mūs

mūs (nominative singular)
mūsi (nominative plural)
mūsu (accusative singular)
mūsi (accusative plural)
mūsi (genitive singular)
mūsō (genitive plural)
mūsi (dative singular)
mūsum (dative plural)
mūsi (instrumental singular)
mūsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mūs
Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose

Old Frisian: mūs

North Frisian: müs

Saterland Frisian: Múus

West Frisian: mûs

Old Saxon: mūs
Middle Low German: mûs
Low German: Muus
Plautdietsch: Mus

Old Dutch: *mūs
Middle Dutch: muus
Dutch: muis
Afrikaans: muis
Jersey Dutch: mäus
Negerhollands: mischi, miśi, muśi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mus
→ Sranan Tongo: moismoisi
Limburgish: moes

Old High German: mūs
Middle High German: mūs
Alemannic German: Muus, Müss (Uri)
Central Franconian: Muus
Cimbrian: maus
German: Maus
Luxembourgish: Maus
Vilamovian: maojs
Yiddish: מויז (moyz)


fehu

fehu (nominative singular)
fehu (accusative singular)
fehō (genitive singular)
fihiwi (dative singular)
fehō (dative singular)
fehu (instrumental singular)

Old English: feoh, fioh, feh
Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)
English: fee
Scots: fe, fee, fiel

Old Frisian: fia

Saterland Frisian: Fäi

West Frisian: fee

Old Saxon: fehu, feho, feu
Middle Low German: vehe, veh, vê, vie
German Low German: Veeh, Veh, Veih n (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch)
Plautdietsch: Fee

Old Dutch: fē, fio, fiu

Middle Dutch: vêe
Dutch: vee
Afrikaans: vee
Negerhollands: vee
Limburgish: vieë, vieëch

Old High German: fihu
Middle High German: vihe, vëhe, vich, viech, vech, vie, vē
Alemannic German: Vëh
Swabian: Viech
Bavarian: Viech
Cimbrian: viighe, biighe (Mezzaselva)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Viech
German: Vieh; Viech (with distinction)
Luxembourgish: Véi
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Veh, Veih, Vieh
Palatine: Veh, Vieh, Viech
Yiddish: פֿיך (fikh)

→ Vulgar Latin: *feus

Old French: fieu (dated 11th-century) (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: feu

Catalan: feu

Occitan: fèu

Medieval Latin: fevum (dated 899, La Garde-Freinet, France)

Old French: fief m (dated 13th-century)

Middle French: fief

French: fief

→ Romanian: fief

→ English: fief

Old French: feffe, feoffe f

Middle French: fieffe

→ Middle English: feffe, feoffe

English: feoff

⇒ Medieval Latin: feudum, feodum (see there for further descendants)


traust

traust (nominative singular)
traustō (nominative plural)
traustōs (nominative plural)
traust (accusative singular)
traustā (accusative plural)
traustas (genitive singular)
traustō (genitive plural)
traustē (dative singular)
traustum (dative plural)
traustu (instrumental singular)
traustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *trēast

desc

Middle English: trest, tryst, trist, treyst, trayste (through confluence with Old Norse verb treysta)

Scots: trest, traist

English: tryst

Old Frisian: trāst

North Frisian: trast

Saterland Frisian: Traast

West Frisian: treast

Old Saxon: trōst; gitrōst

Middle Low German: trôst

German Low German: Troost

Old Dutch: trōst

Middle Dutch: trôost

Dutch: troost

Afrikaans: troos

Old High German: trōst

Middle High German: trōst

German: Trost

Hunsrik: Troost

Luxembourgish: Trouscht

→ Medieval Latin: trustis (see there for further descendants)


plantu

plantu (nominative singular)
plantō (nominative plural)
plantā (accusative singular)
plantā (accusative plural)
plantā (genitive singular)
plantō (genitive plural)
plantē (dative singular)
plantōm (dative plural)
plantum (dative plural)
plantu (instrumental singular)
plantōm (instrumental plural)
plantum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: plante
Middle English: plante
English: plant

Old Saxon: *planta

Middle Low German: plante, plant

German Low German: Plante

Old High German: pflanza
Middle High German: pflanze
German: Pflanze


sinu

sinu (nominative singular)
sinwō (nominative plural)
sinwā (accusative singular)
sinwā (accusative plural)
sinwā (genitive singular)
sinwō (genitive plural)
sinwē (dative singular)
sinwōm (dative plural)
sinum (dative plural)
sinu (instrumental singular)
sinwōm (instrumental plural)
sinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sinu, seno, senu, seono, seonu, sionu, synu
Middle English: synwe, senow, senewe, senowe, senue, senwe, synewe, synoghe, synow, synue, synuwe, synueu, senuwe, seonuwe, seonuwwe (Early Middle English), cynew, cynwe, sinewe, sinnu, syneou, synneu, synnew, synnou, synnow, zenewe (Late Middle English), syn (from Old Norse sin)
English: sinew
Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon

Old Frisian: sine, sini, sin

North Frisian: sine

Saterland Frisian: Siene

West Frisian: sine, senuw

Old Saxon: senewa, sinewa

Middle Low German: senuwe, sēne, senne

Low German:

German Low German: Sehne, Sehn

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Senne (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Siene (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: Sän

Old Dutch: *sena, *senewa

Middle Dutch: sēnewe, sēnuw, sēne

Dutch: zenuw, zeen

Afrikaans: senuwee

Old High German: senawa, sena

Middle High German: sënewe

German: Sehne

→ Luxembourgish: Seen


langatīn

langatīn (nominative singular)
langatīnō (nominative plural)
langatīnōs (nominative plural)
langatīn (accusative singular)
langatīnā (accusative plural)
langatīnas (genitive singular)
langatīnō (genitive plural)
langatīnē (dative singular)
langatīnum (dative plural)
langatīnu (instrumental singular)
langatīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lencten, lengten
Middle English: lenten, leinten, lentren, lente, leinte
English: Lent, Lenten
Scots: Lentrin, Lentern

Old Frisian: *lenten, *lente

West Frisian: linte

Old Saxon: lentin

Middle Low German: lenten, lente, linte

German Low German: Lent

Old Dutch: lentin

Middle Dutch: lentin, lenten

Dutch: lente
Afrikaans: lente
→ Papiamentu: lènte, lente

Old High German: lenzo, lengizin, lenzin, lenz
Middle High German: lenze
Alemannic German: Langssi, langsé (Formazza)
Bavarian: longas
Cimbrian: langaz, langhes, långez; lentz
Mòcheno: langes
German: Lenz

From *lang (“long”) + *tīn (“day”) from Proto-Germanic *tīnaz, so named because the days become longer again in spring.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


bōkijā

bōkijā (nominative singular)
bōkijōn (nominative plural)
bōkijōn (accusative singular)
bōkijōn (accusative plural)
bōkijōn (genitive singular)
bōkijōnō (genitive plural)
bōkijōn (dative singular)
bōkijōm (dative plural)
bōkijum (dative plural)
bōkijōn (instrumental singular)
bōkijōm (instrumental plural)
bōkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēċe
Middle English: beche
English: beech
Scots: beech

Old Frisian: bōk

Saterland Frisian: Bouke

West Frisian: boek, boeke (in compounds)

Old Saxon: bōkia

Middle Low German: böke

German Low German: Böke, Böök

Low German: Böke

→ Dutch: beuk
Afrikaans: beuk

Old Dutch: *buoka

Middle Dutch: boeke

Dutch: beuk
Afrikaans: beuk

Old High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha (weak n-stem)
Middle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)
Alemannic German: Buech
German: Buche, Büche
Luxembourgish: Bich
Vilamovian: bih́łiḱ

→ Proto-Slavic: *buky (see there for further descendants)


mattjuk

mattjuk (nominative singular)
mattjukō (nominative plural)
mattjukōs (nominative plural)
mattjuk (accusative singular)
mattjukā (accusative plural)
mattjukas (genitive singular)
mattjukō (genitive plural)
mattjukē (dative singular)
mattjukum (dative plural)
mattjuku (instrumental singular)
mattjukum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: mettoc, meottoc, mattuc, mættoc, mattoc

desctree

Middle English: mattok, mattock, mattoke, mattokke
English: mattock
Yola: mattoke

→? Vulgar Latin: *matteūca

Italian: mazzocca

Old French: maçugue, maçuge, maçüe

Middle French: massuë

French: massue

Romanian: măciucă

Old Galician-Portuguese: massuca

Portuguese: machuca

Venetian: mazuco

→? Lithuanian: matikkas (“mattock”)

→? Proto-Slavic: *motyka (“hoe”) (see there for further descendants)


sōl

sōl (nominative singular)
sōl (accusative singular)
sawili (genitive singular)
sawili (dative singular)
sawili (instrumental singular)

Old English: sōl ?

desc

⇒? Old English: siġel, sæġl, syġel, seġl n

⇒? Old English: sweġel, sweġl, swæġl n

Old Saxon: sōl f

From Proto-Germanic *sōl n (“sun”), possibly feminized from in an opposing gender pair with masculine *mānō (“moon”). See *sunnō.


Tīwas dag

Tīwas dag (nominative singular)
Tīwas dag (accusative singular)
Tīwas dagā (accusative plural)
Tīwas dagas (genitive singular)
Tīwas dagō (genitive plural)
Tīwas dagē (dative singular)
Tīwas dagum (dative plural)
Tīwas dagu (instrumental singular)
Tīwas dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tiwesdæġ
Middle English: Tewesday, Tiwesday, Tisday, Tisdæi, Tywysday, tiwesday, twesday
English: Tuesday
Scots: Tysday
Yola: Tusedei, tuesdei

Old Frisian: tīesdei

North Frisian: teisdai

Saterland Frisian: Täisdai

West Frisian: tiisdei

Old Saxon: *tiuwesdag

Old High German: ziestag, ciesdac
Middle High German: zīestac, zīstac
Alemannic German: Ziischtig, Zischtig, Zischdi
Italian Walser: tschischtag, zischtag, zischtog, zischtàg, zéischtag
Swabian: Zaischdich, Zischtig, Zeischdig
German: Ziestag

→ Old Norse: týsdagr, *tísdagr — Old East Norse (calque)
Icelandic: týsdagur (archaic)
Faroese: týsdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tysdag
Old Swedish: tīsdagher
Swedish: tisdag
Old Danish: tisdagh
Danish: tirsdag, tisdag
Norwegian Bokmål: tirsdag
Gutnish: teisdagar, teisdag
→ Finnish: tiistai

From *Tīwas (“Tiw's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Mārtis (“Tuesday”, literally “day of Mars”).


Þunras dag

Þunras dag (nominative singular)
Þunras dagō (nominative plural)
Þunras dagōs (nominative plural)
Þunras dag (accusative singular)
Þunras dagā (accusative plural)
Þunras dagas (genitive singular)
Þunras dagō (genitive plural)
Þunras dagē (dative singular)
Þunras dagum (dative plural)
Þunras dagu (instrumental singular)
Þunras dagum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: þunresdæġ, þurresdæġ, þursdæġ

Middle English: Thursday

English: Thursday

Scots: Fuirsday, Försday

Yola: Thorsdei

desctree

Old Frisian: thunresdei, thunresdī
North Frisian:
Föhr: tüürsdai
Saterland Frisian: Tuunsdai
West Frisian: tongersdei

Old Saxon: *thunaresdag

Middle Low German: *donersdach

Plautdietsch: Donnadach

Low German: Donnerdagg, Dunnersdag

Old Dutch: *thonarsdag

Middle Dutch: donresdach, donredach

Dutch: donderdag

Old High German: donarstag

Middle High German: donerstac

German: Donnerstag

→ Pennsylvania German: Dunnerschdaag

Luxembourgish: Donneschdeg

Vilamovian: dunyśtaog

→ Old Norse: þórsdagr (calque)
Icelandic: þórsdagur
Faroese: tórsdagur, hósdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: torsdag, tosdag
Old Swedish: þōrsdagher
Swedish: torsdag
Old Danish: thorsdagh
Danish: torsdag
Norwegian Bokmål: torsdag
Gutnish: torste, torstda, torsdagar
→ Finnish: torstai

From *Þunras (“Thor's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Iovis (“Thursday”, literally “day of Jupiter”).


Wōdanas dag

Wōdanas dag (nominative singular)
Wōdanas dag (accusative singular)
Wōdanas dagā (accusative plural)
Wōdanas dagas (genitive singular)
Wōdanas dagō (genitive plural)
Wōdanas dagē (dative singular)
Wōdanas dagum (dative plural)
Wōdanas dagu (instrumental singular)
Wōdanas dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wōdnesdæġ, *wēdnesdæġ
Middle English: Wednesday
English: Wednesday
→ Maori: Wenerei
Scots: Wadensday
Yola: Wennesdei

desc

Old Frisian: *wōdensdei, wedenesdei, wednesdei

North Frisian: weedensdai, weensdi

West Frisian: woansdei

desctree

Old Saxon: *wōdanesdag
Middle Low German: wōdensdach, gūdenesdach, gūdensdach, gunsdach, gudesdach, gūdenesdach, gūdenstach, gūnstach, kudensdach, wodenesdach, wodensdach, woensdach, wōnesdach, wōnsdach, wūnsdach
Low German: Goonsdag, Godenstag, Gonstag, Gaunstag, Gunstag
Dutch Low Saxon: woensdag, woonsdag, wonsdag
German Low German: Woonsdag
→ German: Wodenstag (archaic), Wotanstag (learned calque)

Old Dutch: *wuodansdag

Middle Dutch: woedensdag

Dutch: woensdag
Afrikaans: Woensdag
Jersey Dutch: Wônsdix
Negerhollands: wuensdag, woensdag
→ Lokono: wunsdakha, onsdakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: wonsartar

West Flemish: woensdag, oensdag

desc

Limburgish: goonsdig, goonsdag, wuensdag

Old High German: *wuotanstag

Middle High German: *wuotenstac

⇒ Middle High German: guotentac, guotemtac, *guotenstac (rare, regional)

Central Franconian: Jodesdaach (archaic)

desctree

→ Old Norse: óðinsdagr (calque)
Icelandic: óðinsdagur
Faroese: ónsdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: onsdag
Old Swedish: ōþinsdagher
Swedish: onsdag
Old Danish: othænsdagh
Danish: onsdag
Norwegian Bokmål: onsdag
Gutnish: onsdag, onsdagar

From *Wōdanas (“Woden's, Odin's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin dīes Mercuriī (“Wednesday”, literally “day of Mercury”).
Modern English Wednesday doesn't continue the Old English wōdnesdæġ but rather unattested Old English *wēdnesdæġ, direct cognate to Old Frisian wednesdei and Middle Dutch wenesdach. All these umlauted (i-mutated) forms don't continue *Wōdanas dag but rather *Wōdinas dag, indicating a variation in the theonym in early West Germanic, *Wōdanaz vs. *Wōdinaz.


Mānini dag

Mānini dag (nominative singular)
Mānini dag (accusative singular)
Mānini dagā (accusative plural)
Mānini dagas (genitive singular)
Mānini dagō (genitive plural)
Mānini dagē (dative singular)
Mānini dagum (dative plural)
Mānini dagu (instrumental singular)
Mānini dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mōnandæg
Middle English: Monday
English: Monday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Monanday
Yola: Mondei

Old Frisian: mōnadei

North Frisian: mundai, moundi

Saterland Frisian: Moundai

West Frisian: moandei

Old Saxon: *mānundag

Middle Low German: mânendach

German Low German: Maandag, Moondag

Plautdietsch: Mondach

Old Dutch: *mānendag

Middle Dutch: mâendach
Dutch: maandag
Afrikaans: Maandag
Berbice Creole Dutch: mandaka
Jersey Dutch: Mândix
Negerhollands: maendag, maandag
Skepi Creole Dutch: móndak
→ Lokono: mandakha, mondakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: mundetar
→ Trió: mandi
Limburgish: maondig
West Flemish: moandag

desc

Old High German: mānitag, mānetag, māntag, mānintag

Middle High German: māntac, mæntac, māndac, mændac, mōntac, mēntac

Alemannic German: Määntig, Mändig, mäntag, Mäntig, meintog, méntag, miantag, mìntàg

Swabian: Mäntig, Medich, Medig

Bavarian: Monda

Cimbrian: matak, menta, méentag

Mòcheno: ma'ta

Central Franconian: Mondaach

Hunsrik: Montach

Kölsch: Mondach

Luxembourgish: Méindeg

East Franconian: Maadich

German: Montag

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Mundaag, Muundaag

Vilamovian: möntaog

Yiddish: מאָנטיק (montik)

desctree

→ Old Norse: mánadagr, mánudagr (calque)
Icelandic: mánadagur, mánudagur
Faroese: mánadagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: måndag
Old Swedish: mānadagher
Swedish: måndag
Old Danish: mandagh
Danish: mandag
Norwegian Bokmål: mandag
Gutnish: mandag, mandagar, måndagar
→ Finnish: maanantai
→ Lule Sami: mánnodahka
→ Northern Sami: mánnodat
→ Southern Sami: måanta

From *Mānini (“the Moon's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Lūnae (“Monday”, literally “day of the Moon”).


Frījā dag

Frījā dag (nominative singular)
Frījā dag (accusative singular)
Frījā dagā (accusative plural)
Frījā dagas (genitive singular)
Frījā dagō (genitive plural)
Frījā dagē (dative singular)
Frījā dagum (dative plural)
Frījā dagu (instrumental singular)
Frījā dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: frīġedæġ, frigdæg
Middle English: Friday
English: Friday
Tok Pisin: Fraide
→ Maori: Paraire
Scots: Friday
Yola: Vreedie, Vridei, vreedei

Old Frisian: frīadei, frīendei, frēdei, frēdī, frīgendei
North Frisian: freidai
Saterland Frisian: Fräindai
West Frisian: freed

Old Saxon: *frīadag, *frīgadag

desc

Middle Low German: vrīdach, vridach, vrigdach, vrigedach, vritdach, frigdach

German Low German: Freedag, Friedag

Plautdietsch: Friedach

desctree

→ Old Norse: frjádagr (< earlier *fríadagr)
Icelandic: frjádagur
Faroese: fríggjadagur
Middle Norwegian: fræigjadagr (akin to friggjardagr)
Norwegian: fredag; (dialectal) frei(d)dag, frædag
Elfdalian: frjådag
Old Swedish: frēadagher, frīadagher
Swedish: fredag
Danish: fredag
Norwegian Bokmål: fredag
Gutnish: fredagar, fredag, freda
→ Estonian: reede
→ Finnish: perjantai

Old Dutch: *frīadag

Middle Dutch: vrīdach, vriendach

Dutch: vrijdag
Afrikaans: Vrydag
Berbice Creole Dutch: fridaku
Jersey Dutch: Vrāidix
Negerhollands: vridag, vriedag
→ Lokono: fridakha, fredakha
→ Aukan: feeda
→ Mohegan-Pequot: beitar
→ Sranan Tongo: freida
→ Kari'na: freida
→ Trió: fredi

Old High German: frīatag, frījetag
Middle High German: vrītac
Alemannic German: Fritig
Italian Walser: fritog, frittag, vrittàg, vréitag
Swabian: Freidig, Fri'tig, Freidich
Bavarian: Freida
Carinthian: Freitog
Cimbrian: vraitag, braitag, vraita, fraitak
Mòcheno: vraita
Styrian: Freitog
Udinese: vraitach, vraiti
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Friedach
East Franconian:
Main-Franconian: Freidich
German: Freitag
Luxembourgish: Freideg
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Freidach
Pennsylvania German: Freidaag
Vilamovian: fretaog
Yiddish: פֿרײַטאָג (fraytog)

→? Livonian: brēḑig

From *Frījā (“Frigg's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Veneris (“Friday”, literally “day of Venus”).


Sunnōn dag

Sunnōn dag (nominative singular)
Sunnōn dag (accusative singular)
Sunnōn dagā (accusative plural)
Sunnōn dagas (genitive singular)
Sunnōn dagō (genitive plural)
Sunnōn dagē (dative singular)
Sunnōn dagum (dative plural)
Sunnōn dagu (instrumental singular)
Sunnōn dagum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: sunnadag

Middle Dutch: sondach, sonnendach

desctree

Dutch: zondag
Afrikaans: Sondag
→ Fwe: n-súndà
→ Shona: svondo
→ Sotho: Sontaha
→ Swazi: li-Sontfo
→ Venda: Swondaha
→ Xhosa: isonto
→ Zulu: iSonto
Berbice Creole Dutch: sondaka
Jersey Dutch: Zœndix
Negerhollands: sondag
→ Virgin Islands Creole: grossondag
Skepi Creole Dutch: sondak
→ Lokono: sondakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: zunatar
→ Japanese: どんたく (dontaku)

Limburgish: zönjig, zóndig

Old English: sunnandæġ
Middle English: Sunnenday, Sonnendai, Sonneday, Sonenday, Sunneday, Sonday, sunnedei, zondai (Kent)
English: Sunday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Soneday, Sunday
Yola: Zindei

Old Frisian: sunnandei, sonnendei

North Frisian: söndai, saandi

Saterland Frisian: Sundai

West Frisian: snein

Old High German: sunnuntag
Middle High German: sunnentac, sunntac, sunnetac, suntac
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Sunntig, Sonndich
Walser: ŝchunnutog, sònntag, sunntag, sunnatag, ŝchuntàg
Bavarian: Sunnda, sunntach, suntach, sunti
Carinthian: Sunntog
Cimbrian: sunta, suntak, zùntag
Mòcheno: sunta
Styrian: Sunntog
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Sonndach
East Franconian: Sunndooch
Main-Franconian: Sundich
German: Sonntag
Luxembourgish: Sonndeg
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Sunndaag
Vilamovian: zuntaog
Yiddish: זונטיק (zuntik), זונטאָג (zuntog)

Old Saxon: sunnundag
Middle Low German: sunnedag
Dutch Low Saxon: zundag
German Low German: Sünndag
Plautdietsch: Sindach

→ Old Norse: sunnudagr, sunundægi
Icelandic: sunnudagur
Faroese: sunnudagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sundag
Old Swedish: sunnodagher, synnodagher
Swedish: söndag
Danish: søndag
Norwegian Bokmål: søndag
Gutnish: sundag, sundagar, sunde, sund'
→ Finnish: sunnuntai

From *Sunnōn (“the Sun's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Sōlis (“Sunday”, literally “day of the Sun”).


bidrog

bidrog (nominative singular)
bidrogu (nominative plural)
bidrog (accusative singular)
bidrogu (accusative plural)
bidrogas (genitive singular)
bidrogō (genitive plural)
bidrogē (dative singular)
bidrogum (dative plural)
bidrogu (instrumental singular)
bidrogum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bedroch

Saterland Frisian: Bedroach

West Frisian: bedroch

Old Saxon: bedrog

Middle Low German: bedroch, bedrêch

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bedräuch

Westmünsterländisch: Bedrugg

Plautdietsch: Bedrach

Old Dutch: *bidrog

Middle Dutch: bedroch

Dutch: bedrog

Old High German: bitrog, bitroc

Middle High German: betroc

i

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Trug</i>

German: Betrug (influenced by Trug)


spind

spind (nominative singular)
spindō (nominative plural)
spindōs (nominative plural)
spind (accusative singular)
spindā (accusative plural)
spindas (genitive singular)
spindō (genitive plural)
spindē (dative singular)
spindum (dative plural)
spindu (instrumental singular)
spindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spind

Old Saxon: spind

Middle Low German: spint

Old Dutch: *spind

Middle Dutch: spint

Dutch: spint

Old High German: spint

Middle High German: spint

German: Spint (archaic, dialectal)

→ Bavarian: Spind; Spund


marku

marku (nominative singular)
markō (nominative plural)
markā (accusative singular)
markā (accusative plural)
markā (genitive singular)
markō (genitive plural)
markē (dative singular)
markōm (dative plural)
markum (dative plural)
marku (instrumental singular)
markōm (instrumental plural)
markum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mearc
Middle English: marke, merke, mark
English: mark
Scots: merk, mark

Old Frisian: merk

Saterland Frisian: Maak, Määrk

West Frisian: mark

Old Saxon: marka

Middle Low German: marke

German Low German: Mark

Old Dutch: *marka

Middle Dutch: marke

Dutch: mark

Old High German: marka

Middle High German: marke, march, marc

German: Mark

Suevic:

→ Galician: marco

→ Portuguese: marco

→ Medieval Latin: marca (see there for further descendants)


lūs

lūs (nominative singular)
lūsi (nominative plural)
lūsu (accusative singular)
lūsi (accusative plural)
lūsi (genitive singular)
lūsō (genitive plural)
lūsi (dative singular)
lūsum (dative plural)
lūsi (instrumental singular)
lūsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lūs

Middle English: lous, lows, lowse

Scots: louse, loose

English: louse

Old Frisian: *lūs

Saterland Frisian: Lúus

West Frisian: lûs

Old Saxon: *lūs

Middle Low German: lūs

Low German: Luus

Plautdietsch: Lus

Old Dutch: *lūs

Middle Dutch: luus, luys

Dutch: luis

Afrikaans: luis

Old High German: lūs

Middle High German: lūs

Cimbrian: laus

German: Laus

Hunsrik: Laus

Luxembourgish: Laus

Vilamovian: łaojs

Yiddish: לויז (loyz)


haug

haug (nominative singular)
haugō (nominative plural)
haugōs (nominative plural)
haug (accusative singular)
haugā (accusative plural)
haugas (genitive singular)
haugō (genitive plural)
haugē (dative singular)
haugum (dative plural)
haugu (instrumental singular)
haugum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hōg

Middle Low German: hôch, hö̂

German Low German: Hooch, Hööch

⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chil

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chillîn, hö̂chilîn

Old High German: houg (in compounds: steinenhoug, marchoug, etc.)

Middle High German: houc

⇒ Middle High German: hogil

⇒ German: Hügel

→ Old French: hoge (also possibly via Old Norse haugr)

⇒ Old French: ahoge, ahuge

→ Middle English: huge

Scots: huge, hudge

English: huge


watar

watar (nominative singular)
wataru (nominative plural)
watar (accusative singular)
wataru (accusative plural)
wataras (genitive singular)
watarō (genitive plural)
watarē (dative singular)
watarum (dative plural)
wataru (instrumental singular)
watarum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wæter
Middle English: water, watere, watir, waterre
English: water (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: watter, wetter
Scots: watter
Yola: waudher, wadher

Old Frisian: weter, water, wetir
North Frisian: weeter, woar, waer, waar
Föhr-Amrum: weeder
Mooring: wååder
Saterland Frisian: Woater
West Frisian: wetter

Old Saxon: watar
Middle Low German: wāter
Dutch Low Saxon: water (Drents, Twents)
Low German: Water
Plautdietsch: Wota

Old Dutch: watar, watir, uuatar, uuatir
Middle Dutch: wāter
Dutch: water
Afrikaans: water
Javindo: water
Negerhollands: watu, water, water, waeter
Petjo: watter
Skepi Creole Dutch: water
→? Sranan Tongo: watra
→ Aukan: wataa
→ Saramaccan: wáta
Limburgish: water
West Flemish: woater

Old High German: wazzar, wazar, wazzer, waszer
Middle High German: waȥȥer
Alemannic German: Wasser, Wâser
Alsatian: Wasser, Wâsser, Wàser
Italian Walser: wasser, wàsser
Bavarian: Wåsser, Wossa
Cimbrian: bassar, bazzar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Gottscheerish: boßər, bàsser
Mòcheno: bòsser
Udinese: bosser, bosar, bòsser
Central Franconian: Wasser, Waßer
Hunsrik: Wasser, waser
Transylvanian Saxon: Wåsser
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Woasser, Wosser, Wasser
Upper Saxon German: Wassor
German: Wasser
Unserdeutsch: Wasser
Luxembourgish: Waasser
Rhine Franconian: Wasser
Hessian: Wassä
Pennsylvania German: Wasser
Vilamovian: wosser, woser
Yiddish: וואַסער (vaser)


himil

himil (nominative singular)
himilō (nominative plural)
himilōs (nominative plural)
himil (accusative singular)
himilā (accusative plural)
himilas (genitive singular)
himilō (genitive plural)
himilē (dative singular)
himilum (dative plural)
himilu (instrumental singular)
himilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: himul

Saterland Frisian: Heemel

West Frisian: himel

Old Saxon: himil
Middle Low German: hemmel, hēmel
German Low German:
Ostfriesisch (East Frisian Low Saxon): Hemel, Himmel
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: Hiəmel
Lippisch, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Hemmel
Sauerländisch: Hiemel, Heämel (Wenden)
Westmünsterländisch: Himmel
Plautdietsch: Himmel
→ Norwegian: himmel
→ Old Swedish: himil
Swedish: himmel
→ Finnish: himmeli
→ Old Danish: *himæl
Danish: himmel
→ Gutnish: himmel

Old Dutch: himil
Middle Dutch: hēmel
Dutch: hemel
Afrikaans: hemel
Limburgish: hieëmel

Old High German: himil
Middle High German: himel
Swabian: Hemmel, Hemml, Himml
Bavarian: Himmi, Himml
Cimbrian: hümmel, hümbl (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Himmel, Hemmel
Hunsrik: Himmel
Luxembourgish: Himmel
Transylvanian Saxon: Hemmel
German: Himmel
Rhine Franconian: Himmel
Pennsylvania German: Himmel
Yiddish: הימל (himl)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from Proto-Germanic *himinaz with nasal dissimilation, perhaps under the influence of *sōwul ~ *sunnā (“sun”),
* from an older heteroclitic l/n-stem alongside Proto-Germanic *himinaz,
* cognate with Proto-Germanic *himinaz derived from a separate suffix.
Assuming a nasal dissimilation of Proto-Germanic *hemnaz to *hebnaz, doublet with *hebun.


hramusō

hramusō (nominative singular)
hramusan (nominative plural)
hramusan (accusative singular)
hramusan (accusative plural)
hramusini (genitive singular)
hramusan (genitive singular)
hramusanō (genitive plural)
hramusini (dative singular)
hramusan (dative singular)
hramusum (dative plural)
hramusini (instrumental singular)
hramusan (instrumental singular)
hramusum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hramsa, hromsa, hramse, ramesa
Middle English: ramson, ramsoun, rameson, ramesen, rampson, rampsoun
English: ramson, buckrams, rams, ramps (dialectal)
Scots: ramps, ramsh

Old Saxon: *hramuso, *hremiso

Middle Low German: ramese, remese

→ Danish: rams (dialectal)

⇒ Danish: ramsløg

Norwegian Bokmål: ramsløk

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: ramslauk

→ Old Swedish: rams

Swedish: rams

⇒ Swedish: ramslök

Old Dutch: *ramuso

Middle Dutch: *ramese

Dutch: rams

Old High German: *hramuso, *ramuso,

Middle High German: *ramese

German: Rams

desc

Bavarian: Ramsel, Ramsenwurz, Ramschenwurz

From Proto-Germanic *hramusô, from Proto-Indo-European *krómus-ō ~ *kr̥mus-nés, from *kermus-, *kremus- (“wild garlic”). Cognate with Lithuanian kermùšė (“wild garlic”), Proto-Slavic *čermъša (“ramson”), Ancient Greek κρόμμυον (krómmuon, “onion”), Middle Irish crim (“garlic”).


dalk

dalk (nominative singular)
dalkō (nominative plural)
dalkōs (nominative plural)
dalk (accusative singular)
dalkā (accusative plural)
dalkas (genitive singular)
dalkō (genitive plural)
dalkē (dative singular)
dalkum (dative plural)
dalku (instrumental singular)
dalkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dalc, dolc
Middle English: dalk, dalke
English: dalk, (dialectal) dawk


fastu

fastu (nominative singular)
fastō (nominative plural)
fastā (accusative singular)
fastā (accusative plural)
fastā (genitive singular)
fastō (genitive plural)
fastē (dative singular)
fastōm (dative plural)
fastum (dative plural)
fastu (instrumental singular)
fastōm (instrumental plural)
fastum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: feste

Saterland Frisian: festa

Old Saxon: fasta

Middle Low German: vaste, vast

Old Dutch: *fasta

Middle Dutch: vaste

Old High German: fasta

Middle High German: vaste, faste

→ Proto-Slavic: *postъ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *fastō, *fastǭ. Equivalent to *fastēn (“to fast”) + *-u. Cognate with Old Norse fasta.


egalu

egalu (nominative singular)
egalō (nominative plural)
egalā (accusative singular)
egalā (accusative plural)
egalā (genitive singular)
egalō (genitive plural)
egalē (dative singular)
egalōm (dative plural)
egalum (dative plural)
egalu (instrumental singular)
egalōm (instrumental plural)
egalum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: egela

Middle Low German: ēgele, ēgel

Old Dutch: *egela

Middle Dutch: ēgele, ēchel

Dutch: echel

Old High German: egala

Middle High German: egel, egele

German: Egel


dungu

dungu (nominative singular)
dungō (nominative plural)
dungā (accusative singular)
dungā (accusative plural)
dungā (genitive singular)
dungō (genitive plural)
dungē (dative singular)
dungōm (dative plural)
dungum (dative plural)
dungu (instrumental singular)
dungōm (instrumental plural)
dungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dung, ding
Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung

Old Frisian: dung

North Frisian: dong

West Frisian: dong

Old Dutch: *dunga

Middle Dutch: donge

Dutch: dong

Old High German: tunga

Middle High German: tunge

From Proto-Germanic *dungō (“earth, dung”).


mahō

mahō (nominative singular)
mahan (nominative plural)
mahan (accusative singular)
mahan (accusative plural)
mahini (genitive singular)
mahan (genitive singular)
mahanō (genitive plural)
mahini (dative singular)
mahan (dative singular)
mahum (dative plural)
mahini (instrumental singular)
mahan (instrumental singular)
mahum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: māho

Middle Low German: mân

German Low German: Mahn, Maon

Old Dutch: *māho

Middle Dutch: maen, mane

Old High German: maho, mago
Middle High German: mahe, mahen, mān, magen, mage
Cimbrian: mago
German: Mohn
→ Estonian: moon
Swabian: mage
→ Estonian: magun
→ Latvian: magone
→ Lithuanian: aguona

From Proto-Germanic *mōhô ~ *makkaz ~ *magini.

Mohnsamen

Middle High German: magensāme, magesāme, mogesāme


warg

warg (nominative singular)
wargō (nominative plural)
wargōs (nominative plural)
warg (accusative singular)
wargā (accusative plural)
wargas (genitive singular)
wargō (genitive plural)
wargē (dative singular)
wargum (dative plural)
wargu (instrumental singular)
wargum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wearg, warg, werg, wearh
Middle English: wari, weri
→ Medieval Latin: wargus, vargus
→ English: wargus

Old Saxon: warg, warag

Old Dutch: *warg

Middle Dutch: werch, warch

Dutch: warg

Old High German: warg

Middle High German: warc


aik

aik (nominative singular)
aiki (nominative plural)
aiku (accusative singular)
aiki (accusative plural)
aiki (genitive singular)
aikō (genitive plural)
aiki (dative singular)
aikum (dative plural)
aiki (instrumental singular)
aikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āc, ǣċ, aac
Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik (south)

Old Frisian: ēk

North Frisian: ik

Saterland Frisian: Eeke

West Frisian: iik

Old Saxon: ēk
Middle Low German: êke, êk
Low German: Eek
Plautdietsch: Ieekj

Old Dutch: *eik, *ēk

Middle Dutch: eike, êke

Dutch: eik, eek

Afrikaans: eik

Old High German: eih
Middle High German: eich
Bavarian: Oach
Cimbrian: aicha
Central Franconian: Ääch, Eech, Eich
Hunsrik: Eich
Luxembourgish: Eech
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aach
East Franconian:
German: Eiche
Rhine Franconian: Ääch, Eech
Frankfurterisch: Aasch [aːʃ]


staur

staur (nominative singular)
staurō (nominative plural)
staurōs (nominative plural)
staur (accusative singular)
staurā (accusative plural)
stauras (genitive singular)
staurō (genitive plural)
staurē (dative singular)
staurum (dative plural)
stauru (instrumental singular)
staurum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *stōr

Middle Dutch: stoor


pāli

pāli (nominative singular)
pālī (nominative plural)
pāli (accusative singular)
pālī (accusative plural)
pālī (genitive singular)
pālijō (genitive plural)
pālī (dative singular)
pālim (dative plural)
pālijum (dative plural)
pālī (instrumental singular)
pālim (instrumental plural)
pālijum (instrumental plural)

i

Old English: pǣl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)

Old Frisian: pēl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)

North Frisian: pil

Saterland Frisian: Peel

Old Saxon: pāl (inflected as an i-stem)

Old High German: pfāl, phāl (inflected as an i-stem)


stiki

stiki (nominative singular)
stikī (nominative plural)
stiki (accusative singular)
stikī (accusative plural)
stikī (genitive singular)
stikkjō (genitive plural)
stikī (dative singular)
stikim (dative plural)
stikkjum (dative plural)
stikī (instrumental singular)
stikim (instrumental plural)
stikkjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: stiċe
Middle English: stiche, stecche, steche, sticche, sticke, stych, styche, styk
English: stitch
Scots: steek, stick

Old Frisian: steke, stek

Saterland Frisian: Stäk, Stääk

Old Saxon: stiki

desc

Middle Low German: stēke, stēk, stecke, stik

German Low German: Steek

Old Dutch: *stiki

Middle Dutch: stēke

Dutch: steek

Afrikaans: steek

Old High German: stih

Middle High German: stich

Alemannic German: Stich, Stuch

Central Franconian: Stech, Stöch, Stoch

Luxembourgish: Stach

German: Stich

→ Saterland Frisian: Stik


tribut

tribut (nominative singular)
tributō (nominative plural)
tributōs (nominative plural)
tribut (accusative singular)
tributā (accusative plural)
tributas (genitive singular)
tributō (genitive plural)
tributē (dative singular)
tributum (dative plural)
tributu (instrumental singular)
tributum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trifet, trifot

Old Frisian: tribūt, tribuet

Old High German: tribuz


kinnu

kinnu (nominative singular)
kinniwi (nominative plural)
kinnō (nominative plural)
kinnu (accusative singular)
kinnū (accusative plural)
kinnō (genitive singular)
kinniwō (genitive plural)
kinniwi (dative singular)
kinnō (dative singular)
kinnum (dative plural)
kinnu (instrumental singular)
kinnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċinn f, ċin, ċyn
Middle English: chyn, chin, chinne, chynne, shyne, schyn
English: chin
Scots: chin, chyn

Old Frisian: zin

Old Saxon: kinni n
Middle Low German: kinne, kin
Low German: Kinn
→ Old Frisian: kin, ken
West Frisian: kin

Old Dutch: kinni n

Middle Dutch: kinne
Dutch: kin
Afrikaans: kin
Negerhollands: kin
→ Papiamentu: kenchi, kinnetje, kintsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: kin
→ German: Kiene (dialectal)

Old High German: kinni n, chinni
Middle High German: kinne, kin
Alemannic German: Chimmi
German: Kinn
Luxembourgish: Kënn
Yiddish: קין (kin)

q

→? Old French: (“teeth (of a dog or baby)”) [1174, Lorraine, France] (alternatively from or influenced in meaning by chien (“dog”))

Anglo-Norman: quenne, quienne

Old French: quenne

Old Northern French: cane

Picard Old French: kenne


aiw

aiw (nominative singular)
aiwō (nominative plural)
aiwōs (nominative plural)
aiw (accusative singular)
aiwā (accusative plural)
aiwas (genitive singular)
aiwō (genitive plural)
aiwē (dative singular)
aiwum (dative plural)
aiwu (instrumental singular)
aiwum (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old English: āwa, ā (adverb)

Middle English: ō, ā

Old Frisian: ēwa; ēwe, ē

West Frisian: iuw

⇒ Old Frisian: ā (adverb)

Old Saxon: ēo, io, ēu, ē (also adverb)

desctree

Middle Low German: ê, ee, eje, ewe
German Low German: Ehe

Old Dutch: ēwa

Middle Dutch: êwe, êeu
Dutch: eeuw
Afrikaans: eeu
Limburgish: ieuw

⇒ Old Dutch: io (adverb)

Middle Dutch: ie

Old High German: ēwa, ēo, ēa

Middle High German: ēwe, ê
Alemannic German: Ee, E-e
German: Ehe

⇒ Old High German: io (adverb)

Middle High German: ie

German: je


aiw

Old English: ǣw m, ǣ f

Middle English: æ, e

Old Frisian: ēwe, ē m, ā f

Old Saxon: ēo m

Old Dutch: ēwa f

Old High German: ēwa f

Middle High German: ēwe f, ē f

Uncertain; probably from *aiw (“long time, age, eternity”), compare the semantics of cognates Latin iūs (“law”), Proto-Brythonic *jʉð (“judge”).


hunsl

hunsl (nominative singular)
hunslu (nominative plural)
hunsl (accusative singular)
hunslu (accusative plural)
hunslas (genitive singular)
hunslō (genitive plural)
hunslē (dative singular)
hunslum (dative plural)
hunslu (instrumental singular)
hunslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hūsl, hūsel

Middle English: howsil, housel, hoosyl, hosel, hosil, hosill, hosol, housil, housul, housyl, housyll, howsel, howsell, howsill, husel, husell, husul
English: housel (archaic)
Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)


witi

witi (nominative singular)
wittju (nominative plural)
witi (accusative singular)
wittju (accusative plural)
wittjas (genitive singular)
wittjō (genitive plural)
wittjē (dative singular)
wittjum (dative plural)
wittju (instrumental singular)
wittjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: witt

Middle English: witt, witte, wit, wyt

Scots: quyt, wit, wyt

English: wit

Old Frisian: witt, wit

Old Saxon: *witt, *wit (in compounds)

Middle Low German: wit, wite, wete

German Low German: Weet

Old Dutch: *witti

Middle Dutch: witte, wit, wet

Dutch: wit

Old High German: wizzi

Middle High German: witze

German: Witz
→ Bulgarian: виц (vic)
→ Danish: vits
→ Finnish: vitsi
→ Hungarian: vicc
→ Low German: Witz
→ Macedonian: виц (vic)
→ Norwegian: vits
→ Saterland Frisian: Wits
→ Serbo-Croatian: vic
→ Polish: wic
→ Silesian: wic
→ Slovene: vic
→ Swedish: vits
→ Ukrainian: віц (vic)

Hunsrik: Witz

Luxembourgish: Witz

Yiddish: וויץ (vits)


hawi

hawi (nominative singular)
hauwju (nominative plural)
hawi (accusative singular)
hauwju (accusative plural)
hauwjas (genitive singular)
hauwjō (genitive plural)
hauwjē (dative singular)
hauwjum (dative plural)
hauwju (instrumental singular)
hauwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hīeġ, hīġ, hēġ
Middle English: hey, heyȝ, heygh, hay, ay, heyn, hayn, hei, heiȝ, heigh, hai, hain
English: hay
Scots: hey
Yola: hye, hey

Old Frisian: hā, hē

North Frisian: hau

Saterland Frisian: Ho

West Frisian: hea

Old Saxon: hōi, hōgi

Middle Low German: höü, hoy, hey, hou

Low German: Hau

Dutch Low Saxon: heui

German Low German: Hei, Heu

Plautdietsch: Hei

Old Dutch: houwi, houwe

Middle Dutch: houwe, hoj, hoy

Dutch: hooi
Afrikaans: hooi
Jersey Dutch: hôi
→ Papiamentu: hoi

Limburgish: heuj

Old High German: hewi, houwi, hou
Middle High German: höuwe, houwe, höu
Alemannic German: Heuw
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: höobe
Mòcheno: hei
German: Heu
Hunsrik: Hei
Luxembourgish: Hee
Yiddish: היי (hey)
⇒ Middle High German: höuwet
Bavarian: Heiet
Cimbrian: höbiat (“July”), hubiot (Sette Comuni)
German: Heuet


þiwi

þiwi (nominative singular)
þiuwjō (nominative plural)
þiuwjā (accusative singular)
þiuwjā (accusative plural)
þiuwjā (genitive singular)
þiuwjō (genitive plural)
þiuwjē (dative singular)
þiuwjōm (dative plural)
þiuwjum (dative plural)
þiuwju (instrumental singular)
þiuwjōm (instrumental plural)
þiuwjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thiwi, thiu, thiw

Old High German: *diwi, diu

Middle High German: diu, dū, deu, tiu


hlaiw

hlaiw (nominative singular)
hlaiwō (nominative plural)
hlaiwōs (nominative plural)
hlaiw (accusative singular)
hlaiwā (accusative plural)
hlaiwas (genitive singular)
hlaiwō (genitive plural)
hlaiwē (dative singular)
hlaiwum (dative plural)
hlaiwu (instrumental singular)
hlaiwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlēow, hlēo

Old Frisian: hlī

Old Saxon: hlēo

Old High German: hlēo, lēo

→ Proto-Slavic: *xlěvъ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *hlaiwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱloy-wo-s, from *ḱley- (“shelter, cover”).


hlaiw

hlaiw (nominative singular)
hlaiwu (nominative plural)
hlaiw (accusative singular)
hlaiwu (accusative plural)
hlaiwas (genitive singular)
hlaiwō (genitive plural)
hlaiwē (dative singular)
hlaiwum (dative plural)
hlaiwu (instrumental singular)
hlaiwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlǣw, hlāw
Middle English: lawe, lowe
English: low, law, -low, -slow
Scots: law
⇒ English: Lewes (placename)

Old Saxon: hlēo

Old Dutch: *lēo (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: -lewe (in placenames), -leeuw (in placenames)

Old High German: hlēo, lēo


baþ

baþ (nominative singular)
baþu (nominative plural)
baþ (accusative singular)
baþu (accusative plural)
baþas (genitive singular)
baþō (genitive plural)
baþē (dative singular)
baþum (dative plural)
baþu (instrumental singular)
baþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæþ
Middle English: bath, baþ
English: bath
Scots: bath
→ Welsh: bàth

Old Frisian: beth

West Frisian: bad

Old Saxon: bath

Middle Low German: bad, bat

German Low German: Baad

Plautdietsch: Bod

Old Dutch: *bath

Middle Dutch: bat

Dutch: bad

Afrikaans: bad

Old High German: bad

Middle High German: bat

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Baad

Bavarian: Båd, Båod, Boud

Luxembourgish: Bad

German: Bad

Rhine Franconian: Bad

Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt]

Vilamovian: bod


dauþu

dauþu (nominative singular)
dauþiwi (nominative plural)
dauþō (nominative plural)
dauþu (accusative singular)
dauþū (accusative plural)
dauþō (genitive singular)
dauþiwō (genitive plural)
dauþiwi (dative singular)
dauþō (dative singular)
dauþum (dative plural)
dauþu (instrumental singular)
dauþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dēaþ, dǣð
Middle English: deeth, deð, dæð, dæþ, deth, deþ, deeþ, deþe, dethe
English: death
Scots: deith, daith

Old Frisian: dāth
Saterland Frisian: Dood
West Frisian: dead

Old Saxon: dōth

Middle Low German: dōt, dōd

German Low German: Dood

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Däut

Suerländer-Märkisch: Dôd

Westmünsterländisch: Dood

Plautdietsch: Doot

Old Dutch: dōt, dōth
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Berbice Creole Dutch: doto
Petjo: doot
Limburgish: doead

Old High German: tōd, dot, doth
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Daod, Dod
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dod
German: Tod
Luxembourgish: Doud
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

From Proto-Germanic *dauþuz. Equivalent to *dauwjan (“to die”) + *-þu.


alh

alh (nominative singular)
alhi (nominative plural)
alhu (accusative singular)
alhi (accusative plural)
alhi (genitive singular)
alhō (genitive plural)
alhi (dative singular)
alhum (dative plural)
alhi (instrumental singular)
alhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ealh, alh, alhn

Old Saxon: alah

Old Dutch: *al

Old High German: alah


haubid

haubid (nominative singular)
haubidu (nominative plural)
haubid (accusative singular)
haubidu (accusative plural)
haubidas (genitive singular)
haubidō (genitive plural)
haubidē (dative singular)
haubidum (dative plural)
haubidu (instrumental singular)
haubidum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōvid, hōƀid
Middle Low German: hovet, hövet, høvet, hoͤvet
German Low German: Höfd, Höft, Höwt, Hoovd, Höövd
Plautdietsch: Heeft
→ Saterland Frisian: Hööft

Old Dutch: hōvit
Middle Dutch: hôvet
Dutch: hoofd
Afrikaans: hoof
→ Indonesian: hop
Negerhollands: hoofd
Limburgish: houf-, höjdj- (compounds only)

Old High German: houbit, haupit
Middle High German: höubet, houbet, houpt
Alemannic German: Haupt
German: Haupt, Haubt, Häubt, Häupt, Heubt, Heupt
→ Plautdietsch: Haupt
Vilamovian: hiöt
Yiddish: הויפּט (hoypt)

From Proto-Germanic *haubidą, variant of *haubudą.


hlaib

hlaib (nominative singular)
hlaibō (nominative plural)
hlaibōs (nominative plural)
hlaib (accusative singular)
hlaibā (accusative plural)
hlaibas (genitive singular)
hlaibō (genitive plural)
hlaibē (dative singular)
hlaibum (dative plural)
hlaibu (instrumental singular)
hlaibum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlāf
Middle English: lof, lofe, loff, loof, looffe, love, hlaf, laf (Early Middle English)
English: loaf
→ Bengali: লোফ (lōph)
→ Marshallese: ļoob
→ Norwegian Bokmål: loff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: loff
→ Scottish Gaelic: lofa
Scots: laif

Old Frisian: hlēf

Saterland Frisian: luffe

North Frisian: liaf

Old Saxon: *hlēf; *hlēfa

(Middle Low German: klepe?)

Old High German: hleib, leib, leip; hlaiba, laiba

Middle High German: leip

Bavarian: Loab

Central Franconian: Laif (only Siegerland)

German: Laib

Rhine Franconian: Lääb, Laab

From Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz. May cognate with Polish chleb, Czech chléb, Serbo-Croatian hlȅb, Slovene hlẹ̑b.


taikn

taikn (nominative singular)
taiknu (nominative plural)
taikn (accusative singular)
taiknu (accusative plural)
taiknas (genitive singular)
taiknō (genitive plural)
taiknē (dative singular)
taiknum (dative plural)
taiknu (instrumental singular)
taiknum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tācn, tācen, tācon
Middle English: token, tokene, tokin, tokine, tokon, tokne, tocne, toquen, taken, takein, takin, takine (Northern), taken, takein, takin, takine, tacn, tacne, tacnæ, tockne (Early Middle English)
English: token
Scots: taiken
→ Old Norse: tákn
Icelandic: tákn

Old Frisian: tēken
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: teeken
Saterland Frisian: Teeken
West Frisian: teken

Old Saxon: tēken

Middle Low German: têken

German Low German: Teken

Plautdietsch: Tieekjen

Old Dutch: teikan, teikin, teican

Middle Dutch: têken, teiken
Dutch: teken
Afrikaans: teken, teiken
Berbice Creole Dutch: tegn
Negerhollands: teken
→ Indonesian: teken
Limburgish: teike

Old High German: zeihhan
Middle High German: zeichen
Alemannic German: Zäiche, Zäie
German: Zeichen
Luxembourgish: Zeechen
Yiddish: צייכן (tseykhn)

→ Friulian: tacolâ, tacon, taconâ


skalk

skalk (nominative singular)
skalkō (nominative plural)
skalkōs (nominative plural)
skalk (accusative singular)
skalkā (accusative plural)
skalkas (genitive singular)
skalkō (genitive plural)
skalkē (dative singular)
skalkum (dative plural)
skalku (instrumental singular)
skalkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċealc
Middle English: schalk, scalk, schalke, schalkke, shalk
English: shalk
Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik

Old Frisian: skalk

(West Frisian: ontschalken)

Old Saxon: skalk

Middle Low German: schalk (in compounds: erseschalk, marschalk, etc.)

Old Dutch: scalc

Middle Dutch: scalc

Dutch: schalk (also in maarschalk)

Old High German: skalk, scalc, scalk
Middle High German: schalc
German: Schalk
Luxembourgish: Schallek
→ Italian: scalco (from Lombardic)

→ Vulgar Latin: scalcus (in compounds)

Medieval Latin: scalcius, scalciatus

Old French: escalque

→ Italian: scalco


airu

airu (nominative singular)
airō (nominative plural)
airā (accusative singular)
airā (accusative plural)
airā (genitive singular)
airō (genitive plural)
airē (dative singular)
airōm (dative plural)
airum (dative plural)
airu (instrumental singular)
airōm (instrumental plural)
airum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ār
Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air


airu

airu (nominative singular)
airiwi (nominative plural)
airō (nominative plural)
airu (accusative singular)
airū (accusative plural)
airō (genitive singular)
airiwō (genitive plural)
airiwi (dative singular)
airō (dative singular)
airum (dative plural)
airu (instrumental singular)
airum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ār

Old Saxon: ēr


etun

etun (nominative singular)
etunō (nominative plural)
etunōs (nominative plural)
etun (accusative singular)
etunā (accusative plural)
etunas (genitive singular)
etunō (genitive plural)
etunē (dative singular)
etunum (dative plural)
etunu (instrumental singular)
etunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eoten
Middle English: eten, eotend, eatant, yoten, geten
English: etten, ettin, eaton
Scots: etin, etyn, eattin, yetin

Old Saxon: *etun, *etinna

Middle Low German: eteninne


munþ

munþ (nominative singular)
munþō (nominative plural)
munþōs (nominative plural)
munþ (accusative singular)
munþā (accusative plural)
munþas (genitive singular)
munþō (genitive plural)
munþē (dative singular)
munþum (dative plural)
munþu (instrumental singular)
munþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mūþ
Middle English: mouth
English: mouth
Scots: mooth

Old Frisian: mūth; mund, mond

North Frisian: müd, müth, müss

Saterland Frisian: *Mund (in derivatives and compounds)

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: mundpaas (“bite-sized”)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: mundelk (“oral”)

West Frisian: mûn

→⇒ Middle Dutch: mûde, mûye f (“mouth (of a river)”)

Dutch: muide, mui

Old Saxon: mūth, mund

Middle Low German: munt, mont

German Low German: Mund

→ Scots: mund, mun

desctree

Old Dutch: munt
Middle Dutch: mont
Dutch: mond
Afrikaans: mond
Javindo: mon
Negerhollands: mond, mon, mun, mont
→ Virgin Islands Creole: mon, mout (dated)
Petjo: mon
Skepi Creole Dutch: mont
Limburgish: móndj

Old High German: mund

Middle High German: munt

German: Mund

Luxembourgish: Mond


silubr

silubr (nominative singular)
silubru (nominative plural)
silubr (accusative singular)
silubru (accusative plural)
silubras (genitive singular)
silubrō (genitive plural)
silubrē (dative singular)
silubrum (dative plural)
silubru (instrumental singular)
silubrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: seolfor, seolfer, seolofor, siolfor, siolufr, silofr, sylfor, sylfur — Mercian
Middle English: silver, selver, seolver, sulver, sylver
English: silver, ☽, ☾ (alchemy)
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva
Scots: silver, siller

Old Frisian: selover, selver

North Frisian: Salwer (Amrum)

Saterland Frisian: Sälver

West Frisian: sulver

Old Saxon: siluvar
Middle Low German: selver, sulver
German Low German: Sülver, Silver
Plautdietsch: Selwa

Old Dutch: silver

Middle Dutch: silver
Dutch: zilver
Afrikaans: silwer
Negerhollands: silver, zelva, selvu
Skepi Creole Dutch: solfer
→ Caribbean Javanese: silfer
→ Loup A: sinibat, chinebat, chinibat
→ Mahican: sehnpatt, senpett
→ Munsee: shulpul
→ Sranan Tongo: sorfu, solfru, sorfru
→ Saramaccan: sólófu, sóófu
→ Unami: silpël
Limburgish: zèlver

Old High German: silbar, silabar
Middle High German: silber
Bavarian: Süber, Suiber
Cimbrian: silbar
Mòcheno: silber
German: Silber
Kölsch: Seleve
Luxembourgish: Sëlwer
Pennsylvania German: Silwer
Vilamovian: zyłwer
Yiddish: זילבער (zilber)


haim

haim (nominative singular)
haimō (nominative plural)
haimōs (nominative plural)
haim (accusative singular)
haimā (accusative plural)
haimas (genitive singular)
haimō (genitive plural)
haimē (dative singular)
haimum (dative plural)
haimu (instrumental singular)
haimum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hām
Middle English: hom, hoom, home, hoome, whom, om, am, hame (Northern), ham (Early Middle English)
English: home, -ham (partially)
Geordie English: hyem
Scots: hame
Yola: hime, hyme, haime

Old Frisian: hām
North Frisian: hamm
Saterland Frisian: Heem
West Frisian: hiem

Old Saxon: hēm

Middle Low German: hēm, heim

German Low German: Heem, Heim

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Haim

East Westphalian: Håime (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)

Plautdietsch: Heim

Old Dutch: hēm
Middle Dutch: hêem
Dutch: heem, heim (possibly from German), -em, -hem, -gem (in placenames)
Afrikaans: heim
Limburgish: heim

Old High German: heim

Middle High German: heim

Alemannic German: Haa, Hai, Ham, Häi

Italian Walser: haim, heim, hemmu, hei

Bavarian:

desc

Cimbrian: hòam, huam (Tredici Comuni, Luserna)

Mòcheno: hoa'm

Udinese: hame, hama

German: Heim

Luxembourgish: Heem

Yiddish: היים (heym)

→ Old French: ham (see there for further descendants)


maþl

maþl (nominative singular)
maþlu (nominative plural)
maþl (accusative singular)
maþlu (accusative plural)
maþlas (genitive singular)
maþlō (genitive plural)
maþlē (dative singular)
maþlum (dative plural)
maþlu (instrumental singular)
maþlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mæþel

Old Frisian: mēl (in derivatives)

Old Saxon: mahal

Middle Low German: mal

Frankish:

→ Late Latin: mallum

Old High German: mahal, māl

Middle High German: mahel, māl

German: Mahl (obsolete)


hiwi

hiwi (nominative singular)
hiuwju (nominative plural)
hiwi (accusative singular)
hiuwju (accusative plural)
hiuwjas (genitive singular)
hiuwjō (genitive plural)
hiuwjē (dative singular)
hiuwjum (dative plural)
hiuwju (instrumental singular)
hiuwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hīew, hīw

Middle English: hewe

Scots: hew, hu, hue

English: hue


luftu

luftu (nominative singular)
luftiwi (nominative plural)
loftō (nominative plural)
luftu (accusative singular)
luftū (accusative plural)
loftō (genitive singular)
luftiwō (genitive plural)
luftiwi (dative singular)
loftō (dative singular)
luftum (dative plural)
luftu (instrumental singular)
luftum (instrumental plural)

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*lufti</i>

Old English: lyft (< *lufti)
Middle English: luft, lift
English: lift
Scots: luft, lift

Old Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft

Saterland Frisian: Luft

West Frisian: loft

Old Saxon: luft

Middle Low German: lucht

Low German: lucht, luft, Luft

East Frisian Low Saxon: Loft

Plautdietsch:

Volhynian: Lift

→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht

→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)

→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)

→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)

→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)

Old Dutch: *luft

Middle Dutch: lucht, locht

Dutch: lucht

→ West Frisian: lucht

Old High German: luft; luht (northern)

Middle High German: luft; lucht

German: Luft
→ English: luft
→ Czech: luft
→ Luxembourgish: Loft
→ Kashubian: lëft
→ Polish: luft
→ Silesian: luft

q

Central Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)

Hunsrik: Luft

Luxembourgish: Luucht, Lut

East Central German:

Lusatian: Luffd

Vilamovian: łöft

Pennsylvania German: Luft

Yiddish: לופֿט (luft)


lustu

lustu (nominative singular)
lustiwi (nominative plural)
lostō (nominative plural)
lustu (accusative singular)
lustū (accusative plural)
lostō (genitive singular)
lustiwō (genitive plural)
lustiwi (dative singular)
lostō (dative singular)
lustum (dative plural)
lustu (instrumental singular)
lustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lust

Middle English: lust

Scots: lust

English: lust

Old Frisian: lust

Saterland Frisian: Lust

West Frisian: lust

Old Saxon: lust

Middle Low German: lust, lüst, lyst

German Low German: Lüst

→ Old Norse: lyst

Icelandic: lyst

Norwegian: lyst

Danish: lyst

Faroese: lyst

Old Swedish: lyst

Swedish: lust

→ Estonian: lust

Old Dutch: *lust

desctree

Middle Dutch: lust
Dutch: lust
Afrikaans: lus
Negerhollands: lyst

Old High German: lust

Middle High German: lust

German: Lust

Luxembourgish: Loscht

From Proto-Germanic *lustuz. Equivalent to *laus (“loose, free”) + *-þu.


hallu

hallu (nominative singular)
hallō (nominative plural)
hallā (accusative singular)
hallā (accusative plural)
hallā (genitive singular)
hallō (genitive plural)
hallē (dative singular)
hallōm (dative plural)
hallum (dative plural)
hallu (instrumental singular)
hallōm (instrumental plural)
hallum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heall
Middle English: halle, hall, hal, hale, alle, hawle, haule
English: hall (see there for further descendants)
Scots: haw
Yola: haul

Old Frisian: *hall, *hell

Saterland Frisian: Halle

West Frisian: hille

Old Saxon: halla

Middle Low German: halle

German Low German: Hall

Low German: Hall

Old Dutch: *halla

Middle Dutch: halle

Dutch: hal

Old High German: halla

Middle High German: halle

German: Halle

Luxembourgish: Hal

→ Italian: alla

→ Medieval Latin: halla (see there for further descendants)


wintru

wintru (nominative singular)
wintriwi (nominative plural)
wintrō (nominative plural)
wintru (accusative singular)
wintrū (accusative plural)
wintrō (genitive singular)
wintriwō (genitive plural)
wintriwi (dative singular)
wintrō (dative singular)
wintrum (dative plural)
wintru (instrumental singular)
wintrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: winter
Middle English: winter, wintere, wintre, wynter
English: winter
Scots: winter
Yola: wonter

Old Frisian: winter

Saterland Frisian: Winter

West Frisian: winter

Old Saxon: wintar
Middle Low German: winter
Dutch Low Saxon: winter (Gronings)
German Low German: Winter
Plautdietsch: Winta

Old Dutch: winter
Middle Dutch: winter
Dutch: winter
Afrikaans: winter
Negerhollands: winter
→ Sranan Tongo: wenter
Limburgish: wintjer

Old High German: wintar

Middle High German: winter, winder

Alemannic German: Winter

Italian Walser: wénter, winter, wenter

Swabian: Wender

Bavarian: Winta

Cimbrian: bintar

Mòcheno: binter

Udinese: binter, bintar

desc

Central Franconian: Wenter, Wengter (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Wonter, Wönter (Eifel), Wonter, Wönter

Hunsrik: Winter

Luxembourgish: Wanter

German: Winter

East Central German:

Silesian East Central German: Winter

Vilamovian: wynter

Yiddish: ווינטער (vinter)


paidu

paidu (nominative singular)
paidō (nominative plural)
paidā (accusative singular)
paidā (accusative plural)
paidā (genitive singular)
paidō (genitive plural)
paidē (dative singular)
paidōm (dative plural)
paidum (dative plural)
paidu (instrumental singular)
paidōm (instrumental plural)
paidum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pād
Middle English: *pod (attested in pod ware)
English: pod

Old Saxon: pēda

Middle Low German: *pêde

→ Old Swedish: padha

Swedish: pade (dialectal)

Lombardic: paita

→ Italian: patta
→ Danish: pat
→ Icelandic: patt
→ French: pat
→ German: Patt
→ Greek: πατ (pat)
→ Polish: pat
→ Serbo-Croatian: pat
→ Slovak: pat


ahu

ahu (nominative singular)
ahwō (nominative plural)
ahwā (accusative singular)
ahwā (accusative plural)
ahwā (genitive singular)
ahwō (genitive plural)
ahwē (dative singular)
ahwōm (dative plural)
ahum (dative plural)
ahu (instrumental singular)
ahwōm (instrumental plural)
ahum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēa, ǣ
Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo
⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)
Middle English: eddy
English: eddy

Old Frisian: ā, ē

North Frisian: ia

Saterland Frisian: Äi

West Frisian: ie

Old Saxon: aha, ā

Middle Low German: ahe, â

>? German Low German: Ehe (archaic)

Old Dutch: ā
Middle Dutch: â
Dutch: a, Aa

Old High German: aha

Middle High German: ahe

desc

German: Ach, Ache (obsolete or dialectal, chiefly in toponyms)


kiukīn

kiukīn (nominative singular)
kiukīnu (nominative plural)
kiukīn (accusative singular)
kiukīnu (accusative plural)
kiukīnas (genitive singular)
kiukīnō (genitive plural)
kiukīnē (dative singular)
kiukīnum (dative plural)
kiukīnu (instrumental singular)
kiukīnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċicen, ċiccen, ċycen, ċiacen
Middle English: chiken, chicoun, chike, cheke
English: chicken, chick
Scots: chikin, chekin, schik
Yola: chick, chicke

Old Frisian: *tsiūken

North Frisian: Schückling

Saterland Frisian: Sjuuken

Old Saxon: *kiukīn

Middle Low German: kǖken

German Low German: Küken

→ German: Küken

Old Dutch: *kiukīn

Middle Dutch: kuken, kieken, kiekin

Dutch: kuiken, kieken

Afrikaans: kuiken

Old High German: *kuhhīn, *kuchīn

Middle High German: kūchelīn

German: Küchlein (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *kiukīną, *kukkīną, from n-stem *keukô ~ *kukkaz (“rooster, chicken”) + *-īnaz (diminutive). Cognate with Old Norse kjúklingr (“chicken”).


haggju

haggju (nominative singular)
haggjō (nominative plural)
haggjā (accusative singular)
haggjā (accusative plural)
haggjā (genitive singular)
haggjō (genitive plural)
haggjē (dative singular)
haggjōm (dative plural)
haggjum (dative plural)
haggju (instrumental singular)
haggjōm (instrumental plural)
haggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heċġ
Middle English: hegge, egge, eygge, heddge, hedge, heg, hege, hegg, heggg
English: hedge
Scots: hedge

Old Frisian: *hegg, *heg

Saterland Frisian: Hääge

i

West Frisian: hage (possibly from related Middle Low German hāge, hāch)

Old Saxon: *heggia; *heggi

Middle Low German: hegge, hēge, hoge

German Low German: Heeg, Hegg

Old Dutch: hegga

Middle Dutch: hegge

Dutch: heg

Afrikaans: heg

Old High German: hegga, *hekka

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hakkju</i>

Middle High German: hegge, hege, hecke (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hakkju)

desctree

German: Hecke
→ Icelandic: hekk
→ Swedish: häck
→ Danish: hæk

Luxembourgish: Heck

→ Medieval Latin: haga, haia

Old French: hoie, haie; age (dialectal)

Middle French: haye
French: haie

French: age m

From Proto-Germanic *hagjō, from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”).


hakkju

hakkju (nominative singular)
hakkjō (nominative plural)
hakkjā (accusative singular)
hakkjā (accusative plural)
hakkjā (genitive singular)
hakkjō (genitive plural)
hakkjē (dative singular)
hakkjōm (dative plural)
hakkjum (dative plural)
hakkju (instrumental singular)
hakkjōm (instrumental plural)
hakkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæċ f or m
Middle English: hacche, hach, hachche, hache, hak, hatche, hecche, heck, hek, hekke, hetche
English: hatch, heck
Scots: hatch, heck, haik

Old Frisian: *hek, *hekk n

Saterland Frisian: Häk

West Frisian: hek

Old Saxon: *hekkia; *hekki n

Middle Low German: hecke, heck f or n

German Low German: Heck

→ German: Heck

Old Dutch: *hekka

Middle Dutch: hecke

Dutch: hek

Old High German: *hehha, *hekka; *hehhi, *hekki n

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*haggju</i>

Middle High German: hecke f or n (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *haggju)

German: Hecke f


erl

erl (nominative singular)
erlō (nominative plural)
erlōs (nominative plural)
erl (accusative singular)
erlā (accusative plural)
erlas (genitive singular)
erlō (genitive plural)
erlē (dative singular)
erlum (dative plural)
erlu (instrumental singular)
erlum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: eorl
Middle English: erl, ærl, eerl, eorl, erle, eryl, ȝerle, ȝierl, yerl
English: earl
Scots: yerl, yarl (merged with Old Norse jarl)
Yola: earle

Old Saxon: erl


gasti

gasti (nominative singular)
gastī (nominative plural)
gasti (accusative singular)
gastī (accusative plural)
gastī (genitive singular)
gastijō (genitive plural)
gastī (dative singular)
gastim (dative plural)
gastijum (dative plural)
gastī (instrumental singular)
gastim (instrumental plural)
gastijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiest

Old Frisian: jest

Old Saxon: gast
Middle Low German: gast
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Gast
Sauerländisch: Gast
Westmünsterländisch: Gast
Plautdietsch: Gaust
→ Saterland Frisian: Gast
→ West Frisian: gast

Old Dutch: *gast

Middle Dutch: gast

Dutch: gast

Afrikaans: gas

Old High German: gast
Middle High German: gast
Bavarian: Gåst
German: Gast
→ Esperanto: gasto
Luxembourgish: Gaascht
Yiddish: גאַסט (gast)


raip

raip (nominative singular)
raipō (nominative plural)
raipōs (nominative plural)
raip (accusative singular)
raipā (accusative plural)
raipas (genitive singular)
raipō (genitive plural)
raipē (dative singular)
raipum (dative plural)
raipu (instrumental singular)
raipum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rāp
Middle English: rop, rap, rope, roop, roope
English: rope, roap, roape
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop
Scots: raip
→ Old French: rap

Old Frisian: rāp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: riap
Halligen: reep
Mooring: ruup
Wiedingharde: ruup
Saterland Frisian: Roop
West Frisian: reap

Old Saxon: *rēp

Middle Low German: rêp, reep

Low German: Reep

German Low German: Reep

→ German: Reep (chiefly in Reeper and Fallreep)

Old Dutch: rēp

Middle Dutch: rêep

Dutch: reep

Old High German: reif

Middle High German: reif

German: Reif, Reifen

Luxembourgish: Reef


askijō

askijō (nominative singular)
askijan (nominative plural)
askijan (accusative singular)
askijan (accusative plural)
askijini (genitive singular)
askijan (genitive singular)
askijanō (genitive plural)
askijini (dative singular)
askijan (dative singular)
askijum (dative plural)
askijini (instrumental singular)
askijan (instrumental singular)
askijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: asko

Middle Low German: asch f

→ Finnish: asikko

Old Dutch: *asko

Middle Dutch: asch

Old High German: asco
Middle High German: asche, esche
German: Äsche f
→ Italian: lasca f

From *askā (“ash, ashes”) + *-jō. Similar construction found in Middle English greylyng (“grayling”).


haistr

haistr (nominative singular)
haistrō (nominative plural)
haistrōs (nominative plural)
haistr (accusative singular)
haistrā (accusative plural)
haistras (genitive singular)
haistrō (genitive plural)
haistrē (dative singular)
haistrum (dative plural)
haistru (instrumental singular)
haistrum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hēstar

Middle Low German: hēster, heister

desc

German Low German: Heester, Heister, Häister

→ Swedish: hestra, hester

Old Dutch: *hēster, *heister

Middle Dutch: heester

Dutch: heester

Old High German: *heistar

Middle High German: heister

German: Heister

→ Vulgar Latin: *hēstrus

Old French: hestre

Middle French: hestre

French: hêtre

Unknown; suggested to be from Proto-Germanic *haistraz, from unattested *haistaz (“cut, hewn”) + *-draz (tree suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd-tó-s, from *kh₂eyd- (“to cut, hew”) + *-tós.


twiʀn

twiʀn (nominative singular)
twiʀnō (nominative plural)
twiʀnōs (nominative plural)
twiʀn (accusative singular)
twiʀnā (accusative plural)
twiʀnas (genitive singular)
twiʀnō (genitive plural)
twiʀnē (dative singular)
twiʀnum (dative plural)
twiʀnu (instrumental singular)
twiʀnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: twīn, *twirn, *tweorn

desc

Middle English: twine, twyne, twin, twern, *twire, *twir

Scots: twyn, twine

English: twine, twire

Old Frisian: *twīn

Saterland Frisian: Twien

West Frisian: twyn

Old Saxon: *twirn

Middle Low German: twern, twerne, twērne

German Low German: Tweern, Tweernt

Old Dutch: *twīn, *twirn

Middle Dutch: twern, tweren, twaern, twijn

Dutch: tweern, twijn

Old High German: *zwirn

Middle High German: zwirn

German: Zwirn

Hunsrik: Zwern

Luxembourgish: Zwir

From Proto-Germanic *twiznaz, *twiznô (“twine”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwis-nó-s (“double”), from *dwís (“twice, in two”) + *-nós. Cognate with Old Norse tvinni (“twine”).


lubi

lubi (nominative singular)
lubbju (nominative plural)
lubi (accusative singular)
lubbju (accusative plural)
lubbjas (genitive singular)
lubbjō (genitive plural)
lubbjē (dative singular)
lubbjum (dative plural)
lubbju (instrumental singular)
lubbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lybb, lyb

Middle English: libbe

Scots: lib

English: lib

Old Saxon: *lubbi

Middle Low German: lubbe

⇒ German Low German: Lübbstick

Old Dutch: *lubbi

Middle Dutch: libbe, lebbe

Old High German: lubbi, *lub, lupi, luppi

Middle High German: luppe, lüppe

German: Luppe, Lüppe


friund

friund (nominative singular)
friundi (nominative plural)
friundu (accusative singular)
friundi (accusative plural)
friundi (genitive singular)
friundō (genitive plural)
friundi (dative singular)
friundum (dative plural)
friundi (instrumental singular)
friundum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: frēond, frīond — Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish
Middle English: frend, frende, freond, friend, vrend, freend, frond, frund, freind, freynde, vryend, frind
English: friend (see there for further descendants)
Scots: freend, frende, freynd, freind
Yola: vriene, friend
→ Welsh: ffrind

Old Frisian: friūnd
Saterland Frisian: Früünd, Fjund
West Frisian: freon

Old Saxon: friund
Middle Low German: vrint, vrünt, vrent
German Low German: Fründ, Frund, Frönd
Plautdietsch: Frint
→ Old Swedish: frynt, frynd
Swedish: frynt (obsolete)

Old Dutch: friunt
Middle Dutch: vrient
Dutch: vriend
Afrikaans: vriend
Berbice Creole Dutch: frindi
Javindo: friend
Jersey Dutch: vrînt
Negerhollands: vriend, vrient
Petjo: pring (archaic)
Limburgish: vröndj

Old High German: friunt
Middle High German: vriunt
Alemannic German: Fründ
Bavarian: Freind
Cimbrian: vròint, bròint (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: Frönd, Frend, Frind, Frönk, Fründ
Hunsrik: Freind, froynt
Luxembourgish: Frënd
German: Freund
Vilamovian: frajnd
Volhynian German: Freind
Yiddish: פֿרײַנד (fraynd)


flaþō

flaþō (nominative singular)
flaþan (nominative plural)
flaþan (accusative singular)
flaþan (accusative plural)
flaþini (genitive singular)
flaþan (genitive singular)
flaþanō (genitive plural)
flaþini (dative singular)
flaþan (dative singular)
flaþum (dative plural)
flaþini (instrumental singular)
flaþan (instrumental singular)
flaþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *flaþa

Middle English: flathe

English: flathe, flath

⇒ Old English: flæþecomb, fleþecomb

Old Saxon: *flatho

Middle Low German: vlāde

>? German Low German: Flarr

→ Norwegian: flade (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *flatho, *flatha

Middle Dutch: vlāde m or f
Dutch: vla, vlade
Afrikaans: vla
Limburgish: vlaaj
→ Dutch: vlaai (or inherited)

Old High German: flado m, flada f
Middle High German: vlade
German: Flade, Fladen
Luxembourgish: Flued

→ Latin: fladō

Old French: flaon, flan

Middle French: flan

French: flan

→ Middle English: flaun, flawn

Scots: flann, flam

English: flawn, flan

→ Catalan: flam, flaó

→ Spanish: flan

Italian: fiadone

Occitan: flauzon

→ English: flathon

From Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”).


habuk

habuk (nominative singular)
habukō (nominative plural)
habukōs (nominative plural)
habuk (accusative singular)
habukā (accusative plural)
habukas (genitive singular)
habukō (genitive plural)
habukē (dative singular)
habukum (dative plural)
habuku (instrumental singular)
habukum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: hafuc, hafoc, heafoc, heafuc

desctree

Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka
Scots: hawk

→ Old Irish: sebac

Irish: seabhac

Manx: shawk

Scottish Gaelic: seabhag

Old Frisian: havek, hauk

North Frisian: hafk, häfk

Saterland Frisian: Hauk

West Frisian: hauk

Old Saxon: havuk, haƀuk

Middle Low German: hāvek, hāvik

German Low German: Haavke

Low German: Haavk, Havik, Haav, Hoovk

→ Polabian: ofkă

Old Dutch: *havuk, havek

Middle Dutch: hāvec, hāvic

Dutch: havik
Afrikaans: hawik

Old High German: habuch

Middle High German: habeh, habech

German: Habicht

Swabian: Hack


apl

apl (nominative singular)
applō (nominative plural)
applōs (nominative plural)
apl (accusative singular)
applā (accusative plural)
applas (genitive singular)
applō (genitive plural)
applē (dative singular)
applum (dative plural)
applu (instrumental singular)
applum (instrumental plural)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Alternative reconstruction of *applu (“apple”)


brahtm

brahtm (nominative singular)
brahtmō (nominative plural)
brahtmōs (nominative plural)
brahtm (accusative singular)
brahtmā (accusative plural)
brahtmas (genitive singular)
brahtmō (genitive plural)
brahtmē (dative singular)
brahtmum (dative plural)
brahtmu (instrumental singular)
brahtmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: breahtm, bearhtm, byrhtm

Old Saxon: brahtum

Probably related to *brekaną (“to break”) and *brahtaz (“cracking, snapping, noise”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to crash, break”).


kamb

kamb (nominative singular)
kambō (nominative plural)
kambōs (nominative plural)
kamb (accusative singular)
kambā (accusative plural)
kambas (genitive singular)
kambō (genitive plural)
kambē (dative singular)
kambum (dative plural)
kambu (instrumental singular)
kambum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: camb, comb
Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime

desc

Old Frisian: ᚳᚪᛒᚢ (kabu /kambu/), ᚳᚩᛒᚢ (kobu /kombu/)

North Frisian:

Föhr: kum

Hallig: kööm

Heligoland: Kum

Mooring: köm

Saterland Frisian: Koum m

West Frisian: kaem, kaam

desctree

Old Saxon: kamb, camb
Middle Low German: kam
German Low German: Kamm
Plautdietsch: Kaum

Old Dutch: *kamb

Middle Dutch: kamp, kamme, kam

Dutch: kam (see there for further descendants)

Limburgish: kamb, kamp

Old High German: kamb, camb, chamb

Middle High German: kamp, kam

Cimbrian: khamp

German: Kamm

Luxembourgish: Kamp

Yiddish: קאַם (kam)

From Proto-Germanic *kambaz.
Likely attested on the inscription of Erfurt-Frienstedt as ᚲᚨᛒᚨ (kaba /kamba/), with retained final vowel.


froggō

froggō (nominative singular)
froggan (nominative plural)
froggan (accusative singular)
froggan (accusative plural)
fruggini (genitive singular)
froggan (genitive singular)
frogganō (genitive plural)
fruggini (dative singular)
froggan (dative singular)
froggum (dative plural)
fruggini (instrumental singular)
froggan (instrumental singular)
froggum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frocga, frogga, froga
Middle English: frogge, vrogge, frugge
English: frog, frock (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: frog, froig
→ Welsh: broga

Old Saxon: *froggo, *fruggio

q

possibly conflated with Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">padde</i> (“toad”)

>? Middle Low German: pugge, pogge, poge (possibly conflated with Middle Low German padde (“toad”))

German Low German: Pogge, Pogg

→ Saterland Frisian: Poage

Old Dutch: *froggo

possibly conflated with Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">padde</i> (“toad”)

>? Middle Dutch: pogge, pog (possibly conflated with Middle Dutch padde (“toad”))

→ West Frisian: pogge, pôge

Cognate with Old Norse frauðr, frauki (“frog”), both perhaps from Proto-Germanic n-stem paradigm *fraugô ~ *frukkaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *prougʰ-ō ~ *prugʰ-nos, from Proto-Indo-European *prewgʰ- (“to leap”), possibly extended from *prew- (“to jump”).


purpurā

purpurā (nominative singular)
purpurōn (nominative plural)
purpurōn (accusative singular)
purpurōn (accusative plural)
purpurōn (genitive singular)
purpurōnō (genitive plural)
purpurōn (dative singular)
purpurōm (dative plural)
purpurum (dative plural)
purpurōn (instrumental singular)
purpurōm (instrumental plural)
purpurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: purple, purpure, purpl

Middle English: purpur, purpel, purple

English: purple

Old Saxon: *purpura

Middle Low German: purpur, purper

Old Dutch: *purpra

Middle Dutch: purper

desctree

Dutch: purper
Afrikaans: purper
→ Kari'na: popuru
→ Papiamentu: purpe (dated)

Old High German: purpura
Middle High German: purpur, purper
German: Purpur

Borrowed from Latin purpura (“purple”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌿𐍂𐌰 (paurpura, “purple”).


maisu

maisu (nominative singular)
maisō (nominative plural)
maisā (accusative singular)
maisā (accusative plural)
maisā (genitive singular)
maisō (genitive plural)
maisē (dative singular)
maisōm (dative plural)
maisum (dative plural)
maisu (instrumental singular)
maisōm (instrumental plural)
maisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mǣse (< *maisijā)

Middle English: mese, meise, mayse (also possibly from Old Norse)

English: mease

Scots: mese, maise

Old Saxon: *mēsa

Middle Low German: mêse, meise

Old Dutch: *mēsa

Middle Dutch: mese, meyse, miese

Dutch: mees

desc

Old High German: meisa (strong o-stem), meissa (weak n-stem)

Middle High German: meise (strong o-stem), meise (weak n-stem)

German: Meise (“carrying basket, satchel, backpack”)

→ Old French: meise, maise

Middle French: maise, mese, meze, mase, masse, meisse, meeze, meesse, moise, mose


maisā

maisā (nominative singular)
maisōn (nominative plural)
maisōn (accusative singular)
maisōn (accusative plural)
maisōn (genitive singular)
maisōnō (genitive plural)
maisōn (dative singular)
maisōm (dative plural)
maisum (dative plural)
maisōn (instrumental singular)
maisōm (instrumental plural)
maisum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: māse
Middle English: mose
⇒ Middle English: titmose
English: titmouse

Old Frisian: *māse, *mēse

⇒ Old Frisian: *mēske (diminutive)

Saterland Frisian: Meeske

West Frisian: mieske

Old Saxon: mēsa

Middle Low German: mêse, meise

Dutch Low Saxon: meesje

German Low German: Meesch

Altmärkisch, Low Prussian: Mêsk

Dortmunisch: Mêəseken

Low Prussian: Mêske, Möske, Mösk

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Mêse

East Westphalian (Lippisch), Westmünsterländisch: Meese

East Westphalian (Wedemarkisch): Meise

→ Norwegian: meis

→ Swedish: mes

→ Danish: mejse

Old Dutch: *mēsa

Middle Dutch: mese, meese

Dutch: mees

Old High German: meisa

Middle High German: meise

Bavarian: Meisn

German: Meise

Luxembourgish: Mees


tabulā

tabulā (nominative singular)
tabulōn (nominative plural)
tabulōn (accusative singular)
tabulōn (accusative plural)
tabulōn (genitive singular)
tabulōnō (genitive plural)
tabulōn (dative singular)
tabulōm (dative plural)
tabulum (dative plural)
tabulōn (instrumental singular)
tabulōm (instrumental plural)
tabulum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula

desctree

reinforced by Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">table</i>

Middle English: table, tabel, tabil, tabul, tabyl, tabyle, tabyll, tabulle, tabele, tabill (reinforced by Old French table)
English: table (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: tyeble
Scots: table
→ Welsh: tabl

Old Frisian: tefle
North Frisian: tafel

Old Saxon: *tabala, *tafla

desc

Middle Low German: tâfel, tâfele, taffle, tafle, taffel, taffele, tafle, tâvel, tavele

→ Danish: taffel

→ Estonian: tahvel

→ Norwegian: taffel

→ Swedish: taffel

⇒ Old Saxon: wehsitafla

desctree

Old Dutch: tavala
Middle Dutch: tâfele
Dutch: tafel
Afrikaans: tafel (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafl
Jersey Dutch: tâfel
Negerhollands: tafel, tavul, tawul, taul, taful, tavl, taefel
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tavul (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tafl
→ Aukan: tafaa
→ Saramaccan: táfu
→ Sranan Tongo: tafra
→ Lokono: tafolo
→ Caribbean Hindustani: tafrá
→ Caribbean Javanese: tafrah, taprah
→ Kari'na: tapara
→ Trió: tafra
Limburgish: taofel

desc

Old High German: tafala, tavala, tabela, tabula

Middle High German: tavel, tafel, tabele, tofel, davel, dafel

Cimbrian: tafl

Alemannic German: Taafele

desctree

German: Tafel
→ Kashubian: tôfla
→ Latvian: tāfele
→ Swedish: tavla

Hunsrik: Daafel

Yiddish: טאָוול (tovl)


augā

augā (nominative singular)
augōn (nominative plural)
augā (accusative singular)
augōn (accusative plural)
augini (genitive singular)
augan (genitive singular)
auganō (genitive plural)
augini (dative singular)
augan (dative singular)
augum (dative plural)
augini (instrumental singular)
augan (instrumental singular)
augum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēaġe, ēge — Anglian
Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eein, eyen, eeen, een, ein (plural)

Old Frisian: āge, āg
North Frisian:
Most dialects: uug
Goesharde: uug, uuch
Halligen: uuch
Heligoland: Oog
Sylt: Oog
Saterland Frisian: Oge
West Frisian: each

Old Saxon: ōga
Middle Low German: ôge
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Oog
Westphalian:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Äuge
Lippisch: Auge, Äoge
Ravensbergisch: äuge (scientific), Auge
Sauerländisch: Äoge, Auge, Eyege, Ouge, Oue
Westmünsterländisch: Ooge, Oog
Plautdietsch: Uag

Old Dutch: ōga
Middle Dutch: ôge
Dutch: oog
Limburgish: oug

Old High German: ouga
Middle High German: ouge
Alemannic German: Aug
Swabian: Aug
Bavarian: Aug
Cimbrian:
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Ooch, Auch, Au
Hunsrik: Au
Kölsch: Ouch
Luxembourgish: A
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Ooche
Vilamovian: aojg
East Franconian:
German: Auge
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Aag
Pennsylvania German: Aag
Yiddish: אויג (oyg)


herþ

herþ (nominative singular)
herþō (nominative plural)
herþōs (nominative plural)
herþ (accusative singular)
herþā (accusative plural)
herþas (genitive singular)
herþō (genitive plural)
herþē (dative singular)
herþum (dative plural)
herþu (instrumental singular)
herþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorþ
Middle English: herth, harthe, heorð, heorþ, herthe, hertþ, herþ
English: hearth
Scots: harth, hairth

Old Frisian: herth, hirth

Saterland Frisian: Herde, Heet, Häid

West Frisian: hurd

Old Saxon: herth

Middle Low German: herd, hērt

Low German: Heerd

→ Swedish: härd

→ Danish: herd

→ Norwegian: herd (rare)

Old Dutch: *herth

Middle Dutch: hert, heert, haert

Dutch: haard, heerd, (dialectal) herd

Old High German: herd
Middle High German: hert
Cimbrian: hèart
German: Herd
Luxembourgish: Häerd

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *herþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kérh₃-to-s, from *kerh₃- (“to burn; fire, heat”).


snakō

snakō (nominative singular)
snakan (nominative plural)
snakan (accusative singular)
snakan (accusative plural)
snakini (genitive singular)
snakan (genitive singular)
snakanō (genitive plural)
snakini (dative singular)
snakan (dative singular)
snakum (dative plural)
snakini (instrumental singular)
snakan (instrumental singular)
snakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snaca
Middle English: snake, snak, snaca (Early Middle English)
English: snake (see there for further descendants)
Scots: snake

Old Frisian: *snake

desc

>? Saterland Frisian: Snoake (“tall, thin woman”)

West Frisian: snaak

Old Saxon: *snako

Middle Low German: snake, snāke

German Low German: Snake, Snaak

Low German: snaak

→ Polabian: snok (“blindworm”)

Old Dutch: *snako

Middle Dutch: snake

Dutch: snaak

West Flemish: snake

Old High German: *snako

Middle High German: snake

German: Schnake

From *snakan (“to creep, crawl”) + *-ō (agent suffix). Alternatively from an original Proto-Germanic *snēgô ~ *snakkaz paradigm, making *snākō a parallel formation.


kaiju

kaiju (nominative singular)
kaijō (nominative plural)
kaijā (accusative singular)
kaijā (accusative plural)
kaijā (genitive singular)
kaijō (genitive plural)
kaijē (dative singular)
kaijōm (dative plural)
kaijum (dative plural)
kaiju (instrumental singular)
kaijōm (instrumental plural)
kaijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cǣġ f
Middle English: keye, kaye, keiȝe
English: key
Scots: key, kay

⇒ Old English: cǣġe

Old Frisian: kēi, kāi m

North Frisian: kay

Saterland Frisian: Koai

West Frisian: kaai

Unknown; possibly related to Middle Dutch kegghe (“wedge”), and perhaps further to Old Norse *kagi (“shrub, young tree”), possibly cognate with Lithuanian žagarĩ pl (“scrub, brushwood”), Lithuanian žãgaras (“withered branch”), suggestively from Proto-Indo-European *ǵegʰ-.


pagil

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

pagil (nominative singular)
pagilō (nominative plural)
pagilōs (nominative plural)
pagil (accusative singular)
pagilā (accusative plural)
pagilas (genitive singular)
pagilō (genitive plural)
pagilē (dative singular)
pagilum (dative plural)
pagilu (instrumental singular)
pagilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pæġel
Middle English: payle, paiell, paille, payl
English: pail
Yola: pyle

Old Saxon: pegil

Middle Low German: pēgel

Low German: pegel

→ Danish: pægl

→ German: Pegel

Old Dutch: *pegil

Middle Dutch: pēgel, peil

Dutch: pegel, peil

Afrikaans: peil

desc

→ Late Latin: pagella (“a measure; measuring rod”)

From a pre-Germanic *bak-, most likely an early borrowing from an unknown language. Similar words are found in some other Indo-European languages, but the diverging phonology found across languages suggests a non-Indo-European origin.


madarā

madarā (nominative singular)
madarōn (nominative plural)
madarōn (accusative singular)
madarōn (accusative plural)
madarōn (genitive singular)
madarōnō (genitive plural)
madarōn (dative singular)
madarōm (dative plural)
madarum (dative plural)
madarōn (instrumental singular)
madarōm (instrumental plural)
madarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mædere, mædre, mæddre

desctree

Middle English: mader, madere, madur, madyr, madyre, maddir, madir, mædere
English: madder
Scots: mather, mader, madder, malder, maider (obsolete)
→ Irish: madra, madar

Old Saxon: *madara

Middle Low German: madre; māder m

desc

Old High German: matara, matra, matreia, matere, metere

Middle High German: matere


sāli

sāli (nominative singular)
sālī (nominative plural)
sāli (accusative singular)
sālī (accusative plural)
sālī (genitive singular)
sālijō (genitive plural)
sālī (dative singular)
sālim (dative plural)
sālijum (dative plural)
sālī (instrumental singular)
sālim (instrumental plural)
sālijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sǣl

Middle English: sele, sel

English: seel

Scots: seil, sele, seill, seyle

Substantivised from Proto-Germanic *sēliz.


besmō

besmō (nominative singular)
besman (nominative plural)
besman (accusative singular)
besman (accusative plural)
bismini (genitive singular)
besman (genitive singular)
besmanō (genitive plural)
bismini (dative singular)
besman (dative singular)
besmum (dative plural)
bismini (instrumental singular)
besman (instrumental singular)
besmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: besma, besema
Middle English: besme, beseme, besome, bisme, besm, besom, besowme, besum, besume, besumme, bysme (Late Middle English)
English: besom
Scots: besom, bisom
Yola: besom

Old Frisian: besma

Saterland Frisian: Bäisem

West Frisian: biezem, biezzem

Old Saxon: besmo

desc

Middle Low German: bessem, besseme, besme, bessen, bēsem, bēseme

German Low German: Besem, Bessem, Bessen

q

Dutch Low Saxon: bessem (Achterhoeks, Drents, Stellingwerfs, Twents), bessen (Drents)

Plautdietsch: Bassem

Old Dutch: *besemo

Middle Dutch: besem, bessem, besme

desctree

Dutch: bezem
Afrikaans: besem
Berbice Creole Dutch: besn, besum

Old High German: besamo, besemo, besmo, pesamo
Middle High German: bëseme, bësme
German: Besen
Luxembourgish: Biesem
Yiddish: בעזעם (bezem)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Germanic *besmô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰés-mō ~ *bʰs-m̥nés, from *bʰes- (“to rub, grind”) + *-mō, whence Ancient Greek ψάω (psáō, “to rub”), Sanskrit प्साति (psāti, “to chew”), or perhaps from earlier *bitsmô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéys-mō ~ *bʰis-m̥nés, from *bʰeydʰ- (“to split”) + *-mō.


hurnutu

hornutu (canonical feminine)
hurnutu (nominative singular)
hurnutō (nominative plural)
hurnutā (accusative singular)
hurnutā (accusative plural)
hurnutā (genitive singular)
hurnutō (genitive plural)
hurnutē (dative singular)
hurnutōm (dative plural)
hurnutum (dative plural)
hurnutu (instrumental singular)
hurnutōm (instrumental plural)
hurnutum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hyrnetu
Middle English: hernet
English: hornet
Scots: hornet

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: hoarnbij

Old Saxon: *horneta, hurnut

desc

Middle Low German: hornte, hornente, horntse

German Low German: Hörntje

German Low German: Hoornk

Old Dutch: *horneta

Middle Dutch: hornete, hornte, hornet

Dutch: hoorntje, hoorn, hoornaar

Old High German: hornaz, hornuz, hurniz

Middle High German: hornuz, horniz, harniz, harliz

German: Hornisse, Hornissel

From *hur(ʀ)n- (“hornet”) + *-ut (animal suffix) + *-u, from Proto-Germanic *hurzô ~ *hurzniz (“hornet”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱérh₂s-ō ~ *ḱr̥h₂s-nés (“hornet”), from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”) + *-s- + *-ō. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *śirˀšō (“hornet”), Latin crābrō (“hornet”).


rindā

rindā (nominative singular)
rindōn (nominative plural)
rindōn (accusative singular)
rindōn (accusative plural)
rindōn (genitive singular)
rindōnō (genitive plural)
rindōn (dative singular)
rindōm (dative plural)
rindum (dative plural)
rindōn (instrumental singular)
rindōm (instrumental plural)
rindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rinde

Middle English: rinde

English: rind

Scots: rynd, ryne

Old Saxon: *rinda

Middle Low German: rinde

Old Dutch: *rinda

Middle Dutch: rinde, runde, runne, run

Dutch: rinde, rin, run

Old High German: rinta, *rinda

Middle High German: rinte, rinde

German: Rinde


bodag

bodag (nominative singular)
bodagu (nominative plural)
bodag (accusative singular)
bodagu (accusative plural)
bodagas (genitive singular)
bodagō (genitive plural)
bodagē (dative singular)
bodagum (dative plural)
bodagu (instrumental singular)
bodagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bodeġ, bodiġ

Middle English: bodiȝ, body

desc

Scots: body, bodie, boady, buddy, bothie

English: body

→ Dutch: body (leotard; body; substance)

→ German: Body (leotard, bodysuit)

Old High German: botah

Middle High German: botech, botich, potich, potech

Swabian: Bottich

From Proto-Germanic *budagą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, observe”).


hūfi

hūfi (nominative singular)
hūfijō (nominative plural)
hūfijā (accusative singular)
hūfijā (accusative plural)
hūfijā (genitive singular)
hūfijō (genitive plural)
hūfijē (dative singular)
hūfijōm (dative plural)
hūfijum (dative plural)
hūfiju (instrumental singular)
hūfijōm (instrumental plural)
hūfijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hȳf, hȳfe
Middle English: hyve, heve, hive, huive, huyve, hyfe, hyffe, hufe (Early Middle English)
English: hive
Scots: hyve
Yola: heeve

Old Frisian: hūve

Old Saxon: *hūfa

Middle Low German: hūve, hüwe

Old Dutch: *hūfa

Middle Dutch: hūve

Dutch: huif

From Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“round container, bowl”). Cognate with Latin cūpa (“barrel, vat, tun”).


knappō

knappō (nominative singular)
knappan (nominative plural)
knappan (accusative singular)
knappan (accusative plural)
knappini (genitive singular)
knappan (genitive singular)
knappanō (genitive plural)
knappini (dative singular)
knappan (dative singular)
knappum (dative plural)
knappini (instrumental singular)
knappan (instrumental singular)
knappum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cnapa
Middle English: knape, cnape, knappe, cnapa, cnapæ
English: knape
Scots: knape, knaip

⇒ Old English: cnæpling

Old Frisian: knapa, knappa, kneppa

West Frisian: knaap

Old Saxon: *knapo

Middle Low German: knāpe, *knappe

Low German: knape, knawe

→ Old Norse: knapi

Icelandic: knapi, knappi

Old Swedish: knapi

Swedish: knape

Danish: knabe

Old Dutch: *knapo

Middle Dutch: knape

Dutch: knaap

Afrikaans: knaap

Old High German: knappo
Middle High German: knappe
German: Knappe
Mòcheno: knòpp

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language.


wraiþiþu

wraiþiþu (nominative singular)
wraiþiþō (nominative plural)
wraiþiþā (accusative singular)
wraiþiþā (accusative plural)
wraiþiþā (genitive singular)
wraiþiþō (genitive plural)
wraiþiþē (dative singular)
wraiþiþōm (dative plural)
wraiþiþum (dative plural)
wraiþiþu (instrumental singular)
wraiþiþōm (instrumental plural)
wraiþiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrǣþþu, wrǣþþo
Middle English: wraththe, wræththe, wreththe
English: wrath
Scots: wraith, wreath, wrath

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: wreedte (possible new formation)

From *wraiþ (“very angry; hostile”) + *-iþu.


halftrijā

halftrijā (nominative singular)
halftrijōn (nominative plural)
halftrijōn (accusative singular)
halftrijōn (accusative plural)
halftrijōn (genitive singular)
halftrijōnō (genitive plural)
halftrijōn (dative singular)
halftrijōm (dative plural)
halftrijum (dative plural)
halftrijōn (instrumental singular)
halftrijōm (instrumental plural)
halftrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hælftre

Middle English: halter, helter, heltre, heltere, helfter, heltyr, haltre, haltur, heltrer
English: halter
Scots: helter, heltir, hilter

Old Frisian: *haltre, *heltre

Saterland Frisian: Halter

West Frisian: helter

desc

Old Saxon: halftra, halfdra, halfedra, halaftra

Middle Low German: haltere, halter, halfter, halchtere, helchter, holfter, hulfter

Low German: halfter, helchter, halter

German Low German: Halter

Old Dutch: halftra, heliftra, halster

Middle Dutch: haeltre, halchtere, haellechter, helfter, halster

Dutch: halfter, halfster, halster, helster

Old High German: halftra

Middle High German: halfter

German: Halfter

Alemannic German: Hälftere

Luxembourgish: Halter

From *halb (“half”) + *-þr (agental suffix) + *-jā.


jikil

jikil (nominative singular)
jikilō (nominative plural)
jikilōs (nominative plural)
jikil (accusative singular)
jikilā (accusative plural)
jikilas (genitive singular)
jikilō (genitive plural)
jikilē (dative singular)
jikilum (dative plural)
jikilu (instrumental singular)
jikilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġiċel
Middle English: ikil, ykel, ykle, ychele, ikyl
English: ickle, eckle

Old Frisian: itsil, itzil, etzil

Old Saxon: *jukil

gl

Middle Low German: jȫkel, jekel, jokel, jöckel, jockel, jȫkele, jokele, jöckele, jockele, jukel, guckel m or f (merged with descendant of Old Saxon gikilla f)

Low German: (Dithmarscher) Jäkel

North Frisian: jöckel, jögel

desc

→ West Frisian: jûkel, (Schiermonnikoog) jokel

→ Dutch: jeukel (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *jekulaz. Rebuilt from *jekō (“piece of ice”) + *-il.


bunkō

bunkō (nominative singular)
bunkan (nominative plural)
bunkan (accusative singular)
bunkan (accusative plural)
bunkini (genitive singular)
bunkan (genitive singular)
bunkanō (genitive plural)
bunkini (dative singular)
bunkan (dative singular)
bunkum (dative plural)
bunkini (instrumental singular)
bunkan (instrumental singular)
bunkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bunca; *bunċen (< *bunkkīn)

Middle English: bunche, bonche

English: bunch (partially)

⇒ Middle English: bunchy, bonchy

⇒ Middle English: bunchines (“bump, hump, hunch”)

English: bunchiness

Old Frisian: bunka

Saterland Frisian: Bunke

West Frisian: bonke, bonk

Old Saxon: *bunko

Middle Low German: bunke, bunk

German Low German: Bunk

Old Dutch: *bunko

Middle Dutch: buncke, bonke, bonck, bonc

Dutch: bonk

>? Old High German: bungo

Middle High German: bunge

German: Bunge


ābanþ

ābanþ (nominative singular)
ābanþi (nominative plural)
ābanþu (accusative singular)
ābanþi (accusative plural)
ābundi (genitive singular)
ābundō (genitive plural)
ābundi (dative singular)
ābundum (dative plural)
ābundi (instrumental singular)
ābundum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ǣfen, ēfen, ēfern
Middle English: even, evene, even, efen
English: even
Yola: e'en

desc

Old Frisian: ēvend, āvend, āiond, iound, iond

North Frisian: In

Saterland Frisian: Äivend, Eeuwend, Eeuend (Skäddel)

West Frisian: jûn

desctree

Old Saxon: āvand
Middle Low German: âvent
German Low German: Avend
Paderbornisch: Owend

Old Dutch: avont

Middle Dutch: avont, avent
Dutch: avond
Afrikaans: aand
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafn
Jersey Dutch: âvond
Negerhollands: avond, navont
Limburgish: aovendj

Old High German: āband
Middle High German: ābent
Alemannic German: Obad, Obid
Swabian: Obad
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aabend
Central Franconian: Oovend
Hunsrik: Ovend
Kölsch: Ovend
Luxembourgish: Owend
East Central German: Ohmd, Oomd
German: Abend
Rhine Franconian: Owed, Owend
Pennsylvania German: Owed
Vilamovian: ȫwyt
Yiddish: אָוונט (ovnt)
→ North Frisian: Oabend


balu

balu (nominative singular)
balu (nominative plural)
balu (accusative singular)
balu (accusative plural)
balwas (genitive singular)
balwō (genitive plural)
balwē (dative singular)
balum (dative plural)
balu (instrumental singular)
balum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bealu, balu, bealo
Middle English: bale, balu
English: bale (dated)

Old Saxon: balu, balo

Old High German: balo
Middle High German: bale
⇒ Middle High German: balheit


baumijā

baumijā (nominative singular)
baumijōn (nominative plural)
baumijōn (accusative singular)
baumijōn (accusative plural)
baumijōn (genitive singular)
baumijōnō (genitive plural)
baumijōn (dative singular)
baumijōm (dative plural)
baumijum (dative plural)
baumijōn (instrumental singular)
baumijōm (instrumental plural)
baumijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bīeme, bȳme, bīme, bēme
Middle English: beme, beeme, beame, beome, beume, bume
→ English: beme


anafalt

anafalt (nominative singular)
anafaltu (nominative plural)
anafalt (accusative singular)
anafaltu (accusative plural)
anafaltas (genitive singular)
anafaltō (genitive plural)
anafaltē (dative singular)
anafaltum (dative plural)
anafaltu (instrumental singular)
anafaltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: anfealt, anfilte, onfilti

Middle English: anvelt, andefeld, anefeld, anevelte, anfeeld, anfelde, anvyll, anvyld, anvylt, unfelde
English: anvil

Old Saxon: anfelt, anafelti

Middle Low German: anvelt

Low German: Anefilt, Anfilts, Ambolt

Plautdietsch: Aumbolt

Old Dutch: *anafelt

Middle Dutch: anevilt, aenbilt

Dutch: aanbeeld, aambeeld

Afrikaans: aambeeld

Limburgish: aveltj

Old High German: anafalz

Middle High German: anafalz, anavalz

Uncertain; possible calque of Latin incūs (“anvil”), from *ana- (“on, onto”) + *falt (“beaten”). Alternatively related to *bolt (“bolt”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”), or perhaps to *aflaz (“hearth, fireplace; forge”).


wantu

wantu (nominative singular)
wantiwi (nominative plural)
wantō (nominative plural)
wantu (accusative singular)
wantū (accusative plural)
wantō (genitive singular)
wantiwō (genitive plural)
wantiwi (dative singular)
wantō (dative singular)
wantum (dative plural)
wantu (instrumental singular)
wantum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *want, *wont

Saterland Frisian: Wonte

West Frisian: want

Old Saxon: *wantu

Middle Low German: *wante, *want

Low German: Want

⇒ Middle Low German: wanteke f

Old Dutch: *want

Middle Dutch: want, wante

Dutch: want

desctree

→ Medieval Latin: wantus, gantus, guantus
Old French: gant, gaunt
Middle French: gant
French: gant
⇒ Old French: gantelet, gauntlet
French: gauntlet, gantlet
→ Middle English: gauntelet, gantelet, gauntlet
English: gauntlet
Yola: gauntletès (plural)
→ Spanish: guantelete
Iberian:
Old Leonese: guante
Asturian: guante
Leonese: guante
Portuguese: guante
Spanish: guante
Italian: guanto
Old Occitan: gant, gaunt
Catalan: guant
Occitan: gant
Ladin: guant
Piedmontese: guant
Sicilian: nguantu
→ Old High German: wantus, guantus, vantus, wanta

From Proto-Germanic *wantuz (“glove, mitten”).


daugu

daugu (nominative singular)
daugō (nominative plural)
daugā (accusative singular)
daugā (accusative plural)
daugā (genitive singular)
daugō (genitive plural)
daugē (dative singular)
daugōm (dative plural)
daugum (dative plural)
daugu (instrumental singular)
daugōm (instrumental plural)
daugum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dēag, dēah, dēg
Middle English: dehe, deyȝ, deie, dy
English: dye

From *daugan (“to conceal, hide”) + *-u, literally “that which hides”.


klaiw

klaiw (nominative singular)
klaiwiʀu (nominative plural)
klaiw (accusative singular)
klaiwiʀu (accusative plural)
klaiwiʀi (genitive singular)
klaiwiʀō (genitive plural)
klaiwiʀi (dative singular)
klaiwiʀum (dative plural)
klaiwiʀi (instrumental singular)
klaiwiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: klē

Middle Low German: klê

Old Dutch: *klēo

Middle Dutch: clee

Dutch: klee (dialectal)

Limburgish: klee, kliè

desctree

Old High German: chlēo, klēo
Middle High German: klē
Central Franconian: Klee, Klie
Cimbrian: khlea
German: Klee
Luxembourgish: Kléi
Rhine Franconian: Klee, Kleje, Klie, Kläi
Vilamovian: kłej

Unknown; possibly from an original z-stem *klaiw ~ *klaiwiʀi, perhaps of substrate origin.


kafl

kafl (nominative singular)
kaflō (nominative plural)
kaflōs (nominative plural)
kafl (accusative singular)
kaflā (accusative plural)
kaflas (genitive singular)
kaflō (genitive plural)
kaflē (dative singular)
kaflum (dative plural)
kaflu (instrumental singular)
kaflum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeafl
Middle English: chavel, chevel, chaule, chawel, chavyl, chawil, chawyl, chavalle, chaul, chewil, chefle, chafle (Early Middle English), jawe, jawle (influenced by the syn. joue)
English: jowl, chavel
Scots: chowl, chow, chew
Yola: choule

Old Saxon: kafl

Middle Low German: kavel

Old Dutch: *kaval

Middle Dutch: cavel

Dutch: (Flemish) kavel