (plural present)
slakōndī (participle present)
slakōd (participle past)

Old English: sleacian

Middle English: slaken, slakken

English: slake, slack

Old Saxon: *slakōn

Middle Low German: slāken

Old Dutch: *slakon

Middle Dutch: slāken

Dutch: slaken


gaaunōn

gaaunōn (infinitive)
gaaunōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gaaunōnijē (dative infinitive)
gaaunōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gaaunō (first-person present singular)
gaaunōdā (first-person past singular)
gaaunōs (present second-person singular)
gaaunōdēs (past second-person singular)
gaaunōdōs (past second-person singular)
gaaunōþ (present singular third-person)
gaaunōdē (past singular third-person)
gaaunōdā (past singular third-person)
gaaunōm (first-person plural present)
gaaunōdum (first-person past plural)
gaaunōþ (plural present second-person)
gaaunōdud (past plural second-person)
gaaunōnþ (plural present third-person)
gaaunōdun (past plural third-person)
gaaunōdī (first-person past singular)
gaaunōdī (past second-person singular)
gaaunō (present singular third-person)
gaaunōdī (past singular third-person)
gaaunōdīm (first-person past plural)
gaaunōdīd (past plural second-person)
gaaunōn (plural present third-person)
gaaunōdīn (past plural third-person)
gaaunō (present singular)
gaaunōþ (plural present)
gaaunōndī (participle present)
gaaunōd (participle past)

Old English: *ġeēanian (suggested by ġeēan (“yeaning”, adjective))

Middle English: ȝenen, *yenen

English: yean

Scots: yean

⇒ Saterland Frisian: bejänne


snakan

snakan (infinitive)
snakannjas (genitive infinitive)
snakannjē (dative infinitive)
snakannju (infinitive instrumental)
snaku (first-person present singular)
snōk (first-person past singular)
snakiʀi (present second-person singular)
snōkī (past second-person singular)
snakidi (present singular third-person)
snōk (past singular third-person)
snakum (first-person plural present)
snōkum (first-person past plural)
snakid (plural present second-person)
snōkud (past plural second-person)
snakand (plural present third-person)
snōkun (past plural third-person)
snakē (first-person present singular)
snōkī (first-person past singular)
snakēs (present second-person singular)
snakē (present singular third-person)
snōkī (past singular third-person)
snakēm (first-person plural present)
snōkīm (first-person past plural)
snakēþ (plural present second-person)
snōkīd (past plural second-person)
snakēn (plural present third-person)
snōkīn (past plural third-person)
snak (present singular)
snakid (plural present)
snakandī (participle present)
snakan (participle past)

Old High German: snahhan

From Proto-Germanic *snakaną, secondary o-grade intensive from *snakkōną, o-grade iterative to *sneganą (“to crawl, creep”).


aittrīn

aittrīn (masculine nominative singular)
aittrīnu (feminine nominative singular)
aittrīn (neuter nominative singular)
aittrīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
aittrīnā (accusative feminine singular)
aittrīn (accusative neuter singular)
aittrīnas (genitive masculine singular)
aittrīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aittrīnas (genitive neuter singular)
aittrīnumē (dative masculine singular)
aittrīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
aittrīnumē (dative neuter singular)
aittrīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
aittrīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aittrīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
aittrīnē (masculine nominative plural)
aittrīnō (feminine nominative plural)
aittrīnu (neuter nominative plural)
aittrīnā (accusative masculine plural)
aittrīnā (accusative feminine plural)
aittrīnu (accusative neuter plural)
aittrīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aittrīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aittrīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aittrīnēm (dative masculine plural)
aittrīnum (dative masculine plural)
aittrīnēm (dative feminine plural)
aittrīnum (dative feminine plural)
aittrīnēm (dative neuter plural)
aittrīnum (dative neuter plural)
aittrīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aittrīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
aittrīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aittrīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
aittrīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aittrīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: ǣtren, ǣtern, ǣttern, ǣttren
Middle English: attern, atterne, hatterne
English: attern

Old High German: *eitarīn

Middle High German: eiterin


anadrekō

anadrekō (nominative singular)
anadrekan (nominative plural)
anadrekan (accusative singular)
anadrekan (accusative plural)
anadrikini (genitive singular)
anadrekan (genitive singular)
anadrekanō (genitive plural)
anadrikini (dative singular)
anadrekan (dative singular)
anadrekum (dative plural)
anadrikini (instrumental singular)
anadrekan (instrumental singular)
anadrekum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *andraca, *draca

Middle English: drake
English: drake
Scots: drake

Old Frisian: *enderka

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: En'erk (possibly borrowed from Danish)

West Frisian: jerke, jerk

Old Saxon: *anadreko, *anadrako

desc

Middle Low German: āntreke, āntdrāke, āndrake, ānderik, ēnderik

Low German: Drake, Draak

→ Danish: andrik

→ Swedish: anddrake

Old Dutch: *enedreko, *anadrako

Middle Dutch: andrake

Dutch: draak

desctree

Old High German: anutrehho, anutrecho
Middle High German: antreche, antrach, antreich, antrech, entrech, entreich
Alemannic German: Antrech, Trech, Rech
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Antrich
East Central German:
Thuringian: Drache
German: Enterich

From *anad (“duck”) + *rekō (“king, ruler, leader”), from Proto-Germanic *rekô.


ambrī

ambrī (nominative singular)
ambrijō (nominative plural)
ambrijōs (nominative plural)
ambrī (accusative singular)
ambrijā (accusative plural)
ambrijas (genitive singular)
ambrijō (genitive plural)
ambrijē (dative singular)
ambrijum (dative plural)
ambriju (instrumental singular)
ambrijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: amber, ambor, omber, ombor
Middle English: ambre, anbre, almer

desc

Old Frisian: *amber, *amer, *omber, *ommer

Saterland Frisian: Ommer

West Frisian: amer

Old Saxon: embar

Middle Low German: emmer, ammer, amer, amber

German Low German: Emmer, Ammer

Plautdietsch: Ama

→ Norwegian: amber (old spelling)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ambar

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ambar

→ Old Swedish: ämbar, ämbare

Swedish: ämbar

→ Finnish: ämpäri

→ Gutnish: ämbar

Old Dutch: *embar

Middle Dutch: ember, emmer

desctree

Dutch: emmer
Afrikaans: emmer
→ Fwe: mà-hèmêrè (via Lozi)
→ Xhosa: i-emele
→ Yeyi: ìhèmérè
Jersey Dutch: äämer
→ Aukan: embele
→ Caribbean Javanese: èmbèr
→ Indonesian: ember
→ Petjo: ember
→ Ternate: ember
→ Papiamentu: èmber, hèmber, èmer, hèmchi, èmchi

Limburgish: ömmer

Old High German: amber, ampri, eimbar, einber, eimmer
Middle High German: amper, amber, eimber, eimer
German: Eimer, Amper
Luxembourgish: Eemer

Uncertain; perhaps from *ain (“one”) + *bar(ī), *bor, a derivative of *beran (“to carry”). Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from Latin amphora (“two-handled pitcher”).


līnīn

līnīn (masculine nominative singular)
līnīnu (feminine nominative singular)
līnīn (neuter nominative singular)
līnīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
līnīnā (accusative feminine singular)
līnīn (accusative neuter singular)
līnīnas (genitive masculine singular)
līnīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
līnīnas (genitive neuter singular)
līnīnumē (dative masculine singular)
līnīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
līnīnumē (dative neuter singular)
līnīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
līnīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
līnīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
līnīnē (masculine nominative plural)
līnīnō (feminine nominative plural)
līnīnu (neuter nominative plural)
līnīnā (accusative masculine plural)
līnīnā (accusative feminine plural)
līnīnu (accusative neuter plural)
līnīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
līnīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
līnīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
līnīnēm (dative masculine plural)
līnīnum (dative masculine plural)
līnīnēm (dative feminine plural)
līnīnum (dative feminine plural)
līnīnēm (dative neuter plural)
līnīnum (dative neuter plural)
līnīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
līnīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
līnīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
līnīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
līnīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
līnīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: līnen, līnin, līnnen, līnnin
Middle English: lynnen; lynen
English: linen
Scots: linin, linnin

Old Frisian: linnen

West Frisian: linnen

Old Saxon: līnīn

Middle Low German: lînen, linnen

German Low German: linnen

Old Dutch: *līnīn

Middle Dutch: linin, linijn

Dutch: linnen

Old High German: līnīn

Middle High German: līnen

German: leinen


amaʀā

amaʀā (nominative singular)
amaʀōn (nominative plural)
amaʀōn (accusative singular)
amaʀōn (accusative plural)
amaʀōn (genitive singular)
amaʀōnō (genitive plural)
amaʀōn (dative singular)
amaʀōm (dative plural)
amaʀum (dative plural)
amaʀōn (instrumental singular)
amaʀōm (instrumental plural)
amaʀum (instrumental plural)
*amaʀō (alternative)

Old English: amore
Middle English: *amere, *amre, *ambre
English: ammer
⇒ Middle English: *yelwamre, *yelambre, *yelwambre
⇒ English: yelambre, yelamber, yellowhammer

Old Saxon: amaro

Old High German: amara, amaro, amero

Middle High German: amer

German: Ammer

Kroonen links *amslā (“blackbird”), which is either from Proto-Indo-European *h₂em(-)s- (“blackbird”) or from a Central European substrate language; if the former, the stem *amaʀ- could reflect the unsuffixed original *h₂ém-ōs ~ *h₂m-és-.


furhiþi

furhiþi (nominative singular)
furhiþī (nominative plural)
furhiþi (accusative singular)
furhiþī (accusative plural)
furhiþī (genitive singular)
furhiþþjō (genitive plural)
furhiþī (dative singular)
furhiþim (dative plural)
furhiþþjum (dative plural)
furhiþī (instrumental singular)
furhiþim (instrumental plural)
furhiþþjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fyrhþ f or n, fyrhþe n
Middle English: frith, firth
Scots: firth, fyrth
English: frith, firth
Middle English: frith, firth
English: frith, firth

Old Saxon: *furhithi

desc

>? Middle Low German: viride, vīrede, vīrde, vīrte, vīrt, fīrt m or n

Old High German: *furihti, *forahti

gl

>? Middle High German: fōreht, fōret, fōrāt n (alternatively, from Old French or Latin)

From *furhu (“fir, pine”) + *-iþi. Compare Old Norse fýri (“fir or coniferous forest”).


fuhsini

fuhsini (nominative singular)
fuhsunnjō (nominative plural)
fuhsunnjā (accusative singular)
fuhsunnjā (accusative plural)
fuhsunnjā (genitive singular)
fuhsunnjō (genitive plural)
fuhsunnjē (dative singular)
fuhsunnjōm (dative plural)
fuhsunnjum (dative plural)
fuhsunnju (instrumental singular)
fuhsunnjōm (instrumental plural)
fuhsunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fyxe
Middle English: fixen, ffixen
English: vixen

Old Dutch: *fussinna

Middle Dutch: vossinne
Dutch: vossin

Old High German: *fuhsinna

Middle High German: vühsinne

German: Füchsin

From Proto-Germanic *fuhsinī. Equivalent to *fuhs (“fox”) + *-ini.


haguþorn

haguþorn (nominative singular)
haguþornō (nominative plural)
haguþornōs (nominative plural)
haguþorn (accusative singular)
haguþornā (accusative plural)
haguþornas (genitive singular)
haguþornō (genitive plural)
haguþornē (dative singular)
haguþornum (dative plural)
haguþornu (instrumental singular)
haguþornum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: haguþorn, hagaþorn, hæguþorn

desctree

Middle English: hawthorn, haȝ þorn, haȝþorne, haue-thorne, hauȝ þorne, hauthorne, hauþorn, hauþorne, hawethorn, hawethorne, haweþorn, hawe-þorn, hawe þorn, hawȝþorn, hawthern, hawthorne, hawthorun, haw-thron, hawþrone
English: hawthorn
Scots: hawthorn

→ Old Norse: hagþorn

Old Swedish: haghþorn

Swedish: hagtorn

Old Saxon: haguthorn, haginthorn

Middle Low German: hagedorn, hagendorn

Old Dutch: *haguthorn

Middle Dutch: hāgedorn
Dutch: haagdoorn
Limburgish: haagdórn

Old High German: hagudorn, hagandorn

Middle High German: hagedorn, hagendorn

German: Hagedorn

From *hagu (“enclosure; pasture”) + *þorn (“thorn; briar”).


meltan

meltan (infinitive)
meltannjas (genitive infinitive)
meltannjē (dative infinitive)
meltannju (infinitive instrumental)
meltu (first-person present singular)
malt (first-person past singular)
miltiʀi (present second-person singular)
multī (past second-person singular)
miltidi (present singular third-person)
malt (past singular third-person)
meltum (first-person plural present)
multum (first-person past plural)
miltid (plural present second-person)
multud (past plural second-person)
meltand (plural present third-person)
multun (past plural third-person)
meltē (first-person present singular)
multī (first-person past singular)
meltēs (present second-person singular)
meltē (present singular third-person)
multī (past singular third-person)
meltēm (first-person plural present)
multīm (first-person past plural)
meltēþ (plural present second-person)
multīd (past plural second-person)
meltēn (plural present third-person)
multīn (past plural third-person)
milt (present singular)
miltid (plural present)
meltandī (participle present)
moltan (participle past)

Old English: meltan

Middle English: melten

Scots: melt

English: melt


plegō

plegō (nominative singular)
plegan (nominative plural)
plegan (accusative singular)
plegan (accusative plural)
pligini (genitive singular)
plegan (genitive singular)
pleganō (genitive plural)
pligini (dative singular)
plegan (dative singular)
plegum (dative plural)
pligini (instrumental singular)
plegan (instrumental singular)
plegum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *plega

Middle Low German: plēge

German Low German: Pleeg

Old Dutch: *plega

Middle Dutch: plege

Dutch: pleeg

Old High German: *pflega; (compare pflega (“nurse”) (in compounds))

Middle High German: pflege, phlege

German: Pflege

→ Medieval Latin: plevium


plegō

desctree

Old English: pleġa, plæġ, plæga
Middle English: pleye, pleie, plaw, plawe, play, playe, pleȝe, plæȝe, pleiȝ, pleouwe, ploȝe, plai, plaȝe, pleghe, plaghe, plasze
English: play
Scots: play
Yola: pley

Old Dutch: *plego

Middle Dutch: plege


mānō

mānō (nominative singular)
mānan (nominative plural)
mānan (accusative singular)
mānan (accusative plural)
mānini (genitive singular)
mānan (genitive singular)
mānanō (genitive plural)
mānini (dative singular)
mānan (dative singular)
mānum (dative plural)
mānini (instrumental singular)
mānan (instrumental singular)
mānum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōna, mōne
Middle English: mone, moone, mon, moyn, monæ, mona
English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun
Scots: muin, mone, monne, moon, moune, mowne, moyn, moyne, mune, mwne
Yola: mond
Geordie English: muin, meun

Old Frisian: mōna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: muun
Mooring: moune
Saterland Frisian: Moune
West Frisian: moanne

Old Saxon: māno
Middle Low German: mâne
Low German: Maan
Dutch Low Saxon: maone
German Low German: Maan
Hamburgisch: Maan, Maand
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Mon m
Ravensbergisch: Måne
Sauerländisch: Mōne f, Mond m, Mōn m, Mound m Mōend m
Westmünsterländisch: Maone, Maon f, Maond m
Plautdietsch: Mon
→ Polabian: mon

Old Dutch: māno
Middle Dutch: mâne
Dutch: maan
Afrikaans: maan
Berbice Creole Dutch: manti
Jersey Dutch: mân, môn
Negerhollands: maand, man, maen
→ Aukan: manti
Limburgish: maon
West Flemish: moane
Zealandic: maene, maone

Old High German: māno
Middle High German: māne, mān, mōne, mōn
Alemannic German: Maan, manä, meini, moanu, Mond, manòd, mànund
Swabian: Moo, Mao
Bavarian: Mou, mone
Cimbrian: maano, ma, må
Mòcheno: mu'
Central Franconian: Mond, Muund (rare variant in Moselle Franconian)
German: Mond
Luxembourgish: Mound
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Muhn
Vilamovian: mönd
Yiddish: מאָנט (mont)


brāmil

brāmil (nominative singular)
brāmilō (nominative plural)
brāmilōs (nominative plural)
brāmil (accusative singular)
brāmilā (accusative plural)
brāmilas (genitive singular)
brāmilō (genitive plural)
brāmilē (dative singular)
brāmilum (dative plural)
brāmilu (instrumental singular)
brāmilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣmel, brēmel, bræmbel
Middle English: brembel, brambel, brimbel
English: bramble
Scots: brimmle
Yola: brimel

Old Frisian: *bramel, *bremel

West Frisian: brommel

Old Saxon: *brāmal

Middle Low German: bromel

Low German: Brömmel

⇒ Old Saxon: brāmalbusk

Old Dutch: *bramel

Dutch: bramel, brummel


hailag

hailag (masculine nominative singular)
hailagu (feminine nominative singular)
hailag (neuter nominative singular)
hailaganā (accusative masculine singular)
hailagā (accusative feminine singular)
hailag (accusative neuter singular)
hailagas (genitive masculine singular)
hailageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hailagas (genitive neuter singular)
hailagumē (dative masculine singular)
hailageʀē (dative feminine singular)
hailagumē (dative neuter singular)
hailagu (instrumental masculine singular)
hailageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hailagu (instrumental neuter singular)
hailagē (masculine nominative plural)
hailagō (feminine nominative plural)
hailagu (neuter nominative plural)
hailagā (accusative masculine plural)
hailagā (accusative feminine plural)
hailagu (accusative neuter plural)
hailageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hailageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hailageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hailagēm (dative masculine plural)
hailagum (dative masculine plural)
hailagēm (dative feminine plural)
hailagum (dative feminine plural)
hailagēm (dative neuter plural)
hailagum (dative neuter plural)
hailagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hailagum (instrumental masculine plural)
hailagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hailagum (feminine instrumental plural)
hailagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hailagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hāliġ, hāleġ, hālæġ, hǣliġ
Middle English: holy
English: holy
Scots: haly, halie
Yola: holly, holy

Old Frisian: hēlich, hilich, *hālich
North Frisian: hallig, hellig, hillig, hoeldig
Saterland Frisian: helig, halg
West Frisian: hillig

Old Saxon: hēlag, helig, helog, halag
Middle Low German: hilch, hillich (inflected hillig-)
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: hilg-, (en) Hilgen
Münsterländisch: hillig
Westmünsterländisch: hillig
East Westphalian: hilg (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: heilich

Old Dutch: heilig
Middle Dutch: heilich
Dutch: heilig

Old High German: heilag
Middle High German: heilec, heilic
Alemannic German: heilig
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: heilich
Cimbrian: hòolig
German: heilig
Luxembourgish: helleg
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: heilich
Yiddish: הייליק (heylik)

From Proto-Germanic *hailagaz. Equivalent to *hail + *-g.


melþōn

melþōn (infinitive)
melþōnijas (genitive infinitive)
melþōnijē (dative infinitive)
melþōniju (infinitive instrumental)
melþō (first-person present singular)
melþōdā (first-person past singular)
melþōs (present second-person singular)
melþōdēs (past second-person singular)
melþōdōs (past second-person singular)
melþōþ (present singular third-person)
melþōdē (past singular third-person)
melþōdā (past singular third-person)
melþōm (first-person plural present)
melþōdum (first-person past plural)
melþōþ (plural present second-person)
melþōdud (past plural second-person)
melþōnþ (plural present third-person)
melþōdun (past plural third-person)
melþōdī (first-person past singular)
melþōdī (past second-person singular)
melþō (present singular third-person)
melþōdī (past singular third-person)
melþōdīm (first-person past plural)
melþōdīd (past plural second-person)
melþōn (plural present third-person)
melþōdīn (past plural third-person)
melþō (present singular)
melþōþ (plural present)
melþōndī (participle present)
melþōd (participle past)
*meldōn (alternative)

Old English: meldian
Middle English: melden
English: meld
Scots: meld, mell

Old Frisian: *meldia

Saterland Frisian: mäldje

West Frisian: meldzje

⇒ Old Frisian: urmeldia

Old Saxon: meldōn

Middle Low German: melden

German Low German: melden, mellen

→ Danish: melde

Norwegian Bokmål: melde

→ Faroese: melda

→ Icelandic: melda

→ Swedish: mälda

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: melda

Old Dutch: *meldon

Middle Dutch: melden

Dutch: melden

Afrikaans: meld, melde

→ West Frisian: melde

Old High German: mëldōn

Middle High German: mëlden

German: melden

Luxembourgish: mellen

From Proto-Germanic *melþōną, from Proto-Indo-European *meldʰ- (“to ask, pray, speak”). Cognate with Lithuanian maldýti (“to implore”), Proto-Slavic *modlìti (“to ask, pray”), Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒀠𒁲 (māldi, “to recite, make a vow”), Old Armenian մաղթ (małtʻ, “prayer, supplication”).


sturm

sturm (nominative singular)
sturmō (nominative plural)
sturmōs (nominative plural)
sturm (accusative singular)
sturmā (accusative plural)
sturmas (genitive singular)
sturmō (genitive plural)
sturmē (dative singular)
sturmum (dative plural)
sturmu (instrumental singular)
sturmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: storm, stearm
Middle English: storm
English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm
Scots: storm
Yola: stharm, starm
→ Middle Welsh: ystorym
Welsh: storm

Old Frisian: *storm

Saterland Frisian: Stoarm

West Frisian: stoarm

Old Saxon: storm

Middle Low German: storm

German Low German: Storm

→ Polish: sztorm

Old Dutch: *sturm

Middle Dutch: storm

Dutch: storm
Afrikaans: storm
Negerhollands: storm
→ Papiamentu: storm

Old High German: sturm
Middle High German: sturm
German: Sturm
Yiddish: שטורעם (shturem)
→ Polish: szturm
→ Russian: штурм (šturm)
Luxembourgish: Stuerm
Hunsrik: Storrem
Lombardic: *sturm
→ Italian: stormo

→ Vulgar Latin: *estornus, *estorma

Old French: estor, estour, estur, estorme, estorn
Middle French: estor, estour
→ Middle English: stour, store, stor
English: stour
Scots: sture, stour

Occitan: estorn


krīg

krīg (nominative singular)
krīgō (nominative plural)
krīgōs (nominative plural)
krīg (accusative singular)
krīgā (accusative plural)
krīgas (genitive singular)
krīgō (genitive plural)
krīgē (dative singular)
krīgum (dative plural)
krīgu (instrumental singular)
krīgum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krīch; *krīga, *krīge (in derivatives)

North Frisian: krich

Saterland Frisian: Kriech

West Frisian: kriich

Old Saxon: *krīg

Middle Low German: krîch

German Low German: Krig, Krieg

→ Danish: krig

→ Swedish: krig

→ Norwegian Bokmål: krig

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: krig

→ Faroese: kríggj

Old Dutch: *krīg

Middle Dutch: crijch

Dutch: krijg

Afrikaans: kryg

Possibly from *krīgan (“to strive, acquire”).


lurtijan

lurtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lurtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lurtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lurtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lurtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lurtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lurtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lurtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lurtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lurtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lurtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lurtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lurtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lurtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lurtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lurtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lurtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lurtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lurtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lurtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lurtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lurtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lurtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lurtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lurtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lurtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lurtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lurtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lurtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lurtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lurti (class-1 present singular weak)
lurtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lurtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lurtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *lyrtan

Middle English: lirten, lurten

English: lirt

Scots: lirte, lirt

⇒ Old English: belyrtan

Old Dutch: *lurtsen

Middle Dutch: lortsen

Dutch: lorsen

Old High German: *lurzen

Middle High German: lurzen, lürzen

From *lort (“crooked, deceptive”) + *-jan.


garbā

garbā (nominative singular)
garbōn (nominative plural)
garbōn (accusative singular)
garbōn (accusative plural)
garbōn (genitive singular)
garbōnō (genitive plural)
garbōn (dative singular)
garbōm (dative plural)
garbum (dative plural)
garbōn (instrumental singular)
garbōm (instrumental plural)
garbum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *jerfe, *iērfe

Saterland Frisian: Jierwe

Old Saxon: garba, garva

Middle Low German: garve

German Low German: Garve, Garv

Plautdietsch: Goaw

Old Dutch: garva
Middle Dutch: garve
Dutch: garf, garve, gerve

Old High German: garba

Middle High German: garbe, garwe

Cimbrian: ghèrba

German: Garbe

Luxembourgish: Gaarf

Yiddish: גאַרב (garb)

→ Old French: garbe, jarbe

Middle French: garbe, gerbe

French: gerbe
→ English: gerbe

→ Middle English: garbe

English: garb

Scots: garb

desc

→ Medieval Latin: garba (or via Old High German) (see there for further descendants)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *garbǭ, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórbʰ-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to grab, gather up”).

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


aisk

aisk (nominative singular)
aiskō (nominative plural)
aiskōs (nominative plural)
aisk (accusative singular)
aiskā (accusative plural)
aiskas (genitive singular)
aiskō (genitive plural)
aiskē (dative singular)
aiskum (dative plural)
aisku (instrumental singular)
aiskum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *aisk

Middle Low German: êsch, eisch

Old Dutch: *eisc

desc

Middle Dutch: eische, eisc, eesch, heesch

Dutch: eis

Old High German: *eisk

Middle High German: eisch

German: Eisch, Heisch

From Proto-Germanic *aiskaz, nominalized from a secondary full-grade of unattested *iskaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂is-sḱé-ti, from *h₂eys- (“to request”) + *-sḱéti. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *jьskati (“to look for, seek”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hišćáti (“to wish, desire”).


þrūbō

þrūbō (nominative singular)
þrūban (nominative plural)
þrūban (accusative singular)
þrūban (accusative plural)
þrūbini (genitive singular)
þrūban (genitive singular)
þrūbanō (genitive plural)
þrūbini (dative singular)
þrūban (dative singular)
þrūbum (dative plural)
þrūbini (instrumental singular)
þrūban (instrumental singular)
þrūbum (instrumental plural)
*þrūbā (alternative)

desc

Old Saxon: thrūbo, thrūvo m, thrūva, drūva f

Middle Low German: drûf

German Low German: Druve, Druuv f

→ Saterland Frisian: Druuwe, Druuge, Truuge f

→ Norwegian: drue

→ Swedish: druva

→ Danish: drue

→ Icelandic: þrúga

→ Faroese: drúva

⇒ Old Saxon: thrūfla f

Middle Low German: drûfele

German Low German: Druffel, Drubbel

→ German: Druffel

→? Finnish: rypäle

Old Dutch: thrūvo m, *thrūva f

Middle Dutch: druve, druuf

desctree

Dutch: druif m or f
Negerhollands: drufje
→ Aukan: doloifi
→ Papiamentu: drùif, dreif, dreifi
→ Sranan Tongo: droifi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: droifi
→ Caribbean Javanese: droifi

Afrikaans: druif

Limburgish: droef

Zealandic: druve

→ West Frisian: drúf

desc

Old High German: thrūbo, drūbo m, thrūba, drūba f

Middle High German: trūbe, troube, drūve f

Alemannic German: Truube f

German: Traube f

Luxembourgish: Drauf f

Yiddish: טרויב f (troyb)

q

⇒ Old High German: drappo (remodeled after krappo (“cluster of grapes”))

Middle High German: trappe

⇒ Old High German: drūbil

Middle High German: triubel

German: Träubel

Uncertain; probably a secondary analogical full-grade of *þrubō, from Proto-Germanic *þrubô, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *trup-ḗn ~ *trup-nés, from *trewp- (“to collect, unite”) + *-ḗn, cognate with Hittite 𒋫𒊒𒌒𒍣 (ta-ru-up-zi /tarupzi/, “to collect, unite”).


kōkil

kōkil (nominative singular)
kōkilō (nominative plural)
kōkilōs (nominative plural)
kōkil (accusative singular)
kōkilā (accusative plural)
kōkilas (genitive singular)
kōkilō (genitive plural)
kōkilē (dative singular)
kōkilum (dative plural)
kōkilu (instrumental singular)
kōkilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *cēċel, coecel, cecil
Middle English: kechel, kechell, kechyl
English: ketch (“a pie or turnover”) (dialectal)
→ Irish: císte

Old Saxon: *kōkil

⇒ Old Saxon: kōkelīn (in compounds)

Middle Low German: kȫkelîn

Old Dutch: *kuokil

Middle Dutch: *coekel

⇒ Middle Dutch: coekelkin

⇒ Old Dutch: *kuokilīn

Middle Dutch: coekelin

Old High German: kuohhil, kuochil

Middle High German: kuchel

German: Küchel

Luxembourgish: Kichel

⇒ Old High German: kuohhilīn, kuochilīn

Middle High German: kuchelīn, küechelīn

German: Küchlein

From *kōkō (“cake”) + *-il (diminutive suffix).


warmiþu

warmiþu (nominative singular)
warmiþō (nominative plural)
warmiþā (accusative singular)
warmiþā (accusative plural)
warmiþā (genitive singular)
warmiþō (genitive plural)
warmiþē (dative singular)
warmiþōm (dative plural)
warmiþum (dative plural)
warmiþu (instrumental singular)
warmiþōm (instrumental plural)
warmiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wiermþ

desc

Middle English: wermthe, wearmth, warmth

English: warmth

Old Frisian: *wermithe, *warmte

Saterland Frisian: Waarmte

West Frisian: waarmte

Old Saxon: *wermitha

Middle Low German: wermede, warmede, warmte

German Low German: Warmte, Warmt

Old Dutch: *wermitha

Middle Dutch: wermde, warmede, warmde, warmte

Dutch: warmte
Afrikaans: warmte

Limburgish: wörmdje, wermdje

Old High German: *wermida

Middle High German: wermede, wermde


diligōn

diligōn (infinitive)
diligōnijas (genitive infinitive)
diligōnijē (dative infinitive)
diligōniju (infinitive instrumental)
diligō (first-person present singular)
diligōdā (first-person past singular)
diligōs (present second-person singular)
diligōdēs (past second-person singular)
diligōdōs (past second-person singular)
diligōþ (present singular third-person)
diligōdē (past singular third-person)
diligōdā (past singular third-person)
diligōm (first-person plural present)
diligōdum (first-person past plural)
diligōþ (plural present second-person)
diligōdud (past plural second-person)
diligōnþ (plural present third-person)
diligōdun (past plural third-person)
diligōdī (first-person past singular)
diligōdī (past second-person singular)
diligō (present singular third-person)
diligōdī (past singular third-person)
diligōdīm (first-person past plural)
diligōdīd (past plural second-person)
diligōn (plural present third-person)
diligōdīn (past plural third-person)
diligō (present singular)
diligōþ (plural present)
diligōndī (participle present)
diligōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: dilegian, diligian, dilgian, dielgian
Middle English: dilȝhen, dillȝhenn, diliȝen

Old Frisian: diligia, dīligia

West Frisian: dylgje

Old Saxon: diligōn

desc

Middle Low German: diligen, deligen, delgen

Low German: dilgen, delgen

desctree

Old Dutch: *diligon
Middle Dutch: deligen, delgen, dilgen
Dutch: delgen

Old High German: tiligōn, tīligōn

Middle High German: tiligen, tīligen

German: tilgen

→ Saterland Frisian: tilgje

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Latin dēleō (“to destroy”) + *-igōn.


hūʀiju

hūʀiju (nominative singular)
hūʀijō (nominative plural)
hūʀijā (accusative singular)
hūʀijā (accusative plural)
hūʀijā (genitive singular)
hūʀijō (genitive plural)
hūʀijē (dative singular)
hūʀijōm (dative plural)
hūʀijum (dative plural)
hūʀiju (instrumental singular)
hūʀijōm (instrumental plural)
hūʀijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hȳr
Middle English: hire, hyre, hure, here, huyre
English: hire
Scots: hire

Old Frisian: hēr, hēre

Saterland Frisian: Híere, (Strukelje) Häire

West Frisian: hier

⇒ Old Frisian: hūshēre

Saterland Frisian: Hushire

⇒ Old Frisian: londhēre

Old Saxon: hūria, hūra
Middle Low German: hüre, huere, hyre, hüer, hür
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Hü̂r
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Huür
Westmünsterländisch: Höier
→ German: Heuer
→ Danish: hyre
→ Norwegian: hyre
→ Swedish: hyra
→? Estonian: üür
→ Faroese: hýra
→? Estonian: üür

Old Dutch: *hūra

Middle Dutch: hûre

Dutch: huur
Afrikaans: huur
Negerhollands: huur
→ Papiamentu: hür
→ Sranan Tongo: yuru (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Old Dutch: forahūra

⇒ Old Dutch: hūrlant

⇒ Old Dutch: hūrware

From *hūʀijan (“to hire; to pay”) + *-u.


brakkō

brakkō (nominative singular)
brakkan (nominative plural)
brakkan (accusative singular)
brakkan (accusative plural)
brakkini (genitive singular)
brakkan (genitive singular)
brakkanō (genitive plural)
brakkini (dative singular)
brakkan (dative singular)
brakkum (dative plural)
brakkini (instrumental singular)
brakkan (instrumental singular)
brakkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: brakka, brakko

Old Saxon: *brakka

Middle Low German: bracke

German Low German:

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch: Bracke

Old Dutch: *brakka

Middle Dutch: bracke, brac

Dutch: brak

Old High German: bracko

Middle High German: bracke

German: Bracke

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- (“to stink, fart”), perhaps a borrowing.


būdil

būdil (nominative singular)
būdilō (nominative plural)
būdilōs (nominative plural)
būdil (accusative singular)
būdilā (accusative plural)
būdilas (genitive singular)
būdilō (genitive plural)
būdilē (dative singular)
būdilum (dative plural)
būdilu (instrumental singular)
būdilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: būdel

Saterland Frisian: Büül

West Frisian: bûdel

Old Saxon: būdil

Middle Low German: bûdel

German Low German: Büdel

Old Dutch: *būdil

Middle Dutch: budel, buydel, buyl

Dutch: buidel

Old High German: būtil, pūtil

Middle High German: biutel

German: Beutel

Luxembourgish: Beidel

From Proto-Germanic *bud- (“round, rounded”) + *-il, the former apparently a d-extension of a Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to inflate, swell”) (which may be equivalent to *bʰuH- (“to be, grow”)), with many supposed descendants in various branches, albeit with poorly-resolved morphology. Compare Proto-Germanic *būlǭ (“swelling, boil”).

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


fų̄htijan

fų̄htijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
fų̄htijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
fų̄htijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
fų̄htijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
fų̄htiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fų̄htidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fų̄htisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fų̄htidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fų̄htidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fų̄htiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fų̄htidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fų̄htidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fų̄htijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fų̄htidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fų̄htiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fų̄htidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fų̄htijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fų̄htidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fų̄htijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fų̄htidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fų̄htijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fų̄htidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fų̄htijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fų̄htidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fų̄htijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fų̄htidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fų̄htijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fų̄htidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fų̄htijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fų̄htidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fų̄hti (class-1 present singular weak)
fų̄htiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
fų̄htijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
fų̄htid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: fȳhtan

(Old Frisian: *fūhtia)

(Saterland Frisian: fuchtje)

(West Frisian: fochtsje (in befochtsje))

Old Saxon: fūhtian

Middle Low German: vuchten

German Low German: fuchten

Old Dutch: fūhten

Middle Dutch: vuchten, vochten

Dutch: vochten

Old High German: fūhten

Middle High German: viuhten

German: feuchten


grulljan

grulljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
grulljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
grulljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
grulljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
grullju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gruldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
grulisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gruldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gruldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gruliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gruldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gruldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
grulljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gruldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gruliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gruldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
grulljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gruldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
grulljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gruldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
grulljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gruldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
grulljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gruldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
grulljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gruldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
grulljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gruldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
grulljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gruldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gruli (class-1 present singular weak)
gruliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
grulljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gruld (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: gryllan

Middle English: grullen, gruellen

Scots: grool

English: growl

Old Saxon: *grullian

Middle Low German: grullen, grüllen

German Low German: grullen

Old Dutch: *grullen

Middle Dutch: grollen

Dutch: grollen

Old High German: *grullen

desc

Middle High German: grüllen, grullen, grollen

German: grollen

→ Old French: grouller

Middle French: grouller, grouiller

French: grouiller

Unknown; presumably related to *gralljan (“to shout at, antagonize”).


sihtrā

sihtrā (nominative singular)
sihtrōn (nominative plural)
sihtrōn (accusative singular)
sihtrōn (accusative plural)
sihtrōn (genitive singular)
sihtrōnō (genitive plural)
sihtrōn (dative singular)
sihtrōm (dative plural)
sihtrum (dative plural)
sihtrōn (instrumental singular)
sihtrōm (instrumental plural)
sihtrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sihtre, siohtre, seohtre

Old Saxon: *sihtra

Middle Low German: sichter

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to pour out”).


kuningini

kuningini (nominative singular)
kuningunnjō (nominative plural)
kuningunnjā (accusative singular)
kuningunnjā (accusative plural)
kuningunnjā (genitive singular)
kuningunnjō (genitive plural)
kuningunnjē (dative singular)
kuningunnjōm (dative plural)
kuningunnjum (dative plural)
kuningunnju (instrumental singular)
kuningunnjōm (instrumental plural)
kuningunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cyningen

>? Old English: cyninge (dissimilated from *cyningen ?)

Old Frisian: *keningin, *keninginne

Saterland Frisian: Keninginne, Köänigin

West Frisian: keninginne

Old Saxon: *kuningina, *kuningunnia

desc

Middle Low German: köninginne, kȫninginne, kȫniginne, könninne

German Low German: Königin

desctree

Old Dutch: cuninginna
Middle Dutch: coninginne, coninghinne
Dutch: koningin

Old High German: kuningin, kunigin

desc

Middle High German: chuonigin, chuoniginne, chuoningin, chuoninginne, kuningin, kuninginne, koningin, koninginne, künegin, küneginne, kunigin, künigin, kuniginne, küniginne, kungin, küngin

Cimbrian: khuuneghen

German: Königin

Vilamovian: kyngien

Yiddish: קעניגין (kenigin)


grautī

grautī (nominative singular)
grautīn (accusative singular)
grautīn (genitive singular)
grautīn (dative singular)
grautīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: grīetu

Middle English: grete, grette

Old Frisian: grēte

Saterland Frisian: Gratte

West Frisian: grutte, gruttens

Old Saxon: *grōti

Middle Low German: grōte, gröte

German Low German: Grötte, Grött

→ Saterland Frisian: Gröte, Grööte

Old Dutch: *grōti

Middle Dutch: grote, groote, groete; (grotde, grootte)

(Dutch: grootte)

desctree

Old High German: grōzī
Middle High German: grœze; (grœzede)
German: Größe
(Luxembourgish: Gréisst)

From *graut (“great”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


jagōþu

jagōþu (nominative singular)
jagōþiwi (nominative plural)
jagōþō (nominative plural)
jagōþu (accusative singular)
jagōþū (accusative plural)
jagōþō (genitive singular)
jagōþiwō (genitive plural)
jagōþiwi (dative singular)
jagōþō (dative singular)
jagōþum (dative plural)
jagōþu (instrumental singular)
jagōþum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *jagoth, *jacht

Saterland Frisian: Jaacht

West Frisian: jacht

Old Saxon: *jagōt

desctree

Middle Low German: jacht, jâget
German Low German: Jaggt
Plautdietsch: Jacht
→ Danish: jagt
→ Faroese: jakt
→ Kashubian: jachta
→ Latvian: jakts
→ Norwegian: jakt
→ Swedish: jakt

Old Dutch: *jagōt

Middle Dutch: jaget, jacht

Dutch: jacht
Afrikaans: jag
Negerhollands: jaak, jak

Limburgish: jach

Old High German: jagōd

Middle High German: jagât, jaget, jagit

German: Jagd


gafehō

gafehō (nominative singular)
gafehan (nominative plural)
gafehan (accusative singular)
gafehan (accusative plural)
gafihini (genitive singular)
gafehan (genitive singular)
gafehanō (genitive plural)
gafihini (dative singular)
gafehan (dative singular)
gafehum (dative plural)
gafihini (instrumental singular)
gafehan (instrumental singular)
gafehum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefēa

Old High German: gifeho


tugi

tugi (nominative singular)
tugī (nominative plural)
tugi (accusative singular)
tugī (accusative plural)
tugī (genitive singular)
tuggjō (genitive plural)
tugī (dative singular)
tugim (dative plural)
tuggjum (dative plural)
tugī (instrumental singular)
tugim (instrumental plural)
tuggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tyġe
Middle English: tige
Yola: ty

Old Saxon: *tugi

Middle Low German: toge, toch

Low German: Tog

→ Danish: tog

→ Faroese: tok

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tog

→ Swedish: tåg

Old Dutch: *tugi

Middle Dutch: tuege

Dutch: teug

Afrikaans: teug

Old High German: zug, zuc

Middle High German: zuc, zug

Central Franconian: Zoch

→ German: Zoch

Hunsrik: Zugh

Luxembourgish: Zoch

German: Zug

→ Luxembourgish: Zuch

→ Polish: cug

→ Silesian: cug

Vilamovian: cug

Yiddish: צוג (tsug)


glāʀōn

glaʀōn (canonical)
glāʀōn (canonical)
glāʀōn (infinitive)
glāʀōnijas (genitive infinitive)
glāʀōnijē (dative infinitive)
glāʀōniju (infinitive instrumental)
glāʀō (first-person present singular)
glāʀōdā (first-person past singular)
glāʀōs (present second-person singular)
glāʀōdēs (past second-person singular)
glāʀōdōs (past second-person singular)
glāʀōþ (present singular third-person)
glāʀōdē (past singular third-person)
glāʀōdā (past singular third-person)
glāʀōm (first-person plural present)
glāʀōdum (first-person past plural)
glāʀōþ (plural present second-person)
glāʀōdud (past plural second-person)
glāʀōnþ (plural present third-person)
glāʀōdun (past plural third-person)
glāʀōdī (first-person past singular)
glāʀōdī (past second-person singular)
glāʀō (present singular third-person)
glāʀōdī (past singular third-person)
glāʀōdīm (first-person past plural)
glāʀōdīd (past plural second-person)
glāʀōn (plural present third-person)
glāʀōdīn (past plural third-person)
glāʀō (present singular)
glāʀōþ (plural present)
glāʀōndī (participle present)
glāʀōd (participle past)

Old English: *glærian, *glārian

gl

>? Middle English: glaren (“to shine brightly, glitter; to stare wildly”) (possibly borrowed from Dutch or Low German)

English: glare

desc

>? Middle English: gloren (“to shine, gleam, glow; glisten”)

English: glore, gloar (“to gaze, stare, shine, glow”)

Scots: glore (“to stare”)

Old Frisian: *gleria, *glēria

Saterland Frisian: glärje, gläärje (“to smear, smear with something greasy”)

West Frisian: glierje (“to shine, radiate”)

Old Saxon: *glarōn, *glārōn

Middle Low German: glâren, glaren

German Low German: glären (“to glow, smoulder”)

Middle Low German: *glaren, glarren (“to resinate”)

German Low German: glaren (“to ooze a fatty substance”)

Old Dutch: *glaron, *glāron

Middle Dutch: glaren

Dutch: glaren (dated)

West Flemish: glariën

Old High German: *glarōn

Middle High German: *glaren

Alemannic German: glaren, gloren (“to shine, shimmer”)

Middle High German: glarren (“to stare”)

⇒ Middle High German: ferglarren, verglarren (“to fail to see properly, overlook”)

⇒ Middle High German: glarrouge (“staring eye”)

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from *glaʀ, a byform of *glas (whence Old English glæren (“glassy”)). Alternatively, perhaps a secondary formation from a Proto-West Germanic component *glāʀ- + *-ōn, related to Proto-West Germanic *glāʀ (“glass, amber”). Regardless, both pathways trace to the same ultimate root. Compare also Proto-Germanic *glēsijaną (“to shine, glare”).

cog

to shine like glass; to beam, be radiant, glow


manþijan

manþijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
manþijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
manþijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
manþijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
manþiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
manþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
manþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
manþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
manþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
manþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
manþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
manþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
manþijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
manþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
manþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
manþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
manþijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
manþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
manþijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
manþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
manþijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
manþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
manþijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
manþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
manþijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
manþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
manþijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
manþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
manþijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
manþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
manþi (class-1 present singular weak)
manþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
manþijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
manþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *menthian, mendian

Middle Low German: menden

Old Dutch: *menthen, menden, mendon

(Middle Dutch: mender; menderlike)

Old High German: menthen, menden

Middle High German: menden, mennen

to be pleased; be glad; rejoice; be cheerful


gaībrī

gaībrī (masculine nominative singular)
gaībriju (feminine nominative singular)
gaībrī (neuter nominative singular)
gaībrijanā (accusative masculine singular)
gaībrijā (accusative feminine singular)
gaībrī (accusative neuter singular)
gaībrijas (genitive masculine singular)
gaībrijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gaībrijas (genitive neuter singular)
gaībrijumē (dative masculine singular)
gaībrijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gaībrijumē (dative neuter singular)
gaībriju (instrumental masculine singular)
gaībrijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gaībriju (instrumental neuter singular)
gaībrijē (masculine nominative plural)
gaībrijō (feminine nominative plural)
gaībriju (neuter nominative plural)
gaībrijā (accusative masculine plural)
gaībrijā (accusative feminine plural)
gaībriju (accusative neuter plural)
gaībrijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gaībrijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gaībrijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gaībrijēm (dative masculine plural)
gaībrijum (dative masculine plural)
gaībrijēm (dative feminine plural)
gaībrijum (dative feminine plural)
gaībrijēm (dative neuter plural)
gaībrijum (dative neuter plural)
gaībrijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gaībrijum (instrumental masculine plural)
gaībrijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gaībrijum (feminine instrumental plural)
gaībrijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gaībrijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: ġīfre, ġīfere
Middle English: ʒiuere, ʒiure, ʒifer, ʒifre
English: yever

From *ga- + *ībr (“zeal, jealousy”) + *-ī (adjective).


staigil

staigil (masculine nominative singular)
staigilu (feminine nominative singular)
staigil (neuter nominative singular)
staigilanā (accusative masculine singular)
staigilā (accusative feminine singular)
staigil (accusative neuter singular)
staigilas (genitive masculine singular)
staigileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
staigilas (genitive neuter singular)
staigilumē (dative masculine singular)
staigileʀē (dative feminine singular)
staigilumē (dative neuter singular)
staigilu (instrumental masculine singular)
staigileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
staigilu (instrumental neuter singular)
staigilē (masculine nominative plural)
staigilō (feminine nominative plural)
staigilu (neuter nominative plural)
staigilā (accusative masculine plural)
staigilā (accusative feminine plural)
staigilu (accusative neuter plural)
staigileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
staigileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
staigileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
staigilēm (dative masculine plural)
staigilum (dative masculine plural)
staigilēm (dative feminine plural)
staigilum (dative feminine plural)
staigilēm (dative neuter plural)
staigilum (dative neuter plural)
staigilēm (instrumental masculine plural)
staigilum (instrumental masculine plural)
staigilēm (feminine instrumental plural)
staigilum (feminine instrumental plural)
staigilēm (instrumental neuter plural)
staigilum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: stǣġel
Middle English: *steȝel, *steȝe
English: stay
Scots: stey, stay

Old Frisian: *steil

Saterland Frisian: stail

West Frisian: steil

Old Saxon: stēgil

Middle Low German: stēgel, steil

German Low German: steil

Old Dutch: *steigil, *steigal

Middle Dutch: *stegel, steil

Dutch: steil

Old High German: *steigil, steigal

Middle High German: steigel, steil

German: steil

From *staigijan (“to raise up, elevate”) + *-il.


fahs

fahs (nominative singular)
fahsu (nominative plural)
fahs (accusative singular)
fahsu (accusative plural)
fahsas (genitive singular)
fahsō (genitive plural)
fahsē (dative singular)
fahsum (dative plural)
fahsu (instrumental singular)
fahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feax

Middle English: fax

Scots: fax

English: fax

Old Frisian: fax

Old Saxon: fahs

Old Dutch: *fahs

Middle Dutch: vas

Dutch: vas

Old High German: fahs

Middle High German: vahs

Alemannic German: Fachs


krattōn

krattōn (infinitive)
krattōnijas (genitive infinitive)
krattōnijē (dative infinitive)
krattōniju (infinitive instrumental)
krattō (first-person present singular)
krattōdā (first-person past singular)
krattōs (present second-person singular)
krattōdēs (past second-person singular)
krattōdōs (past second-person singular)
krattōþ (present singular third-person)
krattōdē (past singular third-person)
krattōdā (past singular third-person)
krattōm (first-person plural present)
krattōdum (first-person past plural)
krattōþ (plural present second-person)
krattōdud (past plural second-person)
krattōnþ (plural present third-person)
krattōdun (past plural third-person)
krattōdī (first-person past singular)
krattōdī (past second-person singular)
krattō (present singular third-person)
krattōdī (past singular third-person)
krattōdīm (first-person past plural)
krattōdīd (past plural second-person)
krattōn (plural present third-person)
krattōdīn (past plural third-person)
krattō (present singular)
krattōþ (plural present)
krattōndī (participle present)
krattōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *krattōn

Middle Low German: kratten

→ Swedish: kratta

→ Old French: gratter, grater

Middle French: gratter

French: gratter

→ Middle English: graten

English: grate

→ Italian: grattare

→ Catalan: gratar

→ Piedmontese: graté

Old High German: krazzōn, crazōn

Middle High German: kratzen, kretzen

German: kratzen

→ Hungarian: karcol

Hunsrik: kratze

Luxembourgish: krazen

Yiddish: קראַצן (kratsn)

desc

→ Middle Low German: kratzen, krassen, kratschen

→ Middle English: cracchen, cratchen

English: cratch

i

through merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">scrat</i>

⇒ English: scratch (through merger with scrat)

→ Saterland Frisian: kratsje

→ Danish: kradse

→ Old Norse: krassa

Icelandic: krassa

→ Middle Dutch: cratsen, cretsen

Dutch: krassen

From Proto-Indo-European *gred- (compare Albanian gërresë ‘rasp, scraper’).


welō

welō (nominative singular)
welan (nominative plural)
welan (accusative singular)
welan (accusative plural)
wilini (genitive singular)
welan (genitive singular)
welanō (genitive plural)
wilini (dative singular)
welan (dative singular)
welum (dative plural)
wilini (instrumental singular)
welan (instrumental singular)
welum (instrumental plural)
*walō (alternative)

desctree

Old English: wela, weala — Northumbrian, weola — West Saxon, wala
Middle English: wele
English: weal
Scots: weal, weel

Old Saxon: welo
>? Middle Low German: wēle f, wēl m

Old Dutch: *welo

Middle Dutch: wele

Old High German: welo, wolo; wela f, wola f, wala f

Middle High German: wole

German: Wol, Wohl

Luxembourgish: Wuel


ōst

ōst (nominative singular)
ōstō (nominative plural)
ōstōs (nominative plural)
ōst (accusative singular)
ōstā (accusative plural)
ōstas (genitive singular)
ōstō (genitive plural)
ōstē (dative singular)
ōstum (dative plural)
ōstu (instrumental singular)
ōstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōst

Old Frisian: *ōst

West Frisian: oast

Old Saxon: *ōst

Middle Low German: ôst

German Low German: Oost

Old Dutch: *uost

Middle Dutch: oest

Dutch: oest

Unknown; suggested to be related to *ast (“branch”).


missu

missu (nominative singular)
missō (nominative plural)
missā (accusative singular)
missā (accusative plural)
missā (genitive singular)
missō (genitive plural)
missē (dative singular)
missōm (dative plural)
missum (dative plural)
missu (instrumental singular)
missōm (instrumental plural)
missum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *miss

desc

Middle English: misse (“sin, guilt, wickedness”)

English: miss

Scots: mis

Old Saxon: *missa

Middle Low German: misse

Old Dutch: *missa

Middle Dutch: misse, messe, mis, mes

Dutch: mis

West Flemish: misse, mis

Old High German: *missa

Middle High German: misse, mis

From Proto-Germanic *missijaną (“to miss, fail”).


rairōn

rairōn (infinitive)
rairōnijas (genitive infinitive)
rairōnijē (dative infinitive)
rairōniju (infinitive instrumental)
rairō (first-person present singular)
rairōdā (first-person past singular)
rairōs (present second-person singular)
rairōdēs (past second-person singular)
rairōdōs (past second-person singular)
rairōþ (present singular third-person)
rairōdē (past singular third-person)
rairōdā (past singular third-person)
rairōm (first-person plural present)
rairōdum (first-person past plural)
rairōþ (plural present second-person)
rairōdud (past plural second-person)
rairōnþ (plural present third-person)
rairōdun (past plural third-person)
rairōdī (first-person past singular)
rairōdī (past second-person singular)
rairō (present singular third-person)
rairōdī (past singular third-person)
rairōdīm (first-person past plural)
rairōdīd (past plural second-person)
rairōn (plural present third-person)
rairōdīn (past plural third-person)
rairō (present singular)
rairōþ (plural present)
rairōndī (participle present)
rairōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: rārian
Middle English: raren, roren
English: roar
Scots: rare, rair
>? Scots: rere, reir

Old Frisian: *rāria

Saterland Frisian: roorje

Old Saxon: *rērōn

Middle Low German: rêren, râren

German Low German: reren, raren

Old Dutch: *rēron

Middle Dutch: reren

Dutch: reren

Old High German: rērēn

Middle High German: rēren

German: rehren, röhren

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrey- (“to scream, roar, howl, bark”). Cognate with Lithuanian ri̇́eti (“to scream; to bark at, scold”, j-type), Latvian riet (“to bark”), Russian ра́ять (rájatʹ, “to sound”) and possibly Sanskrit रै (rai, “noise, barking sound”).


bikwāmī

bikwāmī (masculine nominative singular)
bikwāmiju (feminine nominative singular)
bikwāmī (neuter nominative singular)
bikwāmijanā (accusative masculine singular)
bikwāmijā (accusative feminine singular)
bikwāmī (accusative neuter singular)
bikwāmijas (genitive masculine singular)
bikwāmijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bikwāmijas (genitive neuter singular)
bikwāmijumē (dative masculine singular)
bikwāmijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
bikwāmijumē (dative neuter singular)
bikwāmiju (instrumental masculine singular)
bikwāmijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bikwāmiju (instrumental neuter singular)
bikwāmijē (masculine nominative plural)
bikwāmijō (feminine nominative plural)
bikwāmiju (neuter nominative plural)
bikwāmijā (accusative masculine plural)
bikwāmijā (accusative feminine plural)
bikwāmiju (accusative neuter plural)
bikwāmijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bikwāmijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bikwāmijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bikwāmijēm (dative masculine plural)
bikwāmijum (dative masculine plural)
bikwāmijēm (dative feminine plural)
bikwāmijum (dative feminine plural)
bikwāmijēm (dative neuter plural)
bikwāmijum (dative neuter plural)
bikwāmijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bikwāmijum (instrumental masculine plural)
bikwāmijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bikwāmijum (feminine instrumental plural)
bikwāmijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bikwāmijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *biquāmi

Middle Low German: bequeme, bequame

Low German: bequeem

→ Swedish: bekväm

Old Dutch: *biquāmi

Middle Dutch: bequame

Dutch: bekwaam

Old High German: biquāmi

Middle High German: bequäme

German: bequem

⇒ Old High German: unbiquāmi

From *bi- + *kwāmī, from Proto-Germanic *kwēmiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


furkō

forkō (nominative singular)
forkan (nominative plural)
forkan (accusative singular)
forkan (accusative plural)
furkini (genitive singular)
forkan (genitive singular)
forkanō (genitive plural)
furkini (dative singular)
forkan (dative singular)
furkum (dative plural)
furkini (instrumental singular)
forkan (instrumental singular)
furkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: forca, force

desctree

Middle English: forke, fork, furke, forch, fourch
English: fork (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fork
Yola: vork

Old Frisian: forke

North Frisian: forck

desc

Saterland Frisian: Fúurke, Fouerke (Strukelje)

West Frisian: foarke

Old Saxon: furka

Middle Low German: vorke

→ German: Forke

Old Dutch: furka

desctree

Middle Dutch: vorke
Dutch: vork
Afrikaans: vurk
→? Sotho: fereko
→ Xhosa: ifolokhwe
Berbice Creole Dutch: forku, foruku
Negerhollands: vork
→ Ambonese Malay: fork
→ Caribbean Javanese: forok
→ Indonesian: porok
→ Papiamentu: fòrki (from the diminutive)
→? Sranan Tongo: forku
→ Aukan: foluku
→ Caribbean Hindustani: forku, phorku
→ Saramaccan: folúku
→ Manado Malay: forok

Old High German: furka, furcha

Middle High German: furke

Alemannic German: Furgge

→ Old Norse: forkr

Danish: fork


nahtigalā

nahtigalā (nominative singular)
nahtigalōn (nominative plural)
nahtigalōn (accusative singular)
nahtigalōn (accusative plural)
nahtigalōn (genitive singular)
nahtigalōnō (genitive plural)
nahtigalōn (dative singular)
nahtigalōm (dative plural)
nahtigalum (dative plural)
nahtigalōn (instrumental singular)
nahtigalōm (instrumental plural)
nahtigalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nihtegale f, nihtegala m
Middle English: nyghtgale, niȝtegale, nightegale, nightgale
English: nightgale (obsolete)
Scots: nychtgale
⇒ Middle English: nyghtyngale, nightingale, niȝtingale, nyhtingale, nyȝtyngale, nightyngale
English: nightingale
Scots: nichtingale

Old Frisian: *nachtegāle

Saterland Frisian: Noachtegoal

West Frisian: geale, geal

Old Saxon: nahtagala, nahtigala
Middle Low German: nachtegale
German Low German:
East Frisian Low Saxon, Westphalian (Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch): Nachtigall
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: Nachtigalle
Westmünsterländisch: Nachtegall
Plautdietsch: Nachtigaul
→ Icelandic: næturgali
→ Faroese: náttargali
→ Norwegian: nattergal
→ Swedish: näktergal
→ Danish: nattergal
→ Gutnish: näktagal

Old Dutch: *nahtagala

Middle Dutch: nachtegale, nachtegael

Dutch: nachtegaal, nachtegael, nagtegaal, nagtegael (obsolete)
Afrikaans: nagtegaal
→ West Frisian: nachtegael, nachtegeal, nachtegeale

Old High German: nahtigala, nahtagala

Middle High German: nahtegal, nahtgal

German: Nachtigall
→ Saterland Frisian: Nachtigal

⇒ Luxembourgish: Nuechtegailchen

From *naht (“night”) + *galā (“singer”), from *galan (“to sing”).


falgōn

falgōn (infinitive)
falgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
falgōnijē (dative infinitive)
falgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
falgō (first-person present singular)
falgōdā (first-person past singular)
falgōs (present second-person singular)
falgōdēs (past second-person singular)
falgōdōs (past second-person singular)
falgōþ (present singular third-person)
falgōdē (past singular third-person)
falgōdā (past singular third-person)
falgōm (first-person plural present)
falgōdum (first-person past plural)
falgōþ (plural present second-person)
falgōdud (past plural second-person)
falgōnþ (plural present third-person)
falgōdun (past plural third-person)
falgōdī (first-person past singular)
falgōdī (past second-person singular)
falgō (present singular third-person)
falgōdī (past singular third-person)
falgōdīm (first-person past plural)
falgōdīd (past plural second-person)
falgōn (plural present third-person)
falgōdīn (past plural third-person)
falgō (present singular)
falgōþ (plural present)
falgōndī (participle present)
falgōd (participle past)

Old English: fealgian

Middle English: falwen, falowen

English: fallow

Scots: falow, fallow

Old Frisian: *falgia, *felgia

Saterland Frisian: foolgje

West Frisian: falgje, felgje

Old Saxon: *falgōn

Middle Low German: valgen

German Low German: falgen

→ Dutch: valgen

Old High German: *falgōn

Middle High German: valgen

to break up ground, till, plough land, fallow


wurhtijō

wurhtijō (nominative singular)
wurhtijan (nominative plural)
wurhtijan (accusative singular)
wurhtijan (accusative plural)
wurhtijini (genitive singular)
wurhtijan (genitive singular)
wurhtijanō (genitive plural)
wurhtijini (dative singular)
wurhtijan (dative singular)
wurhtijum (dative plural)
wurhtijini (instrumental singular)
wurhtijan (instrumental singular)
wurhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrhta, werhta, wryhta, wyrchta
Middle English: wurhte, wruhte, wriȝte, wrighte
Scots: wricht, wrycht, wrecht
English: wright

Old Frisian: wrichta

Old Saxon: wurhtio

Old Dutch: *wurhto

Middle Dutch: wrochte, wrechte, wrecht

Dutch: wrecht

Old High German: wurhto


godakund

godakund (masculine nominative singular)
godakundu (feminine nominative singular)
godakund (neuter nominative singular)
godakundanā (accusative masculine singular)
godakundā (accusative feminine singular)
godakund (accusative neuter singular)
godakundas (genitive masculine singular)
godakundeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
godakundas (genitive neuter singular)
godakundumē (dative masculine singular)
godakundeʀē (dative feminine singular)
godakundumē (dative neuter singular)
godakundu (instrumental masculine singular)
godakundeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
godakundu (instrumental neuter singular)
godakundē (masculine nominative plural)
godakundō (feminine nominative plural)
godakundu (neuter nominative plural)
godakundā (accusative masculine plural)
godakundā (accusative feminine plural)
godakundu (accusative neuter plural)
godakundeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
godakundeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
godakundeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
godakundēm (dative masculine plural)
godakundum (dative masculine plural)
godakundēm (dative feminine plural)
godakundum (dative feminine plural)
godakundēm (dative neuter plural)
godakundum (dative neuter plural)
godakundēm (instrumental masculine plural)
godakundum (instrumental masculine plural)
godakundēm (feminine instrumental plural)
godakundum (feminine instrumental plural)
godakundēm (instrumental neuter plural)
godakundum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: godcund

Middle English: godcund

Old Saxon: godkund

Old High German: gotkund


seglōn

seglōn (infinitive)
seglōnijas (genitive infinitive)
seglōnijē (dative infinitive)
seglōniju (infinitive instrumental)
seglō (first-person present singular)
seglōdā (first-person past singular)
seglōs (present second-person singular)
seglōdēs (past second-person singular)
seglōdōs (past second-person singular)
seglōþ (present singular third-person)
seglōdē (past singular third-person)
seglōdā (past singular third-person)
seglōm (first-person plural present)
seglōdum (first-person past plural)
seglōþ (plural present second-person)
seglōdud (past plural second-person)
seglōnþ (plural present third-person)
seglōdun (past plural third-person)
seglōdī (first-person past singular)
seglōdī (past second-person singular)
seglō (present singular third-person)
seglōdī (past singular third-person)
seglōdīm (first-person past plural)
seglōdīd (past plural second-person)
seglōn (plural present third-person)
seglōdīn (past plural third-person)
seglō (present singular)
seglōþ (plural present)
seglōndī (participle present)
seglōd (participle past)

Old English: seġlian
Middle English: seilien, seilen, saylen, sailen (merged with descendant of seġlan, siġlan)
English: sail
Scots: sail

Old Frisian: *seilja

Saterland Frisian: sailje

West Frisian: seilje

Old Saxon: *seglōn

Middle Low German: sēgelen, seilen

German Low German: seilen

Plautdietsch: säajlen

Old Dutch: *seglon

Middle Dutch: seilen, seylen

Dutch: zeilen

Afrikaans: seil

Old High German: *seglōn

Middle High German: segelen

German: segeln


diht

diht (nominative singular)
dihtu (nominative plural)
diht (accusative singular)
dihtu (accusative plural)
dihtas (genitive singular)
dihtō (genitive plural)
dihtē (dative singular)
dihtum (dative plural)
dihtu (instrumental singular)
dihtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: diht

English: diht

Old Frisian: dicht


bedul

bedul (masculine nominative singular)
bedulu (feminine nominative singular)
bedul (neuter nominative singular)
bedulanā (accusative masculine singular)
bedulā (accusative feminine singular)
bedul (accusative neuter singular)
bedulas (genitive masculine singular)
beduleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bedulas (genitive neuter singular)
bedulumē (dative masculine singular)
beduleʀē (dative feminine singular)
bedulumē (dative neuter singular)
bedulu (instrumental masculine singular)
beduleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bedulu (instrumental neuter singular)
bedulē (masculine nominative plural)
bedulō (feminine nominative plural)
bedulu (neuter nominative plural)
bedulā (accusative masculine plural)
bedulā (accusative feminine plural)
bedulu (accusative neuter plural)
beduleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
beduleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
beduleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bedulēm (dative masculine plural)
bedulum (dative masculine plural)
bedulēm (dative feminine plural)
bedulum (dative feminine plural)
bedulēm (dative neuter plural)
bedulum (dative neuter plural)
bedulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bedulum (instrumental masculine plural)
bedulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bedulum (feminine instrumental plural)
bedulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bedulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: bedul, bedol

Old Frisian: bedel

From Proto-Germanic *bedulaz. Equivalent to *biddjan + *-ul.


ilīk

Old English: ilca, ylca

Middle English: ilke

Scots: ilk

English: ilk


bileugan

bileugan (infinitive)
bileugannjas (genitive infinitive)
bileugannjē (dative infinitive)
bileugannju (infinitive instrumental)
bileugu (first-person present singular)
bilaug (first-person past singular)
biliugiʀi (present second-person singular)
bilugī (past second-person singular)
biliugidi (present singular third-person)
bilaug (past singular third-person)
bileugum (first-person plural present)
bilugum (first-person past plural)
biliugid (plural present second-person)
bilugud (past plural second-person)
bileugand (plural present third-person)
bilugun (past plural third-person)
bileugē (first-person present singular)
bilugī (first-person past singular)
bileugēs (present second-person singular)
bileugē (present singular third-person)
bilugī (past singular third-person)
bileugēm (first-person plural present)
bilugīm (first-person past plural)
bileugēþ (plural present second-person)
bilugīd (past plural second-person)
bileugēn (plural present third-person)
bilugīn (past plural third-person)
biliug (present singular)
biliugid (plural present)
bileugandī (participle present)
bilogan (participle past)

Old English: belēogan

Middle English: beleoȝen, belyen

English: belie

Old Frisian: biliaga

Old Dutch: *biliagan

Dutch: beliegen

Middle Low German: belegen

→ Old Danish:

Danish: belyve (dated)

→ Old Swedish: beliugha

Swedish: beljuga

→ Norwegian Bokmål: belyve (dated)

Old High German: biliogan

German: belügen


haiþi

haiþi (nominative singular)
haiþijō (nominative plural)
haiþijā (accusative singular)
haiþijā (accusative plural)
haiþijā (genitive singular)
haiþijō (genitive plural)
haiþijē (dative singular)
haiþijōm (dative plural)
haiþijum (dative plural)
haiþiju (instrumental singular)
haiþijōm (instrumental plural)
haiþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣþ, *hāþ, hēþ
Middle English: heeth, heth, hethe, hath, hathe, hoth, hothe
English: heath, heather
Scots: haithe (in compounds only)

Old Frisian: *hēthe

North Frisian: hiiđ

Saterland Frisian: Heede

West Frisian: heide

Old Saxon: *hētha, *heitha

Middle Low German: heide

Low German: Heide

desc

German Low German: Heide, Heid, Hede, Heed, Hiede, Hied

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Häide m, Haide f (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Håi'n (Ravensberger)

Old Dutch: *hētha, *heitha

Middle Dutch: heide

Dutch: heide, hei

Afrikaans: heide

Old High German: heid, heida

Middle High German: heide

German: Heide

Luxembourgish: Heed


strangiþu

strangiþu (nominative singular)
strangiþō (nominative plural)
strangiþā (accusative singular)
strangiþā (accusative plural)
strangiþā (genitive singular)
strangiþō (genitive plural)
strangiþē (dative singular)
strangiþōm (dative plural)
strangiþum (dative plural)
strangiþu (instrumental singular)
strangiþōm (instrumental plural)
strangiþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: strengþu, strengþo, strengþ
Middle English: strengthe, strenthe, streynthe, strynthe
English: strength
Scots: strenth, strinth

Old Saxon: *strengitha

desc

Middle Low German: *strengede, *strengde, *strengte

German Low German: Strengde, Strengte

Old Dutch: *strengitha

Middle Dutch: *strengede, *strengde, *strengte

Dutch: strengte

Old High German: strengida


finnā

finnā (nominative singular)
finnōn (nominative plural)
finnōn (accusative singular)
finnōn (accusative plural)
finnōn (genitive singular)
finnōnō (genitive plural)
finnōn (dative singular)
finnōm (dative plural)
finnum (dative plural)
finnōn (instrumental singular)
finnōm (instrumental plural)
finnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: finn m
Middle English: finne, fynne, fyn
Scots: fin, fyn
English: fin

Old Frisian: *finne (possibly attested in derivative finnich (adjective))

Saterland Frisian: Finne f

West Frisian: fin

Old Saxon: *finna

Middle Low German: vinne f

German Low German: Finne, Finn

→ German: Finne

→ Danish: finne

→ Norwegian: finne

Old Dutch: *finna
Middle Dutch: vinne
Dutch: vin
Afrikaans: vin

From Proto-Germanic *finnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pi-n-h₂-néh₂, suffixed nasal-infix of *(s)peyh₂-. Cognate with Latin pinna (“fin”).


hrif

hrif (nominative singular)
hrifu (nominative plural)
hrif (accusative singular)
hrifu (accusative plural)
hrifas (genitive singular)
hrifō (genitive plural)
hrifē (dative singular)
hrifum (dative plural)
hrifu (instrumental singular)
hrifum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrif

Middle English: *rif

English: riff

Old Frisian: hrif, href

⇒ Old Frisian: inhrif, inhref

Old Saxon: *hrif

Middle Low German: rif, ref

German Low German: Riff

Old Dutch: ref

Middle Dutch: *rif

Dutch: rif

Old High German: href

middelrif

Old Saxon: *middilhrif; Middle Low German


kwalljā

kwalljā (nominative singular)
kwalljōn (nominative plural)
kwalljōn (accusative singular)
kwalljōn (accusative plural)
kwalljōn (genitive singular)
kwalljōnō (genitive plural)
kwalljōn (dative singular)
kwalljōm (dative plural)
kwalljum (dative plural)
kwalljōn (instrumental singular)
kwalljōm (instrumental plural)
kwalljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwiella, cwylla

Middle English: *quelle

English: quell, quill (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *kwelle f; *kwella m

West Frisian: kwelle, kwel m or f

Old Saxon: kwella, quella

desc

Middle Low German: quelle m, quel m or f

German Low German: Quell

⇒ Middle High German: gequelle n, gequel m

Old Dutch: *kwella

Middle Dutch: quelle

Dutch: kwel, (obsolete) kwelle

Old High German: kwella, quella

Middle High German: quelle

German: Quelle, Kwelle (obsolete)

Hunsrik: Quell

Luxembourgish: Quell

⇒ Old High German: brunkwella, brunquella, brunkulle

Middle High German: brunnenquelle

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to drip; to well”). Cognate with Sanskrit गलति (galati, “to drip”), Hittite [Term?] (/ku(wa)liya-/, “to flow (calmly), to be calm”).


raisōn

raisōn (infinitive)
raisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
raisōnijē (dative infinitive)
raisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
raisō (first-person present singular)
raisōdā (first-person past singular)
raisōs (present second-person singular)
raisōdēs (past second-person singular)
raisōdōs (past second-person singular)
raisōþ (present singular third-person)
raisōdē (past singular third-person)
raisōdā (past singular third-person)
raisōm (first-person plural present)
raisōdum (first-person past plural)
raisōþ (plural present second-person)
raisōdud (past plural second-person)
raisōnþ (plural present third-person)
raisōdun (past plural third-person)
raisōdī (first-person past singular)
raisōdī (past second-person singular)
raisō (present singular third-person)
raisōdī (past singular third-person)
raisōdīm (first-person past plural)
raisōdīd (past plural second-person)
raisōn (plural present third-person)
raisōdīn (past plural third-person)
raisō (present singular)
raisōþ (plural present)
raisōndī (participle present)
raisōd (participle past)

Old English: rāsian

Old Frisian: *rēsia

North Frisian: reyse

Saterland Frisian: raisje

West Frisian: reizgje

Old Saxon: *rēsōn

Middle Low German: rêsen, reisen

German Low German: reisen

→ Danish: rejse

→ Swedish: resa

→ Norwegian: reise

Old Dutch: *reison

desctree

Middle Dutch: reisen, rêsen
Dutch: reizen
Limburgish: reize, rieze
→ Middle English: reysen, reycen
English: reyse

Old High German: reisōn

Middle High German: reisen

German: reisen

Hunsrik: reise

Luxembourgish: reesen


milidauw

milidauw (nominative singular)
milidauwō (nominative plural)
milidauwōs (nominative plural)
milidauw (accusative singular)
milidauwā (accusative plural)
milidauwas (genitive singular)
milidauwō (genitive plural)
milidauwē (dative singular)
milidauwum (dative plural)
milidauwu (instrumental singular)
milidauwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mildēaw, meledēaw
Middle English: myldew, meldew, mildew, myldewe, mildeu (Early Middle English)
English: mildew
→ Catalan: míldiu
→ French: mildiou
→ Portuguese: míldio
→ Spanish: mildiu

Old Frisian: *meldāw

West Frisian: moaldau

Old Saxon: milidou

Middle Low German: meldow

Low German: Meldau

Plautdietsch: Mäldeiw

→ Swedish: mjöldagg

→ Danish: meldug

Old Dutch: *milidou

Middle Dutch: *meledau

Dutch: meeldauw

Old High German: militou

Middle High German: miltau

German: Mehltau

Hunsrik: Milldau

Luxembourgish: Mielda


nastilu

nastilu (nominative singular)
nastilō (nominative plural)
nastilā (accusative singular)
nastilā (accusative plural)
nastilā (genitive singular)
nastilō (genitive plural)
nastilē (dative singular)
nastilōm (dative plural)
nastilum (dative plural)
nastilu (instrumental singular)
nastilōm (instrumental plural)
nastilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: nestle, nesle f, nestla m

Old Saxon: nestila f

Middle Low German: nestel

Old Dutch: *nastila, *nestila

Middle Dutch: nastel, nestele, nestel

Dutch: nestel

Old High German: nestila f, nestilo m

Middle High German: nestel f

German: Nestel f

→ Italian: nastro

→ Romanian: nasture

→ Old French: nasle, lasne

⇒ Old French: nasliere, lasniere

Middle French: laniere

French: lanière

→ Middle English: lanyer

English: lanyard

From *nastijan (“to to bind, tie, sew”) + *-ilu.


glasīn

glasīn (masculine nominative singular)
glasīnu (feminine nominative singular)
glasīn (neuter nominative singular)
glasīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
glasīnā (accusative feminine singular)
glasīn (accusative neuter singular)
glasīnas (genitive masculine singular)
glasīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
glasīnas (genitive neuter singular)
glasīnumē (dative masculine singular)
glasīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
glasīnumē (dative neuter singular)
glasīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
glasīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
glasīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
glasīnē (masculine nominative plural)
glasīnō (feminine nominative plural)
glasīnu (neuter nominative plural)
glasīnā (accusative masculine plural)
glasīnā (accusative feminine plural)
glasīnu (accusative neuter plural)
glasīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
glasīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
glasīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
glasīnēm (dative masculine plural)
glasīnum (dative masculine plural)
glasīnēm (dative feminine plural)
glasīnum (dative feminine plural)
glasīnēm (dative neuter plural)
glasīnum (dative neuter plural)
glasīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
glasīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
glasīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
glasīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
glasīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
glasīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: glæsen

desc

Middle English: glasen, glasyn, glassen, glesne

English: glazen, glassen

Scots: glasin, glaisin, glassin

Old Frisian: *glesen

Saterland Frisian: glääsen

West Frisian: glêsen

Old Saxon: glesīn

Middle Low German: glesen, glēsen, glāsen

German Low German: glasen

Old Dutch: *glasīn

Middle Dutch: glasin, glasijn, glasen

Dutch: glazen

Old High German: glesīn

Middle High German: glesīn

German: gläsern

Luxembourgish: gliesen


ahurn

ahurn (nominative singular)
ahurnō (nominative plural)
ahurnōs (nominative plural)
ahurn (accusative singular)
ahurnā (accusative plural)
ahurnas (genitive singular)
ahurnō (genitive plural)
ahurnē (dative singular)
ahurnum (dative plural)
ahurnu (instrumental singular)
ahurnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ahorn

desctree

Old High German: ahorn, ahurn, acharn
Middle High German: ahorn
German: Ahorn
→ Proto-Slavic: *àvorъ (see there for further descendants)

A European word, possibly of non-IE substrate origin. Cognate with Latin acer.


arjan

arjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
arjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
arjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
arjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
arju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
aridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
arisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
aridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
aridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
aridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
aridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
arjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
aridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
ariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
aridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
arjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
aridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
arjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
aridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
arjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
aridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
arjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
aridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
arjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
aridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
arjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
aridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
arjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
aridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ari (class-1 present singular weak)
ariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
arjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
arid (class-1 participle past weak)
arjan (infinitive)
arjannjas (genitive infinitive)
arjannjē (dative infinitive)
arjannju (infinitive instrumental)
arju (first-person present singular)
ēr (first-person past singular)
ariʀi (present second-person singular)
ērī (past second-person singular)
aridi (present singular third-person)
ēr (past singular third-person)
arjum (first-person plural present)
ērum (first-person past plural)
arid (plural present second-person)
ērud (past plural second-person)
arjand (plural present third-person)
ērun (past plural third-person)
arjē (first-person present singular)
ērī (first-person past singular)
arjēs (present second-person singular)
arjē (present singular third-person)
ērī (past singular third-person)
arjēm (first-person plural present)
ērīm (first-person past plural)
arjēþ (plural present second-person)
ērīd (past plural second-person)
arjēn (plural present third-person)
ērīn (past plural third-person)
ari (present singular)
arid (plural present)
arjandī (participle present)
aran (participle past)

Old English: erian
Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen, ærien, erien (Early Middle English)
English: ear (archaic)
Scots: ear

Old Frisian: era, ara

Old Saxon: erian

Old Dutch: *erien, *erren

Middle Dutch: ēren, ērien, erren

Old High German: erien, erren

Middle High German: ern


tukkijan

tukkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
tukkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
tukkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
tukkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
tukkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
tukkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tukkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
tukkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tukkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tukkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
tukkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tukkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tukkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
tukkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tukkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
tukkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tukkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
tukkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tukkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
tukkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tukkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
tukkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tukkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
tukkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tukkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
tukkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tukkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
tukkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tukkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
tukkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tukki (class-1 present singular weak)
tukkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
tukkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
tukkid (class-1 participle past weak)

q

>? Old English: *tyċċan (perhaps preserved in preterite tyhte, which incidentally is identical to the preterite of tyhtan)

Old Frisian: tetzia, tetsia

Old Saxon: *tukkian

Middle Low German: tucken, tücken

German Low German: tucken

Old High German: zukken, zuhhen

Middle High German: zucken

German: zücken

From Proto-Germanic *tukjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *duk-yé-ti (“to pull”), from *dewk- (“to pull”) + *-yéti.


krodu

krodu (nominative singular)
krodō (nominative plural)
krodā (accusative singular)
krodā (accusative plural)
krodā (genitive singular)
krodō (genitive plural)
krodē (dative singular)
krodōm (dative plural)
krodum (dative plural)
krodu (instrumental singular)
krodōm (instrumental plural)
krodum (instrumental plural)
*kredu (alternative)
*kroddu (alternative)
*krottu (alternative)

Old Frisian: *krode

West Frisian: krôde

Old Saxon: *kroda

desc

Middle Low German: krode, krōde, krāde, kröde, krede, krȫte

Low German: krodde, krödde, krod

German Low German: Krööt

→? Icelandic: karta

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: gro

→ Swedish: groda

Old Dutch: *kroda, *kreda

Middle Dutch: krode, crade, krede

Dutch: krodde

Old High German: krota, kreta, chrota

Middle High German: krote, krotte, kröte, krëte

Alemannic German: Chrott, Chrotte

Cimbrian: khróota

German: Kröte

Hunsrik: Krott

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷredʰ-, compare Ancient Greek βάτραχος (bátrakhos, “frog”), Ionic Greek βρόταχος (brótakhos, “frog”).


ūkā

ūkā (nominative singular)
ūkōn (nominative plural)
ūkōn (accusative singular)
ūkōn (accusative plural)
ūkōn (genitive singular)
ūkōnō (genitive plural)
ūkōn (dative singular)
ūkōm (dative plural)
ūkum (dative plural)
ūkōn (instrumental singular)
ūkōm (instrumental plural)
ūkum (instrumental plural)
*ūkkā (alternative)

Old English: ȳċe f (< *ūkijā)

Old Saxon: *ūkea

>? Middle Low German: ûtze

German Low German: Üütse

Old High German: ūhha, ūcha

desc

Middle High German: ūche, ouche, ouke, oucke

German: Eutze (archaic)

Bavarian: Hötsch

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *wegʷ- (“to wet; moisten”).


slidr

slidr (masculine nominative singular)
slidru (feminine nominative singular)
slidr (neuter nominative singular)
slidranā (accusative masculine singular)
slidrā (accusative feminine singular)
slidr (accusative neuter singular)
slidras (genitive masculine singular)
slidreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
slidras (genitive neuter singular)
slidrumē (dative masculine singular)
slidreʀē (dative feminine singular)
slidrumē (dative neuter singular)
slidru (instrumental masculine singular)
slidreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
slidru (instrumental neuter singular)
slidrē (masculine nominative plural)
slidrō (feminine nominative plural)
slidru (neuter nominative plural)
slidrā (accusative masculine plural)
slidrā (accusative feminine plural)
slidru (accusative neuter plural)
slidreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
slidreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
slidreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
slidrēm (dative masculine plural)
slidrum (dative masculine plural)
slidrēm (dative feminine plural)
slidrum (dative feminine plural)
slidrēm (dative neuter plural)
slidrum (dative neuter plural)
slidrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
slidrum (instrumental masculine plural)
slidrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
slidrum (feminine instrumental plural)
slidrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
slidrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: slidor, slider

Middle English: slidder

From Proto-Germanic *slidraz, from Proto-Indo-European *slidʰ-ró-s (“slippery”), from *sleydʰ- (“to slip; to be slippery”) + *-rós. Equivalent to *slīdan (“to slide”) + *-r.


klibr

klibr (masculine nominative singular)
klibru (feminine nominative singular)
klibr (neuter nominative singular)
klibranā (accusative masculine singular)
klibrā (accusative feminine singular)
klibr (accusative neuter singular)
klibras (genitive masculine singular)
klibreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
klibras (genitive neuter singular)
klibrumē (dative masculine singular)
klibreʀē (dative feminine singular)
klibrumē (dative neuter singular)
klibru (instrumental masculine singular)
klibreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
klibru (instrumental neuter singular)
klibrē (masculine nominative plural)
klibrō (feminine nominative plural)
klibru (neuter nominative plural)
klibrā (accusative masculine plural)
klibrā (accusative feminine plural)
klibru (accusative neuter plural)
klibreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
klibreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
klibreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
klibrēm (dative masculine plural)
klibrum (dative masculine plural)
klibrēm (dative feminine plural)
klibrum (dative feminine plural)
klibrēm (dative neuter plural)
klibrum (dative neuter plural)
klibrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
klibrum (instrumental masculine plural)
klibrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
klibrum (feminine instrumental plural)
klibrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
klibrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: clibbor

>? Middle English: clibbe, clib (by shortening ?)

Old Saxon: *klibbar, *klibbari

Middle Low German: klibber, klibbere

Old Dutch: *klibbar

gl

Middle Dutch: *clibber, *clebber (found only as substantive meaning "gum, goo, resin")

>? Dutch: klibber

Old High German: klebar

Middle High German: klëber

German: kleber

From *klibēn (“to stick, to adhere”) + *-r.


wagi

wagi (nominative singular)
waggjō (nominative plural)
waggjōs (nominative plural)
wagi (accusative singular)
waggjā (accusative plural)
waggjas (genitive singular)
waggjō (genitive plural)
waggjē (dative singular)
waggjum (dative plural)
waggju (instrumental singular)
waggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weċġ

Middle English: wegge

English: wedge

Scots: weg, wegge, wadge, waige

Old Frisian: *wegge, *wigge

West Frisian: wigge

Old Saxon: weggi

Middle Low German: wegge

Old Dutch: *weggi

Middle Dutch: wegghe, wigghe

Dutch: weg, wegge, wig

Afrikaans: wig

Old High German: weggi, wekki, wecki

Middle High German: wegge, wecke

German: Wecke, Wecken, Weck

Hunsrik: Weck

Pennsylvania German: Weck


smaukijan

smaukijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
smaukijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
smaukijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
smaukijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
smaukiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaukidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smaukisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaukidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaukidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaukiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaukidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaukidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaukijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaukidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smaukiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaukidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smaukijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaukidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smaukijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaukidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smaukijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaukidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaukijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaukidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaukijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaukidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smaukijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaukidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smaukijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaukidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smauki (class-1 present singular weak)
smaukiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
smaukijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
smaukid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: smīecan

Middle English: smeken (weak verb) (possibly conflated with smēocan (strong verb))

Scots: smeek

Old Saxon: *smōkian

Middle Low German: smôken, smöken

Low German: smöken

⇒ Low German: Smöker

→ German: Schmöker

Old Dutch: *smouken, *smōken

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*smokōn</i>

Middle Dutch: smôken (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *smokōn)

Dutch: smoken


slittjan

slittjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
slittjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
slittjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
slittjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
slittju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
slittā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
slitisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
slittēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slittōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slitiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
slittē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slittā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slittjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
slittum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
slitiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
slittud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
slittjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
slittun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
slittjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
slittī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
slittjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
slittī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slittjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
slittī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slittjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
slittīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
slittjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
slittīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
slittjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
slittīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sliti (class-1 present singular weak)
slitiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
slittjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
slitt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: slizzen

Middle High German: slitzen

German: schlitzen

→ Old French: esclicier, esclicer

Middle French: ecclisser

French: éclisser

→ Middle English: sklicen, sklycen; esclice, slice (deverbal)

English: slice


murn

murn (masculine nominative singular)
murnu (feminine nominative singular)
murn (neuter nominative singular)
murnanā (accusative masculine singular)
murnā (accusative feminine singular)
murn (accusative neuter singular)
murnas (genitive masculine singular)
murneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
murnas (genitive neuter singular)
murnumē (dative masculine singular)
murneʀē (dative feminine singular)
murnumē (dative neuter singular)
murnu (instrumental masculine singular)
murneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
murnu (instrumental neuter singular)
murnē (masculine nominative plural)
murnō (feminine nominative plural)
murnu (neuter nominative plural)
murnā (accusative masculine plural)
murnā (accusative feminine plural)
murnu (accusative neuter plural)
murneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
murneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
murneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
murnēm (dative masculine plural)
murnum (dative masculine plural)
murnēm (dative feminine plural)
murnum (dative feminine plural)
murnēm (dative neuter plural)
murnum (dative neuter plural)
murnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
murnum (instrumental masculine plural)
murnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
murnum (feminine instrumental plural)
murnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
murnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *murn

Middle English: murne

English: mourn (adjective) (obsolete)

⇒ Old English: unmurn

⇒ Old English: unmurne (adverb)

→ Old French: murne, morne

Middle French: morne

French: morne

→ Galician: morno

→ Portuguese: morno

⇒ Old High German: morna f (noun)

From the root of Proto-Germanic *murnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thought; remember; care for”).


gawiss

gawiss (masculine nominative singular)
gawissu (feminine nominative singular)
gawiss (neuter nominative singular)
gawissanā (accusative masculine singular)
gawissā (accusative feminine singular)
gawiss (accusative neuter singular)
gawissas (genitive masculine singular)
gawisseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gawissas (genitive neuter singular)
gawissumē (dative masculine singular)
gawisseʀē (dative feminine singular)
gawissumē (dative neuter singular)
gawissu (instrumental masculine singular)
gawisseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gawissu (instrumental neuter singular)
gawissē (masculine nominative plural)
gawissō (feminine nominative plural)
gawissu (neuter nominative plural)
gawissā (accusative masculine plural)
gawissā (accusative feminine plural)
gawissu (accusative neuter plural)
gawisseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gawisseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gawisseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gawissēm (dative masculine plural)
gawissum (dative masculine plural)
gawissēm (dative feminine plural)
gawissum (dative feminine plural)
gawissēm (dative neuter plural)
gawissum (dative neuter plural)
gawissēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gawissum (instrumental masculine plural)
gawissēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gawissum (feminine instrumental plural)
gawissēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gawissum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: ġewiss, ġewis
Middle English: ywis, iwis, wis, wiss
English: iwis, wis
Scots: iwis

Old Saxon: giwis, giwiss

Middle Low German: gewis

German Low German: gewiss

→ Kashubian: gwës

⇒ Kashubian: gwësny

→ Polish: gweśny (or from German)

Old Dutch: *giwiss

Middle Dutch: gewis, gewes

Dutch: gewis

Old High German: giwis
Middle High German: gewis; wis
German: gewiss
→ Saterland Frisian: gewis
Yiddish: געוויס (gevis)