hopōn

hopōn (infinitive)
hopōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hopōnijē (dative infinitive)
hopōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hopō (first-person present singular)
hopōdā (first-person past singular)
hopōs (present second-person singular)
hopōdēs (past second-person singular)
hopōdōs (past second-person singular)
hopōþ (present singular third-person)
hopōdē (past singular third-person)
hopōdā (past singular third-person)
hopōm (first-person plural present)
hopōdum (first-person past plural)
hopōþ (plural present second-person)
hopōdud (past plural second-person)
hopōnþ (plural present third-person)
hopōdun (past plural third-person)
hopōdī (first-person past singular)
hopōdī (past second-person singular)
hopō (present singular third-person)
hopōdī (past singular third-person)
hopōdīm (first-person past plural)
hopōdīd (past plural second-person)
hopōn (plural present third-person)
hopōdīn (past plural third-person)
hopō (present singular)
hopōþ (plural present)
hopōndī (participle present)
hopōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: hopian
Middle English: hopen
English: hope
Scots: hope, hoip, houp

Old Frisian: hopia

Saterland Frisian: hoopje

West Frisian: hoopje

Old Saxon: hopōn

Middle Low German: hōpen, höpen

German Low German:

Ostfriesisch (East Frisian): hopen

Paderbornisch: hoäpen

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch, Sauerländisch: huapen

Sauerländisch: hoapen (Niedersfeld)

Sauerländisch: hōepen (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: hoppen

→ Faroese: hopa

→ Norwegian Bokmål: håpe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: håpa, håpe

→⇒ Elfdalian: oppas

→⇒ Swedish: hoppas

→ Danish: håbe

Old Dutch: hopon
Middle Dutch: hōpen
Dutch: hopen
Limburgish: haope

q

Old High German: *hoffōn (uncertain, at most northern; perhaps introduced by Anglo-Saxon missionaries)

Middle High German: hoffen (chiefly northern)

Cimbrian: hòffan

German: hoffen

Luxembourgish: hoffen

Vilamovian: höffa

Yiddish: האָפֿן (hofn)

Unknown; sometimes compared to Ancient Greek κύπτω (kúptō, “to bend forward, stoop”).


rekanōn

rekanōn (infinitive)
rekanōnijas (genitive infinitive)
rekanōnijē (dative infinitive)
rekanōniju (infinitive instrumental)
rekanō (first-person present singular)
rekanōdā (first-person past singular)
rekanōs (present second-person singular)
rekanōdēs (past second-person singular)
rekanōdōs (past second-person singular)
rekanōþ (present singular third-person)
rekanōdē (past singular third-person)
rekanōdā (past singular third-person)
rekanōm (first-person plural present)
rekanōdum (first-person past plural)
rekanōþ (plural present second-person)
rekanōdud (past plural second-person)
rekanōnþ (plural present third-person)
rekanōdun (past plural third-person)
rekanōdī (first-person past singular)
rekanōdī (past second-person singular)
rekanō (present singular third-person)
rekanōdī (past singular third-person)
rekanōdīm (first-person past plural)
rekanōdīd (past plural second-person)
rekanōn (plural present third-person)
rekanōdīn (past plural third-person)
rekanō (present singular)
rekanōþ (plural present)
rekanōndī (participle present)
rekanōd (participle past)

Old English: recenian, ġerecenian

desc

Middle English: rekenen, reknen, reckenen

Scots: rekkin, rakkin

English: reckon

Old Frisian: rekenia, reknia

Saterland Frisian: reekenje

West Frisian: rekkenje

Old Saxon: *rekanōn

Middle Low German: rēkenen

Low German: reknen

→ Old Norse: reikna

Icelandic: reikna

Faroese: rokna

Norwegian Nynorsk: reikna, rekna

Elfdalian: rekken

Old Swedish: rǣkna, rēkna

Swedish: räkna

Old Danish: rēknæ

Danish: regne

Norwegian Bokmål: regne

Gutnish: räkne

Scanian: regna

desctree

Old Dutch: *recanon
Middle Dutch: rēkenen
Dutch: rekenen
Afrikaans: reken
Negerhollands: reken, rekend, reeken
→ Caribbean Javanese: rèken, ngrèken
→ Papiamentu: rek, reku, reken
→ Manado Malay: rekeng
Limburgish: raekene

Old High German: rehhanōn

Middle High German: rechenen

German: rechnen

Hunsrik: rechne

Luxembourgish: rechnen

Yiddish: רעכענען (rekhenen)

From *rekan (“right, proper, straight”) + *-ōn. Compare *raku (“an unwinding, an account, tale, reasoning, explanation”).


wōstijan

wōstijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wōstijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wōstijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wōstijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wōstiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wōstidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wōstisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wōstidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōstidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōstiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wōstidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōstidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōstijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wōstidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wōstiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wōstidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wōstijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wōstidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wōstijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wōstidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wōstijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wōstidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōstijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wōstidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōstijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wōstidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wōstijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wōstidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wōstijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wōstidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wōsti (class-1 present singular weak)
wōstiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wōstijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wōstid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: wēstan, wœ̄stan
Middle English: westen

Old Saxon: wōstian

Middle Low German: wôsten, wȫsten

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: vorwôsten, vorwȫsten, vörwȫsten, vorwûsten

Low German: verwöösten, verwüsten

→ Saterland Frisian: ferwöistje

→ West Frisian: ferwoastje

⇒ West Frisian: ferwoastgje

Old Dutch: *wuosten

Middle Dutch: woesten

⇒? Dutch: verwoesten

Old High German: wuostjan, wuastjan, wuosten, wuasten

Middle High German: wuosten

German: wüsten

→ Old French: waster, guaster, gastir, gaster

Middle French: gaster

French: gâter

→ Middle English: wasten

English: waste

Scots: wast, waist, weist, weast (partially)

From *wōstī (“uninhabited, desolate, waste”) + *-jan.


bebru

bebru (nominative singular)
bibriwi (nominative plural)
bebrō (nominative plural)
bebru (accusative singular)
bebrū (accusative plural)
bebrō (genitive singular)
bibriwō (genitive plural)
bibriwi (dative singular)
bebrō (dative singular)
bebrum (dative plural)
bebru (instrumental singular)
bebrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: befer, beofor, byfor, bebr, bebir, beber, befor, beofer, beuer
Middle English: bever, beauver, beever, befer, beofer, beuver, bevere, bevre, bevyr, bevyre, bewer, byvre
English: beaver
Scots: bever, baiver
→ Irish: béabhar

Old Frisian: *bever

North Frisian: biiber (or from German?)

West Frisian: bever

Old Saxon: biƀar, biƀor

Middle Low German: bēver

Low German: Bever

Plautdietsch: Bieba (or from German?)

→ Faroese: bævur

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: bever

Norwegian Nynorsk: bever

→ Old Swedish: bæver

Swedish: bäver

→ Old Danish: biauær

Danish: bæver

→ Icelandic: bifur

→ Elfdalian: bäver

→ Gutnish: bävar

Old Dutch: *bevar
Middle Dutch: bēver
Dutch: bever
Afrikaans: bewer
Limburgish: baever

Old High German: bibar, bibur

Middle High German: biber

German: Biber

→ Luxembourgish: Biber

Hunsrik: Biver

Yiddish: ביבער (biber)

→ Old French: bievre (see there for further descendants)


smalljan

smalljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
smalljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
smalljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
smalljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
smallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smalisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smalljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smaliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smalljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smalljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smalljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smalljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smalljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smalljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smalljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smali (class-1 present singular weak)
smaliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
smalljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
smald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *smiellan, *smillan, *smyllan, *smællan, *smellan
Middle English: smellen, smele, smeallen, smillen, smullen
English: smell
Scots: smell
Yola: smele, smoll

Old Frisian: *smella, *smela

Saterland Frisian: smeele

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to burn, smoulder, smoke; tar, pitch”). Cognate with Lithuanian smilkyti (“to incense, fumigate”), Lithuanian smilkti (“to smudge, smolder, fume, reek”), Lithuanian smalkinti (“to fume”), Lithuanian smiltys (“fine sand, dust”), Russian смола́ (smolá, “resin, pitch, tar”), Middle Irish smál, smól, smúal (“fire, gleed, embers, ashes”).


flaiski

flaiski (nominative singular)
flaiskī (nominative plural)
flaiski (accusative singular)
flaiskī (accusative plural)
flaiskī (genitive singular)
flaiskijō (genitive plural)
flaiskī (dative singular)
flaiskim (dative plural)
flaiskijum (dative plural)
flaiskī (instrumental singular)
flaiskim (instrumental plural)
flaiskijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flǣsċ
Middle English: flesh
English: flesh
Scots: flesch
Yola: vleash, vlesh

Old Frisian: flāsk, flēsk
North Frisian:
Mooring: flååsch
Saterland Frisian: Flaask
West Frisian: fleis

Old Saxon: flēsk
Middle Low German: vlêsk, vlêsch, vlês
German Low German:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Low Prussian: Sauerländisch (Olpe, Wenden): Fleisch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Fleesch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Fleesk
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Sauerländisch (Sündern, Balve, Eslohe, Attendorn, Drolshagen, Kirchhundem): Fläis
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Westmünsterländisch: Flees
East Westphalian (Ravensberg), Sauerländisch: Fläisk
East Westphalian: Floisk (Lippe)
Sauerländisch: Flääsk (Niedersfeld), Flais (Felbecke, Elspe)
Plautdietsch: Fleesch

Old Dutch: flēsc
Middle Dutch: vlêesch
Dutch: vlees, vleesch (obsolete), vleis (dialectal, Eastern Netherlands, North Holland)
Afrikaans: vleis
Negerhollands: vleesch, fleis, vleis
→ West Frisian: fleis
Limburgish: vleisj

Old High German: fleisk
Middle High German: vleisch, fleis, fleisch, flēsch, vleis, vlēsch
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Floisch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vlòas, blòas, vlaisch
Central Franconian: Fleesch, Fleisch, Flääsch
Hunsrik: Fleisch
Luxembourgish: Fleesch
German: Fleisch
Rhine Franconian: Flaasch, Flaisch, Fleesch
Pennsylvania German: Fleesch
Vilamovian: fłaś
Yiddish: פֿלייש (fleysh)


habu

habu (nominative singular)
habō (nominative plural)
habā (accusative singular)
habā (accusative plural)
habā (genitive singular)
habō (genitive plural)
habē (dative singular)
habōm (dative plural)
habum (dative plural)
habu (instrumental singular)
habōm (instrumental plural)
habum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hafu

⇒ Old English: *āhafu

⇒ Old English: ūpāhafu

⇒? Middle English: haftre

From Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to lift, raise”). Related to Proto-Germanic *habą.


habu

Old Frisian: have, heve

West Frisian: have

Old Saxon: *hava

Middle Low German: hāve

German Low German: Haav n

⇒ Old Saxon: handhava

desctree

Old Dutch: hava
Middle Dutch: have
Dutch: have

Old High German: haba

Middle High German: habe

German: Habe

⇒ Old High German: hanthaba

Middle High German: hanthabe

German: Handhabe

→ Saterland Frisian: Handhoawe

From Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have, hold”).


stillī

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

stillī (masculine nominative singular)
stilliju (feminine nominative singular)
stillī (neuter nominative singular)
stillijanā (accusative masculine singular)
stillijā (accusative feminine singular)
stillī (accusative neuter singular)
stillijas (genitive masculine singular)
stillijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
stillijas (genitive neuter singular)
stillijumē (dative masculine singular)
stillijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
stillijumē (dative neuter singular)
stilliju (instrumental masculine singular)
stillijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
stilliju (instrumental neuter singular)
stillijē (masculine nominative plural)
stillijō (feminine nominative plural)
stilliju (neuter nominative plural)
stillijā (accusative masculine plural)
stillijā (accusative feminine plural)
stilliju (accusative neuter plural)
stillijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
stillijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
stillijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
stillijēm (dative masculine plural)
stillijum (dative masculine plural)
stillijēm (dative feminine plural)
stillijum (dative feminine plural)
stillijēm (dative neuter plural)
stillijum (dative neuter plural)
stillijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
stillijum (instrumental masculine plural)
stillijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
stillijum (feminine instrumental plural)
stillijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
stillijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: stille
Middle English: stille
English: still
Scots: stil, still

Old Frisian: stille, still

Saterland Frisian: stil

West Frisian: stil

Old Saxon: stilli

Middle Low German: stille

German Low German: still

→ Norwegian: stille

→ Swedish: stilla

→ Danish: stille

Old Dutch: stilli
Middle Dutch: stille, stelle
Dutch: stil, stel (dialectal)
Afrikaans: stil

Old High German: stilli
Middle High German: stille
German: still
Luxembourgish: stëll
Vilamovian: śtył
Yiddish: שטיל (shtil)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)telH- (“to be silent; to be still”).


ailid

ailid (nominative singular)
ailidō (nominative plural)
ailidōs (nominative plural)
ailid (accusative singular)
ailidā (accusative plural)
ailidas (genitive singular)
ailidō (genitive plural)
ailidē (dative singular)
ailidum (dative plural)
ailidu (instrumental singular)
ailidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣled

Middle English: ēld

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: oaled

Cornish: oles

Welsh: aelwyd

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: ial, iilj, Jöl

Old Saxon: ēld


hōn

hōn (nominative singular)
hōnu (nominative plural)
hōn (accusative singular)
hōnu (accusative plural)
hōnas (genitive singular)
hōnō (genitive plural)
hōnē (dative singular)
hōnum (dative plural)
hōnu (instrumental singular)
hōnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōn

Middle Low German: hōn

Low German: Hohn

Old Dutch: *hōn, *huon

Middle Dutch: hoen

desctree

Dutch: hoen, hoender
Afrikaans: hoender
Negerhollands: hoener, hundu, hunder, hun
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hundu (dated)

Old High German: huon

Middle High German: huon

Alemannic German: Hue

desc

Central Franconian: Hohn, Huhn (southern Moselle Franconian), Honn (Aachen)

Cimbrian: huun

German: Huhn

Luxembourgish: Hong

Yiddish: הון (hun)


spinþrijō

spinþrijō (nominative singular)
spinþrijan (nominative plural)
spinþrijan (accusative singular)
spinþrijan (accusative plural)
spinþrijini (genitive singular)
spinþrijan (genitive singular)
spinþrijanō (genitive plural)
spinþrijini (dative singular)
spinþrijan (dative singular)
spinþrijum (dative plural)
spinþrijini (instrumental singular)
spinþrijan (instrumental singular)
spinþrijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spīþra
Middle English: spiþre, spydyr, spider, spiþer
English: spider

From *spinnan (“to spin”) + *-þr + *-jō.


hwelp

hwelp (nominative singular)
hwelpō (nominative plural)
hwelpōs (nominative plural)
hwelp (accusative singular)
hwelpā (accusative plural)
hwelpas (genitive singular)
hwelpō (genitive plural)
hwelpē (dative singular)
hwelpum (dative plural)
hwelpu (instrumental singular)
hwelpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwelp

Middle English: whelp

Scots: whalp, whaulp

English: whelp

Old Frisian: *hwelp

West Frisian: welp

Old Saxon: hwelp

Middle Low German: welp, welpe

German Low German: Welpe

→ German: Welpe, Welp

Old Dutch: welp

Middle Dutch: welp

Dutch: welp

desc

Old High German: hwelf, welpf, welph, welf

Middle High German: wëlp, wëlf

German: Welf


hwal

hwal (nominative singular)
hwalō (nominative plural)
hwalōs (nominative plural)
hwal (accusative singular)
hwalā (accusative plural)
hwalas (genitive singular)
hwalō (genitive plural)
hwalē (dative singular)
hwalum (dative plural)
hwalu (instrumental singular)
hwalum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hwæl
Middle English: whal, swale, wale, whalle, whale, quale, quall, qwall, qwalle (mainly Northern), whaale (late), qwayll, qwaylle (Catholicon Anglicum), hwæl (Early Middle English)
English: whale
Scots: whaul

Old Saxon: hwal
Middle Low German: wal
Low German: Waal

Old Dutch: *wal

Middle Dutch: wal

Dutch: wal

Old High German: wal
Middle High German: wal
German: Wal
→ Estonian: vaal
→ Luxembourgish: Wal


hār

hār (nominative singular)
hāru (nominative plural)
hār (accusative singular)
hāru (accusative plural)
hāras (genitive singular)
hārō (genitive plural)
hārē (dative singular)
hārum (dative plural)
hāru (instrumental singular)
hārum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣr, hēr
Middle English: her
English: hair
→ Russian: хаер (xajer)
→⇒ Russian: хайратник (xajratnik)
Scots: hair, hayr, hare
Yola: haar

Old Frisian: hēr
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hiar
Goesharde: heer, häär
Halligen: heer
Heligoland: Hear
Mooring: häär
Sylt: Hiir
Wiedingharde: heer
Saterland Frisian: Híer
West Frisian: hier

Old Saxon: hār

Middle Low German: hâr

German Low German: Hoor, Haar

Plautdietsch: Hoa

Old Dutch: hār
Middle Dutch: hâer
Dutch: haar

Old High German: hār
Middle High German: hār
Alemannic German: Härre
Swabian: Hoar
Walser: haar, hoar, hoor, hàre
Bavarian: hoor
Cimbrian: har, haar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hor
Central Franconian: Hoor
German: Haar
Luxembourgish: Hoer
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haar
Yiddish: האָר (hor)


falþan

falþan (infinitive)
falþannjas (genitive infinitive)
falþannjē (dative infinitive)
falþannju (infinitive instrumental)
falþu (first-person present singular)
fealþ (first-person past singular)
falþiʀi (present second-person singular)
fealdī (past second-person singular)
falþidi (present singular third-person)
fealþ (past singular third-person)
falþum (first-person plural present)
fealdum (first-person past plural)
falþid (plural present second-person)
fealdud (past plural second-person)
falþand (plural present third-person)
fealdun (past plural third-person)
falþē (first-person present singular)
fealdī (first-person past singular)
falþēs (present second-person singular)
falþē (present singular third-person)
fealdī (past singular third-person)
falþēm (first-person plural present)
fealdīm (first-person past plural)
falþēþ (plural present second-person)
fealdīd (past plural second-person)
falþēn (plural present third-person)
fealdīn (past plural third-person)
falþ (present singular)
falþid (plural present)
falþandī (participle present)
faldan (participle past)

Old English: faldan, fealdan

gl

merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*faldōn</i>

Middle English: falden, folden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

Scots: fald, fauld

English: fold

Old Frisian: *falda

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: foolden (past participle/adjective)

West Frisian: fâlde (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

Old Saxon: faldan

Middle Low German: valden, volden, vōlden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

German Low German: folden, folgen, follen, folen

Plautdietsch: foljen

Old Dutch: *faldan

Middle Dutch: vouden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

Dutch: vouwen

Afrikaans: vou

desctree

Old High German: faldan, faltan — less common
Middle High German: valden, valten (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
German: falten
Luxembourgish: falen


furtu

furtu (nominative singular)
furtiwi (nominative plural)
fortō (nominative plural)
furtu (accusative singular)
furtū (accusative plural)
fortō (genitive singular)
furtiwō (genitive plural)
furtiwi (dative singular)
fortō (dative singular)
furtum (dative plural)
furtu (instrumental singular)
furtum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *furt

Middle Low German:

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Fort

Sauerländisch: Fuart

Old Dutch: *furt

Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
Dutch: voorde f, voord m, (archaic) voort m

Old High German: furz
Middle High German: vurz, vurtz, vorz, furz, furtz, forz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Forz
Ripuarian: Fotz
German: Furz
Yiddish: פֿאָרץ (forts)

From Proto-Germanic *furtuz, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥d-ú-s, from *perd- (“to fart loudly”) + *-us.


Hrōþiland

Hrōþiland (nominative singular)
Hrōþiland (accusative singular)
Hrōþilandas (genitive singular)
Hrōþilandē (dative singular)
Hrōþilandu (instrumental singular)

Old Dutch: *Ruodlant

Middle Dutch: Roelant

Dutch: Roeland, Roel

Old High German: Hruotland, *Hrōdlant

Middle High German: Ruoland, Ruolant

German: Roland

desc

→ Medieval Latin: Hruodlandus, Hroudlandus [abt. 825. Vita Karoli Magni]

Old French: Rodlant, Roland

French: Roland

Italian: Orlando

From *hrōþi (“praise, fame”) + *land (“land”).

af

a male given name, equivalent to English Roland or Orlando


daili

daili (nominative singular)
dailī (nominative plural)
daili (accusative singular)
dailī (accusative plural)
dailī (genitive singular)
dailijō (genitive plural)
dailī (dative singular)
dailim (dative plural)
dailijum (dative plural)
dailī (instrumental singular)
dailim (instrumental plural)
dailijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dǣl

Middle English: dele

Scots: dele

English: deal

→ German: Deal

Old Frisian: dēl

North Frisian: deel

Saterland Frisian: Deel

West Frisian: diel

Old Saxon: dēl

Middle Low German: dēl, deil

German Low German: Deel

→ Norwegian: del

→ Old Swedish: del

Swedish: del

→ Danish: del

Old Dutch: deil

Old High German: teil

Middle High German: teil

Central Franconian: Dääl

German: Teil

Luxembourgish: Deel

Yiddish: טייל (teyl)


krūd

krūd (nominative singular)
krūdu (nominative plural)
krūd (accusative singular)
krūdu (accusative plural)
krūdas (genitive singular)
krūdō (genitive plural)
krūdē (dative singular)
krūdum (dative plural)
krūdu (instrumental singular)
krūdum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: krūd

Saterland Frisian: Kruud

West Frisian: bussekruud (second element)

Old Saxon: krūd

Middle Low German: krût, krûde

German Low German: Kruut

Plautdietsch: Krut

→ Old Norse: krydd

Icelandic: krydd

Faroese: krydd

Norwegian: krydder

Old Swedish: krydda f, krydde, kryde n

Swedish: krydda

→ Finnish: ryyti

Danish: krydderi

→ Danish: krudt (“gunpowder”)

→ Faroese: krút

→ Finnish: ruuti

Old Dutch: krūt

Middle Dutch: cruut, cruud (both variants used interchangeably)

Dutch: kruid, kruit (variants developed different meanings)

Afrikaans: kruid

Limburgish: kroed

Old High German: krūt, chrūt

Middle High German: krūt

desc

Alemannic German: Chruut, Chrut, Chruud, Krut (Alsatian), chrud, chrüt (Walser)

Alsatian: Krut

Walser: chrit (Valais), chrud, chrüt

Central Franconian: Krock, Krout

Kölsch: Kruck

German: Kraut

→ English: sauerkraut (second element)

Luxembourgish: Kraut

Yiddish: קרויט (kroyt)

Unknown; possibly:
* from *krūdan (“to press, push, crowd”), with the original meaning “crowding plant, weed”, compare Dutch krodde (“several small weeds”), perhaps from the related iterative *krūttōną (“to pack”),
* cognate with Ancient Greek βρῠ́ον (brŭ́on, “tree-moss, etc.”), from βρύω (brúō, “to swell”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru (“skewer; spear”),
* or borrowed from a substrate language.


arku

arku (nominative singular)
arkō (nominative plural)
arkā (accusative singular)
arkā (accusative plural)
arkā (genitive singular)
arkō (genitive plural)
arkē (dative singular)
arkōm (dative plural)
arkum (dative plural)
arku (instrumental singular)
arkōm (instrumental plural)
arkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earce, earc, erc f, ærc n

Middle English: arke, ark

English: ark (see there for further descendants)

Scots: airk

Old Frisian: arke

Old Saxon: *arka

Middle Low German: arke, arche

Old Dutch: *arka

Middle Dutch: arke

Dutch: ark

Old High German: arka, arca, archa

desc

Middle High German: arke, arc, arche, arch

German: Arche

→ Luxembourgish: Arch


werru

werru (nominative singular)
werrō (nominative plural)
werrā (accusative singular)
werrā (accusative plural)
werrā (genitive singular)
werrō (genitive plural)
werrē (dative singular)
werrōm (dative plural)
werrum (dative plural)
werru (instrumental singular)
werrōm (instrumental plural)
werrum (instrumental plural)

⇒? Old Frisian: wersia (“to strive or war against, resist, object”)

desctree

Old Saxon: werra
Middle Low German: werre

Old Dutch: *werra

Middle Dutch: werre, warre

Dutch: war

Afrikaans: war

Old High German: werra
Middle High German: wërre
German: Wirre
⇒ Old High German: werran
Middle High German: werren, wirren
German: wirren
⇒ Old High German: giwerri
Middle High German: gewërre
German: Gewirre, Gewirr
⇒ Old High German: werrisal
Middle High German: *werrsal, *wirrsal
German: Wirrsal

desc

→ Medieval Latin: werra, guerra (11th c.), wera (see there for further descendants)

From *werran (“to cause confusion”) + *-u.


laubijā

laubijā (nominative singular)
laubijōn (nominative plural)
laubijōn (accusative singular)
laubijōn (accusative plural)
laubijōn (genitive singular)
laubijōnō (genitive plural)
laubijōn (dative singular)
laubijōm (dative plural)
laubijum (dative plural)
laubijōn (instrumental singular)
laubijōm (instrumental plural)
laubijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lōvia

Middle Low German: lôve

German Low German: Lööv

desctree

Old Dutch: *lōva
Middle Dutch: lôve
Dutch: loove, loofe (Flemish)

Old High German: louba

Middle High German: loube, löube

Alemannic German: Laube

Central Franconian: Lööv, Läuv

German: Laube

→ German Low German: Laube, Laub

Suevic: *laubjo

→ Medieval Latin: lovio

Galician: lobio

desc

→ Medieval Latin: laubia, lōbia, lōbium, laupia, lōvia, lōgia (see there for further descendants)


klinku

klinku (nominative singular)
klinkō (nominative plural)
klinkā (accusative singular)
klinkā (accusative plural)
klinkā (genitive singular)
klinkō (genitive plural)
klinkē (dative singular)
klinkōm (dative plural)
klinkum (dative plural)
klinku (instrumental singular)
klinkōm (instrumental plural)
klinkum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *klinka

Middle Low German: klinke

Old Dutch: *klinka

Middle Dutch: clinke

Dutch: klink

Old High German: *klinka

Middle High German: klinke

German: Klinke

desctree

→ Old French: clinke, clenche, clike, clique, cliche
Middle French: clenche, clenque, clinque
French: clenche, (dialectal) clanche
Walloon: cliche
→ Hungarian: kilincs

Apparently from Proto-Germanic *klinganą, but whether in the sense ‘to sound’ or the sense ‘to adhere’ is uncertain.


siniskalk

siniskalk (nominative singular)
siniskalkō (nominative plural)
siniskalkōs (nominative plural)
siniskalk (accusative singular)
siniskalkā (accusative plural)
siniskalkas (genitive singular)
siniskalkō (genitive plural)
siniskalkē (dative singular)
siniskalkum (dative plural)
siniskalku (instrumental singular)
siniskalkum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old High German: senescalh, siniscalh, siniscalc

→ Medieval Latin: siniscalcus, senescalcus, sinescalcus, seniscalcus [692 CE] (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *siniskalkaz, from *siniz (“old”) + *skalkaz (“servant”).


mōtōn

mōtōn (infinitive)
mōtōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mōtōnijē (dative infinitive)
mōtōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mōtō (first-person present singular)
mōtōdā (first-person past singular)
mōtōs (present second-person singular)
mōtōdēs (past second-person singular)
mōtōdōs (past second-person singular)
mōtōþ (present singular third-person)
mōtōdē (past singular third-person)
mōtōdā (past singular third-person)
mōtōm (first-person plural present)
mōtōdum (first-person past plural)
mōtōþ (plural present second-person)
mōtōdud (past plural second-person)
mōtōnþ (plural present third-person)
mōtōdun (past plural third-person)
mōtōdī (first-person past singular)
mōtōdī (past second-person singular)
mōtō (present singular third-person)
mōtōdī (past singular third-person)
mōtōdīm (first-person past plural)
mōtōdīd (past plural second-person)
mōtōn (plural present third-person)
mōtōdīn (past plural third-person)
mōtō (present singular)
mōtōþ (plural present)
mōtōndī (participle present)
mōtōd (participle past)

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: moezje

Old High German: muozōn

Middle High German: muozen

→ Vulgar Latin: *musō, *amusō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *mōtōną (“to be idle”).

gemuozen

Old High German: gimuozōn; Middle High German


þeutā

þeutā (nominative singular)
þeutōn (nominative plural)
þeutōn (accusative singular)
þeutōn (accusative plural)
þeutōn (genitive singular)
þeutōnō (genitive plural)
þeutōn (dative singular)
þeutōm (dative plural)
þeutum (dative plural)
þeutōn (instrumental singular)
þeutōm (instrumental plural)
þeutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēote

Middle English: theote

Old Frisian: *thiāte, *thūte

Saterland Frisian: Tütjen, Tüütjen (possibly borrowed)

West Frisian: tute, tút (possibly borrowed)

Old Saxon: *thiota, *thūta

Middle Low German: tûte

German Low German: Tute, Tuut

→ German: Tüte

→ Danish: tud

→ Swedish: tut

Old Dutch: *thūta

Middle Dutch: tūte

Dutch: tuit

Old High German: *thioza, *dioza (in compounds: watardioza)

→ Vulgar Latin: *tūta

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tūtellus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *þeutǭ (“pipe, channel, flow”).


fliukkijā

fliukkijā (nominative singular)
fliukkijōn (nominative plural)
fliukkijōn (accusative singular)
fliukkijōn (accusative plural)
fliukkijōn (genitive singular)
fliukkijōnō (genitive plural)
fliukkijōn (dative singular)
fliukkijōm (dative plural)
fliukkijum (dative plural)
fliukkijōn (instrumental singular)
fliukkijōm (instrumental plural)
fliukkijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fliuca, fluggia

desc

Middle Low German: fleke, vlēke, flicke, fliecke, vlīke

Old Dutch: *fliuka, flieka

Middle Dutch: vlieke

Dutch: vliek

Old High German: flugga

→ Vulgar Latin: *fleccia (see there for further descendants)

From unattested strong verb *fleuk(k)ōn (“to fly”) + *-jā, related to *fleugan (“to fly”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-.


krōk

krōk (nominative singular)
krōkō (nominative plural)
krōkōs (nominative plural)
krōk (accusative singular)
krōkā (accusative plural)
krōkas (genitive singular)
krōkō (genitive plural)
krōkē (dative singular)
krōkum (dative plural)
krōku (instrumental singular)
krōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *crōc

Middle English: crok, croke

Scots: cruke, creuk, crewk, cruik

English: crook

→ Irish: crúca

Old Dutch: *kruok

Middle Dutch: croec

→ Vulgar Latin: *crōcus, *crōca

Old French: croce, croc, croche

Middle French: croche

French: croche

→ Catalan: corxa

→ Occitan: cròcha

Norman: cro (Jèrriais)

Walloon: crotche

→ Middle English: croche

English: croche

⇒ Old French: crochet, crochette, croket (diminutive)

Middle French: crochet

French: crochet, crochée

→ Catalan: corxera, corxea

→ English: crochet

→ Spanish: croché, corchea

Portuguese: crochet, crochê, croché, colcheia

Walloon: crotchèt

⇒ Old French: acrocher, accrocher, encrocher

Middle French: accrocher, acrocher, acrochier, accrochier

Middle French: accrocher

Walloon: acrotchî, acrotchi, acrotcher, acrotchè

→ Middle English: acrochen

Piedmontese: cròc

Sicilian: croccu

Medieval Latin: croccus

From Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“bend, hook”).


parruk

parruk (nominative singular)
parrukō (nominative plural)
parrukōs (nominative plural)
parruk (accusative singular)
parrukā (accusative plural)
parrukas (genitive singular)
parrukō (genitive plural)
parrukē (dative singular)
parrukum (dative plural)
parruku (instrumental singular)
parrukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pearroc, pearruc
Middle English: parrok, parrock
Scots: parrock, paddock
English: parrock, paddock

Old Saxon: *parrak, *perrik

Middle Low German: park, perk

German Low German: Park

→ Old Norse: *parrak (alternatively from Old English)

Icelandic: *parrak

⇒ Icelandic: parraka

⇒ Faroese: parrak (adjective)

Old Dutch: *parrik, parc, (in placenames) park, perk

desc

Middle Dutch: parric, perric, paerc, perc, parc (influenced by Old French parc)

desctree

Dutch: park
Afrikaans: park
→ German: Park (partially)
→ Lower Sorbian: park
→ West Frisian: park

Dutch: perk

Afrikaans: perk

Old High German: pfarrih, pferrih

Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich

Alemannic German: Färrich

German: Pferch

→? Medieval Latin: parricus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly from *parrō, variant of *sparrō (“bar, beam”) (whence *sparrijan (“to bar, block”)), + *-uk. Compare also Proto-Germanic *barō (“beam, bar, barrier”). Alternatively borrowed from Medieval Latin parricus (“fence, enclosure”), instead of the other way around.


waiþanōn

waiþanōn (infinitive)
waiþanōnijas (genitive infinitive)
waiþanōnijē (dative infinitive)
waiþanōniju (infinitive instrumental)
waiþanō (first-person present singular)
waiþanōdā (first-person past singular)
waiþanōs (present second-person singular)
waiþanōdēs (past second-person singular)
waiþanōdōs (past second-person singular)
waiþanōþ (present singular third-person)
waiþanōdē (past singular third-person)
waiþanōdā (past singular third-person)
waiþanōm (first-person plural present)
waiþanōdum (first-person past plural)
waiþanōþ (plural present second-person)
waiþanōdud (past plural second-person)
waiþanōnþ (plural present third-person)
waiþanōdun (past plural third-person)
waiþanōdī (first-person past singular)
waiþanōdī (past second-person singular)
waiþanō (present singular third-person)
waiþanōdī (past singular third-person)
waiþanōdīm (first-person past plural)
waiþanōdīd (past plural second-person)
waiþanōn (plural present third-person)
waiþanōdīn (past plural third-person)
waiþanō (present singular)
waiþanōþ (plural present)
waiþanōndī (participle present)
waiþanōd (participle past)

desc

Old Dutch: weithinon, weithenon, wēthinon

Middle Dutch: weiden (possibly reformed)

Dutch: weiden

Old High German: weidanōn, weidinōn, weidenōn

Middle High German: weidenen

→ Vulgar Latin: *wadaniāre, *waidaniāre (< *waiþanōjan) (see there for further descendants)

From unattested *waiþan + *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *waiþaną, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue, suppress”).


skiuhijan

skiuhijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skiuhijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skiuhijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skiuhijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skiuhiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skiuhidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skiuhisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skiuhidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skiuhidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skiuhiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skiuhidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skiuhidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skiuhijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skiuhidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skiuhiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skiuhidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skiuhijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skiuhidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skiuhijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skiuhidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skiuhijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skiuhidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skiuhijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skiuhidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skiuhijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skiuhidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skiuhijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skiuhidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skiuhijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skiuhidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skiuhi (class-1 present singular weak)
skiuhiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skiuhijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skiuhid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sċīen

desctree

Old Dutch: skiuwen, skuwen
Middle Dutch: schuwen, scuwen, schouwen, schauwen
Dutch: schuwen, schouwen (dialectal)
Afrikaans: sku

Old High German: sciuhen

Middle High German: schiuhen, schiuwen

German: scheuen, scheuchen

desc

→ Old French: eschiver, eschivre, eschever, eschewer (see there for further descendants)

From *skeuh (“frightened; frightening”) + *-jan.


malhu

malhu (nominative singular)
malhō (nominative plural)
malhā (accusative singular)
malhā (accusative plural)
malhā (genitive singular)
malhō (genitive plural)
malhē (dative singular)
malhōm (dative plural)
malhum (dative plural)
malhu (instrumental singular)
malhōm (instrumental plural)
malhum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: malaha

Middle Low German: māle, maele, meile

Old Dutch: *mala

Middle Dutch: male, mael, maele

Dutch: maal, malie

Old High German: malaha, malha

Middle High German: malhe

→ Medieval Latin: mala [abt. 920, France] (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *malhō (“leather bag”).


pokō

pokō (nominative singular)
pokan (nominative plural)
pokan (accusative singular)
pokan (accusative plural)
pukini (genitive singular)
pokan (genitive singular)
pokanō (genitive plural)
pukini (dative singular)
pokan (dative singular)
pokum (dative plural)
pukini (instrumental singular)
pokan (instrumental singular)
pokum (instrumental plural)
*pokkō (alternative)

Old English: pohha, pocca

Middle English: pogh, pouge, poc, pok

English: poke (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)

Scots: poke, poik (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)

Old Saxon: *poko, *puko; *pukil

Middle Low German: pok m; pocke, poche f; pukel, pockel

German Low German: Pock f; Puckel m

Old Dutch: *poko; *poka

Middle Dutch: poke

Dutch: pook (obsolete)

Old High German: *pfohho, *pfocho

Middle High German: pfoch

German: Pfoche (dialectal)

→ Vulgar Latin: *poca, *pocca

Old French: puche, poche, pouche; pochete (diminutive)

Middle French: poche; pochete, poucette, pochette

French: poche; pochette

Middle English: pouch

English: pouch

desctree

Old Northern French: poke, poque, pouche, puche
Picard: poque
Norman: pouque, pouquette
→ Middle English: poke, pok, poc, puke
English: poke (regional)
Scots: pock, poke, pok, polk, pook, pyock
Yola: poake, pooke
→ Irish: póca

Old Occitan: pocha; pocheta

Occitan: pòcha; pocheta

From Proto-Germanic *pukô, *pukkô (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew-, *bʰew- (“to swell; blow; inflate”).


mauwu

mauwu (nominative singular)
mauwō (nominative plural)
mauwā (accusative singular)
mauwā (accusative plural)
mauwā (genitive singular)
mauwō (genitive plural)
mauwē (dative singular)
mauwōm (dative plural)
mauwum (dative plural)
mauwu (instrumental singular)
mauwōm (instrumental plural)
mauwum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mouwe, mowe

West Frisian: mouwe

Old Saxon: *mouwa

desc

Middle Low German: mouwe, mowe, mauwe, mawe

German Low German: Maue, Mau

Old Dutch: *mouwa

Middle Dutch: mouwe, mauwe, muwe

Dutch: mouw

Old High German: mouwa

Middle High German: mouwe

Central Franconian: Mau

desctree

→ Old French: moe (“grimace”), moue, mouwe, mowe, mouze
Middle French: moue, moe, mouhe, mue
French: moue
→ English: moue
→ Middle English: mowe, mouwe, mouhe, mawes, mewis
English: mow
Middle Scots: mow
⇒ Scots: mows, mowse, mawse

From Proto-Germanic *mawwō (“muff, sleeve”), from Proto-Indo-European *mewH- (“to move”); compare Latin moveō (“to move”).


falljō

falljō (nominative singular)
falljan (nominative plural)
falljan (accusative singular)
falljan (accusative plural)
falljini (genitive singular)
falljan (genitive singular)
falljanō (genitive plural)
falljini (dative singular)
falljan (dative singular)
falljum (dative plural)
falljini (instrumental singular)
falljan (instrumental singular)
falljum (instrumental plural)

>? Old Dutch: *fello

q

Middle Dutch: felle, fel (“unscrupulous person, scoundrel, villian”) (possibly reinforced or reborrowed from Old French)

→? Medieval Latin: fellō (“criminal”) [858, Capitula Caroli Calvi] (see there for further descendants)

Presumably from *fali (“cruel, evil”) + *-jō, *-ō. Alternatively, often cited as being related to *fillijan (“to flay”).


widu

widu (nominative singular)
widiwi (nominative plural)
widō (nominative plural)
widu (accusative singular)
widū (accusative plural)
widō (genitive singular)
widiwō (genitive plural)
widiwi (dative singular)
widō (dative singular)
widum (dative plural)
widu (instrumental singular)
widum (instrumental plural)

Old English: widu, wudu, weadu

Middle English: wode

Scots: wod, wuid

English: wood

Old Saxon: widu, wido

Middle Low German: wēde

Old Dutch: *widu

Middle Dutch: wēde

Dutch: wede, (in placenames) -wedde (e.g. Onstwedde)

Old High German: witu

Middle High German: wite


darjan

darjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
darjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
darjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
darjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
darju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
darisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
darjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
darjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
darjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
darjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
darjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
darjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
darjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
darjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dari (class-1 present singular weak)
dariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
darjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
darid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: derian
Middle English: derien, deren
English: dere

Old Frisian: dera

Old Saxon: derian

Middle Low German: dēren

Old Dutch: deren

Middle Dutch: deren

Dutch: deren

Afrikaans: deer

Old High German: teren


kwād

kwād (masculine nominative singular)
kwādu (feminine nominative singular)
kwād (neuter nominative singular)
kwādanā (accusative masculine singular)
kwādā (accusative feminine singular)
kwād (accusative neuter singular)
kwādas (genitive masculine singular)
kwādeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kwādas (genitive neuter singular)
kwādumē (dative masculine singular)
kwādeʀē (dative feminine singular)
kwādumē (dative neuter singular)
kwādu (instrumental masculine singular)
kwādeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kwādu (instrumental neuter singular)
kwādē (masculine nominative plural)
kwādō (feminine nominative plural)
kwādu (neuter nominative plural)
kwādā (accusative masculine plural)
kwādā (accusative feminine plural)
kwādu (accusative neuter plural)
kwādeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kwādeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kwādeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kwādēm (dative masculine plural)
kwādum (dative masculine plural)
kwādēm (dative feminine plural)
kwādum (dative feminine plural)
kwādēm (dative neuter plural)
kwādum (dative neuter plural)
kwādēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kwādum (instrumental masculine plural)
kwādēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kwādum (feminine instrumental plural)
kwādēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kwādum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *cwǣd, *cwēad

Middle English: qued
Scots: quad, quaid, queid

Old Frisian: quād

Saterland Frisian: kwood

West Frisian: kwea

Old Saxon: *quād

Middle Low German: quât

German Low German: quaad

Low German: quaad

Old Dutch: quād

Middle Dutch: quaet
Dutch: kwaad
Afrikaans: kwaad
Limburgish: kwaod

Old High German: *quāt

Middle High German: quāt

Central Franconian: kodd

From Proto-Germanic *kwēdaz (“defecated, filthy”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷweH-tó-s, *gʷuH-tó-s (“defecated”), from *gʷewH- (“to defecate”) + *-tós. Cognate with Old Armenian կու (ku), կոյ (koy, “excrement”).


kwād

kwād (nominative singular)
kwādu (nominative plural)
kwād (accusative singular)
kwādu (accusative plural)
kwādas (genitive singular)
kwādō (genitive plural)
kwādē (dative singular)
kwādum (dative plural)
kwādu (instrumental singular)
kwādum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwēad
Middle English: qued

Old Frisian: quād

>? Saterland Frisian: Keete

>? West Frisian: kwea; kjitte

Old Saxon: *kwād

Middle Low German: quât

German Low German: Quaad

Old Dutch: *kwād

desctree

Old High German: quāt, kōt
Middle High German: quāt, kāt, quōt, kōt
German: Kot
Cimbrian: khòat


albut

albut (nominative singular)
albuti (nominative plural)
albutu (accusative singular)
albuti (accusative plural)
albuti (genitive singular)
albutō (genitive plural)
albuti (dative singular)
albutum (dative plural)
albuti (instrumental singular)
albutum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *albut, *elbit

desc

Middle Low German: elft, ēlft, eelft (“shad”)

Old Dutch: *alvit

Middle Dutch: elft (“shad”)

Dutch: elft (“shad”)

Afrikaans: elf, elwe (“shad”)

Old High German: albiz, elbiz (“swan”)

Middle High German: elbiz, albiz, elbez, albez (“swan”)

German: Elfte (“shad”)

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Elbsch (“swan”)

From Proto-Germanic *albuts, from Proto-Indo-European *álbʰ-ud-s ~ *albʰ-ud-és, from *albʰós (“white”). Cognate with Old West Norse álpt (“swan”), Proto-Slavic *olbǫdь (“swan”).


algōn

algōn (infinitive)
algōnijas (genitive infinitive)
algōnijē (dative infinitive)
algōniju (infinitive instrumental)
algō (first-person present singular)
algōdā (first-person past singular)
algōs (present second-person singular)
algōdēs (past second-person singular)
algōdōs (past second-person singular)
algōþ (present singular third-person)
algōdē (past singular third-person)
algōdā (past singular third-person)
algōm (first-person plural present)
algōdum (first-person past plural)
algōþ (plural present second-person)
algōdud (past plural second-person)
algōnþ (plural present third-person)
algōdun (past plural third-person)
algōdī (first-person past singular)
algōdī (past second-person singular)
algō (present singular third-person)
algōdī (past singular third-person)
algōdīm (first-person past plural)
algōdīd (past plural second-person)
algōn (plural present third-person)
algōdīn (past plural third-person)
algō (present singular)
algōþ (plural present)
algōndī (participle present)
algōd (participle past)

Old English: ealgian, algian — Anglian

From Proto-Germanic *algōną, from *h₂olk-eh₂yé-ti, from *h₂lek- (“to defend”) + *-eh₂yéti.


wabi

wabi (nominative singular)
wabbju (nominative plural)
wabi (accusative singular)
wabbju (accusative plural)
wabbjas (genitive singular)
wabbjō (genitive plural)
wabbjē (dative singular)
wabbjum (dative plural)
wabbju (instrumental singular)
wabbjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: webb
Middle English: web, webb, webbe, webe, weob
English: web
Scots: wab, wob

Old Frisian: webb, wobb, web, wob

Saterland Frisian: Wäb

West Frisian: web

Old Saxon: webbi

Middle Low German: webbe, wobbe

⇒ Low German: Spinnenwebb, Spinnenwubb, Spinnenwübb

Old Dutch: *webbi

Middle Dutch: webbe

Dutch: web

Old High German: webbi, weppi

Middle High German: webbe, weppe

⇒ German: Spinnwebe


frastandan

frastandan (infinitive)
frastandannjas (genitive infinitive)
frastandannjē (dative infinitive)
frastandannju (infinitive instrumental)
frastandu (first-person present singular)
frastōnd (first-person past singular)
frastandiʀi (present second-person singular)
frastōndī (past second-person singular)
frastandidi (present singular third-person)
frastōnd (past singular third-person)
frastandum (first-person plural present)
frastōndum (first-person past plural)
frastandid (plural present second-person)
frastōndud (past plural second-person)
frastandand (plural present third-person)
frastōndun (past plural third-person)
frastandē (first-person present singular)
frastōndī (first-person past singular)
frastandēs (present second-person singular)
frastandē (present singular third-person)
frastōndī (past singular third-person)
frastandēm (first-person plural present)
frastōndīm (first-person past plural)
frastandēþ (plural present second-person)
frastōndīd (past plural second-person)
frastandēn (plural present third-person)
frastōndīn (past plural third-person)
frastand (present singular)
frastandid (plural present)
frastandandī (participle present)
frastandan (participle past)

Old English: forstandan
Middle English: forstanden
English: forstand
Scots: forstand

Old Frisian: forstanda, forstonda

Saterland Frisian: ferstounde

Old Saxon: farstandan
Middle Low German: vörstenden
→ Old Norse: fyrirstanda, forstanda
Icelandic: fyrirstanda, forstanda
Faroese: forstanda
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: forstå
Norwegian Nynorsk: forstå
Russenorsk: forstå
Old Danish: forstande
Danish: forstå
Old Swedish: forstanda
Swedish: förstå

Old High German: firstantan


kalb

kalb (nominative singular)
kalbiʀu (nominative plural)
kalb (accusative singular)
kalbiʀu (accusative plural)
kalbiʀi (genitive singular)
kalbiʀō (genitive plural)
kalbiʀi (dative singular)
kalbiʀum (dative plural)
kalbiʀi (instrumental singular)
kalbiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċealf, cælf

Middle English: calf, chelve, chalf, kelf

Scots: calf, cawf, caff, cauf

English: calf

Yola: callef

Old Frisian: *kalf, *kālch, *kāl

North Frisian: kuulew, kualew

Saterland Frisian: Koolich

West Frisian: keal

Old Saxon: kalf

Middle Low German: kalf

Low German: Kalv, Kalf

Plautdietsch: Kaulf

Old Dutch: calf
Middle Dutch: calf
Dutch: kalf
Limburgish: kalf

Old High German: kalb, chalb, chalp
Middle High German: kalp
Alemannic German: Chalp
Central Franconian: Kallev
Cimbrian: khalp, khalbe (Luserna)
German: Kalb
Luxembourgish: Kallef
Vilamovian: kołp
Yiddish: קאַלב (kalb)


fūliþu

fūliþu (nominative singular)
fūliþō (nominative plural)
fūliþā (accusative singular)
fūliþā (accusative plural)
fūliþā (genitive singular)
fūliþō (genitive plural)
fūliþē (dative singular)
fūliþōm (dative plural)
fūliþum (dative plural)
fūliþu (instrumental singular)
fūliþōm (instrumental plural)
fūliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fȳlþu

Middle English: fülthe, felthe, filthe

Scots: fylth, filth

English: filth

Old Saxon: fūlitha

Middle Low German: vūlede

Old Dutch: fūlitha

Middle Dutch: *vuulde

Dutch: vuilte

Old High German: fūlida

Middle High German: vūlde


rastu

rastu (nominative singular)
rastō (nominative plural)
rastā (accusative singular)
rastā (accusative plural)
rastā (genitive singular)
rastō (genitive plural)
rastē (dative singular)
rastōm (dative plural)
rastum (dative plural)
rastu (instrumental singular)
rastōm (instrumental plural)
rastum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ræst, rest

Middle English: reste, rest

Scots: rest

English: rest

Old Frisian: *raste, *reste

Saterland Frisian: Rääst, Räst

West Frisian: rêst

⇒ Old Frisian: rastelik, restelik

⇒ Old Frisian: restene

Old Saxon: rasta, resta

Middle Low German: raste, reste

Old Dutch: *rasta, *resta

desc

Middle Dutch: raste, reste, (with metathesis) erste

Dutch: rast, ras (dialectal)

Old High German: rasta

Middle High German: raste, reste

German: Rast

Luxembourgish: Rascht


wandalōn

wandalōn (infinitive)
wandalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wandalōnijē (dative infinitive)
wandalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wandalō (first-person present singular)
wandalōdā (first-person past singular)
wandalōs (present second-person singular)
wandalōdēs (past second-person singular)
wandalōdōs (past second-person singular)
wandalōþ (present singular third-person)
wandalōdē (past singular third-person)
wandalōdā (past singular third-person)
wandalōm (first-person plural present)
wandalōdum (first-person past plural)
wandalōþ (plural present second-person)
wandalōdud (past plural second-person)
wandalōnþ (plural present third-person)
wandalōdun (past plural third-person)
wandalōdī (first-person past singular)
wandalōdī (past second-person singular)
wandalō (present singular third-person)
wandalōdī (past singular third-person)
wandalōdīm (first-person past plural)
wandalōdīd (past plural second-person)
wandalōn (plural present third-person)
wandalōdīn (past plural third-person)
wandalō (present singular)
wandalōþ (plural present)
wandalōndī (participle present)
wandalōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: wandelia

Saterland Frisian: wondelje

West Frisian: wandelje

Old Saxon: wandlōn

Middle Low German: wandelen

Low German: wandelen

desctree

Old Dutch: *wandilon
Middle Dutch: wandelen
Dutch: wandelen
Afrikaans: wandel
Negerhollands: wandel, wandu
Skepi Creole Dutch: wangal, wandu
→ Sranan Tongo: wandel
Limburgish: wanjele

Old High German: wantalōn

desc

Middle High German: wantelen, wandelen, wandeln

German: wandeln

(frequentative) to waver, change, fluctuate


lūtil

lūtil (masculine nominative singular)
lūtilu (feminine nominative singular)
lūtil (neuter nominative singular)
lūtilanā (accusative masculine singular)
lūtilā (accusative feminine singular)
lūtil (accusative neuter singular)
lūtilas (genitive masculine singular)
lūtileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
lūtilas (genitive neuter singular)
lūtilumē (dative masculine singular)
lūtileʀē (dative feminine singular)
lūtilumē (dative neuter singular)
lūtilu (instrumental masculine singular)
lūtileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
lūtilu (instrumental neuter singular)
lūtilē (masculine nominative plural)
lūtilō (feminine nominative plural)
lūtilu (neuter nominative plural)
lūtilā (accusative masculine plural)
lūtilā (accusative feminine plural)
lūtilu (accusative neuter plural)
lūtileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lūtileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lūtileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
lūtilēm (dative masculine plural)
lūtilum (dative masculine plural)
lūtilēm (dative feminine plural)
lūtilum (dative feminine plural)
lūtilēm (dative neuter plural)
lūtilum (dative neuter plural)
lūtilēm (instrumental masculine plural)
lūtilum (instrumental masculine plural)
lūtilēm (feminine instrumental plural)
lūtilum (feminine instrumental plural)
lūtilēm (instrumental neuter plural)
lūtilum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lȳtel; lȳt, lyt

Middle English: lütil, lytel, litel; lyte, lite; lüt, lyt, lit

Scots: lytil; litil

English: little; lite

Old Frisian: *lit, lītik, littik

Saterland Frisian: litje

West Frisian: lyts

Old Saxon: luttil; lūt, lut, liut, luttic, luttik

Middle Low German: lüttel; lüttik, lutich; lüttinc

Low German: lütt, lüttje

Old Dutch: *luttil; *lut, luttik

Middle Dutch: lettel, luttel; *lut; luttik

Dutch: luttel; lutje

West Flemish: lette(l); letje

Old High German: luzil, luzzil, liuzil; *luz > luzzen, luzzīc, luzzīg; luzzi

Middle High German: lüzzel, lützel; lützen

German: lützel (dialectal)

⇒ Middle High German: Lützelburc

Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg

From *lūtan + *-il. See also Proto-Germanic *lītilaz.


frōdōn

frōdōn (infinitive)
frōdōnijas (genitive infinitive)
frōdōnijē (dative infinitive)
frōdōniju (infinitive instrumental)
frōdō (first-person present singular)
frōdōdā (first-person past singular)
frōdōs (present second-person singular)
frōdōdēs (past second-person singular)
frōdōdōs (past second-person singular)
frōdōþ (present singular third-person)
frōdōdē (past singular third-person)
frōdōdā (past singular third-person)
frōdōm (first-person plural present)
frōdōdum (first-person past plural)
frōdōþ (plural present second-person)
frōdōdud (past plural second-person)
frōdōnþ (plural present third-person)
frōdōdun (past plural third-person)
frōdōdī (first-person past singular)
frōdōdī (past second-person singular)
frōdō (present singular third-person)
frōdōdī (past singular third-person)
frōdōdīm (first-person past plural)
frōdōdīd (past plural second-person)
frōdōn (plural present third-person)
frōdōdīn (past plural third-person)
frōdō (present singular)
frōdōþ (plural present)
frōdōndī (participle present)
frōdōd (participle past)

Old English: frōdian

Old Saxon: frōdōn

Middle Low German: vrôden

⇒ Middle Low German: bevrôden

⇒ Middle Low German: gevrôden

⇒ Old Saxon: gifrōdod (adjective)

Old Dutch: *fruodon

Middle Dutch: vroeden

Dutch: vroeden

Old High German: fruotōn, fruotan


hāt

hāt (nominative singular)
hātiʀu (nominative plural)
hāt (accusative singular)
hātiʀu (accusative plural)
hātiʀi (genitive singular)
hātiʀō (genitive plural)
hātiʀi (dative singular)
hātiʀum (dative plural)
hātiʀi (instrumental singular)
hātiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hæteru pl, hætera, hætere, hæteran
Middle English: hater, hatere, hatir, hatter, hattir, hatyr, heater, hetter

Old High German: *hāz

Middle High German: hāz m, hæze, hæz n

Alemannic German: Häss (archaic)

German: Häs (Austria)

→ Proto-Slavic: *šata, *šatъ (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Compare Sanskrit छद् (chad), Prasuni vëzëlë.


buhsā

bohsā (nominative singular)
bohsōn (nominative plural)
bohsōn (accusative singular)
bohsōn (accusative plural)
bohsōn (genitive singular)
bohsōnō (genitive plural)
bohsōn (dative singular)
bohsōm (dative plural)
buhsum (dative plural)
bohsōn (instrumental singular)
bohsōm (instrumental plural)
buhsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: box
Middle English: box
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box

Old Frisian: *bukse, busse

Saterland Frisian: Bukse, Busse

West Frisian: bus, bos

Old Saxon: *buhsa

Middle Low German: busse

German Low German: Büsse, Büss

→ Old Norse: byssa

Icelandic: byssa

Faroese: byrsa

Norwegian: bøsse, bøssa, børse, børsa

Old Swedish: byssa, bøssa

Swedish: bössa, byssa

→ Finnish: pyssy

→ Ingrian: pyssy

→ Karelian: pyššy

Danish: bøsse

→ Estonian: püss

Old Dutch: *bussa
Middle Dutch: busse
Dutch: bus
Afrikaans: bus
Limburgish: bösj
→ English: bush

Old High German: buhsa
Middle High German: bühse, pühse
Bavarian: Bichsn, Bixn, Buchsn, Buxn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Bichs
Luxembourgish: Béchs
East Central German: Bichs
German: Büchse (“can”)
→ Kashubian: biksa
→ Pennsylvania German: Bix
→ Silesian: biksa
German: Buchse (“bushing, connector”)
Yiddish: ביקס (biks)
→ Hungarian: puska
→ Proto-Slavic:
Bulgarian: пу́шка (púška)
Czech: puška
Old East Slavic: пушка (puška)
Russian: пу́шка (púška)
Polish: puszka
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пу̏шка
Latin script: pȕška
→ Albanian: pushkë
Slovak: puška
Slovene: púška
→ Romanian: pușcă
→ Old Czech: puška
Czech: puška

Borrowed from Late Latin buxis (“box”). Doublet of *buhs.


firsti

firsti (nominative singular)
firstī (nominative plural)
firsti (accusative singular)
firstī (accusative plural)
firstī (genitive singular)
firstijō (genitive plural)
firstī (dative singular)
firstim (dative plural)
firstijum (dative plural)
firstī (instrumental singular)
firstim (instrumental plural)
firstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: first, fierst, fyrst

Middle English: first, virst

Scots: first

Old Saxon: first

Middle Low German: verst

Low German: verst

Old Dutch: *first

Middle Dutch: verste

Dutch: verste (obsolete)

Old High German: first

desc

Middle High German: virst, vierst, vërst, virste

Cimbrian: biarst

German: First

Luxembourgish: Fiischt

→ Old French: feste

French: faîte


burþini

burþini (nominative singular)
burþunnjō (nominative plural)
burþunnjā (accusative singular)
burþunnjā (accusative plural)
burþunnjā (genitive singular)
burþunnjō (genitive plural)
burþunnjē (dative singular)
burþunnjōm (dative plural)
burþunnjum (dative plural)
burþunnju (instrumental singular)
burþunnjōm (instrumental plural)
burþunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: byrþen, byrden

Middle English: bürthene, bürdene

Scots: burthine

English: burthen, burden

Old Saxon: burthinnia

Middle Low German: borden

Old High German: burthīn, burdīn

Middle High German: bürden


bliki

bliki (nominative singular)
blikī (nominative plural)
bliki (accusative singular)
blikī (accusative plural)
blikī (genitive singular)
blikkjō (genitive plural)
blikī (dative singular)
blikim (dative plural)
blikkjum (dative plural)
blikī (instrumental singular)
blikim (instrumental plural)
blikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blice

Old Dutch: *blic

Middle Dutch: blic

Dutch: blik

Old High German: blic

Middle High German: blic

German: Blick


hlasti

hlasti (nominative singular)
hlastī (nominative plural)
hlasti (accusative singular)
hlastī (accusative plural)
hlastī (genitive singular)
hlastijō (genitive plural)
hlastī (dative singular)
hlastim (dative plural)
hlastijum (dative plural)
hlastī (instrumental singular)
hlastim (instrumental plural)
hlastijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hlæst
Middle English: last
English: last
Scots: last
→ Middle French: last (south-western dialects)
→ Medieval Latin: lastum, lestum
⇒ Medieval Latin: lastagium, lestagium
Old French: lastage (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: hlest

North Frisian: lest

Saterland Frisian: Last

West Frisian: lêst

Old Saxon: *hlast

Middle Low German: last

Low German: Last

→ Danish: last

→ Swedish: last

→ Norwegian: last

→ Icelandic: lest

→ Middle English: lest

English: lest

Old Dutch: *hlast, last

Middle Dutch: last
Dutch: last
( Afrikaans: las
Limburgish: las

Old High German: hlast, last

Middle High German: last

Alemannic German: Lascht

German: Last

Luxembourgish: Laascht

→ Old French: last

Middle French: lest

French: lest

From earlier *hlaþsti, from *hlaþan (“to load”) + *-þi with intrusive *-s-, compare *gresti, *brunsti.


biliþī

biliþī (nominative singular)
biliþiju (nominative plural)
biliþī (accusative singular)
biliþiju (accusative plural)
biliþijas (genitive singular)
biliþijō (genitive plural)
biliþijē (dative singular)
biliþijum (dative plural)
biliþiju (instrumental singular)
biliþijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bilethe, bild, byld

Saterland Frisian: Bielde

West Frisian: byld

Old Saxon: bilithi

desc

Middle Low German: bilede, bilde, belede, belde

German Low German: Bild

Plautdietsch: Bilt

→ Latvian: bilde (or from Middle Dutch)

→ Old Norse: bilæti

Icelandic: bílæti

Faroese: bílæti

Norwegian Nynorsk: bilete, bilæte

→ Old Swedish: bilæte

Swedish: beläte, bild

→ Old Danish: beletæ

Danish: billede

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bilde

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bilde

Old Dutch: bilithe, bilithi

desctree

Middle Dutch: bēelde, bilde, belde
Dutch: beeld
Afrikaans: beeld
Negerhollands: beeld
Limburgish: beildj
→ Latvian: bilde (or from Middle Low German)

Old High German: bilidi, piladi, biladi

Middle High German: bilde

desc

Central Franconian: Bild, Beld (less common)

Bavarian: Büd, Buid

Cimbrian: bilt, pilt

German: Bild
→? Estonian: pilt

Luxembourgish: Bild

Pennsylvania German: Bild

Yiddish: בילד (bild)

Possibly from *biliþu (“equalness, likeness”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix), from *bil (“equal, alike”) + *-iþu (“-ness, -th”), from Proto-Germanic *bilaz, *biliz.


fadurjō

fadurjō (nominative singular)
fadurjan (nominative plural)
fadurjan (accusative singular)
fadurjan (accusative plural)
fadurjini (genitive singular)
fadurjan (genitive singular)
fadurjanō (genitive plural)
fadurjini (dative singular)
fadurjan (dative singular)
fadurjum (dative plural)
fadurjini (instrumental singular)
fadurjan (instrumental singular)
fadurjum (instrumental plural)
*fadurwijō (alternative)

Old English: fædera

Old Frisian: federia, federja

North Frisian: fadrje, fedrje, feddere

Saterland Frisian: Fädder

Old Saxon: *fadiro

desc

Middle Low German: veddere, vedder, veder, vedere, vēder, viddere

Low German: Vedder

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fetter

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fetter

Old Dutch: *fadero

Middle Dutch: vedder

Dutch: vedder

Old High German: fatureo, fatero, fetiro

Middle High German: vetere, veter

German: Vetter

Yiddish: פֿעטער (feter)

From Proto-Germanic *fadurwijô, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tr̥wyos (“paternal uncle”). Equivalent to *fader (“father”) + *-jō. Cognate with Latin patruus, Sanskrit पितृव्य (pitṛvya), and Classical Persian افدر (afdar, “paternal uncle”).


twihō

twihō (nominative singular)
twihan (nominative plural)
twihan (accusative singular)
twihan (accusative plural)
twihini (genitive singular)
twihan (genitive singular)
twihanō (genitive plural)
twihini (dative singular)
twihan (dative singular)
twihum (dative plural)
twihini (instrumental singular)
twihan (instrumental singular)
twihum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: twēo, twīo
Middle English: tweon, twene

Old Saxon: tweho

Old High German: zweho

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).


wurpil

wurpil (nominative singular)
wurpilō (nominative plural)
wurpilōs (nominative plural)
wurpil (accusative singular)
wurpilā (accusative plural)
wurpilas (genitive singular)
wurpilō (genitive plural)
wurpilē (dative singular)
wurpilum (dative plural)
wurpilu (instrumental singular)
wurpilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrpel

Old Saxon: wurpil

Middle Low German: worpel

Low German: Wörpel

Plautdietsch: Wirfel

Old Dutch: *wurpil

Middle Dutch: worpel, werpel

Dutch: worpel, werpel

Old High German: wurfil

Middle High German: würfel

German: Würfel

Hunsrik: Werrfel

Luxembourgish: Wierfel

From *wurpijan or *werpan (“to thow, cast”) + *-il. See parallel formation in Old Norse verpill (“a die; barrel”).


stigilu

stigilu (nominative singular)
stigilō (nominative plural)
stigilā (accusative singular)
stigilā (accusative plural)
stigilā (genitive singular)
stigilō (genitive plural)
stigilē (dative singular)
stigilōm (dative plural)
stigilum (dative plural)
stigilu (instrumental singular)
stigilōm (instrumental plural)
stigilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stiġel, stigol

Middle English: stiȝele, style, stile

Scots: styl, style, styll, stylle

English: stile

Old Saxon: stigila; stigilla (< *stigillju)

Middle Low German: stegele, stegel

Low German: Stegel

Old Dutch: *stigila

Middle Dutch: stēghele, stēghel

Dutch: stegel

Old High German: stigila; stigilla (< *stigillju)

Middle High German: stigele

German: Stiegel

a device used for climbing (over); stile


hasu

hasu (masculine nominative singular)
hasu (feminine nominative singular)
hasu (neuter nominative singular)
haswanā (accusative masculine singular)
haswā (accusative feminine singular)
hasu (accusative neuter singular)
haswas (genitive masculine singular)
hasweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haswas (genitive neuter singular)
hasumē (dative masculine singular)
hasweʀē (dative feminine singular)
hasumē (dative neuter singular)
hasu (instrumental masculine singular)
hasweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hasu (instrumental neuter singular)
haswē (masculine nominative plural)
haswō (feminine nominative plural)
hasu (neuter nominative plural)
haswā (accusative masculine plural)
haswā (accusative feminine plural)
hasu (accusative neuter plural)
hasweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hasweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hasweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haswēm (dative masculine plural)
hasum (dative masculine plural)
haswēm (dative feminine plural)
hasum (dative feminine plural)
haswēm (dative neuter plural)
hasum (dative neuter plural)
haswēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hasum (instrumental masculine plural)
haswēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hasum (feminine instrumental plural)
haswēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hasum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hasu, heasu
⇒ Middle English: haswed

Old Saxon: hasu

Middle Low German: hāse (in placenames)

Old Dutch: *haso

Old High German: *haswi

Middle High German: heswe

→ Old French: *hasve, have

Middle French: have

French: hâve


stribēn

stribēn (infinitive)
stribēnijas (genitive infinitive)
stribēnijē (dative infinitive)
stribēniju (infinitive instrumental)
stribē (first-person present singular)
strib?dā (first-person past singular)
stribēs (present second-person singular)
strib?dēs (past second-person singular)
stribēþ (present singular third-person)
strib?dē (past singular third-person)
strib?dā (past singular third-person)
stribēm (first-person plural present)
strib?dum (first-person past plural)
stribēþ (plural present second-person)
strib?dud (past plural second-person)
stribēnþ (plural present third-person)
strib?dun (past plural third-person)
strib?dī (first-person past singular)
strib?dī (past second-person singular)
stribē (present singular third-person)
strib?dī (past singular third-person)
strib?dīm (first-person past plural)
strib?dīd (past plural second-person)
stribēn (plural present third-person)
strib?dīn (past plural third-person)
stribē (present singular)
stribēþ (plural present)
stribēndī (participle present)
strib?d (participle past)

Old Frisian: *strivia, *stribia

Saterland Frisian: strieuwje

West Frisian: stribje

Old Saxon: *strivōn

Middle Low German: streven

German Low German: streven

→ Swedish: sträva

Old Dutch: *strivon
Middle Dutch: strēven
Dutch: streven
Afrikaans: streef, strewe
Limburgish: straeve

Old High German: strëbēn, strëbōn

Middle High German: strëben

German: streben

→ Danish: stræbe

→ Esperanto: strebi

Yiddish: שטרעבן (shtrebn)

Luxembourgish: striewen

desc

→ Old French: estrever, estriver, estrivier (influenced by strif, strit)

Middle French: estriver

French: étriver

→ Middle English: striven, stryven, stryfen, strifen

English: strive

From Proto-Germanic *stribāną (“to strive”).


halsaberg

halsaberg (nominative singular)
halsabergō (nominative plural)
halsabergōs (nominative plural)
halsaberg (accusative singular)
halsabergā (accusative plural)
halsabergas (genitive singular)
halsabergō (genitive plural)
halsabergē (dative singular)
halsabergum (dative plural)
halsabergu (instrumental singular)
halsabergum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *halsberg

Middle Dutch: halsberch

Dutch: halsberg

Old High German: halsberg

→ Medieval Latin: alsbergum (see there for further descendants)

Possibly a masculine variant of *halsabergu. Alternatively from Proto-Germanic *halsabergaz.


Hildigardu

Hildigardu (nominative singular)
Hildigardā (accusative singular)
Hildigardā (genitive singular)
Hildigardē (dative singular)
Hildigardu (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Hildigard, Hiltigart

desctree

German: Hildegard
→ English: Hildegard
→ Polish: Hildegarda
→ Swedish: Hildegard

→ Faroese: Hildigarð, Hildigerð

→ Old French: Hildegarde

Middle French: Hildegarde

French: Hildegarde

→ English: Hildegarde

→ Spanish: Hildegarda

From *hildi (“battle”) + *gard (“enclosure”).

(Elbe Germanic, Frankish) a female given name, equivalent to English Hildegard


trokōn

trokōn (infinitive)
trokōnijas (genitive infinitive)
trokōnijē (dative infinitive)
trokōniju (infinitive instrumental)
trokō (first-person present singular)
trokōdā (first-person past singular)
trokōs (present second-person singular)
trokōdēs (past second-person singular)
trokōdōs (past second-person singular)
trokōþ (present singular third-person)
trokōdē (past singular third-person)
trokōdā (past singular third-person)
trokōm (first-person plural present)
trokōdum (first-person past plural)
trokōþ (plural present second-person)
trokōdud (past plural second-person)
trokōnþ (plural present third-person)
trokōdun (past plural third-person)
trokōdī (first-person past singular)
trokōdī (past second-person singular)
trokō (present singular third-person)
trokōdī (past singular third-person)
trokōdīm (first-person past plural)
trokōdīd (past plural second-person)
trokōn (plural present third-person)
trokōdīn (past plural third-person)
trokō (present singular)
trokōþ (plural present)
trokōndī (participle present)
trokōd (participle past)

Old English: trucian
Middle English: trukien
English: truck

→ Medieval Latin: trocō (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *trukkōną, from earlier paradigm *trukkōþi ~ *trugunanþi with unexpected voicing assimilation, from pre-Proto-Germanic *dʰrugʰ-nā́-ti ~ *dʰrugʰ-un-ánti, iterative to *dreugan (“to deceive”).


medumō

medumō (masculine nominative singular)
medumā (feminine nominative singular)
medumā (neuter nominative singular)
meduman (accusative masculine singular)
medumōn (accusative feminine singular)
medumā (accusative neuter singular)
medumini (genitive masculine singular)
meduman (genitive masculine singular)
medumōn (feminine genitive singular)
medumini (genitive neuter singular)
meduman (genitive neuter singular)
medumini (dative masculine singular)
meduman (dative masculine singular)
medumōn (dative feminine singular)
medumini (dative neuter singular)
meduman (dative neuter singular)
medumini (instrumental masculine singular)
meduman (instrumental masculine singular)
medumōn (feminine instrumental singular)
medumini (instrumental neuter singular)
meduman (instrumental neuter singular)
meduman (masculine nominative plural)
medumōn (feminine nominative plural)
medumōn (neuter nominative plural)
meduman (accusative masculine plural)
medumōn (accusative feminine plural)
medumōn (accusative neuter plural)
medumanō (genitive masculine plural)
medumōnō (feminine genitive plural)
medumanō (genitive neuter plural)
medumum (dative masculine plural)
medumōm (dative feminine plural)
medumum (dative feminine plural)
medumum (dative neuter plural)
medumum (instrumental masculine plural)
medumōm (feminine instrumental plural)
medumum (feminine instrumental plural)
medumum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: medume, medeme, meodume
Middle English: medeme
⇒ English: midmost (from the superlative)

Old High German: metemo

From Proto-Germanic *medumô. Equivalent to *midi (“middle, mid”) + *-umō (comparative/superlative adjectival suffix).


sunnju

sunnju (nominative singular)
sunnjō (nominative plural)
sunnjā (accusative singular)
sunnjā (accusative plural)
sunnjā (genitive singular)
sunnjō (genitive plural)
sunnjē (dative singular)
sunnjōm (dative plural)
sunnjum (dative plural)
sunnju (instrumental singular)
sunnjōm (instrumental plural)
sunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: synn, sinn, senn
Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn, senne, zen, zenne (Kent), seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin

Old Saxon: sunnea

Old High German: sunna, sunne

→ Late Latin: sonium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *sunjō (“truth; denial”).


uʀgōllju

uʀgōllju (nominative singular)
uʀgōlljō (nominative plural)
uʀgōlljā (accusative singular)
uʀgōlljā (accusative plural)
uʀgōlljā (genitive singular)
uʀgōlljō (genitive plural)
uʀgōlljē (dative singular)
uʀgōlljōm (dative plural)
uʀgōlljum (dative plural)
uʀgōllju (instrumental singular)
uʀgōlljōm (instrumental plural)
uʀgōlljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: orgol, orgel, orgello, oregel, orgellu, orhel, horel
Middle English: orgel, orgul

⇒ Old High German: urguol (adjective)

Middle High German: urguol

→ Vulgar Latin: *orgollium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *uzgōlijō, from *uz- (“up, out”) + *gōlijaną + *-ō.


wimpil

wimpil (nominative singular)
wimpilō (nominative plural)
wimpilōs (nominative plural)
wimpil (accusative singular)
wimpilā (accusative plural)
wimpilas (genitive singular)
wimpilō (genitive plural)
wimpilē (dative singular)
wimpilum (dative plural)
wimpilu (instrumental singular)
wimpilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wimpel, winpel
Middle English: wympel, wimpel, wympil, wimpul
English: wimple
Scots: wympill, wempill, wompyll, wimple

Old Frisian: wimpel

Saterland Frisian: Wimpel

West Frisian: wimpel

Old Saxon: wimpal

Middle Low German: wimpel, wumpel

German Low German: Wimpel

Old Dutch: *wimpil

Middle Dutch: wimpel, wumpel

Dutch: wimpel

Afrikaans: wimpel

Old High German: wimpfal, wimpal

Middle High German: wimpel

German: Wimpel

→ Russian: вы́мпел (výmpel)

→ Old French: guimple, gimple (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *wimpilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wimb-, *weyb- (“rotate, move”).


þansōn

þansōn (infinitive)
þansōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þansōnijē (dative infinitive)
þansōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þansō (first-person present singular)
þansōdā (first-person past singular)
þansōs (present second-person singular)
þansōdēs (past second-person singular)
þansōdōs (past second-person singular)
þansōþ (present singular third-person)
þansōdē (past singular third-person)
þansōdā (past singular third-person)
þansōm (first-person plural present)
þansōdum (first-person past plural)
þansōþ (plural present second-person)
þansōdud (past plural second-person)
þansōnþ (plural present third-person)
þansōdun (past plural third-person)
þansōdī (first-person past singular)
þansōdī (past second-person singular)
þansō (present singular third-person)
þansōdī (past singular third-person)
þansōdīm (first-person past plural)
þansōdīd (past plural second-person)
þansōn (plural present third-person)
þansōdīn (past plural third-person)
þansō (present singular)
þansōþ (plural present)
þansōndī (participle present)
þansōd (participle past)

Old High German: dansōn

Middle High German: dansen

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *dantiāre (see there for further descendants)

Likely an o-grade iterative of Proto-Germanic *þinsaną (“to stretch”) (< *tons-néh₂).


balkōn

balkōn (infinitive)
balkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
balkōnijē (dative infinitive)
balkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
balkō (first-person present singular)
balkōdā (first-person past singular)
balkōs (present second-person singular)
balkōdēs (past second-person singular)
balkōdōs (past second-person singular)
balkōþ (present singular third-person)
balkōdē (past singular third-person)
balkōdā (past singular third-person)
balkōm (first-person plural present)
balkōdum (first-person past plural)
balkōþ (plural present second-person)
balkōdud (past plural second-person)
balkōnþ (plural present third-person)
balkōdun (past plural third-person)
balkōdī (first-person past singular)
balkōdī (past second-person singular)
balkō (present singular third-person)
balkōdī (past singular third-person)
balkōdīm (first-person past plural)
balkōdīd (past plural second-person)
balkōn (plural present third-person)
balkōdīn (past plural third-person)
balkō (present singular)
balkōþ (plural present)
balkōndī (participle present)
balkōd (participle past)

Old English: bealcian, bælcian
Middle English: balken

Old Frisian: *balkia

Saterland Frisian: bälkje

West Frisian: balkje

Old Dutch: *balkon

Middle Dutch: balken

Dutch: balken

From Proto-Germanic *belkaną (“to emit a sound, roar, belch”).


Aþalberht

Aþalberht (nominative singular)
Aþalberht (accusative singular)
Aþalberhtas (genitive singular)
Aþalberhtē (dative singular)
Aþalberhtu (instrumental singular)

desc

Old English: Æþelberht, Æþelbeorht, Æþelbert, Æþelbryht

→ English: Ethelbert (learned)

Old Saxon: Athalberht

Old Dutch: *Athalbert

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: Adelbert

Old High German: Adalberaht, Adalbert

Middle High German:

German: Albrecht, Adelbert

→ Latin: Adalbertus

Catalan: Adalbert

→ Old French: Albert, Elbert

French: Albert, Aubert

→ Catalan: Albert

→ English: Albert, Elbert

Italian: Adalberto

Portuguese: Adalberto

Spanish: Adalberto

From *aþal (“noble”) + *berht (“bright, shining”).


lappā

lappā (nominative singular)
lappōn (nominative plural)
lappōn (accusative singular)
lappōn (accusative plural)
lappōn (genitive singular)
lappōnō (genitive plural)
lappōn (dative singular)
lappōm (dative plural)
lappum (dative plural)
lappōn (instrumental singular)
lappōm (instrumental plural)
lappum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: læppa, lappa
Middle English: lappe
English: lap
Scots: lap

⇒ Old English: *leppruc, *lippric

⇒ Old English: ēarelippric

Old Frisian: lappa

Saterland Frisian: Lappe

West Frisian: lappe, lape

Old Saxon: lappo

Middle Low German: lappe

German Low German: Lappen

Old Dutch: *lappa

Middle Dutch: lappe

Dutch: lap

Afrikaans: lap

Old High German: lappo; lappa f

Middle High German: lappe

German: Lappe, Lappen

→ Old French: *labbe, *labre

desc

⇒ Old French: labelle, label, labbelle, lambel (diminutive)

Middle French: label, lambeau, lambel

French: lambeau

⇒ Middle French: *labrer (verb)

⇒ Middle French: deslabrer, délabrer

French: délabrer

→ Middle English: label, labelle

desctree

English: label
→ Danish: label
→ Dutch: label
→ French: label
→ Japanese: ラベル (raberu)
→ Korean: 라벨 (rabel)
→ Korean: 레이블 (reibeul)
→ Malay: label
→ Polish: label
→ Welsh: label

From Proto-Germanic *lappaz, from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang down loosely”).


kastō

kastō (nominative singular)
kastan (nominative plural)
kastan (accusative singular)
kastan (accusative plural)
kastini (genitive singular)
kastan (genitive singular)
kastanō (genitive plural)
kastini (dative singular)
kastan (dative singular)
kastum (dative plural)
kastini (instrumental singular)
kastan (instrumental singular)
kastum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kasto

desc

Middle Low German: kaste, kast, kasse, kase

German Low German: Kast

⇒ Middle Low German: kasten

gl

→ Old Frisian: kasten (alternatively borrowed from Middle High German)

→ Saterland Frisian: Kaaste

→ West Frisian: kast (alternatively borrowed from Dutch)

Old Dutch: *casto

Middle Dutch: caste, kaste

Dutch: kast (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Old French: castiche

Middle French: castiche

⇒ Old French: casticheor

Middle French: casticheur

⇒ Old French: castichier (verb)

Middle French: casticher

⇒ Old French: castichement

desctree

Old High German: kasto
Middle High German: kaste
Alemannic German: Chaschte, Chaste, Kaschte
German: Kasten
Yiddish: קאַסטן (kastn)

→ Medieval Latin: castō, chastō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *kas, *kaʀ (“vessel, chest, basket”) + *-þ- + *-ō, or altered under the influence of *kistu (“chest”).
Alternatively borrowed from Medieval Latin cassa, from Latin capsa (“box, case”), again, altered by *kistu (“chest”).


skūm

skūm (nominative singular)
skūmō (nominative plural)
skūmōs (nominative plural)
skūm (accusative singular)
skūmā (accusative plural)
skūmas (genitive singular)
skūmō (genitive plural)
skūmē (dative singular)
skūmum (dative plural)
skūmu (instrumental singular)
skūmum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *skūm

Saterland Frisian: Skuum, Schuum

West Frisian: skûm, skom

Old Saxon: *skūm

Middle Low German: schûm

German Low German: Schuum

Old Dutch: *scūm

Middle Dutch: schuum

Dutch: schuim

Afrikaans: skuim

→ Middle English: scome, scume (partially from Old French escume)

Scots: skum, skoom

English: scum

Old High German: skūm, scūm

Middle High German: schūm

German: Schaum

→ Esperanto: ŝaŭmo

Luxembourgish: Schaum

→ Vulgar Latin: *scūma

Old French: escume

Middle French: escume, écume

French: écume

Medieval Latin: scuma, schuma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *skūmaz (“froth, foam”).


barō

barō (nominative singular)
baran (nominative plural)
baran (accusative singular)
baran (accusative plural)
barini (genitive singular)
baran (genitive singular)
baranō (genitive plural)
barini (dative singular)
baran (dative singular)
barum (dative plural)
barini (instrumental singular)
baran (instrumental singular)
barum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: baro (“man, freeman”)

→ Latin: barō (“man, etc.”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *barô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear”). Possibly related to Old English beorn (“man, warrior”).


krappō

krappō (nominative singular)
krappan (nominative plural)
krappan (accusative singular)
krappan (accusative plural)
krappini (genitive singular)
krappan (genitive singular)
krappanō (genitive plural)
krappini (dative singular)
krappan (dative singular)
krappum (dative plural)
krappini (instrumental singular)
krappan (instrumental singular)
krappum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: krappo

desc

Middle Low German: krappe, kroppe, kropp, krop

Old Dutch: *krappo

Middle Dutch: crappe

Dutch: krap

desctree

Old High German: krapho, kraffo, krapfo
Middle High German: krapfe
Alemannic German: Chrapfe
German: Krapfe, Krapfen
→ Italian: graffa

→ Old French: grappe (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *crappalt, *crapalt

Old French: crapaut, crapot

Middle French: crapuad

French: crapaud

→ English: crapaud

Occitan: grapaut

Catalan: grapal, gripal, gripau

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *greb-, perhaps cognate with Armenian կարթ (kartʻ, “fish-hook”), Lithuanian gárbana (“lock of hair”).


matisahs

matisahs (nominative singular)
matisahsu (nominative plural)
matisahs (accusative singular)
matisahsu (accusative plural)
matisahsas (genitive singular)
matisahsō (genitive plural)
matisahsē (dative singular)
matisahsum (dative plural)
matisahsu (instrumental singular)
matisahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meteseax, metseax

Old Frisian: mess, mes

West Frisian: mês

Old Saxon: metisahs, mezas

desc

Middle Low German: metset, messet, mezces, mest, mes

German Low German: Mest

Plautdietsch: Massa

Old Dutch: *metisas, *metsas, *mesas

Middle Dutch: mets, metser, messe, mes

desctree

Dutch: mes
Afrikaans: mes
→ Zulu: umese
Fanagalo: mes (or directly)
Berbice Creole Dutch: mesi
Jersey Dutch: määs
Negerhollands: mes
Skepi Creole Dutch: masa
→ Indonesian: mes (“medical knife”)
→ Japanese: メス (mesu, “medical knife”)
→ Korean: 메스 (meseu, “medical knife”)
→ Loup A: meschu (from the diminutive form)
→ Malagasy: méso, mésa

Old High German: mezzisahs, mezzeres, mezzirahs, mazsahs
Middle High German: messer, mezzer
Bavarian: Messa
Cimbrian: mèssar, mezzar (Luserna)
Mòcheno: messer
German: Messer
Yiddish: מעסער (meser)


salh

salh (nominative singular)
salhō (nominative plural)
salhōs (nominative plural)
salh (accusative singular)
salhā (accusative plural)
salhas (genitive singular)
salhō (genitive plural)
salhē (dative singular)
salhum (dative plural)
salhu (instrumental singular)
salhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sealh, saliġ

Middle English: salwe, saly

English: sallow, sally

Old Saxon: *salha

Middle Low German: *sale

⇒ Middle Low German: salewîde)

Old High German: salaha

Middle High German: salehe, salhe

⇒ Middle High German: salewīde

German: Salweide

→ Old French: saule

Middle French: saule

French: saule

From Proto-Germanic *salhaz (“willow”), from From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂lk- (“willow”). Cognate with Welsh helyg, Latin salix.


wilig

wilig (nominative singular)
wiligō (nominative plural)
wiligōs (nominative plural)
wilig (accusative singular)
wiligā (accusative plural)
wiligas (genitive singular)
wiligō (genitive plural)
wiligē (dative singular)
wiligum (dative plural)
wiligu (instrumental singular)
wiligum (instrumental plural)

Old English: welig, weleg, weli, wylig
Middle English: wylow, welew, weleygh, welo, welogh, welou, wely, whilwh, wilew, wilghe, wilou, wilowh, wilwe, wylew, wylgh, wylugh, wylw
English: willow
Scots: willy, willie

Old Frisian: *wilich

West Frisian: wylch

From Proto-Germanic *wiligaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welik-, *weliḱ- (“willow”).


wiligijā

wiligijā (nominative singular)
wiligijōn (nominative plural)
wiligijōn (accusative singular)
wiligijōn (accusative plural)
wiligijōn (genitive singular)
wiligijōnō (genitive plural)
wiligijōn (dative singular)
wiligijōm (dative plural)
wiligijum (dative plural)
wiligijōn (instrumental singular)
wiligijōm (instrumental plural)
wiligijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiliġe; wiliġa

Middle English: wilie, whilye

Old Frisian: *wilige, *wilge

Saterland Frisian: Wüülge

Old Saxon: wilgia

Middle Low German: wilge

Low German: Wilge

Old Dutch: *wilga
Middle Dutch: wilge f
Dutch: wilg m
Afrikaans: wilg

Old High German: *wilgea, *wilga

Middle High German: wilge


kamarling

kamarling (nominative singular)
kamarlingō (nominative plural)
kamarlingōs (nominative plural)
kamarling (accusative singular)
kamarlingā (accusative plural)
kamarlingas (genitive singular)
kamarlingō (genitive plural)
kamarlingē (dative singular)
kamarlingum (dative plural)
kamarlingu (instrumental singular)
kamarlingum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *kamerling

Middle Dutch: cāmerlinc

Dutch: kamerling

Old High German: chamarling

desc

→ Medieval Latin: camerlingus, camerlengus, camarlingus, camberlingus, camerlanus, cambellanus (see there for further descendants)


swak

swak (masculine nominative singular)
swaku (feminine nominative singular)
swak (neuter nominative singular)
swakanā (accusative masculine singular)
swakā (accusative feminine singular)
swak (accusative neuter singular)
swakas (genitive masculine singular)
swakeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
swakas (genitive neuter singular)
swakumē (dative masculine singular)
swakeʀē (dative feminine singular)
swakumē (dative neuter singular)
swaku (instrumental masculine singular)
swakeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
swaku (instrumental neuter singular)
swakē (masculine nominative plural)
swakō (feminine nominative plural)
swaku (neuter nominative plural)
swakā (accusative masculine plural)
swakā (accusative feminine plural)
swaku (accusative neuter plural)
swakeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
swakeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
swakeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
swakēm (dative masculine plural)
swakum (dative masculine plural)
swakēm (dative feminine plural)
swakum (dative feminine plural)
swakēm (dative neuter plural)
swakum (dative neuter plural)
swakēm (instrumental masculine plural)
swakum (instrumental masculine plural)
swakēm (feminine instrumental plural)
swakum (feminine instrumental plural)
swakēm (instrumental neuter plural)
swakum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *swæc

Middle English: swac

English: swack (dialectal)

Scots: swack, swake

⇒ Old English: swæcehēow

Old Frisian: *swak

Saterland Frisian: swäk

West Frisian: swak

Old Saxon: *swak

Middle Low German: swac, swak, swack

German Low German: swack

Plautdietsch: schwak

→ Danish: svag

→ Norwegian Bokmål: svak

→ Swedish: svag

→ Gutnish: svagar, svagur

Old Dutch: *swak

Middle Dutch: swac

Dutch: zwak

Afrikaans: swak

Old High German: *swah

Middle High German: swach

Bavarian: schwåch

German: schwach

Luxembourgish: schwaach

Vilamovian: śwaoch

Yiddish: שוואַך (shvakh)

Perhaps Proto-Indo-European *swe(n)g-, *swe(n)k- (“to bend, swing, sway, waver”); compare the verbs *swinkan and *swankijan.


þrot

þrot (nominative singular)
þrotu (nominative plural)
þrot (accusative singular)
þrotu (accusative plural)
þrotas (genitive singular)
þrotō (genitive plural)
þrotē (dative singular)
þrotum (dative plural)
þrotu (instrumental singular)
þrotum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrot

Old Saxon: *throt

⇒ Old Saxon: farthrot


stunōn

stunōn (infinitive)
stunōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stunōnijē (dative infinitive)
stunōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stunō (first-person present singular)
stunōdā (first-person past singular)
stunōs (present second-person singular)
stunōdēs (past second-person singular)
stunōdōs (past second-person singular)
stunōþ (present singular third-person)
stunōdē (past singular third-person)
stunōdā (past singular third-person)
stunōm (first-person plural present)
stunōdum (first-person past plural)
stunōþ (plural present second-person)
stunōdud (past plural second-person)
stunōnþ (plural present third-person)
stunōdun (past plural third-person)
stunōdī (first-person past singular)
stunōdī (past second-person singular)
stunō (present singular third-person)
stunōdī (past singular third-person)
stunōdīm (first-person past plural)
stunōdīd (past plural second-person)
stunōn (plural present third-person)
stunōdīn (past plural third-person)
stunō (present singular)
stunōþ (plural present)
stunōndī (participle present)
stunōd (participle past)

Old English: stunian

Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen

Scots: stun, stound, stony

English: stun, stound, astonish

Old Saxon: *stunōn

Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen (latter merged with stēnen)

Dutch Low Saxon: steunen

German Low German: stöhnen

→ German: stöhnen

Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn

Middle Dutch: stōnen

Dutch: steunen (merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)

Old High German: *stunōn

Middle High German: stunen, stunden

q

→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *stunōną (“to thunder, rumble, drone, groan”).


spinnilu

spinnilu (nominative singular)
spinnilō (nominative plural)
spinnilā (accusative singular)
spinnilā (accusative plural)
spinnilā (genitive singular)
spinnilō (genitive plural)
spinnilē (dative singular)
spinnilōm (dative plural)
spinnilum (dative plural)
spinnilu (instrumental singular)
spinnilōm (instrumental plural)
spinnilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spinel, spinl, spinil, spindel, spindle
Middle English: spyndel, spyndylle, spyndell, spindelle, spyndle, spindil, spyndill, spyndul, spindel, spinle, spindle
English: spindle (dialectal spinnel)
Middle Scots: spinnell, spindill
Scots: spinnel, spinnle, spindle

Old Frisian: spindel

North Frisian: spandel

Saterland Frisian: Spilne

West Frisian: spille, spil (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: spinnila

desc

Middle Low German: spinnel, spindel, spille

German Low German: Spill

→ German: Spill

→ Danish: spindel

→ Swedish: spindel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: spindel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: spindel

Old Dutch: *spinla, spilla

Middle Dutch: spindel, spendel, spille

Dutch: spindel; spil

Old High German: spinnila, spinnela, spinnala, spilla

Middle High German: spinnel, spinele, spille

q

German: Spindel; Spille (dialectal except in spillerig, Spillbaum)

Luxembourgish: Spëndel


mandu

mandu (nominative singular)
mandō (nominative plural)
mandā (accusative singular)
mandā (accusative plural)
mandā (genitive singular)
mandō (genitive plural)
mandē (dative singular)
mandōm (dative plural)
mandum (dative plural)
mandu (instrumental singular)
mandōm (instrumental plural)
mandum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mand, mond

Old Saxon: *manda

Middle Low German: mande

German Low German:

Westmünsterländisch: Mände, Männe (Gescher, Raesfeld, Ramsdorf, Rhede, Vreden), Mande (Borken, Rhede, Vreden), Mäinde (Stadtlohn, Südlohn, Weseke)

Old Dutch: *manda

Middle Dutch: mande

desctree

Dutch: mand
Afrikaans: mandjie (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mánki
→ Mohegan-Pequot: manodah
→ Saramaccan: mánda

→ Old French: mande [1202, Tailliar]

Middle French: mande, manne

French: manne, (dialectal) mande

→ Breton: man

desc

→ Middle English: maunde, mawnde, maundye, maundie, mande [c. 1390, The Mirror of St. Edmund]

English: maund

Scots: mand

⇒ Middle Dutch: mandeken, mandekijn

→ Old French: mannequin [1202, Tailliar]

Middle French: mannequin

French: mannequin (“small horticultural basket”)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *menth₂- (“to whisk, stir”). Compare Sanskrit मन्थन (manthana).


alasnu

alasnu (nominative singular)
alasnō (nominative plural)
alasnā (accusative singular)
alasnā (accusative plural)
alasnā (genitive singular)
alasnō (genitive plural)
alasnē (dative singular)
alasnōm (dative plural)
alasnum (dative plural)
alasnu (instrumental singular)
alasnōm (instrumental plural)
alasnum (instrumental plural)
*alisnu (alternative)

Old Saxon: *alansa

Middle Low German: alse, elase, elasene

Old Dutch: *alsina

desc

Middle Dutch: elsne, elsene, elsen, alsene

Dutch: els, (dialectal) elase

→ Middle English: elsen, elsyn, elson, alsene

English: elsin, elsen (dialectal, UK)

Scots: elsin, elsing, elson

Old High German: alansa, alesna

Middle High German: *alesne, *elnse

German: Alesne, Alse, Else (dialectal, Swiss German)

→ Vulgar Latin: *alisna, *lexina (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *alasnō (“awl”). Equivalent to *al (“awl”) + *-snu.


aliʀu

aliʀu (nominative singular)
aliʀō (nominative plural)
aliʀā (accusative singular)
aliʀā (accusative plural)
aliʀā (genitive singular)
aliʀō (genitive plural)
aliʀē (dative singular)
aliʀōm (dative plural)
aliʀum (dative plural)
aliʀu (instrumental singular)
aliʀōm (instrumental plural)
aliʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: alor, aler
Middle English: aldre, alder, aldur, aldyr, aleyre, aller, alre, althir, olr (Early Middle English)
English: alder
Scots: aller

Old Dutch: *alisa

Middle Dutch: else

Dutch: els

Afrikaans: els

desc

Old High German: alar, erila, elira, *alisa, *elisa

Middle High German: alze, els, eller, elre

German: Erle

→ Vulgar Latin: *alisa

Old French: alie, allie, alis

Middle French: alie, alise

French: alise

From Proto-Germanic *alizō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élis- (“alder”).


nū

Old English: nū

Middle English: nu, nou

Scots: noo, nou

English: now

Northumbrian: noo

Old Frisian: nū

Saterland Frisian: nu

West Frisian: no

Old Saxon: nū

Middle Low German: nū

Low German: nu

desctree

Old Dutch: nū
Middle Dutch: nu
Dutch: nu
Limburgish: noe

Old High German: nu, nū

Middle High German: nu, nū, nun, nūn

German: nun, nu

Esperanto: nun