klaibrā

klaibrā (nominative singular)
klaibrōn (nominative plural)
klaibrōn (accusative singular)
klaibrōn (accusative plural)
klaibrōn (genitive singular)
klaibrōnō (genitive plural)
klaibrōn (dative singular)
klaibrōm (dative plural)
klaibrum (dative plural)
klaibrōn (instrumental singular)
klaibrōm (instrumental plural)
klaibrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clāfre, clǣfre (< *klaibrijā)

desc

Middle English: clafre, claver, clovere, clevre

Scots: claver, clavir, clever

English: clover

Old Frisian: *klāvere, *klēvere

Saterland Frisian: Kleeuwer

West Frisian: klaver

Old Saxon: *klēvera, klefe

Middle Low German: klêver, kleiver, klaver, kleve

Low German: Klever, Klewer, Kleeber, Klief, Kliev

German Low German: Klaver

→ Danish: kløver, klør

→ Russian: кле́вер (kléver)

→ Swedish: klöver

→ Norwegian: kløver

Old Dutch: *klēvara

q

Middle Dutch: clevere, clavere (only in coastal areas, so possibly a loan from Old Frisian)

Dutch: klêver (dialectal), klaver

Unknown; suggested to be from earlier *klaiwʀā, in which the sequence *-wʀ- developed into *-bʀ-, syncopated from an original z-stem *klaiw ~ *klaiwiʀi, whence a-stem *klaiw, perhaps of substrate origin.


sprāku

sprāku (nominative singular)
sprākiwi (nominative plural)
sprākō (nominative plural)
sprāku (accusative singular)
sprākū (accusative plural)
sprākō (genitive singular)
sprākiwō (genitive plural)
sprākiwi (dative singular)
sprākō (dative singular)
sprākum (dative plural)
sprāku (instrumental singular)
sprākum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sprǣċ, spǣċ
Middle English: speche, speke, spech, spetch, spæc, spæch, speeche
English: speech
Scots: spech, spek

desc

Old Frisian: *sprāke, sprēke, sprēze, sprētze

North Frisian: sprek

Saterland Frisian: Sproake (possibly borrowed)

West Frisian: spraak (possibly borrowed)

desctree

Old Saxon: sprāka
Middle Low German: sprâke
German Low German: Sprake, Spraak
→ Danish: sprog
→ Icelandic: sprok
→⇒ Faroese: spráka
→ Norwegian: språk
→ Old Swedish: sprak
Swedish: språk

Old Dutch: *sprāka

Middle Dutch: sprake

Dutch: spraak
Afrikaans: spraak

Old High German: sprāhha, sprācha

Middle High German: sprāche

Alemannic German: Sproch

Swabian: Schbroach

Bavarian: Sproch

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Sproch

Kölsch: Sprooch

Luxembourgish: Sprooch

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: Schprohch

Vilamovian: śpröch

East Franconian:

German: Sprache

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Schprooch

Pfälzisch: Sproch

Yiddish: שפּראַך (shprakh)

From *sprākī (“talkative; speaking”) + *-u.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


biril

biril (nominative singular)
birilō (nominative plural)
birilōs (nominative plural)
biril (accusative singular)
birilā (accusative plural)
birilas (genitive singular)
birilō (genitive plural)
birilē (dative singular)
birilum (dative plural)
birilu (instrumental singular)
birilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *birl, *byrl

⇒ Old English: birla, byrla

Old Saxon: biril, birul

Old High German: biril, birul

Middle High German: *birel, *berel

Luxembourgish: Bierel, Bärel

From *beran (“to carry, bear”) + *il. Parallel construction with Old Norse berill (“vessel, barrel”).


bermō

bermō (nominative singular)
berman (nominative plural)
berman (accusative singular)
berman (accusative plural)
birmini (genitive singular)
berman (genitive singular)
bermanō (genitive plural)
birmini (dative singular)
berman (dative singular)
bermum (dative plural)
birmini (instrumental singular)
berman (instrumental singular)
bermum (instrumental plural)

Old English: beorma, beorm, bearm
Middle English: berme, barme, berm, barm, beorme
English: barm
Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm
Yola: barrm

Old Frisian: berma

Saterland Frisian: Bierme

West Frisian: berme

Old Saxon: *bermo, *berma

Middle Low German: berm, barm

German Low German: Barm, Bärme, Bärm

→ German: Bärme

→ Danish: bærme

→ Estonian: pärm

→ Swedish: bärma

→ Norwegian: bærme, berme

Old Dutch: *bermo; *berma

Middle Dutch: berme, berm, barme, barm

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *bermô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰér-mō ~ *bʰr̥-mnés, from *bʰer- (“to boil”) (compare with Latin fermentum (“fermentation; yeast”)) or *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil; to brew”), or perhaps from *gʷʰér-mō ~ *gʷʰr̥-mnés, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


snaggjō

snaggjō (nominative singular)
snaggjan (nominative plural)
snaggjan (accusative singular)
snaggjan (accusative plural)
snaggjini (genitive singular)
snaggjan (genitive singular)
snaggjanō (genitive plural)
snaggjini (dative singular)
snaggjan (dative singular)
snaggjum (dative plural)
snaggjini (instrumental singular)
snaggjan (instrumental singular)
snaggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *snecga, *snegga
Middle English: snegge
English: sneg, snag (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *sneggio

Middle Low German: snigge, snicke

German Low German: Snigg

Low German: snigge

Plautdietsch: Schnigj

→ Dutch: snigge

Old Dutch: *sneggo

Middle Dutch: snecke (eastern; doubtful)

Old High German: snecco, sneggo
Middle High German: snëgge, snëcke
Alemannic German: Schnägg
German: Schnecke
→ Dutch: snek
→ Swedish: snäcka
Yiddish: שנעק (shnek)

Likely from *snagōn (“to crawl, creep”) + *-jō (agent noun suffix), whence also *snagil (“snail”). Alternatively reconstructed as *sniggō, from *sniggōn + *-ō (agent noun suffix), iterative to *snīkan (“to crawl, creep”), or perhaps from *snegan + *-gō (animal suffix), from Proto-Germanic *sneganą (“to crawl, creep”).


snagil

snagil (nominative singular)
snagilō (nominative plural)
snagilōs (nominative plural)
snagil (accusative singular)
snagilā (accusative plural)
snagilas (genitive singular)
snagilō (genitive plural)
snagilē (dative singular)
snagilum (dative plural)
snagilu (instrumental singular)
snagilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sneġel, snæġl, snæġel, sneġl, snǣl, snēl
Middle English: snail, sneil, snayl, sneyl
English: snail
Scots: snail

Old Saxon: snegil

Middle Low German: snēgel

German Low German: Snagel, Snâel

Old High German: snegil

Middle High German: snëgel

German: Schnegel

Likely inherited from Proto-Germanic *snigilaz, whence Old Norse snigill (“snail”), but readjusted through *snagōn (“to crawl, creep”) + *-il (agent suffix), whence also *snaggjō (“snail”).

cat

Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-il (agent noun)


warjamōdā

warjamōdā (nominative singular)
warjamōdōn (nominative plural)
warjamōdōn (accusative singular)
warjamōdōn (accusative plural)
warjamōdōn (genitive singular)
warjamōdōnō (genitive plural)
warjamōdōn (dative singular)
warjamōdōm (dative plural)
warjamōdum (dative plural)
warjamōdōn (instrumental singular)
warjamōdōm (instrumental plural)
warjamōdum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: wermōd, wyrmōd, weremōd, wærmōd, wearmōd m

desctree

Middle English: wermode, wermot, warmot, weremod, wormode, wormote, wormet, wrmod, wurmode, woormood, wermod, wormod, wyrmwode, wormwode, wormewode, wermwod, wormwod, wurmewod
English: wormwood (< wormwode)
Scots: wormit (< wormet)
→ Irish: mormónta

Old Saxon: wermōda f

Middle Low German: wermode, wermede

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Wermutbier

East Frisian Low Saxon: Würmt

Westphalian:

Dortmunder: Weämaọ̆t, Weärmaọ̆t

Lippisch: Wärmken

Sauerländisch: Wiärmai, Wiermai (Balve), Wiärmaut (Brilon), Wȫrmane (Niedersfeld), Wērmaut (Elspe), Wiärmoi (Kirchhundem), Wirmoi (Selbecke)

Westmünsterländisch: Weermoot

Old Dutch: *wermuoda

Middle Dutch: wermoed, wermoet, warmôde

Dutch: weermoed

desc

Old High German: werimuota, wermuota, wormuota

Middle High German: wërmuote, wërmuote f or n

German: Wermut m or f

→ French: vermout

→ English: vermouth

→ Dutch: vermout

Unknown; possibly from *warjan (“to defend against”) + *mōd (“mind, sense”) for its alleged mental curative properties, or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)wer- (“to ache, fester”) due to its bitterness, compare Proto-Celtic *swerwos (“bitter”).


frijadōm

frijadōm (nominative singular)
frijadōmō (nominative plural)
frijadōmōs (nominative plural)
frijadōm (accusative singular)
frijadōmā (accusative plural)
frijadōmas (genitive singular)
frijadōmō (genitive plural)
frijadōmē (dative singular)
frijadōmum (dative plural)
frijadōmu (instrumental singular)
frijadōmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: frēodōm, frīodōm, frȳdōm
Middle English: fredom, fredome, freedom, freedome, freodom
English: freedom
Scots: freedom

Old Frisian: frīdōm
North Frisian: fridoem
Saterland Frisian: Fräidum
West Frisian: frijdoem

Old Saxon: *frīdōm

Middle Low German: vrîdôm

German Low German: Freeidoom

Low German: fridom

→ Norwegian: fridom

Old Dutch: *frīduom

Middle Dutch: vrijdom

Dutch: vrijdom

Afrikaans: vrydom

Old High German: frītuom
Middle High German: vrītuom
German: Freitum (dialectal)


drānu

drānu (nominative singular)
drāniwi (nominative plural)
drānō (nominative plural)
drānu (accusative singular)
drānū (accusative plural)
drānō (genitive singular)
drāniwō (genitive plural)
drāniwi (dative singular)
drānō (dative singular)
drānum (dative plural)
drānu (instrumental singular)
drānum (instrumental plural)

Old English: drān, drǣn
Middle English: drane, drone
English: drone
Scots: dron

Old Frisian: *drāne

Saterland Frisian: Droane (alternatively from Middle Low German)

Old Saxon: drān

Middle Low German: drâne, dorne, drône

Low German: Drahn

→ Danish: drone

→ German: Drohne

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: drone

Norwegian Nynorsk: drone

Old Dutch: *drān, *drano, *darno

Middle Dutch: darne, dorne, drone

Dutch: dar

Limburgish: dreen


kāsī

kāsī (nominative singular)
kāsijō (nominative plural)
kāsijōs (nominative plural)
kāsī (accusative singular)
kāsijā (accusative plural)
kāsijas (genitive singular)
kāsijō (genitive plural)
kāsijē (dative singular)
kāsijum (dative plural)
kāsiju (instrumental singular)
kāsijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċīese, ċǣse, ċēse, ċȳse, cȳsa
Middle English: chese, cheese, chesse, cheys, chiese, chise, cæse, ceose, cuse, cyse (Early Middle English)
English: cheese (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cheese

Old Frisian: tzīse, *tzēse

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: sees

Helgoland: sīs, sīz

Mooring: säis

Wiedingharde: sees

East Frisian:

Harlingerland Frisian: tzise, tzyse

Saterland Frisian: Síes

Wangerooge Frisian: siiz

Wursten Frisian: zise, schieese

West Frisian: tsiis, tsjiis

Hindeloopen: sees

Schiermonnikoog: tjiis

Old Saxon: kāsi

Middle Low German: kêse

Dutch Low Saxon: keze

German Low German: Kees, Käes, Käse

Plautdietsch: Kjees

Old Dutch: *cāsi

Middle Dutch: câse, kese (eastern)
Dutch: kaas
Afrikaans: kaas
→ Sotho: kase
→ Tswana: kase
Berbice Creole Dutch: kasi
Jersey Dutch: kääs
Negerhollands: kaas, kaes
→ Aukan: kasi
→ Papiamentu: keshi (from the diminutive)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: kas
→ Sranan Tongo: kasi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kási
→ Saramaccan: kási
Limburgish: kieës, kees

Old High German: chāsi, kāsi
Middle High German: kæse
Alemannic German: Chääs, Chees, Chèès
Alsatian: Käs
Swabian: Kääs
Walser: cheisch, chesch, chiesch, chääs, chìŝch
Bavarian: Kas, Kaas
Cimbrian: kese, khes, khéeze
Mòcheno: kas
Udinese: ckaas, kase, khase
East Franconian: Kaas, Kees
German: Käse
Hunsrik: Kees
Kölsch: Kies
Luxembourgish: Kéis
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Käs
Palatine German: Kees
Pennsylvania German: Kaes
Vilamovian: kȳz
Yiddish: קעז (kez)


taisilu

taisilu (nominative singular)
taisilō (nominative plural)
taisilā (accusative singular)
taisilā (accusative plural)
taisilā (genitive singular)
taisilō (genitive plural)
taisilē (dative singular)
taisilōm (dative plural)
taisilum (dative plural)
taisilu (instrumental singular)
taisilōm (instrumental plural)
taisilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tǣsel, tǣsl

Middle English: tasel, tasell, tasil, tasille, tasul, tasylle, tazel, tesel, tesell, tesle, tesyll
English: teasel, teazle, teasle, teazel, tazel
Scots: taisle, taissle, tassle

→ Old French: teizel

Old Frisian: *tēsel

Saterland Frisian: Tíesel, Tiesel

desc

Old High German: zeisala, zeisila f, zeisalo m

Middle High German: zeisel

German: Zeisel


skaidilu

skaidilu (nominative singular)
skaidilō (nominative plural)
skaidilā (accusative singular)
skaidilā (accusative plural)
skaidilā (genitive singular)
skaidilō (genitive plural)
skaidilē (dative singular)
skaidilōm (dative plural)
skaidilum (dative plural)
skaidilu (instrumental singular)
skaidilōm (instrumental plural)
skaidilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: sceithlo, scēthlo

Middle Low German: schēdele, scheidele

German Low German: Scheidel, Schaairel, Schäädel

→ Middle High German: schedel (possibly)

Alemannic German: Tschidele

German: Schädel

Old Dutch: *skeithila, skēthila

Middle Dutch: scedel, scheidel, schedele

Dutch: schedel
Afrikaans: skedel

Old High German: skeitila, sceitila

Middle High German: scheitele

German: Scheitel

→ German Low German: Scheitel

desctree

Yiddish: שייטל (sheytl)
→ English: sheitel


obaet

obaet (nominative singular)
obaetu (nominative plural)
obaet (accusative singular)
obaetu (accusative plural)
obaetas (genitive singular)
obaetō (genitive plural)
obaetē (dative singular)
obaetum (dative plural)
obaetu (instrumental singular)
obaetum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ofett, ofet, ofæt, obet
Middle English: ovet, ofet, ofvet (Early Middle English)
English: ovest (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *ovet

West Frisian: oefte

Old Saxon: *ovet

Middle Low German: ōvet, āvet, ōft

German Low German: Aaft, Ooft

Old Dutch: ovit

Middle Dutch: ōvet, ooft

Dutch: ooft

Old High German: obaz, obez

Middle High German: obez, obz

Alemannic German: Obs

Swabian: Obschd

Bavarian: Obs, Obscht, Obst

Mòcheno: ouvest

desc

Central Franconian: Obs, Obst, Ofs, Ubst, Uebst, Uebscht, Ust

Kölsch: Obs

German: Obst, Obs (dialectal)

→ German Low German: Obst

Hunsrik: Oobst

Luxembourgish: Uebst

Pennsylvania German: Obscht

Rhine Franconian: Uebst

Palatine German: Obs, Oubs, Obscht, Oubscht

Yiddish: אויפּס (oyps), אויבס (oybs)

→? Proto-Slavic: *ovoťe

From Proto-Germanic *ubetą or *ubatją, from *uba- + *etaną (“to eat”) or *atjaną (“to cause to eat; to pasture, graze”), respectively, compare *fraetan (“to devour, consume”). Presumably related to Proto-Slavic *ovoťe (“fruit”).


kwalm

kwalm (nominative singular)
kwalmō (nominative plural)
kwalmōs (nominative plural)
kwalm (accusative singular)
kwalmā (accusative plural)
kwalmas (genitive singular)
kwalmō (genitive plural)
kwalmē (dative singular)
kwalmum (dative plural)
kwalmu (instrumental singular)
kwalmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwealm

Middle English: cwalm, qualm, quelm

Scots: qualm

English: qualm

Old Frisian: *kwalm

Saterland Frisian: Kwalm (possibly from Middle Low German)

Old Saxon: *kwalm, qualm

Middle Low German: quallem

Low German: kwalm

Dutch Low Saxon: kwaalm

→ Dutch: kwalm

→ Swedish: kvalm

→ Danish: kvalm, kvalme

Old High German: *kwalm, qualm

Middle High German: qualm

German: Qualm

From earlier *kwalmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷolH-mos, from *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce, stab; pain, injury, death”).


muniwu

muniwu (nominative singular)
muniwō (nominative plural)
muniwā (accusative singular)
muniwā (accusative plural)
muniwā (genitive singular)
muniwō (genitive plural)
muniwē (dative singular)
muniwōm (dative plural)
muniwum (dative plural)
muniwu (instrumental singular)
muniwōm (instrumental plural)
muniwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mynu, myne

desctree

Middle English: menowe, menawe, menew, meney, menow, menwu
English: minnow, minny, minnie
Scots: mennon, minnon

Old Saxon: muniwa

Middle Low German: mone, möne, mȫne

→ Dutch: meun

→ West Frisian: meun, mûne

→ Saterland Frisian: Mööne

→ German: Möhn

desc

Old High German: muniwa, munuwa, munwa, munewa

Middle High German: münwe, *munne, *münne, *müne

German: Münne (< *münne)

Luxembourgish: Minn (< *müne)

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“small”).


spōdi

spōdi (nominative singular)
spōdī (nominative plural)
spōdi (accusative singular)
spōdī (accusative plural)
spōdī (genitive singular)
spōdijō (genitive plural)
spōdī (dative singular)
spōdim (dative plural)
spōdijum (dative plural)
spōdī (instrumental singular)
spōdim (instrumental plural)
spōdijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spēd
Middle English: spede
English: speed
→ Ternate: spit
Scots: sped, spede, speid

Old Saxon: *spōdi, spōd

Middle Low German: spôt, spoet

German Low German: Spood

Low German: spood

Old Dutch: *spuod

Middle Dutch: spoet
Dutch: spoed

Old High German: spuot

Middle High German: spuot (dying out)

q

German: Sput (rare and only under Low German influence)

From *spōan (“to succeed, prosper”) + *-þi.


lanu

lanu (nominative singular)
lanō (nominative plural)
lanā (accusative singular)
lanā (accusative plural)
lanā (genitive singular)
lanō (genitive plural)
lanē (dative singular)
lanōm (dative plural)
lanum (dative plural)
lanu (instrumental singular)
lanōm (instrumental plural)
lanum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lanu, lane, lone — weak
Middle English: lane, lone
English: lane (dialectal loan)
⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin
→ Middle Scots: lane
→ Welsh: lôn
Scots: lone, loan
Yola: laane
→ Irish: lána

Old Frisian: lana, lona, lane, lone

Saterland Frisian: Lone

West Frisian: leane, loane

Old Saxon: lana

desc

Middle Low German: lāne, lahne, lahn, lone

German Low German: Lane, Laan

Old Dutch: *lana

Middle Dutch: lāne

Dutch: laan

Afrikaans: laan


bebru

bebru (nominative singular)
bibriwi (nominative plural)
bebrō (nominative plural)
bebru (accusative singular)
bebrū (accusative plural)
bebrō (genitive singular)
bibriwō (genitive plural)
bibriwi (dative singular)
bebrō (dative singular)
bebrum (dative plural)
bebru (instrumental singular)
bebrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: befer, beofor, byfor, bebr, bebir, beber, befor, beofer, beuer
Middle English: bever, beauver, beever, befer, beofer, beuver, bevere, bevre, bevyr, bevyre, bewer, byvre
English: beaver
Scots: bever, baiver
→ Irish: béabhar

Old Frisian: *bever

North Frisian: biiber (or from German?)

West Frisian: bever

Old Saxon: biƀar, biƀor

Middle Low German: bēver

Low German: Bever

Plautdietsch: Bieba (or from German?)

→ Faroese: bævur

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: bever

Norwegian Nynorsk: bever

→ Old Swedish: bæver

Swedish: bäver

→ Old Danish: biauær

Danish: bæver

→ Icelandic: bifur

→ Elfdalian: bäver

→ Gutnish: bävar

Old Dutch: *bevar
Middle Dutch: bēver
Dutch: bever
Afrikaans: bewer
Limburgish: baever

Old High German: bibar, bibur

Middle High German: biber

German: Biber

→ Luxembourgish: Biber

Hunsrik: Biver

Yiddish: ביבער (biber)

→ Old French: bievre (see there for further descendants)


flaiski

flaiski (nominative singular)
flaiskī (nominative plural)
flaiski (accusative singular)
flaiskī (accusative plural)
flaiskī (genitive singular)
flaiskijō (genitive plural)
flaiskī (dative singular)
flaiskim (dative plural)
flaiskijum (dative plural)
flaiskī (instrumental singular)
flaiskim (instrumental plural)
flaiskijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: flǣsċ
Middle English: flesh
English: flesh
Scots: flesch
Yola: vleash, vlesh

Old Frisian: flāsk, flēsk
North Frisian:
Mooring: flååsch
Saterland Frisian: Flaask
West Frisian: fleis

Old Saxon: flēsk
Middle Low German: vlêsk, vlêsch, vlês
German Low German:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Low Prussian: Sauerländisch (Olpe, Wenden): Fleisch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Fleesch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Fleesk
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Sauerländisch (Sündern, Balve, Eslohe, Attendorn, Drolshagen, Kirchhundem): Fläis
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Westmünsterländisch: Flees
East Westphalian (Ravensberg), Sauerländisch: Fläisk
East Westphalian: Floisk (Lippe)
Sauerländisch: Flääsk (Niedersfeld), Flais (Felbecke, Elspe)
Plautdietsch: Fleesch

Old Dutch: flēsc
Middle Dutch: vlêesch
Dutch: vlees
Afrikaans: vleis
Negerhollands: vleesch, fleis, vleis
→ West Frisian: fleis
Limburgish: vleisj

Old High German: fleisk
Middle High German: fleisch, fleis, vleisch
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Floisch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vlòas, blòas, vlaisch
Central Franconian: Fleesch, Fleisch, Flääsch
Hunsrik: Fleisch
Luxembourgish: Fleesch
German: Fleisch
Rhine Franconian: Flaasch, Flaisch, Fleesch
Pennsylvania German: Fleesch
Vilamovian: fłaś
Yiddish: פֿלייש (fleysh)


ailid

ailid (nominative singular)
ailidō (nominative plural)
ailidōs (nominative plural)
ailid (accusative singular)
ailidā (accusative plural)
ailidas (genitive singular)
ailidō (genitive plural)
ailidē (dative singular)
ailidum (dative plural)
ailidu (instrumental singular)
ailidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣled

Middle English: ēld

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: oaled

Cornish: oles

Welsh: aelwyd

Old Saxon: ēld


hōn

hōn (nominative singular)
hōnu (nominative plural)
hōn (accusative singular)
hōnu (accusative plural)
hōnas (genitive singular)
hōnō (genitive plural)
hōnē (dative singular)
hōnum (dative plural)
hōnu (instrumental singular)
hōnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōn

Middle Low German: hōn

Low German: Hohn

Old Dutch: *hōn, *huon

Middle Dutch: hoen

Dutch: hoen
Afrikaans: hoender
Negerhollands: hoener, hundu, hunder, hun
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hundu (dated)

Old High German: huon

Middle High German: huon

Alemannic German: Hue

desc

Central Franconian: Hohn, Huhn (southern Moselle Franconian), Honn (Aachen)

Cimbrian: huun

German: Huhn

Luxembourgish: Hong

Yiddish: הון (hun)


spinþrijō

spinþrijō (nominative singular)
spinþrijan (nominative plural)
spinþrijan (accusative singular)
spinþrijan (accusative plural)
spinþrijini (genitive singular)
spinþrijan (genitive singular)
spinþrijanō (genitive plural)
spinþrijini (dative singular)
spinþrijan (dative singular)
spinþrijum (dative plural)
spinþrijini (instrumental singular)
spinþrijan (instrumental singular)
spinþrijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spīþra
Middle English: spiþre, spydyr, spider, spiþer
English: spider

From *spinnan (“to spin”) + *-þr + *-jō.


hwal

hwal (nominative singular)
hwalō (nominative plural)
hwalōs (nominative plural)
hwal (accusative singular)
hwalā (accusative plural)
hwalas (genitive singular)
hwalō (genitive plural)
hwalē (dative singular)
hwalum (dative plural)
hwalu (instrumental singular)
hwalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwæl
Middle English: whale, hwæl, qual, whal, swale, quall, quale, whaale, whalle, qwayll, wale, qwall, qwalle
English: whale
Scots: whaul

Old Saxon: hwal
Middle Low German: wal
Low German: Waal

Old Dutch: *wal

Middle Dutch: wal

Dutch: wal

Old High German: wal
Middle High German: wal
German: Wal
→ Estonian: vaal
→ Luxembourgish: Wal


hwelp

hwelp (nominative singular)
hwelpō (nominative plural)
hwelpōs (nominative plural)
hwelp (accusative singular)
hwelpā (accusative plural)
hwelpas (genitive singular)
hwelpō (genitive plural)
hwelpē (dative singular)
hwelpum (dative plural)
hwelpu (instrumental singular)
hwelpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwelp

Middle English: whelp

Scots: whalp, whaulp

English: whelp

Old Frisian: *hwelp

West Frisian: welp

Old Saxon: hwelp

Middle Low German: welp, welpe

German Low German: Welpe

→ German: Welpe, Welp

Old Dutch: welp

Middle Dutch: welp

Dutch: welp

desc

Old High German: hwelf, welpf, welph, welf

Middle High German: wëlp, wëlf

German: Welf


hār

hār (nominative singular)
hāru (nominative plural)
hār (accusative singular)
hāru (accusative plural)
hāras (genitive singular)
hārō (genitive plural)
hārē (dative singular)
hārum (dative plural)
hāru (instrumental singular)
hārum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hǣr, hēr
Middle English: her
English: hair
Scots: hair, hayr, hare
Yola: haar

Old Frisian: hēr
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hiar
Goesharde: heer, häär
Halligen: heer
Heligoland: Hear
Mooring: häär
Sylt: Hiir
Wiedingharde: heer
Saterland Frisian: Híer
West Frisian: hier

Old Saxon: hār

Middle Low German: hâr

German Low German: Hoor, Haar

Plautdietsch: Hoa

Old Dutch: hār
Middle Dutch: hâer
Dutch: haar

Old High German: hār
Middle High German: hār
Alemannic German: Härre
Swabian: Hoar
Walser: haar, hoar, hoor, hàre
Bavarian: hoor
Cimbrian: har, haar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hor
Central Franconian: Hoor
German: Haar
Luxembourgish: Hoer
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haar
Yiddish: האָר (hor)


furtu

furtu (nominative singular)
furtiwi (nominative plural)
fortō (nominative plural)
furtu (accusative singular)
furtū (accusative plural)
fortō (genitive singular)
furtiwō (genitive plural)
furtiwi (dative singular)
fortō (dative singular)
furtum (dative plural)
furtu (instrumental singular)
furtum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *furt

Middle Low German:

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Fort

Sauerländisch: Fuart

Old Dutch: *furt

Middle Dutch: vort

Dutch: vort

Old High German: furz

Middle High German: furz, vurz, vorz

Central Franconian:

Ripuarian: Fotz

German: Furz

Yiddish: פֿאָרץ (forts)

From Proto-Germanic *furtuz, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥d-ú-s, from *perd- (“to fart loudly”) + *-us.


daili

daili (nominative singular)
dailī (nominative plural)
daili (accusative singular)
dailī (accusative plural)
dailī (genitive singular)
dailijō (genitive plural)
dailī (dative singular)
dailim (dative plural)
dailijum (dative plural)
dailī (instrumental singular)
dailim (instrumental plural)
dailijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dǣl

Middle English: dele

Scots: dele

English: deal

→ German: Deal

Old Frisian: dēl

North Frisian: deel

Saterland Frisian: Deel

West Frisian: diel

Old Saxon: dēl

Middle Low German: dēl, deil

German Low German: Deel

→ Norwegian: del

→ Old Swedish: del

Swedish: del

→ Danish: del

Old Dutch: deil

Old High German: teil

Middle High German: teil

Central Franconian: Dääl

German: Teil

Luxembourgish: Deel

Yiddish: טייל (teyl)


krūd

krūd (nominative singular)
krūdu (nominative plural)
krūd (accusative singular)
krūdu (accusative plural)
krūdas (genitive singular)
krūdō (genitive plural)
krūdē (dative singular)
krūdum (dative plural)
krūdu (instrumental singular)
krūdum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: krūd

Saterland Frisian: Kruud

West Frisian: bussekruud (second element)

Old Saxon: krūd

Middle Low German: krût, krûde

German Low German: Kruut

Plautdietsch: Krut

→ Old Norse: krydd

Icelandic: krydd

Faroese: krydd

Norwegian: krydder

Old Swedish: krydda f, krydde, kryde n

Swedish: krydda

→ Finnish: ryyti

Danish: krydderi

→ Danish: krudt (“gunpowder”)

→ Faroese: krút

→ Finnish: ruuti

Old Dutch: krūt

Middle Dutch: cruut, cruud (both variants used interchangeably)

Dutch: kruid, kruit (variants developed different meanings)

Afrikaans: kruid

Limburgish: kroed

Old High German: krūt, chrūt

Middle High German: krūt

desc

Alemannic German: Chruut, Chrut, Chruud, Krut (Alsatian), chrud, chrüt (Walser)

Alsatian: Krut

Walser: chrit (Valais), chrud, chrüt

Central Franconian: Krock, Krout

Kölsch: Kruck

German: Kraut

→ English: sauerkraut (second element)

Luxembourgish: Kraut

Yiddish: קרויט (kroyt)

Unknown; possibly:
* from *krūdan (“to press, push, crowd”), with the original meaning “crowding plant, weed”, compare Dutch krodde (“several small weeds”), perhaps from the related iterative *krūttōną (“to pack”),
* cognate with Ancient Greek βρῠ́ον (brúon, “tree-moss, etc.”), from βρύω (brúō, “to swell”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru (“skewer; spear”),
* or borrowed from a substrate language.


arku

arku (nominative singular)
arkō (nominative plural)
arkā (accusative singular)
arkā (accusative plural)
arkā (genitive singular)
arkō (genitive plural)
arkē (dative singular)
arkōm (dative plural)
arkum (dative plural)
arku (instrumental singular)
arkōm (instrumental plural)
arkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earce, earc, erc f, ærc n

Middle English: arke, ark

English: ark (see there for further descendants)

Scots: airk

Old Frisian: arke

Old Saxon: *arka

Middle Low German: arke, arche

Old Dutch: *arka

Middle Dutch: arke

Dutch: ark

Old High German: arka, arca, archa

desc

Middle High German: arke, arc, arche, arch

German: Arche

→ Luxembourgish: Arch


siniskalk

siniskalk (nominative singular)
siniskalkō (nominative plural)
siniskalkōs (nominative plural)
siniskalk (accusative singular)
siniskalkā (accusative plural)
siniskalkas (genitive singular)
siniskalkō (genitive plural)
siniskalkē (dative singular)
siniskalkum (dative plural)
siniskalku (instrumental singular)
siniskalkum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: senescalh, siniscalh, siniscalc

→ Medieval Latin: siniscalcus, senescalcus, sinescalcus, seniscalcus [692 CE] (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *siniskalkaz, from *siniz (“old”) + *skalkaz (“servant”). Cognate with Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (siniskalks).


klinku

klinku (nominative singular)
klinkō (nominative plural)
klinkā (accusative singular)
klinkā (accusative plural)
klinkā (genitive singular)
klinkō (genitive plural)
klinkē (dative singular)
klinkōm (dative plural)
klinkum (dative plural)
klinku (instrumental singular)
klinkōm (instrumental plural)
klinkum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *klinka

Middle Low German: klinke

Old Dutch: *klinka

Middle Dutch: clinke

Dutch: klink

Old High German: *klinka

Middle High German: klinke

German: Klinke

desctree

→ Old French: clinke, clenche, clike, clique, cliche
Middle French: clenche, clenque, clinque
French: clenche, (dialectal) clanche
Walloon: cliche
→ Hungarian: kilincs

Apparently from Proto-Germanic *klinganą, but whether in the sense ‘to sound’ or the sense ‘to adhere’ is uncertain.


werru

werru (nominative singular)
werrō (nominative plural)
werrā (accusative singular)
werrā (accusative plural)
werrā (genitive singular)
werrō (genitive plural)
werrē (dative singular)
werrōm (dative plural)
werrum (dative plural)
werru (instrumental singular)
werrōm (instrumental plural)
werrum (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒? Old Frisian: wersia (“to strive or war against, resist, object”)

desctree

Old Saxon: werra
Middle Low German: werre

Old Dutch: *werra

Middle Dutch: werre, warre

Dutch: war

Afrikaans: war

Old High German: werra
Middle High German: wërre
German: Wirre
⇒ Old High German: werran
Middle High German: werren, wirren
German: wirren
⇒ Old High German: giwerri
Middle High German: gewërre
German: Gewirre, Gewirr
⇒ Old High German: werrisal
Middle High German: *werrsal, *wirrsal
German: Wirrsal

→ Medieval Latin: werra (see there for further descendants)

From *werran (“to cause confusion”) + *-u.


laubijā

laubijā (nominative singular)
laubijōn (nominative plural)
laubijōn (accusative singular)
laubijōn (accusative plural)
laubijōn (genitive singular)
laubijōnō (genitive plural)
laubijōn (dative singular)
laubijōm (dative plural)
laubijum (dative plural)
laubijōn (instrumental singular)
laubijōm (instrumental plural)
laubijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lōvia

Middle Low German: lôve

German Low German: Lööv

Old Dutch: *louva, *lōva

Middle Dutch: lôve

Dutch: loove, loofe (Flemish)

Old High German: louba

Middle High German: loube, löube

Alemannic German: Laube

Central Franconian: Lööv, Läuv

German: Laube

→ German Low German: Laube, Laub

Suevic:

→ Medieval Latin: lovio

Galician: lobio

→ Medieval Latin: laubia (see there for further descendants)


þeutā

þeutā (nominative singular)
þeutōn (nominative plural)
þeutōn (accusative singular)
þeutōn (accusative plural)
þeutōn (genitive singular)
þeutōnō (genitive plural)
þeutōn (dative singular)
þeutōm (dative plural)
þeutum (dative plural)
þeutōn (instrumental singular)
þeutōm (instrumental plural)
þeutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēote

Middle English: theote

Old Frisian: *thiāte, *thūte

Saterland Frisian: Tütjen, Tüütjen (possibly borrowed)

West Frisian: tute, tút (possibly borrowed)

Old Saxon: *thiota, *thūta

Middle Low German: tûte

German Low German: Tute, Tuut

→ German: Tüte

→ Danish: tud

→ Swedish: tut

Old Dutch: *thūta

Middle Dutch: tūte

Dutch: tuit

Old High German: *thioza, *dioza (in compounds: watardioza)

→ Vulgar Latin: *tūta

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tūtellus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *þeutǭ (“pipe, channel, flow”).


fliukkijā

fliukkijā (nominative singular)
fliukkijōn (nominative plural)
fliukkijōn (accusative singular)
fliukkijōn (accusative plural)
fliukkijōn (genitive singular)
fliukkijōnō (genitive plural)
fliukkijōn (dative singular)
fliukkijōm (dative plural)
fliukkijum (dative plural)
fliukkijōn (instrumental singular)
fliukkijōm (instrumental plural)
fliukkijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fliuca, fluggia

desc

Middle Low German: fleke, vlēke, flicke, fliecke, vlīke

Old Dutch: *fliuka, flieka

Middle Dutch: vlieke

Dutch: vliek

Old High German: flugga

→ Vulgar Latin: *fleccia (see there for further descendants)

From unattested strong verb *fleuk(k)ōn (“to fly”) + *-jā, related to *fleugan (“to fly”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-.


krōk

krōk (nominative singular)
krōkō (nominative plural)
krōkōs (nominative plural)
krōk (accusative singular)
krōkā (accusative plural)
krōkas (genitive singular)
krōkō (genitive plural)
krōkē (dative singular)
krōkum (dative plural)
krōku (instrumental singular)
krōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *crōc

Middle English: crok, croke

Scots: cruke, creuk, crewk, cruik

English: crook

→ Irish: crúca

Old Dutch: *kruok

Middle Dutch: croec

→ Vulgar Latin: *crōcus, *crōca

Old French: croce, croc, croche

Middle French: croche

French: croche

→ Catalan: corxa

→ Occitan: cròcha

Norman: cro (Jèrriais)

Walloon: crotche

→ Middle English: croche

English: croche

⇒ Old French: crochet, crochette, croket (diminutive)

Middle French: crochet

French: crochet, crochée

→ Catalan: corxera, corxea

→ English: crochet

→ Spanish: croché, corchea

Portuguese: crochet, crochê, croché, colcheia

Walloon: crotchèt

⇒ Old French: acrocher, accrocher, encrocher

Middle French: accrocher, acrocher, acrochier, accrochier

Middle French: accrocher

Walloon: acrotchî, acrotchi, acrotcher, acrotchè

→ Middle English: acrochen

Piedmontese: cròc

Sicilian: croccu

Medieval Latin: croccus

From Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“bend, hook”).


parruk

parruk (nominative singular)
parrukō (nominative plural)
parrukōs (nominative plural)
parruk (accusative singular)
parrukā (accusative plural)
parrukas (genitive singular)
parrukō (genitive plural)
parrukē (dative singular)
parrukum (dative plural)
parruku (instrumental singular)
parrukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pearroc, pearruc
Middle English: parrok, parrock
Scots: parrock, paddock
English: parrock, paddock

Old Saxon: *parrak, *perrik

Middle Low German: park, perk

German Low German: Park

→ Old Norse: *parrak (alternatively from Old English)

Icelandic: *parrak

⇒ Icelandic: parraka

⇒ Faroese: parrak (adj)

Old Dutch: *parrik, parc, (in placenames) park, perk

desc

Middle Dutch: parric, perric, paerc, perc, parc (influenced by Old French parc)

desctree

Dutch: park
Afrikaans: park
→ German: Park (partially)
→ Lower Sorbian: park
→ West Frisian: park

Dutch: perk

Afrikaans: perk

Old High German: pfarrih, pferrih

Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich

Alemannic German: Färrich

German: Pferch

→? Medieval Latin: parricus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly from *parrō, variant of *sparrō (“bar, beam”) (whence *sparrijan (“to bar, block”)), + *-uk. Compare also Proto-Germanic *barō (“beam, bar, barrier”). Alternatively borrowed from Medieval Latin parricus (“fence, enclosure”), instead of the other way around.


malhu

malhu (nominative singular)
malhō (nominative plural)
malhā (accusative singular)
malhā (accusative plural)
malhā (genitive singular)
malhō (genitive plural)
malhē (dative singular)
malhōm (dative plural)
malhum (dative plural)
malhu (instrumental singular)
malhōm (instrumental plural)
malhum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: malaha

Middle Low German: māle, maele, meile

Old Dutch: *mala

Middle Dutch: male, mael, maele

Dutch: maal, malie

Old High German: malaha, malha

Middle High German: malhe

→ Medieval Latin: mala [abt. 920, France] (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *malhō (“leather bag”).


pokō

pokō (nominative singular)
pokan (nominative plural)
pokan (accusative singular)
pokan (accusative plural)
pukini (genitive singular)
pokan (genitive singular)
pokanō (genitive plural)
pukini (dative singular)
pokan (dative singular)
pokum (dative plural)
pukini (instrumental singular)
pokan (instrumental singular)
pokum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pohha, pocca

Middle English: pogh, pouge, poc, pok

English: poke (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)

Scots: poke, poik (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)

Old Saxon: *poko, *puko; *pukil

Middle Low German: pok m; pocke, poche f; pukel, pockel

German Low German: Puckel

Old Dutch: *poko; *poka

Middle Dutch: poke

Dutch: pook (obsolete)

Old High German: *pfohho, *pfocho

Middle High German: pfoch

German: Pfoche (dialectal)

→ Vulgar Latin: *poca, *pocca

Old French: puche, poche, pouche; pochete (diminutive)

Middle French: poche; pochete, poucette, pochette

French: poche; pochette

Middle English: pouch

English: pouch

Old Northern French: poque, poke; poket, poquet, poquete (diminutive)

Picard: poque

Norman: pouque; pouquette

Middle English: poc, poke, pooke; pocket

English: poke (regional); pocket

Scots: pok, poke, polk, poik

Old Occitan: pocha; pocheta

Occitan: pòcha; pocheta

From Proto-Germanic *pukô, *pukkô (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew-, *bʰew- (“to swell; blow; inflate”).


falljō

falljō (nominative singular)
falljan (nominative plural)
falljan (accusative singular)
falljan (accusative plural)
falljini (genitive singular)
falljan (genitive singular)
falljanō (genitive plural)
falljini (dative singular)
falljan (dative singular)
falljum (dative plural)
falljini (instrumental singular)
falljan (instrumental singular)
falljum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *fello

q

Middle Dutch: felle, fel (“unscrupulous person, scoundrel, villian”) (possibly reinforced or reborrowed from Old French)

→? Medieval Latin: fellō (“criminal”) [858, Capitula Caroli Calvi] (see there for further descendants)

Presumably from *fali (“cruel, evil”) + *-jō, *-ō. Alternatively, often cited as being related to *fillijan (“to flay”).


mauwu

mauwu (nominative singular)
mauwō (nominative plural)
mauwā (accusative singular)
mauwā (accusative plural)
mauwā (genitive singular)
mauwō (genitive plural)
mauwē (dative singular)
mauwōm (dative plural)
mauwum (dative plural)
mauwu (instrumental singular)
mauwōm (instrumental plural)
mauwum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mouwe, mowe

West Frisian: mouwe

Old Saxon: *mouwa

desc

Middle Low German: mouwe, mowe, mauwe, mawe

German Low German: Maue, Mau

Old Dutch: *mouwa

Middle Dutch: mouwe, mauwe, muwe

Dutch: mouw

Old High German: mouwa

Middle High German: mouwe

Central Franconian: Mau

→ Old French: mouwe, mowe, moue, moe (“a grimace”)

Middle French: moue, moe

French: moue

→ English: moue

→ Middle English: mowe, mouwe

English: mow

⇒ Middle English: mowen (“to grimace”)

English: mow

From Proto-Germanic *mawwō (“muff, sleeve”), from Proto-Indo-European *mewH- (“to push away”).


widu

widu (nominative singular)
widiwi (nominative plural)
widō (nominative plural)
widu (accusative singular)
widū (accusative plural)
widō (genitive singular)
widiwō (genitive plural)
widiwi (dative singular)
widō (dative singular)
widum (dative plural)
widu (instrumental singular)
widum (instrumental plural)

Old English: widu, wudu, weadu

Middle English: wode

Scots: wod, wuid

English: wood

Old Saxon: widu, wido

Middle Low German: wēde

Old Dutch: *widu

Middle Dutch: wēde

Dutch: wede, (in placenames) -wedde (e.g. Onstwedde)

Old High German: witu

Middle High German: wite


kwād

kwād (nominative singular)
kwādu (nominative plural)
kwād (accusative singular)
kwādu (accusative plural)
kwādas (genitive singular)
kwādō (genitive plural)
kwādē (dative singular)
kwādum (dative plural)
kwādu (instrumental singular)
kwādum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwēad
Middle English: qued

Old Frisian: quād

>? Saterland Frisian: Keete

>? West Frisian: kwea; kjitte

Old Saxon: *kwād

Middle Low German: quât

German Low German: Quaad

Old Dutch: *kwād

desctree

Middle Dutch: quaet
Dutch: kwaad
Afrikaans: kwaad
Limburgish: kwaod

Old High German: quāt, kōt
Middle High German: quāt, kāt, quōt, kōt
German: Kot
Cimbrian: khòat

From Proto-Germanic *kwēdaz (“defecated, filthy”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷweH-tó-s, *gʷuH-tó-s (“defecated”), from *gʷewH- (“to defecate”) + *-tós. Cognate with Old Armenian կու (ku), կոյ (koy, “excrement”).


albut

albut (nominative singular)
albuti (nominative plural)
albutu (accusative singular)
albuti (accusative plural)
albuti (genitive singular)
albutō (genitive plural)
albuti (dative singular)
albutum (dative plural)
albuti (instrumental singular)
albutum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *albut, *elbit

desc

Middle Low German: elft, ēlft, eelft (“shad”)

Old Dutch: *alvit

Middle Dutch: elft (“shad”)

Dutch: elft (“shad”)

Afrikaans: elf, elwe (“shad”)

Old High German: albiz, elbiz (“swan”)

Middle High German: elbiz, albiz, elbez, albez (“swan”)

German: Elfte (“shad”)

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Elbsch (“swan”)

From Proto-Germanic *albuts, from Proto-Indo-European *álbʰ-ud-s ~ *albʰ-ud-és, from *albʰós (“white”). Cognate with Old West Norse álpt (“swan”), Proto-Slavic *olbǫdь (“swan”).


wabi

wabi (nominative singular)
wabbju (nominative plural)
wabi (accusative singular)
wabbju (accusative plural)
wabbjas (genitive singular)
wabbjō (genitive plural)
wabbjē (dative singular)
wabbjum (dative plural)
wabbju (instrumental singular)
wabbjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: webb
Middle English: web, webb, webbe, webe, weob
English: web
Scots: wab, wob

Old Frisian: webb, wobb, web, wob

Saterland Frisian: Wäb

West Frisian: web

Old Saxon: webbi

Middle Low German: webbe, wobbe

⇒ Low German: Spinnenwebb, Spinnenwubb, Spinnenwübb

Old Dutch: *webbi

Middle Dutch: webbe

Dutch: web

Old High German: webbi, weppi

Middle High German: webbe, weppe

⇒ German: Spinnwebe


kalb

kalb (nominative singular)
kalbiʀu (nominative plural)
kalb (accusative singular)
kalbiʀu (accusative plural)
kalbiʀi (genitive singular)
kalbiʀō (genitive plural)
kalbiʀi (dative singular)
kalbiʀum (dative plural)
kalbiʀi (instrumental singular)
kalbiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċealf, cælf

Middle English: calf, chelve, chalf, kelf

Scots: calf, cawf, caff, cauf

English: calf

Yola: callef

Old Frisian: *kalf, *kālch, *kāl

North Frisian: kuulew, kualew

Saterland Frisian: Koolich

West Frisian: keal

Old Saxon: kalf

Middle Low German: kalf

Low German: Kalv, Kalf

Plautdietsch: Kaulf

Old Dutch: calf
Middle Dutch: calf
Dutch: kalf
Limburgish: kalf

Old High German: kalb, chalb, chalp
Middle High German: kalp
Alemannic German: Chalp
Central Franconian: Kallev
Cimbrian: khalp, khalbe (Luserna)
German: Kalb
Luxembourgish: Kallef
Vilamovian: kołp
Yiddish: קאַלב (kalb)


fūliþu

fūliþu (nominative singular)
fūliþō (nominative plural)
fūliþā (accusative singular)
fūliþā (accusative plural)
fūliþā (genitive singular)
fūliþō (genitive plural)
fūliþē (dative singular)
fūliþōm (dative plural)
fūliþum (dative plural)
fūliþu (instrumental singular)
fūliþōm (instrumental plural)
fūliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fȳlþu

Middle English: fülthe, felthe, filthe

Scots: fylth, filth

English: filth

Old Saxon: fūlitha

Middle Low German: vūlede

Old Dutch: fūlitha

Middle Dutch: *vuulde

Dutch: vuilte

Old High German: fūlida

Middle High German: vūlde


rastu

rastu (nominative singular)
rastō (nominative plural)
rastā (accusative singular)
rastā (accusative plural)
rastā (genitive singular)
rastō (genitive plural)
rastē (dative singular)
rastōm (dative plural)
rastum (dative plural)
rastu (instrumental singular)
rastōm (instrumental plural)
rastum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ræst, rest

Middle English: reste, rest

Scots: rest

English: rest

Old Frisian: *raste, *reste

Saterland Frisian: Rääst, Räst

West Frisian: rêst

⇒ Old Frisian: rastelik, restelik

⇒ Old Frisian: restene

Old Saxon: rasta, resta

Middle Low German: raste, reste

Old Dutch: *rasta, *resta

desc

Middle Dutch: raste, reste, (with metathesis) erste

Dutch: rast, ras (dialectal)

Old High German: rasta

Middle High German: raste, reste

German: Rast

Luxembourgish: Rascht


hāt

hāt (nominative singular)
hātiʀu (nominative plural)
hāt (accusative singular)
hātiʀu (accusative plural)
hātiʀi (genitive singular)
hātiʀō (genitive plural)
hātiʀi (dative singular)
hātiʀum (dative plural)
hātiʀi (instrumental singular)
hātiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hæteru pl, hætera, hætere, hæteran
Middle English: hater, hatere, hatir, hatter, hattir, hatyr, heater, hetter

Old High German: *hāz

Middle High German: hāz m, hæze, hæz n

Alemannic German: Häss (archaic)

→ Proto-Slavic: *šata (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Compare Sanskrit छद् (chad), Prasuni vëzëlë.


firsti

firsti (nominative singular)
firstī (nominative plural)
firsti (accusative singular)
firstī (accusative plural)
firstī (genitive singular)
firstijō (genitive plural)
firstī (dative singular)
firstim (dative plural)
firstijum (dative plural)
firstī (instrumental singular)
firstim (instrumental plural)
firstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: first, fierst, fyrst

Middle English: first, virst

Scots: first

Old Saxon: first

Middle Low German: verst

Low German: verst

Old Dutch: *first

Middle Dutch: verste

Dutch: verste (obsolete)

Old High German: first

desc

Middle High German: virst, vierst, vërst, virste

Cimbrian: biarst

German: First

Luxembourgish: Fiischt

→ Old French: feste

French: faîte


buhsā

bohsā (nominative singular)
bohsōn (nominative plural)
bohsōn (accusative singular)
bohsōn (accusative plural)
bohsōn (genitive singular)
bohsōnō (genitive plural)
bohsōn (dative singular)
bohsōm (dative plural)
buhsum (dative plural)
bohsōn (instrumental singular)
bohsōm (instrumental plural)
buhsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: box
Middle English: box, boxe
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box

Old Frisian: *bukse, busse

Saterland Frisian: Bukse, Busse

West Frisian: bus, bos

Old Saxon: *buhsa

Middle Low German: busse

German Low German: Büsse, Büss

→ Old Norse: byssa

Icelandic: byssa

Faroese: byrsa

Norwegian: bøsse, bøssa, børse, børsa

Old Swedish: byssa, bøssa

Swedish: bössa, byssa

→ Finnish: pyssy

→ Ingrian: pyssy

→ Karelian: pyššy

Danish: bøsse

→ Estonian: püss

Old Dutch: *buhsa

Middle Dutch: busse
Dutch: bus
Afrikaans: bus
Limburgish: bösj
→ English: bush

Old High German: buhsa

Middle High German: buhse, bühse

Bavarian: Bichsn, Bixn, Buchsn, Buxn

German: Büchse (“can”); Buchse (“bushing, connector”)

Luxembourgish: Béchs

Yiddish: ביקס (biks)

→ Hungarian: puska

→ Proto-Slavic:

Bulgarian: пу́шка (púška)

Czech: puška

Old East Slavic: пушка (puška)

Russian: пу́шка (púška)

Polish: puszka

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пу̏шка

Latin script: pȕška

Slovak: puška

Slovene: púška

→ Romanian: pușcă

Borrowed from Latin buxa, buxis, buxus (“thing made of boxwood; box”).


burþini

burþini (nominative singular)
burþunnjō (nominative plural)
burþunnjā (accusative singular)
burþunnjā (accusative plural)
burþunnjā (genitive singular)
burþunnjō (genitive plural)
burþunnjē (dative singular)
burþunnjōm (dative plural)
burþunnjum (dative plural)
burþunnju (instrumental singular)
burþunnjōm (instrumental plural)
burþunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: byrþen, byrden

Middle English: bürthene, bürdene

Scots: burthine

English: burthen, burden

Old Saxon: burthinnia

Middle Low German: borden

Old High German: burthīn, burdīn

Middle High German: bürden


bliki

bliki (nominative singular)
blikī (nominative plural)
bliki (accusative singular)
blikī (accusative plural)
blikī (genitive singular)
blikkjō (genitive plural)
blikī (dative singular)
blikim (dative plural)
blikkjum (dative plural)
blikī (instrumental singular)
blikim (instrumental plural)
blikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blice

Old Dutch: *blic

Middle Dutch: blic

Dutch: blik

Old High German: blic

Middle High German: blic

German: Blick


hlasti

hlasti (nominative singular)
hlastī (nominative plural)
hlasti (accusative singular)
hlastī (accusative plural)
hlastī (genitive singular)
hlastijō (genitive plural)
hlastī (dative singular)
hlastim (dative plural)
hlastijum (dative plural)
hlastī (instrumental singular)
hlastim (instrumental plural)
hlastijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlæst
Middle English: last
English: last
Scots: last
→ Middle French: last (south-western dialects)
→ Medieval Latin: lastum, lestum
⇒ Medieval Latin: lastagium, lestagium
Old French: lastage (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: hlest

North Frisian: lest

Saterland Frisian: Last

West Frisian: lêst

Old Saxon: *hlast

Middle Low German: last

Low German: Last

→ Danish: last

→ Swedish: last

→ Norwegian: last

→ Icelandic: lest

→ Middle English: lest

English: lest

Old Dutch: *hlast, last

Middle Dutch: last
Dutch: last
( Afrikaans: las
Limburgish: las

Old High German: hlast, last

Middle High German: last

Alemannic German: Lascht

German: Last

Luxembourgish: Laascht

→ Old French: last

Middle French: lest

French: lest

From earlier *hlaþsti, from *hlaþan (“to load”) + *-þi with intrusive *-s-, compare *gresti, *brunsti.


biliþī

biliþī (nominative singular)
biliþiju (nominative plural)
biliþī (accusative singular)
biliþiju (accusative plural)
biliþijas (genitive singular)
biliþijō (genitive plural)
biliþijē (dative singular)
biliþijum (dative plural)
biliþiju (instrumental singular)
biliþijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bilethe, bild, byld

Saterland Frisian: Bielde

West Frisian: byld

Old Saxon: bilithi

desc

Middle Low German: bilede, bilde, belede, belde

German Low German: Bild

Plautdietsch: Bilt

→ Latvian: bilde (or from Middle Dutch)

→ Old Norse: bilæti

Icelandic: bílæti

Faroese: bílæti

Norwegian Nynorsk: bilete, bilæte

→ Old Swedish: bilæte

Swedish: beläte, bild

→ Old Danish: beletæ

Danish: billede

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bilde

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bilde

Old Dutch: bilithe, bilithi

desctree

Middle Dutch: bēelde, bilde, belde
Dutch: beeld
Afrikaans: beeld
Negerhollands: beeld
Limburgish: beildj
→ Latvian: bilde (or from Middle Low German)

Old High German: bilidi, piladi, biladi

Middle High German: bilde

desc

Central Franconian: Bild, Beld (less common)

Bavarian: Büd, Buid

Cimbrian: bilt, pilt

German: Bild
→? Estonian: pilt

Luxembourgish: Bild

Pennsylvania German: Bild

Yiddish: בילד (bild)

Possibly from *biliþu (“equalness, likeness”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix), from *bil (“equal, alike”) + *-iþu (“-ness, -th”), from Proto-Germanic *bilaz, *biliz.


fadurjō

fadurjō (nominative singular)
fadurjan (nominative plural)
fadurjan (accusative singular)
fadurjan (accusative plural)
fadurjini (genitive singular)
fadurjan (genitive singular)
fadurjanō (genitive plural)
fadurjini (dative singular)
fadurjan (dative singular)
fadurjum (dative plural)
fadurjini (instrumental singular)
fadurjan (instrumental singular)
fadurjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fædera

Old Frisian: federia, federja

North Frisian: fadrje, fedrje, feddere

Saterland Frisian: Fädder

Old Saxon: *fadiro

desc

Middle Low German: veddere, vedder, veder, vedere, vēder, viddere

Low German: Vedder

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fetter

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fetter

Old Dutch: *fadero

Middle Dutch: vedder

Dutch: vedder

Old High German: fatureo, fatero, fetiro

Middle High German: vetere, veter

German: Vetter

Yiddish: פֿעטער (feter)

From Proto-Germanic *fadurwijô, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tr̥wyos (“paternal uncle”). Equivalent to *fader (“father”) + *-jō. Cognate with Latin patruus, Sanskrit पितृव्य (pitṛvya), and Classical Persian افدر (afdar, “paternal uncle”).


twihō

twihō (nominative singular)
twihan (nominative plural)
twihan (accusative singular)
twihan (accusative plural)
twihini (genitive singular)
twihan (genitive singular)
twihanō (genitive plural)
twihini (dative singular)
twihan (dative singular)
twihum (dative plural)
twihini (instrumental singular)
twihan (instrumental singular)
twihum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: twēo, twīo
Middle English: tweon, twene

Old Saxon: tweho

Old High German: zweho

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).


wurpil

wurpil (nominative singular)
wurpilō (nominative plural)
wurpilōs (nominative plural)
wurpil (accusative singular)
wurpilā (accusative plural)
wurpilas (genitive singular)
wurpilō (genitive plural)
wurpilē (dative singular)
wurpilum (dative plural)
wurpilu (instrumental singular)
wurpilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrpel

Old Saxon: wurpil

Middle Low German: worpel

Low German: Wörpel

Plautdietsch: Wirfel

Old Dutch: *wurpil

Middle Dutch: worpel, werpel

Dutch: worpel, werpel

Old High German: wurfil

Middle High German: würfel

German: Würfel

Hunsrik: Werrfel

Luxembourgish: Wierfel

From *wurpijan or *werpan (“to thow, cast”) + *-il. See parallel formation in Old Norse verpill (“a die; barrel”).


stigilu

stigilu (nominative singular)
stigilō (nominative plural)
stigilā (accusative singular)
stigilā (accusative plural)
stigilā (genitive singular)
stigilō (genitive plural)
stigilē (dative singular)
stigilōm (dative plural)
stigilum (dative plural)
stigilu (instrumental singular)
stigilōm (instrumental plural)
stigilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stiġel, stigol

Middle English: stiȝele, style, stile

Scots: styl, style, styll, stylle

English: stile

Old Saxon: stigila; stigilla (< *stigillju)

Middle Low German: stegele, stegel

Low German: Stegel

Old Dutch: *stigila

Middle Dutch: stēghele, stēghel

Dutch: stegel

Old High German: stigila; stigilla (< *stigillju)

Middle High German: stigele

German: Stiegel

a device used for climbing (over); stile


paradīs

paradīs (nominative singular)
paradīsu (nominative plural)
paradīs (accusative singular)
paradīsu (accusative plural)
paradīsas (genitive singular)
paradīsō (genitive plural)
paradīsē (dative singular)
paradīsum (dative plural)
paradīsu (instrumental singular)
paradīsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: paradīs
Middle English: paradis, paradise, paradys
English: paradise
Scots: paradise

Old Frisian: paradīs

Old Saxon: paradīs

desc

Middle Low German: paradīs, paradijs, paradyes, pardīs

Old Dutch: paradīs

Middle Dutch: paradijs

desctree

Dutch: paradijs
Afrikaans: paradys
Negerhollands: paradis
→ Papiamentu: paradeis, paradijs
→ West Frisian: paradys

Old High German: paradīs

Middle High German: paradīse

German: Paradies

Vilamovian: paradīs

Borrowed from Latin paradīsum (“park, orchard; Paradise, Eden”).


halsaberg

halsaberg (nominative singular)
halsabergō (nominative plural)
halsabergōs (nominative plural)
halsaberg (accusative singular)
halsabergā (accusative plural)
halsabergas (genitive singular)
halsabergō (genitive plural)
halsabergē (dative singular)
halsabergum (dative plural)
halsabergu (instrumental singular)
halsabergum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *halsberg

Middle Dutch: halsberch

Dutch: halsberg

Old High German: halsberg

→ Medieval Latin: alsbergum (see there for further descendants)

Possibly a masculine variant of *halsabergu. Alternatively from Proto-Germanic *halsabergaz.


uʀgōllju

uʀgōllju (nominative singular)
uʀgōlljō (nominative plural)
uʀgōlljā (accusative singular)
uʀgōlljā (accusative plural)
uʀgōlljā (genitive singular)
uʀgōlljō (genitive plural)
uʀgōlljē (dative singular)
uʀgōlljōm (dative plural)
uʀgōlljum (dative plural)
uʀgōllju (instrumental singular)
uʀgōlljōm (instrumental plural)
uʀgōlljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: orgol, orgel, orgello, oregel, orgellu, orhel, horel
Middle English: orgel, orgul

⇒ Old High German: urguol (adj)

Middle High German: urguol

→ Vulgar Latin: *orgollium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *uzgōlijō, from *uz- (“up, out”) + *gōlijaną + *-ō.


sunnju

sunnju (nominative singular)
sunnjō (nominative plural)
sunnjā (accusative singular)
sunnjā (accusative plural)
sunnjā (genitive singular)
sunnjō (genitive plural)
sunnjē (dative singular)
sunnjōm (dative plural)
sunnjum (dative plural)
sunnju (instrumental singular)
sunnjōm (instrumental plural)
sunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: synn, sinn, senn
Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn, senne, zen, zenne (Kent), seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin

Old Saxon: sunnea

Old High German: sunna, sunne

→ Late Latin: sonium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *sunjō (“truth; denial”).


wimpil

wimpil (nominative singular)
wimpilō (nominative plural)
wimpilōs (nominative plural)
wimpil (accusative singular)
wimpilā (accusative plural)
wimpilas (genitive singular)
wimpilō (genitive plural)
wimpilē (dative singular)
wimpilum (dative plural)
wimpilu (instrumental singular)
wimpilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wimpel, winpel
Middle English: wympel, wimpel, wympil, wimpul
English: wimple
Scots: wympill, wempill, wompyll, wimple

Old Frisian: wimpel

Saterland Frisian: Wimpel

West Frisian: wimpel

Old Saxon: wimpal

Middle Low German: wimpel, wumpel

German Low German: Wimpel

Old Dutch: *wimpil

Middle Dutch: wimpel, wumpel

Dutch: wimpel

Afrikaans: wimpel

Old High German: wimpfal, wimpal

Middle High German: wimpel

German: Wimpel

→ Russian: вы́мпел (výmpel)

→ Old French: guimple, gimple (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *wimpilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wimb-, *weyb- (“rotate, move”).


barō

barō (nominative singular)
baran (nominative plural)
baran (accusative singular)
baran (accusative plural)
barini (genitive singular)
baran (genitive singular)
baranō (genitive plural)
barini (dative singular)
baran (dative singular)
barum (dative plural)
barini (instrumental singular)
baran (instrumental singular)
barum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: baro (“man, freeman”)

→ Latin: barō (“man, etc.”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *barô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear”). Possibly related to Old English beorn (“man, warrior”).


lappā

lappā (nominative singular)
lappōn (nominative plural)
lappōn (accusative singular)
lappōn (accusative plural)
lappōn (genitive singular)
lappōnō (genitive plural)
lappōn (dative singular)
lappōm (dative plural)
lappum (dative plural)
lappōn (instrumental singular)
lappōm (instrumental plural)
lappum (instrumental plural)

Old English: læppa
Middle English: lappe
English: lap

Old Saxon: lappo

Old Dutch: *lappa, *lap

Middle Dutch: lap, lappe

Dutch: lap

Old High German: lappo, lappa

German: Lappen

→ Old French: *labbe; labelle, label, labbelle, lambel (diminutive)

Middle French: label, lambeau, lambel

French: lambeau

→ Middle English: label, labelle

English: label
→ Danish: label
→ Dutch: label
→ French: label
→ Japanese: ラベル (raberu)
→ Polish: label

From Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang down loosely”).


skūm

skūm (nominative singular)
skūmō (nominative plural)
skūmōs (nominative plural)
skūm (accusative singular)
skūmā (accusative plural)
skūmas (genitive singular)
skūmō (genitive plural)
skūmē (dative singular)
skūmum (dative plural)
skūmu (instrumental singular)
skūmum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *skūm

Saterland Frisian: Skuum, Schuum

West Frisian: skûm, skom

Old Saxon: *skūm

Middle Low German: schûm

German Low German: Schuum

Old Dutch: *scūm

Middle Dutch: schuum

Dutch: schuim

Afrikaans: skuim

→ Middle English: scome, scume (partially from Old French escume)

Scots: skum, skoom

English: scum

Old High German: skūm, scūm

Middle High German: schūm

German: Schaum

→ Esperanto: ŝaŭmo

Luxembourgish: Schaum

→ Vulgar Latin: *scūma

Old French: escume

Middle French: escume, écume

French: écume

Medieval Latin: scuma, schuma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *skūmaz (“froth, foam”).


kastō

kastō (nominative singular)
kastan (nominative plural)
kastan (accusative singular)
kastan (accusative plural)
kastini (genitive singular)
kastan (genitive singular)
kastanō (genitive plural)
kastini (dative singular)
kastan (dative singular)
kastum (dative plural)
kastini (instrumental singular)
kastan (instrumental singular)
kastum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kasto

desc

Middle Low German: kaste, kast, kasse, kase

German Low German: Kast

⇒ Middle Low German: kasten

gl

→ Old Frisian: kasten (alternatively borrowed from Middle High German)

→ Saterland Frisian: Kaaste

→ West Frisian: kast (alternatively borrowed from Dutch)

Old Dutch: *casto

Middle Dutch: caste, kaste

Dutch: kast (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Old French: castiche

Middle French: castiche

⇒ Old French: casticheor

Middle French: casticheur

⇒ Old French: castichier (verb)

Middle French: casticher

⇒ Old French: castichement

desctree

Old High German: kasto
Middle High German: kaste
Alemannic German: Chaschte, Chaste, Kaschte
German: Kasten
Yiddish: קאַסטן (kastn)

→ Medieval Latin: castō, chastō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *kas, *kaʀ (“vessel, chest, basket”) + *-þ- + *-ō, or altered under the influence of *kistu (“chest”).
Alternatively borrowed from Medieval Latin cassa, from Latin capsa (“box, case”), again, altered by *kistu (“chest”).


krappō

krappō (nominative singular)
krappan (nominative plural)
krappan (accusative singular)
krappan (accusative plural)
krappini (genitive singular)
krappan (genitive singular)
krappanō (genitive plural)
krappini (dative singular)
krappan (dative singular)
krappum (dative plural)
krappini (instrumental singular)
krappan (instrumental singular)
krappum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: krappo

desc

Middle Low German: krappe, kroppe, kropp, krop

Old Dutch: *krappo

Middle Dutch: crappe

Dutch: krap

desctree

Old High German: krapho, kraffo, krapfo
Middle High German: krapfe
Alemannic German: Chrapfe
German: Krapfe, Krapfen
→ Italian: graffa

→ Old French: grappe (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *crappalt, *crapalt

Old French: crapaut, crapot

Middle French: crapuad

French: crapaud

→ English: crapaud

Occitan: grapaut

Catalan: grapal, gripal, gripau

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *greb-, perhaps cognate with Armenian կարթ (kartʻ, “fish-hook”), Lithuanian gárbana (“lock of hair”).


matisahs

matisahs (nominative singular)
matisahsu (nominative plural)
matisahs (accusative singular)
matisahsu (accusative plural)
matisahsas (genitive singular)
matisahsō (genitive plural)
matisahsē (dative singular)
matisahsum (dative plural)
matisahsu (instrumental singular)
matisahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meteseax, metseax

Old Frisian: mess, mes

West Frisian: mês

Old Saxon: metisahs, mezas

desc

Middle Low German: metset, messet, mezces, mest, mes

German Low German: Mest

Plautdietsch: Massa

Old Dutch: *metisas, *metsas, *mesas

Middle Dutch: mets, metser, messe, mes

desctree

Dutch: mes
Afrikaans: mes
→ Zulu: umese
Fanagalo: mes (or directly)
Berbice Creole Dutch: mesi
Jersey Dutch: määs
Negerhollands: mes
Skepi Creole Dutch: masa
→ Indonesian: mes (“medical knife”)
→ Japanese: メス (mesu, “medical knife”)
→ Korean: 메스 (meseu, “medical knife”)
→ Loup A: meschu (from the diminutive form)
→ Malagasy: méso, mésa

Old High German: mezzisahs, mezzeres, mezzirahs, mazsahs
Middle High German: messer, mezzer
Bavarian: Messa
Cimbrian: mèssar, mezzar (Luserna)
Mòcheno: messer
German: Messer
Yiddish: מעסער (meser)


wilig

wilig (nominative singular)
wiligō (nominative plural)
wiligōs (nominative plural)
wilig (accusative singular)
wiligā (accusative plural)
wiligas (genitive singular)
wiligō (genitive plural)
wiligē (dative singular)
wiligum (dative plural)
wiligu (instrumental singular)
wiligum (instrumental plural)

Old English: welig, weleg, weli, wylig
Middle English: wylow, welew, weleygh, welo, welogh, welou, wely, whilwh, wilew, wilghe, wilou, wilowh, wilwe, wylew, wylgh, wylugh, wylw
English: willow
Scots: willy, willie

Old Frisian: *wilich

West Frisian: wylch

From Proto-Germanic *wiligaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welik-, *weliḱ- (“willow”).


kamarling

kamarling (nominative singular)
kamarlingō (nominative plural)
kamarlingōs (nominative plural)
kamarling (accusative singular)
kamarlingā (accusative plural)
kamarlingas (genitive singular)
kamarlingō (genitive plural)
kamarlingē (dative singular)
kamarlingum (dative plural)
kamarlingu (instrumental singular)
kamarlingum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *kamerling

Middle Dutch: cāmerlinc

Dutch: kamerling

Old High German: chamarling

desc

→ Medieval Latin: camerlingus, camerlengus, camarlingus, camberlingus, camerlanus, cambellanus (see there for further descendants)


salh

salh (nominative singular)
salhō (nominative plural)
salhōs (nominative plural)
salh (accusative singular)
salhā (accusative plural)
salhas (genitive singular)
salhō (genitive plural)
salhē (dative singular)
salhum (dative plural)
salhu (instrumental singular)
salhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sealh, saliġ

Middle English: salwe, saly

English: sallow, sally

Old Saxon: *salha

Middle Low German: *sale

⇒ Middle Low German: salewîde)

Old High German: salaha

Middle High German: salehe, salhe

⇒ Middle High German: salewīde

German: Salweide

→ Old French: saule

Middle French: saule

French: saule

From Proto-Germanic *salhaz (“willow”), from From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂lk- (“willow”). Cognate with Welsh helyg, Latin salix.


wiligijā

wiligijā (nominative singular)
wiligijōn (nominative plural)
wiligijōn (accusative singular)
wiligijōn (accusative plural)
wiligijōn (genitive singular)
wiligijōnō (genitive plural)
wiligijōn (dative singular)
wiligijōm (dative plural)
wiligijum (dative plural)
wiligijōn (instrumental singular)
wiligijōm (instrumental plural)
wiligijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiliġe; wiliġa

Middle English: wilie, whilye

Old Frisian: *wilige, *wilge

Saterland Frisian: Wüülge

Old Saxon: wilgia

Middle Low German: wilge

Low German: Wilge

Old Dutch: *wilga

Middle Dutch: wilge

Dutch: wilg

Old High German: *wilgea, *wilga

Middle High German: wilge


þrot

þrot (nominative singular)
þrotu (nominative plural)
þrot (accusative singular)
þrotu (accusative plural)
þrotas (genitive singular)
þrotō (genitive plural)
þrotē (dative singular)
þrotum (dative plural)
þrotu (instrumental singular)
þrotum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrot

Old Saxon: *throt

⇒ Old Saxon: farthrot


spinnilu

spinnilu (nominative singular)
spinnilō (nominative plural)
spinnilā (accusative singular)
spinnilā (accusative plural)
spinnilā (genitive singular)
spinnilō (genitive plural)
spinnilē (dative singular)
spinnilōm (dative plural)
spinnilum (dative plural)
spinnilu (instrumental singular)
spinnilōm (instrumental plural)
spinnilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spinel, spinl, spinil, spindel, spindle
Middle English: spyndel, spyndylle, spyndell, spindelle, spyndle, spindil, spyndill, spyndul, spindel, spinle, spindle
English: spindle, spinnel
Scots: spinnell, spindill

Old Frisian: spindel

North Frisian: spandel

Saterland Frisian: Spilne

West Frisian: spille, spil (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: spinnila

desc

Middle Low German: spinnel, spindel, spille

German Low German: Spill

→ German: Spill

→ Danish: spindel

→ Swedish: spindel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: spindel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: spindel

Old Dutch: *spinla, spilla

Middle Dutch: spindel, spendel, spille

Dutch: spindel; spil

Old High German: spinnila, spinnela, spinnala, spilla

Middle High German: spinnel, spinele, spille

q

German: Spindel; Spille (dialectal except in spillerig, Spillbaum)

Luxembourgish: Spëndel


mandu

mandu (nominative singular)
mandō (nominative plural)
mandā (accusative singular)
mandā (accusative plural)
mandā (genitive singular)
mandō (genitive plural)
mandē (dative singular)
mandōm (dative plural)
mandum (dative plural)
mandu (instrumental singular)
mandōm (instrumental plural)
mandum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mand, mond

Old Saxon: *manda

Middle Low German: mande

German Low German:

Westmünsterländisch: Mände, Männe (Gescher, Raesfeld, Ramsdorf, Rhede, Vreden), Mande (Borken, Rhede, Vreden), Mäinde (Stadtlohn, Südlohn, Weseke)

Old Dutch: *manda

Middle Dutch: mande

desctree

Dutch: mand
Afrikaans: mandjie (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mánki
→ Mohegan-Pequot: manodah
→ Saramaccan: mánda

→ Old French: mande [1202, Tailliar]

Middle French: mande, manne

French: manne, (dialectal) mande

→ Breton: man

desc

→ Middle English: maunde, mawnde, maundye, maundie, mande [c. 1390, The Mirror of St. Edmund]

English: maund

Scots: mand

⇒ Middle Dutch: mandeken, mandekijn

→ Old French: mannequin [1202, Tailliar]

Middle French: mannequin

French: mannequin (“small horticultural basket”)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *menth₂- (“to whisk, stir”).


aliʀu

aliʀu (nominative singular)
aliʀō (nominative plural)
aliʀā (accusative singular)
aliʀā (accusative plural)
aliʀā (genitive singular)
aliʀō (genitive plural)
aliʀē (dative singular)
aliʀōm (dative plural)
aliʀum (dative plural)
aliʀu (instrumental singular)
aliʀōm (instrumental plural)
aliʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: alor, aler
Middle English: aldre, alder, aldur, aldyr, aleyre, aller, alre, althir, olr
English: alder
Scots: aller

Old Dutch: *alisa

Middle Dutch: else

Dutch: els

Afrikaans: els

desc

Old High German: alar, erila, elira, *alisa, *elisa

Middle High German: alze, els, eller, elre

German: Erle

→ Vulgar Latin: *alisa

Old French: alie, allie, alis

Middle French: alie, alise

French: alise

From Proto-Germanic *alizō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élis- (“alder”).


alasnu

alasnu (nominative singular)
alasnō (nominative plural)
alasnā (accusative singular)
alasnā (accusative plural)
alasnā (genitive singular)
alasnō (genitive plural)
alasnē (dative singular)
alasnōm (dative plural)
alasnum (dative plural)
alasnu (instrumental singular)
alasnōm (instrumental plural)
alasnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *alansa

Middle Low German: alse, elase, elasene

Old Dutch: *alsina

Middle Dutch: elsne, elsene, elsen, alsene

Dutch: els, (dialectal) elase

→ Middle English: elsen, elsyn, elson, alsene

English: elsin, elsen (dialectal, UK)

Scots: elsin, elsing, elson

Old High German: alansa, alesna

Middle High German: *alesne, *elnse

German: Alesne, Alse, Else (dialectal, Swiss German)

→ Vulgar Latin: *alisna, *lexina (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *alasnō (“awl”). Equivalent to *al (“awl”) + *-snu.


strenō

strenō (nominative singular)
strenan (nominative plural)
strenan (accusative singular)
strenan (accusative plural)
strinini (genitive singular)
strenan (genitive singular)
strenanō (genitive plural)
strinini (dative singular)
strenan (dative singular)
strenum (dative plural)
strinini (instrumental singular)
strenan (instrumental singular)
strenum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *streno

Middle Dutch: strēne

Dutch: streen

Old High German: streno

Middle High German: strëne, strën

German: Strähne

→ Old French: *estren, estran

→ Middle English: *stran

Scots: stran, strawn

English: strand

From Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”).


skallju

skallju (nominative singular)
skalljō (nominative plural)
skalljā (accusative singular)
skalljā (accusative plural)
skalljā (genitive singular)
skalljō (genitive plural)
skalljē (dative singular)
skalljōm (dative plural)
skalljum (dative plural)
skallju (instrumental singular)
skalljōm (instrumental plural)
skalljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċiell, sċiel, sċyll, sċyl, sċill, sċil, sċell, sċel
Middle English: schelle
English: shell
Scots: schel, schell

Old Frisian: *skell, *skill

Saterland Frisian: Skeele, Skiele

West Frisian: skyl

Old Saxon: *skellia

Middle Low German: schelle, schille

German Low German: Schille, Schill

→ German: Schellfisch (compound)

Old Dutch: *skella

Middle Dutch: scelle, scille, schelle

Dutch: schil
Afrikaans: skel, skil
Negerhollands: skel

desc

→ Middle English: schelle, schele, shelle, scille (“scale, outer layer, surface chip”)

Old High German: *skella

Middle High German: schelle (Central German)

→ Friulian: scae

desctree

→ Old French: escaille, eschaille, escalle
Middle French: escaille, eschaille, esquaille, escalle
French: écaille
→ Middle English: shelle, schelle, scele (“vessel, dish, drinking vessel”)

→ Italian: scaglia

→ Piedmontese: scaja

→ Venetian: scaja

From Proto-Germanic *skaljō (“scale, shell, husk”).


masur

masur (nominative singular)
masurō (nominative plural)
masurōs (nominative plural)
masur (accusative singular)
masurā (accusative plural)
masuras (genitive singular)
masurō (genitive plural)
masurē (dative singular)
masurum (dative plural)
masuru (instrumental singular)
masurum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *mæser, *maser, *masor
Middle English: maser, mazer
English: mazer

Old Saxon: masur

Middle Low German: maser

Old Dutch: *masur, *masar

Middle Dutch: maser, maeser

Dutch: maser

⇒ Middle Dutch: maserijn (adj.)

Old High German: masar, masor

Middle High German: maser

Alemannic German: Mäser

German: Maser

desc

→ Old French: mazer, maser, mazar, madre (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *masuraz (“maple or walnut wood”).


kahu

kahu (nominative singular)
kahwō (nominative plural)
kahwā (accusative singular)
kahwā (accusative plural)
kahwā (genitive singular)
kahwō (genitive plural)
kahwē (dative singular)
kahwōm (dative plural)
kahum (dative plural)
kahu (instrumental singular)
kahwōm (instrumental plural)
kahum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċeahhe
Middle English: ka, ca, coo, koo; choughe, chowghe
Scots: ka, kae, kaae
English: chough

Old Frisian: *kā

West Frisian: ka

Old Saxon: *kaha, kāa, kā

Middle Low German: kâ

German Low German: Kaa; Kaan

→ Danish: kå

→ Swedish: kaja

→ Norwegian: kaie, kaae (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *kawa, *ka

Middle Dutch: cauwe, ka

Dutch: kauw, ka

→ West Frisian: ka (likely borrowed)

Old High German: kaha, kāa, kā

Middle High German: chouch

→ Middle French: choucas

French: choucas

desc

→ Vulgar Latin: *cawa, *cāva, *cawa, *cāwa (see there for further descendants)

From the root of Proto-Germanic *kawjaną (“to call”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH- (“to call, cry”).


hūō

hūō (nominative singular)
hūan (nominative plural)
hūan (accusative singular)
hūan (accusative plural)
hūini (genitive singular)
hūan (genitive singular)
hūanō (genitive plural)
hūini (dative singular)
hūan (dative singular)
hūm (dative plural)
hūini (instrumental singular)
hūan (instrumental singular)
hūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hū; *hūle

Middle English: howle; howlat, houlott

Scots: howle, houll; hoolet

→ French: hulotte

⇒ Old English: hūilpa

Old Saxon: hūwo, hūo

Old High German: hūwo; hūwila

Middle High German: hūwe; hūwel, hiuwel

Alemannic German: Huu

desctree

German: Uhu, Huw, Huhu, Huher
→ Dutch: oehoe

Probably ultimately of imitative origin. Cognacy with Russian сова́ (sová, “owl”), Latin cāvannus (“owl”) (< Celtic), Old Breton couann (“owl”), is implausible on phonological grounds.

onomatopoeic

imitative


breku

breku (nominative singular)
brekō (nominative plural)
brekā (accusative singular)
brekā (accusative plural)
brekā (genitive singular)
brekō (genitive plural)
brekē (dative singular)
brekōm (dative plural)
brekum (dative plural)
breku (instrumental singular)
brekōm (instrumental plural)
brekum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlāfġebrecu (possibly)

Old High German: brehha

Middle High German: breche

German: Breche

→ Vulgar Latin: *breca

desc

Old French: breche, brekke, bresche, breke

Middle French: breche, bresche

French: brèche

→ Dutch bres

→ German: Bresche

→ Italian: brecchia, breccia

→ Spanish: brecha

→ Portuguese: brecha

Norman: brèque

Occitan: brech

Vulgar Latin: *brecāre, *breciāre

Old French: *brecher, *brechier

Old French: esbrechier

Middle French: ebrecher

French: ébrécher

Occitan: bercar


rādislī

rādislī (nominative singular)
rādisliju (nominative plural)
rādislī (accusative singular)
rādisliju (accusative plural)
rādislijas (genitive singular)
rādislijō (genitive plural)
rādislijē (dative singular)
rādislijum (dative plural)
rādisliju (instrumental singular)
rādislijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: rǣdels, rǣdelse, rǣsele
Middle English: redels, redel, rydel, ridil
English: riddle
Scots: riddill, riddil
→ Norn: ridl

Old Saxon: rādisli, rādislo

desc

Middle Low German: rēdisle, rātsel, rādelse, rēdelse

German Low German: Raadsel

Low German: redelse, radelse

⇒ Middle Low German: redelschen, redelszen

Old Dutch: *rādisli, *rādsili

Middle Dutch: ratsele, raetsel, rādeles, rāles

desctree

Dutch: raadsel
Afrikaans: rasel, raaisel

Old High German: rādisli (hapax, Ripuarian)

Middle High German: rātsal, rētsel (rare, Central German)

German: Rätsel

From *rādan (“to advise; to guess, interpret”) + *-islī.


asil

asil (nominative singular)
asilō (nominative plural)
asilōs (nominative plural)
asil (accusative singular)
asilā (accusative plural)
asilas (genitive singular)
asilō (genitive plural)
asilē (dative singular)
asilum (dative plural)
asilu (instrumental singular)
asilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: esol, eosol — Anglian
Middle English: asald

Old Frisian: *esel

North Frisian: eesel

Saterland Frisian: Íezel

West Frisian: ezel

Old Saxon: esil
Middle Low German: esel
Low German: Esel
Plautdietsch: Äsel
→ Danish: æsel
→ Estonian: eesel (or from German)
→ Norwegian: esel
→ Polabian: asål

Old Dutch: esil

Middle Dutch: ēsel
Dutch: ezel
Afrikaans: esel
→ Sotho: esele
→ Xhosa: i-esile
→ English: easel
Negerhollands: esel
Limburgish: aezel

Old High German: esil

Middle High German: esel

Alemannic German: Esel

Cimbrian: éezel

Central Franconian: Essel

German: Esel
→ Estonian: eesel (or from Middle Low German)
→ Lower Sorbian: ezel
→ Tok Pisin: esel

Luxembourgish: Iesel

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Esel

Yiddish: אייזל (eyzl)

Borrowed from Latin asellus. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍃 (asilus).


stapi

stapi (nominative singular)
stapī (nominative plural)
stapi (accusative singular)
stapī (accusative plural)
stapī (genitive singular)
stappjō (genitive plural)
stapī (dative singular)
stapim (dative plural)
stappjum (dative plural)
stapī (instrumental singular)
stapim (instrumental plural)
stappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stæpe, stepe
Middle English: steppe, stap, stape, steape, steepe, step, stepe
English: step
Scots: step, stap, stop

Old Frisian: *stap, stepe

North Frisian: staep

Saterland Frisian: Stap, Stappe

Old Saxon: *stap, *step

Middle Low German: stappe

German Low German: Stapp

Old Dutch: *stap, *step

Middle Dutch: steppe, step

Old High German: stapho, staph (dative: stepfen)

Middle High German: stapf

German: Stapf, Stapfe, Stapfen

⇒ Old High German: fuozstapho

Middle High German: vuozstapfe

German: Fußstapfen

→ Medieval Latin: stapēs

New Latin: stapes

→ English: stapes

French: stapes

From Proto-Germanic *stapiz, from Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ‑, *steb‑ (“to support, stomp, rant, amaze”).


lindu

lindu (nominative singular)
lindō (nominative plural)
lindā (accusative singular)
lindā (accusative plural)
lindā (genitive singular)
lindō (genitive plural)
lindē (dative singular)
lindōm (dative plural)
lindum (dative plural)
lindu (instrumental singular)
lindōm (instrumental plural)
lindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lind
Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
English: lind, lime
Scots: lind, lynde, leind

Old Saxon: linda, lindia

Middle Low German: linde

Old Dutch: *linda

Middle Dutch: linde

Dutch: linde

Old High German: linta
Middle High German: linde
Bavarian: Lindn
German: Linde
Luxembourgish: Lann


gafadurjō

gafadurjō (nominative singular)
gafadurjan (nominative plural)
gafadurjan (accusative singular)
gafadurjan (accusative plural)
gafadurjini (genitive singular)
gafadurjan (genitive singular)
gafadurjanō (genitive plural)
gafadurjini (dative singular)
gafadurjan (dative singular)
gafadurjum (dative plural)
gafadurjini (instrumental singular)
gafadurjan (instrumental singular)
gafadurjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefædera

Old Frisian: fadera

Saterland Frisian: Fadder

Old Saxon: *gifadero
Middle Low German: gevaddere, gevādere, geveddere, gevedder
Low German: Gevadder, Vadder
→ German: Vadder

Old Dutch: *gefadero
Middle Dutch: gevādere
Dutch: gevader

Old High German: gifatero, gevatero; gifatera

Middle High German: gevatere, gevater

German: Gevatter m or f, Vatter

From *ga- (“co-”) + *fadurjō (“paternal uncle”). Equivalent to *ga- + *fader (“father”) + *-jō. Compare Latin compater (“first cousin, godfather”).


hramu

hramu (nominative singular)
hramō (nominative plural)
hramā (accusative singular)
hramā (accusative plural)
hramā (genitive singular)
hramō (genitive plural)
hramē (dative singular)
hramōm (dative plural)
hramum (dative plural)
hramu (instrumental singular)
hramōm (instrumental plural)
hramum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hrame, *hrama

Saterland Frisian: Roome

West Frisian: raam

gl

⇒ Old Frisian: hramkorf, raemkorf (“basket-shaped fishing net”) (raemkorf perhaps influenced by Middle Dutch raem)

desctree

Old Saxon: hrama, rama f
Middle Low German: rāme, rām, rāmen m
German Low German: Raam, Rahm, Räm n, Rahmen, Rame, Ramen m
Plautdietsch: Rämen m
→ Danish: ramme
→ Estonian: raam
→ Faroese: ramma
→ Icelandic: ramma
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ramme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ramme
→ Old Swedish: rama
Swedish: ram
→ Scanian: ramme

Old Dutch: *rama

Middle Dutch: rāme, raem, raam m or f

Dutch: raam, ramen

→ Old French: raime

Middle French: ranme

French: rame

⇒ Middle Dutch: geraemte, geremte

Dutch: geraamte
Afrikaans: geraamte
→ West Frisian: ramt, raamt
→ German: Geraamte, Geraamt (dialectal)

Limburgish: geraems, jerems

Old High German: rama
> Middle High German: rame, ram (inherited)
Alemannic German: Ramme
German: Rahmen m
→ Czech: rám
→ Romanian: ramă
→ Russian: рама (rama)
Luxembourgish: Rumm
Vilamovian: raom
→ Old Polish: rama
Polish: rama
→ Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
→ Kashubian: rama
→ Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
→ Azerbaijani: rama
→ Ingush: рама (rama)
→ Yakut: араама (araama)
→ Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)
Silesian: rama, rōma

>? Vulgar Latin: *frama

Old French: frame

→? Middle English: frame

English: frame

desc

⇒ Middle English: framen (“to frame (a building)”)

English: frame

From Proto-Germanic *hramō (“frame, cross”), whence *hramjaną (“to frame”), possibly cognate with Proto-Slavic *krōmà (“edge, boundary”).


pannā

pannā (nominative singular)
pannōn (nominative plural)
pannōn (accusative singular)
pannōn (accusative plural)
pannōn (genitive singular)
pannōnō (genitive plural)
pannōn (dative singular)
pannōm (dative plural)
pannum (dative plural)
pannōn (instrumental singular)
pannōm (instrumental plural)
pannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: panne
Middle English: panne, ponne, pane, pan
English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン
Scots: pan

Old Frisian: panne

Saterland Frisian: Ponne

West Frisian: pân

Old Saxon: panna

Middle Low German: panne

German Low German: Panne, Pann

Plautdietsch: Paun

Old Dutch: *panna

Middle Dutch: panne
Dutch: pan
Afrikaans: pan
Jersey Dutch: pān
Negerhollands: pan
→ Caribbean Javanese: pan
→ Indonesian: panci (from the diminutive)
→ Javanese: ꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (panci), ꦮꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (wanci) (from the diminutive)
→ Munsee: pán
→ Papiamentu: panchi, pannetsji, pannetsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: pan
→ Saramaccan: pánu
Limburgish: pan

Old High German: phanna, pfanna
Middle High German: pfanne
Alemannic German: Pfane
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: fanna, fånn (Luserna)
Mòcheno: pfònn
German: Pfanne
Yiddish: פֿאַן (fan)


trundil

trundil (nominative singular)
trundilō (nominative plural)
trundilōs (nominative plural)
trundil (accusative singular)
trundilā (accusative plural)
trundilas (genitive singular)
trundilō (genitive plural)
trundilē (dative singular)
trundilum (dative plural)
trundilu (instrumental singular)
trundilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trendel, trændel, tryndel
Middle English: trendel, trindel
English: trendle, trindle, trundle
Scots: trinnell

Old Saxon: *trendil

Middle Low German: trendel

⇒ Middle Low German: trendelen

Old Dutch: *trendil

Middle Dutch: trendel

Dutch: trendel

Old High German: trendila, trindila (< *trindilō)

Middle High German: trendel, trindel

German: Trendel

desc

⇒ Middle High German: trendelen, trenelen, treneln


brām

brām (nominative singular)
brāmō (nominative plural)
brāmōs (nominative plural)
brām (accusative singular)
brāmā (accusative plural)
brāmas (genitive singular)
brāmō (genitive plural)
brāmē (dative singular)
brāmum (dative plural)
brāmu (instrumental singular)
brāmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: brōm
Middle English: brom, brome, broom, broome, brume (Northern)
English: broom
Scots: brume, bruim

Old Frisian: *brōm, *brām
Saterland Frisian: Brom
West Frisian: brem, bremerheide

Old Saxon: *brām

Middle Low German: brâm

German Low German: Braam, Braom

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“thorn, point”).

der

brāme

Old High German: brāmo m, brāma f; Middle High German


bāru

bāru (nominative singular)
bārō (nominative plural)
bārā (accusative singular)
bārā (accusative plural)
bārā (genitive singular)
bārō (genitive plural)
bārē (dative singular)
bārōm (dative plural)
bārum (dative plural)
bāru (instrumental singular)
bārōm (instrumental plural)
bārum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bēr, bǣr
Middle English: bere, beere, beer
Scots: bere, beir
English: bier

Old Frisian: bēre

North Frisian: beer, baar

Saterland Frisian: Beere

West Frisian: berje, bier, baar

Old Saxon: bāra

Middle Low German: bāre

German Low German: Bahr

Old Dutch: *bāra

Middle Dutch: bâre
Dutch: baar
Afrikaans: baar

Old High German: bāra
Middle High German: bāre
German: Bahre
→ Italian: bara

→ Vulgar Latin: *bera

Old French: bere, biere

Middle French: biere

French: bière

Old Occitan: bera


gaist

gaist (nominative singular)
gaistō (nominative plural)
gaistōs (nominative plural)
gaist (accusative singular)
gaistā (accusative plural)
gaistas (genitive singular)
gaistō (genitive plural)
gaistē (dative singular)
gaistum (dative plural)
gaistu (instrumental singular)
gaistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast
Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast

Old Frisian: gāst, gēst
Saterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest
West Frisian: geast

Old Saxon: gēst, *gast
Middle Low German: gêst, geist
German Low German: Geest, Geist
Low German: geest
Plautdietsch: Jeist
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast
→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)
Danish: gast
→ Swedish: gast

Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast

Middle Dutch: gêest

Dutch: geest
Afrikaans: gees
Negerhollands: geest

Old High German: geist, gheist, keist
Middle High German: geist
German: Geist
→ English: geist
→ Danish: gejst
→ Swedish: geist
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist
Hunsrik: Geest, Geist
Luxembourgish: Geescht
Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)

From Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).


sauw

sauw (nominative singular)
sauwu (nominative plural)
sauw (accusative singular)
sauwu (accusative plural)
sauwas (genitive singular)
sauwō (genitive plural)
sauwē (dative singular)
sauwum (dative plural)
sauwu (instrumental singular)
sauwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēaw, sēa
Middle English: sew, cew, cewe, seew, seue, sewe, seaw
English: sew (obsolete)

Old Saxon: sō

Old High German: sou

From Proto-Germanic *saw(w)ą, *saw(w)az, from Proto-Indo-European *sow-ó-s, from *sew- (“to press out”) + *-ós. Cognate with Sanskrit सव (savá, “juice (of the Soma)”), सुनोति (sunóti, “to press (Soma)”).


rebā

rebā (nominative singular)
rebōn (nominative plural)
rebōn (accusative singular)
rebōn (accusative plural)
rebōn (genitive singular)
rebōnō (genitive plural)
rebōn (dative singular)
rebōm (dative plural)
rebum (dative plural)
rebōn (instrumental singular)
rebōm (instrumental plural)
rebum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: reva

Middle Low German: rēbe, rebbe

German Low German: Rewe, Reobn

→ Swedish: reva

Old Dutch: reva

Old High German: reba, röba

Middle High German: rebe

German: Rebe

Unknown; possibly related to Latin rēpō (“to creap, crawl”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁p- (“to creep”).


raub

raub (nominative singular)
raubō (nominative plural)
raubōs (nominative plural)
raub (accusative singular)
raubā (accusative plural)
raubas (genitive singular)
raubō (genitive plural)
raubē (dative singular)
raubum (dative plural)
raubu (instrumental singular)
raubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēaf

desctree

Middle English: reif, reaf, ræf, ref, reve, raf, ræve, rave, reafe
English: reif, reaf, rief
Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref

Old Frisian: rāf

Saterland Frisian: Roof

West Frisian: rôf

Old Saxon: *rōf

Middle Low German: rôf

German Low German: Roov

→ Old Swedish: rōf

Swedish: rov

Old Dutch: *rōf

Middle Dutch: rôof

Dutch: roof

Afrikaans: roof

Old High German: roub, roup

Middle High German: roub, roup

Alemannic German: Raub

German: Raub

Luxembourgish: Raf

→ Early Medieval Latin: rauba

Italian: roba

Old French: robe, robbe, reube
Middle French: robe
French: robe
→ Dutch: robe
→ German: Robe
→ Czech: róba
→ Romanian: robă f
→ Turkish: rop
Norman: robe
→ Middle English: robe, roobe, rob, robbe
English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb
Scots: robe

Old Occitan:

Catalan: roba

Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa

Galician: roupa

Portuguese: roupa

Old Spanish:

Spanish: ropa

→ Chamicuro: ropa


bulit

bulit (nominative singular)
bulitō (nominative plural)
bulitōs (nominative plural)
bulit (accusative singular)
bulitā (accusative plural)
bulitas (genitive singular)
bulitō (genitive plural)
bulitē (dative singular)
bulitum (dative plural)
bulitu (instrumental singular)
bulitum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bulit

Old Dutch: *bulit

Middle Dutch: *bult, *bült

Dutch: bult (archaic)

Old High German: buliz

Middle High German: bülez, bülz

German: Pilz


mōd

mōd (nominative singular)
mōdō (nominative plural)
mōdōs (nominative plural)
mōd (accusative singular)
mōdā (accusative plural)
mōdas (genitive singular)
mōdō (genitive plural)
mōdē (dative singular)
mōdum (dative plural)
mōdu (instrumental singular)
mōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōd
Middle English: mod, mode, mood
English: mood
Scots: mude, muid

Old Frisian: mōd

Saterland Frisian: Moud

West Frisian: moed

Old Saxon: mōd

Middle Low German: môt, moit, mout, mût

Low German:

German Low German: Mood, Mōt, Mūt

Westphalian:

Münsterländisch: te Moode

Westmünsterländisch: Mood

East Westphalian: Meot (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)

Plautdietsch: Moot

Old Dutch: muot

Middle Dutch: moet

Dutch: moed

Afrikaans: moed

Old High German: muot

Middle High German: muot

German: Muth, Mut

Luxembourgish: Mutt

Yiddish: מוט (mut)


mōs

mōs (nominative singular)
mōsu (nominative plural)
mōs (accusative singular)
mōsu (accusative plural)
mōsas (genitive singular)
mōsō (genitive plural)
mōsē (dative singular)
mōsum (dative plural)
mōsu (instrumental singular)
mōsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōs

Middle English: mos, mose

>? English: mush

>? Scots: moosh

Old Frisian: mōs

Saterland Frisian: Muus

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Muusmas

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Appelmuus, Apelmuus

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Gemöis (possibly from German)

West Frisian: moes

Old Saxon: *mōs

Middle Low German: môs

German Low German: Moos

Plautdietsch: Mooss

→ Estonian: moos

Old Dutch: muos

Middle Dutch: moes

Dutch: moes

Afrikaans: moes

→ English: moose

Old High German: muos

Middle High German: muos

Alemannic German: Mues
→ French: mouise

⇒ Alemannic German: Müesli (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)

German: Mus

Luxembourgish: Mous

⇒ Middle High German: gemüese

Bavarian: Gmias

German: Gemüse

Hunsrik: Gemies

Luxembourgish: Geméis

Pennsylvania German: Gemies


lepuʀ

lepuʀ (nominative singular)
lepuʀō (nominative plural)
lepuʀōs (nominative plural)
lepuʀ (accusative singular)
lepuʀā (accusative plural)
lepuʀas (genitive singular)
lepuʀō (genitive plural)
lepuʀē (dative singular)
lepuʀum (dative plural)
lepuʀu (instrumental singular)
lepuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lepar

Old Dutch: lëpor

Middle Dutch: lëper

Old High German: lëffur

→ Old French: leffre (merger of regular levre and possibly OHG lëffur)

Middle French: leffre

From *lepō (“lip”) + *-uʀ, from Proto-Germanic *lepô.


lippjō

lippjō (nominative singular)
lippjan (nominative plural)
lippjan (accusative singular)
lippjan (accusative plural)
lippjini (genitive singular)
lippjan (genitive singular)
lippjanō (genitive plural)
lippjini (dative singular)
lippjan (dative singular)
lippjum (dative plural)
lippjini (instrumental singular)
lippjan (instrumental singular)
lippjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lippa, lippe
Middle English: lippe
English: lip
Scots: lip

Old Frisian: lippa, *lippe

Saterland Frisian: Lippe

West Frisian: lippe

Old Saxon: *lippia

Middle Low German: lippe

Low German: Lippe

→ German: Lippe (with confluence from Central German)

Old Dutch: leppa
Middle Dutch: leppe
Dutch: lip
Afrikaans: lip
Negerhollands: lip, lepp
→ Papiamentu: lep, lip, leep

Old High German: *lippa, *lipha, *lipfa (unattested, probably existed in northern dialects)

Middle High German: lippe (Central German)

q

German: Lippe (with confluence from Middle Low German)

From *lepō (“lip”) + *-jō, from Proto-Germanic *lepô.


līb

līb (nominative singular)
lību (nominative plural)
līb (accusative singular)
lību (accusative plural)
lības (genitive singular)
lībō (genitive plural)
lībē (dative singular)
lībum (dative plural)
lību (instrumental singular)
lībum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: līf
Middle English: lyf, leyfe, lif, life, lijf, live
English: life
Scots: life, leif
Yola: lief, life

Old Frisian: līf

North Frisian: liff

Saterland Frisian: Lieuw

West Frisian: liif

Old Saxon: līf

Middle Low German: lîf
German Low German: Lif n, Lief n
Plautdietsch: Läwen

Old Dutch: līf

Middle Dutch: lijf
Dutch: lijf
Afrikaans: lyf
Berbice Creole Dutch: lifu
Negerhollands: lief, lif, lijf
Limburgish: lief
Zealandic: lief

Old High German: līb
Middle High German: līp, līph, līf, līb
Alemannic German: Liib
Central Franconian: Liev, Leiv
Hunsrik: Leib
Luxembourgish: Läif, Leif
Cimbrian: laip
German: Leib
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לײַב (layb)


līm

līm (nominative singular)
līmō (nominative plural)
līmōs (nominative plural)
līm (accusative singular)
līmā (accusative plural)
līmas (genitive singular)
līmō (genitive plural)
līmē (dative singular)
līmum (dative plural)
līmu (instrumental singular)
līmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līm
Middle English: lym, lim, lime, lyme
English: lime

Old Frisian: *līm

West Frisian: lym

Old Saxon: līm

Middle Low German: lîm

→ Estonian: liim

Old Dutch: *līm

Middle Dutch: lijm
Dutch: lijm
Afrikaans: lym
Negerhollands: liem
→ Caribbean Javanese: lèm
→ Indonesian: lem
→ Papiamentu: leim, lijm, lym, leimu
Limburgish: liem

Old High German: līm

Middle High German: līm

Bavarian: Laam, Loam

German: Leim

Luxembourgish: Läim

Pennsylvania German: Leim


skaft

skaft (nominative singular)
skaftō (nominative plural)
skaftōs (nominative plural)
skaft (accusative singular)
skaftā (accusative plural)
skaftas (genitive singular)
skaftō (genitive plural)
skaftē (dative singular)
skaftum (dative plural)
skaftu (instrumental singular)
skaftum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċeaft
Middle English: schaft, scæft, scaft, shaft, sschaft, scheft, sheft, shafft, schafft, chafte, saft, shaffet, schafte, shafte
English: shaft
Scots: schaft, shaft

Old Frisian: skeft

Saterland Frisian: Schacht, Skacht

West Frisian: skaft

Old Saxon: skaft

Middle Low German: schacht, scacht
Dutch Low Saxon: schacht
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Low German: Schecht, Schefft
Westphalian:
Dortmunder, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Schacht
Dortmunder, Westmünsterländisch: Schaft
Westmünsterländisch: Schach
Plautdietsch: Scheft, Schajcht
→ Middle High German: schacht
Alemannic German: Schacht
German: Schacht
→ Belarusian: шахта (šaxta)
→ Czech: šachta
→ Danish: skakt
→ Esperanto: ŝakto
→ Estonian: šaht
→ Polish: szacht
→ Russian: ша́хта (šáxta)
→ Kazakh: шахта (şaxta)
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȁht
→ Swedish: schakt
→ Ukrainian: шахта (šaxta)

Old Dutch: skaft

Middle Dutch: schacht, schaft

Dutch: schacht, schaft (archaic)

Afrikaans: skag

Old High German: skaft

Middle High German: schaft

German: Schaft


forsku

forsku (nominative singular)
forskō (nominative plural)
forskā (accusative singular)
forskā (accusative plural)
forskā (genitive singular)
forskō (genitive plural)
forskē (dative singular)
forskōm (dative plural)
forskum (dative plural)
forsku (instrumental singular)
forskōm (instrumental plural)
forskum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: forsca

Middle High German: vorsche

German: Forsche

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *furskō, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱ-eh₂, from *pr̥sḱéti (“to keep asking, question”).


kuffju

kuffju (nominative singular)
kuffjō (nominative plural)
kuffjā (accusative singular)
kuffjā (accusative plural)
kuffjā (genitive singular)
kuffjō (genitive plural)
kuffjē (dative singular)
kuffjōm (dative plural)
kuffjum (dative plural)
kuffju (instrumental singular)
kuffjōm (instrumental plural)
kuffjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: kupfia, kupphia; kupfa, kupha, chuppa, chuppha (borrowed?)

Middle High German: kupfe, gupfe, kuffe

→ Late Latin: cofia

desc

Old French: coife, cofe, coif, coiffe, coifve

Middle French: coiffe, coeffe

French: coiffe

Middle English: coyfe, coyffe, coiffe, coyf, coif

English: coif, coiffe

Old Galician-Portuguese: cofia

Galician: cofia

Portuguese: coifa

Romanian: coif

→ Spanish: cofia (learned)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewp-, whence Proto-Germanic *skuftą (“tuft, hair”). Perhaps also related to Proto-Germanic *kuppaz.