panning

panning (nominative singular)
panningō (nominative plural)
panningōs (nominative plural)
panning (accusative singular)
panningā (accusative plural)
panningas (genitive singular)
panningō (genitive plural)
panningē (dative singular)
panningum (dative plural)
panningu (instrumental singular)
panningum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ
Middle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening
English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)
Scots: penny
→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)
Irish: pingin
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: penique

Old Frisian: panning, penning, pennig

Saterland Frisian: Pännich

West Frisian: pinning

Old Saxon: penning, pennig

Middle Low German: pennink

German Low German: Penning, Penn

Old Dutch: *penning

Middle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig

Dutch: penning

Limburgish: penning

desc

Old High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning

Middle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc

Central Franconian: Penning, Pennek

Luxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)

German: Pfennig

→ English: pfennig

→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg


massing

massing (nominative singular)
massingō (nominative plural)
massingōs (nominative plural)
massing (accusative singular)
massingā (accusative plural)
massingas (genitive singular)
massingō (genitive plural)
massingē (dative singular)
massingum (dative plural)
massingu (instrumental singular)
massingum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mæsling, mæslen, mæstling (altered by -ling, intrusive -t-)
Middle English: mestling, maslyn, mastelyn, mastling, meslin
English: maslin

Old Saxon: messing, missing, missinc

desc

Middle Low German: messinc, missink, missinc

→ Latvian: misiņš

→ Lithuanian: misingis, misingas, misinè

→ Old Norse: messing, massing, mersing

Danish: messing

Faroese: messing

Icelandic: messing

Norwegian: messing

Swedish: mässing
→ Estonian: messing

Old Dutch: messink

Middle Dutch: messinc, missinc, messanc, messinge

Dutch: messing
→ West Frisian: messing

Old High German: messing, messinc

Middle High German: messinc, mezzinc, missinc

German: Messing (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *mosędzь (see there for further descendants)


brust

brust (nominative singular)
brusti (nominative plural)
brustu (accusative singular)
brusti (accusative plural)
brusti (genitive singular)
brostō (genitive plural)
brusti (dative singular)
brustum (dative plural)
brusti (instrumental singular)
brustum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: brust, burst, borst

North Frisian: borst

Saterland Frisian: Brust

West Frisian: boarst

Old Saxon: brust

Middle Low German: brust, bruste, borst

German Low German: Borst, Bost

Plautdietsch: Brost

Old Dutch: *brust

Middle Dutch: borst

Dutch: borst

Old High German: brust

Middle High German: brust

German: Brust

Hunsrik: Brust

Luxembourgish: Broscht

Vilamovian: brust

Yiddish: ברוסט (brust)


dekan

dekan (nominative singular)
dekanō (nominative plural)
dekanōs (nominative plural)
dekan (accusative singular)
dekanā (accusative plural)
dekanas (genitive singular)
dekanō (genitive plural)
dekanē (dative singular)
dekanum (dative plural)
dekanu (instrumental singular)
dekanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: decan

Old Frisian: deken

West Frisian: deken

Old Saxon: *dekan

Middle Low German: dēken

Low German: Diäken (Münsterland)

Old Dutch: *dekan

Middle Dutch: dēken

Dutch: deken

Old High German: tehhan, tehhant

q

Middle High German: techen, techent, techant, techān (all also with d-, Central German and/or latinized)

Alemannic German: Techet, Teche, Deche

Central Franconian: Deche, Dääche

Luxembourgish: Dechen

German: Dechant


pulver

pulver (nominative singular)
pulveru (nominative plural)
pulver (accusative singular)
pulveru (accusative plural)
pulveras (genitive singular)
pulverō (genitive plural)
pulverē (dative singular)
pulverum (dative plural)
pulveru (instrumental singular)
pulverum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *pulver

desc

Middle Low German: pulver, pulfer, pulffer, polver

→ Danish: pulver

→ Norwegian: pulver

→ Swedish: pulver (see there for further descendants)

→ Faroese: pulvur

Old Dutch: *pulver

Middle Dutch: pulver

Dutch: pulver

Old High German: pulver

Middle High German: pulver, pulfer, bulver

Bavarian: Puiver, Pulver

German: Pulver

Hunsrik: Pulver

Mòcheno: pulver

Yiddish: פּולווער (pulver)

From Latin pulverum, genitive plural of pulvis (“dust, powder”).


porr

porr (nominative singular)
porru (nominative plural)
porr (accusative singular)
porru (accusative plural)
porras (genitive singular)
porrō (genitive plural)
porrē (dative singular)
porrum (dative plural)
porru (instrumental singular)
porrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: porr
>? Middle English: porre (possibly reborrowed from Latin)

Old Saxon: porro m

Middle Low German: por

⇒ Old Saxon: *porruk (diminutive)

Middle Low German: pork m

→ Old Norse: porri

Old Dutch: *porr, *por

Middle Dutch: por, *pore, poor, puer m

Dutch: poor

Limburgish: poor

Old High German: pforro, phorro m

desc

Middle High German: pforre, phorre, pfarre


strunt

strunt (nominative singular)
struntō (nominative plural)
struntōs (nominative plural)
strunt (accusative singular)
struntā (accusative plural)
struntas (genitive singular)
struntō (genitive plural)
struntē (dative singular)
struntum (dative plural)
struntu (instrumental singular)
struntum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: strunt

Saterland Frisian: Strunt

West Frisian: stront

Old Saxon: *strunt

Middle Low German: strunt, stront

German Low German: Strunt

→ Swedish: strunt

→ Scots: strunt (also possibly from Dutch)

→ English: strunt

Old Dutch: *strunt

Middle Dutch: stront

Dutch: stront

Afrikaans: stront

Old High German: *strunz

Middle High German: *strunz

German: Strunz (in surnames)

→ Middle Low German: struns

→ Italian: stronzo

⇒ Italian: stronzolo

→ Sicilian: strunzu

→ Late Latin: struntus

Old French: estront

Middle French: étront

French: étron

Unknown. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“stiff, rigid”). If so, then related to Proto-West Germanic *strunk (“stump”).


mudi

mudi (nominative singular)
muddjō (nominative plural)
muddjōs (nominative plural)
mudi (accusative singular)
muddjā (accusative plural)
muddjas (genitive singular)
muddjō (genitive plural)
muddjē (dative singular)
muddjum (dative plural)
muddju (instrumental singular)
muddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mydd

Old Saxon: muddi

Middle High German: müdde

German Low German: Müdde

Old High German: mutti

Middle High German: mütte, mut, , mutte, , müt, , mut

German: Mütt


sali

sali (nominative singular)
salī (nominative plural)
sali (accusative singular)
salī (accusative plural)
salī (genitive singular)
salljō (genitive plural)
salī (dative singular)
salim (dative plural)
salljum (dative plural)
salī (instrumental singular)
salim (instrumental plural)
salljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sele; salor (< *salr)

Middle English: sele; sal, sale, *saler

Scots: salur, saller, sellar

Old Frisian: *sele

Saterland Frisian: Selscop, Sälskup

West Frisian: seale

Old Saxon: seli, *sali

Middle Low German: sel, sal, sāl

German Low German: Saal

Old Dutch: *sali, *seli

Middle Dutch: sāle, sāel

Dutch: zaal

Afrikaans: saal

Old High German: sali

Middle High German: sal

German: Saal

→ Russian: зал (zal)

Hunsrik: Saal

Luxembourgish: Sall

→ Asturian: sala

→ Catalan: sala

→ Italian: sala, ⇒ salone

→ Middle French: salon

French: salon

→ English: salon, saloon

→ Dutch: saloon

→ Dutch: salon

→ Galician: saa, sáa

→ Occitan: sala

→ Portuguese: sala

→ Spanish: sala

→ Old French: sale

Middle French: salle

French: salle


risi

risi (nominative singular)
risī (nominative plural)
risi (accusative singular)
risī (accusative plural)
risī (genitive singular)
rissjō (genitive plural)
risī (dative singular)
risim (dative plural)
rissjum (dative plural)
risī (instrumental singular)
risim (instrumental plural)
rissjum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *rise

Saterland Frisian: Riese

West Frisian: reis

Old Saxon: *risi, *wrisi

Middle Low German: rêse

German Low German:

Bentheimisch: Ries

Westmünsterländisch: Riese

⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīk (“giant”, adj)

desc

⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīko (“gigantic”, adverb)

Old Dutch: *risi

Middle Dutch: rêse, rôse, ruese

desctree

Dutch: reus
Afrikaans: reus
→ West Frisian: reus

Old High German: risi

Middle High German: rise

German: Riese

Luxembourgish: Ris

wrisio

>? *wrisijō (“giant”) (+ *-ijō); Old Saxon

wrisil

>? *wrisil (“giant, hero”) (+ *-il); Old Saxon

wrisil

>? *wrisil (“giant, hero”) (+ *-il); Old Dutch


kald

kald (nominative singular)
kaldu (nominative plural)
kald (accusative singular)
kaldu (accusative plural)
kaldas (genitive singular)
kaldō (genitive plural)
kaldē (dative singular)
kaldum (dative plural)
kaldu (instrumental singular)
kaldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeald, cald

Middle English: cold, cald, chald

English: cold

Scots: cald

Old Saxon: *kald

Middle Low German: kalde, kōlde, kulde

Old Dutch: *kald, *kalt

desc

Middle Dutch: colde, calde, coude, couwe, cout

Dutch: koud

Old High German: *kalt

Middle High German: kalt, kalte, kalde

German: Kalte


karu

karu (nominative singular)
karō (nominative plural)
karā (accusative singular)
karā (accusative plural)
karā (genitive singular)
karō (genitive plural)
karē (dative singular)
karōm (dative plural)
karum (dative plural)
karu (instrumental singular)
karōm (instrumental plural)
karum (instrumental plural)

Old English: caru, ċearu

Middle English: care

Scots: care, cair

English: care

Old Frisian: kara

Old Saxon: kara

Old Dutch: *cara

Middle Dutch: cāre

Old High German: chara, kara

Middle High German: kar

⇒ Middle High German: karvrītac (“Good Friday”)

Cimbrian: Kalbraitag

German: Karfreitag

Luxembourgish: Karfreideg

⇒ Cimbrian: kartag


tūn

tūn (nominative singular)
tūnō (nominative plural)
tūnōs (nominative plural)
tūn (accusative singular)
tūnā (accusative plural)
tūnas (genitive singular)
tūnō (genitive plural)
tūnē (dative singular)
tūnum (dative plural)
tūnu (instrumental singular)
tūnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)
Middle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune
English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)
→ Chichewa: tawuni
→ Jersey Dutch: tāun
→ Pennsylvania German: Taun
→ Japanese: タウン (taun)
Geordie English: toon
Scots: toun, tone, toon, town
Yola: teoune, teoun

Old Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)

Saterland Frisian: Tuun

West Frisian: tún

Old Saxon: tūn (“fence”)

Middle Low German: tûn

German Low German: Tuun

Low German: Tuun

Old Dutch: tūn (“garden”)

Middle Dutch: tuun

Dutch: tuin
Afrikaans: tuin
Berbice Creole Dutch: tun
Skepi Creole Dutch: tun

Limburgish: toen

West Flemish: tuun

Zealandic: tuun

Old High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)
Middle High German: zūn, zoun
German: Zaun
Luxembourgish: Zonk
Vilamovian: caojn

desc

→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)


kākā

kākā (nominative singular)
kākōn (nominative plural)
kākōn (accusative singular)
kākōn (accusative plural)
kākōn (genitive singular)
kākōnō (genitive plural)
kākōn (dative singular)
kākōm (dative plural)
kākum (dative plural)
kākōn (instrumental singular)
kākōm (instrumental plural)
kākum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċēace, ċēce — Anglian
Middle English: cheke, cheek, cheeke, cheoke, chieke, chike, choke, chooke, chyke (merged with ċēoce)
English: cheek; choke
Scots: cheek

Old Saxon: *kāka

Middle Low German: kake, kāke

Old Dutch: *kāka

Middle Dutch: kâke, câke, kâk, caec

Dutch: kaak


kamp

kamp (nominative singular)
kampō (nominative plural)
kampōs (nominative plural)
kamp (accusative singular)
kampā (accusative plural)
kampas (genitive singular)
kampō (genitive plural)
kampē (dative singular)
kampum (dative plural)
kampu (instrumental singular)
kampum (instrumental plural)

Old English: camp
Middle English: kampe, komp, comp
English: camp (see there for further descendants)
Scots: camp

Old Frisian: komp

North Frisian: kåmp

Saterland Frisian: Kamp, Komp

West Frisian: kamp

Old Saxon: *kamp

Middle Low German: kamp

German Low German: Kamp

→ Danish: kamp

→ German: Kamp

→ Norwegian: kamp

→ Swedish: kamp

Old Dutch: *camp

Middle Dutch: camp

Dutch: kamp

Old High German: kampf

Middle High German: kampf

Bavarian: Kåmpf

German: Kampf

Yiddish: קאַמף (kamf)


beud

beud (nominative singular)
beudō (nominative plural)
beudōs (nominative plural)
beud (accusative singular)
beudā (accusative plural)
beudas (genitive singular)
beudō (genitive plural)
beudē (dative singular)
beudum (dative plural)
beudu (instrumental singular)
beudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēod
Middle English: beod, bied

Old Saxon: biod

Old High German: piot, biot

Middle High German: biet

Alemannic German: Biet n

Bavarian: Biete f

desc

→ Late Latin: beodus, beodis, beudus, beotus, obeodus, ibodus


laku

laku (nominative singular)
lakō (nominative plural)
lakā (accusative singular)
lakā (accusative plural)
lakā (genitive singular)
lakō (genitive plural)
lakē (dative singular)
lakōm (dative plural)
lakum (dative plural)
laku (instrumental singular)
lakōm (instrumental plural)
lakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lacu

Middle English: lake

Scots: lake

English: lake

gl

replacing native Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">lai</i>

→? Old French: lac (replacing native Old French lai)

Middle French: lac

French: lac

Old Frisian: *lake

perhaps merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*lagu</i>

>? Saterland Frisian: Loge (“brine”) (perhaps merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *lagu)

Old Saxon: laca (in placenames)

Middle Low German: lāke

German Low German: Lake, Laak

→ German: Lake

Old Dutch: *laka

Middle Dutch: lāke

Dutch: laak

Old High German: lacha, *lahha

Middle High German: lache

German: Lache, Lacke (Austria)

Luxembourgish: Laach

→ Vulgar Latin: *lacca

Italian: lacca

q

merged with descendant of Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">laqueus</i> (“knot, noose, snare, trap”)

>? Old Occitan: lac, laz, latz (“pit, trench, pitfall”) (merged with descendant of Latin laqueus (“knot, noose, snare, trap”))


agu

agu (nominative singular)
agō (nominative plural)
agā (accusative singular)
agā (accusative plural)
agā (genitive singular)
agō (genitive plural)
agē (dative singular)
agōm (dative plural)
agum (dative plural)
agu (instrumental singular)
agōm (instrumental plural)
agum (instrumental plural)

Old English: agu

Old Frisian: *age

⇒ Old Frisian: *agke (diminutive)

West Frisian: akke

Old High German: aga

Middle High German: age (glossed once)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Germanic *agō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱ-éh₂, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *-éh₂; however, the variant *ag-ad- ~ *ag-at- perhaps points to a substrate borrowing, compare *magu (“boy”), *magaþ (“girl”).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


skot

skot (nominative singular)
skotu (nominative plural)
skot (accusative singular)
skotu (accusative plural)
skotas (genitive singular)
skotō (genitive plural)
skotē (dative singular)
skotum (dative plural)
skotu (instrumental singular)
skotum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċot

Middle English: shot

Scots: schot, schote, schoit

English: shot

Old Frisian: skot

Saterland Frisian: Skoat

West Frisian: skot

Old Saxon: skot

Middle Low German: schot

German Low German: Schott

Old Dutch: *skot

Middle Dutch: schot, scot

Dutch: schot

Afrikaans: skot

Old High German: scoz

Middle High German: schoz

German: Schoss

Yiddish: שאָס (shos)

→ Old French: escoz, escot

Middle French: escot

French: écot


morgin

murgin (nominative singular)
murginō (nominative plural)
murginōs (nominative plural)
murgin (accusative singular)
murginā (accusative plural)
murginas (genitive singular)
murginō (genitive plural)
murginē (dative singular)
murginum (dative plural)
murginu (instrumental singular)
murginum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: morgen, margen — Mercian, merġen, mergen, meriġen, merien, myrġen
Middle English: morwe, morȝen, morwen, morn
English: morrow; morn
Scots: morrow, morra; morn

Old Frisian: morgen, mergen, morn, mern

North Frisian: miern

Saterland Frisian: Mäiden

West Frisian: moarn

Old Saxon: morgan
Middle Low German: morgen
German Low German: Mörgen
German Low German: Morgen, Morrn
Dutch Low Saxon: morgen, morren

Old Dutch: morgan, *margan, *mergin

desc

Middle Dutch: morgen, morghen, margen, marghen, mergen

Dutch: morgen

desctree

Old High German: morgan
Middle High German: morgen, morn
Alemannic German: moorn, moore (Glarus, Uri, Unterwalden), mooru (Valais), moore
Alsatian: Müggen
Swabian: Morga, Moriga
Walser: morge
Bavarian: Morgen, Muagn, Muang
Cimbrian: mòrng, morgan, mòrgont
Mòcheno: morng
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meuend
Luxembourgish: Mueren, Moien
German: Morgen
→ English: morgen
→ Polish: morga, mórg
Hessian: Mojje
Vilamovian: miügia
Yiddish: מאָרגן (morgn)


teru

teru (nominative singular)
teru (nominative plural)
teru (accusative singular)
teru (accusative plural)
terwas (genitive singular)
terwō (genitive plural)
terwē (dative singular)
terum (dative plural)
teru (instrumental singular)
terum (instrumental plural)

Old English: teoru

Middle English: ter, terr, tarr

English: tar

Scots: terr, ter, tar

Old Frisian: tere

North Frisian: tjär

Saterland Frisian: Taar

West Frisian: tarre, tar

Old Saxon: *tero

Middle Low German: tēre, tēr

→ German: Teer

q

→ Rhine Franconian: Zeer (northern Hessian; likely borrowed and adapted)

Old Dutch: *tero

Middle Dutch: terre, teer, tar

Dutch: teer

Afrikaans: teer


magu

magu (nominative singular)
magiwi (nominative plural)
magō (nominative plural)
magu (accusative singular)
magū (accusative plural)
magō (genitive singular)
magiwō (genitive plural)
magiwi (dative singular)
magō (dative singular)
magum (dative plural)
magu (instrumental singular)
magum (instrumental plural)

Old English: magu, mago

Old Frisian: *mago, mage

Old Saxon: magu

Old High German: *mago

⇒ Old High German: *magozogo, magazogo

Middle High German: magezoge


kran

kran (nominative singular)
kranō (nominative plural)
kranōs (nominative plural)
kran (accusative singular)
kranā (accusative plural)
kranas (genitive singular)
kranō (genitive plural)
kranē (dative singular)
kranum (dative plural)
kranu (instrumental singular)
kranum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cran
Middle English: crane, krane, cranne, craane, crone, craune
English: crane (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cran
Yola: kraanberry, kraaneberry

Old Frisian: *kran, *kron

Saterland Frisian: Kroan

Old Saxon: kran

Old High German: *kran

Middle High German: kran

German: Kran (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Kran

From Proto-Germanic *kranaz, a variant of *kranô.


badi

badi (nominative singular)
baddju (nominative plural)
badi (accusative singular)
baddju (accusative plural)
baddjas (genitive singular)
baddjō (genitive plural)
baddjē (dative singular)
baddjum (dative plural)
baddju (instrumental singular)
baddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bedd, bed, bædd
Middle English: bedde, bed
English: bed
Scots: bede, bed

Old Frisian: bedd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: baad
Helgoland: Baad
Mooring: beed
Saterland Frisian: Bääd
West Frisian: bêd

Old Saxon: bed, bedd, beddi
Middle Low German: bedde
Low German: Bett
Dutch Low Saxon: bedde
German Low German: Bedd
Plautdietsch: Bad, Bed
→ Icelandic: beddi

Old Dutch: beddi

Middle Dutch: bedde
Dutch: bed
Afrikaans: bed
Berbice Creole Dutch: bedi
Negerhollands: bet, bedi, bere, bedde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bedi (archaic)
Skepi Creole Dutch: bede
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèt
→? Mohegan-Pequot: beed
→ Papiamentu: bèt, bèchi, bèrchi, bed
→ Saramaccan: bédi
→? Sranan Tongo: bedi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bedi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèḍi
→ Kari'na: bedi
Limburgish: bèd
→ French: bedde (“matress”) (dialectal)

Old High German: betti, beti

Middle High German: bette, bete, bet

Alemannic German: Bett

Swabian: Bedd

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: pett

German: Bett (“bed”), Beet (“flowerbed”)

→ Danish: bed

Norwegian Bokmål: bed

Luxembourgish: Bett

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Bett

Vilamovian: bet


listi

listi (nominative singular)
listī (nominative plural)
listi (accusative singular)
listī (accusative plural)
listī (genitive singular)
listijō (genitive plural)
listī (dative singular)
listim (dative plural)
listijum (dative plural)
listī (instrumental singular)
listim (instrumental plural)
listijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: list

Middle English: liste

English: list

Scots: list

Old Frisian: list, lest

Saterland Frisian: List

West Frisian: list

Old Saxon: list

Middle Low German: list

German Low German: List

Low German: list

Old Dutch: list

Middle Dutch: list

Dutch: list

Old High German: list

Middle High German: list

German: List


fani

fani (nominative singular)
fannju (nominative plural)
fani (accusative singular)
fannju (accusative plural)
fannjas (genitive singular)
fannjō (genitive plural)
fannjē (dative singular)
fannjum (dative plural)
fannju (instrumental singular)
fannjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fenn, fen, fænn, fæn, feon, fien
Middle English: fen, fenne, ven
English: fen
Scots: fen
Yola: ven

Old Frisian: fene, fenne, fane

North Frisian: fenn

Saterland Frisian: Foan

West Frisian: fean

Old Saxon: feni, fenni

Middle Low German: venne, vēn, ven

German Low German: Fenne

Old Dutch: *feni
Middle Dutch: vēne
Dutch: veen
Middle Dutch: venne
Dutch: ven

Old High German: fenni

Middle High German: venne (rare, northern)

German: Fenn, Venn (chiefly based on Low German)

→ Old French: *fagne

Walloon: fanie, fagne

→ French: fagne


albi

albi (nominative singular)
albī (nominative plural)
albi (accusative singular)
albī (accusative plural)
albī (genitive singular)
albijō (genitive plural)
albī (dative singular)
albim (dative plural)
albijum (dative plural)
albī (instrumental singular)
albim (instrumental plural)
albijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ielf, ælf, ylf
Middle English: elf, elfe, helfe
English: elf (see there for further descendants)
Scots: elf
Yola: elf

Old Frisian: *alf, *elf

West Frisian: alve

Old Saxon: alf

Middle Low German: alf

Old Dutch: *alf

Middle Dutch: alf

Dutch: alf

Old High German: alb, alp

German: Alb, Alp


munit

munit (nominative singular)
munitō (nominative plural)
munitōs (nominative plural)
munit (accusative singular)
munitā (accusative plural)
munitas (genitive singular)
munitō (genitive plural)
munitē (dative singular)
munitum (dative plural)
munitu (instrumental singular)
munitum (instrumental plural)
munit (nominative singular)
munitu (nominative plural)
munit (accusative singular)
munitu (accusative plural)
munitas (genitive singular)
munitō (genitive plural)
munitē (dative singular)
munitum (dative plural)
munitu (instrumental singular)
munitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mynet n
Middle English: mynt, munet
English: mint
→ Old Norse: mynt
Old Danish: mynt
Danish: mønt
Icelandic: mynt
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: mynt
Norwegian Nynorsk: mynt
Old Swedish: mynt
Swedish: mynt
→ Finnish: myntti

Old Frisian: mente f

Old Saxon: munita f

Old Dutch: munita f

Middle Dutch: munte

Dutch: munt

Old High German: muniz m, munizza f

German: Münze

→ Slovak: minca


taru

taru (nominative singular)
tarwō (nominative plural)
tarwā (accusative singular)
tarwā (accusative plural)
tarwā (genitive singular)
tarwō (genitive plural)
tarwē (dative singular)
tarwōm (dative plural)
tarum (dative plural)
taru (instrumental singular)
tarwōm (instrumental plural)
tarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *taru

q

Middle English: tare (or possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch or Low German)

English: tare

Scots: tare, tere, teer

Old Saxon: *tarwa

Middle Low German: tarwe, terwe

German Low German:

Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch: Tarwe

Old Dutch: *tarwa

Middle Dutch: tarwe, taerwe, teerwe

Dutch: tarwe, terwe, terve, terf (dialectal)

⇒ Dutch: tarwemeel

Afrikaans: tarwe

⇒ Old Dutch: Tarwedic (toponym)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *tarwō, from Proto-Indo-European *dér(H)-uh₂ ~ *dr̥(H)-wéh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *der(H)- (“to tear, crack”). Cognate with Lithuanian dirvà (“field”), Russian дере́вня (derévnja, “village, thorp”), Ancient Greek δάρατος (dáratos, “bread”), Sanskrit दूर्वा (dū́rvā, “panic grass, millet”), Welsh drewg (“darnel”).


pinti

pinti (nominative singular)
pintī (nominative plural)
pinti (accusative singular)
pintī (accusative plural)
pintī (genitive singular)
pintijō (genitive plural)
pintī (dative singular)
pintim (dative plural)
pintijum (dative plural)
pintī (instrumental singular)
pintim (instrumental plural)
pintijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: pint

North Frisian: pint

Old Saxon: *pint

Middle Low German: pint, pitte, pit

German Low German: Pint

→? West Frisian: pyt

→ Middle High German: pint

→ Swedish: pitt, pit (dialectal)

→ Danish: pint

⇒? Middle Low German: pāpenpint

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: rȫdenpint, reunpint

West Flemish: pint (“spike, peak”)

Uncertain. Possibly related to Old Irish benn, bend (“point, peak, prong”), which postulates an Indo-European root *bendʰ- (“to project, protrude, jut; peak”), and thus a pre-Germanic *bendʰno-. Alternatively, perhaps connected with Latin pēnis (“tail, penis”). Compare also Proto-Germanic *faslaz (“offspring”), whence Old English fæsl, Old High German fasal, Old Norse fösull.


awal

awal (nominative singular)
awalō (nominative plural)
awalōs (nominative plural)
awal (accusative singular)
awalā (accusative plural)
awalas (genitive singular)
awalō (genitive plural)
awalē (dative singular)
awalum (dative plural)
awalu (instrumental singular)
awalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: awel


laist

laist (nominative singular)
laistō (nominative plural)
laistōs (nominative plural)
laist (accusative singular)
laistā (accusative plural)
laistas (genitive singular)
laistō (genitive plural)
laistē (dative singular)
laistum (dative plural)
laistu (instrumental singular)
laistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lāst

Middle English: last

English: last

Scots: last

Old Frisian: *lāst, *lēst

Saterland Frisian: Läist

West Frisian: least

Old Saxon: *lēst

Middle Low German: lêst, leist

Old Dutch: *lēst

Middle Dutch: lêest

Dutch: leest

Afrikaans: lees

Old High German: leist

Middle High German: leist

German: Leisten


hugi

hugi (nominative singular)
hugī (nominative plural)
hugi (accusative singular)
hugī (accusative plural)
hugī (genitive singular)
huggjō (genitive plural)
hugī (dative singular)
hugim (dative plural)
huggjum (dative plural)
hugī (instrumental singular)
hugim (instrumental plural)
huggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hyġe, hiġe
Middle English: hige, huȝe, huiȝe, hiȝe, huie, hiȝ, hie

Old Frisian: hei
North Frisian: huwggje

Old Saxon: hugi

Middle Low German: hoge, höge

Low German: Höög

Old Dutch: *hugi

Middle Dutch: hōge, huege

Dutch: heug
→ West Frisian: heuch

Old High German: *hugi

Middle High German: huge, hoge, hüge


akarn

Old English: æcern
Middle English: acorn
English: acorn
Scots: aicorn

Old Frisian: *akern

Saterland Frisian: Äkkene

West Frisian: aker

Old Saxon: *akeran
Middle Low German: ākeren, ackeren, ēkeren, eckeren
German Low German: Ecker
Low German: eckeren

Old Dutch: *akeran

Middle Dutch: aecker, aker

Dutch: aker

Afrikaans: akker

Old High German: *akeran, *ekerin

desc

Middle High German: ackeran, eckeren, eckern, ecker

German: Ackeran, Ecker

→? Old French: aigrun

Middle French: aigrun, aigrin, egrun

French: aigrin, égrain


handu

handu (nominative singular)
handiwi (nominative plural)
handō (nominative plural)
handu (accusative singular)
handū (accusative plural)
handō (genitive singular)
handiwō (genitive plural)
handiwi (dative singular)
handō (dative singular)
handum (dative plural)
handu (instrumental singular)
handum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hand, hond
Middle English: hond, hand
English: hand
Scots: hand, haund
Yola: hoane

Old Frisian: hond, hand
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hun
Hallig: höön
Heligoland: Hun
Mooring: hönj
North Goesharde: houn
Saterland Frisian: Hounde
West Frisian: hân

Old Saxon: hand
Middle Low German: hant
German Low German: Hand
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Hand
Lippisch: Hand
Ravensbergisch: Hand
Plautdietsch: Haunt

Old Dutch: hant
Middle Dutch: hant
Dutch: hand
Limburgish: handj
Zealandic: and

Old High German: hant
Middle High German: hant
Bavarian: Hånd
Cimbrian: hant
Mòcheno: hònt
German: Hand
Hunsrik: Hand
Luxembourgish: Hand
Vilamovian: haond
Yiddish: האַנט (hant)


markat

markat (nominative singular)
markatō (nominative plural)
markatōs (nominative plural)
markat (accusative singular)
markatā (accusative plural)
markatas (genitive singular)
markatō (genitive plural)
markatē (dative singular)
markatum (dative plural)
markatu (instrumental singular)
markatum (instrumental plural)

Old English: market n

Middle English: market, marcat, markat, marked, marketh, markete, markett, markette, markyth, mercatt, merket, merketh, merkett (Late Middle English) (reinforced by Old Norse and Old French)
English: market (see there for further descendants)
Middle Scots: market, mercat
Scots: market
Yola: maarkeet, markeat

Old Frisian: merkad, merked, marked

West Frisian: mereke

Old Saxon: markat

desc

Middle Low German: market, markt, mark, merket

desctree

→ Old Norse: markaðr
Icelandic: markaður
Faroese: marknaður
Norwegian Nynorsk: marknad
Swedish: marknad
Danish: marked
Norwegian Bokmål: marked
→ Welsh: marchnad

Old Dutch: *markat

Middle Dutch: market, marct

Dutch: markt
Afrikaans: mark
Negerhollands: markt, market

Old High German: marchat, markat, marcat
Middle High German: market, markt, mart, merket, merk
Alemannic German: Märcht
Bavarian: Morkt
Central Franconian: Maat, Mart (less common)
German: Markt
Luxembourgish: Maart
Yiddish: מאַרק (mark)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin marcatus, from Late Latin marcātus, from Latin mercātus.


kauli

kauli (nominative singular)
kaulī (nominative plural)
kauli (accusative singular)
kaulī (accusative plural)
kaulī (genitive singular)
kaulijō (genitive plural)
kaulī (dative singular)
kaulim (dative plural)
kaulijum (dative plural)
kaulī (instrumental singular)
kaulim (instrumental plural)
kaulijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cāwel, cāwl, cāul, cāl
Middle English: col, coul, coyl, cal, kal (Northern)
English: cole, kale, kail
Scots: cale, caill, kail
Yola: kaayle, Coolpeach
→ Irish: cál
→ Old Norse: kál
Icelandic: kál
Faroese: kál
Norwegian: kål
Old Danish: kaal
Danish: kål
Old Swedish: kāl
Swedish: kål
→ Finnish: kaali
Elfdalian: ką̊l
→ Scottish Gaelic: càl

Old Frisian: *kāl (likely borrowed)

Saterland Frisian: Kool

West Frisian: koal

Old Saxon: kōli, kōl

desc

Middle Low German: kôl, koel, koil, kohl, kohel

German Low German:

Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (South Westphalian): Kaol

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Koal (Grafschaft)

Sauerländisch (Assinghausen, Eslohe, Felbecke), East Westphalian (Lipp): Kaul

Sauerländisch: Käol, Keyel (Niedersfeld), Koul (Attendorn, Drolshagen), Köel (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: Kool

East Westphalian: Käul (Ravensberg)

Old Dutch: *kōli, *kōl

Middle Dutch: cole, col

Dutch: kool

Afrikaans: kool

Old High German: kōli, kōl m, kōla f

Middle High German: kōl, koele, koel

Bavarian: Keel, Kel

→ Hungarian: kel

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кељ

Latin script: kelj

→ Slovak: kel

German: Kohl

Borrowed from Latin caulis, caulus (“stalk, stem; cabbage”).


futi

futi (nominative singular)
futī (nominative plural)
futi (accusative singular)
futī (accusative plural)
futī (genitive singular)
futtjō (genitive plural)
futī (dative singular)
futim (dative plural)
futtjum (dative plural)
futī (instrumental singular)
futim (instrumental plural)
futtjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *fut

Middle Low German: vut, vot, fut

→ Dutch: vot

→ Middle High German: vut, fut

Central Franconian: Fott

German: Fut


limu

limu (nominative singular)
limiwi (nominative plural)
limō (nominative plural)
limu (accusative singular)
limū (accusative plural)
limō (genitive singular)
limiwō (genitive plural)
limiwi (dative singular)
limō (dative singular)
limum (dative plural)
limu (instrumental singular)
limum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lim, lym n

Middle English: lyme, lim

Scots: lim, lym

English: limb

Old Saxon: *limu, *lim

Middle Low German: lem n (“limb”) (possibly borrowed from Scandinavian)

Old Dutch: *limu

Middle Dutch: lēme (“fishbone, stubble of flax”)

Dutch: leem (“pine needle”)

⇒ Old Dutch: druhtlimig


heru

heru (nominative singular)
hiriwi (nominative plural)
herō (nominative plural)
heru (accusative singular)
herū (accusative plural)
herō (genitive singular)
hiriwō (genitive plural)
hiriwi (dative singular)
herō (dative singular)
herum (dative plural)
heru (instrumental singular)
herum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heoru

Old Saxon: *heru (in compounds)

⇒ Old Saxon: heruband

⇒ Old Saxon: herudrōrag (adjective)

⇒ Old Saxon: herugrimm, herugrim (adjective)

⇒ Old Saxon: herusēl

⇒ Old Saxon: heruthrumm, heruthrum


topp

topp (nominative singular)
toppō (nominative plural)
toppōs (nominative plural)
topp (accusative singular)
toppā (accusative plural)
toppas (genitive singular)
toppō (genitive plural)
toppē (dative singular)
toppum (dative plural)
toppu (instrumental singular)
toppum (instrumental plural)

Old English: top, topp; toppa

desctree

Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop
English: top
→ French: top
→ German: Top
→ Vietnamese: tốp
Scots: tap

Old Frisian: topp, top

North Frisian: top, tap, tup

Saterland Frisian: Top

West Frisian: top; toppe

Old Saxon: *top

Middle Low German: top

Low German: Topp

→ German: Topp

Old Dutch: *topp, *top

Middle Dutch: top, topp

Dutch: top

Old High German: zoph
Middle Low German: zopf
Cimbrian: sòpf
German: Zopf
Hunsrik: Zopp
Luxembourgish: Zapp
Vilamovian: cöp
Yiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)
→ Italian: zuffa

→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”).


skatt

skatt (nominative singular)
skattō (nominative plural)
skattōs (nominative plural)
skatt (accusative singular)
skattā (accusative plural)
skattas (genitive singular)
skattō (genitive plural)
skattē (dative singular)
skattum (dative plural)
skattu (instrumental singular)
skattum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċeatt
Middle English: schat, sat, schet, scet
→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta
→ English: sceat

Old Frisian: skett, skat, sket, schet

Saterland Frisian: Skät

West Frisian: skat

Old Saxon: skat
Middle Low German: schat
German Low German: Schatt

Old Dutch: skat

Middle Dutch: schat
Dutch: schat
Afrikaans: skat
Limburgish: sjat

Old High German: skaz, scaz
Middle High German: schaz, schatz
German: Schatz (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Schatz

→ Old French: escat


hland

hland (nominative singular)
hlandu (nominative plural)
hland (accusative singular)
hlandu (accusative plural)
hlandas (genitive singular)
hlandō (genitive plural)
hlandē (dative singular)
hlandum (dative plural)
hlandu (instrumental singular)
hlandum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hland, hlond

Middle English: *land

Scots: lint

English: land, lant

Old Dutch: *land

Middle Dutch: lant


stokk

stokk (nominative singular)
stokkō (nominative plural)
stokkōs (nominative plural)
stokk (accusative singular)
stokkā (accusative plural)
stokkas (genitive singular)
stokkō (genitive plural)
stokkē (dative singular)
stokkum (dative plural)
stokku (instrumental singular)
stokkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stocc

Middle English: stokke, stocke, stok

Scots: stok

English: stock

Old Frisian: stokk, stok

Saterland Frisian: Stok

West Frisian: stoak

Old Saxon: stokk

Middle Low German: stok

German Low German: Stock

Old Dutch: *stoc

Middle Dutch: stoc

Dutch: stok

Old High German: stoc

Middle High German: stoc

Central Franconian: Stock

German: Stock

Luxembourgish: Stack

→ Old French: estoc

Middle French: estoc, estot

French: étau; estoc

→ Italian: stocco

→ Portuguese: estoco, estocar

→ Sicilian: stoccu, stuccari


katil

katil (nominative singular)
katilō (nominative plural)
katilōs (nominative plural)
katil (accusative singular)
katilā (accusative plural)
katilas (genitive singular)
katilō (genitive plural)
katilē (dative singular)
katilum (dative plural)
katilu (instrumental singular)
katilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċietel, ċietil, ċytel, ċitel, ċetel
Middle English: ketel, chetel, chetill, chetyle, chitel, ketell, ketil, ketyl, ketylle (conflated with Old Norse ketill)
English: kettle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kettle, kittle

Old Frisian: tsietel, zetel, szetel, sthitil, ketel, tsetel
North Frisian:
Förh-Amrum: sedel
Sylt: Serel
Saterland Frisian: Seetel
West Frisian: tsjettel

Old Saxon: ketil

Middle Low German: kētel, kettel

Plautdietsch: Kjätel

Old Dutch: *ketil

Middle Dutch: ketel

Dutch: ketel
Afrikaans: ketel
Berbice Creole Dutch: ketle
Jersey Dutch: kêtel
Negerhollands: keetel, kitl
→ Caribbean Javanese: kètèl
→ Indonesian: ketel
→ Papiamentu: ketel
→ Sranan Tongo: ketre
→ Saramaccan: ketè

Old High German: kezzil, chezzil
Middle High German: kezzel
Cimbrian: khéssel
German: Kessel
Hunsrik: Kessel
Luxembourgish: Kessel
Pennsylvania German: Kessel
Vilamovian: kesuł
Yiddish: קעסל (kesl)


fak

fak (nominative singular)
faku (nominative plural)
fak (accusative singular)
faku (accusative plural)
fakas (genitive singular)
fakō (genitive plural)
fakē (dative singular)
fakum (dative plural)
faku (instrumental singular)
fakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæc, fec

Middle English: fæc, fec

English: fack

Scots: faik, feck, fauk

Old Frisian: fak, fek

Saterland Frisian: Fäk

West Frisian: fek

Old Saxon: fac, fak

Middle Low German: vak

German Low German: Fack

→ Danish: fag

→ Icelandic: fag

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fag

Norwegian Nynorsk: fag

→ Swedish: fack

Old Dutch: *fak

Middle Dutch: vac

Dutch: vak
Afrikaans: vak
→ Indonesian: vak

Old High German: fah
Middle High German: vach
German: Fach
→ English: Fach
→ Esperanto: fako
→ Kashubian: fach
→ Luxembourgish: Fach
→ Polish: fach
Yiddish: פֿאַך (fakh)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *faką, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fix, fasten”), with the intermediatory meaning of “fixed divisions”, compare Latin pāgus (“division, district”).


damm

damm (nominative singular)
dammō (nominative plural)
dammōs (nominative plural)
damm (accusative singular)
dammā (accusative plural)
dammas (genitive singular)
dammō (genitive plural)
dammē (dative singular)
dammum (dative plural)
dammu (instrumental singular)
dammum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *damm, *dam (in derivatives)

Middle English: damme, dam

Scots: dam

English: dam

Old Frisian: dam, dom

Saterland Frisian: Dom

West Frisian: dam

Old Saxon: *damm, *dam

Middle Low German: dam, damm

Low German: Damm

Plautdietsch: Daum

Old Dutch: *damm, dam (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: dam

Dutch: dam

Old High German: *tamm

Middle High German: tam, tamm

German: Damm, Tham

Hunsrik: Damm

Luxembourgish: Damm


biskop

biskop (nominative singular)
biskopō (nominative plural)
biskopōs (nominative plural)
biskop (accusative singular)
biskopā (accusative plural)
biskopas (genitive singular)
biskopō (genitive plural)
biskopē (dative singular)
biskopum (dative plural)
biskopu (instrumental singular)
biskopum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bisċop
Middle English: bischop, bisschop, bisshop, byschop, bishup, busshop, bushop, busschop, bysshop, bissop, biscop, bisscopp
English: bishop (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bishop
→ Old Norse: biskup
Icelandic: biskup
Faroese: biskupur
Norwegian Bokmål: biskop, bisp
Norwegian Nynorsk: biskop, bisp
Old Swedish: biskoper, biskuper
Swedish: biskop
→ Finnish: piispa
Danish: biskop

Old Frisian: biskop

Saterland Frisian: Biskop

West Frisian: biskop

Old Saxon: biskop

desc

Middle Low German: bischop, bischop, biscop

German Low German: Bischopp

Old Dutch: biskop

Middle Dutch: bischop

desctree

Dutch: bisschop
Afrikaans: biskop
→? Mahican: bishop
→ Malay: biskop
Indonesian: biskop
→ Sranan Tongo: biskop

Old High German: biscof, biskof
Middle High German: bischof
Cimbrian: bissof
German: Bischof
Vilamovian: bisküp
Yiddish: בישאָף (bishof)

From Late Latin biscopus, ebiscopus, episcopus.


kuning

kuning (nominative singular)
kuningō (nominative plural)
kuningōs (nominative plural)
kuning (accusative singular)
kuningā (accusative plural)
kuningas (genitive singular)
kuningō (genitive plural)
kuningē (dative singular)
kuningum (dative plural)
kuningu (instrumental singular)
kuningum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyning, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kining, kuning, cyncg, cyngc, kyningc, kung — Northumbrian
Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
English: king (see there for further descendants)
Scots: keeng, king
Yola: kinge, king
→ English: cyning (learned)

Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
North Frisian: köning, könning, käning
Saterland Frisian: Kening
West Frisian: kening

Old Saxon: kuning
Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
Plautdietsch: Kjennich
→ Latgalian: kieneņš
→ Latvian: ķēniņš
→ Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig
→ West Frisian: keuning

Old Dutch: cuninc
Middle Dutch: cōninc
Dutch: koning
Afrikaans: koning
Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
→ Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
→ Sranan Tongo: kownu
→ Lokono: kónoe
→ Aukan: konu
→ Kari'na: konu
Limburgish: keuning

Old High German: kuning, cuning, chuninc, chuning, khuninc
Middle High German: künic, künec
Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
Cimbrian: khuuneg
German: König
Luxembourgish: Kinnek
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Keenich
Vilamovian: kyng
Yiddish: קיניג (kinig), קעניג (kenig)


cedr

cedr (nominative singular)
cedrō (nominative plural)
cedrōs (nominative plural)
cedr (accusative singular)
cedrā (accusative plural)
cedras (genitive singular)
cedrō (genitive plural)
cedrē (dative singular)
cedrum (dative plural)
cedru (instrumental singular)
cedrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeder, ċedar
Middle English: cedre (attested 1175 as cedrus (plural); merged with Old French cedre)
English: cedar
Scots: ceder, cedir

Old Frisian: *zeder, *seder

Saterland Frisian: Tseder

West Frisian: seder

Old Saxon: *zeder, *zeduar, *zedwer

desc

Middle Low German: sêder, sedder, ceder, cedder, sêdere, sêdewer, sêdwer, cedewer, tzedwer, seduer

Plautdietsch: Zeeda

Old Dutch: *ceder

Middle Dutch: cēder

desctree

Dutch: ceder
Afrikaans: seder
→ Sranan Tongo: sedre, redisedre
→ Aukan: sédé
→ Saramaccan: sedu

Old High German: *zēdar, *cēdar

desc

Middle High German: zēder, cēder, cēdar m

German: Zeder f


kō

kō (nominative singular)
kōi (nominative plural)
kō (accusative singular)
kōi (accusative plural)
kūi (genitive singular)
kūō (genitive plural)
kūi (dative singular)
kūm (dative plural)
kūi (instrumental singular)
kūm (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cū
Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow

Old Frisian: kū

North Frisian: ko, kø, kü

Sylt: Kü

Saterland Frisian: Ku

West Frisian: ko

Old Saxon: kō

desc

Middle Low German: kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku

German Low German: Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh

Plautdietsch: Koo

desctree

Old Dutch: cuo
Middle Dutch: coe
Dutch: koe (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: ków
West Flemish: koe

Old High German: kuo
Middle High German: kuo
Alemannic German: Chue
Alsatian: Küeh
Walser: Chua
Bavarian: Kuah
Cimbrian: khua
Mòcheno: kua
Central Franconian: Koh, Kuh
Hunsrik: Kuh
Luxembourgish: Kou
East Franconian: Kou, Kua, Kuu
German: Kuh
Pennsylvania German: Kuh
Vilamovian: kü
Yiddish: קו (ku)


hupi

hupi (nominative singular)
hupī (nominative plural)
hupi (accusative singular)
hupī (accusative plural)
hupī (genitive singular)
huppjō (genitive plural)
hupī (dative singular)
hupim (dative plural)
huppjum (dative plural)
hupī (instrumental singular)
hupim (instrumental plural)
huppjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hype
Middle English: hippe, hip
English: hip
Scots: hip

Old Frisian: *hepe, *hope

Saterland Frisian: Hepe

West Frisian: heupe, heup

Old Saxon: *hupi, *hup

q

the main form was <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">hüf</i>; from High German?

Middle Low German: hüp, hüf, hüfte (the main form was hüf; from High German?)

German Low German: Hüft

Plautdietsch: Hoft

→ Swedish: höft

→ Danish: hofte

→ Elfdalian: öft

→ Gutnish: höft, höift

→ Old Norse: huppr (in combination)

Icelandic: huppur

Faroese: huppur

Norwegian: hupp

desctree

Old Dutch: *hupi
Middle Dutch: hope, huepe
Dutch: heup
Afrikaans: heup
Negerhollands: hep, heep

Old High German: huf

Middle High German: huf, huft

Cimbrian: huff

⇒ Middle High German: hüfte pl

German: Hüfte

Luxembourgish: Hëft


daru

daru (nominative singular)
darō (nominative plural)
darā (accusative singular)
darā (accusative plural)
darā (genitive singular)
darō (genitive plural)
darē (dative singular)
darōm (dative plural)
darum (dative plural)
daru (instrumental singular)
darōm (instrumental plural)
darum (instrumental plural)

Old English: daru, dæru

>? Old Dutch: *dara

q

Middle Dutch: dāre (possibly derived from Middle Dutch dāren < Proto-West Germanic *darōn)

Old High German: tara


kalk

kalk (nominative singular)
kalkō (nominative plural)
kalkōs (nominative plural)
kalk (accusative singular)
kalkā (accusative plural)
kalkas (genitive singular)
kalkō (genitive plural)
kalkē (dative singular)
kalkum (dative plural)
kalku (instrumental singular)
kalkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċealc, cealk
Middle English: chalk, calke, chalke, schalk, schalke
English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk
Scots: cauk, cawk

Old Frisian: kalk

North Frisian:

Halligen: kalk

Sylt: Kualk

Saterland Frisian: Koolk

West Frisian: kalk

Old Saxon: kalk, calc
Middle Low German: kalk, kallik
Low German: Kalk
Plautdietsch: Kaulkj
→ Latvian: kaļķis
→ Scandinavian:
Icelandic: kalk
Faroese: kálk
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalk
Norwegian Bokmål: kalk
→ Lule Sami: kálkka (or from Swedish)
→ Southern Sami: kaalhke (or from Swedish)
Old Danish: kalk
Danish: kalk
Old Swedish: kalker
Swedish: kalk
→ Finnish: kalkki
→ Inari Sami: kalkkâ
→ Skolt Sami: kalkk
→ Northern Sami: kálka

Old Dutch: *kalk

Middle Dutch: calc

Dutch: kalk
Afrikaans: kalk
Negerhollands: kalk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kalk (dated)
→ Indonesian: kalk
→ Japanese: カルキ (karuki)
→ Papiamentu: karkó, kalki
→ Sranan Tongo: karki

Limburgish: kalk

Old High German: kalk, calc, calch, calck, chalc, chalch, chalh, kalck
Middle High German: kalc
Alemannic German: Chalch
Bavarian: Koich
Cimbrian: khalch
Hianzisch: Koli
Tyrol Bavarian: Kchoich
Central Franconian: Kallek, Kallik
Hunsrik: Kallik
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Kallich
Silesian: Koilk
Vilamovian: kiöelk
East Franconian: Kallich, Kollich
German: Kalk
Luxembourgish: Kallek
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Kalch, Kalsch
Palatine German: Kalk, Kalik
Pennsylvania German: Kallick, Kalk
Yiddish: קאַלכ (kalkh)

Borrowed from Latin calcem, accusative of calx (“lime”).


swester

swester (nominative singular)
swestar (nominative plural)
swestar (accusative singular)
swestar (accusative plural)
swestur (genitive singular)
swestrō (genitive plural)
swistri (dative singular)
swestrum (dative plural)
swistri (instrumental singular)
swestrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sweostor, swustor — Mercian, swester, suoester, soester — Northumbrian, swuster — West Saxon, swæstar, swestar, swystor, swystar — Anglian, sweoster, swystar, swyster
Middle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)
English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)
Scots: sister, syster
Yola: zister

Old Frisian: swester

Saterland Frisian: Suster

West Frisian: suster

Old Saxon: *swestar, *sustar

desc

Middle Low German: süster, suster, syster, söster

German Low German: Süster

Old Dutch: *swestar, *sustar

Middle Dutch: suster

Dutch: zuster

desctree

Old High German: swester
Middle High German: swëster, suster, süster
Alemannic German: Schwöschter
Italian Walser: schweschter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: sbestar, sbéstar, sbeistar
Mòcheno: schbester
Udinese: schbeschter, schbeister, sghbeistar
Central Franconian: Sester, Söster (obsolete)
German: Schwester
→ Central Franconian: Schwester
→ Luxembourgish: Schwëster
Hunsrik: Schwesder
Luxembourgish: Sëschter (archaic)
Pennsylvania German: Schweschder
Vilamovian: syster
Yiddish: שוועסטער (shvester)


igil

igil (nominative singular)
igilō (nominative plural)
igilōs (nominative plural)
igil (accusative singular)
igilā (accusative plural)
igilas (genitive singular)
igilō (genitive plural)
igilē (dative singular)
igilum (dative plural)
igilu (instrumental singular)
igilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: iġil, iġl, īl

Middle English: ile

Old Frisian: igel

West Frisian: ychel

Old Saxon: igil

Old Dutch: *igil
Middle Dutch: ēgel
Dutch: egel

Old High German: igil

Middle High German: igil

German: Igel

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: [iʒ̥l̩]

Vilamovian: ejggl


laik

laik (nominative singular)
laikō (nominative plural)
laikōs (nominative plural)
laik (accusative singular)
laikā (accusative plural)
laikas (genitive singular)
laikō (genitive plural)
laikē (dative singular)
laikum (dative plural)
laiku (instrumental singular)
laikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lāc n or f

Middle English: lake, lak, lac

English: lake

Old High German: leih

Middle High German: leich

German: Laich (“spawn”)

→ German: Leich ("song", learned borrowing)

→ Old French: lai

French: lai

→ Middle English: lay

English: lay


senap

senap (nominative singular)
senapō (nominative plural)
senapōs (nominative plural)
senap (accusative singular)
senapā (accusative plural)
senapas (genitive singular)
senapō (genitive plural)
senapē (dative singular)
senapum (dative plural)
senapu (instrumental singular)
senapum (instrumental plural)

Old English: senep, senap, senop
Middle English: senep

Old Saxon: *senap

desc

Middle Low German: sennep, sennip, senp, semp, senep, sēnap, sēnep, sānip

German Low German: Semp

→ Danish: sennep

→ Estonian: sinep

→ Norwegian: sennep

→ Swedish: senap

→ Finnish: sinappi

→ Faroese: sinoppur, sinnopur

→ Icelandic: sinnep

Old Dutch: *senap

Middle Dutch: senep, sennep

Dutch: zennep (dialectal)

Old High German: senaf

Middle High German: sënef, sënif, sënf

German: Senf

→ Macedonian: сенф (senf)

→ Serbo-Croatian: sȅnf

Yiddish: זענעפֿט (zeneft)

Borrowed from Latin sināpi. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃 (sinapis).


tord

tord (nominative singular)
tordu (nominative plural)
tord (accusative singular)
tordu (accusative plural)
tordas (genitive singular)
tordō (genitive plural)
tordē (dative singular)
tordum (dative plural)
tordu (instrumental singular)
tordum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tord
Middle English: tord, toord, torde
English: turd
Scots: tuird

Old Dutch: *tord, *tort

Middle Dutch: torde, torte, tort, toort

Dutch: tort

Old High German: zort

Middle High German: *zort, zurch, zürch

desc

German: (dialectal) Zort, (archaic) Zürch


rugi

rugi (nominative singular)
rugī (nominative plural)
rugi (accusative singular)
rugī (accusative plural)
rugī (genitive singular)
ruggjō (genitive plural)
rugī (dative singular)
rugim (dative plural)
ruggjum (dative plural)
rugī (instrumental singular)
rugim (instrumental plural)
ruggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ryġe, ryġi — early
Middle English: rye, rie, reye, reyghe, reyhe, ruye
English: rye
Scots: ry
Yola: ree
→? Old Welsh: ryc
Welsh: rhyg

ruġern

*rugaʀani (“rye-harvest month”) (+ *aʀani (“harvest”))


herut

herut (nominative singular)
herutō (nominative plural)
herutōs (nominative plural)
herut (accusative singular)
herutā (accusative plural)
herutas (genitive singular)
herutō (genitive plural)
herutē (dative singular)
herutum (dative plural)
herutu (instrumental singular)
herutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorot, heorut, heort
Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
English: hart
Scots: hert

Old Frisian: hert

Saterland Frisian: Hart

West Frisian: hart

Old Saxon: hirut, hirot

Middle Low German: herte, harte

⇒ German Low German: Hartbuck

Old Dutch: hirut
Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
Dutch: hert
Afrikaans: hert
Limburgish: hèrtj

Old High German: hiruz, hirz
Middle High German: hirz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hirsch
Mòcheno: hirsch
German: Hirsch
→ Luxembourgish: Hirsch
→ North Frisian: hirsk
→ Plautdietsch: Hersch
→ Saterland Frisian: Hirsk
Luxembourgish: Hierz (archaic)
Yiddish: הירש (hirsh)


fat

fat (nominative singular)
fatu (nominative plural)
fat (accusative singular)
fatu (accusative plural)
fatas (genitive singular)
fatō (genitive plural)
fatē (dative singular)
fatum (dative plural)
fatu (instrumental singular)
fatum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæt

Middle English: fat, fet, vat, vet

Scots: fat, vat, vautt

English: fat, vat

Old Frisian: fet

Saterland Frisian: Fät

West Frisian: fet

Old Saxon: fat

Middle Low German: vat

German Low German: Fatt

Low German: Vat

Old Dutch: fat, vat

Middle Dutch: vat

Dutch: vat, vaat

Old High German: faz

Middle High German: vaz, vas

Cimbrian: vass, bass (Mezzaselva)

German: Fass

Luxembourgish: Faass


hlid

hlid (nominative singular)
hlidu (nominative plural)
hlid (accusative singular)
hlidu (accusative plural)
hlidas (genitive singular)
hlidō (genitive plural)
hlidē (dative singular)
hlidum (dative plural)
hlidu (instrumental singular)
hlidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlid
Middle English: lid
English: lid

Old Frisian: *hlid

Saterland Frisian: Lid

Old Dutch: *lid

Middle Dutch: lit (rare)

Dutch: lid (rare)

Old High German: hlit


halh

halh (nominative singular)
halhō (nominative plural)
halhōs (nominative plural)
halh (accusative singular)
halhā (accusative plural)
halhas (genitive singular)
halhō (genitive plural)
halhē (dative singular)
halhum (dative plural)
halhu (instrumental singular)
halhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: healh, halh
⇒ Middle English: hale, hal (from dative hēale, but with short vowel of the nominative levelled in)
English: hale (dialectal)
Northern Middle English: *halgh, *halch (attested in placenames)
English: haugh
Scots: hauch, haugh

Old Frisian: *halch

North Frisian:

desc

Hallig: *håolig (in Håolige-weerw, Håolige-leeg)

Probably inherited from Proto-Germanic *halhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱólkos, from *ḱel-.

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) a depression or elevation, an area of land that differs in elevation from what it surrounds.


awi

awi (nominative singular)
awī (nominative plural)
awi (accusative singular)
awī (accusative plural)
awī (genitive singular)
auwjō (genitive plural)
awī (dative singular)
awim (dative plural)
auwjum (dative plural)
awī (instrumental singular)
awim (instrumental plural)
auwjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: eowu
Middle English: ewe, awe, eu, ouwe, yeue, yowe
English: ewe
Scots: yowe, yhow
Yola: yowe

Old Frisian: ei, ey

Saterland Frisian: oye, Oue

West Frisian: ei

Old Saxon: ewi, ewwi
Middle Low German: ewe
Low German: Eev, Öwwe
German Low German: Öi, Ei

Old Dutch: *ōi, *ouwi, *ouw

Middle Dutch: ou, ooi

Dutch: ooi
Afrikaans: ooi

Old High German: awi, au, ou, ouwi

Middle High German: ouwe

Alemannic German: Au

Cimbrian: öbe

German: Aue


bandi

bandi (nominative singular)
bandijō (nominative plural)
bandijā (accusative singular)
bandijā (accusative plural)
bandijā (genitive singular)
bandijō (genitive plural)
bandijē (dative singular)
bandijōm (dative plural)
bandijum (dative plural)
bandiju (instrumental singular)
bandijōm (instrumental plural)
bandijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bænd, bend

Middle English: band, bend

Scots: band, bend

English: band, bond, bend


sibi

sibi (nominative singular)
sibī (nominative plural)
sibi (accusative singular)
sibī (accusative plural)
sibī (genitive singular)
sibbjō (genitive plural)
sibī (dative singular)
sibim (dative plural)
sibbjum (dative plural)
sibī (instrumental singular)
sibim (instrumental plural)
sibbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sife, sibi
Middle English: sive, ceve, cive, cyve, sife, syfe, syffe, syve
English: sieve
Scots: sieve, siffe, syffe, sif, syf

Old Frisian: *sif, *siōf, *siōfe

Saterland Frisian: Sieuwe

West Frisian: sjouwe, souwe, sou

Old Saxon: *sifi, sif

Middle Low German: sēve, sēf, sif

German Low German: Seve, Seev

Low German: Seve

Old Dutch: sif

Middle Dutch: sef, seve, seef

Dutch: zeef

Old High German: sib, sipf, siph
Middle High German: sib, sip; (West Central German) sif
German: Sieb, Sip
Luxembourgish: Siff

From Proto-Indo-European *seyp-, *seybʰ- (“to sieve”).


skerp

skerp (nominative singular)
skerpu (nominative plural)
skerp (accusative singular)
skerpu (accusative plural)
skerpas (genitive singular)
skerpō (genitive plural)
skerpē (dative singular)
skerpum (dative plural)
skerpu (instrumental singular)
skerpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċeorp

→ Medieval Latin: scerpa

→ Old High German: scirpa

From *skerpan. Compare Old Norse skreppa (“backpack, scrip”).


tain

tain (nominative singular)
tainō (nominative plural)
tainōs (nominative plural)
tain (accusative singular)
tainā (accusative plural)
tainas (genitive singular)
tainō (genitive plural)
tainē (dative singular)
tainum (dative plural)
tainu (instrumental singular)
tainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tān

Middle English: *tan

English: tan (“twig, small switch”)

⇒ Old English: misteltān

desc

Middle English: mistelta, mistilte, mistelto, mystiltyne, mystilltyn, mystyldene

Scots: misseldeu, messeldeu

English: mistletoe

Old Frisian: *tēn

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Täinelse (“garden fence woven from willow rods”)

West Frisian: tien

Old Saxon: tēn

Middle Low German: tên

Old Dutch: *tēn

Middle Dutch: têne

Dutch: teen

Limburgish: tieën

Old High German: zein

Middle High German: zein

German: Zein, Zain


sorgu

sorgu (nominative singular)
sorgō (nominative plural)
sorgā (accusative singular)
sorgā (accusative plural)
sorgā (genitive singular)
sorgō (genitive plural)
sorgē (dative singular)
sorgōm (dative plural)
sorgum (dative plural)
sorgu (instrumental singular)
sorgōm (instrumental plural)
sorgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sorg, sorh
Middle English: sorȝe, sorwe, sorow
English: sorrow
Scots: sorow

Old Frisian: sorge

Saterland Frisian: Suurge, Sourge

West Frisian: soarch

Old Saxon: sorga
Middle Low German: sorge
Low German: Sorge, Soarge, Suarge, Suare, Sōerje (all Westphalian)
Plautdietsch: Sorj

Old Dutch: sorga
Middle Dutch: sorge, zorge, soorge
Dutch: zorg
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sorgu
→ Indonesian: rawat (semantic loan)

Old High German: sworga, sorga

Middle High German: sorge

German: Sorge

Luxembourgish: Suerg

Yiddish: זאָרג (zorg)


sarki

sarki (nominative singular)
sarkī (nominative plural)
sarki (accusative singular)
sarkī (accusative plural)
sarkī (genitive singular)
sarkijō (genitive plural)
sarkī (dative singular)
sarkim (dative plural)
sarkijum (dative plural)
sarkī (instrumental singular)
sarkim (instrumental plural)
sarkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sierċe, serċ, syrċ, syriċ, serċe, syrċe, sirċe
Middle English: serk, serke, sark (through the Anglian variant)
Scots: serk, sark
English: sark

Old Frisian: *serk

North Frisian: serk, särk


mundu

mundu (nominative singular)
mundō (nominative plural)
mundā (accusative singular)
mundā (accusative plural)
mundā (genitive singular)
mundō (genitive plural)
mundē (dative singular)
mundōm (dative plural)
mundum (dative plural)
mundu (instrumental singular)
mundōm (instrumental plural)
mundum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mund
Middle English: mund, mound
English: mound, mund

desc

Old Frisian: mund (“guardian, guardianship”)

Old Saxon: mund (“hand”)

Middle Low German: munt

⇒ German Low German: Vörmundskupp

Old Dutch: *mund

Middle Dutch: mond

Dutch: mond (obsolete)

Old High German: munt (“hand, protection”)

Middle High German: munt

German: Mund, Munt (“legal power of protection”)


hagu

hagu (nominative singular)
hagiwi (nominative plural)
hagō (nominative plural)
hagu (accusative singular)
hagū (accusative plural)
hagō (genitive singular)
hagiwō (genitive plural)
hagiwi (dative singular)
hagō (dative singular)
hagum (dative plural)
hagu (instrumental singular)
hagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæg; ġehæg

Middle English: heie, heh, hegh, heygh

English: hay

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*(ga)hagi</i>

Old English: hege (< *(ga)hagi)
Middle English: heye (influenced by Old English hæg, ġehæg and Old French haie)
English: hay

Old Saxon: *hag

Middle Low German: hach, hāch

Old High German: hag

Middle High German: hac

German: Hag

⇒ Old High German: gahagi

Middle High German: gehege

German: Gehege


turtur

turtur (nominative singular)
turturō (nominative plural)
turturōs (nominative plural)
turtur (accusative singular)
turturā (accusative plural)
turturas (genitive singular)
turturō (genitive plural)
turturē (dative singular)
turturum (dative plural)
turturu (instrumental singular)
turturum (instrumental plural)

Old English: turtur

Old High German: turtur

Borrowed from Latin turtur (“turtledove”).


sihti

sihti (nominative singular)
sihtī (nominative plural)
sihti (accusative singular)
sihtī (accusative plural)
sihtī (genitive singular)
sihtijō (genitive plural)
sihtī (dative singular)
sihtim (dative plural)
sihtijum (dative plural)
sihtī (instrumental singular)
sihtim (instrumental plural)
sihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sihþ, siht
Middle English: siȝht, siȝt, siht
English: sight
Scots: sicht

Old Frisian: *sicht

Saterland Frisian: Sicht

West Frisian: sicht

Old Saxon: *sihti

Middle Low German: sichte, sicht

German Low German: Sicht

→ Danish: sigte; sigt

→ Icelandic: sigti

→ Faroese: sikti

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sikte

→ Swedish: sikte; sikt

desc

→ Finnish: sihti (“shifter, sieve, sight”)

Old Dutch: *siht

Middle Dutch: sicht n

Dutch: zicht n

Old High German: siht

Middle High German: siht

desctree

German: Sicht
→ Danish: sigt
→ Norwegian: sikt
→ Swedish: sikt

Hunsrik: Sicht

Luxembourgish: Siicht

Pennsylvania German: Sicht


lusti

lusti (nominative singular)
lustī (nominative plural)
lusti (accusative singular)
lustī (accusative plural)
lustī (genitive singular)
lustijō (genitive plural)
lustī (dative singular)
lustim (dative plural)
lustijum (dative plural)
lustī (instrumental singular)
lustim (instrumental plural)
lustijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lest


kaisar

kaisar (nominative singular)
kaisarō (nominative plural)
kaisarōs (nominative plural)
kaisar (accusative singular)
kaisarā (accusative plural)
kaisaras (genitive singular)
kaisarō (genitive plural)
kaisarē (dative singular)
kaisarum (dative plural)
kaisaru (instrumental singular)
kaisarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser
Middle English: casere, kasere, caser, casare, kasar (Northern)
Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard

Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser

Saterland Frisian: Kaiser

West Frisian: keizer

Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari

Middle Low German: *keisere

Plautdietsch: Kjeisa

→ Old Norse: keisari
Icelandic: keisari
Faroese: keisari
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: keiser
Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar
Old Swedish: keysar, keysare
Swedish: kejsare
→ Finnish: keisari
Danish: kejser
Gutnish: kaisare

Old Dutch: keiser
Middle Dutch: keiser
Dutch: keizer

Old High German: keisar
Middle High German: keiser
German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser (obsolete)
→ Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
→ Upper Sorbian: kejžor
Luxembourgish: Keeser
Yiddish: קייסער (keyser)
→ Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
→ Scots: Kaiser


pipar

pipar (nominative singular)
piparu (nominative plural)
pipar (accusative singular)
piparu (accusative plural)
piparas (genitive singular)
piparō (genitive plural)
piparē (dative singular)
piparum (dative plural)
piparu (instrumental singular)
piparum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pipor, piper
Middle English: peper
English: pepper (see there for further descendants)
Scots: peper, pepar, pepir
Yola: pipper

Old Frisian: piper

North Frisian: pöber

Saterland Frisian: Pieper

West Frisian: piper

Old Saxon: *pipar

desc

Middle Low German: pēper, pepper, pipper, pöpper

German Low German: Peper

desctree

→ Old Norse: piparr
Icelandic: pipar
Faroese: pipar
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: pepar
Old Swedish: pipar, pepar
Swedish: peppar
→ Finnish: pippuri
→ Northern Sami: bihppor
→ Kildin Sami: пеһпарь (pjehpar’)
Old Danish: pipær
Danish: peber
Elfdalian: pipär
→ Estonian: pipar
→ Latvian: pipars

Old Dutch: *pipar, *pepar

Middle Dutch: peper

Dutch: peper
Afrikaans: peper
Negerhollands: pepper
→ Aukan: pepee
→ Munsee: piipel
→ Papiamentu: peper
→ Saramaccan: pepè
→ Unami: pèpël

Limburgish: paeper

Old High German: pfeffar
Middle High German: pfeffer
Cimbrian: fèffar
German: Pfeffer
Hunsrik: Peffer
Luxembourgish: Peffer
Pennsylvania German: Peffer
Yiddish: פֿעפֿער (fefer)


steur

steur (nominative singular)
steurō (nominative plural)
steurōs (nominative plural)
steur (accusative singular)
steurā (accusative plural)
steuras (genitive singular)
steurō (genitive plural)
steurē (dative singular)
steurum (dative plural)
steuru (instrumental singular)
steurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stēor
Middle English: steer
English: steer
Middle Scots: ster, stere, steir
Scots: steer

Old Frisian: stiār

Old Saxon: *stior, stier

Middle Low German: stēr

Old Dutch: stier
Middle Dutch: stier
Dutch: stier
Afrikaans: stier

Old High German: stior

Middle High German: stier

Alemannic German: Stier

German: Stier

Luxembourgish: Stéier


anad

anad (nominative singular)
anadi (nominative plural)
anadu (accusative singular)
anadi (accusative plural)
anadi (genitive singular)
anadō (genitive plural)
anadi (dative singular)
anadum (dative plural)
anadi (instrumental singular)
anadum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ened, enid, æned, ænid
Middle English: ende, enede, hende, henede, heynd
Scots: ennet, annet, annot
English: ende, ennet, annet, annot

Old Frisian: *ened, *aned

Saterland Frisian: Oante, Oande

West Frisian: ein

Old Saxon: anud
Middle Low German: aned, ēnde
German Low German: Aant
Plautdietsch: Ent

Old Dutch: ened

Middle Dutch: ent, eent, eynt

Dutch: eend
Afrikaans: eend
Jersey Dutch: êntśe (from the diminutive)

Old High German: anut, aneta, enita

Middle High German: anet, ant, ente

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Ent

Luxembourgish: Int

Rhine Franconian: Ent, Int

Frankfurterisch: IPA [ent]

German: Ente

Alemannic German: Ant, Anete

Vilamovian: ant


baug

baug (nominative singular)
baugō (nominative plural)
baugōs (nominative plural)
baug (accusative singular)
baugā (accusative plural)
baugas (genitive singular)
baugō (genitive plural)
baugē (dative singular)
baugum (dative plural)
baugu (instrumental singular)
baugum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēag, bēah

Middle English: beh, beghe, bie, by

Scots: bee, bei, beye

English: bee

Old Frisian: bāg, bāch

Old Saxon: *bōg, *bāg, *bōh

Middle Low German: bōch, būch

→ Late Latin: baga

Old French: bage

desc

→ Middle English: bage, bagge, badge, bagy; bageard

Scots: bagie, badgie, bawgy

English: badge; badger

→ Medieval Latin: bagea, bagia

Old Dutch: bōg

⇒ Middle Dutch: bogel, buegel

Dutch: beugel

→ Vulgar Latin: *baucus

Old Occitan: bauc

Old French: bo, bou

⇒ Norman: bouaille

→ Anglo-Norman: boie

Old High German: baug, boug, paug, pauc, pouc

Middle High German: bouc

German: Baug, Bauk

Yiddish: בייגל (beygl)

→ English: bagel

Lombardic: *baug m, *bauga f

→ Medieval Latin: bauca

Italian: boga, bova

→ French: bogue


bihag

bihag (nominative singular)
bihagō (nominative plural)
bihagōs (nominative plural)
bihag (accusative singular)
bihagā (accusative plural)
bihagas (genitive singular)
bihagō (genitive plural)
bihagē (dative singular)
bihagum (dative plural)
bihagu (instrumental singular)
bihagum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *bihag

Middle Low German: behach m or n

→ Danish: behag

→ Swedish: behag

Old Dutch: *bihag

Middle Dutch: behaech n

Dutch: behaag

→ West Frisian: behaach

Old High German: *bihag

Middle High German: behac m

German: Behag (archaic)


gawi

gawi (nominative singular)
gauwju (nominative plural)
gawi (accusative singular)
gauwju (accusative plural)
gauwjas (genitive singular)
gauwjō (genitive plural)
gauwjē (dative singular)
gauwjum (dative plural)
gauwju (instrumental singular)
gauwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ġē

Old Frisian: gā

West Frisian: gea, goa

Old Saxon: gō, gā

Middle Low German: gō

German Low German: Gohe

Old Dutch: gō

Middle Dutch: gou, gau, gō (nom.sg.), gooy (gen.sg.)

Dutch: gouw

Old High German: gawi, gewi, gowi

desctree

Middle High German: göu, göuwe, gou, geu, gäw
German: Gau

From Proto-Germanic *gawją. Equivalent to *ga- + *auwju.


straik

straik (nominative singular)
straikō (nominative plural)
straikōs (nominative plural)
straik (accusative singular)
straikā (accusative plural)
straikas (genitive singular)
straikō (genitive plural)
straikē (dative singular)
straikum (dative plural)
straiku (instrumental singular)
straikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strāc

Middle English: stroke, strok, strake, strak, strook, strooke
English: stroke
Scots: strake, straik, strak
Yola: stroke

Old Frisian: *strāk, *strēk

Saterland Frisian: Stríek

West Frisian: streek

Old Saxon: *strēk

q

Middle Low German: strêk (possible merger with descendant of *striki)

German Low German: Streek

Old Dutch: *strēk, *streik

Middle Dutch: strêec, *streic (possible merger with descendant of *striki)

>? Dutch: streek (at most partially)

Limburgish: streik, sjtreik (semantically also continues *striki)

Old High German: *streih

Middle High German: streich

German: Streich

Luxembourgish: Streech

From Proto-Germanic *straikaz, from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“stroke”).


snidi

snidi (nominative singular)
snidī (nominative plural)
snidi (accusative singular)
snidī (accusative plural)
snidī (genitive singular)
sniddjō (genitive plural)
snidī (dative singular)
snidim (dative plural)
sniddjum (dative plural)
snidī (instrumental singular)
snidim (instrumental plural)
sniddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snide, snid

Middle English: snid

Scots: snid, sned (noun and verb)

desc

Old Frisian: snide, snithe, snid, snith, snei, snethe, snede

Saterland Frisian: Sniede, Snied

West Frisian: snije

Old Saxon: *snidi, *snid

Middle Low German: snēde, snit, snedde

German Low German: Snee

Old Dutch: *snidi, *snid

Middle Dutch: snēde

Dutch: snee

Old High German: snit

Middle High German: snit

Cimbrian: snit

German: Schnitt

Hunsrik: Schnitt

Yiddish: שניט (shnit)

From earlier Proto-Germanic *snidiz, from Proto-Indo-European *sneyt- (“to cut”).


ters

ters (nominative singular)
tersō (nominative plural)
tersōs (nominative plural)
ters (accusative singular)
tersā (accusative plural)
tersas (genitive singular)
tersō (genitive plural)
tersē (dative singular)
tersum (dative plural)
tersu (instrumental singular)
tersum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: teors
Middle English: ters, tars, tarse, tearse, terce
English: tarse
Scots: tars, ters

Old Saxon: *ters

Middle Low German: tērs

→ Norwegian: ters

Old Dutch: *ters

Middle Dutch: *ters, teers

Dutch: teers, teerts, taarts

Old High German: zers

Middle High German: zërs

German: Zers

Unknown; suggested to be related to *teran (“to tear, tug at”), from *der- (“to split”).


aduk

aduk (nominative singular)
adukō (nominative plural)
adukōs (nominative plural)
aduk (accusative singular)
adukā (accusative plural)
adukas (genitive singular)
adukō (genitive plural)
adukē (dative singular)
adukum (dative plural)
aduku (instrumental singular)
adukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: atih

Old Saxon: aduk, adik

desc

Middle Low German: adik, adek, adeke, adech, adich, attich, attik

German Low German: Åk

Old Dutch: *aduk

Middle Dutch: adic, adec

Dutch: hadik, adik

Old High German: atuh m, atihho, aticho m

Middle High German: atech, atich

German: Attich

Unknown; possibly borrowed from Late Latin educus, odecus, odicus (“dwarf elder”), contaminated from Latin ebulum by Gaulish odocos (“dwarf elder”), or perhaps metathesized from Latin actē (“dwarf elder”).


dili

dili (nominative singular)
dilljō (nominative plural)
dilljā (accusative singular)
dilljā (accusative plural)
dilljā (genitive singular)
dilljō (genitive plural)
dilljē (dative singular)
dilljōm (dative plural)
dilljum (dative plural)
dillju (instrumental singular)
dilljōm (instrumental plural)
dilljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dile, dyle

desctree

Middle English: dile, dyle, dille, dylle
English: dill

Old Frisian: *dille

West Frisian: dille

Old Saxon: dilli

Middle Low German: del, dell, dille

German Low German:

North Low German: Dille

Märkisch: Dull

Westphalian: Dill

Plautdietsch: Dell

Old Dutch: *dilli

Middle Dutch: dille, dile

Dutch: dille
Afrikaans: dil
→ Indonesian: dil
Negerhollands: dil

Old High German: tilli, tilla

desc

Middle High German: tille, tülle, tüll m

desctree

German: Dill m, Dille f (Austrian German), Till m (obsolete)
→ Kashubian: dil
→ Latvian: dilles
→ Romansch: dil
→ Lower Sorbian: dyla

Luxembourgish: Dëll


laugi

laugi (nominative singular)
laugī (nominative plural)
laugi (accusative singular)
laugī (accusative plural)
laugī (genitive singular)
laugijō (genitive plural)
laugī (dative singular)
laugim (dative plural)
laugijum (dative plural)
laugī (instrumental singular)
laugim (instrumental plural)
laugijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līg, līeg, lēg

Middle English: lye, lei, lyȝ

Old Frisian: lōga (< *laugô)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: laeye

Dutch: laai

Old High German: loug


lauk

lauk (nominative singular)
laukō (nominative plural)
laukōs (nominative plural)
lauk (accusative singular)
laukā (accusative plural)
laukas (genitive singular)
laukō (genitive plural)
laukē (dative singular)
laukum (dative plural)
lauku (instrumental singular)
laukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēac, *lǣc, lāec, lēc — Anglian
Middle English: lek, leek, leeke, leke, leyke
English: leek
→ Maori: riki
Scots: leke, leik

Old Frisian: *lāk

Saterland Frisian: Look

West Frisian: lak, lok (possibly from Middle Dutch)

Old Saxon: lōk

Middle Low German: lōk

Low German: Look

Plautdietsch: Luak

Old Dutch: *lōk

Middle Dutch: look

Dutch: look

West Flemish: look

Old High German: louh

Middle High German: loch

Alemannic German: Làuich

German: Lauch


dauw

dauw (nominative singular)
dauwu (nominative plural)
dauw (accusative singular)
dauwu (accusative plural)
dauwas (genitive singular)
dauwō (genitive plural)
dauwē (dative singular)
dauwum (dative plural)
dauwu (instrumental singular)
dauwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dēaw m or n
Middle English: dew, deau, deaw, deew, deu, dewe, dewȝ, dieuȝ, dæw (Ormulum)
English: dew
Scots: dew, deow, dyow
Yola: dhew

Old Frisian: dāw n

North Frisian: dauw

Saterland Frisian: Dau

West Frisian: dau

Old Saxon: *dau

desc

Middle Low German: dow, douwe, dawe, dau

Low German: Dau

Plautdietsch: Deiw

Old Dutch: *dau, *dou

Middle Dutch: dau

desctree

Dutch: dauw
Afrikaans: dou
Berbice Creole Dutch: dau
Negerhollands: douw, dou
→ Papiamentu: dauw (dated)
Sranan Tongo: dow

Old High German: tou n or m

Middle High German: tou, tau

German: Tau

Hunsrik: Daa

Luxembourgish: Da

Yiddish: טוי (toy)


ork

ork (nominative singular)
orkō (nominative plural)
orkōs (nominative plural)
ork (accusative singular)
orkā (accusative plural)
orkas (genitive singular)
orkō (genitive plural)
orkē (dative singular)
orkum (dative plural)
orku (instrumental singular)
orkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: orc

Old Saxon: ork

Borrowed from Latin orca (“butt, tun”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌿𐍃 (aurkjus, “jug”).


gauk

gauk (nominative singular)
gaukō (nominative plural)
gaukōs (nominative plural)
gauk (accusative singular)
gaukā (accusative plural)
gaukas (genitive singular)
gaukō (genitive plural)
gaukē (dative singular)
gaukum (dative plural)
gauku (instrumental singular)
gaukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġēac, ġǣc, ġēc
Middle English: ȝek, yek, yeke, ȝeac, ȝeke

Old Saxon: *gōk

Middle Low German: gôk

German Low German: Göök

Old Dutch: *gouk, *gōk

Middle Dutch: *gook, gooch

Old High German: gouh, kouch

Middle High German: gouch

German: Gauch


hursti

hursti (nominative singular)
hurstī (nominative plural)
hursti (accusative singular)
hurstī (accusative plural)
hurstī (genitive singular)
hurstijō (genitive plural)
hurstī (dative singular)
hurstim (dative plural)
hurstijum (dative plural)
hurstī (instrumental singular)
hurstim (instrumental plural)
hurstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyrst
Middle English: hirste, hurst, hurste
English: hurst (mostly in placenames; obsolete hirst)
Scots: hirst, hist

Old Saxon: hurst

Middle Low German: horst

German Low German: Horst

Old Dutch: *hurst

Middle Dutch: horst

Dutch: horst

Old High German: hurst m or f

Middle High German: hurst, hürste f

German: Horst m; Hurst m or f (archaic)

From Proto-Germanic *hurstiz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥s-ti-s, from *kʷres-. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *kʷresnom (“tree, wood”).


treu

treu (nominative singular)
treu (nominative plural)
treu (accusative singular)
treu (accusative plural)
trewas (genitive singular)
trewō (genitive plural)
trewē (dative singular)
treum (dative plural)
treu (instrumental singular)
treum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trēow

Middle English: tre, treo

English: tree

Scots: tree

Old Frisian: trē

North Frisian: tre, trä

Old Saxon: trio, treo

Old Dutch: *trio, *treo

Middle Dutch: tree, tere

Dutch: teer (mostly in compounds, like appelteer and elzenteer)

Old High German: *tra

⇒ Old High German: affoltra, affultra

Middle High German: affalter, apfalter

German: Affolter

Bavarian: Affalter


kopr

kopr (nominative singular)
koppru (nominative plural)
kopr (accusative singular)
koppru (accusative plural)
koppras (genitive singular)
kopprō (genitive plural)
kopprē (dative singular)
kopprum (dative plural)
koppru (instrumental singular)
kopprum (instrumental plural)

Old English: copor
Middle English: coper
English: copper
→ Maori: kapa
→ Shona: kopa
Scots: coper, copper
→ Cornish: kober
→ Irish: copar
→ Manx: cobbyr
→ Scottish Gaelic: copar
→ Welsh: copor
→ Old Norse: koparr
Icelandic: kopar
Faroese: kopar
Norwegian Nynorsk: kopar
Old Danish: kopær
Danish: kobber
Norwegian Bokmål: kobber
Old Swedish: koppar, kopar
Swedish: koppar
→ Finnish: kupari

Old Frisian: koper, kuper

Saterland Frisian: Koper

West Frisian: koper

Old Saxon: kopar, coper

desc

Middle Low German: kōper, kopper, kapper

German Low German: Kopper

Old Dutch: *kopar

Middle Dutch: coper

desctree

Dutch: koper
Afrikaans: koper
Negerhollands: koper, kopu
→ Lokono: koporo
→ Papiamentu: koper
→ Sranan Tongo: kopro
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kopro
→ Caribbean Javanese: kopro
→ Kari'na: kopolo
→ Saramaccan: koopo

Limburgish: koper, kaoper

desc

Old High German: kupfar, *kuffar, koffar

Middle High German: kupfer, cuffer

German: Kupfer

Luxembourgish: Koffer

Mòcheno: kupfer

Vilamovian: köpfer, köpper

Yiddish: קופּער (kuper)

→ Kashubian: kòper

→ Lower Sorbian: kupor


duni

duni (nominative singular)
dunī (nominative plural)
duni (accusative singular)
dunī (accusative plural)
dunī (genitive singular)
dunnjō (genitive plural)
dunī (dative singular)
dunim (dative plural)
dunnjum (dative plural)
dunī (instrumental singular)
dunim (instrumental plural)
dunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dyne, dyn

Middle English: dune, dyne, dene, dine, dyn

Scots: dyn, din

English: dun, din

Old Saxon: *duni

Middle Low German: done, döne, don

Old Dutch: *duni

Middle Dutch: dōne, dōon, duene

Dutch: deun

⇒ Afrikaans: deuntjie

Old High German: tuni, (Central German) *duni

q

merged with a borrowing from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">tonus</i>

Middle High German: tōn, dōn, dōne, dœne (merged with a borrowing from Latin tonus)

German: Ton


kokk

kokk (nominative singular)
kokkō (nominative plural)
kokkōs (nominative plural)
kokk (accusative singular)
kokkā (accusative plural)
kokkas (genitive singular)
kokkō (genitive plural)
kokkē (dative singular)
kokkum (dative plural)
kokku (instrumental singular)
kokkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cocc, coc
Middle English: cok, cocke, cock, kok, coke, cooke, cokke
English: cock
Scots: cock, cok
Yola: cuck

Old Dutch: *cocc

Middle Dutch: cocke

Dutch: kok

→ Late Latin: coccus

Old French: coc (see there for further descendants)


sangu

sangu (nominative singular)
sangwō (nominative plural)
sangwōs (nominative plural)
sangu (accusative singular)
sangwā (accusative plural)
sangwas (genitive singular)
sangwō (genitive plural)
sangwē (dative singular)
sangum (dative plural)
sangu (instrumental singular)
sangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sang, song

Middle English: sang, song

Scots: sang, song

English: song

→ Dutch: song

→ German: Song

Yola: zong

Old Frisian: sang, song

Saterland Frisian: Soang

West Frisian: sang

Old Saxon: sang

Middle Low German: sank

Low German: Sang, Gesang

Plautdietsch: Jesank

Old Dutch: *sang

Middle Dutch: sanc

Dutch: zang

Afrikaans: sang

Limburgish: zaank

Old High German: sang; *gisang, kisanch

Middle High German: sanc; gesanc

German: Sang; Gesang

Yiddish: זאַנג (zang)

From Proto-Germanic *sangwaz, related to *singwan.


spil

spil (nominative singular)
spilō (nominative plural)
spilōs (nominative plural)
spil (accusative singular)
spilā (accusative plural)
spilas (genitive singular)
spilō (genitive plural)
spilē (dative singular)
spilum (dative plural)
spilu (instrumental singular)
spilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *spil

desc

Middle English: spil, spyl, spile, spille, spele

Old Saxon: spil

Middle Low German: spil, spel

→ Icelandic: spil

→ Norwegian: spill, spell, spel

→ Old Swedish: spil

Swedish: spel

→ Finnish: pila

→ Danish: spil

→ Finnish: peli

Old Dutch: *spil

Middle Dutch: spil, spel

Dutch: spel
Afrikaans: spel

Old High German: spil

Lombardic: spill

Middle High German: spiel

desctree

German: Spiel
→ Czech: špílec
→ English: spiel
→ Macedonian: шпил (špil)
→ Serbo-Croatian: špil, шпил

Luxembourgish: Spill

Yiddish: שפּיל (shpil)
→ English: spiel

Unknown; sometimes compared to Latvian spîlêt (“to pinch, clamp”), though semantically unconvincing.


sidu

sidu (nominative singular)
sidiwi (nominative plural)
sidō (nominative plural)
sidu (accusative singular)
sidū (accusative plural)
sidō (genitive singular)
sidiwō (genitive plural)
sidiwi (dative singular)
sidō (dative singular)
sidum (dative plural)
sidu (instrumental singular)
sidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sidu, seodu

Middle English: side

Old Frisian: side

North Frisian: side, sede

Saterland Frisian: Sidde

West Frisian: sede

Old Saxon: sidu

Middle Low German: side

Old Dutch: sido

Middle Dutch: sēde

Dutch: zede

Afrikaans: sede

Old High German: situ

Middle High German: site

German: Sitte

Luxembourgish: Sitt


swamm

swamm (nominative singular)
swammō (nominative plural)
swammōs (nominative plural)
swamm (accusative singular)
swammā (accusative plural)
swammas (genitive singular)
swammō (genitive plural)
swammē (dative singular)
swammum (dative plural)
swammu (instrumental singular)
swammum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swamm

Middle English: swam

(Scots: swaam)

(English: swamp)

Old Frisian: *swam, *swom

Saterland Frisian: Swom, Swam

West Frisian: swam

Old Saxon: swamm, swam

Middle Low German: swam

German Low German: Swamm

Old Dutch: *swamm

Middle Dutch: swamme, swam

Dutch: zwam

Afrikaans: swam

Old High German: swamb, swam, swamp

Middle High German: swam, swamme, swamp

Bavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl

German: Schwamm

Luxembourgish: Schwamp

desc

Yiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)


falis

falis (nominative singular)
falisō (nominative plural)
falisōs (nominative plural)
falis (accusative singular)
falisā (accusative plural)
falisas (genitive singular)
falisō (genitive plural)
falisē (dative singular)
falisum (dative plural)
falisu (instrumental singular)
falisum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: felis

Middle Low German: vels

Old Dutch: *felis

Middle Dutch: vels

Dutch: vels

Old High German: felis, fels, feliso

Middle High German: vels, velse

German: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)

Hunsrik: Fels

Luxembourgish: Fiels

→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa

Old French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise

Middle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise

French: falaise (see there for further descendants)

→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia

Italian: falesa, falesia


tuhti

tuhti (nominative singular)
tuhtī (nominative plural)
tuhti (accusative singular)
tuhtī (accusative plural)
tuhtī (genitive singular)
tuhtijō (genitive plural)
tuhtī (dative singular)
tuhtim (dative plural)
tuhtijum (dative plural)
tuhtī (instrumental singular)
tuhtim (instrumental plural)
tuhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tyht; tohte

Middle English: tuht, tiȝt, tyht

>? Scots: ticht (noun)

⇒ Middle English: tuhtle

>? Scots: tichle, tuckle

Old Frisian: tuchte, tucht, tochte, tocht

Saterland Frisian: Tucht

West Frisian: tocht

Old Saxon: tuht

Middle Low German: tucht

German Low German: Tucht, Tocht

→ Old Norse: tykt

Icelandic: tykt

Danish: tugt

Norwegian: tukt

Old Swedish: tukt, tokt

Swedish: tukt

Old Dutch: *tuht

Middle Dutch: tocht, tucht

Dutch: tocht, tucht

Afrikaans: tug

→ Danish: togt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tokt

Old High German: zuht

Middle High German: zuht

German: Zucht

From Proto-Germanic *tuhtiz, from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, lead”), equivalent to *teuhan + *-þi.

der

teaching, training, instruction, discipline


agil

agil (nominative singular)
agilō (nominative plural)
agilōs (nominative plural)
agil (accusative singular)
agilā (accusative plural)
agilas (genitive singular)
agilō (genitive plural)
agilē (dative singular)
agilum (dative plural)
agilu (instrumental singular)
agilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eġl f

Middle English: eile

Old High German: ahil

German: Achel f (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *agilaz, from *h₂eḱ-il-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp, pointy”) + *-ilós, the suffix equivalent to *-il.


striki

striki (nominative singular)
strikī (nominative plural)
striki (accusative singular)
strikī (accusative plural)
strikī (genitive singular)
strikkjō (genitive plural)
strikī (dative singular)
strikim (dative plural)
strikkjum (dative plural)
strikī (instrumental singular)
strikim (instrumental plural)
strikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strica

Middle English: streke

English: streak

Scots: strik, straik

Old Frisian: strike

North Frisian: strijck

Saterland Frisian: Striek

West Frisian: streek

Old Saxon: *striki

Middle Low German: streke

Low German: streek

→ Danish: streg

→ Swedish: streck

→ Icelandic: stryk, strykr

Old Dutch: *striki

desctree

Middle Dutch: strēke
Dutch: streek
Afrikaans: streek

Old High German: strih

Middle High German: strich

German: Strich
→ Russian: штрих (štrix)

Luxembourgish: Stréch, Strach


laur

laur (nominative singular)
laurō (nominative plural)
laurōs (nominative plural)
laur (accusative singular)
laurā (accusative plural)
lauras (genitive singular)
laurō (genitive plural)
laurē (dative singular)
laurum (dative plural)
lauru (instrumental singular)
laurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: laur, lauwer, lawer

Borrowed from Latin laurus (“laurel tree”).


baut

baut (nominative singular)
bautu (nominative plural)
baut (accusative singular)
bautu (accusative plural)
bautas (genitive singular)
bautō (genitive plural)
bautē (dative singular)
bautum (dative plural)
bautu (instrumental singular)
bautum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bēat
Middle English: bete

Old High German: *bōz

Middle High German: bōz, boz n or m

German: Boss m

⇒ Old High German: anabōz

Middle High German: anebōz, anbōz

German: Amboß, Amboss

gebōz

Old High German: *gibōz; Middle High German


draum

draum (nominative singular)
draumō (nominative plural)
draumōs (nominative plural)
draum (accusative singular)
draumā (accusative plural)
draumas (genitive singular)
draumō (genitive plural)
draumē (dative singular)
draumum (dative plural)
draumu (instrumental singular)
draumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: drēam, drīm, drēm, *drīem, drām
Middle English: drem, dreme, dreem, dreeme, dream, dræm (Early Middle English)
English: dream
Scots: dreme

Old Frisian: drām
North Frisian: drom
Saterland Frisian: Droom
West Frisian: dream

Old Saxon: drōm
Middle Low German: drōm
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dräum(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Lippisch: Draum
Sauerländisch: Dräom, Draum, Dreyem, Droum, Drōem
Westmünsterländisch: Droom
Plautdietsch: Droom

Old Dutch: *drōm

Middle Dutch: drôom
Dutch: droom
Limburgish: droum

Old High German: troum

Middle High German: troum

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Draam

German: Traum

→ Hunsrik: Draum

Luxembourgish: Dram

Yiddish: טרוים (troym)


broþ

broþ (nominative singular)
broþu (nominative plural)
broþ (accusative singular)
broþu (accusative plural)
broþas (genitive singular)
broþō (genitive plural)
broþē (dative singular)
broþum (dative plural)
broþu (instrumental singular)
broþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: broþ
Middle English: broth
English: broth
→ Scottish Gaelic: brot
Scots: broth

Old Saxon: broth

Middle Low German: brot

Old High German: brod, prod

Middle High German: brod

Cimbrian: bröode

German: Brod

Luxembourgish: Britt

→ Late Latin: brodium (see there for further descendants)

→ Vulgar Latin: *brodum (“broth, stew”)

desc

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *brodiculāre (“to jumble together”)

Anglo-Norman: broiller

→ Middle English: broilen

English: broil

Scots: brulyie


stift

stift (nominative singular)
stiftō (nominative plural)
stiftōs (nominative plural)
stift (accusative singular)
stiftā (accusative plural)
stiftas (genitive singular)
stiftō (genitive plural)
stiftē (dative singular)
stiftum (dative plural)
stiftu (instrumental singular)
stiftum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stift

Middle Low German: stift, sticht

German Low German: Stift

→ Danish: stift

→ Swedish: stift

Old High German: stift, steft

Middle High German: stift, stëft

German: Stift

→ Esperanto: stifto

→ Polish: sztyft

Hunsrik: Stift

→ Middle Dutch: stifte

Dutch: stift

→ Papiamentu: steft

From Proto-Germanic *stiftaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“stiff”).


gamet

gamet (nominative singular)
gametu (nominative plural)
gamet (accusative singular)
gametu (accusative plural)
gametas (genitive singular)
gametō (genitive plural)
gametē (dative singular)
gametum (dative plural)
gametu (instrumental singular)
gametum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġemet
Middle English: ȝemet, imet

Old Saxon: gimet

Old Dutch: gimet

Middle Dutch: gemet

Dutch: gemet

Old High German: gimez

Middle High German: *gemez

>? German: Gemäß


afl

afl (nominative singular)
aflu (nominative plural)
afl (accusative singular)
aflu (accusative plural)
aflas (genitive singular)
aflō (genitive plural)
aflē (dative singular)
aflum (dative plural)
aflu (instrumental singular)
aflum (instrumental plural)

Old English: afol, abal
Middle English: afel

Old Frisian: evel

Old Saxon: aval

Old High German: *abal, *afal (in derivatives)

Middle High German: afel


kastell

kastell (nominative singular)
kastellō (nominative plural)
kastellōs (nominative plural)
kastell (accusative singular)
kastellā (accusative plural)
kastellas (genitive singular)
kastellō (genitive plural)
kastellē (dative singular)
kastellum (dative plural)
kastellu (instrumental singular)
kastellum (instrumental plural)

Old English: castel, castell, cæstel, ċeastel
Middle English: castel (reinforced by Old French)
English: castle
→ Tongan: kāsolo
Scots: castle
→ Scottish Gaelic: caisteal

Old Saxon: kastel

desc

Middle Low German: kastêl, castêl, casteyl, kastel, kastell, kastelle

German Low German: Kasteel, Kastell

→ Danish: kastel

→ Esperanto: kastelo

Ido: kastelo

→ Icelandic: kastali

→ Swedish: kastell

Old Dutch: *kastel

desctree

Middle Dutch: casteel (reinforced by Old French)
Dutch: kasteel
Afrikaans: kasteel
Negerhollands: kastell
→ Mahican: găstēnik
→ Malay: kastil
Indonesian: kastel, kastil
→ Papiamentu: kastel
→ West Frisian: kastiel
Limburgish: kestieël
West Flemish: kastêel, kastjil
→ Middle High German: kastēl
German: Kastell (partially)

Old High German: kastel

Middle High German: kastel, kastēl

Cimbrian: khastel

German: Kastell (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Czech: kostel

Czech: kostel

→ Polish: kościół (see there for further descendants)

→ Slovak: kostol


straum

straum (nominative singular)
straumō (nominative plural)
straumōs (nominative plural)
straum (accusative singular)
straumā (accusative plural)
straumas (genitive singular)
straumō (genitive plural)
straumē (dative singular)
straumum (dative plural)
straumu (instrumental singular)
straumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strēam

Middle English: strem, streem

Scots: strem, streme, streym, stream

English: stream

Old Frisian: strām

North Frisian: strum

Saterland Frisian: Stroom

West Frisian: stream

Old Saxon: strōm

Middle Low German: strōm

German Low German: Stroom

Low German: Stroom

Old Dutch: *strōm

Middle Dutch: strôom
Dutch: stroom
Afrikaans: stroom
Limburgish: stroum

Old High German: stroum, strōm

q

Middle High German: stroum, strām, strōm, strūm (partially merged with strām (“streak”) < *strēmaz)

German: Strom

→ German Low German: Strom

desc

→ Silesian: sztrům (“electrical current”)

Luxembourgish: Stroum

Yiddish: שטראָם (shtrom)


tahr

tahr (nominative singular)
tahhru (nominative plural)
tahr (accusative singular)
tahhru (accusative plural)
tahhras (genitive singular)
tahhrō (genitive plural)
tahhrē (dative singular)
tahhrum (dative plural)
tahhru (instrumental singular)
tahhrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tēar, tæhher, tǣr, teagor
Middle English: teer, teere, ter, tere, tær, tear (Early Middle English), tyer, tyear, tyar (Kent)
English: tear
Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir
Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir

Old Frisian: tār

Old High German: zahar, zahhar
Middle High German: zahar, zeher
Central Middle High German: zār ⇒ zære pl
German: Zähre sg
→ Italian: zacchera
→ Middle Low German: zâhē, zaahe


blokk

blokk (nominative singular)
blokku (nominative plural)
blokk (accusative singular)
blokku (accusative plural)
blokkas (genitive singular)
blokkō (genitive plural)
blokkē (dative singular)
blokkum (dative plural)
blokku (instrumental singular)
blokkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: blok

Saterland Frisian: Blok

West Frisian: blok

Old Saxon: blok

Middle Low German: blok

German Low German: Block

→ Danish: blok

→ Faroese: blokkur

→ Norwegian: blokk

→ Swedish: block

Old Dutch: *bloc

Middle Dutch: bloc

Dutch: blok
Afrikaans: blok
Berbice Creole Dutch: bloko
→ Caribbean Javanese: blog
→ Indonesian: blok
→ Papiamentu: blòki, blokki (from the diminutive)

Limburgish: blok, blók

→ Old French: bloc

Middle French: bloc

French: bloc (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: blok

→ Middle English: blok

English: block (see there for further descendants)

Scots: block

Old High German: bloh, bloch (also piloch, biloh, from a merger with an unrelated word)

Middle High German: bloch

German: Block (see there for further descendants)


swerd

swerd (nominative singular)
swerdu (nominative plural)
swerd (accusative singular)
swerdu (accusative plural)
swerdas (genitive singular)
swerdō (genitive plural)
swerdē (dative singular)
swerdum (dative plural)
swerdu (instrumental singular)
swerdum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: sweord, suord, swyrd, swurd

Middle English: swerd, sword

English: sword

Scots: swuird, swerd, sword

Old Frisian: swerd

North Frisian: swird, Swiirt

Sylt: Swērt

Saterland Frisian: Swäid, Swid

West Frisian: swurd

Old Saxon: swerd

Middle Low German: swert

German Low German: Sweerd, Schweerd, Schwert

Plautdietsch: Schwieet

desctree

Old Dutch: swert, suert
Middle Dutch: swert
Dutch: zwaard
Afrikaans: swaard
Negerhollands: sweerd
Limburgish: zwerd
West Flemish: zwoard
Zealandic: zwaerd

Old High German: swert

Middle High German: swert

German: Schwert

Hunsrik: Schweert

Luxembourgish: Schwäert

Vilamovian: świert

Yiddish: שווערד (shverd)


fetur

fetur (nominative singular)
feturō (nominative plural)
feturōs (nominative plural)
fetur (accusative singular)
feturā (accusative plural)
feturas (genitive singular)
feturō (genitive plural)
feturē (dative singular)
feturum (dative plural)
feturu (instrumental singular)
feturum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feter f

Middle English: feter

English: fetter

Old Dutch: *feter m, *fetura f

Middle Dutch: vēter m, vētere f

Dutch: veter m

Old High German: fezzera f

Middle High German: fezzer

German: Fesser (obsolete)


sagi

sagi (nominative singular)
saggjō (nominative plural)
saggjōs (nominative plural)
sagi (accusative singular)
saggjā (accusative plural)
saggjas (genitive singular)
saggjō (genitive plural)
saggjē (dative singular)
saggjum (dative plural)
saggju (instrumental singular)
saggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: seċġ

Middle English: segge

English: sedge

Scots: seg

Old Frisian: *sedz, *segg

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Säggäärs, Säächgäärs

West Frisian: sigge

Old Saxon: *seggi

Middle Low German: segge

German Low German: Segge, Segg

→ German: Segge

Old Dutch: *seggi

Middle Dutch: segge

Dutch: zegge


sagi

Old English: seċġ

Middle English: seg, sege, segge

English: segge, seg

Scots: seg

Old Frisian: siā

Old Saxon: segg

⇒ Old High German: beinseggo