hring

hring (nominative singular)
hringō (nominative plural)
hringōs (nominative plural)
hring (accusative singular)
hringā (accusative plural)
hringas (genitive singular)
hringō (genitive plural)
hringē (dative singular)
hringum (dative plural)
hringu (instrumental singular)
hringum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hring, hrincg, hrinċġ, ring, ᚱᛁᚾᚷ (rinġ) — Wheatley Hill Finger Ring
Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
English: ring
Scots: rhing, ring
Yola: rhing, ring
→ Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)

Old Frisian: hring

North Frisian: Ring, Rink

Saterland Frisian: Ring

West Frisian: ring

Old Saxon: hring
Middle Low German: rink
Low German: Ring, rinc, rink
German Low German: Ring
Plautdietsch: Rinkj

Old Dutch: rinc
Middle Dutch: rinc
Dutch: ring
Afrikaans: ring
Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
→? Aukan: linga
→ Indonesian: ring
→ Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: rink

Old High German: ring, hring
Middle High German: rinc, ring
German: Ring
Luxembourgish: Rank
Yiddish: רינג (ring)

desc

→ Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: renge, range (“sword-belt”)

Middle French: renge

→ Middle English: renge, raunge

From Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring, circle”).


hring

Old English: hring

Middle English: *ring

English: ring

From Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ringing sound”).


nest

nest (nominative singular)
nestu (nominative plural)
nest (accusative singular)
nestu (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
nestō (genitive plural)
nestē (dative singular)
nestum (dative plural)
nestu (instrumental singular)
nestum (instrumental plural)
*nist (alternative)

desctree

Old English: nest
Middle English: nest, neste, nist, nyst, neest
English: nest
Scots: nest
Yola: naesth

Old Frisian: *nest

Saterland Frisian: Nääst

West Frisian: nêst, nust

Old Saxon: *nest

Middle Low German: nest

German Low German: Nest

Plautdietsch: Nast

→ Swedish: näste

Old Dutch: nest

Middle Dutch: nest

Dutch: nest
Afrikaans: nes
Negerhollands: nest, nes
→ Papiamentu: nèshi, nèishi, nesji

⇒ Limburgish: ès (rebracketing)

Old High German: nest

Middle High German: nest, nist

Bavarian: Nest

⇒ Cimbrian: èst (rebracketing)

desc

Central Franconian: Ness, Nest, Nöss, Nöst, Nost (all < nist)

Hunsrik: Nist

Luxembourgish: Nascht

German: Nest

Rhine Franconian: Nest, Nescht, Nischt (last < nist)

Pennsylvania German: Nescht

Vilamovian: naost

Yiddish: נעסט (nest)


tam

tam (masculine nominative singular)
tamu (feminine nominative singular)
tam (neuter nominative singular)
tamanā (accusative masculine singular)
tamā (accusative feminine singular)
tam (accusative neuter singular)
tamas (genitive masculine singular)
tameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
tamas (genitive neuter singular)
tamumē (dative masculine singular)
tameʀē (dative feminine singular)
tamumē (dative neuter singular)
tamu (instrumental masculine singular)
tameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
tamu (instrumental neuter singular)
tamē (masculine nominative plural)
tamō (feminine nominative plural)
tamu (neuter nominative plural)
tamā (accusative masculine plural)
tamā (accusative feminine plural)
tamu (accusative neuter plural)
tameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
tameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
tameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
tamēm (dative masculine plural)
tamum (dative masculine plural)
tamēm (dative feminine plural)
tamum (dative feminine plural)
tamēm (dative neuter plural)
tamum (dative neuter plural)
tamēm (instrumental masculine plural)
tamum (instrumental masculine plural)
tamēm (feminine instrumental plural)
tamum (feminine instrumental plural)
tamēm (instrumental neuter plural)
tamum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: tam, tom
Middle English: tame, tam, tom, tome (early Southwest and Southwest Midlands)
English: tame
Scots: tame

Old Frisian: tam, tom (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: tom

West Frisian: tam

Old Saxon: tam

Middle Low German: tam

Low German: tamm, tahm

Old Dutch: *tam

Middle Dutch: tam

Dutch: tam
Afrikaans: tam
Negerhollands: teem

Old High German: zam
Middle High German: zam
Alemannic German: zam
German: zahm
Hunsrik: zaam
Luxembourgish: zam


rank

rank (masculine nominative singular)
ranku (feminine nominative singular)
rank (neuter nominative singular)
rankanā (accusative masculine singular)
rankā (accusative feminine singular)
rank (accusative neuter singular)
rankas (genitive masculine singular)
rankeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rankas (genitive neuter singular)
rankumē (dative masculine singular)
rankeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rankumē (dative neuter singular)
ranku (instrumental masculine singular)
rankeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
ranku (instrumental neuter singular)
rankē (masculine nominative plural)
rankō (feminine nominative plural)
ranku (neuter nominative plural)
rankā (accusative masculine plural)
rankā (accusative feminine plural)
ranku (accusative neuter plural)
rankeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rankeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rankeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rankēm (dative masculine plural)
rankum (dative masculine plural)
rankēm (dative feminine plural)
rankum (dative feminine plural)
rankēm (dative neuter plural)
rankum (dative neuter plural)
rankēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rankum (instrumental masculine plural)
rankēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rankum (feminine instrumental plural)
rankēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rankum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ranc

English: rank

Old Dutch: *ranc

Middle Dutch: ranc

Dutch: rank

Afrikaans: rank

Old Saxon: *rank

Middle Low German: rank

Low German: rank

→ German: rank

→ Vulgar Latin: *rancus (possible merging with *hring (“ring”))

Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc
Middle French: ranc, rang
French: rang
→ Middle English: rank
English: rank
Picard: râng (Athois)
Walloon: ran (Forrières), rang (Liégeois)
→ Middle English: renge, reng
→ Welsh: rheng

Old Occitan: reng, renc

Occitan: reng

Old Catalan: rench

Catalan: reng


slot

slot (nominative singular)
slotu (nominative plural)
slot (accusative singular)
slotu (accusative plural)
slotas (genitive singular)
slotō (genitive plural)
slotē (dative singular)
slotum (dative plural)
slotu (instrumental singular)
slotum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *slot

gl

Middle English: slot (alternatively borrowed from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)

English: slot, (dialectal) slote

Scots: slot, slote, slott

Old Frisian: slot

Saterland Frisian: Slot

West Frisian: slot

Old Saxon: slot

Middle Low German: slot

German Low German: Slott, Slött

→ Danish: slot

→ Swedish: slott

Old Dutch: slot

Middle Dutch: slot, sloot

Dutch: slot

Afrikaans: slot

Old High German: sloz

Middle High German: sloz, slōz

German: Schloss

→ German Low German: Slöss

→ Old Saxon: sloz

From earlier *slut, from Proto-Germanic *slutą, from Proto-Germanic *sleutaną (“to bolt”).


busk

busk (nominative singular)
boskō (nominative plural)
boskōs (nominative plural)
busk (accusative singular)
boskā (accusative plural)
boskas (genitive singular)
boskō (genitive plural)
buskē (dative singular)
buskum (dative plural)
busku (instrumental singular)
buskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bysċ, busċ

Middle English: bush

English: bush

Scots: bus

Old Frisian: bosk

Saterland Frisian: Busk

West Frisian: bosk

Old Saxon: busk

Middle Low German: busk, busch

Low German: Busk, Busch

desctree

Old Dutch: *busc
Middle Dutch: bosch
Dutch: bos

Old High German: busk
Middle High German: busch, bosch
German: Busch

→ Latin: boscus (see there for further descendants)


barm

barm (nominative singular)
barmō (nominative plural)
barmōs (nominative plural)
barm (accusative singular)
barmā (accusative plural)
barmas (genitive singular)
barmō (genitive plural)
barmē (dative singular)
barmum (dative plural)
barmu (instrumental singular)
barmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bearm
Middle English: barm, bærm, bearm, berm (early Southern and West Midlands), barme, barym (Late Middle English)
English: barm
Scots: berme, berm, barm

Old Frisian: *barm

⇒ Old Frisian: barmbracco

Old Saxon: barm

Middle Low German: barme

Old High German: barm

Middle High German: barm, barn, parm

German: Barm


barm

Old Frisian: *barm, *berm

West Frisian: barm, berm

Old Saxon: *barm

Middle Low German: barm, berme

German Low German: Berme

→ German: Berme

Old Dutch: *barm

Middle Dutch: barm, barem, baerm

Dutch: berm

→ French: berme

→ English: berm


gad

gad (nominative singular)
gadō (nominative plural)
gadōs (nominative plural)
gad (accusative singular)
gadā (accusative plural)
gadas (genitive singular)
gadō (genitive plural)
gadē (dative singular)
gadum (dative plural)
gadu (instrumental singular)
gadum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gæd

From Proto-Germanic *gadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ-.


-u

-u (nominative singular)
-ō (nominative plural)
-ā (accusative singular)
-ā (accusative plural)
-ā (genitive singular)
-ō (genitive plural)
-ē (dative singular)
-ōm (dative plural)
-um (dative plural)
-u (instrumental singular)
-ōm (instrumental plural)
-um (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂.

Forms nouns from verbs denoting the performance or result of that verb.


bard

bard (nominative singular)
bardō (nominative plural)
bardōs (nominative plural)
bard (accusative singular)
bardā (accusative plural)
bardas (genitive singular)
bardō (genitive plural)
bardē (dative singular)
bardum (dative plural)
bardu (instrumental singular)
bardum (instrumental plural)

Old English: beard
Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

Old Frisian: *bard, berd

West Frisian: burd

Old Saxon: bard

Middle Low German: bart

German Low German: Baart

Westphalian

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bårt

Vest Recklinghausen: Bart

Westmünsterländisch: Baord, Buord, Burd

Plautdietsch: Boat

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde

→ Saterland Frisian: Boart

Old Dutch: *bart

Middle Dutch: bāert
Dutch: baard
Afrikaans: baard
Negerhollands: baard
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bad (archaic)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
→ West Frisian: baard
Limburgish: baerd

Old High German: bart
Middle High German: bart
Alemannic German: Baart
Bavarian: Bårt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Baart
Luxembourgish: Baart
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: biöet, biöt
East Franconian:
German: Bart
→ Norwegian: bart
Rhine Franconian: Bat, Bart
Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt], (older) [b̥ɔːt]
Pennsylvania German: Baart
Yiddish: באָרד (bord)


lag

lag (nominative singular)
lagu (nominative plural)
lag (accusative singular)
lagu (accusative plural)
lagas (genitive singular)
lagō (genitive plural)
lagē (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)
lagu (instrumental singular)
lagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *læġ

Middle English: lai, lay, lagh

English: lay

Scots: lay

⇒ Old English: ġelæġ

⇒ Old English: oferlæġ

⇒ Old Frisian: laga

North Frisian: lag, log

Old Saxon: *lag

Middle Low German: lag, lach, lōch, lov

Low German: lag

Old Dutch: lag

Middle Dutch: lach

Dutch: lag

a settled amount (cost, price, payment, etc.)


disk

disk (nominative singular)
diskō (nominative plural)
diskōs (nominative plural)
disk (accusative singular)
diskā (accusative plural)
diskas (genitive singular)
diskō (genitive plural)
diskē (dative singular)
diskum (dative plural)
disku (instrumental singular)
diskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: disċ
Middle English: disch, dish, disc
English: dish
Tok Pisin: dis
Scots: dish
Yola: dishe

Old Saxon: disk
Middle Low German: disch
German Low German: Disk, Disch
Plautdietsch: Desch

Old Dutch: disc

Middle Dutch: disch

Dutch: dis

Limburgish: dösj

Old High German: tisc
Middle High German: tisch
Alemannic German: Disch
Bavarian: Disch
Cimbrian: tiss, tisch (Luserna)
Central Franconian:
Eiflerisch: Disch, Desch
Hunsrik: Disch
Kölsch: Desch
Luxembourgish: Dësch
Transylvanian Saxon: Däsch
East Central German:
Vilamovian: tejś
East Franconian:
German: Tisch
Rhine Franconian: Disch
Pennsylvania German: Disch
Yiddish: טיש (tish)

→? Old Norse: diskr (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Slavic: *dъskà (“board”) (see there for further descendants)


hals

hals (nominative singular)
halsō (nominative plural)
halsōs (nominative plural)
hals (accusative singular)
halsā (accusative plural)
halsas (genitive singular)
halsō (genitive plural)
halsē (dative singular)
halsum (dative plural)
halsu (instrumental singular)
halsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heals
Middle English: hals
English: halse, hawse
Scots: hause

Old Frisian: hals
Saterland Frisian: Hoals
West Frisian: hals

Old Saxon: hals

Middle Low German: hals

German Low German: Hals

Plautdietsch: Hauls

Old Dutch: hals

Middle Dutch: hals
Dutch: hals

Old High German: hals
Middle High German: hals
Cimbrian: hals, haltz (Sette Comuni)
German: Hals
Luxembourgish: Hals
Yiddish: האַלדז (haldz)


blind

blind (masculine nominative singular)
blindu (feminine nominative singular)
blind (neuter nominative singular)
blindanā (accusative masculine singular)
blindā (accusative feminine singular)
blind (accusative neuter singular)
blindas (genitive masculine singular)
blindeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blindas (genitive neuter singular)
blindumē (dative masculine singular)
blindeʀē (dative feminine singular)
blindumē (dative neuter singular)
blindu (instrumental masculine singular)
blindeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blindu (instrumental neuter singular)
blindē (masculine nominative plural)
blindō (feminine nominative plural)
blindu (neuter nominative plural)
blindā (accusative masculine plural)
blindā (accusative feminine plural)
blindu (accusative neuter plural)
blindeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blindeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blindeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blindēm (dative masculine plural)
blindum (dative masculine plural)
blindēm (dative feminine plural)
blindum (dative feminine plural)
blindēm (dative neuter plural)
blindum (dative neuter plural)
blindēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blindum (instrumental masculine plural)
blindēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blindum (feminine instrumental plural)
blindēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blindum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: blind

Middle English: blind, blynd

Scots: blynd, blind

English: blind

Old Frisian: blind

Saterland Frisian: bliend

West Frisian: blyn

Old Saxon: blind

Middle Low German: blint

German Low German: blind

Plautdietsch: blint

Old Dutch: *blint
Middle Dutch: blint
Dutch: blind

Old High German: blint, blintēr

Middle High German: blint

German: blind

→ Esperanto: blinda

Luxembourgish: blann

Vilamovian: błynd

Yiddish: בלינד (blind)


alan

alan (infinitive)
alannjas (genitive infinitive)
alannjē (dative infinitive)
alannju (infinitive instrumental)
alu (first-person present singular)
ōl (first-person past singular)
aliʀi (present second-person singular)
ōlī (past second-person singular)
alidi (present singular third-person)
ōl (past singular third-person)
alum (first-person plural present)
ōlum (first-person past plural)
alid (plural present second-person)
ōlud (past plural second-person)
aland (plural present third-person)
ōlun (past plural third-person)
alē (first-person present singular)
ōlī (first-person past singular)
alēs (present second-person singular)
alē (present singular third-person)
ōlī (past singular third-person)
alēm (first-person plural present)
ōlīm (first-person past plural)
alēþ (plural present second-person)
ōlīd (past plural second-person)
alēn (plural present third-person)
ōlīn (past plural third-person)
al (present singular)
alid (plural present)
alandī (participle present)
alan (participle past)

Old English: alan

(Anglo-Frisian) to nourish, grow, produce


aland

aland (nominative singular)
alandō (nominative plural)
alandōs (nominative plural)
aland (accusative singular)
alandā (accusative plural)
alandas (genitive singular)
alandō (genitive plural)
alandē (dative singular)
alandum (dative plural)
alandu (instrumental singular)
alandum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: aland, alund

Middle Low German: ālant, āland

→ Danish: alant

⇒ Middle Low German: alandwort

→ Swedish: ålandsrot (partial calque)

Old Dutch: *aland

Middle Dutch: alant, alaen

Dutch: alant

Old High German: alant

Middle High German: alant

German: Alant

⇒ Middle Low German: alantwurz

German: Alantwurz

Possibly from *alandī (“nourishing, healing”), present participle of *alan (“to nourish”).


auk

Old English: ēac, ēk, ēc — Mercian, ǣac
Middle English: ek, eek, eke
Scots: eik, ek
English: eek, eke
⇒ Middle English: ekename
⇒ English: nickname (via rebracketing)

Old Frisian: āk, ocke
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: uk
Saterland Frisian: uk, ook
West Frisian: ek

Old Saxon: ōk
Middle Low German: ôk
Low German: ook
Dutch Low Saxon: ok, ook
German Low German: ok, auk, ouk, ock, ohk, ook
Plautdietsch: uk

Old Dutch: ōk

Middle Dutch: ooc
Dutch: ook
Afrikaans: ook
Berbice Creole Dutch: oko
Jersey Dutch: ôk
Negerhollands: ook
Petjo: ook
Skepi Creole Dutch: oak
West Flemish: wok

Old High German: ouh
Middle High German: ouch
Alemannic German: au
Cimbrian: òch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: aach
Luxembourgish: och
German: auch
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: aa
Yiddish: אויך (oykh)


dor

dor (nominative singular)
doru (nominative plural)
dor (accusative singular)
doru (accusative plural)
doras (genitive singular)
dorō (genitive plural)
dorē (dative singular)
dorum (dative plural)
doru (instrumental singular)
dorum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dor

Middle English: dor

English: door

Old Saxon: dor

Old High German: tor

Middle High German: tor

Cimbrian: tor

German: Tor


gait

gait (nominative singular)
gaiti (nominative plural)
gaitu (accusative singular)
gaiti (accusative plural)
gaiti (genitive singular)
gaitō (genitive plural)
gaiti (dative singular)
gaitum (dative plural)
gaiti (instrumental singular)
gaitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gāt
Middle English: got, gat, gathe, goth, goet, gote, gothe, goot (Late Middle English)
English: goat (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gait, gayt
Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth

Old Frisian: *gāt, *gēt

North Frisian: giet

Saterland Frisian: Geet

→ German Low German: Jitt (dialectal)

West Frisian: geit

Old Saxon: gēt

Middle Low German: gete, geite

→ Walloon: gade

Old Dutch: *geit
Middle Dutch: geit
Dutch: geit
Afrikaans: geit
Limburgish: geit

Old High German: geiȥ

Middle High German: geiȥ

Alemannic German: Geiss

Bavarian: Goaß

Cimbrian: goaz, gòas (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: goas

German: Geiß

Luxembourgish: Geess


gait

Old Saxon: *gēt

⇒ Old Saxon: gētfugol

Old Frisian: *gēt

⇒ Old Frisian: *gētel

Saterland Frisian: geitel

Possibly from the above, compare Dutch geitenmelker.


holm

holm (nominative singular)
holmō (nominative plural)
holmōs (nominative plural)
holm (accusative singular)
holmā (accusative plural)
holmas (genitive singular)
holmō (genitive plural)
holmē (dative singular)
holmum (dative plural)
holmu (instrumental singular)
holmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: holm (meaning influenced by Old Norse holmr)

Middle English: holm, holme

English: holm

Scots: holm, hulm, houm

Old Saxon: holm

Middle Low German: holm

Low German: Holm

→ German: Holm

Old Dutch: holm

Middle Dutch: holm

Dutch: holm


holt

holt (nominative singular)
holtu (nominative plural)
holt (accusative singular)
holtu (accusative plural)
holtas (genitive singular)
holtō (genitive plural)
holtē (dative singular)
holtum (dative plural)
holtu (instrumental singular)
holtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: holt
Middle English: holt
English: holt, hoult (obsolete)
Scots: holt (archaic)

Old Frisian: holt

North Frisian: holt

Saterland Frisian: Holt

West Frisian: hout

Old Saxon: holt

Middle Low German: holt

Low German: Holt

German Low German: Holt

Plautdietsch: Holt

Old Dutch: holt
Middle Dutch: hout
Dutch: hout
Afrikaans: hout
Limburgish: hówtj

Old High German: holz
Middle High German: holz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hòltz
Mòcheno: holz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Hols
Luxembourgish: Holz
German: Holz
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: hold̥s
Pennsylvania German: Hols
Vilamovian: hułc
Yiddish: האָלץ (holts)


spar

spar (masculine nominative singular)
sparu (feminine nominative singular)
spar (neuter nominative singular)
sparanā (accusative masculine singular)
sparā (accusative feminine singular)
spar (accusative neuter singular)
sparas (genitive masculine singular)
spareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sparas (genitive neuter singular)
sparumē (dative masculine singular)
spareʀē (dative feminine singular)
sparumē (dative neuter singular)
sparu (instrumental masculine singular)
spareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sparu (instrumental neuter singular)
sparē (masculine nominative plural)
sparō (feminine nominative plural)
sparu (neuter nominative plural)
sparā (accusative masculine plural)
sparā (accusative feminine plural)
sparu (accusative neuter plural)
spareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
spareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
spareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sparēm (dative masculine plural)
sparum (dative masculine plural)
sparēm (dative feminine plural)
sparum (dative feminine plural)
sparēm (dative neuter plural)
sparum (dative neuter plural)
sparēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sparum (instrumental masculine plural)
sparēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sparum (feminine instrumental plural)
sparēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sparum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: spær

Middle English: spare, spar

English: spare

Old Dutch: *spar

Middle Dutch: spaer

Old High German: spar (“sparse”)


wadi

wadi (nominative singular)
waddju (nominative plural)
wadi (accusative singular)
waddju (accusative plural)
waddjas (genitive singular)
waddjō (genitive plural)
waddjē (dative singular)
waddjum (dative plural)
waddju (instrumental singular)
waddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wedd

Middle English: wedde, wed

Scots: wed, wod, wad

Old Frisian: wedde, wed

Saterland Frisian: Wädde

West Frisian: wet

Old Saxon: weddi

Middle Low German: wedde

German Low German: Wedde, Wedd

Old Dutch: *weddi

Middle Dutch: wedde

Dutch: wedde

Old High German: wetti
Middle High German: wette
German: Wette
Luxembourgish: Wett
Yiddish: וועט (vet)

→ Medieval Latin: wadium

→ Old French: gage, guage, gaige, wage
Middle French: gage
French: gage
→ Middle English: gage
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gager, gagier, guagier
Middle French: guagier, gager
French: gager
→ Middle English: gagen
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gageure
French: gageure, gageüre
→ Piedmontese: gagi

→ Old Northern French: wage

→ Middle English: wage

English: wage

⇒ Old Northern French: wagier

→ Middle English: wagen

English: wage

⇒ Old Northern French: wageure, wagour

desc

→ Middle English: wager, waiour, wageour, waiowre, wagour

English: wager


bait

bait (nominative singular)
baitō (nominative plural)
baitōs (nominative plural)
bait (accusative singular)
baitā (accusative plural)
baitas (genitive singular)
baitō (genitive plural)
baitē (dative singular)
baitum (dative plural)
baitu (instrumental singular)
baitum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bāt
Middle English: bot, bate, bat, bote, boot, boet, boyt, bootte, boote
English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Malay: bot
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot
Scots: bate, bait
→ Middle Dutch: boot
Dutch: boot
Afrikaans: boot
→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott
Low German: Boot
Plautdietsch: Boot
→ German: Boot
→ North Frisian: böötj
→ Saterland Frisian: Boot
→ West Frisian: boat
→ Catalan: bot
→ Galician: bote
→ Old French: bot
→ Portuguese: bote
→ Spanish: bote
→ Cebuano: bote
→ Old Norse: bátr (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: batel (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Irish: bát
Irish: bád
Scottish Gaelic: bàta
Manx: baatey
→ Latin: battus
→ Welsh: bad

Old Dutch: *bēt

⇒ Old Dutch: *beitil (diminutive)

Middle Dutch: beitel


fader

fader (nominative singular)
fadar (nominative plural)
fadar (accusative singular)
fadar (accusative plural)
fadur (genitive singular)
fadrō (genitive plural)
fadri (dative singular)
fadrum (dative plural)
fadri (instrumental singular)
fadrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæder

Middle English: fader, fæder, faderr, fadir, fadyr, fadur, feder, vader, veder, faðer, father, ffader
English: father
→ Marshallese: bata
Gullah: farruh
Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither
Yola: vather

→ English: faeder

Old Frisian: feder, fader
North Frisian:
Goesharde:
Hoolmer: fooje
Hoorninger: fååje
Heligoland: Foor
Sylt: Faađer
Saterland Frisian: Foar
West Frisian: fader, faar

Old Saxon: fadar, fader

Middle Low German: vāder

German Low German: Vader, Vaar

Plautdietsch: Voda

Old Dutch: fadar
Middle Dutch: vāder, vaer (loss of -d-)
Dutch: vader, (obsolete) vaeder, vaar, vaâr, vaêr
Afrikaans: vader
Berbice Creole Dutch: fadir
Javindo: fader
Jersey Dutch: vâder
Negerhollands: vader
Skepi Creole Dutch: father
Limburgish: vajer, vader

Old High German: fater
Middle High German: vater
Alemannic German: Vatter, Vater, Fatter
Italian Walser: fater, vàtter
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vatar, vaatar, baatar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno:
Udinese: votar, voter
Central Franconian: Vader
Hunsrik: Fatter
Transylvanian Saxon: Foater
East Central German: Voater
Vilamovian: foter, fōter
East Franconian:
German: Vater, Vatter
→ Central Franconian: Vatter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German:
Yiddish: פֿאָטער (foter)


frisk

frisk (masculine nominative singular)
frisku (feminine nominative singular)
frisk (neuter nominative singular)
friskanā (accusative masculine singular)
friskā (accusative feminine singular)
frisk (accusative neuter singular)
friskas (genitive masculine singular)
friskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
friskas (genitive neuter singular)
friskumē (dative masculine singular)
friskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
friskumē (dative neuter singular)
frisku (instrumental masculine singular)
friskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
frisku (instrumental neuter singular)
friskē (masculine nominative plural)
friskō (feminine nominative plural)
frisku (neuter nominative plural)
friskā (accusative masculine plural)
friskā (accusative feminine plural)
frisku (accusative neuter plural)
friskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
friskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
friskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
friskēm (dative masculine plural)
friskum (dative masculine plural)
friskēm (dative feminine plural)
friskum (dative feminine plural)
friskēm (dative neuter plural)
friskum (dative neuter plural)
friskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
friskum (instrumental masculine plural)
friskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
friskum (feminine instrumental plural)
friskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
friskum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fersċ

desc

Middle English: fersh, fresch, fresk, freche, versh

Scots: fresch, frech, freish

English: fresh

→ Welsh: ffres

Old Frisian: fersk

North Frisian: fersck

Saterland Frisian: frisk

West Frisian: farsk

Old Saxon: *frisk, *fersk

desctree

Middle Low German: vrisch, versch
Low German: frisk
→ Icelandic: frískur
→ Faroese: frískur
→ Danish: frisk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: frisk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: frisk
→ Polabian: frišă
→ Swedish: frisk
→ Estonian: priske

Old Dutch: *frisc

Middle Dutch: versch, varsch

Dutch: vers

Afrikaans: vars

Limburgish: vèrsj

Old High German: frisc

Middle High German: vrisch

German: frisch

→ Hungarian: friss

Luxembourgish: frësch

Vilamovian: fryś

Yiddish: פֿריש (frish)

→ Middle Dutch: vrisch, frisch, frisc

Dutch: fris

Afrikaans: fris

→ West Frisian: fris

→ Middle French: frisque, fricque, frique, friche
French: frisque
→ Middle English: frisk
English: frisk

→ Walloon: frisse


gang

gang (nominative singular)
gangō (nominative plural)
gangōs (nominative plural)
gang (accusative singular)
gangā (accusative plural)
gangas (genitive singular)
gangō (genitive plural)
gangē (dative singular)
gangum (dative plural)
gangu (instrumental singular)
gangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gang, gancg, gong, ġeong, ġiong — with initial /j/ after palatalised past forms of gangan
Middle English: gong, gang, gonge, goonge
English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)
Scots: gang, gaung, ging
Northeastern: dyang, gyang

Old Frisian: gang, gong, gung

North Frisian: gong

Saterland Frisian: Goang

West Frisian: gong

Old Saxon: gang

Middle Low German: gank

Low German: Gang

Old Dutch: gang (only attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: ganc

Dutch: gang

Old High German: gang
Middle High German: ganc
Bavarian: Gång
German: Gang
Polish: ganek
Yiddish: גאַניק (ganik) (probably borrowed from Polish)
Luxembourgish: Gang, Gank
→ Middle French: gangue
French: gangue
→ English: gangue


geld

geld (nominative singular)
geldu (nominative plural)
geld (accusative singular)
geldu (accusative plural)
geldas (genitive singular)
geldō (genitive plural)
geldē (dative singular)
geldum (dative plural)
geldu (instrumental singular)
geldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġield, ġild, ġyld, ġeld
Middle English: ȝeld
English: yield
Scots: ȝeld, ȝeild
→ Medieval Latin: geldum, gildum

Old Frisian: ield, geld, jeld
North Frisian: jild
Saterland Frisian: Jield, Jäild
West Frisian: jild

Old Saxon: geld

Middle Low German: gelt

German Low German: Geld

Plautdietsch: Jelt

Old Dutch: geld

Middle Dutch: gelt, ghelt, gheld

Dutch: geld, gelt (obsolete)
Afrikaans: geld
→ Sotho: tjhelete
→ Venda: tshelede
Jersey Dutch: xjäält, xält
Negerhollands: geld, gelt
Skepi Creole Dutch: galti

Limburgish: gèldj

Old High German: kelt, gelt

Middle High German: gelt

German: Geld

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Geld

Central Franconian: Jeld

Hunsrik: Geld

Bavarian: Goid

Cimbrian: gèlt

Alemannic German: Gäld

Luxembourgish: Geld

Vilamovian: giełd

Yiddish: געלט (gelt)
→ English: gelt


harm

harm (masculine nominative singular)
harmu (feminine nominative singular)
harm (neuter nominative singular)
harmanā (accusative masculine singular)
harmā (accusative feminine singular)
harm (accusative neuter singular)
harmas (genitive masculine singular)
harmeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
harmas (genitive neuter singular)
harmumē (dative masculine singular)
harmeʀē (dative feminine singular)
harmumē (dative neuter singular)
harmu (instrumental masculine singular)
harmeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
harmu (instrumental neuter singular)
harmē (masculine nominative plural)
harmō (feminine nominative plural)
harmu (neuter nominative plural)
harmā (accusative masculine plural)
harmā (accusative feminine plural)
harmu (accusative neuter plural)
harmeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
harmeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
harmeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
harmēm (dative masculine plural)
harmum (dative masculine plural)
harmēm (dative feminine plural)
harmum (dative feminine plural)
harmēm (dative neuter plural)
harmum (dative neuter plural)
harmēm (instrumental masculine plural)
harmum (instrumental masculine plural)
harmēm (feminine instrumental plural)
harmum (feminine instrumental plural)
harmēm (instrumental neuter plural)
harmum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hearm

Old Saxon: harm

Middle Low German: *harm (possibly)

→ Old Danish: harm

Danish: harm

→ Norwegian Bokmål: harm

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: harm


harm

harm (nominative singular)
harmō (nominative plural)
harmōs (nominative plural)
harm (accusative singular)
harmā (accusative plural)
harmas (genitive singular)
harmō (genitive plural)
harmē (dative singular)
harmum (dative plural)
harmu (instrumental singular)
harmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hearm
Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
English: harm
Scots: herm, hairm
Yola: harrm

Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)

Old Saxon: harm
Middle Low German: harm, herm

Old Dutch: harm

Middle Dutch: harm

Dutch: harm

Old High German: harm, haram

Middle High German: harm

German: Harm


harm

Old Saxon: *harm

Middle Low German: harm

Old High German: harm

Middle High German: harm

German: Harm


stark

stark (masculine nominative singular)
starku (feminine nominative singular)
stark (neuter nominative singular)
starkanā (accusative masculine singular)
starkā (accusative feminine singular)
stark (accusative neuter singular)
starkas (genitive masculine singular)
starkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
starkas (genitive neuter singular)
starkumē (dative masculine singular)
starkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
starkumē (dative neuter singular)
starku (instrumental masculine singular)
starkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
starku (instrumental neuter singular)
starkē (masculine nominative plural)
starkō (feminine nominative plural)
starku (neuter nominative plural)
starkā (accusative masculine plural)
starkā (accusative feminine plural)
starku (accusative neuter plural)
starkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
starkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
starkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
starkēm (dative masculine plural)
starkum (dative masculine plural)
starkēm (dative feminine plural)
starkum (dative feminine plural)
starkēm (dative neuter plural)
starkum (dative neuter plural)
starkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
starkum (instrumental masculine plural)
starkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
starkum (feminine instrumental plural)
starkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
starkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: starc, stearc, *stierc

Middle English: stark, sterk

Scots: stark, sterk

English: stark

Old Frisian: sterk, stark, steric
Saterland Frisian: stäärk
West Frisian: sterk, sturk

Old Saxon: stark, *sterk

Middle Low German: stark, sterk

Low German: sterk

Plautdietsch: stoakj

Old Dutch: starc
Middle Dutch: starc, sterc
Dutch: sterk
Negerhollands: stark, sterk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: sterek (dated)
→ Indonesian: ster (“queen (chess)”)
→ Papiamentu: stèrki
Limburgish: stèrk

desc

Old High German: starah, starch, starc, stark

Middle High German: starc

German: stark

Luxembourgish: staark

Yiddish: שטאַרק (shtark)


kaf

kaf (nominative singular)
kafu (nominative plural)
kaf (accusative singular)
kafu (accusative plural)
kafas (genitive singular)
kafō (genitive plural)
kafē (dative singular)
kafum (dative plural)
kafu (instrumental singular)
kafum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċeaf, ċef, *cæf — unattested, but descendants found in Middle English
Middle English: chaf, caf, caff, caffe, chaff, chaffe, chef, kaf, kaff, schaf
English: chaff
Scots: caff
→ Irish: cabha

Old Frisian: *tzef

East Frisian:

Harlingerland Frisian: schieff, scheff

Saterland Frisian: Sääf

Wangerooge Frisian: sjëf

West Frisian: tsjêf

Gaasterland: sjêf

Eastern Terschelling: tsjêb

Old Saxon: kaf

Middle Low German: kaf

German Low German: Kaff

→ North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: kaf

Sylt: Kaf

Old Dutch: *caf

Middle Dutch: caf

Dutch: kaf

Afrikaans: kaf

→ West Frisian: kaf

Old High German: kaf

Middle High German: kaf

German: Kaff

Luxembourgish: Kuef

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵep-, *ǵebʰ- (“jaw, mouth; to eat, chew, devour”); compare in particular Proto-Slavic *zȍbь (“fodder; oats”).


gat

gat (nominative singular)
gatu (nominative plural)
gat (accusative singular)
gatu (accusative plural)
gatas (genitive singular)
gatō (genitive plural)
gatē (dative singular)
gatum (dative plural)
gatu (instrumental singular)
gatum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gat, gæt, ġeat

desc

Middle English: ȝeat, ȝat, ȝate, ȝet, gat, gate

English: gate; yate (dialectal)

→ Irish: geata

→ Scottish Gaelic: geata

→ Dutch: gate

→ Fiji Hindi: geet

→ German: Gate

Scots: ȝet, ȝett, yet, yett

Old Frisian: gat, jet

Saterland Frisian: Gat

West Frisian: gat

Old Saxon: gat

Middle Low German: gat

Low German: gat, Gatt

→ Danish: gat

→ German: Gatt

→ Swedish: gatt

Old Dutch: *gat

Middle Dutch: gat

Dutch: gat

Afrikaans: gat


spik

spik (nominative singular)
spiku (nominative plural)
spik (accusative singular)
spiku (accusative plural)
spikas (genitive singular)
spikō (genitive plural)
spikē (dative singular)
spikum (dative plural)
spiku (instrumental singular)
spikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spiċ

Middle English: spik, spyk, spike, spich

Scots: spick, spect

English: speck

Old Frisian: spek

Saterland Frisian: Späk

West Frisian: spek

Old Saxon: spek, spekk

Middle Low German: spek, speck

German Low German: Speck

→ Norwegian: spekk

→ Danish: spæk

→ Swedish: späck

Old Dutch: spek

Middle Dutch: spec

Dutch: spek

desctree

Old High German: spek, spec
Middle High German: spëc
German: Speck
Luxembourgish: Speck
Yiddish: שפּעק (shpek)


helm

helm (nominative singular)
helmō (nominative plural)
helmōs (nominative plural)
helm (accusative singular)
helmā (accusative plural)
helmas (genitive singular)
helmō (genitive plural)
helmē (dative singular)
helmum (dative plural)
helmu (instrumental singular)
helmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: helm
Middle English: helm
English: helm

Old Frisian: helm

Saterland Frisian: Hälm

West Frisian: helm

Old Saxon: helm

Middle Low German: helm

Low German: Helm

Old Dutch: helm

Middle Dutch: helm

Dutch: helm

Afrikaans: helm

Old High German: helm, halm (10th C. compounds)
Middle High German: helm
German: Helm
Polish: hełm
Luxembourgish: Helm

→ Latin: helmus [8th century, Reichenau Glossary] (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *šelmъ (see there for further descendants)


helm

Old English: *helm

Middle English: helm

desc

English: helm (“stalk, haulm; bentgrass”)

Old Dutch: *helm

Middle Dutch: *helm

Dutch: helm

Low German: helm (“sedge; marram grass”)

→ Danish: hjælme

→ Icelandic: hjálmur

From Proto-Germanic *helmaz, related to *halmaz (“haulm, straw, hay; stalk”) (whence *halm). The ablaut points to an older athematic paradigm in Proto-Indo-European, according to Kroonen probably *ḱélh₂m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂mós; compare Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”). The o-grade in *halmaz and cognates such as Latin culmus, Proto-Slavic *sòlma and Latvian sal̃ms may have come either from an accusative stem *ḱolh₂-m- or by analogy with the thematic suffix *-(ó)-mos. In any case ultimately from the root *ḱelh₂- (“to prick, stab; straw, reed”).

a reedy grass that dries as hollow stalks: bentgrass (genus Agrostis or Ammophila); sedge

synonym of *halm (“stalk, haulm, straw”)


post

post (nominative singular)
postō (nominative plural)
postōs (nominative plural)
post (accusative singular)
postā (accusative plural)
postas (genitive singular)
postō (genitive plural)
postē (dative singular)
postum (dative plural)
postu (instrumental singular)
postum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: post
Middle English: post, poste
English: post
→ German: Post
Scots: post, poist

Old Frisian: post

Old Saxon: post

Middle Low German: post

→ Danish: post

→ Old Swedish: poster

Swedish: post

→ Estonian: post

Old Dutch: *post

Middle Dutch: post

Dutch: post

Old High German: pfost
Middle High German: pfoste, pfost
German: Pfosten


poll

poll (nominative singular)
pollō (nominative plural)
pollōs (nominative plural)
poll (accusative singular)
pollā (accusative plural)
pollas (genitive singular)
pollō (genitive plural)
pollē (dative singular)
pollum (dative plural)
pollu (instrumental singular)
pollum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *poll

q

Middle English: polle, poll (or borrowed from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)

Scots: poll, pow

English: poll

⇒ English: pollhead

→ Anglo-Norman: poll

⇒ Middle English: tadpolle, taddepol

English: tadpole

Old Frisian: *poll

desc

Saterland Frisian: Polle (“wooden block serving as a fulcrum”)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: poll, pol (adjective)

Old Saxon: *poll

Middle Low German: pol, polle

German Low German: Polle

Old Dutch: *poll, polla

Middle Dutch: pol, polle

Dutch: pol

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *pullaz, possibly nominalized from Proto-Indo-European *bl̥-nó-s (“swollen”), from *bel- (“to swell, become strong”) + *-nós.


stadi

stadi (nominative singular)
stadī (nominative plural)
stadi (accusative singular)
stadī (accusative plural)
stadī (genitive singular)
staddjō (genitive plural)
stadī (dative singular)
stadim (dative plural)
staddjum (dative plural)
stadī (instrumental singular)
stadim (instrumental plural)
staddjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: stede
Middle English: stede, stad, sted, stedd, stedde, steed, steede, steyd, stid, stide, styd, stydde, styde, steode, stoede, stud, stude (West Midlands), stode (Ireland)
English: stead
Scots: steid, sted

Old Frisian: stede

Saterland Frisian: Steede, Stääd

West Frisian: stêd

Old Saxon: stedi

Middle Low German: stēde

German Low German: Stee

Old Dutch: stat, stedi
Middle Dutch: stat, stede
Dutch: stad, stede, stee

Old High German: stat

Middle High German: stat

Central Franconian: Stadt

Hunsrik: xtat

Luxembourgish: Stad

German: Stadt, Statt, Stätte (doublets)

Rhine Franconian: Stadt

Pennsylvania German: Schtadt, Schtedt

Vilamovian: śtaod

Yiddish: שטאָט (shtot), שטעטל (shtetl)

→ English: shtetl


flint

flint (nominative singular)
flintō (nominative plural)
flintōs (nominative plural)
flint (accusative singular)
flintā (accusative plural)
flintas (genitive singular)
flintō (genitive plural)
flintē (dative singular)
flintum (dative plural)
flintu (instrumental singular)
flintum (instrumental plural)

Old English: flint

Middle English: flynt, flent, flint, flinte, flynte, vlint
English: flint
Scots: flint
→ Welsh: fflint

Old Frisian: *flint

West Frisian: flint, flinte

Old Saxon: *flint

Middle Low German: vlint

→ Danish: flint

→ Middle High German: flünt, flint

German: Flint

→ Norwegian: flint

→ Swedish: flinta

→ German: Flinte
→ Czech: flinta
→ Hungarian: flinta
→ Romanian: flintă
→ Plautdietsch: Flint
→ Polish: flinta

Old Dutch: *flint

Middle Dutch: vlint

Dutch: flint

Old High German: flins

Middle High German: vlins, flins

→ Middle Low German: vlins, flins

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *flintaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pley- (“to cleave, split off, splice”).


-ward

-ward (masculine nominative singular)
-wardu (feminine nominative singular)
-ward (neuter nominative singular)
-wardanā (accusative masculine singular)
-wardā (accusative feminine singular)
-ward (accusative neuter singular)
-wardas (genitive masculine singular)
-wardeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-wardas (genitive neuter singular)
-wardumē (dative masculine singular)
-wardeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-wardumē (dative neuter singular)
-wardu (instrumental masculine singular)
-wardeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-wardu (instrumental neuter singular)
-wardē (masculine nominative plural)
-wardō (feminine nominative plural)
-wardu (neuter nominative plural)
-wardā (accusative masculine plural)
-wardā (accusative feminine plural)
-wardu (accusative neuter plural)
-wardeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-wardeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-wardeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-wardēm (dative masculine plural)
-wardum (dative masculine plural)
-wardēm (dative feminine plural)
-wardum (dative feminine plural)
-wardēm (dative neuter plural)
-wardum (dative neuter plural)
-wardēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-wardum (instrumental masculine plural)
-wardēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-wardum (feminine instrumental plural)
-wardēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-wardum (instrumental neuter plural)
*-wardas (alternative)

desctree

Old English: -weard, -werd
Middle English: -warde, -ward
English: -ward
Scots: -wart, -art, -it

Old Frisian: -ward, -werd

Old Saxon: -ward

Middle Low German: -ward

Low German: -ward, -wart

Old Dutch: *-ward, *-werd

Middle Dutch: -wert, -weert, -waert

Old High German: -wart, -wert

Middle High German: -wert

-ward. Forms adverbs from nouns and adjectives denoting in the direction of, facing.


halt

halt (masculine nominative singular)
haltu (feminine nominative singular)
halt (neuter nominative singular)
haltanā (accusative masculine singular)
haltā (accusative feminine singular)
halt (accusative neuter singular)
haltas (genitive masculine singular)
halteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haltas (genitive neuter singular)
haltumē (dative masculine singular)
halteʀē (dative feminine singular)
haltumē (dative neuter singular)
haltu (instrumental masculine singular)
halteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haltu (instrumental neuter singular)
haltē (masculine nominative plural)
haltō (feminine nominative plural)
haltu (neuter nominative plural)
haltā (accusative masculine plural)
haltā (accusative feminine plural)
haltu (accusative neuter plural)
halteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
halteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
halteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haltēm (dative masculine plural)
haltum (dative masculine plural)
haltēm (dative feminine plural)
haltum (dative feminine plural)
haltēm (dative neuter plural)
haltum (dative neuter plural)
haltēm (instrumental masculine plural)
haltum (instrumental masculine plural)
haltēm (feminine instrumental plural)
haltum (feminine instrumental plural)
haltēm (instrumental neuter plural)
haltum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: halt, healt

Middle English: halt

Scots: halt

English: halt

Old Frisian: halt

North Frisian: halt

Old Saxon: halt

Middle Low German: halt

Low German: halt

Old Dutch: *halt

Middle Dutch: hout, halt

Old High German: halz

Middle High German: halz


stall

stall (nominative singular)
stallō (nominative plural)
stallōs (nominative plural)
stall (accusative singular)
stallā (accusative plural)
stallas (genitive singular)
stallō (genitive plural)
stallē (dative singular)
stallum (dative plural)
stallu (instrumental singular)
stallum (instrumental plural)

Old English: steall, stall, stæll
Middle English: stal
English: stall
Scots: stal, staw

Old Frisian: stall, stal

Saterland Frisian: Staal

West Frisian: stâl

Old Saxon: *stall

Middle Low German: stal

German Low German: Stall

Old Dutch: *stal

Middle Dutch: stal
Dutch: stal
Afrikaans: stal
Limburgish: stal

Old High German: stal

Middle High German: stal

German: Stall

Hunsrik: Stall

Luxembourgish: Stall

Mòcheno: stòll

desc

→ Medieval Latin: stallum, staullum, stallus, stalla (see there for further descendants)


tal

tal (nominative singular)
talu (nominative plural)
tal (accusative singular)
talu (accusative plural)
talas (genitive singular)
talō (genitive plural)
talē (dative singular)
talum (dative plural)
talu (instrumental singular)
talum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tæl

Old Dutch: *tal

Middle Dutch: tal

Dutch: tal

Afrikaans: tal


blank

blank (masculine nominative singular)
blanku (feminine nominative singular)
blank (neuter nominative singular)
blankanā (accusative masculine singular)
blankā (accusative feminine singular)
blank (accusative neuter singular)
blankas (genitive masculine singular)
blankeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blankas (genitive neuter singular)
blankumē (dative masculine singular)
blankeʀē (dative feminine singular)
blankumē (dative neuter singular)
blanku (instrumental masculine singular)
blankeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blanku (instrumental neuter singular)
blankē (masculine nominative plural)
blankō (feminine nominative plural)
blanku (neuter nominative plural)
blankā (accusative masculine plural)
blankā (accusative feminine plural)
blanku (accusative neuter plural)
blankeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blankeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blankeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blankēm (dative masculine plural)
blankum (dative masculine plural)
blankēm (dative feminine plural)
blankum (dative feminine plural)
blankēm (dative neuter plural)
blankum (dative neuter plural)
blankēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blankum (instrumental masculine plural)
blankēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blankum (feminine instrumental plural)
blankēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blankum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: blanc

⇒ Old English: blanca, blonca (“white horse”)

Middle English: blanke, blonke

Scots: blonk (“steed”)

English: blank (“horse, steed”) (obsolete)

Old Frisian: blank

Saterland Frisian: blonk

West Frisian: blank

Old Saxon: *blank

Middle Low German: blank

German Low German: blank

→ Old Norse: blankr

Icelandic: blankur

Faroese: blankur

Norwegian: blank

Old Swedish: blanker

Swedish: blank

Old Danish: blank

Danish: blank

Elfdalian: blaunk

Gutnish: blankar

Scanian: blánker

Frankish: *blank

Old Dutch: *blanc

Middle Dutch: blanc

Dutch: blank

Limburgish: blank

Old High German: blanch, blank

Middle High German: blank

German: blank

Luxembourgish: blank

Vilamovian: błān

→ Medieval Latin: blancus (see there for further descendants)


folk

folk (nominative singular)
folku (nominative plural)
folk (accusative singular)
folku (accusative plural)
folkas (genitive singular)
folkō (genitive plural)
folkē (dative singular)
folkum (dative plural)
folku (instrumental singular)
folkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: folc
Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
English: folk
Scots: fowk

Old Frisian: folk
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: folk
Saterland Frisian: Foulk
West Frisian: folk

Old Saxon: folk, folc
Middle Low German: volk
Low German: Volk
German Low German: Volk
Hamburgisch: Volk
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Volk
Ravensbergisch: Folk
Sauerländisch: Volk
Westmünsterländisch: Volk
Plautdietsch: Volkj

Old Dutch: folc
Middle Dutch: volc
Dutch: volk, vouk (dialectal)
Afrikaans: volk
Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
→ Sranan Tongo: folku
Limburgish: vouk

Old High German: folk, folc, folch
Middle High German: volk
Cimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)
German: Volk
Hunsrik: Follek
Luxembourgish: Vollek
Vilamovian: fulk
Yiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)

→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus

Catalan: folc

Italian: folla

Old French: foulc (see there for further descendants)

Galician: foula


gard

gard (nominative singular)
gardō (nominative plural)
gardōs (nominative plural)
gard (accusative singular)
gardā (accusative plural)
gardas (genitive singular)
gardō (genitive plural)
gardē (dative singular)
gardum (dative plural)
gardu (instrumental singular)
gardum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeard
Middle English: yerd, yerde, ȝerd, ȝeerd, yeerd, ȝeard, yard, yarde, yorde, ȝarde, yherde, ȝorde, ȝeorde
English: yard
Scots: yerd, yaird, yird

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: Guart, guard

Old Saxon: gard
Middle Low German: gart

Old Dutch: gard

Middle Dutch: gāert

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*gardô</i>

Dutch: gaard (merged with *gardô)

Old High German: gart

Middle High German: gart

→ Vulgar Latin: *gardus

desctree

Old French: jart, gart, wart
Middle French: gard, gart

desc

⇒ Medieval Latin: hortus gardīnus (“enclosed garden”) (see there for further descendants)


baki

baki (nominative singular)
bakī (nominative plural)
baki (accusative singular)
bakī (accusative plural)
bakī (genitive singular)
bakkjō (genitive plural)
bakī (dative singular)
bakim (dative plural)
bakkjum (dative plural)
bakī (instrumental singular)
bakim (instrumental plural)
bakkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæċ

Middle English: bæcche, bæche, bache

English: beach, batch

Old Frisian: *beke, *betze

Saterland Frisian: Bäke

West Frisian: beek, (in placenames) beets

Old Saxon: *bak, beki

Middle Low German: bēke, bach

German Low German: Beek

Plautdietsch: Bach

→ German: -beck

desctree

Old Dutch: beki
Middle Dutch: bēke
Dutch: beek
Limburgish: baek

Old High German: bah

Middle High German: bach

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: pach

Mòcheno: pòch

German: Bach

Luxembourgish: Baach

→ Medieval Latin: bacha

Old French: *bais

French: -bais, -baix (in placenames)


anti

anti (nominative singular)
antī (nominative plural)
anti (accusative singular)
antī (accusative plural)
antī (genitive singular)
antijō (genitive plural)
antī (dative singular)
antim (dative plural)
antijum (dative plural)
antī (instrumental singular)
antim (instrumental plural)
antijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ent

→ English: ent (learned)

Old Saxon: ent

Old High German: *enz (found in Enzi-; Anzo, Enzo)


Saturnus

Saturnus (nominative singular)
Saturnus (accusative singular)
Saturnas (genitive singular)
Saturnē (dative singular)
Saturnu (instrumental singular)

Old English: Saturnus

Semi-naturalized borrowing from Vulgar Latin Săturnus, from Latin Sāturnus (“Saturn”).


husk

husk (nominative singular)
hoskō (nominative plural)
hoskōs (nominative plural)
husk (accusative singular)
hoskā (accusative plural)
hoskas (genitive singular)
hoskō (genitive plural)
huskē (dative singular)
huskum (dative plural)
husku (instrumental singular)
huskum (instrumental plural)
husk (nominative singular)
husku (nominative plural)
husk (accusative singular)
husku (accusative plural)
hoskas (genitive singular)
hoskō (genitive plural)
huskē (dative singular)
huskum (dative plural)
husku (instrumental singular)
huskum (instrumental plural)
*hosk (alternative)

Old English: husċ, hux, hucs, hucx
Middle English: hux

Old Saxon: hosk

Middle Low German: hosch

Old Dutch: hosk, hosc

Old High German: hosk, hosc

Middle High German: hosche

From Proto-Germanic *huskaz, *huską, from Proto-Indo-European *kewd- (“to be naughty, shout, mock”).


skip

skip (nominative singular)
skipu (nominative plural)
skip (accusative singular)
skipu (accusative plural)
skipas (genitive singular)
skipō (genitive plural)
skipē (dative singular)
skipum (dative plural)
skipu (instrumental singular)
skipum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċip, sċyp

Middle English: schip, schup

Scots: ship, schip

English: ship

→ Esperanto: ŝipo

Old Frisian: skip

North Frisian: schap (Mooring), Skep (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Skip, Schip

West Frisian: skip

Old Saxon: skip

Middle Low German: schip, schep

Low German: Schipp

German Low German: Schipp, Schip

Plautdietsch: Schepp

Old Dutch: skip, scip

Middle Dutch: schip, schep

Dutch: schip

Afrikaans: skip

Limburgish: sjeep

desctree

Old High German: skif, skef, scif
Middle High German: schif, schef
Bavarian: Schiff, Scheff
Central Franconian: Scheff, Schoff, Schöff (parts of Eifel, southwestern Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Schiff
Luxembourgish: Schëff
German: Schiff
Yiddish: שיף (shif)
→ Old Italian: schifo
Italian: schifo
⇒ English: skeevy
⇒ English: skeeve
→ Middle French: esquif
French: esquif
→ Middle English: skif
English: skiff
→ Russian: скиф (skif)

(Elbe Germanic) any hollow or concave manmade object


elm

elm (nominative singular)
elmō (nominative plural)
elmōs (nominative plural)
elm (accusative singular)
elmā (accusative plural)
elmas (genitive singular)
elmō (genitive plural)
elmē (dative singular)
elmum (dative plural)
elmu (instrumental singular)
elmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: elm, *ulm m
Middle English: elm, alme, elme, helm, ulme
English: elm (dialectal ellum)
Scots: elm

⇒ Old English: ulmtrēow

desc

Middle English: ulm tree, elme-tre, elmetree

English: elmtree

Old Saxon: elm, alm m (alm in placenames)

Middle Low German: elme, elm, olm m

Low German: Elm, Ölm, Ilm, Ülm

Old Dutch: *olm m, alma f, alme-, elme-, helme- (in placenames)

gl

conflated with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">olme</i>?

Middle Dutch: olm, *alm m, olme f (conflated with Old French olme?)

Dutch: olm, alm m

Old High German: elm, ilme, elmo m

desc

Middle High German: ëlm, ëlme, elmene, ilm, ilme, ilmene f

Alemannic German: Elme, Ilme, Olme

⇒ Middle High German: ilmboum, ilmpoum

gl

native or borrowed from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ulmus</i>?

>? Old High German: ulm m (native or borrowed from Latin ulmus?)

Middle High German: ulme f (new borrowing from Latin, or back-formation from ulmboum and influenced by Latin?)

German: Ulme f

⇒ Old High German: ulmboum

Middle High German: ulmboum, ulmpoum

From Proto-Germanic *elmaz ~ *ilmis, *ulmis. Alternative form *olm derives from the zero-grade, and/or from Latin cognate ulmus (“elm”).


wer

wer (nominative singular)
werō (nominative plural)
werōs (nominative plural)
wer (accusative singular)
werā (accusative plural)
weras (genitive singular)
werō (genitive plural)
werē (dative singular)
werum (dative plural)
weru (instrumental singular)
werum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wer

Middle English: wer

English: wer

Old Frisian: wer

Old Saxon: wer

Middle Low German: wēre

Old Dutch: *wer

Middle Dutch: weer

Old High German: wer

Middle High German: wer, were

German: Wer (archaic or obsolete)


laud

laud (nominative singular)
laudu (nominative plural)
laud (accusative singular)
laudu (accusative plural)
laudas (genitive singular)
laudō (genitive plural)
laudē (dative singular)
laudum (dative plural)
laudu (instrumental singular)
laudum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lēad
Middle English: led, lede, leed, leod, leyd, leyt, læd (Early Middle English), lead (Kentish or Late Middle English)
English: lead
Scots: leid, lede
Yola: leed

Old Frisian: lād

North Frisian: lud, luad

Saterland Frisian: Lood

West Frisian: lead

Old Saxon: lōd

Middle Low German: lôt

Low German: Lod

German Low German: Lood, Loot

→ Danish: lod

→ Norwegian: lodd

Old Dutch: *lōt

Middle Dutch: lôot

Dutch: lood

Old High German: *lōt

Middle High German: lōt

German: Lot

→ Polish: lut

→ Polish: łut

Possibly borrowed from Gaulish *loudon, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). Related to *blīwī (“lead”), via a different borrowing route.


pinn

pinn (nominative singular)
pinnō (nominative plural)
pinnōs (nominative plural)
pinn (accusative singular)
pinnā (accusative plural)
pinnas (genitive singular)
pinnō (genitive plural)
pinnē (dative singular)
pinnum (dative plural)
pinnu (instrumental singular)
pinnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pinn
Middle English: pinne, pin
English: pin
Scots: pinne, pin

Old Frisian: *pinn, *pin

Saterland Frisian: Pin

West Frisian: pin

Old Saxon: pinn, pin

Middle Low German: pin

German Low German: Pinn (merged with descendant of *pinnā)

→ German: Pinn

→ Old Norse: pinni, pinnr

Icelandic: pinni

Faroese: pinnur

Norwegian: pinne

Swedish: pinne

Danish: pind

Old Dutch: *pinn, *pin

Middle Dutch: pin

Dutch: pin (merged with descendant of *pinnā)

Old High German: pfin, phin

From Proto-Germanic *pinnaz, of obscure origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bendno-, from *bend- (“to jut, protrude, stick out; peak”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

unc

obscure


lang

lang (masculine nominative singular)
langu (feminine nominative singular)
lang (neuter nominative singular)
langanā (accusative masculine singular)
langā (accusative feminine singular)
lang (accusative neuter singular)
langas (genitive masculine singular)
langeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
langas (genitive neuter singular)
langumē (dative masculine singular)
langeʀē (dative feminine singular)
langumē (dative neuter singular)
langu (instrumental masculine singular)
langeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
langu (instrumental neuter singular)
langē (masculine nominative plural)
langō (feminine nominative plural)
langu (neuter nominative plural)
langā (accusative masculine plural)
langā (accusative feminine plural)
langu (accusative neuter plural)
langeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
langeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
langeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
langēm (dative masculine plural)
langum (dative masculine plural)
langēm (dative feminine plural)
langum (dative feminine plural)
langēm (dative neuter plural)
langum (dative neuter plural)
langēm (instrumental masculine plural)
langum (instrumental masculine plural)
langēm (feminine instrumental plural)
langum (feminine instrumental plural)
langēm (instrumental neuter plural)
langum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: lang, long
Middle English: long, longe (Late Middle English), lang, lange (Early Middle English or Northern)
English: long
Geordie English: lang
Scots: lang
Yola: lhaung, long

Old Frisian: long, lang

North Frisian: long, lung

Saterland Frisian: loang

West Frisian: long, lang

Old Saxon: lang, long
Middle Low German: lank
Low German: lang, lång, lank, loang, laong, long, lonk
Plautdietsch: lang, lank

Old Dutch: *lanc
Middle Dutch: lanc
Dutch: lang
Afrikaans: lank
Berbice Creole Dutch: langgi
Jersey Dutch: lānk
Negerhollands: lang, laṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: langa
→ Aukan: langa
→ Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: langame
→ Saramaccan: lánga, djanga
Limburgish: lank
Zealandic: lank

Old High German: lang
Middle High German: lanc
Alemannic German: lang
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lång
Mòcheno: lònk
German: lang
Hunsrik: lang
Luxembourgish: laang
Pennsylvania German: lang
Vilamovian: łaong
Yiddish: לאַנג (lang)


ard

ard (nominative singular)
ardō (nominative plural)
ardōs (nominative plural)
ard (accusative singular)
ardā (accusative plural)
ardas (genitive singular)
ardō (genitive plural)
ardē (dative singular)
ardum (dative plural)
ardu (instrumental singular)
ardum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eard

Old Saxon: ard

Old High German: art

From Proto-Germanic *ardiz (“nature, character, inborn quality”)


glas

glas (nominative singular)
glasu (nominative plural)
glas (accusative singular)
glasu (accusative plural)
glasas (genitive singular)
glasō (genitive plural)
glasē (dative singular)
glasum (dative plural)
glasu (instrumental singular)
glasum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: glæs
Middle English: glas, glace, glasce, glass, glasse
English: glass (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gless, glass

Old Frisian: gles

Saterland Frisian: Glääs

West Frisian: glês

Old Saxon: glas
Middle Low German: glas
German Low German: Glas
Plautdietsch: Glauss
→ Old Norse: *glas
Faroese: glas
Norwegian Bokmål: glass
Norwegian Nynorsk: glas
Old Swedish: glas
Swedish: glas
Old Danish: glas
Danish: glas
→ Icelandic: glas

→ Finnish: lasi (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Old Norse: glaskeri

Old Dutch: glas

Middle Dutch: glas
Dutch: glas
Afrikaans: glas
Berbice Creole Dutch: glasi
Negerhollands: glas
→ Caribbean Hindustani: gilás
→ Caribbean Javanese: gelas
→ Indonesian: gelas
→ Japanese: ガラス (garasu)
→ Papiamentu: glas
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Kari'na: kalasi (or directly)
Limburgish: glaas

Old High German: glas, clas; clases (“amber”)

Middle High German: glas

Alemannic German: Glas, Glaas

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: glas

Mòcheno: glos

Central Franconian: Jlas

Hunsrik: Glaas

German: Glas

Luxembourgish: Glas

Pennsylvania German: Glaas

Vilamovian: głoos

Yiddish: גלאָז (gloz)


tard

tard (masculine nominative singular)
tardu (feminine nominative singular)
tard (neuter nominative singular)
tardanā (accusative masculine singular)
tardā (accusative feminine singular)
tard (accusative neuter singular)
tardas (genitive masculine singular)
tardeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
tardas (genitive neuter singular)
tardumē (dative masculine singular)
tardeʀē (dative feminine singular)
tardumē (dative neuter singular)
tardu (instrumental masculine singular)
tardeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
tardu (instrumental neuter singular)
tardē (masculine nominative plural)
tardō (feminine nominative plural)
tardu (neuter nominative plural)
tardā (accusative masculine plural)
tardā (accusative feminine plural)
tardu (accusative neuter plural)
tardeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
tardeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
tardeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
tardēm (dative masculine plural)
tardum (dative masculine plural)
tardēm (dative feminine plural)
tardum (dative feminine plural)
tardēm (dative neuter plural)
tardum (dative neuter plural)
tardēm (instrumental masculine plural)
tardum (instrumental masculine plural)
tardēm (feminine instrumental plural)
tardum (feminine instrumental plural)
tardēm (instrumental neuter plural)
tardum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *tard

Middle Low German: tart

Old Dutch: *tard, *tart

Middle Dutch: taert

⇒ Middle Dutch: vertaert

Dutch: vertaart, vertaard

Old High German: zart

Middle High German: zart

Bavarian:

Viennese: zårt

German: zart
→ Danish: sart
→ Swedish: sart

Luxembourgish: zaart

Yiddish: צאַרט (tsart)

⇒ Yiddish: צערטלעך (tsertlekh)

→ Middle Dutch: tsaert, saert

→ Saterland Frisian: tsoart

→ Middle Low German: tzart, zart, sart

German Low German: zart

Unknown. Suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to split, tear”), whence *teran (“to tear”), and compared with Persian درت (dart, “harassed”).


dumb

head

*dumb (comparative *dumbiʀō, superlative *dumbist)

dumbiʀō (comparative)
dumbist (superlative)
dumb (masculine nominative singular)
dumbu (feminine nominative singular)
dumb (neuter nominative singular)
dumbanā (accusative masculine singular)
dumbā (accusative feminine singular)
dumb (accusative neuter singular)
dumbas (genitive masculine singular)
dumbeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
dumbas (genitive neuter singular)
dumbumē (dative masculine singular)
dumbeʀē (dative feminine singular)
dumbumē (dative neuter singular)
dumbu (instrumental masculine singular)
dumbeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
dumbu (instrumental neuter singular)
dumbē (masculine nominative plural)
dumbō (feminine nominative plural)
dumbu (neuter nominative plural)
dumbā (accusative masculine plural)
dumbā (accusative feminine plural)
dumbu (accusative neuter plural)
dumbeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
dumbeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
dumbeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
dumbēm (dative masculine plural)
dumbum (dative masculine plural)
dumbēm (dative feminine plural)
dumbum (dative feminine plural)
dumbēm (dative neuter plural)
dumbum (dative neuter plural)
dumbēm (instrumental masculine plural)
dumbum (instrumental masculine plural)
dumbēm (feminine instrumental plural)
dumbum (feminine instrumental plural)
dumbēm (instrumental neuter plural)
dumbum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: dumb
Middle English: dumb
Scots: dumb
English: dumb

Old Frisian: dumb

North Frisian: dom, domme

Saterland Frisian: dum

West Frisian: dom

Old Saxon: dumb

Middle Low German: dum

Low German: dumm

Old Dutch: dump
Middle Dutch: dom, dumb, domb, dum
Dutch: dom
Afrikaans: dom
Berbice Creole Dutch: dum
Negerhollands: dom, dum
→ Sranan Tongo: don (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: dómb

Old High German: tumb
Middle High German: tump
German: dumm (Central German), tumb (Upper German, archaic)
Hunsrik: dumm
Luxembourgish: domm


bod

bod (nominative singular)
bodu (nominative plural)
bod (accusative singular)
bodu (accusative plural)
bodas (genitive singular)
bodō (genitive plural)
bodē (dative singular)
bodum (dative plural)
bodu (instrumental singular)
bodum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bod

Middle English: bod

English: bode

Old Frisian: bod

Old Saxon: *bod

Middle Low German: *bot

Plautdietsch: Boot

Old Dutch: *bot

Middle Dutch: bot

Dutch: bod

Afrikaans: bod


swart

swart (masculine nominative singular)
swartu (feminine nominative singular)
swart (neuter nominative singular)
swartanā (accusative masculine singular)
swartā (accusative feminine singular)
swart (accusative neuter singular)
swartas (genitive masculine singular)
swarteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
swartas (genitive neuter singular)
swartumē (dative masculine singular)
swarteʀē (dative feminine singular)
swartumē (dative neuter singular)
swartu (instrumental masculine singular)
swarteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
swartu (instrumental neuter singular)
swartē (masculine nominative plural)
swartō (feminine nominative plural)
swartu (neuter nominative plural)
swartā (accusative masculine plural)
swartā (accusative feminine plural)
swartu (accusative neuter plural)
swarteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
swarteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
swarteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
swartēm (dative masculine plural)
swartum (dative masculine plural)
swartēm (dative feminine plural)
swartum (dative feminine plural)
swartēm (dative neuter plural)
swartum (dative neuter plural)
swartēm (instrumental masculine plural)
swartum (instrumental masculine plural)
swartēm (feminine instrumental plural)
swartum (feminine instrumental plural)
swartēm (instrumental neuter plural)
swartum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sweart, swyart, swart, swært
Middle English: swart
English: swart, swarth
Scots: swart

Old Frisian: swart, swert

North Frisian: suart, suurt

Saterland Frisian: swot, swoot

West Frisian: swart

Old Saxon: swart
Middle Low German: swart
Low German: swart
German Low German: swart, schwart
Hamburgisch: swatt
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: swatt
Paderbornisch: schwart
Lippisch: schwart
Ravensbergisch: swārt, swat
Sauerländisch: schwart, schwatt, schwuat, schwoart, schwuart, schwoert
Westmünsterländisch: schwatt, schwott, schwart
→ German: schwatt
Plautdietsch: schwoat
→ Danish: sværte (“black dye”)

Old Dutch: *swart

Middle Dutch: swart
Dutch: zwart
Afrikaans: swart
Limburgish: zwart
West Flemish: zwort

Old High German: swarz
Middle High German: swarz
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: schwàrz
Swabian: schwardds
Bavarian: schwoarz
Cimbrian: sbartz
Mòcheno: schbòrz
Central Franconian: schwatz, zjwats
Hunsrik: schwarz
German: schwarz
Luxembourgish: schwaarz
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: schwoaz
Pennsylvania German: schwatz
Vilamovian: świöc
Yiddish: שוואַרץ (shvarts)


sinn

sinn (nominative singular)
sinnō (nominative plural)
sinnōs (nominative plural)
sinn (accusative singular)
sinnā (accusative plural)
sinnas (genitive singular)
sinnō (genitive plural)
sinnē (dative singular)
sinnum (dative plural)
sinnu (instrumental singular)
sinnum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sinn, sin

Saterland Frisian: Sin

West Frisian: sin

Old Saxon: *sinn

Middle Low German: sin

German Low German: Sinn

→ Danish: sind

→ Norwegian Bokmål: sinn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sinn

→ Old Swedish: sin

Swedish: sinne

Old Dutch: sin

Middle Dutch: sin
Dutch: zin
Afrikaans: sin
Negerhollands: sin
Limburgish: zin

Old High German: sin
Middle High German: sin
German: Sinn
Luxembourgish: Sënn
Yiddish: זין (zin)

→ Latin: *sennus, *sinnus (see there for further descendants)


hait

hait (masculine nominative singular)
haitu (feminine nominative singular)
hait (neuter nominative singular)
haitanā (accusative masculine singular)
haitā (accusative feminine singular)
hait (accusative neuter singular)
haitas (genitive masculine singular)
haiteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haitas (genitive neuter singular)
haitumē (dative masculine singular)
haiteʀē (dative feminine singular)
haitumē (dative neuter singular)
haitu (instrumental masculine singular)
haiteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haitu (instrumental neuter singular)
haitē (masculine nominative plural)
haitō (feminine nominative plural)
haitu (neuter nominative plural)
haitā (accusative masculine plural)
haitā (accusative feminine plural)
haitu (accusative neuter plural)
haiteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
haiteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
haiteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haitēm (dative masculine plural)
haitum (dative masculine plural)
haitēm (dative feminine plural)
haitum (dative feminine plural)
haitēm (dative neuter plural)
haitum (dative neuter plural)
haitēm (instrumental masculine plural)
haitum (instrumental masculine plural)
haitēm (feminine instrumental plural)
haitum (feminine instrumental plural)
haitēm (instrumental neuter plural)
haitum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hāt
Middle English: hot, hote, hoot, hoote, hoth, whote, hate, hatte (northern)
English: hot
Geordie English: het
Scots: hat, hait, hate
Yola: hoat, hote, hoate

Old Frisian: hēt

North Frisian: hiet

Saterland Frisian: heet

West Frisian: hjit, hyt

Old Saxon: hēt
Middle Low German: hêt
German Low German: heet
Low German: heet, heit, hitt

Old Dutch: hēt
Middle Dutch: hêet
Dutch: heet, heit (dialectal)
Berbice Creole Dutch: hete
Jersey Dutch: heît
Negerhollands: heet
Limburgish: heit

Old High German: heiz
Middle High German: heiz
Bavarian: hoaß
Central Franconian: heeß, hääß, heiß
East Central German: heeß
German: heiß, heiss
Hunsrik: heis
Yiddish: הייס (heys)


hait

hait (nominative singular)
haitu (nominative plural)
hait (accusative singular)
haitu (accusative plural)
haitas (genitive singular)
haitō (genitive plural)
haitē (dative singular)
haitum (dative plural)
haitu (instrumental singular)
haitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hāt
English: hote, hot, hate, hat


fuir

fuir (nominative singular)
fuiru (nominative plural)
fuir (accusative singular)
fuiru (accusative plural)
fuiras (genitive singular)
fuirō (genitive plural)
fuirē (dative singular)
fuirum (dative plural)
fuiru (instrumental singular)
fuirum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fȳr
Middle English: fyr, fer, fier, fir, fyre, vir, fer (East Anglia), fuir, fur, fuyr, vur (Southern, West Midland), ver (Kent)
English: fire
→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)
Sranan Tongo: faya
Scots: fyre, feier
Yola: vire, vier

Old Frisian: fiūr, fiōr

Saterland Frisian: Fjúur

West Frisian: fjoer

Old Saxon: fiur
Middle Low German: vǖr
Low German: Füür
German Low German: Füür, Füer, Für
Plautdietsch: Fia

Old Dutch: fuïr

Middle Dutch: vuur
Dutch: vuur, vier (Southern)
Afrikaans: vuur
Javindo: vier
Jersey Dutch: vuer, vîr
Negerhollands: vuur, fi, vier
Skepi Creole Dutch: fir
Limburgish: vuur
West Flemish: vier
Zealandic: vier

Old High German: fuïr (early), fiur

Middle High German: viur, viwer, viuwer

Alemannic German: Füür

Alsatian: Fiir

Swabian: Feier, Fuiet, Fuur, Feiar

Walser: fir

Bavarian: Faia, Feia

Cimbrian: vôar, bôar, vaür

Mòcheno: vaier

Central Franconian: Füür, Feier, Fouer

Hunsrik: Feier, fayer

German: Feuer

East Central German:

Silesian East Central German: Feier

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Faia

Pennsylvania German: Feier

Luxembourgish: Feier

Vilamovian: faojer

Yiddish: פֿײַער (fayer)


fait

fait (masculine nominative singular)
faitu (feminine nominative singular)
fait (neuter nominative singular)
faitanā (accusative masculine singular)
faitā (accusative feminine singular)
fait (accusative neuter singular)
faitas (genitive masculine singular)
faiteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
faitas (genitive neuter singular)
faitumē (dative masculine singular)
faiteʀē (dative feminine singular)
faitumē (dative neuter singular)
faitu (instrumental masculine singular)
faiteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
faitu (instrumental neuter singular)
faitē (masculine nominative plural)
faitō (feminine nominative plural)
faitu (neuter nominative plural)
faitā (accusative masculine plural)
faitā (accusative feminine plural)
faitu (accusative neuter plural)
faiteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faiteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faiteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
faitēm (dative masculine plural)
faitum (dative masculine plural)
faitēm (dative feminine plural)
faitum (dative feminine plural)
faitēm (dative neuter plural)
faitum (dative neuter plural)
faitēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faitum (instrumental masculine plural)
faitēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faitum (feminine instrumental plural)
faitēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faitum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: fat, fet

Saterland Frisian: fat

West Frisian: fet

Old Saxon: *fēt

Middle Low German: vēt, veet

Old Dutch: feit, *fēt

Old High German: *feiz

Middle High German: veiz

Cimbrian: bòas

German: feiß (obsolete)


fait

fait (nominative singular)
faitu (nominative plural)
fait (accusative singular)
faitu (accusative plural)
faitas (genitive singular)
faitō (genitive plural)
faitē (dative singular)
faitum (dative plural)
faitu (instrumental singular)
faitum (instrumental plural)
fait (nominative singular)
faitō (nominative plural)
faitōs (nominative plural)
fait (accusative singular)
faitā (accusative plural)
faitas (genitive singular)
faitō (genitive plural)
faitē (dative singular)
faitum (dative plural)
faitu (instrumental singular)
faitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣt m

Middle English: fat, fatt, fatte

English: fat

Scots: fatt, fat

Old Frisian: *fat, *fet

Saterland Frisian: Fatt m

West Frisian: fet n

Old Saxon: *fēt

desc

Middle Low German: vêt, vet, vett, vette n

German Low German: Fett

→ German: Fett n

→ Middle High German: fette, vette f

German: Fette f

→? Danish: fedt n

→? Norwegian Bokmål: fett n

→? Faroese: feitt n

→? Swedish: fett n

→? Norwegian Nynorsk: feitt n

Old Dutch: fēt n

Middle Dutch: vet

Dutch: vet

Afrikaans: vet

Old High German: *feiz

gl

Middle High German: feiz, feize, veiz, veize f (alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *faitī f)

From Proto-Germanic *faitą, *faitaz (“fat”).


mari

mari (nominative singular)
marī (nominative plural)
mari (accusative singular)
marī (accusative plural)
marī (genitive singular)
marjō (genitive plural)
marī (dative singular)
marim (dative plural)
marjum (dative plural)
marī (instrumental singular)
marim (instrumental plural)
marjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mere m
Middle English: mere
English: mere
Scots: mere

Old Frisian: mere n

Saterland Frisian: Meer

West Frisian: mar

Old Saxon: meri f

Middle Low German: mer n

Low German: Meer

German Low German: Meer

Plautdietsch: Mäa

Old Dutch: meri n

Middle Dutch: mēre f or n
Dutch: meer
Afrikaans: meer

Old High German: meri m or n
Middle High German: mer
German: Meer


bast

bast (nominative singular)
bastō (nominative plural)
bastōs (nominative plural)
bast (accusative singular)
bastā (accusative plural)
bastas (genitive singular)
bastō (genitive plural)
bastē (dative singular)
bastum (dative plural)
bastu (instrumental singular)
bastum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæst
Middle English: bast, baste
English: bast, bass
Scots: bass

Old Saxon: bast

Middle Low German: bast

→ Old Norse: bast

Faroese: bast

Old Swedish: bast

Swedish: bast

Old Danish: bast

Danish: bast

Old Dutch: *bast

Middle Dutch: bast

Dutch: bast

Afrikaans: bas

Old High German: bast

German: Bast

Uncertain; suggested to be an alteration of Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- ~ *bʰasḱ- (“bundle, heap, load”), itself thought to be a substrate term adopted by multiple Indo-European branches (for which see Latin fascis (“bundle”) for more), but this is disputed.


sair

sair (masculine nominative singular)
sairu (feminine nominative singular)
sair (neuter nominative singular)
sairanā (accusative masculine singular)
sairā (accusative feminine singular)
sair (accusative neuter singular)
sairas (genitive masculine singular)
saireʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sairas (genitive neuter singular)
sairumē (dative masculine singular)
saireʀē (dative feminine singular)
sairumē (dative neuter singular)
sairu (instrumental masculine singular)
saireʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sairu (instrumental neuter singular)
sairē (masculine nominative plural)
sairō (feminine nominative plural)
sairu (neuter nominative plural)
sairā (accusative masculine plural)
sairā (accusative feminine plural)
sairu (accusative neuter plural)
saireʀō (genitive masculine plural)
saireʀō (feminine genitive plural)
saireʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sairēm (dative masculine plural)
sairum (dative masculine plural)
sairēm (dative feminine plural)
sairum (dative feminine plural)
sairēm (dative neuter plural)
sairum (dative neuter plural)
sairēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sairum (instrumental masculine plural)
sairēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sairum (feminine instrumental plural)
sairēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sairum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sār

Middle English: sore, sar, sor

Scots: sare, sair

English: sore

Old Frisian: *sēr, *sār

Saterland Frisian: seer

West Frisian: sear

Old Saxon: *sēr

Middle Low German: sēr

Low German: sehr

Old Dutch: *sēr

Middle Dutch: sêer

Dutch: zeer

Afrikaans: seer

Old High German: sēr

Middle High German: sēr

Alemannic German: seer

German: sehr

Luxembourgish: séier

Yiddish: זייער (zeyer)


sair

sair (nominative singular)
sairu (nominative plural)
sair (accusative singular)
sairu (accusative plural)
sairas (genitive singular)
sairō (genitive plural)
sairē (dative singular)
sairum (dative plural)
sairu (instrumental singular)
sairum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sār

English: sore

Old Dutch: sēr

Middle Dutch: sêer

Dutch: zeer

From Proto-Germanic *sairą, cognate with Proto-Norse *ᛊᚨᛁᚱᚨ (*saira).


akan

akan (infinitive)
akannjas (genitive infinitive)
akannjē (dative infinitive)
akannju (infinitive instrumental)
aku (first-person present singular)
ōk (first-person past singular)
akiʀi (present second-person singular)
ōkī (past second-person singular)
akidi (present singular third-person)
ōk (past singular third-person)
akum (first-person plural present)
ōkum (first-person past plural)
akid (plural present second-person)
ōkud (past plural second-person)
akand (plural present third-person)
ōkun (past plural third-person)
akē (first-person present singular)
ōkī (first-person past singular)
akēs (present second-person singular)
akē (present singular third-person)
ōkī (past singular third-person)
akēm (first-person plural present)
ōkīm (first-person past plural)
akēþ (plural present second-person)
ōkīd (past plural second-person)
akēn (plural present third-person)
ōkīn (past plural third-person)
ak (present singular)
akid (plural present)
akandī (participle present)
akan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: acan
Middle English: aken, ake, eken
English: ache
Scots: yawk
Yola: aake

Old Frisian: *aka

Saterland Frisian: ääke, eeke

Old Saxon: *akan

Middle Low German: aken

Low German: aken, äken, achen

Old Dutch: *akan

⇒ Middle Dutch: ākel

⇒ Dutch: akelig


peru

peru (nominative singular)
perō (nominative plural)
perā (accusative singular)
perā (accusative plural)
perā (genitive singular)
perō (genitive plural)
perē (dative singular)
perōm (dative plural)
perum (dative plural)
peru (instrumental singular)
perōm (instrumental plural)
perum (instrumental plural)

Old English: peru, pere
Middle English: pere, peere, per, peire, peore, peare
English: pear
→⇒ Chinese: 啤梨 (pílí)
→⇒ Khmer: ផ្លែភា (phlae phiə)
→ Sotho: pere
→ Thai: แพร์ (pɛɛ)
→ Tokelauan: pea
→ Xhosa: ipere
Scots: peer, peir
→ Scottish Gaelic: peur

Old Frisian: *pere

Saterland Frisian: Pere

West Frisian: par

Old Saxon: *pera

Middle Low German: bêre, pêre

German Low German:

North Low German:

Grafschaftish: Beäre

Low Prussian, Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Peer

Westphalian:

q

Sauerländisch: Biär, Biäre (Sündern, Assinghausen, Elpe, Kirchhundem), Bier (Balve), Beere (Brilon, Wenden), Bäre (Niedersfeld), Biare (Drolshagen, Olpe)

Westmünsterländisch: Peere

South Westphalian: Beär (Dortmund)

→ Old Norse: pera

Norwegian: pære

Danish: pære
→ Greenlandic: pære

Swedish: päron
→ Finnish: päärynä

desctree

Old Dutch: *pera
Middle Dutch: pēre
Dutch: peer
Afrikaans: peer
Jersey Dutch: pêr
→ Aukan: peli
→ Saramaccan: péíli (from the diminutive form)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin pira f, Latin pirum n (“pear”).


kurt

kurt (masculine nominative singular)
kurtu (feminine nominative singular)
kurt (neuter nominative singular)
kortanā (accusative masculine singular)
kortā (accusative feminine singular)
kurt (accusative neuter singular)
kortas (genitive masculine singular)
kurteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kortas (genitive neuter singular)
kurtumē (dative masculine singular)
kurteʀē (dative feminine singular)
kurtumē (dative neuter singular)
kurtu (instrumental masculine singular)
kurteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kurtu (instrumental neuter singular)
kurtē (masculine nominative plural)
kortō (feminine nominative plural)
kurtu (neuter nominative plural)
kortā (accusative masculine plural)
kortā (accusative feminine plural)
kurtu (accusative neuter plural)
kurteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kurteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kurteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kurtēm (dative masculine plural)
kurtum (dative masculine plural)
kurtēm (dative feminine plural)
kurtum (dative feminine plural)
kurtēm (dative neuter plural)
kurtum (dative neuter plural)
kurtēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kurtum (instrumental masculine plural)
kurtēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kurtum (feminine instrumental plural)
kurtēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kurtum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: kurt, kort

Saterland Frisian: kuut

West Frisian: koart

Old Saxon: kurt

Middle Low German: kort

Low German: kort

→ Old Norse: kurtr, kortr

Danish: kort

Faroese: kortur

Icelandic: kortur

Norwegian: kort

Swedish: kort

Old Dutch: curt
Middle Dutch: curt, cort
Dutch: kort
Afrikaans: kort
Negerhollands: kort, kot
Skepi Creole Dutch: kort

Old High German: kurz
Middle High German: kurz, korz, kurt
Central Franconian: kurt, kurz, korz (Moselle Franconian), koot (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: korz
Luxembourgish: kuerz
German: kurz
Yiddish: קורץ (kurts)

Borrowed from Latin curtus. Possible doublet of *skurt.


sam

sam (masculine nominative singular)
samu (feminine nominative singular)
sam (neuter nominative singular)
samanā (accusative masculine singular)
samā (accusative feminine singular)
sam (accusative neuter singular)
samas (genitive masculine singular)
sameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
samas (genitive neuter singular)
samumē (dative masculine singular)
sameʀē (dative feminine singular)
samumē (dative neuter singular)
samu (instrumental masculine singular)
sameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
samu (instrumental neuter singular)
samē (masculine nominative plural)
samō (feminine nominative plural)
samu (neuter nominative plural)
samā (accusative masculine plural)
samā (accusative feminine plural)
samu (accusative neuter plural)
sameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
samēm (dative masculine plural)
samum (dative masculine plural)
samēm (dative feminine plural)
samum (dative feminine plural)
samēm (dative neuter plural)
samum (dative neuter plural)
samēm (instrumental masculine plural)
samum (instrumental masculine plural)
samēm (feminine instrumental plural)
samum (feminine instrumental plural)
samēm (instrumental neuter plural)
samum (instrumental neuter plural)

⇒ Old English: same (adverb), sama, some
Middle English: same (conflated with Old Norse borrowing)
English: same

⇒ Old English: sam (conjunction)

Old Frisian: sam

Old Dutch: *sam

⇒ Middle Dutch: sam (conjunction)


wald

wald (nominative singular)
waldu (nominative plural)
wald (accusative singular)
waldu (accusative plural)
waldas (genitive singular)
waldō (genitive plural)
waldē (dative singular)
waldum (dative plural)
waldu (instrumental singular)
waldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weald

Middle English: wald

English: wald

Old Dutch: *wald

Old High German: walt

From Proto-Germanic *waldą. Deverbal noun from the root of *waldan.


wald

wald (nominative singular)
waldō (nominative plural)
waldōs (nominative plural)
wald (accusative singular)
waldā (accusative plural)
waldas (genitive singular)
waldō (genitive plural)
waldē (dative singular)
waldum (dative plural)
waldu (instrumental singular)
waldum (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Germanic *waldaz. Cognate with Old Norse valdr of the same meaning.

herautFrench: héraut→ Portuguese: arauto→ Spanish: heraldo

herald

→ Middle English: herald, herauld, heraud

⇒ Old French: cucuault→ Middle English: cokewold

Spanish: faraute (“presenter (of the beginning of a comedy)”)

smug, proud (of one's appearance or clothing)

→ French: faraudLouisiana Creole: faraud


wald

wald (masculine nominative singular)
waldu (feminine nominative singular)
wald (neuter nominative singular)
waldanā (accusative masculine singular)
waldā (accusative feminine singular)
wald (accusative neuter singular)
waldas (genitive masculine singular)
waldeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
waldas (genitive neuter singular)
waldumē (dative masculine singular)
waldeʀē (dative feminine singular)
waldumē (dative neuter singular)
waldu (instrumental masculine singular)
waldeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
waldu (instrumental neuter singular)
waldē (masculine nominative plural)
waldō (feminine nominative plural)
waldu (neuter nominative plural)
waldā (accusative masculine plural)
waldā (accusative feminine plural)
waldu (accusative neuter plural)
waldeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
waldeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
waldeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
waldēm (dative masculine plural)
waldum (dative masculine plural)
waldēm (dative feminine plural)
waldum (dative feminine plural)
waldēm (dative neuter plural)
waldum (dative neuter plural)
waldēm (instrumental masculine plural)
waldum (instrumental masculine plural)
waldēm (feminine instrumental plural)
waldum (feminine instrumental plural)
waldēm (instrumental neuter plural)
waldum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: weald

From Proto-Germanic *waldaz. Cognate with Old Norse valdr (“causing, guilty of”).


hindi

hindi (nominative singular)
hindī (nominative plural)
hindi (accusative singular)
hindī (accusative plural)
hindī (genitive singular)
hindijō (genitive plural)
hindī (dative singular)
hindim (dative plural)
hindijum (dative plural)
hindī (instrumental singular)
hindim (instrumental plural)
hindijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hind

Middle English: hind, hinde, hynde

Scots: hynde, hynd, hind

English: hind

Old Frisian: *hind

West Frisian: hine

Old Saxon: *hind

Middle Low German: hinde

Old Dutch: *hind

Middle Dutch: hinde

Dutch: hinde

Old High German: hinta, hinna

Middle High German: hinte, hinde

German: Hinde


saum

saum (nominative singular)
saumō (nominative plural)
saumōs (nominative plural)
saum (accusative singular)
saumā (accusative plural)
saumas (genitive singular)
saumō (genitive plural)
saumē (dative singular)
saumum (dative plural)
saumu (instrumental singular)
saumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēam
Middle English: seem, ceem, ceme, sem, seme, seyme
English: seam
Scots: seam

Old Frisian: sām

Saterland Frisian: Soom

West Frisian: seam

Old Saxon: sōm

Middle Low German: sôm

Low German: Soom

Plautdietsch: Soom

Old Dutch: sōm, *soum

Middle Dutch: sôom

Dutch: zoom

Afrikaans: soom

Old High German: soum

Middle High German: soum

German: Saum

Luxembourgish: Sam


saum

Old English: sēam, sēom

Middle English: seem, ceme, sem, seme, sæm (Early Middle English)
English: seam (historical)

⇒ Old English: ofersēam (“bag”)

Old Saxon: sōm

Middle Low German: sôm, sôme, zoem

Old High German: soum, sogma

Middle High German: soum, sôm

German: Saum (dialectal, obsolete)

⇒ Old High German: gisoumi (“luggage”)

desc

⇒ Old High German: gisoumilīn (“parcel”)

⇒ Old High German: soumgiziugi (“harness; provisions case”)

Borrowed from Late Latin sauma, from Latin sagma (“packsaddle”).

sômpenninc

Old Saxon: sōmpenning; Middle Low German


ili

ili (nominative singular)
iliþi (nominative plural)
ili (accusative singular)
iliþi (accusative plural)
iliþi (genitive singular)
iliþō (genitive plural)
iliþi (dative singular)
iliþum (dative plural)
iliþi (instrumental singular)
iliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ill n, ile m

Old Frisian: ili, ile, il

North Frisian: il, eel

Saterland Frisian: Íelt

West Frisian: yl, ylt

Old Saxon: *ili, *ilthi

Middle Low German: īle, ēle, ēlde, ēlt n

Low German: Elt, Eelt

Old Dutch: *ili, *ilithi, *ilthi

gl

Middle Dutch: *ele, *elede, *elde, *elet, *ēlt (alternatively, borrowed from Middle Low German)

Dutch: eelt

Afrikaans: eelt


nat

nat (masculine nominative singular)
natu (feminine nominative singular)
nat (neuter nominative singular)
natanā (accusative masculine singular)
natā (accusative feminine singular)
nat (accusative neuter singular)
natas (genitive masculine singular)
nateʀā (feminine genitive singular)
natas (genitive neuter singular)
natumē (dative masculine singular)
nateʀē (dative feminine singular)
natumē (dative neuter singular)
natu (instrumental masculine singular)
nateʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
natu (instrumental neuter singular)
natē (masculine nominative plural)
natō (feminine nominative plural)
natu (neuter nominative plural)
natā (accusative masculine plural)
natā (accusative feminine plural)
natu (accusative neuter plural)
nateʀō (genitive masculine plural)
nateʀō (feminine genitive plural)
nateʀō (genitive neuter plural)
natēm (dative masculine plural)
natum (dative masculine plural)
natēm (dative feminine plural)
natum (dative feminine plural)
natēm (dative neuter plural)
natum (dative neuter plural)
natēm (instrumental masculine plural)
natum (instrumental masculine plural)
natēm (feminine instrumental plural)
natum (feminine instrumental plural)
natēm (instrumental neuter plural)
natum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *nat

Middle Low German: nat

German Low German: natt

Old Dutch: nat

Middle Dutch: nat

Dutch: nat

Afrikaans: nat

Limburgish: naat

Old High German: naz

Middle High German: naz

German: nass

Luxembourgish: naass

Vilamovian: noss

Yiddish: נאַס (nas)


aud

aud (nominative singular)
audō (nominative plural)
audōs (nominative plural)
aud (accusative singular)
audā (accusative plural)
audas (genitive singular)
audō (genitive plural)
audē (dative singular)
audum (dative plural)
audu (instrumental singular)
audum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ēad
Middle English: ead, ed

Old Saxon: ōd

Old High German: ōt


midi

Old English: mid, miþ, mit

Middle English: mid

English: mid

desc

Old Frisian: mith, mit, mei, mithi, mithe, methe

North Frisian: mits

Saterland Frisian: mäd

West Frisian: mei

Old Saxon: mid, midi, mit, met

Middle Low German: mēde, mid

Low German: mit, met

desctree

Old Dutch: mit, mid, midi, bit (rare)
Middle Dutch: met
Dutch: met
Limburgish: mit

Old High German: mit, miti
Middle High German: mite, mit
Bavarian: mit
Cimbrian: met
German: mit
Hunsrik: mit
Luxembourgish: mat
Vilamovian: myt
Yiddish: מיט (mit)

From Proto-Germanic *midi, from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, from *me (“with”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “among, between, with”), Sanskrit स्मत् (smat, “together, at the same time”).


midi

midi (masculine nominative singular)
middju (feminine nominative singular)
midi (neuter nominative singular)
middjanā (accusative masculine singular)
middjā (accusative feminine singular)
midi (accusative neuter singular)
middjas (genitive masculine singular)
middjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
middjas (genitive neuter singular)
middjumē (dative masculine singular)
middjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
middjumē (dative neuter singular)
middju (instrumental masculine singular)
middjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
middju (instrumental neuter singular)
middjē (masculine nominative plural)
middjō (feminine nominative plural)
middju (neuter nominative plural)
middjā (accusative masculine plural)
middjā (accusative feminine plural)
middju (accusative neuter plural)
middjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
middjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
middjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
middjēm (dative masculine plural)
middjum (dative masculine plural)
middjēm (dative feminine plural)
middjum (dative feminine plural)
middjēm (dative neuter plural)
middjum (dative neuter plural)
middjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
middjum (instrumental masculine plural)
middjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
middjum (feminine instrumental plural)
middjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
middjum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: midd

Middle English: midde

English: mid

Old Frisian: midde

West Frisian: mid-

Old Saxon: middi

Middle Low German: midde

Old Dutch: *middi

Middle Dutch: mid-, midden (from the weak dative plural)

Dutch: mid-, midden

Old High German: mitti

Middle High German: mitte

Bavarian: Mittn

German: Mitte (noun)

Luxembourgish: Mëtt


saku

saku (nominative singular)
sakō (nominative plural)
sakā (accusative singular)
sakā (accusative plural)
sakā (genitive singular)
sakō (genitive plural)
sakē (dative singular)
sakōm (dative plural)
sakum (dative plural)
saku (instrumental singular)
sakōm (instrumental plural)
sakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sacu

Middle English: sake, sak, sac

Scots: sak, saik

English: sake

Old Frisian: sake, seke, sek

Saterland Frisian: sec

Saterland Frisian: Seeke

West Frisian: saak

Old Saxon: saka

Middle Low German: sake

Low German: Sake

German Low German: Saak

Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: Saak f, Såk

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Sake f

Old Dutch: saka

Middle Dutch: sāke

Dutch: zaak

Afrikaans: saak

Old High German: sahha, sacha

Middle High German: sache, sach

Bavarian: Såch

German: Sache

Luxembourgish: Saach

Yiddish: זאַך (zakh)

From Proto-Germanic *sakō. Equivalent to *sakan (“to quarrel, argue”) + *-u.


kol

kol (nominative singular)
kolu (nominative plural)
kol (accusative singular)
kolu (accusative plural)
kolas (genitive singular)
kolō (genitive plural)
kolē (dative singular)
kolum (dative plural)
kolu (instrumental singular)
kolum (instrumental plural)

Old English: col

Middle English: col, cole

English: coal

Scots: col, coll

Old Frisian: kole

Saterland Frisian: Cole, Koole

West Frisian: koal

Old Saxon: *kol

Middle Low German: kole

German Low German: Kahl, Kaal

Plautdietsch: Kol

Old Dutch: *kol

Middle Dutch: kole

desctree

Dutch: kool
Afrikaans: kool
Jersey Dutch: kôl
Negerhollands: kool
→ Caribbean Hindustani: koro
→ Chinese: 高麗 /高丽, 高麗菜／高丽菜 (via Min Nan)
→ Indonesian: kol
→ Mahican: gónan
→ Papiamentu: kolo
→ Sranan Tongo: kolo

Limburgish: kaol

Old High German: kol
Middle High German: kol
Cimbrian: kholl
German: Kohle
Luxembourgish: Kuel
Yiddish: קויל (koyl)


haft

haft (masculine nominative singular)
haftu (feminine nominative singular)
haft (neuter nominative singular)
haftanā (accusative masculine singular)
haftā (accusative feminine singular)
haft (accusative neuter singular)
haftas (genitive masculine singular)
hafteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haftas (genitive neuter singular)
haftumē (dative masculine singular)
hafteʀē (dative feminine singular)
haftumē (dative neuter singular)
haftu (instrumental masculine singular)
hafteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haftu (instrumental neuter singular)
haftē (masculine nominative plural)
haftō (feminine nominative plural)
haftu (neuter nominative plural)
haftā (accusative masculine plural)
haftā (accusative feminine plural)
haftu (accusative neuter plural)
hafteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hafteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hafteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haftēm (dative masculine plural)
haftum (dative masculine plural)
haftēm (dative feminine plural)
haftum (dative feminine plural)
haftēm (dative neuter plural)
haftum (dative neuter plural)
haftēm (instrumental masculine plural)
haftum (instrumental masculine plural)
haftēm (feminine instrumental plural)
haftum (feminine instrumental plural)
haftēm (instrumental neuter plural)
haftum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hæft

Old Saxon: -haft

Old Dutch: -haft

Middle Dutch: -acht, -achtig

Dutch: -acht, -achtig

Old High German: haft

Middle High German: -haft

German: -haft

→ Dutch: -haftig