būsni

būsni (nominative singular)
būsnī (nominative plural)
būsni (accusative singular)
būsnī (accusative plural)
būsnī (genitive singular)
būsnijō (genitive plural)
būsnī (dative singular)
būsnim (dative plural)
būsnijum (dative plural)
būsnī (instrumental singular)
būsnim (instrumental plural)
būsnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bȳsn, bȳsen

Middle English: bisne, bysen

Scots: bysen, bizen, besyne, bysene

English: bizen

Old Saxon: būsen, būsan (in compounds: e.g. ambūsan)


hurdi

hurdi (nominative singular)
hurdī (nominative plural)
hurdi (accusative singular)
hurdī (accusative plural)
hurdī (genitive singular)
hurdijō (genitive plural)
hurdī (dative singular)
hurdim (dative plural)
hurdijum (dative plural)
hurdī (instrumental singular)
hurdim (instrumental plural)
hurdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hyrd

Middle English: hurde

Old Saxon: hurth

Middle Low German: hōrde, hōrt

Old Dutch: *hurd

Middle Dutch: hurde, huerde, horde

Dutch: horde, hor

Old High German: hurt, hurd

Middle High German: hurt

German: Hürde

→ Old French: hort, hourd, hourt, hurde

Middle French: hourd

French: hourd

→ Middle English: hord, whourde

⇒ English: hoarding

→ Medieval Latin: hurdicium, hurdicia

Old French: hordëiz, hourdeis, hurdis

Middle French: hourdis, hourdy

French: hourdis, hourdi

desc

→ Middle English: hurdeiz, hurdis, hurdice


snuttrī

snuttrī (nominative singular)
snuttrīn (accusative singular)
snuttrīn (genitive singular)
snuttrīn (dative singular)
snuttrīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: snytro, snyttro, snytero, snyteru

Middle English: snytere

From Proto-Germanic *snutrį̄. Equivalent to *snotr (“wise, cleaver”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


skāk

skāk (nominative singular)
skākō (nominative plural)
skākōs (nominative plural)
skāk (accusative singular)
skākā (accusative plural)
skākas (genitive singular)
skākō (genitive plural)
skākē (dative singular)
skākum (dative plural)
skāku (instrumental singular)
skākum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *skāk

⇒ Old Frisian: skākdēd, skākdēde

⇒ Old Frisian: skākrâf

⇒ Old Frisian: skākrâvere

Old Saxon: *skāk

Middle Low German: schāk

Old Dutch: *scāc

Middle Dutch: schâec

Dutch: schaak

desctree

Old High German: skāh, scah
Middle High German: schāch

→ Medieval Latin: scacchum, scachum

desc

Old French: eschec, eschiec (“booty, spoils”)

Middle French: eschec, eschiec

⇒ Old French: eschiequer, eschecer, escheker, eschieker

→ Middle English: skekken, skiken

⇒ Latin: scachator

Unknown; perhaps related to *skakan (“to shake”).


firinu

firinu (nominative singular)
firinō (nominative plural)
firinā (accusative singular)
firinā (accusative plural)
firinā (genitive singular)
firinō (genitive plural)
firinē (dative singular)
firinōm (dative plural)
firinum (dative plural)
firinu (instrumental singular)
firinōm (instrumental plural)
firinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: firen, fyren

Old Frisian: firne

Old Saxon: firina

Old High German: firina

Middle High German: virne


sūli

sūli (nominative singular)
sūlī (nominative plural)
sūli (accusative singular)
sūlī (accusative plural)
sūlī (genitive singular)
sūlijō (genitive plural)
sūlī (dative singular)
sūlim (dative plural)
sūlijum (dative plural)
sūlī (instrumental singular)
sūlim (instrumental plural)
sūlijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sȳl
Middle English: syle
English: sile
Scots: sile, syle, cyle

Old Frisian: sēle

Old Saxon: sūl

Middle Low German: sûl, sûle

German Low German: Süül

Old Dutch: sūl

Middle Dutch: suul

Dutch: zuil

→ West Frisian: suil

Limburgish: zuul

Old High German: sūl

Middle High German: sūl

German: Säule

Luxembourgish: Sail

Yiddish: זײַל (zayl)


firinudādi

firinudādi (nominative singular)
firinudādī (nominative plural)
firinudādi (accusative singular)
firinudādī (accusative plural)
firinudādī (genitive singular)
firinudādijō (genitive plural)
firinudādī (dative singular)
firinudādim (dative plural)
firinudādijum (dative plural)
firinudādī (instrumental singular)
firinudādim (instrumental plural)
firinudādijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: firendǣd

Old Saxon: firindād

Old High German: firintāt


hūdi

hūdi (nominative singular)
hūdī (nominative plural)
hūdi (accusative singular)
hūdī (accusative plural)
hūdī (genitive singular)
hūdijō (genitive plural)
hūdī (dative singular)
hūdim (dative plural)
hūdijum (dative plural)
hūdī (instrumental singular)
hūdim (instrumental plural)
hūdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hȳd
Middle English: hyde, hyd, hide, hid, hude, huyde, huide (Southern, Southwestern)
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde

Old Frisian: hūd, hēd, hēde

North Frisian: heed

Saterland Frisian: Häid

West Frisian: hûd

Old Saxon: hūd

Middle Low German: hūt

Low German: Huud, Huut

Old Dutch: hūd

Middle Dutch: huut

Dutch: huid

Afrikaans: huid

Old High German: hūt
Middle High German: hūt
Alemannic German: Hutt
Walser: Huut
Cimbrian: haut
Central Franconian: Hock, Hout (Moselle Franconian), Huut (western Ripuarian), Huck (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: Haut, haut
German: Haut
Luxembourgish: Haut
Yiddish: הויט (hoyt)


wurti

wurti (nominative singular)
wurtī (nominative plural)
wurti (accusative singular)
wurtī (accusative plural)
wurtī (genitive singular)
wurtijō (genitive plural)
wurtī (dative singular)
wurtim (dative plural)
wurtijum (dative plural)
wurtī (instrumental singular)
wurtim (instrumental plural)
wurtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrt (“plant, herb”)
Middle English: wurt, worte, wort
English: wort
Middle Scots: *wort (attested in plural wortis)
Scots: wirt
⇒ Middle English: wurten, worten (“resembling or pertaining to spice, herbal”, adj)

Old English: wyrt (“brewer's wort”) (merged with descendant of *wurtiju)

Middle English: wort, worte

English: wort

Scots: wirt

Old Saxon: wurt
Middle Low German: wort, wurt

Old Dutch: wurt

Middle Dutch: worte

Old High German: wurz
Middle High German: wurz
Cimbrian: burtz, buurtza (Sette Comuni)
German: Wurz
Vilamovian: wiyc
⇒ Old High German: giwurz f
Middle High German: *gewürze (attested 15th c.)
German: Gewürz n
→ German Low German: Gewürz
Luxembourgish: Gewierz


brūdi

brūdi (nominative singular)
brūdī (nominative plural)
brūdi (accusative singular)
brūdī (accusative plural)
brūdī (genitive singular)
brūdijō (genitive plural)
brūdī (dative singular)
brūdim (dative plural)
brūdijum (dative plural)
brūdī (instrumental singular)
brūdim (instrumental plural)
brūdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brȳd
Middle English: bride, brid, bryd, bryde, brude
English: bride
Scots: bride
Yola: breede

Old Frisian: brēd, breid

Saterland Frisian: Bräid

West Frisian: breid

Old Saxon: brūd
Middle Low German: brûde, brût
German Low German: Bruut

Old Dutch: *brūd

Middle Dutch: bruut

Dutch: bruid
Afrikaans: bruid
Negerhollands: bruid
→ Papiamentu: brùit, breit, breid

Old High German: brūt, prut
Middle High German: brūt
Alemannic German: Bruut
Central Franconian: Brock, Brout, Bruut, Bruck
Hunsrik: praut
German: Braut
Luxembourgish: Braut
→ Friulian: brût
→ Old French: bruy
French: bru

→ Old French: bru, brut
French: bru


snūt

snūt (nominative singular)
snūtō (nominative plural)
snūtōs (nominative plural)
snūt (accusative singular)
snūtā (accusative plural)
snūtas (genitive singular)
snūtō (genitive plural)
snūtē (dative singular)
snūtum (dative plural)
snūtu (instrumental singular)
snūtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *snūt

Saterland Frisian: Snuute

West Frisian: snút

Old Saxon: *snūt

Middle Low German: snûte, snuut, snuyt

Low German: Schnute, Snuut

→ German: Schnute

Old Dutch: *snūt

Middle Dutch: snute

Dutch: snuit

Afrikaans: snuit

→ Middle English: snowte, snoute, snout, snute, snowth
English: snout
Scots: snout, snoot
→ English: snoot

Old High German: *snūz

Middle High German: *snuze

German: Schnauze, Schnauße

→ Plautdietsch: Schnuz

Yiddish: שנויץ (shnoyts)


þurhil

þurhil (nominative singular)
þurhilu (nominative plural)
þurhil (accusative singular)
þurhilu (accusative plural)
þurhilas (genitive singular)
þurhilō (genitive plural)
þurhilē (dative singular)
þurhilum (dative plural)
þurhilu (instrumental singular)
þurhilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þyrel, þiril, þirel, þryl, þyrl, þerl — in compounds
Middle English: thurl, thirl
English: thirl
Scots: thirl


hlūd

hlūd (nominative singular)
hlūdu (nominative plural)
hlūd (accusative singular)
hlūdu (accusative plural)
hlūdas (genitive singular)
hlūdō (genitive plural)
hlūdē (dative singular)
hlūdum (dative plural)
hlūdu (instrumental singular)
hlūdum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: hlūd


rūm

rūm (nominative singular)
rūmu (nominative plural)
rūm (accusative singular)
rūmu (accusative plural)
rūmas (genitive singular)
rūmō (genitive plural)
rūmē (dative singular)
rūmum (dative plural)
rūmu (instrumental singular)
rūmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rūm m or n

Middle English: roum

English: room

→ Fiji Hindi: rum

→ Scottish Gaelic: rùm m

→ Tok Pisin: rum

Scots: rowm, roum

Old Frisian: *rūm

Saterland Frisian: Ruum m

Old Saxon: rūm

Middle Low German: rûm

Low German: Ruum m

German Low German: Ruum m

→ Lower Sorbian: rum m inan

Plautdietsch: Rum

Old Dutch: *rūm

Middle Dutch: ruum

Dutch: ruim n

Afrikaans: ruim

Old High German: rūm

Middle High German: rūm

German: Raum m

Hunsrik: Raum m

Luxembourgish: Raum m

Volga German: Raum m


gamunþī

gamunþī (nominative singular)
gamunþiju (nominative plural)
gamunþī (accusative singular)
gamunþiju (accusative plural)
gamunþijas (genitive singular)
gamunþijō (genitive plural)
gamunþijē (dative singular)
gamunþijum (dative plural)
gamunþiju (instrumental singular)
gamunþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġemȳþe, ġemȳþ

Old Saxon: gimūthi

Old Dutch: *gimundi (attested in place names)

Old High German: gimundi


galmi

galmi (nominative singular)
galmī (nominative plural)
galmi (accusative singular)
galmī (accusative plural)
galmī (genitive singular)
galmijō (genitive plural)
galmī (dative singular)
galmim (dative plural)
galmijum (dative plural)
galmī (instrumental singular)
galmim (instrumental plural)
galmijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġilm, ġelm
Middle English: yelm
English: yelm, yealm

Old Frisian: *gelm

West Frisian: galm (Schiermonnikoog)

Possibly inherited from Proto-Germanic *galmiz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to flourish”) or *gʰel- (“to cut”); such a formation would be paralleled by *glaimi, *hlammi, *walmi.
A connection to Old Norse -gelmir in the names of the giants Aurgelmir (i.e. Ymir), Bergelmir and Þrúðgelmir is possible, though it is semantically far-fetched; furthermore, this compound element is typically connected to *galm.

der

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) bundle, handful (of plants)


brōgō

brōgō (nominative singular)
brōgan (nominative plural)
brōgan (accusative singular)
brōgan (accusative plural)
brōgini (genitive singular)
brōgan (genitive singular)
brōganō (genitive plural)
brōgini (dative singular)
brōgan (dative singular)
brōgum (dative plural)
brōgini (instrumental singular)
brōgan (instrumental singular)
brōgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōga

Old High German: bruogo


bannju

bannju (nominative singular)
bannjō (nominative plural)
bannjā (accusative singular)
bannjā (accusative plural)
bannjā (genitive singular)
bannjō (genitive plural)
bannjē (dative singular)
bannjōm (dative plural)
bannjum (dative plural)
bannju (instrumental singular)
bannjōm (instrumental plural)
bannjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: benn

Old Saxon: beni


bōni

bōni (nominative singular)
bōnī (nominative plural)
bōni (accusative singular)
bōnī (accusative plural)
bōnī (genitive singular)
bōnijō (genitive plural)
bōnī (dative singular)
bōnim (dative plural)
bōnijum (dative plural)
bōnī (instrumental singular)
bōnim (instrumental plural)
bōnijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bēn
Middle English: ben, bene
English: ben, bene
⇒ English: bee
⇒ Scots: been-hook, been-plough


kanip

kanip (nominative singular)
kanipō (nominative plural)
kanipōs (nominative plural)
kanip (accusative singular)
kanipā (accusative plural)
kanipas (genitive singular)
kanipō (genitive plural)
kanipē (dative singular)
kanipum (dative plural)
kanipu (instrumental singular)
kanipum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cenep

Middle English: kempe

English: kemp

Old Frisian: kanep, kenep, knap, knep


bruttjō

bruttjō (nominative singular)
bruttjan (nominative plural)
bruttjan (accusative singular)
bruttjan (accusative plural)
bruttjini (genitive singular)
bruttjan (genitive singular)
bruttjanō (genitive plural)
bruttjini (dative singular)
bruttjan (dative singular)
bruttjum (dative plural)
bruttjini (instrumental singular)
bruttjan (instrumental singular)
bruttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brytta

From Proto-Germanic *brutjô, from *brutōną (“to break, divide”) (whence Old Norse brytja (“to chop”), and Old English bryttian (“to divide into pieces”)) + *-jô. Equivalent to *brutōn (“to divide”) + *-jō. Cognate with Old Norse bryti (“steward, bailiff”).


glōdi

glōdi (nominative singular)
glōdī (nominative plural)
glōdi (accusative singular)
glōdī (accusative plural)
glōdī (genitive singular)
glōdijō (genitive plural)
glōdī (dative singular)
glōdim (dative plural)
glōdijum (dative plural)
glōdī (instrumental singular)
glōdim (instrumental plural)
glōdijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: glēd
Middle English: glede, gleede
English: glede, glead, gleed
Scots: gleed, gleid

Old Frisian: glōd, glēd

Saterland Frisian: Gloud

West Frisian: gloed

Old Saxon: glōd (in compounds: glōdpanna, glōdwelo, etc.)

Middle Low German: glōt

Low German: gloot

Plautdietsch: Gloot

⇒? German Low German: Gloor

Old Dutch: *gluod

Middle Dutch: gloet

Dutch: gloed
Afrikaans: gloed

Limburgish: glood

Old High German: gluot

Middle High German: gluot

Cimbrian: gluut

German: Glut


fūsti

fūsti (nominative singular)
fūstī (nominative plural)
fūsti (accusative singular)
fūstī (accusative plural)
fūstī (genitive singular)
fūstijō (genitive plural)
fūstī (dative singular)
fūstim (dative plural)
fūstijum (dative plural)
fūstī (instrumental singular)
fūstim (instrumental plural)
fūstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fȳst
Middle English: fist, fust, fest, feest, vest
English: fist
Scots: fist, fyst
Yola: hist, fest

Old Frisian: fēst, fest

North Frisian: fest

Saterland Frisian: Fäste

Old Saxon: fūst

Middle Low German: vûst

German Low German: Fuust

Low German: Fust

→ West Frisian: fûst

Old Dutch: *fūst

Middle Dutch: vuust

Dutch: vuist

Limburgish: voes

Old High German: fūst
Middle High German: fūst, vūst, voust
Alemannic German: Fuuscht, Pfuuscht
Bavarian: Faust
Cimbrian: vòista, bòista (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: Fuus, Faust
Hunsrik: Faust
Luxembourgish: Fauscht
German: Faust
Yiddish: פֿויסט (foyst)

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Germanic *funstiz, possibly:
* dissimilated from earlier *funkstiz, from Proto-Indo-European *pu-n-ǵ-stí-s, from *pewǵ- (“to punch, poke”), whence Latin pugnus (“fist”),
* or from earlier *funhstiz, *funhwstiz, from Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-stí-s, from *pénkʷe (“five”).
Perhaps also cognate with Proto-Slavic *pę̑stь (“fist”).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


hamiþi

hamiþi (nominative singular)
hamiþþju (nominative plural)
hamiþi (accusative singular)
hamiþþju (accusative plural)
hamiþþjas (genitive singular)
hamiþþjō (genitive plural)
hamiþþjē (dative singular)
hamiþþjum (dative plural)
hamiþþju (instrumental singular)
hamiþþjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hemeþe

Old Frisian: hemethe, hamethe, hamed

Saterland Frisian: Hamend

Saterland Frisian: Hoamd

West Frisian: himd

Old Saxon: hemithi

desc

Middle Low German: hēmede, hemmede, hemet, heemde

German Low German: Hemd

Low German: hemd, hemde

Plautdietsch: Hamd

Old Dutch: *hemithi

Middle Dutch: hēmede, hemde

desctree

Dutch: hemd
Afrikaans: hemp (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: hemdu
Jersey Dutch: häämt
Negerhollands: hemmede, hemmete, hemete
Skepi Creole Dutch: hemde
→ Lokono: hemede
→ Indonesian: hem (“shirt”)
→ Mahican: hámed
→ Munsee: héemput
→ Sranan Tongo: empi (see there for further descendants)
→ Unami: hèmpës
→ West Frisian: himd

Old High German: hemidi

Middle High German: hemede, hemde

desc

Central Franconian: Hemb, Himb, Himd (Moselle Franconian)

German: Hemd

Luxembourgish: Hiem

Yiddish: העמד (hemd)

→ Medieval Latin: camisia (see there for further descendants)

From *hamō (“binding, wrapping”) + *-iþi. Doublet of *kamisi (“tunic, shirt”).


andawliti

andawliti (nominative singular)
andawlittju (nominative plural)
andawliti (accusative singular)
andawlittju (accusative plural)
andawlittjas (genitive singular)
andawlittjō (genitive plural)
andawlittjē (dative singular)
andawlittjum (dative plural)
andawlittju (instrumental singular)
andawlittjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: andwlita, andwlite (< *andawlitô)

Middle English: anlet, onlete

Old Saxon: *andwlitti, *andlitti

Middle Low German: antlitte (possibly borrowed from High German)

>? Low German: Antlaat

Old Dutch: antlito

Old High German: antlizzi

Middle High German: antlitze, antlütte, antlütze

German: Antlitz

From Proto-Germanic *andawlitją. Equivalent to *anda- (“facing”) + *wlītan (“to see, look”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


aldī

aldī (nominative singular)
aldīn (accusative singular)
aldīn (genitive singular)
aldīn (dative singular)
aldīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: ieldu, yldo

Middle English: elde

Scots: eild, eeld

English: eld

Old Frisian: elde

North Frisian: jelde

West Frisian: jeld

Old Saxon: eldī

Middle Low German: olde

Old Dutch: aldi, eldi

Middle Dutch: oude, elde

Dutch: oude

West Flemish: elde

Old High German: altī, eltī

Middle High German: elte

German: Älte (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *alþį̄. Equivalent to *ald (“old”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


swīgā

swīgā (nominative singular)
swīgōn (nominative plural)
swīgōn (accusative singular)
swīgōn (accusative plural)
swīgōn (genitive singular)
swīgōnō (genitive plural)
swīgōn (dative singular)
swīgōm (dative plural)
swīgum (dative plural)
swīgōn (instrumental singular)
swīgōm (instrumental plural)
swīgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: swīge
Middle English: swyȝe, swiȝe, swige

Old High German: swīga

Unknown; possibly cognate with Ancient Greek σῖγα (sîga, “silently”), σιγᾶν (sigân, “be silent”), σιγή (sigḗ, “silence”), from earlier *σϝίγ- (*swíg-), forgoing the expected change *sw- > *hw-, perhaps then from Proto-Indo-European *sweyHg-, however this is disputed. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline”), whence *dwīnan ~ *swīnan (“to dwindle, fade away”).


faimnijā

faimnijā (nominative singular)
faimnijōn (nominative plural)
faimnijōn (accusative singular)
faimnijōn (accusative plural)
faimnijōn (genitive singular)
faimnijōnō (genitive plural)
faimnijōn (dative singular)
faimnijōm (dative plural)
faimnijum (dative plural)
faimnijōn (instrumental singular)
faimnijōm (instrumental plural)
faimnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣmne

desc

Old Frisian: fāmne, fēmne, fomne, fonna, fovne, fone

North Frisian: faamen, fomen, foomen, faamel, fømel

→ Middle Low German: fâmele

Saterland Frisian: Fauene, Fauende

West Frisian: feem, faam, faamne

→ Middle English: fonne (possibly)

English: fun, fond

→ Middle Low German: *fonne, *fone

German Low German: Foon


skaiþiju

skaiþiju (nominative singular)
skaiþijō (nominative plural)
skaiþijā (accusative singular)
skaiþijā (accusative plural)
skaiþijā (genitive singular)
skaiþijō (genitive plural)
skaiþijē (dative singular)
skaiþijōm (dative plural)
skaiþijum (dative plural)
skaiþiju (instrumental singular)
skaiþijōm (instrumental plural)
skaiþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċēaþ

Middle English: shethe, sheth, schethe, scheth

English: sheath, sheathe

Old Frisian: skēthe

Old Saxon: sceitha

Low German: scheed

Old Dutch: *skētha

Middle Dutch: schêde

Dutch: schede

Afrikaans: skede

Old High German: sceida, skaida

Middle High German: scheide

German: Scheide

Hunsrik: Scheed

Luxembourgish: Scheed

Yiddish: שייד (sheyd)


aihti

aihti (nominative singular)
aihtī (nominative plural)
aihti (accusative singular)
aihtī (accusative plural)
aihtī (genitive singular)
aihtijō (genitive plural)
aihtī (dative singular)
aihtim (dative plural)
aihtijum (dative plural)
aihtī (instrumental singular)
aihtim (instrumental plural)
aihtijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ǣht
Middle English: aught, ought
English: aught, ought
Scots: aucht

Old Saxon: ēht
⇒ Old Saxon: *frēht (prefixed with *fra-)
Middle Low German: vracht
German Low German: fracht
→ Middle Dutch: vracht
Dutch: vracht
Afrikaans: vrag
→ Danish: fragt
→ English: freight, fraught (possibly via Middle Dutch)
→ German: Fracht
→ Gutnish: frakt
→ Norwegian: frakt (possibly via Middle Dutch)
→ Swedish: frakt

Old Dutch: *ēht

⇒ Old Dutch: *frēht

Middle Dutch: vrecht

Old High German: ēht


saiwi

saiwi (nominative singular)
saiwī (nominative plural)
saiwi (accusative singular)
saiwī (accusative plural)
saiwī (genitive singular)
saiwijō (genitive plural)
saiwī (dative singular)
saiwim (dative plural)
saiwijum (dative plural)
saiwī (instrumental singular)
saiwim (instrumental plural)
saiwijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sǣ f or m
Middle English: see, ce, sæ, se, sea, sei, ze
English: sea
Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie
Yola: zea, zee

Old Frisian: sē

North Frisian: see

Saterland Frisian: See, Säi

West Frisian: see

Old Saxon: sēo m, sēu
Middle Low German: sê
German Low German: See
Plautdietsch: See

Old Dutch: sēo m
Middle Dutch: sêe f or m
Dutch: zee f
Afrikaans: see
Berbice Creole Dutch: sei
Javindo: see
Negerhollands: see
→ Saramaccan: zé
→ Sranan Tongo: se
Limburgish: zieë f
West Flemish: zji m or f, zêe

Old High German: sēo m
Middle High German: sē m (rarely f)
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: sea
Mòcheno: sea
German: See m (“lake”), See f (“sea”) (latter in part from Low German)
Luxembourgish: Séi


blādrā

blādrā (nominative singular)
blādrōn (nominative plural)
blādrōn (accusative singular)
blādrōn (accusative plural)
blādrōn (genitive singular)
blādrōnō (genitive plural)
blādrōn (dative singular)
blādrōm (dative plural)
blādrum (dative plural)
blādrōn (instrumental singular)
blādrōm (instrumental plural)
blādrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blǣdre, blæddre

desc

Middle English: bladdre, bladder, bledder

English: bladder

Old Saxon: *blādra

Middle Low German: blāder

German Low German: Bladder

Old Dutch: *blādara

Middle Dutch: blâdere, blâder, blâer

Dutch: blaar

Afrikaans: blaar

Limburgish: blaor

Old High German: blātara

Middle High German: blātere

German: Blatter

Luxembourgish: Bloder


armiþu

armiþu (nominative singular)
armiþō (nominative plural)
armiþā (accusative singular)
armiþā (accusative plural)
armiþā (genitive singular)
armiþō (genitive plural)
armiþē (dative singular)
armiþōm (dative plural)
armiþum (dative plural)
armiþu (instrumental singular)
armiþōm (instrumental plural)
armiþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: iermþu, iermþ, yrmþ, irmþ, ermþ, ermþu, eormþu, earmþu
Middle English: armthe
English: armth

Old Frisian: ermithe, ermthe

Old High German: armida

Middle High German: ermede, ermde

German: Ärmde (dialectal)


armōdī

armōdī (nominative singular)
armōdiju (nominative plural)
armōdī (accusative singular)
armōdiju (accusative plural)
armōdijas (genitive singular)
armōdijō (genitive plural)
armōdijē (dative singular)
armōdijum (dative plural)
armōdiju (instrumental singular)
armōdijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *ermmōd

⇒ Old Frisian: ermmōdich

Old Saxon: armōdi

Middle Low German: armōde, armōde

→ Danish: armod

Old Dutch: *armodi

Middle Dutch: armode, armoede

Dutch: armoede

Afrikaans: armoede

Limburgish: ermood, ermeuj

Old High German: armuoti, armmuoti

desc

Middle High German: armuote, ermuote, armet, ermet

German: Armut

Hunsrik: Aarmut

From Proto-Germanic *armōdiją. Equivalent to *arm (“alm”) + *-ōdī.


mistil

mistil (nominative singular)
mistilō (nominative plural)
mistilōs (nominative plural)
mistil (accusative singular)
mistilā (accusative plural)
mistilas (genitive singular)
mistilō (genitive plural)
mistilē (dative singular)
mistilum (dative plural)
mistilu (instrumental singular)
mistilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mistel
Middle English: mistel, mistell, mystil, mystill, mystyl
English: mistle
Scots: misle

Old Frisian: *mistel

West Frisian: mistel

Old Saxon: mistil

Middle Low German: mistel

German Low German: Mistel

⇒ Plautdietsch: Mistelplaunt

Old Dutch: *mistil

Middle Dutch: mistel

Dutch: mistel

Old High German: mistil

Middle High German: mistel

German: Mistel


swiknu

swiknu (nominative singular)
swiknō (nominative plural)
swiknā (accusative singular)
swiknā (accusative plural)
swiknā (genitive singular)
swiknō (genitive plural)
swiknē (dative singular)
swiknōm (dative plural)
swiknum (dative plural)
swiknu (instrumental singular)
swiknōm (instrumental plural)
swiknum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swicn


þunr

þunr (nominative singular)
þunrō (nominative plural)
þunrōs (nominative plural)
þunr (accusative singular)
þunrā (accusative plural)
þunras (genitive singular)
þunrō (genitive plural)
þunrē (dative singular)
þunrum (dative plural)
þunru (instrumental singular)
þunrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þunor, þunar, þunur, þuner, þonor
Middle English: thonder
English: thunder
Scots: thuner, thunder, thundir
Yola: dhunder, dunder

Old Frisian: thuner, thonger
West Frisian: tonger

Old Saxon: thunar, thuner

desc

Middle Low German: dunner, donner, donre, donder, dōner

Low German:

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Dunner

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Donner

Sauerländisch: Duener, Dūner, Dunner, Dōener

Westmünsterländisch: Dunder, Dunner

Plautdietsch: Donna

Old Dutch: *thonar

desctree

Middle Dutch: donre
Dutch: donder
Afrikaans: donder
Negerhollands: donner, dondu
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dondu (dated)
→ Papiamentu: dònder, donder
→ Sranan Tongo: dondru
Aukan: dondoo, donduu
Limburgish: dónder, dónjer
West Flemish: dunder

Old High German: donar, thonar
Middle High German: toner, doner
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dunner
Luxembourgish: Donner
German: Donner
Rhine Franconian: Dunner
Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥onæ̆], (possible pre-1825 pronunciation) [d̥unæ̆]
Vilamovian: dunyn (likely a plural form of *duner)
Yiddish: דונער (duner)


hadin

hadin (nominative singular)
hadinō (nominative plural)
hadinōs (nominative plural)
hadin (accusative singular)
hadinā (accusative plural)
hadinas (genitive singular)
hadinō (genitive plural)
hadinē (dative singular)
hadinum (dative plural)
hadinu (instrumental singular)
hadinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heden


agisō

agisō (nominative singular)
agisan (nominative plural)
agisan (accusative singular)
agisan (accusative plural)
agisini (genitive singular)
agisan (genitive singular)
agisanō (genitive plural)
agisini (dative singular)
agisan (dative singular)
agisum (dative plural)
agisini (instrumental singular)
agisan (instrumental singular)
agisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eġesa

Old Saxon: egiso

Old High German: egiso


asnī

asnī (nominative singular)
asnijō (nominative plural)
asnijōs (nominative plural)
asnī (accusative singular)
asnijā (accusative plural)
asnijas (genitive singular)
asnijō (genitive plural)
asnijē (dative singular)
asnijum (dative plural)
asniju (instrumental singular)
asnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: esne

Middle English: esne

→ English: esne

Old Saxon: *asni

Middle Low German: asne, asnen

Old High German: asni, esni

⇒ Old High German: asnāri


pīk

pīk (nominative singular)
pīkō (nominative plural)
pīkōs (nominative plural)
pīk (accusative singular)
pīkā (accusative plural)
pīkas (genitive singular)
pīkō (genitive plural)
pīkē (dative singular)
pīkum (dative plural)
pīku (instrumental singular)
pīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pīc

Middle English: pyke, pike, pyk (partially from Old French pike)

English: pike

Old Dutch: *pīk

>? Middle Dutch: pike m or f

Dutch: piek

Afrikaans: piek

Old High German: *pīk

German: Peik (dialectal)


fatil

fatil (nominative singular)
fatilō (nominative plural)
fatilōs (nominative plural)
fatil (accusative singular)
fatilā (accusative plural)
fatilas (genitive singular)
fatilō (genitive plural)
fatilē (dative singular)
fatilum (dative plural)
fatilu (instrumental singular)
fatilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fetel
Middle English: *fetel
English: fettle (dialectal)
Scots: fettel (possibly from Old Norse fetill)

Old Saxon: *fetil

Middle Low German: vētel, vettel f

German Low German: Fiedel, Fiddel m

Old Dutch: *fetil

Middle Dutch: vetel

Dutch: vetel (dialectal)

Old High German: fezzil

Middle High German: vezzel

German: Fessel


agiþā

agiþā (nominative singular)
agiþōn (nominative plural)
agiþōn (accusative singular)
agiþōn (accusative plural)
agiþōn (genitive singular)
agiþōnō (genitive plural)
agiþōn (dative singular)
agiþōm (dative plural)
agiþum (dative plural)
agiþōn (instrumental singular)
agiþōm (instrumental plural)
agiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eġeþe

Middle English: eythe

Old Frisian: eide

Old Saxon: egitha

Old Dutch: *egitha

Middle Dutch: ēgede, ēegde

Old High German: egida

Middle High German: egede, egde

Cimbrian: égata

Early Modern German: eide


alinu

alinu (nominative singular)
alinō (nominative plural)
alinā (accusative singular)
alinā (accusative plural)
alinā (genitive singular)
alinō (genitive plural)
alinē (dative singular)
alinōm (dative plural)
alinum (dative plural)
alinu (instrumental singular)
alinōm (instrumental plural)
alinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eln
Middle English: elne, elle, ellen, eln, ellyn
English: ell
Scots: elne, ellne, eln, el, ell

Old Frisian: elne, ielne

Saterland Frisian: Äälne

West Frisian: jelne, jellen

Old Saxon: elina
Middle Low German: elne
German Low German: Ell

Old Dutch: *elina

Middle Dutch: elle, elne

Dutch: el

Old High German: elina, elena, elna, elle
Middle High German: elline, elne, elle, eln, ellen, ele
Cimbrian: élla
German: Elle

→ Vulgar Latin: *alina (also possibly from Gothic)

Old French: alne

Middle French: aune

French: aune

→ Italian: auna


kwerku

kwerku (nominative singular)
kwerkō (nominative plural)
kwerkā (accusative singular)
kwerkā (accusative plural)
kwerkā (genitive singular)
kwerkō (genitive plural)
kwerkē (dative singular)
kwerkōm (dative plural)
kwerkum (dative plural)
kwerku (instrumental singular)
kwerkōm (instrumental plural)
kwerkum (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old Frisian: querka, quertza (verb)

North Frisian: querke, quirke

Old Saxon: *querka

Middle Low German: querke, quarke

⇒ Middle Low German: querken (verb)

desc

Old High German: querka, querkala, querkela


staþu

staþu (nominative singular)
staþō (nominative plural)
staþā (accusative singular)
staþā (accusative plural)
staþā (genitive singular)
staþō (genitive plural)
staþē (dative singular)
staþōm (dative plural)
staþum (dative plural)
staþu (instrumental singular)
staþōm (instrumental plural)
staþum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *statha

Middle Low German: stade f

Feminine derivation of Proto-Germanic *staþô.


hwer

hwer (nominative singular)
hwerō (nominative plural)
hwerōs (nominative plural)
hwer (accusative singular)
hwerā (accusative plural)
hweras (genitive singular)
hwerō (genitive plural)
hwerē (dative singular)
hwerum (dative plural)
hweru (instrumental singular)
hwerum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwer

Middle English: hwer, wher

Old High German: hwer, wer


haisī

haisī (nominative singular)
haisīn (accusative singular)
haisīn (genitive singular)
haisīn (dative singular)
haisīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: heisī, heisarī

From Proto-Germanic *haisį̄. Equivalent to *hais (“hoarse”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


funkō

funkō (nominative singular)
funkan (nominative plural)
funkan (accusative singular)
funkan (accusative plural)
funkini (genitive singular)
funkan (genitive singular)
funkanō (genitive plural)
funkini (dative singular)
funkan (dative singular)
funkum (dative plural)
funkini (instrumental singular)
funkan (instrumental singular)
funkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *funca

Middle English: funke, fonke

English: funk

Old Frisian: *funka

Saterland Frisian: Funke

West Frisian: fonk, fûnk

Old Saxon: *funko

Middle Low German: vunke

German Low German: Funk

Low German: Fonk

→ Danish: funke

→ Norwegian Bokmål: funke

Old Dutch: *funko

Middle Dutch: vonke

Dutch: vonk

Limburgish: vónk

Old High German: funko, funco

Middle High German: vunke

German: Funke

Luxembourgish: Fonk

Yiddish: פֿונק (funk)


hūs

hūs (nominative singular)
hūsu (nominative plural)
hūs (accusative singular)
hūsu (accusative plural)
hūsas (genitive singular)
hūsō (genitive plural)
hūsē (dative singular)
hūsum (dative plural)
hūsu (instrumental singular)
hūsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hūs
Middle English: hous, hus, hows, house
English: house (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: hoose
Scots: hoose
Yola: heouse, houze, howze

Old Frisian: hūs
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring: hüs
Saterland Frisian: Húus, Huus
West Frisian: hûs

Old Saxon: hūs
Middle Low German: hûs
German Low German: Huus, Hus, Hûs, Hius
Dutch Low Saxon: huus, hoes (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Sallands, Twents)
Plautdietsch: Hus

Old Dutch: hūs
Middle Dutch: huus
Dutch: huis
Afrikaans: huis
Javindo: guis, huis, geis, heis
Jersey Dutch: häus
Negerhollands: hoes, hus, huus
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hus (dated)
Petjo: heis
Skepi Creole Dutch: huis, hoose
Limburgish: hoes

Old High German: hūs
Middle High German: hūs, hous
Alemannic German: Hus, Huus
Alsatian: Hüs
Walser: hus, hüs, husch, hüüsch, hous
Bavarian: Haus
Cimbrian: haus
Mòcheno: haus
Udinese: haus
Central Franconian:
Moselle Franconian: Hous
Britten: [haʊ̯s]
Hunsrückisch:
Hunsrik: Haus
Ripuarian: Huus
Kölsch: Huus [huːs]
German: Haus
Luxembourgish: Haus
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haus
Vilamovian: haojs
Yiddish: הויז (hoyz)


forēgangijō

forēgangijō (nominative singular)
forēgangijan (nominative plural)
forēgangijan (accusative singular)
forēgangijan (accusative plural)
forēgangijini (genitive singular)
forēgangijan (genitive singular)
forēgangijanō (genitive plural)
forēgangijini (dative singular)
forēgangijan (dative singular)
forēgangijum (dative plural)
forēgangijini (instrumental singular)
forēgangijan (instrumental singular)
forēgangijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: foregenga

From Proto-Germanic *furaigangijô. Equivalent to *forē- + *gangijō.


sādi

sādi (nominative singular)
sādī (nominative plural)
sādi (accusative singular)
sādī (accusative plural)
sādī (genitive singular)
sādijō (genitive plural)
sādī (dative singular)
sādim (dative plural)
sādijum (dative plural)
sādī (instrumental singular)
sādim (instrumental plural)
sādijum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: sāt

Middle High German: sāt

German: Saat


mildiþu

mildiþu (nominative singular)
mildiþō (nominative plural)
mildiþā (accusative singular)
mildiþā (accusative plural)
mildiþā (genitive singular)
mildiþō (genitive plural)
mildiþē (dative singular)
mildiþōm (dative plural)
mildiþum (dative plural)
mildiþu (instrumental singular)
mildiþōm (instrumental plural)
mildiþum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: miltida

From Proto-Germanic *mildiþō. Equivalent to *mildī (“mild”) + *-iþu.


gangil

gangil (nominative singular)
gangilō (nominative plural)
gangilōs (nominative plural)
gangil (accusative singular)
gangilā (accusative plural)
gangilas (genitive singular)
gangilō (genitive plural)
gangilē (dative singular)
gangilum (dative plural)
gangilu (instrumental singular)
gangilum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *gengil

⇒ Old High German: gimeitgengil

⇒ Old High German: nāhgengil

From Proto-Germanic *gangilaz. Equivalent to *gangan + *-il.


sād

sād (nominative singular)
sādu (nominative plural)
sād (accusative singular)
sādu (accusative plural)
sādas (genitive singular)
sādō (genitive plural)
sādē (dative singular)
sādum (dative plural)
sādu (instrumental singular)
sādum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
Middle English: seed, ceed, ceede, sed, sede, sedde, seede, seide, seod, seth, seyd, seyde, side, syd, zed, sad, sæd, sæt (Early Middle English)
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade

Old Frisian: sēd

Saterland Frisian: Säid

West Frisian: sied

Old Saxon: sād

Middle Low German: sât

German Low German: Saad

Plautdietsch: Sot

Old Dutch: *sād

Middle Dutch: sâet

Dutch: zaad

Afrikaans: saad

Limburgish: zaod

⇒ Zealandic: zaedje

From Proto-Germanic *sēdą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to plant, sow”).


gangijō

gangijō (nominative singular)
gangijan (nominative plural)
gangijan (accusative singular)
gangijan (accusative plural)
gangijini (genitive singular)
gangijan (genitive singular)
gangijanō (genitive plural)
gangijini (dative singular)
gangijan (dative singular)
gangijum (dative plural)
gangijini (instrumental singular)
gangijan (instrumental singular)
gangijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *genga
Middle English: -genge

Old Frisian: *gendza

⇒ Old Frisian: brâdgenga

⇒ Old Frisian: stefgenga

Old High German: *gengo

Old High German: gimeitgengo

From Proto-Germanic *gangijô. Equivalent to *gangan (“to go, walk”) + *-jō.


garādī

garādī (nominative singular)
garādiju (nominative plural)
garādī (accusative singular)
garādiju (accusative plural)
garādijas (genitive singular)
garādijō (genitive plural)
garādijē (dative singular)
garādijum (dative plural)
garādiju (instrumental singular)
garādijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġerǣde

Old Saxon: girādi

Old Dutch: *girādi

Middle Dutch: gerâde

Old High German: girāti
German: Gerät


lāþ

lāþ (nominative singular)
lāþu (nominative plural)
lāþ (accusative singular)
lāþu (accusative plural)
lāþas (genitive singular)
lāþō (genitive plural)
lāþē (dative singular)
lāþum (dative plural)
lāþu (instrumental singular)
lāþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lǣþ

Middle English: leð, ledh, *lath, leth

English: lathe

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) possession, ownership


fijandiskapi

fijandiskapi (nominative singular)
fijandiskapī (nominative plural)
fijandiskapi (accusative singular)
fijandiskapī (accusative plural)
fijandiskapī (genitive singular)
fijandiskappjō (genitive plural)
fijandiskapī (dative singular)
fijandiskapim (dative plural)
fijandiskappjum (dative plural)
fijandiskapī (instrumental singular)
fijandiskapim (instrumental plural)
fijandiskappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fīondsċipe

>? English: fiendship

Old Frisian: *fīandskip

Saterland Frisian: Fäindskup

Old Saxon: fiundskepi

desc

Middle Low German: viantschap, viantschop

Old High German: fījantskaf

Middle High German: vīentschaft

German: Feindschaft

From Proto-Germanic *fijandiskapiz. Equivalent to *fijand (“enemy”) + *-skapi.


kōnī

kōnī (nominative singular)
kōnīn (accusative singular)
kōnīn (genitive singular)
kōnīn (dative singular)
kōnīn (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old High German: kuonī, chuonī
Middle High German: küene
German: Kühne

From Proto-Germanic *kōnį̄. Equivalent to *kōnī (“adept, bold”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


īdi

īdi (nominative singular)
īdī (nominative plural)
īdi (accusative singular)
īdī (accusative plural)
īdī (genitive singular)
īdijō (genitive plural)
īdī (dative singular)
īdim (dative plural)
īdijum (dative plural)
īdī (instrumental singular)
īdim (instrumental plural)
īdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *īd

⇒ Old English: īdig


lauwu

lauwu (nominative singular)
lauwō (nominative plural)
lauwā (accusative singular)
lauwā (accusative plural)
lauwā (genitive singular)
lauwō (genitive plural)
lauwē (dative singular)
lauwōm (dative plural)
lauwum (dative plural)
lauwu (instrumental singular)
lauwōm (instrumental plural)
lauwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *lǣw

⇒ Old English: limlǣw (“limb injury”) (+ lim (“limb”))

Old High German: *lauwa

desc

⇒ Old High German: līhlaoa, līhla (“scar”) (+ līh (“body”), ō-stem)

⇒ Old High German: lihloi, lihlauui, līhloi, lilewe, lilewi (“scar”) (+ līh (“body”), īn-stem)

⇒? Old High German: hilouwa, hilouga (“scar”) (+ gi-)


hīw

hīw (nominative singular)
hīu (nominative plural)
hīw (accusative singular)
hīu (accusative plural)
hīwas (genitive singular)
hīwō (genitive plural)
hīwē (dative singular)
hīum (dative plural)
hīu (instrumental singular)
hīum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hīw

⇒ Old English: hīwcund


hīwōn

hīwōn (nominative plural)
hīwōn (accusative plural)
hīwanō (genitive plural)
hīum (dative plural)
hīum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hīwan

Old Frisian: hiōne, hiūne, hīne

Old Saxon: hīwun, hīun

Middle Dutch: huwe sg f

Old High German: hīūn, hīwen, hīen, *hīwo

Middle High German: hīe sg

Cimbrian: haje, hajar pl n, hair pl n


hīwiskī

hīwiskī (nominative singular)
hīwiskiju (nominative plural)
hīwiskī (accusative singular)
hīwiskiju (accusative plural)
hīwiskijas (genitive singular)
hīwiskijō (genitive plural)
hīwiskijē (dative singular)
hīwiskijum (dative plural)
hīwiskiju (instrumental singular)
hīwiskijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hīwisċe, hīwisċ

⇒ Old Frisian: hīskithe

Old Saxon: hīwiski

Middle Low German: hîsche, hîsch, hiske, hisk

Old Dutch: hīwiski, hîiske, hiuuisce, huyssche

Middle Dutch: huwesc, huwesc, husch, huisch

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hūs</i>

Dutch: huis (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hūs)

Old High German: hīwisci

Middle High German: hīwische, hīwisch


hīwarād

hīwarād (nominative singular)
hīwarādō (nominative plural)
hīwarādōs (nominative plural)
hīwarād (accusative singular)
hīwarādā (accusative plural)
hīwarādas (genitive singular)
hīwarādō (genitive plural)
hīwarādē (dative singular)
hīwarādum (dative plural)
hīwarādu (instrumental singular)
hīwarādum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hīrēd, hēored, hīered, hīorad, hīræd, hīrd, hȳred
Middle English: hird, herd, herde, hert, hired, hyrd, hyrt, hirð, hireden, hirt
→ Old Norse: hirð
Icelandic: hirð
Faroese: hirð
Norwegian Nynorsk: hird, hyrd
→ English: hird
Old Swedish: hirþ
Swedish: hird
Danish: hird
Norwegian Bokmål: hird
→ English: hird

Old Saxon: *hīrād

Middle Low German: hîrât

German Low German: Heiraad, Heirat

Old Dutch: hīrāt

Old High German: hīrāt

Middle High German: hīrāt

⇒ German: Heirat


treuwu

treuwu (nominative singular)
treuwō (nominative plural)
treuwā (accusative singular)
treuwā (accusative plural)
treuwā (genitive singular)
treuwō (genitive plural)
treuwē (dative singular)
treuwōm (dative plural)
treuwum (dative plural)
treuwu (instrumental singular)
treuwōm (instrumental plural)
treuwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trēow, trȳw

Middle English: trewe, truw, tru

Scots: trew, trewe

English: true

Old Frisian: triōwe, triūwe, trouwe

Saterland Frisian: Trjoue, Tjoue

West Frisian: trou

Old Saxon: treuwa

Middle Low German: truwe, trouwe

German Low German: Troo

Low German: Troue

→ Old Norse: trú

Icelandic: trú

Faroese: trúgv

Norwegian Nynorsk: tru

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tru

Swedish: tro

Danish: tro

Norwegian Bokmål: tro

Old Dutch: triuwa

Middle Dutch: trouwe, trūwe

Dutch: trouw

Afrikaans: trou

Old High German: triuwa, trūwa, trūa

Middle High German: triuwe

German: Treue

Luxembourgish: Trei

→ Vulgar Latin: *trewa

Old French: triwe, trive, trieve

Middle French: trieve

French: trêve

Occitan: treva, trev

Medieval Latin: trewa


idiwīt

idiwīt (nominative singular)
idiwītu (nominative plural)
idiwīt (accusative singular)
idiwītu (accusative plural)
idiwītas (genitive singular)
idiwītō (genitive plural)
idiwītē (dative singular)
idiwītum (dative plural)
idiwītu (instrumental singular)
idiwītum (instrumental plural)

Old English: edwīt

Old Dutch: edwīt

Old High German: itwīz, itawīz

desc

Middle High German: itwīz, itewīz, itewīze


fralusti

fralusti (nominative singular)
fralustī (nominative plural)
fralusti (accusative singular)
fralustī (accusative plural)
fralustī (genitive singular)
fralustijō (genitive plural)
fralustī (dative singular)
fralustim (dative plural)
fralustijum (dative plural)
fralustī (instrumental singular)
fralustim (instrumental plural)
fralustijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: farlust

Middle Low German: vorlust

Old High German: firlust

Middle High German: verlust

German: Verlust

Yiddish: פֿאַרלוסט (farlust)

From Proto-Germanic *fralustiz. Equivalent to *fra- + *lusti.


spīkārī

spīkārī (nominative singular)
spīkārijō (nominative plural)
spīkārijōs (nominative plural)
spīkārī (accusative singular)
spīkārijā (accusative plural)
spīkārijas (genitive singular)
spīkārijō (genitive plural)
spīkārijē (dative singular)
spīkārijum (dative plural)
spīkāriju (instrumental singular)
spīkārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: spīkāri

Middle Low German: spīker, spīkere

Old Dutch: *spīkere

Middle Dutch: spiker

Dutch: spijker

Old High German: spīhhāri

Middle High German: spīcher

German: Speicher

Borrowed from Late Latin spīcārium, from spīca (“ear of grain”).


lēwō

lēwō (nominative singular)
lēwan (nominative plural)
lēwan (accusative singular)
lēwan (accusative plural)
lēwini (genitive singular)
lēwan (genitive singular)
lēwanō (genitive plural)
lēwini (dative singular)
lēwan (dative singular)
lēum (dative plural)
lēwini (instrumental singular)
lēwan (instrumental singular)
lēum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēo

Old Frisian: *lēwa, *lēu, *lāwa, *lāu

North Frisian: lau, lööw

Saterland Frisian: Leeuwe

West Frisian: liuw

Old Saxon: *lewo, *lēwo, *lēo, *lāwo, *lāo

Middle Low German: löuwe, lowe, lou, löe, louwe, lauwe, lewe, leuwe

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Lau

Plautdietsch: Leiw

Westphalian:

q

Sauerländisch: Loiwe, Loibe (Brilon), Löwe (Niedersfeld, Bestwig, Felbecke, Wenden), Löüwe (Attendorn, Drolshagen, Olpe)

East Westphalian: Löwen (Lippe), Lȫwe (Ravensberg)

→ Danish: løve
→ Greenlandic: løveq

→ Estonian: lõvi

→ Faroese: leyva, løva

→ Latgalian: ļovs

→ Latvian: lauva
→ Livonian: louv

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: løve

Old Dutch: lēwo

desctree

Middle Dutch: lêwe
Dutch: leeuw
Afrikaans: leeu
Negerhollands: leeuw
→ Papiamentu: leeuw (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: lew
Limburgish: lieëf, liew
West Flemish: lêeuw

Old High German: lewo, lēo

Middle High German: lewe, lebe, löuwe

Alemannic German: Leew, Löi

Bavarian:

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Leeb

Luxembourgish: Léiw

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German:

Vilamovian: ływ

East Franconian:

German: Löwe

Rhine Franconian: Leeb

Frankfurterisch: [leːp]

Pennsylvania German: Leeb

Yiddish: לייב (leyb)

Kölsch: Löv [ɫœf]

Borrowed from Latin leō (“lion”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (laiwa, “lion”).


sahsō

sahsō (nominative singular)
sahsan (nominative plural)
sahsan (accusative singular)
sahsan (accusative plural)
sahsini (genitive singular)
sahsan (genitive singular)
sahsanō (genitive plural)
sahsini (dative singular)
sahsan (dative singular)
sahsum (dative plural)
sahsini (instrumental singular)
sahsan (instrumental singular)
sahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *Seaxa (attested in plural Seaxan)

Middle English: Saxe, Sax; Saxon (partially)

Scots: Saxon

English: Saxon

Old Saxon: Sahso

Middle Low German: sasse

German Low German: Sasse

Dutch Low Saxon: Sakse

→ Estonian: saks

→ Finnish: Saksa, saksa

Old Dutch: *sasso

Middle Dutch: sassen pl

Old High German: Sahso

Middle High German: Sahse

German: Sachse

→ Old Norse: Saxi, Saxar (plural)

→ Latin: Saxō
Old French: saisoigne, sesne
Anglo-Norman: sessoun
→ Old French: Saxon (semi-learned)
→ Middle English: Saxoun
English: Saxon (partially)
→ Proto-Brythonic: *Sėɨs
Middle Breton: Saus
Breton: Saoz
Cumbric:
→ English: Pennersax
Middle Cornish: *Seys (attested in personal name)
Cornish: Sows
Middle Welsh: Seis
Welsh: Sais
→ Middle Irish: Saxa
→ Old Irish: Saxain
Middle Irish: Saxain
Irish: Sacsain, Sasana
Manx: Sostyn
Scottish Gaelic: Sasainn


wahsti

wahsti (nominative singular)
wahstī (nominative plural)
wahsti (accusative singular)
wahstī (accusative plural)
wahstī (genitive singular)
wahstijō (genitive plural)
wahstī (dative singular)
wahstim (dative plural)
wahstijum (dative plural)
wahstī (instrumental singular)
wahstim (instrumental plural)
wahstijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: wehst

Old High German: wahst

Middle High German: wahst


haitijō

haitijō (nominative singular)
haitijan (nominative plural)
haitijan (accusative singular)
haitijan (accusative plural)
haitijini (genitive singular)
haitijan (genitive singular)
haitijanō (genitive plural)
haitijini (dative singular)
haitijan (dative singular)
haitijum (dative plural)
haitijini (instrumental singular)
haitijan (instrumental singular)
haitijum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: -heizo

⇒ Old High German: antheizo

⇒ Old High German: heimaheizo

⇒ Old High German: heriheizo

⇒ Old High German: urheizo

From Proto-Germanic *haitijô. Equivalent to *haitan (“to call, order”) + *-jō.


skuldi

skuldi (nominative singular)
skuldī (nominative plural)
skuldi (accusative singular)
skuldī (accusative plural)
skuldī (genitive singular)
skuldijō (genitive plural)
skuldī (dative singular)
skuldim (dative plural)
skuldijum (dative plural)
skuldī (instrumental singular)
skuldim (instrumental plural)
skuldijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyld, sċyldu

Middle English: schuld, shild

English: shild

Old Frisian: skeld

North Frisian: schild

Saterland Frisian: Skeeld

Old Saxon: *skuld, sculd

Middle Low German: schuld, schülde

German Low German: Schuld, Schüld

Old Dutch: skult

Middle Dutch: scult, scout

Dutch: schuld

Afrikaans: skuld

desc

Old High German: *skuld, sculd, scult, sculda, sculta

Middle High German: schult, schulde

German: Schuld

→ Esperanto: ŝuldo

Luxembourgish: Schold

Yiddish: שולד (shuld)


hakid

hakid (nominative singular)
hakidō (nominative plural)
hakidōs (nominative plural)
hakid (accusative singular)
hakidā (accusative plural)
hakidas (genitive singular)
hakidō (genitive plural)
hakidē (dative singular)
hakidum (dative plural)
hakidu (instrumental singular)
hakidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæċid, hæċed, hacod

Middle English: haket

English: haked (dialectal)

Old Saxon: hakth

Middle Low German: hēket, hēked

German Low German: Hecht

Plautdietsch: Häakj

Old Dutch: *hekit

Middle Dutch: heket, heect, eect, heict

Old High German: hehhit

Middle High German: hechet, hecht

German: Hecht

Luxembourgish: Hiecht

→ Medieval Latin: hakedus


warnu

warnu (nominative singular)
warnō (nominative plural)
warnā (accusative singular)
warnā (accusative plural)
warnā (genitive singular)
warnō (genitive plural)
warnē (dative singular)
warnōm (dative plural)
warnum (dative plural)
warnu (instrumental singular)
warnōm (instrumental plural)
warnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wearn

Middle English: warne


wargiþu

wargiþu (nominative singular)
wargiþō (nominative plural)
wargiþā (accusative singular)
wargiþā (accusative plural)
wargiþā (genitive singular)
wargiþō (genitive plural)
wargiþē (dative singular)
wargiþōm (dative plural)
wargiþum (dative plural)
wargiþu (instrumental singular)
wargiþōm (instrumental plural)
wargiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiergþu, wyrgþu


gaʀdi

gaʀdi (nominative singular)
gaʀdijō (nominative plural)
gaʀdijā (accusative singular)
gaʀdijā (accusative plural)
gaʀdijā (genitive singular)
gaʀdijō (genitive plural)
gaʀdijē (dative singular)
gaʀdijōm (dative plural)
gaʀdijum (dative plural)
gaʀdiju (instrumental singular)
gaʀdijōm (instrumental plural)
gaʀdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġierd, ġird, ġyrd

Middle English: ȝerde, yerde, yarde

English: yard

Scots: ȝerde, yerd, yeird, yeard, yaird

gl

>? Old English: ġeard (possibly dissimilated in gender from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀd m)

Old Frisian: jerde

North Frisian: jord, joard

Saterland Frisian: Jädde, Jäd

Old Saxon: gerdia

Middle Low German: gērde

Old Dutch: *gerda

Middle Dutch: gerde, garde, gāerde

Dutch: garde

Old High German: gerta, gartea

Middle High German: gerte

German: Gerte

From Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, goad”). Compare *gaʀd (“goad”).


gaʀd

gaʀd (nominative singular)
gaʀdō (nominative plural)
gaʀdōs (nominative plural)
gaʀd (accusative singular)
gaʀdā (accusative plural)
gaʀdas (genitive singular)
gaʀdō (genitive plural)
gaʀdē (dative singular)
gaʀdum (dative plural)
gaʀdu (instrumental singular)
gaʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeard f

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġierd</i>

Middle English: ȝearde, ȝard (merged with descendant of Old English ġierd)

English: yard

Scots: yaird

Old Saxon: gard m or f

Middle Low German: gart f

Old Dutch: *gard

Middle Dutch: gart, gāert m

Dutch: gard

Old High German: gart m

Middle High German: gart

German: Gart


aiþastab

aiþastab (nominative singular)
aiþastabō (nominative plural)
aiþastabōs (nominative plural)
aiþastab (accusative singular)
aiþastabā (accusative plural)
aiþastabas (genitive singular)
aiþastabō (genitive plural)
aiþastabē (dative singular)
aiþastabum (dative plural)
aiþastabu (instrumental singular)
aiþastabum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āþstæf

Old Saxon: ēdstaf, ēthstaf

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: eitstevere, ētstēvære, ētstēvære, ētstēver, eitstēver (+ *-ārī)

Old High German: *eidstap, eidstab

Middle High German: eitstap


hauhiþu

hauhiþu (nominative singular)
hauhiþō (nominative plural)
hauhiþā (accusative singular)
hauhiþā (accusative plural)
hauhiþā (genitive singular)
hauhiþō (genitive plural)
hauhiþē (dative singular)
hauhiþōm (dative plural)
hauhiþum (dative plural)
hauhiþu (instrumental singular)
hauhiþōm (instrumental plural)
hauhiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hīehþu, hīehþo, hēhþo, hēahþu

Middle English: heiȝþe, heighte

English: heighth, height

Scots: hecht, haicht

Old Frisian: *hēchte, *hāchte

Saterland Frisian: Höchte, Hööchte

West Frisian: hichte

Old Saxon: *hōhitha

Middle Low German: hö̂gede, hö̂chte

German Low German: Höchte, Höcht

Old Dutch: *hōgitha, *hōgida

Middle Dutch: hôgede

Dutch: hoogte

Afrikaans: hoogte

Limburgish: huuegdje

Old High German: hōhida

Middle High German: hœhede, hœhte

Luxembourgish: Héicht

From Proto-Germanic *hauhiþō. Equivalent to *hauh (“high”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


skīru

skīru (nominative singular)
skīrō (nominative plural)
skīrā (accusative singular)
skīrā (accusative plural)
skīrā (genitive singular)
skīrō (genitive plural)
skīrē (dative singular)
skīrōm (dative plural)
skīrum (dative plural)
skīru (instrumental singular)
skīrōm (instrumental plural)
skīrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċīr
Middle English: shire, shiere, chire, ssire, schire, schyre
English: shire
→ Icelandic: skíri
Scots: shire

desc

Old High German: skīra, scīra, skiera, sciera

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


skirmi

skirmi (nominative singular)
skirmī (nominative plural)
skirmi (accusative singular)
skirmī (accusative plural)
skirmī (genitive singular)
skirmijō (genitive plural)
skirmī (dative singular)
skirmim (dative plural)
skirmijum (dative plural)
skirmī (instrumental singular)
skirmim (instrumental plural)
skirmijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *skirm, *skerm

Middle Low German: scherm, scharm

German Low German: Schirm

→ Danish: skærm

→ Icelandic: skermur

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjerm

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjerm

→ Swedish: skärm

Old Dutch: skirm

Middle Dutch: scherm

Dutch: scherm

Afrikaans: skerm

Old High German: scirm, skirm, scerm, skerm

Middle High German: schirm, scherm

desctree

German: Schirm
→? Finnish: sermi
→ Russian: ширма (širma)

Hunsrik: Scherrem

Yiddish: שירעם (shirem)

→ Old French: escran, escren, escrein (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Italian: schermo


numþi

numþi (nominative singular)
numþī (nominative plural)
numþi (accusative singular)
numþī (accusative plural)
numþī (genitive singular)
numþijō (genitive plural)
numþī (dative singular)
numþim (dative plural)
numþijum (dative plural)
numþī (instrumental singular)
numþim (instrumental plural)
numþijum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: numft

Middle High German: numft

(German: Vernunft)


rīpiþu

rīpiþu (nominative singular)
rīpiþō (nominative plural)
rīpiþā (accusative singular)
rīpiþā (accusative plural)
rīpiþā (genitive singular)
rīpiþō (genitive plural)
rīpiþē (dative singular)
rīpiþōm (dative plural)
rīpiþum (dative plural)
rīpiþu (instrumental singular)
rīpiþōm (instrumental plural)
rīpiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rīpþ

Old Dutch: rīpitha


rīpu

rīpu (nominative singular)
rīpō (nominative plural)
rīpā (accusative singular)
rīpā (accusative plural)
rīpā (genitive singular)
rīpō (genitive plural)
rīpē (dative singular)
rīpōm (dative plural)
rīpum (dative plural)
rīpu (instrumental singular)
rīpōm (instrumental plural)
rīpum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *rīpe

Saterland Frisian: rip, ripe

West Frisian: ryp

Old Dutch: *rīp

Middle Dutch: *rip

Dutch: rijp

Old High German: *rīfa

Middle High German: rīf


stauti

stauti (nominative singular)
stautī (nominative plural)
stauti (accusative singular)
stautī (accusative plural)
stautī (genitive singular)
stautijō (genitive plural)
stautī (dative singular)
stautim (dative plural)
stautijum (dative plural)
stautī (instrumental singular)
stautim (instrumental plural)
stautijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: stêt

Old Saxon: *stōt

Middle Low German: stôt

Old Dutch: *stōt

Middle Dutch: stôot

Dutch: stoot

Afrikaans: stoot

Old High German: stōz

Middle High German: stōz

German: Stoß


waiþu

waiþu (nominative singular)
waiþō (nominative plural)
waiþā (accusative singular)
waiþā (accusative plural)
waiþā (genitive singular)
waiþō (genitive plural)
waiþē (dative singular)
waiþōm (dative plural)
waiþum (dative plural)
waiþu (instrumental singular)
waiþōm (instrumental plural)
waiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wāþ

Middle English: wathe, waith, wayth

English: wathe

Scots: waith

Old Frisian: *wāth, *wēth

Saterland Frisian: Weede

West Frisian: weide

Old Saxon: *weitha

Middle Low German: weide

German Low German: Weide, Weid

Old Dutch: weitha

Middle Dutch: weide

Dutch: weide, wei

Afrikaans: weide, wei

West Flemish: wede, wee

Old High German: weida

Middle High German: weide

Alemannic German: weidu

German: Weide


gatal

gatal (nominative singular)
gatalu (nominative plural)
gatal (accusative singular)
gatalu (accusative plural)
gatalas (genitive singular)
gatalō (genitive plural)
gatalē (dative singular)
gatalum (dative plural)
gatalu (instrumental singular)
gatalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġetæl

Old Saxon: gital

Old Dutch: *getal

Middle Dutch: getal

Dutch: getal


laiwarikā

laiwarikā (nominative singular)
laiwarikōn (nominative plural)
laiwarikōn (accusative singular)
laiwarikōn (accusative plural)
laiwarikōn (genitive singular)
laiwarikōnō (genitive plural)
laiwarikōn (dative singular)
laiwarikōm (dative plural)
laiwarikum (dative plural)
laiwarikōn (instrumental singular)
laiwarikōm (instrumental plural)
laiwarikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāwriċe, lāferċe
Middle English: larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok
English: lark, laverock, lavrock
Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok
Yola: lereke, lerock

desc

Old Frisian: *lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze

North Frisian: lāsk (<? *laiwaʀikā)

Saterland Frisian: Läiverke, Leeuwerke (Skäddel)

West Frisian: ljurk, lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts

Old Saxon: lēwerka

Middle Low German: lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke

German Low German: Leverke, Leverk

Old Dutch: *leiwerka, *lēwerka

Middle Dutch: lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick

Dutch: leeuwerik

⇒ Afrikaans: lewerkie

→ West Frisian: ljurk

desctree

Old High German: lērihha
Middle High German: lērche, lërche, lērhe
German: Lerche
Luxembourgish: Léierchen

q

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: *laverca (← Suevic *lawerka or Visigothic *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉 (*laiwarkō))

Galician: laverca

Portuguese: laverca


morhā

morhā (nominative singular)
morhōn (nominative plural)
morhōn (accusative singular)
morhōn (accusative plural)
morhōn (genitive singular)
morhōnō (genitive plural)
morhōn (dative singular)
morhōm (dative plural)
morhum (dative plural)
morhōn (instrumental singular)
morhōm (instrumental plural)
morhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: more
Middle English: more, moore, morre
English: more (dialectal)
→ Welsh: moron

Old Saxon: morha

Middle Low German: more, mȫre

⇒ German Low German: Mohrenkopp

→⇒ Swedish: morot

Old Dutch: *mora

Middle Dutch: mōre

Limburgish: moer

Old High German: morha, moraha

Middle High German: morhe, morche

German: Möhre

⇒ German: Mohrrübe

Luxembourgish: Muert

Yiddish: מייער (meyer)


lubu

lubu (nominative singular)
lobō (nominative plural)
lobā (accusative singular)
lobā (accusative plural)
lobā (genitive singular)
lobō (genitive plural)
lubē (dative singular)
lobōm (dative plural)
lubum (dative plural)
lubu (instrumental singular)
lobōm (instrumental plural)
lubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lufu, lufe
Middle English: love
English: love
Scots: luve, lufe
Yola: loove

Old Frisian: luve

Old Saxon: luva

⇒ Old Saxon: luvig, lubig (“willing”)

Old High German: luba


ganuhti

ganuhti (nominative singular)
ganuhtī (nominative plural)
ganuhti (accusative singular)
ganuhtī (accusative plural)
ganuhtī (genitive singular)
ganuhtijō (genitive plural)
ganuhtī (dative singular)
ganuhtim (dative plural)
ganuhtijum (dative plural)
ganuhtī (instrumental singular)
ganuhtim (instrumental plural)
ganuhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġenyht

Old Saxon: ginuht

Middle Low German: genuchte, genöchte

Old Dutch: ginuhti (reformed as īn-stem)

Middle Dutch: genuchte, genochte

Dutch: genucht

Old High German: ginuht

Middle High German: genuht


kraftu

kraftu (nominative singular)
kraftiwi (nominative plural)
kraftō (nominative plural)
kraftu (accusative singular)
kraftū (accusative plural)
kraftō (genitive singular)
kraftiwō (genitive plural)
kraftiwi (dative singular)
kraftō (dative singular)
kraftum (dative plural)
kraftu (instrumental singular)
kraftum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cræft m
Middle English: craft, creft
English: craft
Scots: craft

Old Frisian: kreft, kraft f

Saterland Frisian: Kraft

West Frisian: krêft

Old Saxon: kraft m or f
Middle Low German: kraft, kracht
German Low German: Kraft, Kracht
Low German: kraft
Plautdietsch: Krauft

Old Dutch: craft f or m
Middle Dutch: cracht, craft
Dutch: kracht
Afrikaans: krag
Limburgish: krach

Old High German: kraft f or m

Middle High German: kraft

Bavarian: Kråft

German: Kraft

Hunsrik: Kraft

Luxembourgish: Kraaft

Mòcheno: kròft

Vilamovian: kraoft

Yiddish: קראַפֿט (kraft)

From Proto-Germanic *kraftuz. Equivalent to *krafōn (“to implore; to crave; to demand”) + *-þu.


þaisimō

þaisimō (nominative singular)
þaisiman (nominative plural)
þaisiman (accusative singular)
þaisiman (accusative plural)
þaisimini (genitive singular)
þaisiman (genitive singular)
þaisimanō (genitive plural)
þaisimini (dative singular)
þaisiman (dative singular)
þaisimum (dative plural)
þaisimini (instrumental singular)
þaisiman (instrumental singular)
þaisimum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þǣsma

Old Saxon: *thēsimo

Middle Low German: dêsem

Old Dutch: *thēsimo

Middle Dutch: dêsem

Dutch: desem

Old High German: deismo, deisemo

Middle High German: deisme

German: Deisam

Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *þaisimô, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teh₂y- (“to knead”), compare Proto-Celtic *taistos (“dough”), Proto-Slavic *těsto (“dough”), Ancient Greek σταῖς (staîs) ~ σταιτός (staitós, “dough”).


birhtī

birhtī (nominative singular)
birhtīn (accusative singular)
birhtīn (genitive singular)
birhtīn (dative singular)
birhtīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: bierhtu

Middle English: bright

English: bright (archaic or obsolete)

Old High German: berahtī

From Proto-Germanic *birhtį̄. Equivalent to *berht (“bright”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


swirhijō

swirhijō (nominative singular)
swirhijan (nominative plural)
swirhijan (accusative singular)
swirhijan (accusative plural)
swirhijini (genitive singular)
swirhijan (genitive singular)
swirhijanō (genitive plural)
swirhijini (dative singular)
swirhijan (dative singular)
swirhijum (dative plural)
swirhijini (instrumental singular)
swirhijan (instrumental singular)
swirhijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swȳra (late)

Middle English: swire, swyre

English: swire (obsolete)

Scots: swire, swyre


hlaut

hlaut (nominative singular)
hlautō (nominative plural)
hlautōs (nominative plural)
hlaut (accusative singular)
hlautā (accusative plural)
hlautas (genitive singular)
hlautō (genitive plural)
hlautē (dative singular)
hlautum (dative plural)
hlautu (instrumental singular)
hlautum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlīet, hlȳte, hlȳt (< *hlutiz)

Middle English: lete

Old Saxon: hlōt

Middle Low German: lôt

Old Dutch: *lōt

Middle Dutch: lôot

Old High German: hlōz, lōz (mostly neuter a-stem)

Middle High German: lōz

German: Los

→ German Low German: Loos

Luxembourgish: Lous


niudi

niudi (nominative singular)
niudī (nominative plural)
niudi (accusative singular)
niudī (accusative plural)
niudī (genitive singular)
niudijō (genitive plural)
niudī (dative singular)
niudim (dative plural)
niudijum (dative plural)
niudī (instrumental singular)
niudim (instrumental plural)
niudijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nīed, nēod

Old Frisian: niōd

Old Saxon: niud

Old Dutch: *niod

Middle Dutch: niet

Old High German: niot

Middle High German: niet


rād

rād (nominative singular)
rādō (nominative plural)
rādōs (nominative plural)
rād (accusative singular)
rādā (accusative plural)
rādas (genitive singular)
rādō (genitive plural)
rādē (dative singular)
rādum (dative plural)
rādu (instrumental singular)
rādum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: rǣd, rēd — Anglian
Middle English: red, ræd, rede, reed
English: rede
Scots: rede

Old Frisian: rēd

Saterland Frisian: Räid

West Frisian: ried, rie

Old Saxon: rād

Middle Low German: rât

German Low German: Raad

Old Dutch: rāt

Middle Dutch: raet

Dutch: raad
Afrikaans: raad
Negerhollands: raad, raed
→ Aukan: lai
→ Caribbean Hindustani: rái
→ Indonesian: rad

Old High German: rāt

Middle High German: rāt

German: Rat

Luxembourgish: Rot

Yiddish: ראָט (rot)

→ Old Czech: rada
Czech: rada
→ Old Polish: rada
Polish: rada
→ English: rada
→ Kashubian: rada
→ Slovincian: rada
Silesian: rada
→ Old East Slavic: ра́да (ráda)
Old Ruthenian: ра́да (ráda)
Belarusian: ра́да (ráda)
Ukrainian: ра́да (ráda)
Carpathian Rusyn: ра́да (ráda)
Russian: ра́да (ráda)


hwirbil

hwirbil (nominative singular)
hwirbilō (nominative plural)
hwirbilōs (nominative plural)
hwirbil (accusative singular)
hwirbilā (accusative plural)
hwirbilas (genitive singular)
hwirbilō (genitive plural)
hwirbilē (dative singular)
hwirbilum (dative plural)
hwirbilu (instrumental singular)
hwirbilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwierfel, hwyrfel (late)

gl

merged with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">hvirfill</i>

Middle English: wherwille, whorlwyl, wherl, whirl (merged with Old Norse hvirfill)

English: whirl

Scots: whirl

Old Frisian: hwarvel

Saterland Frisian: Wavel

West Frisian: warrel, warle

Old Saxon: *hwirvil

Middle Low German: wervel

German Low German: Warvel

Old Dutch: *wirvil

Middle Dutch: wervel

Dutch: wervel

Old High German: wirbil

Middle High German: wirbel

German: Wirbel

Hunsrik: Werrvel

Luxembourgish: Wirbel


naudi

naudi (nominative singular)
naudī (nominative plural)
naudi (accusative singular)
naudī (accusative plural)
naudī (genitive singular)
naudijō (genitive plural)
naudī (dative singular)
naudim (dative plural)
naudijum (dative plural)
naudī (instrumental singular)
naudim (instrumental plural)
naudijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nīed, nȳd, nēd, nēad
Middle English: nede
English: need
Scots: nede

Old Frisian: nēd, nād

North Frisian: nud

Saterland Frisian: Nood

West Frisian: need

Old Saxon: nōd
Middle Low German: nōt
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: nôd
Westmünsterländisch: Nood
Plautdietsch: Noot

Old Dutch: *nōd

Middle Dutch: nôot

Dutch: nood

Afrikaans: nood

Limburgish: noead

Old High German: nōt

Middle High German: nōt

German: Not

Luxembourgish: Nout

Yiddish: נויט (noyt)


kliuwīn

kliuwīn (nominative singular)
kliuwīnu (nominative plural)
kliuwīn (accusative singular)
kliuwīnu (accusative plural)
kliuwīnas (genitive singular)
kliuwīnō (genitive plural)
kliuwīnē (dative singular)
kliuwīnum (dative plural)
kliuwīnu (instrumental singular)
kliuwīnum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: clīewen, clȳwen, clēowen, clīwen

Middle English: clewen, clewe

English: clew, clue

Scots: clew, cleu, clue, cloo

Old Frisian: *kliāwen

Saterland Frisian: Kljoun

West Frisian: kleaune

Old Saxon: kliuwīn, kleuwīn

Middle Low German: klûwen, klü̂wen, kluwe

German Low German: Kloon

Old Dutch: *cliuwin

Middle Dutch: cluwen, clouwen, clouwe

Dutch: kluwen

Old High German: kliuwīn, kliuwī

Middle Low German: kliuwe


aimuʀjā

aimuʀjā (nominative singular)
aimuʀjōn (nominative plural)
aimuʀjōn (accusative singular)
aimuʀjōn (accusative plural)
aimuʀjōn (genitive singular)
aimuʀjōnō (genitive plural)
aimuʀjōn (dative singular)
aimuʀjōm (dative plural)
aimuʀjum (dative plural)
aimuʀjōn (instrumental singular)
aimuʀjōm (instrumental plural)
aimuʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣmyrġe

Middle English: eymere

Scots: emmer, amer, aumer

English: ember

Old Saxon: *ēmuria

Middle Low German: ēmere

→? Danish: emmer

Old High German: eimuria

Middle High German: eimere, eimer

German: Eimer, Ammer (dialectal)


gaduling

gaduling (nominative singular)
gadulingō (nominative plural)
gadulingōs (nominative plural)
gaduling (accusative singular)
gadulingā (accusative plural)
gadulingas (genitive singular)
gadulingō (genitive plural)
gadulingē (dative singular)
gadulingum (dative plural)
gadulingu (instrumental singular)
gadulingum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gædeling, geaduling

Middle English: gadling, gedelyng, gedling

Scots: gedling

English: gadling

Old Saxon: gaduling, *gediling

Middle Low German: gadelink, gedelink, gēdelinc

Old Dutch: *gediling

Middle Dutch: gēdelinc

Old High German: gatuling, gataling, gatiling, *getiling

Middle High German: getelinc, getlinc

From Proto-Germanic *gadilingaz (“kinsman, relative”). Compare Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (gadiliggs, “kinsman”).


magadīn

magadīn (nominative singular)
magadīnu (nominative plural)
magadīn (accusative singular)
magadīnu (accusative plural)
magadīnas (genitive singular)
magadīnō (genitive plural)
magadīnē (dative singular)
magadīnum (dative plural)
magadīnu (instrumental singular)
magadīnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mæġden, mǣden
Middle English: mayden, maiden, maidene, medene, maden, madane, mædene, mæidene, maȝden, meidene (Early Middle English)
English: maiden
Scots: maidin
Yola: mydhen
→ Middle Irish: maigden (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: meiden

Saterland Frisian: Maiden

Old Saxon: *magathīn

Middle Low German: mēgetīn

Old High German: magatīn

Middle High German: magetīn, megetīn


aþuling

aþuling (nominative singular)
aþulingō (nominative plural)
aþulingōs (nominative plural)
aþuling (accusative singular)
aþulingā (accusative plural)
aþulingas (genitive singular)
aþulingō (genitive plural)
aþulingē (dative singular)
aþulingum (dative plural)
aþulingu (instrumental singular)
aþulingum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æþeling, æðeling — edh spelling, eþeling — Mercian
Middle English: atheling
English: atheling
→? Middle Welsh: edling, edlyg, etling (or from Middle English)
Welsh: edling, edlin
→ English: edling

Old Frisian: etheling, edling

Old Saxon: ethiling

Old Dutch: etheling

Middle Dutch: ēdelinc

Dutch: edeling

Old High German: adaling

→ Latin: adelingus, adalingus

From Proto-Germanic *aþulingaz. Equivalent to *aþuli + *-ing.


meluk

meluk (nominative singular)
meluki (nominative plural)
meluku (accusative singular)
meluki (accusative plural)
meluki (genitive singular)
melukō (genitive plural)
meluki (dative singular)
melukum (dative plural)
meluki (instrumental singular)
melukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
Middle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)
English: milk
Scots: milk, melk, mylk
Yola: mulk

Old Frisian: melok

North Frisian: molke

Saterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk

West Frisian: molke

Old Saxon: miluk

Middle Low German: melik, melk

Dutch Low Saxon: melk

German Low German: Melk

Plautdietsch: Malkj

Old Dutch: miluc

Middle Dutch: melc
Dutch: melk
Afrikaans: melk
Berbice Creole Dutch: meleke
Jersey Dutch: määlk
Negerhollands: melk
→ Aukan: meliki
→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki
→ Munsee: mălák
→ Saramaccan: meíki
→ Sranan Tongo: merki
→ Kari'na: meliki
→ Tok Pisin: melek
Limburgish: mèlk

Old High German: miluh

Middle High German: milich, milch

Alemannic German: Möuch, Melch

Swabian: Milk

Walser: milch, meljch, mélläch

desc

Bavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich

Cimbrian: milch, milach

Hianzisch: Müli

Mòcheno: milch

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Millich

Luxembourgish: Mëllech

German: Milch
→ Tok Pisin: milis

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Millich

Vilamovian: myłich

Yiddish: מילך (milkh)


þarbu

þarbu (nominative singular)
þarbō (nominative plural)
þarbā (accusative singular)
þarbā (accusative plural)
þarbā (genitive singular)
þarbō (genitive plural)
þarbē (dative singular)
þarbōm (dative plural)
þarbum (dative plural)
þarbu (instrumental singular)
þarbōm (instrumental plural)
þarbum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þearf
Middle English: thearf, therf

Old Saxon: tharf

Middle Low German: bedarf

→ German: Bedarf

→ Saterland Frisian: Bedarf

Old High German: darba


grundilā

grundilā (nominative singular)
grundilōn (nominative plural)
grundilōn (accusative singular)
grundilōn (accusative plural)
grundilōn (genitive singular)
grundilōnō (genitive plural)
grundilōn (dative singular)
grundilōm (dative plural)
grundilum (dative plural)
grundilōn (instrumental singular)
grundilōm (instrumental plural)
grundilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gryndle

Middle English: grundel

English: grundel

Old Saxon: *grundila

Middle Low German: grundele, gründele

Old Dutch: *grundila

Middle Dutch: grondele, grondel

Dutch: grondel

Old High German: gruntila

Middle High German: grundel

German: Grundel

Luxembourgish: Grondel


aþal

aþal (nominative singular)
aþalu (nominative plural)
aþal (accusative singular)
aþalu (accusative plural)
aþalas (genitive singular)
aþalō (genitive plural)
aþalē (dative singular)
aþalum (dative plural)
aþalu (instrumental singular)
aþalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æþele

Old Frisian: *athel, *ethel

Saterland Frisian: Oadel

West Frisian: adel

Old Saxon: *athal

Middle Low German: adel, adele, addel
Low German: Adel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: iadel
→ Norwegian: adel
→ Swedish: adel
→ Finnish: aateli

Old Dutch: *athal

Middle Dutch: adel

Dutch: adel
Afrikaans: adel
→ Estonian: aadel
→ Javanese: adhel
→ Papiamentu: adel

Old High German: adal

Middle High German: adel

German: Adel
→ Estonian: aadel

Yiddish: אַדל (adl)


ōþil

ōþil (nominative singular)
ōþilō (nominative plural)
ōþilōs (nominative plural)
ōþil (accusative singular)
ōþilā (accusative plural)
ōþilas (genitive singular)
ōþilō (genitive plural)
ōþilē (dative singular)
ōþilum (dative plural)
ōþilu (instrumental singular)
ōþilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēþel, oeþel

Old Frisian: ēthel

Old Saxon: ōthil

Old High German: uodil


blasā

blasā (nominative singular)
blasōn (nominative plural)
blasōn (accusative singular)
blasōn (accusative plural)
blasōn (genitive singular)
blasōnō (genitive plural)
blasōn (dative singular)
blasōm (dative plural)
blasum (dative plural)
blasōn (instrumental singular)
blasōm (instrumental plural)
blasum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blase, blæse
Middle English: blase, blese, blaese, blease (Early Middle English)
English: blaze
Scots: bleize, blase, blese, bleise, bleis, bleeze
Yola: blaze, bleaze, blease

From Proto-Germanic *blasǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“shiny, white”).


aiwiþu

aiwiþu (nominative singular)
aiwiþō (nominative plural)
aiwiþā (accusative singular)
aiwiþā (accusative plural)
aiwiþā (genitive singular)
aiwiþō (genitive plural)
aiwiþē (dative singular)
aiwiþōm (dative plural)
aiwiþum (dative plural)
aiwiþu (instrumental singular)
aiwiþōm (instrumental plural)
aiwiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: ēwitha

Old High German: ēwida

Middle High German: ēwede

From Proto-Germanic *aiwiþō. Equivalent to *aiw (“long time, eternity”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


siukī

siukī (nominative singular)
siukīn (accusative singular)
siukīn (genitive singular)
siukīn (dative singular)
siukīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: siuki (?)

Middle Low German: suke

Low German: Süük

desctree

Old High German: siuhhī
Middle High German: siuche
Alemannic German: Siechi
German: Seuche
→ Luxembourgish: Seuch

From Proto-Germanic *siukį̄. Equivalent to *seuk (“sick”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


wardahūs

wardahūs (nominative singular)
wardahūsu (nominative plural)
wardahūs (accusative singular)
wardahūsu (accusative plural)
wardahūsas (genitive singular)
wardahūsō (genitive plural)
wardahūsē (dative singular)
wardahūsum (dative plural)
wardahūsu (instrumental singular)
wardahūsum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *wardhūs

Middle Low German: wardehūs

Old High German: warthūs

Middle High German: warthūs

German: Warthaus (archaic)

From Proto-Germanic *wardahūsą. Equivalent to *ward + *hūs.


mundrī

mundrī (nominative singular)
mundrīn (accusative singular)
mundrīn (genitive singular)
mundrīn (dative singular)
mundrīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: muntarī, muntrī

From Proto-Germanic *mundrį̄. Equivalent to *mundr (“jealous, eager”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


hwītī

hwītī (nominative singular)
hwītīn (accusative singular)
hwītīn (genitive singular)
hwītīn (dative singular)
hwītīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: wīzī

Middle High German: wīze

German: Weiße

From Proto-Germanic *hwītį̄. Equivalent to *hwīt (“white”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


Friþugaiʀ

Friþugaiʀ (nominative singular)
Friþugaiʀ (accusative singular)
Friþugaiʀā (accusative plural)
Friþugaiʀas (genitive singular)
Friþugaiʀō (genitive plural)
Friþugaiʀē (dative singular)
Friþugaiʀum (dative plural)
Friþugaiʀu (instrumental singular)
Friþugaiʀum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: Friþugār, Freoþegār, Freoþogār, Friþogār

Old High German: Frithugēr, Fridugēr

German: Fridger, Friedger, Friedeger

→ Latin: Fredegarus

French: Frédégaire

Italian: Fredegario

Greek: Φρεδέγαρος (Fredégaros)


wīgamann

wīgamann (nominative singular)
wīgamanni (nominative plural)
wīgamannu (accusative singular)
wīgamanni (accusative plural)
wīgamanni (genitive singular)
wīgamannō (genitive plural)
wīgamanni (dative singular)
wīgamannum (dative plural)
wīgamanni (instrumental singular)
wīgamannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīgmann

Old Saxon: wīgman

Old High German: wīgman

Middle High German: wīcman

From Proto-Germanic *wīgamann-. Equivalent to *wīg + *mann.


wardamann

wardamann (nominative singular)
wardamanni (nominative plural)
wardamannu (accusative singular)
wardamanni (accusative plural)
wardamanni (genitive singular)
wardamannō (genitive plural)
wardamanni (dative singular)
wardamannum (dative plural)
wardamanni (instrumental singular)
wardamannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weardmann

Middle English: wardman

English: wardsman

Old Saxon: *wardman

Middle Low German: wardeman

Old High German: wartman

Middle High German: wartman

German: Wartmann (archaic)

From Proto-Germanic *wardamann-. Equivalent to *ward + *mann.


wāgu

wāgu (nominative singular)
wāgō (nominative plural)
wāgā (accusative singular)
wāgā (accusative plural)
wāgā (genitive singular)
wāgō (genitive plural)
wāgē (dative singular)
wāgōm (dative plural)
wāgum (dative plural)
wāgu (instrumental singular)
wāgōm (instrumental plural)
wāgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣġ

Middle English: wei, weie

English: wey

Old Saxon: wāga

Middle Low German: wâge

Old Dutch: wāga

Middle Dutch: wâge

Dutch: waag

desctree

Old High German: wāga
Middle High German: wāge
German: Waage
Luxembourgish: Wo
Yiddish: וואָג (vog)
→ Czech: váhy, váha
→ Old Polish: waga
Polish: waga
→ Kashubian: wôga
→ Russian: ва́га (vága)
→ Slovincian: wogha
→ Ukrainian: ва́га (váha)
→ Belarusian: ва́гі (váhi)
Silesian: wŏga
→ Serbo-Croatian: vaga
→ Macedonian: ва́га (vága)
→ Slovak: váhy, váha
→ Slovene: vaga


unholþō

unholþō (nominative singular)
unholþan (nominative plural)
unholþan (accusative singular)
unholþan (accusative plural)
unhulþini (genitive singular)
unholþan (genitive singular)
unholþanō (genitive plural)
unhulþini (dative singular)
unholþan (dative singular)
unholþum (dative plural)
unhulþini (instrumental singular)
unholþan (instrumental singular)
unholþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: unholda

Old Saxon: unholdo

Old Dutch: unholdo

Middle Dutch: onhoude

Dutch: onhoud

Old High German: unholdo

Middle High German: unholde

German: Unhold


wargini

wargini (nominative singular)
wargunnjō (nominative plural)
wargunnjā (accusative singular)
wargunnjā (accusative plural)
wargunnjā (genitive singular)
wargunnjō (genitive plural)
wargunnjē (dative singular)
wargunnjōm (dative plural)
wargunnjum (dative plural)
wargunnju (instrumental singular)
wargunnjōm (instrumental plural)
wargunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wierġen

From Proto-Germanic *warginī. Equivalent to *warg + *-ini.


burþī

burþī (nominative singular)
burþīn (accusative singular)
burþīn (genitive singular)
burþīn (dative singular)
burþīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: byrd

Old Frisian: berthe, berde

Old Saxon: burthi

Middle Low German: borde, bōrde, börde

Low German: Böörd

Old Dutch: *burthi, *burtha

Middle Dutch: borde

Dutch: borde

Old High German: burdī

Middle High German: burde, bürde

Alemannic German: Burdi

German: Bürde


wagā

wagā (nominative singular)
wagōn (nominative plural)
wagōn (accusative singular)
wagōn (accusative plural)
wagōn (genitive singular)
wagōnō (genitive plural)
wagōn (dative singular)
wagōm (dative plural)
wagum (dative plural)
wagōn (instrumental singular)
wagōm (instrumental plural)
wagum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: waga

Middle Low German: wege

Old High German: waga

Middle High German: wage

German: Wage (archaic)


skipamann

skipamann (nominative singular)
skipamanni (nominative plural)
skipamannu (accusative singular)
skipamanni (accusative plural)
skipamanni (genitive singular)
skipamannō (genitive plural)
skipamanni (dative singular)
skipamannum (dative plural)
skipamanni (instrumental singular)
skipamannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċipmann
Middle English: schipman, chipman, schip man, schippeman, schypmanne, shipman, shipmon, shippeman, shippman, shypman, ssipman, szipman, scipmon, sipman (Early Middle English)
English: shipman
Middle Scots: schipman

Old Frisian: skipmann, skipmonn

North Frisian: scipman

Saterland Frisian: scipman

Old Saxon: *skipman

Middle Low German: schipman

Old High German: scifman

Middle High German: schifman

German: Schiffmann

From Proto-Germanic *skipamann-. Equivalent to *skip (“ship”) + *mann (“man”).


paddā

paddā (nominative singular)
paddōn (nominative plural)
paddōn (accusative singular)
paddōn (accusative plural)
paddōn (genitive singular)
paddōnō (genitive plural)
paddōn (dative singular)
paddōm (dative plural)
paddum (dative plural)
paddōn (instrumental singular)
paddōm (instrumental plural)
paddum (instrumental plural)

Old English: padde

Middle English: padde, pade

English: pad; poade, pode

Scots: pade, pad; podde, pode

Old Frisian: padde

Saterland Frisian: Pudde

West Frisian: padde, podde, podd, pod

Old Saxon: *padda

Middle Low German: padde, pedde

Low German: Padde, Pudde

→ German: Padde

Old Dutch: *padda

Middle Dutch: padde, pedde

Dutch: pad

Afrikaans: padda

→ Vulgar Latin: *padda, *podda, *potta

Old French: bot

⇒ Old French: boterel

Italian: botta


jestu

jestu (nominative singular)
jistiwi (nominative plural)
jestō (nominative plural)
jestu (accusative singular)
jestū (accusative plural)
jestō (genitive singular)
jistiwō (genitive plural)
jistiwi (dative singular)
jestō (dative singular)
jestum (dative plural)
jestu (instrumental singular)
jestum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiest, ġist, ġyst

Middle English: yeest

Scots: yest

English: yeast

Old Frisian: *gest, *jest

Saterland Frisian: Gääst, Jääst

West Frisian: gêst, gist

Old Saxon: *gest

Middle Low German: gest

German Low German: Geste, Gest, Gist

→ German: Gest (northern Germany)

Old Dutch: *gest, *gist

Middle Dutch: gest, gist
Dutch: gist
Afrikaans: gis
Limburgish: ges

Old High German: *jest, *gest

Middle High German: jest, gest

Alemannic German: Jëst

German: Gischt, Jast, Jäst

From Proto-Germanic *jestuz. Equivalent to *jesan (“to ferment”) + *-þu.


barī

barī (nominative singular)
barijō (nominative plural)
barijōs (nominative plural)
barī (accusative singular)
barijā (accusative plural)
barijas (genitive singular)
barijō (genitive plural)
barijē (dative singular)
barijum (dative plural)
bariju (instrumental singular)
barijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bere
Middle English: bere
English: bere
Scots: bere, beir

⇒ Old English: bærlīċ
Middle English: barly, barlie, barlich, barlych, barlyche, barleche, barlick, barlykke, bareliche, berley
English: barley
Scots: barlie
Yola: baarich, barich, barach, barish, barlich

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *baraz.


hagō

hagō (nominative singular)
hagan (nominative plural)
hagan (accusative singular)
hagan (accusative plural)
hagini (genitive singular)
hagan (genitive singular)
haganō (genitive plural)
hagini (dative singular)
hagan (dative singular)
hagum (dative plural)
hagini (instrumental singular)
hagan (instrumental singular)
hagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: haga
Middle English: hawe, haȝe, haue, hahe, haw, hawghe
English: haw
Scots: haw
Yola: haeve

Old Frisian: *haga; *hach

Saterland Frisian: Hoage

West Frisian: haach

Old Saxon: hago

Middle Low German: hāge

Old Dutch: *hago

Middle Dutch: hāge, haghe
Dutch: haag

i

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hag</i>

perhaps attested as <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">hage</i>

Old High German: hag (< *hag), *hago (perhaps attested as hage)

Middle High German: hac

Alemannic German: Hag, Haag

German: Hag

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">hagan</i>

⇒ Middle High German: hage (merged with hagan)

Luxembourgish: Ho


kirsijā

kirsijā (nominative singular)
kirsijōn (nominative plural)
kirsijōn (accusative singular)
kirsijōn (accusative plural)
kirsijōn (genitive singular)
kirsijōnō (genitive plural)
kirsijōn (dative singular)
kirsijōm (dative plural)
kirsijum (dative plural)
kirsijōn (instrumental singular)
kirsijōm (instrumental plural)
kirsijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċirse, ċyrse, ċiris, ċyrs
Middle English: cheri, chiri, chirie, chyry, chere, cherie, chery (through confluence with Anglo-French form)
English: cherry (see there for further descendants)
Scots: chirry, chery, cherrie, cherry
→ Middle Irish: silín, sirín
Irish: silín
Manx: shillish
Scottish Gaelic: sirist

Old Frisian: *tzerse

Saterland Frisian: Säärse

Old Saxon: *kirsa

Middle Low German: kerse

Dutch Low Saxon: kaars, kaarze

German Low German: Kars

Plautdietsch: Kjoasch

→ Finnish: kirsikka

→ Latvian: ķirsis

⇒ Middle Low German: kersebere

→ Old Norse: *kirsuber

Faroese: kirsuber

Icelandic: kirsuber

Norwegian Bokmål: kirsebær

Norwegian Nynorsk: kirsebær

Swedish: körsbär

Danish: kirsebær

Old Dutch: *kirsa

Middle Dutch: kerse

Dutch: kers
⇒ Afrikaans: kersie (from the diminutive form)
Negerhollands: kirsch
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kers
→ Malay: kersen (from the plural form)
Indonesian: kers, kersen
→ Sranan Tongo: kersi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kersi
→ Caribbean Javanese: kèrsi
→ West Frisian: kers

Limburgish: kèrs, kaes, kees, kiesj

Old High German: kirsa, chirsa, kersa, kirs
Middle High German: kirse
Alemannic German: Chirsi, Chirschi
Bavarian: Kiaschn
Cimbrian: khèrsch, khèersa (Sette Comuni)
Kölsch: Körsche
German: Kirsche, Kersche (archaic or dialectal)
→ Estonian: kirss
Luxembourgish: Kiischt, Kiisch
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Kesch
Pennsylvania German: Kasch
Vilamovian: kjyś
Yiddish: קאַרש (karsh)

→? Proto-Slavic: *čèršьňa (see there for further descendants)


wīnabaʀi

wīnabaʀi (nominative singular)
wīnabaʀju (nominative plural)
wīnabaʀi (accusative singular)
wīnabaʀju (accusative plural)
wīnabaʀjas (genitive singular)
wīnabaʀjō (genitive plural)
wīnabaʀjē (dative singular)
wīnabaʀjum (dative plural)
wīnabaʀju (instrumental singular)
wīnabaʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīnberġe f, wīnberie, wīnberiġe
Middle English: winberie, winberi, wynberie, wynberiȝ, wyneberie, wynneberie
English: wineberry; whimberry, whinberry, wimberry, winberry, windberry

Old Frisian: *wīnberie

Saterland Frisian: Wienbäie

Old Saxon: wīnberi

Middle Low German: wînbēre

Old Dutch: *wīnberi

Middle Dutch: wijnbere

Dutch: wijnbeer, wiemer

Old High German: wīnberi

Middle High German: wīnbere, wīnber

German: Weinbeere

From Proto-Germanic *wīnabazją. Equivalent to *wīn (“wine”) + *baʀi (“berry”).


appluwīn

appluwīn (nominative singular)
appluwīnu (nominative plural)
appluwīn (accusative singular)
appluwīnu (accusative plural)
appluwīnas (genitive singular)
appluwīnō (genitive plural)
appluwīnē (dative singular)
appluwīnum (dative plural)
appluwīnu (instrumental singular)
appluwīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æppelwīn
English: apple wine

Old Dutch: *appelwīn

Dutch: appelwijn (or a calque from German)

Afrikaans: appelwyn

Old High German: apfulwīn

German: Apfelwein


applu

applu (nominative singular)
appliwi (nominative plural)
applō (nominative plural)
applu (accusative singular)
applū (accusative plural)
applō (genitive singular)
appliwō (genitive plural)
appliwi (dative singular)
applō (dative singular)
applum (dative plural)
applu (instrumental singular)
applum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æppel
Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple, eappel (Early Middle English)
English: apple (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aipple

Old Frisian: appel
North Frisian:
Föhr, Hallig: aapel
Helgoland: Oapel
Mooring: ååpel
Saterland Frisian: Appel, Apel
West Frisian: apel

Old Saxon: appel, appul, apl
Middle Low German: appel
German Low German: Appel
→ German: Appel (colloquial, regional)
Plautdietsch: Aupel

desc

Old Dutch: *appel, ephela (pl.), apheles (gen.sg.)

desctree

Middle Dutch: appel, āpel
Dutch: appel (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: appel

Old High German: apful, aphul, apfol, afful, *appul — central
Middle High German: apfel, epfel, öpfel, appel
Alemannic German: Öpfel, Apfel
Alsatian: Àpfel, Epfel
Italian Walser: effél, epfel, epfil, öpfil
Swabian: Ebfl
Bavarian: Åpfe
Cimbrian: oupfal, öpfel, öpfl
Mòcheno: epfl
Udinese: eipfele, epfl
Central Franconian: Appel
Hunsrik: Eppel
Luxembourgish: Apel
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Abbel, Appel
Vilamovian: epuł
East Franconian:
German: Apfel
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Àbbel, Ebbel, Abbel
Pennsylvania German: Abbel, Appel
Yiddish: עפּל (epl)


baʀi

baʀi (nominative singular)
baʀju (nominative plural)
baʀi (accusative singular)
baʀju (accusative plural)
baʀjas (genitive singular)
baʀjō (genitive plural)
baʀjē (dative singular)
baʀjum (dative plural)
baʀju (instrumental singular)
baʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: berġe, berie, beriġe
Middle English: berye, berȝe, berie, bery, byry, beriye
English: berry
Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry
Yola: kraanberry

Old Frisian: *berie

Saterland Frisian: Bäie

q

West Frisian: bei (possibly from Dutch, ultimately from Old French and bāca)

Old Saxon: beri

Middle Low German: bere

German Low German: Beer

Plautdietsch: Bäa

Old Dutch: *beri

Middle Dutch: bere

Dutch: bère, bèr (dialectal)

West Flemish: beier

desctree

Old High German: beri
Middle High German: ber
Alemannic German: Berri
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: per
Mòcheno: per
German: Beere
Hunsrik: Beer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Pennsylvania German: Beer
Vilamovian: bjēr


erþubaʀi

erþubaʀi (nominative singular)
erþubaʀju (nominative plural)
erþubaʀi (accusative singular)
erþubaʀju (accusative plural)
erþubaʀjas (genitive singular)
erþubaʀjō (genitive plural)
erþubaʀjē (dative singular)
erþubaʀjum (dative plural)
erþubaʀju (instrumental singular)
erþubaʀjum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: eorþberġe, eorþberie, eorþberiġe

Old Frisian: *irtheberie

Saterland Frisian: Äidbäie

West Frisian: ierdbei

Old Saxon: erthberi, erdberi

Middle Low German: erdbere

German Low German: Eerdbeei, Eerdjebeei, Eerkebeei

Low German: Erebeie, Eerdbeer

Plautdietsch: Ieedbäa

Old Dutch: *erdberi

Middle Dutch: erdbere

desctree

Dutch: aardbei
Afrikaans: aarbei
→ Indonesian: arbei
→ Papiamentu: artbèi

Old High German: erdberi, erdperi

Middle High German: erdbere

German: Erdbeere

Luxembourgish: Äerdbier

Mòcheno: eaper

→ English: earthberry (calque)

From Proto-Germanic *erþōbazją. Equivalent to *erþu (“earth”) + *baʀi (“berry”).


nabulō

nabulō (nominative singular)
nabulan (nominative plural)
nabulan (accusative singular)
nabulan (accusative plural)
nabulini (genitive singular)
nabulan (genitive singular)
nabulanō (genitive plural)
nabulini (dative singular)
nabulan (dative singular)
nabulum (dative plural)
nabulini (instrumental singular)
nabulan (instrumental singular)
nabulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nafola, nabula, nafela, navela
Middle English: navel, navele, navill, navyll, navle, naule, nawle, novel, novle, novele, nowle
English: navel
Scots: nyvel

Old Frisian: navla

North Frisian: nawel

Saterland Frisian: Nauel

West Frisian: nâle

Old Saxon: *navalo

Middle Low German: nâvel

German Low German: Naffel

Plautdietsch: Nowel

Old Dutch: *navalo

Middle Dutch: navele, navel

Dutch: navel
Afrikaans: nawel, nauel

Limburgish: navel

Old High German: nabalo, nabulo
Middle High German: nabele, nabel
German: Nabel
Hunsrik: Nawel
Luxembourgish: Nuebel
Vilamovian: nowuł
Yiddish: נאָפּל (nopl)


gasundiþu

gasundiþu (nominative singular)
gasundiþō (nominative plural)
gasundiþā (accusative singular)
gasundiþā (accusative plural)
gasundiþā (genitive singular)
gasundiþō (genitive plural)
gasundiþē (dative singular)
gasundiþōm (dative plural)
gasundiþum (dative plural)
gasundiþu (instrumental singular)
gasundiþōm (instrumental plural)
gasundiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesyntu

Old High German: gisuntida


natilā

natilā (nominative singular)
natilōn (nominative plural)
natilōn (accusative singular)
natilōn (accusative plural)
natilōn (genitive singular)
natilōnō (genitive plural)
natilōn (dative singular)
natilōm (dative plural)
natilum (dative plural)
natilōn (instrumental singular)
natilōm (instrumental plural)
natilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: netele, netle

Middle English: netele, netle, nettle

English: nettle

Scots: nettill

Old Frisian: *netele

Saterland Frisian: Neetele, Neetel

West Frisian: nettel

Old Saxon: netila
Middle Low German: nêtele, nettele, nettel
German Low German:
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Nettel, Nöttel
East Westphalian: Niedel (Ravensberg), Nettel (Lippe)
South Westphalian: Niëdel (Dortmund)
Sauerländisch: Nietel, Nettel (Wenden)
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: nettel
→ Danish: nelde, nælde
→ Norwegian: nesle, netla, nesla, natla
→ Old Swedish: nætla
Swedish: nässla, nättla, nälla
→ Scanian: nælla

Old Dutch: *netila

Middle Dutch: nētele, nettel

Dutch: netel

Old High German: nezzila
Middle High German: nezzel
Cimbrian: éssala (reanalyzed)
German: Nessel
→ Yiddish: ברעננעסל (brennesl)
Yiddish: ניסול (nisul) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

From unattested *natā, from Proto-Germanic *natǭ (“nettle”), + *-ilā (plant and animal suffix).


sigiþī

sigiþī (nominative singular)
sigiþijō (nominative plural)
sigiþijōs (nominative plural)
sigiþī (accusative singular)
sigiþijā (accusative plural)
sigiþijas (genitive singular)
sigiþijō (genitive plural)
sigiþijē (dative singular)
sigiþijum (dative plural)
sigiþiju (instrumental singular)
sigiþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sigþe, sigdi, sīþe m

Middle English: sithe, sythe

English: scythe

Scots: sithe, scythe

Old Frisian: *sichte, *sīthe

Saterland Frisian: Sied m

West Frisian: sichte

Old Saxon: *sigitha, *sigtha, *sihta

desc

Middle Low German: sigde, sichte, segede, sicht f

German Low German: Sichte, Sicht

Old Dutch: *sigitha, *sigtha, *sihta

Middle Dutch: sichte f

Dutch: zicht

→ West Frisian: zicht


hebun

hebun (nominative singular)
hebunō (nominative plural)
hebunōs (nominative plural)
hebun (accusative singular)
hebunā (accusative plural)
hebunas (genitive singular)
hebunō (genitive plural)
hebunē (dative singular)
hebunum (dative plural)
hebunu (instrumental singular)
hebunum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: heofon, heben, hefæn, hefen, hefon, heafun, heofen, heofun, heofan, hiofon, heofene, heofone, hefene — weak
Middle English: hevene, efne, even, evne, heaven, hefne, heoven, heovene, heven, hevyn, hewn, hewne, hæfene, hæfne, hæven, heffne, heofen, heofne, heofon, hoven (Early Middle English), heeven, hefen, heiven, heivin, hevin, hewuyn, heyven, hewen, hewyn (Northern)
English: heaven, Heaven
Scots: heiven, Heiven
Yola: heaaven, heoven

Old Saxon: hevan, heban
Middle Low German: hêben, hêven
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Häw'n
Westphalian:
Dortmunder: Hēäwen
Lippisch: Heben
Ravensbergisch: Hewwen
Sauerländisch: Hiäwen, Hiawen (Olpe)

Old Dutch: *hevan

Middle Dutch: heven

Old High German: heban

Middle High German: hëben

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *hebnaz, from earlier *hemnaz with nasal dissimilation, either syncopated from or a parallel formation of *himinaz and doublet with *himil (“sky; heaven”).


laibu

laibu (nominative singular)
laibō (nominative plural)
laibā (accusative singular)
laibā (accusative plural)
laibā (genitive singular)
laibō (genitive plural)
laibē (dative singular)
laibōm (dative plural)
laibum (dative plural)
laibu (instrumental singular)
laibōm (instrumental plural)
laibum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lāf
Middle English: love, lave, leve, loove, lafe, læve, loave (Early Middle English)
English: lave
Scots: lave

Old Frisian: lāva

Old Saxon: lēba

Old High German: leiba, leipa

Middle High German: leibe