skūr

skūr (nominative singular)
skūrō (nominative plural)
skūrōs (nominative plural)
skūr (accusative singular)
skūrā (accusative plural)
skūras (genitive singular)
skūrō (genitive plural)
skūrē (dative singular)
skūrum (dative plural)
skūru (instrumental singular)
skūrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċūr, sċēor
Middle English: schour, schoure, schowre, schoure, shour, shoure, shower, showre, scur, shur (Early Middle English)
English: shower
Scots: shour, shouer, shoor, shooer

Old Frisian: *skūr, schur

Saterland Frisian: Skuur

West Frisian: skuor

Old Saxon: skūr

Middle Low German: schūr

Low Saxon: Schuur

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Schuur (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Schiur (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: Schua

Old Dutch: *scūr

Middle Dutch: schure, schuur

Dutch: schoer

Old High German: scūr
Middle High German: schūre, schūr, schoure, schour
German: Schauer

From Proto-Germanic *skūraz; cf. *skūrō.


managī

managī (nominative singular)
managīn (accusative singular)
managīn (genitive singular)
managīn (dative singular)
managīn (instrumental singular)

desc

Old English: maneġu, maniġu, meniġu, meniġeo, menġu

Middle English: manye, *menye

Scots: monie

English: many

Old Frisian: menī, menie, mene

Old Saxon: menegī, menigī

desctree

Old High German: managī, managīn, manegī, menigī, manakī, menikī
Middle High German: menege, mengi, menige
German: Menge
Rhine Franconian: Meng, Menge
Palatine German: Meng
Pennsylvania German: Meng
Vilamovian: meń
Yiddish: מענגע (menge)

From Proto-Germanic *managį̄. Equivalent to *manag (“many”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


wāru

wāru (nominative singular)
wārō (nominative plural)
wārā (accusative singular)
wārā (accusative plural)
wārā (genitive singular)
wārō (genitive plural)
wārē (dative singular)
wārōm (dative plural)
wārum (dative plural)
wāru (instrumental singular)
wārōm (instrumental plural)
wārum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣr

Middle English: were, ware

Old Saxon: *wāra; wār

Middle Low German: wâre

Old Dutch: *wāra

Middle Dutch: wâre, waer

Dutch: waar

Old High German: wāra

Middle High German: wāre

German: Wahre (archaic)


langī

langī (nominative singular)
langīn (accusative singular)
langīn (genitive singular)
langīn (dative singular)
langīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: lenġu

Middle English: lēnge, lengh, længe

Old Frisian: lentze

desctree

Old High German: lengī
Middle High German: lenge
Alemannic German: Längi
Alsatian: Länga
Swabian: Läng
Bavarian: Läng, Leng
Central Franconian: Läng, Leng
Hunsrik: Leng
German: Länge
Rhine Franconian: Läng, Leng
Palatine German: Läng
Pennsylvania German: Leng
Vilamovian: łeń
Yiddish: לענג (leng)

From Proto-Germanic *langį̄. Equivalent to *lang (“long”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


þį̄hslu

þį̄hslu (nominative singular)
þį̄hslō (nominative plural)
þį̄hslā (accusative singular)
þį̄hslā (accusative plural)
þį̄hslā (genitive singular)
þį̄hslō (genitive plural)
þį̄hslē (dative singular)
þį̄hslōm (dative plural)
þį̄hslum (dative plural)
þį̄hslu (instrumental singular)
þį̄hslōm (instrumental plural)
þį̄hslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þīxl, þīsl

Old Frisian: *thīxl, *thixl

West Frisian: tiksel

desc

Old Saxon: thīsla, thīhsla, thīhsala, thessalia, thesla

Middle Low German: dîhsele, dîsle, dîsel, dîstel, dîssel

German Low German: Dießel

→ Saterland Frisian: Diesel

Old Dutch: *thīhsala

Middle Dutch: diesele, dissel

Dutch: dissel

West Flemish: dijsel

Old High German: dīhsala, dīhsila

Middle High German: dīhsele, dīhsel, dīsle

German: Deichsel


slutil

slutil (nominative singular)
slutilō (nominative plural)
slutilōs (nominative plural)
slutil (accusative singular)
slutilā (accusative plural)
slutilas (genitive singular)
slutilō (genitive plural)
slutilē (dative singular)
slutilum (dative plural)
slutilu (instrumental singular)
slutilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sletel, slotel

West Frisian: slotel

Old Saxon: slutil

Middle Low German: slȫtel, slȫttel

German Low German: Slötel

Old Dutch: *slutil

desctree

Middle Dutch: slōtel, sluetel
Dutch: sleutel
Afrikaans: sleutel
Berbice Creole Dutch: slotro, slutro
Negerhollands: sleuter, sleetel
→ Lokono: shilotoro
→ Aukan: sooto
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
→ Sranan Tongo: sroto, slotto
→ Caribbean Javanese: sroto
→ Trió: soroto
→ Warao: sidyotóre, sidiotore
Limburgish: släötel
West Flemish: sloter

Old High German: sluzzil
Middle High German: slüzzel
Bavarian: Schlissl
Cimbrian: slüssel
German: Schlüssel
Hunsrik: Schlissel
Luxembourgish: Schlëssel
Vilamovian: śłysuł
Yiddish: שליסל (shlisl)


laub

laub (nominative singular)
laubu (nominative plural)
laub (accusative singular)
laubu (accusative plural)
laubas (genitive singular)
laubō (genitive plural)
laubē (dative singular)
laubum (dative plural)
laubu (instrumental singular)
laubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēaf

Middle English: leef, lefe, leve, lewe
English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip
Scots: leaf, lefe, leif
Yola: laafe

Old Frisian: lāf

North Frisian: lof, luf

Saterland Frisian: Loof, Loouw, Looch

West Frisian: leaf

Old Saxon: lōf

Middle Low German: lôf

German Low German: Loov

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Läuf

Westmünsterländisch: Loof

Plautdietsch: Loof

Old Dutch: lōf

Middle Dutch: lôof
Dutch: loof
Afrikaans: lof
Limburgish: louf

Old High German: loub

German: Laub


aiþ

aiþ (nominative singular)
aiþō (nominative plural)
aiþōs (nominative plural)
aiþ (accusative singular)
aiþā (accusative plural)
aiþas (genitive singular)
aiþō (genitive plural)
aiþē (dative singular)
aiþum (dative plural)
aiþu (instrumental singular)
aiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āþ
Middle English: oth, ooth, ath
English: oath
Scots: aith
Yola: oathès (plural)

Old Frisian: ēth, āth

North Frisian: ith, iss

Saterland Frisian: Eed

West Frisian: eed

Old Saxon: ēth
Middle Low German: êt
German Low German: Eed
Plautdietsch: Eit

Old Dutch: *ēth

Middle Dutch: êet

Dutch: eed

Afrikaans: eed

Old High German: eid
Middle High German: eit
German: Eid
Luxembourgish: Eed
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ait]
⇒ Lombardic: *aido (“oath-helper”) (attested as aidos pl (“oath-helpers”))


wursti

wursti (nominative singular)
wurstī (nominative plural)
wursti (accusative singular)
wurstī (accusative plural)
wurstī (genitive singular)
wurstijō (genitive plural)
wurstī (dative singular)
wurstim (dative plural)
wurstijum (dative plural)
wurstī (instrumental singular)
wurstim (instrumental plural)
wurstijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wurst, *worst

West Frisian: woarst

Old Saxon: worst

Middle Low German: worst

Low German:

German Low German:

Plautdietsch: Worscht

→ Estonian: vorst

Old Dutch: *wurst, *worst

Middle Dutch: worst
Dutch: worst
Afrikaans: wors
→ English: wors
Jersey Dutch: wârst
→ Papiamentu: wòrs
→ Russian: ворса (vorsa)
→ Sranan Tongo: worst
Limburgish: wósj

Old High German: wurst

Middle High German: wurst

Alemannic German: Wurscht

Swabian: Wurscht

Sathmar Swabian: Wurscht

Bavarian: Wurscht, Wuascht

desc

Central Franconian: Woosch, Wuersch, Wuerscht, Wuuscht, Woscht, Woeësj, Wursch

Luxembourgish: Wuuscht (archaic), Wurscht (influenced by German)

Hunsrik: Worst

East Central German: Wurscht

Vilamovian: wiyśt

East Franconian: Woschd

Vogtländisch: Wurschd

desctree

German: Wurst
→ English: wurst
→ French: wurst
→ German Low German: Wust
→ Greater Polish: worszta
→ Kashubian: wòrzta
→ Saterland Frisian: Wust

Rhine Franconian: Wurscht, Worscht

Pennsylvania German:

Yiddish: וווּרשט (vursht)

Uncertain; possibly related to Proto-Germanic *werþaną, which would derive it from Indo-European *wr̥t(s)-tis, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”). In this case the original meaning would have been "something twisted". Alternatively from *wr̥s-tis, from the root *wers- (“to mix up”), which would make it "something mixed up, something mangled".


taihā

taihā (nominative singular)
taihōn (nominative plural)
taihōn (accusative singular)
taihōn (accusative plural)
taihōn (genitive singular)
taihōnō (genitive plural)
taihōn (dative singular)
taihōm (dative plural)
taihum (dative plural)
taihōn (instrumental singular)
taihōm (instrumental plural)
taihum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tā, tāhe (Mercian)

Middle English: ta, to

Scots: ta, tae

English: toe

Old Frisian: tāne (originally a plural?)

Saterland Frisian: Tone

West Frisian: tean

Old Saxon: *tēha

Middle Low German: tē

Low German: Tehn, Töhn, Teuhn

Old Dutch: *tēa

Middle Dutch: tee

q

Dutch: teen (plural reanalysed as singular), toon (dialectal, also a plural reanalysed as singular)

Afrikaans: toon

Old High German: zēha

desctree

Middle High German: zēhe, zē
Alemannic German: Zeewe
Bavarian: Zächa
Central Franconian: Zieh
German: Zehe, Zeh
Luxembourgish: Zéif
Pennsylvania German: Zehe, Zeh


gabulu

gabulu (nominative singular)
gabulō (nominative plural)
gabulā (accusative singular)
gabulā (accusative plural)
gabulā (genitive singular)
gabulō (genitive plural)
gabulē (dative singular)
gabulōm (dative plural)
gabulum (dative plural)
gabulu (instrumental singular)
gabulōm (instrumental plural)
gabulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gafol, ġeafel, ġeafle

Old Saxon: gavala, gafila

Middle Low German: gaffel, gaffele

Low German: Gavel, Gaffel

→ German: Gaffel (“gaff”)

Plautdietsch: Gaufel

→ Danish: gaffel
→ Faroese: gaffil
→ Icelandic: gaffall

→ Elfdalian: gaffel

→ Gutnish: gaffel, gafful

→ Norwegian: gaffel

→ Swedish: gaffel

→ Finnish: kahveli

Old Dutch: *gavala, *gafila

Middle Dutch: gavele, gaffele

Dutch: gavel, gaffel

Afrikaans: gaffel

Limburgish: gaffel

→ Middle English: gaffolle

English: gaffle

Old High German: gabala, (northern) *gaffala (in mistgaffela)

desc

Middle High German: gabele, gabel, gaffel(e)

Alemannic German: Gable

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: gabala, gabl (Luserna)

Mòcheno: gabel

Central Franconian: Jaffel, Gaffel, Gawel

Hunsrik: Gawel, Gauel

Luxembourgish: Gafel

→ German: Gaffel (“kind of guild”)

desctree

German: Gabel
→ German Low German: Gabel
→ Kashubian: gafle
→ North Frisian: goobel

Rhine Franconian: Gawwel

Pennsylvania German: Gawwel

Yiddish: גאָפּל (gopl)

Likely borrowed from Gaulish gabalos, gablos, from Proto-Celtic *gablā (“fork, something forked”) (i.e. a road or branch).


raidu

raidu (nominative singular)
raidō (nominative plural)
raidā (accusative singular)
raidā (accusative plural)
raidā (genitive singular)
raidō (genitive plural)
raidē (dative singular)
raidōm (dative plural)
raidum (dative plural)
raidu (instrumental singular)
raidōm (instrumental plural)
raidum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: rād
Middle English: rode, rade, rod, rood, roode
English: road
Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd
→ Old French: *rade
Middle French: rade
French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada

Old Frisian: *rēd

West Frisian: reed

Old Saxon: *rēda

>? Middle Low German: rêde, reide

→ German: Reede

Old Dutch: rēda

>? Middle Dutch: rêde

Dutch: rede

Old High German: reita

Middle High German: reite


snaiw

snaiw (nominative singular)
snaiwō (nominative plural)
snaiwōs (nominative plural)
snaiw (accusative singular)
snaiwā (accusative plural)
snaiwas (genitive singular)
snaiwō (genitive plural)
snaiwē (dative singular)
snaiwum (dative plural)
snaiwu (instrumental singular)
snaiwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snāw
Middle English: snow, snaw, snowe, snawe, snowȝ, snoȝ, snogh, snou
English: snow
Scots: snaw
Yola: sneow, sneew, snowe, snow

Old Frisian: snē

North Frisian: snä

Saterland Frisian: Snee

West Frisian: snie

Old Saxon: snēo, snēu
Middle Low German: snê
German Low German: Snei, Snee, Sneei
Plautdietsch: Schnee

Old Dutch: snēo
Middle Dutch: snêe
Dutch: sneeuw
Afrikaans: sneeu
Negerhollands: sneew
→ Papiamentu: sneu, sneeuw
→ Sranan Tongo: snew
Limburgish: snieë

Old High German: snēo
Middle High German: snē
Alemannic German: Schnee
Swabian: Schnéa, Schnéé
Italian Walser: schnee, schnei, schnia, schné, schnìj
Bavarian: Schnää, Schnèj, schnea, sghneab
Cimbrian: snea, snèa
Mòcheno: schnea
Central Franconian: Schnie
Hunsrik: Schnee
German: Schnee
Luxembourgish: Schnéi
Rhine Franconian: Schnäi, Schnee, Schnei, Schnie
Pennsylvania German: Schnee
Vilamovian: śnej
Yiddish: שניי (shney)


arbaiþi

arbaiþi (nominative singular)
arbaiþī (nominative plural)
arbaiþi (accusative singular)
arbaiþī (accusative plural)
arbidī (genitive singular)
arbidijō (genitive plural)
arbidī (dative singular)
arbidim (dative plural)
arbidijum (dative plural)
arbidī (instrumental singular)
arbidim (instrumental plural)
arbidijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
Middle English: arveð

Old Frisian: arbēd

Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid

West Frisian: arbeid

Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
→ Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
→ Faroese: arbeiði
→ Norwegian: arbeid
→ Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
Swedish: arbete
→ Danish: arbejde

Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit

Middle Dutch: arbeit

Dutch: arbeid
Afrikaans: arbeid

Limburgish: arbeid

Old High German: arbeit, arabeit

desc

Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: òrbet

Hunsrik: Aarvet

Upper Saxon German: Orbeid

desctree

German: Arbeit
→ Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
→ Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)

Luxembourgish: Aarbecht

Rhine Franconian:

Hessian: Abeit

Pennsylvania German: Arewet

Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)

From Proto-Germanic *arbaiþiz, *arbaidiz.


hrōp

hrōp (nominative singular)
hrōpō (nominative plural)
hrōpōs (nominative plural)
hrōp (accusative singular)
hrōpā (accusative plural)
hrōpas (genitive singular)
hrōpō (genitive plural)
hrōpē (dative singular)
hrōpum (dative plural)
hrōpu (instrumental singular)
hrōpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrōp
Middle English: rop

Old Dutch: *ruop

Middle Dutch: roep

Dutch: roep

Old High German: ruof

Middle High German: ruof

German: Ruf

Hunsrik: Ruf


nahtmarā

nahtmarā (nominative singular)
nahtmarōn (nominative plural)
nahtmarōn (accusative singular)
nahtmarōn (accusative plural)
nahtmarōn (genitive singular)
nahtmarōnō (genitive plural)
nahtmarōn (dative singular)
nahtmarōm (dative plural)
nahtmarum (dative plural)
nahtmarōn (instrumental singular)
nahtmarōm (instrumental plural)
nahtmarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *nihtmare

Middle English: night-mare, nytmare, niȝt-mare, niȝthe-mare
English: nightmare
Scots: nichtmare, nichtmeer

Old Frisian: *nachtmare

West Frisian: nachtmerje

Old Saxon: *nahtmara

Middle Low German: nachtmār

Old Dutch: *nahtmara

desc

Middle Dutch: nachtmāre, nachtmērië, nachtmēre

Dutch: nachtmare, nachtmerrie

Afrikaans: nagmerrie

Old High German: *nahtmara

Middle High German: nahtmare

German: Nachtmahr


aggju

aggju (nominative singular)
aggjō (nominative plural)
aggjā (accusative singular)
aggjā (accusative plural)
aggjā (genitive singular)
aggjō (genitive plural)
aggjē (dative singular)
aggjōm (dative plural)
aggjum (dative plural)
aggju (instrumental singular)
aggjōm (instrumental plural)
aggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: eċġ
Middle English: egge
English: edge
Scots: ege, egge

Old Frisian: egg, eg, egge

Saterland Frisian: Ägge

West Frisian: igge

Old Saxon: eggia
Middle Low German: egge, egke, ecke
German Low German: Eck
Plautdietsch: Agj, Akj

Old Dutch: *egga

Middle Dutch: egge

Dutch: egge, eg

Old High German: egga, ecka

Middle High German: egge, ecke

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Eck

Luxembourgish: Eck

East Central German:

Vilamovian: ekk

German: Ecke

Rhine Franconian: Eck

Yiddish: עק (ek)


saipā

saipā (nominative singular)
saipōn (nominative plural)
saipōn (accusative singular)
saipōn (accusative plural)
saipōn (genitive singular)
saipōnō (genitive plural)
saipōn (dative singular)
saipōm (dative plural)
saipum (dative plural)
saipōn (instrumental singular)
saipōm (instrumental plural)
saipum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāpe
Middle English: sope, sape
English: soap (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saip, sape
→ Middle Irish: sóp
→ Old Norse: sápa
Icelandic: sápa
Faroese: sápa
Norwegian: såpa, såpe
→ Danish: såpe
Norwegian Bokmål: såpe
Old Swedish: sāpa
Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa

Old Frisian: *sēpe

Saterland Frisian: Seepe

West Frisian: sjippe

Old Saxon: *sēpa

Middle Low German: sēpe, seipe

German Low German: Seep

desc

Dutch Low Saxon: ziepe, zaip, zaipe, zeeip, zepe, zeip, ziep, zaibe, zeep

→ Estonian: seep

desctree

→ Danish: sæbe
Norwegian Bokmål: sæbe, sæpe, sepe

→ Latvian: ziepes

Old Dutch: *sēpa, *seipa

Middle Dutch: sêpe, seipe

Dutch: zeep
Afrikaans: seep (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: sepu
Skepi Creole Dutch: sepu
→ Akawaio: seepoo, sawana
→ Pemon: seepoo, sawana
→ Lokono: sêpo

Limburgish: zeip

Old High German: seipfa, seiffa, seifa

Middle High German: seife

desc

Alemannic German: Seif, Seife, Seifi, Seipfe, Soapfe

Swabian: Soif

Bavarian: Saf, Soaffa, Soaf

Central Franconian: Seef, Sääf, Seif

Hunsrik: Seif

Luxembourgish: Seef

East Central German:

Vilamovian: zaof

East Franconian: Saafe

German: Seife

Rhine Franconian: Saaf, Saaif, Sääf, Sääif, Seef

Frankfurterisch: [saːf]

Pennsylvania German: Seef

Yiddish: זייף (zeyf)


aiʀu

aiʀu (nominative singular)
aiʀō (nominative plural)
aiʀā (accusative singular)
aiʀā (accusative plural)
aiʀā (genitive singular)
aiʀō (genitive plural)
aiʀē (dative singular)
aiʀōm (dative plural)
aiʀum (dative plural)
aiʀu (instrumental singular)
aiʀōm (instrumental plural)
aiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ār, āre
Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)

Old Frisian: ēre, ēr
Saterland Frisian: Eere
West Frisian: eare

Old Saxon: ēra
Middle Low German: ēre
→ Old Norse: æra
Danish: ære
Icelandic: æra
Faroese: æra
Norwegian Nynorsk: ære
Norwegian Bokmål: ære
Swedish: ära

Old Dutch: ēra
Middle Dutch: êre
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Negerhollands: eer
Limburgish: ieër

Old High German: ēra

Middle High German: ēre

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Eher

Luxembourgish: Éier

German: Ehre

Rhine Franconian: Ehr, Ihr

Vilamovian: ere


marā

marā (nominative singular)
marōn (nominative plural)
marōn (accusative singular)
marōn (accusative plural)
marōn (genitive singular)
marōnō (genitive plural)
marōn (dative singular)
marōm (dative plural)
marum (dative plural)
marōn (instrumental singular)
marōm (instrumental plural)
marum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mare

Middle English: mare

Scots: mare, mair

English: mare

Old Saxon: *mara

Middle Low German: māre, mar m

Old Dutch: *mara

Middle Dutch: māre

Dutch: mare, maar

Old High German: mara

Middle High German: mare, mar

German: Mahr


saiwalu

saiwalu (nominative singular)
saiwalō (nominative plural)
saiwalā (accusative singular)
saiwalā (accusative plural)
saiwalā (genitive singular)
saiwalō (genitive plural)
saiwalē (dative singular)
saiwalōm (dative plural)
saiwalum (dative plural)
saiwalu (instrumental singular)
saiwalōm (instrumental plural)
saiwalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāwol, sāwel, sāwal, sāul, sawl, sōwhul, sawul
Middle English: soule, saul, saule, souel, soul, soull, soulle, sowel, sowele, sowle, sowll, sowyl, sauele, sawlæ, sawle, sæule (Early Middle English), sauel, saull, saulle, sawel, sawele, sawell, sawil, sawle (Northern), zaule (Kent)
English: soul (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saul
→ Old Norse: sála, sál
Icelandic: sál
Faroese: sál
Norwegian Nynorsk: sål
Old Gutnish: selu

Old Frisian: sēla

North Frisian: siel, sial

Saterland Frisian: Seele

West Frisian: siel

Old Saxon: sēola
Middle Low German: sêle
Low German:
German Low German: Seel
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Siäle, Säile, Saile, Sǟle
Westmünsterländisch: Seele, Sääle
Plautdietsch: Seel
→ Old Norse:
Norwegian: sjel
Old Swedish: siæl, sial
Swedish: själ
Danish: sjæl

Old Dutch: sēla
Middle Dutch: siele
Dutch: ziel
Afrikaans: siel
Limburgish: zeel

Old High German: sēla

Middle High German: sēle

Alemannic German: Seel

Central Franconian: Siel

German: Seele

Luxembourgish: Séil

Vilamovian: zejł


lapil

lapil (nominative singular)
lapilō (nominative plural)
lapilōs (nominative plural)
lapil (accusative singular)
lapilā (accusative plural)
lapilas (genitive singular)
lapilō (genitive plural)
lapilē (dative singular)
lapilum (dative plural)
lapilu (instrumental singular)
lapilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lepel, leppel

Saterland Frisian: Lääpel

West Frisian: leppel

Old Saxon: lepil

Middle Low German: lēpel, leppel

Low German: Lepel

Plautdietsch: Läpel

→? Norn: lepel

Old Dutch: *lepil

Middle Dutch: lēpel
Dutch: lepel
Afrikaans: lepel
Berbice Creole Dutch: leple
Jersey Dutch: lêpel
Negerhollands: leepel, leppu
Skepi Creole Dutch: lepel
→ Lokono: lepele
Limburgish: laepel

Limburgish: laepel

Old High German: lepfil, leffil

Middle High German: leffel

desc

Alemannic German: Leffel, Läffel, Löffel

Bavarian: Leffl

Cimbrian: löffl

Mòcheno: leffl

Central Franconian: Läffel, Läfel

Hunsrik: Leffel

Luxembourgish: Läffel

German: Löffel

Rhine Franconian: Leffel, Lewwel

Frankfurterisch: [lev̥l̩]

Pennsylvania German: Leffel

Vilamovian: łefuł

Yiddish: לעפֿל (lefl)

From *lappjan (“to provide food”) + *-il.


hrōmi

hrōmi (nominative singular)
hrōmī (nominative plural)
hrōmi (accusative singular)
hrōmī (accusative plural)
hrōmī (genitive singular)
hrōmijō (genitive plural)
hrōmī (dative singular)
hrōmim (dative plural)
hrōmijum (dative plural)
hrōmī (instrumental singular)
hrōmim (instrumental plural)
hrōmijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hrōm

Middle Low German: hrōm

Old Dutch: *ruom

Middle Dutch: roem

Dutch: roem

Afrikaans: roem

Old High German: ruom, hruom

Middle High German: ruom

German: Ruhm


þeudu

þeudu (nominative singular)
þeudō (nominative plural)
þeudā (accusative singular)
þeudā (accusative plural)
þeudā (genitive singular)
þeudō (genitive plural)
þeudē (dative singular)
þeudōm (dative plural)
þeudum (dative plural)
þeudu (instrumental singular)
þeudōm (instrumental plural)
þeudum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þēod, þīod, ðēod, ðīod, ðēad, ðīed
Middle English: thede, þeode, þeod, þede, theode, thed
Scots: thede, theid

Old Frisian: thiād

Old Saxon: thīod, thioda
Middle Low German: dêt, deit

Old Dutch: thiat

Middle Dutch: diet

Dutch: diet

Old High German: diota, diot

Middle High German: diet

German: Diet


baunu

baunu (nominative singular)
baunō (nominative plural)
baunā (accusative singular)
baunā (accusative plural)
baunā (genitive singular)
baunō (genitive plural)
baunē (dative singular)
baunōm (dative plural)
baunum (dative plural)
baunu (instrumental singular)
baunōm (instrumental plural)
baunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēan, bīen
Middle English: bene, beane, beene, beyn, ben, bean
English: bean
Scots: bein, bene
Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)

Old Frisian: bāne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: buan
Saterland Frisian: Boone
West Frisian: bean, beane, beanne

Old Saxon: bōna
Middle Low German: bône
German Low German: Bohn
Plautdietsch: Boon

Old Dutch: *bōna
Middle Dutch: bône
Dutch: boon
Afrikaans: boon
→ Xhosa: imbotyi (from the diminutive)
Berbice Creole Dutch: bono
Negerhollands: bontśi, boontje, boonschi (from the diminutive)
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bontsi (archaic)
→ Caribbean Javanese: bontyis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Indonesian: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Petjo: bontjies, boontjies
→ Javanese: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Papiamentu: bonchi, boontsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: bonki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bongki
Limburgish: boean

Old High German: bōna
Middle High German: bōne
Alemannic German: Bone
Central Franconian: Bunn, Buhn, Bohn
Hunsrik: Bohn
Luxembourgish: Boun
German: Bohne
Rhine Franconian: Bohn
Frankfurterisch: [b̥õːn]
Pennsylvania German: Bohn, Buhn


teunō

teunō (nominative singular)
teunan (nominative plural)
teunan (accusative singular)
teunan (accusative plural)
tiunini (genitive singular)
teunan (genitive singular)
teunanō (genitive plural)
tiunini (dative singular)
teunan (dative singular)
teunum (dative plural)
tiunini (instrumental singular)
teunan (instrumental singular)
teunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tēona, tēone

Middle English: tene

English: teen

Scots: tene, teyne

Old Saxon: tiona


breust

breust (nominative singular)
breustu (nominative plural)
breust (accusative singular)
breustu (accusative plural)
breustas (genitive singular)
breustō (genitive plural)
breustē (dative singular)
breustum (dative plural)
breustu (instrumental singular)
breustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brēost
Middle English: brest, breste, breost, breist, brost, brust, brist, breast, bryest
English: brest, breast
Scots: brest, breist, breest

Old Frisian: briāst, brast

Old Saxon: breost, briost, brust


hlahtr

hlahtr (nominative singular)
hlahtrō (nominative plural)
hlahtrōs (nominative plural)
hlahtr (accusative singular)
hlahtrā (accusative plural)
hlahtras (genitive singular)
hlahtrō (genitive plural)
hlahtrē (dative singular)
hlahtrum (dative plural)
hlahtru (instrumental singular)
hlahtrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hleahtor

desc

Middle English: laughter, laghter, laȝter

Scots: lachter, lauchter

English: laughter

Old Saxon: *hlahtar

Middle Low German: lachter

Old High German: lahtar, hlahtar

Middle High German: lahter, gelehter

German: Gelächter


keul

keul (nominative singular)
keulō (nominative plural)
keulōs (nominative plural)
keul (accusative singular)
keulā (accusative plural)
keulas (genitive singular)
keulō (genitive plural)
keulē (dative singular)
keulum (dative plural)
keulu (instrumental singular)
keulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēol

>? Middle English: chiel, kele, keel (“small shipping vessel, lighter”) (possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch; displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Frisian: *kiāl, *tziāl

West Frisian: tjalk, tsjalk

→ Dutch: tjalk

Old Saxon: kiol

Middle Low German: kêl, kîl

German Low German: Kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Dutch: *kiol

Middle Dutch: kiel

Dutch: kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old High German: kiol, chiol

Middle High German: kiel

German: Kiel (obsolete, displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)


þeub

þeub (nominative singular)
þeubō (nominative plural)
þeubōs (nominative plural)
þeub (accusative singular)
þeubā (accusative plural)
þeubas (genitive singular)
þeubō (genitive plural)
þeubē (dative singular)
þeubum (dative plural)
þeubu (instrumental singular)
þeubum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þēof
Middle English: thef, theef, theff, thyef, þef, þeef, þief, þyef, þeof, thefe
English: thief
Scots: thef, theif, thief

Old Frisian: thiāf, tiēf
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tiif
Saterland Frisian: Tjoof
West Frisian: tsjeaf

Old Saxon: thiof
Middle Low German: dêf, dief
German Low German: Deef, Deev, Deew, Deiw
Plautdietsch: Deef, Deiw
→ Saterland Frisian: Däif

Old Dutch: *thiof

Middle Dutch: dief
Dutch: dief
Afrikaans: dief
Limburgish: deef

Old High German: diob

Middle High German: diup, diep

Cimbrian: diip

German: Dieb

Luxembourgish: Déif

Pennsylvania German: Dieb

Vilamovian: dīb


flahs

flahs (nominative singular)
flahsu (nominative plural)
flahs (accusative singular)
flahsu (accusative plural)
flahsas (genitive singular)
flahsō (genitive plural)
flahsē (dative singular)
flahsum (dative plural)
flahsu (instrumental singular)
flahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fleax, flæx, flex
Middle English: flax, fflex, flaxe, flex, flexe, vlex
English: flax

Old Frisian: flax

Saterland Frisian: Floaks

West Frisian: flaaks

Old Saxon: flahs

Middle Low German: flas, vlas

German Low German: Flass

Low German: Flass

Plautdietsch: Flauss

Old Dutch: flahs, flas

Middle Dutch: vlas

Dutch: vlas

Afrikaans: vlas

Old High German: flahs
Middle High German: vlahs
German: Flachs
Luxembourgish: Fluess
Rhine Franconian: Flaas, Flas, Flachs
Vilamovian: fłaoks


ahslu

ahslu (nominative singular)
ahslō (nominative plural)
ahslā (accusative singular)
ahslā (accusative plural)
ahslā (genitive singular)
ahslō (genitive plural)
ahslē (dative singular)
ahslōm (dative plural)
ahslum (dative plural)
ahslu (instrumental singular)
ahslōm (instrumental plural)
ahslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eaxl, eaxel, esl
Middle English: axel, axle, eaxle, æxle, exle
English: axle (obsolete)
Scots: aixle, exle

Old Frisian: axle, axele

Saterland Frisian: ascle

→? Middle Dutch: ocsele (see lemma)

Dutch: oksel

Afrikaans: oksel

Old Dutch: *assala

Middle Dutch: assele

Dutch: assel

Old High German: ahsala

Middle High German: ahsel

Cimbrian: aksela, aksala, aksl, aksel

German: Achsel

Vilamovian: aochsuł

Yiddish: אַקסל (aksl)


leuþ

leuþ (nominative singular)
leuþu (nominative plural)
leuþ (accusative singular)
leuþu (accusative plural)
leuþas (genitive singular)
leuþō (genitive plural)
leuþē (dative singular)
leuþum (dative plural)
leuþu (instrumental singular)
leuþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēoþ

Middle English: leoþ, leod, lede

Scots: leed, lede

English: leed (dialectal); lidden (dialectal, archaic)

Old Frisian: *liāth

Saterland Frisian: Läid

West Frisian: liet

Old Saxon: lioth

Middle Low German: *lēt, *liet

German Low German: Leed, Lied

Old Dutch: *lioth

Middle Dutch: liet, lijt

Dutch: lied

Afrikaans: lied

Negerhollands: liederen (from the plural)

Old High German: liod

Middle High German: liet

German: Lied

→ English: lied

→ Finnish: lied

→ French: lied

→ Romanian: lied

Hunsrik: Lied

Luxembourgish: Lidd

Vilamovian: łid

Yiddish: ליד (lid)


hanapi

hanapi (nominative singular)
hanapī (nominative plural)
hanapi (accusative singular)
hanapī (accusative plural)
hanapī (genitive singular)
hanapijō (genitive plural)
hanapī (dative singular)
hanapim (dative plural)
hanapijum (dative plural)
hanapī (instrumental singular)
hanapim (instrumental plural)
hanapijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: henep, hænep
Middle English: hanep, henep, henepe, henpe, hempe, hemp
English: hemp
Scots: hemp, hempt

desc

Old Frisian: *hanep, *hānp, *henep, *henp

Saterland Frisian: Hoamp

West Frisian: himp

Old Saxon: hanap, hanup

Middle Low German: hennep, hennip, hēnep, henp

German Low German: Hämp

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Hannop (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Hamp (Ravensberger)

Old Dutch: *hanap, *henep

Middle Dutch: hannep, hennep, hanep, hennip

Dutch: hennep
Afrikaans: hennep

Old High German: hanaf, hanif

Middle High German: hanef, hanif, hanf

Alemannic German: Hamf

German: Hanf

→ Luxembourgish: Hanf

→ Low German: Hanf, Hannef

Luxembourgish: Hunnef (dated)

Yiddish: האַנף (hanf)


deuʀ

deuʀ (nominative singular)
deuʀu (nominative plural)
deuʀ (accusative singular)
deuʀu (accusative plural)
deuʀas (genitive singular)
deuʀō (genitive plural)
deuʀē (dative singular)
deuʀum (dative plural)
deuʀu (instrumental singular)
deuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dīor, dēor

Middle English: deor, deure, dure, dier, dere

Scots: dere, deir

English: deer

Old Frisian: diār, diēr

North Frisian: dier

North Frisian: Diirt (Sylt)

i

Saterland Frisian: Diert (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

West Frisian: djier (obsolete), dier

desctree

Old Saxon: dior
Middle Low German: dēr, dēre, dērt, deirt, dêrd
Dutch Low Saxon: diert
German Low German: Deer, Deert, Dird, Dairt, Duert, Diert, Dirt, Dier

Old Dutch: dier
Middle Dutch: dier
Dutch: dier

Old High German: tior
Middle High German: tier
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Tier
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dier
Kölsch: Deer, Dier
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dier
German: Tier
→ Plautdietsch: Tier, Tiea
Luxembourgish: Déier
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Déier


sparwō

sparwō (nominative singular)
sparwan (nominative plural)
sparwan (accusative singular)
sparwan (accusative plural)
sparwini (genitive singular)
sparwan (genitive singular)
sparwanō (genitive plural)
sparwini (dative singular)
sparwan (dative singular)
sparwum (dative plural)
sparwini (instrumental singular)
sparwan (instrumental singular)
sparwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spearwa

desc

Middle English: sparwe, sparuwe, sparowe, sparewe, speruwe, sparu, sparow

Scots: sparrowe, sparow

English: sparrow

→ Manx: sparroo

Old Saxon: *sparo; *sperling

Middle Low German: sperlink

desctree

Old High German: sparo
Middle High German: sparwe, spare, spar
Alemannic German: Spar
⇒ Middle High German: spaz, spatze (diminutive)
Alemannic German: Spatz, Schpatz
Bavarian: Spåtz
German: Spatz
→ Luxembourgish: Spatz
⇒ Old High German: sperilig
Middle High German: sperlinc
German: Sperling
Yiddish: שפּערל (shperl)


wīh

wīh (nominative singular)
wīhu (nominative plural)
wīh (accusative singular)
wīhu (accusative plural)
wīhas (genitive singular)
wīhō (genitive plural)
wīhē (dative singular)
wīhum (dative plural)
wīhu (instrumental singular)
wīhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēoh, wīh

Old Saxon: wīh m

Middle Low German: wīe, wige

Old High German: wīh m

From Proto-Germanic *wīhą, cognate with Old Norse vé (“sanctuary, holy place”).


reumō

reumō (nominative singular)
reuman (nominative plural)
reuman (accusative singular)
reuman (accusative plural)
riumini (genitive singular)
reuman (genitive singular)
reumanō (genitive plural)
riumini (dative singular)
reuman (dative singular)
reumum (dative plural)
riumini (instrumental singular)
reuman (instrumental singular)
reumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēoma

Middle English: reme, ryme, rym, rim

Scots: rimme, rimb, ryme, rim

English: rymme, rimme, rim

Old Saxon: reomo, riomo

Middle Low German: rême

German Low German:

East Frisian: Reem

Low Prussian, Westphalian (East Westphalian: Lippisch): Reumen

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch: Reem

East Westphalian: Raim (Wedemarkisch)

q

Sauerländisch: Raime, Roimen (Elpe, Meschede, Schmallenberg, Elspe, Kirchhundem, Selbecke), Rauemen (Niedersfeld), Riemen (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: Reemen

→ Danish: rem

→ Old Swedish: rem, reem

Swedish: rem

Old Dutch: *riomo

Middle Dutch: rieme, riem

Dutch: riem

Afrikaans: riem

→ English: riem, reim

Old High German: riomo

Middle High German: rieme

German: Riemen

Hunsrik: Rieme

Luxembourgish: Rimm

Unknown. Possibly sharing the same base as Proto-Germanic *raipaz (“cord, cable, strap”). Compare also Old Norse reim (“thong”).

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


farh

farh (nominative singular)
farhō (nominative plural)
farhōs (nominative plural)
farh (accusative singular)
farhā (accusative plural)
farhas (genitive singular)
farhō (genitive plural)
farhē (dative singular)
farhum (dative plural)
farhu (instrumental singular)
farhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fearh
Middle English: *farow, *fargh (attested only in plural form faren)
English: farrow
Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry
Yola: farragh

Old Frisian: *farch

Saterland Frisian: Faarich

Old Saxon: for, *farh

Middle Low German: var, vare, vôr, ferch, verk

⇒ Old Saxon: *farkīn (diminutive)

Middle Low German: verken, varken

Low German: Farken

Old Dutch: *far, *fare

⇒ Old Dutch: farkīn, ferkīn (diminutive)

Middle Dutch: verkin, varekin, varkin

Dutch: varken
Afrikaans: vark
Jersey Dutch: vārk
Negerhollands: varki, fergi, farki, ferkikin, verken
Skepi Creole Dutch: fark

Old High German: farah
Middle High German: varch
⇒ Old High German: farhīli, farheli (diminutive)
Middle High German: verkel, verhel
Alemannic German: Färli
German: Ferkel
Luxembourgish: Fierkel


ahsu

ahsu (nominative singular)
ahsō (nominative plural)
ahsā (accusative singular)
ahsā (accusative plural)
ahsā (genitive singular)
ahsō (genitive plural)
ahsē (dative singular)
ahsōm (dative plural)
ahsum (dative plural)
ahsu (instrumental singular)
ahsōm (instrumental plural)
ahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eax

Old Frisian: *ax

West Frisian: as

Old Saxon: ahsa

Old Dutch: *assa

Middle Dutch: asse

Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Negerhollands: az
→ Indonesian: as
→ Papiamentu: as (dated)

Old High German: ahsa

Middle High German: ahse

Alemannic German: Uechs

German: Achse

→ Norwegian Bokmål: akse

Luxembourgish: Achs


leuht

leuht (nominative singular)
leuhtu (nominative plural)
leuht (accusative singular)
leuhtu (accusative plural)
leuhtas (genitive singular)
leuhtō (genitive plural)
leuhtē (dative singular)
leuhtum (dative plural)
leuhtu (instrumental singular)
leuhtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēoht, lēht — Anglian, līht
Middle English: leoht, liht, light
English: light
Scots: licht

Old Frisian: liācht

Saterland Frisian: Ljoacht, Lucht

West Frisian: ljocht

Old Saxon: lioht
Middle Low German: licht, lucht
Low German:
German Low German: Licht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Lecht
Lippisch: Lecht, Lucht
Sauerländisch: Lecht, Licht
Westmünsterländisch: Lecht, Lech
Plautdietsch: Licht

Old Dutch: lieht

Middle Dutch: licht

Dutch: licht

Afrikaans: lig

Limburgish: lèch

Old High German: lioht

Middle High German: liecht, licht

Alemannic German: Liecht (north Alsatian), Liacht (south Alsatian)

Bavarian: Liacht

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Licht

Kölsch: Leesch

Luxembourgish: Liicht

East Central German:

Vilamovian: łicht

East Franconian: Lieacht

German: Licht

Rhine Franconian: Licht, Liecht, Lischt

Frankfurterisch: [liʃt]

Pennsylvania German: Licht

Yiddish: ליכט (likht)


hangist

hangist (nominative singular)
hangistō (nominative plural)
hangistōs (nominative plural)
hangist (accusative singular)
hangistā (accusative plural)
hangistas (genitive singular)
hangistō (genitive plural)
hangistē (dative singular)
hangistum (dative plural)
hangistu (instrumental singular)
hangistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hengest, hengst
⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman
English: henchman
→ Scots: hanchman
Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

desc

Old Frisian: hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst

North Frisian: hingst

Saterland Frisian: Houngst, Hoangst

West Frisian: hynst

⇒ West Frisian: hynder

Old Saxon: hengist

Middle Low German: hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst

German Low German: Hingst

→ Danish: hingst

→ Lower Sorbian: hengist

→ Norwegian: hingst

→ Old Swedish: hingist

Swedish: hingst

Old Dutch: hengist

Middle Dutch: hengest, hinxt, henxt

Dutch: hengst
Afrikaans: hings

Old High German: hengist

Middle High German: hengest, hengst

Alemannic German: Hengscht

German: Hengst

Luxembourgish: Hengscht

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Hengscht


ehw

ehw (nominative singular)
ehwō (nominative plural)
ehwōs (nominative plural)
ehw (accusative singular)
ehwā (accusative plural)
ehwas (genitive singular)
ehwō (genitive plural)
ehwē (dative singular)
ehwum (dative plural)
ehwu (instrumental singular)
ehwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eoh

Old Saxon: ehu-, eo- (in compounds)

Old High German: ehu- (in compounds)


ankwō

ankwō (nominative singular)
ankwan (nominative plural)
ankwan (accusative singular)
ankwan (accusative plural)
ankwini (genitive singular)
ankwan (genitive singular)
ankwanō (genitive plural)
ankwini (dative singular)
ankwan (dative singular)
ankwum (dative plural)
ankwini (instrumental singular)
ankwan (instrumental singular)
ankwum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *anko

Middle Low German: anke

desctree

Old High German: ancho, anco
Middle High German: anke
Alemannic German: Anke


nakwō

nakwō (nominative singular)
nakwan (nominative plural)
nakwan (accusative singular)
nakwan (accusative plural)
nakwini (genitive singular)
nakwan (genitive singular)
nakwanō (genitive plural)
nakwini (dative singular)
nakwan (dative singular)
nakwum (dative plural)
nakwini (instrumental singular)
nakwan (instrumental singular)
nakwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: naca

Old Frisian: *naka, âke, âk

West Frisian: aek, aak

Old Saxon: nako

German Low German: Âken

Old Dutch: *nako

Middle Dutch: naecke, aecke

Dutch: aak

Old High German: nahho

Middle High German: nache

German: Nachen

Luxembourgish: Naachen


rīþ

rīþ (nominative singular)
rīþō (nominative plural)
rīþōs (nominative plural)
rīþ (accusative singular)
rīþā (accusative plural)
rīþas (genitive singular)
rīþō (genitive plural)
rīþē (dative singular)
rīþum (dative plural)
rīþu (instrumental singular)
rīþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rīþ

Middle English: rīth

English: rith

Old Frisian: rīd

⇒ Old Frisian: mēderīd

Old Saxon: *rīth

desc

Middle Low German: rīde, rîe, rige, rhyde, rüde

→ German: Riede

Old Dutch: rīth

Middle Dutch: rijt

Dutch: rijt (dialectal)


harpā

harpā (nominative singular)
harpōn (nominative plural)
harpōn (accusative singular)
harpōn (accusative plural)
harpōn (genitive singular)
harpōnō (genitive plural)
harpōn (dative singular)
harpōm (dative plural)
harpum (dative plural)
harpōn (instrumental singular)
harpōm (instrumental plural)
harpum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hearpe
Middle English: harpe
English: harp
Scots: harpe, herp, hairp

Old Frisian: *herpe

West Frisian: harpe, harp

Old Saxon: harpa

Middle Low German: harpe

Low German: Harp

Plautdietsch: Hoap

Old Dutch: *harpa

Middle Dutch: harpe, herpe

Dutch: harp

Afrikaans: harp

Old High German: harfa, *harpha

Middle High German: harfe, harpfe

Bavarian: Harpfn

German: Harfe, Harpfe

→ Saterland Frisian: Harfe

Luxembourgish: Harf

→ Kashubian: harfa

→ Old Polish: arfa (see there for further descendants)

Rhine Franconian: Haf, Harf

Pennsylvania German: Harf

→ Czech: harfa

→ Russian: а́рфа (árfa) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: hȃrfa, ха̑рфа

→ Slovak: harfa

→ Slovene: harfa

→ Ukrainian: а́рфа (árfa)

→ Late Latin: harpa (see there for further descendants)


smeru

smeru (nominative singular)
smeru (nominative plural)
smeru (accusative singular)
smeru (accusative plural)
smerwas (genitive singular)
smerwō (genitive plural)
smerwē (dative singular)
smerum (dative plural)
smeru (instrumental singular)
smerum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smeoru

Middle English: smer, smere

English: smear

Scots: smergh

Old Frisian: smere

Saterland Frisian: Smeer

West Frisian: smoar

Old Saxon: smero

Middle Low German: smēr, smör

(German Low German: Smeer)

Old Dutch: smero

Middle Dutch: smere, smer

Dutch: smeer
Afrikaans: smeer
→ Caribbean Javanese: semir
→ Indonesian: semir
→ Papiamentu: smeer (dated)

Old High German: smero
Middle High German: smër
Alemannic German: Schmër
German: Schmer
→ Polish: smar
→ Carpathian Rusyn: смар (smar)


herdu

herdu (nominative singular)
herdō (nominative plural)
herdā (accusative singular)
herdā (accusative plural)
herdā (genitive singular)
herdō (genitive plural)
herdē (dative singular)
herdōm (dative plural)
herdum (dative plural)
herdu (instrumental singular)
herdōm (instrumental plural)
herdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heord, hierd

Middle English: heorde, herde, heerde

English: herd

Scots: hird, herd

Old Frisian: *herde; (herdere)

(West Frisian: harder, hoeder)

Old Saxon: herda

Middle Low German: hērde, hirde

German Low German: Heerde

Old Dutch: *herda

desc

Middle Dutch: herde, harde, hāerde, hēerde, hirde

Old High German: herta

Middle High German: hërt

German: Herde

Luxembourgish: Häerd

→ Old French: herde

Middle French: harde

French: harde


birkijā

birkijā (nominative singular)
birkijōn (nominative plural)
birkijōn (accusative singular)
birkijōn (accusative plural)
birkijōn (genitive singular)
birkijōnō (genitive plural)
birkijōn (dative singular)
birkijōm (dative plural)
birkijum (dative plural)
birkijōn (instrumental singular)
birkijōm (instrumental plural)
birkijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bierċe, birċe, birċiae — early
Middle English: birche, byrche, birch, birk, byrke, birke, breche
English: birch
Northumbrian: birk
Scots: birk

Old Frisian: birk

West Frisian: bjirk

Old Saxon: birka, berka

Middle Low German: berke, barke

Low German: Bark

Plautdietsch: Boakj

Old Dutch: *berka (attested in Berclar)

Middle Dutch: berke
Dutch: berk
Afrikaans: berk
Limburgish: bèrk

Old High German: birihha, birka, bircha

Middle High German: birke (< birka, bircha)

German: Birke

Luxembourgish: Bierk

From Proto-Germanic *birkijǭ. Equivalent to *berku + *-jā (agent suffix).


erþu

erþu (nominative singular)
erþō (nominative plural)
erþā (accusative singular)
erþā (accusative plural)
erþā (genitive singular)
erþō (genitive plural)
erþē (dative singular)
erþōm (dative plural)
erþum (dative plural)
erþu (instrumental singular)
erþōm (instrumental plural)
erþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorþe, earðe — Northumbrian, iorðe — Kentish, eorþ, earþe, iorþe, yrþ, eorðe, eorþo, eorþu, eorþæ, heorðe, heordæ, eorda, eordæ, eorða
Middle English: erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, oerþe, oerþ, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde, earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe (Early Middle English)
English: earth, Earth
Scots: erd (influenced by erd)
Yola: erth, eart, eard, eorth, eord

Old Frisian: erthe, erde, irthe
Saterland Frisian: Äide, Idde, Äid
West Frisian: ierde

Old Saxon: ertha, erda
Middle Low German: ērde
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: eerde
German Low German: Eer, Eerd, Ier, Ierd
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Eren (dative (as in up Eren) and genitive (as in in der Eren Grund))
Ravensbergisch: Airn
Sauerländisch: Ēre, Ere, Ǟre, Ēäre
Westmünsterländisch: Eerde, Eere, Äärde, Ääre, Iärde
Plautdietsch: Ead, Ieed

Old Dutch: ertha
Middle Dutch: erde
Dutch: aarde
Afrikaans: aarde
Negerhollands: aarde, adu, aerde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: adu, ard (archaic)
→ Indonesian: arde
Limburgish: aerd, aerj

Old High German: erda, haerda
Middle High German: ērde
Alemannic German: Ëërde
Bavarian: Erd, Erdn
Cimbrian: èerda
Central Franconian: Ääd, Erd (Moselle Franconian), Äerd
Hunsrik: Äerd
Kölsch: Äd
German: Erde
Luxembourgish: Äerd
Rhine Franconian: Erd
Pennsylvania German: Erd, Aerd, Eaht
Vilamovian: aod
Yiddish: ערד (erd)


kaldī

kaldī (nominative singular)
kaldīn (accusative singular)
kaldīn (genitive singular)
kaldīn (dative singular)
kaldīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: ċieldu
Middle English: chelde, kelde

Old Frisian: kalde, kelde

Saterland Frisian: Keelde

West Frisian: kjeld

Old Saxon: *kaldī, *keldī, *kaldīn

desc

Middle Low German: kōlde, kölde, kȫlde, kelde, kulde, külde, külle, kalde, küldene, kuldene

German Low German: Kolle, Koll

Old Dutch: *keldi

Middle Dutch: kelde, koude

Dutch: koude, kou

Afrikaans: koue, kou

desctree

Old High German: kaltī, chaldī, chalte, chaltī, chaltīn, keltīn
Middle High German: kelte
Alemannic German: Chälti, Chelti
Central Franconian: Käll
Cimbrian: khélte
German: Kälte
Luxembourgish: Keelt
Vilamovian: kełt

From *kald (“cold”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


abunsti

abunsti (nominative singular)
abunstī (nominative plural)
abunsti (accusative singular)
abunstī (accusative plural)
abunstī (genitive singular)
abunstijō (genitive plural)
abunstī (dative singular)
abunstim (dative plural)
abunstijum (dative plural)
abunstī (instrumental singular)
abunstim (instrumental plural)
abunstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æfǣst, æfest, æfst; æfstu

⇒ Middle English: ævestlīce (adverb)

Old Saxon: avunst

Old High German: abunt, abanst

Middle High German: abunst, abanst

From Proto-Germanic *abundiz, remodelled after *unsti.


galgō

galgō (nominative singular)
galgan (nominative plural)
galgan (accusative singular)
galgan (accusative plural)
galgini (genitive singular)
galgan (genitive singular)
galganō (genitive plural)
galgini (dative singular)
galgan (dative singular)
galgum (dative plural)
galgini (instrumental singular)
galgan (instrumental singular)
galgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġealga
Middle English: galwes, galwe, galowe, galewes
Scots: galow, gallo, gallows
English: gallow, gallows

Old Frisian: galga

North Frisian: gulig

Saterland Frisian: Galge

West Frisian: galge

Old Saxon: galgo

Middle Low German: galge

German Low German: Galge, Galg

Low German: Galgen

Plautdietsch: Gaulj

Old Dutch: *galga

Middle Dutch: galge

Dutch: galg

Old High German: galgo, galga
Middle High German: galge
Alemannic German: Galge
German: Galgen
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: галге
Latin script: galge
Luxembourgish: Gaalgen

→ Old French: jauge, gauge
Middle French: jauge
French: jauge
→ Galician: galgar
→ Middle English: gauge, gage
Scots: gauge
English: gauge


salbu

salbu (nominative singular)
salbō (nominative plural)
salbā (accusative singular)
salbā (accusative plural)
salbā (genitive singular)
salbō (genitive plural)
salbē (dative singular)
salbōm (dative plural)
salbum (dative plural)
salbu (instrumental singular)
salbōm (instrumental plural)
salbum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sealf
Middle English: salve, salf, salfe, salff, salffe, salwe, selve, scealfe, sealfe, sealve (Early Middle English), sallfe (Ormulum)
English: salve
Scots: saw

Old Frisian: *salf; *salve (suggested by derivative salva)

Saterland Frisian: Soolve

West Frisian: salve

Old Saxon: salva

Middle Low German: salve

German Low German: Saalv

→ Old Swedish: salva

Swedish: salva

→ Danish: salve

→ Icelandic: salvi

→ Faroese: salva, sálva

Old Dutch: salba, salva

Middle Dutch: salve

Dutch: zalf
Afrikaans: salf
Negerhollands: salv
→ Caribbean Javanese: salep
→ Indonesian: salep

Old High German: salba

Middle High German: salp

German: Salbe

Hunsrik: Salleb

Luxembourgish: Sallef

Yiddish: זאַלב (zalb)


swalwā

swalwā (nominative singular)
swalwōn (nominative plural)
swalwōn (accusative singular)
swalwōn (accusative plural)
swalwōn (genitive singular)
swalwōnō (genitive plural)
swalwōn (dative singular)
swalwōm (dative plural)
swalwum (dative plural)
swalwōn (instrumental singular)
swalwōm (instrumental plural)
swalwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swealwe, swealewe
Middle English: swalwe, swalewe, swalowe, swhalow, sualow, swalow, swalue, swolwe, swaluwe, swalew, swalugh
English: swallow
Scots: swalla, swallae

Old Frisian: swale

North Frisian: swaal, swul, swol

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Swoalke, Swoolke

West Frisian: swel

Old Saxon: swala

Middle Low German: swale

Dutch Low Saxon: swaalfe

German Low German: Schwaale

Old Dutch: *swalwa, *swalawa

Middle Dutch: swalwe, swalewe

Dutch: zwaluw
Afrikaans: swael

Old High German: swalawa

Middle High German: swalwe

Alemannic German: Schwalme

Swabian: Schwaba

desc

Central Franconian: Schwalleb, Schwallef, Schmallef, Schmollef, Schmorbel, Schmärbel, Schmälwer, Schwalwer, Schwalfter, Schwarbel, Schwawel, Schwaal

Hunsrik: Schwalleb

Luxembourgish: Schmuewel, Schmuebel, Schmuelef

desctree

German: Schwalbe
→ Dutch: schwalbe
→ Silesian: šwalbkowate (compounded with native word)

Vilamovian: śwojmła


þwahl

þwahl (nominative singular)
þwahhlu (nominative plural)
þwahl (accusative singular)
þwahhlu (accusative plural)
þwahhlas (genitive singular)
þwahhlō (genitive plural)
þwahhlē (dative singular)
þwahhlum (dative plural)
þwahhlu (instrumental singular)
þwahhlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þwēal

Middle English: thweal

Old High German: dwahal

desc

⇒ Old High German: dwahalkar (“washtub”)


þwangi

þwangi (nominative singular)
þwangī (nominative plural)
þwangi (accusative singular)
þwangī (accusative plural)
þwangī (genitive singular)
þwangijō (genitive plural)
þwangī (dative singular)
þwangim (dative plural)
þwangijum (dative plural)
þwangī (instrumental singular)
þwangim (instrumental plural)
þwangijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þwang, þwong, þwæng, þweng
Middle English: thong, thwong, thwang
English: thong
Scots: thwang, thwayng, thang
Yola: fong

Old Frisian: thwong, thwang

Saterland Frisian: Twoang

West Frisian: twang

Old Saxon: *thwang

Middle Low German: dwanc, dwank

German Low German: Dwang

Old Dutch: *thwang

Middle Dutch: dwanc

Dutch: dwang
Afrikaans: dwang
Negerhollands: twang
→ Indonesian: paksaan (semantic loan)

desc

Old High German: dwang (“bit, bridle, rein, restraint”)

Middle High German: twanc

German: Zwang

From a merger of Proto-Germanic *þwangiz and *þwangaz; both from earlier Proto-Germanic *þwanguz (“force, restraint, band”).


hwīlu

hwīlu (nominative singular)
hwīlō (nominative plural)
hwīlā (accusative singular)
hwīlā (accusative plural)
hwīlā (genitive singular)
hwīlō (genitive plural)
hwīlē (dative singular)
hwīlōm (dative plural)
hwīlum (dative plural)
hwīlu (instrumental singular)
hwīlōm (instrumental plural)
hwīlum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hwīl
Middle English: whyle, while, hwile, qhyle, wile
English: while
Scots: while
Yola: while

Old Frisian: hwīle

West Frisian: wile

Old Saxon: hwīla
German Low German: Wiel

Old Dutch: wīla

Middle Dutch: wile

Dutch: wijl

Afrikaans: wyl

Limburgish: wiel

Old High German: wīla

Middle High German: wīle

Bavarian: Wäu, Wei, Weil

Cimbrian: baille, baila (Luserna)

German: Weile, weil

→ Old Czech: chvíle, chvíľe (alternative writing)
Czech: chvíle

→ Old Polish: chwila (“moment”)
Polish: chwila
→ Belarusian: хві́ля (xvílja)
→ Kashubian: chwila
→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)
Silesian: chwila

Yiddish: ווײַלע (vayle)

→ Old Slovak: chvíľa, chvieľa

Pannonian Rusyn: хвиля (xvilja)

Slovak: chvíľa (“moment”)


spangu

spangu (nominative singular)
spangō (nominative plural)
spangā (accusative singular)
spangā (accusative plural)
spangā (genitive singular)
spangō (genitive plural)
spangē (dative singular)
spangōm (dative plural)
spangum (dative plural)
spangu (instrumental singular)
spangōm (instrumental plural)
spangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spang

Old High German: spanga


selh

selh (nominative singular)
selhō (nominative plural)
selhōs (nominative plural)
selh (accusative singular)
selhā (accusative plural)
selhas (genitive singular)
selhō (genitive plural)
selhē (dative singular)
selhum (dative plural)
selhu (instrumental singular)
selhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: seolh

Middle English: *selh, sele

Early Scots: selich

Scots: selch, selkie, silkie

English: seal

Old Frisian: *selch

North Frisian: selich

Old Saxon: *selh, *selah

Middle Low German: sēl, sale

Plautdietsch: Säajel

⇒ Low German: saalhund

Old Dutch: *selh

Middle Dutch: sēel, sāel, sēle

Old High German: selah
Middle High German: sëleh
German: Seel (obsolete)
⇒ German: Seelhund ⇒ Seehund


staþul

staþul (nominative singular)
staþulō (nominative plural)
staþulōs (nominative plural)
staþul (accusative singular)
staþulā (accusative plural)
staþulas (genitive singular)
staþulō (genitive plural)
staþulē (dative singular)
staþulum (dative plural)
staþulu (instrumental singular)
staþulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: staþul, staþol

Middle English: stathel

Scots: stathel, stassel

English: staddle

Old Frisian: stathul, stāl

Saterland Frisian: Staal

West Frisian: steal

Old Saxon: stathal

Middle Low German: stadel, stāle

Old Dutch: *stathal

Middle Dutch: stādel

Dutch: staal

Old High German: stadal

Middle High German: stadel

German: Stadel


sanþ

sanþ (nominative singular)
sanþu (nominative plural)
sanþ (accusative singular)
sanþu (accusative plural)
sanþas (genitive singular)
sanþō (genitive plural)
sanþē (dative singular)
sanþum (dative plural)
sanþu (instrumental singular)
sanþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sōþ

Middle English: soth

English: sooth

Scots: suthe, suith

Old Saxon: sōth

Old High German: *sand

⇒ Old High German: sandōn


mōmā

mōmā (nominative singular)
mōmōn (nominative plural)
mōmōn (accusative singular)
mōmōn (accusative plural)
mōmōn (genitive singular)
mōmōnō (genitive plural)
mōmōn (dative singular)
mōmōm (dative plural)
mōmum (dative plural)
mōmōn (instrumental singular)
mōmōm (instrumental plural)
mōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mōme

Middle English: mome, mone

desc

English: mama, mammy, mom, mommy, mum, mummy

Scots: mam, mamie

Old Frisian: *mōme

>? Saterland Frisian: Mäme

>? West Frisian: mem, mâm, memme, mâme

Old Saxon: *mōma, moma

Middle Low German: môme, mône, mȫme

German Low German: Mohm, Möhm (regional)

Old Dutch: *muoma

Middle Dutch: moeme, mone, moene, moyne; memme, mamme

Dutch: moene (dialectal); mem, mam

Limburgish: meun

Old High German: muoma

Middle High German: muome; mamme, memme

Alemannic German:

Mòcheno: moa'm

Central Franconian: Möhn, Mehn, Mihn, Mihm

Luxembourgish: Mimm

German: Muhme; Mamme

Yiddish: מומע (mume)


stapul

stapul (nominative singular)
stapulō (nominative plural)
stapulōs (nominative plural)
stapul (accusative singular)
stapulā (accusative plural)
stapulas (genitive singular)
stapulō (genitive plural)
stapulē (dative singular)
stapulum (dative plural)
stapulu (instrumental singular)
stapulum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: stapol, stapel
Middle English: stapel, stapil, stapile, staple, stapul, stable
English: staple
Scots: steeple

Old Frisian: stapul

Saterland Frisian: Stoapel

West Frisian: steapel

Old Saxon: stapol

Middle Low German: stapel

German Low German: Stapel

→ German: Stapel

→ Yiddish: שטאַפּל (shtapl)

Old Dutch: stapul, stapal

Middle Dutch: stāpel

Dutch: stapel

Afrikaans: stapel

Old High German: staffal, stapfal

Middle High German: staffel, stapfel

German: Staffel

→ Late Latin: stapula

Old French: estaple
Anglo-Norman: staple
→ Middle English: staple, stapel, stapil, stapul
English: staple
Scots: stapill, staple, steple
Middle French: estappe
French: étape (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: stapula


wīb

wīb (nominative singular)
wību (nominative plural)
wīb (accusative singular)
wību (accusative plural)
wības (genitive singular)
wībō (genitive plural)
wībē (dative singular)
wībum (dative plural)
wību (instrumental singular)
wībum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīf

Middle English: wif, wyf

English: wife

Sranan Tongo: wefi

→ Japanese: ワイフ (waifu)

→ English: waifu

Scots: wife

Old Frisian: wīf

North Frisian: wüf

Saterland Frisian: Wieuw

West Frisian: wiif, wyf

Old Saxon: wīf

Middle Low German: wîf

German Low German: Wiev

Low German: Wief

Old Dutch: wīf

Middle Dutch: wijf

Dutch: wijf

Afrikaans: wyf

Sranan Tongo: wefi

Old High German: wīb

Middle High German: wīp; (northwestern) wīf

Alemannic German:

Italian Walser: wib

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: baip, baibe (Luserna)

Mòcheno: baib

Udinese: baip, baib

Central Franconian: Wiev, Wivv, Weiv

German: Weib

Yiddish: ווײַב (vayb)


īsarn

īsarn (nominative singular)
īsarnu (nominative plural)
īsarn (accusative singular)
īsarnu (accusative plural)
īsarnas (genitive singular)
īsarnō (genitive plural)
īsarnē (dative singular)
īsarnum (dative plural)
īsarnu (instrumental singular)
īsarnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: īsern, īren, īsen
Middle English: iren, eren, irne, iron, isen
English: iron
→ Marshallese: aen
Scots: airn, ern, irne
Yola: eeren

Old Frisian: īsern

North Frisian: jaarn

Saterland Frisian: Iersen

West Frisian: izer

Old Saxon: īsarn

Middle Low German: îsen, îsern, îseren

Low German: Isen

Plautdietsch: Iesa

Old Dutch: *īsarn

Middle Dutch: iser
Dutch: ijzer
Afrikaans: yster
Berbice Creole Dutch: isiri
Jersey Dutch: äize
Negerhollands: iser, izu
Skepi Creole Dutch: isir
→ Aukan: insii
→ Sranan Tongo: isri
→ Caribbean Hindustani: isri
→ Caribbean Javanese: isri
Limburgish: iezer
West Flemish: yzer

Old High German: īsarn
Middle High German: īsern
Alemannic German: Iise
Vorarlbergerisch: Iisa, Oasa
Bavarian: Eisn
Cimbrian: aizarn
Mòcheno: aisn
Central Franconian: Ieser, Iese, Eise
Hunsrik: Eise
Luxembourgish: Eisen
German: Eisen, Eiser
Vilamovian: ȧjza
Yiddish: אײַזן (ayzn)


askā

askā (nominative singular)
askōn (nominative plural)
askōn (accusative singular)
askōn (accusative plural)
askōn (genitive singular)
askōnō (genitive plural)
askōn (dative singular)
askōm (dative plural)
askum (dative plural)
askōn (instrumental singular)
askōm (instrumental plural)
askum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æsce
Middle English: asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe
English: ash
Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis
Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)

Old Frisian: *aske, *eske

Saterland Frisian: Ääske

West Frisian: jiske

Old Saxon: aska
Middle Low German: asche
German Low German: Asch
Plautdietsch: Ausch

Old Dutch: *aska

Middle Dutch: asche

Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Berbice Creole Dutch: asi
Negerhollands: haschěsis, hassesje, assche, ašiši, hašiši, haši, babaši, aschies, assisje, az

Old High German: asca, aska
Middle High German: asche
Alemannic German: Äsche
Cimbrian: èssa
German: Asche
Luxembourgish: Äsch
Vilamovian: oś
Yiddish: אַש (ash)


gagadō

gagadō (nominative singular)
gagadan (nominative plural)
gagadan (accusative singular)
gagadan (accusative plural)
gagadini (genitive singular)
gagadan (genitive singular)
gagadanō (genitive plural)
gagadini (dative singular)
gagadan (dative singular)
gagadum (dative plural)
gagadini (instrumental singular)
gagadan (instrumental singular)
gagadum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġegada

Old Saxon: gigado

Old Dutch: *gigado

Middle Dutch: gegāde

Old High German: gigato


þursti

þursti (nominative singular)
þurstī (nominative plural)
þursti (accusative singular)
þurstī (accusative plural)
þurstī (genitive singular)
þurstijō (genitive plural)
þurstī (dative singular)
þurstim (dative plural)
þurstijum (dative plural)
þurstī (instrumental singular)
þurstim (instrumental plural)
þurstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þurst, þyrst

English: thirst

Old Frisian: thorst

West Frisian: toarst

Old Saxon: thurst

Old Dutch: thurst

Middle Dutch: dorst

Dutch: dorst

Old High German: durst

German: Durst

Luxembourgish: Duuscht


þraku

þraku (nominative singular)
þrakō (nominative plural)
þrakā (accusative singular)
þrakā (accusative plural)
þrakā (genitive singular)
þrakō (genitive plural)
þrakē (dative singular)
þrakōm (dative plural)
þrakum (dative plural)
þraku (instrumental singular)
þrakōm (instrumental plural)
þrakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þracu

⇒ Old Saxon: mōdthraka


maþō

maþō (nominative singular)
maþan (nominative plural)
maþan (accusative singular)
maþan (accusative plural)
maþini (genitive singular)
maþan (genitive singular)
maþanō (genitive plural)
maþini (dative singular)
maþan (dative singular)
maþum (dative plural)
maþini (instrumental singular)
maþan (instrumental singular)
maþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: maþa

Middle English: mathe

desc

Scots: mathe, maith, maithe, meath, meith

English: mad, made

Old Saxon: matho

Middle Low German: made

Old Dutch: *matho

Middle Dutch: māde

Dutch: made

Old High German: mado

Middle High German: made

German: Made

Luxembourgish: Mued


swaþu

swaþu (nominative singular)
swaþō (nominative plural)
swaþā (accusative singular)
swaþā (accusative plural)
swaþā (genitive singular)
swaþō (genitive plural)
swaþē (dative singular)
swaþōm (dative plural)
swaþum (dative plural)
swaþu (instrumental singular)
swaþōm (instrumental plural)
swaþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: swæþ, swaþu
Middle English: swath, swathe
English: swath (“swath”)


knabō

knabō (nominative singular)
knaban (nominative plural)
knaban (accusative singular)
knaban (accusative plural)
knabini (genitive singular)
knaban (genitive singular)
knabanō (genitive plural)
knabini (dative singular)
knaban (dative singular)
knabum (dative plural)
knabini (instrumental singular)
knaban (instrumental singular)
knabum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cnafa
Middle English: knave, cnave, knafe, cnafe, knaffe, knaue, knawe, knaf, knaw
English: knave
Scots: knave, knafe, knaif

Old Saxon: *knabo, *knavo

Middle Low German: knābe, knāve

Low German: knawe

Old High German: knabo, chnabo
Middle High German: knabe
German: Knabe
→ Esperanto: knabo
→ Kashubian: knôp

Alternative reconstruction of *knappō (“boy”)


wraku

wraku (nominative singular)
wrakō (nominative plural)
wrakā (accusative singular)
wrakā (accusative plural)
wrakā (genitive singular)
wrakō (genitive plural)
wrakē (dative singular)
wrakōm (dative plural)
wrakum (dative plural)
wraku (instrumental singular)
wrakōm (instrumental plural)
wrakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wracu
Middle English: wrake
English: wrack


haliþ

haliþ (nominative singular)
haliþō (nominative plural)
haliþōs (nominative plural)
haliþ (accusative singular)
haliþā (accusative plural)
haliþas (genitive singular)
haliþō (genitive plural)
haliþē (dative singular)
haliþum (dative plural)
haliþu (instrumental singular)
haliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð
Middle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))
English: health
Middle Scots: hathill

Old Frisian: *heleth

Saterland Frisian: Häld

West Frisian: held

Old Saxon: helith, helid
Middle Low German: helt
German Low German: Held
→ Danish: helt
→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt
→ Swedish: hjälte

Old Dutch: *helit

Middle Dutch: helet, helt

Dutch: held

Afrikaans: held

Old High German: helid

Middle High German: helt

German: Held

Yiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)


krabbō

krabbō (nominative singular)
krabban (nominative plural)
krabban (accusative singular)
krabban (accusative plural)
krabbini (genitive singular)
krabban (genitive singular)
krabbanō (genitive plural)
krabbini (dative singular)
krabban (dative singular)
krabbum (dative plural)
krabbini (instrumental singular)
krabban (instrumental singular)
krabbum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crabba

Middle English: crabbe

Scots: crab, craib

English: crab

Old Frisian: *krabba

North Frisian: kraab

Saterland Frisian: Krabbe

West Frisian: kraab, krab

Old Saxon: *krabbo

Middle Low German: krabbe

German Low German: Krabbe, Krabb

Low German: Krabbe

→ German: Krabbe

→ Lower Sorbian: kraba

Old Dutch: *crabbo

Middle Dutch: crabbe

Dutch: krab

Afrikaans: krap

Limburgish: krab

→ Walloon: crappe, crape

→ Picard: crape

Old High German: *chrappo, *krappo

Middle High German: krappe

German: Krappe

Luxembourgish: Krabb


sagā

sagā (nominative singular)
sagōn (nominative plural)
sagōn (accusative singular)
sagōn (accusative plural)
sagōn (genitive singular)
sagōnō (genitive plural)
sagōn (dative singular)
sagōm (dative plural)
sagum (dative plural)
sagōn (instrumental singular)
sagōm (instrumental plural)
sagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: saga, sagu
Middle English: sawe
English: saw

Old Frisian: sege

Old Dutch: *saga

Middle Dutch: sāge

Dutch: sage (influenced by German)

Afrikaans: sage

Limburgish: zaag

Old High German: saga
Middle High German: sage
German: Sage
Luxembourgish: So


hrīdrā

hrīdrā (nominative singular)
hrīdrōn (nominative plural)
hrīdrōn (accusative singular)
hrīdrōn (accusative plural)
hrīdrōn (genitive singular)
hrīdrōnō (genitive plural)
hrīdrōn (dative singular)
hrīdrōm (dative plural)
hrīdrum (dative plural)
hrīdrōn (instrumental singular)
hrīdrōm (instrumental plural)
hrīdrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hridder, hriddel n

Middle English: ridder; riddel

English: ridder; riddle

Scots: riddil

Old Saxon: hrīdra

Old High German: rītra, rītera

Middle High German: rītere, rīter

German: Reiter


hasō

hasō (nominative singular)
hasan (nominative plural)
hasan (accusative singular)
hasan (accusative plural)
haʀini (genitive singular)
haʀan (genitive singular)
haʀanō (genitive plural)
haʀini (dative singular)
haʀan (dative singular)
haʀum (dative plural)
haʀini (instrumental singular)
haʀan (instrumental singular)
haʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hara
Middle English: hare
English: hare
Scots: hare, hair

Old Frisian: hasa, hase

North Frisian:

Sylt: Haas

Saterland Frisian: Hoaze, Hoase

West Frisian: hazze

Old Saxon: haso

Middle Low German: hāse

German Low German: Haas, Hoos

Plautdietsch: Hos

Old Dutch: *haso

Middle Dutch: hāse
Dutch: haas
Afrikaans: haas
Jersey Dutch: hâśe (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haas

Old High German: haso
Middle High German: hase
Alemannic German: Haase
Bavarian: Hås
Cimbrian: haazo, has (Luserna)
Mòcheno: hos
Central Franconian: Has, Hoas
Luxembourgish: Hues
German: Hase
→ French: hase
Vilamovian: hoza
Yiddish: האָז (hoz)


skaþō

skaþō (nominative singular)
skaþan (nominative plural)
skaþan (accusative singular)
skaþan (accusative plural)
skaþini (genitive singular)
skaþan (genitive singular)
skaþanō (genitive plural)
skaþini (dative singular)
skaþan (dative singular)
skaþum (dative plural)
skaþini (instrumental singular)
skaþan (instrumental singular)
skaþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: scaþa, sċeaþa

desc

Middle English: scaþe, scathe, schaþe, schathe

Old Frisian: skatha, sketha

Saterland Frisian: Skoade

West Frisian: skea

Old Saxon: skatho

Middle Low German: scade, schade, schāde

German Low German: Schaa

Old Dutch: scatho

desctree

Middle Dutch: schāde
Dutch: schade
Afrikaans: skade
Limburgish: sjaaj

Old High German: scado
Middle High German: schade
Central Franconian: Schade
German: Schaden
Hunsrik: Schaade
Luxembourgish: Schued
Yiddish: שאָד (shod)
→ Czech: škoda
→ Old Polish: szkoda
Polish: szkoda
→ Old East Slavic: шкода (škoda)
Belarusian: шко́да (škóda)
Russian: шко́да (škóda)
Ukrainian: шко́да (škóda)
→ Serbo-Croatian: škȍda, шко̏да
→ Slovak: škoda


hrīpō

hrīpō (nominative singular)
hrīpan (nominative plural)
hrīpan (accusative singular)
hrīpan (accusative plural)
hrīpini (genitive singular)
hrīpan (genitive singular)
hrīpanō (genitive plural)
hrīpini (dative singular)
hrīpan (dative singular)
hrīpum (dative plural)
hrīpini (instrumental singular)
hrīpan (instrumental singular)
hrīpum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hrīpa

Saterland Frisian: Riep

Old Saxon: *hrīpo

Middle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe

Old Dutch: *rīpo

Middle Dutch: ripe

Dutch: rijp

Afrikaans: ryp

Old High German: rīfo

Middle High German: rīfe, rīf

German: Reif

From the oblique stem of Proto-Germanic *hrīmô, *hrip-.


wrāku

wrāku (nominative singular)
wrākō (nominative plural)
wrākā (accusative singular)
wrākā (accusative plural)
wrākā (genitive singular)
wrākō (genitive plural)
wrākē (dative singular)
wrākōm (dative plural)
wrākum (dative plural)
wrāku (instrumental singular)
wrākōm (instrumental plural)
wrākum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrǣc, wrǣċ

desc

Middle English: wrake, wreke, wræche, wrache, wreche

Scots: wrak, wraik, wrek

English: wrack, wreak

Old Frisian: wrēke, wrēze, wrētze

West Frisian: wrake, wraak (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: wrāka

Middle Low German: wrāke

Low German: Wraak

Old Dutch: wrāca

Middle Dutch: wrâke

Dutch: wraak

Afrikaans: wraak

Old High German: rāhha, rācha

Middle High German: rāche

German: Rache

→ Luxembourgish: Rach

→ Saterland Frisian: Rache


hrīm

hrīm (nominative singular)
hrīmō (nominative plural)
hrīmōs (nominative plural)
hrīm (accusative singular)
hrīmā (accusative plural)
hrīmas (genitive singular)
hrīmō (genitive plural)
hrīmē (dative singular)
hrīmum (dative plural)
hrīmu (instrumental singular)
hrīmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrīm

Middle English: rime, ryme

Scots: ryme, rime

English: rime

Old Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)

Old Dutch: *rīm

Middle Dutch: rijm

Dutch: rijm

Old High German: *hrīm, *rīm

Middle High German: rīm

Bavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)

⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)

→ Old French: frime; frimas

Middle French: frimas

French: frimas

From the nominative stem of Proto-Germanic *hrīmô.


flaskā

flaskā (nominative singular)
flaskōn (nominative plural)
flaskōn (accusative singular)
flaskōn (accusative plural)
flaskōn (genitive singular)
flaskōnō (genitive plural)
flaskōn (dative singular)
flaskōm (dative plural)
flaskum (dative plural)
flaskōn (instrumental singular)
flaskōm (instrumental plural)
flaskum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flasce, flaxe
Middle English: flask, flaske (partly)
English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg
Scots: flask, flas

Old Frisian: *fleske, *flesche

West Frisian: flesse

Old Saxon: *flaska

Middle Low German: vlasche

German Low German: Fless

Old Dutch: *flasca

desc

Middle Dutch: flassce, flesce, vlessche, vlesch, vles

Dutch: fles

Afrikaans: fles

Old High German: flasca, flaska

Middle High German: vlasche, flesche

Alemannic German: Fläsche

Swabian: Flasch

Central Franconian:

Kölsch: Fläsch

desctree

German: Flasche
→ Macedonian: флаша (flaša)
→ Old Slovak: fľaša, fľäša
Pannonian Rusyn: фляша (fljaša)
Slovak: fľaša
→ Polish: flasza
⇒ Polish: flaszka
→ Belarusian: пля́шка (pljáška)
→ Ukrainian: пля́шка (pljáška), фля́жка (fljážka)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: флаша
Latin script: flaša

Luxembourgish: Fläsch

Rhine Franconian:

Hessian: Flasch

Vilamovian: fłoś

Yiddish: פֿלאַש (flash)

→ Russian: фля́жка (fljážka)

→ Late Latin: flascō, flasca (see there for further descendants)


agiþahsijā

agiþahsijā (nominative singular)
agiþahsijōn (nominative plural)
agiþahsijōn (accusative singular)
agiþahsijōn (accusative plural)
agiþahsijōn (genitive singular)
agiþahsijōnō (genitive plural)
agiþahsijōn (dative singular)
agiþahsijōm (dative plural)
agiþahsijum (dative plural)
agiþahsijōn (instrumental singular)
agiþahsijōm (instrumental plural)
agiþahsijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āþexe
Middle English: aske, arske
English: ask, askard
Scots: ask, esk, awsk

Old Saxon: egithassa, ewidehsa
Middle Low German: gedisse, egidesse
German Low German: Eevtaske, Heevtaske, Eevtask, Heevtask
Plautdietsch: Äajdakjs, Äajdakjsel

Old Dutch: *egithassa

Middle Dutch: hāgetisse

Dutch: hagedis
Afrikaans: akkedis
Negerhollands: kakatės, kakketis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kakates (dated)
→ Aukan: lagadisa
→ Sranan Tongo: lagadisa
→ West Frisian: hagedis

Limburgish: eektes, herdis, ees, redis

Old High German: egidehsa, ewidehsa
Middle High German: egedëhse, eidëhse
Alemannic German: Heidëchsli
Bavarian: Adachsl, Eidachsl
German: Eidechse, Echse
→ Luxembourgish: Eidechs
Luxembourgish: Eederes (dated)
Vilamovian: edikjys
Yiddish: עקדיש (ekdish, “scorpion”)

From otherwise unattested *agi (“lizard, snake”), from Proto-Germanic *agiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ógʷʰis, + *þehsan (whence Middle High German dehsan (“to swingle (flax)”), from *þehsaną, from Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to cut, hew”), + *-jā (agent suffix).


apō

apō (nominative singular)
apan (nominative plural)
apan (accusative singular)
apan (accusative plural)
apini (genitive singular)
apan (genitive singular)
apanō (genitive plural)
apini (dative singular)
apan (dative singular)
apum (dative plural)
apini (instrumental singular)
apan (instrumental singular)
apum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: apa
Middle English: ape, eape, aape
English: ape
Scots: ape, aip

Old Frisian: *apa

North Frisian: aab (Föhr-Amrum), ååwe (Mooring)

Saterland Frisian: Oape

West Frisian: aap

Old Saxon: apo
Middle Low German: āpe
Low German: Ape
German Low German: Aap
Plautdietsch: Op

Old Dutch: *apo

Middle Dutch: āpe

Dutch: aap
Afrikaans: aap

Old High German: affo
Middle High German: affe
Alemannic German: Aff
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Aff
German: Affe
Luxembourgish: Af
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Aff
Yiddish: אַפֿע (afe)

→ Proto-Slavic: *opъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *opica (see there for further descendants)


agr

agr (nominative singular)
agrō (nominative plural)
agrōs (nominative plural)
agr (accusative singular)
agrā (accusative plural)
agras (genitive singular)
agrō (genitive plural)
agrē (dative singular)
agrum (dative plural)
agru (instrumental singular)
agrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēagor

English: eagre

Old Dutch: *aggar

Middle Dutch: *agger

Dutch: agger


gīsl

gīsl (nominative singular)
gīslō (nominative plural)
gīslōs (nominative plural)
gīsl (accusative singular)
gīslā (accusative plural)
gīslas (genitive singular)
gīslō (genitive plural)
gīslē (dative singular)
gīslum (dative plural)
gīslu (instrumental singular)
gīslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġīsel, ġīsl

Middle English: ȝisel, ȝisle

Old Saxon: gīsal

Middle Low German: gîsel

Low German: Giesel

Old Dutch: *gīsal

Middle Dutch: gisel

Dutch: gijzel

→ West Frisian: gizel

Middle Dutch: giselare

Dutch: gijzelaar

→ West Frisian: gizeler

Old High German: gīsal

Middle High German: gīsel

German: Geisel

→ German Low German: Geisel


skaub

skaub (nominative singular)
skaubō (nominative plural)
skaubōs (nominative plural)
skaub (accusative singular)
skaubā (accusative plural)
skaubas (genitive singular)
skaubō (genitive plural)
skaubē (dative singular)
skaubum (dative plural)
skaubu (instrumental singular)
skaubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċēaf
Middle English: scheef
English: sheaf
Scots: schefe, scheif

Old Frisian: *skāf

Saterland Frisian: Schoof, Schoowe

West Frisian: skeaf

Old Saxon: skōf

Middle Low German: schôf

Low German: Schoof

→ German: Schof

Old Dutch: *skōf

Middle Dutch: scoef, schoof

Dutch: schoof

Afrikaans: skoof

Old High German: skoub, scoub
Middle High German: schoup
German: Schaub


gardō

gardō (nominative singular)
gardan (nominative plural)
gardan (accusative singular)
gardan (accusative plural)
gardini (genitive singular)
gardan (genitive singular)
gardanō (genitive plural)
gardini (dative singular)
gardan (dative singular)
gardum (dative plural)
gardini (instrumental singular)
gardan (instrumental singular)
gardum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: garda

North Frisian: gard, gerd, gord

Old Saxon: gardo

Middle Low German: garde, gārde

German Low German: Goorn

Old Dutch: gardo
Middle Dutch: garde
Dutch: gaard
Limburgish: gäörd

Old High German: garto
Middle High German: garte
Alemannic German: Garte, Gaarte
Bavarian: Gåatn, Goatn, Gårtn, Gåschtn
Cimbrian: gaarto, gart (Luserna)
Central Franconian: (Ripuarian) Jaade, Jaat, (Moselle Franconian) Gaade, Gaarde, Goarde, Goart, ([ˈɡɔːɐ̯tn̩] Britten)
Hunsrik: Gaarde
Luxembourgish: Gaart
East Franconian: [ˈɡ̊ad̥n̩]
German: Garten
Rhine Franconian: (South Hessian) /ˈɡaːtə/, /ˈɡaːrə/, (Palatine) /ˈɡaːtə/
Pennsylvania German: Gaarde
Yiddish: גאָרטן (gortn)


wundr

wundr (nominative singular)
wundru (nominative plural)
wundr (accusative singular)
wundru (accusative plural)
wundras (genitive singular)
wundrō (genitive plural)
wundrē (dative singular)
wundrum (dative plural)
wundru (instrumental singular)
wundrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wundor

Middle English: wunder, wonder

English: wonder

Scots: winder

Scots: wunner

Old Frisian: wunder, wonder

Saterland Frisian: Wunder, Wunner

West Frisian: wonder, wûnder

Old Saxon: wundar

Middle Low German: wunder

German Low German: Wunner

Low German: wunder, wunner

Old Dutch: wundar

Middle Dutch: wunder, wonder

Dutch: wonder

Afrikaans: wonder

Old High German: wuntar, *wundar

Middle High German: wunder

German: Wunder

Luxembourgish: Wonner

Vilamovian: wunder


hagatussjā

hagatussjā (nominative singular)
hagatussjōn (nominative plural)
hagatussjōn (accusative singular)
hagatussjōn (accusative plural)
hagatussjōn (genitive singular)
hagatussjōnō (genitive plural)
hagatussjōn (dative singular)
hagatussjōm (dative plural)
hagatussjum (dative plural)
hagatussjōn (instrumental singular)
hagatussjōm (instrumental plural)
hagatussjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hægtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
Middle English: hagge, hegge
English: hag

Old Frisian: *hegtesse, *hexe

Saterland Frisian: Häkse

West Frisian: hekse

Old Saxon: *hagatusia

Middle Low German: hexe

German Low German: Häxe, Hexe

Plautdietsch: Hakjs

→ Danish: heks

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: heks

→ Swedish: häxa

Old Dutch: *hagatissa

Middle Dutch: hagetisse

Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)

Old High German: hagzissa
Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
German: Hexe
→ Dutch: heks
Afrikaans: heks
→ Papiamentu: hèks
→ Polish: heksa
Luxembourgish: Hex

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hagatusjō, from *hagô (“enclosure; pasture”) + *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), compare English hedgewitch. Second element perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”), whence Proto-Slavic *duxъ (“breath; spirit”).


kiʀn

kiʀn (nominative singular)
kiʀnō (nominative plural)
kiʀnōs (nominative plural)
kiʀn (accusative singular)
kiʀnā (accusative plural)
kiʀnas (genitive singular)
kiʀnō (genitive plural)
kiʀnē (dative singular)
kiʀnum (dative plural)
kiʀnu (instrumental singular)
kiʀnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēn

Old Frisian: *kēn, *kin

Saterland Frisian: Käin

⇒ West Frisian: kynbeam

⇒ West Frisian: kynhout

Old Saxon: *kin, *kēn

Middle Low German: kên, kin

Low German: keen

Old Dutch: *kien

Middle Dutch: kien, kiene

Dutch: kien

⇒ Dutch: kienhout

⇒ Dutch: kienspaan

⇒ Dutch: Kinrooi (placename)

Old High German: kēn, kien, chien

Middle High German: kien

German: Kien

Unknown; possibly cognate with Irish giúis, Scottish Gaelic giuthas (“spruce”).

resinous pine wood which was used for torches


skard

skard (nominative singular)
skardu (nominative plural)
skard (accusative singular)
skardu (accusative plural)
skardas (genitive singular)
skardō (genitive plural)
skardē (dative singular)
skardum (dative plural)
skardu (instrumental singular)
skardum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċeard
Middle English: scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde
English: shard, sherd
Scots: shaird
Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde

Old Frisian: skerd

Saterland Frisian: Skeed

West Frisian: schird, skurd

Old Saxon: *skard

Middle Low German: schart

German Low German: Schaarde

Old Dutch: *skard

desc

Middle Dutch: scart, scaert, schaerde, scheerde

Dutch: schaarde

→ West Frisian: skaart

Old High German: scart; *skarti

Middle High German: scharte

German: Scharte

Luxembourgish: Schaart

→ Catalan: esquerda

→ Old French: escharde, escherde

Middle French: eschardre

French: écharde

→ Old Italian: scarda

⇒ Italian: scardare

→ Basque: eskarda

From Proto-Germanic *skardą, derivative of *skardaz.


skrūd

skrūd (nominative singular)
skrūdu (nominative plural)
skrūd (accusative singular)
skrūdu (accusative plural)
skrūdas (genitive singular)
skrūdō (genitive plural)
skrūdē (dative singular)
skrūdum (dative plural)
skrūdu (instrumental singular)
skrūdum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċrūd
Middle English: schroud, shroude, shroute, sheroude, shrude, shrute, scrude, sroude, srout, srud, sruð, ssroud (Early Middle English)
English: shroud
Yola: shrude


magō

magō (nominative singular)
magan (nominative plural)
magan (accusative singular)
magan (accusative plural)
magini (genitive singular)
magan (genitive singular)
maganō (genitive plural)
magini (dative singular)
magan (dative singular)
magum (dative plural)
magini (instrumental singular)
magan (instrumental singular)
magum (instrumental plural)

Old English: maga
Middle English: maȝe, maghe, mawe
English: maw
Scots: mawe, maw

Old Frisian: maga

Saterland Frisian: Moage

West Frisian: mage

Old Saxon: mago

Middle Low German: māge
Low German:
German Low German: Mage, Maag
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Māge
Sauerländisch: Māge
Westmünsterländian: Maagen, Maage
Plautdietsch: Moag

Old Dutch: *mago
Middle Dutch: māge
Dutch: maag
Afrikaans: maag
Negerhollands: maag
→ Indonesian: mag
Limburgish: maag

Old High German: mago
Middle High German: mage
Bavarian: Mågn
German: Magen
Hunsrik: Maaghe, Maan
Luxembourgish: Mo
Vilamovian: maoga
Yiddish: מאָגן (mogn)
→ Italian: magone
→ Venetian: magon


frikī

frikī (nominative singular)
frikīn (accusative singular)
frikīn (genitive singular)
frikīn (dative singular)
frikīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: friċu

Old High German: frehhī, frechī

Middle High German: vreche

Alemannic German: Freche

Bavarian: Freche

From Proto-Germanic *frikį̄. Equivalent to *frek (“greed”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


skōh

skōh (nominative singular)
skōhō (nominative plural)
skōhōs (nominative plural)
skōh (accusative singular)
skōhā (accusative plural)
skōhas (genitive singular)
skōhō (genitive plural)
skōhē (dative singular)
skōhum (dative plural)
skōhu (instrumental singular)
skōhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċōh

Middle English: sho, shoo

Scots: shae

English: shoe

Old Frisian: skōch, skō

Saterland Frisian: Skou, Schou

West Frisian: skoech

Old Saxon: skōh

Middle Low German: schō

German Low German: Schoh

Old Dutch: *scuoh, *scuo

Middle Dutch: scoech, scoe

Dutch: schoen

Afrikaans: skoen

Limburgish: sjoon

desctree

Old High German: skuoh, scūoh, skūo
Middle High German: schuoch, schuo
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Schüe
Swabian: Schuah
Central Franconian: Schohn, Schuh, Schoh (Moselle Franconian)
German: Schuh
Luxembourgish: Schong
Yiddish: שוך (shukh)


wītagō

wītagō (nominative singular)
wītagan (nominative plural)
wītagan (accusative singular)
wītagan (accusative plural)
wītagini (genitive singular)
wītagan (genitive singular)
wītaganō (genitive plural)
wītagini (dative singular)
wītagan (dative singular)
wītagum (dative plural)
wītagini (instrumental singular)
wītagan (instrumental singular)
wītagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wītga, wītega, wītiga

desc

Middle English: witega, witege, witiȝe, witie

Old High German: wīzago, wīzzago

gl

merged with Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">wīssago</i>

Middle High German: wīssage (merged with Old High German wīssago)

⇒ Middle High German: wīssagen

German: weissagen

desc

⇒ Middle High German: wīssagære, wīssager

⇒ German: Weissager

→ Middle Dutch: wijssagger, wijssegger, wijsseggher

→ English: wiseacre


furdu

furdu (nominative singular)
furdiwi (nominative plural)
fordō (nominative plural)
furdu (accusative singular)
furdū (accusative plural)
fordō (genitive singular)
furdiwō (genitive plural)
furdiwi (dative singular)
fordō (dative singular)
furdum (dative plural)
furdu (instrumental singular)
furdum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ford
Middle English: ford, furd, foord
English: ford
Scots: furde, furd, fuird
⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣres + ford)
→ Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: forda

West Frisian: furde

Old Saxon: ford

Middle Low German: furd, vōrde, vōrt

German Low German: Föörd

Old Dutch: furda, *ford

Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
Dutch: voord

Old High German: furt
Middle High German: vurt
German: Furt
→ Saterland Frisian: Fúurt


slagi

slagi (nominative singular)
slagī (nominative plural)
slagi (accusative singular)
slagī (accusative plural)
slagī (genitive singular)
slaggjō (genitive plural)
slagī (dative singular)
slagim (dative plural)
slaggjum (dative plural)
slagī (instrumental singular)
slagim (instrumental plural)
slaggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sleġe
Middle English: slay, sleye, slaye
English: sley

Old Frisian: slei

Old Saxon: slegi, slag

Middle Low German: slach

German Low German: Slag

Old Dutch: slag

Middle Dutch: slach

Dutch: slag
Afrikaans: slag
Negerhollands: slaa

Old High German: slag

Middle High German: slac, slag

German: Schlag

Luxembourgish: Schlag

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Schlach


rauki

rauki (nominative singular)
raukī (nominative plural)
rauki (accusative singular)
raukī (accusative plural)
raukī (genitive singular)
raukijō (genitive plural)
raukī (dative singular)
raukim (dative plural)
raukijum (dative plural)
raukī (instrumental singular)
raukim (instrumental plural)
raukijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēc, rīec, rēċ, rīeċ (possibly a loan from Old Norse)

desc

Middle English: rek, reke, reche, rich, reech

Scots: reek, reke, reik

English: reek

Old Frisian: rēk

North Frisian: reck, rieck

West Frisian: reek, riik

Old Saxon: rōk

Middle Low German: rôk

German Low German: Rook

Low German: Röök

→ Saterland Frisian: Rook

Old Dutch: *rōc

Middle Dutch: rôoc

Dutch: rook

Afrikaans: rook

→ Middle English: roke (also possibly through Old Norse *rauk)

Scots: rok, roke, roik, rouk

English: roke

Old High German: rouh

Middle High German: rouch

German: Rauch

Luxembourgish: Raach

Vilamovian: raojch

Yiddish: רויך (roykh)


plōg

plōg (nominative singular)
plōgō (nominative plural)
plōgōs (nominative plural)
plōg (accusative singular)
plōgā (accusative plural)
plōgas (genitive singular)
plōgō (genitive plural)
plōgē (dative singular)
plōgum (dative plural)
plōgu (instrumental singular)
plōgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: plōg, plōh
Middle English: plough
English: plough (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pleuch, plou
Yola: pleough, plowe, plou

Old Frisian: plōch

North Frisian: plog

Saterland Frisian: Plouch

West Frisian: ploech

Old Saxon: *plōg

Middle Low German: plôg

Low German: Ploog

Plautdietsch: Pluach, Plüach

Old Dutch: *pluog

Middle Dutch: ploech
Dutch: ploeg
Afrikaans: ploeg
Limburgish: plógk

Old High German: phluog, pfluog

Middle High German: pfluoc

desc

Central Franconian: Plooch, Pluuch (southern Moselle Franconian)

Hunsrik: Plugh

Luxembourgish: Plou

East Central German:

Vilamovian: fłüg

East Franconian:

German: Pflug

Rhine Franconian: Plug

→ Medieval Latin: plōvum, ploum

→ Proto-Slavic: *plùgъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Lithuanian: plū̃gas


harjatogō

harjatogō (nominative singular)
harjatogan (nominative plural)
harjatogan (accusative singular)
harjatogan (accusative plural)
harjatugini (genitive singular)
harjatogan (genitive singular)
harjatoganō (genitive plural)
harjatugini (dative singular)
harjatogan (dative singular)
harjatogum (dative plural)
harjatugini (instrumental singular)
harjatogan (instrumental singular)
harjatogum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: heretoga
Middle English: heretowa, heretoȝe, heretogh, heretoȝæ, heretoche
→ English: heretog
→ English: heretoga

Old Frisian: hertoga

Saterland Frisian: Heertoch

West Frisian: hartoch

Old Saxon: heritogo

Middle Low German: hertōge, hertoch

German Low German:

Lippisch: Hertog

→? Old Norse: hertogi
Icelandic: hertogi
Faroese: hertogi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: hertug
Norwegian Nynorsk: hertug
Swedish: hertig
Danish: hertug

Old Dutch: *heritogo
Middle Dutch: hertōge
Dutch: hertog
Afrikaans: hertog

Old High German: herizogo, herizoho
Middle High German: herzoge, herzog
German: Herzog
→ Albanian: hercog
→ Bulgarian: херцо́г (hercóg)
→ Saterland Frisian: Härtsoch
→ Georgian: ჰერცოგი (hercogi)
→ Hungarian: herceg
→ Latgalian: gercogs
→ Latvian: hercogs
→ Lithuanian: hercogas
→ Luxembourgish: Herzog
→ Ottoman Turkish: هرسك (hersek)
→ Russian: ге́рцог (gércog)
→ Azerbaijani: hersoq
→ Uzbek: gersog
→ Translingual: Herzogiella
→ Ukrainian: ге́рцог (hércoh)
→ Saterland Frisian: Härtsoch
→ Serbo-Croatian: Херцег
Yiddish: הערצאָג (hertsog)
→ Slovak: herzog

Suggested to be a calque of Ancient Greek στρατηγός (stratēgós) (from στρατός (stratós, “army”) + ἄγω (ágō, “to lead”) + -ος (-os)), from *hari (“army”) + *togō (“leader”) (compare *teuhan (“to lead, pull”)). Alternatively inherited from Proto-Germanic *harjatugô, if Old Norse hertogi isn't borrowed from Middle Low German.


brōk

brōk (nominative singular)
brōki (nominative plural)
brōku (accusative singular)
brōki (accusative plural)
brōki (genitive singular)
brōkō (genitive plural)
brōki (dative singular)
brōkum (dative plural)
brōki (instrumental singular)
brōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōc

desc

Middle English: brek, breke, brech, breche, breech

English: breech, breeches, britches

→ Irish: bríste

→ Welsh: britis

Scots: breke, breik, breek, britchin

→ Scottish Gaelic: briogais

Old Frisian: brōk

Saterland Frisian: Breek

West Frisian: broek

Old Saxon: brōk

Middle Low German: brôk

Low German: Brook

desctree

Old Dutch: *bruoc
Middle Dutch: broec
Dutch: broek

Old High German: pruoh, bruoh, bruohha

Middle High German: bruoch

Alemannic German: Bruech

German: Bruch (obsolete)


brōk

brōk (nominative singular)
brōku (nominative plural)
brōk (accusative singular)
brōku (accusative plural)
brōkas (genitive singular)
brōkō (genitive plural)
brōkē (dative singular)
brōkum (dative plural)
brōku (instrumental singular)
brōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōc

Middle English: brook

English: brook

Scots: broke, bruke

Old Frisian: brōk

Saterland Frisian: Brouk

West Frisian: broek

Old Saxon: *brōk

Middle Low German: brôk

Low German:

German Low German: Brook

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Brüöke

Suerländer-Märkisch: Brüək

Westmünsterländisch: Bröcke

Plautdietsch: Broak

Old Dutch: *bruoc
Middle Dutch: bruec, broec, brouc, brouck, broek
Dutch: broek

Old High German: bruoh

Middle High German: bruoch

German: Bruch

Luxembourgish: Bruch

Unknown; possibly a vṛddhi derivative related to *brakk (“briny, brackish”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mre-g-, *mer-g-, extension of *mer- (“sea, lake, wetland”).


balgi

balgi (nominative singular)
balgī (nominative plural)
balgi (accusative singular)
balgī (accusative plural)
balgī (genitive singular)
balgijō (genitive plural)
balgī (dative singular)
balgim (dative plural)
balgijum (dative plural)
balgī (instrumental singular)
balgim (instrumental plural)
balgijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bælg
Middle English: bely, beli, baly, belwe, balyw, belgh
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze

Old Frisian: balg

Saterland Frisian: Balch

West Frisian: bealch, balge

Old Saxon: balg

Middle Low German: balch

German Low German: Balg

Plautdietsch: Baulch

Old Dutch: *balg

Middle Dutch: balch
Dutch: balg
→ French: blague
→ Italian: blaga, → blague
→ Polish: blaga

Old High German: balg

Middle High German: balc

German: Balg


swōgi

swōgi (nominative singular)
swōgī (nominative plural)
swōgi (accusative singular)
swōgī (accusative plural)
swōgī (genitive singular)
swōgijō (genitive plural)
swōgī (dative singular)
swōgim (dative plural)
swōgijum (dative plural)
swōgī (instrumental singular)
swōgim (instrumental plural)
swōgijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swēġ, swœ̄ġ
Middle English: swei, sweȝ


þangil

þangil (nominative singular)
þangilō (nominative plural)
þangilōs (nominative plural)
þangil (accusative singular)
þangilā (accusative plural)
þangilas (genitive singular)
þangilō (genitive plural)
þangilē (dative singular)
þangilum (dative plural)
þangilu (instrumental singular)
þangilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þenġel


waigī

waigī (nominative singular)
waigiju (nominative plural)
waigī (accusative singular)
waigiju (accusative plural)
waigijas (genitive singular)
waigijō (genitive plural)
waigijē (dative singular)
waigijum (dative plural)
waigiju (instrumental singular)
waigijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣġe

Old Saxon: wēgi

⇒ Old High German: bahweiga


flikkī

flikkī (nominative singular)
flikkiju (nominative plural)
flikkī (accusative singular)
flikkiju (accusative plural)
flikkijas (genitive singular)
flikkijō (genitive plural)
flikkijē (dative singular)
flikkijum (dative plural)
flikkiju (instrumental singular)
flikkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fliċċe

Middle English: flicche, fflykke, flichche, flicke, flucche, flyc, flyche, flyk, flytch
English: flitch
Scots: flake, fleech

Old Saxon: *flikki

Middle Low German: vlicke


fuhā

fohā (nominative singular)
fohōn (nominative plural)
fohōn (accusative singular)
fohōn (accusative plural)
fohōn (genitive singular)
fohōnō (genitive plural)
fohōn (dative singular)
fohōm (dative plural)
fuhum (dative plural)
fohōn (instrumental singular)
fohōm (instrumental plural)
fuhum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: foha

Middle Low German: vō

Old High German: foha
Middle High German: vohe
German: Fähe, Fehe
→ Lower Sorbian: beja


þraki

þraki (nominative singular)
þrakkjō (nominative plural)
þrakkjōs (nominative plural)
þraki (accusative singular)
þrakkjā (accusative plural)
þrakkjas (genitive singular)
þrakkjō (genitive plural)
þrakkjē (dative singular)
þrakkjum (dative plural)
þrakkju (instrumental singular)
þrakkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þreahs, þreax

Old Frisian: threkk

>? Saterland Frisian: Dräk (possibly borrowed from Low German)

(West Frisian: dridze ?)

Old Saxon: *threkk

Middle Low German: dreck

German Low German: Dreck

Old Dutch: *threc

Middle Dutch: drec

Dutch: drek

Afrikaans: drek

Old High German: threc (in compound mūsthrec)

Middle High German: drëc

Cimbrian: drèkh

German: Dreck, Drekk
→ Czech: drek
→ Kashubian: drëk
→ Serbo-Croatian: дре̏к (drȅk)
→ Slovene: drȅk

Luxembourgish: Dreck

Yiddish: דרעק (drek)
→ English: dreck, drek
→ Russian: дрек (drɛk)


tikkīn

tikkīn (nominative singular)
tikkīnu (nominative plural)
tikkīn (accusative singular)
tikkīnu (accusative plural)
tikkīnas (genitive singular)
tikkīnō (genitive plural)
tikkīnē (dative singular)
tikkīnum (dative plural)
tikkīnu (instrumental singular)
tikkīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tiċċen, tyċċen
Middle English: tichen, ticchen, tiche, tik-, tike-
English: tick, titch
Yola: titch, thick, tick

Old High German: zikkīn

Middle High German: zickīn

Alemannic German: Seike

German: Zicke

Luxembourgish: Zéck

desc

→ Middle Low German: sicke, sicken, tzicken

German Low German: Zicki, Zickje

⇒ Middle High German: zickelīn, zickel

German: Zicklein, Zickel

→ Middle Low German: sickelîn, tzickelîn, sickelen

Possibly from an original an-stem *tīgō ~ *tikki + *-īn, whence *tigā.


starkiþu

starkiþu (nominative singular)
starkiþō (nominative plural)
starkiþā (accusative singular)
starkiþā (accusative plural)
starkiþā (genitive singular)
starkiþō (genitive plural)
starkiþē (dative singular)
starkiþōm (dative plural)
starkiþum (dative plural)
starkiþu (instrumental singular)
starkiþōm (instrumental plural)
starkiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *sterkitha

Middle Dutch: sterkede, stercte

Dutch: sterkte

Old High German: sterkida

Middle High German: sterkede


marh

marh (nominative singular)
marhō (nominative plural)
marhōs (nominative plural)
marh (accusative singular)
marhā (accusative plural)
marhas (genitive singular)
marhō (genitive plural)
marhē (dative singular)
marhum (dative plural)
marhu (instrumental singular)
marhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mearh, mear

Middle English: mearh

English: mare

Old Frisian: mar

Old High German: marh, march, marah

Middle High German: marc

German: Mähre