mann

mann (nominative singular)
manni (nominative plural)
mannu (accusative singular)
manni (accusative plural)
manni (genitive singular)
mannō (genitive plural)
manni (dative singular)
mannum (dative plural)
manni (instrumental singular)
mannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mann, ᛗ (m), man, monn, mon, manna
Middle English: man, manne, mæn, mon, monne
English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)
Scots: man
Yola: man

Old Frisian: man, mon

North Frisian: maan

Saterland Frisian: Mon

West Frisian: man

Old Saxon: mann
Middle Low German: man
German Low German: Mann
Plautdietsch: Maun

Old Dutch: man
Middle Dutch: man
Dutch: man
Limburgish: man
Zealandic: man

Old High German: man
Middle High German: man
Alemannic German: ma, mà, Maa, Mann, Mànn, mo, ma'
Swabian: Ma, Mâ, Mô, Mâo, Mâu
Bavarian: mon, ma'
Cimbrian: man, mann, månn
Mòcheno: mònn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Mann
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Moan
German: Mann, man
Luxembourgish: Mann
Transylvanian Saxon: Mouen, Mäun
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mann
Yiddish: מאַן (man)


hund

hund (nominative singular)
hundō (nominative plural)
hundōs (nominative plural)
hund (accusative singular)
hundā (accusative plural)
hundas (genitive singular)
hundō (genitive plural)
hundē (dative singular)
hundum (dative plural)
hundu (instrumental singular)
hundum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hund
Middle English: hound, hund, honde
English: hound
Scots: hoond

Old Frisian: hund
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hünj
Helgoland: Hin
Mooring: hün
Saterland Frisian: Húund
West Frisian: hûn

Old Saxon: hund
Middle Low German: hund
Low German:
German Low German:
East Frisian: Hund
Hamburgisch: Hond
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Hund
Westmünsterländisch: Hund
Plautdietsch: Hunt
→ Estonian: hunt

Old Dutch: hund

Middle Dutch: hont
Dutch: hond
Afrikaans: hond
Berbice Creole Dutch: hondo
Jersey Dutch: hônt
Negerhollands: hond, hon, hont, hun
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hont (dated)
Limburgish: hóndj

Old High German: hunt
Middle High German: hunt
Alemannic German: Hund
Alsatian: Hund
Swabian: Hond
Walser: hun, hund, hunn, hònn
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hunt
Mòcheno: hunt
Udinese: hunt
Central Franconian: Hond, Honk (most dialects of Ripuarian), Hongk (Aachen), Hunk (Kölsch), Honk
Hunsrik: Hund
Kölsch: Hunk, Hungk
German: Hund
→ Esperanto: hundo
Ido: hundo
Luxembourgish: Hond
Vilamovian: hund
Yiddish: הונט (hunt)


port

port (nominative singular)
portō (nominative plural)
portōs (nominative plural)
port (accusative singular)
portā (accusative plural)
portas (genitive singular)
portō (genitive plural)
portē (dative singular)
portum (dative plural)
portu (instrumental singular)
portum (instrumental plural)

Old English: port
Middle English: port
English: port
Scots: port

Old Saxon: *port

Middle Low German: porte

Old Dutch: *port

Middle Dutch: port, poert, pord

Old High German: *pfort

Middle High German: port

Borrowed from Latin portus (“harbor, haven”).


wall

wall (nominative singular)
wallō (nominative plural)
wallōs (nominative plural)
wall (accusative singular)
wallā (accusative plural)
wallas (genitive singular)
wallō (genitive plural)
wallē (dative singular)
wallum (dative plural)
wallu (instrumental singular)
wallum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weall, wall, weal, wal
Middle English: wal, wale, walle, waule
English: wall
Scots: wa, waa, waw
Yola: wul, vall
→ Middle Irish: *balla
Irish: balla
Manx: boalley
Scottish Gaelic: balla
→ Welsh: gwal, wal

Old Frisian: wall, wal

North Frisian: wal

Saterland Frisian: Waal

West Frisian: wal

Old Saxon: wal, wall

Middle Low German: wal

→ Danish: vold

→ Norwegian: voll

→ Old Swedish: valder

Swedish: vall
→ Finnish: valli

Old Dutch: *wal

Middle Dutch: wal

Dutch: wal

Old High German: wal

Middle High German: wal

German: Wall

Rhine Franconian: Waal

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


word

word (nominative singular)
wordu (nominative plural)
word (accusative singular)
wordu (accusative plural)
wordas (genitive singular)
wordō (genitive plural)
wordē (dative singular)
wordum (dative plural)
wordu (instrumental singular)
wordum (instrumental plural)

Old English: word

Middle English: word, wurd, weord

Scots: wird, wourd

English: word

Old Frisian: word, werd, wird

North Frisian:

Föhr: wurd

Helgoland: Wür

Mooring: uurd

desc

Saterland Frisian: Woud, Wud (Strukelje)

West Frisian: wurd

Old Saxon: word

Middle Low German: wort

German Low German: Woord

Old Dutch: wort

Middle Dutch: wort

Dutch: woord

Afrikaans: woord

Limburgish: waord

desctree

Old High German: wort
Middle High German: wort
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Wort
Italian Walser: wort, wourd, wuart, wòrt, wört
Swabian: Wort
Bavarian: Wort, Wurt
Cimbrian: bóart, bort (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: bourt
Udinese: boart, bort, bört
Central Franconian: Woot, Wort (Moselle Franconian; some dialects of Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Wort
German: Wort
Luxembourgish: Wuert
Vilamovian: wiüt
Yiddish: וואָרט (vort)


ask

ask (nominative singular)
askō (nominative plural)
askōs (nominative plural)
ask (accusative singular)
askā (accusative plural)
askas (genitive singular)
askō (genitive plural)
askē (dative singular)
askum (dative plural)
asku (instrumental singular)
askum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æsċ
Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh
→ English: æsc (learned)

Old Frisian: ask

West Frisian: esk

Old Saxon: ask
Middle Low German: esk
Plautdietsch: Asch

Old Dutch: *ask

Middle Dutch: esk

Dutch: es

Old High German: asc
Middle High German: asche, esche
Cimbrian: ess
German: Esche
Luxembourgish: Esch
Yiddish: אַשבוים (ashboym)
⇒? German: Essen (see there for further descendants)


lob

lob (nominative singular)
lobu (nominative plural)
lob (accusative singular)
lobu (accusative plural)
lobas (genitive singular)
lobō (genitive plural)
lobē (dative singular)
lobum (dative plural)
lobu (instrumental singular)
lobum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lof

Middle English: lof, lofe

Scots: lofe

English: lofe, loff

Old Frisian: lof

North Frisian: lof

West Frisian: lof

Old Saxon: lof

Old Dutch: lof

Middle Dutch: lof

Dutch: lof

Old High German: lob

German: Lob

Luxembourgish: Luef


fall

fall (nominative singular)
fallō (nominative plural)
fallōs (nominative plural)
fall (accusative singular)
fallā (accusative plural)
fallas (genitive singular)
fallō (genitive plural)
fallē (dative singular)
fallum (dative plural)
fallu (instrumental singular)
fallum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feall

Middle English: falle

English: fall

Old Frisian: fal

North Frisian: fal

Saterland Frisian: Fal, Faal

West Frisian: fal

Old Saxon: fal

Middle Low German: val

German Low German: Fall

Old Dutch: *fal

Middle Dutch: val

Dutch: val

Old High German: fal

Middle High German: val

German: Fall


sol

sol (nominative singular)
solu (nominative plural)
sol (accusative singular)
solu (accusative plural)
solas (genitive singular)
solō (genitive plural)
solē (dative singular)
solum (dative plural)
solu (instrumental singular)
solum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sol

Middle English: sol

English: sole, soal, soil

Scots: sole, soil, sulȝe, suilȝe

⇒ Old English: sol (adj)

Middle English: sol (adj)

gl

⇒ Old English: solu f (back-formation from the neuter plural of sol)

⇒ Old English: *solwiġ (adj)

Middle English: solwy (adj)

Old Frisian: sol

West Frisian: soal

Old Saxon: *sol

desc

Middle Low German: sol, sōl, sāl n, sōle, sāle, sȫle f

German Low German: Söle, Sööl f

→ Danish: søle

→ Norwegian: søle, saula, søyla

Old Dutch: *sol

Middle Dutch: sol

Dutch: zol

Old High German: sol, sul m or n

Middle High German: sol, söl m or n, sol, sul f

German: Sol m or n, Sole f (obsolete)

q

altered after <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">suhlen</i>

⇒ German: Suhle f (altered after suhlen)

⇒ Old High German: gisol (< Proto-West Germanic *gasol)

Middle High German: gesol


kind

kind (nominative singular)
kindu (nominative plural)
kind (accusative singular)
kindu (accusative plural)
kindas (genitive singular)
kindō (genitive plural)
kindē (dative singular)
kindum (dative plural)
kindu (instrumental singular)
kindum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kind

desctree

Old Saxon: kind
Middle Low German: kind, kint, kynd
Dutch Low Saxon: kind, kiend, keend
German Low German: Kind
→ Old Frisian: kind
West Frisian: kyn

Old Dutch: kint
Middle Dutch: kint
Dutch: kind
Afrikaans: kind
Jersey Dutch: känt
Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte
Limburgish: kindj

Old High German: kind, kint, chind

Middle High German: kind, kint

Alemannic German: Chind

Swabian: Kend

Vorarlbergerisch: Kiand

Walser: Chend

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: khinn

Viennese: Kind

Central Franconian: Kend, Kenk

Eifelisch: King, Kond, Könd

Hunsrik: Kind

Kölsch: Kind

Luxembourgish: Kand

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: [kʰɪnt]

Vilamovian: kynd

German: Kind

→? Italian: citto

desc

Rhine Franconian: Kind, Kend, Keend, Kenn, Kinn

Frankfurterisch: [kʰint]

Pennsylvania German: Kind

Yiddish: קינד (kind)


gans

gans (nominative singular)
gansi (nominative plural)
gansu (accusative singular)
gansi (accusative plural)
gansi (genitive singular)
gansō (genitive plural)
gansi (dative singular)
gansum (dative plural)
gansi (instrumental singular)
gansum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: gōs
Middle English: goos, goce, gos, gose, gosse
English: goose
Scots: guse

Old Frisian: *gōs
North Frisian:
Most dialects: gus
Sylt: Guus
Wiedingharde: goos
Saterland Frisian: Gous
West Frisian: goes

Old Saxon: *gās, *gōs

Middle Low German: gās, gōs, gūs

Low German: Goos

⇒ Middle Low German: *gösel

Low German: Gössel

→ German: Gössel

Old Dutch: *gans, *gōs

Middle Dutch: gans, goes

Dutch: gans
Afrikaans: gans
→ Xhosa: urhanisi
→ Zulu: ihansi
Jersey Dutch: xânz
Negerhollands: gans
→ Lokono: kansa
→ Caribbean Hindustani: hans
→ Papiamentu: gans (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: gansi
→ Aukan: gansi
→ Saramaccan: gánsi

Old High German: gans, kans

Middle High German: gans, gas

Alemannic German: Gaas, Gants (Uri)

German: Gans

Luxembourgish: Gäns, Gaus

Vilamovian: gaons

Yiddish: גאַנדז (gandz)


al

al (nominative singular)
alō (nominative plural)
alōs (nominative plural)
al (accusative singular)
alā (accusative plural)
alas (genitive singular)
alō (genitive plural)
alē (dative singular)
alum (dative plural)
alu (instrumental singular)
alum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æl, eal
Middle English: alle, al
English: awl (merged with descendant of Old English awel)
Scots: awl


tin

tin (nominative singular)
tinu (nominative plural)
tin (accusative singular)
tinu (accusative plural)
tinas (genitive singular)
tinō (genitive plural)
tinē (dative singular)
tinum (dative plural)
tinu (instrumental singular)
tinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tin
Middle English: tyn, tin, tyne, tynne
English: tin
→ Atong (India): tin
→ Iban: tin
→ Indonesian: tin
→ Norman: tinne
Tok Pisin: tin
Scots: tin

Old Frisian: tinn

Saterland Frisian: Tin

West Frisian: tin

Old Saxon: tin

Middle Low German: tin, ten

German Low German: Tinn

Old Dutch: *tin

Middle Dutch: tin, ten

Dutch: tin

Afrikaans: tin

Old High German: zin

Middle High German: zin

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Zinn

German: Zinn

→ Czech: cín

→ Polish: cyna

→ Slovak: cín

Luxembourgish: Zënn


ail

ail (nominative singular)
ailu (nominative plural)
ail (accusative singular)
ailu (accusative plural)
ailas (genitive singular)
ailō (genitive plural)
ailē (dative singular)
ailum (dative plural)
ailu (instrumental singular)
ailum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āl


arm

arm (nominative singular)
armō (nominative plural)
armōs (nominative plural)
arm (accusative singular)
armā (accusative plural)
armas (genitive singular)
armō (genitive plural)
armē (dative singular)
armum (dative plural)
armu (instrumental singular)
armum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earm, arm — Anglian
Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: airm
Yola: arrm

Old Frisian: erm
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iarem
Halligen: eerm
Heligoland: iaarem
Mooring: ärm
Saterland Frisian: Íerm, Äirm (Strukelje)
West Frisian: earm

Old Saxon: arm
Middle Low German: arm
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Arm
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Ārm
Lippisch: Arm
Sauerländisch: Ārm, Ārem, Oarm
Westmünsterländisch: Arm
Plautdietsch: Oam, Oarm

Old Dutch: arm
Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Javindo: arrem
Negerhollands: arm, erm
Limburgish: erm

Old High German: arm, aram, arma
Middle High German: arm, arn
Alemannic German: Aare, Arm, Are, Arme
Bavarian: Oarm
Cimbrian: arm
Central Franconian: Ärm, Arm, Orm (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Aarem
German: Arm
Luxembourgish: Aarm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Aarm
Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)


swan

swan (nominative singular)
swanō (nominative plural)
swanōs (nominative plural)
swan (accusative singular)
swanā (accusative plural)
swanas (genitive singular)
swanō (genitive plural)
swanē (dative singular)
swanum (dative plural)
swanu (instrumental singular)
swanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swan, swon

Middle English: swan

Scots: swan

English: swan

Old Frisian: *swan

Saterland Frisian: Swoan, Swonne, Swoon

West Frisian: swan

Old Saxon: swan

Middle Low German: swan, swane

Low German: Swaan, Swoon, swan, swane

Plautdietsch: Schwon

→ Norwegian: svane

→ Danish: svane

Old Dutch: *swan

Middle Dutch: swan, swāne

Dutch: zwaan

Afrikaans: swaan

Limburgish: zwaan

Old High German: swan

Middle High German: swan

German: Schwan

→ Lower Sorbian: šwon

→ Luxembourgish: Schwan

Hunsrik: Schwaan

Luxembourgish: Schwunn (archaic)

Yiddish: שוואַן (shvan)


god

god (nominative singular)
godu (nominative plural)
god (accusative singular)
godu (accusative plural)
godas (genitive singular)
godō (genitive plural)
godē (dative singular)
godum (dative plural)
godu (instrumental singular)
godum (instrumental plural)

Old English: god

Middle English: god

Scots: god, God

English: god, God

Yola: gud, Gud

Old Frisian: god
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: God
Saterland Frisian: God
West Frisian: god, God

Old Saxon: god

Middle Low German: gad, god

Low German: Gott

Plautdietsch: Gott

Old Dutch: got
Middle Dutch: got
Dutch: god, God
Afrikaans: god, God
Limburgish: gód, Gód

Old High German: got, cot
Middle High German: got
Alemannic German: Gott
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: Gott
Mòcheno: Gott
Central Franconian: Jott
German: Gott
Luxembourgish: Gott
Yiddish: גאָט (got)


bed

bed (nominative singular)
bedu (nominative plural)
bed (accusative singular)
bedu (accusative plural)
bedas (genitive singular)
bedō (genitive plural)
bedē (dative singular)
bedum (dative plural)
bedu (instrumental singular)
bedum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bed

q

through confluence with descendants of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġebed</i>

Middle English: bed, bede (through confluence with descendants of Old English ġebed)

English: bead

Scots: bede, beid

Old High German: *bet

Middle High German: bët, bëte

German: Bet


felt

felt (nominative singular)
feltu (nominative plural)
felt (accusative singular)
feltu (accusative plural)
feltas (genitive singular)
feltō (genitive plural)
feltē (dative singular)
feltum (dative plural)
feltu (instrumental singular)
feltum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: felt
Middle English: felt, felte, feltte, feelte
English: felt
Scots: felt

Old Frisian: *filt

Saterland Frisian: Filt

West Frisian: filt

Old Saxon: filt

Middle Low German: vilt

German Low German: Filt

Plautdietsch: Filt

→ Danish: filt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: filt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: filt

→ Swedish: filt (“blanket”)
→ Finnish: viltti

Old Dutch: *filt

Middle Dutch: vilt
Dutch: vilt

Old High German: filz

Middle High German: vilz

German: Filz
→ Saterland Frisian: Fils
→ Hungarian: filc
→ Serbo-Croatian: fȉlc

→ Latin: filtrum (see there for further descendants)

Derived from Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, hide”).
An alternative theory derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *peld- (“something beaten or compressed; felt”), from *pel- (“to beat; push; move; drive”).


fell

fell (nominative singular)
fellu (nominative plural)
fell (accusative singular)
fellu (accusative plural)
fellas (genitive singular)
fellō (genitive plural)
fellē (dative singular)
fellum (dative plural)
fellu (instrumental singular)
fellum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fell

Middle English: felle, fell

Scots: fell

English: fell

Old Frisian: fel

West Frisian: fel

Old Saxon: fel

Middle Low German: vel

Old Dutch: fel

Middle Dutch: vel

Dutch: vel

Afrikaans: vel

Jersey Dutch: vääl

Negerhollands: vel, fel

→ Indonesian: pel

Old High German: fel

Middle High German: vël

German: Fell


spell

spell (nominative singular)
spellu (nominative plural)
spell (accusative singular)
spellu (accusative plural)
spellas (genitive singular)
spellō (genitive plural)
spellē (dative singular)
spellum (dative plural)
spellu (instrumental singular)
spellum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spell, spel
Middle English: spell, spel
English: spell

Old Saxon: spel

Old Dutch: spel

Middle Dutch: spel

Old High German: spel


smelt

smelt (nominative singular)
smeltō (nominative plural)
smeltōs (nominative plural)
smelt (accusative singular)
smeltā (accusative plural)
smeltas (genitive singular)
smeltō (genitive plural)
smeltē (dative singular)
smeltum (dative plural)
smeltu (instrumental singular)
smeltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smelt, smylt

Middle English: smelt, smelte, smelth
English: smelt
Scots: smelt

Old Dutch: *smelt

Middle Dutch: *smelt

West Flemish: smelt


stork

stork (nominative singular)
storkō (nominative plural)
storkōs (nominative plural)
stork (accusative singular)
storkā (accusative plural)
storkas (genitive singular)
storkō (genitive plural)
storkē (dative singular)
storkum (dative plural)
storku (instrumental singular)
storkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: storc

Middle English: stork

Scots: stork

English: stork

Old Frisian: *stork

Saterland Frisian: Stoark

Old Saxon: *stork

Middle Low German: stork

German Low German: Störk, Stoork, Stürk

Old Dutch: *stork

Middle Dutch: storke, storc, sturc

Dutch: stork

q

Old High German: storah, storh, *stork (irregular -h- possibly generalized from svarabhakti form)

Middle High German: storch, storc

German: Storch, (obsolete) Stork

→ Hunsrik: Storrich

→ Luxembourgish: Storch

Luxembourgish: (dated) Stuerk

→ Latvian: stārķis

→ Lithuanian: starkus


stab

stab (nominative singular)
stabō (nominative plural)
stabōs (nominative plural)
stab (accusative singular)
stabā (accusative plural)
stabas (genitive singular)
stabō (genitive plural)
stabē (dative singular)
stabum (dative plural)
stabu (instrumental singular)
stabum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stæf

Middle English: staf

Scots: staf, staff

English: staff, stave (from the inflected forms)

Old Frisian: staf, stef

Saterland Frisian: Stäf

West Frisian: stêf

Old Saxon: staf

Middle Low German: staf

German Low German: Staff, Staav (from the inflected forms)

Old Dutch: *staf

Middle Dutch: staf

Dutch: staf, staaf (from the inflected forms)

Old High German: stab, stap

Middle High German: stab, stap

German: Stab

→ Czech: štáb

→ Danish: stab

→ Esperanto: stabo

→ Hungarian: stáb

→ Macedonian: штаб (štab)

→ Polish: sztab

→ Russian: штаб (štab)

→ Serbo-Croatian: štab (“headquarters”)

→ Swedish: stab

Luxembourgish: Staf


sap

sap (nominative singular)
sapu (nominative plural)
sap (accusative singular)
sapu (accusative plural)
sapas (genitive singular)
sapō (genitive plural)
sapē (dative singular)
sapum (dative plural)
sapu (instrumental singular)
sapum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sæp

Middle English: sap

English: sap

Scots: sap, sop

Old Frisian: *sep, *sap

Saterland Frisian: Sap

West Frisian: sappe, sop

Old Saxon: sap

Middle Low German: sap

German Low German: Sapp

Low German: Sap

Old Dutch: *sap

Middle Dutch: sap

Dutch: sap

Old High German: saf

Middle High German: saf, saft

Bavarian: Såft

German: Saft

→ Danish: saft

→ Norwegian Bokmål: saft

→ Swedish: saft

Luxembourgish: Saaft

Yiddish: זאַפֿט (zaft)

→ Middle Low German: saft

German Low German: Saft

From Proto-Indo-European *sab-, *sap-; see also Welsh syb-wydd (“fir”), Latin sapa (“must, new wine”), Russian со́пли (sópli, “snivel”), Old Armenian համ (ham, “taste”), Avestan 𐬬𐬌-𐬱𐬁𐬞𐬀 (vi-šāpa, “having poisonous juices”), Sanskrit सबर् (sabar, “juice, nectar”)).


halm

halm (nominative singular)
halmō (nominative plural)
halmōs (nominative plural)
halm (accusative singular)
halmā (accusative plural)
halmas (genitive singular)
halmō (genitive plural)
halmē (dative singular)
halmum (dative plural)
halmu (instrumental singular)
halmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: healm n, halm

Middle English: healm, halm, helm, holm

English: halm, haulm

Scots: haulm

Old Frisian: *halm

Saterland Frisian: Hoolm

West Frisian: haal

Old Saxon: halm

Middle Low German: halm

German Low German: Halm

Old Dutch: *halm

Middle Dutch: halm

Dutch: halm

Afrikaans: halm

Old High German: halm

Middle High German: halm, halme, helm

German: Halm

Luxembourgish: Hallem


wind

wind (nominative singular)
windō (nominative plural)
windōs (nominative plural)
wind (accusative singular)
windā (accusative plural)
windas (genitive singular)
windō (genitive plural)
windē (dative singular)
windum (dative plural)
windu (instrumental singular)
windum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wind
Middle English: wynd, wend, wende, wind, winde, wynde
English: wind
Scots: wind, win
Yola: weend, wyeene

Old Frisian: wind

Saterland Frisian: Wíend

West Frisian: wyn

Old Saxon: wind

Middle Low German: wint

German Low German: Wind

Plautdietsch: Wint

Old Dutch: wint

Middle Dutch: wint
Dutch: wind
Afrikaans: wind
Berbice Creole Dutch: wende
Negerhollands: wind, win, wen
Skepi Creole Dutch: went
→ Aukan: winta
→ Sranan Tongo: winti
Limburgish: windj

Old High German: wint
Middle High German: wint
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: winn, wend, wénn, wind
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bint
Mòcheno: bint
Udinese: bint
Viennese: Wind
German: Wind
Luxembourgish: Wand
Vilamovian: wynt
Yiddish: ווינט (vint)


wal

wal (nominative singular)
walō (nominative plural)
walōs (nominative plural)
wal (accusative singular)
walā (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walō (genitive plural)
walē (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)
walu (instrumental singular)
walum (instrumental plural)
wal (nominative singular)
walu (nominative plural)
wal (accusative singular)
walu (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walō (genitive plural)
walē (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)
walu (instrumental singular)
walum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæl n

Middle English: wæl, wal, wel

⇒ Old Saxon: waldād

Old High German: wal m or n

Middle High German: wal m or n

German: Wal (primarily in compounds)


salt

salt (nominative singular)
saltu (nominative plural)
salt (accusative singular)
saltu (accusative plural)
saltas (genitive singular)
saltō (genitive plural)
saltē (dative singular)
saltum (dative plural)
saltu (instrumental singular)
saltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sealt
Middle English: salt
English: salt
Scots: sawt, salt, saut
Yola: zall

Old Frisian: salt
North Frisian: saalt
Saterland Frisian: Soalt, Saalt (Skäddel, Strukelje)
West Frisian: sâlt

Old Saxon: salt

Middle Low German: salt, solt

German Low German: Solt

Plautdietsch: Solt

Old Dutch: *salt
Middle Dutch: sout
Dutch: zout (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zaat

Old High German: salz

Middle High German: salz

Alemannic German: Sàlz (Alsatian)

Bavarian: Sålz, Soiz

Cimbrian: saltz

Mòcheno: sòlz

German: Salz

Luxembourgish: Salz

Vilamovian: zaołc

Yiddish: זאַלץ (zalts)


mark

mark (nominative singular)
marku (nominative plural)
mark (accusative singular)
marku (accusative plural)
markas (genitive singular)
markō (genitive plural)
markē (dative singular)
markum (dative plural)
marku (instrumental singular)
markum (instrumental plural)

Old English: marc
Middle English: mark
English: mark
Scots: mark, merk
→ Irish: marg

Old Frisian: merk

Saterland Frisian: Määrk

West Frisian: merk

Old Saxon: mark, merk

Middle Low German: mark

German Low German: Mark

Old Dutch: marc

Middle Dutch: marc, marc

Dutch: merk

Afrikaans: merk

Old High German: marc n

Middle High German: marc, marche, marke (chiefly f, influenced by *marku)

German: Mark f
→ Yiddish: מאַרק (mark)

→ Luxembourgish: Mark

→ Medieval Latin: marcus (see there for further descendants)


hart

hart (nominative singular)
hartu (nominative plural)
hart (accusative singular)
hartu (accusative plural)
hartas (genitive singular)
hartō (genitive plural)
hartē (dative singular)
hartum (dative plural)
hartu (instrumental singular)
hartum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hart

Middle Low German: hart, hars

Old High German: harz

Middle High German: harz

German: Harz

→ Middle Dutch: hars, harst

Dutch: hars

Afrikaans: hars

→ Swedish: harts


dag

dag (nominative singular)
dagō (nominative plural)
dagōs (nominative plural)
dag (accusative singular)
dagā (accusative plural)
dagas (genitive singular)
dagō (genitive plural)
dagē (dative singular)
dagum (dative plural)
dagu (instrumental singular)
dagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dæġ
Middle English: day
English: day
Scots: day
Yola: die, dei, dey, daie

Old Frisian: dei, dī
North Frisian: däi
Föhr-Amrum: dai
Saterland Frisian: Dai
West Frisian: dei

Old Saxon: dag
Middle Low German: dach
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: dag
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dag
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Dag
Ravensbergisch: Dach
Sauerländisch: Dag, Dāg
Westmünsterländisch: Dagg
Plautdietsch: Dach

Old Dutch: dag
Middle Dutch: dach
Dutch: dag
Afrikaans: dag
Berbice Creole Dutch: daka
Jersey Dutch: dâx
Negerhollands: dag, dak
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dak (archaic)
Petjo: dah
Skepi Creole Dutch: dak, dagka
→ Saramaccan: dáka
Limburgish: daag
West Flemish: dag
Zealandic: dag

Old High German: tag, tac, tak, dac, *dag — northern
Middle High German: tac, tag, dach
Alemannic German: Tag
Alsatian: Dàà (north), Dàj (center), Dàg (south)
Italian Walser: tag, tog, tàg
Swabian: Dag
Bavarian: Da, Dåg, Doch
Cimbrian: tak, ta, tag, tage
Mòcheno: ta
Udinese: tach, ti
Central Franconian: Daach
Hunsrik: Daagh, taach (Wiesemann spelling system)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dag
German: Tag
Esperanto: tago
Luxembourgish: Dag, Do
Rhine Franconian: Tach
Pennsylvania German: Daag
Transylvanian Saxon: Dåch
Vilamovian: taog
Yiddish: טאָג (tog)


dal

dal (nominative singular)
dalu (nominative plural)
dal (accusative singular)
dalu (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalō (genitive plural)
dalē (dative singular)
dalum (dative plural)
dalu (instrumental singular)
dalum (instrumental plural)
dal (nominative singular)
dalō (nominative plural)
dalōs (nominative plural)
dal (accusative singular)
dalā (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalō (genitive plural)
dalē (dative singular)
dalum (dative plural)
dalu (instrumental singular)
dalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dæl n

Middle English: dale, dæle, deale
English: dale
Scots: dale, daal

Old Frisian: *dal, del n

North Frisian: dal, dalle, dol

Saterland Frisian: Doal

West Frisian: delle (<? *dalljā)

Old Saxon: dal n
Middle Low German: dal
Low German: dal, daal
German Low German: Daal

Old Dutch: dal n
Middle Dutch: dal
Dutch: dal
Afrikaans: dal
Limburgish: daal

Old High German: tal m or n
Middle High German: tal
Alemannic German: Tall
German: Tal
Hunsrik: Daal
Luxembourgish: Dall
Mòcheno: tol
Pennsylvania German: Daal
Yiddish: טאָל (tol)

→? Middle Welsh: dol


pik

pik (nominative singular)
piku (nominative plural)
pik (accusative singular)
piku (accusative plural)
pikas (genitive singular)
pikō (genitive plural)
pikē (dative singular)
pikum (dative plural)
piku (instrumental singular)
pikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: piċ, pic
Middle English: pik, pikk, pike, pikke, pich, piche, picche
English: pitch
→ Galician: piche
→ Portuguese: piche
Scots: pick
→ Middle Irish: pic, picc
Irish: pic

Old Frisian: pik

Saterland Frisian: Pik

West Frisian: pik

Old Saxon: pik

Middle Low German: pik, pek

German Low German: Pick

→? Latvian: piķis

→? Lithuanian: pìkis

→ Old Norse: bik

Icelandic: bik

Swedish: beck

Old Dutch: pek

Middle Dutch: pec

Dutch: pek, pik (see there for further descendants)

Afrikaans: pik

Old High German: peh, beh; *pfich, *phich

Middle High German: pëch, bëch; phich (hapax, possibly a hypercorrection)

German: Pech (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Pech


gras

gras (nominative singular)
grasu (nominative plural)
gras (accusative singular)
grasu (accusative plural)
grasas (genitive singular)
grasō (genitive plural)
grasē (dative singular)
grasum (dative plural)
grasu (instrumental singular)
grasum (instrumental plural)

Old English: græs, gærs
Middle English: gras, grasse, gresse, gres, gers, grece, græs, grace, gars, grys, grisse, grese
English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas
Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs

Old Frisian: gers, gres
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: gäärs
Sylt: Gērs
Saterland Frisian: Gäärs
West Frisian: gers, gjers (Wood), jers

Old Saxon: gras
Middle Low German: gras
Dutch Low Saxon: gras
German Low German: Gras
Plautdietsch: Grauss

Old Dutch: *gras

Middle Dutch: gras, gars, gers
Dutch: gras
Afrikaans: gras
Berbice Creole Dutch: grasa
Jersey Dutch: x'rās, grās
Negerhollands: graas, gras
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Saramaccan: gaási
Limburgish: graas
West Flemish: ges, gas
Zealandic: gos

Old High German: gras

Middle High German: gras

Alemannic German: Gras

Italian Walser: gras, gros

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: gras, grass

Mòcheno: gros

Udinese: gròs, gros, groos

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Graas

Luxembourgish: Gras

East Central German:

Vilamovian: gros

East Franconian:

German: Gras

Rhine Franconian: Gras

Frankfurterisch: [kʀɑːs], (older) [kʀɔːs]

Pennsylvania German: Graas

Yiddish: גראָז (groz)


bolt

bolt (nominative singular)
boltō (nominative plural)
boltōs (nominative plural)
bolt (accusative singular)
boltā (accusative plural)
boltas (genitive singular)
boltō (genitive plural)
boltē (dative singular)
boltum (dative plural)
boltu (instrumental singular)
boltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bolt
Middle English: bolt
English: bolt
→ Irish: bolta
→ Japanese: ボルト (boruto)
→ Maltese: bolt
→ Russian: болт (bolt)
→ Azerbaijani: bolt
→ Ingrian: boltta
→ Scottish Gaelic: bolta
→ Welsh: bollt

Old Frisian: bolt

West Frisian: bout

Old Saxon: bolt

Middle Low German: bolte

German Low German: Bolt (Baltic)

→ Estonian: polt

→ Danish: bolt

→ Faroese: boltur

→ Latvian: bulta

→ Middle Norwegian: boltr
Norwegian: bolt

→ Swedish: bult
→ Finnish: pultti

Old Dutch: *bolt

Middle Dutch: bout

Dutch: bout
Afrikaans: bout
Berbice Creole Dutch: bauta
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bowtu
→ Indonesian: baut
→ Papiamentu: bout
→ Sranan Tongo: bowtu (shank)
→ Sranan Tongo: bowtu (bolt)

Old High German: bolz

Middle High German: bolz

German: Bolz, Bolzen


mast

mast (nominative singular)
mastō (nominative plural)
mastōs (nominative plural)
mast (accusative singular)
mastā (accusative plural)
mastas (genitive singular)
mastō (genitive plural)
mastē (dative singular)
mastum (dative plural)
mastu (instrumental singular)
mastum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mæst
Middle English: mast
English: mast
Scots: mast

Old Frisian: *mast, *mest

Saterland Frisian: Mäst

West Frisian: mêst

Old Saxon: *mast

Middle Low German: mast

German Low German: Mast

Old Dutch: *mast

Middle Dutch: mast

Dutch: mast

Old High German: mast

Middle High German: mast

German: Mast

→ Esperanto: masto

→ Ido: masto

→ Medieval Latin: mastus (see there for further descendants)


must

must (nominative singular)
mostō (nominative plural)
mostōs (nominative plural)
must (accusative singular)
mostā (accusative plural)
mostas (genitive singular)
mostō (genitive plural)
mustē (dative singular)
mustum (dative plural)
mustu (instrumental singular)
mustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: must

Middle English: must

English: must

Old Saxon: *most, *must

Middle Low German: most, must

German Low German: Most

→ Danish: most

→ Norwegian Bokmål: most

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: most

→ Swedish: must

Old Dutch: *most

Middle Dutch: most

Dutch: most

Old High German: most, must

Middle High German: most

German: Most

→ Old Czech:

Czech: mošt

→ Polish: moszcz


sail

sail (nominative singular)
sailu (nominative plural)
sail (accusative singular)
sailu (accusative plural)
sailas (genitive singular)
sailō (genitive plural)
sailē (dative singular)
sailum (dative plural)
sailu (instrumental singular)
sailum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāl
Middle English: sal, sole, soole
Scots: sale, saill, saile, seill, seale
English: sole

Old Frisian: sēl, sēle

Saterland Frisian: Seel

West Frisian: seel

Old Saxon: sēl

Middle Low German: sêl, seil

German Low German: Seel

Old Dutch: *sēl

Middle Dutch: sêel

Dutch: zeel

Old High German: seil

Middle High German: seil

German: Seil

Luxembourgish: Seel


ars

ars (nominative singular)
arsō (nominative plural)
arsōs (nominative plural)
ars (accusative singular)
arsā (accusative plural)
arsas (genitive singular)
arsō (genitive plural)
arsē (dative singular)
arsum (dative plural)
arsu (instrumental singular)
arsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ears, ærs
Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse

Old Frisian: ers

Saterland Frisian: Iers

West Frisian: ears

Old Saxon: ars
Middle Low German: ars
Dutch Low Saxon: ars, ors
German Low German: Aars
⇒ by rebracketing:
Dutch Low Saxon: nors, mors
German Low German: Maars, Moors, Narsch, Närsch, Närs
Plautdietsch: Noasch

Old Dutch: *ars
Middle Dutch: āers
Dutch: aars
Afrikaans: aars

Old High German: ars
Middle High German: ars
Bavarian: Oasch
Cimbrian: aars
German: Arsch
Hunsrik: Aarsch
Luxembourgish: Aasch
Pennsylvania German: Aarsch


blad

blad (nominative singular)
bladu (nominative plural)
blad (accusative singular)
bladu (accusative plural)
bladas (genitive singular)
bladō (genitive plural)
bladē (dative singular)
bladum (dative plural)
bladu (instrumental singular)
bladum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blæd
Middle English: blad, blade
Scots: blad, blaud, blaid
English: blade

Old Frisian: bled
North Frisian:
Föhr: bleed
Hallig: blää
Saterland Frisian: Blääd
West Frisian: bled

Old Saxon: blad
Middle Low German: blat
Low German: Blatt
Plautdietsch: Blaut

Old Dutch: *blat

Middle Dutch: blat
Dutch: blad
Afrikaans: blad (“page”), blaar (“leaf”)
Limburgish: blaad

Old High German: blat
Middle High German: blat
Alemannic German: Blatt
Swabian:
Central Franconian: Blatt, Blat
Hunsrik: Blaat
Luxembourgish: Blat
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: błot
East Franconian:
German: Blatt
Rhine Franconian: Blaat, Blatt
Pennsylvania German: Blatt
Yiddish: בלאַט (blat)


agi

agi (nominative singular)
agī (nominative plural)
agi (accusative singular)
agī (accusative plural)
agī (genitive singular)
aggjō (genitive plural)
agī (dative singular)
agim (dative plural)
aggjum (dative plural)
agī (instrumental singular)
agim (instrumental plural)
aggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eġe, æġe, eiġe
Middle English: eye, eie, eȝe, eȝȝe, eyȝe, eiȝe
English: ey (obsolete)


berg

berg (nominative singular)
bergō (nominative plural)
bergōs (nominative plural)
berg (accusative singular)
bergā (accusative plural)
bergas (genitive singular)
bergō (genitive plural)
bergē (dative singular)
bergum (dative plural)
bergu (instrumental singular)
bergum (instrumental plural)

Old English: beorg, beorh, berg
Middle English: bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw
English: barrow; bargh (Northern England)
Scots: burrae
Middle English: berȝe, beryhe, berye (via beorge (genitive))
English: berry

Old Frisian: berch

North Frisian: beerg

Saterland Frisian: Bíerig

West Frisian: berch

Old Saxon: berg, berag
Middle Low German: berch
German Low German: Barg
Plautdietsch: Boajch

Old Dutch: berg
Middle Dutch: berch
Dutch: berg
Afrikaans: berg
→ English: berg
Berbice Creole Dutch: berki
Jersey Dutch: bêrix
Negerhollands: berg, bergi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: berg, bergi
→ Aukan: beligi
→ Sranan Tongo: bergi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bérgi
Limburgish: berg

Old High German: berg
Middle High German: bërc
Alemannic German: Bäärg, Bärg, Bèèrg, Bërg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pèrge
Mòcheno: pèrg
Central Franconian: Berch
Eifel: Bersch
Hunsrik: Berrich
East Central German: Barg (Erzgebirgisch)
German: Berg
Luxembourgish: Bierg
Pennsylvania German: Barig
Yiddish: באַרג (barg)


horn

horn (nominative singular)
hornu (nominative plural)
horn (accusative singular)
hornu (accusative plural)
hornas (genitive singular)
hornō (genitive plural)
hornē (dative singular)
hornum (dative plural)
hornu (instrumental singular)
hornum (instrumental plural)

Old English: horn
Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn

Old Frisian: horn

North Frisian: horn

Saterland Frisian: Houden, (Strukelje) Hudden

West Frisian: hoarn

Old Saxon: horn

Middle Low German: horen, hōrn

Dutch Low Saxon: horn

German Low German: Hoorn

Plautdietsch: Huarn

Old Dutch: *horn (attested in plural horni)

Middle Dutch: horn, horen

Dutch: hoorn
Afrikaans: horing
Berbice Creole Dutch: hurun, hurunu, hornu
Negerhollands: horn

Old High German: horn
Middle High German: horn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Horn
Luxembourgish: Har
Cimbrian: hòrn
German: Horn
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [hɔɐ̯n]
Yiddish: האָרן (horn)


land

land (nominative singular)
landu (nominative plural)
land (accusative singular)
landu (accusative plural)
landas (genitive singular)
landō (genitive plural)
landē (dative singular)
landum (dative plural)
landu (instrumental singular)
landum (instrumental plural)

Old English: land, lond, lænd
Middle English: lond
English: land
Scots: laund, land
Yola: lhoan, lone

Old Frisian: land, lond

North Frisian:

Fohr: lun

Hallig: löön

Heligoland: Lun

Mooring: lönj

Saterland Frisian: Lound

West Frisian: lân

Old Saxon: land
Middle Low German: lant
Dutch Low Saxon: laand
German Low German: Land
Plautdietsch: Launt

Old Dutch: lant
Middle Dutch: lant
Dutch: land
Afrikaans: land
Berbice Creole Dutch: alanda, landi
Negerhollands: land, lant, lan
Skepi Creole Dutch: land, lantta
→ Sranan Tongo: lanti (see there for further descendants)
>? Javanese: ꦭꦤ꧀ (lan)
Limburgish: landj
Zealandic: land

Old High German: lant
Middle High German: lant
Alemannic German: Land, Lånd
Swabian: Lahnd
Bavarian: Lånd
Cimbrian: lant, lånt (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Land, Lannt
Hunsrik: Land
Luxembourgish: Land
German: Land (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Lond
Pennsylvania German: Land, Lond
Vilamovian: łaond
Yiddish: לאַנד (land)


nō

nō (nominative singular)
nōō (nominative plural)
nōōs (nominative plural)
nō (accusative singular)
nōā (accusative plural)
nōas (genitive singular)
nōō (genitive plural)
nōē (dative singular)
nōm (dative plural)
nō (instrumental singular)
nōm (instrumental plural)

Old English: *nō, *nōw

⇒ Old English: nōwend


weg

weg (nominative singular)
wegō (nominative plural)
wegōs (nominative plural)
weg (accusative singular)
wegā (accusative plural)
wegas (genitive singular)
wegō (genitive plural)
wegē (dative singular)
wegum (dative plural)
wegu (instrumental singular)
wegum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weġ

Middle English: wæi, wei, wai, wey, way

Scots: wey

English: way

Old Frisian: wei

North Frisian: wey

Saterland Frisian: Wai

West Frisian: wei

Old Saxon: weg

Middle Low German: wech

Dutch Low Saxon: weg

German Low German: Weg

Plautdietsch: Wajch

Old Dutch: weg
Middle Dutch: wech
Dutch: weg
Afrikaans: weg
Limburgish: waeg

Old High German: weg, wec
Middle High German: wec
Alemannic German: Wäg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bèg, bege (Luserna)
Mòcheno: be
Central Franconian: Wääch
Luxembourgish: Wee (from dative and plural)
Hunsrik: Wegh
German: Weg
Pennsylvania German: Weg
Yiddish: וועג (veg)


manu

manu (nominative singular)
manō (nominative plural)
manā (accusative singular)
manā (accusative plural)
manā (genitive singular)
manō (genitive plural)
manē (dative singular)
manōm (dative plural)
manum (dative plural)
manu (instrumental singular)
manōm (instrumental plural)
manum (instrumental plural)

Old English: manu

Middle English: mane

Scots: mane

English: mane

Old Frisian: *mane; mana, mona

North Frisian: man

Saterland Frisian: Moone

West Frisian: moannen, moanjes

Old Saxon: *mana

Middle Low German: māne, man

German Low German: Mahn

Old Dutch: *mana

Middle Dutch: māne

Dutch: maan

⇒ Afrikaans: maanhaar

Limburgish: maan

Old High German: mana

Middle High German: man, mane

German: Mähne

Luxembourgish: Munn


lamb

lamb (nominative singular)
lambiʀu (nominative plural)
lamb (accusative singular)
lambiʀu (accusative plural)
lambiʀi (genitive singular)
lambiʀō (genitive plural)
lambiʀi (dative singular)
lambiʀum (dative plural)
lambiʀi (instrumental singular)
lambiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lamb, lomb

Middle English: lamb, lam

Scots: lam, lamb

English: lamb

Yola: lhawmb

Old Frisian: lamb, lam

North Frisian:

Föhr: lum

Hallig: lööm

Heligoland: Lum

Mooring: löm

Saterland Frisian: Loum

West Frisian: laam

Old Saxon: lamb

Middle Low German: lamp, lam

Low German: Lamm

Plautdietsch: Laum

Old Dutch: *lamb (possibly also in placename lampanesse)

Middle Dutch: lamp, lam

Dutch: lam

Afrikaans: lam

Limburgish: laam

Old High German: lamb
Middle High German: lamp, lam
Cimbrian: lamp
German: Lamm
Luxembourgish: Lamm
Vilamovian: łamm
Yiddish: לאַם (lam)


mos

mos (nominative singular)
mosu (nominative plural)
mos (accusative singular)
mosu (accusative plural)
mosas (genitive singular)
mosō (genitive plural)
mosē (dative singular)
mosum (dative plural)
mosu (instrumental singular)
mosum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mos

Middle English: mos, mosse

Scots: mos

English: moss

Old Frisian: *mos

Saterland Frisian: Moas

West Frisian: moas

Old Saxon: mos

Middle Low German: mos

German Low German: Moss

Old Dutch: *mos

Middle Dutch: mos

Dutch: mos

gl

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*mosu</i>

→ Old French: mosse, mousseron (< *mosu)

French: mousse, mousseron

→ English: mousse, mushroom

desctree

Old High German: mos
Middle High German: mos
German: Moos
Hunsrik: Moos
Luxembourgish: Moos


walk

walk (nominative singular)
walku (nominative plural)
walk (accusative singular)
walku (accusative plural)
walkas (genitive singular)
walkō (genitive plural)
walkē (dative singular)
walkum (dative plural)
walku (instrumental singular)
walkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wealc, ġewealc

Middle English: walk, walc, walke
English: walk
Scots: walk

Old Dutch: *walk

Middle Dutch: walc

Old High German: *walc

Middle High German: walc

German: Walk (obsolete)


barn

barn (nominative singular)
barnu (nominative plural)
barn (accusative singular)
barnu (accusative plural)
barnas (genitive singular)
barnō (genitive plural)
barnē (dative singular)
barnum (dative plural)
barnu (instrumental singular)
barnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bearn, bern
Middle English: barn
English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn

Old Frisian: barn, bern

North Frisian: bjarn

desc

Saterland Frisian: Bäiden, Bidden (Strukelje)

West Frisian: barn, bern

Old Saxon: barn

Old Dutch: *barn

Middle Dutch: baren

Old High German: barn, parn

Middle High German: barn


dung

dung (nominative singular)
dungi (nominative plural)
dungu (accusative singular)
dungi (accusative plural)
dungi (genitive singular)
dungō (genitive plural)
dungi (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)
dungi (instrumental singular)
dungum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dung, ding
Middle English: donge, dung, dunge
→ Anglo-Norman: donjun (semantic loan)

Old Saxon: dung
Middle Low German: dunk, dunc

Old High German: tung
Middle High German: tunc
German: Tunk

From Proto-Germanic *dungz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéngʰ-s ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-és, from *dʰengʰ- (“to cover, hide, conceal”) + *-s.


bord

bord (nominative singular)
bordu (nominative plural)
bord (accusative singular)
bordu (accusative plural)
bordas (genitive singular)
bordō (genitive plural)
bordē (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)
bordu (instrumental singular)
bordum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bord
→ Cornish: bord
Middle English: bord
English: board
Scots: buird
Yola: borde
→ Old Irish: bord
Middle Irish: bord
Irish: bord
Manx: boayrd
Scottish Gaelic: bòrd
→ Middle Welsh: bort
Welsh: bord
→ Middle Welsh: bwrð
Welsh: bwrdd

Old Frisian: bord

Saterland Frisian: Boud

West Frisian: board

Old Saxon: bord

Middle Low German: bōrt

German Low German: Boord

Old Dutch: *bort
Middle Dutch: bort
Dutch: bord
Afrikaans: bord

Old High German: bort

Middle High German: bort

German: Bord

→ Medieval Latin: bordum (see there for further descendants)


lok

lok (nominative singular)
loku (nominative plural)
lok (accusative singular)
loku (accusative plural)
lokas (genitive singular)
lokō (genitive plural)
lokē (dative singular)
lokum (dative plural)
loku (instrumental singular)
lokum (instrumental plural)

Old English: loc
Middle English: lok, loc, lock, loke
English: lock
Scots: lock
Yola: lauckès (plural)
→ Anglo-Norman: loc
⇒ Anglo-Norman: loquet
Middle French: loquet
French: loquet
→ English: locket
→ Italian: lucchetto
→ Lombard: lochet
→ Portuguese: aloquete
→ Middle English: locket
English: locket

Old Frisian: lok

Old Saxon: *lok

Middle Low German: lok

German Low German: Lock

Old Dutch: *lok

Middle Dutch: loc

Dutch: lok

Old High German: loh

Middle High German: loch

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: loch, lòch (Sette Comuni)

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Loch

Luxembourgish: Lach

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German:

Vilamovian: łöch

East Franconian:

German: Loch
→ Czech: loch
→ Dutch: loch
→ Polish: loch

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: Loch

Pennsylvania German: Loch

Yiddish: לאָך (lokh)


malt

malt (nominative singular)
maltu (nominative plural)
malt (accusative singular)
maltu (accusative plural)
maltas (genitive singular)
maltō (genitive plural)
maltē (dative singular)
maltum (dative plural)
maltu (instrumental singular)
maltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mealt, malt
Middle English: malt, malte, maltt, mault, maulte
English: malt
Scots: maut
Yola: mault

Old Frisian: malt

Saterland Frisian: Moalt

Old Saxon: malt

Middle Low German: malt, molt

German Low German: Molt

Old Dutch: malt

Middle Dutch: malt, mout

Dutch: mout
→ West Frisian: mout

Old High German: malz

Middle High German: malz

German: Malz

Luxembourgish: Malz

→ Proto-Slavic: *molto (see there for further descendants)


ward

ward (nominative singular)
wardō (nominative plural)
wardōs (nominative plural)
ward (accusative singular)
wardā (accusative plural)
wardas (genitive singular)
wardō (genitive plural)
wardē (dative singular)
wardum (dative plural)
wardu (instrumental singular)
wardum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weard

Middle English: ward

Scots: ward

English: ward

⇒ Old Frisian: warder

Old Saxon: ward

Middle Low German: wart, wārt (in compounds)

Old High German: wart

Middle High German: wart

German: Wart


þing

þing (nominative singular)
þingu (nominative plural)
þing (accusative singular)
þingu (accusative plural)
þingas (genitive singular)
þingō (genitive plural)
þingē (dative singular)
þingum (dative plural)
þingu (instrumental singular)
þingum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þing, þinċġ, þinġċ
Middle English: thing, thinge, thyng
English: thing
Scots: thing, ting, hing
Yola: dhing

Old Frisian: thing

Saterland Frisian: Ding

West Frisian: ting, ding

Old Saxon: thing
Middle Low German: dinc, dink, tink
German Low German: Ding
Plautdietsch: Dinkj

Old Dutch: thinc
Middle Dutch: dinc
Dutch: ding
Afrikaans: ding
Berbice Creole Dutch: dinggi
Jersey Dutch: däng
Limburgish: dink, ding

Old High German: ding, dinc, dink, thing
Middle High German: dinc
Cimbrian: ding
German: Ding
Luxembourgish: Déngen
Pennsylvania German: Ding


stain

stain (nominative singular)
stainō (nominative plural)
stainōs (nominative plural)
stain (accusative singular)
stainā (accusative plural)
stainas (genitive singular)
stainō (genitive plural)
stainē (dative singular)
stainum (dative plural)
stainu (instrumental singular)
stainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stān
Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
English: stone (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: styen
Scots: stane
Yola: sthoan
→ Anglo-Norman: ston

Old Frisian: stēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: stian
Goesharde: stiin
Halligen: stian
Heligoland: Stean
Mooring: stiinj
Sylt: Stiin
Wiedingharde: stiin
Saterland Frisian: Steen
West Frisian: stien

Old Saxon: stēn
Middle Low German: stên, stein
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Steen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stëin
Lippisch: Steun
Sauerländisch: Stäin, Stoin, Stǟn, Stain, Steyn
Westmünsterländisch: Steen
Plautdietsch: Steen

Old Dutch: stēn
Middle Dutch: stêen
Dutch: steen
Afrikaans: steen
→ Sotho: setene
→ Southern Ndebele: isitina
→ Zulu: isitini
Fanagalo: stin
Berbice Creole Dutch: ten
Negerhollands: steen, stin, sten
→ Virgin Islands Creole: sten (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: stene, stenna
→ Papiamentu: stenchi (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: stein

Old High German: stein
Middle High German: stein
Alemannic German: Steei
Swabian: Schdoi, Schdoa
Bavarian: Staa, Stan, Stoa, Stoan, Stuan
Central Franconian: Stään, Steen, Stein
Hunsrik: Steen, xtayn
Transylvanian Saxon: Stien
German: Stein
Luxembourgish: Steen
Vilamovian: śtan
Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)


hail

hail (nominative singular)
hailiʀu (nominative plural)
hail (accusative singular)
hailiʀu (accusative plural)
hailiʀi (genitive singular)
hailiʀō (genitive plural)
hailiʀi (dative singular)
hailiʀum (dative plural)
hailiʀi (instrumental singular)
hailiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣl

Old Saxon: hēl

Middle Low German: heil

Old Dutch: *heil

Middle Dutch: heil

Dutch: heil

Afrikaans: heil

Old High German: heil

Middle High German: heil

German: Heil


hol

hol (nominative singular)
holu (nominative plural)
hol (accusative singular)
holu (accusative plural)
holas (genitive singular)
holō (genitive plural)
holē (dative singular)
holum (dative plural)
holu (instrumental singular)
holum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hol

Middle English: hol, hole, hool

Scots: hol, holl, hole

English: hole

Old Frisian: hol

North Frisian: hol

Old Saxon: *hol

Middle Low German: hol

Low German: Holl

Old Dutch: *hol

Middle Dutch: hol

Dutch: hol

Old High German: hol

Middle High German: hol

→ Walloon: hol (possibly from Norse)

q

unless from Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">hol</i>

→? Norman: houle (unless from Old Norse hol)

Middle French: houle

French: houle


hring

hring (nominative singular)
hringō (nominative plural)
hringōs (nominative plural)
hring (accusative singular)
hringā (accusative plural)
hringas (genitive singular)
hringō (genitive plural)
hringē (dative singular)
hringum (dative plural)
hringu (instrumental singular)
hringum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hring, hrincg, hrinċġ, ring
Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
English: ring
Scots: ring
Yola: ring
→ Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)

Old Frisian: hring

North Frisian: Ring, Rink

Saterland Frisian: Ring

West Frisian: ring

Old Saxon: hring
Middle Low German: rinc, rink, ring
German Low German: Ring
Low German: rink
Plautdietsch: Rinkj

Old Dutch: rinc
Middle Dutch: rinc
Dutch: ring
Afrikaans: ring
Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
→? Aukan: linga
→ Indonesian: ring
→ Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: rink

Old High German: ring, hring
Middle High German: rinc, ring
German: Ring
Luxembourgish: Rank
Yiddish: רינג (ring)

desc

→ Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: renge, range (“sword-belt”)

Middle French: renge

→ Middle English: renge, raunge

From Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring, circle”).


hring

Old English: hring

Middle English: *ring

English: ring

From Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ringing sound”).


biti

biti (nominative singular)
bitī (nominative plural)
biti (accusative singular)
bitī (accusative plural)
bitī (genitive singular)
bittjō (genitive plural)
bitī (dative singular)
bitim (dative plural)
bittjum (dative plural)
bitī (instrumental singular)
bitim (instrumental plural)
bittjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bite
Middle English: bitte, bite (merged with descendant of Old English bita)
Scots: bit
English: bit

Old Frisian: biti, bite

Saterland Frisian: Biet

West Frisian: bit

Old Saxon: biti

desc

Middle Low German: bēte, bēt, bette, bitte

German Low German: Beet, Biet

Old Dutch: *biti

desctree

Middle Dutch: bete
Dutch: beet
Limburgish: beet

Old High German: biz

Middle High German: biz

Alemannic German: Bitz

German: Biss

Luxembourgish: Bëss

Yiddish: ביס (bis)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”).


regn

regn (nominative singular)
regnō (nominative plural)
regnōs (nominative plural)
regn (accusative singular)
regnā (accusative plural)
regnas (genitive singular)
regnō (genitive plural)
regnē (dative singular)
regnum (dative plural)
regnu (instrumental singular)
regnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: reġn, rēn, reġen
Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren, ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne

Old Frisian: rein

Saterland Frisian: Rien

West Frisian: rein

Old Saxon: regan, regin

Middle Low German: rēgen

German Low German: Regen

Plautdietsch: Räajen

→ Transylvanian Saxon: Reen

Old Dutch: regan
Middle Dutch: rēgen
Dutch: regen
Afrikaans: reën
Negerhollands: regen, regn, rign, regon
Skepi Creole Dutch: regen, ragin
Limburgish: raenger
West Flemish: rin, rein

Old High German: regan, regin
Middle High German: rëgen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Raga
Italian Walser: regu, räge, rägä
Swabian: Räaga
Bavarian: Regn
Cimbrian: réego, regan, reng
Mòcheno: reng
Udinese: regn, rein
Central Franconian: Rään
Hunsrik: Rehn
Luxembourgish: Reen
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: reeng [ˈɣeːŋ]
Vilamovian: raan
German: Regen
Rhine Franconian: Raje, Raane, Räje, Rääche, Rään, Rääne, Rääsche, Reche, Ree, Reen, Reesche, Reje, Resche, Riin
Frankfurterisch: Rääsche [ʀɛːʒ̥ə]
Pennsylvania German: Regge
Yiddish: רעגן (regn)


brand

brand (nominative singular)
brandō (nominative plural)
brandōs (nominative plural)
brand (accusative singular)
brandā (accusative plural)
brandas (genitive singular)
brandō (genitive plural)
brandē (dative singular)
brandum (dative plural)
brandu (instrumental singular)
brandum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brand, brond
Middle English: brand, brond
English: brand
Scots: brand

Old Frisian: brand, brond

Saterland Frisian: Bround

West Frisian: brân

Old Saxon: brand

Middle Low German: brant

German Low German: Brand

Old Dutch: *brand

Middle Dutch: brant
Dutch: brand
Afrikaans: brand
Limburgish: brandj

Old High German: brant

Middle High German: brant

German: Brand

Luxembourgish: Brand

→ Vulgar Latin: *brandus (see there for further descendants)


busk

busk (nominative singular)
boskō (nominative plural)
boskōs (nominative plural)
busk (accusative singular)
boskā (accusative plural)
boskas (genitive singular)
boskō (genitive plural)
buskē (dative singular)
buskum (dative plural)
busku (instrumental singular)
buskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bysċ, busċ

Middle English: bush

English: bush

Scots: bus

Old Frisian: bosk

Saterland Frisian: Busk

West Frisian: bosk

Old Saxon: busk

Middle Low German: busk, busch

Low German: Busk, Busch

Old Dutch: *busc
Middle Dutch: bosch
Dutch: bos

Old High German: busk
Middle High German: busch, bosch
German: Busch

→ Latin: boscus (see there for further descendants)


barm

barm (nominative singular)
barmō (nominative plural)
barmōs (nominative plural)
barm (accusative singular)
barmā (accusative plural)
barmas (genitive singular)
barmō (genitive plural)
barmē (dative singular)
barmum (dative plural)
barmu (instrumental singular)
barmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bearm
Middle English: barm, barme, bearm, berm, berme
English: barm
Scots: berme, berm, barm

Old Frisian: *barm

⇒ Old Frisian: barmbracco

Old Saxon: barm

Middle Low German: barme

Old High German: barm

Middle High German: barm, barn, parm

German: Barm


barm

Old Frisian: *barm, *berm

West Frisian: barm, berm

Old Saxon: *barm

Middle Low German: barm, berme

German Low German: Berme

→ German: Berme

Old Dutch: *barm

Middle Dutch: barm, barem, baerm

Dutch: berm

→ French: berme

→ English: berm


nest

nest (nominative singular)
nestu (nominative plural)
nest (accusative singular)
nestu (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
nestō (genitive plural)
nestē (dative singular)
nestum (dative plural)
nestu (instrumental singular)
nestum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nest
Middle English: nest, neste, nist, nyst, neest
English: nest
Scots: nest
Yola: naesth

Old Frisian: *nest

Saterland Frisian: Nääst

West Frisian: nêst, nust

Old Saxon: *nest

Middle Low German: nest

German Low German: Nest

Plautdietsch: Nast

→ Swedish: näste

Old Dutch: nest

Middle Dutch: nest

Dutch: nest
Afrikaans: nes
Negerhollands: nest, nes
→ Papiamentu: nèshi, nèishi, nesji

⇒ Limburgish: ès (rebracketing)

Old High German: nest

Middle High German: nest, nist

Bavarian: Nest

⇒ Cimbrian: èst (rebracketing)

desc

Central Franconian: Ness, Nest, Nöss, Nöst, Nost (all < nist)

Hunsrik: Nist

Luxembourgish: Nascht

German: Nest

Rhine Franconian: Nest, Nescht, Nischt (last < nist)

Pennsylvania German: Nescht

Vilamovian: naost

Yiddish: נעסט (nest)


gad

gad (nominative singular)
gadō (nominative plural)
gadōs (nominative plural)
gad (accusative singular)
gadā (accusative plural)
gadas (genitive singular)
gadō (genitive plural)
gadē (dative singular)
gadum (dative plural)
gadu (instrumental singular)
gadum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gæd

From Proto-Germanic *gadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ-.


bard

bard (nominative singular)
bardō (nominative plural)
bardōs (nominative plural)
bard (accusative singular)
bardā (accusative plural)
bardas (genitive singular)
bardō (genitive plural)
bardē (dative singular)
bardum (dative plural)
bardu (instrumental singular)
bardum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: beard
Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

Old Frisian: *bard, berd

West Frisian: burd

Old Saxon: bard

Middle Low German: bart

German Low German: Baart

Westphalian

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bårt

Vest Recklinghausen: Bart

Westmünsterländisch: Baord, Buord, Burd

Plautdietsch: Boat

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde

→ Saterland Frisian: Boart

Old Dutch: *bart

Middle Dutch: bāert
Dutch: baard
Afrikaans: baard
Negerhollands: baard
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bad (archaic)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
→ West Frisian: baard
Limburgish: baerd

Old High German: bart
Middle High German: bart
Alemannic German: Baart
Bavarian: Bårt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Baart
Luxembourgish: Baart
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: biöet, biöt
East Franconian:
German: Bart
→ Norwegian: bart
Rhine Franconian: Bat, Bart
Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt], (older) [b̥ɔːt]
Pennsylvania German: Baart
Yiddish: באָרד (bord)


disk

disk (nominative singular)
diskō (nominative plural)
diskōs (nominative plural)
disk (accusative singular)
diskā (accusative plural)
diskas (genitive singular)
diskō (genitive plural)
diskē (dative singular)
diskum (dative plural)
disku (instrumental singular)
diskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: disċ
Middle English: disch, dish, disc
English: dish
Tok Pisin: dis
Scots: dish
Yola: dishe

Old Saxon: disk
Middle Low German:
German Low German: Disk, Disch
Plautdietsch: Desch

Old Dutch: disc

Middle Dutch: disch

Dutch: dis

Limburgish: dösj

Old High German: tisc
Middle High German: tisch
Alemannic German: Disch
Bavarian: Disch
Cimbrian: tiss, tisch (Luserna)
Central Franconian:
Eiflerisch: Disch, Desch
Hunsrik: Disch
Kölsch: Desch
Luxembourgish: Dësch
Transylvanian Saxon: Däsch
East Central German:
Vilamovian: tejś
East Franconian:
German: Tisch
Rhine Franconian: Disch
Pennsylvania German: Disch
Yiddish: טיש (tish)

→? Old Norse: diskr (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Slavic: *dъskà (“board”) (see there for further descendants)


lag

lag (nominative singular)
lagu (nominative plural)
lag (accusative singular)
lagu (accusative plural)
lagas (genitive singular)
lagō (genitive plural)
lagē (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)
lagu (instrumental singular)
lagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *læġ

Middle English: lai, lay, lagh

English: lay

Scots: lay

⇒ Old English: ġelæġ

⇒ Old English: oferlæġ

⇒ Old Frisian: laga

North Frisian: lag, log

Old Saxon: *lag

Middle Low German: lag, lach, lōch, lov

Old Dutch: lag

Middle Dutch: lach

Dutch: lag

a settled amount (cost, price, payment, etc.)


aland

aland (nominative singular)
alandō (nominative plural)
alandōs (nominative plural)
aland (accusative singular)
alandā (accusative plural)
alandas (genitive singular)
alandō (genitive plural)
alandē (dative singular)
alandum (dative plural)
alandu (instrumental singular)
alandum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: aland, alund

Middle Low German: ālant, āland

→ Danish: alant

⇒ Middle Low German: alandwort

→ Swedish: ålandsrot (partial calque)

Old Dutch: *aland

Middle Dutch: alant, alaen

Dutch: alant

Old High German: alant

Middle High German: alant

German: Alant

⇒ Middle Low German: alantwurz

German: Alantwurz

Possibly from *alandī (“nourishing, healing”), present participle of *alan (“to nourish”).


hals

hals (nominative singular)
halsō (nominative plural)
halsōs (nominative plural)
hals (accusative singular)
halsā (accusative plural)
halsas (genitive singular)
halsō (genitive plural)
halsē (dative singular)
halsum (dative plural)
halsu (instrumental singular)
halsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heals
Middle English: hals
English: halse, hawse
Scots: hause

Old Frisian: hals
Saterland Frisian: Hoals
West Frisian: hals

Old Saxon: hals

Middle Low German: hals

German Low German: Hals

Plautdietsch: Hauls

Old Dutch: hals

Middle Dutch: hals
Dutch: hals

Old High German: hals
Middle High German: hals
Cimbrian: hals, haltz (Sette Comuni)
German: Hals
Luxembourgish: Hals
Yiddish: האַלדז (haldz)


holm

holm (nominative singular)
holmō (nominative plural)
holmōs (nominative plural)
holm (accusative singular)
holmā (accusative plural)
holmas (genitive singular)
holmō (genitive plural)
holmē (dative singular)
holmum (dative plural)
holmu (instrumental singular)
holmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: holm (meaning influenced by Old Norse holmr)

Middle English: holm, holme

English: holm

Scots: holm, hulm, houm

Old Saxon: holm

Middle Low German: holm

Low German: Holm

→ German: Holm

Old Dutch: holm

Middle Dutch: holm

Dutch: holm


dor

dor (nominative singular)
doru (nominative plural)
dor (accusative singular)
doru (accusative plural)
doras (genitive singular)
dorō (genitive plural)
dorē (dative singular)
dorum (dative plural)
doru (instrumental singular)
dorum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dor

Middle English: dor

English: door

Old Saxon: dor

Old High German: tor

Middle High German: tor

Cimbrian: tor

German: Tor


gait

gait (nominative singular)
gaiti (nominative plural)
gaitu (accusative singular)
gaiti (accusative plural)
gaiti (genitive singular)
gaitō (genitive plural)
gaiti (dative singular)
gaitum (dative plural)
gaiti (instrumental singular)
gaitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gāt
Middle English: goot, got, gat, gote, goet, goth, gathe, geet
English: goat (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gait, gayt
Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth

Old Frisian: *gāt, *gēt

North Frisian: giet

Saterland Frisian: Geet

→ German Low German: Jitt (dialectal)

West Frisian: geit

Old Saxon: gēt

Middle Low German: gete, geite

Walloon: gade

Old Dutch: *geit
Middle Dutch: geit
Dutch: geit
Afrikaans: geit
Limburgish: geit

Old High German: geiz

Middle High German: geiz

Alemannic German: Geiss

Bavarian: Goaß

Cimbrian: goaz, gòas (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: goas

German: Geiß

Luxembourgish: Geess


gait

Old Saxon: *gēt

⇒ Old Saxon: gētfugol

Old Frisian: *gēt

⇒ Old Frisian: *gētel

Saterland Frisian: geitel

Possibly from the above, compare Dutch geitenmelker.


wadi

wadi (nominative singular)
waddju (nominative plural)
wadi (accusative singular)
waddju (accusative plural)
waddjas (genitive singular)
waddjō (genitive plural)
waddjē (dative singular)
waddjum (dative plural)
waddju (instrumental singular)
waddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wedd

Middle English: wedde, wed

Scots: wed, wod, wad

Old Frisian: wedde, wed

Saterland Frisian: Wädde

West Frisian: wet

Old Saxon: weddi

Middle Low German: wedde

German Low German: Wedde, Wedd

Old Dutch: *weddi

Middle Dutch: wedde

Dutch: wedde

Old High German: wetti
Middle High German: wette
German: Wette
Luxembourgish: Wett
Yiddish: וועט (vet)

→ Medieval Latin: wadium

→ Old French: gage, guage, gaige, wage
Middle French: gage
French: gage
→ Middle English: gage
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gager, gagier, guagier
Middle French: guagier, gager
French: gager
→ Middle English: gagen
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gageure
French: gageure, gageüre
→ Piedmontese: gagi

→ Old Northern French: wage

→ Middle English: wage

English: wage

⇒ Old Northern French: wagier

→ Middle English: wagen

English: wage

⇒ Old Northern French: wageure, wagour

desc

→ Middle English: wager, waiour, wageour, waiowre, wagour

English: wager


holt

holt (nominative singular)
holtu (nominative plural)
holt (accusative singular)
holtu (accusative plural)
holtas (genitive singular)
holtō (genitive plural)
holtē (dative singular)
holtum (dative plural)
holtu (instrumental singular)
holtum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: holt
Middle English: holt
English: holt, hoult (obsolete)
Scots: holt

Old Frisian: holt

North Frisian: holt

Saterland Frisian: Holt

West Frisian: hout

Old Saxon: holt

Middle Low German: holt

German Low German: Holt

Plautdietsch: Holt

Old Dutch: holt
Middle Dutch: hout
Dutch: hout
Afrikaans: hout
Limburgish: hówtj

Old High German: holz
Middle High German: holz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hòltz
Mòcheno: holz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Hols
Luxembourgish: Holz
German: Holz
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: hold̥s
Pennsylvania German: Hols
Vilamovian: hułc
Yiddish: האָלץ (holts)


geld

geld (nominative singular)
geldu (nominative plural)
geld (accusative singular)
geldu (accusative plural)
geldas (genitive singular)
geldō (genitive plural)
geldē (dative singular)
geldum (dative plural)
geldu (instrumental singular)
geldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġield, ġild, ġyld, ġeld
Middle English: ȝeld
English: yield
Scots: ȝeld, ȝeild
→ Medieval Latin: geldum, gildum

Old Frisian: ield, geld, jeld
North Frisian: jild
Saterland Frisian: Jield, Jäild
West Frisian: jild

Old Saxon: geld

Middle Low German: gelt

German Low German: Geld

Plautdietsch: Jelt

Old Dutch: geld

Middle Dutch: gelt, ghelt, gheld

Dutch: geld
Afrikaans: geld
→ Sotho: tjhelete
→ Venda: tshelede
Jersey Dutch: xjäält, xält
Negerhollands: geld, gelt
Skepi Creole Dutch: galti

Limburgish: gèldj

Old High German: kelt, gelt

Middle High German: gelt

German: Geld

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Geld

Central Franconian: Jeld

Hunsrik: Geld

Bavarian: Goid

Cimbrian: gèlt

Alemannic German: Gäld

Luxembourgish: Geld

Vilamovian: giełd

Yiddish: געלט (gelt)
→ English: gelt


bait

bait (nominative singular)
baitō (nominative plural)
baitōs (nominative plural)
bait (accusative singular)
baitā (accusative plural)
baitas (genitive singular)
baitō (genitive plural)
baitē (dative singular)
baitum (dative plural)
baitu (instrumental singular)
baitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bāt
Middle English: bot, bate, bat, bote, boot, boet, boyt, bootte, boote
English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot
Scots: bate, bait
→ Middle Dutch: boot
Dutch: boot
Afrikaans: boot
→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott
Low German: Boot
Plautdietsch: Boot
→ German: Boot
→ North Frisian: böötj
→ Saterland Frisian: Boot
→ West Frisian: boat
→ Catalan: bot
→ Galician: bote
→ Old French: bot
→ Portuguese: bote
→ Spanish: bote
→ Cebuano: bote
→ Old Norse: bátr (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: batel (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Irish: bát
Irish: bád
Scottish Gaelic: bàta
Manx: baatey
→ Latin: battus
→ Welsh: bad

Old Dutch: *bēt

⇒ Old Dutch: *beitil (diminutive)

Middle Dutch: beitel


fader

fader (nominative singular)
fadar (nominative plural)
fadar (accusative singular)
fadar (accusative plural)
fadur (genitive singular)
fadrō (genitive plural)
fadri (dative singular)
fadrum (dative plural)
fadri (instrumental singular)
fadrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæder

Middle English: fader, fæder, faderr, fadir, fadyr, fadur, feder, vader, veder, faðer, father, ffader
English: father
→ Marshallese: bata
Gullah: farruh
Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither
Yola: vather

→ English: faeder

Old Frisian: feder, fader
North Frisian:
Goesharde:
Hoolmer: fooje
Hoorninger: fååje
Heligoland: Foor
Sylt: Faađer
Saterland Frisian: Foar
West Frisian: fader, faar

Old Saxon: fadar, fader

Middle Low German: vāder

German Low German: Vader, Vaar

Plautdietsch: Voda

Old Dutch: fadar
Middle Dutch: vāder, vaer (loss of -d-)
Dutch: vader
Afrikaans: vader
Berbice Creole Dutch: fadir
Javindo: fader
Jersey Dutch: vâder
Negerhollands: vader
Skepi Creole Dutch: father
Limburgish: vajer, vader

Old High German: fater
Middle High German: vater
Alemannic German: Vatter, Vater, Fatter
Italian Walser: fater, vàtter
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vatar, vaatar, baatar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno:
Udinese: votar, voter
Central Franconian: Vader
Hunsrik: Fatter
Transylvanian Saxon: Foater
East Central German: Voater
Vilamovian: foter, fōter
East Franconian:
German: Vater, Vatter
→ Central Franconian: Vatter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German:
Yiddish: פֿאָטער (foter)


harm

harm (nominative singular)
harmō (nominative plural)
harmōs (nominative plural)
harm (accusative singular)
harmā (accusative plural)
harmas (genitive singular)
harmō (genitive plural)
harmē (dative singular)
harmum (dative plural)
harmu (instrumental singular)
harmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hearm
Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
English: harm
Scots: herm, hairm
Yola: harrm

Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)

Old Saxon: harm
Middle Low German: harm, herm

Old Dutch: harm

Middle Dutch: harm

Dutch: harm

Old High German: harm, haram

Middle High German: harm

German: Harm


harm

Old Saxon: *harm

Middle Low German: harm

Old High German: harm

Middle High German: harm

German: Harm


gang

gang (nominative singular)
gangō (nominative plural)
gangōs (nominative plural)
gang (accusative singular)
gangā (accusative plural)
gangas (genitive singular)
gangō (genitive plural)
gangē (dative singular)
gangum (dative plural)
gangu (instrumental singular)
gangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gang, gancg, gong, ġeong, ġiong — with initial /j/ after palatalised past forms of gangan
Middle English: gong, gang, gonge, goonge
English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)
Scots: gang, gaung, ging
Northeastern: dyang, gyang

Old Frisian: gang, gong, gung

North Frisian: gong

Saterland Frisian: Goang

West Frisian: gong

Old Saxon: gang

Middle Low German: ganc, gank

German Low German: Gang

Old Dutch: gang (only attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: ganc

Dutch: gang

Old High German: gang
Middle High German: ganc
Bavarian: Gång
German: Gang
Polish: ganek
Yiddish: גאַניק (ganik) (probably borrowed from Polish)
Luxembourgish: Gang, Gank
→ Middle French: gangue
French: gangue
→ English: gangue


kaf

kaf (nominative singular)
kafu (nominative plural)
kaf (accusative singular)
kafu (accusative plural)
kafas (genitive singular)
kafō (genitive plural)
kafē (dative singular)
kafum (dative plural)
kafu (instrumental singular)
kafum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeaf, ċef, *cæf — unattested, but descendants found in Middle English
Middle English: chaf, caf, caff, caffe, chaff, chaffe, chef, kaf, kaff, schaf
English: chaff
Scots: caff
→ Irish: cabha

Old Frisian: *tzef

East Frisian:

Harlingerland Frisian: schieff, scheff

Saterland Frisian: Sääf

Wangerooge Frisian: sjëf

West Frisian: tsjêf

Gaasterland: sjêf

Eastern Terschelling: tsjêb

Old Saxon: kaf

Middle Low German: kaf

German Low German: Kaff

→ North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: kaf

Sylt: Kaf

Old Dutch: *caf

Middle Dutch: caf

Dutch: kaf

Afrikaans: kaf

→ West Frisian: kaf

Old High German: kaf

Middle High German: kaf

German: Kaff

Luxembourgish: Kuef

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵep-, *ǵebʰ- (“jaw, mouth; to eat, chew, devour”).


spik

spik (nominative singular)
spiku (nominative plural)
spik (accusative singular)
spiku (accusative plural)
spikas (genitive singular)
spikō (genitive plural)
spikē (dative singular)
spikum (dative plural)
spiku (instrumental singular)
spikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spiċ

desc

Middle English: spik, spyk, spike, spich

Scots: spick, spect

English: speck

Old Frisian: spek

Saterland Frisian: Späk

West Frisian: spek

Old Saxon: spek, spekk

Middle Low German: spek, speck

German Low German: Speck

→ Norwegian: spekk

→ Danish: spæk

→ Swedish: späck

Old Dutch: spek

Middle Dutch: spec

Dutch: spek

desctree

Old High German: spek, spec
Middle High German: spëc
German: Speck
Luxembourgish: Speck
Yiddish: שפּעק (shpek)


gat

gat (nominative singular)
gatu (nominative plural)
gat (accusative singular)
gatu (accusative plural)
gatas (genitive singular)
gatō (genitive plural)
gatē (dative singular)
gatum (dative plural)
gatu (instrumental singular)
gatum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gat, gæt, ġeat

desc

Middle English: ȝeat, ȝat, ȝate, ȝet, gat, gate

English: gate; yate (dialectal)

→ Irish: geata

→ Scottish Gaelic: geata

→ Dutch: gate

→ German: Gate

→ Fiji Hindi: geet

Scots: ȝet, ȝett, yet, yett

Old Frisian: gat, jet

Saterland Frisian: Gat

West Frisian: gat

Old Saxon: gat

Middle Low German: gat

German Low German: Gatt

Low German: gat

→ German: Gatt, Gat

→ Danish: gat

→ Swedish: gatt

Old Dutch: *gat

Middle Dutch: gat

Dutch: gat

Afrikaans: gat


stadi

stadi (nominative singular)
stadī (nominative plural)
stadi (accusative singular)
stadī (accusative plural)
stadī (genitive singular)
staddjō (genitive plural)
stadī (dative singular)
stadim (dative plural)
staddjum (dative plural)
stadī (instrumental singular)
stadim (instrumental plural)
staddjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: stede
Middle English: stede, stad, sted, stedd, stedde, steed, steede, steode, steyd, stid, stide, stode, stud, stude, styd, stydde, styde
English: stead
Scots: steid, sted

Old Frisian: stede

Saterland Frisian: Steede, Stääd

West Frisian: stêd

Old Saxon: stedi

Middle Low German: stēde

German Low German: Stee

Old Dutch: stat
Middle Dutch: stat, stede
Dutch: stad, stede, stee

Old High German: stat

Middle High German: stat

Central Franconian: Stadt

Hunsrik: xtat

Luxembourgish: Stad

German: Stadt, Statt, Stätte (doublets)

Rhine Franconian: Stadt

Pennsylvania German: Schtadt, Schtedt

Vilamovian: śtaod

Yiddish: שטאָט (shtot), שטעטל (shtetl)

→ English: shtetl


helm

helm (nominative singular)
helmō (nominative plural)
helmōs (nominative plural)
helm (accusative singular)
helmā (accusative plural)
helmas (genitive singular)
helmō (genitive plural)
helmē (dative singular)
helmum (dative plural)
helmu (instrumental singular)
helmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: helm
Middle English: helm
English: helm

Old Frisian: helm

Saterland Frisian: Hälm

West Frisian: helm

Old Saxon: helm

Middle Low German: helm

Low German: Helm

Old Dutch: helm

Middle Dutch: helm

Dutch: helm

Afrikaans: helm

Old High German: helm
Middle High German: helm
German: Helm
Polish: hełm
Luxembourgish: Helm

→ Latin: helmus [8th century, Reichenau Glossary] (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *šelmъ (see there for further descendants)


helm

Old English: *helm

Middle English: helm

desc

English: helm (“stalk, haulm; bentgrass”)

Old Dutch: *helm

Middle Dutch: *helm

Dutch: helm

Low German: helm (“sedge; marram grass”)

→ Danish: hjælme

→ Icelandic: hjálmur

From Proto-Germanic *helmaz, related to *halmaz (“haulm, straw, hay; stalk”) (whence *halm). The ablaut points to an older athematic paradigm in Proto-Indo-European, according to Kroonen probably *ḱélh₂m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂mós; compare Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”). The o-grade in *halmaz and cognates such as Latin culmus, Proto-Slavic *sòlma and Latvian sal̃ms may have come either from an accusative stem *ḱolh₂-m- or by analogy with the thematic suffix *-(ó)-mos. In any case ultimately from the root *ḱelh₂- (“to prick, stab; straw, reed”).

a reedy grass that dries as hollow stalks: bentgrass (genus Agrostis or Ammophila); sedge

Synonym of *halm (“stalk, haulm, straw”)


poll

poll (nominative singular)
pollō (nominative plural)
pollōs (nominative plural)
poll (accusative singular)
pollā (accusative plural)
pollas (genitive singular)
pollō (genitive plural)
pollē (dative singular)
pollum (dative plural)
pollu (instrumental singular)
pollum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *poll

q

Middle English: polle, poll (or borrowed from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)

Scots: poll, pow

English: poll

⇒ English: pollhead

→ Anglo-Norman: poll

⇒ Middle English: tadpolle, taddepol

English: tadpole

Old Frisian: *poll

desc

Saterland Frisian: Polle (“wooden block serving as a fulcrum”)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: poll, pol (adj)

Old Saxon: *poll

Middle Low German: pol, polle

German Low German: Polle

Old Dutch: *poll, polla

Middle Dutch: pol, polle

Dutch: pol

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *pullaz, possibly nominalized from Proto-Indo-European *bl̥-nó-s (“swollen”), from *bel- (“to swell, become strong”) + *-nós.


flint

flint (nominative singular)
flintō (nominative plural)
flintōs (nominative plural)
flint (accusative singular)
flintā (accusative plural)
flintas (genitive singular)
flintō (genitive plural)
flintē (dative singular)
flintum (dative plural)
flintu (instrumental singular)
flintum (instrumental plural)

Old English: flint

desctree

Middle English: flynt, flent, flint, flinte, flynte, vlint
English: flint
Scots: flint
→ Welsh: fflint

Old Frisian: *flint

West Frisian: flint, flinte

Old Saxon: *flint

Middle Low German: vlint

→ Danish: flint

→ Middle High German: flünt, flint

German: Flint

→ Norwegian: flint

→ Swedish: flinta

→ German: Flinte
→ Czech: flinta
→ Hungarian: flinta
→ Romanian: flintă
→ Plautdietsch: Flint
→ Polish: flinta

Old Dutch: *flint

Middle Dutch: vlint

Dutch: flint

Old High German: flins

Middle High German: vlins, flins

→ Middle Low German: vlins, flins

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *flintaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pley- (“to cleave, split off, splice”).


tal

tal (nominative singular)
talu (nominative plural)
tal (accusative singular)
talu (accusative plural)
talas (genitive singular)
talō (genitive plural)
talē (dative singular)
talum (dative plural)
talu (instrumental singular)
talum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tæl

Old Dutch: *tal

Middle Dutch: tal

Dutch: tal

Afrikaans: tal


stall

stall (nominative singular)
stallō (nominative plural)
stallōs (nominative plural)
stall (accusative singular)
stallā (accusative plural)
stallas (genitive singular)
stallō (genitive plural)
stallē (dative singular)
stallum (dative plural)
stallu (instrumental singular)
stallum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: steall, stall, stæll
Middle English: stal
English: stall
Scots: stal, staw

Old Frisian: stall, stal

Saterland Frisian: Staal

West Frisian: stâl

Old Saxon: *stall

Middle Low German: stal

German Low German: Stall

Old Dutch: *stal

Middle Dutch: stal
Dutch: stal
Afrikaans: stal
Limburgish: stal

Old High German: stal

Middle High German: stal

German: Stall

Hunsrik: Stall

Luxembourgish: Stall

Mòcheno: stòll

desc

→ Medieval Latin: stallum, staullum, stallus, stalla (see there for further descendants)


gard

gard (nominative singular)
gardō (nominative plural)
gardōs (nominative plural)
gard (accusative singular)
gardā (accusative plural)
gardas (genitive singular)
gardō (genitive plural)
gardē (dative singular)
gardum (dative plural)
gardu (instrumental singular)
gardum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġeard
Middle English: yerd, yerde, ȝerd, ȝeerd, yeerd, ȝeard, yard, yarde, yorde, ȝarde, yherde, ȝorde, ȝeorde
English: yard
Scots: yerd, yaird, yird

Old Saxon: gard
Middle Low German: gart

Old Dutch: gard

Middle Dutch: gāert

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*gardô</i>

Dutch: gaard (merged with *gardô)

Old High German: gart

Middle High German: gart

→ Vulgar Latin: *gardus

desctree

Old French: jart, gart, wart
Middle French: gard, gart

desc

⇒ Medieval Latin: hortus gardīnus (“enclosed garden”) (see there for further descendants)


baki

baki (nominative singular)
bakī (nominative plural)
baki (accusative singular)
bakī (accusative plural)
bakī (genitive singular)
bakkjō (genitive plural)
bakī (dative singular)
bakim (dative plural)
bakkjum (dative plural)
bakī (instrumental singular)
bakim (instrumental plural)
bakkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæċ

Middle English: bæcche, bæche, bache

English: beach, batch

Old Frisian: *beke, *betze

Saterland Frisian: Bäke

West Frisian: beek, (in placenames) beets

Old Saxon: *bak, beki

Middle Low German: bēke, bach

German Low German: Beek

Plautdietsch: Bach

→ German: -beck

desctree

Old Dutch: beki
Middle Dutch: bēke
Dutch: beek
Limburgish: baek

Old High German: bah

Middle High German: bach

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: pach

Mòcheno: pòch

German: Bach

Luxembourgish: Baach

→ Medieval Latin: bacha


anti

anti (nominative singular)
antī (nominative plural)
anti (accusative singular)
antī (accusative plural)
antī (genitive singular)
antijō (genitive plural)
antī (dative singular)
antim (dative plural)
antijum (dative plural)
antī (instrumental singular)
antim (instrumental plural)
antijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ent

→ English: ent (learned)

Old Saxon: ent

Old High German: *enz (found in Enzi-; Anzo, Enzo)


folk

folk (nominative singular)
folku (nominative plural)
folk (accusative singular)
folku (accusative plural)
folkas (genitive singular)
folkō (genitive plural)
folkē (dative singular)
folkum (dative plural)
folku (instrumental singular)
folkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: folc
Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
English: folk
Scots: fowk

Old Frisian: folk
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: folk
Saterland Frisian: Foulk
West Frisian: folk

Old Saxon: folk, folc
Middle Low German: volk
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Volk
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Volk
Ravensbergisch: Folk
Sauerländisch: Volk
Westmünsterländisch: Volk
Plautdietsch: Volkj

Old Dutch: folc
Middle Dutch: volc
Dutch: volk
Afrikaans: volk
Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
→ Sranan Tongo: folku
Limburgish: vouk

Old High German: folk, folc
Middle High German: volk
Cimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)
German: Volk
Hunsrik: Follek
Luxembourgish: Vollek
Vilamovian: fulk
Yiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)

→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus

Catalan: folc

Italian: folla

Old French: foulc (see there for further descendants)

Galician: foula


post

post (nominative singular)
postō (nominative plural)
postōs (nominative plural)
post (accusative singular)
postā (accusative plural)
postas (genitive singular)
postō (genitive plural)
postē (dative singular)
postum (dative plural)
postu (instrumental singular)
postum (instrumental plural)

Old English: post
Middle English: post, poste
English: post
→ German: Post
Scots: post, poist

Old Frisian: post

Old Saxon: post

Middle Low German: post

→ Danish: post

→ Old Swedish: poster

Swedish: post

→ Estonian: post

Old Dutch: *post

Middle Dutch: post

Dutch: post

Old High German: pfost
Middle High German: pfoste, pfost
German: Pfosten


husk

husk (nominative singular)
hoskō (nominative plural)
hoskōs (nominative plural)
husk (accusative singular)
hoskā (accusative plural)
hoskas (genitive singular)
hoskō (genitive plural)
huskē (dative singular)
huskum (dative plural)
husku (instrumental singular)
huskum (instrumental plural)
husk (nominative singular)
husku (nominative plural)
husk (accusative singular)
husku (accusative plural)
hoskas (genitive singular)
hoskō (genitive plural)
huskē (dative singular)
huskum (dative plural)
husku (instrumental singular)
huskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: husċ, hux, hucs, hucx
Middle English: hux

Old Saxon: hosk

Middle Low German: hosch

Old Dutch: hosk, hosc

Old High German: hosk, hosc

Middle High German: hosche

From Proto-Germanic *huskaz, *huską, from Proto-Indo-European *kewd- (“to be naughty, shout, mock”).


skip

skip (nominative singular)
skipu (nominative plural)
skip (accusative singular)
skipu (accusative plural)
skipas (genitive singular)
skipō (genitive plural)
skipē (dative singular)
skipum (dative plural)
skipu (instrumental singular)
skipum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċip, sċyp

Middle English: schip, schup

Scots: ship, schip

English: ship

→ Esperanto: ŝipo

Old Frisian: skip

North Frisian: schap (Mooring), Skep (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Skip, Schip

West Frisian: skip

Old Saxon: skip

Middle Low German: schip, schep

Low German: Schipp

German Low German: Schipp, Schip

Plautdietsch: Schepp

Old Dutch: *skip, scip

Middle Dutch: schip, schep

Dutch: schip

Afrikaans: skip

Limburgish: sjeep

desctree

Old High German: skif, skef
Middle High German: schif
Bavarian: Schiff, Scheff
Central Franconian: Scheff, Schöff, Schoff (all < MHG schif)
Luxembourgish: Schëff
German: Schiff
Yiddish: שיף (shif)
→ Old Italian: schifo
Italian: schifo
⇒ English: skeevy
⇒ English: skeeve
→ Middle French: esquif
French: esquif
→ Middle English: skif
English: skiff
→ Russian: скиф (skif)

(Elbe Germanic) any hollow or concave manmade object


elm

elm (nominative singular)
elmō (nominative plural)
elmōs (nominative plural)
elm (accusative singular)
elmā (accusative plural)
elmas (genitive singular)
elmō (genitive plural)
elmē (dative singular)
elmum (dative plural)
elmu (instrumental singular)
elmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: elm, *ulm m
Middle English: elm, alme, elme, helm, ulme
English: elm (dialectal ellum)
Scots: elm

⇒ Old English: ulmtrēow

desc

Middle English: ulm tree, elme-tre, elmetree

English: elmtree

Old Saxon: elm, alm m (alm in placenames)

Middle Low German: elme, elm, olm m

Low German: Elm, Ölm, Ilm, Ülm

Old Dutch: *olm m, alma f, alme-, elme-, helme- (in placenames)

gl

conflated with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">olme</i>?

Middle Dutch: olm, *alm m, olme f (conflated with Old French olme?)

Dutch: olm, alm m

Old High German: elm, ilme, elmo m

desc

Middle High German: ëlm, ëlme, elmene, ilm, ilme, ilmene f

Alemannic German: Elme, Ilme, Olme

⇒ Middle High German: ilmboum, ilmpoum

gl

native or borrowed from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ulmus</i>?

>? Old High German: ulm m (native or borrowed from Latin ulmus?)

Middle High German: ulme f (new borrowing from Latin, or back-formation from ulmboum and influenced by Latin?)

German: Ulme f

⇒ Old High German: ulmboum

Middle High German: ulmboum, ulmpoum

From Proto-Germanic *elmaz ~ *ilmis, *ulmis. Alternative form *olm derives from the zero-grade, and/or from Latin cognate ulmus (“elm”).


laud

laud (nominative singular)
laudu (nominative plural)
laud (accusative singular)
laudu (accusative plural)
laudas (genitive singular)
laudō (genitive plural)
laudē (dative singular)
laudum (dative plural)
laudu (instrumental singular)
laudum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lēad
Middle English: led
English: lead
Scots: leid, lede
Yola: leed

Old Frisian: lād

North Frisian: lud, luad

Saterland Frisian: Lood

West Frisian: lead

Old Saxon: lōd

Middle Low German: lôt

Low German: Lood

→ Danish: lod

→ Norwegian: lodd

Old Dutch: *lōt

Middle Dutch: lôot

Dutch: lood

Old High German: *lōt

Middle High German: lōt

German: Lot

→ Polish: lut

→ Polish: łut

Borrowed from Gaulish *loudon, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom.


wer

wer (nominative singular)
werō (nominative plural)
werōs (nominative plural)
wer (accusative singular)
werā (accusative plural)
weras (genitive singular)
werō (genitive plural)
werē (dative singular)
werum (dative plural)
weru (instrumental singular)
werum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wer

Middle English: wer

English: wer

Old Frisian: wer

Old Saxon: wer

Middle Low German: wēre

Old Dutch: *wer

Middle Dutch: weer

Old High German: wer

Middle High German: wer, were

German: Wer (archaic or obsolete)


pinn

pinn (nominative singular)
pinnō (nominative plural)
pinnōs (nominative plural)
pinn (accusative singular)
pinnā (accusative plural)
pinnas (genitive singular)
pinnō (genitive plural)
pinnē (dative singular)
pinnum (dative plural)
pinnu (instrumental singular)
pinnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pinn
Middle English: pinne, pin
English: pin
Scots: pinne, pin

Old Frisian: *pinn, *pin

Saterland Frisian: Pin

West Frisian: pin

Old Saxon: pinn, pin

Middle Low German: pin

German Low German: Pinn (merged with descendant of *pinnā)

→ German: Pinn

→ Old Norse: pinni, pinnr

Icelandic: pinni

Norwegian: pinne

Swedish: pinne

Danish: pind

Old Dutch: *pinn, *pin

Middle Dutch: pin

Dutch: pin (merged with descendant of *pinnā)

Old High German: pfin, phin

From Proto-Germanic *pinnaz, of obscure origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bendno-, from *bend- (“to jut, protrude, stick out; peak”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

unc

obscure


ard

ard (nominative singular)
ardō (nominative plural)
ardōs (nominative plural)
ard (accusative singular)
ardā (accusative plural)
ardas (genitive singular)
ardō (genitive plural)
ardē (dative singular)
ardum (dative plural)
ardu (instrumental singular)
ardum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eard

Old Saxon: ard

Old High German: art

From Proto-Germanic *ardiz (“nature, character, inborn quality”)


glas

glas (nominative singular)
glasu (nominative plural)
glas (accusative singular)
glasu (accusative plural)
glasas (genitive singular)
glasō (genitive plural)
glasē (dative singular)
glasum (dative plural)
glasu (instrumental singular)
glasum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: glæs
Middle English: glas
English: glass (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gless, glass

Old Frisian: gles

Saterland Frisian: Glääs

West Frisian: glês

Old Saxon: glas
Middle Low German: glas, glār
German Low German: Glas
Plautdietsch: Glauss
→ Old Norse: *glas
Faroese: glas
Norwegian Bokmål: glass
Norwegian Nynorsk: glas
Old Swedish: glas
Swedish: glas
Old Danish: glas
Danish: glas
→ Icelandic: glas

→ Finnish: lasi (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Old Norse: glaskeri

Old Dutch: glas

Middle Dutch: glas
Dutch: glas
Afrikaans: glas
Berbice Creole Dutch: glasi
Negerhollands: glas
→ Caribbean Hindustani: gilás
→ Caribbean Javanese: gelas
→ Indonesian: gelas
→ Japanese: ガラス (garasu)
→ Papiamentu: glas
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Kari'na: kalasi (or directly)
Limburgish: glaas

Old High German: glas, clas; clases (“amber”)

Middle High German: glas

Alemannic German: Glas

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: glas

Mòcheno: glos

Central Franconian: Jlas

Hunsrik: Glaas

German: Glas

Luxembourgish: Glas

Pennsylvania German: Glaas

Vilamovian: głoos

Yiddish: גלאָז (gloz)


bod

bod (nominative singular)
bodu (nominative plural)
bod (accusative singular)
bodu (accusative plural)
bodas (genitive singular)
bodō (genitive plural)
bodē (dative singular)
bodum (dative plural)
bodu (instrumental singular)
bodum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bod

Middle English: bod

English: bode

Old Frisian: bod

Old Saxon: *bod

Middle Low German: *bot

Plautdietsch: Boot

Old Dutch: *bot

Middle Dutch: bot

Dutch: bod

Afrikaans: bod


sinn

sinn (nominative singular)
sinnō (nominative plural)
sinnōs (nominative plural)
sinn (accusative singular)
sinnā (accusative plural)
sinnas (genitive singular)
sinnō (genitive plural)
sinnē (dative singular)
sinnum (dative plural)
sinnu (instrumental singular)
sinnum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sinn, sin

Saterland Frisian: Sin

West Frisian: sin

Old Saxon: *sinn

Middle Low German: sin

German Low German: Sinn

→ Danish: sind

→ Norwegian Bokmål: sinn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sinn

→ Old Swedish: sin

Swedish: sinne

Old Dutch: sin

Middle Dutch: sin
Dutch: zin
Afrikaans: sin
Negerhollands: sin
Limburgish: zin

Old High German: sin
Middle High German: sin
German: Sinn
Luxembourgish: Sënn
Yiddish: זין (zin)

→ Latin: *sennus, *sinnus (see there for further descendants)


hait

hait (nominative singular)
haitu (nominative plural)
hait (accusative singular)
haitu (accusative plural)
haitas (genitive singular)
haitō (genitive plural)
haitē (dative singular)
haitum (dative plural)
haitu (instrumental singular)
haitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hāt
English: hote, hot, hate, hat


fuir

fuir (nominative singular)
fuiru (nominative plural)
fuir (accusative singular)
fuiru (accusative plural)
fuiras (genitive singular)
fuirō (genitive plural)
fuirē (dative singular)
fuirum (dative plural)
fuiru (instrumental singular)
fuirum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fȳr
Middle English: fyr, fier, vir, fer, fur
English: fire
→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)
Sranan Tongo: faya
Scots: fyre, feier
Yola: vire, vier

Old Frisian: fiūr, fiōr

Saterland Frisian: Fjúur

West Frisian: fjoer

Old Saxon: fiur
Middle Low German: vǖr
German Low German: Füür, Füer, Für
Plautdietsch: Fia

Old Dutch: fuïr

Middle Dutch: vuur
Dutch: vuur
Afrikaans: vuur
Javindo: vier
Jersey Dutch: vuer, vîr
Negerhollands: vuur, fi, vier
Skepi Creole Dutch: fir
Limburgish: vuur
West Flemish: vier
Zealandic: vier

Old High German: fuïr (early), fiur

Middle High German: viur, viwer, viuwer

Alemannic German: Füür

Alsatian: Fiir

Swabian: Feier, Fuiet, Fuur, Feiar

Walser: fir

Bavarian: Faia, Feia

Cimbrian: vôar, bôar, vaür

Mòcheno: vaier

Central Franconian: Füür, Feier, Fouer

Hunsrik: Feier, fayer

German: Feuer

East Central German:

Silesian East Central German: Feier

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Faia

Pennsylvania German: Feier

Luxembourgish: Feier

Vilamovian: faojer

Yiddish: פֿײַער (fayer)


fait

fait (nominative singular)
faitu (nominative plural)
fait (accusative singular)
faitu (accusative plural)
faitas (genitive singular)
faitō (genitive plural)
faitē (dative singular)
faitum (dative plural)
faitu (instrumental singular)
faitum (instrumental plural)
fait (nominative singular)
faitō (nominative plural)
faitōs (nominative plural)
fait (accusative singular)
faitā (accusative plural)
faitas (genitive singular)
faitō (genitive plural)
faitē (dative singular)
faitum (dative plural)
faitu (instrumental singular)
faitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣt m

Middle English: fat, fatt, fatte

English: fat

Scots: fatt, fat

Old Frisian: *fat, *fet

Saterland Frisian: Fatt m

West Frisian: fet n

Old Saxon: *fēt

desc

Middle Low German: vêt, vet, vett, vette n

German Low German: Fett

→ German: Fett n

→ Middle High German: fette, vette f

German: Fette f

→? Danish: fedt n

→? Norwegian Bokmål: fett n

→? Faroese: feitt n

→? Swedish: fett n

→? Norwegian Nynorsk: feitt n

Old Dutch: fēt n

Middle Dutch: vet

Dutch: vet

Old High German: *feiz

gl

Middle High German: feiz, feize, veiz, veize f (alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *faitī f)

From Proto-Germanic *faitą, *faitaz (“fat”).


sair

sair (nominative singular)
sairu (nominative plural)
sair (accusative singular)
sairu (accusative plural)
sairas (genitive singular)
sairō (genitive plural)
sairē (dative singular)
sairum (dative plural)
sairu (instrumental singular)
sairum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sār

English: sore

Old Dutch: sēr

Middle Dutch: sêer

Dutch: zeer

From Proto-Germanic *sairą, cognate with Proto-Norse *ᛊᚨᛁᚱᚨ (*saira).


bast

bast (nominative singular)
bastō (nominative plural)
bastōs (nominative plural)
bast (accusative singular)
bastā (accusative plural)
bastas (genitive singular)
bastō (genitive plural)
bastē (dative singular)
bastum (dative plural)
bastu (instrumental singular)
bastum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bæst
Middle English: bast, baste
English: bast, bass
Scots: bass

Old Saxon: bast

Middle Low German: bast

→ Old Norse: bast

Faroese: bast

Old Swedish: bast

Swedish: bast

Old Danish: bast

Danish: bast

Old Dutch: *bast

Middle Dutch: bast

Dutch: bast

Afrikaans: bas

Old High German: bast

German: Bast

Uncertain; suggested to be an alteration of Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- ~ *bʰasḱ- (“bundle, heap, load”), but this is disputed.


mari

mari (nominative singular)
marī (nominative plural)
mari (accusative singular)
marī (accusative plural)
marī (genitive singular)
marjō (genitive plural)
marī (dative singular)
marim (dative plural)
marjum (dative plural)
marī (instrumental singular)
marim (instrumental plural)
marjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mere m
Middle English: mere
English: mere
Scots: mere

Old Frisian: mere n

Saterland Frisian: Meer

West Frisian: mar

Old Saxon: meri f

Middle Low German: mer n

Low German: Meer

German Low German: Meer

Plautdietsch: Mäa

Old Dutch: meri n

Middle Dutch: mēre f or n
Dutch: meer
Afrikaans: meer

Old High German: meri m or n

Middle High German: mer

Alemannic German: Meer

German: Meer

Luxembourgish: Mier

Mòcheno: meir

Yiddish: מער (mer)