holantr

holantr (nominative singular)
holantrō (nominative plural)
holantrōs (nominative plural)
holantr (accusative singular)
holantrā (accusative plural)
holantras (genitive singular)
holantrō (genitive plural)
holantrē (dative singular)
holantrum (dative plural)
holantru (instrumental singular)
holantrum (instrumental plural)

>? Old English: ellen
Middle English: ellern, eller, eldre, eldrn, elder, ellen (Early Middle English)
Yola: ellena

Old Saxon: holondar

desc

Middle Low German: holunder, holder, holler, holdern, holderen, hollander, hollender, holender, holander, holendor, holendore, holendoren

German Low German: Holunder, Holunner, Holler, Hollunner, Allhorn, Allhäuern

Old Dutch: *holuntara

Middle Dutch: holendere, holentere

Dutch: holender, heulenteer

desctree

Old High German: holuntar m, holuntra, holara, holre f
Middle High German: holunter, holunder, holer
German: Holunder, Holder, Holler, Hohlunder, Hollunder, Holunter, Hohlunter, Hollunter

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *hulandraz, from *hulô ~ *hullaz + *-traz (tree suffix), ultimately of unknown origin. Cognate with Danish hyld, Swedish hyll (“elder tree, elderberry”).


fleuþr

fleuþr (nominative singular)
fleuþrō (nominative plural)
fleuþrōs (nominative plural)
fleuþr (accusative singular)
fleuþrā (accusative plural)
fleuþras (genitive singular)
fleuþrō (genitive plural)
fleuþrē (dative singular)
fleuþrum (dative plural)
fleuþru (instrumental singular)
fleuþrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *fliāther

West Frisian: flear

>? Old Saxon: *fliothar

desc

Middle Low German: vlêder, vleder, flêder, vlider (likely from Dutch)

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Flieder

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Fleär

Westmünsterländisch Fleer

Plautdietsch: Flêder

→ German: Flieder

→ Swedish: fläder

Old Dutch: fliethar

Middle Dutch: vlieder, vlier

Dutch: vlier


sehstārī

sehstārī (nominative singular)
sehstārijō (nominative plural)
sehstārijōs (nominative plural)
sehstārī (accusative singular)
sehstārijā (accusative plural)
sehstārijas (genitive singular)
sehstārijō (genitive plural)
sehstārijē (dative singular)
sehstārijum (dative plural)
sehstāriju (instrumental singular)
sehstārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sester, syster, seoxter

Middle English: sester, syster

English: sester

Old Saxon: soster, suster

Middle Low German: sestäre, sester, sestere

Dutch Low Saxon: keze

German Low German: Kees, Käes, Käse

Plautdietsch: Kjees

Old Dutch: *sestar

Middle Dutch: sester, sister, zester

Dutch: sester

Old High German: sehstāri, sestāri, sehtāri

Middle High German: sehstäre, sehster, sisiter, sehter, sechter, sestere

German: Sechter, Sester

Borrowed from Latin sestārius, sistārius, septārius, sextārius.


unnjalauk

unnjalauk (nominative singular)
unnjalaukō (nominative plural)
unnjalaukōs (nominative plural)
unnjalauk (accusative singular)
unnjalaukā (accusative plural)
unnjalaukas (genitive singular)
unnjalaukō (genitive plural)
unnjalaukē (dative singular)
unnjalaukum (dative plural)
unnjalauku (instrumental singular)
unnjalaukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ynnelēac, ynelēac, ennelēac, enelēac, ennelēc
Middle English: hinneleac, henneleac, hynneleac

Old Saxon: unlōk

Old High German: ullouh, unilouh

Middle High German: ullouch, ulloch

Central Franconian: Öllich

→? Dutch: ullich, aolike (dialectal)


klobu

klobu (nominative singular)
klobō (nominative plural)
klobā (accusative singular)
klobā (accusative plural)
klobā (genitive singular)
klobō (genitive plural)
klobē (dative singular)
klobōm (dative plural)
klobum (dative plural)
klobu (instrumental singular)
klobōm (instrumental plural)
klobum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clofu, clufu

Middle English: clove, clof, clowe
English: clove
Scots: clow

Related to *kleuban (“to split, cleave”).


unnjā

unnjā (nominative singular)
unnjōn (nominative plural)
unnjōn (accusative singular)
unnjōn (accusative plural)
unnjōn (genitive singular)
unnjōnō (genitive plural)
unnjōn (dative singular)
unnjōm (dative plural)
unnjum (dative plural)
unnjōn (instrumental singular)
unnjōm (instrumental plural)
unnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ȳn

Old Dutch: *unna

Middle Dutch: *unne

desc

Limburgish: un, unne, unnen, unj, unje, ung (archaic)

Old High German: unna

Middle High German: *ünne

Central Franconian: Enn, Önn

German: Ünne

Luxembourgish: Ënn

Borrowed from Medieval Latin uniō and Latin ūniō.


klobulauk

klobulauk (nominative singular)
klobulaukō (nominative plural)
klobulaukōs (nominative plural)
klobulauk (accusative singular)
klobulaukā (accusative plural)
klobulaukas (genitive singular)
klobulaukō (genitive plural)
klobulaukē (dative singular)
klobulaukum (dative plural)
klobulauku (instrumental singular)
klobulaukum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kluflōk

Middle Low German: knuflôk, knufloek, knuflof, knufflôk, knuftlôk, knovelôk, kloflôk

German Low German:

East Frisian: Knuuvlook, Knoovlook

Low Prussian: Knobloch

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: Knuffläof, Knaublauch (Brilon), Knubbelejek (Niedersfeld), Knoubluak (Attendorn), Knoblauch (Drolshagen), Knuffläoch (Kirchhundem), Kniuweläoch (Selbecke)

East Westphalian: Knublack (Lipp)

South Westphalian: Knuflaok (Dortmund)

→ Saterland Frisian: Knuuflok

→ Old Norse: kloflaukr (influenced in form by laukr)

Old Dutch: *kloflōk

Middle Dutch: knofloick, knuuflooch, cloffloc

Dutch: knoflook

→ West Frisian: knyflok

Old High German: klobalouh, klobilouh

Middle High German: knobelouch, knoblouch, klobelouch, knobelouch

German: Knoblauch

From *klobu, *klobi (“clove, bulb”) + *lauk (“leek”).


skindulā

skindulā (nominative singular)
skindulōn (nominative plural)
skindulōn (accusative singular)
skindulōn (accusative plural)
skindulōn (genitive singular)
skindulōnō (genitive plural)
skindulōn (dative singular)
skindulōm (dative plural)
skindulum (dative plural)
skindulōn (instrumental singular)
skindulōm (instrumental plural)
skindulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċindel, sċingul

Middle English: *schindel, shyngle, shyngel, shengel

English: shindle, shingle

Old Saxon: skindala, skindula

Middle Low German: schindele, schingele

Plautdietsch: Schindel

Old Dutch: *skindala

Middle Dutch: scindele

Dutch: schindel

Old High German: skintala, scintala

Middle High German: schindele, schindel, schīndel

desctree

German: Schindel
→ Bulgarian: ши́нда (šínda), ши́ндра (šíndra)
→ Czech: šindel
→ Hungarian: zsindely
→ Romanian: șindrilă
→ Macedonian: шиндра (šindra)
→ Ladin: scintla
→ Polish: szyndzioł
→ Serbo-Croatian: ши̑ндра / šȋndra
→ Ottoman Turkish: شندره (şindere, şendere)
Turkish: şendere
→ Romanian: șindră
→ Slovak: šindel

Vilamovian: śynduł

Borrowed from Late Latin scindula, from Latin scandula.


skutilu

skutilu (nominative singular)
skutilō (nominative plural)
skutilā (accusative singular)
skutilā (accusative plural)
skutilā (genitive singular)
skutilō (genitive plural)
skutilē (dative singular)
skutilōm (dative plural)
skutilum (dative plural)
skutilu (instrumental singular)
skutilōm (instrumental plural)
skutilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: scutel

Middle English: scutel, scotel

English: scuttle

→ Old Norse: skutill

Old Saxon: skutala

desc

Middle Low German: schȫtel, schȫtele, schotele, schöttel, schöttele, schottel, schottele, schüttel, schütel, schütele, schüttele

German Low German: Schöttel

Old Dutch: *skutala

Middle Dutch: scotle, schotele, scotele

Dutch: schotel

Afrikaans: skottel

Old High German: skuzzila, scuzzila

Middle High German: schüzzel, schüzzele

Cimbrian: schüzzl

German: Schüssel

Luxembourgish: Schossel

Pennsylvania German: Schissel

Borrowed from Latin scutella and readjusted by instrumental suffix *-ilu.


trahtārī

trahtārī (nominative singular)
trahtārijō (nominative plural)
trahtārijōs (nominative plural)
trahtārī (accusative singular)
trahtārijā (accusative plural)
trahtārijas (genitive singular)
trahtārijō (genitive plural)
trahtārijē (dative singular)
trahtārijum (dative plural)
trahtāriju (instrumental singular)
trahtārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tracter, trehtre

Old Saxon: trahtari

Middle Low German: trechtäre, trechter

German Low German: Trechter, Trichter

→ Danish: tragt

Old Dutch: *trahtāri

Middle Dutch: trachter, tracter, trechter, trichter

desctree

Dutch: trechter
Afrikaans: tregter
Negerhollands: trichter
→ Aukan: teekiti
→ Caribbean Hindustani: treki
→ West Frisian: trachter

desc

Old High German: trahtāri, trehteri, trihtere

Middle High German: trahtäre, trahter, trehter, trihter

German: Trichter

→ Czech: trychtýř

Borrowed from Late Latin tractārius, from Latin trāiectōrium.


braud

braud (nominative singular)
braudō (nominative plural)
braudōs (nominative plural)
braud (accusative singular)
braudā (accusative plural)
braudas (genitive singular)
braudō (genitive plural)
braudē (dative singular)
braudum (dative plural)
braudu (instrumental singular)
braudum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: brēad, brēod
Middle English: bred, bredd, brede, breed, breede, breid, brid, bread, bræd, bryad, bryead
English: bread
Geordie English: breed
Scots: breid
Yola: breed

Old Frisian: brād
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: braud
Karrharder: brüdj
Helgoland: Brooad
Mooring: brüüdj
Nordergoesharder: bruud
Sylt: Bruar
Wiedingharder: bruuid
Saterland Frisian: Brood
West Frisian: brea

Old Saxon: brōd

Middle Low German: brôt

German Low German: Broot

Plautdietsch: Broot

Old Dutch: *brōt
Middle Dutch: brôot
Dutch: brood
Afrikaans: brood
Berbice Creole Dutch: broto
Jersey Dutch: brôt
Negerhollands: brood, brot
Skepi Creole Dutch: brot
Limburgish: broead

Old High German: brōt, prot, prooth, *brōd — northern variant
Middle High German: brōt, brōd
Alemannic German: Brot
Italian Walser: brot, broud, bruat, bròt, bröt
Bavarian: Brout, proat
Cimbrian: proat, pròat (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: proat
Central Franconian: Brot, Brut
Hunsrik: Brod, proot
Luxembourgish: Brout
German: Brot
Pennsylvania German: Brot
Vilamovian: brūt
Yiddish: ברויט (broyt)


strūcijō

strūcijō (nominative singular)
strūcijan (nominative plural)
strūcijan (accusative singular)
strūcijan (accusative plural)
strūcijini (genitive singular)
strūcijan (genitive singular)
strūcijanō (genitive plural)
strūcijini (dative singular)
strūcijan (dative singular)
strūcijum (dative plural)
strūcijini (instrumental singular)
strūcijan (instrumental singular)
strūcijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strūta, strȳta

Old Saxon: *strūcio, strūd

desc

Middle Low German: strûtse, strûse, strûts, strûs

German Low German: Struss

desctree

→ Old Norse: strúz
Danish: struds
Faroese: strutsur
Icelandic: strútur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: struts
Norwegian Nynorsk: struts
Swedish: struts
→ Finnish: strutsi

⇒ Middle Low German: strûsvōgel

Old Dutch: *strūzo

desc

Middle Dutch: strūce, struus, struys, strues

Dutch: struis

⇒ Dutch: struisvogel

desctree

Old High German: *strūzo, strūz
Middle High German: strūze, strūz, strouz
German: Strauß
Hunsrik: Straus
Luxembourgish: Strauss
Yiddish: שטרויס (shtroys)
→ Czech: pštros
→ Slovak: pštros

Borrowed from Late Latin strūciō, strūthiō.


fenestr

fenestr (nominative singular)
fenestru (nominative plural)
fenestr (accusative singular)
fenestru (accusative plural)
fenestras (genitive singular)
fenestrō (genitive plural)
fenestrē (dative singular)
fenestrum (dative plural)
fenestru (instrumental singular)
fenestrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fenester
Middle English: fenestre, fenester

Old Frisian: finestre

West Frisian: finster, finstre

Saterland Frisian: finstere

Old Saxon: *fenstar n, *fenestra f

desc

Middle Low German: venster, fenster, venstere, vinster, vinstere

German Low German: Finster

→ Old Swedish: fynster, finster

Swedish: fönster

Old Dutch: fenstar

Middle Dutch: venster, venstre, veinster

desctree

Dutch: venster
Afrikaans: venster
→ Fanagalo: festel
→ Sotho: fenstere
→ Xhosa: ifestile
→ Zulu: ifasitela
Berbice Creole Dutch: fensre
Jersey Dutch: väänster, fäängster
Negerhollands: fenter, venstu, venster
Sranan Tongo: fensre
Aukan: fensee
Saramaccan: fensë
→ Caribbean Javanese: fénsré
→ Kari'na: fensere
→ Lokono: penster

→ West Frisian: veister

desctree

Old High German: fenstar n, finestra, fenestra f
Middle High German: venster n or f, fenster
Alemannic German: Pfeister, Pfäischter, Feister, Fäischter, Pfenster
Swabian: Fenschdr, Feaschter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: béestar
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Fenster
Luxembourgish: Fënster
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Fansder
Upper Saxon German: Fensdor
Vilamovian: faonster
East Franconian:
German: Fenster
→ English: fenster
→ North Frisian: Fenster
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [fenz̥d̥æ̆]
Palatine German: Fenschder
Pennsylvania German: Fenschder
Yiddish: פֿענצטער (fentster)


fruht

fruht (nominative singular)
fruhtu (nominative plural)
fruht (accusative singular)
fruhtu (accusative plural)
frohtas (genitive singular)
frohtō (genitive plural)
fruhtē (dative singular)
fruhtum (dative plural)
fruhtu (instrumental singular)
fruhtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frucht

North Frisian: frücht

Saterland Frisian: Frucht

West Frisian: frucht

Old Saxon: fruht

desc

Middle Low German: vrucht, frucht, vrocht

German Low German: Frucht

Plautdietsch: Frucht

→ Old Norse: fruktr

Danish: frugt
→ Faroese: frukt

Norwegian: frukt

Old Swedish: frukt

Swedish: frukt

Old Dutch: fruht

desctree

Middle Dutch: vrucht
Dutch: vrucht
Afrikaans: vrug
Berbice Creole Dutch: fruktu
Jersey Dutch: vrœxt
Negerhollands: vrucht, vrygt
Petjo: fruh
→ Javanese: fruktu
→ Sranan Tongo: froktu, fruktu (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: vröch

Old High German: fruht

Middle High German: fruht, vruht

Alemannic German: Frucht

Bavarian: Frucht

desc

Central Franconian: Frooch, Frocht, Frut, Fruucht

Hunsrik: Frucht

Luxembourgish: Fruucht

East Central German:

Vilamovian: fru̇ht

German: Frucht

Rhine Franconian: Frocht, Froucht, Frucht, Fruucht

Yiddish: פֿרוכט (frukht)


mūrā

mūrā (nominative singular)
mūrōn (nominative plural)
mūrōn (accusative singular)
mūrōn (accusative plural)
mūrōn (genitive singular)
mūrōnō (genitive plural)
mūrōn (dative singular)
mūrōm (dative plural)
mūrum (dative plural)
mūrōn (instrumental singular)
mūrōm (instrumental plural)
mūrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mūr m

Middle English: mur (contaminated by Old French)

English: mure

→ Old Norse: múrr

Danish: mur

Faroese: múrur

Icelandic: múr

Norwegian: mur

→ Swedish: mur
→ Finnish: muuri

Old Frisian: mūre

West Frisian: muorre

Old Saxon: mūra

Middle Low German: mûre, mü̂re, müre, myre, more, möre, mûr, mü̂r, mör

German Low German: Müre, Müür

Old Dutch: mūra, mūr

desctree

Middle Dutch: muur
Dutch: muur
Afrikaans: muur
Negerhollands: muur
Limburgish: moer
West Flemish: meur

Old High German: mūra, mūri

desc

Middle High German: mūre, miure, mūr, miur

Alemannic German: Muur

Central Franconian: Muur, Mauer, Mouer (Moselle Franconian)

German: Mauer

Hunsrik: Mauer

Luxembourgish: Mauer

Rhine Franconian: Mauer, Muur

Frankfurterisch: [mauæ̆]

Yiddish: מויער (moyer)

→ Polish: mur (see there for further descendants)


regulā

regulā (nominative singular)
regulōn (nominative plural)
regulōn (accusative singular)
regulōn (accusative plural)
regulōn (genitive singular)
regulōnō (genitive plural)
regulōn (dative singular)
regulōm (dative plural)
regulum (dative plural)
regulōn (instrumental singular)
regulōm (instrumental plural)
regulum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: regol, regul, reogol, regal
Middle English: rail, rayl (reenforced by Old French)
English: rail
→ French: rail

Old Saxon: *regula

desc

Middle Low German: rêgule, regule, rêgul, rêgele, regele, rêgel, regle, reggele

German Low German: Regel

→ Old Norse: regla

Danish: regel

Icelandic: regla

Norwegian: regel

Swedish: regel

Old Dutch: *regula

Middle Dutch: regel, regule

desctree

Dutch: regel
Afrikaans: reël, riffel
Negerhollands: regel
→ Sranan Tongo: regel
→ Caribbean Javanese: rékhel
→? West Frisian: regel

Old High German: regula, regel

Middle High German: regele, regile

German: Regel

Hunsrik: Reghel


katinnjā

katinnjā (nominative singular)
katinnjōn (nominative plural)
katinnjōn (accusative singular)
katinnjōn (accusative plural)
katinnjōn (genitive singular)
katinnjōnō (genitive plural)
katinnjōn (dative singular)
katinnjōm (dative plural)
katinnjum (dative plural)
katinnjōn (instrumental singular)
katinnjōm (instrumental plural)
katinnjum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kede

West Frisian: ketten

Old Saxon: *ketina

desc

Middle Low German: kêdene, kêtene, kêde, kête, kedde

German Low German: Kette, Kedde, Kettene

→ Old Norse: kæta

Danish: kæde

Norwegian: kjede

Swedish: kedja, kätting

→ Finnish: ketju, kettinki

⇒ Old Saxon: raketinia

Old Dutch: *ketinna

Middle Dutch: ketene

Dutch: keten

Old High German: ketinna, ketina

Middle High German: ketene, keten, kitene

German: Kette

Yiddish: קייט (keyt)

⇒ Cimbrian: khéttinga

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *catenia, from Latin catēna.


skamil

skamil (nominative singular)
skamilō (nominative plural)
skamilōs (nominative plural)
skamil (accusative singular)
skamilā (accusative plural)
skamilas (genitive singular)
skamilō (genitive plural)
skamilē (dative singular)
skamilum (dative plural)
skamilu (instrumental singular)
skamilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċamol, sċamul, sċamel, sċeamol, sċeamul, sċeamel, sċamela
Middle English: schamel, shamel, schamil, shamyll, schambyll, schamylle, shamell, sæmel, scamel, sceomel, scheomel
English: shamble; shambles
Scots: shammel, shammle

Old Saxon: skamel

desc

Middle Low German: schêmel, scemel, schâmel, schabelle

Plautdietsch: Schämel

desctree

→ Old Norse: skemill
Danish: skammel
Icelandic: skemill
Swedish: skammel

Old Dutch: *skamil

Middle Dutch: scāmel, scēmel

Dutch: schemel

Old High German: skamal, scamal, skamel, scamel, skamil, scamil, ᚲᛊᚨᛗᛖᛚᛚᚨ (ksamella /skamella/)
Middle High German: schamel, schemel
German: Schemel
→ Hungarian: zsámoly

Borrowed from Latin scamellum, scabellum, formally as if from Proto-Germanic *skamilaz.


orgalā

orgalā (nominative singular)
orgalōn (nominative plural)
orgalōn (accusative singular)
orgalōn (accusative plural)
orgalōn (genitive singular)
orgalōnō (genitive plural)
orgalōn (dative singular)
orgalōm (dative plural)
orgalum (dative plural)
orgalōn (instrumental singular)
orgalōm (instrumental plural)
orgalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: orgel, orgol

Middle English: orgel

Old Frisian: orgel

West Frisian: oargel

Old Saxon: *orgela

desc

Middle Low German: orgel, orgele, örgel, oregel, orgal, orgule

→ Danish: orgel

→ Estonian: orel

→ Icelandic: orgel

→ Faroese: orgul

→ Norwegian: orgel

→ Swedish: orgel

→ Finnish: urut

Old Dutch: *orgela

Middle Dutch: orgele

desctree

Dutch: orgel
Afrikaans: orrel
→ Indonesian: orgel
→ Japanese: オルゴール (orugōru)
→ Korean: 오르골 (oreugol)
→ Papiamentu: òrgel, òru
→ Sranan Tongo: orgu

Old High German: orgela, orgala, argela

Middle High German: orgele

Alemannic German: Oorgele

German: Orgel

Luxembourgish: Uergel

→ Macedonian: оргула (orgula)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: оргуље

Latin script: orgulje

→ Slovene: orgle

Borrowed and corrupted from Latin organa, organum.


buhs

buhs (nominative singular)
bohsō (nominative plural)
bohsōs (nominative plural)
buhs (accusative singular)
bohsā (accusative plural)
bohsas (genitive singular)
bohsō (genitive plural)
buhsē (dative singular)
buhsum (dative plural)
buhsu (instrumental singular)
buhsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: box
Middle English: box, boxe
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box

Old High German: buhs

Middle High German: buhs

German: Buchs

→ Dutch: buks


alemōsinā

alemōsinā (nominative singular)
alemōsinōn (nominative plural)
alemōsinōn (accusative singular)
alemōsinōn (accusative plural)
alemōsinōn (genitive singular)
alemōsinōnō (genitive plural)
alemōsinōn (dative singular)
alemōsinōm (dative plural)
alemōsinum (dative plural)
alemōsinōn (instrumental singular)
alemōsinōm (instrumental plural)
alemōsinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ælmesse
Middle English: almesse, allemesse, allmess, alme, almisse, almose, almouse, almus, amesse, elmes, elmesse
English: alms
Gullah: aa'ms
Scots: aumous
Yola: alomes

Old Frisian: ielmisse, *almōsse

Saterland Frisian: Aalmoose

desc

Old Saxon: alamōsna, alemōsna, allamōsa, elimōsina

Middle Low German: âlmisse, allemisse, almissende, almese, almüsse, almose, almuse, almusie

German Low German: Almäosen

→ Old Norse: ǫlmusa

Icelandic: ölmusa

Faroese: olmussa

Norwegian Bokmål: almisse

Norwegian Nynorsk: almisse, olmose

Danish: almisse

Swedish: allmosa

→ Estonian: almus

→ Finnish: almu

Old Dutch: *alamuosna

Middle Dutch: aelmoesene

desctree

Dutch: aalmoes
Afrikaans: aalmoes
Negerhollands: almis, almisse

Old High German: alamuosa, alamuosan
Middle High German: almuosen (influenced by Middle Low German)
Cimbrian: almozen
German: Almosen
→ Czech: almužna
→ Polish: jałmużna


bolstr

bolstr (nominative singular)
bolstrō (nominative plural)
bolstrōs (nominative plural)
bolstr (accusative singular)
bolstrā (accusative plural)
bolstras (genitive singular)
bolstrō (genitive plural)
bolstrē (dative singular)
bolstrum (dative plural)
bolstru (instrumental singular)
bolstrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bolster
Middle English: bolster, bolstre, bolstere, bowstur
English: bolster
Scots: bowster, bouster, boster

Old Frisian: *bulster, *bolster

Saterland Frisian: Bulster

West Frisian: bolster, bulster

Old Saxon: *bulster, *bolster

Middle Low German: bulster, bolster

German Low German: Bulster

Old Dutch: *bulster, *bolster

Middle Dutch: bulster, bolster

Dutch: bolster

desc

Old High German: bolstar, bolstor, polstor, polstar

Middle High German: bolster, polster

desctree

German: Polster
→ Czech: polštář
→ German Low German: Polster

Lombardic: *polstar

→ Italian: poltro (“bed, couch”)

⇒ Italian: poltrona

→ Lombard: polter (Milanese)

→⇒ Venetian: poltrona


pulwī

pulwī (nominative singular)
pulwīn (accusative singular)
pulwīn (genitive singular)
pulwīn (dative singular)
pulwīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: pylwe, pylu, pyle

Middle English: pilwe, pilue, pilew, pelew, pilow, pylwe, pylow, pule, pyle, pile, pelewe, pilewe, pelowe, pilowe
English: pillow
→ Maori: pera
Scots: pillae

Old Frisian: pēl

Saterland Frisian: Peel

West Frisian: pel

Old Saxon: puli

desc

Middle Low German: pȫl, pol, pȫle, poil, poll, pêl, pǖle, pule

German Low German: Pöhl

→ Saterland Frisian: Púul

Old Dutch: *puluwī

Middle Dutch: poluwe

Dutch: peluw

West Flemish: fluwyn

Old High German: pfuluwī, phuluwī, pfuluwī, pfuliwī, phuliwī, pfulwī, phulwī

Middle High German: pfulwe, pfülwe, phulwe, phülwe

Alemannic German: Pfulme

German: Pfühl

Luxembourgish: Pillem


parafred

parafred (nominative singular)
parafredō (nominative plural)
parafredōs (nominative plural)
parafred (accusative singular)
parafredā (accusative plural)
parafredas (genitive singular)
parafredō (genitive plural)
parafredē (dative singular)
parafredum (dative plural)
parafredu (instrumental singular)
parafredum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: perd

Old Saxon: parafreth

Middle Low German: pêrt, perht, peret, perit, port

German Low German: Peerd, Päärd, Piärd

Old Dutch: *parifrid, *perid

desctree

Middle Dutch: pert
Dutch: paard
Afrikaans: perd
→ Phuthi: ipere
→ Sotho: pere
Jersey Dutch: pêrt, pêrd
→ English: prad
Limburgish: paerd
West Flemish: peird

Old High German: pfarifrit, pharifrit, pharafrit, pferit, pherit
Middle High German: phërt, pfërt, pfërit, pfaerît n
Central Franconian: Pääd, Perd (chiefly Moselle Franconian), Päärd (Siegerland Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Peerd, Peer, Pied
Luxembourgish: Päerd
Transylvanian Saxon: Faard
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: [ˈpfaːɰ]
Silesian East Central German: Faard
Vilamovian: faod
German: Pferd
Rhine Franconian: Pääd, Päär, Per, Perd
Frankfurterisch: [fæː(ɐ̯)t]
Yiddish: פֿערד (ferd)

Borrowed from Late Latin parafrēdus, palafrēdus, paravrēdus, from Latin paraverēdus.


pastinakā

pastinakā (nominative singular)
pastinakōn (nominative plural)
pastinakōn (accusative singular)
pastinakōn (accusative plural)
pastinakōn (genitive singular)
pastinakōnō (genitive plural)
pastinakōn (dative singular)
pastinakōm (dative plural)
pastinakum (dative plural)
pastinakōn (instrumental singular)
pastinakōm (instrumental plural)
pastinakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *pastenak

desc

Middle English: pasternak, pasturnak, paternak

Old Saxon: *pastinaka

Middle Low German: pasternâk, pasternack, pasternâke, pasternake, pastenâk, pastenâke, pastarnak, pastarnack, posternâke, palsternâke, pestnâke

German Low German: Pastinak

→ Danish: pastinak

→ Icelandic: pastínakka

→ Norwegian: pastinakk

desctree

→ Swedish: palsternacka
→ Finnish: palsternakka

Old Dutch: *pastinaka

Middle Dutch: pastenāke, postenāke

Dutch: pastinaak

Limburgish: pastinaak

desc

Old High German: pastinaka, pastinaca, pasternaka, pasternaca, pastinaga, pastinagia

Middle High German: pasternack, pasternacke

desctree

German: Pastinake, Pastinak, Pasternake (archaic)
→ Bulgarian: пащърна́к (paštǎrnák)
→ Romanian: păstârnac
→ Czech: pastinák
→ Estonian: pastinaak
→ Hungarian: paszternák, pasztinák
→ Karelian: pasternakku
→ Kashubian: pasternôk
→ Lithuanian: pastarnokas
→ Macedonian: пашканат (paškanat)
→ Russian: пастина́ка (pastináka)
→ Samogitian: pastarnuoks
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пашка̀на̄т
Latin script: paškànāt
→ Slovak: paštrnák
→ Slovene: pastinak

→ Polish: pasternak
→ Belarusian: пастарна́к (pastarnák)
→ Russian: пастерна́к (pasternák)
→ Ukrainian: пастерна́к (pasternák)

desc

פּאַסטערנאַק

Yiddish: פּאַסטערנאַק (pasternak)


brēf

brēf (nominative singular)
brēfō (nominative plural)
brēfōs (nominative plural)
brēf (accusative singular)
brēfā (accusative plural)
brēfas (genitive singular)
brēfō (genitive plural)
brēfē (dative singular)
brēfum (dative plural)
brēfu (instrumental singular)
brēfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *brēf

Middle English: breve, breef, bref (reinforced by Old French)

English: brief

Scots: brief

Old Frisian: brēf

North Frisian: briaf, bräif (Mooring)

West Frisian: brief

Old Saxon: brēf

Middle Low German: brêf

German Low German: Breev, Breef

German Low German: Breew

Plautdietsch: Breef

→ Old Norse: bréf

Danish: brev

Faroese: bræv

Norwegian: brev

→ Northern Sami: reive

Swedish: brev

Old Dutch: *brēf

Middle Dutch: brief (reinforced by Old French)

desctree

Dutch: brief
Afrikaans: brief
Berbice Creole Dutch: brifu
Negerhollands: brief, brif
→ Papiamentu: brifi (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: brifi
Aukan: biifi
Saramaccan: biífi
→ Kari'na: brifi

Limburgish: breef

Old High German: brief

Middle High German: brief

Bavarian: Briaf

Cimbrian: briif

German: Brief

Luxembourgish: Bréif

Yiddish: בריוו (briv)

Borrowed from Late Latin brevis (“summary, brief”), ellipsis of Latin brevis liber (literally “short book”). Doublet of *murgī (“short; slow”).


mōr

mōr (nominative singular)
mōrō (nominative plural)
mōrōs (nominative plural)
mōr (accusative singular)
mōrā (accusative plural)
mōras (genitive singular)
mōrō (genitive plural)
mōrē (dative singular)
mōrum (dative plural)
mōru (instrumental singular)
mōrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mōr
Middle English: mor, more, moer
English: moor
Scots: muir
Yola: mor

Old Frisian: mōr

North Frisian: moar, moer

West Frisian: moer

Old Saxon: mōr

Middle Low German: môr, mûr

German Low German: Moor

→ German: Moor

Old Dutch: *mōr

Middle Dutch: moer

Dutch: moer

Afrikaans: moer

Old High German: muor

Middle High German: muor

Alemannic German: Nüere

Bavarian: Müer


amisiwari

amisiwari (nominative singular)
amisiwarjō (nominative plural)
amisiwarjōs (nominative plural)
amisiwari (accusative singular)
amisiwarjā (accusative plural)
amisiwarjas (genitive singular)
amisiwarjō (genitive plural)
amisiwarjē (dative singular)
amisiwarjum (dative plural)
amisiwarju (instrumental singular)
amisiwarjum (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Ampsivarii


burgwari

borgwari (nominative singular)
borgwarjō (nominative plural)
borgwarjōs (nominative plural)
borgwari (accusative singular)
borgwarjā (accusative plural)
borgwarjas (genitive singular)
borgwarjō (genitive plural)
borgwarjē (dative singular)
borgwarjum (dative plural)
borgwarju (instrumental singular)
borgwarjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: burgware

Old Frisian: burger, borger

West Frisian: boarger

Old Saxon: *burgari

Middle Low German: börgære, börgere

Old Dutch: *burgari

Middle Dutch: borgere, borger, burgere

Dutch: burger

Old High German: burgāri, burgeri

Middle High German: burgære, borgāre

German: Bürger


rūmawari

rūmawari (nominative singular)
rūmawarjō (nominative plural)
rūmawarjōs (nominative plural)
rūmawari (accusative singular)
rūmawarjā (accusative plural)
rūmawarjas (genitive singular)
rūmawarjō (genitive plural)
rūmawarjē (dative singular)
rūmawarjum (dative plural)
rūmawarju (instrumental singular)
rūmawarjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōmware

Old Frisian: rūmere

West Frisian: Romer

Old Saxon: *rōmāri

Middle Low German: rö̂mære, rö̂mer

Old Dutch: *rōmeri

Middle Dutch: rômere, rômer

Dutch: Romer (obsolete)

Old High German: rūmāri, rōmāri

desc

Middle High German: rōmære, rōmer, rœmer

German: Römer


mespilabaum

mispilabaum (nominative singular)
mispilabaumō (nominative plural)
mispilabaumōs (nominative plural)
mispilabaum (accusative singular)
mispilabaumā (accusative plural)
mispilabaumas (genitive singular)
mispilabaumō (genitive plural)
mispilabaumē (dative singular)
mispilabaumum (dative plural)
mispilabaumu (instrumental singular)
mispilabaumum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *mispelbām

West Frisian: mispelbeam

Old Saxon: mispelbōm

Middle Low German: mispelenbôm

German Low German: Mispelboom

Old Dutch: *mespilboum, *mispilboum

Middle Dutch: mispelboom, mispelboem

Dutch: mispelboom

Old High German: mespilboum, mispilboum, nespilboum

Middle High German: nespelboum

German: Nespelbaum, Nespelbaum, Mispelbaum (archaic)

From *mespilā (“medlar”) + *baum (“tree”).


kastannjā

kastannjā (nominative singular)
kastannjōn (nominative plural)
kastannjōn (accusative singular)
kastannjōn (accusative plural)
kastannjōn (genitive singular)
kastannjōnō (genitive plural)
kastannjōn (dative singular)
kastannjōm (dative plural)
kastannjum (dative plural)
kastannjōn (instrumental singular)
kastannjōm (instrumental plural)
kastannjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċisten, ċysten, *ċeasten, *ċiesten, *ċistene
Middle English: chesteyne, chasteine, chasten, chasteyn, chaston, chestan, chestayn, chesten, chestein, chestyn, cheston, kesteyn (merged with Old French chastaigne)
English: chesten (obsolete)
⇒ English: chestnut
→ Middle Scots: chastnut (calque)
Scots: chestnut
Middle Scots: chastan, chasten, chestane

Old Saxon: kestena, *kastannia

desc

Middle Low German: kastanie, kastannie, castanee, kastandie, karstânie, karstannie, karstandie, karstênie, karstênige

German Low German: Kastanje, Kristanje, Kastanigge, Kaschtanje, Kustanje

→ Swedish: kastanj
→ Finnish: kastanja

Old Dutch: *kestina

Middle Dutch: castānie

Dutch: kastanje

Old High German: kestina, kestinna

Middle High German: kestene, kesten

Alemannic German: Chestene

Bavarian: Kestn

German: Kästen, Kesten

⇒ Middle High German: *keste (reanalyzed in the singular)

Bavarian: Kest, Kescht

Cimbrian: khésta, khest (Luserna)

German: Käste, Keste

Luxembourgish: Käscht

Palatine German: Keschde

Kastanjenboom

Middle Low German: kastanienbôm, kastanntenbôm


haswawari

haswawari (nominative singular)
haswawarjō (nominative plural)
haswawarjōs (nominative plural)
haswawari (accusative singular)
haswawarjā (accusative plural)
haswawarjas (genitive singular)
haswawarjō (genitive plural)
haswawarjē (dative singular)
haswawarjum (dative plural)
haswawarju (instrumental singular)
haswawarjum (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Chasuarii


mespilā

mispilā (nominative singular)
mispilōn (nominative plural)
mispilōn (accusative singular)
mispilōn (accusative plural)
mispilōn (genitive singular)
mispilōnō (genitive plural)
mispilōn (dative singular)
mispilōm (dative plural)
mispilum (dative plural)
mispilōn (instrumental singular)
mispilōm (instrumental plural)
mispilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mespile

Middle English: mespile

English: mesple

Old Saxon: mispela

Middle Low German: mispel, mispele

German Low German: Mispel

→ Danish: mispel

→ Finnish: mispeli

Old Dutch: *mespila, *mispila

Middle Dutch: mespele, mispel

Dutch: mispel

Afrikaans: mispel

desctree

Old High German: mespila, mespil, nespila, nespil, mispila
Middle High German: mispel
German: Mispel, Mißpel, Mespel, Meßpel (till later 18th century often), Espel, Hespel, Haspel, Nespel, Nispel, Wispel (regional)
→ Old Czech: mišpile, mišpule, nyšpule
Czech: mišpule, older often nyšpule
→ Hungarian: naspolya, formerly by region náspolya, naszpolya, nászpolya, noszpolya. lasponya, lásponya, miszpulya, nespolya
→ Polish: nieszpułka, nieszpułk, nieszpuła, niesplik, myszpuła
→ Slovak: mišpuľa, dialectally nyšpuľa, nešpuľa
→ Lower Sorbian: hušpula, rušpula
→ Upper Sorbian: nyšpula, nyšpla, nyspla, myšpla
→ Serbo-Croatian: nȅšpula, nȅšpola, mešpula, nespula, nespola, nješpula
→ Slovene: nẹ̑šplja


lahtukā

lahtukā (nominative singular)
lahtukōn (nominative plural)
lahtukōn (accusative singular)
lahtukōn (accusative plural)
lahtukōn (genitive singular)
lahtukōnō (genitive plural)
lahtukōn (dative singular)
lahtukōm (dative plural)
lahtukum (dative plural)
lahtukōn (instrumental singular)
lahtukōm (instrumental plural)
lahtukum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: lactuċe f, lactuċ, leāhtuċ, lactuċa m

desctree

Middle English: letuse, letus, letys, letuce, letuze, letes, letows, letyse (corrupted by Old French)
English: lettuce
Scots: lettuce, lattice
→ Welsh: letys

Old Saxon: lodika, lodeka, lattika

desc

Middle Low German: lādeke, ladeke, lādike, laddeke, lēdeke, loddeke, lōdeke, lödike, löddike, lattik, lattike, latik, lattuke, latuk

German Low German: Lottche

Plautdietsch: Lottke

Old Dutch: *ladika, *lahtika

Middle Dutch: lachteke, lacteke, ladicke, ladeke, ledicke, ladich, ladik, ladike

Old High German: lattuhha, lattucha, latihha, laktuh, lattuh, latih, letih

Middle High German: latech, latche, leteche, latouch, lattuoch, latūn, lactuca, lactihha, lactūke

German: Lattich

→ Polish: laktuka

→ Belarusian: лату́к (latúk)

→ Ukrainian: лату́к (latúk)

→ Russian: лату́к (latúk)

Borrowed from Latin *ladduca, lattuca, lactūca.


kussīn

kussīn (nominative singular)
kussīnu (nominative plural)
kussīn (accusative singular)
kussīnu (accusative plural)
kussīnas (genitive singular)
kussīnō (genitive plural)
kussīnē (dative singular)
kussīnum (dative plural)
kussīnu (instrumental singular)
kussīnum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kessen

Saterland Frisian: Käsen

West Frisian: kessen

desctree

Old Saxon: kussīn, cussīn
Middle Low German: küssen, kuzen, cyssen, kößen
German Low German: Küssen
Plautdietsch: Kjessen

Old Dutch: *kussīn

Middle Dutch: cussin, cussine, cuossen (partially from Old French)

Dutch: kussen
Afrikaans: kussing
Negerhollands: kissintje, kisintśi (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: kusinchi, koesientje, bunsinchi (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: kunsu
→ Aukan: kunsu
→ Kari'na: kunsu
→ Saramaccan: kúnsu

Limburgish: kösse

Old High German: kussīn, chuissīn, chusse, chussī, cussen, cussī, cussīe, cussīn, kssīn, kuszīn
Middle High German: küssen, küssein, küsse
Alemannic German: Chüssi
Alsatian: Kissi, Kisse
Swabian: Kissa
Bavarian: Kissn
Central Franconian: Kösse, Kössem, Küsse
Hunsrik: Kisse
German: Kissen (obsolete Küssen)
Luxembourgish: Këssen
Rhine Franconian: Kisse, Kesse
Palatine German: Kisse, Kesse
Pennsylvania German: Kisse
Yiddish: קישן (kishn)

Borrowed from Late Latin cussīnus, cosīnus, coxīnus (“cushion, pillow”).

(Continental West Germanic) cushion, pillow


haubidakussīn

haubidakussīn (nominative singular)
haubidakussīnu (nominative plural)
haubidakussīn (accusative singular)
haubidakussīnu (accusative plural)
haubidakussīnas (genitive singular)
haubidakussīnō (genitive plural)
haubidakussīnē (dative singular)
haubidakussīnum (dative plural)
haubidakussīnu (instrumental singular)
haubidakussīnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōvidkussīn

desc

Middle Low German: hȫvetküssen, hȫvetkissen, houftküssen

Old Dutch: *hōvitkussīn

Middle Dutch: hovetkussen

Dutch: hoofdkussen

Old High German: houbitkussīn

Middle High German: houbetküssen, houptküssen

From *haubid (“head”) + *kussīn (“cushion”).


kaupō

kaupō (nominative singular)
kaupan (nominative plural)
kaupan (accusative singular)
kaupan (accusative plural)
kaupini (genitive singular)
kaupan (genitive singular)
kaupanō (genitive plural)
kaupini (dative singular)
kaupan (dative singular)
kaupum (dative plural)
kaupini (instrumental singular)
kaupan (instrumental singular)
kaupum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċīepa

desctree

Old High German: koufo
Middle High German: koufe


haubidapulwī

haubidapulwī (nominative singular)
haubidapulwīn (accusative singular)
haubidapulwīn (genitive singular)
haubidapulwīn (dative singular)
haubidapulwīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: hōvidpuli

desc

Middle Low German: hȫvetpōl, hovetpōl, hȫvetpȫl, hȫftpȫl

Old Dutch: *hōvitpuluwī

Middle Dutch: hovetpoluwe, hovetpeulwe, hooftpelu

Dutch: hoofdpeluw

Old High German: houbitpfuluwīn, houbitphuluwīn, houbitpfuluwī, houbitphuluwī, houbitpfuluwi, houbitphuluwi, houbitpfuliwi, houbitphuliwi

Middle High German: houbetpfulwe, houbetphulwe

German: Hauptpfühl

From *haubid (“head”) + *pulwī (“cushion”).


kaupamann

kaupamann (nominative singular)
kaupamanni (nominative plural)
kaupamannu (accusative singular)
kaupamanni (accusative plural)
kaupamanni (genitive singular)
kaupamannō (genitive plural)
kaupamanni (dative singular)
kaupamannum (dative plural)
kaupamanni (instrumental singular)
kaupamannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċēapmann, ċēapman, cȳpman, cȳpeman
Middle English: chapman, capman, chepman, chipman, schapman, schipman, shapmann, chapmon, chæpmon, chepmon (Early Middle English), chappmann (Ormulum)
English: chapman
⇒ English: chap
Pennsylvania German: Tschaepp (“guy”)
Scots: chapman

Old Frisian: kāpmann, kāpmonn

Saterland Frisian: Koopmon

West Frisian: keapman

Old Saxon: kōpman

Middle Low German: kôpman

German Low German: Koopmann

Plautdietsch: Koopmaun

→ Swedish: köpman

→ Danish: købmand

→ Gutnish: kaupman

Old Dutch: kōpman

Middle Dutch: koopman

Dutch: koopman

Afrikaans: koopman

Old High German: koufman

Middle High German: koufman

German: Kaufmann

Hunsrik: Kaafmann

Vilamovian: kaojfmaon

Yiddish: קויפֿמאַן (koyfman)


mangārī

mangārī (nominative singular)
mangārijō (nominative plural)
mangārijōs (nominative plural)
mangārī (accusative singular)
mangārijā (accusative plural)
mangārijas (genitive singular)
mangārijō (genitive plural)
mangārijē (dative singular)
mangārijum (dative plural)
mangāriju (instrumental singular)
mangārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mangere
Middle English: mongere
English: monger

Old Saxon: *mangāri

desc

Middle Low German: mengäre, menger, manger, mangäre

desctree

→ Old Norse: mangari
Old Swedish: mangare

Old Dutch: *mangāri

Middle Dutch: manghere, menghere

Dutch: manger, menger

desc

Old High German: mangāri, mengāri, mangari

Middle High German: mangäre, mengäre, manger, menger

German: Manger

From Latin mangō (“dealer, monger”) + *-ārī.

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


kastinnju

kastinnju (nominative singular)
kastinnjō (nominative plural)
kastinnjā (accusative singular)
kastinnjā (accusative plural)
kastinnjā (genitive singular)
kastinnjō (genitive plural)
kastinnjē (dative singular)
kastinnjōm (dative plural)
kastinnjum (dative plural)
kastinnju (instrumental singular)
kastinnjōm (instrumental plural)
kastinnjum (instrumental plural)


arhu

arhu (nominative singular)
arhwō (nominative plural)
arhwā (accusative singular)
arhwā (accusative plural)
arhwā (genitive singular)
arhwō (genitive plural)
arhwē (dative singular)
arhwōm (dative plural)
arhum (dative plural)
arhu (instrumental singular)
arhwōm (instrumental plural)
arhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earh, arwe, arewe

Middle English: arwe, arewe, arowe, arow

Scots: arowe, arow

English: arrow


atgaiʀ

atgaiʀ (nominative singular)
atgaiʀō (nominative plural)
atgaiʀōs (nominative plural)
atgaiʀ (accusative singular)
atgaiʀā (accusative plural)
atgaiʀas (genitive singular)
atgaiʀō (genitive plural)
atgaiʀē (dative singular)
atgaiʀum (dative plural)
atgaiʀu (instrumental singular)
atgaiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ætgār, ætegār, ategār m; ætgǣre, ætgēre n (< *atgaiʀī)

Middle English: hategar

→ English: atgar

Old Frisian: etgēr

Old High German: *atigēr, azgēr, azigēr

Middle High German: atigēr, azigēr

From Proto-Germanic *atgaizaz; equivalent to *at + *gaiʀ.


hārijā

hārijā (nominative singular)
hārijōn (nominative plural)
hārijōn (accusative singular)
hārijōn (accusative plural)
hārijōn (genitive singular)
hārijōnō (genitive plural)
hārijōn (dative singular)
hārijōm (dative plural)
hārijum (dative plural)
hārijōn (instrumental singular)
hārijōm (instrumental plural)
hārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣre, hēre

Middle English: here

Old Saxon: hāria, hāra

Middle Low German: hâre

Old Dutch: hāra, hēra

Old High German: hāra, hārra

Middle High German: hare, hære

→ Old French: haire

Middle French: haire

French: haire

From Proto-Germanic *hērijǭ, equivalent to *hār + *-jā.


naiwwiht

naiwwiht (nominative singular)
naiwwihtu (nominative plural)
naiwwiht (accusative singular)
naiwwihtu (accusative plural)
naiwwihtas (genitive singular)
naiwwihtō (genitive plural)
naiwwihtē (dative singular)
naiwwihtum (dative plural)
naiwwihtu (instrumental singular)
naiwwihtum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nāwiht, nāht, nāuht, nāwuht, nōht, nōwiht
Middle English: nought, noght, nouȝt, noȝt
⇒ Middle English: not, nat, note, notte, nate, nut
English: not
Geordie English: nut
Scots: nat (obsolete)
Yola: nat

Old Frisian: nāwet, nōwet, nāut, nāt

Saterland Frisian: nit

West Frisian: neat

Old Saxon: neowiht, niowiht, nieht

desc

Middle Low German: nichit, nǖwet, nicht, niet, nêt

German Low German: nich, neet

Old Dutch: niewiht, nuwieht, niuweht

desctree

Middle Dutch: niet, nicht, niewet
Dutch: niet (see there for further descendants)
Jersey Dutch: nît
Limburgish: neet

desc

Old High German: niowiht, niwiht, nieht, niht

Middle High German: niuweht, nieweht, neweht, niuwet, niwit, niwet, nūwet, nūwit, niuht, neuht, neut, nieht, niet, niut, nīt, nit, newiht, nichit, niwiht, niuwiht, niwet, niwit, niht

Bavarian: net

Central Franconian: net

Hunsrik: net

Kölsch: nit

Luxembourgish: net

German: nicht

Pennsylvania German: net

From *naiw + *wiht (from Proto-Germanic *wihtą).


laisu

laisu (nominative singular)
laisō (nominative plural)
laisā (accusative singular)
laisā (accusative plural)
laisā (genitive singular)
laisō (genitive plural)
laisē (dative singular)
laisōm (dative plural)
laisum (dative plural)
laisu (instrumental singular)
laisōm (instrumental plural)
laisum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *lēs

Middle Dutch: lêes

Old High German: leisa

Middle High German: leise

German: Leise

⇒ German: Geleise, Gleise


bukkō

bokkō (nominative singular)
bokkan (nominative plural)
bokkan (accusative singular)
bokkan (accusative plural)
bukkini (genitive singular)
bokkan (genitive singular)
bokkanō (genitive plural)
bukkini (dative singular)
bokkan (dative singular)
bukkum (dative plural)
bukkini (instrumental singular)
bokkan (instrumental singular)
bukkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bucca

Middle English: bukke

English: buck

Scots: buk, buke, buik


krassjō

krassjō (nominative singular)
krassjan (nominative plural)
krassjan (accusative singular)
krassjan (accusative plural)
krassjini (genitive singular)
krassjan (genitive singular)
krassjanō (genitive plural)
krassjini (dative singular)
krassjan (dative singular)
krassjum (dative plural)
krassjini (instrumental singular)
krassjan (instrumental singular)
krassjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cressa

Middle English: cresse

English: cress

Old Saxon: *kressio, *kresso, krisso

⇒ Old Saxon: wildikresso

→ Old French: kerson

Middle French: cresson

French: cresson

Old High German: krasso, kresso

Middle High German: kresse m

→ Medieval Latin: crissinus


krassjā

krassjā (nominative singular)
krassjōn (nominative plural)
krassjōn (accusative singular)
krassjōn (accusative plural)
krassjōn (genitive singular)
krassjōnō (genitive plural)
krassjōn (dative singular)
krassjōm (dative plural)
krassjum (dative plural)
krassjōn (instrumental singular)
krassjōm (instrumental plural)
krassjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cærse, cerse

Middle English: carse, crasse, kerse, cars

Scots: kerse, carse

Old Frisian: *kresse, *kerse

Saterland Frisian: Krässe

West Frisian: kers

Old Saxon: *kressia, *kersia

Middle Low German: kerse, kertze, kērse, karse f

Old Dutch: *kressa, *kersa

Middle Dutch: kerse, kersse

Dutch: kers

Old High German: kressa

Middle High German: kresse f

German: Kresse f

From Proto-Germanic *krasjǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”).


sunnōnskīn

sunnōnskīn (nominative singular)
sunnōnskīnō (nominative plural)
sunnōnskīnōs (nominative plural)
sunnōnskīn (accusative singular)
sunnōnskīnā (accusative plural)
sunnōnskīnas (genitive singular)
sunnōnskīnō (genitive plural)
sunnōnskīnē (dative singular)
sunnōnskīnum (dative plural)
sunnōnskīnu (instrumental singular)
sunnōnskīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sunnsċīn

Middle English: sunnesine

English: sunshine

Old Frisian: sunnanskīn

West Frisian: sinneskyn

Old Saxon: sunnonskīn

desc

Middle Low German: sunnenschîn, sonnenschîn

Old Dutch: *sunnonskīn

Middle Dutch: sonneschijn, sonnenschijn

Dutch: zonneschijn

Afrikaans: sonskyn

Old High German: *sunnunskīn

Middle High German: sunnenschīn, sunneschīn

German: Sonnenschein

From *sunnā (“sun”) + *skīn. Paralleled in North Germanic, such as Icelandic sólskin, Danish solskin.


skīn

skīn (nominative singular)
skīnō (nominative plural)
skīnōs (nominative plural)
skīn (accusative singular)
skīnā (accusative plural)
skīnas (genitive singular)
skīnō (genitive plural)
skīnē (dative singular)
skīnum (dative plural)
skīnu (instrumental singular)
skīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċīn

Middle English: shīn

English: shine

Scots: schine, schyne

Old Frisian: skīn

Saterland Frisian: Skien

West Frisian: skyn

Old Saxon: skīn

Middle Low German: schîn

German Low German: Schien

Old Dutch: *skīn

Middle Dutch: scijn, schine, schijn

Dutch: schijn

Old High German: skīn

Middle High German: schīn

German: Schein


frāgu

frāgu (nominative singular)
frāgō (nominative plural)
frāgā (accusative singular)
frāgā (accusative plural)
frāgā (genitive singular)
frāgō (genitive plural)
frāgē (dative singular)
frāgōm (dative plural)
frāgum (dative plural)
frāgu (instrumental singular)
frāgōm (instrumental plural)
frāgum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frēge

Saterland Frisian: Fräige

Old Saxon: *frāga

desctree

Middle Low German: vrâge
→ Saterland Frisian: Froage
→ Swedish: fråga

Old Dutch: *frāga

Middle Dutch: vrâge
Dutch: vraag
Afrikaans: vraag
Negerhollands: vraag

Old High German: frāga
Middle High German: vrāge
Bavarian: Fråg
German: Frage
→ Yiddish: פֿראַגע (frage)
Hunsrik: Froh
Luxembourgish: Fro
Vilamovian: frög


pālu

pālu (nominative singular)
pāliwi (nominative plural)
pālō (nominative plural)
pālu (accusative singular)
pālū (accusative plural)
pālō (genitive singular)
pāliwō (genitive plural)
pāliwi (dative singular)
pālō (dative singular)
pālum (dative plural)
pālu (instrumental singular)
pālum (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pāl
Old English: pāl
Middle English: pole, pol, poll, pall, paal
English: pole
Scots: pale, pall
Yola: pulmere
Old Frisian: pāl
North Frisian: pul
West Frisian: peal, poal
Old Saxon: pāl
Middle Low German: pâl
German Low German: Pahl
Old Dutch: pāl
Middle Dutch: pale, pael
Dutch: paal
Old High German: pfāl, phāl
Middle High German: phāl, pfāl
German: Pfahl
Luxembourgish: Poul
Vilamovian: föł

Proto-West Germanic: *pāli
Old English: pǣl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)
Old Frisian: pēl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)
North Frisian: pil
Saterland Frisian: Peel
Old Saxon: pāl (inflected as an i-stem)
Old High German: pfāl, phāl (inflected as an i-stem)


erþapplu

erþapplu (nominative singular)
erþappliwi (nominative plural)
erþapplō (nominative plural)
erþapplu (accusative singular)
erþapplū (accusative plural)
erþapplō (genitive singular)
erþappliwō (genitive plural)
erþappliwi (dative singular)
erþapplō (dative singular)
erþapplum (dative plural)
erþapplu (instrumental singular)
erþapplum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorþæppel

Old Frisian: *erthappel, *irthappel

desc

West Frisian: ierdappel, ierappel, ierpel, jirpel

Old Saxon: *erthappul, *erthappel

Middle Low German: ērdeappel, ērtappel, ērdappel

→ Danish: jordæble (calque)

→ Swedish: jordäpple (calque) (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *erthappel

Middle Dutch: *āerdappel

desctree

Dutch: aardappel (dialectal eerdappel, erpel)
Afrikaans: aartappel
→ Xhosa: itapile
Berbice Creole Dutch: adaplu
→ Ambonese Malay: artapel
→ Icelandic: jarðepli
→ Kristang: atapal, artapal
→ Malayalam: അടുതാപ്പ് (aṭutāppŭ)
→ Sinhalese: අර්තාපල් (artāpal)
→ Tamil: அர்த்தாப்பு (arttāppu)

Limburgish: aerdappel, aerpel

Old High German: erdapful, erdaphul

desc

Middle High German: ertapfel, erdapfel, ertöpfel, erdöpfel, ertaphel

Alemannic German: Härdöpfel

Central Franconian: Äädappel, Ääpel

Moselle Franconian: Erdappel, Erpel

German: Erdapfel

→ English: earthapple (calque)

Luxembourgish: Äerdapel, Äerpel, Ierpel (dialectal)

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Aerdabbel


raudō

raudō (nominative singular)
raudan (nominative plural)
raudan (accusative singular)
raudan (accusative plural)
raudini (genitive singular)
raudan (genitive singular)
raudanō (genitive plural)
raudini (dative singular)
raudan (dative singular)
raudum (dative plural)
raudini (instrumental singular)
raudan (instrumental singular)
raudum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: rēada
Middle English: rede
English: reed, read
Scots: reid, reed

Old Frisian: *rād, *rāda

North Frisian: ruad (Föhr-Amrum)

West Frisian: rêd

Old Dutch: *rōdo

Middle Dutch: *rôde

Dutch: rood, ro, rooi (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *rōdo

Middle Low German: *rôde

German Low German: Rode, Roon

→ Danish: roden (obsolete)

→ German: Roden (regional)

Compare dialectal Swedish rudda (“abomasum”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrawtás (“intestines”) (whence Persian روده (rude, “intestines”), Kamkata-viri řu (“intestines”)).


kabl

kabl (nominative singular)
kablō (nominative plural)
kablōs (nominative plural)
kabl (accusative singular)
kablā (accusative plural)
kablas (genitive singular)
kablō (genitive plural)
kablē (dative singular)
kablum (dative plural)
kablu (instrumental singular)
kablum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kaval; *kavala f

Middle Low German: kāvele, kāvel

→ German: Kabel (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *cavela

Middle Dutch: cāvele, cāvel

Dutch: kavel

From Proto-Germanic *kablaz (“stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵebʰ- (“branch”).


stōl

stōl (nominative singular)
stōlō (nominative plural)
stōlōs (nominative plural)
stōl (accusative singular)
stōlā (accusative plural)
stōlas (genitive singular)
stōlō (genitive plural)
stōlē (dative singular)
stōlum (dative plural)
stōlu (instrumental singular)
stōlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stōl
Middle English: stool
English: stool
Scots: stuil, stul, stule

Old Frisian: stōl

North Frisian: stuul, stölj, Stuul

Saterland Frisian: Stoul

West Frisian: stoel

Old Saxon: stōl
Middle Low German: stôl
German Low German: Stohl (also Münsterländisch), Stauhl (Paderbornisch), Staul (Sauerländisch)
→ Lower Sorbian: stoł
Plautdietsch: Stool
→ Estonian: tool
→ Votic: stooli

Old Dutch: stuol
Middle Dutch: stoel
Dutch: stoel
Afrikaans: stoel
→ Southern Ndebele: ísítúlo
→ Shona: chitúru
→ Sotho: setulo
→ Swazi: sítúlo
→ Tsonga: xitulu
→ Xhosa: ísítúlo
→ Zulu: ísítúlo
Jersey Dutch: stûl
Negerhollands: stoel, stul, stuel
Skepi Creole Dutch: stool
→ Aukan: sutuu
→ Fanagalo: stul (possibly via Zulu or from English)
→ Papiamentu: stul, stoeltsje, stoeltji
→ Sranan Tongo: sturu
Limburgish: stool

Old High German: stuol
Middle High German: stuol
German: Stuhl
Hunsrik: Stuhl
Luxembourgish: Stull
Vilamovian: śtül
Yiddish: שטול (shtul)

From Proto-Germanic *stōlaz, from Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂los (“frame, rack, stand”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


faldi

faldi (nominative singular)
faldī (nominative plural)
faldi (accusative singular)
faldī (accusative plural)
faldī (genitive singular)
faldijō (genitive plural)
faldī (dative singular)
faldim (dative plural)
faldijum (dative plural)
faldī (instrumental singular)
faldim (instrumental plural)
faldijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: field, fyld, fild

i

>? Old High German: fald, falt (inflected for both a- and i-declensions)

Middle High German: falt, valt

From Proto-Germanic *faldiz. Related to *falþan (“to fold”).


hagustald

hagustald (nominative singular)
hagustaldō (nominative plural)
hagustaldōs (nominative plural)
hagustald (accusative singular)
hagustaldā (accusative plural)
hagustaldas (genitive singular)
hagustaldō (genitive plural)
hagustaldē (dative singular)
hagustaldum (dative plural)
hagustaldu (instrumental singular)
hagustaldum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hagosteald, hagusteald, hæġsteald, hehsteald
Middle English: hassel, haselle
→? Old Norse: haukstaldar, haukstallar

Old Saxon: hagastald, hagustald

desc

Middle Low German: hāgestolte, hāgestolt, hāgenstolt

Old High German: hagastalt, hagustalt

Middle High German: hagestalt, hagestolt

German: Hagestolz

From Proto-Germanic *hagustaldaz. Equivalent to *hagu (“enclosure, pasture”) + *stald (“dwelling”).


weluk

weluk (nominative singular)
welukō (nominative plural)
welukōs (nominative plural)
weluk (accusative singular)
welukā (accusative plural)
welukas (genitive singular)
welukō (genitive plural)
welukē (dative singular)
welukum (dative plural)
weluku (instrumental singular)
welukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: weoloc, weluc, weolc, weoluc, wiloc, wioloc, wyloc
Middle English: welk, welke, whelke, wilke, woelk, wylk, wylke
English: whelk, welk, whilk, wilk
Scots: wulk, wilk, welk
→ Old French: welke

Old Dutch: *wiluc, *weluc

Middle Dutch: willoc, wilc, welc

Dutch: wulk

→ West Frisian: wulk

West Flemish: willok, wullok

Unknown; possibly from a Proto-Germanic *welukaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welH-.


burstilu

burstilu (nominative singular)
burstilō (nominative plural)
burstilā (accusative singular)
burstilā (accusative plural)
burstilā (genitive singular)
burstilō (genitive plural)
burstilē (dative singular)
burstilōm (dative plural)
burstilum (dative plural)
burstilu (instrumental singular)
burstilōm (instrumental plural)
burstilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *byrstel, *brystl, bristl

desc

Middle English: brustel, brostel, brestel, bristel

English: bristle

Scots: brustle, bristle, brissle

Old Frisian: *borstel, *berstel

Saterland Frisian: Bäärsel

West Frisian: boarstel

Old Saxon: *burstila; *burstil m

Middle Low German: borstel, börstel

German Low German: Bössel

Plautdietsch: Borschtel

Old Dutch: *burstila; *burstil m

Middle Dutch: burstele, borstele, burstel, borstel

Dutch: borstel


wiþrīgahaidu

wiþrīgahaidu (nominative singular)
wiþrīgahaidiwi (nominative plural)
wiþrīgahaidō (nominative plural)
wiþrīgahaidu (accusative singular)
wiþrīgahaidū (accusative plural)
wiþrīgahaidō (genitive singular)
wiþrīgahaidiwō (genitive plural)
wiþrīgahaidiwi (dative singular)
wiþrīgahaidō (dative singular)
wiþrīgahaidum (dative plural)
wiþrīgahaidu (instrumental singular)
wiþrīgahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *witherighēd

Middle Low German: wedderichhêt, weddericheit, weddercheit

Old Dutch: *witherighēd, *witherigheid

Middle Dutch: *wedericheit

Dutch: wederigheid

Old High German: *widarīgheit

Middle High German: widericheit

German: Widrigkeit

From *wiþrīg (“adverse”) + *-haidu (“-hood”).


seluk

seluk (nominative singular)
selukō (nominative plural)
selukōs (nominative plural)
seluk (accusative singular)
selukā (accusative plural)
selukas (genitive singular)
selukō (genitive plural)
selukē (dative singular)
selukum (dative plural)
seluku (instrumental singular)
selukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: seolc, seoluc, seoloc, sioluc
Middle English: selk, silk
English: silk
Scots: selk, silke, silk

Old High German: serih

⇒ Old High German: serihīg, serihhīg

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin sericus (“silk”), from Late Latin sēricus, along side *silikō (“silk”).


aspu

aspu (nominative singular)
aspō (nominative plural)
aspā (accusative singular)
aspā (accusative plural)
aspā (genitive singular)
aspō (genitive plural)
aspē (dative singular)
aspōm (dative plural)
aspum (dative plural)
aspu (instrumental singular)
aspōm (instrumental plural)
aspum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æspe, æsp, æps
Middle English: aspe; aspen
English: asp; aspen

Old Saxon: *aspa

Middle Low German: aspe, espe, hespe

Low German: Äsp

Old Dutch: *aspa, *espa

Middle Dutch: espe

Dutch: esp

Old High German: aspa

Middle High German: aspe

German: Espe


portā

portā (nominative singular)
portōn (nominative plural)
portōn (accusative singular)
portōn (accusative plural)
portōn (genitive singular)
portōnō (genitive plural)
portōn (dative singular)
portōm (dative plural)
portum (dative plural)
portōn (instrumental singular)
portōm (instrumental plural)
portum (instrumental plural)

Old English: porte

Middle English: porte, port (and Old French porte)

English: port

Old Frisian: porte

North Frisian: portte

Old Saxon: porta

desc

Middle Low German: pōrte, porte, pōrt, port

→ Old Norse: port

Danish: port

Swedish: port

→ Finnish: portti

Old Dutch: porta

Middle Dutch: porte (and Old French porte)

Dutch: poort

desctree

Old High German: pforta
Middle High German: pforte, pforze
German: Pforte
→ Old Polish: forta
Polish: furta
→ Old Ruthenian: форта (forta)
⇒ Belarusian: фортка (fórtka)
⇒ Ukrainian: хвіртка (xvirtka)

Borrowed from Latin porta (“gateway, passage”).


aiskungu

aiskungu (nominative singular)
aiskungō (nominative plural)
aiskungā (accusative singular)
aiskungā (accusative plural)
aiskungā (genitive singular)
aiskungō (genitive plural)
aiskungē (dative singular)
aiskungōm (dative plural)
aiskungum (dative plural)
aiskungu (instrumental singular)
aiskungōm (instrumental plural)
aiskungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āscung, ācsung, āxung
Middle English: asking, askynge
English: asking
Scots: asking, askin

Old Frisian: āskinge

Saterland Frisian: Aaskenge

Old Saxon: *ēskunga

desc

Middle Low German: êschinge, eischinge, hêschinge

Old Dutch: *eiskunga

Middle Dutch: eischinghe, eisscinge, esscinge, eesscinge, heesscinge, heescinge, heiscinge

Dutch: eising

Old High German: eiskunga

Middle High German: eischunge, heischunge

German: Heischung

From *aiskōn (“to claim, ask for”) + *-ungu.


wilgijā

wilgijā (nominative singular)
wilgijōn (nominative plural)
wilgijōn (accusative singular)
wilgijōn (accusative plural)
wilgijōn (genitive singular)
wilgijōnō (genitive plural)
wilgijōn (dative singular)
wilgijōm (dative plural)
wilgijum (dative plural)
wilgijōn (instrumental singular)
wilgijōm (instrumental plural)
wilgijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wilige, wylige, wylie

Middle English: wylugh, wylgh, welogh, wilwe, wili, whily

English: willow; English: weel

⇒ English: weely

Old Frisian: *wilge

Saterland Frisian: Wíelge, Wüülge

Old Saxon: wilgia

Middle Low German: wilge

German Low German: Wilge

Old Dutch: *wilga

Middle Dutch: wilge f

Dutch: wilg m

Afrikaans: wilg

Old High German: *wilga

Middle High German: wilge

German: Wilge


þornu

þornu (nominative singular)
þurniwi (nominative plural)
þornō (nominative plural)
þornu (accusative singular)
þornū (accusative plural)
þornō (genitive singular)
þurniwō (genitive plural)
þurniwi (dative singular)
þornō (dative singular)
þornum (dative plural)
þornu (instrumental singular)
þornum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thorniun (dative plural)

Old Dutch: thorni (nominative plural)

Old High German: dornin, dornen (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *þurnuz, an alternative form of *þurnaz. The scattered descendants of this form soon took on i-stem forms.


sterbō

sterbō (nominative singular)
sterban (nominative plural)
sterban (accusative singular)
sterban (accusative plural)
stirbini (genitive singular)
sterban (genitive singular)
sterbanō (genitive plural)
stirbini (dative singular)
sterban (dative singular)
sterbum (dative plural)
stirbini (instrumental singular)
sterban (instrumental singular)
sterbum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: steorfa
Middle English: steorve, steorfa, storve, sterve (early)

Old Saxon: *stervo

Middle Low German: sterve, starve

Old High German: sterbo

Middle High German: sterbe


haliþō barnu

Old English: hæleþa bearn

Old Saxon: helithō barn

From *haliþ "hero" + *barn "children." Has a possible analog in Old Norse hǫlda synir.


firhwijō barnu

Old English: fíra bearn

Old Saxon: firihō barn

From *firhwijō (“humans, people”) + *barn (“children”). Possible analog to Old Norse fíra synir.


mannō barnu

Old English: manna bearn

Old Saxon: mannō barn

From *mann "man" + *barn "children." Has a possible analog in Old Norse manna synir.


mākijas aggju

Old English: mǣċes eċġ

Old Saxon: mākies eggia

From Proto-West Germanic *mākī "sword" + *aggju "edge," possibly from Proto-Germanic *mēkijas agjō with a cognate in Old Norse mækis egg.


swerdas aggju

Old English: sweordes eċġ

Old Saxon: swerdes eggia

From Proto-West Germanic *swerd "sword" + *aggju "edge." Compare *mākijas aggju.


auʀahring

auʀahhring (nominative singular)
auʀahhringō (nominative plural)
auʀahhringōs (nominative plural)
auʀahhring (accusative singular)
auʀahhringā (accusative plural)
auʀahhringas (genitive singular)
auʀahhringō (genitive plural)
auʀahhringē (dative singular)
auʀahhringum (dative plural)
auʀahhringu (instrumental singular)
auʀahhringum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēarhring

Middle English: ere ring

English: earring

Scots: earring

Old Frisian: *ārhring

Saterland Frisian: Oorring

West Frisian: earring

Old Saxon: ōrhring

Middle Low German: ôrrinc, ôrerinc

German Low German: Ohrring

→ Danish: ørering (calque)

→ Swedish: örring (calque)

→ Norwegian: ørering (calque)

Old Dutch: *ōrring

Middle Dutch: ôrrinc

Dutch: oorring

→ French: orin

→ Italian: aurica

→ Portuguese: ourinque

→ Spanish: orinque

→ Catalan: orri

→ Breton: oring

Old High German: ōrring

Middle High German: ōrrinc

German: Ohrring


īdalnassī

īdalnassī (nominative singular)
īdalnassīn (accusative singular)
īdalnassīn (genitive singular)
īdalnassīn (dative singular)
īdalnassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: īdelness, īdelnes

Middle English: idelnesse, ydelnesse

English: idleness

Scots: idilnes, ydilnes

Old Frisian: īdelnisse

Old Saxon: īdalnussi

Old Dutch: īdelnussi

Middle Dutch: ijdelnisse

Dutch: ijdelnis (obsolete)

Old High German: ītalnissa


regnawurmi

regnawurmi (nominative singular)
regnawurmī (nominative plural)
regnawurmi (accusative singular)
regnawurmī (accusative plural)
regnawurmī (genitive singular)
regnawurmijō (genitive plural)
regnawurmī (dative singular)
regnawurmim (dative plural)
regnawurmijum (dative plural)
regnawurmī (instrumental singular)
regnawurmim (instrumental plural)
regnawurmijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: reġnwyrm, rēnwyrm
Middle English: *reinwurm, *reinworm
English: rainworm

Old Frisian: *reinwerm, *reinwirm

West Frisian: reinwjirm

Old Saxon: *reganwurm, *reginwurm

Middle Low German: rēgenworm

German Low German: Regenwurm

Old Dutch: *reganwurm

Middle Dutch: *regenworm

Dutch: regenworm

Afrikaans: reënwurm

Old High German: reganwurm

Middle High German: regenwurm, reinwurm

German: Regenwurm


sunnōn leuht

sunnōn leuht (nominative singular)
sunnōn leuhtu (nominative plural)
sunnōn leuht (accusative singular)
sunnōn leuhtu (accusative plural)
sunnōn leuhtas (genitive singular)
sunnōn leuhtō (genitive plural)
sunnōn leuhtē (dative singular)
sunnōn leuhtum (dative plural)
sunnōn leuhtu (instrumental singular)
sunnōn leuhtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sunnan leoht

Middle English: sonnelight, sunneliht

English: sunlight

Dutch: zonlicht

Old High German: sunnūnlioht

Middle High German: sunnenlieht

German: Sonnenlicht


gadm

gadm (nominative singular)
gadmu (nominative plural)
gadm (accusative singular)
gadmu (accusative plural)
gadmas (genitive singular)
gadmō (genitive plural)
gadmē (dative singular)
gadmum (dative plural)
gadmu (instrumental singular)
gadmum (instrumental plural)
gadm (nominative singular)
gadmō (nominative plural)
gadmōs (nominative plural)
gadm (accusative singular)
gadmā (accusative plural)
gadmas (genitive singular)
gadmō (genitive plural)
gadmē (dative singular)
gadmum (dative plural)
gadmu (instrumental singular)
gadmum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: gaten, gathen

Old Dutch: *gadem

Middle Dutch: gadem, gademe

Old Saxon: *gadem

Middle Low German: gādem, gāden

Low German: Gadem, Gaden

desc

Old High German: cadum, gadum, gadem, gadam

Middle High German: gadem, gaden

German: Gaden, Gadem, Garden, Garn

Unknown, conceivably from the stem of *gadur (“together”), with the rare suffix as in *bōsm, *butm, *āþm.
The semantic and formal match of African Arabic قَيْطُون (qayṭūn) must be a coincidence.

Adalbert Bezzenberger
Alf Torp
Atlantic (Semitic) languages
August Fick
Hjalmar Falk
Whitley Stokes


happjā

happjā (nominative singular)
happjōn (nominative plural)
happjōn (accusative singular)
happjōn (accusative plural)
happjōn (genitive singular)
happjōnō (genitive plural)
happjōn (dative singular)
happjōm (dative plural)
happjum (dative plural)
happjōn (instrumental singular)
happjōm (instrumental plural)
happjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *heppia, *hepa

Middle Low German: heppe, hēpe, heipe

Old Dutch: *hepa

Middle Dutch: hēpe

Dutch: heep, (dialectal) hiep

Old High German: habba, hābba, happa, hebba, heppa

Middle High German: happe, hepe, heppe

German: Hippe (“billhook”), (dialectal) Heppe

→ Old French: happe, hape

Middle French: happe, hape (“axe", also "curved piece of metal used as a clamp, crampon”)

gl

extant senses mostly derived from the related verb <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">happer</i>

French: happe (extant senses mostly derived from the related verb happer)

→ Vulgar Latin: *happia (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hap- (“to bend, curve”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kemb- (“to bend, curve”); or related to Ancient Greek κοπίς (kopís, “cleaver”), Lithuanian kàpti (“to chop”), Proto-Slavic *kopati (“dig, till”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- (“to cut, cleave”); possibly a merger of both.

der

a tool used for cutting or pruning (e.g. knife, billhook, sickle, axe, etc.)


bautil

bautil (nominative singular)
bautilō (nominative plural)
bautilōs (nominative plural)
bautil (accusative singular)
bautilā (accusative plural)
bautilas (genitive singular)
bautilō (genitive plural)
bautilē (dative singular)
bautilum (dative plural)
bautilu (instrumental singular)
bautilum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: bīetel, bȳtel, bītel, bȳtl, bītl

Middle English: betel

English: beetle (“mallet”)

Scots: betill, bitill

Old Saxon: *bōtil

Middle Low German: bôtel, bö̂tel

Low German: Bötel

→ Saterland Frisian: Boitel, Bötel

Old High German: *bōzil

⇒ Old High German: steinbōzil

From Proto-Germanic *bautilaz, equivalent to *bautan + *-il.


krōn

krōn (nominative singular)
krōnō (nominative plural)
krōnōs (nominative plural)
krōn (accusative singular)
krōnā (accusative plural)
krōnas (genitive singular)
krōnō (genitive plural)
krōnē (dative singular)
krōnum (dative plural)
krōnu (instrumental singular)
krōnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *krōn

Middle Low German: krôn, kroen, krûn

Old High German: *kruon

Middle High German: kruon

>? Luxembourgish: Krunn (possibly, in part)

From Proto-Germanic *krōnaz, an ablaut variant of *kranaz and/or *kranô.


walkārī

walkārī (nominative singular)
walkārijō (nominative plural)
walkārijōs (nominative plural)
walkārī (accusative singular)
walkārijā (accusative plural)
walkārijas (genitive singular)
walkārijō (genitive plural)
walkārijē (dative singular)
walkārijum (dative plural)
walkāriju (instrumental singular)
walkārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wealcere

desctree

Middle English: walkere, walkar, walker
English: waulker, walker
Scots: waulker

Old High German: walkāri, walchare

Middle High German: walker, welker

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Welker</i>

German: Walker (obsolete Welker)

From *walk (“rolling”) + *-ārī and/or *walkan or *walkōn + *-ārī.


haubidamann

haubidamann (nominative singular)
haubidamanni (nominative plural)
haubidamannu (accusative singular)
haubidamanni (accusative plural)
haubidamanni (genitive singular)
haubidamannō (genitive plural)
haubidamanni (dative singular)
haubidamannum (dative plural)
haubidamanni (instrumental singular)
haubidamannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hēafodmann, hēafodman
Middle English: heed man
English: head man

Old Frisian: hāvedmon

Old Saxon: hōvidmann
German Low German: Hööftmann

Old Dutch: hōvitman
Middle Dutch: hôvetman
Dutch: hoofdman

Old High German: houbitman
Middle High German: houbetman
German: Hauptmann
→ Polish: hetman
→ Belarusian: ге́тман (hjétman)
→ Bulgarian: хе́тман (hétman)
→ English: hetman
→ French: hetman
→ German: Hetman
→ Portuguese: hétmã, hétmane
→ Romanian: hatman
→ Ukrainian: ге́тьман (hétʹman)
→ Russian: ге́тман (gétman)
→ Uzbek: getman
→ Spanish: hetman


ungalaubō

ungalaubō (nominative singular)
ungalauban (nominative plural)
ungalauban (accusative singular)
ungalauban (accusative plural)
ungalaubini (genitive singular)
ungalauban (genitive singular)
ungalaubanō (genitive plural)
ungalaubini (dative singular)
ungalauban (dative singular)
ungalaubum (dative plural)
ungalaubini (instrumental singular)
ungalauban (instrumental singular)
ungalaubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: unġeleafa

Middle English: *unilēve (suggested by unilēfful, unilēflīces, unilēfsumnesse, etc.)

Old Frisian: unlāva

West Frisian: ûnleauwe

Old Saxon: ungilōvo, *unlōvo

Middle Low German: ungelôve, unlôve

German Low German: Unglove, Ungloov

desc

→ Saterland Frisian: Uunglove, Uungloowe

Dutch: ongeloof

Old High German: ungiloubo

Middle High German: ungeloube, ungloube

German: Unglaube


haubidaburg

haubidaburg (nominative singular)
haubidaburgi (nominative plural)
haubidaburgu (accusative singular)
haubidaburgi (accusative plural)
haubidaburgi (genitive singular)
haubidaburgō (genitive plural)
haubidaburgi (dative singular)
haubidaburgum (dative plural)
haubidaburgi (instrumental singular)
haubidaburgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hēafodburg, hēafodburh
Middle English: heed burgh

Old High German: houbitburg


haubidawundu

haubidawundu (nominative singular)
haubidawundō (nominative plural)
haubidawundā (accusative singular)
haubidawundā (accusative plural)
haubidawundā (genitive singular)
haubidawundō (genitive plural)
haubidawundē (dative singular)
haubidawundōm (dative plural)
haubidawundum (dative plural)
haubidawundu (instrumental singular)
haubidawundōm (instrumental plural)
haubidawundum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēafodwund
Middle English: hæfved wund, hæfved wunde
English: headwound

Old Frisian: hāvedwunde

West Frisian: haadwûne

Old Saxon: hōvidwunda

Old Dutch: *hōvitwunda

Dutch: hoofdwond

Old High German: *houbitwunda

German: Hauptwunde


haubidabolstr

haubidabolstr (nominative singular)
haubidabolstrō (nominative plural)
haubidabolstrōs (nominative plural)
haubidabolstr (accusative singular)
haubidabolstrā (accusative plural)
haubidabolstras (genitive singular)
haubidabolstrō (genitive plural)
haubidabolstrē (dative singular)
haubidabolstrum (dative plural)
haubidabolstru (instrumental singular)
haubidabolstrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēafodbolster
Middle English: heed-bolster
English: head bolster

Old High German: houbitbolstar


forēhaubid

forēhaubid (nominative singular)
forēhaubidu (nominative plural)
forēhaubid (accusative singular)
forēhaubidu (accusative plural)
forēhaubidas (genitive singular)
forēhaubidō (genitive plural)
forēhaubidē (dative singular)
forēhaubidum (dative plural)
forēhaubidu (instrumental singular)
forēhaubidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: forehēafod
Middle English: forheed
English: forehead

Old Frisian: farehaft

Old Saxon: *forahōƀid, *furihōƀid

Middle Low German: vȫrhö̂vet

Low German: Vörhööft

Old Dutch: *forahōvid

Middle Dutch: vōrehôvet

Dutch: voorhoofd

desc

Old High German: *forahoubit, *furihoubit (attested as vorhoibeth, vorehouvet)

Middle High German: vorhoubet, vürhoubet

German: (archaic) Vorhaupt, (obsolete) Fürhaupt


frīsō

frīsō (nominative singular)
frīsan (nominative plural)
frīsan (accusative singular)
frīsan (accusative plural)
frīsini (genitive singular)
frīsan (genitive singular)
frīsanō (genitive plural)
frīsini (dative singular)
frīsan (dative singular)
frīsum (dative plural)
frīsini (instrumental singular)
frīsan (instrumental singular)
frīsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: Frīsa, Frēsa

Middle English: Frīse

English: Frise

Old Frisian: Frīsa, Frēsa

West Frisian: Fries

Old Saxon: *Frēso

Middle Low German: Vrêse

Old Dutch: Frieso, Friso, Freso

Middle Dutch: Vriese, Vrise, Vrese, Friese, Frise

Dutch: Fries

Old High German: *Frīso, *Frieso, singular of Frīson, Frieson

German: Friese

From Proto-Germanic *frīsô (if an n-stem like in West Germanic) or *frīsiz (if an i-stem like the Old Norse plural frísir). It is also possible that both forms existed simultaneously.


gawāpnī

gawāpnī (nominative singular)
gawāpniju (nominative plural)
gawāpnī (accusative singular)
gawāpniju (accusative plural)
gawāpnijas (genitive singular)
gawāpnijō (genitive plural)
gawāpnijē (dative singular)
gawāpnijum (dative plural)
gawāpniju (instrumental singular)
gawāpnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġewǣpne

Old Saxon: giwāpni

Old High German: giwāfani

*ga- + *wāpn (“weapon”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix)


riddjō

riddjō (nominative singular)
riddjan (nominative plural)
riddjan (accusative singular)
riddjan (accusative plural)
riddjini (genitive singular)
riddjan (genitive singular)
riddjanō (genitive plural)
riddjini (dative singular)
riddjan (dative singular)
riddjum (dative plural)
riddjini (instrumental singular)
riddjan (instrumental singular)
riddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ridda

Old High German: ritto

From Proto-Germanic *ridjô. Equivalent to *rīdan (“to ride”) + *-jō.


glidā

glidā (nominative singular)
glidōn (nominative plural)
glidōn (accusative singular)
glidōn (accusative plural)
glidōn (genitive singular)
glidōnō (genitive plural)
glidōn (dative singular)
glidōm (dative plural)
glidum (dative plural)
glidōn (instrumental singular)
glidōm (instrumental plural)
glidum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: glida, glioda m
Middle English: glede, glide
English: glede, glead
Scots: gled, gleed

Old Frisian: *glide

West Frisian: glee

→ Dutch: glee

Old Saxon: *glida

Middle Low German: glede

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *glidǭ; compare *glīdan.


hailī

hailī (nominative singular)
hailīn (accusative singular)
hailīn (genitive singular)
hailīn (dative singular)
hailīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: hǣlu
Middle English: hele, hale, heale, heel, heele, helle, hel, ȝel, ȝele, eale, hæle (Early Middle English)
English: heal
Scots: heal, hele
Yola: heale, heall, heal, hele

Old Dutch: *heili

Middle Dutch: heile

Old Saxon: hēli

Middle Low German: hêle, heile

Old High German: heilī

Middle High German: heile

German: Heile (obsolete)

From *hail (“healthy”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


smakō

smakō (nominative singular)
smakan (nominative plural)
smakan (accusative singular)
smakan (accusative plural)
smakini (genitive singular)
smakan (genitive singular)
smakanō (genitive plural)
smakini (dative singular)
smakan (dative singular)
smakum (dative plural)
smakini (instrumental singular)
smakan (instrumental singular)
smakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *smaca, *smacca

Middle English: smake, smakke

English: smake

Scots: smake

Old Frisian: smaka

Saterland Frisian: Smoak

West Frisian: smaak

Old Saxon: *smako

Middle Low German: smāke

German Low German: Smaak

Old Dutch: *smako

desctree

Middle Dutch: smāke
Dutch: smaak
Afrikaans: smaak
→ Limburgish: smaak
→ Papiamentu: smak, smaak

Old High German: smakko, smacko

Middle High German: smacke

German: Schmack

From *smakkijan, *smakēn (“to taste”) + *-ō.


smakku

smakku (nominative singular)
smakkiwi (nominative plural)
smakkō (nominative plural)
smakku (accusative singular)
smakkū (accusative plural)
smakkō (genitive singular)
smakkiwō (genitive plural)
smakkiwi (dative singular)
smakkō (dative singular)
smakkum (dative plural)
smakku (instrumental singular)
smakkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smæċ
Middle English: smak, smac, smach, smech, ssmak, smacche, smake, smatche, smacc
English: smack
Scots: smack
⇒? Scots: smick

Old Frisian: *smak, smekk, smek

Saterland Frisian: Smoak

West Frisian: smaak

Old Saxon: *smakk, *smak

Middle Low German: smak

German Low German: Smakk, Smack

→ Danish: smag

→ Norwegian Bokmål: smak

→ Polish: smak
→ Belarusian: смак (smak)
→ Russian: смак (smak)
→ Ukrainian: смак (smak)

→ Swedish: smak

→? Faroese: smakkur

Old Dutch: smak

Middle Dutch: smac

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*smakō</i>

Dutch: smaak (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *smakō)

Old High German: smak, smac

Middle High German: smac, smach

German: Schmack

Yiddish: שמעק (shmek)

⇒ Old High German: gismac, gismah

Middle High German: gesmac, gesmacke

desc

Bavarian: Gschmåckn, Gschmåch, Gschmåcha, Gschmo

Cimbrian: gasmékh

German: Geschmack, Geschmeck

Luxembourgish: Geschmaach


gruti

gruti (nominative singular)
gruttju (nominative plural)
gruti (accusative singular)
gruttju (accusative plural)
gruttjas (genitive singular)
gruttjō (genitive plural)
gruttjē (dative singular)
gruttjum (dative plural)
gruttju (instrumental singular)
gruttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: grytt; grytta f pl

Middle English: *gryt

English: grit

Scots: grit

Old Saxon: gruttia f

Middle Low German: grütte, görte

German Low German: Grütte, Görte, Götte, Gört

→ English: goetta

Old Dutch: grutti

Middle Dutch: grutte, gurte

Dutch: grut, gort

Afrikaans: gort

→ Sranan Tongo: groto

Old High German: gruzzi

Middle High German: Grütze

German: Grütze

Luxembourgish: Grëtz

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *grutją, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-


saigul

saigul (nominative singular)
saigulō (nominative plural)
saigulōs (nominative plural)
saigul (accusative singular)
saigulā (accusative plural)
saigulas (genitive singular)
saigulō (genitive plural)
saigulē (dative singular)
saigulum (dative plural)
saigulu (instrumental singular)
saigulum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sāgol
Middle English: sowel, soouwil, soowel, soowil, souel, souvil, souwil, sovel, sowvel, sowil, suwle, soule, sowayle, sowll, sowlle, sowylle, suvel
English: sowl (dialectal)
, sāgel

Middle English: sowel, saule, soule, sowil, saȝel
English: sole (dialectal)

Old High German: *seigal

Middle High German: seigel

Alemannic German: Seigel

Nominalization of a lost adjective from *saigijan (“to cause to sink”) + *-ul.


bakahūs

bakahūs (nominative singular)
bakahūsu (nominative plural)
bakahūs (accusative singular)
bakahūsu (accusative plural)
bakahūsas (genitive singular)
bakahūsō (genitive plural)
bakahūsē (dative singular)
bakahūsum (dative plural)
bakahūsu (instrumental singular)
bakahūsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæchūs, bæc-hūs
Middle English: bakhous, bachous, bakehous, bakehowse, bakehuse, bakhows, bakhowse, bakkehowse
English: bakehouse
→ Welsh: becws, bacws, becos
Scots: bake-hous
→ Irish: bácús
→ Yola: baakooze

Old Frisian: *bakhūs

Saterland Frisian: Bakhuus

West Frisian: bakhûs

Old Saxon: *bakhūs

Middle Low German: backhûs

German Low German: Backhuus

Low German: backhus

Old Dutch: *bakhūs (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: bakhuus, bac-huus

Dutch: bakhuis

Old High German: bachūs, bahhūs

Middle High German: backhūs, bachhūs

German: Backhaus


mulī

mulī (nominative singular)
mulīn (accusative singular)
mulīn (genitive singular)
mulīn (dative singular)
mulīn (instrumental singular)


mulīnā

mulīnā (nominative singular)
mulīnōn (nominative plural)
mulīnōn (accusative singular)
mulīnōn (accusative plural)
mulīnōn (genitive singular)
mulīnōnō (genitive plural)
mulīnōn (dative singular)
mulīnōm (dative plural)
mulīnum (dative plural)
mulīnōn (instrumental singular)
mulīnōm (instrumental plural)
mulīnum (instrumental plural)


mulīnārī

mulīnārī (nominative singular)
mulīnārijō (nominative plural)
mulīnārijōs (nominative plural)
mulīnārī (accusative singular)
mulīnārijā (accusative plural)
mulīnārijas (genitive singular)
mulīnārijō (genitive plural)
mulīnārijē (dative singular)
mulīnārijum (dative plural)
mulīnāriju (instrumental singular)
mulīnārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mylnere, *mylenere

>? Middle English: mylnere, meller, mellere, melnere, millar, millere, milner, mullere, mulnere, myllar, myllare, myller, myllere, mylner
English: miller
Scots: miller
Yola: mileare

Old Saxon: *mulinari, mulineri

desc

Middle Low German: möllere, mölre, mölnere

Low German: Möller

→ Old Norse: mylnari

Icelandic: mylnari

Faroese: mylnari

Norwegian Nynorsk: mylnar; (dialectal) mylnari, mjølnar

Old Swedish: mylnare, myllare

Swedish: mjölnare

→ Finnish: mylläri

Danish: møller

Norwegian Bokmål: møller

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: møllar

Old Dutch: *molnari

Middle Dutch: molenare

Dutch: molenaar

→ Old Frisian: *molnere

West Frisian: mûnder, mûnler

desctree

Old High German: mulināri
Middle High German: mülnære
Alemannic German: Müllner
Swabian: Millr
German: Müller
Central Franconian: Müller
Hunsrik: Miller
Luxembourgish: Mëller
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Miller
Vilamovian: myłner
Yiddish: מילער (miler), מילנער (milner)
→ Proto-Slavic: *mъlinařь
Belarusian: млына́р (mlynár)
Ukrainian: млина́р (mlynár)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: мли̏на̄р
Latin script: mlȉnār
Slovene: mlinar
Czech: mlynář
Polish: młynarz
Slovak: mlynár

Borrowed from Late Latin molīnārius (“miller”). Equivalent to *mulīnu (“mill”) + *-ārī.


bīwurdī

bīurdī (nominative singular)
bīurdiju (nominative plural)
bīurdī (accusative singular)
bīurdiju (accusative plural)
bīurdijas (genitive singular)
bīurdijō (genitive plural)
bīurdijē (dative singular)
bīurdijum (dative plural)
bīurdiju (instrumental singular)
bīurdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bīwyrde, bīwyrd

Old High German: bīwurti, pīwurti


bīword

bīword (nominative singular)
bīwordu (nominative plural)
bīword (accusative singular)
bīwordu (accusative plural)
bīwordas (genitive singular)
bīwordō (genitive plural)
bīwordē (dative singular)
bīwordum (dative plural)
bīwordu (instrumental singular)
bīwordum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bīword

Middle English: biword, byword

English: byword

Old Frisian: *bīword

Saterland Frisian: Biewoud

West Frisian: bywurd

Old Saxon: *bīword

Middle Low German: bîword, bîwort

Old Dutch: *bīwort

Middle Dutch: byword, bywoirt, bywoord

Dutch: bijwoord

Old High German: bīwort

Middle High German: bīwort

German: Beiwort

From *bī + *word. Compare Proto-West Germanic *bīwurdī.


anafaltī

anafaltī (nominative singular)
anafaltiju (nominative plural)
anafaltī (accusative singular)
anafaltiju (accusative plural)
anafaltijas (genitive singular)
anafaltijō (genitive plural)
anafaltijē (dative singular)
anafaltijum (dative plural)
anafaltiju (instrumental singular)
anafaltijum (instrumental plural)


buʀdō

boʀdō (nominative singular)
boʀdan (nominative plural)
boʀdan (accusative singular)
boʀdan (accusative plural)
buʀdini (genitive singular)
boʀdan (genitive singular)
boʀdanō (genitive plural)
buʀdini (dative singular)
boʀdan (dative singular)
buʀdum (dative plural)
buʀdini (instrumental singular)
boʀdan (instrumental singular)
buʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: budda

Middle English: budde, boude

English: boud, bug

Old Frisian: *budda

Saterland Frisian: Budde

Old Saxon: *buddo

Middle Low German: *budde (suggested by buddich, buddech (“thick, swollen”))

Low German: budde

desc

→ Medieval Latin: burdō (“beetle, cricket, drone, bumblebee”)

desctree

Old French: bordon
Middle French: bourdon
French: bourdon
→ Galician: bordón
→ Middle English: burdoun, bordoun, burdon, burdowne
English: burden, bourdon
→ Irish: burdún


olibaʀi

olibaʀi (nominative singular)
olibaʀju (nominative plural)
olibaʀi (accusative singular)
olibaʀju (accusative plural)
olibaʀjas (genitive singular)
olibaʀjō (genitive plural)
olibaʀjē (dative singular)
olibaʀjum (dative plural)
olibaʀju (instrumental singular)
olibaʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eleberġe

Old Saxon: oliberi

>? Faroese: oljuber

Old High German: oliberi

Middle High German: ölbere

Yiddish: איילבערט (eylbert)


stikkō

stikkō (nominative singular)
stikkan (nominative plural)
stikkan (accusative singular)
stikkan (accusative plural)
stikkini (genitive singular)
stikkan (genitive singular)
stikkanō (genitive plural)
stikkini (dative singular)
stikkan (dative singular)
stikkum (dative plural)
stikkini (instrumental singular)
stikkan (instrumental singular)
stikkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sticca
Middle English: stikke, sticke, stik
English: stick
Scots: stick, stikk

desc

Old Frisian: *stikka, *stekka, stekk, stek

Saterland Frisian: Stikke

West Frisian: stikke

Old Saxon: stekko, stikko

Middle Low German: sticke, stecke, sticken, stik

Dutch Low Saxon: stek, stik

German Low German: Stick

Old Dutch: *stikko, *stekko

Middle Dutch: stecke, stec

Dutch: stek

West Flemish: stek, stekke

Old High German: steccho, stecko

Middle High German: stecke, steche

Alemannic German: Steche

Swabian: Schdägga

Bavarian: Schdagga, Schdägn, Stacka, Steckn

German: Stecken

Pennsylvania German: Schtecke

Rhine Franconian: Stecke

Yiddish: שטעקן (shtekn)

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *stikkô; compare *stikkōn.

w:Oxford English Dictionary#Electronic versions


rūmiþu

rūmiþu (nominative singular)
rūmiþō (nominative plural)
rūmiþā (accusative singular)
rūmiþā (accusative plural)
rūmiþā (genitive singular)
rūmiþō (genitive plural)
rūmiþē (dative singular)
rūmiþōm (dative plural)
rūmiþum (dative plural)
rūmiþu (instrumental singular)
rūmiþōm (instrumental plural)
rūmiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rȳmþ

desctree

Middle English: rymthe, rymth
English: roomth (remodelled after room)
>? Middle Scots: rind

Old Frisian: *rūmithe, *rūmethe

West Frisian: romte, rûmte

Old Dutch: *rūmitha

Middle Dutch: ruumte, rūmede

Dutch: ruimte, rumede

Afrikaans: ruimte

Old Saxon: *rūmitha

Middle Low German: rǖmte

Low German: Rüümte

→ German: Räumte (calque)


abrūtā

abrūtā (nominative singular)
abrūtōn (nominative plural)
abrūtōn (accusative singular)
abrūtōn (accusative plural)
abrūtōn (genitive singular)
abrūtōnō (genitive plural)
abrūtōn (dative singular)
abrūtōm (dative plural)
abrūtum (dative plural)
abrūtōn (instrumental singular)
abrūtōm (instrumental plural)
abrūtum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: afreta, avarata

desc

Middle Low German: afrūde, aberrūde, afrūte, averrūde, ēverrūde, ēverūde, ēverūth

German Low German: Hawerut, Häweriut

Old Dutch: *avarūta

Middle Dutch: averûde, averûte

Dutch: averuit

Old High German: afaruza, avaruza, abruta, *abarūta

Middle High German: aberrūte, abrūte

German: Eberraute, Aberraute, Afrusch

→ Hungarian: ebruta

Corrupted from earlier *abrotā under the influence of *rūtā (“rue (bitter herb)”), borrowed from Vulgar Latin *abrota (“southernwood”) (compare cognate Old French abrote), from Latin abrotonum, abrotanum.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


wīnarūtā

wīnarūtā (nominative singular)
wīnarūtōn (nominative plural)
wīnarūtōn (accusative singular)
wīnarūtōn (accusative plural)
wīnarūtōn (genitive singular)
wīnarūtōnō (genitive plural)
wīnarūtōn (dative singular)
wīnarūtōm (dative plural)
wīnarūtum (dative plural)
wīnarūtōn (instrumental singular)
wīnarūtōm (instrumental plural)
wīnarūtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wīnrūta

West Frisian: wynrut

Old Saxon: *wīnrūta

Middle Low German: wīnrūte, wīnrūde

German Low German: Wienrute

→ Norwegian: vinrute

→ Swedish: vinruta

Old Dutch: *wīnrūta

Middle Dutch: wijnrute

Dutch: wijnruit

Old High German: *wīnrūta

Middle High German: wīnrūte

German: Weinraute

Yiddish: װײַנרוטע (vaynrute)


apuldrijā

apuldrijā (nominative singular)
apuldrijōn (nominative plural)
apuldrijōn (accusative singular)
apuldrijōn (accusative plural)
apuldrijōn (genitive singular)
apuldrijōnō (genitive plural)
apuldrijōn (dative singular)
apuldrijōm (dative plural)
apuldrijum (dative plural)
apuldrijōn (instrumental singular)
apuldrijōm (instrumental plural)
apuldrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: apuldre

Old Saxon: apuldra

Old High German: apfoltra

Middle High German: apfelter, apfalter, affalter, affolter

German: Apfalter, Affalter, Affolter

From *apaldr, *apuldr (“apple tree”) + *-jā (agen suffix), from Proto-Germanic *apaldraz. Equivalent to *applu (“apple, fruit”) + *-dr (tree suffix) + *-jā (agent suffix).


mapuldr

mapuldr (nominative singular)
mapuldrō (nominative plural)
mapuldrōs (nominative plural)
mapuldr (accusative singular)
mapuldrā (accusative plural)
mapuldras (genitive singular)
mapuldrō (genitive plural)
mapuldrē (dative singular)
mapuldrum (dative plural)
mapuldru (instrumental singular)
mapuldrum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: mapulder, mapolder, mapuldor

desctree

Old Saxon: mapulder
Low German: mapeldorn, mapelder

From *mapul (“maple tree”) + *-dr (tree suffix).


mapuldrijā

mapuldrijā (nominative singular)
mapuldrijōn (nominative plural)
mapuldrijōn (accusative singular)
mapuldrijōn (accusative plural)
mapuldrijōn (genitive singular)
mapuldrijōnō (genitive plural)
mapuldrijōn (dative singular)
mapuldrijōm (dative plural)
mapuldrijum (dative plural)
mapuldrijōn (instrumental singular)
mapuldrijōm (instrumental plural)
mapuldrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mapuldre

Old Saxon: mapuldria

From *mapuldr (“maple tree”) + *-jā (agent suffix). Equivalent to *mapul (“maple tree”) + *-dr (tree suffix) + *-jā (agent suffix).


mapul

mapul (nominative singular)
mapulō (nominative plural)
mapulōs (nominative plural)
mapul (accusative singular)
mapulā (accusative plural)
mapulas (genitive singular)
mapulō (genitive plural)
mapulē (dative singular)
mapulum (dative plural)
mapulu (instrumental singular)
mapulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mapul

desctree

Middle English: mapel, mapell, mapil, maple, mapulle, mapyl
English: maple

⇒ Old English: mapultrēow

From Proto-Germanic *mapulaz. Cognate with Old Norse mǫpurr.


rūtā

rūtā (nominative singular)
rūtōn (nominative plural)
rūtōn (accusative singular)
rūtōn (accusative plural)
rūtōn (genitive singular)
rūtōnō (genitive plural)
rūtōn (dative singular)
rūtōm (dative plural)
rūtum (dative plural)
rūtōn (instrumental singular)
rūtōm (instrumental plural)
rūtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rūde, rūte, rūta

Middle English: rude, rute

Old Saxon: rūta

Middle Low German: rūte, rūde

German Low German: Rute

→ Danish: rude

→ Norwegian: rute

→ Swedish: ruta

Old Dutch: *rūta

Middle Dutch: rūte

Dutch: ruit

Old High German: rūta

Middle High German: rūte

German: Raute


abruttjā

abruttjā (nominative singular)
abruttjōn (nominative plural)
abruttjōn (accusative singular)
abruttjōn (accusative plural)
abruttjōn (genitive singular)
abruttjōnō (genitive plural)
abruttjōn (dative singular)
abruttjōm (dative plural)
abruttjum (dative plural)
abruttjōn (instrumental singular)
abruttjōm (instrumental plural)
abruttjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *avarattia, *avaratta

desc

Middle Low German: ēverritte, ēveritte, eferith, everete

German Low German: Ewerittken

Old High German: abrizza, ebareiza

Middle High German: ebereize, eberitz

German: Eberreis, Eberitz

From *abrotā (“southernwood”) + *-jā (agent suffix).


skībā

skībā (nominative singular)
skībōn (nominative plural)
skībōn (accusative singular)
skībōn (accusative plural)
skībōn (genitive singular)
skībōnō (genitive plural)
skībōn (dative singular)
skībōm (dative plural)
skībum (dative plural)
skībōn (instrumental singular)
skībōm (instrumental plural)
skībum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċīfe

desctree

Middle English: schyve, schive, shive, shyve
English: shive
Scots: shive

Old Frisian: *skīve

West Frisian: skiif

Old Saxon: skīva

Middle Low German: schîve

German Low German: Schiev

Plautdietsch: Schiew

Old Dutch: *skīva

Middle Dutch: skive

Dutch: schijf
Afrikaans: skyf
→ Papiamentu: schijfie (dated)

Limburgish: sjief

Old High German: skība

Middle High German: schībe

Alemannic German: Schiibe, Schiebe

Swabian: Scheiba

Bavarian: Scheim, Scheibm

Central Franconian: Scheif, Schiev

German: Scheibe
→ Bulgarian: шайба (šajba)
→ Hunsrik: Scheib
→ Polish: szajba
→ Romanian: șaibă
→ Russian: шайба (šajba)
→ Armenian: շայբա (šayba)
→ Azerbaijani: şayba
→ Georgian: შაიბა (šaiba)

Luxembourgish: Scheif

Rhine Franconian: Scheib, Schieb

Palatine German: Scheib, Schäib, Schiew

Pennsylvania German: Scheib

Vilamovian: śajw

Yiddish: שײַב (shayb)

→ Slovene: šípa


stabawurti

stabawurti (nominative singular)
stabawurtī (nominative plural)
stabawurti (accusative singular)
stabawurtī (accusative plural)
stabawurtī (genitive singular)
stabawurtijō (genitive plural)
stabawurtī (dative singular)
stabawurtim (dative plural)
stabawurtijum (dative plural)
stabawurtī (instrumental singular)
stabawurtim (instrumental plural)
stabawurtijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: stafwurt

Middle Low German: stafwort

Old High German: stabawurz

Middle High German: stabwurz

German: Stabwurz

From *stab (“staff”) + *wurti (“root, spice”).


spehu

spehu (nominative singular)
spehō (nominative plural)
spehā (accusative singular)
spehā (accusative plural)
spehā (genitive singular)
spehō (genitive plural)
spehē (dative singular)
spehōm (dative plural)
spehum (dative plural)
spehu (instrumental singular)
spehōm (instrumental plural)
spehum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *speha

Middle Low German: *spē

Low German: spee

Old Dutch: *spia

Middle Dutch: spie

Dutch: spie, spee, spij (dialectal)

Old High German: speha

Middle High German: spehe, spē

German: Spähe


spehārī

spehārī (nominative singular)
spehārijō (nominative plural)
spehārijōs (nominative plural)
spehārī (accusative singular)
spehārijā (accusative plural)
spehārijas (genitive singular)
spehārijō (genitive plural)
spehārijē (dative singular)
spehārijum (dative plural)
spehāriju (instrumental singular)
spehārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *spehāri

desc

Middle Low German: spēære, spēer, spēger, spēr

→ Swedish: spejare

Old Dutch: *speāri

Middle Dutch: spiere, spierre, spier

Dutch: *spieder (in bespieder, verspieder)

→ West Frisian: ferspieder

Old High German: spehāri, spihāri, spiohāri

Middle High German: spëhære, spehāre, speher, spieher, spicher

German: Späher


sunþr

sunþr (nominative singular)
sunþrō (nominative plural)
sunþrōs (nominative plural)
sunþr (accusative singular)
sunþrā (accusative plural)
sunþras (genitive singular)
sunþrō (genitive plural)
sunþrē (dative singular)
sunþrum (dative plural)
sunþru (instrumental singular)
sunþrum (instrumental plural)
sunþr (nominative singular)
sunþru (nominative plural)
sunþr (accusative singular)
sunþru (accusative plural)
sunþras (genitive singular)
sunþrō (genitive plural)
sunþrē (dative singular)
sunþrum (dative plural)
sunþru (instrumental singular)
sunþrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Frisian: sūth n
Saterland Frisian: Sude
West Frisian: súd

Old Saxon: *sūthar

Middle Low German: *sūd

Low German: süüd

→ Middle High German: sūd m

German: Süd m

Old High German: sund m or n


fuglārī

foglārī (nominative singular)
foglārijō (nominative plural)
foglārijōs (nominative plural)
foglārī (accusative singular)
foglārijā (accusative plural)
foglārijas (genitive singular)
foglārijō (genitive plural)
foglārijē (dative singular)
foglārijum (dative plural)
foglāriju (instrumental singular)
foglārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fuglere, fugelere
Middle English: fugelere, fuwelare, voȝelere, foulere
English: fowler
Scots: foular, fouler, fouller

Old Frisian: *fugelere

West Frisian: fûgeler, fûgelder

Old Saxon: *fugalari, *fugaleri

desc

Middle Low German: vōgelære, vōgelēre, vōgeler, vögelēr

German Low German: Vögler

→ Old Norse: fuglari

Icelandic: fuglari

Old Dutch: *fogalari

Middle Dutch: vogelaer

Dutch: vogelaar

→ Middle French: veuglaire

French: veuglaire

→ English: veuglaire

Old High German: fogalāri

Middle High German: vogelære, vogeler, vogler

German: Vogler, Vögler


gōdnassī

gōdnassī (nominative singular)
gōdnassīn (accusative singular)
gōdnassīn (genitive singular)
gōdnassīn (dative singular)
gōdnassīn (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old English: gōdnes
Middle English: goodnesse, godenes, godenesse, godnes, godnese, godnesse, goodnes, guodnesse (Kent), goddnes, gudeness (Northern), godnæsse, godnisse, godnysse (Early Middle English)
English: goodness
Scots: guidness, gudeness
Yola: goounees, goouness

Old Frisian: *gōdnisse, *gōdnis

West Frisian: goedens

Old High German: guotnessī

Middle High German: guotnisse


dugunþu

dugunþu (nominative singular)
dugunþō (nominative plural)
dugunþā (accusative singular)
dugunþā (accusative plural)
dugunþā (genitive singular)
dugunþō (genitive plural)
dugunþē (dative singular)
dugunþōm (dative plural)
dugunþum (dative plural)
dugunþu (instrumental singular)
dugunþōm (instrumental plural)
dugunþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: duguþ
Middle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)
English: douth
Scots: duthe, douth

Old Frisian: dugethe, dugede

North Frisian: döged, dögd

Saterland Frisian: Duugd

West Frisian: deugd

Old Saxon: *dugund, *dugunt, *duguth

Middle Low German: dogent, doget

desc

German Low German: Döögde, Döögte, Döögd, Döögt

Old Dutch: *dugath, *dugeth

Middle Dutch: doget, doghet, duget, dueget

Dutch: deugd

Afrikaans: deug

Old High German: tungundi, tugund, tugind; *dugud (Central German)

Middle High German: tugende, tugent; duget, duged (Central German)

Alemannic German: Tuugend

German: Tugend

→? Central Franconian: Dugend, Dujend, Tugend, Tuend

→? Luxembourgish: Dugend

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Tugend

Vilamovian: tūgyt

Yiddish: טוגענד (tugend)