-ist

-ist (masculine nominative singular)
-istu (feminine nominative singular)
-ist (neuter nominative singular)
-istanā (accusative masculine singular)
-istā (accusative feminine singular)
-ist (accusative neuter singular)
-istas (genitive masculine singular)
-isteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-istas (genitive neuter singular)
-istumē (dative masculine singular)
-isteʀē (dative feminine singular)
-istumē (dative neuter singular)
-istu (instrumental masculine singular)
-isteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-istu (instrumental neuter singular)
-istē (masculine nominative plural)
-istō (feminine nominative plural)
-istu (neuter nominative plural)
-istā (accusative masculine plural)
-istā (accusative feminine plural)
-istu (accusative neuter plural)
-isteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-isteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-isteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-istēm (dative masculine plural)
-istum (dative masculine plural)
-istēm (dative feminine plural)
-istum (dative feminine plural)
-istēm (dative neuter plural)
-istum (dative neuter plural)
-istēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-istum (instrumental masculine plural)
-istēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-istum (feminine instrumental plural)
-istēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-istum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -est

Middle English: -est

English: -est

Scots: -est

Old Frisian: -st

Saterland Frisian: -st

West Frisian: -st

Old Saxon: -ist

Middle Low German: -est

German Low German: -st

Old Dutch: -ist

Middle Dutch: -st
Dutch: -st

Old High German: -ist

Middle High German: -est

German: -st


-u

-u (nominative singular)
-ō (nominative plural)
-ā (accusative singular)
-ā (accusative plural)
-ā (genitive singular)
-ō (genitive plural)
-ē (dative singular)
-ōm (dative plural)
-um (dative plural)
-u (instrumental singular)
-ōm (instrumental plural)
-um (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂.

Forms nouns from verbs denoting the performance or result of that verb.


-ward

-ward (masculine nominative singular)
-wardu (feminine nominative singular)
-ward (neuter nominative singular)
-wardanā (accusative masculine singular)
-wardā (accusative feminine singular)
-ward (accusative neuter singular)
-wardas (genitive masculine singular)
-wardeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-wardas (genitive neuter singular)
-wardumē (dative masculine singular)
-wardeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-wardumē (dative neuter singular)
-wardu (instrumental masculine singular)
-wardeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-wardu (instrumental neuter singular)
-wardē (masculine nominative plural)
-wardō (feminine nominative plural)
-wardu (neuter nominative plural)
-wardā (accusative masculine plural)
-wardā (accusative feminine plural)
-wardu (accusative neuter plural)
-wardeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-wardeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-wardeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-wardēm (dative masculine plural)
-wardum (dative masculine plural)
-wardēm (dative feminine plural)
-wardum (dative feminine plural)
-wardēm (dative neuter plural)
-wardum (dative neuter plural)
-wardēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-wardum (instrumental masculine plural)
-wardēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-wardum (feminine instrumental plural)
-wardēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-wardum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: -weard
Middle English: -warde, -ward
English: -ward
Scots: -wart, -art, -it

Old Frisian: -ward, -werd

Old Saxon: -ward

Middle Low German: -ward

Low German: -ward, -wart

Old Dutch: *-ward, *-werd

Middle Dutch: -wert, -weert, -waert

Old High German: -wart, -wert

Middle High German: -wert

-ward. Forms adverbs from nouns and adjectives denoting in the direction of, facing.


-sam

-sam (masculine nominative singular)
-samu (feminine nominative singular)
-sam (neuter nominative singular)
-samanā (accusative masculine singular)
-samā (accusative feminine singular)
-sam (accusative neuter singular)
-samas (genitive masculine singular)
-sameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-samas (genitive neuter singular)
-samumē (dative masculine singular)
-sameʀē (dative feminine singular)
-samumē (dative neuter singular)
-samu (instrumental masculine singular)
-sameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-samu (instrumental neuter singular)
-samē (masculine nominative plural)
-samō (feminine nominative plural)
-samu (neuter nominative plural)
-samā (accusative masculine plural)
-samā (accusative feminine plural)
-samu (accusative neuter plural)
-sameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-sameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-sameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-samēm (dative masculine plural)
-samum (dative masculine plural)
-samēm (dative feminine plural)
-samum (dative feminine plural)
-samēm (dative neuter plural)
-samum (dative neuter plural)
-samēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-samum (instrumental masculine plural)
-samēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-samum (feminine instrumental plural)
-samēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-samum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -sum
Middle English: -sum, -som, -some
English: -some
Scots: -some

Old Frisian: -sam

Saterland Frisian: -soam

West Frisian: -sum

Old Saxon: -sam

Middle Low German: -sam

German Low German: -saam

Old Dutch: -sam

Middle Dutch: -sam

Dutch: -zaam

Old High German: -sam

Middle High German: -sam

German: -sam

-some. Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives expressing similarity or the possession of a quality.


-ling

-ling (nominative singular)
-lingō (nominative plural)
-lingōs (nominative plural)
-ling (accusative singular)
-lingā (accusative plural)
-lingas (genitive singular)
-lingō (genitive plural)
-lingē (dative singular)
-lingum (dative plural)
-lingu (instrumental singular)
-lingum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ling

Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge
English: -ling
Scots: -ling, -lin

Old Frisian: -ling

Saterland Frisian: -ling

West Frisian: -ling

Old Saxon: -ling

Middle Low German: -linc, -link

German Low German: -ling

Old Dutch: -ling

Middle Dutch: -ling

Dutch: -ling

Old High German: -ling

Middle High German: -linc

German: -ling

→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus

desc

Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn

Middle French: -llan

French: -llan

→ Italian: -llano

→ Spanish: -lán

→ English: -lain

Old Italian: -lingo

Italian: -lengo

Old Occitan: -leng

Catalan: -lenc

Spanish: -lengo

Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force.


-ini

-ini (nominative singular)
-unnjō (nominative plural)
-unnjā (accusative singular)
-unnjā (accusative plural)
-unnjā (genitive singular)
-unnjō (genitive plural)
-unnjē (dative singular)
-unnjōm (dative plural)
-unnjum (dative plural)
-unnju (instrumental singular)
-unnjōm (instrumental plural)
-unnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

English: -en (fossilised, non-productive)

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: -inne

North Frisian: -in

Old Saxon: -ina, -unnia

Middle Low German: -inne, -in

Low German: -in

→ Old Norse: -inna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: -inne

Norwegian Nynorsk: -inne

Old Danish: -inne

Danish: -inde

Old Swedish: -inna

Swedish: -inna

→ Finnish: -inna

Old Dutch: -inna

Middle Dutch: -inne

Dutch: -in

Afrikaans: -in

Limburgish: -in

Old High German: -in, -inna

Middle High German: -īn, -inne

German: -in

Alemannic German: -in

Forms nouns indicating a female individual.


-isk

-isk (masculine nominative singular)
-isku (feminine nominative singular)
-isk (neuter nominative singular)
-iskanā (accusative masculine singular)
-iskā (accusative feminine singular)
-isk (accusative neuter singular)
-iskas (genitive masculine singular)
-iskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-iskas (genitive neuter singular)
-iskumē (dative masculine singular)
-iskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-iskumē (dative neuter singular)
-isku (instrumental masculine singular)
-iskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-isku (instrumental neuter singular)
-iskē (masculine nominative plural)
-iskō (feminine nominative plural)
-isku (neuter nominative plural)
-iskā (accusative masculine plural)
-iskā (accusative feminine plural)
-isku (accusative neuter plural)
-iskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-iskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-iskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-iskēm (dative masculine plural)
-iskum (dative masculine plural)
-iskēm (dative feminine plural)
-iskum (dative feminine plural)
-iskēm (dative neuter plural)
-iskum (dative neuter plural)
-iskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-iskum (instrumental masculine plural)
-iskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-iskum (feminine instrumental plural)
-iskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-iskum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: -isċ, -isċe
Middle English: -ish, -isch
Scots: -is, -ish
English: -ish

Old Frisian: -isk

Saterland Frisian: -sk, -isk

West Frisian: -sk

Old Saxon: -isk, -isc

Low German: -isch, -isk

Plautdietsch: -isch

Old Dutch: *-isk, *-sk

Middle Dutch: -sc, -sch

Dutch: -s

Old High German: -isc
Middle High German: -isch
German: -isch
→ Dutch: -isch
Afrikaans: -ies
→ Indonesian: -is
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: -isch
Luxembourgish: -esch
Vilamovian: -yś
Yiddish: ־יש (-ish)

→ Late Latin: -iscus (see there for further descendants)

English: -esque

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.


-laus

-laus (nominative singular)
-lausō (nominative plural)
-lausōs (nominative plural)
-laus (accusative singular)
-lausā (accusative plural)
-lausas (genitive singular)
-lausō (genitive plural)
-lausē (dative singular)
-lausum (dative plural)
-lausu (instrumental singular)
-lausum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: -lēas
Middle English: -les, -las, -lasse, -læs, -leas, -lease, -leæs, -lese, -lesse, -lez, -lies, -liese, -lis, -lise, -lyas, -lyese
English: -less
Scots: -less

Old Frisian: -lās

Saterland Frisian: -loos

West Frisian: -leas

Old Saxon: -lōs

Middle Low German: -lōs

Plautdietsch: -looss

Old Dutch: -lōs

Middle Dutch: -loos

Dutch: -loos

Afrikaans: -loos

Old High German: -lōs

Middle High German: -lōs

German: -los


-ul

-ul (masculine nominative singular)
-ulu (feminine nominative singular)
-ul (neuter nominative singular)
-ulanā (accusative masculine singular)
-ulā (accusative feminine singular)
-ul (accusative neuter singular)
-ulas (genitive masculine singular)
-uleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-ulas (genitive neuter singular)
-ulumē (dative masculine singular)
-uleʀē (dative feminine singular)
-ulumē (dative neuter singular)
-ulu (instrumental masculine singular)
-uleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-ulu (instrumental neuter singular)
-ulē (masculine nominative plural)
-ulō (feminine nominative plural)
-ulu (neuter nominative plural)
-ulā (accusative masculine plural)
-ulā (accusative feminine plural)
-ulu (accusative neuter plural)
-uleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-uleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-uleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-ulēm (dative masculine plural)
-ulum (dative masculine plural)
-ulēm (dative feminine plural)
-ulum (dative feminine plural)
-ulēm (dative neuter plural)
-ulum (dative neuter plural)
-ulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-ulum (instrumental masculine plural)
-ulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-ulum (feminine instrumental plural)
-ulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-ulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or proneness to do the verb.


-uk

-uk (nominative singular)
-ukō (nominative plural)
-ukōs (nominative plural)
-uk (accusative singular)
-ukā (accusative plural)
-ukas (genitive singular)
-ukō (genitive plural)
-ukē (dative singular)
-ukum (dative plural)
-uku (instrumental singular)
-ukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -oc, -uc
Middle English: -ok, -oc, -ock, -oq, -og, -uc, -uk, -uck, -ek, -ak, -ke, -k (rare), -ek
English: -ock, -ick, -ik (dialectal)
Scots: -ock, -ockie
Yola: -ok, -uck, -ick

Old Saxon: *-uk, *-ik

Middle Low German: -ek, -k

German Low German: -k

Old Dutch: -ok, -k

Middle Dutch: -oc, -c

Dutch: -k (fossilised)

Old High German: -uh, -ih

Middle High German: -ech, -ch

German: -ich


-r

-r (masculine nominative singular)
-ru (feminine nominative singular)
-r (neuter nominative singular)
-ranā (accusative masculine singular)
-rā (accusative feminine singular)
-r (accusative neuter singular)
-ras (genitive masculine singular)
-reʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-ras (genitive neuter singular)
-rumē (dative masculine singular)
-reʀē (dative feminine singular)
-rumē (dative neuter singular)
-ru (instrumental masculine singular)
-reʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-ru (instrumental neuter singular)
-rē (masculine nominative plural)
-rō (feminine nominative plural)
-ru (neuter nominative plural)
-rā (accusative masculine plural)
-rā (accusative feminine plural)
-ru (accusative neuter plural)
-reʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-reʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-reʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-rēm (dative masculine plural)
-rum (dative masculine plural)
-rēm (dative feminine plural)
-rum (dative feminine plural)
-rēm (dative neuter plural)
-rum (dative neuter plural)
-rēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-rum (instrumental masculine plural)
-rēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-rum (feminine instrumental plural)
-rēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-rum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -or, -er

Old Saxon: -ar

Old High German: -ar

Forms adjectives from verb, indicating a tendency or causation to do the verb.


-g

-g (masculine nominative singular)
-gu (feminine nominative singular)
-g (neuter nominative singular)
-ganā (accusative masculine singular)
-gā (accusative feminine singular)
-g (accusative neuter singular)
-gas (genitive masculine singular)
-geʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-gas (genitive neuter singular)
-gumē (dative masculine singular)
-geʀē (dative feminine singular)
-gumē (dative neuter singular)
-gu (instrumental masculine singular)
-geʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-gu (instrumental neuter singular)
-gē (masculine nominative plural)
-gō (feminine nominative plural)
-gu (neuter nominative plural)
-gā (accusative masculine plural)
-gā (accusative feminine plural)
-gu (accusative neuter plural)
-geʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-geʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-geʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-gēm (dative masculine plural)
-gum (dative masculine plural)
-gēm (dative feminine plural)
-gum (dative feminine plural)
-gēm (dative neuter plural)
-gum (dative neuter plural)
-gēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-gum (instrumental masculine plural)
-gēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-gum (feminine instrumental plural)
-gēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-gum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -iġ, -iċ, -eġ
Middle English: -iȝ, -i, -y, -ich
English: -y, -ey, -ie
Scots: -ie

Old Frisian: -ich

Saterland Frisian: -ich

West Frisian: -ich

Old Saxon: -ag, -ig
Middle Low German: -ig, -ich
German Low German: -ig

Old Dutch: *-ag, -ig

Middle Dutch: -ich, -ech
Dutch: -ig

Old High German: -ag, -ig, -īg

Middle High German: -ig

German: -ig, -ich

Yiddish: ־יק (-ik), ־יג (-ig)

Luxembourgish: -eg

Forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of being, having, or doing.


-mō

-mō (nominative singular)
-man (nominative plural)
-man (accusative singular)
-man (accusative plural)
-mini (genitive singular)
-man (genitive singular)
-manō (genitive plural)
-mini (dative singular)
-man (dative singular)
-mum (dative plural)
-mini (instrumental singular)
-man (instrumental singular)
-mum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: -ma

West Frisian: -me, -tme (literary)

Old Saxon: -mo

Old High German: -mo, -amo, -emo

From Proto-Germanic *-mô, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.

(rare) Forms abstract nouns from verbs, denoting a quality, state, or instrument.


-ō

Old English: -o, -a

Middle English: -e (fossilised)

Old Frisian: -a

Old Saxon: -o

Middle Low German: -e

Old Dutch: -o
Middle Dutch: -e

Old High German: -o

Middle High German: -e


-ō

-ō (nominative singular)
-an (nominative plural)
-an (accusative singular)
-an (accusative plural)
-ini (genitive singular)
-an (genitive singular)
-anō (genitive plural)
-ini (dative singular)
-an (dative singular)
-um (dative plural)
-ini (instrumental singular)
-an (instrumental singular)
-um (instrumental plural)

Old English: -a

Middle English: -e (fossilised)

Old Frisian: -a

Old Saxon: -o

Middle Low German: -e

Old Dutch: -o

Middle Dutch: -e

Old High German: -o

Middle High German: -e

German: -e (fossilised)


-jan

-jan (class-1 infinitive weak)
-jannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
-jannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
-jannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
-ju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-idā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-isi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-idēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-idōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-iþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-idē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-idā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-jum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-idum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-iþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-idud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-janþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-idun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-jē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-idī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-jēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-idī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-jē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-idī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-jēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-idīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-jēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-idīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-jēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-idīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-i (class-1 present singular weak)
-iþ (class-1 plural present weak)
-jandī (class-1 participle present weak)
-id (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: -an (merged with strong verb ending), -ian (after r).

Middle English: -en, -ien

English: -y (only after r, as in ferry, herry, etc.)

Old Frisian: -a (merged with strong verb ending), -ia (after r)

Saterland Frisian: -e, -je

West Frisian: -e, -je

Old Saxon: -ian

Middle Low German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -en, -ien (after r)

Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -en, -ien (after r)

Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German: -en

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


-ōn

-ōn (infinitive)
-ōnijas (genitive infinitive)
-ōnijē (dative infinitive)
-ōniju (infinitive instrumental)
-ō (first-person present singular)
-ōdā (first-person past singular)
-ōs (present second-person singular)
-ōdēs (past second-person singular)
-ōdōs (past second-person singular)
-ōþ (present singular third-person)
-ōdē (past singular third-person)
-ōdā (past singular third-person)
-ōm (first-person plural present)
-ōdum (first-person past plural)
-ōþ (plural present second-person)
-ōdud (past plural second-person)
-ōnþ (plural present third-person)
-ōdun (past plural third-person)
-ōdī (first-person past singular)
-ōdī (past second-person singular)
-ō (present singular third-person)
-ōdī (past singular third-person)
-ōdīm (first-person past plural)
-ōdīd (past plural second-person)
-ōn (plural present third-person)
-ōdīn (past plural third-person)
-ō (present singular)
-ōþ (plural present)
-ōndī (participle present)
-ōd (participle past)

Old English: -ian

Middle English: -ien, -en

Scots: -e (obsolete)

English: -en, -e (obsolete)

Old Frisian: -ia

North Frisian: -je

Saterland Frisian: -je

West Frisian: -je

Old Saxon: -ōn, -oian
Middle Low German: -en
Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -on

Middle Dutch: -en

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -ōn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en


-ēn

-ēn (infinitive)
-ēnijas (genitive infinitive)
-ēnijē (dative infinitive)
-ēniju (infinitive instrumental)
-ē (first-person present singular)
-?dā (first-person past singular)
-ēs (present second-person singular)
-?dēs (past second-person singular)
-ēþ (present singular third-person)
-?dē (past singular third-person)
-?dā (past singular third-person)
-ēm (first-person plural present)
-?dum (first-person past plural)
-ēþ (plural present second-person)
-?dud (past plural second-person)
-ēnþ (plural present third-person)
-?dun (past plural third-person)
-?dī (first-person past singular)
-?dī (past second-person singular)
-ē (present singular third-person)
-?dī (past singular third-person)
-?dīm (first-person past plural)
-?dīd (past plural second-person)
-ēn (plural present third-person)
-?dīn (past plural third-person)
-ē (present singular)
-ēþ (plural present)
-ēndī (participle present)
-?d (participle past)

q

Old English: -ian (in a few cases; preceded by a palatalised consonant or non-backed æ)

Old High German: -ēn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en

From Proto-Germanic *-āną, by extending the suffix alternant -ai- throughout all forms, analogous to the second weak class.

Creates stative or factitive verbs from adjectives.


-ōjan

desctree

Old English: -ian
Middle English: -ien, -en (merged with all other verbs)
English: -en, -e (obsolete)
Scots: -e (obsolete)

Old Frisian: -ia

North Frisian: -je

Saterland Frisian: -je

West Frisian: -je

Old Saxon: -oian

Middle Low German: -en

German Low German: -en

Dutch Low Saxon: -en

Plautdietsch: -en

Reanalysed from *-ōn based on the first and third class of weak verbs.

(North Sea Germanic) Alternative form of *-ōn


-skapi

-skapi (nominative singular)
-skapī (nominative plural)
-skapi (accusative singular)
-skapī (accusative plural)
-skapī (genitive singular)
-skappjō (genitive plural)
-skapī (dative singular)
-skapim (dative plural)
-skappjum (dative plural)
-skapī (instrumental singular)
-skapim (instrumental plural)
-skappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -sċiepe

Middle English: -schippe, -shipe

English: -ship

Scots: -schip

Old Frisian: -skipe, -skip

Saterland Frisian: -skup

West Frisian: -skip

Old Saxon: -skepi

i

Middle Low German: -skap (likely under influence of the surrounding languages), unstressed forms: -skop, -skup

German Low German: -schop

East Frisian: -skupp

Münsterländisch: -schopp

Paderbornisch: -skop, -skopp

Old Dutch: -skap

Middle Dutch: -schap

Dutch: -schap

Afrikaans: -skap

Old High German: -skaf, -skaft

Middle High German: -schaft

German: -schaft

Yiddish: ־שאַפֿט (-shaft)

Forms nouns denoting state, originally meaning "shaping, condition".


-ārī

-ārī (nominative singular)
-ārijō (nominative plural)
-ārijōs (nominative plural)
-ārī (accusative singular)
-ārijā (accusative plural)
-ārijas (genitive singular)
-ārijō (genitive plural)
-ārijē (dative singular)
-ārijum (dative plural)
-āriju (instrumental singular)
-ārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: -ere, -re
Middle English: -er, -are, -ere
English: -er
Scots: -ar

Old Frisian: -ere

Saterland Frisian: -er

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: -āri
Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
Low German: -er

Old Dutch: *-āri, -ere

Middle Dutch: -ere
Dutch: -er, -aar
Afrikaans: -er
Limburgish: -er

Old High German: -āri, -ari, -eri
Middle High German: -ære, -er
Alemannic German: -er
Bavarian: -er
Cimbrian: -ar
German: -er
Luxembourgish: -er
Yiddish: ־ער (-er)

-er; creates agent nouns from other nouns.


-iþu

-iþu (nominative singular)
-iþō (nominative plural)
-iþā (accusative singular)
-iþā (accusative plural)
-iþā (genitive singular)
-iþō (genitive plural)
-iþē (dative singular)
-iþōm (dative plural)
-iþum (dative plural)
-iþu (instrumental singular)
-iþōm (instrumental plural)
-iþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to
Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (following fricatives)
English: -th, -t
Scots: -th, -t

Old Frisian: -ithe, -te

Saterland Frisian: -te

West Frisian: -te

Old Saxon: -itha

Middle Low German: -ede, -de, -te

Low German: -de, -te

→ German: -te

Old Dutch: -itha

Middle Dutch: -ede, -de, -te
Dutch: -te, -de

Old High German: -ida
Middle High German: -ede
German: -de (rare, not productive)
Luxembourgish: -t

Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns.


-ī

-ī (nominative singular)
-īn (accusative singular)
-īn (genitive singular)
-īn (dative singular)
-īn (instrumental singular)

Old English: -u (even after long syllables, e.g. ieldu, brǣdu)

Middle English: -e

Old Frisian: -e

North Frisian: -e

Saterland Frisian: -e

Old Saxon: -i

Middle Low German: -e

Old Dutch: *-i

Middle Dutch: -e

Dutch: -e

Old High German: -ī

Middle High German: -e

German: -e

-ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent the state, quality or measure of the adjective.


-ī

-ī (masculine nominative singular)
-iju (feminine nominative singular)
-ī (neuter nominative singular)
-ijanā (accusative masculine singular)
-ijā (accusative feminine singular)
-ī (accusative neuter singular)
-ijas (genitive masculine singular)
-ijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-ijas (genitive neuter singular)
-ijumē (dative masculine singular)
-ijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-ijumē (dative neuter singular)
-iju (instrumental masculine singular)
-ijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-iju (instrumental neuter singular)
-ijē (masculine nominative plural)
-ijō (feminine nominative plural)
-iju (neuter nominative plural)
-ijā (accusative masculine plural)
-ijā (accusative feminine plural)
-iju (accusative neuter plural)
-ijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-ijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-ijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-ijēm (dative masculine plural)
-ijum (dative masculine plural)
-ijēm (dative feminine plural)
-ijum (dative feminine plural)
-ijēm (dative neuter plural)
-ijum (dative neuter plural)
-ijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-ijum (instrumental masculine plural)
-ijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-ijum (feminine instrumental plural)
-ijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-ijum (instrumental neuter plural)


-þr

-þr (nominative singular)
-þru (nominative plural)
-þr (accusative singular)
-þru (accusative plural)
-þras (genitive singular)
-þrō (genitive plural)
-þrē (dative singular)
-þrum (dative plural)
-þru (instrumental singular)
-þrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -þor

Old Frisian: -ther

Old Saxon: *thar

Middle Low German: -der

Old Dutch: *-thar, *-dar, *-der

Middle Dutch: -der

Old High German: -dar

Middle High German: -der

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


-snu

-snu (nominative singular)
-snō (nominative plural)
-snā (accusative singular)
-snā (accusative plural)
-snā (genitive singular)
-snō (genitive plural)
-snē (dative singular)
-snōm (dative plural)
-snum (dative plural)
-snu (instrumental singular)
-snōm (instrumental plural)
-snum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -sn

Old Saxon: *-sna

Old Dutch: *-sna

Old High German: -sna, -nsa


-attjan

-attjan (infinitive)
-attjannjas (genitive infinitive)
-attjannjē (dative infinitive)
-attjannju (infinitive instrumental)
-attju (first-person present singular)
-attā (first-person past singular)
-atisi (present second-person singular)
-attēs (past second-person singular)
-attōs (past second-person singular)
-atiþi (present singular third-person)
-attē (past singular third-person)
-attā (past singular third-person)
-attjum (first-person plural present)
-attum (first-person past plural)
-atiþ (plural present second-person)
-attud (past plural second-person)
-attjanþ (plural present third-person)
-attun (past plural third-person)
-attjē (first-person present singular)
-attī (first-person past singular)
-attjēs (present second-person singular)
-attī (past second-person singular)
-attjē (present singular third-person)
-attī (past singular third-person)
-attjēm (first-person plural present)
-attīm (first-person past plural)
-attjēþ (plural present second-person)
-attīd (past plural second-person)
-attjēn (plural present third-person)
-attīn (past plural third-person)
-ati (present singular)
-atiþ (plural present)
-attjandī (participle present)
-att (participle past)

Old English: -ettan
Middle English: thouten (“to address as 'thou'”), yeten (“to address as 'ye'”) (likely), grunten (from Old English grunnettan), spouten
English: yeet, grunt, fidget (possibly), spout, botch, haunt (via French)

Old High German: -azzen, -ezzen

Middle High German: -ezzen, -zen, -sen

German: -zen, -sen

Creates verbs from nouns and adjectives, similar to -ise.

Creates intensive verbs from other verbs.


-nassī

-nassī (nominative singular)
-nassīn (accusative singular)
-nassīn (genitive singular)
-nassīn (dative singular)
-nassīn (instrumental singular)
-nassī (nominative singular)
-nassiju (nominative plural)
-nassī (accusative singular)
-nassiju (accusative plural)
-nassijas (genitive singular)
-nassijō (genitive plural)
-nassijē (dative singular)
-nassijum (dative plural)
-nassiju (instrumental singular)
-nassijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -nes, -ness, -nis, -niss, -nys, -nyss
Middle English: -nesse, -ness, -nes, -nece, -nesce, -nisse, -nis, -næse, -næs, -nez
English: -ness
Scots: -nes

Old Frisian: -nisse, -ense

Saterland Frisian: -nisse, -nis

West Frisian: -ens

Old Saxon: -nessi, -nissi, -nussi

Middle Low German: -nisse
Low German: -nis

Old Dutch: -nissi, -nussi

Middle Dutch: -nisse

Dutch: -nis

Afrikaans: -nis

Old High German: -nissi, -nussi

desc

Middle High German: -nisse, -nusse, -nüsse (at least in rhyme)

German: -nis, -niß -nüß, -nuß

Yiddish: ־ניש (-nish)

From *-nass, from Proto-Germanic *-inassuz, + *-ī.

Used to form abstract nouns, usually from adjectives, denoting quality or state; -ness


-jō

-jō (nominative singular)
-jan (nominative plural)
-jan (accusative singular)
-jan (accusative plural)
-jini (genitive singular)
-jan (genitive singular)
-janō (genitive plural)
-jini (dative singular)
-jan (dative singular)
-jum (dative plural)
-jini (instrumental singular)
-jan (instrumental singular)
-jum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -a

Old Frisian: -a

Old Saxon: -io

Old Dutch: -o

Old High German: -o, -eo


-islī

-islī (nominative singular)
-isliju (nominative plural)
-islī (accusative singular)
-isliju (accusative plural)
-islijas (genitive singular)
-islijō (genitive plural)
-islijē (dative singular)
-islijum (dative plural)
-isliju (instrumental singular)
-islijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -els m, -else, -elle f

Old Saxon: -isli, -islo

Middle Low German: -else, -els, -sel

Low German: -else, -sel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: -else

→ Swedish: -else

→ Old Danish: -ilse

Danish: -else

Old Dutch: -isli

Middle Dutch: -sel

Dutch: -sel

Old High German: -isli

Middle High German:

German: -sel

Used to form nouns from verbs denoting something which performs or has undergone an action, or something which results from the action; -age, -ion


-īn

-īn (nominative singular)
-īnō (nominative plural)
-īnōs (nominative plural)
-īn (accusative singular)
-īnā (accusative plural)
-īnas (genitive singular)
-īnō (genitive plural)
-īnē (dative singular)
-īnum (dative plural)
-īnu (instrumental singular)
-īnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

English: -en

Old Frisian: -en

Saterland Frisian: -en

West Frisian: -en

Old Saxon: -īn

Middle Low German: -en

Low German: -en

Old Dutch: *-īn

Middle Dutch: -ijn, -en

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -īn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en

Creates adjectives from nouns with the sense 'characteristic of, made of'.


-īn

-īn (nominative singular)
-īnu (nominative plural)
-īn (accusative singular)
-īnu (accusative plural)
-īnas (genitive singular)
-īnō (genitive plural)
-īnē (dative singular)
-īnum (dative plural)
-īnu (instrumental singular)
-īnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

English: -en

Scots: -in, -een

Old Frisian: -en

Saterland Frisian: -en

Old Saxon: -īn

Middle Low German: -en

German Low German: -en

Old Dutch: *-īn

Middle Dutch: -ijn, -en

Old High German: -īn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en

Creates diminutive nouns from other nouns.


-jā

-jā (nominative singular)
-jōn (nominative plural)
-jōn (accusative singular)
-jōn (accusative plural)
-jōn (genitive singular)
-jōnō (genitive plural)
-jōn (dative singular)
-jōm (dative plural)
-jum (dative plural)
-jōn (instrumental singular)
-jōm (instrumental plural)
-jum (instrumental plural)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

feminine of *-jō: Forms agent nouns from verbs.


-dōm

-dōm (nominative singular)
-dōmō (nominative plural)
-dōmōs (nominative plural)
-dōm (accusative singular)
-dōmā (accusative plural)
-dōmas (genitive singular)
-dōmō (genitive plural)
-dōmē (dative singular)
-dōmum (dative plural)
-dōmu (instrumental singular)
-dōmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: -dōm
Middle English: -dom, -dam, -dame, -dome, -don, -doom, -dum
English: -dom
Scots: -dom

Old Frisian: -dōm

North Frisian: -dom

Saterland Frisian: -dum

West Frisian: -domme

Old Saxon: -dōm
Middle Low German: -dôm
Low German: -dom

Old Dutch: -duom

Middle Dutch: -dom

Dutch: -dom

Old High German: -tuom

Middle High German: -tuom

German: -tum

Yiddish: ־טום (-tum)

Forms nouns denoting the condition or state of the suffixed word.

Forms nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.


-līk

-līk (masculine nominative singular)
-līku (feminine nominative singular)
-līk (neuter nominative singular)
-līkanā (accusative masculine singular)
-līkā (accusative feminine singular)
-līk (accusative neuter singular)
-līkas (genitive masculine singular)
-līkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-līkas (genitive neuter singular)
-līkumē (dative masculine singular)
-līkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-līkumē (dative neuter singular)
-līku (instrumental masculine singular)
-līkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-līku (instrumental neuter singular)
-līkē (masculine nominative plural)
-līkō (feminine nominative plural)
-līku (neuter nominative plural)
-līkā (accusative masculine plural)
-līkā (accusative feminine plural)
-līku (accusative neuter plural)
-līkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-līkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-līkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-līkēm (dative masculine plural)
-līkum (dative masculine plural)
-līkēm (dative feminine plural)
-līkum (dative feminine plural)
-līkēm (dative neuter plural)
-līkum (dative neuter plural)
-līkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-līkum (instrumental masculine plural)
-līkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-līkum (feminine instrumental plural)
-līkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-līkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -līċ, -līh, -lī
Middle English: -ly, -li, -lych, -lich
English: -ly
Scots: -lie

Old Frisian: -līk

Saterland Frisian: -elk

West Frisian: -lyk

Old Saxon: -līk

Middle Low German: -līk, -lik, -lick (inflected -lik-)

desc

Low German: -lich, -lig, -lik, -lick, -li (Eastfalian), -elk (East Frisian)

Plautdietsch: -lich

Old Dutch: -līk

desctree

Middle Dutch: -lijc
Dutch: -lijk
Afrikaans: -lik
Jersey Dutch: -lik, -lek, -lā́ik

Old High German: -līh
Middle High German: -lich
German: -lich
Luxembourgish: -lech
Yiddish: ־לעך (-lekh)

-like, -ly. Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of 'similar to, characteristic of'.


-wari

-wari (nominative singular)
-warjō (nominative plural)
-warjōs (nominative plural)
-wari (accusative singular)
-warjā (accusative plural)
-warjas (genitive singular)
-warjō (genitive plural)
-warjē (dative singular)
-warjum (dative plural)
-warju (instrumental singular)
-warjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ware

Middle English: -ere

Scots: -ar, -er

English: -er

Old Frisian: -ere

Saterland Frisian: -er

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: *-āri

Middle Low German: -ære, -er

German Low German: -er

→ Old Norse: -ari

Faroese: -ari

Old Swedish: -are

Swedish: -are

Old Dutch: *-āri

Middle Dutch: -ere

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -āri, -eri, -wari

Middle High German: -āre, -ære, -er

German: -er


-haidu

-haidu (nominative singular)
-haidiwi (nominative plural)
-haidō (nominative plural)
-haidu (accusative singular)
-haidū (accusative plural)
-haidō (genitive singular)
-haidiwō (genitive plural)
-haidiwi (dative singular)
-haidō (dative singular)
-haidum (dative plural)
-haidu (instrumental singular)
-haidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -hād (m.a-stem)
Middle English: -had, -hod, -hed, -hede
English: -hood; -head
Scots: -heid

Old Frisian: -hēd (f.i-stem)

Saterland Frisian: -haid, -gaid

West Frisian: -heid

Old Saxon: -hēd (f.i-stem; mf.u-stem)
Middle Low German: -heit
German Low German: -heet, -het
East Frisian: -heid
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommerisch, Paderbornisch: -heit
→ Danish: -hed
→ Icelandic: -heit
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -het
→ Swedish: -het

Old Dutch: *-hēd, *-heid (f.i-stem)

Middle Dutch: -heit

Dutch: -heid
Afrikaans: -heid

Old High German: -heit (f.i-stem)

Middle High German: -heit

Alemannic German: -heit, -keit

German: -heit, -keit

Yiddish: ־הייט (-heyt), ־קייט (-keyt)

-hood. Forms nouns denoting the condition or quality from nouns and adjectives.


-wintrī

-wintrī (masculine nominative singular)
-wintriju (feminine nominative singular)
-wintrī (neuter nominative singular)
-wintrijanā (accusative masculine singular)
-wintrijā (accusative feminine singular)
-wintrī (accusative neuter singular)
-wintrijas (genitive masculine singular)
-wintrijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-wintrijas (genitive neuter singular)
-wintrijumē (dative masculine singular)
-wintrijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-wintrijumē (dative neuter singular)
-wintriju (instrumental masculine singular)
-wintrijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-wintriju (instrumental neuter singular)
-wintrijē (masculine nominative plural)
-wintrijō (feminine nominative plural)
-wintriju (neuter nominative plural)
-wintrijā (accusative masculine plural)
-wintrijā (accusative feminine plural)
-wintriju (accusative neuter plural)
-wintrijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-wintrijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-wintrijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-wintrijēm (dative masculine plural)
-wintrijum (dative masculine plural)
-wintrijēm (dative feminine plural)
-wintrijum (dative feminine plural)
-wintrijēm (dative neuter plural)
-wintrijum (dative neuter plural)
-wintrijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-wintrijum (instrumental masculine plural)
-wintrijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-wintrijum (feminine instrumental plural)
-wintrijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-wintrijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -wintre

Middle English: -winter

From Proto-Germanic *-wintruz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


-astrijā

-astrijā (nominative singular)
-astrijōn (nominative plural)
-astrijōn (accusative singular)
-astrijōn (accusative plural)
-astrijōn (genitive singular)
-astrijōnō (genitive plural)
-astrijōn (dative singular)
-astrijōm (dative plural)
-astrijum (dative plural)
-astrijōn (instrumental singular)
-astrijōm (instrumental plural)
-astrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -estre, -istræ, -istre, -ystre
Middle English: -estere, -ester, -estre, -ister, -istre, -star, -stare, -ster, -stere, -uster, -ysstere
English: -ster
⇒ English: -stress
Scots: -ster

Old Frisian: -ster, -stere

Saterland Frisian: -ster

West Frisian: -ster

Old Saxon: *-istra

Middle Low German: -ester, -ster

Old Dutch: *-istra

Middle Dutch: -ster, *-stere

Dutch: -ster

>? Old High German: *-astria

⇒ Old High German: wagastria

Uncertain; multiple origins have been suggested, but none has received widespread approval.
* Despite the similarity of the suffix to Vulgar Latin -istria, borrowing from it is now usually rejected because of the large number of Old English formations where this suffix is applied to native roots.
* Davis and Bammesberger derive it from earlier -astrī (a neuter ja-stem; they see this form surviving in relics such as Old English eowestre) suffixed with *-jā, from Proto-Germanic *-astriją, itself a suffixation of *-istrą, *-astrą with *-ją.
* Gąsiorowski instead considers this suffix to be an extension of earlier *-astri (an ī/jō-stem), with replacement of the unproductive ī/jō-stem endings with more common ōn-stem endings. He suggests that *-astri originates from Proto-Indo-European *-sr-ih₂, a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂; he also suggests a relation to Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz (see *-ārī).

-ress: Forms feminine agent nouns from verbs.


-umō

-umō (masculine nominative singular)
-umā (feminine nominative singular)
-umā (neuter nominative singular)
-uman (accusative masculine singular)
-umōn (accusative feminine singular)
-umā (accusative neuter singular)
-umini (genitive masculine singular)
-uman (genitive masculine singular)
-umōn (feminine genitive singular)
-umini (genitive neuter singular)
-uman (genitive neuter singular)
-umini (dative masculine singular)
-uman (dative masculine singular)
-umōn (dative feminine singular)
-umini (dative neuter singular)
-uman (dative neuter singular)
-umini (instrumental masculine singular)
-uman (instrumental masculine singular)
-umōn (feminine instrumental singular)
-umini (instrumental neuter singular)
-uman (instrumental neuter singular)
-uman (masculine nominative plural)
-umōn (feminine nominative plural)
-umōn (neuter nominative plural)
-uman (accusative masculine plural)
-umōn (accusative feminine plural)
-umōn (accusative neuter plural)
-umanō (genitive masculine plural)
-umōnō (feminine genitive plural)
-umanō (genitive neuter plural)
-umum (dative masculine plural)
-umōm (dative feminine plural)
-umum (dative feminine plural)
-umum (dative neuter plural)
-umum (instrumental masculine plural)
-umōm (feminine instrumental plural)
-umum (feminine instrumental plural)
-umum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -uma, -ema, -ma
English: -most (from -emest(a))

Forms comparative or superlative adjectives.


-hert(ī)

-hert (canonical)
ī (romanization)
hert (masculine nominative singular)
hertu (feminine nominative singular)
hert (neuter nominative singular)
hertanā (accusative masculine singular)
hertā (accusative feminine singular)
hert (accusative neuter singular)
hertas (genitive masculine singular)
herteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hertas (genitive neuter singular)
hertumē (dative masculine singular)
herteʀē (dative feminine singular)
hertumē (dative neuter singular)
hertu (instrumental masculine singular)
herteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hertu (instrumental neuter singular)
hertē (masculine nominative plural)
hertō (feminine nominative plural)
hertu (neuter nominative plural)
hertā (accusative masculine plural)
hertā (accusative feminine plural)
hertu (accusative neuter plural)
herteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
herteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
herteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hertēm (dative masculine plural)
hertum (dative masculine plural)
hertēm (dative feminine plural)
hertum (dative feminine plural)
hertēm (dative neuter plural)
hertum (dative neuter plural)
hertēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hertum (instrumental masculine plural)
hertēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hertum (feminine instrumental plural)
hertēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hertum (instrumental neuter plural)
hirtī (masculine nominative singular)
hirtiju (feminine nominative singular)
hirtī (neuter nominative singular)
hirtijanā (accusative masculine singular)
hirtijā (accusative feminine singular)
hirtī (accusative neuter singular)
hirtijas (genitive masculine singular)
hirtijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hirtijas (genitive neuter singular)
hirtijumē (dative masculine singular)
hirtijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
hirtijumē (dative neuter singular)
hirtiju (instrumental masculine singular)
hirtijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hirtiju (instrumental neuter singular)
hirtijē (masculine nominative plural)
hirtijō (feminine nominative plural)
hirtiju (neuter nominative plural)
hirtijā (accusative masculine plural)
hirtijā (accusative feminine plural)
hirtiju (accusative neuter plural)
hirtijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hirtijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hirtijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hirtijēm (dative masculine plural)
hirtijum (dative masculine plural)
hirtijēm (dative feminine plural)
hirtijum (dative feminine plural)
hirtijēm (dative neuter plural)
hirtijum (dative neuter plural)
hirtijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hirtijum (instrumental masculine plural)
hirtijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hirtijum (feminine instrumental plural)
hirtijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hirtijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -heort

Old Saxon: -hert

⇒ Old Saxon: gramhert

Old High German: herzi, -herz

From Proto-Germanic *-hertaz + *-ī (adjective suffix). Cognate with Gothic -𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍃 (-hairts).


-ilu

-ilu (nominative singular)
-ilō (nominative plural)
-ilā (accusative singular)
-ilā (accusative plural)
-ilā (genitive singular)
-ilō (genitive plural)
-ilē (dative singular)
-ilōm (dative plural)
-ilum (dative plural)
-ilu (instrumental singular)
-ilōm (instrumental plural)
-ilum (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-ilō, from *-ilaz (agent and instrumental suffix) + *-ō (nominal suffix).


-ilā

-ilā (nominative singular)
-ilōn (nominative plural)
-ilōn (accusative singular)
-ilōn (accusative plural)
-ilōn (genitive singular)
-ilōnō (genitive plural)
-ilōn (dative singular)
-ilōm (dative plural)
-ilum (dative plural)
-ilōn (instrumental singular)
-ilōm (instrumental plural)
-ilum (instrumental plural)

Suffix appended to animal and plant names.


-þi

Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns.


-wardas

-wardas (masculine nominative singular)
-wardasu (feminine nominative singular)
-wardas (neuter nominative singular)
-wardasanā (accusative masculine singular)
-wardasā (accusative feminine singular)
-wardas (accusative neuter singular)
-wardasas (genitive masculine singular)
-wardaseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-wardasas (genitive neuter singular)
-wardasumē (dative masculine singular)
-wardaseʀē (dative feminine singular)
-wardasumē (dative neuter singular)
-wardasu (instrumental masculine singular)
-wardaseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-wardasu (instrumental neuter singular)
-wardasē (masculine nominative plural)
-wardasō (feminine nominative plural)
-wardasu (neuter nominative plural)
-wardasā (accusative masculine plural)
-wardasā (accusative feminine plural)
-wardasu (accusative neuter plural)
-wardaseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-wardaseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-wardaseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-wardasēm (dative masculine plural)
-wardasum (dative masculine plural)
-wardasēm (dative feminine plural)
-wardasum (dative feminine plural)
-wardasēm (dative neuter plural)
-wardasum (dative neuter plural)
-wardasēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-wardasum (instrumental masculine plural)
-wardasēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-wardasum (feminine instrumental plural)
-wardasēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-wardasum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: -weardes
Middle English: -wardes, -wardis, -wardus
English: -wards
Scots: -wardis

Old Saxon: *-wardes

Middle Low German: -wērdes

Low German: -warts

→ Swedish: -värtes

Old Dutch: -wardes, *-werdes

Middle Dutch: -waerts, -werts

Dutch: -waarts

Old High German: -wartes, -wertes

Middle High German: -wertes

German: -wärts

Fossilized from the genitive singular of *-ward.


-frī

-frī (masculine nominative singular)
-friju (feminine nominative singular)
-frī (neuter nominative singular)
-frijanā (accusative masculine singular)
-frijā (accusative feminine singular)
-frī (accusative neuter singular)
-frijas (genitive masculine singular)
-frijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-frijas (genitive neuter singular)
-frijumē (dative masculine singular)
-frijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-frijumē (dative neuter singular)
-friju (instrumental masculine singular)
-frijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-friju (instrumental neuter singular)
-frijē (masculine nominative plural)
-frijō (feminine nominative plural)
-friju (neuter nominative plural)
-frijā (accusative masculine plural)
-frijā (accusative feminine plural)
-friju (accusative neuter plural)
-frijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-frijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-frijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-frijēm (dative masculine plural)
-frijum (dative masculine plural)
-frijēm (dative feminine plural)
-frijum (dative feminine plural)
-frijēm (dative neuter plural)
-frijum (dative neuter plural)
-frijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-frijum (instrumental masculine plural)
-frijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-frijum (feminine instrumental plural)
-frijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-frijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -frēo

Middle English: -freo, -fre

English: -free

Scots: -frie, -free

Old Frisian: *-frī

Saterland Frisian: -fräi

West Frisian: -frij

Old Saxon: *-frī

Middle Low German: -vrî

German Low German: -freei

→ Danish: -fri

→ Swedish: -fri

→ Norwegian: -fri

Old Dutch: *-frī

Middle Dutch: -vrî

Dutch: -vrij

Old High German: *-frī

Middle High German: -frī, -vrī

German: -frei


-ukīn

-ukīn (nominative singular)
-ukīnu (nominative plural)
-ukīn (accusative singular)
-ukīnu (accusative plural)
-ukīnas (genitive singular)
-ukīnō (genitive plural)
-ukīnē (dative singular)
-ukīnum (dative plural)
-ukīnu (instrumental singular)
-ukīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ċen, -ċin
Middle English: -chen

Old Frisian: *-ken

Saterland Frisian: -ken

West Frisian: -ke

Old Saxon: *-ukīn, *-ikīn

Middle Low German: -eken

German Low German: -ken, -ke

Old Dutch: *-ukīn, *-ikīn, -kīn

desc

Middle Dutch: -ekin, -eken, -ekijn, -kin, -ken, -kijn

Dutch: -kijn, -tje, -ke

→ Middle English: -kin

English: -kin

→ Middle French: -quin, -quain

French: -quin

Old High German: *-uhīn, *-ihīn

Middle High German: -ichin, -echen

German: -chen

Used to create diminutive nouns from other nouns, originally diminutives from other diminutives


-ulīn

-ulīn (nominative singular)
-ulīnu (nominative plural)
-ulīn (accusative singular)
-ulīnu (accusative plural)
-ulīnas (genitive singular)
-ulīnō (genitive plural)
-ulīnē (dative singular)
-ulīnum (dative plural)
-ulīnu (instrumental singular)
-ulīnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: -ilīn, -līn

Middle Low German: -elîn, -elin, -elen, -lîn, -lin, -len

German Low German: -lien

Old Dutch: *-ulīn, *-ilīn

Middle Dutch: -elin, -elen, -elijn, -lin, -lijn

Dutch: -lijn

Old High German: -ilīn, -elīn, -ilī

Middle High German: -elīn, -līn

German: -lein, -ele (dialectal)

Alemannic German: -li


-iʀō

-iʀō (masculine nominative singular)
-iʀā (feminine nominative singular)
-iʀā (neuter nominative singular)
-iʀan (accusative masculine singular)
-iʀōn (accusative feminine singular)
-iʀā (accusative neuter singular)
-iʀini (genitive masculine singular)
-iʀan (genitive masculine singular)
-iʀōn (feminine genitive singular)
-iʀini (genitive neuter singular)
-iʀan (genitive neuter singular)
-iʀini (dative masculine singular)
-iʀan (dative masculine singular)
-iʀōn (dative feminine singular)
-iʀini (dative neuter singular)
-iʀan (dative neuter singular)
-iʀini (instrumental masculine singular)
-iʀan (instrumental masculine singular)
-iʀōn (feminine instrumental singular)
-iʀini (instrumental neuter singular)
-iʀan (instrumental neuter singular)
-iʀan (masculine nominative plural)
-iʀōn (feminine nominative plural)
-iʀōn (neuter nominative plural)
-iʀan (accusative masculine plural)
-iʀōn (accusative feminine plural)
-iʀōn (accusative neuter plural)
-iʀanō (genitive masculine plural)
-iʀōnō (feminine genitive plural)
-iʀanō (genitive neuter plural)
-iʀum (dative masculine plural)
-iʀōm (dative feminine plural)
-iʀum (dative feminine plural)
-iʀum (dative neuter plural)
-iʀum (instrumental masculine plural)
-iʀōm (feminine instrumental plural)
-iʀum (feminine instrumental plural)
-iʀum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -ra

Middle English: -ere, -er

English: -er

Old Frisian: -ere

West Frisian: -ere

Old Dutch: -iro, -ero

Middle Dutch: -er
Dutch: -er

Old High German: -iro

Middle High German: -er

German: -er

-er. Forms the comparative of certain adjectives.