habbjō

habbjō (nominative singular)
habbjan (nominative plural)
habbjan (accusative singular)
habbjan (accusative plural)
habbjini (genitive singular)
habbjan (genitive singular)
habbjanō (genitive plural)
habbjini (dative singular)
habbjan (dative singular)
habbjum (dative plural)
habbjini (instrumental singular)
habbjan (instrumental singular)
habbjum (instrumental plural)
*haffjō (alternative)
*habuz (alternative)
*hafuz (alternative)
*haffju (alternative)

Old English: hæf, hæfe, hefe

Old Saxon: *hebbio, *heffio

Middle Low German: hebben, heffen

Old Dutch: *hebbo, *heffo, *hevo

Middle Dutch: heffe, hēve

Dutch: hef

desctree

Old High German: hevo, heffa, heffe, hephe, heve, heffen, hefun, hephen
Middle High German: heve, hefe; hebe, hefe; hepfen
Bavarian: Hefn, Hepfa, Hepfn
Alemannic German: Hebi
German: Hefe
Hunsrik: Heb
Luxembourgish: Hief
Yiddish: הייוון (heyvn)


weud

weud (nominative singular)
weudu (nominative plural)
weud (accusative singular)
weudu (accusative plural)
weudas (genitive singular)
weudō (genitive plural)
weudē (dative singular)
weudum (dative plural)
weudu (instrumental singular)
weudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēod

Middle English: weod, weed

English: weed

→ Dutch: wiet

Scots: wed, weed

Old Frisian: *wiūd

Saterland Frisian: wiud (obsolete), Jood

West Frisian: wjûd

Old Saxon: wiod

Middle Low German: wêt

German Low German: Weed

Low German: woden, woen

Old Dutch: *wiod, *wiot

Middle Dutch: wiod, wied, wiet

Dutch: wied

Old High German: wiota

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *wi-wdʰ-o-m, an archaic reduplicated noun formation of *wedʰ- (“to wind; bend; entangle; tie”). Note however that this pattern is extremely rare: *bebruz and *hwehwlą are the only reduplicated nouns that are positively reconstructed for Proto-Germanic proper (but see *gaukaz for another hypothetically potential example; and in West Germanic there is *weukā (“wisp, wick”) among a few others).


waliþu

waliþu (nominative singular)
waliþō (nominative plural)
waliþā (accusative singular)
waliþā (accusative plural)
waliþā (genitive singular)
waliþō (genitive plural)
waliþē (dative singular)
waliþōm (dative plural)
waliþum (dative plural)
waliþu (instrumental singular)
waliþōm (instrumental plural)
waliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *welþu, *welþ

Middle English: welthe, weelþe, wellthe, welt, welth, welþ, welþe, weolþe, wilthe, welðe, welðhe (Early Middle English)
English: wealth
Scots: walth

Old Saxon: *welitha, *welida

Middle Low German: welede, welde

Low German: Weelde

Old Dutch: *welitha, *welida

Middle Dutch: welde, weelde

Dutch: weelde

Old High German: welitha, welida

>? Middle High German: welede, welde

From *walō (“wealth; well-being”) + *-iþu.

the condition of being well, well-being, happiness


welag

welag (masculine nominative singular)
welagu (feminine nominative singular)
welag (neuter nominative singular)
welaganā (accusative masculine singular)
welagā (accusative feminine singular)
welag (accusative neuter singular)
welagas (genitive masculine singular)
welageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
welagas (genitive neuter singular)
welagumē (dative masculine singular)
welageʀē (dative feminine singular)
welagumē (dative neuter singular)
welagu (instrumental masculine singular)
welageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
welagu (instrumental neuter singular)
welagē (masculine nominative plural)
welagō (feminine nominative plural)
welagu (neuter nominative plural)
welagā (accusative masculine plural)
welagā (accusative feminine plural)
welagu (accusative neuter plural)
welageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
welageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
welageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
welagēm (dative masculine plural)
welagum (dative masculine plural)
welagēm (dative feminine plural)
welagum (dative feminine plural)
welagēm (dative neuter plural)
welagum (dative neuter plural)
welagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
welagum (instrumental masculine plural)
welagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
welagum (feminine instrumental plural)
welagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
welagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: weleġ, weliġ

Middle English: wely, weli, welig, weliȝ, weoli (Early Middle English)
English: wealy (obsolete)

Old Frisian: *welich

Saterland Frisian: weelich

Old Saxon: welag

Middle Low German: welich

Low German: welig, wehlig, wählig

→ Danish: vælig

→ German: wählig

Old Dutch: *welag

Middle Dutch: welich

Dutch: welig

Old High German: welag


werageld

werageld (nominative singular)
werageldō (nominative plural)
werageldōs (nominative plural)
werageld (accusative singular)
werageldā (accusative plural)
werageldas (genitive singular)
werageldō (genitive plural)
werageldē (dative singular)
werageldum (dative plural)
werageldu (instrumental singular)
werageldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weregeld, wergild

desc

Middle English: wergeld, weregelt, wergelt

English: wergeld

Scots: weregilt, wargeld, warȝeld

Old Frisian: werjeld

Old Saxon: *werigeld

Middle Low German: *wêregelt, *wergelt

Low German: Wergeld

Old Dutch: *werigelt

Middle Dutch: weregelt

Dutch: weergeld

Lombardic: wergild

Old High German: werigelt

Middle High German: wërgëlt

German: Wergeld

→ French: wergeld, weregild, wergild

→ Old French: were

→ Spanish: wergild

→ Medieval Latin: werigeldum, weregildum, wergeldus (see there for further descendants)


bisīg

bisīg (masculine nominative singular)
bisīgu (feminine nominative singular)
bisīg (neuter nominative singular)
bisīganā (accusative masculine singular)
bisīgā (accusative feminine singular)
bisīg (accusative neuter singular)
bisīgas (genitive masculine singular)
bisīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bisīgas (genitive neuter singular)
bisīgumē (dative masculine singular)
bisīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
bisīgumē (dative neuter singular)
bisīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
bisīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bisīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
bisīgē (masculine nominative plural)
bisīgō (feminine nominative plural)
bisīgu (neuter nominative plural)
bisīgā (accusative masculine plural)
bisīgā (accusative feminine plural)
bisīgu (accusative neuter plural)
bisīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bisīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bisīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bisīgēm (dative masculine plural)
bisīgum (dative masculine plural)
bisīgēm (dative feminine plural)
bisīgum (dative feminine plural)
bisīgēm (dative neuter plural)
bisīgum (dative neuter plural)
bisīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bisīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
bisīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bisīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
bisīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bisīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: bisiġ, besiġ, bysiġ
Middle English: bisy, bysy, bisie, bysie, bisi, bysi, bysye, bisiȝ, besi, besy, besie, besye, busy, busi, busie
English: busy
Scots: bissy, besy, bussie

Old Frisian: *bisich

Saterland Frisian: biesich

West Frisian: bezich, beuzich

Old Saxon: *bisig

Middle Low German: besich

German Low German: besig, bäsig

Low German: besig

Old Dutch: *bisig

Middle Dutch: besich, beisich, besech
Dutch: bezig
Afrikaans: besig
Jersey Dutch: bääzix
Negerhollands: beesig
→ Papiamentu: bezig
→ Sranan Tongo: beisig
Limburgish: bezig
West Flemish: bezig
Zealandic: bezig

Old High German: bisīg (Langobardic)

Uncertain. Perhaps from *bisōn (“to rush around, whirr”) + *-īg.


furi-

Old English: for-, far-, fer-, fær-, fier-, fyr-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-, ver-
English: for-
Scots: for-

Old Frisian: for-

Old Saxon: far-

Middle Low German: ver-

Old Dutch: far-

Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-

Old High German: fir-, far-, for-

From Proto-Germanic *furi-. Corresponds to the preposition and adverb *furi (“for, in front”).


smauki

smauki (nominative singular)
smaukī (nominative plural)
smauki (accusative singular)
smaukī (accusative plural)
smaukī (genitive singular)
smaukijō (genitive plural)
smaukī (dative singular)
smaukim (dative plural)
smaukijum (dative plural)
smaukī (instrumental singular)
smaukim (instrumental plural)
smaukijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smīec, smēc, smīeċ, smēċ

Middle English: smec, smech, smeke

Scots: smeek

English: smeek, smeech

Old Saxon: *smōk

Middle Low German: smôk

German Low German: Smook

→ Saterland Frisian: smokje

→ Danish: smøg

Old Dutch: *smouk, *smōk

Middle Dutch: smooc

Dutch: smook

→ West Frisian: smoke

Old High German: *smouh

Middle High German: smouch

German: Schmauch

Related to Proto-Germanic *smeukaną (“to smoke”); see there for more.


uʀdailī

uʀdailī (nominative singular)
uʀdailiju (nominative plural)
uʀdailī (accusative singular)
uʀdailiju (accusative plural)
uʀdailijas (genitive singular)
uʀdailijō (genitive plural)
uʀdailijē (dative singular)
uʀdailijum (dative plural)
uʀdailiju (instrumental singular)
uʀdailijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ordāl, ordāle, ordēl, *ordǣl, ordǣle
→ Medieval Latin: ordālium (< Old English ordāle)
Old French: ordeil, ordel
→ English: ordalium
⇒ New Latin: ordālia (plural)
→ French: ordalie
→ Italian: ordalia
→ Romanian: ordalie
→ Portuguese: ordália
→ Spanish: ordalía
→? Middle English: ordel, ordal (possibly directly inherited from Old English)
English: ordeal
Scots: ordeil

Old Frisian: urdēl, ordēl

Saterland Frisian: Uurdeel

West Frisian: oardiel

Old Saxon: urdēli, urdeili

desc

Middle Low German: ōrdêle, ōrdeile, ōrdêl, ōrdeil

German Low German: Oordeel

Old Dutch: urdeile

Middle Dutch: ordeel

Dutch: oordeel

Afrikaans: oordeel

Old High German: urteili, urteila, urteil

Middle High German: urteile, urteil

German: Urteil

→ Luxembourgish: Urteel

→ Polish: ortel

From *uʀdailijan (“to mete out”), from *uʀ- + *dailijan (“to deal out, divide”).

pre

something handed or meted out; allotment, share


persik

pirsik (nominative singular)
pirsikō (nominative plural)
pirsikōs (nominative plural)
pirsik (accusative singular)
pirsikā (accusative plural)
pirsikas (genitive singular)
pirsikō (genitive plural)
pirsikē (dative singular)
pirsikum (dative plural)
pirsiku (instrumental singular)
pirsikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: persoc, persic
Middle English: persogʒe

Old Saxon: *persik, *persika

desc

Middle Low German: persik, pêrsik, persek, persike

Low German:

Altmärkisch: Përsch

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Peersick, Peersken, Peerseken, Persik

East Westphalian: Päsken (Ravensberg)

South Westphalian: Päärske, Päärseke (Dortmund)

→ Old Danish: persic

→ Danish: fersken

→ Faroese: ferska

→ Greenlandic: ferskeni

→ Icelandic: ferskja

→ Norwegian: fersken

→ Swedish: persika
→ Finnish: persikka

Old Dutch: *persika

Middle Dutch: persike, perseke

desctree

Dutch: perzik
Afrikaans: perske
→ Phuthi: iperekisi
Jersey Dutch: pierkes
→ Mahican: péněgěsak
→ Indonesian: persik
→ Munsee: piilkush (from a dialectal form)
→ Unami: pilkësh (from a dialectal form)
→ West Frisian: perzik

desc

Old High German: pfersih, phersih, phirsih, persih

desctree

Middle High German: pfersich
Alemannic German: Fërsich
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Persch
Transylvanian Saxon: Piërsch
German: Pfirsich
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Pasching
Yiddish: פֿערשקע (fershke)

perzikboom

Middle Dutch: persekeboom, persikeboom, persicboom, persecboom

Pfirsichbaum

Middle High German: pfersichboum, pfersichpoum, phersichboum


unþa-

Old English: oþ-, ūþ-

Middle English: oth-

Old Frisian: und-, ond-, and-

Saterland Frisian: und-

West Frisian: ûnt-

Old Saxon: and-

Middle Low German: ent-, unt-

German Low German: ent-

Old Dutch: ant-

Middle Dutch: ont-

Dutch: ont-

Old High German: unt-, int-

Middle High German: ent-

German: ent-


bōkīn

bōkīn (masculine nominative singular)
bōkīnu (feminine nominative singular)
bōkīn (neuter nominative singular)
bōkīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
bōkīnā (accusative feminine singular)
bōkīn (accusative neuter singular)
bōkīnas (genitive masculine singular)
bōkīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bōkīnas (genitive neuter singular)
bōkīnumē (dative masculine singular)
bōkīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
bōkīnumē (dative neuter singular)
bōkīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
bōkīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bōkīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
bōkīnē (masculine nominative plural)
bōkīnō (feminine nominative plural)
bōkīnu (neuter nominative plural)
bōkīnā (accusative masculine plural)
bōkīnā (accusative feminine plural)
bōkīnu (accusative neuter plural)
bōkīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bōkīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bōkīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bōkīnēm (dative masculine plural)
bōkīnum (dative masculine plural)
bōkīnēm (dative feminine plural)
bōkīnum (dative feminine plural)
bōkīnēm (dative neuter plural)
bōkīnum (dative neuter plural)
bōkīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bōkīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
bōkīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bōkīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
bōkīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bōkīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: bēċen

Middle English: bechen, bechene, becen, beechen
English: beechen

>? Dutch: beuken (possible recent formation)

Old High German: buohhīn

Middle High German: büechīn

German: büchen, buchen

From *bōku (“beech”) or *bōkijā (“beech”) + *-īn.


mōdrīn

mōdrīn (masculine nominative singular)
mōdrīnu (feminine nominative singular)
mōdrīn (neuter nominative singular)
mōdrīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
mōdrīnā (accusative feminine singular)
mōdrīn (accusative neuter singular)
mōdrīnas (genitive masculine singular)
mōdrīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mōdrīnas (genitive neuter singular)
mōdrīnumē (dative masculine singular)
mōdrīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
mōdrīnumē (dative neuter singular)
mōdrīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
mōdrīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
mōdrīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
mōdrīnē (masculine nominative plural)
mōdrīnō (feminine nominative plural)
mōdrīnu (neuter nominative plural)
mōdrīnā (accusative masculine plural)
mōdrīnā (accusative feminine plural)
mōdrīnu (accusative neuter plural)
mōdrīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mōdrīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mōdrīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mōdrīnēm (dative masculine plural)
mōdrīnum (dative masculine plural)
mōdrīnēm (dative feminine plural)
mōdrīnum (dative feminine plural)
mōdrīnēm (dative neuter plural)
mōdrīnum (dative neuter plural)
mōdrīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mōdrīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
mōdrīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mōdrīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
mōdrīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mōdrīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mēderen, mēdren

From *mōder (“mother”) + *īn (adjective suffix).

af

motherly, maternal, of or pertaining to a mother


rōf

rōf (masculine nominative singular)
rōfu (feminine nominative singular)
rōf (neuter nominative singular)
rōfanā (accusative masculine singular)
rōfā (accusative feminine singular)
rōf (accusative neuter singular)
rōfas (genitive masculine singular)
rōfeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rōfas (genitive neuter singular)
rōfumē (dative masculine singular)
rōfeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rōfumē (dative neuter singular)
rōfu (instrumental masculine singular)
rōfeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rōfu (instrumental neuter singular)
rōfē (masculine nominative plural)
rōfō (feminine nominative plural)
rōfu (neuter nominative plural)
rōfā (accusative masculine plural)
rōfā (accusative feminine plural)
rōfu (accusative neuter plural)
rōfeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rōfeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rōfeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rōfēm (dative masculine plural)
rōfum (dative masculine plural)
rōfēm (dative feminine plural)
rōfum (dative feminine plural)
rōfēm (dative neuter plural)
rōfum (dative neuter plural)
rōfēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rōfum (instrumental masculine plural)
rōfēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rōfum (feminine instrumental plural)
rōfēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rōfum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: rōf

Old Saxon: rōf

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rep- (“to seize, pluck”).


hnaskwōn

hnaskwōn (infinitive)
hnaskwōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hnaskwōnijē (dative infinitive)
hnaskwōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hnaskwō (first-person present singular)
hnaskwōdā (first-person past singular)
hnaskwōs (present second-person singular)
hnaskwōdēs (past second-person singular)
hnaskwōdōs (past second-person singular)
hnaskwōþ (present singular third-person)
hnaskwōdē (past singular third-person)
hnaskwōdā (past singular third-person)
hnaskwōm (first-person plural present)
hnaskwōdum (first-person past plural)
hnaskwōþ (plural present second-person)
hnaskwōdud (past plural second-person)
hnaskwōnþ (plural present third-person)
hnaskwōdun (past plural third-person)
hnaskwōdī (first-person past singular)
hnaskwōdī (past second-person singular)
hnaskwō (present singular third-person)
hnaskwōdī (past singular third-person)
hnaskwōdīm (first-person past plural)
hnaskwōdīd (past plural second-person)
hnaskwōn (plural present third-person)
hnaskwōdīn (past plural third-person)
hnaskwō (present singular)
hnaskwōþ (plural present)
hnaskwōndī (participle present)
hnaskwōd (participle past)

Old English: hnesċian

Middle English: neschen, nesshen

English: nesh

Old Saxon: *hnaskōn

Middle Low German: naschen

German Low German: naschen

Old Dutch: *naskon

Middle Dutch: naschen

Dutch: nassen

Old High German: *naskōn, nascōn

Middle High German: naschen

German: naschen

→ Dutch: nasjen

Yiddish: נאַשן (nashn)
→ English: nosh

From *hnaskwī (“soft, weak, tender”) + *-ōn.

neschen

Old High German: *nesken; Middle High German


karru

karru (nominative singular)
karrō (nominative plural)
karrā (accusative singular)
karrā (accusative plural)
karrā (genitive singular)
karrō (genitive plural)
karrē (dative singular)
karrōm (dative plural)
karrum (dative plural)
karru (instrumental singular)
karrōm (instrumental plural)
karrum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *karra

Middle Dutch: carre

Old Saxon: *karra

desc

Middle Low German: kâre, kare, kahre, kār, kär, kârde, karde, karre, kârn, kârne, karne

German Low German: Karre

Old High German: karra, garra, karren f

Middle High German: karre

German: Karren m, Karre f

Borrowed from Latin carra, carrus (“wagon”). Doublet of *hross (“horse”).


frasakan

frasakan (infinitive)
frasakannjas (genitive infinitive)
frasakannjē (dative infinitive)
frasakannju (infinitive instrumental)
frasaku (first-person present singular)
frasōk (first-person past singular)
frasakiʀi (present second-person singular)
frasōkī (past second-person singular)
frasakidi (present singular third-person)
frasōk (past singular third-person)
frasakum (first-person plural present)
frasōkum (first-person past plural)
frasakid (plural present second-person)
frasōkud (past plural second-person)
frasakand (plural present third-person)
frasōkun (past plural third-person)
frasakē (first-person present singular)
frasōkī (first-person past singular)
frasakēs (present second-person singular)
frasakē (present singular third-person)
frasōkī (past singular third-person)
frasakēm (first-person plural present)
frasōkīm (first-person past plural)
frasakēþ (plural present second-person)
frasōkīd (past plural second-person)
frasakēn (plural present third-person)
frasōkīn (past plural third-person)
frasak (present singular)
frasakid (plural present)
frasakandī (participle present)
frasakan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: forsacan
Middle English: forsaken
English: forsake
Scots: forsake, forsaik

Old Frisian: forsaka

Saterland Frisian: ferseeke

West Frisian: fersaakje

Old Saxon: farsakan

Middle Low German: vorsaken

→ Danish: forsage

→ Swedish: försaka

→ Norwegian: forsake

Old Dutch: farsacan

Middle Dutch: versāken
Dutch: verzaken
Afrikaans: versaak

Old High German: firsahhan, forsahhan
Middle High German: versachen


bōn

bōn (masculine nominative singular)
bōnu (feminine nominative singular)
bōn (neuter nominative singular)
bōnanā (accusative masculine singular)
bōnā (accusative feminine singular)
bōn (accusative neuter singular)
bōnas (genitive masculine singular)
bōneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bōnas (genitive neuter singular)
bōnumē (dative masculine singular)
bōneʀē (dative feminine singular)
bōnumē (dative neuter singular)
bōnu (instrumental masculine singular)
bōneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bōnu (instrumental neuter singular)
bōnē (masculine nominative plural)
bōnō (feminine nominative plural)
bōnu (neuter nominative plural)
bōnā (accusative masculine plural)
bōnā (accusative feminine plural)
bōnu (accusative neuter plural)
bōneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bōneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bōneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bōnēm (dative masculine plural)
bōnum (dative masculine plural)
bōnēm (dative feminine plural)
bōnum (dative feminine plural)
bōnēm (dative neuter plural)
bōnum (dative neuter plural)
bōnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bōnum (instrumental masculine plural)
bōnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bōnum (feminine instrumental plural)
bōnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bōnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Dutch: *bōn

q

>? Middle Dutch: boen (alternatively borrowed from Old French bon (“good”))

Dutch: boen

From Proto-Germanic *bōnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-nó-s, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *bānos (“white”).

der

Brill Publishers
Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal


bōnijan

bōnijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bōnijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bōnijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bōnijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bōniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bōnidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bōnisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bōnidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōnidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bōnidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōnidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōnijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bōnidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bōniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bōnidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bōnijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bōnidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bōnijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bōnidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bōnijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bōnidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōnijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bōnidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōnijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bōnidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bōnijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bōnidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bōnijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bōnidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bōni (class-1 present singular weak)
bōniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bōnijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bōnid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *bēna

West Frisian: biene, bjinne, binzgje

Old Saxon: *bōnian

Middle Low German: bōnen

Low German: bonen

→ Danish: bone

→ Norwegian: bone

→ Swedish: bona

→ German: bohnen

→ German: bohnern

Old Dutch: *buonen

Middle Dutch: boenen

Dutch: boenen

⇒ Afrikaans: boener

Old High German: *buonen

Middle High German: büenen


blait

blait (masculine nominative singular)
blaitu (feminine nominative singular)
blait (neuter nominative singular)
blaitanā (accusative masculine singular)
blaitā (accusative feminine singular)
blait (accusative neuter singular)
blaitas (genitive masculine singular)
blaiteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blaitas (genitive neuter singular)
blaitumē (dative masculine singular)
blaiteʀē (dative feminine singular)
blaitumē (dative neuter singular)
blaitu (instrumental masculine singular)
blaiteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blaitu (instrumental neuter singular)
blaitē (masculine nominative plural)
blaitō (feminine nominative plural)
blaitu (neuter nominative plural)
blaitā (accusative masculine plural)
blaitā (accusative feminine plural)
blaitu (accusative neuter plural)
blaiteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blaiteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blaiteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blaitēm (dative masculine plural)
blaitum (dative masculine plural)
blaitēm (dative feminine plural)
blaitum (dative feminine plural)
blaitēm (dative neuter plural)
blaitum (dative neuter plural)
blaitēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blaitum (instrumental masculine plural)
blaitēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blaitum (feminine instrumental plural)
blaitēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blaitum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: blāt
Middle English: *blat, *blate, *blot, *blote
>? Scots: blate, blait

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *blaitaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰloyd-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyd-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *blědъ (“pale”), Albanian blehurë (“pale”).


kesul

kesul (nominative singular)
kesulō (nominative plural)
kesulōs (nominative plural)
kesul (accusative singular)
kesulā (accusative plural)
kesulas (genitive singular)
kesulō (genitive plural)
kesulē (dative singular)
kesulum (dative plural)
kesulu (instrumental singular)
kesulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeosol, ċeosel, ċysel, ċisel, ċisil
Middle English: chesil, chesel, chisel
English: chisel, chesil, chissel, chessil
Scots: keezel

Old Saxon: *kesal

desc

Middle Low German: kēserlinc, kesserling, kēselinc, kīserlinc

Old Dutch: *kesal

Middle Dutch: kesel, keisel, kijsel

Dutch: keizel

Old High German: chisil, kisil

Middle High German: kisel

German: Kiesel

Luxembourgish: Kisel

→ Middle Dutch: kiezel

Dutch: kiezel

→ Swedish: kisel

Lacking Indo-European cognates outside of Baltic (Old Prussian sixdo (“sand”), Lithuanian ži̇̀zdras), the word is probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin; compare Georgian ქვიშა (kviša, “sand”).


wikkō

wikkō (nominative singular)
wikkan (nominative plural)
wikkan (accusative singular)
wikkan (accusative plural)
wikkini (genitive singular)
wikkan (genitive singular)
wikkanō (genitive plural)
wikkini (dative singular)
wikkan (dative singular)
wikkum (dative plural)
wikkini (instrumental singular)
wikkan (instrumental singular)
wikkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wicca, wiċċa

Middle English: wikke, wicke, wicche

⇒ Middle English: wikked, wikke

English: wicked

Scots: wik, wick, wiche, weche

English: witch

→ English: Wicca

(Old Frisian: wigila); (wīchelīe)

(Old Saxon: *wīhhileo, *wīhileo)

(Middle Low German: wîchelîe)

Old High German: *wicko, *wihho

Middle High German: wicker (< change of suffix to -er)

From *wikkōn (“to practice sorcery”) + *-ō.


fōþr

fōþr (nominative singular)
fōþru (nominative plural)
fōþr (accusative singular)
fōþru (accusative plural)
fōþras (genitive singular)
fōþrō (genitive plural)
fōþrē (dative singular)
fōþrum (dative plural)
fōþru (instrumental singular)
fōþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fōþer

desctree

Middle English: fother, foður, fothir, fothyr, futher, fodyr, fooder, foþer, foþere, foðer, voðer, ffoder
English: fother
Scots: fother

Old Dutch: *fuothar

Middle Dutch: voeder
Dutch: voeder, voer
Afrikaans: voer
Limburgish: voder, voor

Old High German: fuodar

Middle High German: vuoder

German: Fuder

Luxembourgish: Fudder

Likely dissimilated from earlier *fōrþr, from *fōrijan (“to lead; to bring”) + *-þr, perhaps influenced by similar sounding formations, compare *fōdr (“fodder”).


smokōn

smokōn (infinitive)
smokōnijas (genitive infinitive)
smokōnijē (dative infinitive)
smokōniju (infinitive instrumental)
smokō (first-person present singular)
smokōdā (first-person past singular)
smokōs (present second-person singular)
smokōdēs (past second-person singular)
smokōdōs (past second-person singular)
smokōþ (present singular third-person)
smokōdē (past singular third-person)
smokōdā (past singular third-person)
smokōm (first-person plural present)
smokōdum (first-person past plural)
smokōþ (plural present second-person)
smokōdud (past plural second-person)
smokōnþ (plural present third-person)
smokōdun (past plural third-person)
smokōdī (first-person past singular)
smokōdī (past second-person singular)
smokō (present singular third-person)
smokōdī (past singular third-person)
smokōdīm (first-person past plural)
smokōdīd (past plural second-person)
smokōn (plural present third-person)
smokōdīn (past plural third-person)
smokō (present singular)
smokōþ (plural present)
smokōndī (participle present)
smokōd (participle past)

Old English: smocian

Middle English: smoken

English: smoke

Scots: smoke

Old Frisian: *smokia

Saterland Frisian: smookje

West Frisian: smoke (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *smukōn, *smokōn

(Middle Low German: smōken, smoken ?)

(Low German: smöken, smoken)

Old Dutch: *smukōn, *smokōn

Middle Dutch: smōken

Dutch: smoken

From Proto-Germanic *smukkōną ~ *smukōną (“to smoke”), the iterative to *smeukaną (“to smoke”); see there for more.


austrōʀō

austrōʀō (masculine nominative singular)
austrōʀā (feminine nominative singular)
austrōʀā (neuter nominative singular)
austrōʀan (accusative masculine singular)
austrōʀōn (accusative feminine singular)
austrōʀā (accusative neuter singular)
austrōʀini (genitive masculine singular)
austrōʀan (genitive masculine singular)
austrōʀōn (feminine genitive singular)
austrōʀini (genitive neuter singular)
austrōʀan (genitive neuter singular)
austrōʀini (dative masculine singular)
austrōʀan (dative masculine singular)
austrōʀōn (dative feminine singular)
austrōʀini (dative neuter singular)
austrōʀan (dative neuter singular)
austrōʀini (instrumental masculine singular)
austrōʀan (instrumental masculine singular)
austrōʀōn (feminine instrumental singular)
austrōʀini (instrumental neuter singular)
austrōʀan (instrumental neuter singular)
austrōʀan (masculine nominative plural)
austrōʀōn (feminine nominative plural)
austrōʀōn (neuter nominative plural)
austrōʀan (accusative masculine plural)
austrōʀōn (accusative feminine plural)
austrōʀōn (accusative neuter plural)
austrōʀanō (genitive masculine plural)
austrōʀōnō (feminine genitive plural)
austrōʀanō (genitive neuter plural)
austrōʀum (dative masculine plural)
austrōʀōm (dative feminine plural)
austrōʀum (dative feminine plural)
austrōʀum (dative neuter plural)
austrōʀum (instrumental masculine plural)
austrōʀōm (feminine instrumental plural)
austrōʀum (feminine instrumental plural)
austrōʀum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ēastra, ēasterra

English: easter

From Proto-Germanic *austrōzô. Equivalent to *austr (“east”) + *-ōʀō.

comparative degree of *austr (“eastern, easternly”): easter


tūdr

tūdr (nominative singular)
tūdrō (nominative plural)
tūdrōs (nominative plural)
tūdr (accusative singular)
tūdrā (accusative plural)
tūdras (genitive singular)
tūdrō (genitive plural)
tūdrē (dative singular)
tūdrum (dative plural)
tūdru (instrumental singular)
tūdrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tūdor, tuddor
Middle English: tuder

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to fit”), whence also *tawjaną (“to make, complete”). The original meaning was probably "that which is ready (for use)" or "that which is made, produced". Compare *tōlą (“tool”), from *dowh₂-dʰlom.


gadur

Old English: geador

Old Frisian: gader, gadur

West Frisian: gear, tegearre

Old Dutch: *gader

Middle Dutch: gader, tegader

Dutch: tegader

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰódʰ-r̥, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ-.


arut

arut (nominative singular)
aruti (nominative plural)
arutu (accusative singular)
aruti (accusative plural)
aruti (genitive singular)
arutō (genitive plural)
aruti (dative singular)
arutum (dative plural)
aruti (instrumental singular)
arutum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: arut

Old Dutch: arut

Old High German: aruz, ariz

Middle High German: erz, eriz

Alemannic German: Ärzt

German: Erz
→ Dutch: erts
Afrikaans: erts
→ Esperanto: erco
→ Hungarian: érc
→ Ido: erco

Luxembourgish: Äerz

Yiddish: אַרץ (arts)

Unknown; possibly a substrate borrowing, compare Latin raudus (“lump (of ore, metal); bronze, brass”), and further Sumerian 𒍏 (urud, “copper”).


fluhti

fluhti (nominative singular)
fluhtī (nominative plural)
fluhti (accusative singular)
fluhtī (accusative plural)
fluhtī (genitive singular)
fluhtijō (genitive plural)
fluhtī (dative singular)
fluhtim (dative plural)
fluhtijum (dative plural)
fluhtī (instrumental singular)
fluhtim (instrumental plural)
fluhtijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flyht
Middle English: flight, flyght
English: flight
Scots: flycht, flicht

Old Saxon: *fluht

Middle Low German: vlucht

Low German: Flugt

→ Danish: flugt

→ German: Flucht (“suite”)

→ Swedish: flykt

Old Dutch: *fluht

Middle Dutch: vlucht
Dutch: vlucht
Afrikaans: vlug
Limburgish: vlöch

Old High German: *fluht

Middle High German: *vluht (possibly attested; northern)

Luxembourgish: Fliicht (“wing”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *plew-
Proto-Indo-European *plewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *fleuganą
Proto-West Germanic *fleugan
Proto-West Germanic *-þi
Proto-West Germanic *fluhti
From *fleugan (“to fly”) + *-þi.


fluhti

Old English: *flyht

Middle English: flight, flyght

Scots: flycht, flicht

English: flight

Old Frisian: flecht

Saterland Frisian: Fljucht, Flucht

West Frisian: flecht

Old Saxon: *fluht

Middle Low German: vlucht

Low German: Flugt

→ Danish: flugt

→ Swedish: flykt

Old Dutch: fluht

Middle Dutch: vlucht

Dutch: vlucht

Afrikaans: vlug

Old High German: fluht

Middle High German: vluht

German: Flucht


kuʀi

kuʀi (nominative singular)
kuʀī (nominative plural)
kuʀi (accusative singular)
kuʀī (accusative plural)
kuʀī (genitive singular)
kuʀjō (genitive plural)
kuʀī (dative singular)
kuʀim (dative plural)
kuʀjum (dative plural)
kuʀī (instrumental singular)
kuʀim (instrumental plural)
kuʀjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cyre
Middle English: kire, cyre, cure

Old Frisian: kere

Saterland Frisian: ceur, Köar

West Frisian: kar

Old Saxon: kuri

Middle Low German: küre, köre

Low German: Köre

Old Dutch: kuri

Middle Dutch: core, kore, cuere

Dutch: keur
→ Indonesian: kir

Afrikaans: keur

⇒ Dutch: keuze, keus

Dutch: keuse, keus

Old High German: kuri, churi m or f

Middle High German: küre, kür

German: Kür, Kur

From Proto-Germanic *kuziz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to test, taste, choose”).


ramm

ramm (masculine nominative singular)
rammu (feminine nominative singular)
ramm (neuter nominative singular)
rammanā (accusative masculine singular)
rammā (accusative feminine singular)
ramm (accusative neuter singular)
rammas (genitive masculine singular)
rammeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rammas (genitive neuter singular)
rammumē (dative masculine singular)
rammeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rammumē (dative neuter singular)
rammu (instrumental masculine singular)
rammeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rammu (instrumental neuter singular)
rammē (masculine nominative plural)
rammō (feminine nominative plural)
rammu (neuter nominative plural)
rammā (accusative masculine plural)
rammā (accusative feminine plural)
rammu (accusative neuter plural)
rammeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rammeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rammeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rammēm (dative masculine plural)
rammum (dative masculine plural)
rammēm (dative feminine plural)
rammum (dative feminine plural)
rammēm (dative neuter plural)
rammum (dative neuter plural)
rammēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rammum (instrumental masculine plural)
rammēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rammum (feminine instrumental plural)
rammēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rammum (instrumental neuter plural)

raomen

to overwhelm, conquer; to meet, encounter


ramm

ramm (nominative singular)
rammō (nominative plural)
rammōs (nominative plural)
ramm (accusative singular)
rammā (accusative plural)
rammas (genitive singular)
rammō (genitive plural)
rammē (dative singular)
rammum (dative plural)
rammu (instrumental singular)
rammum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ramm, ram
Middle English: ramme, ram, rom
English: ram
Scots: ram

Old Frisian: *ram, *rom

Saterland Frisian: Rom

West Frisian: raam

Old Saxon: ramm, ram

Middle Low German: ram, ramme

German Low German: Ramme, Ramm

Old Dutch: *ramm, *ram

Middle Dutch: ram

Dutch: ram
Afrikaans: ram

Old High German: ram

Middle High German: ram

German: Ramm (archaic)

Presumably a nominalization of or otherwise related to the adjective above, based on the ram animal's characteristically vigorous headbutts.


sparkō

sparkō (nominative singular)
sparkōō (nominative plural)
sparkōōs (nominative plural)
sparkō (accusative singular)
sparkōā (accusative plural)
sparkōas (genitive singular)
sparkōō (genitive plural)
sparkōē (dative singular)
sparkōm (dative plural)
sparkō (instrumental singular)
sparkōm (instrumental plural)

Old English: spearca, spærca
Middle English: sparke, sparc, sparck, spark, sperk, sperke
English: spark (see there for further descendants)
Scots: spark, sperk

Old Frisian: *sparka

Saterland Frisian: Spoorke f

West Frisian: spark

Old Saxon: *sparko

Middle Low German: sparke

Low German: Sparke

Old Dutch: *sparko

Middle Dutch: sparke

Dutch: spark

→ Middle French: esparque

Old High German: *sparcho, *sparko

Middle High German: sparke

German: Sparke

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sparkaz (“lively, energetic”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)prey-, *(s)per- (“to strew, spread, scatter, sow”). Compare Latvian spirgsti (“gleeds beneath ashes”).


tihti

tihti (nominative singular)
tihtī (nominative plural)
tihti (accusative singular)
tihtī (accusative plural)
tihtī (genitive singular)
tihtijō (genitive plural)
tihtī (dative singular)
tihtim (dative plural)
tihtijum (dative plural)
tihtī (instrumental singular)
tihtim (instrumental plural)
tihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tiht

Middle English: tiȝt, tight

Old Frisian: tichta

Old Saxon: *tiht

Middle Low German: ticht

Old High German: *ziht

Middle High German: ziht

⇒ Old High German: biziht

⇒ Old High German: inziht

German: Inzicht

showing, announcement, relating of events


kirikā

kirikā (nominative singular)
kirikōn (nominative plural)
kirikōn (accusative singular)
kirikōn (accusative plural)
kirikōn (genitive singular)
kirikōnō (genitive plural)
kirikōn (dative singular)
kirikōm (dative plural)
kirikum (dative plural)
kirikōn (instrumental singular)
kirikōm (instrumental plural)
kirikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċiriċe, ċyriċe
Middle English: chirche, kirke
English: church
Geordie English: chorch, kirk
Scots: kirk
Yola: chourch
→ Old Norse: kirkja (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Frisian: tsirke, tzirke, zerke, ziurke, kerke, karke

Saterland Frisian: Säärke

West Frisian: tsjerke

North Frisian: Sērk (Sylt), schörk (Mooring), sark (Föhr-Amrum)

desctree

Old Saxon: kirika
Middle Low German: kirke, kerke, karke
German Low German: Kark, Kiärke
Plautdietsch: Kjoakj, Tjoatj
→ Estonian: kirik
→ Finnish: kirkko
Meänkieli: kirkko
→ Northern Sami: girku (or from Old Norse)
→ Lule Sami: girkko (or from Old Norse)
→ Pite Sami: girrko (or from Old Norse)
→ Southern Sami: gærhkoe (or from Old Norse)
→ Ingrian: kirkko
→ Karelian: kirikkö

Old Dutch: kirica
Middle Dutch: kerke
Dutch: kerk (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kèrk

Old High German: kirihha, chirihha, kilihha
Middle High German: kirche
Alemannic German: Chilche, Chilä, Chile, Chille
Alsatian: Kirich, Kerich
Swabian: Kirch, Kircha
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khirch, khércha (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: kirch
Central Franconian: Kirch, Kerch
Eifel: Körch
Hunsrik: Kerrich
Luxembourgish: Kierch
East Central German: Kürche, Küeche
Upper Saxon German: Kersche
East Franconian: Kerch
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Kärsch
German: Kirche
→ Russian: ки́рха (kírxa), ки́рка (kírka)
→ Ukrainian: кі́рха (kírxa)
Yiddish: קירך (kirkh)
→ Proto-Slavic: *cьrky (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Koine Greek κυριακὸν (δῶμα) (kuriakòn (dôma), “Lord’s (house)”), from Ancient Greek κύριος (kúrios, “lord”). An example of the Greek-to-Germanic progress (possibly via a Latin intermediary) of many Christian words, it probably spread from Christianized Roman centres such as the imperial residence at Trier to the Franks and other West-Germanic-speaking groups from the fourth century onwards. It is unlikely to have been spread by the Goths, who are known to have used the term 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 (aikklēsjō).

bor

κυριακὸν (δῶμα)


stillijan

stillijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stillijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stillijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stillijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stilliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stillidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stillisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stillidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stillidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stilliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stillidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stillidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stillijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stillidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stilliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stillidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stillijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stillidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stillijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stillidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stillijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stillidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stillijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stillidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stillijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stillidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stillijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stillidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stillijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stillidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stilli (class-1 present singular weak)
stilliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stillijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stillid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: stillan
Middle English: stillen
English: still
Scots: styll, still

Old Frisian: stilla

⇒ Saterland Frisian: stilje

West Frisian: stille, stilje

Old Saxon: *stillian

Middle Low German: stillen

German Low German: stillen

q

→? Old Norse: stilla (possibly inherited, or perhaps derived from the adjective)

Icelandic: stilla

Norwegian: stille

Old Swedish: stilla

Swedish: stilla

Danish: stille

⇒ Old Saxon: gistillian

Old Dutch: *stillen

Middle Dutch: stillen

Dutch: stillen

Old High German: stillen

Middle High German: stillen

German: stillen


staurijan

staurijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
staurijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
staurijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
staurijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stauriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stauridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
staurisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stauridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stauridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stauriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stauridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stauridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staurijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stauridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stauriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stauridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
staurijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stauridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
staurijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stauridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
staurijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stauridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staurijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stauridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staurijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stauridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
staurijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stauridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
staurijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stauridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stauri (class-1 present singular weak)
stauriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
staurijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
staurid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: stēra

Old Saxon: *stōrian

Middle Low German: stȫren

German Low German: stören

Low German: stören

→ Saterland Frisian: stööre

Old Dutch: *stōren

desctree

Middle Dutch: stōren, stueren, stooren, stoeren
Dutch: storen, steuren
Afrikaans: stoor, steur
→ Papiamentu: ster
→ West Frisian: steure
Limburgish: stuuere, steure

Old High German: stōren, stōrren

Middle High German: stören

German: stören
→ Swedish: störa

Either a compound of *staur (“destruction, disturbance”) + *-jan, or inherited from Proto-Germanic *staurijaną, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)towrH-éye-ti. Either way, ultimately from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”).


brummōn

brummōn (infinitive)
brummōnijas (genitive infinitive)
brummōnijē (dative infinitive)
brummōniju (infinitive instrumental)
brummō (first-person present singular)
brummōdā (first-person past singular)
brummōs (present second-person singular)
brummōdēs (past second-person singular)
brummōdōs (past second-person singular)
brummōþ (present singular third-person)
brummōdē (past singular third-person)
brummōdā (past singular third-person)
brummōm (first-person plural present)
brummōdum (first-person past plural)
brummōþ (plural present second-person)
brummōdud (past plural second-person)
brummōnþ (plural present third-person)
brummōdun (past plural third-person)
brummōdī (first-person past singular)
brummōdī (past second-person singular)
brummō (present singular third-person)
brummōdī (past singular third-person)
brummōdīm (first-person past plural)
brummōdīd (past plural second-person)
brummōn (plural present third-person)
brummōdīn (past plural third-person)
brummō (present singular)
brummōþ (plural present)
brummōndī (participle present)
brummōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *brumma, *bromma

West Frisian: bromme

Old Saxon: *brummōn

Middle Low German: brummen

Plautdietsch: brommen

→ Norwegian: brumme

→ Swedish: brumma

→ Danish: brumme

Old Dutch: *brummon

Middle Dutch: brummen

Dutch: brommen

Old High German: *brummōn

Middle High German: brummen

German: brummen

From Proto-Germanic *brummōną, from earlier paradigm *brummōþi ~ *brumunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰrum-nā́-ti ~ *bʰrum-un-ánti, iterative to *breman (“to drone”).


farō

farō (nominative singular)
faran (nominative plural)
faran (accusative singular)
faran (accusative plural)
farini (genitive singular)
faran (genitive singular)
faranō (genitive plural)
farini (dative singular)
faran (dative singular)
farum (dative plural)
farini (instrumental singular)
faran (instrumental singular)
farum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fara, ġefara

From *faran (“travel”) + *-ō (n-stem agent noun suffix)


fastijan

fastijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
fastijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
fastijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
fastijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
fastiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fastidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fastisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fastidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fastidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fastiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fastidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fastidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fastijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fastidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fastiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fastidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fastijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fastidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fastijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fastidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fastijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fastidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fastijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fastidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fastijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fastidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fastijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fastidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fastijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fastidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fasti (class-1 present singular weak)
fastiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
fastijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
fastid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: fæstan
English: fast

Old Frisian: festa

Old Saxon: festian

Old Dutch: festen

Middle Dutch: vesten

Dutch: vesten

Old High German: festen

From Proto-Germanic *fastijaną. Equivalent to *fastī, *fast (“fixed, fast”) + *-jan.


grottōn

grottōn (infinitive)
grottōnijas (genitive infinitive)
grottōnijē (dative infinitive)
grottōniju (infinitive instrumental)
grottō (first-person present singular)
grottōdā (first-person past singular)
grottōs (present second-person singular)
grottōdēs (past second-person singular)
grottōdōs (past second-person singular)
grottōþ (present singular third-person)
grottōdē (past singular third-person)
grottōdā (past singular third-person)
grottōm (first-person plural present)
grottōdum (first-person past plural)
grottōþ (plural present second-person)
grottōdud (past plural second-person)
grottōnþ (plural present third-person)
grottōdun (past plural third-person)
grottōdī (first-person past singular)
grottōdī (past second-person singular)
grottō (present singular third-person)
grottōdī (past singular third-person)
grottōdīm (first-person past plural)
grottōdīd (past plural second-person)
grottōn (plural present third-person)
grottōdīn (past plural third-person)
grottō (present singular)
grottōþ (plural present)
grottōndī (participle present)
grottōd (participle past)

Old High German: *grozzōn

Middle High German: *grotzen

Palatine German: grotzen, grutzen

From Proto-Germanic *gruttōną, from earlier paradigm *gruttōþi ~ *grutunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *gʰrud-nā́-ti ~ *gʰrud-un-ánti, iterative to *greutan (“to crush”).


þunkōn

þunkōn (infinitive)
þunkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þunkōnijē (dative infinitive)
þunkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þunkō (first-person present singular)
þunkōdā (first-person past singular)
þunkōs (present second-person singular)
þunkōdēs (past second-person singular)
þunkōdōs (past second-person singular)
þunkōþ (present singular third-person)
þunkōdē (past singular third-person)
þunkōdā (past singular third-person)
þunkōm (first-person plural present)
þunkōdum (first-person past plural)
þunkōþ (plural present second-person)
þunkōdud (past plural second-person)
þunkōnþ (plural present third-person)
þunkōdun (past plural third-person)
þunkōdī (first-person past singular)
þunkōdī (past second-person singular)
þunkō (present singular third-person)
þunkōdī (past singular third-person)
þunkōdīm (first-person past plural)
þunkōdīd (past plural second-person)
þunkōn (plural present third-person)
þunkōdīn (past plural third-person)
þunkō (present singular)
þunkōþ (plural present)
þunkōndī (participle present)
þunkōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *thunkon

Middle Low German: *dunken

German Low German:

Sauerländisch: dunken

Westmünsterländisch: tunken

desc

Old High German: dunkōn, duncōn, thuncōn

Middle High German: dunken, tünken

Cimbrian: dunkhan

German: tunken

Yiddish: טונקן (tunkn)

Hunsrik: tunke

Pennsylvania German: dunke

→ English: dunk

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *þunkōną, zero-grade iterative of unattested *þinkaną (“to make wet”), from Proto-Indo-European *téng-e-ti (whence Latin tingō (“to wet, moisten”), Ancient Greek τέγγω (téngō, “to wet, moisten”)), from *teng- (“to make wet”) + *-eti, or perhaps from unattested *þunk- (“wetness, moiture”) + *-ōn.


þrottōn

þrottōn (infinitive)
þrottōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þrottōnijē (dative infinitive)
þrottōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þrottō (first-person present singular)
þrottōdā (first-person past singular)
þrottōs (present second-person singular)
þrottōdēs (past second-person singular)
þrottōdōs (past second-person singular)
þrottōþ (present singular third-person)
þrottōdē (past singular third-person)
þrottōdā (past singular third-person)
þrottōm (first-person plural present)
þrottōdum (first-person past plural)
þrottōþ (plural present second-person)
þrottōdud (past plural second-person)
þrottōnþ (plural present third-person)
þrottōdun (past plural third-person)
þrottōdī (first-person past singular)
þrottōdī (past second-person singular)
þrottō (present singular third-person)
þrottōdī (past singular third-person)
þrottōdīm (first-person past plural)
þrottōdīd (past plural second-person)
þrottōn (plural present third-person)
þrottōdīn (past plural third-person)
þrottō (present singular)
þrottōþ (plural present)
þrottōndī (participle present)
þrottōd (participle past)

Old High German: *troztōn

Middle High German: *trozzen

German: trotzen (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *þruttōną, from earlier paradigm *truttōþi ~ *trutunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *trud-nā́-ti ~ *trud-un-ánti, iterative to *þreutan (“to harass”).


lāsu

lāsu (nominative singular)
lāswō (nominative plural)
lāswā (accusative singular)
lāswā (accusative plural)
lāswā (genitive singular)
lāswō (genitive plural)
lāswē (dative singular)
lāswōm (dative plural)
lāsum (dative plural)
lāsu (instrumental singular)
lāswōm (instrumental plural)
lāsum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: lǣs (“a letting, allowance”)

⇒ Old English: blōdlǣs (“blood-letting”)

⇒ Old English: blōdlǣswu (“blood-letting”)

Old English: lǣs (“pasture, leasow”)

Middle English: leswe, lesewe, leesewe

Scots: lesu, lesoue; lesour, lesure

English: lease; lessow, leasow

Old Saxon: lēsa; lās (“meadow; pasture; leigh; clearing in the woods”)

From apparent Proto-Germanic *lēswō, speculated from pre-Germanic *leh₁d(s)tweh₂, equivalent to Proto-Germanic *lētaną (“to let”) + *-þwō. However since this word is restricted to Saxon, a borrowing from Proto-Slavic *lěsъ (“grove”) is attractive. Its actual cognate could be Latin lūcus (“grove, wood”).


wōl

wōl (nominative singular)
wōlō (nominative plural)
wōlōs (nominative plural)
wōl (accusative singular)
wōlā (accusative plural)
wōlas (genitive singular)
wōlō (genitive plural)
wōlē (dative singular)
wōlum (dative plural)
wōlu (instrumental singular)
wōlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōl

Old Saxon: wōl

Old High German: wuol

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *wōlaz, possible nominalization of otherwise unattested *wōliz (“disastrous, ruined”), vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *wal(j)aną (“to divistate, ruin”), from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit, to strike”).


kroppōn

kroppōn (infinitive)
kroppōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kroppōnijē (dative infinitive)
kroppōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kroppō (first-person present singular)
kroppōdā (first-person past singular)
kroppōs (present second-person singular)
kroppōdēs (past second-person singular)
kroppōdōs (past second-person singular)
kroppōþ (present singular third-person)
kroppōdē (past singular third-person)
kroppōdā (past singular third-person)
kroppōm (first-person plural present)
kroppōdum (first-person past plural)
kroppōþ (plural present second-person)
kroppōdud (past plural second-person)
kroppōnþ (plural present third-person)
kroppōdun (past plural third-person)
kroppōdī (first-person past singular)
kroppōdī (past second-person singular)
kroppō (present singular third-person)
kroppōdī (past singular third-person)
kroppōdīm (first-person past plural)
kroppōdīd (past plural second-person)
kroppōn (plural present third-person)
kroppōdīn (past plural third-person)
kroppō (present singular)
kroppōþ (plural present)
kroppōndī (participle present)
kroppōd (participle past)

Old Dutch: *kroppōn

Middle Dutch: cropen

Old High German: *kroppōn

Middle High German: *kroppen

Rhine Franconian: kruppen

From Proto-Germanic *kruppōną, from earlier paradigm *kruppōþi ~ *krubunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *grubʰ-nā́-ti ~ *grubʰ-un-ánti, from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ- (“to twist, turn”). Cognate with Lithuanian grubineti (“to stumble”).


stollōn

stollōn (infinitive)
stollōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stollōnijē (dative infinitive)
stollōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stollō (first-person present singular)
stollōdā (first-person past singular)
stollōs (present second-person singular)
stollōdēs (past second-person singular)
stollōdōs (past second-person singular)
stollōþ (present singular third-person)
stollōdē (past singular third-person)
stollōdā (past singular third-person)
stollōm (first-person plural present)
stollōdum (first-person past plural)
stollōþ (plural present second-person)
stollōdud (past plural second-person)
stollōnþ (plural present third-person)
stollōdun (past plural third-person)
stollōdī (first-person past singular)
stollōdī (past second-person singular)
stollō (present singular third-person)
stollōdī (past singular third-person)
stollōdīm (first-person past plural)
stollōdīd (past plural second-person)
stollōn (plural present third-person)
stollōdīn (past plural third-person)
stollō (present singular)
stollōþ (plural present)
stollōndī (participle present)
stollōd (participle past)

Old High German: *stollōn

Middle High German: *stollen

Rhine Franconian: stollen

From Proto-Germanic *stullōną, from earlier paradigm *stullōþi ~ *stulunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *stul-nā́-ti ~ *stul-un-ánti, iterative to *stelan (“to steal”).


stroppōn

stroppōn (infinitive)
stroppōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stroppōnijē (dative infinitive)
stroppōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stroppō (first-person present singular)
stroppōdā (first-person past singular)
stroppōs (present second-person singular)
stroppōdēs (past second-person singular)
stroppōdōs (past second-person singular)
stroppōþ (present singular third-person)
stroppōdē (past singular third-person)
stroppōdā (past singular third-person)
stroppōm (first-person plural present)
stroppōdum (first-person past plural)
stroppōþ (plural present second-person)
stroppōdud (past plural second-person)
stroppōnþ (plural present third-person)
stroppōdun (past plural third-person)
stroppōdī (first-person past singular)
stroppōdī (past second-person singular)
stroppō (present singular third-person)
stroppōdī (past singular third-person)
stroppōdīm (first-person past plural)
stroppōdīd (past plural second-person)
stroppōn (plural present third-person)
stroppōdīn (past plural third-person)
stroppō (present singular)
stroppōþ (plural present)
stroppōndī (participle present)
stroppōd (participle past)

Old English:

Middle English:

>? English: strub (dialectal)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: stropen, stroppen

Old High German:

Middle High German: strupfen

From Proto-Germanic *struppōną, from earlier paradigm *struppōþi ~ *strubunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *sturbʰ-nā́-ti ~ *sturbʰ-un-ánti with liquid metathesis, from Proto-Indo-European *strebʰ- (“to twist, turn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στρέφω (stréphō, “to turn”).


sikur

sikur (masculine nominative singular)
sikuru (feminine nominative singular)
sikur (neuter nominative singular)
sikuranā (accusative masculine singular)
sikurā (accusative feminine singular)
sikur (accusative neuter singular)
sikuras (genitive masculine singular)
sikureʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sikuras (genitive neuter singular)
sikurumē (dative masculine singular)
sikureʀē (dative feminine singular)
sikurumē (dative neuter singular)
sikuru (instrumental masculine singular)
sikureʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sikuru (instrumental neuter singular)
sikurē (masculine nominative plural)
sikurō (feminine nominative plural)
sikuru (neuter nominative plural)
sikurā (accusative masculine plural)
sikurā (accusative feminine plural)
sikuru (accusative neuter plural)
sikureʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sikureʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sikureʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sikurēm (dative masculine plural)
sikurum (dative masculine plural)
sikurēm (dative feminine plural)
sikurum (dative feminine plural)
sikurēm (dative neuter plural)
sikurum (dative neuter plural)
sikurēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sikurum (instrumental masculine plural)
sikurēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sikurum (feminine instrumental plural)
sikurēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sikurum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: sicor, sicer
Middle English: siker
English: sicker (obsolete, dialectal)
Scots: sicker, siccar
→ Welsh: sicr

Old Frisian: sikur, siker

North Frisian: sijcker

Saterland Frisian: seker

West Frisian: siker

Old Saxon: sikur, sikor

Middle Low German: sēker

Low German: sieker, seker

→ Danish: sikker
→ Icelandic: sikker
→ Norwegian: sikker

→ Swedish: säker

Old Dutch: *sikur

Middle Dutch: sēker

Dutch: zeker, (text messaging) zkr
Afrikaans: seker
Negerhollands: sekur, seeker, siki
→ Sranan Tongo: seiker
→ Caribbean Javanese: séker
→ West Frisian: seker

Old High German: sihhūr, sihhûri, sihhur, sihhar, sichur
Middle High German: sicher
Cimbrian: sichar
German: sicher
→ Kashubian: zycher
→ Saterland Frisian: sicher, zicher
→ Silesian: zicher
Hunsrik: sicher
Luxembourgish: sécher
Yiddish: זיכער (zikher)

Borrowed from Latin sēcūrus (“worryless; carefree; secure”).


salīni

salīni (nominative singular)
salīnī (nominative plural)
salīni (accusative singular)
salīnī (accusative plural)
salīnī (genitive singular)
salīnijō (genitive plural)
salīnī (dative singular)
salīnim (dative plural)
salīnijum (dative plural)
salīnī (instrumental singular)
salīnim (instrumental plural)
salīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: selen, sylen

Middle English: sylen, sylene

From *salljan (“to give, offer”) + *-īni.


hailīni

hailīni (nominative singular)
hailīnī (nominative plural)
hailīni (accusative singular)
hailīnī (accusative plural)
hailīnī (genitive singular)
hailīnijō (genitive plural)
hailīnī (dative singular)
hailīnim (dative plural)
hailīnijum (dative plural)
hailīnī (instrumental singular)
hailīnim (instrumental plural)
hailīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hēlene

⇒ Old Frisian: handhēlene

Old Saxon: *hēlī

Middle Low German: hêle, hêile, heyle

Old High German: *heilī

Middle High German: heile

German: Heile

⇒ Old High German: *lībheilī

From *hailijan (“to heal, cure”) + *-īni.


laidīni

laidīni (nominative singular)
laidīnī (nominative plural)
laidīni (accusative singular)
laidīnī (accusative plural)
laidīnī (genitive singular)
laidīnijō (genitive plural)
laidīnī (dative singular)
laidīnim (dative plural)
laidīnijum (dative plural)
laidīnī (instrumental singular)
laidīnim (instrumental plural)
laidīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lēdene

Old High German: leitī

Middle High German: leite

German: Leite


brāan

brāan (infinitive)
brāannjas (genitive infinitive)
brāannjē (dative infinitive)
brāannju (infinitive instrumental)
brāu (first-person present singular)
brē (first-person past singular)
brāiʀi (present second-person singular)
brēī (past second-person singular)
brāidi (present singular third-person)
brē (past singular third-person)
brāum (first-person plural present)
brēum (first-person past plural)
brāid (plural present second-person)
brēud (past plural second-person)
brāand (plural present third-person)
brēun (past plural third-person)
brāē (first-person present singular)
brēī (first-person past singular)
brāēs (present second-person singular)
brāē (present singular third-person)
brēī (past singular third-person)
brāēm (first-person plural present)
brēīm (first-person past plural)
brāēþ (plural present second-person)
brēīd (past plural second-person)
brāēn (plural present third-person)
brēīn (past plural third-person)
brā (present singular)
brāid (plural present)
brāandī (participle present)
brāan (participle past)

Old High German: *brāen

Middle High German: bræhen

Related to Proto-Germanic *brōaną (“to singe, brew”), see there for more.


drukn

drukn (masculine nominative singular)
druknu (feminine nominative singular)
drukn (neuter nominative singular)
druknanā (accusative masculine singular)
druknā (accusative feminine singular)
drukn (accusative neuter singular)
druknas (genitive masculine singular)
drukneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
druknas (genitive neuter singular)
druknumē (dative masculine singular)
drukneʀē (dative feminine singular)
druknumē (dative neuter singular)
druknu (instrumental masculine singular)
drukneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
druknu (instrumental neuter singular)
druknē (masculine nominative plural)
druknō (feminine nominative plural)
druknu (neuter nominative plural)
druknā (accusative masculine plural)
druknā (accusative feminine plural)
druknu (accusative neuter plural)
drukneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
drukneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
drukneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
druknēm (dative masculine plural)
druknum (dative masculine plural)
druknēm (dative feminine plural)
druknum (dative feminine plural)
druknēm (dative neuter plural)
druknum (dative neuter plural)
druknēm (instrumental masculine plural)
druknum (instrumental masculine plural)
druknēm (feminine instrumental plural)
druknum (feminine instrumental plural)
druknēm (instrumental neuter plural)
druknum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Old High German: trukkan, truckan, trokkan

Middle High German: trucken, trocken

German: trocken

Hunsrik: drock

Luxembourgish: dréchen (merged with *drūgī)

Yiddish: טרוקן (trukn)


taisan

taisan (infinitive)
taisannjas (genitive infinitive)
taisannjē (dative infinitive)
taisannju (infinitive instrumental)
taisu (first-person present singular)
tēs (first-person past singular)
taisiʀi (present second-person singular)
tēʀī (past second-person singular)
taisidi (present singular third-person)
tēs (past singular third-person)
taisum (first-person plural present)
tēʀum (first-person past plural)
taisid (plural present second-person)
tēʀud (past plural second-person)
taisand (plural present third-person)
tēʀun (past plural third-person)
taisē (first-person present singular)
tēʀī (first-person past singular)
taisēs (present second-person singular)
taisē (present singular third-person)
tēʀī (past singular third-person)
taisēm (first-person plural present)
tēʀīm (first-person past plural)
taisēþ (plural present second-person)
tēʀīd (past plural second-person)
taisēn (plural present third-person)
tēʀīn (past plural third-person)
tais (present singular)
taisid (plural present)
taisandī (participle present)
taiʀan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: *tāsan
Middle English: tosen, tose, toson
English: tose, toze, toase, toaze (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: totosen

Old High German: zeisan

Middle High German: zeisen

German: zeisen

From Proto-Germanic *taisaną, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to separate, divide”).


tangu

tangu (nominative singular)
tangō (nominative plural)
tangā (accusative singular)
tangā (accusative plural)
tangā (genitive singular)
tangō (genitive plural)
tangē (dative singular)
tangōm (dative plural)
tangum (dative plural)
tangu (instrumental singular)
tangōm (instrumental plural)
tangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tang, tange

desctree

Middle English: tonge, tang, tange, tongge, toonge, tounge
English: tong (tongs); tang
Scots: tang, taing

Old Frisian: tange, tonge

Saterland Frisian: Tonge

West Frisian: tange

Old Saxon: tanga

Middle Low German: tange

Low German: Tang

Plautdietsch: Tang

Old Dutch: tanga

Middle Dutch: tange, tanghe

Dutch: tang

Afrikaans: tang

Limburgish: tang

Old High German: zanga

Middle High German: zange

Bavarian: Zanga

Central Franconian: Zang, Zaang

Hunsrik: Zang

German: Zange

→ Polish: cęgi

Luxembourgish: Zaang

Rhine Franconian: Zang

Palatine German: Zang

Pennsylvania German: Zang

Vilamovian: cang

⇒ Middle High German: hebzange

→ Old Polish: hebcągi

Polish: obcęgi

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *tangō, from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).


knōsl

knōsl (nominative singular)
knōslō (nominative plural)
knōslōs (nominative plural)
knōsl (accusative singular)
knōslā (accusative plural)
knōslas (genitive singular)
knōslō (genitive plural)
knōslē (dative singular)
knōslum (dative plural)
knōslu (instrumental singular)
knōslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cnōsl

Old Saxon: knōsal

Old High German: knuosal

From Proto-Germanic *knōslą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵnoh₁-slo-m, from *ǵneh₁-, *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth”) + *-slom (instrumental suffix).


blasī

blasī (nominative singular)
blasīn (accusative singular)
blasīn (genitive singular)
blasīn (dative singular)
blasīn (instrumental singular)

Old Frisian: *blase, *blese

Saterland Frisian: Blässe, Bläs

West Frisian: blês m or f

Old Saxon: *blasi

Middle Low German: blesse, bles

German Low German: Blesse, Bless

Old Dutch: *blasi

Middle Dutch: blasse, bles

Dutch: bles

Afrikaans: bles

Old High German: *blasī, *blasi

Middle High German: blasse

German: (archaic) Blasse, Blesse

From Proto-Germanic *blasį̄. Equivalent to *blas (“white, pale”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).

affix

blaze, white marking on the forehead (of animals, esp. horses)


kurbi

kurbi (nominative singular)
kurbī (nominative plural)
kurbi (accusative singular)
kurbī (accusative plural)
kurbī (genitive singular)
kurbijō (genitive plural)
kurbī (dative singular)
kurbim (dative plural)
kurbijum (dative plural)
kurbī (instrumental singular)
kurbim (instrumental plural)
kurbijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cyrf
Middle English: kerf, carffe, kerfe, kirf, kyrf
English: kerf, carf
Scots: kerf, carf

Old Frisian: kerf, kerve, kere

Saterland Frisian: Käärf

West Frisian: kerf

From Proto-Germanic *kurbiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch, notch”).


buterā

buterā (nominative singular)
buterōn (nominative plural)
buterōn (accusative singular)
buterōn (accusative plural)
buterōn (genitive singular)
buterōnō (genitive plural)
buterōn (dative singular)
buterōm (dative plural)
buterum (dative plural)
buterōn (instrumental singular)
buterōm (instrumental plural)
buterum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: butere
Middle English: buter, buttyr, butter, botyr, buttir, butre, buttur, buttur, boter, buttre, butera, butere (Early Middle English)
English: butter (see there for further descendants)
Scots: butter, buter
Yola: buthther, buththere

Old Frisian: butere

Saterland Frisian: Buutere

West Frisian: bûter

Old Saxon: *butira, *butera

Middle Low German: boter, botter

German Low German: Botter; (some Low Prussian varieties:) Batter, Potter

Dutch Low Saxon: botter, butter, boeter

Plautdietsch: Botta

Old Dutch: *butera
Middle Dutch: boter
Dutch: boter (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bótter
West Flemish: beuter

Old High German: butira
Middle High German: buter, butere, puter
Alemannic German: Butter
Bavarian: Budda
Viennese: Butta
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Butter
Luxembourgish: Botter
German: Butter (see there for further descendants)
Gottscheerish: púttər
Palatinate German:
Pennsylvania German: Budder
East Central German: Putter (Silesian)
Yiddish: פּוטער (puter)


libru

libru (nominative singular)
librō (nominative plural)
librā (accusative singular)
librā (accusative plural)
librā (genitive singular)
librō (genitive plural)
librē (dative singular)
librōm (dative plural)
librum (dative plural)
libru (instrumental singular)
librōm (instrumental plural)
librum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lifer
Middle English: lyvere, lyver, livere
English: liver
Scots: liver

Old Frisian: livere

Saterland Frisian: Líeuwer

West Frisian: lever

Old Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)

Middle Low German: levere, lēver

German Low German: Lever

Plautdietsch: Läwa

Old Dutch: *levara
Middle Dutch: lēvere
Dutch: lever
Afrikaans: lewer
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefre
Negerhollands: leber
→ Aukan: lebii
→ Indonesian: lever
→ Saramaccan: lebèn
→ Sranan Tongo: lefre
→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer

Old High German: lebara

Middle High German: lebere, leber

German: Leber

desc

Central Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver

Hunsrik: Lewer

Luxembourgish: Liewer

Vilamovian: łaower

Yiddish: לעבער (leber)


gaisnī

gaisnī (masculine nominative singular)
gaisniju (feminine nominative singular)
gaisnī (neuter nominative singular)
gaisnijanā (accusative masculine singular)
gaisnijā (accusative feminine singular)
gaisnī (accusative neuter singular)
gaisnijas (genitive masculine singular)
gaisnijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gaisnijas (genitive neuter singular)
gaisnijumē (dative masculine singular)
gaisnijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gaisnijumē (dative neuter singular)
gaisniju (instrumental masculine singular)
gaisnijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gaisniju (instrumental neuter singular)
gaisnijē (masculine nominative plural)
gaisnijō (feminine nominative plural)
gaisniju (neuter nominative plural)
gaisnijā (accusative masculine plural)
gaisnijā (accusative feminine plural)
gaisniju (accusative neuter plural)
gaisnijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gaisnijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gaisnijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gaisnijēm (dative masculine plural)
gaisnijum (dative masculine plural)
gaisnijēm (dative feminine plural)
gaisnijum (dative feminine plural)
gaisnijēm (dative neuter plural)
gaisnijum (dative neuter plural)
gaisnijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gaisnijum (instrumental masculine plural)
gaisnijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gaisnijum (feminine instrumental plural)
gaisnijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gaisnijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: gǣsne, gēsne, gēasne, gēsine
Middle English: gesene, geson
English: geason, geazon, gaison, gessen

Old High German: *geisinī

⇒ Old High German: geisinī (noun)


kattu

kattu (nominative singular)
kattiwi (nominative plural)
kattō (nominative plural)
kattu (accusative singular)
kattū (accusative plural)
kattō (genitive singular)
kattiwō (genitive plural)
kattiwi (dative singular)
kattō (dative singular)
kattum (dative plural)
kattu (instrumental singular)
kattum (instrumental plural)

Old English: catt
Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kaudes, kauddès (plural)

Old Saxon: katto

Old High German: kazzo

Lombardic: chazze

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


þewernā

þewernā (nominative singular)
þewernōn (nominative plural)
þewernōn (accusative singular)
þewernōn (accusative plural)
þewernōn (genitive singular)
þewernōnō (genitive plural)
þewernōn (dative singular)
þewernōm (dative plural)
þewernum (dative plural)
þewernōn (instrumental singular)
þewernōm (instrumental plural)
þewernum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thiorna
Middle Low German: dêrne
Low German: Dierne
German Low German: Deern
→ German: Deern
→ Old Norse: þerna
Icelandic: þerna
Faroese: terna
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: terne m or f
Norwegian Nynorsk: terne f
Old Swedish: thærna
Swedish: tärna c
Danish: tærne
→? Middle English: therne, thierne, tharne, tarne
>? English: tern, tarn

Old Dutch: thierna
Middle Dutch: dierne
Dutch: deerne, deern

Old High German: thiorna, diorna

Middle High German: dierne, diern

Bavarian:

desc

Cimbrian: diirna, diarn (Tredici Comuni, Luserna)

Mòcheno: diarn

German: Dirne

⇒ German: Dirndl

→ English: dirndl

Derived from *þeu (“servant, slave”) + unknown suffix *-(w)ernā, which has been compared to Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌰 (widuwairna, “orphan”), from 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐍉 (widuwō, “widow”). Compare also Old Norse þýborinn, from þý (“bondmaid”) + borinn (“born”).


hwaij

hwaij (nominative singular)
hwaijō (nominative plural)
hwaijōs (nominative plural)
hwaij (accusative singular)
hwaijā (accusative plural)
hwaijas (genitive singular)
hwaijō (genitive plural)
hwaijē (dative singular)
hwaijum (dative plural)
hwaiju (instrumental singular)
hwaijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hwǣġ, hwæiġ, hwēġ
Middle English: whey, wheyy, whei, wheye, wheyȝe, wey, whay, qwhey, weyȝe, whaye, wege
English: whey (whig)
Scots: quhaye, quhay, quhey, whey, fey

Old Frisian: *wei, *wai, weye

desc

Saterland Frisian: Woaie, Waai, Wäi, Uäi

West Frisian: waei, waai

Old Saxon: *hwei

Middle Low German: wei

German Low German: Wei

Low German: Wei, Waje

Old Dutch: *hwei, *wei

Middle Dutch: wei, wey, wej

Dutch: wei

Afrikaans: wei

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Germanic *hwajjaz ~ *hujjas, *hujis, possibly cognate with:
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám (“milk”), perhaps Proto-Indo-European *tkʷeyH-, *tkʷeHy-,
* or Latin cāseus (“cheese”), Proto-Slavic *kvasъ (“leaven, fermented drink”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewH-, *kweH- (“to ferment, turn sour”).


frō

head

*frō (comparative *frōiʀ(ō), superlative *frōist(ō))

frōiʀ (comparative)
frōist (superlative)

Old Saxon: *frōw, *frō

desc

Middle Low German: vrō, vrȫ, vroe, frow, froi, frohe, froeg, vrōch, vrū, vrůch

German Low German: froh

→ Danish: fro (obsolete)

desctree

Old Dutch: fruo
Middle Dutch: vroe, vroech
Dutch: vroeg
Afrikaans: vroeg
Berbice Creole Dutch: fruku
Javindo: froeg
Negerhollands: vroe, fru, vrue
→ Sranan Tongo: fruku (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: fruo
Middle High German: vruo, vrū, vrūge, vrō, vrōwe, fruo, frū, frūge, frō, frōwe
Alemannic German: früe
German: früh
Luxembourgish: fréi
Pennsylvania German: frieh
Yiddish: פֿרי (fri)

From Proto-Indo-European *proh₁- (“early; in the morning”), from *pro- (“forward”). Compare, in particular, Ancient Greek πρωῐ̈́ (prōĭ̈́, “early in the morning”), Sanskrit प्रातर् (prātár, “idem”).


koʀōn

koʀōn (infinitive)
koʀōnijas (genitive infinitive)
koʀōnijē (dative infinitive)
koʀōniju (infinitive instrumental)
koʀō (first-person present singular)
koʀōdā (first-person past singular)
koʀōs (present second-person singular)
koʀōdēs (past second-person singular)
koʀōdōs (past second-person singular)
koʀōþ (present singular third-person)
koʀōdē (past singular third-person)
koʀōdā (past singular third-person)
koʀōm (first-person plural present)
koʀōdum (first-person past plural)
koʀōþ (plural present second-person)
koʀōdud (past plural second-person)
koʀōnþ (plural present third-person)
koʀōdun (past plural third-person)
koʀōdī (first-person past singular)
koʀōdī (past second-person singular)
koʀō (present singular third-person)
koʀōdī (past singular third-person)
koʀōdīm (first-person past plural)
koʀōdīd (past plural second-person)
koʀōn (plural present third-person)
koʀōdīn (past plural third-person)
koʀō (present singular)
koʀōþ (plural present)
koʀōndī (participle present)
koʀōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *korōn

Middle Low German: kōren

>? German Low German: kören

→? Saterland Frisian: köäre

→ Swedish: kora

Old Dutch: coron
Middle Dutch: cōren

Old High German: korōn

Middle High German: koren, korn

German: koren, kören

From *kuʀi, *koʀ (“choice, decision”) + *-ōn.


luhs

luhs (nominative singular)
lohsō (nominative plural)
lohsōs (nominative plural)
luhs (accusative singular)
lohsā (accusative plural)
lohsas (genitive singular)
lohsō (genitive plural)
luhsē (dative singular)
luhsum (dative plural)
luhsu (instrumental singular)
luhsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lox

Middle English: lusk (found in luskwerk)

Scots: los (possibly through Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)

English: los, loz

Old Frisian: *luks, *loks

Saterland Frisian: Luks

Old Saxon: lohs, los

Middle Low German: *luhs, lūs, los

→ Danish: los

Old Dutch: *lohs, *los

Middle Dutch: los

Dutch: los

→ English: losse (dated)

Old High German: luhs

Middle High German: luhs

German: Luchs

→ Low German: Luks

→ Luxembourgish: Luchs

⇒ German: abluchsen (partly)

Luxembourgish: Luuss (dated)

Lombardic: luchs


hardīni

hardīni (nominative singular)
hardīnī (nominative plural)
hardīni (accusative singular)
hardīnī (accusative plural)
hardīnī (genitive singular)
hardīnijō (genitive plural)
hardīnī (dative singular)
hardīnim (dative plural)
hardīnijum (dative plural)
hardīnī (instrumental singular)
hardīnim (instrumental plural)
hardīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyrdenn

Old Frisian: *herdene, tōherdene


kwerþr

kwerþr (nominative singular)
kwerþru (nominative plural)
kwerþr (accusative singular)
kwerþru (accusative plural)
kwerþras (genitive singular)
kwerþrō (genitive plural)
kwerþrē (dative singular)
kwerþrum (dative plural)
kwerþru (instrumental singular)
kwerþrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old High German: querdar
Middle High German: querder
German: Köder

From *kwerran (“to devour”) + *-þr (instrumental suffix).


kwerþr

Old Saxon:

desc

Middle Low German: querder, querdel, korder m or n (“patch (of leather/wick”)}

→ Faroese: kvarði m (“edge of garment”)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvarde m (“seam, border, chine”)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kvarde

→ Elfdalian: kward m (“band, callus”)

Old High German: querdar m or n (“wick”)

Middle High German: querder m or n (“patch”)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: querdel, quardel m or n (“strap of shoe-leather”)

Unknown. Kroonen's link with Hittite 𒆪𒅕 (ku-er, “to cut up”) isn't tenable, as this comes from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, to cut off”).


sprottōn

sprottōn (infinitive)
sprottōnijas (genitive infinitive)
sprottōnijē (dative infinitive)
sprottōniju (infinitive instrumental)
sprottō (first-person present singular)
sprottōdā (first-person past singular)
sprottōs (present second-person singular)
sprottōdēs (past second-person singular)
sprottōdōs (past second-person singular)
sprottōþ (present singular third-person)
sprottōdē (past singular third-person)
sprottōdā (past singular third-person)
sprottōm (first-person plural present)
sprottōdum (first-person past plural)
sprottōþ (plural present second-person)
sprottōdud (past plural second-person)
sprottōnþ (plural present third-person)
sprottōdun (past plural third-person)
sprottōdī (first-person past singular)
sprottōdī (past second-person singular)
sprottō (present singular third-person)
sprottōdī (past singular third-person)
sprottōdīm (first-person past plural)
sprottōdīd (past plural second-person)
sprottōn (plural present third-person)
sprottōdīn (past plural third-person)
sprottō (present singular)
sprottōþ (plural present)
sprottōndī (participle present)
sprottōd (participle past)

Old Dutch: *sprottōn

Middle Dutch: *sprotten

Dutch: sprotten (archaic)

Old High German: *sproztōn

Middle High German: *sprozzen

German: sprossen

From Proto-Germanic *spruttōną, from earlier paradigm *spruttōþi ~ *sprutunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *sprud-nā́-ti ~ *sprud-un-ánti, iterative to *spreutan (“to sprout”).


ruskijā

ruskijā (nominative singular)
ruskijōn (nominative plural)
ruskijōn (accusative singular)
ruskijōn (accusative plural)
ruskijōn (genitive singular)
ruskijōnō (genitive plural)
ruskijōn (dative singular)
ruskijōm (dative plural)
ruskijum (dative plural)
ruskijōn (instrumental singular)
ruskijōm (instrumental plural)
ruskijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: rysċe, rysċ, resċe, resċ, risċe, risċ, rixe, rix

desctree

Middle English: risshe, rusch, risch, rysche, rusche, rysch, rosch, rissh, resch, rysse, resche
English: rush
Scots: rash, resh

Old Frisian: *reske, *risk

Saterland Frisian: Rääske

West Frisian: risk

Old Saxon: rusk, rūsk, *risk

Middle Low German: rusch, rûsch, risch

German Low German: Rüüsch, Rüsk, Riusk

→ Faroese: ryski

→ Norwegian: ryskje, rusk

Old Dutch: *rusk

Middle Dutch: rusch

Dutch: rus

Old High German: *ruska, *rūska, *rusk

Middle High German: rusche, rusch

German: Rusch, Risch, Rausch

→ Old French: rusche, rousche

Middle French: rousche

French: rouche

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Latin rūscus, *rīscus, rūscum (“butcher's broom”) + *-jā (agent suffix) in connection to its use in broom making, or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(H)resg- (“to weave”) for its use in basket making, cognate with Lithuanian regzti (“to knit, weave”), Latin restis (“cord, rope”).

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


þurruk

þurruk (nominative singular)
þurrukō (nominative plural)
þurrukōs (nominative plural)
þurruk (accusative singular)
þurrukā (accusative plural)
þurrukas (genitive singular)
þurrukō (genitive plural)
þurrukē (dative singular)
þurrukum (dative plural)
þurruku (instrumental singular)
þurrukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þurruc

desctree

Middle English: thurrok, thorrocke, thorroke, thurroke, þorrok
English: thurrock (obsolete)

gl

Old Frisian: *thurruk, *durruk (*durruk likely borrowed from Low German or Dutch)

Saterland Frisian: Durk

West Frisian: durk

Old Saxon: *thurruk, *thorruk

Middle Low German: dork

Low German: Dork

→ Danish: dørk

→ Norwegian: dørk

→ Swedish: durk

Old Dutch: *thurruk, *thurrik

Middle Dutch: dorrick, durck, dorck

Dutch: durk, dork

Unknown; possibly from *þurr + *-uk, from Proto-Germanic *þwerō ~ *þurraz, from Proto-Indo-European *twérH-ō ~ *turH-nés, from *twerH- (“to hold, enclose”).


hatul

hatul (masculine nominative singular)
hatulu (feminine nominative singular)
hatul (neuter nominative singular)
hatulanā (accusative masculine singular)
hatulā (accusative feminine singular)
hatul (accusative neuter singular)
hatulas (genitive masculine singular)
hatuleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hatulas (genitive neuter singular)
hatulumē (dative masculine singular)
hatuleʀē (dative feminine singular)
hatulumē (dative neuter singular)
hatulu (instrumental masculine singular)
hatuleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hatulu (instrumental neuter singular)
hatulē (masculine nominative plural)
hatulō (feminine nominative plural)
hatulu (neuter nominative plural)
hatulā (accusative masculine plural)
hatulā (accusative feminine plural)
hatulu (accusative neuter plural)
hatuleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hatuleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hatuleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hatulēm (dative masculine plural)
hatulum (dative masculine plural)
hatulēm (dative feminine plural)
hatulum (dative feminine plural)
hatulēm (dative neuter plural)
hatulum (dative neuter plural)
hatulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hatulum (instrumental masculine plural)
hatulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hatulum (feminine instrumental plural)
hatulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hatulum (instrumental neuter plural)
*hatil (alternative)

Old English: hatol, hetol; hetel (< *hatil)

desctree

Middle English: hatel, heatel, hetel
English: hattle, hettle
Scots: hettle

Old Saxon: hatul, *hetil

Middle Low German: hētel

Old Dutch: *hatul

Middle Dutch: *hātel

Dutch: hatel (obsolete)

Old High German: hazzal


dungijan

dungijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dungijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dungijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dungijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dungiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dungidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dungisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dungidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dungidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dungiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dungidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dungidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dungijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dungidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dungiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dungidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dungijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dungidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dungijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dungidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dungijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dungidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dungijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dungidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dungijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dungidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dungijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dungidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dungijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dungidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dungi (class-1 present singular weak)
dungiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dungijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dungid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: dynġan

gl

attestions are past participles/adjectives and may thus be merely forms of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">dynġan</i>

⇒? Old English: ġedynġan (attestions are past participles/adjectives and may thus be merely forms of Old English dynġan)

Old Frisian: denga

Old Saxon: *dungian

Middle Low German: düngen

Low German: düngen

Old High German: tungen

desc

Middle High German: tungen, tüngen, dungen

German: düngen

bedung

Middle English: bidingen, bedungen, bydyngen

bedüngen

Old Saxon: *bidungian; Middle Low German


bukk

bukk (nominative singular)
bokkō (nominative plural)
bokkōs (nominative plural)
bukk (accusative singular)
bokkā (accusative plural)
bokkas (genitive singular)
bokkō (genitive plural)
bukkē (dative singular)
bukkum (dative plural)
bukku (instrumental singular)
bukkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bucc, buc
Middle English: bukke, bocke, boke, buc, bucce, bucke, buk
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch

Old Frisian: *buk, *bok

Saterland Frisian: Buk

West Frisian: bok

Old Saxon: bukk, buk

Middle Low German: buk, buck, bok

Low German: Buck, Bock

Old Dutch: buk, buc
Middle Dutch: boc, buc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk

desc

Old High German: buk, buc, bok, boch, poch

Middle High German: boc

German: Bock

Luxembourgish: Bock

⇒ Old High German: steinbok

Middle High German: steinboc

→ Italian: stambecco

→ Dutch: steenbok

Afrikaans: steenbok

→ English: steenbok

→ Old French: estainbouc, boc estaign

Middle French: boucquin, bukestein, boucastain, bouquestain

Middle French: bouquin, bouquetin

French: bouquin, bouquetin

→ English: bouquetin

q

confluence with Gaulish <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">*bukkos</i>

→ Medieval Latin: buccus (confluence with Gaulish *bukkos) (see there for further descendants)


nistilōn

nistilōn (infinitive)
nistilōnijas (genitive infinitive)
nistilōnijē (dative infinitive)
nistilōniju (infinitive instrumental)
nistilō (first-person present singular)
nistilōdā (first-person past singular)
nistilōs (present second-person singular)
nistilōdēs (past second-person singular)
nistilōdōs (past second-person singular)
nistilōþ (present singular third-person)
nistilōdē (past singular third-person)
nistilōdā (past singular third-person)
nistilōm (first-person plural present)
nistilōdum (first-person past plural)
nistilōþ (plural present second-person)
nistilōdud (past plural second-person)
nistilōnþ (plural present third-person)
nistilōdun (past plural third-person)
nistilōdī (first-person past singular)
nistilōdī (past second-person singular)
nistilō (present singular third-person)
nistilōdī (past singular third-person)
nistilōdīm (first-person past plural)
nistilōdīd (past plural second-person)
nistilōn (plural present third-person)
nistilōdīn (past plural third-person)
nistilō (present singular)
nistilōþ (plural present)
nistilōndī (participle present)
nistilōd (participle past)

Old English: nistlian, nestlian; (nistlan)

Middle English: nestlen, nestelen

English: nestle

Scots: nestle, naesle

Old Frisian: *nistlia, *nestlia

Saterland Frisian: nääselje

West Frisian: nestelje

Old Saxon: *nistilōn

Middle Low German: nestelen

German Low German: nüsseln

desctree

Old Dutch: nistilon
Middle Dutch: nistelen, nestelen
Dutch: nestelen
Afrikaans: nestel

(frequentative) to occupy a nest, nestle


nestōn

nestōn (infinitive)
nestōnijas (genitive infinitive)
nestōnijē (dative infinitive)
nestōniju (infinitive instrumental)
nestō (first-person present singular)
nestōdā (first-person past singular)
nestōs (present second-person singular)
nestōdēs (past second-person singular)
nestōdōs (past second-person singular)
nestōþ (present singular third-person)
nestōdē (past singular third-person)
nestōdā (past singular third-person)
nestōm (first-person plural present)
nestōdum (first-person past plural)
nestōþ (plural present second-person)
nestōdud (past plural second-person)
nestōnþ (plural present third-person)
nestōdun (past plural third-person)
nestōdī (first-person past singular)
nestōdī (past second-person singular)
nestō (present singular third-person)
nestōdī (past singular third-person)
nestōdīm (first-person past plural)
nestōdīd (past plural second-person)
nestōn (plural present third-person)
nestōdīn (past plural third-person)
nestō (present singular)
nestōþ (plural present)
nestōndī (participle present)
nestōd (participle past)

Old English: nistian, *nestian

Middle English: nesten

English: nest

Scots: nest

Old Dutch: *niston, *neston

Middle Dutch: *nesten

Dutch: nesten

Old High German: nistōn

Middle High German: nisten

German: nisten


bair

bair (nominative singular)
bairō (nominative plural)
bairōs (nominative plural)
bair (accusative singular)
bairā (accusative plural)
bairas (genitive singular)
bairō (genitive plural)
bairē (dative singular)
bairum (dative plural)
bairu (instrumental singular)
bairum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bār

Middle English: bar, bor

Scots: bair

English: boar

Old Frisian: *bār

West Frisian: bear

Old Saxon: bēr

Middle Low German: bêr

Low German: Behr

Old Dutch: *bēr; bēro

Middle Dutch: bere, beer

Dutch: beer (“boar”)

Afrikaans: beer

Old High German: bēr, pēr, pair

Middle High German: bēr

Central Franconian: Bier

Luxembourgish: Béier

German: Bär (“boar”) (obsolete)

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *baizaz (compare Old Norse bassi (“boar”)). Likely to be related to Proto-Brythonic *basio- ~ *baðio- (modern Welsh baedd, which compare for possible cognates), but solid Indo-European cognates outside of West Germanic and Celtic are lacking. The word could have been borrowed from a pre-Indo-European (substrate) population of the area by Germanic and/or Celtic-speaking populations. Alternatively, it could be cognate with Lithuanian bai̇̃sas (“terrible apparition”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *baiˀsás (“evil spirit”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to become afraid”).


mōtan

desctree

Old English: mōtan
Middle English: moten
Scots: mote, mot, moit
English: mote
⇒ Old English: mōste (preterite)
Middle English: moste
Scots: moste, most, moist
English: must

Old Frisian: mōt (present tense)

Saterland Frisian: moute

West Frisian: moatte

Old Saxon: mōtan
Middle Low German: môten, moste (past)
German Low German: möten
→ Old Swedish: most (late)
Swedish: måste

Old Dutch: muotan
Middle Dutch: moeten
Dutch: moeten
Afrikaans: moet
Berbice Creole Dutch: mu, muti
Negerhollands: moet, moe, mo, mut
→ Sranan Tongo: moe
Limburgish: mótte

Old High German: muozan

Middle High German: muozen, müezen

Alemannic German: müese, müesse

Bavarian: miassn

Cimbrian: missan

Central Franconian: mösse, mosse, moße (Ripuarian; older forms), misse, mieße, muße, moße (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: misse
Luxembourgish: mussen

German: müssen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: misse

Yiddish: מוזן (muzn)

→ Old Czech: musiti, musěti
Czech: musit, muset
→ Old Polish: musieć, musić
Polish: musieć, musić (Middle Polish)
→ Kashubian: mùszec
→ Slovincian: mùszec
Silesian: musieć
→ Old Ruthenian: мусити (musiti), мусѣти (musěti), мусꙗти (musjati)
Belarusian: му́сіць (músicʹ)
Ukrainian: му́сити (músyty)
→ Slovak: musieť


galdr

galdr (nominative singular)
galdrō (nominative plural)
galdrōs (nominative plural)
galdr (accusative singular)
galdrā (accusative plural)
galdras (genitive singular)
galdrō (genitive plural)
galdrē (dative singular)
galdrum (dative plural)
galdru (instrumental singular)
galdrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: galdor, gealdor

Middle English: galder

Old Saxon: *galdar

Old High German: galdar


bakku

bakku (nominative singular)
bakkiwi (nominative plural)
bakkō (nominative plural)
bakku (accusative singular)
bakkū (accusative plural)
bakkō (genitive singular)
bakkiwō (genitive plural)
bakkiwi (dative singular)
bakkō (dative singular)
bakkum (dative plural)
bakku (instrumental singular)
bakkum (instrumental plural)
*baku (alternative)

Old English: *bæċċ, *bæċ

Middle English: bache, bahche, bach

English: batch

Scots: batch

Old High German: *bahh, *bach; *bahhu, *bachu

Middle High German: becke

German: Bäcke

From Proto-Germanic *bakkuz, *bakuz (“baking”). Gemination would be explained due to influence or derivation from *bakkōn (Proto-Germanic *bakkōną), the iterative form, potentially ultimately preserved in the English sense of batch (“a series or run of baking/baked goods”).


-ō

Old English: -o, -a

Middle English: -e (fossilised)

English: -e (archaic)

Old Frisian: -a

Old Saxon: -o

Middle Low German: -e

Low German: -e

Old Dutch: -o
Middle Dutch: -e

Old High German: -o

Middle High German: -e


-ō

-ō (nominative singular)
-an (nominative plural)
-an (accusative singular)
-an (accusative plural)
-ini (genitive singular)
-an (genitive singular)
-anō (genitive plural)
-ini (dative singular)
-an (dative singular)
-um (dative plural)
-ini (instrumental singular)
-an (instrumental singular)
-um (instrumental plural)

Old English: -a

Middle English: -e (fossilised)

English: -e (archaic)

Old Frisian: -a

Old Saxon: -o

Middle Low German: -e

Low German: -e

Old Dutch: -o

Middle Dutch: -e

Old High German: -o

Middle High German: -e

German: -e (fossilised)


werawulf

werawulf (nominative singular)
werawulfō (nominative plural)
werawulfōs (nominative plural)
werawulf (accusative singular)
werawulfā (accusative plural)
werawulfas (genitive singular)
werawulfō (genitive plural)
werawulfē (dative singular)
werawulfum (dative plural)
werawulfu (instrumental singular)
werawulfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: werewulf
Middle English: werwolf
English: werewolf
Scots: werwolf, warwolf, warwoof

Old Frisian: *werwolf

desc

West Frisian: wjerwolf, wearwolf, waarwolf

desctree

Old Saxon: werwulf
Middle Low German: werwulf, werwolf, warwulf, bērwulf
German Low German: Weerwulf, Warwulf
→ Icelandic: varúlfur
→ Faroese: varúlvur
→ Norwegian: varulv
→ Swedish: varulv
→ Danish: varulv

Old Dutch: *werwulf

Middle Dutch: wēerwolf
Dutch: weerwolf
Afrikaans: weerwolf

Old High German: wërwolf

Middle High German: wërwolf

German: Werwolf

Luxembourgish: Wierwollef

→ Old French: garwaf, garval, garvalf

⇒ French: loup-garou
→ English: loup-garou