dwelan

dwelan (infinitive)
dwelannjas (genitive infinitive)
dwelannjē (dative infinitive)
dwelannju (infinitive instrumental)
dwelu (first-person present singular)
dwal (first-person past singular)
dwiliʀi (present second-person singular)
dwālī (past second-person singular)
dwilidi (present singular third-person)
dwal (past singular third-person)
dwelum (first-person plural present)
dwālum (first-person past plural)
dwilid (plural present second-person)
dwālud (past plural second-person)
dweland (plural present third-person)
dwālun (past plural third-person)
dwelē (first-person present singular)
dwālī (first-person past singular)
dwelēs (present second-person singular)
dwelē (present singular third-person)
dwālī (past singular third-person)
dwelēm (first-person plural present)
dwālīm (first-person past plural)
dwelēþ (plural present second-person)
dwālīd (past plural second-person)
dwelēn (plural present third-person)
dwālīn (past plural third-person)
dwil (present singular)
dwilid (plural present)
dwelandī (participle present)
dwolan (participle past)

Old English: *dwelan

⇒ Old English: ġedwolen

⇒ Old English: dwelian

Middle English: dwelen

Old Saxon: dwelan

Middle Low German: dwelen, dwēlen, twelen

German Low German: dwelen

Old Dutch: dwelan

Middle Dutch: dwelen

Dutch: (obsolete) dwelen

>? Old High German: twelan

Middle High German: twelen, tweln


knedan

knedan (infinitive)
knedannjas (genitive infinitive)
knedannjē (dative infinitive)
knedannju (infinitive instrumental)
knedu (first-person present singular)
knad (first-person past singular)
knidiʀi (present second-person singular)
knādī (past second-person singular)
knididi (present singular third-person)
knad (past singular third-person)
knedum (first-person plural present)
knādum (first-person past plural)
knidid (plural present second-person)
knādud (past plural second-person)
knedand (plural present third-person)
knādun (past plural third-person)
knedē (first-person present singular)
knādī (first-person past singular)
knedēs (present second-person singular)
knedē (present singular third-person)
knādī (past singular third-person)
knedēm (first-person plural present)
knādīm (first-person past plural)
knedēþ (plural present second-person)
knādīd (past plural second-person)
knedēn (plural present third-person)
knādīn (past plural third-person)
knid (present singular)
knidid (plural present)
knedandī (participle present)
knedan (participle past)

Old English: cnedan

desctree

Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
English: knead
Scots: kned

Old Frisian: *kneda

Saterland Frisian: kneede

⇒ West Frisian: knetsje

Old Saxon: knedan

Middle Low German: knēden

German Low German: kneden

Old Dutch: *knedan

Middle Dutch: cnēden

Dutch: kneden

Afrikaans: knee

Old High German: knëtan

Middle High German: knëten

German: kneten

Esperanto: knedi

Luxembourgish: knieden

Vilamovian: knāta

Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)

⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan


wahsan

wahsan (infinitive)
wahsannjas (genitive infinitive)
wahsannjē (dative infinitive)
wahsannju (infinitive instrumental)
wahsu (first-person present singular)
wōhs (first-person past singular)
wahsiʀi (present second-person singular)
wōhsī (past second-person singular)
wahsidi (present singular third-person)
wōhs (past singular third-person)
wahsum (first-person plural present)
wōhsum (first-person past plural)
wahsid (plural present second-person)
wōhsud (past plural second-person)
wahsand (plural present third-person)
wōhsun (past plural third-person)
wahsē (first-person present singular)
wōhsī (first-person past singular)
wahsēs (present second-person singular)
wahsē (present singular third-person)
wōhsī (past singular third-person)
wahsēm (first-person plural present)
wōhsīm (first-person past plural)
wahsēþ (plural present second-person)
wōhsīd (past plural second-person)
wahsēn (plural present third-person)
wōhsīn (past plural third-person)
wahs (present singular)
wahsid (plural present)
wahsandī (participle present)
wahsan (participle past)

Old English: weaxan

Middle English: waxen

Scots: wax

English: wax

Old Frisian: waxa

Saterland Frisian: wacsa, wacsen

West Frisian: waakse

Old Saxon: wahsan

Middle Low German: wassen

Low German: wassen

Old Dutch: wassan
Middle Dutch: wassen
Dutch: wassen
Afrikaans: was

Old High German: wahsan
Middle High German: wahsen
Central Franconian: wahße, wahsse, waße, waaße (alternative spellings), wase (Dutch-based spelling), wohße (some dialects of Moselle Franconian), wohße, wohsse, woße
Hunsrik: wachse
Cimbrian: baksan
German: wachsen
Luxembourgish: wuessen
Yiddish: וואַקסן (vaksn)


stekan

stekan (infinitive)
stekannjas (genitive infinitive)
stekannjē (dative infinitive)
stekannju (infinitive instrumental)
steku (first-person present singular)
stak (first-person past singular)
stikiʀi (present second-person singular)
stākī (past second-person singular)
stikidi (present singular third-person)
stak (past singular third-person)
stekum (first-person plural present)
stākum (first-person past plural)
stikid (plural present second-person)
stākud (past plural second-person)
stekand (plural present third-person)
stākun (past plural third-person)
stekē (first-person present singular)
stākī (first-person past singular)
stekēs (present second-person singular)
stekē (present singular third-person)
stākī (past singular third-person)
stekēm (first-person plural present)
stākīm (first-person past plural)
stekēþ (plural present second-person)
stākīd (past plural second-person)
stekēn (plural present third-person)
stākīn (past plural third-person)
stik (present singular)
stikid (plural present)
stekandī (participle present)
stokan (participle past)
stekan (infinitive)
stekannjas (genitive infinitive)
stekannjē (dative infinitive)
stekannju (infinitive instrumental)
steku (first-person present singular)
stak (first-person past singular)
stikiʀi (present second-person singular)
stākī (past second-person singular)
stikidi (present singular third-person)
stak (past singular third-person)
stekum (first-person plural present)
stākum (first-person past plural)
stikid (plural present second-person)
stākud (past plural second-person)
stekand (plural present third-person)
stākun (past plural third-person)
stekē (first-person present singular)
stākī (first-person past singular)
stekēs (present second-person singular)
stekē (present singular third-person)
stākī (past singular third-person)
stekēm (first-person plural present)
stākīm (first-person past plural)
stekēþ (plural present second-person)
stākīd (past plural second-person)
stekēn (plural present third-person)
stākīn (past plural third-person)
stik (present singular)
stikid (plural present)
stekandī (participle present)
stekan (participle past)

Old Frisian: steka (class 5)
West Frisian: stekke

Old Saxon: stekan

Middle Low German: stēken

German Low German: steken

Old Dutch: *stecan

Middle Dutch: steken

Dutch: steken

Afrikaans: steek

Old High German: stëhhan, stëchan
Middle High German: stëchen
German: stechen
Luxembourgish: stiechen
Yiddish: שטעכן (shtekhn)


apl

apl (nominative singular)
applō (nominative plural)
applōs (nominative plural)
apl (accusative singular)
applā (accusative plural)
applas (genitive singular)
applō (genitive plural)
applē (dative singular)
applum (dative plural)
applu (instrumental singular)
applum (instrumental plural)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

alternative reconstruction of *applu (“apple”)


kamb

kamb (nominative singular)
kambō (nominative plural)
kambōs (nominative plural)
kamb (accusative singular)
kambā (accusative plural)
kambas (genitive singular)
kambō (genitive plural)
kambē (dative singular)
kambum (dative plural)
kambu (instrumental singular)
kambum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: camb, comb
Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime

desc

Old Frisian: ᚳᚪᛒᚢ (kabu /kambu/), ᚳᚩᛒᚢ (kobu /kombu/)

North Frisian:

Föhr: kum

Hallig: kööm

Heligoland: Kum

Mooring: köm

Saterland Frisian: Koum m

West Frisian: kaem, kaam

desctree

Old Saxon: kamb, camb
Middle Low German: kam
German Low German: Kamm
Plautdietsch: Kaum

Old Dutch: *kamb

Middle Dutch: kamp, kamme, kam

Dutch: kam (see there for further descendants)

Limburgish: kamb, kamp

Old High German: kamb, camb, chamb

Middle High German: kamp, kam

Cimbrian: khamp

German: Kamm

Luxembourgish: Kamp

Yiddish: קאַם (kam)

From an attested earlier form ᚲᚨᛒᚨ (kaba /kamba/) (inscription of Erfurt-Frienstedt), from Proto-Germanic *kambaz.


brahtm

brahtm (nominative singular)
brahtmō (nominative plural)
brahtmōs (nominative plural)
brahtm (accusative singular)
brahtmā (accusative plural)
brahtmas (genitive singular)
brahtmō (genitive plural)
brahtmē (dative singular)
brahtmum (dative plural)
brahtmu (instrumental singular)
brahtmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: breahtm, bearhtm, byrhtm

Old Saxon: brahtum

Probably related to *brekaną (“to break”) and *brahtaz (“cracking, snapping, noise”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to crash, break”).


froggō

froggō (nominative singular)
froggan (nominative plural)
froggan (accusative singular)
froggan (accusative plural)
fruggini (genitive singular)
froggan (genitive singular)
frogganō (genitive plural)
fruggini (dative singular)
froggan (dative singular)
froggum (dative plural)
fruggini (instrumental singular)
froggan (instrumental singular)
froggum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: frocga, frogga, froga
Middle English: frogge, vrogge, frugge
English: frog, frock (dialectal), frosk (dialectal), frosh (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: frog, froig
→ Welsh: broga

Old Saxon: *froggo, *fruggio

q

possibly conflated with Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">padde</i> (“toad”)

>? Middle Low German: pugge, pogge, poge (possibly conflated with Middle Low German padde (“toad”))

German Low German: Pogge, Pogg

→ Saterland Frisian: Poage

Old Dutch: *froggo

possibly conflated with Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">padde</i> (“toad”)

>? Middle Dutch: pogge, pog (possibly conflated with Middle Dutch padde (“toad”))

→ West Frisian: pogge, pôge

Cognate with Old Norse frauðr, frauki (“frog”), both perhaps from Proto-Germanic n-stem paradigm *fraugô ~ *frukkaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *prougʰ-ō ~ *prugʰ-nos, from Proto-Indo-European *prewgʰ- (“to leap”), possibly extended from *prew- (“to jump”); compare Proto-Slavic *prygati (“to jump”), though Kroonen is skeptical of such a connection. See also Proto-Germanic *fruskaz (“frog”).


purpurā

purpurā (nominative singular)
purpurōn (nominative plural)
purpurōn (accusative singular)
purpurōn (accusative plural)
purpurōn (genitive singular)
purpurōnō (genitive plural)
purpurōn (dative singular)
purpurōm (dative plural)
purpurum (dative plural)
purpurōn (instrumental singular)
purpurōm (instrumental plural)
purpurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: purple, purpure, purpl

Middle English: purpur, purpel, purple

English: purple

Old Saxon: *purpura

Middle Low German: purpur, purper

Old Dutch: *purpra

Middle Dutch: purper

desctree

Dutch: purper
Afrikaans: purper
→ Kari'na: popuru
→ Papiamentu: purpe (dated)

Old High German: purpura
Middle High German: purpur, purper
German: Purpur

Borrowed from Latin purpura (“purple”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌿𐍂𐌰 (paurpura, “purple”).


maisā

maisā (nominative singular)
maisōn (nominative plural)
maisōn (accusative singular)
maisōn (accusative plural)
maisōn (genitive singular)
maisōnō (genitive plural)
maisōn (dative singular)
maisōm (dative plural)
maisum (dative plural)
maisōn (instrumental singular)
maisōm (instrumental plural)
maisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: māse
Middle English: mose
⇒ Middle English: titmose
English: titmouse

Old Frisian: *māse, *mēse

⇒ Old Frisian: *mēske (diminutive)

Saterland Frisian: Meeske

West Frisian: mieske

Old Saxon: mēsa

Middle Low German: mêse, meise

Dutch Low Saxon: meesje

German Low German: Meesch

Altmärkisch, Low Prussian: Mêsk

Dortmunisch: Mêəseken

Low Prussian: Mêske, Möske, Mösk

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Mêse

East Westphalian (Lippisch), Westmünsterländisch: Meese

East Westphalian (Wedemarkisch): Meise

→ Norwegian: meis

→ Swedish: mes

→ Danish: mejse

Old Dutch: *mēsa
Middle Dutch: mêse
Dutch: mees

Old High German: meisa

Middle High German: meise

Bavarian: Meisn

German: Meise

Luxembourgish: Mees


maisu

maisu (nominative singular)
maisō (nominative plural)
maisā (accusative singular)
maisā (accusative plural)
maisā (genitive singular)
maisō (genitive plural)
maisē (dative singular)
maisōm (dative plural)
maisum (dative plural)
maisu (instrumental singular)
maisōm (instrumental plural)
maisum (instrumental plural)
*maisijā (alternative)

Old English: *mǣse (< *maisijā)

Middle English: mese, meise, mayse (also possibly from Old Norse)

English: mease

Scots: mese, maise

Old Saxon: *mēsa

Middle Low German: mêse, meise

Old Dutch: *mēsa

Middle Dutch: mese, meyse, miese

Dutch: mees

desc

Old High German: meisa (strong o-stem), meissa (weak n-stem)

Middle High German: meise (strong o-stem), meise (weak n-stem)

German: Meise (“carrying basket, satchel, backpack”)

→ Old French: meise, maise

Middle French: maise, mese, meze, mase, masse, meisse, meeze, meesse, moise, mose


tabulā

tabulā (nominative singular)
tabulōn (nominative plural)
tabulōn (accusative singular)
tabulōn (accusative plural)
tabulōn (genitive singular)
tabulōnō (genitive plural)
tabulōn (dative singular)
tabulōm (dative plural)
tabulum (dative plural)
tabulōn (instrumental singular)
tabulōm (instrumental plural)
tabulum (instrumental plural)
*tablā (alternative)

Old English: tæfl, tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula

desctree

reinforced by Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">table</i>

Middle English: table, tabel, tabil, tabul, tabyl, tabyle, tabyll, tabulle, tabele, tabill (reinforced by Old French table)
English: table (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: tyeble
Scots: table
→ Welsh: tabl

Old Frisian: tefle, tafle, tafele, tevle, teule, tiōle
North Frisian: tafel
Saterland Frisian: Toafel
West Frisian: tafel, taffel-

Old Saxon: *tavala, *tafla

desc

Middle Low German: tâfel, tâfele, taffle, tafle, taffel, taffele, tafle, tâvel, tavele

→ Old Norse: tafl

→ Danish: taffel

→ Estonian: tahvel

→ Norwegian: taffel

→ Swedish: taffel

⇒ Old Saxon: wehsitafla

desctree

Old Dutch: tavala
Middle Dutch: tâfele, tâvele, taffele, tâfel, tâvel, taffel
Dutch: tafel
Afrikaans: tafel (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafl
Jersey Dutch: tâfel
Negerhollands: tafel, tavul, tawul, taul, taful, tavl, taefel
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tavul (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tafl
→ Aukan: tafaa
→ Saramaccan: táfu
→ Sranan Tongo: tafra
→ Lokono: tafolo
→ Caribbean Hindustani: tafrá
→ Caribbean Javanese: tafrah, taprah
→ Kari'na: tapara
→ Trió: tafra
Limburgish: taofel

desc

Old High German: tafala, tavala, tabela, tabula

Middle High German: tavel, tafel, tabele, tofel, davel, dafel

Cimbrian: tafl

Alemannic German: Taafele

desctree

German: Tafel
→ Kashubian: tôfla
→ Latvian: tāfele
→ Swedish: tavla

Hunsrik: Daafel

Yiddish: טאָוול (tovl)


straikōn

straikōn (infinitive)
straikōnijas (genitive infinitive)
straikōnijē (dative infinitive)
straikōniju (infinitive instrumental)
straikō (first-person present singular)
straikōdā (first-person past singular)
straikōs (present second-person singular)
straikōdēs (past second-person singular)
straikōdōs (past second-person singular)
straikōþ (present singular third-person)
straikōdē (past singular third-person)
straikōdā (past singular third-person)
straikōm (first-person plural present)
straikōdum (first-person past plural)
straikōþ (plural present second-person)
straikōdud (past plural second-person)
straikōnþ (plural present third-person)
straikōdun (past plural third-person)
straikōdī (first-person past singular)
straikōdī (past second-person singular)
straikō (present singular third-person)
straikōdī (past singular third-person)
straikōdīm (first-person past plural)
straikōdīd (past plural second-person)
straikōn (plural present third-person)
straikōdīn (past plural third-person)
straikō (present singular)
straikōþ (plural present)
straikōndī (participle present)
straikōd (participle past)

Old English: strācian
Middle English: stroken, stracien, straca, strake, stroke, strok
English: stroke
Scots: strake, straik, strak

Old Frisian: *strākia

Saterland Frisian: strookje

West Frisian: streakje

→ Middle Low German: strâken

German Low German: straken

⇒ German Low German: strakeln

Old Saxon: *strēkōn

desc

Middle Low German: strêken, streiken (“to brush, smooth, flatten, comb”)

gl

merger with Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">strîken</i> ?

>? German Low German: strieken (merger with Middle Low German strîken ?)

desc

⇒ German Low German: striekeln (“to stroke, caress”)

Old Dutch: *strēkon

Middle Dutch: streken

Dutch: streken, stroken (“to style one's hair in a peasantly manner”) (dialectal)

Old High German: streihhōn, streichōn

Middle High German: streichen

German: streichen (chiefly from *strīkaną)

⇒ Middle High German: streichelen, streicheln

German: streicheln


karēn

karēn (infinitive)
karēnijas (genitive infinitive)
karēnijē (dative infinitive)
karēniju (infinitive instrumental)
karē (first-person present singular)
kar?dā (first-person past singular)
karēs (present second-person singular)
kar?dēs (past second-person singular)
karēþ (present singular third-person)
kar?dē (past singular third-person)
kar?dā (past singular third-person)
karēm (first-person plural present)
kar?dum (first-person past plural)
karēþ (plural present second-person)
kar?dud (past plural second-person)
karēnþ (plural present third-person)
kar?dun (past plural third-person)
kar?dī (first-person past singular)
kar?dī (past second-person singular)
karē (present singular third-person)
kar?dī (past singular third-person)
kar?dīm (first-person past plural)
kar?dīd (past plural second-person)
karēn (plural present third-person)
kar?dīn (past plural third-person)
karē (present singular)
karēþ (plural present)
karēndī (participle present)
kar?d (participle past)

desctree

Old English: ċeorian, ċeoriġan, ċiorian, ċerian
Middle English: *cherren, *churren, *chirren
English: chirr, churr, jar

Old High German: karēn

Middle High German: karen, karn

German: karen (archaic)

Alemannic German: karen, kären


werran

werran (infinitive)
werrannjas (genitive infinitive)
werrannjē (dative infinitive)
werrannju (infinitive instrumental)
werru (first-person present singular)
warr (first-person past singular)
wirriʀi (present second-person singular)
wurrī (past second-person singular)
wirridi (present singular third-person)
warr (past singular third-person)
werrum (first-person plural present)
wurrum (first-person past plural)
wirrid (plural present second-person)
wurrud (past plural second-person)
werrand (plural present third-person)
wurrun (past plural third-person)
werrē (first-person present singular)
wurrī (first-person past singular)
werrēs (present second-person singular)
werrē (present singular third-person)
wurrī (past singular third-person)
werrēm (first-person plural present)
wurrīm (first-person past plural)
werrēþ (plural present second-person)
wurrīd (past plural second-person)
werrēn (plural present third-person)
wurrīn (past plural third-person)
wirr (present singular)
wirrid (plural present)
werrandī (participle present)
worran (participle past)

Old Saxon: werran

Middle Low German: werren

Old Dutch: *werran

Middle Dutch: werren, warren

Dutch: warren

Old High German: werran

Middle High German: wërren

German: wirren; verwirren

→ Swedish: virra; förvirra

→ Old French: guerrier, guerrer

→ Middle English: werren

English: war (verb)

Middle French: guerrer

From earlier *werʀan, from Proto-Germanic *werzaną.


derkōn

derkōn (infinitive)
derkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
derkōnijē (dative infinitive)
derkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
derkō (first-person present singular)
derkōdā (first-person past singular)
derkōs (present second-person singular)
derkōdēs (past second-person singular)
derkōdōs (past second-person singular)
derkōþ (present singular third-person)
derkōdē (past singular third-person)
derkōdā (past singular third-person)
derkōm (first-person plural present)
derkōdum (first-person past plural)
derkōþ (plural present second-person)
derkōdud (past plural second-person)
derkōnþ (plural present third-person)
derkōdun (past plural third-person)
derkōdī (first-person past singular)
derkōdī (past second-person singular)
derkō (present singular third-person)
derkōdī (past singular third-person)
derkōdīm (first-person past plural)
derkōdīd (past plural second-person)
derkōn (plural present third-person)
derkōdīn (past plural third-person)
derkō (present singular)
derkōþ (plural present)
derkōndī (participle present)
derkōd (participle past)

Old English: deorcian, dearcian

Middle English: derken, darken

English: dark

Scots: derk, dirk

desc

Old High German: *tarchōn, *terchōn, *derkōn

Middle High German: terken, derken

⇒ Middle High German: verterken, vertirken, verderken


augā

augā (nominative singular)
augōn (nominative plural)
augā (accusative singular)
augōn (accusative plural)
augini (genitive singular)
augan (genitive singular)
auganō (genitive plural)
augini (dative singular)
augan (dative singular)
augum (dative plural)
augini (instrumental singular)
augan (instrumental singular)
augum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ēage, ēge — Anglian
Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eeen, een, eyen, ein, eein (plural)

Old Frisian: āge, āg
North Frisian:
Most dialects: uug
Goesharde: uug, uuch
Halligen: uuch
Heligoland: Oog
Sylt: Oog
Saterland Frisian: Oge
West Frisian: each

Old Saxon: ōga
Middle Low German: ôge
Low German: Oge
German Low German: Oog
Hamburgisch: Oog
Westphalian:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Äuge
Lippisch: Auge, Äoge
Ravensbergisch: äuge (scientific), Auge
Sauerländisch: Äoge, Auge, Eyege, Ouge, Oue
Westmünsterländisch: Ooge, Oog
Plautdietsch: Uag

Old Dutch: ōga, ouga
Middle Dutch: ôge
Dutch: oog
Limburgish: oug

Old High German: ouga, ouca, auca
Middle High German: ouge
Alemannic German: Aug
Swabian: Aug
Bavarian: Aug
Cimbrian: óoge
Mòcheno: ag
Central Franconian: Ooch, Auch, Au
Hunsrik: Au
Kölsch: Ouch
Luxembourgish: A
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Ooche
Vilamovian: aojg
East Franconian:
German: Auge
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Aag
Pennsylvania German: Aag
Yiddish: אויג (oyg)


sangijan

sangijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sangijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sangijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sangijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sangiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sangidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sangisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sangidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sangidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sangiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sangidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sangidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sangijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sangidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sangiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sangidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sangijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sangidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sangijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sangidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sangijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sangidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sangijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sangidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sangijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sangidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sangijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sangidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sangijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sangidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sangi (class-1 present singular weak)
sangiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sangijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sangid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: senġan, senċġan, sænċġan
Middle English: sengen, senge, singe
English: singe
Scots: sing

desc

Old Frisian: sanga, senga, sandza, sendza

Saterland Frisian: soange

West Frisian: singe, sinzgje, sinzje

Old Saxon: *sengian

Middle Low German: sengen

German Low German: sengen

Old Dutch: *sengen

Middle Dutch: sengen

Dutch: zengen

Afrikaans: seng

Old High German: sengēn

Middle High German: sengen

German: sengen

From Proto-Indo-European *senk- (“to burn”).


herþ

herþ (nominative singular)
herþō (nominative plural)
herþōs (nominative plural)
herþ (accusative singular)
herþā (accusative plural)
herþas (genitive singular)
herþō (genitive plural)
herþē (dative singular)
herþum (dative plural)
herþu (instrumental singular)
herþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: heorþ
Middle English: herth, harthe, heorð, heorþ, herthe, hertþ, herþ
English: hearth
Scots: harth, hairth

Old Frisian: herth, hirth

Saterland Frisian: Herde, Heet, Häid

West Frisian: hurd

Old Saxon: herth

Middle Low German: herd, hērt

Low German: Heerd

→ Swedish: härd

→ Danish: herd

→ Norwegian: herd (rare)

Old Dutch: *herth

Middle Dutch: hert, heert, haert

Dutch: haard, heerd, (dialectal) herd

Old High German: herd
Middle High German: hert
Cimbrian: hèart
German: Herd
Luxembourgish: Häerd

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *herþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kérh₃-to-s, from *kerh₃- (“to burn; fire, heat”).


snakō

snakō (nominative singular)
snakan (nominative plural)
snakan (accusative singular)
snakan (accusative plural)
snakini (genitive singular)
snakan (genitive singular)
snakanō (genitive plural)
snakini (dative singular)
snakan (dative singular)
snakum (dative plural)
snakini (instrumental singular)
snakan (instrumental singular)
snakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snaca
Middle English: snake, snak, snaca (Early Middle English)
English: snake (see there for further descendants)
Scots: snake

Old Frisian: *snake

desc

>? Saterland Frisian: Snoake (“tall, thin woman”)

West Frisian: snaak

Old Saxon: *snako

Middle Low German: snake, snāke

German Low German: Snake, Snaak

Low German: snaak

→ Polabian: snok (“blindworm”)

Old Dutch: *snako

Middle Dutch: snake

Dutch: snaak

West Flemish: snake

Old High German: *snako

Middle High German: snake

German: Schnake

From *snakan (“to creep, crawl”) + *-ō (agent suffix). Alternatively from an original Proto-Germanic *snēgô ~ *snakkaz paradigm, making *snākō a parallel formation.


kaiju

kaiju (nominative singular)
kaijō (nominative plural)
kaijā (accusative singular)
kaijā (accusative plural)
kaijā (genitive singular)
kaijō (genitive plural)
kaijē (dative singular)
kaijōm (dative plural)
kaijum (dative plural)
kaiju (instrumental singular)
kaijōm (instrumental plural)
kaijum (instrumental plural)
*kaij (alternative)
*kaigi (alternative)
*kāgi (alternative)

desctree

Old English: cǣġ f
Middle English: keye, kaye, keiȝe
English: key
Scots: key, kay

⇒ Old English: cǣġe

Old Frisian: kēi, kāi m

North Frisian: kay

Saterland Frisian: Koai

West Frisian: kaai

Unknown; possibly related to Middle Dutch kegghe (“wedge”), and perhaps further to Old Norse *kagi (“shrub, young tree”), possibly cognate with Lithuanian žagari̇̃ pl (“scrub, brushwood”), Lithuanian žãgaras (“withered branch”), suggestively from Proto-Indo-European *ǵegʰ-.


pagil

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

pagil (nominative singular)
pagilō (nominative plural)
pagilōs (nominative plural)
pagil (accusative singular)
pagilā (accusative plural)
pagilas (genitive singular)
pagilō (genitive plural)
pagilē (dative singular)
pagilum (dative plural)
pagilu (instrumental singular)
pagilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pæġel
Middle English: payle, paiell, paille, payl
English: pail
Yola: pyle

Old Saxon: pegil

Middle Low German: pēgel

Low German: pegel

→ Danish: pægl

→ German: Pegel

Old Dutch: *pegil

Middle Dutch: pēgel, peil

Dutch: pegel, peil

Afrikaans: peil

desc

→ Late Latin: pagella (“a measure; measuring rod”)

From a pre-Germanic *bak-, most likely an early borrowing from an unknown language. Similar words are found in some other Indo-European languages, but the diverging phonology found across languages suggests a non-Indo-European origin.


madarā

madarā (nominative singular)
madarōn (nominative plural)
madarōn (accusative singular)
madarōn (accusative plural)
madarōn (genitive singular)
madarōnō (genitive plural)
madarōn (dative singular)
madarōm (dative plural)
madarum (dative plural)
madarōn (instrumental singular)
madarōm (instrumental plural)
madarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mædere, mædre, mæddre

desctree

Middle English: mader, madere, madur, madyr, madyre, maddir, madir, mædere
English: madder
Scots: mather, mader, madder, malder, maider (obsolete)
→ Irish: madra, madar

Old Saxon: *madara

Middle Low German: madre; māder m

desc

Old High German: matara, matra, matreia, matere, metere

Middle High German: matere


gōdōn

gōdōn (infinitive)
gōdōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gōdōnijē (dative infinitive)
gōdōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gōdō (first-person present singular)
gōdōdā (first-person past singular)
gōdōs (present second-person singular)
gōdōdēs (past second-person singular)
gōdōdōs (past second-person singular)
gōdōþ (present singular third-person)
gōdōdē (past singular third-person)
gōdōdā (past singular third-person)
gōdōm (first-person plural present)
gōdōdum (first-person past plural)
gōdōþ (plural present second-person)
gōdōdud (past plural second-person)
gōdōnþ (plural present third-person)
gōdōdun (past plural third-person)
gōdōdī (first-person past singular)
gōdōdī (past second-person singular)
gōdō (present singular third-person)
gōdōdī (past singular third-person)
gōdōdīm (first-person past plural)
gōdōdīd (past plural second-person)
gōdōn (plural present third-person)
gōdōdīn (past plural third-person)
gōdō (present singular)
gōdōþ (plural present)
gōdōndī (participle present)
gōdōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: gōdian
Middle English: godiȝen, goden
English: good
Scots: gude, guid

Old Saxon: *gōdōn

Middle Low German: guden

Old Dutch: *guodon

Middle Dutch: goeden

Dutch: goeden (obsolete)

Old High German: *guotōn

Middle High German: guoten, gūten

German: guten (obsolete)


gralljan

gralljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gralljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gralljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gralljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
grallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
graldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gralisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
graldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
graldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
graliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
graldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
graldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gralljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
graldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
graliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
graldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gralljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
graldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gralljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
graldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gralljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
graldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gralljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
graldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gralljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
graldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gralljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
graldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gralljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
graldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
grali (class-1 present singular weak)
graliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gralljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
grald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: griellan, grillan, grellan
Middle English: grillen, gryllen, grullen
English: grill
Scots: grill, girl

Old Frisian: *grella, *grilla

⇒ Saterland Frisian: fergrälje

⇒ West Frisian: fergrild

Old Saxon: *grellian

Middle Low German: grellen

German Low German: vergrellt

Low German: vergrellen

→ Swedish: gräla

Old Dutch: *grellen

Middle Dutch: grillen

>? Dutch: grillen

Old High German: *grellen

Middle High German: grellen

German: grellen

Unknown; presumably related to *grulljan (“to growl, act angrily”).


sāli

sāli (nominative singular)
sālī (nominative plural)
sāli (accusative singular)
sālī (accusative plural)
sālī (genitive singular)
sālijō (genitive plural)
sālī (dative singular)
sālim (dative plural)
sālijum (dative plural)
sālī (instrumental singular)
sālim (instrumental plural)
sālijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sǣl

Middle English: sele, sel

English: seel

Scots: seil, sele, seill, seyle

Substantivised from Proto-Germanic *sēliz.


sālī

sālī (masculine nominative singular)
sāliju (feminine nominative singular)
sālī (neuter nominative singular)
sālijanā (accusative masculine singular)
sālijā (accusative feminine singular)
sālī (accusative neuter singular)
sālijas (genitive masculine singular)
sālijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sālijas (genitive neuter singular)
sālijumē (dative masculine singular)
sālijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sālijumē (dative neuter singular)
sāliju (instrumental masculine singular)
sālijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sāliju (instrumental neuter singular)
sālijē (masculine nominative plural)
sālijō (feminine nominative plural)
sāliju (neuter nominative plural)
sālijā (accusative masculine plural)
sālijā (accusative feminine plural)
sāliju (accusative neuter plural)
sālijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sālijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sālijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sālijēm (dative masculine plural)
sālijum (dative masculine plural)
sālijēm (dative feminine plural)
sālijum (dative feminine plural)
sālijēm (dative neuter plural)
sālijum (dative neuter plural)
sālijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sālijum (instrumental masculine plural)
sālijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sālijum (feminine instrumental plural)
sālijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sālijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sēl

Middle English: sele

English: seel

From Proto-Germanic *sēliz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


besmō

besmō (nominative singular)
besman (nominative plural)
besman (accusative singular)
besman (accusative plural)
bismini (genitive singular)
besman (genitive singular)
besmanō (genitive plural)
bismini (dative singular)
besman (dative singular)
besmum (dative plural)
bismini (instrumental singular)
besman (instrumental singular)
besmum (instrumental plural)
*besmā (alternative)

Old English: besma, besema
Middle English: besme, beseme, besome, bisme, besm, besom, besowme, besum, besume, besumme, bysme (Late Middle English)
English: besom
Scots: besom, bisom

Old Frisian: besma

Saterland Frisian: Bäisem

West Frisian: biezem, biezzem

Old Saxon: besmo

desc

Middle Low German: bessem, besseme, besme, bessen, bēsem, bēseme

German Low German: Besem, Bessem, Bessen

q

Dutch Low Saxon: bessem (Achterhoeks, Drents, Stellingwerfs, Twents), bessen (Drents)

Plautdietsch: Bassem

Old Dutch: *besemo

Middle Dutch: besem, bessem, besme

desctree

Dutch: bezem, bessem (dialectal)
Afrikaans: besem
Berbice Creole Dutch: besn, besum

Old High German: besamo, besemo, besmo, pesamo
Middle High German: bëseme, bësme
German: Besen
Luxembourgish: Biesem
Yiddish: בעזעם (bezem)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Germanic *besmô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰés-mō ~ *bʰs-m̥nés, from *bʰes- (“to rub, grind”) + *-mō, whence Ancient Greek ψάω (psáō, “to rub”), Sanskrit प्साति (psāti, “to chew”), or perhaps from earlier *bitsmô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéys-mō ~ *bʰis-m̥nés, from *bʰeydʰ- (“to split”) + *-mō.


winkōn

winkōn (infinitive)
winkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
winkōnijē (dative infinitive)
winkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
winkō (first-person present singular)
winkōdā (first-person past singular)
winkōs (present second-person singular)
winkōdēs (past second-person singular)
winkōdōs (past second-person singular)
winkōþ (present singular third-person)
winkōdē (past singular third-person)
winkōdā (past singular third-person)
winkōm (first-person plural present)
winkōdum (first-person past plural)
winkōþ (plural present second-person)
winkōdud (past plural second-person)
winkōnþ (plural present third-person)
winkōdun (past plural third-person)
winkōdī (first-person past singular)
winkōdī (past second-person singular)
winkō (present singular third-person)
winkōdī (past singular third-person)
winkōdīm (first-person past plural)
winkōdīd (past plural second-person)
winkōn (plural present third-person)
winkōdīn (past plural third-person)
winkō (present singular)
winkōþ (plural present)
winkōndī (participle present)
winkōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wincian
Middle English: wynken, wink, winke, wynk, wynke, wynkyn, winkin (Early Middle English)
English: wink
Scots: wink

Old Frisian: *winkia

Saterland Frisian: winkje

West Frisian: winkje

Old Saxon: winkōn

Middle Low German: winken

German Low German: winken

→ Danish: vinke

→ Swedish: vinka

→ Norwegian: vinke

Old Dutch: *winkon

>? Middle Dutch: winken

Dutch: winken (dialectal)

Afrikaans: wink

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Possibly from unattested *wenk + *-ōn, from Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend (over)”). Perhaps cognate with Lithuanian véngiu (“avoid”).


hurnutu

hurnutu (nominative singular)
hurnutō (nominative plural)
hurnutā (accusative singular)
hurnutā (accusative plural)
hurnutā (genitive singular)
hurnutō (genitive plural)
hurnutē (dative singular)
hurnutōm (dative plural)
hurnutum (dative plural)
hurnutu (instrumental singular)
hurnutōm (instrumental plural)
hurnutum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hyrnetu, hurnitu, hyrnet, hyrnette, hyrnytt
Middle English: hernet
English: hornet
Scots: hornet

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: hoarnbij

Old Saxon: *horneta, hurnut

desc

Middle Low German: hornte, hornente, horntse

German Low German: Hörntje

German Low German: Hoornk

Old Dutch: *horneta

Middle Dutch: hornete, hornte, hornet

Dutch: hoorntje, hoorn, hoornaar

Old High German: hornaz, hornuz, hurniz

Middle High German: hornuz, horniz, harniz, harliz

German: Hornisse, Hornissel

From Proto-Germanic *hurnuta- ~ *hurnutô-, from Proto-Germanic *hurzô ~ *hurzniz (“hornet”) plus the animal suffix *-ut(a/ô)-, from an r/n-stem Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂sḗr ~ *ḱr̥h₂snós (“hornet”), from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *śirˀšō (“hornet”), Latin crābrō (“hornet”).


rindā

rindā (nominative singular)
rindōn (nominative plural)
rindōn (accusative singular)
rindōn (accusative plural)
rindōn (genitive singular)
rindōnō (genitive plural)
rindōn (dative singular)
rindōm (dative plural)
rindum (dative plural)
rindōn (instrumental singular)
rindōm (instrumental plural)
rindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rinde

Middle English: rinde

English: rind

Scots: rynd, ryne

Old Saxon: *rinda

Middle Low German: rinde

desctree

Old Dutch: rinda
Middle Dutch: rinde, runde, runne, run
Dutch: rinde, rin, run

Old High German: rinta, *rinda

Middle High German: rinte, rinde

German: Rinde


knappō

knappō (nominative singular)
knappan (nominative plural)
knappan (accusative singular)
knappan (accusative plural)
knappini (genitive singular)
knappan (genitive singular)
knappanō (genitive plural)
knappini (dative singular)
knappan (dative singular)
knappum (dative plural)
knappini (instrumental singular)
knappan (instrumental singular)
knappum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cnapa
Middle English: knape, knappe (rare), cnapa, cnapæ (Early Middle English), cnape (Ormulum)
English: knape
Scots: knape, knaip

⇒ Old English: cnæpling

Old Frisian: knapa, knappa, kneppa

West Frisian: knaap

Old Saxon: *knapo

Middle Low German: knāpe, *knappe

Low German: knape, knawe

→ Old Norse: knapi

Icelandic: knapi, knappi

Old Swedish: knapi

Swedish: knape

Danish: knabe

Old Dutch: cnapo
Middle Dutch: cnāpe
Dutch: knaap
Afrikaans: knaap

Old High German: knappo
Middle High German: knappe
German: Knappe
Mòcheno: knòpp

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language.


hūfi

hūfi (nominative singular)
hūfijō (nominative plural)
hūfijā (accusative singular)
hūfijā (accusative plural)
hūfijā (genitive singular)
hūfijō (genitive plural)
hūfijē (dative singular)
hūfijōm (dative plural)
hūfijum (dative plural)
hūfiju (instrumental singular)
hūfijōm (instrumental plural)
hūfijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hȳf, hȳfe
Middle English: hyve, heve, hive, huive, huyve, hyfe, hyffe, hufe (Early Middle English)
English: hive
Scots: hyve
Yola: heeve

Old Frisian: hūve

Old Saxon: *hūfa

Middle Low German: hūve, hüwe

Old Dutch: *hūfa

Middle Dutch: hūve

Dutch: huif

From Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“round container, bowl”). Cognate with Latin cūpa (“barrel, vat, tun”).


bodag

bodag (nominative singular)
bodagu (nominative plural)
bodag (accusative singular)
bodagu (accusative plural)
bodagas (genitive singular)
bodagō (genitive plural)
bodagē (dative singular)
bodagum (dative plural)
bodagu (instrumental singular)
bodagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bodeġ, bodiġ

Middle English: bodiȝ, body

desc

Scots: body, bodie, boady, buddy, bothie

English: body

→ Dutch: body (leotard; body; substance)

→ German: Body (leotard, bodysuit)

Old High German: botah

Middle High German: botech, botich, potich, potech

Swabian: Bottich

From Proto-Germanic *budagą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, observe”).


wraiþiþu

wraiþiþu (nominative singular)
wraiþiþō (nominative plural)
wraiþiþā (accusative singular)
wraiþiþā (accusative plural)
wraiþiþā (genitive singular)
wraiþiþō (genitive plural)
wraiþiþē (dative singular)
wraiþiþōm (dative plural)
wraiþiþum (dative plural)
wraiþiþu (instrumental singular)
wraiþiþōm (instrumental plural)
wraiþiþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wrǣþþu, wrǣþþo
Middle English: wraththe, wræththe, wreththe
English: wrath
Scots: wraith, wreath, wrath

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: wreedte (possible new formation)

From *wraiþ (“very angry; hostile”) + *-iþu.


halftrijā

halftrijā (nominative singular)
halftrijōn (nominative plural)
halftrijōn (accusative singular)
halftrijōn (accusative plural)
halftrijōn (genitive singular)
halftrijōnō (genitive plural)
halftrijōn (dative singular)
halftrijōm (dative plural)
halftrijum (dative plural)
halftrijōn (instrumental singular)
halftrijōm (instrumental plural)
halftrijum (instrumental plural)
*halftrā (alternative)

Old English: hælftre

Middle English: halter, helter, heltre, heltere, helfter, heltyr, haltre, haltur, heltrer
English: halter
Scots: helter, heltir, hilter

Old Frisian: *haltre, *heltre

Saterland Frisian: Halter

West Frisian: helter

desc

Old Saxon: halftra, halfdra, halfedra, halaftra

Middle Low German: haltere, halter, halfter, halchtere, helchter, holfter, hulfter

Low German: halfter, helchter, halter

German Low German: Halter

desctree

Old Dutch: heliftra
Middle Dutch: haeltre, halchtere, haellechter, helfter, halster
Dutch: halfter, halfster, halster, helster

Old High German: halftra

Middle High German: halfter

German: Halfter

Alemannic German: Hälftere

Luxembourgish: Halter

From *halb (“half”) + *-þr (instrumental suffix) + *-jā.


jikil

jikil (nominative singular)
jikilō (nominative plural)
jikilōs (nominative plural)
jikil (accusative singular)
jikilā (accusative plural)
jikilas (genitive singular)
jikilō (genitive plural)
jikilē (dative singular)
jikilum (dative plural)
jikilu (instrumental singular)
jikilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġiċel, ġieċel, *ġyċel, *ġecol, *ġeocol, *ġicol
Middle English: ikil, ykel, ykle, ychele, ikyl
English: ickle, eckle

Old Frisian: itsil, itzil, etzil

Old Saxon: *jukil

gl

Middle Low German: jȫkel, jekel, jokel, jöckel, jockel, jȫkele, jokele, jöckele, jockele, jukel, guckel m or f (merged with descendant of Old Saxon gikilla f)

Low German: (Dithmarscher) Jäkel

North Frisian: jöckel, jögel

desc

→ West Frisian: jûkel, (Schiermonnikoog) jokel

→ Dutch: jeukel (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *jekulaz. Rebuilt from *jekō (“piece of ice”) + *-il.


bunkō

bunkō (nominative singular)
bunkan (nominative plural)
bunkan (accusative singular)
bunkan (accusative plural)
bunkini (genitive singular)
bunkan (genitive singular)
bunkanō (genitive plural)
bunkini (dative singular)
bunkan (dative singular)
bunkum (dative plural)
bunkini (instrumental singular)
bunkan (instrumental singular)
bunkum (instrumental plural)
*bungō (alternative)

Old English: *bunca; *bunċen (< *bunkkīn)

Middle English: bunche, bonche

English: bunch (partially)

⇒ Middle English: bunchy, bonchy

⇒ Middle English: bunchines (“bump, hump, hunch”)

English: bunchiness

Old Frisian: bunka

Saterland Frisian: Bunke

West Frisian: bonke, bonk

Old Saxon: *bunko

Middle Low German: bunke, bunk

German Low German: Bunk

Old Dutch: *bunko

Middle Dutch: buncke, bonke, bonck, bonc

Dutch: bonk

>? Old High German: bungo

Middle High German: bunge

German: Bunge


ābanþ

ābanþ (nominative singular)
ābanþi (nominative plural)
ābanþu (accusative singular)
ābanþi (accusative plural)
ābundi (genitive singular)
ābundō (genitive plural)
ābundi (dative singular)
ābundum (dative plural)
ābundi (instrumental singular)
ābundum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ǣfen, ēfen, ēfern
Middle English: even, evene, efen
English: even
Scots: evin
Yola: e'en

desc

Old Frisian: ēvend, āvend, āiond, iound, iond

North Frisian: In

Saterland Frisian: Äivend, Äiwend, Eeuwend, Eeuend (Skäddel)

West Frisian: jûn

desctree

Old Saxon: āvand
Middle Low German: âvent
Low German: Avend
German Low German: Avend
Paderbornisch: Owend

Old Dutch: avont

Middle Dutch: avont, avent
Dutch: avond
Afrikaans: aand
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafn
Jersey Dutch: âvond
Negerhollands: avond, navont
Limburgish: aovendj

Old High German: āband
Middle High German: ābent
Alemannic German: Obad, Obid
Swabian: Obad
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aabend
Central Franconian: Oovend
Hunsrik: Ovend
Kölsch: Ovend
Luxembourgish: Owend
East Central German: Ohmd, Oomd
German: Abend
Rhine Franconian: Owed, Owend
Pennsylvania German: Owed
Vilamovian: ȫwyt
Yiddish: אָוונט (ovnt)
→ North Frisian: Oabend


balu

balu (masculine nominative singular)
balu (feminine nominative singular)
balu (neuter nominative singular)
balwanā (accusative masculine singular)
balwā (accusative feminine singular)
balu (accusative neuter singular)
balwas (genitive masculine singular)
balweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
balwas (genitive neuter singular)
balumē (dative masculine singular)
balweʀē (dative feminine singular)
balumē (dative neuter singular)
balu (instrumental masculine singular)
balweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
balu (instrumental neuter singular)
balwē (masculine nominative plural)
balwō (feminine nominative plural)
balu (neuter nominative plural)
balwā (accusative masculine plural)
balwā (accusative feminine plural)
balu (accusative neuter plural)
balweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
balweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
balweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
balwēm (dative masculine plural)
balum (dative masculine plural)
balwēm (dative feminine plural)
balum (dative feminine plural)
balwēm (dative neuter plural)
balum (dative neuter plural)
balwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
balum (instrumental masculine plural)
balwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
balum (feminine instrumental plural)
balwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
balum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: bealu

Middle English: bale

Old Frisian: balu (in compounds)

West Frisian: bal

Old Saxon: *balu, *balo
Middle Low German: bal

Old Dutch: *balo

Middle Dutch: bal


balu

balu (nominative singular)
balu (nominative plural)
balu (accusative singular)
balu (accusative plural)
balwas (genitive singular)
balwō (genitive plural)
balwē (dative singular)
balum (dative plural)
balu (instrumental singular)
balum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bealu, balu, bealo
Middle English: bale, balu
English: bale (dated)
⇒ Yola: ballcoot

Old Saxon: balu, balo

Old High German: balo
Middle High German: bale
⇒ Middle High German: balheit


wantu

wantu (nominative singular)
wantiwi (nominative plural)
wantō (nominative plural)
wantu (accusative singular)
wantū (accusative plural)
wantō (genitive singular)
wantiwō (genitive plural)
wantiwi (dative singular)
wantō (dative singular)
wantum (dative plural)
wantu (instrumental singular)
wantum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *want, *wont

Saterland Frisian: Wonte

West Frisian: want

Old Saxon: *wantu

Middle Low German: *wante, *want

Low German: Want

⇒ Middle Low German: wanteke f

Old Dutch: *want

Middle Dutch: want, wante

Dutch: want

→ Medieval Latin: wantus, gantus, guantus
Old French: gant, gaunt
Middle French: gant
French: gant
⇒ Old French: gantelet, gauntlet
French: gauntlet, gantlet
→ Middle English: gauntelet, gantelet, gauntlet
English: gauntlet
Yola: gauntletès (plural)
→ Spanish: guantelete
Iberian:
Old Leonese: guante
Asturian: guante
Leonese: guante
Portuguese: guante
Spanish: guante
Italian: guanto
Old Occitan: gant, gaunt
Catalan: guant
Occitan: gant
Ladin: guant
Piedmontese: guant
Sicilian: nguantu
→ Old High German: wantus, guantus, vantus, wanta

From Proto-Germanic *wantuz (“glove, mitten”).


anafalt

anafalt (nominative singular)
anafaltu (nominative plural)
anafalt (accusative singular)
anafaltu (accusative plural)
anafaltas (genitive singular)
anafaltō (genitive plural)
anafaltē (dative singular)
anafaltum (dative plural)
anafaltu (instrumental singular)
anafaltum (instrumental plural)
*anafaltī (alternative)

Old English: anfealt, anfilte, onfilti

desctree

Middle English: anvelt, andefeld, anefeld, anevelte, anfeeld, anfelde, anvyll, anvyld, anvylt, unfelde
English: anvil

Old Saxon: anfelt, anafelti

Middle Low German: anvelt

Low German: Anefilt, Anfilts, Ambolt

Plautdietsch: Aumbolt

Old Dutch: *anafelt

Middle Dutch: anevilt, aenbilt

Dutch: aanbeeld, aambeeld

Afrikaans: aambeeld

Limburgish: aveltj

Old High German: anafalz

Middle High German: anafalz, anavalz

Uncertain; possible calque of Latin incūs (“anvil”), from *ana- (“on, onto”) + *falt (“beaten”). Alternatively related to *bolt (“bolt”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”), or perhaps to *aflaz (“hearth, fireplace; forge”).


wīpōn

wīpōn (infinitive)
wīpōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wīpōnijē (dative infinitive)
wīpōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wīpō (first-person present singular)
wīpōdā (first-person past singular)
wīpōs (present second-person singular)
wīpōdēs (past second-person singular)
wīpōdōs (past second-person singular)
wīpōþ (present singular third-person)
wīpōdē (past singular third-person)
wīpōdā (past singular third-person)
wīpōm (first-person plural present)
wīpōdum (first-person past plural)
wīpōþ (plural present second-person)
wīpōdud (past plural second-person)
wīpōnþ (plural present third-person)
wīpōdun (past plural third-person)
wīpōdī (first-person past singular)
wīpōdī (past second-person singular)
wīpō (present singular third-person)
wīpōdī (past singular third-person)
wīpōdīm (first-person past plural)
wīpōdīd (past plural second-person)
wīpōn (plural present third-person)
wīpōdīn (past plural third-person)
wīpō (present singular)
wīpōþ (plural present)
wīpōndī (participle present)
wīpōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wīpian
Middle English: wipen
English: wipe
Scots: wip, wepe, wype, wipe

Old Dutch: *wīpon

Middle Dutch: wipen

Old High German: *wīfon

Middle High German: wīfen (“to swing”)


baumijā

baumijā (nominative singular)
baumijōn (nominative plural)
baumijōn (accusative singular)
baumijōn (accusative plural)
baumijōn (genitive singular)
baumijōnō (genitive plural)
baumijōn (dative singular)
baumijōm (dative plural)
baumijum (dative plural)
baumijōn (instrumental singular)
baumijōm (instrumental plural)
baumijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bīeme, bȳme, bīme, bēme
Middle English: beme, beeme, beame, beome, beume, bume
→ English: beme


kafl

kafl (nominative singular)
kaflō (nominative plural)
kaflōs (nominative plural)
kafl (accusative singular)
kaflā (accusative plural)
kaflas (genitive singular)
kaflō (genitive plural)
kaflē (dative singular)
kaflum (dative plural)
kaflu (instrumental singular)
kaflum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeafl
Middle English: chavel, chevel, chaule, chawel, chavyl, chawil, chawyl, chavalle, chaul, chewil, chawle, chawl, chefle, chafle (Early Middle English), jawe, jawle (influenced by the syn. joue)
English: jowl, chavel
Scots: chowl, chow, chew
Yola: choule

Old Saxon: kafl

Middle Low German: kavel

Old Dutch: *kaval

Middle Dutch: cavel

Dutch: (Flemish) kavel


klaibrā

klaibrā (nominative singular)
klaibrōn (nominative plural)
klaibrōn (accusative singular)
klaibrōn (accusative plural)
klaibrōn (genitive singular)
klaibrōnō (genitive plural)
klaibrōn (dative singular)
klaibrōm (dative plural)
klaibrum (dative plural)
klaibrōn (instrumental singular)
klaibrōm (instrumental plural)
klaibrum (instrumental plural)
*klaibʀā (alternative)

Old English: clāfre, clǣfre (< *klaibrijā)

desc

Middle English: clafre, claver, clovere, clevre

Scots: claver, clavir, clever

English: clover

Old Frisian: *klāvere, *klēvere

Saterland Frisian: Kleeuwer

West Frisian: klaver

Old Saxon: *klēvera, klefe

Middle Low German: klêver, kleiver, klaver, kleve

Low German: Klever, Klewer, Kleeber, Klief, Kliev

German Low German: Klaver

→ Danish: kløver, klør

→ Russian: кле́вер (kléver)

→ Swedish: klöver

→ Norwegian: kløver

Old Dutch: *klēvara

q

Middle Dutch: clevere, clavere (only in coastal areas, so possibly a loan from Old Frisian)

Dutch: klêver (dialectal), klaver

Unknown; suggested to be from earlier *klaiwʀā, in which the sequence *-wʀ- developed into *-bʀ-, syncopated from an original z-stem *klaiw ~ *klaiwiʀi, whence a-stem *klaiw, perhaps of substrate origin.


klaiw

klaiw (nominative singular)
klaiwiʀu (nominative plural)
klaiw (accusative singular)
klaiwiʀu (accusative plural)
klaiwiʀi (genitive singular)
klaiwiʀō (genitive plural)
klaiwiʀi (dative singular)
klaiwiʀum (dative plural)
klaiwiʀi (instrumental singular)
klaiwiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: klē

Middle Low German: klê

Old Dutch: *klēo

Middle Dutch: clee

Dutch: klee (dialectal)

Limburgish: klee, kliè

desctree

Old High German: chlēo, klēo
Middle High German: klē
Central Franconian: Klee, Klie
Cimbrian: khlea
German: Klee
Luxembourgish: Kléi
Rhine Franconian: Klee, Kleje, Klie, Kläi
Vilamovian: kłej

Unknown; possibly from an original z-stem *klaiw ~ *klaiwiʀi, perhaps of substrate origin.
De Vaan, Foerste, and others connect this to *klaij (“clay”), German Kleie and *klīban (“to stick to”). Their common Germanic root would be *klei- ~ *klai- (from Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to stick”) for at least "clay" and Kleie, according to Kroonen).


daugul

daugul (masculine nominative singular)
daugulu (feminine nominative singular)
daugul (neuter nominative singular)
daugulanā (accusative masculine singular)
daugulā (accusative feminine singular)
daugul (accusative neuter singular)
daugulas (genitive masculine singular)
dauguleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
daugulas (genitive neuter singular)
daugulumē (dative masculine singular)
dauguleʀē (dative feminine singular)
daugulumē (dative neuter singular)
daugulu (instrumental masculine singular)
dauguleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
daugulu (instrumental neuter singular)
daugulē (masculine nominative plural)
daugulō (feminine nominative plural)
daugulu (neuter nominative plural)
daugulā (accusative masculine plural)
daugulā (accusative feminine plural)
daugulu (accusative neuter plural)
dauguleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
dauguleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
dauguleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
daugulēm (dative masculine plural)
daugulum (dative masculine plural)
daugulēm (dative feminine plural)
daugulum (dative feminine plural)
daugulēm (dative neuter plural)
daugulum (dative neuter plural)
daugulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
daugulum (instrumental masculine plural)
daugulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
daugulum (feminine instrumental plural)
daugulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
daugulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: dēagol, dīegol, dīgol, dēogol
Middle English: diȝel

Old Frisian: dāgol

Old Saxon: dōgal

Old High German: dougal, tougal


daugu

daugu (nominative singular)
daugō (nominative plural)
daugā (accusative singular)
daugā (accusative plural)
daugā (genitive singular)
daugō (genitive plural)
daugē (dative singular)
daugōm (dative plural)
daugum (dative plural)
daugu (instrumental singular)
daugōm (instrumental plural)
daugum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dēag, dēah, dēg, dēh — Anglian
Middle English: dehe, deyȝ, deie, dy
English: dye

From *daugan (“to conceal, hide”) + *-u, literally “that which hides”.


sprāku

sprāku (nominative singular)
sprākiwi (nominative plural)
sprākō (nominative plural)
sprāku (accusative singular)
sprākū (accusative plural)
sprākō (genitive singular)
sprākiwō (genitive plural)
sprākiwi (dative singular)
sprākō (dative singular)
sprākum (dative plural)
sprāku (instrumental singular)
sprākum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sprǣċ, spǣċ
Middle English: speche, speke, spech, spetch, spæc, spæch, speeche
English: speech
Scots: spech, spek

desc

Old Frisian: *sprāke, sprēke, sprēze, sprētze

q

but Sylt <i class="Latn mention" lang="frr">Spraak</i> < Low German

North Frisian: spriik, spräke (but Sylt Spraak < Low German)

Saterland Frisian: Sproake (possibly borrowed)

West Frisian: spraak (possibly borrowed)

desctree

Old Saxon: sprāka
Middle Low German: sprâke
German Low German: Sprake, Spraak
→ Danish: sprog
→ Icelandic: sprok
→⇒ Faroese: spráka
→ Norwegian: språk
→ Old Swedish: sprak
Swedish: språk

Old Dutch: sprāka, sprāca
Middle Dutch: sprâke
Dutch: spraak, (obsolete) sprake, spraeke
Afrikaans: spraak

Old High German: sprāhha, sprācha

Middle High German: sprāche

Alemannic German: Sproch

Swabian: Schbroach

Bavarian: Sproch

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Sproch

Kölsch: Sprooch

Luxembourgish: Sprooch

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: Schprohch

Vilamovian: śpröch

East Franconian:

German: Sprache

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Schprooch

Pfälzisch: Sproch

Yiddish: שפּראַך (shprakh)

From *sprākī (“talkative; speaking”) + *-u.


bermō

bermō (nominative singular)
berman (nominative plural)
berman (accusative singular)
berman (accusative plural)
birmini (genitive singular)
berman (genitive singular)
bermanō (genitive plural)
birmini (dative singular)
berman (dative singular)
bermum (dative plural)
birmini (instrumental singular)
berman (instrumental singular)
bermum (instrumental plural)

Old English: beorma, beorm, bearm
Middle English: berme, berm, beorme (early south West Midlands), barm, barme (Late Middle English)
English: barm
Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm
Yola: barrm

Old Frisian: berma

Saterland Frisian: Bierme

West Frisian: berme

Old Saxon: *bermo, *berma

Middle Low German: berm, barm

German Low German: Barm, Bärme, Bärm

→ German: Bärme

→ Danish: bærme

→ Estonian: pärm

→ Swedish: bärma

→ Norwegian: bærme, berme

Old Dutch: *bermo; *berma

Middle Dutch: berme, berm, barme, barm

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *bermô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰér-mō ~ *bʰr̥-mnés, from *bʰer- (“to boil”) (compare with Latin fermentum (“fermentation; yeast”)) or *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil; to brew”), or perhaps from *gʷʰér-mō ~ *gʷʰr̥-mnés, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


biril

biril (nominative singular)
birilō (nominative plural)
birilōs (nominative plural)
biril (accusative singular)
birilā (accusative plural)
birilas (genitive singular)
birilō (genitive plural)
birilē (dative singular)
birilum (dative plural)
birilu (instrumental singular)
birilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *birl, *byrl

⇒ Old English: birla, byrla

Old Saxon: biril, birul

Old High German: biril, birul

Middle High German: *birel, *berel

Luxembourgish: Bierel, Bärel

From *beran (“to carry, bear”) + *il. Parallel construction with Old Norse berill (“vessel, barrel”).


snaggjō

snaggjō (nominative singular)
snaggjan (nominative plural)
snaggjan (accusative singular)
snaggjan (accusative plural)
snaggjini (genitive singular)
snaggjan (genitive singular)
snaggjanō (genitive plural)
snaggjini (dative singular)
snaggjan (dative singular)
snaggjum (dative plural)
snaggjini (instrumental singular)
snaggjan (instrumental singular)
snaggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *snecga, *snegga
Middle English: snegge
English: sneg, snag (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *sneggio

Middle Low German: snigge, snicke

German Low German: Snigg

Low German: snigge

Plautdietsch: Schnigj

→ Dutch: snigge

Old Dutch: *sneggo

Middle Dutch: snecke (eastern; doubtful)

Old High German: snecco, sneggo
Middle High German: snëgge, snëcke
Alemannic German: Schnägg
German: Schnecke
→ Dutch: snek
→ Swedish: snäcka
Yiddish: שנעק (shnek)

Likely from *snagōn (“to crawl, creep”) + *-jō (agent noun suffix), whence also *snagil (“snail”). Alternatively reconstructed as *sniggō, from *sniggōn + *-ō (agent noun suffix), iterative to *snīkan (“to crawl, creep”), or perhaps from *snegan + *-gō (animal suffix), from Proto-Germanic *sneganą (“to crawl, creep”).


maþlōn

maþlōn (infinitive)
maþlōnijas (genitive infinitive)
maþlōnijē (dative infinitive)
maþlōniju (infinitive instrumental)
maþlō (first-person present singular)
maþlōdā (first-person past singular)
maþlōs (present second-person singular)
maþlōdēs (past second-person singular)
maþlōdōs (past second-person singular)
maþlōþ (present singular third-person)
maþlōdē (past singular third-person)
maþlōdā (past singular third-person)
maþlōm (first-person plural present)
maþlōdum (first-person past plural)
maþlōþ (plural present second-person)
maþlōdud (past plural second-person)
maþlōnþ (plural present third-person)
maþlōdun (past plural third-person)
maþlōdī (first-person past singular)
maþlōdī (past second-person singular)
maþlō (present singular third-person)
maþlōdī (past singular third-person)
maþlōdīm (first-person past plural)
maþlōdīd (past plural second-person)
maþlōn (plural present third-person)
maþlōdīn (past plural third-person)
maþlō (present singular)
maþlōþ (plural present)
maþlōndī (participle present)
maþlōd (participle past)
*mahlōn (alternative)

desctree

Old English: maþelian
Middle English: mathelen
Middle English: mathel

Old Saxon: mahlōn, mahlian

Old Dutch: malthōn
Middle Dutch: malden

Old High German: mahalōn


antisk

antisk (masculine nominative singular)
antisku (feminine nominative singular)
antisk (neuter nominative singular)
antiskanā (accusative masculine singular)
antiskā (accusative feminine singular)
antisk (accusative neuter singular)
antiskas (genitive masculine singular)
antiskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
antiskas (genitive neuter singular)
antiskumē (dative masculine singular)
antiskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
antiskumē (dative neuter singular)
antisku (instrumental masculine singular)
antiskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
antisku (instrumental neuter singular)
antiskē (masculine nominative plural)
antiskō (feminine nominative plural)
antisku (neuter nominative plural)
antiskā (accusative masculine plural)
antiskā (accusative feminine plural)
antisku (accusative neuter plural)
antiskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
antiskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
antiskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
antiskēm (dative masculine plural)
antiskum (dative masculine plural)
antiskēm (dative feminine plural)
antiskum (dative feminine plural)
antiskēm (dative neuter plural)
antiskum (dative neuter plural)
antiskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
antiskum (instrumental masculine plural)
antiskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
antiskum (feminine instrumental plural)
antiskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
antiskum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: entisċ

English: entish

Old Saxon: entisk


snagil

snagil (nominative singular)
snagilō (nominative plural)
snagilōs (nominative plural)
snagil (accusative singular)
snagilā (accusative plural)
snagilas (genitive singular)
snagilō (genitive plural)
snagilē (dative singular)
snagilum (dative plural)
snagilu (instrumental singular)
snagilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sneġel, snæġl, snæġel, sneġl, snǣl, snēl
Middle English: snail, sneil, snayl, sneyl
English: snail
Scots: snail

Old Saxon: snegil

Middle Low German: snēgel

German Low German: Snagel, Snâel

Old High German: snegil

Middle High German: snëgel

German: Schnegel

Likely inherited from Proto-Germanic *snigilaz, whence Old Norse snigill (“snail”), but readjusted through *snagōn (“to crawl, creep”) + *-il (agent suffix), whence also *snaggjō (“snail”).

cat

Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-il (agent noun)


warjamōdā

warjamōdā (nominative singular)
warjamōdōn (nominative plural)
warjamōdōn (accusative singular)
warjamōdōn (accusative plural)
warjamōdōn (genitive singular)
warjamōdōnō (genitive plural)
warjamōdōn (dative singular)
warjamōdōm (dative plural)
warjamōdum (dative plural)
warjamōdōn (instrumental singular)
warjamōdōm (instrumental plural)
warjamōdum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: wermōd, wyrmōd, weremōd, wærmōd, wearmōd m

desctree

Middle English: wermode, wermot, warmot, weremod, wormode, wormote, wormet, wrmod, wurmode, woormood, wermod, wormod, wyrmwode, wormwode, wormewode, wermwod, wormwod, wurmewod
English: wormwood (< wormwode)
Scots: wormit (< wormet)
→ Irish: mormónta
→ Middle Welsh: wermot
Welsh: wermod

Old Saxon: wermōda f

Middle Low German: wermode, wermede

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Wermutbier

East Frisian Low Saxon: Würmt

Westphalian:

Dortmunder: Weämaọ̆t, Weärmaọ̆t

Lippisch: Wärmken

Sauerländisch: Wiärmai, Wiermai (Balve), Wiärmaut (Brilon), Wȫrmane (Niedersfeld), Wērmaut (Elspe), Wiärmoi (Kirchhundem), Wirmoi (Selbecke)

Westmünsterländisch: Weermoot

Old Dutch: *wermuoda

Middle Dutch: wermoed, wermoet, warmôde

Dutch: weermoed

desc

Old High German: werimuota, wermuota, wormuota

Middle High German: wërmuote, wërmuote f or n

German: Wermut m or f

→ French: vermout

→ English: vermouth

→ Dutch: vermout

Unknown; possibly from *warjan (“to defend against”) + *mōd (“mind, sense”) for its alleged mental curative properties, or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)wer- (“to ache, fester”) due to its bitterness, compare Proto-Celtic *swerwos (“bitter”).


krāan

krāan (infinitive)
krāannjas (genitive infinitive)
krāannjē (dative infinitive)
krāannju (infinitive instrumental)
krāu (first-person present singular)
krē (first-person past singular)
krāiʀi (present second-person singular)
krēī (past second-person singular)
krāidi (present singular third-person)
krē (past singular third-person)
krāum (first-person plural present)
krēum (first-person past plural)
krāid (plural present second-person)
krēud (past plural second-person)
krāand (plural present third-person)
krēun (past plural third-person)
krāē (first-person present singular)
krēī (first-person past singular)
krāēs (present second-person singular)
krāē (present singular third-person)
krēī (past singular third-person)
krāēm (first-person plural present)
krēīm (first-person past plural)
krāēþ (plural present second-person)
krēīd (past plural second-person)
krāēn (plural present third-person)
krēīn (past plural third-person)
krā (present singular)
krāid (plural present)
krāandī (participle present)
krāan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: crāwan
Middle English: crawen, crowen
Scots: craw
English: crow

Old Saxon: krāian

Middle Low German: kreien

Old Dutch: crāien
Middle Dutch: crâyen
Dutch: kraaien

Old High German: krāen

Middle High German: kraen

German: krähen

Luxembourgish: kréien


frijadōm

frijadōm (nominative singular)
frijadōmō (nominative plural)
frijadōmōs (nominative plural)
frijadōm (accusative singular)
frijadōmā (accusative plural)
frijadōmas (genitive singular)
frijadōmō (genitive plural)
frijadōmē (dative singular)
frijadōmum (dative plural)
frijadōmu (instrumental singular)
frijadōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēodōm, frīodōm, frȳdōm
Middle English: fredom, fredome, freedom, freedome, freodom
English: freedom
Scots: freedom

Old Frisian: frīdōm
North Frisian: fridoem
Saterland Frisian: Fräidum
West Frisian: frijdoem

Old Saxon: *frīdōm

Middle Low German: vrîdôm

German Low German: Freeidoom

Low German: fridom

→ Norwegian: fridom

Old Dutch: *frīduom

Middle Dutch: vrijdom

Dutch: vrijdom

Afrikaans: vrydom

Old High German: frītuom
Middle High German: vrītuom
German: Freitum (dialectal)


drānu

drānu (nominative singular)
drāniwi (nominative plural)
drānō (nominative plural)
drānu (accusative singular)
drānū (accusative plural)
drānō (genitive singular)
drāniwō (genitive plural)
drāniwi (dative singular)
drānō (dative singular)
drānum (dative plural)
drānu (instrumental singular)
drānum (instrumental plural)

Old English: drān, drǣn
Middle English: drane, drone
English: drone
Scots: dron

Old Frisian: *drāne

Saterland Frisian: Droane (alternatively from Middle Low German)

Old Saxon: drān; drāno; drāna f

Middle Low German: drâne, dorne, drône

Low German: Drahn

→ Danish: drone

→ German: Drohne

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: drone

Norwegian Nynorsk: drone

Old Dutch: *drān, *drano, *darno

Middle Dutch: darne, dorne, drone

Dutch: dar

→ West Frisian: dar

Limburgish: dreen

Old High German: trān, trāno

tren

Old High German: treno; Middle High German


kāsī

kāsī (nominative singular)
kāsijō (nominative plural)
kāsijōs (nominative plural)
kāsī (accusative singular)
kāsijā (accusative plural)
kāsijas (genitive singular)
kāsijō (genitive plural)
kāsijē (dative singular)
kāsijum (dative plural)
kāsiju (instrumental singular)
kāsijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċīese, ċǣse, ċēse, ċȳse, cȳsa
Middle English: chese, cheese, chesse, cheys, chiese, chise, cæse, ceose, cuse, cyse (Early Middle English)
English: cheese (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cheese

Old Frisian: tzīse, *tzēse

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: sees

Helgoland: sīs, sīz

Mooring: säis

Wiedingharde: sees

East Frisian:

Harlingerland Frisian: tzise, tzyse

Saterland Frisian: Síes

Wangerooge Frisian: siiz

Wursten Frisian: zise, schieese

West Frisian: tsiis, tsjiis

Hindeloopen: sees

Schiermonnikoog: tjiis

Old Saxon: kāsi

Middle Low German: kêse

Low German: Käse

Dutch Low Saxon: keze

German Low German: Kees

Plautdietsch: Kjees

Old Dutch: *cāsi

Middle Dutch: câse, kese (eastern)
Dutch: kaas
Afrikaans: kaas
→ Sotho: kase
→ Tswana: kase
Berbice Creole Dutch: kasi
Jersey Dutch: kääs
Negerhollands: kaas, kaes
→ Aukan: kasi
→ Papiamentu: keshi (from the diminutive)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: kas
→ Sranan Tongo: kasi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kási
→ Saramaccan: kási
Limburgish: kieës, kees

Old High German: chāsi, kāsi
Middle High German: kæse
Alemannic German: Chääs, Chees, Chèès
Alsatian: Käs
Swabian: Kääs
Walser: cheisch, chesch, chiesch, chääs, chìŝch
Bavarian: Kas, Kaas
Cimbrian: kese, khes, khéeze
Mòcheno: kas
Udinese: ckaas, kase, khase
East Franconian: Kaas, Kees
German: Käse
Hunsrik: Kees
Kölsch: Kies
Luxembourgish: Kéis
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Käs
Palatine German: Kees
Pennsylvania German: Kaes
Vilamovian: kȳz
Yiddish: קעז (kez)

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *kāsijaz, from Latin cāseus.


wankul

wankul (masculine nominative singular)
wankulu (feminine nominative singular)
wankul (neuter nominative singular)
wankulanā (accusative masculine singular)
wankulā (accusative feminine singular)
wankul (accusative neuter singular)
wankulas (genitive masculine singular)
wankuleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wankulas (genitive neuter singular)
wankulumē (dative masculine singular)
wankuleʀē (dative feminine singular)
wankulumē (dative neuter singular)
wankulu (instrumental masculine singular)
wankuleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wankulu (instrumental neuter singular)
wankulē (masculine nominative plural)
wankulō (feminine nominative plural)
wankulu (neuter nominative plural)
wankulā (accusative masculine plural)
wankulā (accusative feminine plural)
wankulu (accusative neuter plural)
wankuleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wankuleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wankuleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wankulēm (dative masculine plural)
wankulum (dative masculine plural)
wankulēm (dative feminine plural)
wankulum (dative feminine plural)
wankulēm (dative neuter plural)
wankulum (dative neuter plural)
wankulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wankulum (instrumental masculine plural)
wankulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wankulum (feminine instrumental plural)
wankulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wankulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wancol

Middle English: wankel

English: wankle, wanky, wonky

Scots: wankle

Old Frisian: wankel

Saterland Frisian: wonkel

⇒ Saterland Frisian: wonkelch

West Frisian: wankel

Old Saxon: wankul

Middle Low German: wankel

German Low German: wankel

Old Dutch: wankil (attested in uuankilheide)

Middle Dutch: wankel

Dutch: wankel

Old High German: wankal, wancal

Middle High German: wankel

German: wankel


taisilu

taisilu (nominative singular)
taisilō (nominative plural)
taisilā (accusative singular)
taisilā (accusative plural)
taisilā (genitive singular)
taisilō (genitive plural)
taisilē (dative singular)
taisilōm (dative plural)
taisilum (dative plural)
taisilu (instrumental singular)
taisilōm (instrumental plural)
taisilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tǣsel, tǣsl

Middle English: tasel, tasell, tasil, tasille, tasul, tasylle, tazel, tesel, tesell, tesle, tesyll
English: teasel, teazle, teasle, teazel, tazel
Scots: taisle, taissle, tassle

→ Old French: teizel

Old Frisian: *tēsel

Saterland Frisian: Tíesel, Tiesel

desc

Old High German: zeisala, zeisila f, zeisalo m

Middle High German: zeisel

German: Zeisel


skaidilu

skaidilu (nominative singular)
skaidilō (nominative plural)
skaidilā (accusative singular)
skaidilā (accusative plural)
skaidilā (genitive singular)
skaidilō (genitive plural)
skaidilē (dative singular)
skaidilōm (dative plural)
skaidilum (dative plural)
skaidilu (instrumental singular)
skaidilōm (instrumental plural)
skaidilum (instrumental plural)
*skaidlu (alternative)

Old Frisian: *skēthele, *skēthel

gl

Saterland Frisian: Skedel (alternatively borrowed from Low German)

West Frisian: skedel (alternatively borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: sceithlo, scēthlo

Middle Low German: schēdele, scheidele

desc

German Low German: Scheidel, Schaairel, Schäädel

→ Middle High German: schedel (possibly)

Alemannic German: Tschidele

German: Schädel

desctree

Old Dutch: skēthila
Middle Dutch: schêdele, scheidele
Dutch: schedel

Old High German: skeitila, sceitila

Middle High German: scheitele

German: Scheitel

→ German Low German: Scheitel

Yiddish: שייטל (sheytl)
→ English: sheitel


smanþī

smanþī (masculine nominative singular)
smanþiju (feminine nominative singular)
smanþī (neuter nominative singular)
smanþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
smanþijā (accusative feminine singular)
smanþī (accusative neuter singular)
smanþijas (genitive masculine singular)
smanþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
smanþijas (genitive neuter singular)
smanþijumē (dative masculine singular)
smanþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
smanþijumē (dative neuter singular)
smanþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
smanþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
smanþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
smanþijē (masculine nominative plural)
smanþijō (feminine nominative plural)
smanþiju (neuter nominative plural)
smanþijā (accusative masculine plural)
smanþijā (accusative feminine plural)
smanþiju (accusative neuter plural)
smanþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
smanþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
smanþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
smanþijēm (dative masculine plural)
smanþijum (dative masculine plural)
smanþijēm (dative feminine plural)
smanþijum (dative feminine plural)
smanþijēm (dative neuter plural)
smanþijum (dative neuter plural)
smanþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
smanþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
smanþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
smanþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
smanþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
smanþijum (instrumental neuter plural)
*smanþ (alternative)

Old English: smēþe, smōþe, smōþ

Middle English: smethe, smothe, smoothe

English: smeeth, smooth

Scots: smuith

Old Frisian: *smēthe, *smōth

Saterland Frisian: smoud

⇒ Saterland Frisian: smoudig

desc

⇒ West Frisian: smedich, smeudich, smidich

Old Saxon: *smōthi; (*smanthi, possibly)

Middle Low German: smôde, smôdich, smoot, smööt; (smant)

German Low German: smödig, smööi, smüdig (?); (Smant)

(→ German: Schmand)

(Yiddish: שמאַנט (shmant))

Old Dutch: *smuothi

⇒ Old Dutch: *smuothig

Middle Dutch: smeudig

Dutch: smeuïg, smeudig

Of uncertain origin. Apparently originally a u-stem from Proto-Germanic *smanþuz.


hwerban

hwerban (infinitive)
hwerbannjas (genitive infinitive)
hwerbannjē (dative infinitive)
hwerbannju (infinitive instrumental)
hwerbu (first-person present singular)
hwarb (first-person past singular)
hwirbiʀi (present second-person singular)
hurbī (past second-person singular)
hwirbidi (present singular third-person)
hwarb (past singular third-person)
hwerbum (first-person plural present)
hurbum (first-person past plural)
hwirbid (plural present second-person)
hurbud (past plural second-person)
hwerband (plural present third-person)
hurbun (past plural third-person)
hwerbē (first-person present singular)
hurbī (first-person past singular)
hwerbēs (present second-person singular)
hwerbē (present singular third-person)
hurbī (past singular third-person)
hwerbēm (first-person plural present)
hurbīm (first-person past plural)
hwerbēþ (plural present second-person)
hurbīd (past plural second-person)
hwerbēn (plural present third-person)
hurbīn (past plural third-person)
hwirb (present singular)
hwirbid (plural present)
hwerbandī (participle present)
horban (participle past)

Old English: hweorfan

Middle English: wherven, wharven

English: wharve, wherve

Old Frisian: hwerva

Old Saxon: hwervan, hwerban

Middle Low German: warven, warben

desctree

Old Dutch: *wervan
Middle Dutch: werven
Dutch: werven
Limburgish: wèrve

Old High German: hwerban, werban

Middle High German: werben, werven

German: werben
→ Polish: werbować
→ Belarusian: вербава́ць (vjerbavácʹ, “to recruit; to enlist”)
→ Russian: вербова́ть (verbovátʹ, “to recruit; to enlist”)
→ Ukrainian: вербува́ти (verbuváty, “to recruit; to enlist”)


klimban

klimban (infinitive)
klimbannjas (genitive infinitive)
klimbannjē (dative infinitive)
klimbannju (infinitive instrumental)
klimbu (first-person present singular)
klamb (first-person past singular)
klimbiʀi (present second-person singular)
klumbī (past second-person singular)
klimbidi (present singular third-person)
klamb (past singular third-person)
klimbum (first-person plural present)
klumbum (first-person past plural)
klimbid (plural present second-person)
klumbud (past plural second-person)
klimband (plural present third-person)
klumbun (past plural third-person)
klimbē (first-person present singular)
klumbī (first-person past singular)
klimbēs (present second-person singular)
klimbē (present singular third-person)
klumbī (past singular third-person)
klimbēm (first-person plural present)
klumbīm (first-person past plural)
klimbēþ (plural present second-person)
klumbīd (past plural second-person)
klimbēn (plural present third-person)
klumbīn (past plural third-person)
klimb (present singular)
klimbid (plural present)
klimbandī (participle present)
klumban (participle past)

Old English: climban

Middle English: climben

Scots: clim, clym

English: climb

Old Frisian: *klimba

West Frisian: klimme

Old Saxon: klimban

Middle Low German: klimmen

German Low German: klimmen

Old Dutch: *climban
Middle Dutch: climmen
Dutch: klimmen
Limburgish: klumme, klömme

Old High German: klimban, chlimban

Middle High German: klimmen

desc

Central Franconian: klemme, klömme, klomme, klamme

Luxembourgish: klammen

now chiefly in <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">erklimmen</i>

German: klimmen (now chiefly in erklimmen)


bibrekan

bibrekan (infinitive)
bibrekannjas (genitive infinitive)
bibrekannjē (dative infinitive)
bibrekannju (infinitive instrumental)
bibreku (first-person present singular)
bibrak (first-person past singular)
bibrikiʀi (present second-person singular)
bibrākī (past second-person singular)
bibrikidi (present singular third-person)
bibrak (past singular third-person)
bibrekum (first-person plural present)
bibrākum (first-person past plural)
bibrikid (plural present second-person)
bibrākud (past plural second-person)
bibrekand (plural present third-person)
bibrākun (past plural third-person)
bibrekē (first-person present singular)
bibrākī (first-person past singular)
bibrekēs (present second-person singular)
bibrekē (present singular third-person)
bibrākī (past singular third-person)
bibrekēm (first-person plural present)
bibrākīm (first-person past plural)
bibrekēþ (plural present second-person)
bibrākīd (past plural second-person)
bibrekēn (plural present third-person)
bibrākīn (past plural third-person)
bibrik (present singular)
bibrikid (plural present)
bibrekandī (participle present)
bibrokan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: bebrecan
Middle English: bibreken, bebreken
English: bebreak

Old Saxon: bibrekan
Middle Low German: bebreken
Low German: bebreken

Old High German: bibrehhan

Middle High German: bebrechen

German: bebrechen


bifelhan

bifelhan (infinitive)
bifelhannjas (genitive infinitive)
bifelhannjē (dative infinitive)
bifelhannju (infinitive instrumental)
bifelhu (first-person present singular)
bifalh (first-person past singular)
bifilhiʀi (present second-person singular)
bifulgī (past second-person singular)
bifilhidi (present singular third-person)
bifalh (past singular third-person)
bifelhum (first-person plural present)
bifulgum (first-person past plural)
bifilhid (plural present second-person)
bifulgud (past plural second-person)
bifelhand (plural present third-person)
bifulgun (past plural third-person)
bifelhē (first-person present singular)
bifulgī (first-person past singular)
bifelhēs (present second-person singular)
bifelhē (present singular third-person)
bifulgī (past singular third-person)
bifelhēm (first-person plural present)
bifulgīm (first-person past plural)
bifelhēþ (plural present second-person)
bifulgīd (past plural second-person)
bifelhēn (plural present third-person)
bifulgīn (past plural third-person)
bifilh (present singular)
bifilhid (plural present)
bifelhandī (participle present)
bifolgan (participle past)

Old English: befēolan
Middle English: befelen

Old Frisian: bifela

North Frisian: befeljen

Old Saxon: bifelhan
Middle Low German: bevēlen
German Low German: befehlen

Old Dutch: bivelan

Middle Dutch: bevēlen
Dutch: bevelen
Afrikaans: beveel
Limburgish: bevaele

Old High German: bifelahan, befelhan

Middle High German: befelhen, bevelhen

German: befehlen


bigetan

bigetan (infinitive)
bigetannjas (genitive infinitive)
bigetannjē (dative infinitive)
bigetannju (infinitive instrumental)
bigetu (first-person present singular)
bigat (first-person past singular)
bigitiʀi (present second-person singular)
bigātī (past second-person singular)
bigitidi (present singular third-person)
bigat (past singular third-person)
bigetum (first-person plural present)
bigātum (first-person past plural)
bigitid (plural present second-person)
bigātud (past plural second-person)
bigetand (plural present third-person)
bigātun (past plural third-person)
bigetē (first-person present singular)
bigātī (first-person past singular)
bigetēs (present second-person singular)
bigetē (present singular third-person)
bigātī (past singular third-person)
bigetēm (first-person plural present)
bigātīm (first-person past plural)
bigetēþ (plural present second-person)
bigātīd (past plural second-person)
bigetēn (plural present third-person)
bigātīn (past plural third-person)
bigit (present singular)
bigitid (plural present)
bigetandī (participle present)
bigetan (participle past)

Old English: beġietan

English: beget (influenced by Old Norse geta (“to get, to guess”))

Old Saxon: bigetan

Old Dutch: *bigetan

Middle Dutch: begēten

Old High German: bigezzan

From Proto-Germanic *bigetaną. Equivalent to *bi- + *getan.


bihaldan

bihaldan (infinitive)
bihaldannjas (genitive infinitive)
bihaldannjē (dative infinitive)
bihaldannju (infinitive instrumental)
bihaldu (first-person present singular)
biheald (first-person past singular)
bihaldiʀi (present second-person singular)
bihealdī (past second-person singular)
bihaldidi (present singular third-person)
biheald (past singular third-person)
bihaldum (first-person plural present)
bihealdum (first-person past plural)
bihaldid (plural present second-person)
bihealdud (past plural second-person)
bihaldand (plural present third-person)
bihealdun (past plural third-person)
bihaldē (first-person present singular)
bihealdī (first-person past singular)
bihaldēs (present second-person singular)
bihaldē (present singular third-person)
bihealdī (past singular third-person)
bihaldēm (first-person plural present)
bihealdīm (first-person past plural)
bihaldēþ (plural present second-person)
bihealdīd (past plural second-person)
bihaldēn (plural present third-person)
bihealdīn (past plural third-person)
bihald (present singular)
bihaldid (plural present)
bihaldandī (participle present)
bihaldan (participle past)

Old English: behealdan, behaldan
Middle English: beholden
English: behold, beholden

Old Frisian: bihalda

Saterland Frisian: behoolde

West Frisian: behâlde

Old Saxon: bihaldan
Middle Low German: beholden
Plautdietsch: behoolen
German Low German: beholen, behollen
Bentheimisch, Dortmunder, Sauerländisch, East Frisian Low Saxon, Westmünsterländisch: behollen
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: behaulen
→ Norwegian: beholde
→ Swedish: behålla
→ Danish: beholde

Old Dutch: *bihaldan

Middle Dutch: behouden
Dutch: behouden
Afrikaans: behou, behoue
Negerhollands: behou, hou
Limburgish: behaaje

Old High German: bihaltan

Middle High German: behalten

German: behalten

Luxembourgish: behalen


bihelan

bihelan (infinitive)
bihelannjas (genitive infinitive)
bihelannjē (dative infinitive)
bihelannju (infinitive instrumental)
bihelu (first-person present singular)
bihal (first-person past singular)
bihiliʀi (present second-person singular)
bihālī (past second-person singular)
bihilidi (present singular third-person)
bihal (past singular third-person)
bihelum (first-person plural present)
bihālum (first-person past plural)
bihilid (plural present second-person)
bihālud (past plural second-person)
biheland (plural present third-person)
bihālun (past plural third-person)
bihelē (first-person present singular)
bihālī (first-person past singular)
bihelēs (present second-person singular)
bihelē (present singular third-person)
bihālī (past singular third-person)
bihelēm (first-person plural present)
bihālīm (first-person past plural)
bihelēþ (plural present second-person)
bihālīd (past plural second-person)
bihelēn (plural present third-person)
bihālīn (past plural third-person)
bihil (present singular)
bihilid (plural present)
bihelandī (participle present)
biholan (participle past)

Old English: bihelan, behelan

Old Frisian: bihela

Old Saxon: bihelan, behelan

Old Dutch: bihelan
Middle Dutch: behêlen
Dutch: behelen


bilinnan

bilinnan (infinitive)
bilinnannjas (genitive infinitive)
bilinnannjē (dative infinitive)
bilinnannju (infinitive instrumental)
bilinnu (first-person present singular)
bilann (first-person past singular)
bilinniʀi (present second-person singular)
bilunnī (past second-person singular)
bilinnidi (present singular third-person)
bilann (past singular third-person)
bilinnum (first-person plural present)
bilunnum (first-person past plural)
bilinnid (plural present second-person)
bilunnud (past plural second-person)
bilinnand (plural present third-person)
bilunnun (past plural third-person)
bilinnē (first-person present singular)
bilunnī (first-person past singular)
bilinnēs (present second-person singular)
bilinnē (present singular third-person)
bilunnī (past singular third-person)
bilinnēm (first-person plural present)
bilunnīm (first-person past plural)
bilinnēþ (plural present second-person)
bilunnīd (past plural second-person)
bilinnēn (plural present third-person)
bilunnīn (past plural third-person)
bilinn (present singular)
bilinnid (plural present)
bilinnandī (participle present)
bilunnan (participle past)

Old English: blinnan
Middle English: blinnen
Scots: blin
English: blin

Old Saxon: bilinnan

Old High German: bilinnan


bineman

bineman (infinitive)
binemannjas (genitive infinitive)
binemannjē (dative infinitive)
binemannju (infinitive instrumental)
binemu (first-person present singular)
binam (first-person past singular)
binimiʀi (present second-person singular)
bināmī (past second-person singular)
binimidi (present singular third-person)
binam (past singular third-person)
binemum (first-person plural present)
bināmum (first-person past plural)
binimid (plural present second-person)
bināmud (past plural second-person)
binemand (plural present third-person)
bināmun (past plural third-person)
binemē (first-person present singular)
bināmī (first-person past singular)
binemēs (present second-person singular)
binemē (present singular third-person)
bināmī (past singular third-person)
binemēm (first-person plural present)
bināmīm (first-person past plural)
binemēþ (plural present second-person)
bināmīd (past plural second-person)
binemēn (plural present third-person)
bināmīn (past plural third-person)
binim (present singular)
binimid (plural present)
binemandī (participle present)
binuman (participle past)

Old English: beniman
Middle English: benimen
English: benim

Old Frisian: binima
Saterland Frisian: benieme
West Frisian: benimme

Old Saxon: biniman, bineman
Middle Low German: benēmen
Low German: benehmen
German Low German: benehmen

Old Dutch: *bineman

Middle Dutch: benēmen
Dutch: benemen
Afrikaans: beneem
Limburgish: benumme

Old High German: bineman

Middle High German: benëmen

German: benehmen

From Proto-Germanic *binemaną. Equivalent to *bi- + *neman.


obaet

obaet (nominative singular)
obaetu (nominative plural)
obaet (accusative singular)
obaetu (accusative plural)
obaetas (genitive singular)
obaetō (genitive plural)
obaetē (dative singular)
obaetum (dative plural)
obaetu (instrumental singular)
obaetum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ofett, ofet, ofæt, obet
Middle English: ovet, ofet, ofvet (Early Middle English)
English: ovest (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *ovet

West Frisian: oefte

Old Saxon: *ovet

Middle Low German: ōvet, āvet, ōft

German Low German: Aaft, Ooft

Old Dutch: ovit

Middle Dutch: ōvet, ooft

Dutch: ooft

Old High German: obaz, obez

Middle High German: obez, obz

Alemannic German: Obs

Swabian: Obschd

Bavarian: Obs, Obscht, Obst

Mòcheno: ouvest

desc

Central Franconian: Obs, Obst, Ofs, Ubst, Uebst, Uebscht, Ust

Kölsch: Obs

German: Obst, Obs (dialectal)

→ German Low German: Obst

Hunsrik: Oobst

Luxembourgish: Uebst

Pennsylvania German: Obscht

Rhine Franconian: Uebst

Palatine German: Obs, Oubs, Obscht, Oubscht

Yiddish: אויפּס (oyps), אויבס (oybs)

→? Proto-Slavic: *ovoťe

From Proto-Germanic *ubetą or *ubatją, from *uba- + *etaną (“to eat”) or *atjaną (“to cause to eat; to pasture, graze”), respectively, compare *fraetan (“to devour, consume”). Presumably related to Proto-Slavic *ovoťe (“fruit”).


kwalm

kwalm (nominative singular)
kwalmō (nominative plural)
kwalmōs (nominative plural)
kwalm (accusative singular)
kwalmā (accusative plural)
kwalmas (genitive singular)
kwalmō (genitive plural)
kwalmē (dative singular)
kwalmum (dative plural)
kwalmu (instrumental singular)
kwalmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwealm

Middle English: cwalm, qualm, quelm

Scots: qualm

English: qualm

Old Frisian: *kwalm

Saterland Frisian: Kwalm (possibly from Middle Low German)

Old Saxon: *kwalm, qualm

Middle Low German: quallem

Low German: kwalm

Dutch Low Saxon: kwaalm

→ Dutch: kwalm

→ Swedish: kvalm

→ Danish: kvalm, kvalme

Old High German: *kwalm, qualm

Middle High German: qualm

German: Qualm

From earlier *kwalmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷolH-mos, from *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce, stab; pain, injury, death”).


kapēn

kapēn (infinitive)
kapēnijas (genitive infinitive)
kapēnijē (dative infinitive)
kapēniju (infinitive instrumental)
kapē (first-person present singular)
kap?dā (first-person past singular)
kapēs (present second-person singular)
kap?dēs (past second-person singular)
kapēþ (present singular third-person)
kap?dē (past singular third-person)
kap?dā (past singular third-person)
kapēm (first-person plural present)
kap?dum (first-person past plural)
kapēþ (plural present second-person)
kap?dud (past plural second-person)
kapēnþ (plural present third-person)
kap?dun (past plural third-person)
kap?dī (first-person past singular)
kap?dī (past second-person singular)
kapē (present singular third-person)
kap?dī (past singular third-person)
kap?dīm (first-person past plural)
kap?dīd (past plural second-person)
kapēn (plural present third-person)
kap?dīn (past plural third-person)
kapē (present singular)
kapēþ (plural present)
kapēndī (participle present)
kap?d (participle past)

Old English: capian

Middle English: capen

English: cape

Old Frisian: *kapia

>? Saterland Frisian: kaapje (“to go courting, look for a wife”)

Old Saxon: kapen

Middle Low German: kāpen

desctree

Old Dutch: *capon
Middle Dutch: cāpen
⇒? Middle Dutch: cape (“lookout tower, beacon, lighthouse”)
Dutch: kaap
→ West Frisian: kaap

desc

Old High German: chaphēn, chapfēn, kapfēn

gl

gaffen influenced by non-related Middle High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmh">gaffen</i> (“to gape, gawk, stare”)

Middle High German: kapfen, kaffen, gaffen (gaffen influenced by non-related Middle High German gaffen (“to gape, gawk, stare”))

German: kapfen (obsolete)


muniwu

muniwu (nominative singular)
muniwō (nominative plural)
muniwā (accusative singular)
muniwā (accusative plural)
muniwā (genitive singular)
muniwō (genitive plural)
muniwē (dative singular)
muniwōm (dative plural)
muniwum (dative plural)
muniwu (instrumental singular)
muniwōm (instrumental plural)
muniwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mynu, myne

desctree

Middle English: menowe, menawe, menew, meney, menow, menwu
English: minnow, minny, minnie
Scots: mennon, minnon

Old Saxon: muniwa

Middle Low German: mone, möne, mȫne

→ Dutch: meun

→ West Frisian: meun, mûne

→ Saterland Frisian: Mööne

→ German: Möhn

desc

Old High German: muniwa, munuwa, munwa, munewa

Middle High German: münwe, *munne, *münne, *müne

German: Münne (< *münne)

Luxembourgish: Minn (< *müne)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“small”).


spōdi

spōdi (nominative singular)
spōdī (nominative plural)
spōdi (accusative singular)
spōdī (accusative plural)
spōdī (genitive singular)
spōdijō (genitive plural)
spōdī (dative singular)
spōdim (dative plural)
spōdijum (dative plural)
spōdī (instrumental singular)
spōdim (instrumental plural)
spōdijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spēd
Middle English: spede
English: speed
→ Ternate: spit
Scots: sped, spede, speid

Old Saxon: *spōdi, spōd

Middle Low German: spôt, spoet

German Low German: Spood

Low German: spood

Old Dutch: *spuod

Middle Dutch: spoet
Dutch: spoed

Old High German: spuot

Middle High German: spuot (dying out)

q

German: Sput (rare and only under Low German influence)

From Proto-Germanic *spōdiz, synchronically analyzed as *spōan (“to succeed, prosper”) + *-þi.


wandarōn

wandarōn (infinitive)
wandarōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wandarōnijē (dative infinitive)
wandarōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wandarō (first-person present singular)
wandarōdā (first-person past singular)
wandarōs (present second-person singular)
wandarōdēs (past second-person singular)
wandarōdōs (past second-person singular)
wandarōþ (present singular third-person)
wandarōdē (past singular third-person)
wandarōdā (past singular third-person)
wandarōm (first-person plural present)
wandarōdum (first-person past plural)
wandarōþ (plural present second-person)
wandarōdud (past plural second-person)
wandarōnþ (plural present third-person)
wandarōdun (past plural third-person)
wandarōdī (first-person past singular)
wandarōdī (past second-person singular)
wandarō (present singular third-person)
wandarōdī (past singular third-person)
wandarōdīm (first-person past plural)
wandarōdīd (past plural second-person)
wandarōn (plural present third-person)
wandarōdīn (past plural third-person)
wandarō (present singular)
wandarōþ (plural present)
wandarōndī (participle present)
wandarōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wandrian
Middle English: wandren, wander, wanderyn, wandre, wandryn, waundre, wandri, wandry, wondri (West Midlands), wondrien (early Southern)
English: wander
Middle Scots: wander, wandir
Scots: wander, wanner, wauner

Old Frisian: wandria, wondria

Saterland Frisian: wonderje

Old Saxon: *wandarōn

Middle Low German: wanderen

German Low German: wandern, wannern

→ Danish: vandre

→ Swedish: vandra

→ Norwegian: vandre

Old Dutch: *wandarōn

Middle Dutch: wanderen

Old High German: *wantarōn, *wandarōn

Middle High German: wanderen, wandern

German: wandern (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: wanderen

→ Polish: wędrować

From *wandōn (“to turn, change”) + *-rōn (frequentative suffix).

af

(frequentative) to waver, change, fluctuate


lanu

lanu (nominative singular)
lanō (nominative plural)
lanā (accusative singular)
lanā (accusative plural)
lanā (genitive singular)
lanō (genitive plural)
lanē (dative singular)
lanōm (dative plural)
lanum (dative plural)
lanu (instrumental singular)
lanōm (instrumental plural)
lanum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lanu, lane, lone — weak
Middle English: lane, lone
English: lane (dialectal loan)
⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin
→ Middle Scots: lane
→ Welsh: lôn
Scots: lone, loan
Yola: laane
→ Irish: lána

Old Frisian: lana, lona, lane, lone

Saterland Frisian: Lone

West Frisian: leane, loane

Old Saxon: lana

desc

Middle Low German: lāne, lahne, lahn, lone

German Low German: Lane, Laan

Old Dutch: *lana

Middle Dutch: lāne

Dutch: laan

Afrikaans: laan