stukkī

stukkī (nominative singular)
stukkiju (nominative plural)
stukkī (accusative singular)
stukkiju (accusative plural)
stukkijas (genitive singular)
stukkijō (genitive plural)
stukkijē (dative singular)
stukkijum (dative plural)
stukkiju (instrumental singular)
stukkijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: styċċe, stiċċe
Middle English: stucche, stecche, stech, steche, sticche, stitche, stuche

Old Frisian: stekk

Saterland Frisian: Stuk

West Frisian: stik

Old Saxon: stukki

Middle Low German: stücke

German Low German: Stück

Plautdietsch: Stekj

Old Dutch: *stukki, *stikki, -stic (in toponyms)

desc

Middle Dutch: stucke, stuc, sticke, stic

Dutch: stuk, stik (in compounds)

Afrikaans: stuk

West Flemish: stik

→ Middle English: stic

English: stick, steck

Scots: stick, steck

desctree

Old High German: stucki, stukki, stucchi, stuhhi
Middle High German: stucke
Alemannic German: Stuck, Stucke, Stucki, Stück, Stücke, Stücki
Bavarian: Stuck, Stick (latter influenced by diminutive and/or Standard German)
Central Franconian: Stöck, Steck
Luxembourgish: Stéck
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Stigg, Stigge
German: Stück
Yiddish: שטיק (shtik)
→ English: shtick
→ Old Polish: sztuka
Polish: sztuka
→ Russian: шту́ка (štúka)
Silesian: sztuka
→ Italian: stucco
→ English: stucco
→ Spanish: estuco
→ French: stuc
→ Portuguese: estuque
→ German: Stuck


starkī

starkī (nominative singular)
starkīn (accusative singular)
starkīn (genitive singular)
starkīn (dative singular)
starkīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: *stierċe

Middle English: sterche, starche

English: starch

Scots: sterch, stearch, stairch

Old Saxon: *sterki

Middle Low German: sterke

Old Dutch: sterki

Middle Dutch: sterke

Dutch: sterk (dialectal)

Old High German: starchī, sterkī
Middle High German: sterke
German: Stärke

From *stark (“stiff, stark”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


bruki

bruki (nominative singular)
brukī (nominative plural)
bruki (accusative singular)
brukī (accusative plural)
brukī (genitive singular)
brukkjō (genitive plural)
brukī (dative singular)
brukim (dative plural)
brukkjum (dative plural)
brukī (instrumental singular)
brukim (instrumental plural)
brukkjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bryċe, briċe
Middle English: breche
English: breach
Scots: breach, breiche, bretch, breack

Old Frisian: breke, bretse, breze

Saterland Frisian: Breek

Old Saxon: bruki

Middle Low German: bröke, broke

German Low German: Bröök, Brook

→ Swedish: bråk

→ Danish: brøk

Old Dutch: *bruki

Middle Dutch: brueke, brōke

Dutch: breuk
Afrikaans: breuk
Negerhollands: breek
→ Indonesian: patahan (“fault”) (semantic loan)
→ Indonesian: pecahan (“fraction”) (semantic loan)
→ Papiamentu: breuk

Old High German: bruh

Middle High German: bruch

German: Bruch

→ Saterland Frisian: Bruch

Hunsrik: Bruch

Luxembourgish: Broch

Vilamovian: brüch

Yiddish: בראָך (brokh)


marþr

marþr (nominative singular)
marþrō (nominative plural)
marþrōs (nominative plural)
marþr (accusative singular)
marþrā (accusative plural)
marþras (genitive singular)
marþrō (genitive plural)
marþrē (dative singular)
marþrum (dative plural)
marþru (instrumental singular)
marþrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *marther

Saterland Frisian: Modder

West Frisian: motter

Old Saxon: *mardar (found in the derived adjective mardrīn)

Middle Low German: marder

German Low German: Marder

Old High German: marther, mardar

desc

Middle High German: marder, merder, mader

German: Marder

→ Old French: martre

→ Middle Dutch: marter, māerter

Dutch: marter


marhijā

marhijā (nominative singular)
marhijōn (nominative plural)
marhijōn (accusative singular)
marhijōn (accusative plural)
marhijōn (genitive singular)
marhijōnō (genitive plural)
marhijōn (dative singular)
marhijōm (dative plural)
marhijum (dative plural)
marhijōn (instrumental singular)
marhijōm (instrumental plural)
marhijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mīere, mȳre, mīre
Middle English: mere, mare
English: mare
Scots: meir, mere, mear

Old Frisian: merie

North Frisian: mar

Saterland Frisian: Märe

West Frisian: merje

Old Saxon: meriha

Middle Low German: mēre, mērie

Old Dutch: *meria, merie

Middle Dutch: merie

Dutch: merrie
Afrikaans: merrie
Negerhollands: merri, mėri

Old High German: meriha

Middle High German: meriche, merhe

Alemannic German: Märe

German: Mähre

From Proto-Germanic *marhijō, with a change to ōn-stem. Equivalent to *marh (“horse”) + *-jā.


tibā

tibā (nominative singular)
tibōn (nominative plural)
tibōn (accusative singular)
tibōn (accusative plural)
tibōn (genitive singular)
tibōnō (genitive plural)
tibōn (dative singular)
tibōm (dative plural)
tibum (dative plural)
tibōn (instrumental singular)
tibōm (instrumental plural)
tibum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tife

Old Frisian: *tive, *teve

Saterland Frisian: Tieuwe

Old Saxon: *tiva

Middle Low German: teve, tiffe

German Low German: Teve, Teev, Tiff

→ Old Norse: tefja

Danish: tæve

Swedish: täva; (täfsa (dialectal))

Old Dutch: *tiva

Middle Dutch: tēve

Dutch: teef

Afrikaans: teef

→ West Frisian: teef

>? Old High German: *zibba

>? Middle High German: *zibbe, *zippe

>? German: Zibbe, Zippe (attetsted 19th c.)

From Proto-Germanic *tibǭ. A geminate byform *tibbǭ > *tibbā gave German dialectal Zippe, Zibbe (“ewe; doe (hare, rabbit)”), Icelandic tebba (“vixen”), and possibly English tib (“working-class woman”).


berō

berō (nominative singular)
beran (nominative plural)
beran (accusative singular)
beran (accusative plural)
birini (genitive singular)
beran (genitive singular)
beranō (genitive plural)
birini (dative singular)
beran (dative singular)
berum (dative plural)
birini (instrumental singular)
beran (instrumental singular)
berum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bera
Middle English: bere, bier, beare, beore, bore
English: bear (see there for further descendants)
Scots: beir

>? Old English: beorn

desc

Middle English: beorn, bern, beryn, biern, byrne, burne, bourne

Old Frisian: *bera, *bara

Saterland Frisian: Boar

West Frisian: bear

Old Saxon: bero

Middle Low German: bar, bāre

German Low German: Baar, Boor

Plautdietsch: Boa

Old Dutch: *bero

desctree

Middle Dutch: bēre
Dutch: beer
Afrikaans: beer
→ Papiamentu: ber, beer
Limburgish: baer
West Flemish: beir
Zealandic: beêr

Old High German: bero
Middle High German: bër
Alemannic German: Bärr
Cimbrian: per
German: Bär
Hunsrik: Bäer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Vilamovian: baor
Yiddish: בער (ber)


wisulā

wisulā (nominative singular)
wisulōn (nominative plural)
wisulōn (accusative singular)
wisulōn (accusative plural)
wisulōn (genitive singular)
wisulōnō (genitive plural)
wisulōn (dative singular)
wisulōm (dative plural)
wisulum (dative plural)
wisulōn (instrumental singular)
wisulōm (instrumental plural)
wisulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weosule, wesle, uuesulae, uuesole — early
Middle English: wesele, wassele, wasyll, whesille, weesylle, wesel, wesil, wesile, wezele
English: weasal
Middle Scots: quhasill, wasyll, wasyll
Scots: whaisel, whaizle, wheesel, weasel (associated with whaisle "to wheeze")

Old Frisian: *wisele

Saterland Frisian: Wiezelke (possibly borrowed from German)

West Frisian: wezeling (possibly borrowed from Low German)

Old Saxon: *wisula

Middle Low German: wēsel, wesele

Low German: Wessel, Wissel

Plautdietsch: Wäsel

Old Dutch: *wisala

Middle Dutch: wēsel
Dutch: wezel
Afrikaans: wesel
Limburgish: wezel, wieëzel

Old High German: wisula, wisala

Middle High German: wisele

German: Wiesel

Luxembourgish: Wisel


harmō

harmō (nominative singular)
harman (nominative plural)
harman (accusative singular)
harman (accusative plural)
harmini (genitive singular)
harman (genitive singular)
harmanō (genitive plural)
harmini (dative singular)
harman (dative singular)
harmum (dative plural)
harmini (instrumental singular)
harman (instrumental singular)
harmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hearma

Old Frisian: *harma

⇒ Old Frisian: *harmel

West Frisian: harmel

Old Saxon: harmo

Middle Low German: harm

⇒ German Low German: Hermanntje

⇒ Old Saxon: *hermil

Middle Low German: hermel

Old Dutch: *harmo

Middle Dutch: *herme

Dutch: herm (rare, now obsolete)

⇒ Middle Dutch: hermijn

→? Icelandic: hermín

⇒ Old Dutch: *hermilo

Middle Dutch: hermel

Dutch: hermel

⇒ Middle Dutch: hermelijn

Dutch: hermelijn

Old High German: harmo

Middle High German: harme

German: Harm

⇒ Old High German: harmilo

⇒ Old High German: harmilīn

Middle High German: hermelīn

German: Hermelin

→ Danish: hermelin

→ Swedish: hermelin

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hermelin

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hermelin

→? Old French: ermine, ermin, hermin, hermine
Middle French: hermin, ermin
French: hermine
→ Romanian: hermină
→ Turkish: ermin
→ Middle English: ermyne, armyn, armyne, ermin, ermine, ermyn, hermyn
English: ermine
Scots: ermine


mariswīn

mariswīn (nominative singular)
mariswīnu (nominative plural)
mariswīn (accusative singular)
mariswīnu (accusative plural)
mariswīnas (genitive singular)
mariswīnō (genitive plural)
mariswīnē (dative singular)
mariswīnum (dative plural)
mariswīnu (instrumental singular)
mariswīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mereswīn
Middle English: mereswyn, mereswyne, mersuine
English: mereswine
Scots: mereswine

Old Frisian: *mereswīn

Saterland Frisian: Meerswien

Old Saxon: meriswīn

Middle Low German: merswîn

German Low German: Meerswien; Meerswientje

Old Dutch: meriswīn
Middle Dutch: mēerswijn, maerswijn, merswijn
Dutch: meerzwijn

Old High German: meriswīn

Middle High German: merswīn

German: Meerschwein; Meerschweinchen

→ Old French: marsouin

Middle French: marsouin

French: marsouin

From Proto-Germanic *mariswīną. Equivalent to *mari (“sea”) + *swīn (“pig”).


fuhs

fuhs (nominative singular)
fohsō (nominative plural)
fohsōs (nominative plural)
fuhs (accusative singular)
fohsā (accusative plural)
fohsas (genitive singular)
fohsō (genitive plural)
fuhsē (dative singular)
fuhsum (dative plural)
fuhsu (instrumental singular)
fuhsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fox
Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox

Old Frisian: *foks

North Frisian: foos

Saterland Frisian: Foaks

West Frisian: foks

Old Saxon: fohs, fuhs

Middle Low German: vos, vōs

Low German:

Dutch Low Saxon: vos

German Low German: Voß, Voss

Westphalian:

East Westphalian:

Lippisch: Voss, Foss

Paderbornisch: Voß

South Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: Voß

Westmünsterländisch: Foss

Plautdietsch: Foss

→ Icelandic: fox

→ Danish: fos

Old Dutch: fus
Middle Dutch: vos
Dutch: vos
Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj

Old High German: fuhs

Middle High German: vuhs
Alemannic German: Fuchs, Fugs
Walser: fuks, fuksch, fòcks, vucks
Bavarian: Fuchs
Cimbrian: vuks, buks
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Fuss, Fuhs, (southern) Fuchs
Hunsrik: Fuchs
Luxembourgish: Fuuss
East Central German:
Vilamovian: füks
East Franconian:
German: Fuchs
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Fux
Swabian: Fuchs
Yiddish: פֿוקס (fuks)


kwisti

kwisti (nominative singular)
kwistī (nominative plural)
kwisti (accusative singular)
kwistī (accusative plural)
kwistī (genitive singular)
kwistijō (genitive plural)
kwistī (dative singular)
kwistim (dative plural)
kwistijum (dative plural)
kwistī (instrumental singular)
kwistim (instrumental plural)
kwistijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *quist

Middle Low German: quist

Old Dutch: *quist

Middle Dutch: quist

Old High German: kwist, quist


āswik

āswik (nominative singular)
āswikō (nominative plural)
āswikōs (nominative plural)
āswik (accusative singular)
āswikā (accusative plural)
āswikas (genitive singular)
āswikō (genitive plural)
āswikē (dative singular)
āswikum (dative plural)
āswiku (instrumental singular)
āswikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣswiċ

Old High German: āswih


sīk

sīk (nominative singular)
sīku (nominative plural)
sīk (accusative singular)
sīku (accusative plural)
sīkas (genitive singular)
sīkō (genitive plural)
sīkē (dative singular)
sīkum (dative plural)
sīku (instrumental singular)
sīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sīċ

Middle English: sych, syk, syke
English: sitch, sike
Scots: sike, syke

Old Saxon: *sīk

Middle Low German: sīk

German Low German: Sieker

⇒ Old High German: gisīch


līk

līk (nominative singular)
līku (nominative plural)
līk (accusative singular)
līku (accusative plural)
līkas (genitive singular)
līkō (genitive plural)
līkē (dative singular)
līkum (dative plural)
līku (instrumental singular)
līkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līċ

Middle English: like, lich

Scots: lyke

English: lich

Old Frisian: līk

Saterland Frisian: Lieke

West Frisian: lyk

Old Saxon: līk

Middle Low German: lîk, lîch

German Low German: Liek

Plautdietsch: Leich, Leiche

→ Latvian: līķis

Old Dutch: *līk

Middle Dutch: lijc

Dutch: lijk

Afrikaans: lyk

Old High German: līh
Middle High German: leich
Central Franconian: Lich
Bavarian: Leich
German: Leiche
Luxembourgish: Läich


wīk

wīk (nominative singular)
wīkō (nominative plural)
wīkōs (nominative plural)
wīk (accusative singular)
wīkā (accusative plural)
wīkas (genitive singular)
wīkō (genitive plural)
wīkē (dative singular)
wīkum (dative plural)
wīku (instrumental singular)
wīkum (instrumental plural)
wīk (nominative singular)
wīku (nominative plural)
wīk (accusative singular)
wīku (accusative plural)
wīkas (genitive singular)
wīkō (genitive plural)
wīkē (dative singular)
wīkum (dative plural)
wīku (instrumental singular)
wīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīċ n
Middle English: wic, wike, wyk, wych
English: -wick, -wich (in placenames)

Old Frisian: wīk f

West Frisian: wyk m or f

Old Saxon: wīk f
Middle Low German: wîk

Old Dutch: *wīc

Middle Dutch: wijc m

Dutch: wijk
Afrikaans: wyk

Limburgish: wiek

Old High German: wīh m

Middle High German: wīch

German: Weich (archaic or obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin vīcus (“village”), displacing native *wīhs (“village, settlement”), from Proto-Germanic *wīhsą, both deriving from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“village”).


dīk

dīk (nominative singular)
dīkō (nominative plural)
dīkōs (nominative plural)
dīk (accusative singular)
dīkā (accusative plural)
dīkas (genitive singular)
dīkō (genitive plural)
dīkē (dative singular)
dīkum (dative plural)
dīku (instrumental singular)
dīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dīċ

Middle English: dich

English: ditch (“trench, bank”)

>? Old English: dīc

q

Middle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)

Scots: dike, dyke

English: dike (“levee”)

Old Frisian: dīk

North Frisian: dijck

Saterland Frisian: Diek

West Frisian: dyk

Old Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)

Middle Low German: dîk

German Low German: Diek

→ German: Deich (“dam”)

→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)

Old Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)

Middle Dutch: dijc

Dutch: dijk

Afrikaans: dyk

→ Old French: diic, dike

Middle French: digue

French: digue

→ Irish: díog (“trench”)

Old High German: tīh (“dam”)

desc

Middle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)

German: Teich (“pond”)

German: Deich (“dam”)

Yiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


siglī

siglī (nominative singular)
sigliju (nominative plural)
siglī (accusative singular)
sigliju (accusative plural)
siglijas (genitive singular)
siglijō (genitive plural)
siglijē (dative singular)
siglijum (dative plural)
sigliju (instrumental singular)
siglijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: siġle


sweglu

sweglu (nominative singular)
sweglō (nominative plural)
sweglā (accusative singular)
sweglā (accusative plural)
sweglā (genitive singular)
sweglō (genitive plural)
sweglē (dative singular)
sweglōm (dative plural)
sweglum (dative plural)
sweglu (instrumental singular)
sweglōm (instrumental plural)
sweglum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sweġel, *sweġl

⇒ Old English: sweġelhorn, sweġlhorn

Old High German: swegala

Middle High German: swegele, swegel

German: Schwegel


swegru

swegru (nominative singular)
swegrō (nominative plural)
swegrā (accusative singular)
swegrā (accusative plural)
swegrā (genitive singular)
swegrō (genitive plural)
swegrē (dative singular)
swegrōm (dative plural)
swegrum (dative plural)
swegru (instrumental singular)
swegrōm (instrumental plural)
swegrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sweġer

Middle English: sweȝer

Old Frisian: *sweger, *sweier

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Sweegermuur

Old Saxon: *swegar, *swigar

Middle Low German: swēger

German Low German: Sweger, Swegermoder

Old Dutch: *sweger

Middle Dutch: swēger

Dutch: zweger

Old High German: swigar

Middle High German: swiger

German: Schwieger (obsolete)

⇒ German: Schwiegermutter, Schwiegervater, Schwiegertochter, Schwiegersohn

Yiddish: שוויגער (shviger)


wīg

wīg (nominative singular)
wīgō (nominative plural)
wīgōs (nominative plural)
wīg (accusative singular)
wīgā (accusative plural)
wīgas (genitive singular)
wīgō (genitive plural)
wīgē (dative singular)
wīgum (dative plural)
wīgu (instrumental singular)
wīgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīġ

Middle English: wiȝe, wi

Old Frisian: wīg, wīch

North Frisian: wigh, wych

Old Saxon: wīg

Middle Low German: wīch

Old Dutch: wīg

Middle Dutch: wijch

Dutch: wijg (obsolete)

Old High German: wīg

→ Middle Low German: wīc


wāg

wāg (nominative singular)
wāgō (nominative plural)
wāgōs (nominative plural)
wāg (accusative singular)
wāgā (accusative plural)
wāgas (genitive singular)
wāgō (genitive plural)
wāgē (dative singular)
wāgum (dative plural)
wāgu (instrumental singular)
wāgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣġ

Middle English: waghe, wawe

English: waw

Scots: waw

Old Frisian: weg

North Frisian: weage, waag

West Frisian: weach

Old Saxon: wāg

q

possibly merged with ?<i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wagō</i>

Middle Low German: wāch m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)

→ Middle High German: wāge (northern)

German: Woge

→ Old Swedish: vāgh

Swedish: våg

→ Danish: vove

→ Smalandian: våj

→ Helsingian: våga

Old Dutch: *wāg

Middle Dutch: wâech m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)

Dutch: waag f

German: wāg

→ Middle High German: wāc


tehsu

tehsu (nominative singular)
tehswō (nominative plural)
tehswā (accusative singular)
tehswā (accusative plural)
tehswā (genitive singular)
tehswō (genitive plural)
tehswē (dative singular)
tehswōm (dative plural)
tehsum (dative plural)
tehsu (instrumental singular)
tehswōm (instrumental plural)
tehsum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: tesewa

Old High German: zesawa

Middle High German: zëswe


galigrī

galigrī (nominative singular)
galigriju (nominative plural)
galigrī (accusative singular)
galigriju (accusative plural)
galigrijas (genitive singular)
galigrijō (genitive plural)
galigrijē (dative singular)
galigrijum (dative plural)
galigriju (instrumental singular)
galigrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeliġre, ġeliġere, ġeliġer

Old High German: *giligari

Middle High German: geligere


legr

legr (nominative singular)
legru (nominative plural)
legr (accusative singular)
legru (accusative plural)
legras (genitive singular)
legrō (genitive plural)
legrē (dative singular)
legrum (dative plural)
legru (instrumental singular)
legrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: leġer
Middle English: leir, leire, lair, lare
English: lair
Scots: lair, lear, layer, lare

Old Frisian: legor, leger

Saterland Frisian: Leeger

West Frisian: leger

Old Saxon: legar

Middle Low German: lēger, lāger

German Low German: Lager

→ Estonian: leer

Old Dutch: *leger

Middle Dutch: lēger

Dutch: leger
Afrikaans: leër
→ English: leaguer
→ Sranan Tongo: legre

Old High German: legar

Middle High German: leger

German: Lager
→ Czech: lágr
→ Danish: lager
→ Dutch: lager
→ English: laager
→ English: lager
→ Estonian: laager
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: lager
Norwegian Nynorsk: lager
→ Romanian: lagăr
→ Russian: лагерь (lagerʹ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: lȏgor
→ Swedish: lager


kunþō

kunþō (nominative singular)
kunþan (nominative plural)
kunþan (accusative singular)
kunþan (accusative plural)
kunþini (genitive singular)
kunþan (genitive singular)
kunþanō (genitive plural)
kunþini (dative singular)
kunþan (dative singular)
kunþum (dative plural)
kunþini (instrumental singular)
kunþan (instrumental singular)
kunþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cūþa

Old Dutch: kundo

Middle Dutch: konde

Old High German: kundo

Middle High German: kunde

German: Kunde


rāsu

rāsu (nominative singular)
rāswō (nominative plural)
rāswā (accusative singular)
rāswā (accusative plural)
rāswā (genitive singular)
rāswō (genitive plural)
rāswē (dative singular)
rāswōm (dative plural)
rāsum (dative plural)
rāsu (instrumental singular)
rāswōm (instrumental plural)
rāsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rǣs

⇒? Middle Low German: rassen (verb)

⇒ Middle Low German: rasselen


godakundī

godakundī (nominative singular)
godakundīn (accusative singular)
godakundīn (genitive singular)
godakundīn (dative singular)
godakundīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: godkundi

Old High German: gotkundī

From *godakund + *-ī (“divine”, abstract noun suffix).


wigi

wigi (nominative singular)
wiggju (nominative plural)
wigi (accusative singular)
wiggju (accusative plural)
wiggjas (genitive singular)
wiggjō (genitive plural)
wiggjē (dative singular)
wiggjum (dative plural)
wiggju (instrumental singular)
wiggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiċġ, wyċġ

Middle English: *wigge, wig

English: widge

Old Frisian: wigge, widze, wedze

Old Saxon: wiggi, wigg, wig

Old Dutch: wiggi


hrugi

hrugi (nominative singular)
hruggjō (nominative plural)
hruggjōs (nominative plural)
hrugi (accusative singular)
hruggjā (accusative plural)
hruggjas (genitive singular)
hruggjō (genitive plural)
hruggjē (dative singular)
hruggjum (dative plural)
hruggju (instrumental singular)
hruggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg
Middle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge
Scots: rig
English: ridge, rig (Northern)

Old Frisian: *hregg, hreg

North Frisian: reg

Saterland Frisian: Rääch

West Frisian: rêch

Old Saxon: hruggi

Middle Low German: rügge

German Low German: Rügge, Rügg

Plautdietsch: Rigjen

Old Dutch: ruggi

Middle Dutch: rugge
Dutch: rug
Afrikaans: rug
Jersey Dutch: rœx
Negerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege
Limburgish: rögk
West Flemish: rik, rugge

Old High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi
Middle High German: rücke


bruggju

bruggju (nominative singular)
bruggjō (nominative plural)
bruggjā (accusative singular)
bruggjā (accusative plural)
bruggjā (genitive singular)
bruggjō (genitive plural)
bruggjē (dative singular)
bruggjōm (dative plural)
bruggjum (dative plural)
bruggju (instrumental singular)
bruggjōm (instrumental plural)
bruggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bryċġ
Middle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge
English: bridge
Geordie English: brig
Scots: brig
Yola: burge

Old Frisian: brigge, bregge

North Frisian: brag, Bröch (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Brääch

West Frisian: brêge

Old Saxon: bruggia
Middle Low German: brugge
Dutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)
German Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch
Plautdietsch: Brigj

Old Dutch: brugga
Middle Dutch: brugge
Dutch: brug, Brugge
Afrikaans: brug
→ Papiamentu: brùg
Limburgish: brögk

Old High German: brucca

Middle High German: brucke, brücke

Alemannic German: Brugg

Bavarian: Bruck, Brugg

Central Franconian: Bröck, Breck

Hunsrik: Brick

German: Brücke

Luxembourgish: Bréck

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Brick

Vilamovian: bryk

Yiddish: בריק (brik)


skeldu

skeldu (nominative singular)
skildiwi (nominative plural)
skeldō (nominative plural)
skeldu (accusative singular)
skeldū (accusative plural)
skeldō (genitive singular)
skildiwō (genitive plural)
skildiwi (dative singular)
skeldō (dative singular)
skeldum (dative plural)
skeldu (instrumental singular)
skeldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċield, sċeld — Anglian, Kentish, sċild, sċyld
Middle English: scheld, sheld, shild, shelde
Scots: scheld, scheild
English: shield

Old Frisian: skeld, skild, schild

North Frisian: skilt

Saterland Frisian: Skild, Schild

West Frisian: skyld

Old Saxon: skild, skeld
Middle Low German: schilt
German Low German: Schild
Plautdietsch: Schilt

Old Dutch: skilt
Middle Dutch: schilt
Dutch: schild
Afrikaans: skild
Limburgish: sjèldj, sjildj

Old High German: skild, skilt

Middle High German: schilt

Bavarian: Schüd, Schuid, Schüld

German: Schild

→ Esperanto: ŝildo

→ Ido: shildo

Luxembourgish: Schëld

Yiddish: שילד (shild)


swīn

swīn (nominative singular)
swīnu (nominative plural)
swīn (accusative singular)
swīnu (accusative plural)
swīnas (genitive singular)
swīnō (genitive plural)
swīnē (dative singular)
swīnum (dative plural)
swīnu (instrumental singular)
swīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swīn, swȳn
Middle English: swyn, sqwyne, suin, swein, sweyne, swin, swine, swiyn, swyne, swynne, zuin
English: swine
Scots: swine

Old Frisian: swīn

North Frisian: swin

Saterland Frisian: Swien

West Frisian: swyn

Old Saxon: swīn

Middle Low German: swīn

German Low German: Swien, Schwiin

Plautdietsch: Schwien

Old Dutch: *swīn
Middle Dutch: swijn
Dutch: zwijn
Afrikaans: swyn
Limburgish: zwien

Old High German: swīn

Middle High German: swīn

Alemannic German:

Walser: Schwii

Central Franconian: Schwein

Hunsrik: Schwein

Luxembourgish: Schwäin

German: Schwein

Vilamovian: śwajn


sufl

sufl (nominative singular)
suflu (nominative plural)
sufl (accusative singular)
suflu (accusative plural)
soflas (genitive singular)
soflō (genitive plural)
suflē (dative singular)
suflum (dative plural)
suflu (instrumental singular)
suflum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sufel, sufol
Middle English: sowel, soouwil, soowel, soowil, souel, souvil, souwil, sovel, sowvel, sowil, suwle, soule, sowayle, sowll, sowlle, sowylle, suvel
English: sowl (dialectal)

Old Frisian: sūval

Saterland Frisian: süfel

West Frisian: suvel

Old Saxon: sūval

Middle Low German: suvel, süvel

Old Dutch: *sūval

Middle Dutch: suvel, zuvel

Dutch: zuivel

Old High German: sūfil


agalaitī

agalaitī (nominative singular)
agalaitiju (nominative plural)
agalaitī (accusative singular)
agalaitiju (accusative plural)
agalaitijas (genitive singular)
agalaitijō (genitive plural)
agalaitijē (dative singular)
agalaitijum (dative plural)
agalaitiju (instrumental singular)
agalaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: agaleizi


agalaitī

agalaitī (nominative singular)
agalaitīn (accusative singular)
agalaitīn (genitive singular)
agalaitīn (dative singular)
agalaitīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: agaleizī

Middle High German: ageleize

From Proto-Germanic *agalaitį̄. Equivalent to *agalaitī (“impudent, importunate”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


bikkju

bikkju (nominative singular)
bikkjō (nominative plural)
bikkjā (accusative singular)
bikkjā (accusative plural)
bikkjā (genitive singular)
bikkjō (genitive plural)
bikkjē (dative singular)
bikkjōm (dative plural)
bikkjum (dative plural)
bikkju (instrumental singular)
bikkjōm (instrumental plural)
bikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bikke

Saterland Frisian: Bikke

Old Dutch: *bicca

Middle Dutch: bicke

Dutch: bik

Old High German: *bicka

Middle High German: bicke

desc

→ Medieval Latin: besca, bessa, bescia, bechia [822 CE; Corbie, France]

desctree

Old French: besche, beche, besque, becche, beiche
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: biesse
Middle French: beche, besche
French: bêche
Norman: bêque, bêquie (Guernesiais), beque (Jersiais)
→ Middle English: becche, beche

Occitan: beissa

From *bikkjan (“to attack, hack”) + *-u.


bakō

bakō (nominative singular)
bakan (nominative plural)
bakan (accusative singular)
bakan (accusative plural)
bakini (genitive singular)
bakan (genitive singular)
bakanō (genitive plural)
bakini (dative singular)
bakan (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)
bakini (instrumental singular)
bakan (instrumental singular)
bakum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: baco

Old Dutch: *baco
Middle Dutch: bāke
Dutch: baak

Old High German: bahho, bacho

Middle High German: bache

→ Medieval Latin: bacō, baccō [875 CE] (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“side”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from Proto-Germanic n-stem paradigm *bakô ~ *bukkaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰog-ō ~ *bʰug-nos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to arch”).


broʀd

broʀd (nominative singular)
broʀdō (nominative plural)
broʀdōs (nominative plural)
broʀd (accusative singular)
broʀdā (accusative plural)
broʀdas (genitive singular)
broʀdō (genitive plural)
broʀdē (dative singular)
broʀdum (dative plural)
broʀdu (instrumental singular)
broʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brord
Middle English: brodd (partly)
English: brod

Old Saxon: brord

Old High German: brort, prort

Middle High German: brort

German: Brort


beuʀ

beuʀ (nominative singular)
beuʀu (nominative plural)
beuʀ (accusative singular)
beuʀu (accusative plural)
beuʀas (genitive singular)
beuʀō (genitive plural)
beuʀē (dative singular)
beuʀum (dative plural)
beuʀu (instrumental singular)
beuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēor
Middle English: bere, beere
English: beer (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bere, beir, beer

Old Frisian: biār

Saterland Frisian: Bjoor

West Frisian: bier

Old Saxon: bior

Middle Low German: bêr

German Low German: Beer

Mecklenburgisch: Bier

Plautdietsch: Bea

Old Dutch: *bior, *bier

Middle Dutch: bier
Dutch: bier (see there for further descendants)
Afrikaans: bier
Limburgish: beer
→ Middle French: biere (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: bior

Middle High German: bier

Alemannic German: Bier, Biär, Pier

Bavarian: Bia, Bäia

Cimbrian: bir

Mòcheno: piar

Central Franconian: Bier, Beer

Luxembourgish: Béier

East Central German:

Vilamovian: biyr

German: Bier (see there for further descendants)

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Bier

Yiddish: ביר (bir)


darōþu

darōþu (nominative singular)
darōþiwi (nominative plural)
darōþō (nominative plural)
darōþu (accusative singular)
darōþū (accusative plural)
darōþō (genitive singular)
darōþiwō (genitive plural)
darōþiwi (dative singular)
darōþō (dative singular)
darōþum (dative plural)
darōþu (instrumental singular)
darōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: daroþ

Old Dutch: *daroth

Middle Dutch: dāert, dart

Dutch: daart

Old High German: tart

→ Medieval Latin: dardus [768 CE, France] (see there for further descendants)


dungijā

dungijā (nominative singular)
dungijōn (nominative plural)
dungijōn (accusative singular)
dungijōn (accusative plural)
dungijōn (genitive singular)
dungijōnō (genitive plural)
dungijōn (dative singular)
dungijōm (dative plural)
dungijum (dative plural)
dungijōn (instrumental singular)
dungijōm (instrumental plural)
dungijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dynċġe, dinċġe, denġe
→ Latin: dingia (Anglo-Latin)

Old Dutch: *dunga

Middle Dutch: *donge, *donke

Dutch: donk (archaic)

⇒ Middle Dutch: santdonc

⇒ Old Dutch: Dungus

⇒ Old Dutch: Medmedug

From Proto-Germanic *dungijǭ (“earth mound, dunghill”). Equivalent to *dungu (“dung, dirt”) + *-jā.


bollā

bollā (nominative singular)
bollōn (nominative plural)
bollōn (accusative singular)
bollōn (accusative plural)
bollōn (genitive singular)
bollōnō (genitive plural)
bollōn (dative singular)
bollōm (dative plural)
bollum (dative plural)
bollōn (instrumental singular)
bollōm (instrumental plural)
bollum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bolle
Middle English: bolle
Scots: boll, bol, bow
English: bowl
→ Middle French: bolle
French: bol
→ Greek: μπολ (bol)

Old Frisian: bolla

Saterland Frisian: Boolje, Bol

West Frisian: bol

Old Saxon: *bolla, bollo

Middle Low German: bolle, bole

German Low German: Boll, Bolle

⇒ Low German: Bolltje

→ Danish: bolsje

→ German: Bollchen

Old Dutch: *bollo

Middle Dutch: bolle m

Dutch: bol

Afrikaans: bol

Limburgish: ból

Old High German: bolla

Middle High German: bolle

Alemannic German: Bölle, Belle, Böle

German: Bolle

Luxembourgish: Boll; Bull (latter uncertain)

→ Vulgar Latin: *bolla (merger with Latin bulla)

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: bolla

Oïl

Old French: bolle, bole

Middle French: boule

French: boule
→ English: boule

Norman: bolle, boule

→ Middle English: bowle, boule

English: bowl (“lawn bowl, ball”)

Picard Old French: *boule

⇒ Picard Old French: boulenc

→ Old French: bolengier, boulanger
Gallo: boulangier
Middle French: boulanger
French: boulanger
Norman: boulandgi (Jèrriais)
Walloon: boledjî

Old Occitan: bolla, bola

Occitan: bòla

Catalan: bolla, bola

Portuguese: bola

→ Spanish: bola

Old Spanish:

Spanish: bolla


faldistōl

faldistōl (nominative singular)
faldistōlō (nominative plural)
faldistōlōs (nominative plural)
faldistōl (accusative singular)
faldistōlā (accusative plural)
faldistōlas (genitive singular)
faldistōlō (genitive plural)
faldistōlē (dative singular)
faldistōlum (dative plural)
faldistōlu (instrumental singular)
faldistōlum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: fealdestōl, fieldstōl, fieldestōl, fyldestōl, fyldstōl

Old Saxon: faldistōl

Old Dutch: *faldistuol

Middle Dutch: voudestoel

Dutch: vouwstoel

Old High German: faldistuol, faltistuol

Middle High German: valtstuol

German: Faltstuhl, Feldstuhl

→ Medieval Latin: faldistōlium (see there for further descendants)

From *faldī (“folding”) or *faldi (“fold, crease”) + *stōl (“stool, chair”).


bikkil

bikkil (nominative singular)
bikkilō (nominative plural)
bikkilōs (nominative plural)
bikkil (accusative singular)
bikkilā (accusative plural)
bikkilas (genitive singular)
bikkilō (genitive plural)
bikkilē (dative singular)
bikkilum (dative plural)
bikkilu (instrumental singular)
bikkilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *bikkil

Middle Low German: bickel

Old Dutch: *bickil

Middle Dutch: bickel, pickel, peckel

Dutch: bikkel, biggel (dialectal)

Old High German: *bikkil, *bihhil

Middle High German: bickel

Cimbrian: biighel

desc

→ Old French: bille (“small ball, marble”)

Middle French: bille

French: bille

From *bikkjan (“to stab, hack”) + *-il (diminutive suffix).

af

a chip (of stone, bone), pebble, ossicle


bikkil

Old Saxon: *bikkil

Middle Low German: bickel

⇒ Old Saxon: *stēnbikkil

desc

Middle Low German: stēnbickel, steinbickel, stēnbikil, steinbikil

Old Dutch: *bickil

Middle Dutch: bickel, pickel, peckel

Dutch: bikkel, biggel (dialectal)

Old High German: *bikkil, *bihhil

Middle High German: bickel

→ Medieval Latin: billa

→ Old French: bille (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: billa

From *bikkjan (“to stab, hack”) + *-il (agent noun suffix).


baukn

baukn (nominative singular)
bauknu (nominative plural)
baukn (accusative singular)
bauknu (accusative plural)
bauknas (genitive singular)
bauknō (genitive plural)
bauknē (dative singular)
bauknum (dative plural)
bauknu (instrumental singular)
bauknum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bēacn, bēacen, bīecen, bēcen, bēcon, bēcun — Anglian
Middle English: beken, beeken, beekne, bekene, bekne, bekyn, biken
English: beacon
Scots: beikin, bekin

Old Frisian: bāken, bēken

North Frisian: biike, baake, beken

Saterland Frisian: Baake, Boake

West Frisian: beaken

desc

→ Middle Dutch: baken, bakin, beke, beken

Dutch: baken, baak

q

→ Middle Low German: bāke (possibly, or from southern Eastphalian, which is a Low German dialect, see below)

Low German: Bāke

→ Danish: båke

→ German: Bake

→ Norwegian: båk, båke

→ Swedish: båk

→ Old Norse: bákn, báken

Danish: bavn

Faroese: bákn

Icelandic: bákn

Old Saxon: bōkan

Middle Low German: bâken, bâke (from southern Eastphalian, or a conflation of grammatical paradigms with the borrowing from Old Frisian, see above)

desc

Dutch Low Saxon: boake (“(Easter) fire sign”)

Old Dutch: *bōcan

Middle Dutch: bokin, boken, boekin, boeken, boekijn

Old High German: bouhhan, bouchan, pouhhan, pouchan

Middle High German: bouchen

Alemannic German: Pauchen, Böchen

Swabian: Bauchen

→ Old French: boue, buie

Middle French: bouee, boue

French: bouée

→ Catalan: boia

→ Middle Dutch: boye, boeye

Dutch: boei

→ Danish: bøje

→ Icelandic: bauja

→ Middle English: buoy, boye

English: buoy

→ German: Boje

→ Polish: boja

→ Galician: boia

→ Spanish: boya


haifsti

haifsti (nominative singular)
haifstī (nominative plural)
haifsti (accusative singular)
haifstī (accusative plural)
haifstī (genitive singular)
haifstijō (genitive plural)
haifstī (dative singular)
haifstim (dative plural)
haifstijum (dative plural)
haifstī (instrumental singular)
haifstim (instrumental plural)
haifstijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hǣst, hǣste, hēst
Middle English: heste (hapax)

Old Frisian: hāst

Saterland Frisian: Hoast

West Frisian: haest; haeste

Old Saxon: heist

Middle Low German: heist

Old Dutch: *hēst

Old High German: heist, heisti, *heifti

Middle High German: heifte

→ Old French: haste (see there for further descendants)


hauwā

hauwā (nominative singular)
hauwōn (nominative plural)
hauwōn (accusative singular)
hauwōn (accusative plural)
hauwōn (genitive singular)
hauwōnō (genitive plural)
hauwōn (dative singular)
hauwōm (dative plural)
hauwum (dative plural)
hauwōn (instrumental singular)
hauwōm (instrumental plural)
hauwum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hauwa

Old Dutch: houwa

Middle Dutch: houwe

Dutch: houw (dialectal)

Old High German: houwa

Middle High German: houwe

Cimbrian: hau

German: Haue

→ Old French: houe (see there for further descendants)


knīb

knīb (nominative singular)
knībō (nominative plural)
knībōs (nominative plural)
knīb (accusative singular)
knībā (accusative plural)
knības (genitive singular)
knībō (genitive plural)
knībē (dative singular)
knībum (dative plural)
knību (instrumental singular)
knībum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cnīf (possible reborrowing from Old Norse knífr or Middle Dutch cnīf, cnijf)
Middle English: knyf, knif
Scots: knyfe, knife
English: knife
Sranan Tongo: nefi
Yola: kunnife
→ French: canif

Old Frisian: *knīf

West Frisian: kniif, knyf, knyft

Old Saxon: *knīf

Middle Low German: knîf

German Low German: Knief

Low German: knief, kniiv, knif

Plautdietsch: Kjnief

Old Dutch: *cnīf

Middle Dutch: cnijf

Dutch: knijf (dialectal)

Old High German: *knīb (?)

Middle High German: knîp; knîf (latter West Central German)

German: Kneip (dialectal); Knifte

Luxembourgish: Knäip

→ Vulgar Latin: *cnīfus (see there for further descendants)


skamu

skamu (nominative singular)
skamō (nominative plural)
skamā (accusative singular)
skamā (accusative plural)
skamā (genitive singular)
skamō (genitive plural)
skamē (dative singular)
skamōm (dative plural)
skamum (dative plural)
skamu (instrumental singular)
skamōm (instrumental plural)
skamum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: sċamu, sċeamu, sċomu, sċeomu

Middle English: schame, schome

Scots: scham, schame

English: shame

Old Frisian: skame, scome, skome

Saterland Frisian: scame; (Skoomte)

(West Frisian: skamte)

Old Saxon: skama

Middle Low German: schame, scham

Low German: Schaam; (Schaamd)

Old Dutch: scama

Middle Dutch: schāme

Dutch: schaam (obsolete)

Old High German: scama

Middle High German: schame

German: Scham

Hunsrik: Schaam


hauniþu

hauniþu (nominative singular)
hauniþō (nominative plural)
hauniþā (accusative singular)
hauniþā (accusative plural)
hauniþā (genitive singular)
hauniþō (genitive plural)
hauniþē (dative singular)
hauniþōm (dative plural)
hauniþum (dative plural)
hauniþu (instrumental singular)
hauniþōm (instrumental plural)
hauniþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hīenþu, hȳnþ, hȳnþu, hēnþo
Middle English: henthe, hinth

Old Frisian: hānethe

Old Saxon: hōnitha

Middle Low German: honede

Old Dutch: hōnitha

Middle Dutch: hôonde, hôonte

Dutch: hoonte

Old High German: hōnida

→ Medieval Latin: haunta
Old French: honte (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *hauniþō. Equivalent to *haunī (“humiliated”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


falkō

falkō (nominative singular)
falkan (nominative plural)
falkan (accusative singular)
falkan (accusative plural)
falkini (genitive singular)
falkan (genitive singular)
falkanō (genitive plural)
falkini (dative singular)
falkan (dative singular)
falkum (dative plural)
falkini (instrumental singular)
falkan (instrumental singular)
falkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *fealca
Middle English: falk (in placenames and personal names); fylkere
Scots: falk, fauk, faik; facky, feckie

Old Frisian: *falka

Saterland Frisian: Falke

West Frisian: falk

Old Saxon: falko

Middle Low German: falke, valke

Low German:

German Low German: Falk

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Falke

Plautdietsch: Faulkj

→ Old Norse: falki (possibly, alternatively from root) (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: *falco
Middle Dutch: valke
Dutch: valk

Old High German: falco, falko, falcho, falc
Middle High German: valke
German: Falke, Falk
Hunsrik: Fallek
Luxembourgish: Fallek

→ Late Latin: falcō (possibly) (see there for further descendants)


hnapp

hnapp (nominative singular)
hnappō (nominative plural)
hnappōs (nominative plural)
hnapp (accusative singular)
hnappā (accusative plural)
hnappas (genitive singular)
hnappō (genitive plural)
hnappē (dative singular)
hnappum (dative plural)
hnappu (instrumental singular)
hnappum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hnæpp, hnæpf, hnæp
Middle English: nappe, neppe, nap, nep
English: nap
Scots: napp, nap

Old Frisian: *nepp, *nep

Saterland Frisian: Näp

West Frisian: nappe

Old Saxon: *hnapp, hnap

Middle Low German: nap

German Low German: Napp

Old Dutch: *napp, *nap

Middle Dutch: nappe, nap

Dutch: nap

Old High German: napf, naph

Middle High German: napf, naph

German: Napf

→ Medieval Latin: hanappus (see there for further descendants)


flōdu

flōdu (nominative singular)
flōdiwi (nominative plural)
flōdō (nominative plural)
flōdu (accusative singular)
flōdū (accusative plural)
flōdō (genitive singular)
flōdiwō (genitive plural)
flōdiwi (dative singular)
flōdō (dative singular)
flōdum (dative plural)
flōdu (instrumental singular)
flōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: flōd, ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ (flódu) — Runic
Middle English: flod, flood, floode, flode, flowt, fflood, fflode, vlode
English: flood
Scots: fluid, flude
→ Anglo-Latin: flōdus [13th c.] (England)

Old Frisian: flōd

North Frisian: floth

Saterland Frisian: Floud

West Frisian: floed

Old Saxon: flōd

Middle Low German: vlôt

German Low German: Flood

Old Dutch: fluod

Middle Dutch: vloet
Dutch: vloed
Afrikaans: vloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: flutu
Javindo: floed
Limburgish: vlood

Old High German: fluot

Middle High German: vluot

Cimbrian: fluut

German: Flut

→ Vulgar Latin: *flōtus (see there for further descendants)


hosā

hosā (nominative singular)
hosōn (nominative plural)
hosōn (accusative singular)
hosōn (accusative plural)
hosōn (genitive singular)
hosōnō (genitive plural)
hosōn (dative singular)
hosōm (dative plural)
hosum (dative plural)
hosōn (instrumental singular)
hosōm (instrumental plural)
hosum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hose, hosa, hosu
Middle English: hose, hoyse, hosa, hoose (all rare)
English: hose
Scots: hose, hoe

Old Frisian: *hose

Saterland Frisian: Hoose

West Frisian: hoas

Old Saxon: hosa

Middle Low German: hōse, hāse

German Low German: Hose, Hoos

Old Dutch: *hosa

Middle Dutch: hōse

Dutch: hoos

Afrikaans: hoos

Old High German: hosa

Middle High German: hose

Cimbrian: hóoza

German: Hose

Luxembourgish: Hues

Yiddish: הויזן (hoyzn)

→ Late Latin: hosae (see there for further descendants)


skandu

skandu (nominative singular)
skandō (nominative plural)
skandā (accusative singular)
skandā (accusative plural)
skandā (genitive singular)
skandō (genitive plural)
skandē (dative singular)
skandōm (dative plural)
skandum (dative plural)
skandu (instrumental singular)
skandōm (instrumental plural)
skandum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: sċand, sċeand, sċeond, sċond; sċendle

Middle English: schande, schonde; (schandle)

English: shand, shond

Old Frisian: skande, skonde

Saterland Frisian: Skounde

West Frisian: skande

Old Saxon: *skanda

Middle Low German: schande

German Low German: Schande, Schanne, Schann

→ Danish: skand (in compounds: e.g. skandskrift)

Old Dutch: *scanda

Middle Dutch: schande

Dutch: schande

Afrikaans: skande

Old High German: skanta, scanta, scanda

Middle High German: schande

German: Schande

→ Yiddish: שאַנדע (shande)

→ English: shanda, shonda

Luxembourgish: Schan

Yiddish: שאַנד (shand)


balkō

balkō (nominative singular)
balkan (nominative plural)
balkan (accusative singular)
balkan (accusative plural)
balkini (genitive singular)
balkan (genitive singular)
balkanō (genitive plural)
balkini (dative singular)
balkan (dative singular)
balkum (dative plural)
balkini (instrumental singular)
balkan (instrumental singular)
balkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bælca, bealca

Old Frisian: balka

Saterland Frisian: Boolke

West Frisian: balke

Old Saxon: balko

Middle Low German: balke

Plautdietsch: Baulkjen

→ Estonian: palk

desctree

Old Dutch: *balco
Middle Dutch: balke
Dutch: balk
Afrikaans: balk
Negerhollands: balk
→ Caribbean Javanese: baleg, balok
→ Javanese: ꦧꦭꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (balok)
→ Indonesian: balok
→ Malay: balak
> Indonesian: balak (inherited)
→ Papiamentu: balki (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: báíki
→ Sranan Tongo: barki, balk
→ Caribbean Hindustani: barki
Limburgish: balk

Old High German: balko, balcho, palcho, balco
Middle High German: balke
German: Balken
Kashubian: balka
Slovincian: balka
→ Old Polish: balka
Polish: belka
Silesian: bŏlka

Lombardic: palk

→ Italian: palco

→ Medieval Latin: balcō [c. 1040, Goscelin] (see there for further descendants)


hraigrō

hraigrō (nominative singular)
hraigran (nominative plural)
hraigran (accusative singular)
hraigran (accusative plural)
hraigrini (genitive singular)
hraigran (genitive singular)
hraigranō (genitive plural)
hraigrini (dative singular)
hraigran (dative singular)
hraigrum (dative plural)
hraigrini (instrumental singular)
hraigran (instrumental singular)
hraigrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrāgra

desc

⇒? Old English: *sċitehrāgra, *sċitehrāga

Middle English: schiterow

Yola: shederow

Old Frisian: *hrāgra, *hrēgra

Saterland Frisian: Reger

West Frisian: reager

Old Saxon: *hrēgar; hēgiro

Middle Low German: rêger, reiger

German Low German: Reiger

Old Dutch: heigero, *reigaro, *rēgaro

Middle Dutch: heiger, reiger, rêger

Dutch: reiger

Afrikaans: reier

Limburgish: reiger

desctree

Old High German: heigaro, reigaro, reigar
Middle High German: heiger, reiger
German: Reiher
→ Saterland Frisian: Raier
Luxembourgish: Räer
→ Italian: airone (partially from Old French)

→ Medieval Latin: hairō (see there for further descendants)


hrōk

hrōk (nominative singular)
hrōkō (nominative plural)
hrōkōs (nominative plural)
hrōk (accusative singular)
hrōkā (accusative plural)
hrōkas (genitive singular)
hrōkō (genitive plural)
hrōkē (dative singular)
hrōkum (dative plural)
hrōku (instrumental singular)
hrōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrōc

Middle English: roc, roke, rook

Scots: ruke, ruik

English: rook

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Rouk

West Frisian: roek

Old Saxon: hrōk

Middle Low German: rôk, rôke

German Low German: Rook

Low German: rok

Old Dutch: *ruok

Middle Dutch: roec

Dutch: roek

Old High German: hruoh, ruoh; hruoho, ruoho

Middle High German: ruoch

German: Ruch

→ Vulgar Latin: *frocum (see there for further descendants)

Corvus frugilegus
Corvus frugilegus#English


hrātu

hrātu (nominative singular)
hrātō (nominative plural)
hrātā (accusative singular)
hrātā (accusative plural)
hrātā (genitive singular)
hrātō (genitive plural)
hrātē (dative singular)
hrātōm (dative plural)
hrātum (dative plural)
hrātu (instrumental singular)
hrātōm (instrumental plural)
hrātum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: rāta

Middle Dutch: râte

Dutch: raat

Old High German: rāza

Middle High German: Raz

German: Roß

Luxembourgish: Ros

→ Vulgar Latin: *hrata

Old French: ree, raie (dated abt. 1130)

desc

Middle French: rayon, royon (“shelf, compartment, honeycomb”)

French: rayon

Late Latin: frata (dated 8th-century)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hrētō, from a metathesized form of Proto-Indo-European *ker-d- (“to twist, weave”), suffixed form of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Cognate with Albanian krodhë (“beehive”). Compare also Proto-Germanic *hrōtą (“roof”) and Proto-Slavic *korda (“pile of logs”).


īs

īs (nominative singular)
īsu (nominative plural)
īs (accusative singular)
īsu (accusative plural)
īsas (genitive singular)
īsō (genitive plural)
īsē (dative singular)
īsum (dative plural)
īsu (instrumental singular)
īsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: īs, ys
Middle English: is, ise, yes, yce, yys, ys, ijs, yse, ysz, hyse, hyys, ice, isse, ysse, yis
English: ice (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ice

Old Frisian: īs

North Frisian: Iis, Is, is

Saterland Frisian: Ies

West Frisian: iis

Old Saxon: īs
Middle Low German: îs
Low German:
German Low German: Ies
Plautdietsch: Iess

Old Dutch: *īs

Middle Dutch: ijs
Dutch: ijs
Afrikaans: ys
Petjo: es
→ Caribbean Javanese: ès
→ Indonesian: es
→ Papiamentu: eis
→ Sranan Tongo: èisi, hèisi
→ Aukan: eisi
→ Saramaccan: eísí
Limburgish: ies

Old High German: īs
Middle High German: īs
Alemannic German: Iis, Is, Isch
Alsatian: Iis; Eis (northern)
Italian Walser: isch, éisch
Bavarian: ais
Cimbrian: ais
Mòcheno: ais
Central Franconian: Eis, Ies
Hunsrik: Eis
Luxembourgish: Äis
Transylvanian Saxon: Ais
German: Eis
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurt: [ais]
Pennsylvania German: Eis
Vilamovian: ajs
Yiddish: אײַז (ayz)


hulis

hulis (nominative singular)
hulisō (nominative plural)
hulisōs (nominative plural)
hulis (accusative singular)
hulisā (accusative plural)
hulisas (genitive singular)
hulisō (genitive plural)
hulisē (dative singular)
hulisum (dative plural)
hulisu (instrumental singular)
hulisum (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old English: (unknown stem variant) holen, holeġn, holiġn, holiġ
Middle English: holyn, holin, holy, holly
English: holly, hollen
Scots: holin, hollin, holyn
Middle English: holme, holm
English: holm

Old Saxon: hulis

Middle Low German: hüls

German Low German:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Hülse

Sauerländisch: Hulse, Hulle, Hülse, Huse

Old Dutch: *hulis

Middle Dutch: huls, hulst f

Dutch: hulst

desc

Old High German: hulis, huls, hulisa, huliso

Middle High German: huls

German: Hülse f, Hulst, Holst, Hülsen, Hulse, Hulsenbaum, Hulsenstrauch, Hülst, Holch, Hulsch, Hülsenstrauch, Hülsenbaum, Hülsekraut, Hubze

desctree

→ Old French: hous, hus, huche, houche, huse, houce, houlx
Middle French: hous, houx, houlx
French: houx
Norman: housse (Jèrriais)
Picard: hoûx (Athois), oûch
Walloon: hoû (Charleroi), hoûssê (Forrières), hoûs

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to sting, prick”), or perhaps borrowed from some substrate language. Compare Old English holen (“holly”), Old Norse hulfr (“holly”), Proto-Celtic *kolinos (“holly tree”) (whence Old Irish cuilenn, Welsh celyn).


hāring

hāring (nominative singular)
hāringō (nominative plural)
hāringōs (nominative plural)
hāring (accusative singular)
hāringā (accusative plural)
hāringas (genitive singular)
hāringō (genitive plural)
hāringē (dative singular)
hāringum (dative plural)
hāringu (instrumental singular)
hāringum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hǣring
Middle English: hering, hereng, heiring, herring, hæring, haring
English: herring
Scots: hering, herring, herrin, haring
Yola: hereen, heereen

Old Frisian: hēreng
Saterland Frisian: Hiering, Häiring
West Frisian: hjerring

Old Saxon: *hāring

Middle Low German: hârink, hering

German Low German:

Westphalian:

East Westphalian (Lippisch): Hering

South Westphalian (Dortmundisch), Westmünsterländisch: Hääring

Westmünsterländisch: Heering

Old Dutch: *hāring

Middle Dutch: hârinc, hêrinc
Dutch: haring
Afrikaans: haring
Negerhollands: heriṅ
→ Caribbean Hindustani: eleng
→ Papiamentu: hering
Limburgish: hieëring

Old High German: hārinc, herinc

Middle High German: hærinc, hērinc

Central Franconian: Herrek (Ripuarian)

German: Hering (see there for further descendants)

Hunsrik: Hering

Luxembourgish: Hierk

Yiddish: הערינג (hering)

Bavarian: Haring

→ Late Latin: haringus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly from *hār (“hair”) + *-ing, named for its hair-like bones, compare Ancient Greek τριχίας (trikhías), τριχίς (trikhís, “type of anchovy”), from θρίξ (thríx, “hair”).


andaswaru

andaswaru (nominative singular)
andaswarō (nominative plural)
andaswarā (accusative singular)
andaswarā (accusative plural)
andaswarā (genitive singular)
andaswarō (genitive plural)
andaswarē (dative singular)
andaswarōm (dative plural)
andaswarum (dative plural)
andaswaru (instrumental singular)
andaswarōm (instrumental plural)
andaswarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: andswaru, andsware

desc

Middle English: andsware, answere, answar, answer

Scots: answere, answer

English: answer

Old Frisian: ondswer, ondsere, ondser

Old Saxon: andswar, andswōr, antswōr

From Proto-Germanic *andaswarō. Equivalent to *anda- + *swaru.


andawurdī

andawurdī (nominative singular)
andawurdiju (nominative plural)
andawurdī (accusative singular)
andawurdiju (accusative plural)
andawurdijas (genitive singular)
andawurdijō (genitive plural)
andawurdijē (dative singular)
andawurdijum (dative plural)
andawurdiju (instrumental singular)
andawurdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: andwyrde

Old Frisian: ondwarde, antwerde, ontwert, ondert, onder

Saterland Frisian: Oantwoud

West Frisian: andwird, antwurd, antwird, andert

Old Saxon: andwurdi, andwordi

Middle Low German: antworde, antwōrde, antword

German Low German: Antwoord

Plautdietsch: Auntwuat

Old Dutch: *antwurdi, andwarde

Middle Dutch: antworde, antwoorde, antwerde

desctree

Dutch: antwoord
Afrikaans: antwoord
Negerhollands: antwoord, anturt
→ Sranan Tongo: antwortu
→ Caribbean Javanese: antwor

Limburgish: antjwaord, antjwaordj

Old High German: antwurti, antwurtī

Middle High German: antwürte

German: Antwort

Luxembourgish: Äntwert

Yiddish: ענטפֿער (entfer)


kwissi

kwissi (nominative singular)
kwissī (nominative plural)
kwissi (accusative singular)
kwissī (accusative plural)
kwissī (genitive singular)
kwissijō (genitive plural)
kwissī (dative singular)
kwissim (dative plural)
kwissijum (dative plural)
kwissī (instrumental singular)
kwissim (instrumental plural)
kwissijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cwiss

Middle English: quiste

⇒ Middle English: biqueste

English: bequest

⇒ Old English: andcwiss


arwīt

arwīt (nominative singular)
arwīti (nominative plural)
arwītu (accusative singular)
arwīti (accusative plural)
arwīti (genitive singular)
arwītō (genitive plural)
arwīti (dative singular)
arwītum (dative plural)
arwīti (instrumental singular)
arwītum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *erit

Saterland Frisian: Aate

West Frisian: eart

Old Saxon: erit, eriwit

desc

Middle Low German: erwete, erwitte, arwete, erwte, erfte, arfte, arvete, ērte

German Low German: Arvte, Arvt

Old Dutch: *erwit, *erewit

Middle Dutch: erwete

desctree

Dutch: erwt
Afrikaans: ertjie
→ Xhosa: i-ertyisi
→ Indonesian: ercis
→ Papiamentu: ert (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: erki

Old High German: arawīz, araweiz, arawez, areweiz, arewez, arewiz, arewurz, ariwez, arwiz, arwuz, erewiz, erit, erivit, eriwiz, erwez, erwiz, harviz, hereviz
Middle High German: erweiz, erbeiz, arwīs, arwīz, areweiz
Bavarian: Arbaiß
Cimbrian: érbasa
Central Franconian: Ääz, Eerz (Ripuarian), Arwes, Erwes, Erbes, Erres (Moselle Franconian)
Luxembourgish: Ierbes
German: Erbse
Yiddish: אַרבעס (arbes)

From Proto-Germanic *arwīts. Doublet of *erbā (“vetch”).


weþru

weþru (nominative singular)
wiþriwi (nominative plural)
weþrō (nominative plural)
weþru (accusative singular)
weþrū (accusative plural)
weþrō (genitive singular)
wiþriwō (genitive plural)
wiþriwi (dative singular)
weþrō (dative singular)
weþrum (dative plural)
weþru (instrumental singular)
weþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weþer

Middle English: wether, wethir, wedyr

English: wether, wedder (dialectal)

Scots: weddir, woddir, wadder

Old Frisian: *wether

Saterland Frisian: Weeder, Weer

West Frisian: wear

Old Saxon: wethar, withar

Middle Low German: weder, wedder

German Low German: Weer

Old Dutch: wither

Middle Dutch: wēder, weer

Dutch: weder, weer

Old High German: widar

Middle High German: wider

German: Widder

Luxembourgish: Widder

Yiddish: ווידער (vider)


þuli

þuli (nominative singular)
þulī (nominative plural)
þuli (accusative singular)
þulī (accusative plural)
þulī (genitive singular)
þulljō (genitive plural)
þulī (dative singular)
þulim (dative plural)
þulljum (dative plural)
þulī (instrumental singular)
þulim (instrumental plural)
þulljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þyle

→ English: thyle (learned)


liþu

liþu (nominative singular)
liþiwi (nominative plural)
liþō (nominative plural)
liþu (accusative singular)
liþū (accusative plural)
liþō (genitive singular)
liþiwō (genitive plural)
liþiwi (dative singular)
liþō (dative singular)
liþum (dative plural)
liþu (instrumental singular)
liþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: liþ
Middle English: lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe
English: lith
Scots: lith

Old Frisian: lith, leth

North Frisian: leth, lath, lass

Saterland Frisian: Lid

West Frisian: lid

Old Saxon: lith

Middle Low German: lit

⇒ Middle Low German: gelit

Old Dutch: *lith

Middle Dutch: lit, let

Dutch: lid
Afrikaans: lid
→ Indonesian: lid
Negerhollands: lid, leden, leeden

Old High German: lid
Middle High German: lit
Alemannic German: Lid
German: Lied

⇒ Old High German: gilid

Middle High German: gelit, glit

German: Glied

Luxembourgish: Glidd


walþu

walþu (nominative singular)
walþiwi (nominative plural)
walþō (nominative plural)
walþu (accusative singular)
walþū (accusative plural)
walþō (genitive singular)
walþiwō (genitive plural)
walþiwi (dative singular)
walþō (dative singular)
walþum (dative plural)
walþu (instrumental singular)
walþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weald, wald
Middle English: wold, wald, walde, weld, welde, wolde, woolde, wæld (Early Middle English)
English: wold, weald, wald
Scots: wald

Old Frisian: wald

Saterland Frisian: Woold

West Frisian: wâld

Old Saxon: wald
Middle Low German: wôlt, wôld
Dutch Low Saxon: woold, woud
German Low German: Woolt, Woold, Wold
Plautdietsch: Woolt

Old Dutch: walt
Middle Dutch: wout
Dutch: woud
Limburgish: waadj

Old High German: wald
Middle High German: walt
Alemannic German: Wald
Swabian: Wald
Bavarian: Woid, Woold
Cimbrian: balt
Mòcheno: bòlt
Central Franconian: Wald (widely obsolete)
Hunsrik: Wald
Luxembourgish: Wal
German: Wald
Rhine Franconian: Wald, Wall
Frankfurterisch: [valt]
Yiddish: וואַלד (vald)

→ Old French: gaut (“forest, woods”)

⇒ Old French: gaudine

→ Piedmontese: vaoda, vaode


þuldi

þuldi (nominative singular)
þuldī (nominative plural)
þuldi (accusative singular)
þuldī (accusative plural)
þuldī (genitive singular)
þuldijō (genitive plural)
þuldī (dative singular)
þuldim (dative plural)
þuldijum (dative plural)
þuldī (instrumental singular)
þuldim (instrumental plural)
þuldijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þyld

Middle English: þild, thild

Old Saxon: thuld

Middle Low German: dult

Old High German: dult

Middle High German: dult

German: Dult

the ability to bear; endurance; patience


balþī

balþī (nominative singular)
balþīn (accusative singular)
balþīn (genitive singular)
balþīn (dative singular)
balþīn (instrumental singular)

desc

Old English: bieldu, bieldo, byldu, beldo, bældo

Middle English: bēld, bēlde

desctree

Old High German: baldī, beldī
Middle High German: belde
(German: in Bälde)

From Proto-Germanic *balþį̄. Equivalent to *balþ (“bold”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


gaþuldi

gaþuldi (nominative singular)
gaþuldī (nominative plural)
gaþuldi (accusative singular)
gaþuldī (accusative plural)
gaþuldī (genitive singular)
gaþuldijō (genitive plural)
gaþuldī (dative singular)
gaþuldim (dative plural)
gaþuldijum (dative plural)
gaþuldī (instrumental singular)
gaþuldim (instrumental plural)
gaþuldijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeþyld

Old Saxon: githuld

Middle Low German: *gedult

German Low German: Geduld

Old Dutch: gethult

Middle Dutch: gedult, geduld, gedout

Dutch: geduld

desc

Old High German: githult, kidult, gedult

Old High German: gedult

German: Geduld


felþu

felþu (nominative singular)
filþiwi (nominative plural)
felþō (nominative plural)
felþu (accusative singular)
felþū (accusative plural)
felþō (genitive singular)
filþiwō (genitive plural)
filþiwi (dative singular)
felþō (dative singular)
felþum (dative plural)
felþu (instrumental singular)
felþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: feld
Middle English: feld, feeld
English: field
Scots: feld, feild

Old Frisian: feld n

North Frisian: fjild

Saterland Frisian: Fäild

West Frisian: fjild

Old Saxon: feld n

Middle Low German: velt

German Low German: Feld

Low German: feld

Plautdietsch: Felt

→ Danish: felt

→ Icelandic: felt

→ Norwegian: felt

→ Swedish: fält

Old Dutch: felt
Middle Dutch: velt
Dutch: veld
Afrikaans: veld
→ English: veld
Negerhollands: veld
→ Caribbean Javanese: fèlt

Old High German: feld n

Middle High German: vëlt

Alemannic German: Fald

Swabian: Fäld

Bavarian: Fejd

Cimbrian:

Mòcheno: vèlt

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Feld

Luxembourgish: Feld

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German:

Vilamovian: fald

East Franconian:

German: Feld

Rhine Franconian: Fald, Feld, Fell

Frankfurterisch: [fɛlt]

Yiddish: פֿעלד (feld)


māriþu

māriþu (nominative singular)
māriþō (nominative plural)
māriþā (accusative singular)
māriþā (accusative plural)
māriþā (genitive singular)
māriþō (genitive plural)
māriþē (dative singular)
māriþōm (dative plural)
māriþum (dative plural)
māriþu (instrumental singular)
māriþōm (instrumental plural)
māriþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣrþo, mǣrþu, mǣrþ

Middle English: merthe

Old Saxon: māritha, mārtha

Old Dutch: māritha

Old High German: mārida

From Proto-Germanic *mēriþō. Equivalent to *mār (“famous”) + *-iþu.


gunþifanō

gunþifanō (nominative singular)
gunþifanan (nominative plural)
gunþifanan (accusative singular)
gunþifanan (accusative plural)
gunþifanini (genitive singular)
gunþifanan (genitive singular)
gunþifananō (genitive plural)
gunþifanini (dative singular)
gunþifanan (dative singular)
gunþifanum (dative plural)
gunþifanini (instrumental singular)
gunþifanan (instrumental singular)
gunþifanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gūþfana

Old Saxon: gūthfano

Old High German: gundfano

→ Old French: gonfanon
French: gonfanon
→ Middle Dutch: gonfanoen
Dutch: gonfanon
→ Middle English: gonfanon
English: gonfanon

From Proto-Germanic *gunþifanô. Equivalent to *gunþi + *fanō.


raunu

raunu (nominative singular)
raunō (nominative plural)
raunā (accusative singular)
raunā (accusative plural)
raunā (genitive singular)
raunō (genitive plural)
raunē (dative singular)
raunōm (dative plural)
raunum (dative plural)
raunu (instrumental singular)
raunōm (instrumental plural)
raunum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rān


garūnī

garūnī (nominative singular)
garūniju (nominative plural)
garūnī (accusative singular)
garūniju (accusative plural)
garūnijas (genitive singular)
garūnijō (genitive plural)
garūnijē (dative singular)
garūnijum (dative plural)
garūniju (instrumental singular)
garūnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġerȳne

Middle English: irīne, *yrīne, ʒerīnu (pl.)

Old High German: *girūni

Middle High German: gerūne, geriune

German: Geraune

From Proto-Germanic *garūniją. Equivalent to *ga- + *rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


garūnō

garūnō (nominative singular)
garūnan (nominative plural)
garūnan (accusative singular)
garūnan (accusative plural)
garūnini (genitive singular)
garūnan (genitive singular)
garūnanō (genitive plural)
garūnini (dative singular)
garūnan (dative singular)
garūnum (dative plural)
garūnini (instrumental singular)
garūnan (instrumental singular)
garūnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gerūna

Old High German: girūno

Dutch: ruiner, from Middle Dutch runer

From Proto-Germanic *garūnô, equivalent to *ga- + *rūnō.


þrūþi

þrūþi (nominative singular)
þrūþī (nominative plural)
þrūþi (accusative singular)
þrūþī (accusative plural)
þrūþī (genitive singular)
þrūþijō (genitive plural)
þrūþī (dative singular)
þrūþim (dative plural)
þrūþijum (dative plural)
þrūþī (instrumental singular)
þrūþim (instrumental plural)
þrūþijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þrȳþ
Middle English: thrith, thirth


uʀþrot

uʀþrot (nominative singular)
uʀþrotu (nominative plural)
uʀþrot (accusative singular)
uʀþrotu (accusative plural)
uʀþrotas (genitive singular)
uʀþrotō (genitive plural)
uʀþrotē (dative singular)
uʀþrotum (dative plural)
uʀþrotu (instrumental singular)
uʀþrotum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣþrot

Old High German: urdruz

Middle High German: urdruz

German: Urdruss


þurstu

þurstu (nominative singular)
þurstiwi (nominative plural)
þorstō (nominative plural)
þurstu (accusative singular)
þurstū (accusative plural)
þorstō (genitive singular)
þurstiwō (genitive plural)
þurstiwi (dative singular)
þorstō (dative singular)
þurstum (dative plural)
þurstu (instrumental singular)
þurstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þurst, þyrst
Middle English: þurst, thurst, thorst, thirst
English: thirst
Scots: thrist

Old Frisian: thorst

Saterland Frisian: Toarst

West Frisian: toarst

Old Saxon: thurst
Middle Low German: dorst
German Low German: Dörst, Döst
Plautdietsch: Darscht

Old Dutch: thurst

Middle Dutch: dorst
Dutch: dorst
Afrikaans: dors
Negerhollands: dorst, dos, durst
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dos (archaic)

Old High German: thurst, durst

Middle High German: durst

Central Franconian: Dursch

Cimbrian: duarst

East Central German: Durscht (Erzgebirgisch)

German: Durst

Luxembourgish: Duuscht

Yiddish: דאָרשט (dorsht)


rūnu

rūnu (nominative singular)
rūnō (nominative plural)
rūnā (accusative singular)
rūnā (accusative plural)
rūnā (genitive singular)
rūnō (genitive plural)
rūnē (dative singular)
rūnōm (dative plural)
rūnum (dative plural)
rūnu (instrumental singular)
rūnōm (instrumental plural)
rūnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rūn

Middle English: roun

Scots: rune, roun, round

English: roun, round

Old Saxon: rūna

Middle Low German: rûne, rune

Old Dutch: *rūna

Middle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)

(Dutch: alruin)

Old High German: rūna

Middle High German: rūne

German: Raune, Rune


hrōþi

hrōþi (nominative singular)
hrōþī (nominative plural)
hrōþi (accusative singular)
hrōþī (accusative plural)
hrōþī (genitive singular)
hrōþijō (genitive plural)
hrōþī (dative singular)
hrōþim (dative plural)
hrōþijum (dative plural)
hrōþī (instrumental singular)
hrōþim (instrumental plural)
hrōþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrēþ

Old Saxon: hrōth-

Old High German: hruod-


walh

walh (nominative singular)
walhō (nominative plural)
walhōs (nominative plural)
walh (accusative singular)
walhā (accusative plural)
walhas (genitive singular)
walhō (genitive plural)
walhē (dative singular)
walhum (dative plural)
walhu (instrumental singular)
walhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wealh
Middle English: wælh, wale
→ English: wealh (learned)
→ Medieval Latin: wallus

⇒ Old English: Cornwēalas (“Cornwall”)

Middle English: Cornwale, Cornwaile

English: Cornwall

⇒ Old English: Wēalas (“Wales”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: *Wala, *Wale

Middle Dutch: wāle

Dutch: Waal

Old High German: walh, walah

Middle High German: walch

German: Walchen pl, Walen pl (in placenames)

→ Vulgar Latin: *Wallō

Walloon: walon, Walon

→ French: wallon, Wallon

→ English: Walloon

→? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ

→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

foreigner, non-Germanic person (a Celt, later also a Roman)


wardu

wardu (nominative singular)
wardō (nominative plural)
wardā (accusative singular)
wardā (accusative plural)
wardā (genitive singular)
wardō (genitive plural)
wardē (dative singular)
wardōm (dative plural)
wardum (dative plural)
wardu (instrumental singular)
wardōm (instrumental plural)
wardum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weard, uueard
Middle English: warde, ward
Scots: ward
English: ward

Old Saxon: warda

Middle Low German: warde

Old Dutch: *warda (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: wāerde

Old High German: warta

Middle High German: warte

German: Warte

→ Medieval Latin: warda (see there for further descendants)


wrakkjō

wrakkjō (nominative singular)
wrakkjan (nominative plural)
wrakkjan (accusative singular)
wrakkjan (accusative plural)
wrakkjini (genitive singular)
wrakkjan (genitive singular)
wrakkjanō (genitive plural)
wrakkjini (dative singular)
wrakkjan (dative singular)
wrakkjum (dative plural)
wrakkjini (instrumental singular)
wrakkjan (instrumental singular)
wrakkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wræċċa, wreċċa

Middle English: wrecche

English: wretch

Scots: wratch, wretch, werch, warch

Old Saxon: wrekkio

Old Dutch: *recko

Middle Dutch: recke

desc

Old High German: *wreccheo, wreccho, hrechjo, reccho, wrecko, recko

Middle High German: reche, recke

→ Middle Low German: recke

German: Recke

→ Medieval Latin: garciō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *wrakjô. Equivalent to *wrekan (“to drive out; to persecute”) + *-jō.


wahtu

wahtu (nominative singular)
wahtwō (nominative plural)
wahtwā (accusative singular)
wahtwā (accusative plural)
wahtwā (genitive singular)
wahtwō (genitive plural)
wahtwē (dative singular)
wahtwōm (dative plural)
wahtum (dative plural)
wahtu (instrumental singular)
wahtwōm (instrumental plural)
wahtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wacht

Saterland Frisian: Wacht

West Frisian: wacht

desctree

Old Saxon: wahta
Middle Low German: wachte, wacht
German Low German: Wacht
→ Danish: vagt
→ Norwegian: vakt
→ Swedish: vakt
→ Finnish: vahti
→ Ingrian: vahti

Old Dutch: wahta

Middle Dutch: wachte

Dutch: wacht

Old High German: wahta

Middle High German: wahte

Alemannic German: Wacht

⇒ Alemannic German: Biiwacht
→ French: bivouac (see there for further descendants)

German: Wacht
→ Russian: вахта (vaxta) (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Wuecht

→ Polish: wachta

⇒ Old High German: wahtāri (see there for further descendants)

→ Medieval Latin: wacta (see there for further descendants)


sturjō

sturjō (nominative singular)
sturjan (nominative plural)
sturjan (accusative singular)
sturjan (accusative plural)
sturjini (genitive singular)
sturjan (genitive singular)
sturjanō (genitive plural)
sturjini (dative singular)
sturjan (dative singular)
sturjum (dative plural)
sturjini (instrumental singular)
sturjan (instrumental singular)
sturjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: styria, styriġa, styrġa, styra, stiriġa, stiria
Middle English: store, stor
Scots: stur, sture, stuir

Old Frisian: *sturia, *steria, *storia

Saterland Frisian: Stör

West Frisian: steur

Old Saxon: sturio

Middle Low German: stȫre

German Low German: Stöör

Old Dutch: *sturio

Middle Dutch: stōre, stuere

Dutch: steur

Afrikaans: steur

Limburgish: stjeur

Old High German: sturio, sturo

desc

Middle High German: stür(e), stör(e), stor(e)

German: Stör

→ Medieval Latin: sturio, sturgio (943, Italy) (see there for further descendants)


wōstini

wōstini (nominative singular)
wōstunnjō (nominative plural)
wōstunnjā (accusative singular)
wōstunnjā (accusative plural)
wōstunnjā (genitive singular)
wōstunnjō (genitive plural)
wōstunnjē (dative singular)
wōstunnjōm (dative plural)
wōstunnjum (dative plural)
wōstunnju (instrumental singular)
wōstunnjōm (instrumental plural)
wōstunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wēsten
Middle English: westen, wæsten

Old Frisian: wēstene, wōstene

North Frisian: woastine

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Wöistenäi

West Frisian: woastine, woastyn

⇒ West Frisian: woastenije

Old Saxon: wōstinnia, wōstunnia

Middle Low German: wôstine

German Low German: Wööste, Wööst

Plautdietsch: Wuste

Old Dutch: *wuostinna

Middle Dutch: woestine, woesten

Dutch: woestijn (stress shift by Romance anology)

Afrikaans: woestyn

desc

Old High German: wuostin, wuostinna, wuastinna

Middle High German: wuostinne, wüestene, wüestin

q

regularly merged with Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*wōstį̄</i>

German: Wüste (regularly merged with Proto-West Germanic *wōstį̄)

→ German Low German: Wüüste, Wüüst

→ Saterland Frisian: Wüüste

Yiddish: וויסט (vist)

→ Medieval Latin: wastina, wastīna (see there for further descendants)


galaubō

galaubō (nominative singular)
galauban (nominative plural)
galauban (accusative singular)
galauban (accusative plural)
galaubini (genitive singular)
galauban (genitive singular)
galaubanō (genitive plural)
galaubini (dative singular)
galauban (dative singular)
galaubum (dative plural)
galaubini (instrumental singular)
galauban (instrumental singular)
galaubum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġeleafa
Middle English: ȝeleafe, ileafe, ȝeleave, ileave, ȝeleve, ileve

Old Frisian: *lāva

North Frisian: louwe, luwe

West Frisian: leauwe

Old Saxon: gilōvo
Middle Low German: gelôve, lôve
German Low German: Gloov, Glööv
Plautdietsch: Gloowen
→ Danish: love
→ Saterland Frisian: Glove

Old Dutch: gilōvo
Middle Dutch: gelôve
Dutch: geloof
Afrikaans: geloof
Negerhollands: geloof, gelovf, gloof

Old High German: giloubo
Middle High German: geloube, gloube
Cimbrian: klóobe
German: Glaube
Hunsrik: Glaave
Luxembourgish: Glawen
Vilamovian: głaowa


skraudu

skraudu (nominative singular)
skraudō (nominative plural)
skraudā (accusative singular)
skraudā (accusative plural)
skraudā (genitive singular)
skraudō (genitive plural)
skraudē (dative singular)
skraudōm (dative plural)
skraudum (dative plural)
skraudu (instrumental singular)
skraudōm (instrumental plural)
skraudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċrēad

Middle English: shrede, shred

Scots: screid, skreid, schred, schreid

English: shred

Old Frisian: skrēd

Old Dutch: *scrōda

Middle Dutch: schrôde

Dutch: schroot

Old High German: scrōt

Middle High German: schrōt, schrāt

German: Schrot

Luxembourgish: Schrout

→ Old French: escroe, escrowe, escrouwe

Middle French: escroe

→ Middle English: escrowe, ascrowe

English: escrow

→ Middle English: scrowe, scrouwe

⇒ Middle English: scrowle, scrolle (influenced by rolle)

English: scroll

From Proto-Germanic *skraudō. Equivalent to *skraudan (“to cut up, shred”) + *-u.


þwahilu

þwahilu (nominative singular)
þwahilō (nominative plural)
þwahilā (accusative singular)
þwahilā (accusative plural)
þwahilā (genitive singular)
þwahilō (genitive plural)
þwahilē (dative singular)
þwahilōm (dative plural)
þwahilum (dative plural)
þwahilu (instrumental singular)
þwahilōm (instrumental plural)
þwahilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þwǣle

Old Saxon: thwahila, thwehila

Middle Low German: dwēle, dweile, twele

German Low German: Twele, Dweel

Old Dutch: *thweila, *thwāla

desc

Middle Dutch: *dweile, dwâle, dwele, dwael

Dutch: dweil, dwaal

Old High German: dwehila, dwahila

Middle High German: dwehele, twehele, dwehel, twehel, twahel, dwēle, twēle, twelle, zwehel, zwechel, zwehele, zwēle

Alemannic German: Zwächele

German: Zwehle, Quehle (from East Central German)

→ Medieval Latin: toallia (see there for further descendants)

→ Old High German: tuallia (reborrowing)


miurijā

miurijā (nominative singular)
miurijōn (nominative plural)
miurijōn (accusative singular)
miurijōn (accusative plural)
miurijōn (genitive singular)
miurijōnō (genitive plural)
miurijōn (dative singular)
miurijōm (dative plural)
miurijum (dative plural)
miurijōn (instrumental singular)
miurijōm (instrumental plural)
miurijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mīere, *mȳre

Middle English: mire

English: mire

⇒ English: antmire

⇒ Middle English: pissemyre

English: pismire

Old Saxon: miuria

Middle Low German: miere (possibly a loan from Dutch)

German Low German: Miere

Old Dutch: *miura

Middle Dutch: miere

Dutch: mier


lahs

lahs (nominative singular)
lahsō (nominative plural)
lahsōs (nominative plural)
lahs (accusative singular)
lahsā (accusative plural)
lahsas (genitive singular)
lahsō (genitive plural)
lahsē (dative singular)
lahsum (dative plural)
lahsu (instrumental singular)
lahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: leax

Middle English: lax

Scots: lax

English: lax

Old Saxon: lahs

Middle Low German: las

Old Dutch: *lahs

Middle Dutch: lachs, lasche, lacks, lack

Dutch: las

Old High German: lahs

Middle High German: lahs

German: Lachs

→ German Low German: Lachs

→ Saterland Frisian: Lachs

Yiddish: לאַקס (laks)

→ English: lox


maiwī

maiwī (nominative singular)
maiwijō (nominative plural)
maiwijōs (nominative plural)
maiwī (accusative singular)
maiwijā (accusative plural)
maiwijas (genitive singular)
maiwijō (genitive plural)
maiwijē (dative singular)
maiwijum (dative plural)
maiwiju (instrumental singular)
maiwijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mǣw, mēu, mēw, mēau, mēaw
Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette


dāhwā

dāhwā (nominative singular)
dāhwōn (nominative plural)
dāhwōn (accusative singular)
dāhwōn (accusative plural)
dāhwōn (genitive singular)
dāhwōnō (genitive plural)
dāhwōn (dative singular)
dāhwōm (dative plural)
dāhwum (dative plural)
dāhwōn (instrumental singular)
dāhwōm (instrumental plural)
dāhwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dāwe

Middle English: dawe

English: daw

⇒ English: jackdaw

Scots: da, daa, daw

Old Saxon: dāha

Old High German: tāha
Middle High German: tāhe
German: Tach, Dache (dialectal)

Uncertain; perhaps cognate with Old Prussian doacke (“starling”).


nadrā

nadrā (nominative singular)
nadrōn (nominative plural)
nadrōn (accusative singular)
nadrōn (accusative plural)
nadrōn (genitive singular)
nadrōnō (genitive plural)
nadrōn (dative singular)
nadrōm (dative plural)
nadrum (dative plural)
nadrōn (instrumental singular)
nadrōm (instrumental plural)
nadrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nǣdre, nǣddre

Middle English: naddere, addere

Scots: edder

English: adder; nedder (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *nēdre

Saterland Frisian: Neder

West Frisian: njirre

Old Saxon: nādra
Middle Low German: nâder, nader, nadder
Low German: Adder
German Low German: Adder
→ Saterland Frisian: Adder

Old Dutch: *nadra

desc

Middle Dutch: nadre, nadder, adre, adder

Dutch: adder

Afrikaans: adder

Limburgish: adder

Old High German: nātara, otter

Middle High German: nātere, nāter, otter

German: Natter, Otter

Luxembourgish: Adder


flauh

flauh (nominative singular)
flauhō (nominative plural)
flauhōs (nominative plural)
flauh (accusative singular)
flauhā (accusative plural)
flauhas (genitive singular)
flauhō (genitive plural)
flauhē (dative singular)
flauhum (dative plural)
flauhu (instrumental singular)
flauhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flēah, flēa, flǣh, fleah, flēo
Middle English: fle, flee, flei, fleigh, fley
English: flea (dialectal fleck)
Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae
Yola: fleen (plural)

Old Frisian: *flā, *flē

Saterland Frisian: Flee

West Frisian: flie

Old Saxon: *flōh, *flō

Middle Low German: vlô

Low German: Flo, Flö, Flau, Flua

Old Dutch: *flō
Middle Dutch: vlô
Dutch: vlo
Limburgish: vlouch

Old High German: flōh, flō

Middle High German: vlōch, vlō

Bavarian: Floach

Cimbrian: vlòach, blòach (Mezzaselva)

Alemannic German: Flo

German: Floh

Luxembourgish: Flou

Yiddish: פֿלוי (floy)


fiskārī

fiskārī (nominative singular)
fiskārijō (nominative plural)
fiskārijōs (nominative plural)
fiskārī (accusative singular)
fiskārijā (accusative plural)
fiskārijas (genitive singular)
fiskārijō (genitive plural)
fiskārijē (dative singular)
fiskārijum (dative plural)
fiskāriju (instrumental singular)
fiskārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fisċere

Middle English: fischer, fischare

English: fisher

Scots: fisher

Old Frisian: fisker

Saterland Frisian: Fisker

West Frisian: fisker

Old Saxon: fiskari

Middle Low German: viscer, visser

German Low German: Fisker, Fisser

Plautdietsch: Fescha

Old Dutch: *fiscari

Middle Dutch: visscher

Dutch: visser

Afrikaans: visser

Limburgish: vèsser

Old High German: fiscari

Middle High German: vischære, vischer

German: Fischer

Luxembourgish: Fëscher

Yiddish: פֿישער (fisher)

From Proto-Germanic *fiskārijaz. Equivalent to *fisk + *-ārī.


kranō

kranō (nominative singular)
kranan (nominative plural)
kranan (accusative singular)
kranan (accusative plural)
kranini (genitive singular)
kranan (genitive singular)
krananō (genitive plural)
kranini (dative singular)
kranan (dative singular)
kranum (dative plural)
kranini (instrumental singular)
kranan (instrumental singular)
kranum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krana

Saterland Frisian: Kroane

West Frisian: kraan

Old Saxon: krano

Middle Low German: krāne, krāen, krān

German Low German: Kraan

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Kraan

→ Danish: kran

→ Icelandic: kran

q

or from German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Kran</i>

→ Estonian: kraan (or from German Kran)

→ Latvian: krāns

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kran

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kran

→ Swedish: kran
→ Finnish: kraana

desctree

Old Dutch: *crano
Middle Dutch: crāne, crāen
Dutch: kraan (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kraan
West Flemish: kraan
→ Walloon: cråne

Old High German: krano

Middle High German: krane

German: Kran

Hunsrik: Kraan

Luxembourgish: Krunn

desc

>? Yiddish: (or via Slavic) קראַן (kran)


imbī

imbī (nominative singular)
imbijō (nominative plural)
imbijōs (nominative plural)
imbī (accusative singular)
imbijā (accusative plural)
imbijas (genitive singular)
imbijō (genitive plural)
imbijē (dative singular)
imbijum (dative plural)
imbiju (instrumental singular)
imbijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: imbe, ymbe

Old Frisian: *em, *eme (in derivative emka)

North Frisian: imkönag

Saterland Frisian: Ieme; Imker

West Frisian: ime

Old Saxon: *imbi

Middle Low German: imme; immenkar

Low German: Imm

German Low German: Imme, Imm

Old Dutch: *imbi

Middle Dutch: imme

Dutch: imme

desctree

Old High German: imbi, impi
Middle High German: imbe, impe, imme
German: Imme
Bavarian: Imp

Unknown; possibly related to Ancient Greek ἐμπίς (empís, “mosquito”), Latin apis (“bee”) via a European substrate, though Kroonen rejects the Greek comparison.


hrabn

hrabn (nominative singular)
hrabnō (nominative plural)
hrabnōs (nominative plural)
hrabn (accusative singular)
hrabnā (accusative plural)
hrabnas (genitive singular)
hrabnō (genitive plural)
hrabnē (dative singular)
hrabnum (dative plural)
hrabnu (instrumental singular)
hrabnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hræfn, hrefn, hræmn, hrem, hremn, hræfen
Middle English: raven, reven, revin
English: raven
Scots: ravin, revin, rawin

Old Frisian: ravan

Saterland Frisian: Roave (possibly from Middle Low German)

West Frisian: raven

Old Saxon: hravan, hraƀan, ravan
Middle Low German: rāven, rāve, rāvene, rāmme
German Low German: Raav, Roov
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Räwe
Lippisch: Rabe
Westmünsterländisch: Raawe, Raabe
Plautdietsch: Rowen

Old Dutch: ravan
Middle Dutch: rāven
Dutch: raaf

Old High German: raban, hraban, hram, ram, rabo, rappo
Middle High German: raben, ram; rabe, rab, rappe, rapp; rauen (plural; Niederrheinisch)
Alemannic German: Rapp
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Raab, Raaf
Luxembourgish: Ramm
German: Rabe
Rhine Franconian: Rab, Ramm, Rapp
Frankfurterisch: [ʀɑːp]
Yiddish: ראָב (rob)


krabit

krabit (nominative singular)
krabitō (nominative plural)
krabitōs (nominative plural)
krabit (accusative singular)
krabitā (accusative plural)
krabitas (genitive singular)
krabitō (genitive plural)
krabitē (dative singular)
krabitum (dative plural)
krabitu (instrumental singular)
krabitum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: krevit

Middle Low German: krēvet

German Low German: Kreeft, Krefft

Plautdietsch: Kjräft

→ Danish: kræft

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreft

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreft

→ Old Swedish: krævet, kræveta

Swedish: kräfta

Old Dutch: *crevet

Middle Dutch: creft, crēvet, crēeft

Dutch: kreeft
Afrikaans: kreef
Negerhollands: kreeft, greef
→ Papiamentu: kref, kreeft

Limburgish: kreef

→ Norman: crabette, cravette, crevette (possibly)

→ French: crevette

Old High German: krebiz, krebazzo

Old High German: crebiz, krëbez, krebz

Alemannic German: Chräps

German: Krebs
→ Danish: krebs
→ German Low German: Krebs
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreps
→ Saterland Frisian: Krääps
→ Scanian: krævs
→ Yiddish: קרעבס (krebs)

Luxembourgish: Kriibs

→ Old French: crevice, crevez, crevis, crevesce, creveche, creveis, escrevise, escreveice, escreviche (either from a diminutive *krabitjō or from Old High German krebiz)
Middle French: escrevice, escrevisse, escrevisce, crevis, creviche, crevice
French: écrevisse
→ Middle Dutch: crevetse
→ Middle English: crevis, crevyse, creuez, crevez, crevise, creveys, crevesse, krevys
English: crevis; crayfish, crawfish (influenced by fish)


āmaitijā

āmaitijā (nominative singular)
āmaitijōn (nominative plural)
āmaitijōn (accusative singular)
āmaitijōn (accusative plural)
āmaitijōn (genitive singular)
āmaitijōnō (genitive plural)
āmaitijōn (dative singular)
āmaitijōm (dative plural)
āmaitijum (dative plural)
āmaitijōn (instrumental singular)
āmaitijōm (instrumental plural)
āmaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣmete, ǣmette, ǣmytte
Middle English: ampte, amte, emete, amete, emotte, emot, ante, empt, empte, amote
English: ant, emmet
Scots: emmot, emott, imat
⇒ Yola: emothee

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: eameler, eamel, eamelder

Old Saxon: *āmētia

Middle Low German: êmete, emete, âmete, amete, âmente, êmte, empte, êmeke, emeke
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Emk, Êmk
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: Hampelte, Ampelte
Sauerländisch: Amperte

Old Dutch: *āmēta

Middle Dutch: âmete, emte

Dutch: emt, empt (eastern dialects)

Old High German: āmeiza

Middle High German: āmeize

Alemannic German: Ameisse

Bavarian: Åmeisn, Omeis, Omoas

Cimbrian: amasa

German: Ameise, Emse (obsolete)

→ Luxembourgish: Ameis

Hunsrik: Omeis

Luxembourgish: Omes (chiefly in Seechomes)

Central Franconian:

Ripuarian: Secksoemel

→ Limburgish: aomezeik

Unknown. Possibly from unstressed *uʀ- (“off, away”), or perhaps *āmā (“larva”), + *maitan (“to cut off”) + *-jā (agent suffix), if not a substrate borrowing.


krāā

krāā (nominative singular)
krāōn (nominative plural)
krāōn (accusative singular)
krāōn (accusative plural)
krāōn (genitive singular)
krāōnō (genitive plural)
krāōn (dative singular)
krāōm (dative plural)
krāum (dative plural)
krāōn (instrumental singular)
krāōm (instrumental plural)
krāum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: crāwe, crāuuae — early
Middle English: crowe, crawe, crow, crauw, craw
English: crow
Geordie English: craw
Scots: craw
Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw

Old Frisian: *krā, *krē

West Frisian: krie

Old Saxon: krāia, krāa

Middle Low German: krâ, kreie

Plautdietsch: Krauj

Old Dutch: *krāia (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: crâye
Dutch: kraai
Afrikaans: kraai
Limburgish: krej

Old High German: krāwa, kraja, krāha

Middle High German: krā, krāe, krāwe

Cimbrian: kre

German: Krähe

Hunsrik: Kreh

Luxembourgish: Kréi

Vilamovian: kröw

Yiddish: קראָ (kro)

From Proto-Germanic *krēǭ. Equivalent to *krāan (“to crow”) + *-jā.


maʀg

maʀg (nominative singular)
maʀgu (nominative plural)
maʀg (accusative singular)
maʀgu (accusative plural)
maʀgas (genitive singular)
maʀgō (genitive plural)
maʀgē (dative singular)
maʀgum (dative plural)
maʀgu (instrumental singular)
maʀgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mærh, mearh, mearg

desc

Middle English: mary, marow, marowe, marowȝ

English: marrow

Scots: merch, mery, mairch

Old Frisian: *march, merch, merg

West Frisian: murch, march, moarch

Old Saxon: marg

Middle Low German: marg

Old Dutch: marg

Middle Dutch: march, merch

Dutch: merg

Afrikaans: murg

Old High German: marg

Middle High German: marc, march

Central Franconian: Märch, March (Moselle Franconian), Mark (many dialects via German)

German: Mark

→ Saterland Frisian: Maak

Luxembourgish: Muerch

Vilamovian: miök

Yiddish: מאַרך (markh)


timr

timr (nominative singular)
timru (nominative plural)
timr (accusative singular)
timru (accusative plural)
timras (genitive singular)
timrō (genitive plural)
timrē (dative singular)
timrum (dative plural)
timru (instrumental singular)
timrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: timber
Middle English: timber
English: timber
Scots: timmer, tymmer, tymer

Old Frisian: timber, timmer

Saterland Frisian: Timmer

West Frisian: timmer

Old Saxon: timbar
Middle Low German: timber, timmer
German Low German: Timmer
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Timmer
Westmünsterländisch: Timmer

Old Dutch: *timbar

Middle Dutch: timber, timmer

Dutch: timmer

Old High German: zimbar

desc

Middle High German: zimber, zimmer, zimer

German: Zimmer

Luxembourgish: Zëmmer

Yiddish: צימער (tsimer)


þuris

þuris (nominative singular)
þurisō (nominative plural)
þurisōs (nominative plural)
þuris (accusative singular)
þurisā (accusative plural)
þurisas (genitive singular)
þurisō (genitive plural)
þurisē (dative singular)
þurisum (dative plural)
þurisu (instrumental singular)
þurisum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þyrs, ðyrs — edh spelling
Middle English: thurs, thirs, thrisse, thrusse, thurse, thursse, thyrce, þurs
English: thurse

Old Saxon: thuris

Old High German: duris, turs

Middle High German: turse, türse, torse

German: Turse


dūbā

dūbā (nominative singular)
dūbōn (nominative plural)
dūbōn (accusative singular)
dūbōn (accusative plural)
dūbōn (genitive singular)
dūbōnō (genitive plural)
dūbōn (dative singular)
dūbōm (dative plural)
dūbum (dative plural)
dūbōn (instrumental singular)
dūbōm (instrumental plural)
dūbum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dūfe
Middle English: douve, dove, duve, dowve, dowe, doufe, douf
English: dove
Scots: doo, dow

Old Frisian: *dūve, *dūe

Saterland Frisian: Dúve

West Frisian: do

Old Saxon: dūva

Middle Low German: dūve

Low German:

German Low German: Duuv

Dutch Low Saxon: duve, doeve

desc

Plautdietsch: Duw, Düw, Duuv, Düüv, Duuw, Düüw, Duv, Düv

→ Estonian: tuvi

desctree

Old Dutch: dūva
Middle Dutch: duve
Dutch: duif
Afrikaans: duif
Negerhollands: dufje, difi, diffie
→ Sranan Tongo: doifi
Limburgish: doef

Old High German: tūba; (West Central German) dūva

Middle High German: tūbe, dūve

Bavarian: Taubm, Daum, Taubn

desc

Alemannic German: Tuub, Duub, Duube, Düüwe, Daup, Taub, Tuube, Tube, Tubo

German: Taube

Central Franconian: Duuv, Dauv

Kirchröadsj: Doef

Luxembourgish: Dauf

Rhine Franconian: daup, dǫup

Pennsylvania German: Daub

Swabian: Taub, Daup

Vilamovian: tue, taoj

Yiddish: טויב (toyb)


forhnu

forhnu (nominative singular)
forhnō (nominative plural)
forhnā (accusative singular)
forhnā (accusative plural)
forhnā (genitive singular)
forhnō (genitive plural)
forhnē (dative singular)
forhnōm (dative plural)
forhnum (dative plural)
forhnu (instrumental singular)
forhnōm (instrumental plural)
forhnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: forn

Old Saxon: forhna

Middle Low German: vôrne

→ Swedish: färna

Old Dutch: *forna

Middle Dutch: vōorne

Dutch: voorn

Old High German: forhana

Middle High German: forhen, forhel

German: Forelle

→ Danish: forel

→ Dutch: forel

Luxembourgish: Frell


wurmi

wurmi (nominative singular)
wurmī (nominative plural)
wurmi (accusative singular)
wurmī (accusative plural)
wurmī (genitive singular)
wurmijō (genitive plural)
wurmī (dative singular)
wurmim (dative plural)
wurmijum (dative plural)
wurmī (instrumental singular)
wurmim (instrumental plural)
wurmijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wyrm
Middle English: worm, werm, wirm, wurm, wyrm, wyrme, wrim, worme
English: worm
Scots: worm, wirm
→ English: wyrm

Old Frisian: worm, werm, wirm

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: wörem

Saterland Frisian: Wurm, Wúurm

West Frisian: wjirm

Old Saxon: wurm
Middle Low German: worm
Low German:
German Low German: Worm
Plautdietsch: Worm

Old Dutch: wurm, worm

Middle Dutch: worm

Dutch: worm
Afrikaans: wurm
Berbice Creole Dutch: worum
Negerhollands: worm, wurum

Limburgish: worm

Old High German: wurm

Middle High German: wurm

Alemannic German: Wüüre

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: bórm, burm

Mòcheno: burm

Hunsrik: Worrem

German: Wurm

Luxembourgish: Wuerm

Vilamovian: wüm

Yiddish: וואָרעם (vorem)

→ Old French: gourme, gorme

French: gourme
→ Spanish: gurma


rōu

rō (nominative singular)
rōō (nominative plural)
rōā (accusative singular)
rōā (accusative plural)
rōā (genitive singular)
rōō (genitive plural)
rōē (dative singular)
rōōm (dative plural)
rōm (dative plural)
rō (instrumental singular)
rōōm (instrumental plural)
rōm (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōw, rō
Middle English: ro, rou, rowe, roo
English: roo
Scots: ro, ruve

Old Saxon: *rōwa

Middle Low German: rôwe

German Low German:

Altmärkisch, Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Raue

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: Rugge, Riu (Sundern), Rūre (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: Ruhe

East Westphalian: Riuhe (Lippisch), Rue (Wedemarkisch)

Old Dutch: *ruowa

Middle Dutch: rowe, rouwe

Old High German: ruowa

Middle High German: ruowe, rouwe, ruo

German: Ruhe

Alemannic German: Ruew

Hunsrik: Ruh

Luxembourgish: Rou

Yiddish: רו (ru)


tussjā

tussjā (nominative singular)
tussjōn (nominative plural)
tussjōn (accusative singular)
tussjōn (accusative plural)
tussjōn (genitive singular)
tussjōnō (genitive plural)
tussjōn (dative singular)
tussjōm (dative plural)
tussjum (dative plural)
tussjōn (instrumental singular)
tussjōm (instrumental plural)
tussjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tysse

Old High German: zussa


furhtī

furhtī (nominative singular)
furhtīn (accusative singular)
furhtīn (genitive singular)
furhtīn (dative singular)
furhtīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: fyrhtu, fryhtu
Middle English: fright, friȝt, freyhte, fyrht, furht, frigt, fryȝt
English: fright
Scots: fricht

Old Frisian: fruchte

From Proto-Germanic *furhtį̄. Equivalent to *forht (“fearful”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


saliþu

saliþu (nominative singular)
saliþwō (nominative plural)
saliþwā (accusative singular)
saliþwā (accusative plural)
saliþwā (genitive singular)
saliþwō (genitive plural)
saliþwē (dative singular)
saliþwōm (dative plural)
saliþum (dative plural)
saliþu (instrumental singular)
saliþwōm (instrumental plural)
saliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sælþ

Old Saxon: selitha

Old Dutch: selitha

desc

Old High German: selida, selitha, seleda, selda

Middle High German: selede, selide, selde, sölde

German: Selde, Sölde


skākārī

skākārī (nominative singular)
skākārijō (nominative plural)
skākārijōs (nominative plural)
skākārī (accusative singular)
skākārijā (accusative plural)
skākārijas (genitive singular)
skākārijō (genitive plural)
skākārijē (dative singular)
skākārijum (dative plural)
skākāriju (instrumental singular)
skākārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċēacere

Old Frisian: skākere

Old Dutch: *scākere

Middle Dutch: schâkere

Dutch: schaker (obsolete)

Old High German: skāhhāri

Middle High German: schāchære, schæchære

German: Schächer


druhti

druhti (nominative singular)
druhtī (nominative plural)
druhti (accusative singular)
druhtī (accusative plural)
druhtī (genitive singular)
druhtijō (genitive plural)
druhtī (dative singular)
druhtim (dative plural)
druhtijum (dative plural)
druhtī (instrumental singular)
druhtim (instrumental plural)
druhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dryht

English: dright

Old Frisian: drecht, dracht

North Frisian: dregte

Old Saxon: *druht

Middle Low German: drucht

Old Dutch: druht

Middle Dutch: drucht

Old High German: truht

Middle High German: truht


gamundi

gamundi (nominative singular)
gamundī (nominative plural)
gamundi (accusative singular)
gamundī (accusative plural)
gamundī (genitive singular)
gamundijō (genitive plural)
gamundī (dative singular)
gamundim (dative plural)
gamundijum (dative plural)
gamundī (instrumental singular)
gamundim (instrumental plural)
gamundijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġemynd

Middle English: ȝemünd, imunde, ymunde, mynde, minde

Scots: mind

English: mind

Old High German: gimunt

>? Middle High German: mun m (“thought, intent, attitude, memory”)

⇒ Old High German: gimunten (verb)

From Proto-Germanic *gamundiz. Equivalent to *ga- + *mundi.


forhtu

forhtu (nominative singular)
forhtō (nominative plural)
forhtā (accusative singular)
forhtā (accusative plural)
forhtā (genitive singular)
forhtō (genitive plural)
forhtē (dative singular)
forhtōm (dative plural)
forhtum (dative plural)
forhtu (instrumental singular)
forhtōm (instrumental plural)
forhtum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: forhta

Middle Low German: vruchte, vrochte

⇒ Old Saxon: furhtuwerth

Old Dutch: forhta

Middle Dutch: vrucht

q

now only in <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">godsvrucht</i>

Dutch: vrucht (now only in godsvrucht)

desctree

Old High German: forhta
Middle High German: vorhte, vorht
German: Furcht, (obsolete) Forcht


kāsijalubi

kāsijalubi (nominative singular)
kāsijalubbju (nominative plural)
kāsijalubi (accusative singular)
kāsijalubbju (accusative plural)
kāsijalubbjas (genitive singular)
kāsijalubbjō (genitive plural)
kāsijalubbjē (dative singular)
kāsijalubbjum (dative plural)
kāsijalubbju (instrumental singular)
kāsijalubbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cīeslybb

Middle English: cheslippe

English: cheeselep, cheeselip

Scots: keeslip

Old Dutch: *kāsilubbi

Middle Dutch: câeslibbe

Old High German: kāsiluppa, chesiluppa

desc

Middle High German: kæselap, kæseluppe, kæselüppe

Cimbrian: khéezaluppa


roggō

roggō (nominative singular)
roggan (nominative plural)
roggan (accusative singular)
roggan (accusative plural)
ruggini (genitive singular)
roggan (genitive singular)
rogganō (genitive plural)
ruggini (dative singular)
roggan (dative singular)
roggum (dative plural)
ruggini (instrumental singular)
roggan (instrumental singular)
roggum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rogga

Saterland Frisian: Roage

West Frisian: rogge

desctree

Old Saxon: roggo
Middle Low German: rogge
German Low German: Rogg
→⇒? German: Roggen
Plautdietsch: Rogg

Old Dutch: *roggo

Middle Dutch: rogge

Dutch: rogge

Old High German: rocko
Middle High German: rocke
German: Rocken (archaic)
Mòcheno: rocken


wunnju

wunnju (nominative singular)
wunnjō (nominative plural)
wunnjā (accusative singular)
wunnjā (accusative plural)
wunnjā (genitive singular)
wunnjō (genitive plural)
wunnjē (dative singular)
wunnjōm (dative plural)
wunnjum (dative plural)
wunnju (instrumental singular)
wunnjōm (instrumental plural)
wunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wynn, wyn
Middle English: wynne, wunne, winne
English: wynn, wen, winne, win
Scots: win

Old Saxon: wunnia

Middle Low German: wunne

Low German: Wünn

Old Dutch: *wunna, *winna (attested in winnemānōth)

Middle Dutch: wonne

Dutch: wonne

Old High German: wunnja, wunna, wunnī

Middle High German: wunne, wünne

German: Wonne