hirdī

hirdī (nominative singular)
hirdijō (nominative plural)
hirdijōs (nominative plural)
hirdī (accusative singular)
hirdijā (accusative plural)
hirdijas (genitive singular)
hirdijō (genitive plural)
hirdijē (dative singular)
hirdijum (dative plural)
hirdiju (instrumental singular)
hirdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hierde, hyrde, hiorde, hirde, heorde
Middle English: herde
English: herd
Scots: herd, hird

Old Frisian: *herde, *hirde

East Frisian: höid

Old Saxon: hirdi, herdi
Middle Low German: herde, hirde
German Low German: Heier
Plautdietsch: Hoad

Old Dutch: *hirdi

Middle Dutch: herde

Old High German: hirti, hirt
Middle High German: hirte, hirt
Cimbrian: hiart
German: Hirte, Hirt (both are roughly equally common)
Luxembourgish: Hiert


fōt

fōt (nominative singular)
fōti (nominative plural)
fōtu (accusative singular)
fōti (accusative plural)
fōti (genitive singular)
fōtō (genitive plural)
fōti (dative singular)
fōtum (dative plural)
fōti (instrumental singular)
fōtum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fōt
Middle English: fot, fod, foȝt, foit, foot, foote, fote, fout, fut, vot
English: foot (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute
Yola: voote

Old Frisian: fōt

North Frisian: fötj, fut, Fut

Saterland Frisian: Fout

West Frisian: foet

Old Saxon: fōt
Middle Low German: vôt
Low German:
German Low German: Voot
Hamburgisch: Foot
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Féut m
Ravensbergisch: Feot
Westmünsterländisch: Foot
Märkisch: Faut
Plautdietsch: Foot

Old Dutch: fuot
Middle Dutch: voet
Dutch: voet
Limburgish: voot

Old High German: fuoz
Middle High German: fuoz, vuoz
Alemannic German: Fuas
Bavarian: Fuaß
Cimbrian: vuus, buus, vuaz
Gottscheerish: vúəs
Mòcheno: vuas
Central Franconian: Foß, Fuß
Hunsrik: Fus
Kölsch: Fooß
Luxembourgish: Fouss
German: Fuß
Rhine Franconian: Fuss, Fuß
Frankfurterisch: Fuß – [fuːs], (older) [fois]
Pennsylvania German: Fuuss
Swabian: Fuaß
Vilamovian: füs
Yiddish: פֿוס (fus)


andī

andī (nominative singular)
andijō (nominative plural)
andijōs (nominative plural)
andī (accusative singular)
andijā (accusative plural)
andijas (genitive singular)
andijō (genitive plural)
andijē (dative singular)
andijum (dative plural)
andiju (instrumental singular)
andijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ende
Middle English: ende, eend, eende, end, eynde, ȝend, hende, yende, ynde
English: end
Scots: end, ende, hend
Yola: een, eene

Old Frisian: ende, enda

Saterland Frisian: Eende, Eend

West Frisian: ein

Old Saxon: endi

Middle Low German: ende

Dutch Low Saxon: ende

German Low German: End, Enne, Enn

Plautdietsch: Enj

Old Dutch: endi
Middle Dutch: ende
Dutch: einde
Limburgish: ènj

Old High German: enti
Middle High German: ende
Alemannic German: Endi, End
Central Franconian: Enk
Hunsrik: Enn
Luxembourgish: Enn
Cimbrian: énte
German: Ende
Rhine Franconian: End, Enn, Enne, Inn
Frankfurterisch: [ent]; [en] (older)
Pennsylvania German: End
Vilamovian: end


maiþm

maiþm (nominative singular)
maiþmō (nominative plural)
maiþmōs (nominative plural)
maiþm (accusative singular)
maiþmā (accusative plural)
maiþmas (genitive singular)
maiþmō (genitive plural)
maiþmē (dative singular)
maiþmum (dative plural)
maiþmu (instrumental singular)
maiþmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: māþum, māþm

Middle English: mathem, madme

→ English: mathum, mathom

Old Saxon: mēthom, mēþom

Old High German: *meidam

Middle High German: meidem, meiden


mārī

mārī (nominative singular)
māriju (nominative plural)
mārī (accusative singular)
māriju (accusative plural)
mārijas (genitive singular)
mārijō (genitive plural)
mārijē (dative singular)
mārijum (dative plural)
māriju (instrumental singular)
mārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣre

Old Frisian: mēre

Old Saxon: māri

Old Dutch: māri

Middle Dutch: mâre

Dutch: mare

Old High German: māri

Middle High German: mære

Alemannic German: Määri

German: Mär, Märchen

From Proto-Germanic *mēriją, related to Etymology 1 above.


mārī

mārī (nominative singular)
mārīn (accusative singular)
mārīn (genitive singular)
mārīn (dative singular)
mārīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: mārī

Middle High German: mære

German: Märe

From Proto-Germanic *mērį̄. Equivalent to *mārī (“famous”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


kwalu

kwalu (nominative singular)
kwalō (nominative plural)
kwalā (accusative singular)
kwalā (accusative plural)
kwalā (genitive singular)
kwalō (genitive plural)
kwalē (dative singular)
kwalōm (dative plural)
kwalum (dative plural)
kwalu (instrumental singular)
kwalōm (instrumental plural)
kwalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwalu
Middle English: qual


kwālu

kwālu (nominative singular)
kwālō (nominative plural)
kwālā (accusative singular)
kwālā (accusative plural)
kwālā (genitive singular)
kwālō (genitive plural)
kwālē (dative singular)
kwālōm (dative plural)
kwālum (dative plural)
kwālu (instrumental singular)
kwālōm (instrumental plural)
kwālum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: quāla

Old Dutch: *kwāla

Middle Dutch: quâle

Dutch: kwaal

Afrikaans: kwaal

Old High German: quāla

Middle High German: quāle

German: Qual


kwernu

kwernu (nominative singular)
kwirniwi (nominative plural)
kwernō (nominative plural)
kwernu (accusative singular)
kwernū (accusative plural)
kwernō (genitive singular)
kwirniwō (genitive plural)
kwirniwi (dative singular)
kwernō (dative singular)
kwernum (dative plural)
kwernu (instrumental singular)
kwernum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kwern, quern

Middle Low German: quern

Old Dutch: *kwern

Middle Dutch: querne

Dutch: kweern

desc

Old High German: kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn

Middle High German: kurn, kürn


hwōstō

hwōstō (nominative singular)
hwōstan (nominative plural)
hwōstan (accusative singular)
hwōstan (accusative plural)
hwōstini (genitive singular)
hwōstan (genitive singular)
hwōstanō (genitive plural)
hwōstini (dative singular)
hwōstan (dative singular)
hwōstum (dative plural)
hwōstini (instrumental singular)
hwōstan (instrumental singular)
hwōstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwōsta

Middle English: host

English: whoost, hoost

Old Saxon: *hwōsto

Middle Low German: hôste

Old Dutch: *huosto

Middle Dutch: hoeste

Dutch: hoest

Afrikaans: hoes

Old High German: huosto

Middle High German: huoste

German: Husten

→ Yiddish: הוסט (hust)


sibbju

sibbju (nominative singular)
sibbjō (nominative plural)
sibbjā (accusative singular)
sibbjā (accusative plural)
sibbjā (genitive singular)
sibbjō (genitive plural)
sibbjē (dative singular)
sibbjōm (dative plural)
sibbjum (dative plural)
sibbju (instrumental singular)
sibbjōm (instrumental plural)
sibbjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sibb
Middle English: sibbe, sib
English: sib
Scots: sib
→ Norn: sib (?)

Old Frisian: sibbe

West Frisian: sibbe

Old Saxon: sibbia

Middle Low German: sibbe

Old Dutch: *sibba

Middle Dutch: sibbe

Dutch: sibbe (possibly a loanword from Frisian)

Old High German: sippea, sibba, sippa

Middle High German: sippe

German: Sippe


kwenā

kwenā (nominative singular)
kwenōn (nominative plural)
kwenōn (accusative singular)
kwenōn (accusative plural)
kwenōn (genitive singular)
kwenōnō (genitive plural)
kwenōn (dative singular)
kwenōm (dative plural)
kwenum (dative plural)
kwenōn (instrumental singular)
kwenōm (instrumental plural)
kwenum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwene

Middle English: quene

Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin

English: quean

Old Saxon: quena

gl

merged with Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">quān</i>

Middle Low German: quēne, quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quān)

Low German: Quene

→ German: Queene

Old Dutch: *quena

Middle Dutch: quene, kone

Dutch: kween

Afrikaans: kween

Old High German: chuuena, quena

desc

Middle High German: kone, kan, kun, quëne

German: Kone (obsolete)


brunnjā

brunnjā (nominative singular)
brunnjōn (nominative plural)
brunnjōn (accusative singular)
brunnjōn (accusative plural)
brunnjōn (genitive singular)
brunnjōnō (genitive plural)
brunnjōn (dative singular)
brunnjōm (dative plural)
brunnjum (dative plural)
brunnjōn (instrumental singular)
brunnjōm (instrumental plural)
brunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: byrne
Middle English: burne

Old Saxon: brunnia

Old High German: brunnja, brunna

German: Brünne

→ Early Medieval Latin: brunia

Old French: bronie
French: broigne


fiskōþu

fiskōþu (nominative singular)
fiskōþiwi (nominative plural)
fiskōþō (nominative plural)
fiskōþu (accusative singular)
fiskōþū (accusative plural)
fiskōþō (genitive singular)
fiskōþiwō (genitive plural)
fiskōþiwi (dative singular)
fiskōþō (dative singular)
fiskōþum (dative plural)
fiskōþu (instrumental singular)
fiskōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fiscoþ


alljan

alljan (nominative singular)
alljanu (nominative plural)
alljan (accusative singular)
alljanu (accusative plural)
alljanas (genitive singular)
alljanō (genitive plural)
alljanē (dative singular)
alljanum (dative plural)
alljanu (instrumental singular)
alljanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ellen

Middle English: ellen

English: ellen, elne

Old Saxon: ellian

Middle Low German: ellen, ellent

Old High German: ellan

Middle High German: ellen


hallju

hallju (nominative singular)
halljō (nominative plural)
halljā (accusative singular)
halljā (accusative plural)
halljā (genitive singular)
halljō (genitive plural)
halljē (dative singular)
halljōm (dative plural)
halljum (dative plural)
hallju (instrumental singular)
halljōm (instrumental plural)
halljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hell, hel
Middle English: helle, hel, hell, hælle
English: hell, Hell
Scots: hell, Hell

Old Frisian: helle, hille

North Frisian: helle, hille, hel

Saterland Frisian: Hälle

West Frisian: hel

Old Saxon: hel, hellja, hellia
Middle Low German: helle
German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Helle
Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
Plautdietsch: Hal

Old Dutch: hella

Middle Dutch: helle
Dutch: hel
Afrikaans: hel
Limburgish: hel

Old High German: hellia, hella

Middle High German: helle

Alemannic German: Hell

Cimbrian: hélla

German: Helle, Hölle

Luxembourgish: Häll

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Hell


auwju

auwju (nominative singular)
auwjō (nominative plural)
auwjā (accusative singular)
auwjā (accusative plural)
auwjā (genitive singular)
auwjō (genitive plural)
auwjē (dative singular)
auwjōm (dative plural)
auwjum (dative plural)
auwju (instrumental singular)
auwjōm (instrumental plural)
auwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: īeġ
Middle English: ei, i, ie
English: ey

Old Frisian: ā

Saterland Frisian: Äi

Old Saxon: ōia

Middle Low German: ouwe, ou, ow, ō (in compounds)

Low German: Oie

Old Dutch: ōi, *owe

Middle Dutch: ooy, ouwe

Dutch: Ooij

⇒ ooibos, landouw

Old High German: ouwa

Middle High German: ouwe

German: Au, Aue

Luxembourgish: A


ahaʀ

ahaʀ (nominative singular)
ahiʀu (nominative plural)
ahaʀ (accusative singular)
ahiʀu (accusative plural)
ahiʀi (genitive singular)
ahiʀō (genitive plural)
ahiʀi (dative singular)
ahiʀum (dative plural)
ahiʀi (instrumental singular)
ahiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēar, æhher — Northumbrian
Middle English: eere, ear, ere, er, ȝer, eyre
English: ear
Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)

Old Frisian: *ēr

Saterland Frisian: Iere

West Frisian: ier

Old Saxon: ahar, ahir, ehir
Middle Low German: ār
Low German: Ohr
Plautdietsch: Oa

Old Dutch: *ār

Middle Dutch: aer
Dutch: aar
Afrikaans: aar

Old High German: ahir, ahar, ehir
Middle High German: eher, äher
Alemannic German: Äli
Central Franconian: Ohr, Öhr, Ähr, Ähjer, Iehr
Luxembourgish: Éi
German: Ähre
Vilamovian: yjer

From Proto-Germanic *ahaz. The final -z, which should have been lost in Proto-West Germanic, was reintroduced on the basis of the inflected forms.


aitr

aitr (nominative singular)
aittru (nominative plural)
aitr (accusative singular)
aittru (accusative plural)
aittras (genitive singular)
aittrō (genitive plural)
aittrē (dative singular)
aittrum (dative plural)
aittru (instrumental singular)
aittrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ātor
Middle English: atter, attere, attir, attre, atture, attyr, attyre, atterr (Ormulum)
English: atter
Scots: atter, etter

Old Frisian: āter, ater, ātter, atter

Saterland Frisian: Atter

West Frisian: etter

Old Saxon: ēttor, ēttar; eitir

Middle Low German: etter

German Low German: Etter, Atter

Old Dutch: *ētar, *ēttar; eitir

Middle Dutch: etter, atter

Dutch: etter, atter

Old High German: eitar, eittar
Middle High German: eiter
German: Eiter
Luxembourgish: Eeter


gliwi

gliwi (nominative singular)
gliuwju (nominative plural)
gliwi (accusative singular)
gliuwju (accusative plural)
gliuwjas (genitive singular)
gliuwjō (genitive plural)
gliuwjē (dative singular)
gliuwjum (dative plural)
gliuwju (instrumental singular)
gliuwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gleo, glēow, glīw, glīġ
Middle English: gle, gleu, glewe
English: glee
Scots: gle. glee, glie
Scots: glewe, glew (poetic)


hwaitī

hwaitī (nominative singular)
hwaitijō (nominative plural)
hwaitijōs (nominative plural)
hwaitī (accusative singular)
hwaitijā (accusative plural)
hwaitijas (genitive singular)
hwaitijō (genitive plural)
hwaitijē (dative singular)
hwaitijum (dative plural)
hwaitiju (instrumental singular)
hwaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwǣte
Middle English: whete, ȝwete, huete, weete, wete, wheete, whet, whette, wheyte, wheytt, whiett, whyte, quete, quheyt, qwet, qwhete (Northern), hwæte, hweate, hwete, whæte (Early Middle English)
English: wheat
Middle Scots: quhete
Scots: white, wheat, wheyt
Yola: whet

Old Frisian: hwēte, wēt

Saterland Frisian: Weete

West Frisian: weet

Old Saxon: hwēti

Middle Low German: wête, weite

desc

German Low German: Weet, Weite, Weit, Weten

Old Dutch: *wēt, *weit

Middle Dutch: weet, weit

Dutch: weit

Limburgish: weit

desctree

Old High German: weizi, hwaizi
Middle High German: weize
Alemannic German: Weisse
Cimbrian: bòotze
German: Weizen
Hunsrik: Weize
Luxembourgish: Weess
Pennsylvania German: Weeze
Vilamovian: waas
Yiddish: ווייץ (veyts)


þrau

þrau (nominative singular)
þrawō (nominative plural)
þrawā (accusative singular)
þrawā (accusative plural)
þrawā (genitive singular)
þrawō (genitive plural)
þrawē (dative singular)
þrawōm (dative plural)
þraum (dative plural)
þrau (instrumental singular)
þrawōm (instrumental plural)
þraum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrēa

English: throw, throe

Old Saxon: *thrā

Old Saxon: thrāwerk (“pain”)

Old High German: drawa, drowa, drōa

Middle High German: drowe, drouwe, drō


skūwō

skūō (nominative singular)
skūan (nominative plural)
skūan (accusative singular)
skūan (accusative plural)
skūini (genitive singular)
skūan (genitive singular)
skūanō (genitive plural)
skūini (dative singular)
skūan (dative singular)
skūm (dative plural)
skūini (instrumental singular)
skūan (instrumental singular)
skūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċūwa, sċūa

Old High German: skūwo, skūo


tungā

tungā (nominative singular)
tungōn (nominative plural)
tungōn (accusative singular)
tungōn (accusative plural)
tungōn (genitive singular)
tungōnō (genitive plural)
tungōn (dative singular)
tungōm (dative plural)
tungum (dative plural)
tungōn (instrumental singular)
tungōm (instrumental plural)
tungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tunge
Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong

Old Frisian: tunge
North Frisian: tonge, tunge
Saterland Frisian: Tunge
West Frisian: tonge

Old Saxon: tunga, tunge
Middle Low German: tunge
German Low German: Tunge
Plautdietsch: Tung

Old Dutch: tunga
Middle Dutch: tonge
Dutch: tong
Afrikaans: tong
Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
→ Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
→? Sranan Tongo: tongo
→ Aukan: tongo
→ Kwinti: tongo
→ Saramaccan: tongò
Limburgish: tóng

Old High German: zunga
Middle High German: zunge
Alemannic German: Zunge
Central Franconian: Zong
Cimbrian: zung
German: Zunge
Luxembourgish: Zong
Vilamovian: cung
Yiddish: צונג (tsung)


namō

namō (nominative singular)
naman (nominative plural)
naman (accusative singular)
naman (accusative plural)
namini (genitive singular)
naman (genitive singular)
namanō (genitive plural)
namini (dative singular)
naman (dative singular)
namum (dative plural)
namini (instrumental singular)
naman (instrumental singular)
namum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nama, noma
Middle English: name, nome
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, naume, name

Old Frisian: nama, noma

North Frisian: nom

(Mooring): noome

(Föhr-Amrum): nööm

Saterland Frisian: Nome

West Frisian: namme

Old Saxon: namo

Middle Low German: nāme, nōme, nām

German Low German: Naam

Plautdietsch: Nomen

Old Dutch: namo
Middle Dutch: nāme
Dutch: naam
Limburgish: naam, naom

Old High German: namo
Middle High German: name
Alemannic German: Naame
Italian Walser: namä, noame, nomu, nàmund
Bavarian: Nama, Nam, Nåm
Cimbrian: nåm, name, naamo
Mòcheno: nu'm
Udinese: nome, nòmm, nome, nomat
German: Name, Namen
Luxembourgish: Numm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Naame
Yiddish: נאָמען (nomen)


hertā

hertā (nominative singular)
hertōn (nominative plural)
hertā (accusative singular)
hertōn (accusative plural)
hirtini (genitive singular)
hertan (genitive singular)
hertanō (genitive plural)
hirtini (dative singular)
hertan (dative singular)
hertum (dative plural)
hirtini (instrumental singular)
hertan (instrumental singular)
hertum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorte, herte — Northumbrian, hearte, hiorte
Middle English: herte, hart, harte, heorte, hert, hertt, hirte, huerte, heortæ, heorrte, herrte, hierte, horte, hurte (Early Middle English)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart

Old Frisian: herte
Saterland Frisian: Haat
West Frisian: hert

Old Saxon: herta, herte
Middle Low German: herte, harte
Low German: Hart, Hiärt
German Low German: Hart
Plautdietsch: Hoat

Old Dutch: herta
Middle Dutch: herte, harte
Dutch: hart
Afrikaans: hart
Limburgish: hert
West Flemish: erte

Old High German: herza
Middle High German: hërze, hërz
Alemannic German: Härz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hèrtz, hèertze (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hèrz
Central Franconian: Hätz, Hetz (variant spelling), Hatz (Ripuarian), Herz (Ripuarian variant), Hearz (Moselle Franconian variant), Häerz
Hunsrik: Herz
German: Herz
Luxembourgish: Häerz
Silesian East Central German: Herze / Härze (Breslauisch) / Harze n
⇒ Silesian East Central German: / harzlich
Vilamovian: haoc
Yiddish: האַרץ (harts)


mānōþ

mānōþ (nominative singular)
mānōþi (nominative plural)
mānōþu (accusative singular)
mānōþi (accusative plural)
mānōþi (genitive singular)
mānōþō (genitive plural)
mānōþi (dative singular)
mānōþum (dative plural)
mānōþi (instrumental singular)
mānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōnaþ, mōnað — edh spelling
Middle English: moneth, month, monþ, moneþ, monæþ
English: month
Scots: moneth

Old Frisian: mōnath

North Frisian: muunt

Saterland Frisian: Mound

West Frisian: moanne

Old Saxon: mānuth
Middle Low German: mānet, mānt
Low German: Maand (Northern Germany), Maond (Westphalia)
Plautdietsch: Moonat

Old Dutch: *mānoth

Middle Dutch: mānet, maent

Dutch: maand
Afrikaans: maand
Jersey Dutch: mânt, mônt, mönt
Negerhollands: maent, maand

Old High German: mānōd

Middle High German: mānōt

Cimbrian: maanont

German: Monat

→ Yiddish: מאָנאַט (monat)

Luxembourgish: Mount


rīkī

rīkī (nominative singular)
rīkiju (nominative plural)
rīkī (accusative singular)
rīkiju (accusative plural)
rīkijas (genitive singular)
rīkijō (genitive plural)
rīkijē (dative singular)
rīkijum (dative plural)
rīkiju (instrumental singular)
rīkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rīce
Middle English: riche, ryche, rik, rike, ryk (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)

Old Frisian: rīke

Saterland Frisian: Riek

West Frisian: ryk

Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîch, ricke, rijke, rîk, rîke
Low German: riek
Plautdietsch: Rikj

Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk

Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: riche
Bavarian: Reich
German: Reich
→ English: Reich
→ Polish: Reich
→ Russian: рейх (rejx)
Luxembourgish: Räich
→ Polish: rzesza
→ Czech: říše
→ Slovak: ríša


aij

aij (nominative singular)
aijiʀu (nominative plural)
aij (accusative singular)
aijiʀu (accusative plural)
aijiʀi (genitive singular)
aijiʀō (genitive plural)
aijiʀi (dative singular)
aijiʀum (dative plural)
aijiʀi (instrumental singular)
aijiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣġ
Middle English: ey
English: ey (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)
English: Cockney

Old Frisian: *ei, *ai

Saterland Frisian: Oai

West Frisian: aei, aai

Old Saxon: ei, eig, egg
Middle Low German: ei, egg, eig
Low German:
German Low German: Ei
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Egg
Märkisch: Ägg
Ravensbergisch: Åich
Sauerländisch: Ai
Westmünsterländisch: Äi
Plautdietsch: Ei

Old Dutch: *ei

Middle Dutch: ei
Dutch: ei
Afrikaans: eier
Berbice Creole Dutch: airi
Jersey Dutch: āi
Negerhollands: ee, eiu, eyu, eju
Limburgish: ei

Old High German: ei
Middle High German: ei
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Oi
Bavarian: Oa
Mòcheno: oi
Central Franconian: Ei, Ää, Aai
Hunsrik: Eu
Luxembourgish: Ee
German: Ei
Vilamovian: e
Yiddish: איי (ey)


sāmō

sāmō (nominative singular)
sāman (nominative plural)
sāman (accusative singular)
sāman (accusative plural)
sāmini (genitive singular)
sāman (genitive singular)
sāmanō (genitive plural)
sāmini (dative singular)
sāman (dative singular)
sāmum (dative plural)
sāmini (instrumental singular)
sāman (instrumental singular)
sāmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: sāmo

Middle Low German: sāme

Old High German: sāmo
Middle High German: sāme, saume
Cimbrian: zamo
German: Samen, Same (now rare)
→ Japanese: ザーメン (zāmen)
Hunsrik: Some
Luxembourgish: Som
Vilamovian: zöma
Yiddish: זוימען (zoymen) (< saume)

From Proto-Germanic *sēmô; equivalent to *sāan + *-mō.


hraʀnu

hraʀnu (nominative singular)
hraʀnō (nominative plural)
hraʀnā (accusative singular)
hraʀnā (accusative plural)
hraʀnā (genitive singular)
hraʀnō (genitive plural)
hraʀnē (dative singular)
hraʀnōm (dative plural)
hraʀnum (dative plural)
hraʀnu (instrumental singular)
hraʀnōm (instrumental plural)
hraʀnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hræn, hærn


gaskafti

gaskafti (nominative singular)
gaskaftī (nominative plural)
gaskafti (accusative singular)
gaskaftī (accusative plural)
gaskaftī (genitive singular)
gaskaftijō (genitive plural)
gaskaftī (dative singular)
gaskaftim (dative plural)
gaskaftijum (dative plural)
gaskaftī (instrumental singular)
gaskaftim (instrumental plural)
gaskaftijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesċeaft, ġesċæft, ġesċeft
Middle English: ȝescafte, iscefte, ishafte, ishaft

Old High German: giscaft

Middle High German: gescheft

Alemannic German: Geschäft

Bavarian: Gschäft

German: Geschäft

Hunsrik: Gescheft

Luxembourgish: Geschäft

Vilamovian: gysieft

Yiddish: געשעפֿט (gesheft)


raʀn

raʀn (nominative singular)
raʀnu (nominative plural)
raʀn (accusative singular)
raʀnu (accusative plural)
raʀnas (genitive singular)
raʀnō (genitive plural)
raʀnē (dative singular)
raʀnum (dative plural)
raʀnu (instrumental singular)
raʀnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ærn, earn, ern

Middle English: ern

⇒ Old English: bereærn

Middle English: bern

Scots: bern

English: barn


snuʀu

snuʀu (nominative singular)
snoʀō (nominative plural)
snoʀā (accusative singular)
snoʀā (accusative plural)
snoʀā (genitive singular)
snoʀō (genitive plural)
snuʀē (dative singular)
snoʀōm (dative plural)
snuʀum (dative plural)
snuʀu (instrumental singular)
snoʀōm (instrumental plural)
snuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snoru

Middle English: snore

Old Frisian: snore

West Frisian: snoar

Old Saxon: *snura, *snora

desc

Middle Low German: snare, snāre, snōre, snōr

⇒ Middle Low German: snōreke, snǖreke, snorche, snoirche, snurche, snurghe

Old Dutch: *snura

Middle Dutch: snore, snoere, snare

Dutch: snaar, snoer

Old High German: snura

Middle High German: snuor, snur

Alemannic German: Schnuer

German: Schnur (obsolete)

Luxembourgish: Schnauer

Yiddish: שנור (shnur)


hoʀd

hoʀd (nominative singular)
hoʀdu (nominative plural)
hoʀd (accusative singular)
hoʀdu (accusative plural)
hoʀdas (genitive singular)
hoʀdō (genitive plural)
hoʀdē (dative singular)
hoʀdum (dative plural)
hoʀdu (instrumental singular)
hoʀdum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hord
Middle English: hord, hoord, horde, hurd, hurde
English: hoard
Scots: huird, hurd, hurde

Old Frisian: *hord

West Frisian: hoerde, huorde

Old Saxon: hord

Middle Low German: hōrt

Old Dutch: *hord

Middle Dutch: hoord

Old High German: hort

Middle High German: hort

German: Hort


gaiʀ

gaiʀ (nominative singular)
gaiʀō (nominative plural)
gaiʀōs (nominative plural)
gaiʀ (accusative singular)
gaiʀā (accusative plural)
gaiʀas (genitive singular)
gaiʀō (genitive plural)
gaiʀē (dative singular)
gaiʀum (dative plural)
gaiʀu (instrumental singular)
gaiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gār
Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær
⇒ Middle English: garfysche
English: garfish
Scots: gairfish

Old Frisian: *gār, gēr

Saterland Frisian: Goare

West Frisian: gear

Old Saxon: gēr

Middle Low German: gêr

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Geere, Geer

Old Dutch: *gēr
Middle Dutch: gêer
Dutch: geer

Old High German: gēr, giri
Lombardic: ger
→⇒ Italian: gherone
Middle High German: gēr
German: Ger


miʀdu

miʀdu (nominative singular)
miʀdō (nominative plural)
miʀdā (accusative singular)
miʀdā (accusative plural)
miʀdā (genitive singular)
miʀdō (genitive plural)
miʀdē (dative singular)
miʀdōm (dative plural)
miʀdum (dative plural)
miʀdu (instrumental singular)
miʀdōm (instrumental plural)
miʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mēd
Middle English: mede, meede
English: meed
Scots: med

Old Saxon: mēda

Middle Low German: mêde

Low German: Meed

Old Dutch: *miada, *mieda

Middle Dutch: miede

Dutch: miede

Old High German: miata

Middle High German: miete

German: Miete

Luxembourgish: Mit

Lombardic: mēta


auʀā

auʀā (nominative singular)
auʀōn (nominative plural)
auʀā (accusative singular)
auʀōn (accusative plural)
auʀini (genitive singular)
auʀan (genitive singular)
auʀanō (genitive plural)
auʀini (dative singular)
auʀan (dative singular)
auʀum (dative plural)
auʀini (instrumental singular)
auʀan (instrumental singular)
auʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēare
Middle English: ere, eare, eere, eyr, ȝhere, here, ire, yere
English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia
Scots: ear

Old Frisian: āre
North Frisian:
Föhr: uar
Hallig, Mooring: uur
Helgoland: Uaar
Saterland Frisian: Oor
West Frisian: ear

Old Saxon: ōra
Middle Low German: ôre
Low German: Ohr
Dutch Low Saxon: oor
German Low German: Or, Ur
Plautdietsch: Oa, Ua

Old Dutch: ōra
Middle Dutch: ôre
Dutch: oor
Afrikaans: oor
Jersey Dutch: ôr
Negerhollands: oor, hoor, ho
Limburgish: oear

Old High German: ōra
Middle High German: ore
Alemannic German: Oor
Bavarian: Oar
Central Franconian: Uhr, Ohr
Hunsrik: Oher
Luxembourgish: Ouer
German: Ohr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Ohr
Vilamovian: ür
Yiddish: אויער (oyer)


raʀdu

raʀdu (nominative singular)
raʀdō (nominative plural)
raʀdā (accusative singular)
raʀdā (accusative plural)
raʀdā (genitive singular)
raʀdō (genitive plural)
raʀdē (dative singular)
raʀdōm (dative plural)
raʀdum (dative plural)
raʀdu (instrumental singular)
raʀdōm (instrumental plural)
raʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: reord

desc

Middle English: reorde, rearde, rorde, rerd

Scots: rerde, rerd, reird

English: reard

⇒ Old English: reordian (“to speak”)

Middle English: rerden

Old High German: rarta

From Proto-Germanic *razdō (“sound, voice”).


raʀdu

Old English: reord

⇒ Old English: reordian (“to consume, dine, feast”)

From Proto-Germanic *razdō (“food, meal”).


halbiþu

halbiþu (nominative singular)
halbiþō (nominative plural)
halbiþā (accusative singular)
halbiþā (accusative plural)
halbiþā (genitive singular)
halbiþō (genitive plural)
halbiþē (dative singular)
halbiþōm (dative plural)
halbiþum (dative plural)
halbiþu (instrumental singular)
halbiþōm (instrumental plural)
halbiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: helfte

North Frisian: helt

West Frisian: helte

Old Saxon: *helvida, *helfta

Middle Low German: helfte

German Low German: Hälfte, Hälft

Old Dutch: *helvida

Middle Dutch: helft, helfde

Dutch: helft

Afrikaans: helfte

Old High German: *helbida, *helfta

Middle High German: helfte

German: Hälfte

From Proto-Germanic *halbiþō. Equivalent to *halb (“half”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


dādi

dādi (nominative singular)
dādī (nominative plural)
dādi (accusative singular)
dādī (accusative plural)
dādī (genitive singular)
dādijō (genitive plural)
dādī (dative singular)
dādim (dative plural)
dādijum (dative plural)
dādī (instrumental singular)
dādim (instrumental plural)
dādijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dǣd, dēd

Middle English: dede

English: deed

Scots: dede, ded, deid

Old Frisian: dēd, dēde

Saterland Frisian: Däid

West Frisian: died

Old Saxon: dād

Middle Low German: dât, dâde

German Low German: Daad

Low German: Daat

→ Saterland Frisian: Doat

Old Dutch: dāt, *dād

Middle Dutch: dat, daet, *daed, dade

Dutch: daad

Afrikaans: daad

Old High German: tāt

Middle High German: tāt, dāt, tæte

German: Tat

Luxembourgish: Dot


brōþer

brōþer (nominative singular)
brōþar (nominative plural)
brōþar (accusative singular)
brōþar (accusative plural)
brōþur (genitive singular)
brōþrō (genitive plural)
brōþri (dative singular)
brōþrum (dative plural)
brōþri (instrumental singular)
brōþrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: brōþor, brōþer, brōþur, brōðer, brōður
Middle English: brother
English: brother (see there for further descendants)
Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder
Yola: brover, brower

Old Frisian: brōther
North Frisian:
Amrum: bruder
Föhr: bruler
Northern Goesharder: (Hoolmer) broor, (Hoorninger) brår
Southern Goesharder: brööðer
Hallig: bröör
Halunder: Bruur
Mooring: brouder
Sylt: Bröđer
Saterland Frisian: Brúur, Brour (Strukelje)
West Frisian: broer

Old Saxon: brōthar
Middle Low German: brôder, brûder
German Low German: Broder, Broor, Bröör
Plautdietsch: Brooda

Old Dutch: *bruothar

Middle Dutch: broeder
Dutch: broeder, broer
Afrikaans: broeder, broer
Limburgish: broor

Old High German: bruoder
Middle High German: bruoder
Alemannic German: Brüeder, Brueder
Italian Walser: briöder, bruder, brueder, bröder
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pruudar, pruadar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: pruader
Northern Bavarian: [ˈb̥rou̯d̥ɐ], [ˈb̥rei̯d̥ɐ]
Udinese: pruadar, prueder, pruider
Central Franconian: Broder, Bruder
Hunsrik: Bruder
Luxembourgish: Brudder
German: Bruder
Rhine Franconian: Bruder
Frankfurterisch: [pʀuːd̥æ̆], [prɔurə]
Pennsylvania German: Bruder
Vilamovian: brüder
Yiddish: ברודער (bruder)


tanþ

tanþ (nominative singular)
tanþi (nominative plural)
tanþu (accusative singular)
tanþi (accusative plural)
tanþi (genitive singular)
tanþō (genitive plural)
tanþi (dative singular)
tanþum (dative plural)
tanþi (instrumental singular)
tanþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tōþ
Middle English: tothe, toth, tooth
Scots: tuth, tutht, tuith
English: tooth

Old Frisian: tōth
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tus
Sylt: Ter

Old Saxon: tand

Middle Low German: tant, tan

Low German: Tähn

German Low German: Tand, Tann, Tähn

Plautdietsch: Tän

→ Saterland Frisian: Tiende

Old Dutch: tant
Middle Dutch: tant
Dutch: tand

Old High German: zand, zan, zant, tænd
Middle High German: zan, zant
Alemannic German: Zah
Bavarian: Zåhn, Zant
Central Franconian: Zank, Zand
Kölsch: Zant
German: Zahn
→ Central Franconian: Zahn
Hunsrik: Zaan
Luxembourgish: Zant
Pennsylvania German: Zaah
Swabian: Zah, Zai
Vilamovian: cōn
Yiddish: צאָן (tson)
→ Italian: zanna (via Lombardic)


hrinþ

hrinþ (nominative singular)
hrinþiʀu (nominative plural)
hrinþ (accusative singular)
hrinþiʀu (accusative plural)
hrinþiʀi (genitive singular)
hrinþiʀō (genitive plural)
hrinþiʀi (dative singular)
hrinþiʀum (dative plural)
hrinþiʀi (instrumental singular)
hrinþiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrīþ (< nom.sg.), hrīþer (< nom.pl.)
Middle English: rother, reother, rither, rether
English: rother

Old Frisian: hrīther, hrēther, hrinder (< nom.pl.)

North Frisian: ridder, redder

Saterland Frisian: Räier

West Frisian: rier

Old Saxon: hrīth, *hrind

Middle Low German: rint

Low German: Rind

Old Dutch: hrind, rind

Middle Dutch: rint, rent

gl

Dutch: rind, rend, rund (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hrunþ, from Proto-Germanic *hrunþaz)

West Flemish: rend

desctree

Old High German: rind, hrind
Middle High German: rint
Alemannic German: Rind
Central Franconian: Rend, Renk (native in most of Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Rond, Rönd (Eifel)
German: Rind
Hunsrik: Rind
Luxembourgish: Rand
Vilamovian: rynd


aiþum

aiþum (nominative singular)
aiþumō (nominative plural)
aiþumōs (nominative plural)
aiþum (accusative singular)
aiþumā (accusative plural)
aiþumas (genitive singular)
aiþumō (genitive plural)
aiþumē (dative singular)
aiþumum (dative plural)
aiþumu (instrumental singular)
aiþumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āþum
Middle English: aþum, oþom, oþam, oþem

Old Frisian: āthum, āthom, āthem

>? Saterland Frisian: Oom

Old Saxon: *ēthum

Middle Low German: eidom, eidum

German Low German:

Westfalian: Eedem

Old Dutch: *eithum, *eitham

Middle Dutch: eidom (eastern)

Dutch: eidom, eedom (obsolete)

Limburgish: eejem

Old High German: eidum, eidam

Middle High German: eidem, eiden

German: Eidam (obsolete)

Luxembourgish: Eedem

Yiddish: איידעם (eydem)

Unknown; possibly related to Proto-Germanic *aiþį̄ (“mother”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey-tmó-s, from *h₂ey- (“to give, attribute”).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


ārundī

ārundī (nominative singular)
ārundiju (nominative plural)
ārundī (accusative singular)
ārundiju (accusative plural)
ārundijas (genitive singular)
ārundijō (genitive plural)
ārundijē (dative singular)
ārundijum (dative plural)
ārundiju (instrumental singular)
ārundijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣrende, ǣrænde
Middle English: erende, erand, arend, ernde, arnde
English: errand
Scots: erand, eirand, earand
Yola: erroane, errone

Old Frisian: ērende

Old Saxon: ārundi

Old High German: ārunti

desc

Middle High German: ārant, arant, erande, erende

Bavarian: Erend, Ernd

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *airundiją. Monophthongisation of ai to ā before r is regular and shared with North Germanic; compare e.g. Proto-West Germanic *sair.

inh+

Old English: ǣrendianMiddle English: arndien


auhaim

auhaim (nominative singular)
auhaimō (nominative plural)
auhaimōs (nominative plural)
auhaim (accusative singular)
auhaimā (accusative plural)
auhaimas (genitive singular)
auhaimō (genitive plural)
auhaimē (dative singular)
auhaimum (dative plural)
auhaimu (instrumental singular)
auhaimum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ēam
Middle English: em, eam, eem, eeme, eme, heme, nem, æem, æm, eom, heam, yem (Early Middle English), eame, eyme (Late Middle English)
English: eam, eme (dialectal)
Scots: eme

Old Frisian: ām, āme, ēm

North Frisian: ohm

Saterland Frisian: Oom

West Frisian: iem, yem, yeme

Old Saxon: *ōhēm

Middle Low German: ōhem, ōm

Low German: Ohm

Münsterländisch: Low German: Öhms (plural)

Plautdietsch: Oom

Old Dutch: *ōm

Middle Dutch: ôom
Dutch: oom
Afrikaans: oom
Berbice Creole Dutch: om
Negerhollands: noom, nom, noem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: nom, noom (dated)
→ Indonesian: om
→ Papiamentu: mò, òn, òmpi (from the diminutive), mo (Aruba), òm (Aruba), omo (Aruba), oom
→ Sranan Tongo: omu
→ West Frisian: omme, omke
Limburgish: oeam

Old High German: ōheim

Middle High German: ōheim; (Central German) ōhem, ōem

German: Oheim, Ohm (partly from Low German), Oehm


widuwā

widuwā (nominative singular)
widuwōn (nominative plural)
widuwōn (accusative singular)
widuwōn (accusative plural)
widuwōn (genitive singular)
widuwōnō (genitive plural)
widuwōn (dative singular)
widuwōm (dative plural)
widuwum (dative plural)
widuwōn (instrumental singular)
widuwōm (instrumental plural)
widuwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: widuwe
Middle English: widwe
English: widow
Scots: weedae, wedow, widdow

Old Frisian: widwe, wedwe

Saterland Frisian: Wiede- (in Wiedewieuw, Wiedekäärel)

West Frisian: widdo

Old Saxon: widuwa, widowa

desc

Middle Low German: wedewe, weduwe, wedue

Plautdietsch: Wät- (in Wätfru)

Old Dutch: widowa

Middle Dutch: weduwe, wedewe

desctree

Dutch: weduwe
Afrikaans: weduwee
Negerhollands: weduwe
→ Caribbean Hindustani: widhwá

Old High German: wituwa, witawa
Middle High German: witewe
Cimbrian: bittaba
German: Witwe
Luxembourgish: Wit- (in Witfra, Witmann)
Vilamovian: wytwa

From Proto-Germanic *widuwǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂ (“widow”).


harbist

harbist (nominative singular)
harbistō (nominative plural)
harbistōs (nominative plural)
harbist (accusative singular)
harbistā (accusative plural)
harbistas (genitive singular)
harbistō (genitive plural)
harbistē (dative singular)
harbistum (dative plural)
harbistu (instrumental singular)
harbistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hærfest
Middle English: hervest, harvest, ervest, herfest
English: harvest
Scots: hairst, harvest
Yola: hearesth, harrest

Old Frisian: herfst

Saterland Frisian: Häärst

West Frisian: hjerst

North Frisian: Hārefst (Sylt), harewst (Föhr-Amrum)

Old Saxon: herƀist

Middle Low German: hervest

Low German: Harvst

Plautdietsch: Hoafst

Old Dutch: hervist (attested in compound: heruistmanot)

Middle Dutch: hervest, herfst

Dutch: herfst

Afrikaans: herfs

Limburgish: herfs, harves

Old High German: herbist

Middle High German: herbest, herbst

Alemannic German: Herpscht

Walser: harpscht, herbscht, hérbscht

Bavarian: herbast

Cimbrian: herbest, hèrbest, herbust

Mòcheno: herbest

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Herrebst

Luxembourgish: Hierscht

German: Herbst

Vilamovian: hiewyst

Yiddish: האַרבסט (harbst)


skāp

skāp (nominative singular)
skāpu (nominative plural)
skāp (accusative singular)
skāpu (accusative plural)
skāpas (genitive singular)
skāpō (genitive plural)
skāpē (dative singular)
skāpum (dative plural)
skāpu (instrumental singular)
skāpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċēap, *sċǣp, sċēp, scīp
Middle English: schep, scheep, schepe, sheep, shepe, ssep (Kent, Southern)
English: sheep (see there for further descendants)
Scots: sheep
Yola: zheep, sheep

Old Frisian: skēp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: schep, schap
Goesharde: schäip
Helgoland: skēap
Mooring: schäip
Sylt: Sjip
Wiedingharde: sees
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: schaip
Saterland Frisian: Skäip, Schäip
Wangerooge Frisian: schaip
Wursten Frisian: schepp, scheep
West Frisian: skiep
Hindeloopen: skeep
Schiermonnikoog: schiep

Old Saxon: skāp, scāp
Middle Low German: schâp
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Schaap
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Schåp
Sauerländisch: Schōp
Westmünsterländisch: Schaop
Plautdietsch: Schop

Old Dutch: scāp
Middle Dutch: schâep
Dutch: schaap
Afrikaans: skaap
Berbice Creole Dutch: skapu
Jersey Dutch: sxâp
Negerhollands: skaap, skap
→ Lokono: sjikapoe, shikápo
→ Sranan Tongo: skapu
→ Saramaccan: sikáfu, sikápu
→ Warao: sikabo

Old High German: scāf
Middle High German: schāf
Alemannic German: Schooff
Swabian: Schoaf
Bavarian: Schåf
Carinthian: Hap
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Schåf
German: Schaf
→ Alemannic German: Schaf
Hunsrik: Schof
Luxembourgish: Schof
Rhine Franconian: Schoof
Palatine German: Schoof
Pennsylvania German: Schof
Vilamovian: siöf
Yiddish: שאָף (shof)


werud

werud (nominative singular)
werudu (nominative plural)
werud (accusative singular)
werudu (accusative plural)
werudas (genitive singular)
werudō (genitive plural)
werudē (dative singular)
werudum (dative plural)
werudu (instrumental singular)
werudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: werod, weorod

* Middle English: wered, werd, wird

Old Saxon: werud

From Proto-Germanic *werudą (“(band of) men”).


lākī

lākī (nominative singular)
lākijō (nominative plural)
lākijōs (nominative plural)
lākī (accusative singular)
lākijā (accusative plural)
lākijas (genitive singular)
lākijō (genitive plural)
lākijē (dative singular)
lākijum (dative plural)
lākiju (instrumental singular)
lākijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lǣċe

Middle English: leche

English: leech

Old Frisian: lēka, lētza

Old High German: lāhhi


mākī

mākī (nominative singular)
mākijō (nominative plural)
mākijōs (nominative plural)
mākī (accusative singular)
mākijā (accusative plural)
mākijas (genitive singular)
mākijō (genitive plural)
mākijē (dative singular)
mākijum (dative plural)
mākiju (instrumental singular)
mākijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mǣċe, mēċe
Middle English: meche, mache, mæche

Old Saxon: māki


māg

māg (nominative singular)
māgō (nominative plural)
māgōs (nominative plural)
māg (accusative singular)
māgā (accusative plural)
māgas (genitive singular)
māgō (genitive plural)
māgē (dative singular)
māgum (dative plural)
māgu (instrumental singular)
māgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣġ m or f

Middle English: mæȝ, mæi, meȝ, mei

English: may (“kinsman, person”)

desc

⇒ Old English: māga m (“descendant, son”)

⇒ Old English: māge, mǣġe f

Old Frisian: mēch

North Frisian: meeg

Old Saxon: māg

Middle Low German: mâch

Old Dutch: *māg

Middle Dutch: mâech

Dutch: maag

Afrikaans: maag

Old High German: māg

Middle High German: māc

German: Mage


wolkn

wolkn (nominative singular)
wolknu (nominative plural)
wolkn (accusative singular)
wolknu (accusative plural)
wolknas (genitive singular)
wolknō (genitive plural)
wolknē (dative singular)
wolknum (dative plural)
wolknu (instrumental singular)
wolknum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wolcn, weolcen, wolc, wolcen
Middle English: welken (from plural wolcnu)
English: welkin
Scots: walk, wak (from wolc)

Old Frisian: wolken, wulken, ulken

North Frisian: wolk

West Frisian: wolken, wolke, wolk

Old Saxon: wolkan, wolcan

Middle Low German: wolken, wulken

Old Dutch: uulcun, wulkon

Middle Dutch: wolken

Old High German: wolkan, wolcan

desc

Middle High German: wolken, wulken n or f or m

Bavarian: Woikn, Wolkn

Yiddish: וואָלקן (volkn)


stuþ

stuþ (nominative singular)
stuþi (nominative plural)
stuþu (accusative singular)
stuþi (accusative plural)
studi (genitive singular)
stodō (genitive plural)
studi (dative singular)
studum (dative plural)
studi (instrumental singular)
studum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: studu, stuþu
Middle English: stude
English: stud
Scots: stuit

Old High German: *stud

Middle High German: stud

Alemannic German: Stud

German: (obsolete) Stud, Studt


kwāni

kwāni (nominative singular)
kwānī (nominative plural)
kwāni (accusative singular)
kwānī (accusative plural)
kwānī (genitive singular)
kwānijō (genitive plural)
kwānī (dative singular)
kwānim (dative plural)
kwānijum (dative plural)
kwānī (instrumental singular)
kwānim (instrumental plural)
kwānijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwēn, cwǣn, cuēn, cwœ̄n — Anglian, cœ̄n — Northumbrian
Middle English: quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen
English: queen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: queen, wheen
Yola: queen

Old Saxon: quān

gl

merged with Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">quena</i>

>? Middle Low German: quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quena)


wāpn

wāpn (nominative singular)
wāpnu (nominative plural)
wāpn (accusative singular)
wāpnu (accusative plural)
wāpnas (genitive singular)
wāpnō (genitive plural)
wāpnē (dative singular)
wāpnum (dative plural)
wāpnu (instrumental singular)
wāpnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣpn, wǣpen

Middle English: wæpenn, wepen

English: weapon

Scots: weipen, weapoun, weapon

Old Frisian: *wāpin, wēpin

Saterland Frisian: Woapen

West Frisian: wapen

Old Saxon: wāpan

Middle Low German: wāpen

German Low German: Wapen, Wopen

→ Middle High German: wāpen

German: Wappen

Old Dutch: wāpan

Middle Dutch: wapen

Dutch: wapen

desctree

Old High German: wāfan
Middle High German: wāfen, wapen
Alemannic German: Waaffe
German: Waffe
→ German Low German: Waffe
Yiddish: וואָפֿן (vofn)


kuml

kuml (nominative singular)
kumlu (nominative plural)
kuml (accusative singular)
kumlu (accusative plural)
kumlas (genitive singular)
kumlō (genitive plural)
kumlē (dative singular)
kumlum (dative plural)
kumlu (instrumental singular)
kumlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cumbl, cumbol

Old Saxon: kumbl, kumbal


þeudan

þeudan (nominative singular)
þeudanō (nominative plural)
þeudanōs (nominative plural)
þeudan (accusative singular)
þeudanā (accusative plural)
þeudanas (genitive singular)
þeudanō (genitive plural)
þeudanē (dative singular)
þeudanum (dative plural)
þeudanu (instrumental singular)
þeudanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēoden

Old Saxon: thiodan


otr

otr (nominative singular)
ottrō (nominative plural)
ottrōs (nominative plural)
otr (accusative singular)
ottrā (accusative plural)
ottras (genitive singular)
ottrō (genitive plural)
ottrē (dative singular)
ottrum (dative plural)
ottru (instrumental singular)
ottrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: otr, oter, ottor, otor

Middle English: oter, otir, otur, otyre

Scots: otter

English: otter

Old Frisian: *otter

Saterland Frisian: Otter

West Frisian: otter

Old Saxon: *ottar

Middle Low German: otter

German Low German: Otter

Old Dutch: *ottar
Middle Dutch: otter
Dutch: otter
Berbice Creole Dutch: otro
Limburgish: ódder

Old High German: ottar

Middle High German: otter

German: Otter


kneht

kneht (nominative singular)
knehtō (nominative plural)
knehtōs (nominative plural)
kneht (accusative singular)
knehtā (accusative plural)
knehtas (genitive singular)
knehtō (genitive plural)
knehtē (dative singular)
knehtum (dative plural)
knehtu (instrumental singular)
knehtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cniht, cnaiht — Northumbrian, cnæht — Mercian, Northumbrian, cneht — Anglian, cneoht, cnyht, cnieht
Middle English: knyght
English: knight
Scots: knicht
Yola: nickht

Old Frisian: kniucht, knecht

North Frisian: knecht

Saterland Frisian: Knächt

West Frisian: knjocht

Old Saxon: kneht

Middle Low German: knecht

Dutch Low Saxon: knecht

German Low German: Knecht

Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Knech

→ Danish: knægt

→ Faroese: knektur

→ Swedish: knekt

→ Norwegian: knekt

Old Dutch: *cneht

Middle Dutch: cnecht

Dutch: knecht

Old High German: kneht

Middle High German: knëht

Alemannic German: Chnëcht

German: Knecht
→ Russian: кнехт (knext)

Luxembourgish: Kniecht

Yiddish: קנעכט (knekht)


bogō

bogō (nominative singular)
bogan (nominative plural)
bogan (accusative singular)
bogan (accusative plural)
bugini (genitive singular)
bogan (genitive singular)
boganō (genitive plural)
bugini (dative singular)
bogan (dative singular)
bogum (dative plural)
bugini (instrumental singular)
bogan (instrumental singular)
bogum (instrumental plural)

Old English: boga

Middle English: bowe

Scots: bow

English: bow

Old Frisian: boga

Saterland Frisian: Booge

West Frisian: boge

Old Saxon: bogo

Middle Low German: bōge

German Low German: Boog

Old Dutch: bogo
Middle Dutch: bōge
Dutch: boog
Afrikaans: boog

Old High German: bogo
Middle High German: boge
German: Bogen
Hunsrik: Bohe
Luxembourgish: Bou
Rhine Franconian: Boche, Bouche, Boge, Boo, Booe
Frankfurterisch: [b̥oːɣ̥ə]
Yiddish: בויגן (boygn)


ohsō

ohsō (nominative singular)
ohsan (nominative plural)
ohsan (accusative singular)
ohsan (accusative plural)
ohsini (genitive singular)
ohsan (genitive singular)
ohsanō (genitive plural)
ohsini (dative singular)
ohsan (dative singular)
ohsum (dative plural)
ohsini (instrumental singular)
ohsan (instrumental singular)
ohsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: oxa
Middle English: oxe, hox, nox, occe, ocxe, okse, ox, oxhe, oxse
English: ox (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ox

Old Frisian: oxa

North Frisian: Aus, oxse

West Frisian: okse

Saterland Frisian: Okse

Old Saxon: *ohso

Middle Low German: osce, ochse, osse

German Low German: Osse, Oss

Plautdietsch: Oss

Old Dutch: osso
Middle Dutch: osse
Dutch: os
Afrikaans: os
Negerhollands: os

Old High German: ohso
Middle High German: ohse, ochse, osse, ox
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: oks
Mòcheno: ocks
German: Ochse, Ochs (regional or poetic)
→ Luxembourgish: Ochs
Central Franconian: Ohs
Luxembourgish: Uess
Yiddish: אָקס (oks)


strālu

strālu (nominative singular)
strālō (nominative plural)
strālā (accusative singular)
strālā (accusative plural)
strālā (genitive singular)
strālō (genitive plural)
strālē (dative singular)
strālōm (dative plural)
strālum (dative plural)
strālu (instrumental singular)
strālōm (instrumental plural)
strālum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strǣl, strēl, strǣle
Middle English: stral, *strel
English: strale, streal, streel
⇒ Scots: strule (verb)

Old Frisian: *strāl, *strēle

Saterland Frisian: Stroal

West Frisian: striel

Old Saxon: strāla

Middle Low German: strāle

→ Danish: stråle

→ Icelandic: strjál

→ Norwegian: stråle

→ Swedish: stråle

Old Dutch: strāla

Middle Dutch: strâle
Dutch: straal
Afrikaans: straal
→ Papiamentu: stral, straal
Limburgish: straol

Old High German: strāla

Middle High German: strāle

Alemannic German: Straale pl

German: Strahl

→ Italian: strale

Yiddish: שטראַל (shtral)

From Proto-Indo-European *strēl- (“arrow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ster-, *strē- (“strip, stripe, line, streak, stream, arrow”). Cognate with Lithuanian strėlė (“arrow, dart, jib”), Latvian strēle (“arrow, dart”) and Proto-Slavic *strěla (“arrow”).


māl

māl (nominative singular)
mālu (nominative plural)
māl (accusative singular)
mālu (accusative plural)
mālas (genitive singular)
mālō (genitive plural)
mālē (dative singular)
mālum (dative plural)
mālu (instrumental singular)
mālum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣl, mēl — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: mel, mele, melle, mal, male, meyle (chiefly Northern), mæl, mæle, meal (Early Middle English)
English: meal
Scots: meal
Yola: meale, mele
→ Irish: béile

Old Frisian: mēl

Saterland Frisian: Moal, Mäil

West Frisian: miel

Old Saxon: māl

Middle Low German: mâl

Low German: maal

German Low German: Mahl

Old Dutch: *māl

Middle Dutch: mâel

Dutch: maal
Afrikaans: maal
Berbice Creole Dutch: mali
Negerhollands: mal

Limburgish: maol

Old High German: māl

Middle High German: māl

Bavarian: Moi

Cimbrian: mal

Mòcheno: mol

German: Mahl, Mal, mal

Hunsrik: Mol

Luxembourgish: Mol

Yiddish: מאָל (mol)


stubbju

stubbju (nominative singular)
stubbjiwi (nominative plural)
stubbjō (nominative plural)
stubbju (accusative singular)
stubbjū (accusative plural)
stubbjō (genitive singular)
stubbjiwō (genitive plural)
stubbjiwi (dative singular)
stubbjō (dative singular)
stubbjum (dative plural)
stubbju (instrumental singular)
stubbjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: stuppi

⇒ German: Gestüpp

Old Dutch: *stubbi

Middle Dutch: stubbe


brunaþō

brunaþō (nominative singular)
brunaþan (nominative plural)
brunaþan (accusative singular)
brunaþan (accusative plural)
brunaþini (genitive singular)
brunaþan (genitive singular)
brunaþanō (genitive plural)
brunaþini (dative singular)
brunaþan (dative singular)
brunaþum (dative plural)
brunaþini (instrumental singular)
brunaþan (instrumental singular)
brunaþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bruneþa

Old High German: bronado


hrunō

hrunō (nominative singular)
hrunan (nominative plural)
hrunan (accusative singular)
hrunan (accusative plural)
hrunini (genitive singular)
hrunan (genitive singular)
hrunanō (genitive plural)
hrunini (dative singular)
hrunan (dative singular)
hrunum (dative plural)
hrunini (instrumental singular)
hrunan (instrumental singular)
hrunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hruna

Old High German: rono


hnut

hnut (nominative singular)
hnuti (nominative plural)
hnutu (accusative singular)
hnuti (accusative plural)
hnuti (genitive singular)
hnotō (genitive plural)
hnuti (dative singular)
hnutum (dative plural)
hnuti (instrumental singular)
hnutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hnutu
Middle English: nute, note
English: nut
→ Japanese: ナット (natto)
Scots: nute, nuit, nit

Old Frisian: *nutu

Saterland Frisian: Nuute

West Frisian: nút

Old Saxon: hnut, *hnutu

Middle Low German: nōte

German Low German: Nööt

Plautdietsch: Nät

Old Dutch: *nutu
Middle Dutch: nōte
Dutch: noot
Afrikaans: neut
Jersey Dutch: nœüt, nût
Negerhollands: neet, noot
Skepi Creole Dutch: noot
→ Papiamentu: nechi, neetsje, neetsjie (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: notò
Limburgish: noeat (with unexpected oea)

Old High German: nuz
Middle High German: nuz
Alemannic German: Nuss
German: Nuss
Hunsrik: Nuss
Luxembourgish: Noss
Pennsylvania German: Nuss
Yiddish: נוס (nus)


gahugdi

gahugdi (nominative singular)
gahugdī (nominative plural)
gahugdi (accusative singular)
gahugdī (accusative plural)
gahugdī (genitive singular)
gahugdijō (genitive plural)
gahugdī (dative singular)
gahugdim (dative plural)
gahugdijum (dative plural)
gahugdī (instrumental singular)
gahugdim (instrumental plural)
gahugdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġehyġd

Old Saxon: gihugd

Middle Low German: gehügede; gehüchte

Old Dutch: *gihugd

⇒ Old Dutch: gihugdig

Old High German: gihugt

Middle High German: gehuct, gehuht


brunnō

brunnō (nominative singular)
brunnan (nominative plural)
brunnan (accusative singular)
brunnan (accusative plural)
brunnini (genitive singular)
brunnan (genitive singular)
brunnanō (genitive plural)
brunnini (dative singular)
brunnan (dative singular)
brunnum (dative plural)
brunnini (instrumental singular)
brunnan (instrumental singular)
brunnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: burna
Middle English: burne, bourne
English: bourn, burn
Scots: burn

Old Frisian: burna

West Frisian: bearne, boarne

Old Saxon: brunno, borno

Middle Low German: borne, born

Low German: Born

→ German: Born

Old Dutch: brunno
Middle Dutch: borne
Dutch: bron
Afrikaans: bron

Old High German: brunno
Middle High German: brunne
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: prunn
Mòcheno: prunn
Central Franconian:
Luxembourgish: Buer, Bur
Hunsrik: Brunne
German: Brunnen (Bronnen, Brunne, Bronne, Brunn)
Rhine Franconian: Brunne
Yiddish: ברונעם (brunem), ברונע (brune), ברונען (brunen)


jār

jār (nominative singular)
jāru (nominative plural)
jār (accusative singular)
jāru (accusative plural)
jāras (genitive singular)
jārō (genitive plural)
jārē (dative singular)
jārum (dative plural)
jāru (instrumental singular)
jārum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġēar, ġǣr, ġēr — Anglian
Middle English: yeer, here, yere, ȝere
English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel
Scots: year

Old Frisian: jēr, jār, iēr
North Frisian: juar, jäär, iir
Saterland Frisian: Jíer
West Frisian: jier

Old Saxon: jār, gēr
Middle Low German: jâr, jaer
German Low German: Jåhr, Jahr, Johr
Plautdietsch: Joa

Old Dutch: jār
Middle Dutch: jâer
Dutch: jaar
Afrikaans: jaar
Berbice Creole Dutch: jari
Jersey Dutch: jâr
Negerhollands: jaer, jaar, yer
→ Aukan: yali
→ Sranan Tongo: yari
→ Caribbean Javanese: yari
→ Saramaccan: jáa
Limburgish: jaor
West Flemish: joar
Zealandic: jaer, jaor

Old High German: jār
Middle High German: jār
Alemannic German: Jòòr, Jààr
Bavarian: Jåhr, Joar, Joa
Cimbrian: jaar, djar (Luserna)
Mòcheno: jor
Central Franconian: Johr
Hunsrik: Joher
Luxembourgish: Joer
German: Jahr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Johr, Yaahr
Swabian: Joar, Johr
Sathmar Swabian: Johr
Vilamovian: jür
Yiddish: יאָר (yor)


golþ

golþ (nominative singular)
golþu (nominative plural)
golþ (accusative singular)
golþu (accusative plural)
golþas (genitive singular)
golþō (genitive plural)
golþē (dative singular)
golþum (dative plural)
golþu (instrumental singular)
golþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gold
Middle English: gold
English: gold
Scots: gowd, goold

Old Frisian: gold, goud

Saterland Frisian: Gould

West Frisian: goud

Old Saxon: gold

Middle Low German: golt

German Low German: Gold

Plautdietsch: Golt

Old Dutch: golt, gold
Middle Dutch: gout
Dutch: goud
Afrikaans: goud
Berbice Creole Dutch: gautu
Negerhollands: gaut, goud, gout
Skepi Creole Dutch: gaut
→ Sranan Tongo: gowtu
→ Caribbean Javanese: gautu
→ Saramaccan: góútu
→ Trió: koutu
Limburgish: góldj

Old High German: gold

Middle High German: golt

Alemannic German: Gold

Bavarian: Goid, Golt

Cimbrian: gold, golt (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: golt

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Gold

Luxembourgish: Gold

East Central German:

Vilamovian: gułd

East Franconian:

German: Gold

Rhine Franconian: Gold

Frankfurterisch: [g̥olt]

Pennsylvania German: Gold

Yiddish: גאָלד (gold)


turb

turb (nominative singular)
turbi (nominative plural)
turbu (accusative singular)
turbi (accusative plural)
turbi (genitive singular)
torbō (genitive plural)
turbi (dative singular)
turbum (dative plural)
turbi (instrumental singular)
turbum (instrumental plural)

Old English: turf f
Middle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe
English: turf
Scots: turr, truff
Yola: thrive

Old Frisian: turf

>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks

West Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *torf, turf m

Middle Low German: torf m

German Low German: Torf

→ German: Torf
Polish: torf
Portuguese: turfa
Russian: торф (torf)
→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)
→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)
→ Azerbaijani: torf
→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)
→ Ossetian: торф (torf)

→ Old French: torbe

French: tourbe

→ Italian: torba

Old Dutch: *torf, *turf

Middle Dutch: turf, torf m

Dutch: turf m

Afrikaans: turf

q

>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)


feþru

feþru (nominative singular)
feþrō (nominative plural)
feþrā (accusative singular)
feþrā (accusative plural)
feþrā (genitive singular)
feþrō (genitive plural)
feþrē (dative singular)
feþrōm (dative plural)
feþrum (dative plural)
feþru (instrumental singular)
feþrōm (instrumental plural)
feþrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: feþer
Middle English: feþer, fether, fethere, fedder, veþer
English: feather
Scots: fedder
Yola: vethers (plural)

Old Frisian: fethere

Saterland Frisian: Feeder

West Frisian: fear

Old Saxon: fethara

Middle Low German: vēdere, vēder

German Low German: Feer

Low German: Fedder

Old Dutch: fethera

Middle Dutch: vedere

Dutch: veder, veer

Afrikaans: veer

Old High German: fedara
Middle High German: vëdere, vëder
Cimbrian: vèdara, bèdara (Mezzaselva)
German: Feder
Luxembourgish: Fieder
Vilamovian: faoder
Yiddish: פֿעדער (feder)
→ Italian: federa (“pillowcase”)
→ Venetian: fhédera
→ Cimbrian: fòdara


folmu

folmu (nominative singular)
folmō (nominative plural)
folmā (accusative singular)
folmā (accusative plural)
folmā (genitive singular)
folmō (genitive plural)
folmē (dative singular)
folmōm (dative plural)
folmum (dative plural)
folmu (instrumental singular)
folmōm (instrumental plural)
folmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: folm, folme

Old Saxon: folm m (only attested as plural)

Old High German: folma


hunag

hunag (nominative singular)
hunagu (nominative plural)
hunag (accusative singular)
hunagu (accusative plural)
hunagas (genitive singular)
hunagō (genitive plural)
hunagē (dative singular)
hunagum (dative plural)
hunagu (instrumental singular)
hunagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: huniġ
Middle English: hony
English: honey (see there for further descendants)
Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny
Yola: henee, honi

Old Frisian: hunig, hunich

Saterland Frisian: Huunich

West Frisian: hunich

Old Saxon: huneg, honeg, haneg
Middle Low German: hōnich, honnich, hönich, höneg
German Low German: Hönnig
Plautdietsch: Honnich

Old Dutch: honag, honog

Middle Dutch: honech, honich, heunic

Dutch: honig (archaic)

Old High German: honag, honeg

Middle High German: honec, honic

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Honich

Luxembourgish: Hunneg

Cimbrian: huunig, hone (Luserna)

German: Honig

Rhine Franconian: Honich, Hunich

Frankfurterisch: [hoːniʃ]

Yiddish: האָניק (honik)


wikā

wikā (nominative singular)
wikōn (nominative plural)
wikōn (accusative singular)
wikōn (accusative plural)
wikōn (genitive singular)
wikōnō (genitive plural)
wikōn (dative singular)
wikōm (dative plural)
wikum (dative plural)
wikōn (instrumental singular)
wikōm (instrumental plural)
wikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiċe, wicu, wucu, wieċe, weoce
Middle English: weke
English: week
Scots: wouk
Yola: wick, wik

Old Frisian: wike

North Frisian: weg

Saterland Frisian: Wíek

West Frisian: wike

Old Saxon: wika
Middle Low German: wēke
→ North Frisian: Week
German Low German: Week
Plautdietsch: Wäakj

Old Dutch: *wika

Middle Dutch: wēke
Dutch: week
Afrikaans: week
Berbice Creole Dutch: weki
Jersey Dutch: wêk
Negerhollands: week
→ Lokono: wiki
→? Sranan Tongo: wiki
→ Aukan: wiki
→ Saramaccan: wíki
Limburgish: waek

Old High German: wehha, wohha
Middle High German: wëche, woche
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: bòchò, wuchu, wucha, wucchu
Bavarian: Woch, Wocha, Wochn
Cimbrian: bòcha, boch (Luserna)
Mòcheno: boch
Central Franconian: Woch, Wech, Wääch (Ripuarian; now widely obsolete)
German: Woche
Luxembourgish: Woch
Pennsylvania German: Woch
Vilamovian: woch
Yiddish: וואָך (vokh)


sunnā

sunnā (nominative singular)
sunnōn (nominative plural)
sunnōn (accusative singular)
sunnōn (accusative plural)
sunnōn (genitive singular)
sunnōnō (genitive plural)
sunnōn (dative singular)
sunnōm (dative plural)
sunnum (dative plural)
sunnōn (instrumental singular)
sunnōm (instrumental plural)
sunnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sunne f
Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen, zunne (Southern West Mid), zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin

Old Frisian: sunne f
North Frisian: san
Saterland Frisian: Sunne
West Frisian: sinne

Old Saxon: sunna f
Middle Low German: sunne, sonne f or m
Dutch Low Saxon: zunne
German Low German: Sünn, Sünne
Plautdietsch: Sonn

Old Dutch: sunna f
Middle Dutch: sonne f or m
Dutch: zon
Afrikaans: son
Berbice Creole Dutch: sono
Jersey Dutch: zon
Negerhollands: son, zon
→ Sranan Tongo: son (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zón
West Flemish: zunne
Zealandic: zunne

Old High German: sunna f
Middle High German: sunne f or m
Alemannic German: Sunnä
Italian Walser: sunna, sunnu, sònnò, ŝchunna, ŝchunnà
Bavarian: Son
Cimbrian: sunn, sonde, zunna
Mòcheno: sunn
Udinese: suna, sune, sunne
Viennese: Sun
Central Franconian: Sonn
German: Sonne
Luxembourgish: Sonn
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Sunn
Pennsylvania German: Sunn
Vilamovian: zunn, zun
Yiddish: זון (zun)


winiskapi

winiskapi (nominative singular)
winiskapī (nominative plural)
winiskapi (accusative singular)
winiskapī (accusative plural)
winiskapī (genitive singular)
winiskappjō (genitive plural)
winiskapī (dative singular)
winiskapim (dative plural)
winiskappjum (dative plural)
winiskapī (instrumental singular)
winiskapim (instrumental plural)
winiskappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: winesċipe

Old High German: winiskaf

Middle High German: wineschaft

From Proto-Germanic *winiskapiz. Equivalent to *wini + *-skapi.


gasinþaskapi

gasinþaskapi (nominative singular)
gasinþaskapī (nominative plural)
gasinþaskapi (accusative singular)
gasinþaskapī (accusative plural)
gasinþaskapī (genitive singular)
gasinþaskappjō (genitive plural)
gasinþaskapī (dative singular)
gasinþaskapim (dative plural)
gasinþaskappjum (dative plural)
gasinþaskapī (instrumental singular)
gasinþaskapim (instrumental plural)
gasinþaskappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesīþsċipe

Old Saxon: gisīthskepi

Old High German: gisindscaf

From *gasinþ + *-skapi, from Proto-Germanic *gasinþô (“companion”).


gamainiskapi

gamainiskapi (nominative singular)
gamainiskapī (nominative plural)
gamainiskapi (accusative singular)
gamainiskapī (accusative plural)
gamainiskapī (genitive singular)
gamainiskappjō (genitive plural)
gamainiskapī (dative singular)
gamainiskapim (dative plural)
gamainiskappjum (dative plural)
gamainiskapī (instrumental singular)
gamainiskapim (instrumental plural)
gamainiskappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġemǣnsċipe

Old Dutch: *gimēnscap

Middle Dutch: gemêenscap

Dutch: gemeenschap

Old High German: gimeinscaf

German: Gemeinschaft


klīrik

klīrik (nominative singular)
klīrikō (nominative plural)
klīrikōs (nominative plural)
klīrik (accusative singular)
klīrikā (accusative plural)
klīrikas (genitive singular)
klīrikō (genitive plural)
klīrikē (dative singular)
klīrikum (dative plural)
klīriku (instrumental singular)
klīrikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clīroc

Old High German: klīrih


gīd

gīd (nominative singular)
gīdō (nominative plural)
gīdōs (nominative plural)
gīd (accusative singular)
gīdā (accusative plural)
gīdas (genitive singular)
gīdō (genitive plural)
gīdē (dative singular)
gīdum (dative plural)
gīdu (instrumental singular)
gīdum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: gīt

From Proto-Germanic *gīdaz (“greed, desire”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ-o-, from *gʰeydʰ- (“to yearn for”), see also Lithuanian geisti (“to desire, crave”).


bodaskapi

bodaskapi (nominative singular)
bodaskapī (nominative plural)
bodaskapi (accusative singular)
bodaskapī (accusative plural)
bodaskapī (genitive singular)
bodaskappjō (genitive plural)
bodaskapī (dative singular)
bodaskapim (dative plural)
bodaskappjum (dative plural)
bodaskapī (instrumental singular)
bodaskapim (instrumental plural)
bodaskappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bodsċipe

Old Saxon: bodskepi

Low German: Böskupp

Old Dutch: *bodascap

Middle Dutch: bōdeschap

Dutch: boodschap
Afrikaans: boodskap
Negerhollands: boodskap, boskap
→ Caribbean Javanese: boskap
→ Sranan Tongo: boskopu
Aukan: bosikopu
Saramaccan: bosikópu
→ Lokono: boskopo

Old High German: botascaf

German: Botschaft

From Proto-Germanic *budaskapiz. Equivalent to *bod + *-skapi.


friundskapi

friundskapi (nominative singular)
friundskapī (nominative plural)
friundskapi (accusative singular)
friundskapī (accusative plural)
friundskapī (genitive singular)
friundskappjō (genitive plural)
friundskapī (dative singular)
friundskapim (dative plural)
friundskappjum (dative plural)
friundskapī (instrumental singular)
friundskapim (instrumental plural)
friundskappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēondsċiepe
Middle English: frendschip, frendshipe, frendschipe, freondschipe, frenshepe, frenship, frenschip, frendeschip, frendship, frenchyp, frendeschepe, frenschepe, ffrenschip, frendshipp
English: friendship
Scots: friendship

Old Frisian: friūndskip

desc

Saterland Frisian: Früündskup, Fjundskup

West Frisian: freonskip

Old Saxon: friundskepi

Middle Low German: *vrintskap

Low German: Fründschap, Fründschop

Old Dutch: friundscap

Middle Dutch: vrientschap

Dutch: vriendschap

Afrikaans: vriendskap

Old High German: friuntscaf, *friundskaft

Middle High German: *vriuntschaft

German: Freundschaft


hreuwu

hreuwu (nominative singular)
hreuwō (nominative plural)
hreuwā (accusative singular)
hreuwā (accusative plural)
hreuwā (genitive singular)
hreuwō (genitive plural)
hreuwē (dative singular)
hreuwōm (dative plural)
hreuwum (dative plural)
hreuwu (instrumental singular)
hreuwōm (instrumental plural)
hreuwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hrēow
Middle English: rewe
English: rue (archaic)
Scots: rew, rue

Old Frisian: hrīowe

West Frisian: rouwe

Old Saxon: hreuwa

Middle Low German: ruwe, rouwe

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ruelse

Old Dutch: *reuwa

Middle Dutch: ruwe, rouwe

Dutch: rouw

Afrikaans: rou

Old High German: hriuwa, riuwa

Middle High German: riuwe

German: Reue

Hunsrik: Rei

Luxembourgish: Rei

From *hreuwan (“to cause pain, regret”) + *-u.


labal

labal (nominative singular)
labalō (nominative plural)
labalōs (nominative plural)
labal (accusative singular)
labalā (accusative plural)
labalas (genitive singular)
labalō (genitive plural)
labalē (dative singular)
labalum (dative plural)
labalu (instrumental singular)
labalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: læfel, lefel

Middle English: læfel, lawvel

Old Frisian: *level

⇒ Old Frisian: leflen

⇒ Old Frisian: levin, lioven

desc

→⇒ Middle Low German: lōvenbecken, loevenbecken, lōfbecken

Old Saxon: laƀil, lavil

Old Dutch: *lavil

Middle Dutch: level

Old High German: labal, label, lapel

Middle High German: label


gimmu

gimmu (nominative singular)
gimmō (nominative plural)
gimmā (accusative singular)
gimmā (accusative plural)
gimmā (genitive singular)
gimmō (genitive plural)
gimmē (dative singular)
gimmōm (dative plural)
gimmum (dative plural)
gimmu (instrumental singular)
gimmōm (instrumental plural)
gimmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġimm, ġim, ġym, ġymm
Middle English: ȝimme, ȝem, ȝim, yimme; (through merger with Old French gemme, geme) gemme, geme, iemme, ieme
English: gem
Scots: gem

Old Saxon: *gimma

Middle Low German: gimme, gemme

Old Dutch: *gimma, *gemma

Middle Dutch: gemme

Dutch: gem

Old High German: gimma

Middle High German: gimme

German: Gimme, Gemme


diuriþu

diuriþu (nominative singular)
diuriþō (nominative plural)
diuriþā (accusative singular)
diuriþā (accusative plural)
diuriþā (genitive singular)
diuriþō (genitive plural)
diuriþē (dative singular)
diuriþōm (dative plural)
diuriþum (dative plural)
diuriþu (instrumental singular)
diuriþōm (instrumental plural)
diuriþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dīerþu, *dīerþ

Middle English: derthe, derth, derþ, derþe, dierþe, dyrthe
English: dearth
Scots: dearth, darth, deart, daart

Old Frisian: *diōrithe, *diōrthe

Saterland Frisian: Djuurte

West Frisian: djoerte

Old Saxon: diuritha

desc

Middle Low German: dǖrede, dûrete, dûrte

German Low German: Düürte

Old Dutch: *diuritha

Middle Dutch: dierte, duurte

Dutch: duurte

Afrikaans: duurte

Old High German: tiurida

Middle High German: tiurede, tiurde, tūrde

From Proto-Germanic *diuriþō. Equivalent to *diurī (“valuable, precious”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


mīliju

mīliju (nominative singular)
mīlijō (nominative plural)
mīlijā (accusative singular)
mīlijā (accusative plural)
mīlijā (genitive singular)
mīlijō (genitive plural)
mīlijē (dative singular)
mīlijōm (dative plural)
mīlijum (dative plural)
mīliju (instrumental singular)
mīlijōm (instrumental plural)
mīlijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mīl
Middle English: myle, mile
Scots: mile
English: mile

Old Frisian: *mīl, *mile

Saterland Frisian: Miele

West Frisian: mile

Old Saxon: *mīlia

Middle Low German: mīle

Low German: Mile

Old Dutch: *mīla

Middle Dutch: mile

Dutch: mijl
Afrikaans: myl
Negerhollands: miel
English: mijl
→ Indonesian: mil
→ Papiamentu: my (dated)

Old High German: mīla, mīlla
Middle High German: mīle, mīl
German: Meile
Luxembourgish: Meil
Yiddish: מײַל (mayl)

Borrowed from Latin mīlle passūs (“Roman mile”, literally “thousand paces”).


kampijō

kampijō (nominative singular)
kampijan (nominative plural)
kampijan (accusative singular)
kampijan (accusative plural)
kampijini (genitive singular)
kampijan (genitive singular)
kampijanō (genitive plural)
kampijini (dative singular)
kampijan (dative singular)
kampijum (dative plural)
kampijini (instrumental singular)
kampijan (instrumental singular)
kampijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cempa, cæmpa
Middle English: kempe
English: kemp; Kemp (surname)
Scots: kemp
Middle English: cæppe, keppe (merger with Old Norse kappi)
→ Old Norse: kempa f
Icelandic: kempa
Faroese: kempa
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjempe, kjempa
Middle Swedish: kämpa
Swedish: kämpe

Old Frisian: kempa

Old Saxon: kempio

Middle Low German: kempe

→ German: Kämpe

→ Swedish: kämpe

→ Danish: kjæmpe, kæmpe

Norwegian Bokmål: kjempe m or f

Old Dutch: *kempo

Middle Dutch: kempe

desc

Old High German: kemphio, chemphio, kempho, chempho

Middle High German: kempfe

q

German: Kämpfe (obsolete, replaced with the Low German above)

→ Latin: campiō (see there for further descendants)

From *kampijan (“to fight, do battle”) + *-jō.


munitārī

munitārī (nominative singular)
munitārijō (nominative plural)
munitārijōs (nominative plural)
munitārī (accusative singular)
munitārijā (accusative plural)
munitārijas (genitive singular)
munitārijō (genitive plural)
munitārijē (dative singular)
munitārijum (dative plural)
munitāriju (instrumental singular)
munitārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mynetere
Middle English: mynter
English: minter

Old Saxon: muniteri

Old High German: munizāri

Middle High German: münzære, münzer

German: Münzer (archaic)

Borrowed from Latin monētārius. Equivalent to *munit + *-ārī.


plūmā

plūmā (nominative singular)
plūmōn (nominative plural)
plūmōn (accusative singular)
plūmōn (accusative plural)
plūmōn (genitive singular)
plūmōnō (genitive plural)
plūmōn (dative singular)
plūmōm (dative plural)
plūmum (dative plural)
plūmōn (instrumental singular)
plūmōm (instrumental plural)
plūmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: plūme, plȳme, plūmae — early
Middle English: plomme, ploume, plum, plumbe, plumme, plowme, ploumme, plome
English: plum (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ploom, ploum
→ Irish: pluma

Old Frisian: *plūme

Saterland Frisian: Pluume

Old Saxon: *plūma

Middle Low German: *plume

Low German: Pluum

Plautdietsch: Plum

→ Latvian: plūme

→ Old Norse: plóma

Icelandic: plóma

Faroese: blomma

Norwegian Bokmål: plomme

Norwegian Nynorsk: plomme

Old Swedish: plōma

Swedish: plommon (under influence from -on)
→? Elfdalian: plommon

→? Finnish: luumu

Danish: plomme, blomme

Gutnish: plome, plomå

Old High German: pflūma, pfrūma
Middle High German: pflūme, pfrūme
Alemannic German: Fluume
Cimbrian: frauma
German: Pflaume
Hunsrik: Flaum
Vilamovian: fłaojm
Yiddish: פֿלוים (floym)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *prūma, *prūna, from Latin prūnum.


drakō

drakō (nominative singular)
drakan (nominative plural)
drakan (accusative singular)
drakan (accusative plural)
drakini (genitive singular)
drakan (genitive singular)
drakanō (genitive plural)
drakini (dative singular)
drakan (dative singular)
drakum (dative plural)
drakini (instrumental singular)
drakan (instrumental singular)
drakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: draca
Middle English: drake
English: drake

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: draak (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

→ Old Norse: dreki

Icelandic: dreki

Faroese: dreki

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: drake; (dialectal) drakkji, dragje, draga

Norwegian Bokmål: drake

Elfdalian: dratji

Old Swedish: draki

Swedish: drake

Old Danish: draghæ

Danish: drage

Norwegian Bokmål: drage

Old Dutch: *draka

desctree

Middle Dutch: drāke
Dutch: draak
Afrikaans: draak
Limburgish: draagk, draogk

Old High German: trahho, tracho, trakko, tracko
Middle High German: trache
Alemannic German: Traach
Bavarian: Drack
German: Drache
Luxembourgish: Draach
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Drach
Vilamovian: draoch


kukinā

kukinā (nominative singular)
kukinōn (nominative plural)
kukinōn (accusative singular)
kukinōn (accusative plural)
kukinōn (genitive singular)
kukinōnō (genitive plural)
kukinōn (dative singular)
kukinōm (dative plural)
kukinum (dative plural)
kukinōn (instrumental singular)
kukinōm (instrumental plural)
kukinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyċene
Middle English: kychyn
English: kitchen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kitchen, kitchin, ketchin, keetchen
→ Middle Irish: cisten
Irish: cistin
Manx: kishteen, kishtyn
Scottish Gaelic: cidsin

Old Frisian: *kuken, *koken

North Frisian: köögen

Saterland Frisian: Köäkene

West Frisian: koken

Old Saxon: *kukina

Middle Low German: kokene, kȫke
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: kökken
German Low German: Köken, Köök
Plautdietsch: Kjäakj
→ Danish: køkken
→ Estonian: köök
→ Faroese: køkur
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kjøk, kjøken
→ Gutnish: kök
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kjøkken
→ Northern Sami: gievkkan
→ Old Swedish: køkia
Swedish: kök
→ Finnish: kyökki

Old Dutch: *cukina

Middle Dutch: cuekene

Dutch: keuken

→ Ligurian: keuke

Old High German: chuhhina
Middle High German: küche, kuche
Alemannic German: Chuchi
Swabian:
Bavarian: Kuche, Kuhe, Kuchl (diminutive)
Cimbrian: khuchl (diminutive)
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Kich
Kölsch: Kösch
Luxembourgish: Kichen
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: kych
East Franconian:
German: Küche
Rhine Franconian: Kich, Kiech, Kisch
Frankfurterisch: [kiʃ]
Pennsylvania German: Kich
Yiddish: קיך (kikh)
→ Czech: kuchyně
→ Old Polish: kuchnia (see there for further descendants)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: кухиња
Latin script: kuhinja
→ Slovene: kuhinja
→ Hungarian: konyha (via some Slavic language)

Borrowed from Late Latin cocīna, ultimately from Latin coquō (“cook”, verb).


wīn

wīn (nominative singular)
wīnu (nominative plural)
wīn (accusative singular)
wīnu (accusative plural)
wīnas (genitive singular)
wīnō (genitive plural)
wīnē (dative singular)
wīnum (dative plural)
wīnu (instrumental singular)
wīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīn
Middle English: wyn, win, wine, wyne, wijn, vine, vyn, vyne, wyen, weyn, wynne
English: wine (see there for further descendants)
Scots: wyne

Old Frisian: wīn

Saterland Frisian: Wien

West Frisian: wyn

Old Saxon: wīn

Middle Low German: wîn

German Low German: Wien

Plautdietsch: Wien

→ Latvian: vīns

Old Dutch: wīn m
Middle Dutch: wijn
Dutch: wijn
Afrikaans: wyn
Berbice Creole Dutch: win
Negerhollands: wien, win
→ Saramaccan: wín
→? Sranan Tongo: win
→ Lokono: wing
→ Caribbean Javanese: win
Limburgish: wien

Old High German: wīn m

Middle High German: wīn

desc

Alemannic German: Wii, Wi, Wy, wi, wii, wéin (Italian Walser)

Italian Walser: wi, wii, wéin

Swabian: Wai, Wei, Woi, Wi

Bavarian: Wein

Cimbrian: bain, boi

Mòcheno: bai'

Udinese: bain

Central Franconian: Weng

Kölsch: Wing

Hunsrik: Weng

Lorraine Franconian: Weïn, Win

Transylvanian Saxon: Weng

German: Wein
→ Estonian: vein

Luxembourgish: Wäin

Rhine Franconian: Wei, Weng, Win

Hessian: Woi

Palatine German: Wai, Wäi, Wenn, Winn, Woin

Vilamovian: wajn

Yiddish: ווײַן (vayn)


angil

angil (nominative singular)
angilō (nominative plural)
angilōs (nominative plural)
angil (accusative singular)
angilā (accusative plural)
angilas (genitive singular)
angilō (genitive plural)
angilē (dative singular)
angilum (dative plural)
angilu (instrumental singular)
angilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: enġel, anġel, ænġel, enġyl, enċġel
Middle English: aungel, engel, angel, ængel, aungil, aungell, angell, angyl, angyll, angylle, awngel, enngell (contaminated by Anglo-Norman angle)
English: angel (see there for further descendants)
Scots: angel, aungel

Old Frisian: angel, engel
Saterland Frisian: Ängel
West Frisian: ingel

Old Saxon: engil
Middle Low German: engel
Low German:
German Low German: Engel
Plautdietsch: Enjel
→ Estonian: ingel
→ Old Norse: engill
Icelandic: engill
Faroese: eingil
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: engel
Norwegian Bokmål: engel
Danish: engel
Old Swedish: ængil, engil
Swedish: ängel
→ Finnish: enkeli
Gutnish: änggel

Old Dutch: *engil

Middle Dutch: engel
Dutch: engel
Afrikaans: engel
Negerhollands: engel
→ Papiamentu: engel
Limburgish: ingel

Old High German: engil, angil
Middle High German: engel
Alemannic German: Ängel, Ängu
Swabian: Engele
Bavarian: Engl
Cimbrian: énghel
German: Engel
→? Yiddish: ענגעל (engel)
Luxembourgish: Engel
→ Latvian: eņģelis

Borrowed from Latin angelus (“angel, messenger”).


bōk

bōk (nominative singular)
bōki (nominative plural)
bōku (accusative singular)
bōki (accusative plural)
bōki (genitive singular)
bōkō (genitive plural)
bōki (dative singular)
bōkum (dative plural)
bōki (instrumental singular)
bōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bōc
Middle English: bok
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke

Old Frisian: bōk

North Frisian:

Föhr: buk

Helgoland: Buk

Mooring: bök

Sylt: Bok

Saterland Frisian: Bouk

West Frisian: boek

Old Saxon: bōk
Middle Low German: bôk
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: book
German Low German: Book
Plautdietsch: Buak

Old Dutch: buoc
Middle Dutch: boec
Dutch: boek (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: book
→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)
French: bouquin

Old High German: buoh, puoh
Middle High German: buoch
Alemannic German: Buech, Büäch
Alsatian: Bööch, Büech
Swabian: Buach
Bavarian: Buach
Münsterländisch: Büak
Central Franconian: Booch, Buch
Hunsrik: Buch
Kölsch: Booch
Luxembourgish: Buch
East Franconian: Bouch
German: Buch
Rhine Franconian: Buch, Busch
Pennsylvania German: Buch
Vilamovian: büch
Yiddish: בוך (bukh)


diubul

diubul (nominative singular)
diubulō (nominative plural)
diubulōs (nominative plural)
diubul (accusative singular)
diubulā (accusative plural)
diubulas (genitive singular)
diubulō (genitive plural)
diubulē (dative singular)
diubulum (dative plural)
diubulu (instrumental singular)
diubulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dēofol, dēoful, dīoful, dīofol
Middle English: devel, deovel, deevel, devil, dyvel, devul, devyl, devell, devyll, deul, dewel, deyle, devull, dele
English: devil (see there for further descendants)
Scots: deil, deel, deevil
Yola: deevil, deel (syncopated)

Old Frisian: diōvel

North Frisian: düüwel

Saterland Frisian: Düüwel

West Frisian: duvel

Old Saxon: diuval
Middle Low German: dūvel
German Low German: Düwel, Dîwel
→ Old Norse: djǫfull
Icelandic: djöfull
Faroese: djevul, devul, devil
Norwegian:
Bokmål: djevel
Nynorsk: djevel
Old Swedish: diævul, diæffwol, diæffuill, diawl, diwell, dyfwll, dyffwill, diefwel
Swedish: djävel, djävul, jävel
Danish: djævel

Old Dutch: diuval

Middle Dutch: duvel
Dutch: duivel
Afrikaans: duiwel
Berbice Creole Dutch: diflu
Negerhollands: duvel, dievel
Limburgish: duvel

Old High German: tiufal
Middle High German: tiuvel, tievel
Alemannic German: Tüüfel
Swabian: Deifel
Bavarian: Deiwi, Deifi, Teifi
Cimbrian: taüvl
Central Franconian: Düüvel, Deuvel, Deivel
Hunsrik: Deivel
Luxembourgish: Däiwel
East Central German: Deibel, Teibel, Teifel
Vilamovian: tojfuł
→ German: Deibel
German: Teufel
Rhine Franconian: Deiwel
Pennsylvania German: Deiwel
Yiddish: טײַוול (tayvl)


bōkārī

bōkārī (nominative singular)
bōkārijō (nominative plural)
bōkārijōs (nominative plural)
bōkārī (accusative singular)
bōkārijā (accusative plural)
bōkārijas (genitive singular)
bōkārijō (genitive plural)
bōkārijē (dative singular)
bōkārijum (dative plural)
bōkāriju (instrumental singular)
bōkārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bōcere

Old High German: buohhāri


mintā

mintā (nominative singular)
mintōn (nominative plural)
mintōn (accusative singular)
mintōn (accusative plural)
mintōn (genitive singular)
mintōnō (genitive plural)
mintōn (dative singular)
mintōm (dative plural)
mintum (dative plural)
mintōn (instrumental singular)
mintōm (instrumental plural)
mintum (instrumental plural)

Old English: minte
Middle English: mynte, mente, mint, minte, mynt
English: mint
Scots: mint
→ Welsh: mint

Old Frisian: *minta

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Minte

Old Dutch: *minta

Middle Dutch: mente, minte

Dutch: munt

Old Saxon: minta

Middle Low German: minte, münte

Plautdietsch: Mints

→ Old Norse: minta

Old Danish: myntæ, mintæ
Danish: mynte

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: minte

Norwegian Nynorsk: minte (dialectal mynta)

Old Swedish: mynta

Swedish: mynta

→ Finnish: minttu

Old High German: minza

Middle High German: minze

German: Minze

Yiddish: מינץ (mints)


gunþi

gunþi (nominative singular)
gunþī (nominative plural)
gunþi (accusative singular)
gunþī (accusative plural)
gunþī (genitive singular)
gunþijō (genitive plural)
gunþī (dative singular)
gunþim (dative plural)
gunþijum (dative plural)
gunþī (instrumental singular)
gunþim (instrumental plural)
gunþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gūþ

Middle English: gūth

Old Dutch: *gunth (in compounds)

Old Saxon: gūthia

Old High German: *gundia, *gunda (in compounds)


minþl

minþl (nominative singular)
minþlu (nominative plural)
minþl (accusative singular)
minþlu (accusative plural)
minþlas (genitive singular)
minþlō (genitive plural)
minþlē (dative singular)
minþlum (dative plural)
minþlu (instrumental singular)
minþlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mīþl

Old High German: mindil


fanþī

fanþī (nominative singular)
fanþiju (nominative plural)
fanþī (accusative singular)
fanþiju (accusative plural)
fanþijas (genitive singular)
fanþijō (genitive plural)
fanþijē (dative singular)
fanþijum (dative plural)
fanþiju (instrumental singular)
fanþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fēþe

Old Saxon: fāthi, fōthi


unþi

unþi (nominative singular)
unþijō (nominative plural)
unþijā (accusative singular)
unþijā (accusative plural)
unþijā (genitive singular)
unþijō (genitive plural)
unþijē (dative singular)
unþijōm (dative plural)
unþijum (dative plural)
unþiju (instrumental singular)
unþijōm (instrumental plural)
unþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ȳþ
Middle English: ythe, ithe, uðe, uþe, uþæ, yþe

Old Saxon: ūthia

Old Dutch: *unthia, *untha

Middle Dutch: unde, onde

Dutch: onde (dialectal)

Old High German: undia

Middle High German: unde, ünde

German: Unde (obsolete, dialectal)

Yiddish: אינד (ind)


ansti

ansti (nominative singular)
anstī (nominative plural)
ansti (accusative singular)
anstī (accusative plural)
anstī (genitive singular)
anstijō (genitive plural)
anstī (dative singular)
anstim (dative plural)
anstijum (dative plural)
anstī (instrumental singular)
anstim (instrumental plural)
anstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣst, ēst

Middle English: este

English: est

Old Frisian: ēst, enst

Old Saxon: anst

Old Dutch: anst

Middle Dutch: jonst, onst, onste

Old High German: anst

Middle High German: anst


jugunþi

jugunþi (nominative singular)
jugunþī (nominative plural)
jugunþi (accusative singular)
jugunþī (accusative plural)
jugunþī (genitive singular)
jugunþijō (genitive plural)
jugunþī (dative singular)
jugunþim (dative plural)
jugunþijum (dative plural)
jugunþī (instrumental singular)
jugunþim (instrumental plural)
jugunþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeoguþ
Middle English: youthe
English: youth (obsolete yought)
Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth
Scots: youth

Old Frisian: jogethe

Saterland Frisian: Juugd

West Frisian: jeugd

Old Saxon: juguth, jugud

Middle Low German: jōged

German Low German: Jöögd

Old Dutch: *juguth, iuginde

Middle Dutch: jōghet, jōgede

Dutch: jeugd

Old High German: jugund

Middle High German: jugent

German: Jugend

Luxembourgish: Jugend

Yiddish: יוגנט (yugnt)


hunþu

hunþu (nominative singular)
hunþō (nominative plural)
hunþā (accusative singular)
hunþā (accusative plural)
hunþā (genitive singular)
hunþō (genitive plural)
hunþē (dative singular)
hunþōm (dative plural)
hunþum (dative plural)
hunþu (instrumental singular)
hunþōm (instrumental plural)
hunþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hūþ

*harihunþu

Old English: herehūþ

Old High German: herihunda


fanþijō

fanþijō (nominative singular)
fanþijan (nominative plural)
fanþijan (accusative singular)
fanþijan (accusative plural)
fanþijini (genitive singular)
fanþijan (genitive singular)
fanþijanō (genitive plural)
fanþijini (dative singular)
fanþijan (dative singular)
fanþijum (dative plural)
fanþijini (instrumental singular)
fanþijan (instrumental singular)
fanþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fēþa

Old Saxon: fendio

Middle Low German: vent

German Low German: Fent

Old Dutch: *fendo

Middle Dutch: vende

>? Dutch: vent

→ West Frisian: feint, fint

Old High German: fendo, fendeo

Middle High German: vende

Swabian: Fende

Alemannic German: Fend

From *fanþan (“to walk”) + *-jō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pent- (“to pass, go”).


ansu

ansu (nominative singular)
ansiwi (nominative plural)
ansō (nominative plural)
ansu (accusative singular)
ansū (accusative plural)
ansō (genitive singular)
ansiwō (genitive plural)
ansiwi (dative singular)
ansō (dative singular)
ansum (dative plural)
ansu (instrumental singular)
ansum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōs, *ās

Old High German: ans

Old Saxon: ās, ōs


hansu

hansu (nominative singular)
hansō (nominative plural)
hansā (accusative singular)
hansā (accusative plural)
hansā (genitive singular)
hansō (genitive plural)
hansē (dative singular)
hansōm (dative plural)
hansum (dative plural)
hansu (instrumental singular)
hansōm (instrumental plural)
hansum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōs

Old Saxon: hansa, *hensa

Middle Low German: hanse, hense (> hensich)

(→ Old Frisian: hensoch)

desctree

→ Latin: hansa
→ Old English: *hanse, *hans
⇒ Old English: *hanshūs
→ Medieval Latin: hanshus (Anglo-Latin)
→ English: Hanse
→ French: Hanse

→ English: Hansa

Old Dutch: *hansa, *hensa

Middle Dutch: hanse, hense

Dutch: hanze

Old High German: hansa

Middle High German: hanse, hans

German: Hanse

→ English: Hanse

→ Old French: hanse

Middle French: hanse, hanze

French: hanse

→ Middle English: hanse

English: hanse


slāp

slāp (nominative singular)
slāpō (nominative plural)
slāpōs (nominative plural)
slāp (accusative singular)
slāpā (accusative plural)
slāpas (genitive singular)
slāpō (genitive plural)
slāpē (dative singular)
slāpum (dative plural)
slāpu (instrumental singular)
slāpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: slǣp

Middle English: slepe

English: sleep

Scots: slepe, sleip

Old Frisian: slēp

Saterland Frisian: Släip

West Frisian: sliep

Old Saxon: slāp

Middle Low German:

q

Low German: Slaap, Slap, Schlop (dative: Schlope; Westphalian: Sauerländisch, Paderbornisch)

Old Dutch: *slāp

Middle Dutch: slâep

Dutch: slaap

Afrikaans: slaap

Old High German: slāf

Middle High German: slāf

German: Schlaf

Hunsrik: Schlof

Luxembourgish: Schlof

Pennsylvania German: Schlof

Vilamovian: śłöf

Yiddish: שלאָף (shlof)


amslā

amslā (nominative singular)
amslōn (nominative plural)
amslōn (accusative singular)
amslōn (accusative plural)
amslōn (genitive singular)
amslōnō (genitive plural)
amslōn (dative singular)
amslōm (dative plural)
amslum (dative plural)
amslōn (instrumental singular)
amslōm (instrumental plural)
amslum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ōsle, ōslae — early
Middle English: osel, osele, osul, osulle, osyll
English: oozel, ousel, ouzel (dialectal)
Scots: osil

Old Saxon: amsla
Middle Low German: amsel, amelse
German Low German: Amsel
Plautdietsch: Aumsel
→ English: amzel

Old High German: amsala, amsla, amasla, amusla, amisla
Middle High German: amsel
German: Amsel

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems- (“blackbird”), cognate with Latin merula (“blackbird, wrasse”), Proto-Celtic *mesalkā (“blackbird”); particularly, it could reflect an s-stem with a diminutive suffix *-lā. The irregular correspondences and limited distribution of the word, however, may be more easily explained as separate borrowings from a substrate source.


þą̄hā

þą̄hā (nominative singular)
þą̄hōn (nominative plural)
þą̄hōn (accusative singular)
þą̄hōn (accusative plural)
þą̄hōn (genitive singular)
þą̄hōnō (genitive plural)
þą̄hōn (dative singular)
þą̄hōm (dative plural)
þą̄hum (dative plural)
þą̄hōn (instrumental singular)
þą̄hōm (instrumental plural)
þą̄hum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þō

Old High German: dāha


gawihtī

gawihtī (nominative singular)
gawihtiju (nominative plural)
gawihtī (accusative singular)
gawihtiju (accusative plural)
gawihtijas (genitive singular)
gawihtijō (genitive plural)
gawihtijē (dative singular)
gawihtijum (dative plural)
gawihtiju (instrumental singular)
gawihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gewiht, gewihte
Middle English: ȝewihte, ȝewiht, iwichte, ȝewyht

Old Saxon: giwihti

Middle Low German: gewichte, wichte

Old Dutch: *giwihti

Middle Dutch: gewichte

Dutch: gewicht

Old High German: giwihti

Middle High German: gewichte

German: Gewicht

Hunsrik: Gewicht

Luxembourgish: Gewiicht

Vilamovian: gywycht

From *ga- + *wihti (“weight”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


ą̄htu

ą̄htu (nominative singular)
ą̄htō (nominative plural)
ą̄htā (accusative singular)
ą̄htā (accusative plural)
ą̄htā (genitive singular)
ą̄htō (genitive plural)
ą̄htē (dative singular)
ą̄htōm (dative plural)
ą̄htum (dative plural)
ą̄htu (instrumental singular)
ą̄htōm (instrumental plural)
ą̄htum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōht

Old Frisian: achte, acht

Old Saxon: *āhta, ōht

Middle Low German: achte

Low German: Acht

→ Norwegian Bokmål: akt

Old Dutch: *āhta

Middle Dutch: achte

Dutch: acht

Old High German: āhta

Middle High German: āhte, ǣhte

German: Acht


hą̄h

hą̄h (nominative singular)
hą̄hō (nominative plural)
hą̄hōs (nominative plural)
hą̄h (accusative singular)
hą̄hā (accusative plural)
hą̄has (genitive singular)
hą̄hō (genitive plural)
hą̄hē (dative singular)
hą̄hum (dative plural)
hą̄hu (instrumental singular)
hą̄hum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hōh, hō, hōg
Middle English: hough, ho, hoche, hogh, hoȝ, hokke, hoo, houȝ, houe, howe, howghe, howh
English: hough, hoff, hock
Scots: hoch, houch
⇒ Yola: houghany


wāni

wāni (nominative singular)
wānī (nominative plural)
wāni (accusative singular)
wānī (accusative plural)
wānī (genitive singular)
wānijō (genitive plural)
wānī (dative singular)
wānim (dative plural)
wānijum (dative plural)
wānī (instrumental singular)
wānim (instrumental plural)
wānijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēn
Middle English: wene, wen
English: ween
Scots: wen, wene

Old Frisian: wēn

Old Saxon: wān

Old Dutch: wān

Middle Dutch: wâen
Dutch: waan
Afrikaans: waan
Limburgish: waan

Old High German: wān

Middle High German: wān

German: Wahn

Luxembourgish: Woun


klawiþō

klawiþō (nominative singular)
klawiþan (nominative plural)
klawiþan (accusative singular)
klawiþan (accusative plural)
klawiþini (genitive singular)
klawiþan (genitive singular)
klawiþanō (genitive plural)
klawiþini (dative singular)
klawiþan (dative singular)
klawiþum (dative plural)
klawiþini (instrumental singular)
klawiþan (instrumental singular)
klawiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cleweþa

Old High German: klouwida


hą̄hasinu

hą̄hasinu (nominative singular)
hą̄hasinwō (nominative plural)
hą̄hasinwā (accusative singular)
hą̄hasinwā (accusative plural)
hą̄hasinwā (genitive singular)
hą̄hasinwō (genitive plural)
hą̄hasinwē (dative singular)
hą̄hasinwōm (dative plural)
hą̄hasinum (dative plural)
hą̄hasinu (instrumental singular)
hą̄hasinwōm (instrumental plural)
hą̄hasinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōhsinu, hōhsino
Middle English: hokschyne, *hoxene (often remodelled after schyne "shin")
English: huxen, huckson, huxon, huckshin, hucksheen (influenced by shin) (dialectal, obsolete)

Old Frisian: hōxene, hōxne

Old Dutch: *hāhsena, *hāssena

Middle Dutch: hâesen, hâesene

Dutch: haas
→ Indonesian: has

Limburgish: haos

Old High German: hāhsina, hāhsna

desc

Middle High German: hahsen, hæhsen, hehsen pl

Bavarian: Haxn

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Haxa

German: Hachse, Hechse, Haxe

Luxembourgish: Héiss

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Hees, Hess

Pennsylvania German: Heese

Vilamovian: haoks

From Proto-Germanic *hanhasinwō. Equivalent to *hą̄h + *sinu.


spānu

spānu (nominative singular)
spāniwi (nominative plural)
spānō (nominative plural)
spānu (accusative singular)
spānū (accusative plural)
spānō (genitive singular)
spāniwō (genitive plural)
spāniwi (dative singular)
spānō (dative singular)
spānum (dative plural)
spānu (instrumental singular)
spānum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spōn

desctree

Middle English: spone, spon, sponne, spoon, spoun, spoune, spun, spune
English: spoon
Geordie English: spuin, speun
Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune
Yola: spone

Old Frisian: *spōn
North Frisian:
Sylt: spuun
Wiedingharde: spoon
Saterland Frisian: Spoune
West Frisian: spoen, spoan

Old Saxon: *spān, *spōn

Middle Low German: spân, spôn

Low German: spoon

German Low German: Spoon

Old Dutch: *spān

Middle Dutch: spâen, spon
Dutch: spaan
→ West Frisian: spaan
Limburgish: spoon

Old High German: spān; spanna (“spoon”)

Middle High German: spān

Alemannic German: Spään

German: Span

Luxembourgish: Spoun


hą̄hilō

hą̄hilō (nominative singular)
hą̄hilan (nominative plural)
hą̄hilan (accusative singular)
hą̄hilan (accusative plural)
hą̄hilini (genitive singular)
hą̄hilan (genitive singular)
hą̄hilanō (genitive plural)
hą̄hilini (dative singular)
hą̄hilan (dative singular)
hą̄hilum (dative plural)
hą̄hilini (instrumental singular)
hą̄hilan (instrumental singular)
hą̄hilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēla
Middle English: hele, heele, heyle, heyll, hiele, hile
English: heel
Scots: heel
Yola: heel

Old Frisian: hēla
North Frisian: (Föhr-Amrum) haiel, hael, häile, hajel, hägel
West Frisian: hyl

Old Saxon: *hāhilo, *hēhilo, *hēlo

Middle Low German: *hêle, *hiele

German Low German: Hiel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Dutch: *hālo, *hēlo m, *hēla f

Middle Dutch: hiele, hiel m or f (perhaps a borrowing from Frisian)

Dutch: hiel m

From *hą̄hil + *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *hanhilaz. Equivalent to *hą̄h (“heel, sole”) + *-il (diminutive suffix) + *-ō.


unsti

unsti (nominative singular)
unstī (nominative plural)
unsti (accusative singular)
unstī (accusative plural)
unstī (genitive singular)
unstijō (genitive plural)
unstī (dative singular)
unstim (dative plural)
unstijum (dative plural)
unstī (instrumental singular)
unstim (instrumental plural)
unstijum (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old Frisian: gunst

North Frisian: gunst, ginst

Old Saxon: unst

→ Swedish: ynnest

→ Danish: yndest

⇒ Old Dutch: *gunst

Middle Dutch: gonst, gunst

Dutch: gunst

Afrikaans: guns

Old High German: unst

Middle High German: unst

⇒ Middle High German: gunst

German: Gunst

Luxembourgish: Gonscht

From Proto-Germanic *undiz, remodelled by analogy with other nouns in *-sti.


unsti

Old English: ȳst

Old Saxon: ūst

Old High German: unst (in glosses)


klāu

klāu (nominative singular)
klāwō (nominative plural)
klāwā (accusative singular)
klāwā (accusative plural)
klāwā (genitive singular)
klāwō (genitive plural)
klāwē (dative singular)
klāwōm (dative plural)
klāum (dative plural)
klāu (instrumental singular)
klāwōm (instrumental plural)
klāum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clēa, clāwu

Old Frisian: klē, klēwe

Old Saxon: clāwa

Middle Low German: klauwe

Old Dutch: clāwa, *clā

Middle Dutch: clauwe, cla

Dutch: klauw

Afrikaans: klou

Old High German: klāwa

Middle High German: klāwe

German: Klaue

Luxembourgish: Klo


magaþ

magaþ (nominative singular)
magaþi (nominative plural)
magaþu (accusative singular)
magaþi (accusative plural)
magaþi (genitive singular)
magaþō (genitive plural)
magaþi (dative singular)
magaþum (dative plural)
magaþi (instrumental singular)
magaþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mæġeþ, mæġþ
Middle English: mæið, meið, maið, maȝþ
English: maid
Scots: maid

Old Frisian: megith, megeth, mageth

Saterland Frisian: Moagd

West Frisian: maegd; (> meide, meidzje)

Old Saxon: magath

desc

Middle Low German: māget, mait, meit, meyt

German Low German: Maid

desctree

Old Dutch: magith
Middle Dutch: māget, meit
Dutch: maagd, meid

Old High German: magad
Middle High German: maget, magt, mait
German: Magd, Maid
Luxembourgish: Mod
Yiddish: מויד (moyd), מאַד (mad)