karil

karil (nominative singular)
karilō (nominative plural)
karilōs (nominative plural)
karil (accusative singular)
karilā (accusative plural)
karilas (genitive singular)
karilō (genitive plural)
karilē (dative singular)
karilum (dative plural)
karilu (instrumental singular)
karilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeorl, ċiorl
Middle English: cherl, cheorl, churl
English: churl
Scots: churl
Yola: chourle

Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl

North Frisian: keerl

West Frisian: tsjirl, tsjerl

Old Saxon: *keril

Middle Low German: kerl, kerle

desc

Dutch Low Saxon: (Gronings, Achterhoeks) keerl, (Twents, Achterhoeks) kearl

German Low German: Kerel, Keerl

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Kǟrl

Suerländer-Märkisch: Kærl, Kæl, Kêrl

Westmünsterländisch: Käärl, Kerl, Kiärl

→ German: Kerl

→ Saterland Frisian: Käärel

Old Dutch: *keril, *karal, karl

Middle Dutch: carel, caerl, kerl, kerel

desctree

Dutch: kerel
Afrikaans: kêrel
Jersey Dutch: kääd'l
→ Saterland Frisian: kerel, kërel, kërdel
→ West Frisian: keardel, kearel

Limburgish: kaerel

Old High German: *keril, karal, karl

desc

Middle High German: karl, karle, kërl, kërle

→ Old Polish: karzeł

Polish: karzeł

⇒ Old High German: Karl (given name)

desctree

German: Karl, Carl
→ English: Karl, Carl (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: Carolus (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *korľь (see there for further descendants)


barug

barug (nominative singular)
barugō (nominative plural)
barugōs (nominative plural)
barug (accusative singular)
barugā (accusative plural)
barugas (genitive singular)
barugō (genitive plural)
barugē (dative singular)
barugum (dative plural)
barugu (instrumental singular)
barugum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bearg, bærh, bearh, bearug, bęrg, berg — Northumbrian
Middle English: barow, bareȝ, bareh, barew, barwe, borwȝ
English: barrow

Old Frisian: barch

Saterland Frisian: Baarch

West Frisian: baarch

Old Saxon: barug

Middle Low German: borch

German Low German: Barg

Old Dutch: barcho

Middle Dutch: barch, barech

Dutch: barg

Afrikaans: burg

Old High German: barug, barh

Middle High German: barc

German: Barg, Barch (dialectal)


bikkjārī

bikkjārī (nominative singular)
bikkjārijō (nominative plural)
bikkjārijōs (nominative plural)
bikkjārī (accusative singular)
bikkjārijā (accusative plural)
bikkjārijas (genitive singular)
bikkjārijō (genitive plural)
bikkjārijē (dative singular)
bikkjārijum (dative plural)
bikkjāriju (instrumental singular)
bikkjārijum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *bikkāri

Middle Low German: bickære, bicker

From *bikkjō (“pickaxe, chisel”) + *-ārī.


bikkilastain

bikkilastain (nominative singular)
bikkilastainō (nominative plural)
bikkilastainōs (nominative plural)
bikkilastain (accusative singular)
bikkilastainā (accusative plural)
bikkilastainas (genitive singular)
bikkilastainō (genitive plural)
bikkilastainē (dative singular)
bikkilastainum (dative plural)
bikkilastainu (instrumental singular)
bikkilastainum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *bikkilstēn

desc

Middle Low German: bickelstēn, bickelstein

Old High German: *bikkilstein

Middle High German: bickelstein

German: Bickelstein (archaic)

From *bikkil (“die, pebble”) + *stain (“stone”).


stainabikkjārī

stainabikkjārī (nominative singular)
stainabikkjārijō (nominative plural)
stainabikkjārijōs (nominative plural)
stainabikkjārī (accusative singular)
stainabikkjārijā (accusative plural)
stainabikkjārijas (genitive singular)
stainabikkjārijō (genitive plural)
stainabikkjārijē (dative singular)
stainabikkjārijum (dative plural)
stainabikkjāriju (instrumental singular)
stainabikkjārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stēnbikkāri

desc

Middle Low German: stēnbickære, stēnbicker, steinbicker, stēnbecker, steinbecker, steynbecker, steenbecker

Old High German: steinbikkāri, steinbickāri

From *stain (“stone”) + *bikkjārī (“stonemason”).


bikkjō

bikkjō (nominative singular)
bikkjan (nominative plural)
bikkjan (accusative singular)
bikkjan (accusative plural)
bikkjini (genitive singular)
bikkjan (genitive singular)
bikkjanō (genitive plural)
bikkjini (dative singular)
bikkjan (dative singular)
bikkjum (dative plural)
bikkjini (instrumental singular)
bikkjan (instrumental singular)
bikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *bikkio

Middle Low German: bicke

Old High German: *becca

Middle High German: bicke m

German: Bicke f (archaic)


mattjārī

mattjārī (nominative singular)
mattjārijō (nominative plural)
mattjārijōs (nominative plural)
mattjārī (accusative singular)
mattjārijā (accusative plural)
mattjārijas (genitive singular)
mattjārijō (genitive plural)
mattjārijē (dative singular)
mattjārijum (dative plural)
mattjāriju (instrumental singular)
mattjārijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old High German: meziāri, mezziāri, mezziari, mezzāri

Middle High German: metzære, metzer, metzjære, metzjer, metziger

German: Metzger

⇒ Old High German: *steinmezzāri

Middle High German: steinmetzære, steinmetzer, steinmezzer

→ Middle Low German: steinmetzære, steinmetzer, steinmezzer

→ Medieval Latin: mattiārius

someone who cuts, stonecutter, butcher, etc.


hamō

hamō (nominative singular)
haman (nominative plural)
haman (accusative singular)
haman (accusative plural)
hamini (genitive singular)
haman (genitive singular)
hamanō (genitive plural)
hamini (dative singular)
haman (dative singular)
hamum (dative plural)
hamini (instrumental singular)
haman (instrumental singular)
hamum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hama
Middle English: hame, haum
English: hame, heam

Old Frisian: *hama, *homa

North Frisian: hame

Saterland Frisian: Hoom

West Frisian: haam

Old Saxon: *hamo

Middle Low German: hame, ham

Old Dutch: *hamo

Middle Dutch: hame

Dutch: haam, ham

→ Middle English: hame

English: hame

Scots: hame

Old High German: *hamo

Middle High German: hame, ham

German: Hame, Hamen, Ham (dialectal)

→ Hungarian: hám (see there for further descendants)

gundhamo

*gunþihamō (“armour, battle-wear”); Old High German

fetharhamo

*feþruhamō (“plumage, feathers”); Old Saxon

gūthhamo

*gunþihamō (“armour, battle-wear”); Old Saxon


ainōdī

ainōdī (nominative singular)
ainōdiju (nominative plural)
ainōdī (accusative singular)
ainōdiju (accusative plural)
ainōdijas (genitive singular)
ainōdijō (genitive plural)
ainōdijē (dative singular)
ainōdijum (dative plural)
ainōdiju (instrumental singular)
ainōdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ānad, ānæd

Old Saxon: ēnōdi

Middle Low German: ēnȫde, einȫde

Old Dutch: einōdi, ēnōdi

Middle Dutch: eenode

Old High German: einōti, einōdi

desc

Middle High German: einœte, einœde, einōte, einode, einōde

German: Einöde


klainōdī

klainōdī (nominative singular)
klainōdiju (nominative plural)
klainōdī (accusative singular)
klainōdiju (accusative plural)
klainōdijas (genitive singular)
klainōdijō (genitive plural)
klainōdijē (dative singular)
klainōdijum (dative plural)
klainōdiju (instrumental singular)
klainōdijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: klênōdīen pl

Old Saxon: *klēnōdi

Middle Low German: klēnȫde, kleinȫde, klēnode, kleinode, klēnōde, kleinōde, klēnāde, kleināde, klēnōdie, kleinōdie

→ Norwegian: klenodie

Old Dutch: *cleinodi

Middle Dutch: cleinode, cleinode, cleinoot, cleinoot, clenoed

Dutch: kleinood

Old High German: *kleinōti

Middle High German: kleinōt, kleinœt, kleinœte, kleināt, kleinēt

German: Kleinod

→ Medieval Latin: clēnōdium

From *klainī (“fine, delicate”) + *-ōdī.


haimōdī

haimōdī (nominative singular)
haimōdiju (nominative plural)
haimōdī (accusative singular)
haimōdiju (accusative plural)
haimōdijas (genitive singular)
haimōdijō (genitive plural)
haimōdijē (dative singular)
haimōdijum (dative plural)
haimōdiju (instrumental singular)
haimōdijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hēmōde

Saterland Frisian: Heemat

Old Saxon: *hēmōdi

Middle Low German: hēmōde, hēmöde, hēmoude, hēmǖde, hēmōt, heimōde

Old Dutch: *hēmodi

Middle Dutch: heimode

Old High German: heimōti, heimuoti, heimōdi

Middle High German: heimuote, heimüete, heimuot, heimōte, heimōde, heimōt, heimūt, heinmūte

Bavarian: Hoamad

Cimbrian: huamat

German: Heimat

Alemannic German: Huamat, Hoamat, Hämat (Vorarlbergisch)

East Central German: Haamit (Erzgebirgisch)

Vilamovian: hāmyt


allaaud

allaaud (nominative singular)
allaaudō (nominative plural)
allaaudōs (nominative plural)
allaaud (accusative singular)
allaaudā (accusative plural)
allaaudas (genitive singular)
allaaudō (genitive plural)
allaaudē (dative singular)
allaaudum (dative plural)
allaaudu (instrumental singular)
allaaudum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: alōd

→ Medieval Latin: allodium (see there for further descendants)

From *all (“all”) + *aud (“wealth, riches”).


futtjā

futtjā (nominative singular)
futtjōn (nominative plural)
futtjōn (accusative singular)
futtjōn (accusative plural)
futtjōn (genitive singular)
futtjōnō (genitive plural)
futtjōn (dative singular)
futtjōm (dative plural)
futtjum (dative plural)
futtjōn (instrumental singular)
futtjōm (instrumental plural)
futtjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *futtia

Middle Low German: futte

Old High German: *futta

Middle High German: fotze, futze, votze

German: Fotze

Hunsrik: Futz

From *futi (“uterus, vulva”) + *-jā (agent suffix).


gaburþi

gaburþi (nominative singular)
gaburþī (nominative plural)
gaburþi (accusative singular)
gaburþī (accusative plural)
gaburdī (genitive singular)
gaburdijō (genitive plural)
gaburdī (dative singular)
gaburdim (dative plural)
gaburdijum (dative plural)
gaburdī (instrumental singular)
gaburdim (instrumental plural)
gaburdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġebyrd

desctree

Old Saxon: giburd
Middle Low German: gebōrt, geburt
Low German: Geboort
→ Saterland Frisian: Gebuurt

Old Dutch: *geburd

Middle Dutch: geborde, gebort, gheborte

Dutch: geboorte
Afrikaans: geboorte
Negerhollands: geboort, geboorte
→ West Frisian: geboarte

Old High German: giburt

Middle High German: geburt

Cimbrian: gabüart

German: Geburt

Luxembourgish: Gebuert

Yiddish: געבורט (geburt)

From Proto-Germanic *gaburþiz. Equivalent to *ga- + *burþi.


burþi

burþi (nominative singular)
burþī (nominative plural)
burþi (accusative singular)
burþī (accusative plural)
burdī (genitive singular)
burdijō (genitive plural)
burdī (dative singular)
burdim (dative plural)
burdijum (dative plural)
burdī (instrumental singular)
burdim (instrumental plural)
burdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: beorþ, berþ, byrþ, byrd

desc

Middle English: birth, byrth, birthe, byrthe

English: birth

Scots: birth

Old Frisian: berde, berd, berthe (“birth, fruit”)

Saterland Frisian: Bäide

West Frisian: berte

Old Saxon: *burd

Middle Low German: bord, bōrt

German Low German: Boort

Old Dutch: *burt

Middle Dutch: boort, boorte

Dutch: boorte

Old High German: burt (“shape, being, birth”)

Middle High German: burt

German: Burt


gelstr

gelstr (nominative singular)
gelstru (nominative plural)
gelstr (accusative singular)
gelstru (accusative plural)
gelstras (genitive singular)
gelstrō (genitive plural)
gelstrē (dative singular)
gelstrum (dative plural)
gelstru (instrumental singular)
gelstrum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: gelstar

⇒ Middle High German: gelsterkorn

From Proto-Germanic *gelstrą. Equivalent to *geldan (“to pay for”) + *-þr.


aiskijā

aiskijā (nominative singular)
aiskijōn (nominative plural)
aiskijōn (accusative singular)
aiskijōn (accusative plural)
aiskijōn (genitive singular)
aiskijōnō (genitive plural)
aiskijōn (dative singular)
aiskijōm (dative plural)
aiskijum (dative plural)
aiskijōn (instrumental singular)
aiskijōm (instrumental plural)
aiskijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣsce (“asking, inquiry, search”)

Middle English: axe, as

>? English: ask

Old High German: *eiskia, *eiskī

Middle High German: eiskī

From *aiskōn (“to demand, ask for”) + *-jā.


mōtu

mōtu (nominative singular)
mōtō (nominative plural)
mōtā (accusative singular)
mōtā (accusative plural)
mōtā (genitive singular)
mōtō (genitive plural)
mōtē (dative singular)
mōtōm (dative plural)
mōtum (dative plural)
mōtu (instrumental singular)
mōtōm (instrumental plural)
mōtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōt

Middle English: mot

Yola: mot

Old High German: *muoza

Middle High German: muoze

Bavarian: Mueß (“miller's fee”)

→ Medieval Latin: mūta [a. 837]

→ Old Dutch: *mūta

Middle Dutch: mute

Dutch: muit (archaic)

→ Old High German: *mūta, muta (alternatively borrowed from Gothic)

Middle High German: mūte

German: Maut

→ Old Norse: múta

Icelandic: múta

Norwegian Nynorsk: mute

Old Swedish: múta

Swedish: muta

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


klagu

klagu (nominative singular)
klagō (nominative plural)
klagā (accusative singular)
klagā (accusative plural)
klagā (genitive singular)
klagō (genitive plural)
klagē (dative singular)
klagōm (dative plural)
klagum (dative plural)
klagu (instrumental singular)
klagōm (instrumental plural)
klagum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: klage, klagi

West Frisian: klegge

Old Saxon: klaga

Middle High German: klāge

→ Danish: klage

→ Norwegian: klage

Old High German: klaga

Middle High German: klage

German: Klage

Unknown; compared to the descendants of Proto-Indo-Iranian *garȷ́ʰ- (“to complain”) (from Proto-Indo-European *g(w)eRǵh-) but the schwebeablaut makes this questionable. Bjorvand/Lindeman assume an onomatopoeic origin.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
Helmut Rix
John Francis Davis
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


walþumaistar

walþumaistar (nominative singular)
walþumaistarō (nominative plural)
walþumaistarōs (nominative plural)
walþumaistar (accusative singular)
walþumaistarā (accusative plural)
walþumaistaras (genitive singular)
walþumaistarō (genitive plural)
walþumaistarē (dative singular)
walþumaistarum (dative plural)
walþumaistaru (instrumental singular)
walþumaistarum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *waldmēstar

Middle Low German: wôltmēster

Old Dutch: *waltmēster

Middle Dutch: woutmeester, woutmeister

Dutch: woudmeester

Old High German: *waldmeistar

Middle High German: waltmeister

desctree

German: Waldmeister
→ English: waldmeister

→ French: waumaistre (dialectal)

From *walþu (“forest”) + *maistar (“master”).


perwinkā

pirwinkā (nominative singular)
pirwinkōn (nominative plural)
pirwinkōn (accusative singular)
pirwinkōn (accusative plural)
pirwinkōn (genitive singular)
pirwinkōnō (genitive plural)
pirwinkōn (dative singular)
pirwinkōm (dative plural)
pirwinkum (dative plural)
pirwinkōn (instrumental singular)
pirwinkōm (instrumental plural)
pirwinkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: perfince, perwince

Middle English: perwinke

desc

Old High German: berawinka, berawinca, berwinka

Middle High German: berewinke, berwinke

German: Beerwinck

→ Czech: barvínek (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Late Latin pervinca. Cognate with Old French pervenche, Italian pervinca. Continental Germanic forms corrupted by *berō (“bear”), found in *beranwurti (“bearwort, baldmoney”).

berwinkel

Old Saxon: *berawinkila, *beranwinkila; Middle Low German


nōst

nōst (nominative singular)
nōstō (nominative plural)
nōstōs (nominative plural)
nōst (accusative singular)
nōstā (accusative plural)
nōstas (genitive singular)
nōstō (genitive plural)
nōstē (dative singular)
nōstum (dative plural)
nōstu (instrumental singular)
nōstum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *nōst

Saterland Frisian: Noust

Old Saxon: *nōst

Middle Low German: nôst, nôste

German Low German: Noost

Old Dutch: *nuost

Middle Dutch: noest, nuest

Dutch: noest

Rebracketing of *ain ōst (“a branch, gnarl”)


beranwurti

beranwurti (nominative singular)
beranwurtī (nominative plural)
beranwurti (accusative singular)
beranwurtī (accusative plural)
beranwurtī (genitive singular)
beranwurtijō (genitive plural)
beranwurtī (dative singular)
beranwurtim (dative plural)
beranwurtijum (dative plural)
beranwurtī (instrumental singular)
beranwurtim (instrumental plural)
beranwurtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *berawurt

Middle English: berwert

English: bearwort

Old Saxon: *beranwurt, *berawurt

desc

Middle Low German: berewort, bērwort, bērenwort, bērnewort

Old High German: berawurz, berwurz, *beranwurzi

Middle Low German: berwurz, berwurze, berenwurz, bernwurz

German: Bärwurz

From *berō (“bear”) + *wurti (“root, spice”).

Meum athamanticum
Meum athamanticum#Translingual

bearwort, baldmoney, spignel (Meum athamanticum)


leugārī

leugārī (nominative singular)
leugārijō (nominative plural)
leugārijōs (nominative plural)
leugārī (accusative singular)
leugārijā (accusative plural)
leugārijas (genitive singular)
leugārijō (genitive plural)
leugārijē (dative singular)
leugārijum (dative plural)
leugāriju (instrumental singular)
leugārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lēogere, lēgere — Anglian
Middle English: legher, lyere, liȝer
English: liar
Scots: leyar, lear, liear, lyar

Old Frisian: *liāger

West Frisian: liger

Old Saxon: *liogāri

Middle Low German: lēgære, lēgēre

Old Dutch: *liegāri

Middle Dutch: lieger

Dutch: lieger

desc

Old High German: liogāri, liugāri, liogari

Middle High German: liegære, lieger

German: Lüger (archaic)

From Proto-Germanic *leugārijaz (“liar”), from *leuganą (“to lie”) + *-ārijaz. Equivalent to *leugan + *-ārī. Cognate with Old Norse ljúgari (“liar”), Icelandic lygari (“liar”).


luginārī

luginārī (nominative singular)
luginārijō (nominative plural)
luginārijōs (nominative plural)
luginārī (accusative singular)
luginārijā (accusative plural)
luginārijas (genitive singular)
luginārijō (genitive plural)
luginārijē (dative singular)
luginārijum (dative plural)
lugināriju (instrumental singular)
luginārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: leiner

Old Saxon: lugināri

Middle Low German: lēgenære, legener, liggener

Plautdietsch: Läajna

→ Danish: løgner

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: løgner

Norwegian Nynorsk: lygnar, løgnar

→ Swedish: lögnare

Old Dutch: *lugināri

Middle Dutch: lōghenâre, lȫghenâre, lugenaer

desctree

Dutch: leugenaar
Afrikaans: leuenaar
Negerhollands: leegenaar, lugenaar, lugman, lugvolk

desc

Old High German: lugināri, lugineri, luginari

Middle High German: lügenære, lügener, lügenāre, lugenære, lugenāre, lugener

German: Lügner

Yiddish: ליגנער (ligner)

From *luginu (“lie, falsehood”) + *-ārī.


draugijōþu

draugijōþu (nominative singular)
draugijōþiwi (nominative plural)
draugijōþō (nominative plural)
draugijōþu (accusative singular)
draugijōþū (accusative plural)
draugijōþō (genitive singular)
draugijōþiwō (genitive plural)
draugijōþiwi (dative singular)
draugijōþō (dative singular)
draugijōþum (dative plural)
draugijōþu (instrumental singular)
draugijōþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: drūgaþ, drūgaþe, drūgoð, drūgoða
Middle English: droghte, droȝt, droȝte, droȝþe, drought, drougthe, drouȝte, drouȝth, drouȝþe, drouht, drouthe, drouþe, drowghte, drowþe, drught, druȝþe, droute, drowte, drowyth (Late Middle English), drugte, druhhþe (Early Middle English)
English: drought (dialectal or obsolete drouth, druft)
Scots: drocht, drouth

Old Saxon: *drōgōt

desc

Middle Low German: drȫgede, drügede, drȫchte

Low German: Dröögde

Old Dutch: *drōgot

Middle Dutch: drôochte

Dutch: droogte


sinkalwā

sinkalwā (nominative singular)
sinkalwōn (nominative plural)
sinkalwōn (accusative singular)
sinkalwōn (accusative plural)
sinkalwōn (genitive singular)
sinkalwōnō (genitive plural)
sinkalwōn (dative singular)
sinkalwōm (dative plural)
sinkalwum (dative plural)
sinkalwōn (instrumental singular)
sinkalwōm (instrumental plural)
sinkalwum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sinkale

Old Saxon: *sinkalwa

Middle Low German: sinkāle, synkael, synkaell, sinkal

From *sin- (“ever-”) + *kalwā (“baldness”).


sinhīwōn

sinhīwōn (nominative plural)
sinhīwōn (accusative plural)
sinhīwanō (genitive plural)
sinhīwum (dative plural)
sinhīwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sinhīwan

Old Frisian: sinhīgen, sinnane, sennene, senne

Old Saxon: sinhīwun

Old High German: sinhīwun

From *sin- (“ever-”) + *hīwōn (“married couple”).


waltu

waltu (nominative singular)
waltō (nominative plural)
waltā (accusative singular)
waltā (accusative plural)
waltā (genitive singular)
waltō (genitive plural)
waltē (dative singular)
waltōm (dative plural)
waltum (dative plural)
waltu (instrumental singular)
waltōm (instrumental plural)
waltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wealte

Old Saxon: *walta

Middle Low German: walte

Old High German: walza

Middle High German: walze

German: Walze


sinwalt

sinwalt (masculine nominative singular)
sinwaltu (feminine nominative singular)
sinwalt (neuter nominative singular)
sinwaltanā (accusative masculine singular)
sinwaltā (accusative feminine singular)
sinwalt (accusative neuter singular)
sinwaltas (genitive masculine singular)
sinwalteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sinwaltas (genitive neuter singular)
sinwaltumē (dative masculine singular)
sinwalteʀē (dative feminine singular)
sinwaltumē (dative neuter singular)
sinwaltu (instrumental masculine singular)
sinwalteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sinwaltu (instrumental neuter singular)
sinwaltē (masculine nominative plural)
sinwaltō (feminine nominative plural)
sinwaltu (neuter nominative plural)
sinwaltā (accusative masculine plural)
sinwaltā (accusative feminine plural)
sinwaltu (accusative neuter plural)
sinwalteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sinwalteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sinwalteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sinwaltēm (dative masculine plural)
sinwaltum (dative masculine plural)
sinwaltēm (dative feminine plural)
sinwaltum (dative feminine plural)
sinwaltēm (dative neuter plural)
sinwaltum (dative neuter plural)
sinwaltēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sinwaltum (instrumental masculine plural)
sinwaltēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sinwaltum (feminine instrumental plural)
sinwaltēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sinwaltum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Old English: sinwealt, sinewealt, sinweald, sineweald, seonuwealt, sinowealt, sinuwealt, synwealt

Old Saxon: *sinwalt

Middle Low German: sēnewolt, sēnwolt, sēnvolt, sēnevolt, sēnewalt, sēnewelt, sēvolt, sennewolt, sennewalt, senbalt, senholt

From *sin- (“ever-”) + *walt (“rolling, turning”), from Proto-Germanic *waltaz, from *waltaną (“to roll, turn”).


grulljō

grulljō (nominative singular)
grulljan (nominative plural)
grulljan (accusative singular)
grulljan (accusative plural)
grulljini (genitive singular)
grulljan (genitive singular)
grulljanō (genitive plural)
grulljini (dative singular)
grulljan (dative singular)
grulljum (dative plural)
grulljini (instrumental singular)
grulljan (instrumental singular)
grulljum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *grullio

Middle Low German: grul, grull, *groll

German Low German: Grull

→ Swedish: groll

Old Dutch: *grollo

Middle Dutch: *grolle

Dutch: grol

Old High German: *grollo

Middle High German: grolle

German: Groll

From *grulljan (“to grumble; to jeer, anger”) + *-ō.


geldō

geldō (nominative singular)
geldan (nominative plural)
geldan (accusative singular)
geldan (accusative plural)
gildini (genitive singular)
geldan (genitive singular)
geldanō (genitive plural)
gildini (dative singular)
geldan (dative singular)
geldum (dative plural)
gildini (instrumental singular)
geldan (instrumental singular)
geldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġielda, ġylda

Middle English: yelde, ȝulde

Old Frisian: jelda

Old Saxon: *geldo (attested in Old Saxon biorgeldo)

Middle Low German: gelde

Old High German: *gelto (attested in Old High German zinsgelto)

Middle High German: gelte

German: Gelte


massjā

massjā (nominative singular)
massjōn (nominative plural)
massjōn (accusative singular)
massjōn (accusative plural)
massjōn (genitive singular)
massjōnō (genitive plural)
massjōn (dative singular)
massjōm (dative plural)
massjum (dative plural)
massjōn (instrumental singular)
massjōm (instrumental plural)
massjum (instrumental plural)

*massikīn, *massjukīn

Saterland Frisian: Mäsken

*massing

*massīn

Old Dutch: *messa

Middle Dutch: mes

Old High German: *messa

Middle High German: messe, mess

Unknown. See also Persian مس (mis, “copper”).


golþamassing

golþamassing (nominative singular)
golþamassingō (nominative plural)
golþamassingōs (nominative plural)
golþamassing (accusative singular)
golþamassingā (accusative plural)
golþamassingas (genitive singular)
golþamassingō (genitive plural)
golþamassingē (dative singular)
golþamassingum (dative plural)
golþamassingu (instrumental singular)
golþamassingum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: goldmæstling, goldmestling, goldmæslinc (altered by -ling, intrusive -t-)
Middle English: goldmessing

Old Saxon: goldmessing

desc

Old High German: goldmessing, goldmessinc

From *golþ (“gold”) + *massing (“brass”).


laþungu

laþungu (nominative singular)
laþungiwi (nominative plural)
laþungō (nominative plural)
laþungu (accusative singular)
laþungū (accusative plural)
laþungō (genitive singular)
laþungiwō (genitive plural)
laþungiwi (dative singular)
laþungō (dative singular)
laþungum (dative plural)
laþungu (instrumental singular)
laþungum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: laþung
Middle English: laðung, laþung, laðunge, laþinge, lathinge
English: lathing

Old Frisian: lathinge

Saterland Frisian: Ledenge

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Ienledenge

Old Saxon: *lathunga

Middle Low German: lādinge

German Low German: Ladung

⇒ Middle Low German: *inlādinge

German Low German: Inlading

Old Dutch: *lathunga

Middle Dutch: ladinge

Dutch: lading

Old High German: ladunga

Middle High German: ladunge

German: Ladung

desc

⇒ Middle High German: inladunge, īnladunge

German: Einladung


īp

īp (nominative singular)
īpiʀu (nominative plural)
īp (accusative singular)
īpiʀu (accusative plural)
īpiʀi (genitive singular)
īpiʀō (genitive plural)
īpiʀi (dative singular)
īpiʀum (dative plural)
īpiʀi (instrumental singular)
īpiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *īp sg, *īper pl

West Frisian: yp

Saterland Frisian: Ieper

Old Saxon: *īp sg, *īper pl

Middle Low German: *īper

German Low German: Iper

Old Dutch: *īp sg, *īper pl

Middle Dutch: *iep, *ijp sg, *ieper pl

desctree

Dutch: iep m
Afrikaans: iep
→ German: Äp (dialectal)

West Flemish: iper, yper m or f

Old High German: *īpir pl

Middle High German: īper f

German: Iper (dialectal)


hūsō

hūsō (nominative singular)
hūsan (nominative plural)
hūsan (accusative singular)
hūsan (accusative plural)
hūsini (genitive singular)
hūsan (genitive singular)
hūsanō (genitive plural)
hūsini (dative singular)
hūsan (dative singular)
hūsum (dative plural)
hūsini (instrumental singular)
hūsan (instrumental singular)
hūsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hūsa

Middle English: huse (or borrowed from Medieval Latin hūsō)

Old Saxon: *hūso

desc

Middle Low German: hûse, huze, huyse, husen

Old Dutch: *hūso

Middle Dutch: huus

Dutch: huis

desctree

Old High German: hūso, hūs, huso
Middle High German: hūse
German: Hausen, Hause (archaic)
→ English: hawsom (obsolete)

→ Latin: hūsō

→ Proto-Slavic: *vyzъ (see there for further descendants)


karpō

karpō (nominative singular)
karpan (nominative plural)
karpan (accusative singular)
karpan (accusative plural)
karpini (genitive singular)
karpan (genitive singular)
karpanō (genitive plural)
karpini (dative singular)
karpan (dative singular)
karpum (dative plural)
karpini (instrumental singular)
karpan (instrumental singular)
karpum (instrumental plural)

>? Old English: *carpa

Middle English: carpe, karp (or from Old French carpe)
English: carp
Scots: cairp

Old Saxon: *karpo

Middle Low German: karpe, kerpe m or f

→ Danish: karpe

→ Faroese: karpe

→ Norwegian: karpe

→ Swedish: karp

→ Finnish: karppi

Old Dutch: *karpo

Middle Dutch: carpe, carper, carpere (and Old French carpe)

Dutch: karper
Afrikaans: karp
→ West Frisian: karper
→ Indonesian: karper

desc

Old High German: karpfo, karpf m, karpfa f

Middle Dutch: karpfe, karpe m

German: Karpfen

→? Proto-Slavic: *korpъ (see there for further descendants)

Presumably borrowed from Late Latin carpa (“carp”). Also note Old Norse karfi (“red-fish, red sea-perch”).


spīralink

spīralink (nominative singular)
spīralinkō (nominative plural)
spīralinkōs (nominative plural)
spīralink (accusative singular)
spīralinkā (accusative plural)
spīralinkas (genitive singular)
spīralinkō (genitive plural)
spīralinkē (dative singular)
spīralinkum (dative plural)
spīralinku (instrumental singular)
spīralinkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *spīrrink

West Frisian: spierring, spjirring

Old Saxon: spīrlinc

desc

Middle Low German: spîrlinc, spîrlink, spîrink, spirink

German: Spiering, Spierling

→ Danish: sperling

Middle High German: sperlinc

Old Dutch: spierink

Middle Dutch: spierlinc, spierinc

Dutch: spierling, spiering

→ English: spearing

→ French: spirlin

→ Scots: spirling

→ Old French: esperlenc, esperlinge, espirlinge, espelens

French: éperlan (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: esperlinge

English: sparling, sperling

→ Latin: sperlingus, spirlingus, sparlingus


flonþr

flonþr (nominative singular)
flonþru (nominative plural)
flonþr (accusative singular)
flonþru (accusative plural)
flonþras (genitive singular)
flonþrō (genitive plural)
flonþrē (dative singular)
flonþrum (dative plural)
flonþru (instrumental singular)
flonþrum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *flonder

Middle Dutch: vlonder

desctree

Dutch: vlonder
→ German: Funder (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *flunþrą (“board, something flat”).


flunþrijā

flunþrijā (nominative singular)
flunþrijōn (nominative plural)
flunþrijōn (accusative singular)
flunþrijōn (accusative plural)
flunþrijōn (genitive singular)
flunþrijōnō (genitive plural)
flunþrijōn (dative singular)
flunþrijōm (dative plural)
flunþrijum (dative plural)
flunþrijōn (instrumental singular)
flunþrijōm (instrumental plural)
flunþrijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *fluntheria, *flunthera

Middle Low German: flundere, vlunder

desc

German Low German: Flunder, Flunner, Flinder, Flinger, Flonder

→ German: Flunder, Flünder

→ Bavarian: Flunder

→ Czech: flundra

→ Polish: flądra

→ Swabian: Flander

→ Swedish: flunder

From Proto-Germanic *flunþrijǭ. Equivalent to *flonþr (“board, plank”) + *-jā.

flatfish; flounder; European flounder, white fluke (Platichthys flesus)


halbafisk

halbafisk (nominative singular)
halbafiskō (nominative plural)
halbafiskōs (nominative plural)
halbafisk (accusative singular)
halbafiskā (accusative plural)
halbafiskas (genitive singular)
halbafiskō (genitive plural)
halbafiskē (dative singular)
halbafiskum (dative plural)
halbafisku (instrumental singular)
halbafiskum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: halffisk

Middle Low German: halfvisch, halfvisk

Old High German: halbfisk, halbfisc

Middle Dutch: halpvisch, halfisch


flōk

flōk (nominative singular)
flōku (nominative plural)
flōk (accusative singular)
flōku (accusative plural)
flōkas (genitive singular)
flōkō (genitive plural)
flōkē (dative singular)
flōkum (dative plural)
flōku (instrumental singular)
flōkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flōc
Middle English: floke, fluke, flewke
English: fluke
Scots: fluke, fluik

Old Saxon: flōc

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”).


buttjā

buttjā (nominative singular)
buttjōn (nominative plural)
buttjōn (accusative singular)
buttjōn (accusative plural)
buttjōn (genitive singular)
buttjōnō (genitive plural)
buttjōn (dative singular)
buttjōm (dative plural)
buttjum (dative plural)
buttjōn (instrumental singular)
buttjōm (instrumental plural)
buttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bytte, bytt

desc

Middle English: bit, bitte, bytte, butte

English: butt

Old Saxon: *butta, *buttia

Middle Low German: bütte, butte

German Low German: Büüe, Bütte, Bütt

Old Dutch: *butta

Middle Dutch: botte

Dutch: botte

Old High German: *butta f, butto m

Middle High German: büte, bütte, bute f

German: Bütte, Bütt

Yiddish: ביט (bit)

→? Proto-Slavic: *bъči (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *buttia (“cask, barrel”). Possible doublet of *budinu.


hailagabuttjō

hailagabuttjō (nominative singular)
hailagabuttjan (nominative plural)
hailagabuttjan (accusative singular)
hailagabuttjan (accusative plural)
hailagabuttjini (genitive singular)
hailagabuttjan (genitive singular)
hailagabuttjanō (genitive plural)
hailagabuttjini (dative singular)
hailagabuttjan (dative singular)
hailagabuttjum (dative plural)
hailagabuttjini (instrumental singular)
hailagabuttjan (instrumental singular)
hailagabuttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hāliġbytta

desctree

Middle English: halibut (or calqued from Middle Dutch)
English: halibut
Scots: halibutte, halybutt

Old Saxon: *hēlagbutto

desc

Middle Low German: *hêlbutte, *hêlbutt, *hiligbutt

German Low German: Helbutt, Hellbütt, Hiliggbutt

→ German: Heilbutt, Heiligebutt

→ Danish: helleflynder (calque)

→ Swedish: hälleflundra (calque)

Old Dutch: *heiligbutta

Middle Dutch: heilbot

desctree

Dutch: heilbot
→ French: elbot (dialectal)

West Flemish: helebut

From *hailag (“holy”) + *buttjō (“flatfish”), named for it's connection to Lent.

Hippoglossus hippoglossus
Hippoglossus hippoglossus

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)


buttjō

buttjō (nominative singular)
buttjan (nominative plural)
buttjan (accusative singular)
buttjan (accusative plural)
buttjini (genitive singular)
buttjan (genitive singular)
buttjanō (genitive plural)
buttjini (dative singular)
buttjan (dative singular)
buttjum (dative plural)
buttjini (instrumental singular)
buttjan (instrumental singular)
buttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bytta

Middle English: butte, but

Old Frisian: *butta

West Frisian: bot

Old Saxon: *butto

Middle Low German: butte, but, bud

German Low German: Bütt

→ German: Butt

→ Danish: bøtte

→ Swedish: butta

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: stēnbut, steinbut, stēnbutte, steinbutte

→ German: Steinbutt

⇒ Middle Low German: *tornbutte

→ Old French: turbot, torbot, turbut

→ Middle English: turbot, turbut

English: turbot

→ Old Swedish: törnbut

Old Dutch: *butta

Middle Dutch: but, bot

Dutch: bot

Old High German: *butzo

Middle High German: *butze

Alemannic German: Butz

⇒ Alemannic German: Butzli

⇒ Old High German: agabūz

flatfish, flounder, European flounder (Platichthys flesus


magaþukīn

magaþukīn (nominative singular)
magaþukīnu (nominative plural)
magaþukīn (accusative singular)
magaþukīnu (accusative plural)
magaþukīnas (genitive singular)
magaþukīnō (genitive plural)
magaþukīnē (dative singular)
magaþukīnum (dative plural)
magaþukīnu (instrumental singular)
magaþukīnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *magathikīn

Middle Low German: mēgedeken, megedekīn, megediken, megdiken, metgen, megeken

German Low German: Mäken (Altmark, Freilingen, Lippe), Meken (Brilon, Lippe), Meäken (Dortmund, Niedersfeld), Miaken (Olpe, Ravensberg), Mache, Mäche, Mächen (Prussia), Miäken (Sauerländ), Mägen (Wedemark), Meädchen (Wenden)

Plautdietsch: Mäke

Old Dutch: *magithikīn

Middle Dutch: meiskijn, meskijn, maagdekijn, maagdeken

Dutch: meisje, maagdje, meisken, meisie, meissie

Old High German: *magadihhīn

Middle High German: magedichīn, meidichīn

German: Mädchen, Mägdchen (obsolete)


teudr

teudr (nominative singular)
teudru (nominative plural)
teudr (accusative singular)
teudru (accusative plural)
teudras (genitive singular)
teudrō (genitive plural)
teudrē (dative singular)
teudrum (dative plural)
teudru (instrumental singular)
teudrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *tēoder

Middle English: teder, tether (possibly merged with Old Norse)

Scots: tedder, tether

English: tether

→ Scottish Gaelic: teadhair

desctree

>? Old English: tūdor, tuddor, tudder
Middle English: tuder

Old Frisian: tiāder, tiēder

North Frisian: tjodder, tjudder

Saterland Frisian: Tjudder

West Frisian: tsjoar

Old Saxon: tiothar, tūdar

Middle Low German: tûder, tudder

German Low German: Tüder, Töder, Tider

Old Dutch: tūdar

Middle Dutch: tuder, tudder, tuyer

Dutch: tuier, teier

Old High German: ziotar

Middle High German: zieter

German: Zieter


sakkil

sakkil (nominative singular)
sakkilō (nominative plural)
sakkilōs (nominative plural)
sakkil (accusative singular)
sakkilā (accusative plural)
sakkilas (genitive singular)
sakkilō (genitive plural)
sakkilē (dative singular)
sakkilum (dative plural)
sakkilu (instrumental singular)
sakkilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: sekkil

Middle Low German: seckel, sekkel

German Low German: Säckel (Prussia)

Old Dutch: *sakkil, *sekkil

Middle Dutch: sackel, seckel, zeckel

Dutch: zakkel

desc

Old High German: sekkil, seckil, sehhil m, sekkila, seckila f

Middle High German: seckel

German: Säckel

From Latin saccellus and adjusted by suffix *-il, *-ilā. Equivalent to *sakku + *-il, *-ilā.

seckelīn

Old High German: sekkilīn, seckilīn; Middle High German


sakku

sakku (nominative singular)
sakkwō (nominative plural)
sakkwōs (nominative plural)
sakku (accusative singular)
sakkwā (accusative plural)
sakkwas (genitive singular)
sakkwō (genitive plural)
sakkwē (dative singular)
sakkum (dative plural)
sakku (instrumental singular)
sakkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sæcc, sacc

Middle English: sak, sek

English: sack (see there for further descendants)

Scots: seck

Old Frisian: sekk, sekke

Saterland Frisian: Säk

West Frisian: sek

Old Saxon: sak

Middle Low German: sak, sack

German Low German: Sack

Plautdietsch: Sak

Old Dutch: sac

desctree

Middle Dutch: sac
Dutch: zak
Afrikaans: sak
→ Fwe: mà-sákà (via Lozi)
→ Zulu: saka
Fanagalo: saka
Berbice Creole Dutch: saka
Negerhollands: sak, saku, sakko
Skepi Creole Dutch: sak
→ Lokono: sâka
→ Caribbean Javanese: sak
→ Kari'na: saki
→ Indonesian: sak, saku
→ Munsee: shàkiinótay
→ Saramaccan: sáku
→ Sranan Tongo: saka
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sáká
→ Caribbean Javanese: sakah
Limburgish: zak

Old High German: sakk, sack, sak, sac

Middle High German: sac

German: Sack

Luxembourgish: Sak

Yiddish: זאַק (zak)

→ Hungarian: zsák


īlu

īlu (nominative singular)
īlō (nominative plural)
īlā (accusative singular)
īlā (accusative plural)
īlā (genitive singular)
īlō (genitive plural)
īlē (dative singular)
īlōm (dative plural)
īlum (dative plural)
īlu (instrumental singular)
īlōm (instrumental plural)
īlum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: īle

Old Saxon: *īla

Middle Low German: īle

desc

German Low German: Iele, Üile, Uile, Üle, Iel

Old Dutch: *īla

Middle Dutch: īle

Dutch: ijl

desctree

Old High German: īla
Middle High German: īle
German: Eile

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”).


budinu

budinu (nominative singular)
budinō (nominative plural)
budinā (accusative singular)
budinā (accusative plural)
budinā (genitive singular)
budinō (genitive plural)
budinē (dative singular)
budinōm (dative plural)
budinum (dative plural)
budinu (instrumental singular)
budinōm (instrumental plural)
budinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: byden

Old Saxon: budin

desc

Middle Low German: bȫdene, bodene, böden, boden, büddene, bodeme

Old High German: butinna, butina, butin

Middle High German: büten, buten, bütene

→ Proto-Slavic: *bъdьňa

Borrowed from Medieval Latin budina, from Ancient Greek πυτίνη (putínē, “flask”). Possible doublet of *buttjā.


leþr

leþr (nominative singular)
leþrō (nominative plural)
leþrōs (nominative plural)
leþr (accusative singular)
leþrā (accusative plural)
leþras (genitive singular)
leþrō (genitive plural)
leþrē (dative singular)
leþrum (dative plural)
leþru (instrumental singular)
leþrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: leþer
Middle English: lether, lethere, lethir, lethyr, leþer, leþyr, leþir, leddyr, ledder, leddur, leddir, ledyr, leder
English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro
Scots: lether, ledder, leither
Yola: luther (verb)

desc

Old Frisian: lether, leither, leder, lider, leer

Saterland Frisian: Leeder

West Frisian: leare

Old Saxon: lethar

Middle Low German: leder

German Low German: Leer

Low German: Ledder, Lier

Old Dutch: *lether

Middle Dutch: leder

desctree

Dutch: leer
Afrikaans: leer
Negerhollands: leër, leer
→ Aukan: leli
→ Sranan Tongo: leri

Old High German: leder

Middle High German: leder

German: Leder
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Hunsrik: Letter

Luxembourgish: Lieder

Vilamovian: łaoder

Yiddish: לעדער (leder)


fį̄hlu

fį̄hlu (nominative singular)
fį̄hlō (nominative plural)
fį̄hlā (accusative singular)
fį̄hlā (accusative plural)
fį̄hlā (genitive singular)
fį̄hlō (genitive plural)
fį̄hlē (dative singular)
fį̄hlōm (dative plural)
fį̄hlum (dative plural)
fį̄hlu (instrumental singular)
fį̄hlōm (instrumental plural)
fį̄hlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fīil, fīol, fēol, fēl

Middle English: file, fyle

English: file

Scots: file, fyle

Old Frisian: *fīle

Saterland Frisian: Fiele

West Frisian: file

Old Saxon: fīla

Middle Low German: vîle

German Low German: File

→ Swedish: fil

Old Dutch: *fīla

Middle Dutch: vile

Dutch: vijl
Afrikaans: vyl
Berbice Creole Dutch: feli
Negerhollands: feile
→ Aukan: fei
→ Caribbean Hindustani: feiri

Old High German: fīhala, fīgila, fīla

Middle High German: vīle

Cimbrian: faila

German: Feile

Luxembourgish: Feil

→ Proto-Slavic: *pĩlà (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *finhlō. Equivalent to *fį̄hlōn (“to file, polish”) + *-u.


kaldijā

kaldijā (nominative singular)
kaldijōn (nominative plural)
kaldijōn (accusative singular)
kaldijōn (accusative plural)
kaldijōn (genitive singular)
kaldijōnō (genitive plural)
kaldijōn (dative singular)
kaldijōm (dative plural)
kaldijum (dative plural)
kaldijōn (instrumental singular)
kaldijōm (instrumental plural)
kaldijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċelde

From Proto-Germanic *kaldijǭ. Equivalent to *kald (“cold”) + *-jā (agent suffix).


haʀwō

haʀwō (nominative singular)
haʀwan (nominative plural)
haʀwan (accusative singular)
haʀwan (accusative plural)
haʀwini (genitive singular)
haʀwan (genitive singular)
haʀwanō (genitive plural)
haʀwini (dative singular)
haʀwan (dative singular)
haʀwum (dative plural)
haʀwini (instrumental singular)
haʀwan (instrumental singular)
haʀwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hearwa

⇒ Old English: Siġelhearwa

Old High German: *haro

⇒ Old High German: foraharo


kaldanassī

kaldanassī (nominative singular)
kaldanassīn (accusative singular)
kaldanassīn (genitive singular)
kaldanassīn (dative singular)
kaldanassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: ċealdnes, ċealdnys
Middle English: coldnesse, *caldnesse
English: coldness
Scots: caldnes, cauldnes

Old Frisian: *kaldnisse, *kaldense

West Frisian: kâldens

Old Saxon: *kaldnissi

desc

Middle Low German: koldenisse, kōldenisse

Old High German: kaltnissa

Middle High German: kaltnissa


aliþeudu

aliþeudu (nominative singular)
aliþeudō (nominative plural)
aliþeudā (accusative singular)
aliþeudā (accusative plural)
aliþeudā (genitive singular)
aliþeudō (genitive plural)
aliþeudē (dative singular)
aliþeudōm (dative plural)
aliþeudum (dative plural)
aliþeudu (instrumental singular)
aliþeudōm (instrumental plural)
aliþeudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: elþēod

Old Saxon: elithioda

Old High German: elidiota


handulungu

handulungu (nominative singular)
handulungō (nominative plural)
handulungā (accusative singular)
handulungā (accusative plural)
handulungā (genitive singular)
handulungō (genitive plural)
handulungē (dative singular)
handulungōm (dative plural)
handulungum (dative plural)
handulungu (instrumental singular)
handulungōm (instrumental plural)
handulungum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: handlung
Middle English: handelinge, hondelyng
English: handling
Scots: handlin

Old Frisian: handlinge

Saterland Frisian: Hondelenge

desc

West Frisian: handeling, hâneling, hânling, hanneling

Old Saxon: *handlunga

Middle Low German: handelinge

Old Dutch: *handalunga

Middle Dutch: handelinge

Dutch: handeling

Afrikaans: handeling

Old High German: hantalunga

Middle High German: handelunge

German: Handlung


klaitā

klaitā (nominative singular)
klaitōn (nominative plural)
klaitōn (accusative singular)
klaitōn (accusative plural)
klaitōn (genitive singular)
klaitōnō (genitive plural)
klaitōn (dative singular)
klaitōm (dative plural)
klaitum (dative plural)
klaitōn (instrumental singular)
klaitōm (instrumental plural)
klaitum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: clāte
Middle English: clate, clote, clotte
English: clote
⇒ English: clotbur

Old Frisian: *klāte

→? Middle Low German: klatte

German Low German: Klatte, Klatt

Old Saxon: *klēta

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: klêteken, kletteken

From Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y- (“to stick”).

der

Old English: *clǣteMiddle English: clete


klībā

klībā (nominative singular)
klībōn (nominative plural)
klībōn (accusative singular)
klībōn (accusative plural)
klībōn (genitive singular)
klībōnō (genitive plural)
klībōn (dative singular)
klībōm (dative plural)
klībum (dative plural)
klībōn (instrumental singular)
klībōm (instrumental plural)
klībum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: clīfe
Middle English: *clive (attested in garclive)
English: clive

Old Frisian: *klīve

Saterland Frisian: Klíef

Old Saxon: klīva

Middle Low German: klîve

Old Dutch: *klīva

Middle Dutch: klijve, kleve

Dutch: klijf

→ West Frisian: kleef

Old High German: klība

Middle High German: klībe

German: Kleibe (archaic)

From Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick, smear”).


unfriþu

unfriþu (nominative singular)
unfriþiwi (nominative plural)
unfriþō (nominative plural)
unfriþu (accusative singular)
unfriþū (accusative plural)
unfriþō (genitive singular)
unfriþiwō (genitive plural)
unfriþiwi (dative singular)
unfriþō (dative singular)
unfriþum (dative plural)
unfriþu (instrumental singular)
unfriþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: unfriþ
Middle English: unfrith, unfrit, unfriðe
English: unfrith

Old Frisian: unfretho

West Frisian: ûnfrede

Old Saxon: *unfrithu

Middle Low German: unvrēde

Old Dutch: *unfrithu

Middle Dutch: onvrēde

Dutch: onvrede
Negerhollands: onvred, onvrede

Old High German: unfridu

Middle High German: unvride

German: Unfriede

From Proto-Germanic *unfriþuz. By surface analysis, *un- + *friþu.

absence of peace: strife, unease, hostility


kwellungu

kwellungu (nominative singular)
kwellungō (nominative plural)
kwellungā (accusative singular)
kwellungā (accusative plural)
kwellungā (genitive singular)
kwellungō (genitive plural)
kwellungē (dative singular)
kwellungōm (dative plural)
kwellungum (dative plural)
kwellungu (instrumental singular)
kwellungōm (instrumental plural)
kwellungum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *quellunga

Middle Dutch: quellinge

Old High German: *kwellunga

Middle High German: quëllunge

German: Quellung

From *kwellan (“to well up, swell up”) + *-ungu.


kroggō

kroggō (nominative singular)
kroggan (nominative plural)
kroggan (accusative singular)
kroggan (accusative plural)
kruggini (genitive singular)
kroggan (genitive singular)
krogganō (genitive plural)
kruggini (dative singular)
kroggan (dative singular)
kroggum (dative plural)
kruggini (instrumental singular)
kroggan (instrumental singular)
kroggum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crohha, crocca

desctree

Middle English: crokke, crok
English: crock
Scots: crock, croak
Yola: kruck

Old Frisian: krocha

Old Dutch: *krohho, *krohha

Middle Dutch: croche, cruche m or f

Old High German: krucha f

⇒ Old High German: krugula


krōgu

krōgu (nominative singular)
krōgiwi (nominative plural)
krōgō (nominative plural)
krōgu (accusative singular)
krōgū (accusative plural)
krōgō (genitive singular)
krōgiwō (genitive plural)
krōgiwi (dative singular)
krōgō (dative singular)
krōgum (dative plural)
krōgu (instrumental singular)
krōgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crōg
Middle English: croh, crohe, crohhe, crochȝe
English: croh
Fingallian: croge

Old Saxon: *krōg, *krōh

desc

Middle Low German: krôch, kroech, krouch, kroich, krûch

German Low German: Kroog

Old Dutch: *kruog, *krōg

Middle Dutch: croech f

Dutch: kroeg f (“stone pot or jug”)

Old High German: kruog

Middle High German: kruoc

German: Krug

⇒ Middle High German: krüegelīn n

German: Krüglein

container, vessel (e.g. pot, jar, pitcher, flagon, etc.)


sprekl

sprekl (nominative singular)
sprekklu (nominative plural)
sprekl (accusative singular)
sprekklu (accusative plural)
sprekklas (genitive singular)
sprekklō (genitive plural)
sprekklē (dative singular)
sprekklum (dative plural)
sprekklu (instrumental singular)
sprekklum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sprecel
Middle English: *sprekel, sprekle
English: spreckle
Scots: spreckel, spreckle

Old High German: *sprekkil, *spreckil

desc

Middle High German: spreckel, sprëckel n

German: Spreckel m

Alemannic German: Šprägel, Šprigel


krūkā

krūkā (nominative singular)
krūkōn (nominative plural)
krūkōn (accusative singular)
krūkōn (accusative plural)
krūkōn (genitive singular)
krūkōnō (genitive plural)
krūkōn (dative singular)
krūkōm (dative plural)
krūkum (dative plural)
krūkōn (instrumental singular)
krūkōm (instrumental plural)
krūkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: crūce
Middle English: crouke

Old Frisian: *krūke

Saterland Frisian: Kruke

West Frisian: krûk f or m

Old Saxon: krūka

desc

Middle Low German: krûke, kruike, krucke, krukke

Low German: Kruke, Kruuk

→ German: Kruke

→ Old Norse: krukka

Icelandic: krukka

Norwegian Nynorsk: krukke

Norwegian Bokmål: krukke

Swedish: kruka

→ Finnish: ruukku

Danish: krukke

→ Middle English: kruk

Yola: kruck

⇒ Middle Low German: krü̂kel n

Old Dutch: *krūka

Middle Dutch: cruke, cruyke, cruuc

Dutch: kruik

Afrikaans: kruik

Old High German: krūhha

Middle High German: krūche

German: Krauche

→ Vulgar Latin: *cruca

Old French: cruche

Middle French: cruche

French: cruche

Old Occitan: cruga

Uncertain. Related to Proto-West Germanic *krōgu, *krog, and *kroggō


krūsā

krūsā (nominative singular)
krūsōn (nominative plural)
krūsōn (accusative singular)
krūsōn (accusative plural)
krūsōn (genitive singular)
krūsōnō (genitive plural)
krūsōn (dative singular)
krūsōm (dative plural)
krūsum (dative plural)
krūsōn (instrumental singular)
krūsōm (instrumental plural)
krūsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: crūse
Middle English: cruse, crouse, croos
English: cruse, cruise, cruze

Old Frisian: *krōs, *krūs m or f or n (possibly from Middle Low German)

Saterland Frisian: Krous, Kruus n

West Frisian: kroes m or f

Old Saxon: *krōs, *krūs m or n

desc

Middle Low German: krôs, kroes, krois, kroys, krůs, krues, krûs m or n

German Low German: Kroos m

gl

→ Old Norse: krús f (alternatively possibly from Old English)

Icelandic: krús f

Norwegian Nynorsk: krus f

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: krus n

→ Norwegian Bokmål: krus n

→ Swedish: krus n

→ Danish: krus n

→ Faroese: krúss n

Old Dutch: *krōso m

desc

Middle Dutch: croese, crose, crouse, creuse, croesen m

Dutch: kroes

→ Caribbean Javanese: krus

Old High German: krūsa

Middle High German: krūse

German: Krause


wiþrareht

wiþrareht (nominative singular)
wiþrarehtu (nominative plural)
wiþrareht (accusative singular)
wiþrarehtu (accusative plural)
wiþrarehtas (genitive singular)
wiþrarehtō (genitive plural)
wiþrarehtē (dative singular)
wiþrarehtum (dative plural)
wiþrarehtu (instrumental singular)
wiþrarehtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiþerriht

Old Frisian: witherriucht

Old Dutch: *witharreht, *witherreht

Middle Dutch: *wederrecht

Dutch: wederrecht

⇒ Middle Dutch: wederrechten

Dutch: wederrechten

⇒ Middle Dutch: wederrechtinge

Dutch: wederrechting

(law) reparation, compensation, recompense


hūk

hūk (nominative singular)
hūkō (nominative plural)
hūkōs (nominative plural)
hūk (accusative singular)
hūkā (accusative plural)
hūkas (genitive singular)
hūkō (genitive plural)
hūkē (dative singular)
hūkum (dative plural)
hūku (instrumental singular)
hūkum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hūk

Middle Low German: hûk, hûke

Old High German: hūh


wunsk

wunsk (nominative singular)
wunskō (nominative plural)
wunskōs (nominative plural)
wunsk (accusative singular)
wunskā (accusative plural)
wunskas (genitive singular)
wunskō (genitive plural)
wunskē (dative singular)
wunskum (dative plural)
wunsku (instrumental singular)
wunskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wūsc

Old Saxon: *wunsk

Middle Low German: wunsch

Old Dutch: *wunsk

Middle Dutch: wonsch wensch

Dutch: wens

Old High German: wunsk

Middle High German: wunsch

German: Wunsch

From Proto-Germanic *wunskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”).


skauwārī

skauwārī (nominative singular)
skauwārijō (nominative plural)
skauwārijōs (nominative plural)
skauwārī (accusative singular)
skauwārijā (accusative plural)
skauwārijas (genitive singular)
skauwārijō (genitive plural)
skauwārijē (dative singular)
skauwārijum (dative plural)
skauwāriju (instrumental singular)
skauwārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċēawere
Middle English: schewere, schawere, showre
English: shower

Old Frisian: skāwere

Saterland Frisian: Skauer

West Frisian: skôger

Old Saxon: *skauwāri, *skōwāri

desc

Middle Low German: schouwære, schouwer, schower

German Low German: Schauer

Old Dutch: *scouwāri, *scōwāri

Middle Dutch: scouwer, schouwer

Dutch: schouwer

Old High German: skouwāri, scouwāri

Middle High German: schouwære, schouwer

German: Schauer


dadō

dadō (nominative singular)
dadan (nominative plural)
dadan (accusative singular)
dadan (accusative plural)
dadini (genitive singular)
dadan (genitive singular)
dadanō (genitive plural)
dadini (dative singular)
dadan (dative singular)
dadum (dative plural)
dadini (instrumental singular)
dadan (instrumental singular)
dadum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dada

Middle English: *dade, *dadde

English: dad

Early Scots: dade

⇒ Scots: dady, daddy, daidie

Old High German: *tato

Middle High German: tate

German: Tate

Bavarian: tatte

Cimbrian: tatta


kijō

kijō (nominative singular)
kijan (nominative plural)
kijan (accusative singular)
kijan (accusative plural)
kijini (genitive singular)
kijan (genitive singular)
kijanō (genitive plural)
kijini (dative singular)
kijan (dative singular)
kijum (dative plural)
kijini (instrumental singular)
kijan (instrumental singular)
kijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ċīa m, ċīe f

Old Saxon: kio

Old High German: kio

Unknown. Perhaps related to Proto-West Germanic *keuwā.


keuwā

keuwā (nominative singular)
keuwōn (nominative plural)
keuwōn (accusative singular)
keuwōn (accusative plural)
keuwōn (genitive singular)
keuwōnō (genitive plural)
keuwōn (dative singular)
keuwōm (dative plural)
keuwum (dative plural)
keuwōn (instrumental singular)
keuwōm (instrumental plural)
keuwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *ċēowe
>? Middle English: *chewe, *chowe, jowe (possibly; possibly influenced or merged with Old French joue)
English: chaw, jaw
Scots: jow
>? Scots: chow

Old Frisian: *kiāwe, *kiōwe, *kiūwe

desc

Saterland Frisian: Kiuwe, Keeuwe, Käuwe (“jaw, chin”) (alternatively from Low German)

West Frisian: kiuw (“gill; jaw, jawbone”) (alternatively from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *kiowa, *kiuwa

Middle Low German: kêwe, keiwe, kiwe

Old Dutch: *kiowa, *kiuwa, *kūwa

Middle Dutch: kieuwe, cauwe, cawe, cuwe, couwe

Dutch: kieuw, kuw, (obsolete) kauw

Old High German: kiuwa, kewa, kouwa

Middle High German: kiwe, kiuwe, kewe, kouwe

German: Keu, Käu (dialectal)


gakauw

gakauw (nominative singular)
gakauwu (nominative plural)
gakauw (accusative singular)
gakauwu (accusative plural)
gakauwas (genitive singular)
gakauwō (genitive plural)
gakauwē (dative singular)
gakauwum (dative plural)
gakauwu (instrumental singular)
gakauwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *ġeċēaw
Middle English: icheu
English: chew

Old Dutch: *gikouw

Middle Dutch: *gekouw, *gekauw

Dutch: gekauw

→ West Frisian: gekau

⇒? Old High German: gikouwarōn


drinkō

drinkō (nominative singular)
drinkan (nominative plural)
drinkan (accusative singular)
drinkan (accusative plural)
drinkini (genitive singular)
drinkan (genitive singular)
drinkanō (genitive plural)
drinkini (dative singular)
drinkan (dative singular)
drinkum (dative plural)
drinkini (instrumental singular)
drinkan (instrumental singular)
drinkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *drinca

⇒ Old English: ġedrinca

Old High German: *trinco, *trinko

⇒ Old High German: wīntrinco, wīntrinko


swōtinassī

swōtinassī (nominative singular)
swōtinassīn (accusative singular)
swōtinassīn (genitive singular)
swōtinassīn (dative singular)
swōtinassīn (instrumental singular)
swōtinassī (nominative singular)
swōtinassiju (nominative plural)
swōtinassī (accusative singular)
swōtinassiju (accusative plural)
swōtinassijas (genitive singular)
swōtinassijō (genitive plural)
swōtinassijē (dative singular)
swōtinassijum (dative plural)
swōtinassiju (instrumental singular)
swōtinassijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swētnes, swētnys, suoetnis, suœ̄tnis
Middle English: swetnesse, swetnes
English: sweetness
Scots: swetenes, swetnes, sweitnes, sweitness

gl

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*swōtunassī</i>

Old English: swōtnes (< *swōtunassī)

Middle English: swotnesse, sotenesse

Old Frisian: *swētenis

West Frisian: swietens

Old Saxon: *swōtinessi, *swōtinussi

desc

Middle Low German: sö̂tenisse, sö̂tnisse, suͤtnisse, suͤtenisse, suotnisse, suotenisse

Old Dutch: *suotinessi

Middle Dutch: soetenesse, soetenisse, zoetenisse

Dutch: zoetenis

Old High German: swuoznassī, swuoznassi, swuoznissi, suoznassī, suoznessī, suoznassi, suoznessi, suoznissi


sūrijō

sūrijō (nominative singular)
sūrijan (nominative plural)
sūrijan (accusative singular)
sūrijan (accusative plural)
sūrijini (genitive singular)
sūrijan (genitive singular)
sūrijanō (genitive plural)
sūrijini (dative singular)
sūrijan (dative singular)
sūrijum (dative plural)
sūrijini (instrumental singular)
sūrijan (instrumental singular)
sūrijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: sūrio

Middle Low German: sûre

Old High German: sūrio, sūrro


gadrib

gadrib (nominative singular)
gadribu (nominative plural)
gadrib (accusative singular)
gadribu (accusative plural)
gadribas (genitive singular)
gadribō (genitive plural)
gadribē (dative singular)
gadribum (dative plural)
gadribu (instrumental singular)
gadribum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġedrif

Old High German: *gitrib

Middle High German: getrip

⇒ Old High German: anagitrib m

From *ga- + *drib, the latter from Proto-Germanic *dribą.


psalterī

psaltirī (nominative singular)
psaltirijō (nominative plural)
psaltirijōs (nominative plural)
psaltirī (accusative singular)
psaltirijā (accusative plural)
psaltirijas (genitive singular)
psaltirijō (genitive plural)
psaltirijē (dative singular)
psaltirijum (dative plural)
psaltiriju (instrumental singular)
psaltirijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: psalter, salter, saltere, sealtere

Middle English: psalter, salter, sæalter, saltere (partially from Old French saltier)

English: psalter

Old Saxon: *psaltari, *saltari

Middle Low German: salter, solter

→ Old Norse: saltari

Swedish: psaltare (see there for further descendants)

Old Danish: saltæræ

Danish: salter

Old Dutch: psaltere, psaltare

Middle Dutch: selter, psalter, pselter

Old High German: psalteri, psaltāri, psaltari, saltāri, saltari, salteri

Middle High German: saltære, salter, saltāre, selter

German: Psalter

→ German Low German: Psalter

→ Polish: psałterz

Borrowed from Latin psalterium (“lute, psaltery”).


marigreutō

marigreutō (nominative singular)
marigreutan (nominative plural)
marigreutan (accusative singular)
marigreutan (accusative plural)
marigriutini (genitive singular)
marigreutan (genitive singular)
marigreutanō (genitive plural)
marigriutini (dative singular)
marigreutan (dative singular)
marigreutum (dative plural)
marigriutini (instrumental singular)
marigreutan (instrumental singular)
marigreutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meregrēot, meregrot n, meregrota f

Old Saxon: merigriota, merigrīta f

Middle Low German: margarīte, margarite

Old Dutch: *merigrioto

Middle Dutch: margriete, mergriete, magriete, maergriete, margrite

Old High German: merigriozo, merigrioz m, *merigrioza f

Middle High German: margarieze, margarīte f, margarit m

Borrowed from Late Latin margarita, modified by folk-etymological from *mari (“sea”) + *greutō (“sand, dust”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 (marikreitus, “pearl”).


rām

rām (nominative singular)
rāmō (nominative plural)
rāmōs (nominative plural)
rām (accusative singular)
rāmā (accusative plural)
rāmas (genitive singular)
rāmō (genitive plural)
rāmē (dative singular)
rāmum (dative plural)
rāmu (instrumental singular)
rāmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *rōm

Middle Low German: râm, räm, râme

Old Dutch: *rām

Middle Dutch: raem

Dutch: raam

Old High German: rām

Middle High German: rām

From Proto-Germanic *rēmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁-mó-s, from *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to arrange”) + *-mós.


rakud

rakud (nominative singular)
rakudō (nominative plural)
rakudōs (nominative plural)
rakud (accusative singular)
rakudā (accusative plural)
rakudas (genitive singular)
rakudō (genitive plural)
rakudē (dative singular)
rakudum (dative plural)
rakudu (instrumental singular)
rakudum (instrumental plural)

gl

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*rakid</i>

Old English: ræċed, reċed, reċyd (< *rakid)

Old Saxon: rakud, rakod

Old High German: rahhat, rachat


framī

framī (nominative singular)
framīn (accusative singular)
framīn (genitive singular)
framīn (dative singular)
framīn (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old English: fremu
Middle English: freme

Old Frisian: fremo, freme


brastl

brastl (nominative singular)
brastlō (nominative plural)
brastlōs (nominative plural)
brastl (accusative singular)
brastlā (accusative plural)
brastlas (genitive singular)
brastlō (genitive plural)
brastlē (dative singular)
brastlum (dative plural)
brastlu (instrumental singular)
brastlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brastl

Old High German: *brastal

Middle High German: brastel


gabrastl

gabrastl (nominative singular)
gabrastlu (nominative plural)
gabrastl (accusative singular)
gabrastlu (accusative plural)
gabrastlas (genitive singular)
gabrastlō (genitive plural)
gabrastlē (dative singular)
gabrastlum (dative plural)
gabrastlu (instrumental singular)
gabrastlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġebrastl

Old High German: *gibrastal

desc

Middle High German: *gebrastel, gebraste, *geprastel

German: Geprassel


gupā

gopā (nominative singular)
gopōn (nominative plural)
gopōn (accusative singular)
gopōn (accusative plural)
gopōn (genitive singular)
gopōnō (genitive plural)
gopōn (dative singular)
gopōm (dative plural)
gupum (dative plural)
gopōn (instrumental singular)
gopōm (instrumental plural)
gupum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gupe

Old Saxon: *gopa

Middle Low German: gōpe

Old Dutch: *gopa

Middle Dutch: gope

Old High German: goffa, *guffa

Old High German: goffe, guffe

German: Goffe

Bavarian: Goffe


strīpō

strīpō (nominative singular)
strīpan (nominative plural)
strīpan (accusative singular)
strīpan (accusative plural)
strīpini (genitive singular)
strīpan (genitive singular)
strīpanō (genitive plural)
strīpini (dative singular)
strīpan (dative singular)
strīpum (dative plural)
strīpini (instrumental singular)
strīpan (instrumental singular)
strīpum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *strīpa, *strīpe

Saterland Frisian: Striepe m

West Frisian: stripe m or f

Old Saxon: *strīpo, *strīpa

Middle Low German: strîpe f, strîpen m

German Low German: Striepe, Striep

→ Middle English: stripe, strype

English: stripe

Scots: stripe

Old Dutch: strīpa

Middle Dutch: stripe f or m

Dutch: strijp

Old High German: *strīfo

Middle High German: strīfe

German: Streifen

From Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“to spread”).


spīking

spīking (nominative singular)
spīkingō (nominative plural)
spīkingōs (nominative plural)
spīking (accusative singular)
spīkingā (accusative plural)
spīkingas (genitive singular)
spīkingō (genitive plural)
spīkingē (dative singular)
spīkingum (dative plural)
spīkingu (instrumental singular)
spīkingum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spīcing
Middle English: spikyng, spykyng
English: spiking (dialectal)
Scots: spyking, spikyn

Old Dutch: *spīking

Middle Dutch: spîkinc

Dutch: spijking (archaic)

From *spīku + *-ing (diminutive suffix).


gabannī

gabannī (nominative singular)
gabanniju (nominative plural)
gabannī (accusative singular)
gabanniju (accusative plural)
gabannijas (genitive singular)
gabannijō (genitive plural)
gabannijē (dative singular)
gabannijum (dative plural)
gabanniju (instrumental singular)
gabannijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġebenne

Old High German: gibenni

desc

⇒? Middle High German: gebennic (“cursing”)

From *bannijan, equivalent to *ga- + *bann + *-ī.


fnoʀō

fnoʀō (nominative singular)
fnoʀan (nominative plural)
fnoʀan (accusative singular)
fnoʀan (accusative plural)
fnuʀini (genitive singular)
fnoʀan (genitive singular)
fnoʀanō (genitive plural)
fnuʀini (dative singular)
fnoʀan (dative singular)
fnoʀum (dative plural)
fnuʀini (instrumental singular)
fnoʀan (instrumental singular)
fnoʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fnora
Middle English: snore, *fnore
English: snore
Scots: snore

From Proto-Germanic *fruzô, from Proto-Germanic *fneusaną.

snuorje

Old Frisian: *snuria, *snoria; West Frisian

Old English: *fnorianMiddle English: fnoren, snorenEnglish: snoreScots: snore, snor, snorr, snurr, snoare

⇒ Old English: *fnorettanMiddle English: fnorten>? Middle English: snortenEnglish: snortScots: snort


pēsal

pēsal (nominative singular)
pēsalō (nominative plural)
pēsalōs (nominative plural)
pēsal (accusative singular)
pēsalā (accusative plural)
pēsalas (genitive singular)
pēsalō (genitive plural)
pēsalē (dative singular)
pēsalum (dative plural)
pēsalu (instrumental singular)
pēsalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pīsle f

Old Frisian: pīsel, pīsle

Old Saxon: pēsal (“heated room; oven”)

Middle Low German: pīsel, pisel, pēsel

German Low German: Piasal

→ Danish: pisel, spisel

→ German: Pesel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: peis

→ Swedish: spis, spisel

Old Dutch: *pīsal

Middle Dutch: pīsel

Middle Dutch: pijzel

Old High German: pfiesal, pisile

Middle High German: pfiesel

East Central German: Pfiesl, Pfiesel

Borrowed from Medieval Latin piselis m, pisale n (“room with a fire-place, calefactory”), presumed from Latin pēnsilis m or f, pēnsile n (“hanging, suspended”).


saltastain

saltastain (nominative singular)
saltastainō (nominative plural)
saltastainōs (nominative plural)
saltastain (accusative singular)
saltastainā (accusative plural)
saltastainas (genitive singular)
saltastainō (genitive plural)
saltastainē (dative singular)
saltastainum (dative plural)
saltastainu (instrumental singular)
saltastainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sealtstān
Middle English: salt stan, salt ston, saltstone, salteston
English: saltstone
Scots: salt stane

Old Frisian: *saltstēn

West Frisian: sâltstien

Old Saxon: *saltstēn

Middle Low German: soltstên, soltstein

German Low German: Soltsteen

Old Dutch: *saltstēn

Middle Dutch: soutsteen

Dutch: zoutsteen

Old High German: salzstein

Middle High German: salzstein

German: Salzstein


bulluk

bulluk (nominative singular)
bullukō (nominative plural)
bullukōs (nominative plural)
bulluk (accusative singular)
bullukā (accusative plural)
bullukas (genitive singular)
bullukō (genitive plural)
bullukē (dative singular)
bullukum (dative plural)
bulluku (instrumental singular)
bullukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bulluc

Middle English: bullok, bulluc, bollok, bolok
English: bullock
Scots: bullok

⇒ Old English: bulluca

Old Dutch: bullok, bulk (in placenames)

⇒ Old Dutch: Bulloksdam, Bulksdam


lampredu

lampredu (nominative singular)
lampredō (nominative plural)
lampredā (accusative singular)
lampredā (accusative plural)
lampredā (genitive singular)
lampredō (genitive plural)
lampredē (dative singular)
lampredōm (dative plural)
lampredum (dative plural)
lampredu (instrumental singular)
lampredōm (instrumental plural)
lampredum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lempedu, lamprēde

Middle English: lempet

English: limpet

Old Saxon: lamprītha

Middle Low German: lamprēde, lampreide

Old Dutch: lamprētha

Middle Dutch: lampreide, lampereide

desc

Old High German: lampfrīda, lantfrīda, lamprīda

Middle High German: lamprēde, lamprīde

German: Lamprete

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lampreda (“lamprey”).


kāmō

kāmō (nominative singular)
kāman (nominative plural)
kāman (accusative singular)
kāman (accusative plural)
kāmini (genitive singular)
kāman (genitive singular)
kāmanō (genitive plural)
kāmini (dative singular)
kāman (dative singular)
kāmum (dative plural)
kāmini (instrumental singular)
kāman (instrumental singular)
kāmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cāma

Old High German: kāmo, kām

Middle High German: kām

Borrowed from Late Latin cāmus (“muzzle, snaffle”).

kāmbritel

Old High German: kāmbrittil; Middle High German


fundru

fundru (nominative singular)
fundrō (nominative plural)
fundrā (accusative singular)
fundrā (accusative plural)
fundrā (genitive singular)
fundrō (genitive plural)
fundrē (dative singular)
fundrōm (dative plural)
fundrum (dative plural)
fundru (instrumental singular)
fundrōm (instrumental plural)
fundrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *fundre

West Frisian: funder

Old Saxon: *fundra

Middle Low German: vunder

Old Dutch: *fundra, *fundla

Middle Dutch: vondere, vondele

Dutch: vonder, (dialectal) vondel


wīku

wīku (nominative singular)
wīkō (nominative plural)
wīkā (accusative singular)
wīkā (accusative plural)
wīkā (genitive singular)
wīkō (genitive plural)
wīkē (dative singular)
wīkōm (dative plural)
wīkum (dative plural)
wīku (instrumental singular)
wīkōm (instrumental plural)
wīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīc

Old Frisian: wīk

Saterland Frisian: Wieke

West Frisian: wyk

Old Saxon: *wīka, *wīk

Middle Low German: wîk, wike

German Low German: Wieke, Wiek

Old Dutch: *wīk

Middle Dutch: wijc, wijk

Dutch: wijk


westawind

westawind (nominative singular)
westawindō (nominative plural)
westawindōs (nominative plural)
westawind (accusative singular)
westawindā (accusative plural)
westawindas (genitive singular)
westawindō (genitive plural)
westawindē (dative singular)
westawindum (dative plural)
westawindu (instrumental singular)
westawindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: westwind

Old Frisian: *westwind

Saterland Frisian: Wästwíend, Wäästwíend

Old Saxon: *westwind

Middle Low German: westwint

German Low German: Westwind

→ German: Westwind

Old Dutch: westwint


lēbard

lēbard (nominative singular)
lēbardō (nominative plural)
lēbardōs (nominative plural)
lēbard (accusative singular)
lēbardā (accusative plural)
lēbardas (genitive singular)
lēbardō (genitive plural)
lēbardē (dative singular)
lēbardum (dative plural)
lēbardu (instrumental singular)
lēbardum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēopard

q

Middle English: leopard, libard, lybard (partially from or displaced by Old French liepart, leopard (“panther”))

desc

English: leopard, (archaic) lybard, libbard

Old Saxon: *lēbard

Middle Low German: lêbārt, lêbōrt, lêbār, lêbāre

→ Old Norse: lēparðr

Old Dutch: *lēbard

Middle Dutch: liebaert, liebart, liebart, liebaert

q

Dutch: liebaard (“heraldic lion”) (compare luipaard (“panther”) from Old French)

Old High German: *liebart, *lēbart (-ē- perhaps taken from lēo (“lion”))

Middle High German: lēbart

desc

⇒ Old High German: liebarto, lēbarto, lēpardo

Middle High German: liebarte, liebart, lēbarte, lēparte, lēbart, lēwart

→ Czech: levhart

→ Old Polish: leward, lewart

desctree

Polish: lampart
→ Kashubian: lampart
→ Yiddish: לעמפּערט (lempert)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lebardus, lepardus and Late Latin leopardus (“leopard”).


swestersunu

swestersunu (nominative singular)
swestersuniwi (nominative plural)
swestersunō (nominative plural)
swestersunu (accusative singular)
swestersunū (accusative plural)
swestersunō (genitive singular)
swestersuniwō (genitive plural)
swestersuniwi (dative singular)
swestersunō (dative singular)
swestersunum (dative plural)
swestersunu (instrumental singular)
swestersunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sweostorsunu

desc

Middle English: sustersone, systerson, suster sune, suster sone, soster sone, sistur sun, sister sun

English: sisterson

Old Frisian: swestersunu

West Frisian: susterssoan

Old Saxon: *swestarsunu, *sustarsunu

Middle Low German: süstersȫne, sustersone, systersȫne

German Low German: Süsterssöhn

Old Dutch: *swestarsunu, *sustarsunu

Middle Dutch: sustersone

Dutch: zusterzoon

Old High German: swestersunu, sustersun

Middle High German: swestersun, swestersuon, swesterson

German: Schwestersohn

From Proto-Germanic *swestērsunuz, equivalent to *swester + *sunu.


nepetā

nepetā (nominative singular)
nepetōn (nominative plural)
nepetōn (accusative singular)
nepetōn (accusative plural)
nepetōn (genitive singular)
nepetōnō (genitive plural)
nepetōn (dative singular)
nepetōm (dative plural)
nepetum (dative plural)
nepetōn (instrumental singular)
nepetōm (instrumental plural)
nepetum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nepte, nefte, næpte
Middle English: nepte, neppe, nepe, nept
English: nep

Old Dutch: *nepita

Middle Dutch: nepte, nipte

Dutch: neppe, nippe

Old High German: nepita, nefta, nebeta

Middle High German: nifte


kwikwā

kwikwā (nominative singular)
kwikwōn (nominative plural)
kwikwōn (accusative singular)
kwikwōn (accusative plural)
kwikwōn (genitive singular)
kwikwōnō (genitive plural)
kwikwōn (dative singular)
kwikwōm (dative plural)
kwikwum (dative plural)
kwikwōn (instrumental singular)
kwikwōm (instrumental plural)
kwikwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwice
Middle English: quike, quyke, quich
English: quitch, couch
⇒ English: quitchgrass, couch grass
⇒ English: quickgrass, quackgrass
⇒ Early Scots: quickens
Scots: quickene, quicken

Old Frisian: *kwike

Saterland Frisian: Kwíeke

West Frisian: kwiik

Old Saxon: *kwika, *kweka, *kwekka

desc

Middle Low German: quecke, queyke, quēke, quēken

German Low German: Queek

Old Dutch: *kwika, *kweka, *kwekka

Middle Dutch: queke, quecke, queken

Dutch: kweek, kwekwe (dialectal), kwèkken (dialectal)

Afrikaans: kweek

→ West Frisian: kweek

Old High German: kwekka, quecka

Middle High German: quecke

German: Quecke


flētimā

flētimā (nominative singular)
flētimōn (nominative plural)
flētimōn (accusative singular)
flētimōn (accusative plural)
flētimōn (genitive singular)
flētimōnō (genitive plural)
flētimōn (dative singular)
flētimōm (dative plural)
flētimum (dative plural)
flētimōn (instrumental singular)
flētimōm (instrumental plural)
flētimum (instrumental plural)

Old English: flītme, flȳtme

Old Saxon: flietma

Middle Low German: vlēteme, vlētem, vlētme, vlēte, vleetme, vlētene, vlētne

Old Dutch: flietima

Old High German: fliedima, fliodema, fliotema

Middle High German: vliedeme, fliedeme, flieteme, flietine, fliete, fleitem, fliet

desctree

German: Fliete
→ German Low German: Fliete

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin fletoma (“lancet, bistoury, fleam”), from Late Latin flebotomus, phlebotomus.


krikō

krikō (nominative singular)
krikan (nominative plural)
krikan (accusative singular)
krikan (accusative plural)
krikini (genitive singular)
krikan (genitive singular)
krikanō (genitive plural)
krikini (dative singular)
krikan (dative singular)
krikum (dative plural)
krikini (instrumental singular)
krikan (instrumental singular)
krikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *creca
Middle English: creke, creake
English: creek
Scots: creik, creick
→ Medieval Latin: creca (Anglo-Latin)

⇒ Old English: crecca

→ Medieval Latin: crecca (Anglo-Latin)

Old Frisian: *kreka m, *kreke f

desc

West Frisian: kreek, kriek, krieke, kryk m or f, kriik m or f or n

Old Dutch: *criko m, crika, creka f

Middle Dutch: creke

Dutch: kreek

From Proto-Germanic *krikô, related to Proto-Germanic *krikaz.


kollārī

kollārī (nominative singular)
kollārijō (nominative plural)
kollārijōs (nominative plural)
kollārī (accusative singular)
kollārijā (accusative plural)
kollārijas (genitive singular)
kollārijō (genitive plural)
kollārijē (dative singular)
kollārijum (dative plural)
kollāriju (instrumental singular)
kollārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kolliri (“buff coat, gorget”)

Middle Low German: koller, köller, kolder, kollert

German Low German: Köster

Old Dutch: *kollāri

Middle Dutch: kolre, koller (“collar, cuirass”)

Dutch: kolder, (archaic) culder

Old High German: kollāri, kollari, kollīri (“collar, gorget”)

Middle High German: kolre, koller

German: Koller (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin collāre, collārium (“gorget, collar”).


hrinþiʀ

hrinþiʀ (nominative singular)
hrinþiʀō (nominative plural)
hrinþiʀōs (nominative plural)
hrinþiʀ (accusative singular)
hrinþiʀā (accusative plural)
hrinþiʀas (genitive singular)
hrinþiʀō (genitive plural)
hrinþiʀē (dative singular)
hrinþiʀum (dative plural)
hrinþiʀu (instrumental singular)
hrinþiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hrīþer
Middle English: rother, reother, rither, rether
English: rother

Old Frisian: hrīther
North Frisian: ridder
West Frisian: rier

Rebuilt from *hrinþiʀu, nominative plural of *hrinþ (“head of cattle”).


oblātijā

oblātijā (nominative singular)
oblātijōn (nominative plural)
oblātijōn (accusative singular)
oblātijōn (accusative plural)
oblātijōn (genitive singular)
oblātijōnō (genitive plural)
oblātijōn (dative singular)
oblātijōm (dative plural)
oblātijum (dative plural)
oblātijōn (instrumental singular)
oblātijōm (instrumental plural)
oblātijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: oflǣte, ofelēte, oflāte

→ Old Norse: oflætr

→ Old Swedish: oflæte

Old Saxon: *oblāta, *oblātia

desc

Middle Low German: oblāte, ovelte, ōvelte

Old High German: oblāta

Middle High German: oblāte, ovelāte

Borrowed from Latin oblātiō (“offering, gift, oblation”).


talentā

talentā (nominative singular)
talentōn (nominative plural)
talentōn (accusative singular)
talentōn (accusative plural)
talentōn (genitive singular)
talentōnō (genitive plural)
talentōn (dative singular)
talentōm (dative plural)
talentum (dative plural)
talentōn (instrumental singular)
talentōm (instrumental plural)
talentum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: talente
Middle English: talent, taland, talande, talant, talente (reinforced by Old French)
English: talent
Scots: talent

Old Saxon: *talenta

Middle Low German: tālent

Old Dutch: *talenta

Middle Dutch: talent (reinforced by Old French)

Dutch: talent

Old High German: talenta

Borrowed from Latin talenta, plural of talentum (“talent”).


elunā

elunā (nominative singular)
elunōn (nominative plural)
elunōn (accusative singular)
elunōn (accusative plural)
elunōn (genitive singular)
elunōnō (genitive plural)
elunōn (dative singular)
elunōm (dative plural)
elunum (dative plural)
elunōn (instrumental singular)
elunōm (instrumental plural)
elunum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: elene, eolone, elone, eolene, heolene

desctree

⇒ Old English: horselene, horshelene, horselne
Middle English: horsehelne, horselle, horsel, horshele
English: horseheal

Old High German: *eluna

Middle High German: elna

Borrowed from Medieval Latin enula, from Latin inula (“elecampane”), with sonorant metathesis under the influence of Medieval Latin helenium (“elecampane”) and native *aland (“elecampane”).


mattā

mattā (nominative singular)
mattōn (nominative plural)
mattōn (accusative singular)
mattōn (accusative plural)
mattōn (genitive singular)
mattōnō (genitive plural)
mattōn (dative singular)
mattōm (dative plural)
mattum (dative plural)
mattōn (instrumental singular)
mattōm (instrumental plural)
mattum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meatte, matte, meatta, meatt, matt
Middle English: matte, mat
English: mat (see there for further descendants)
Scots: mat

Old Saxon: *matta

Middle Low German: matte, mat

→ Danish: måtte
→ Faroese: motta
→ Icelandic: motta

→ Norwegian: matte

→ Old Swedish: matta

Swedish: matta (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: *matta

Middle Dutch: matte

Dutch: mat (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: matta

Middle High German: matte, mate, matze

German: Matte

→ Polish: mata


friþil

friþil (nominative singular)
friþilō (nominative plural)
friþilōs (nominative plural)
friþil (accusative singular)
friþilā (accusative plural)
friþilas (genitive singular)
friþilō (genitive plural)
friþilē (dative singular)
friþilum (dative plural)
friþilu (instrumental singular)
friþilum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: fridil

Middle High German: vriedel (merged with descendant of friudil)

German: Friedel

From Proto-Germanic *friþilaz. Equivalent to *friþu (“peace”) + *-il.


dāhwilā

dāhwilā (nominative singular)
dāhwilōn (nominative plural)
dāhwilōn (accusative singular)
dāhwilōn (accusative plural)
dāhwilōn (genitive singular)
dāhwilōnō (genitive plural)
dāhwilōn (dative singular)
dāhwilōm (dative plural)
dāhwilum (dative plural)
dāhwilōn (instrumental singular)
dāhwilōm (instrumental plural)
dāhwilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *dāhila

Middle Low German: dāle, dōle, dolle

German Low German: Dohle, Doale, Dale

Old High German: tāhala
Middle High German: tāhele, tāle, talle, tāhel
German: Dahle, Dohle (from dialectal Central German forms)
→ Saterland Frisian: Dole
→ Italian: taccola


alasā

alasā (nominative singular)
alasōn (nominative plural)
alasōn (accusative singular)
alasōn (accusative plural)
alasōn (genitive singular)
alasōnō (genitive plural)
alasōn (dative singular)
alasōm (dative plural)
alasum (dative plural)
alasōn (instrumental singular)
alasōm (instrumental plural)
alasum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: alasa

Middle Low German: allōse, alōse

Old High German: alasa

Middle High German: else

German: Alse (archaic, dialectal)


grōsu

grōsu (nominative singular)
grōsō (nominative plural)
grōsā (accusative singular)
grōsā (accusative plural)
grōsā (genitive singular)
grōsō (genitive plural)
grōsē (dative singular)
grōsōm (dative plural)
grōsum (dative plural)
grōsu (instrumental singular)
grōsōm (instrumental plural)
grōsum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *grōsa

Middle Low German: grôse, grûse

Old Dutch: *gruosa, gruos

Middle Dutch: groese, gruese

Dutch: groeze, groes

Old High German: *gruosa

Middle High German: gruose, grūse

German: Gruse

area of new grass growth; lawn, meadow, grassland


sunnō

sunnō (nominative singular)
sunnan (nominative plural)
sunnan (accusative singular)
sunnan (accusative plural)
sunnini (genitive singular)
sunnan (genitive singular)
sunnanō (genitive plural)
sunnini (dative singular)
sunnan (dative singular)
sunnum (dative plural)
sunnini (instrumental singular)
sunnan (instrumental singular)
sunnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sunna m
Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen, zunne (Southern West Mid), zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin

Old Saxon: sunno m
Middle Low German: sunne, sonne f or m
Dutch Low Saxon: zunne
German Low German: Sünn, Sünne
Plautdietsch: Sonn

Old Dutch: *sunno m

Middle Dutch: sonne f or m
Dutch: zon
Afrikaans: son
Berbice Creole Dutch: sono
Jersey Dutch: zon
Negerhollands: son, zon
→ Sranan Tongo: son (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zón
West Flemish: zunne
Zealandic: zunne

Old High German: sunno m
Middle High German: sunne f or m
Alemannic German: Sunnä
Italian Walser: sunna, sunnu, sònnò, ŝchunna, ŝchunnà
Bavarian: Son
Cimbrian: sunn, sonde, zunna
Mòcheno: sunn
Udinese: suna, sune, sunne
Viennese: Sun
Central Franconian: Sonn
German: Sonne
Luxembourgish: Sonn
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Sunn
Pennsylvania German: Sunn
Vilamovian: zunn, zun
Yiddish: זון (zun)

From Proto-Germanic *sunnô (“sun”). Masculine construction to *sunnǭ f (“sun”).


wahtilu

wahtilu (nominative singular)
wahtilō (nominative plural)
wahtilā (accusative singular)
wahtilā (accusative plural)
wahtilā (genitive singular)
wahtilō (genitive plural)
wahtilē (dative singular)
wahtilōm (dative plural)
wahtilum (dative plural)
wahtilu (instrumental singular)
wahtilōm (instrumental plural)
wahtilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiehtel, wyhtel

Old Saxon: wahtala

Middle Low German: wachtele

Old Dutch: *wahtala

Middle Dutch: wachtele, wachtel

Dutch: wachtel

desc

Old High German: *wahtila, wahdila, wahtala

Middle High German: wahtel

German: Wachtel


aiwasagō

aiwasagō (nominative singular)
aiwasagan (nominative plural)
aiwasagan (accusative singular)
aiwasagan (accusative plural)
aiwasagini (genitive singular)
aiwasagan (genitive singular)
aiwasaganō (genitive plural)
aiwasagini (dative singular)
aiwasagan (dative singular)
aiwasagum (dative plural)
aiwasagini (instrumental singular)
aiwasagan (instrumental singular)
aiwasagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Frisian: āsega
→ Middle Low German: asege, asige
→ Middle Dutch: asige, asyge, aysige, asege
Dutch: azig, azing

Old Saxon: ēosago

Old High German: ewasagō, ēwisago, ēosago, ēsago
Middle High German: ēwesage, ēsage

From *aiw (“law”) + *saggjan (“to say”) + *-ō.


ᚲᚨᛒᚨ

kaba (romanization)
kamba (romanization)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kamb
Old English: camb, comb
Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime
Old Frisian: ᚳᚪᛒᚢ (kabu /kambu/), ᚳᚩᛒᚢ (kobu /kombu/)
North Frisian:
Föhr: kum
Hallig: kööm
Heligoland: Kum
Mooring: köm
Saterland Frisian: Koum m
West Frisian: kaem, kaam
Old Saxon: kamb, camb
Middle Low German: kam
German Low German: Kamm
Plautdietsch: Kaum
Old Dutch: *kamb
Middle Dutch: kamp, kamme, kam
Dutch: kam (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kamb, kamp
Old High German: kamb, camb, chamb
Middle High German: kamp, kam
Cimbrian: khamp
German: Kamm
Luxembourgish: Kamp
Yiddish: קאַם (kam)

c. 250–320, Erfurt-Frienstedt comb (the ᚲ-rune is mirrored)


stōu

stō (nominative singular)
stōō (nominative plural)
stōā (accusative singular)
stōā (accusative plural)
stōā (genitive singular)
stōō (genitive plural)
stōē (dative singular)
stōōm (dative plural)
stōm (dative plural)
stō (instrumental singular)
stōōm (instrumental plural)
stōm (instrumental plural)

Old English: stōw
Middle English: stowe, stow
Scots: stow
English: stow

Old Frisian: stō

Old Saxon: *stōa, *stōwa

Middle Low German: stouw, stouwe

German Low German: Stau

→ German: Stau

Old Dutch: *stōa, *stuoa

Middle Dutch: stouwe, *stoe, *stouw

Dutch: stuw, stouw

Old High German: *stuoa

⇒ Old High German: stuotago


frauwjō

frauwjō (nominative singular)
frauwjan (nominative plural)
frauwjan (accusative singular)
frauwjan (accusative plural)
frauwjini (genitive singular)
frauwjan (genitive singular)
frauwjanō (genitive plural)
frauwjini (dative singular)
frauwjan (dative singular)
frauwjum (dative plural)
frauwjini (instrumental singular)
frauwjan (instrumental singular)
frauwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēa, frēo

Old Frisian: *frā (in placenames)

desc

Old Saxon: frao, frōio, frōho, frāho, frō

Old Dutch: *frō

Old High German: frō, frōjo, frouwo


frauwjanō

frauwjanō (nominative singular)
frauwjanan (nominative plural)
frauwjanan (accusative singular)
frauwjanan (accusative plural)
frauwjanini (genitive singular)
frauwjanan (genitive singular)
frauwjananō (genitive plural)
frauwjanini (dative singular)
frauwjanan (dative singular)
frauwjanum (dative plural)
frauwjanini (instrumental singular)
frauwjanan (instrumental singular)
frauwjanum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *frōno

Middle High German: vrōne, frāne, frohne

desctree

Old Dutch: frōno
Middle Dutch: vrone
Dutch: vroon

Old High German: *frōno

desc

Middle High German: vrōne, vrōn, frōne, frōn

From *frauwjanō (“belonging to the lord”) + *-ō (agent noun). Compare Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (fraujinassus, “lordship”).

cog

𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃


frauwjā

frauwjā (nominative singular)
frauwjōn (nominative plural)
frauwjōn (accusative singular)
frauwjōn (accusative plural)
frauwjōn (genitive singular)
frauwjōnō (genitive plural)
frauwjōn (dative singular)
frauwjōm (dative plural)
frauwjum (dative plural)
frauwjōn (instrumental singular)
frauwjōm (instrumental plural)
frauwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frōwe

>? Old English: frēo

desctree

Old Frisian: frowe, frouwe
West Frisian: frou

Old Saxon: frūa
Middle Low German: vrûwe, vrouwe
German Low German: Froo
Plautdietsch: Fru, Frü
→ Finnish: rouva
→ Old Norse: frú, frúa, frúva
Icelandic: frú
Faroese: frúgv, frú
Norwegian: fru, frue
Swedish: fru, fruga
Danish: frue, fru

Old Dutch: frouwa

Middle Dutch: vrouwe
Dutch: vrouwe (“lady”), vrouw (“woman”)
Afrikaans: vrou
→ English: vrou
Negerhollands: vro, vrou, frou, fru, vrow
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fru (dated)
→ Aukan: folow
→ English: vrouw
→ Sranan Tongo: frow
→ Indonesian: perawan (“virgin”)
Limburgish: vrów
West Flemish: vrouwe
Zealandic: vrouwe
→ English: frow

Old High German: frouwa
Middle High German: vrouwe, vrowe
Alemannic German: Frau
Alsatian: Fràui, Fràù, Frài, Froi, Fròi, Fraù, Frœy, Fráw, Frá
Walser: frou
Bavarian: Frau
Cimbrian: brau
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Fraa
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Froo
German: Frau, Fr. (abbreviation), Fraue (archaic), Fraw, Frawe (obsolete)
Unserdeutsch: Frau
→ English: frau
→ Russian: фра́у (fráu)
Luxembourgish: Fra
Rhine Franconian: Fra
Pennsylvania German: Fraa
Palatine German: Fraa
Vilamovian: fraoj
Yiddish: פֿרוי (froy)

lady, wife of a lord (woman of high standing)


hairiʀō

hairiʀō (nominative singular)
hairiʀan (nominative plural)
hairiʀan (accusative singular)
hairiʀan (accusative plural)
hairiʀini (genitive singular)
hairiʀan (genitive singular)
hairiʀanō (genitive plural)
hairiʀini (dative singular)
hairiʀan (dative singular)
hairiʀum (dative plural)
hairiʀini (instrumental singular)
hairiʀan (instrumental singular)
hairiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hearra, heorra, herra, hierra
Middle English: herre, harre, hærre, harre
English: her, here
Scots: her, here, heir

Old Frisian: hēra
Saterland Frisian: Here

Old Saxon: hērro

Middle Low German: hēre, herre

Low German: her, harr

→ Old Norse: herra, herri
Icelandic: herra, herri
Faroese: harra, harri
Norwegian Bokmål: herre
Norwegian Nynorsk: herre
Old Swedish: härra
Swedish: herre
Danish: herre
Gutnish: herre
→ Finnish: herra
→ Ingrian: herra
→ Ukrainian: гарний (harnyj)

Old Dutch: hērro, hēro
Middle Dutch: hêre
Dutch: heer
Afrikaans: heer
Limburgish: hieër

Old High German: hērro, hēriro, hēro
Middle High German: herre
Alemannic German: Heer
Cimbrian: hear, hèere (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Herr, hër
German: Herr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Harr
Yiddish: הער (her)

From *hairiʀō (“more aged, distinguished”) + *-ō (agent noun). The meaning “lord, master” possibly calqued from Medieval Latin senior (“lord, sir”).


hnōu

hnō (nominative singular)
hnōō (nominative plural)
hnōā (accusative singular)
hnōā (accusative plural)
hnōā (genitive singular)
hnōō (genitive plural)
hnōē (dative singular)
hnōōm (dative plural)
hnōm (dative plural)
hnō (instrumental singular)
hnōōm (instrumental plural)
hnōm (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hnōa

Old High German: nuoa, hnuoa

From *hnōjan (“to scrape, plane”) + *-u.


hnōil

hnōil (nominative singular)
hnōilō (nominative plural)
hnōilōs (nominative plural)
hnōil (accusative singular)
hnōilā (accusative plural)
hnōilas (genitive singular)
hnōilō (genitive plural)
hnōilē (dative singular)
hnōilum (dative plural)
hnōilu (instrumental singular)
hnōilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hnōil, hnōwil

desc

Old High German: nuoil, nuowil, nuogil, nuil, nuwil

Middle High German: nüejel, nüegel


hlōingu

hlōingu (nominative singular)
hlōingō (nominative plural)
hlōingā (accusative singular)
hlōingā (accusative plural)
hlōingā (genitive singular)
hlōingō (genitive plural)
hlōingē (dative singular)
hlōingōm (dative plural)
hlōingum (dative plural)
hlōingu (instrumental singular)
hlōingōm (instrumental plural)
hlōingum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hlōwinga

Middle Low German: lȫiinge, lȫyinge, lȫginge

Old High German: luounga, hlōhunga, hluounga


awist(r)

awist (canonical masculine)
r (romanization)
awist (nominative singular)
awistr (nominative singular)
awistō (nominative plural)
awistrō (nominative plural)
awistōs (nominative plural)
awistrōs (nominative plural)
awist (accusative singular)
awistr (accusative singular)
awistā (accusative plural)
awistrā (accusative plural)
awistas (genitive singular)
awistras (genitive singular)
awistō (genitive plural)
awistrō (genitive plural)
awistē (dative singular)
awistrē (dative singular)
awistum (dative plural)
awistrum (dative plural)
awistu (instrumental singular)
awistru (instrumental singular)
awistum (instrumental plural)
awistrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēowestre

Old Frisian: ēstra, ēster

West Frisian: jister

Old High German: ewist, ouwist

Middle High German: *owist, oist

Alemannic German: Äugst, Äust

From Proto-Germanic *awistrą (“sheepfold”). Equivalent to *awi (“ewe”) + *-st(r).


naust(r)

naust (canonical masculine)
r (romanization)
naust (nominative singular)
naustr (nominative singular)
naustō (nominative plural)
naustrō (nominative plural)
naustōs (nominative plural)
naustrōs (nominative plural)
naust (accusative singular)
naustr (accusative singular)
naustā (accusative plural)
naustrā (accusative plural)
naustas (genitive singular)
naustras (genitive singular)
naustō (genitive plural)
naustrō (genitive plural)
naustē (dative singular)
naustrē (dative singular)
naustum (dative plural)
naustrum (dative plural)
naustu (instrumental singular)
naustru (instrumental singular)
naustum (instrumental plural)
naustrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: næster

Old Frisian: nōst

North Frisian: nost

Old Saxon: *nōst, *nōsto

Middle Low German: nôste

>? Old High German: nuosk

Middle High German: nuosch

From Proto-Germanic *naustą (“ship-shed, basin”). Equivalent to *nō (“ship, vessel”) + *-st(r).


hrakō

hrakō (nominative singular)
hrakan (nominative plural)
hrakan (accusative singular)
hrakan (accusative plural)
hrakini (genitive singular)
hrakan (genitive singular)
hrakanō (genitive plural)
hrakini (dative singular)
hrakan (dative singular)
hrakum (dative plural)
hrakini (instrumental singular)
hrakan (instrumental singular)
hrakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hraca

Middle English: rake

⇒ Old English: hrace f

⇒ Old English: hracu f

Old Saxon: *rako

Middle Low German: rāke, rāk, rak

Old Dutch: *rako

Middle Dutch: rake, raec

Dutch: raak

Old High German: hrahho, rahho

Middle High German: rache

German: Rachen

→ Middle Low German: rache

From Proto-Indo-European *kreg-, from *ker- (“to caw, crow”).

(anatomy) the back of the mouth; throat, gullet


laberu

laberu (nominative singular)
laberō (nominative plural)
laberā (accusative singular)
laberā (accusative plural)
laberā (genitive singular)
laberō (genitive plural)
laberē (dative singular)
laberōm (dative plural)
laberum (dative plural)
laberu (instrumental singular)
laberōm (instrumental plural)
laberum (instrumental plural)

Old English: læfer, leber

desc

Middle English: lauer, leure, leuyr, lafere

Old High German: lebar, leber

Middle High German: leber


tīgr

tīgr (nominative singular)
tīgrō (nominative plural)
tīgrōs (nominative plural)
tīgr (accusative singular)
tīgrā (accusative plural)
tīgras (genitive singular)
tīgrō (genitive plural)
tīgrē (dative singular)
tīgrum (dative plural)
tīgru (instrumental singular)
tīgrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tīger
Middle English: tygre, tygur, tygyr, tigre, tiger, teger, tegre (partially from Old French)
English: tiger (see there for further descendants)
Scots: teeger

Old Saxon: *tīgar

Middle Low German: tîger

German Low German: Tieger

→ Danish: tiger

→ Norwegian: tiger

→ Swedish: tiger

→ West Frisian: tiger

Old Dutch: *tīgir

Middle Dutch: tîger, tîgher, tyger

Dutch: tijger
Afrikaans: tier
Berbice Creole Dutch: tigri
Sranan Tongo: tigri
→ West Frisian: tijger

Limburgish: tieger


þebōnþorn

þebōnþorn (nominative singular)
þebōnþornō (nominative plural)
þebōnþornōs (nominative plural)
þebōnþorn (accusative singular)
þebōnþornā (accusative plural)
þebōnþornas (genitive singular)
þebōnþornō (genitive plural)
þebōnþornē (dative singular)
þebōnþornum (dative plural)
þebōnþornu (instrumental singular)
þebōnþornum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þefanþorn, ðeofeðorn, þefonþorn, þebanthorn, þebanthron — early, þȳfeþorn — influenced by þȳfel
Middle English: thevethorn, thefthorne, thethorn, thethorne, theuthorne, thevethorne, thewe-thorn, þefeþorn, þefþorne, þeoveþorn, þifþorn (Early Middle English)
Middle English: theve (back-formation)
⇒ English: feaberry, faeberry, faiberry, fayberry

desc

Old High German: *debūndorn, depandorn (hapax)

From *þebā (a derivative of *þebōn (“to become hot”) only attested in the Malberg Glosses) + *þorn (“thorn”).

Rhamnus cathartica
Rhamnus cathartica#Translingual

The European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)


wōkr

wōkr (nominative singular)
wōkkrō (nominative plural)
wōkkrōs (nominative plural)
wōkr (accusative singular)
wōkkrā (accusative plural)
wōkkras (genitive singular)
wōkkrō (genitive plural)
wōkkrē (dative singular)
wōkkrum (dative plural)
wōkkru (instrumental singular)
wōkkrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōcor f

Old Frisian: wōker m or n

Saterland Frisian: Wouker

West Frisian: woeker

Old Saxon: *wōkar

Middle Low German: wôker, wûker

Old Dutch: wuoker

Middle Dutch: woeker

Dutch: woeker
Afrikaans: woeker

Old High German: wuohhar, wuochar m or n

Middle High German: wuocher

desctree

German: Wucher
→ German Low German: Wucher
→ Saterland Frisian: Wucher

Yiddish: וואָכער (vokher)


grānō

grānō (nominative singular)
grānan (nominative plural)
grānan (accusative singular)
grānan (accusative plural)
grānini (genitive singular)
grānan (genitive singular)
grānanō (genitive plural)
grānini (dative singular)
grānan (dative singular)
grānum (dative plural)
grānini (instrumental singular)
grānan (instrumental singular)
grānum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *grāno

Middle Low German: grân

→ Swedish: gran

Old Dutch: *grāno

Middle Dutch: graen, grane

Dutch: graan
Afrikaans: graan
→ West Frisian: graan

Old High German: grāno

Borrowed from Latin grānum. Doublet of *korn.


silikō

silikō (nominative singular)
silikan (nominative plural)
silikan (accusative singular)
silikan (accusative plural)
silikini (genitive singular)
silikan (genitive singular)
silikanō (genitive plural)
silikini (dative singular)
silikan (dative singular)
silikum (dative plural)
silikini (instrumental singular)
silikan (instrumental singular)
silikum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: siliko

→ Old Norse: silki
Icelandic: silki
Faroese: silki
Norwegian Bokmål: silke
Norwegian Nynorsk: silke
Swedish: silke
Danish: silke
→ Northern Sami: silki

Old High German: silihho

→ Latvian: šilks (dialectal)

→ Old East Slavic: шьлкъ (šĭlkŭ)

Belarusian: шоўк (šoŭk)

desc

Russian: шёлк (šolk), (dialectal) шулк (šulk) (see there for further descendants)

Ukrainian: шовк (šovk)

→ Old Lithuanian:

Lithuanian: šil̃kas

Samogitian: sėlks

→ Old Prussian: silkas

Borrowed from Medieval Latin sirica, serica (“silk fabric”), from Late Latin sērica (“silk”), along side *seluk, *seruk. The change -r- to -l- is unexplained.