kaminādā

kaminādā (nominative singular)
kaminādōn (nominative plural)
kaminādōn (accusative singular)
kaminādōn (accusative plural)
kaminādōn (genitive singular)
kaminādōnō (genitive plural)
kaminādōn (dative singular)
kaminādōm (dative plural)
kaminādum (dative plural)
kaminādōn (instrumental singular)
kaminādōm (instrumental plural)
kaminādum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kamināda

Middle Low German: kemenāde, kemenate, kemenāte, kamenāde, kemnāde, kemnede

⇒ Old Saxon: kirikkemināda (“rectory”)

Old Dutch: *kamināda

Middle Dutch: kēmenade, camenade, kimmenade

Dutch: kemenade

Old High German: kemināta, kemenāta, kemināda

Middle High German: kemenāte, kamenāte, kemnāte

German: Kemenate

→ Slovene: čumnata, kamenata

→ Czech: komnata

desctree

→ Polish: komnata
→ Ukrainian: кімна́та (kimnáta)

→ Slovak: komnata

→ Old East Slavic: комната (komnata)

Russian: комната (komnata)
→ Even: комната (komnata)
→ Kildin Sami: комната (komnata)

Borrowed from Early Medieval Latin camīnāda (“room with a fireplace”), from Late Latin camīnāta.


pumic

pumic (nominative singular)
pumicō (nominative plural)
pumicōs (nominative plural)
pumic (accusative singular)
pumicā (accusative plural)
pumicas (genitive singular)
pumicō (genitive plural)
pumicē (dative singular)
pumicum (dative plural)
pumicu (instrumental singular)
pumicum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pumiċ

Old Saxon: *pumic

desc

Middle Low German: pōmes, poͤmes, pēmes, pēmese, pēmetze, pēmetse, pēmse

Old Dutch: *pumic

Middle Dutch: pomse, poms, ponse, pemse, pimse, pums, pumce

Old High German: pumiz

Middle High German: pumeze, bumez, bimz

German: Bims

→ Dutch: pims

Borrowed from Latin pūmicem, accusative singular of Latin pūmex (“pumice stone”).


abbadejā

abbadejā (nominative singular)
abbadejōn (nominative plural)
abbadejōn (accusative singular)
abbadejōn (accusative plural)
abbadejōn (genitive singular)
abbadejōnō (genitive plural)
abbadejōn (dative singular)
abbadejōm (dative plural)
abbadejum (dative plural)
abbadejōn (instrumental singular)
abbadejōm (instrumental plural)
abbadejum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *abbadea, *abbadiga

Middle Low German: abbedīe, abdie, abdīe, abdīge, abbedīge

→ Danish: abbedi

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abbedi

Old Dutch: *abbadea

Middle Dutch: abedîe, abdîe

Dutch: abdij

Afrikaans: abdy

Old High German: abbateia, *abbatiga

Middle High German: abbeteie, abbatīe, aptīge, abbetīe, abdīe, abtei, aptei

German: Abtei

Luxembourgish: Abtei

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *abbadea, *abbadegia, from Latin abbātia (“abbey”).


pelegrīm

peligrīm (nominative singular)
peligrīmō (nominative plural)
peligrīmōs (nominative plural)
peligrīm (accusative singular)
peligrīmā (accusative plural)
peligrīmas (genitive singular)
peligrīmō (genitive plural)
peligrīmē (dative singular)
peligrīmum (dative plural)
peligrīmu (instrumental singular)
peligrīmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *pilegrim

desctree

Middle English: pilegrim, pilgrim, pilgram, pilgrem, pilgrum, pilgerim, pilegrin, pillegrim
English: pilgrim
Scots: pilgrim, pelegrin, pilgrin, pilgren, pylgryne

Old Frisian: pilegrīm, pilugrīm

Old Saxon: *pelegrīm

desc

Middle Low German: pēlegrīm, pēlegrīme, pēlegrīn, pēlegrīne, pēlegerīm, pelgrīm, pelgrīme, pelgrim, pīlegrīm, pilgrīm

Old Dutch: *pelegrīm

Middle Dutch: pelegrin, pelegrijm, pelgerijm, pelgrijm, pelgrim, pellegrijm, peregrijm, pelgerijn

Dutch: pelgrim
→ West Frisian: pelgrim

Old High German: piligrīm

Middle High German: pilgrīm, pilegrīm, pilgerim, pelegrīm, pilgerīn, bilgerīm, bilgerīn, bilgrīn

Bavarian: Pücher, Pülcher

→ German: Pülcher

German: Pilgrim, Pilgram, Pilger

Luxembourgish: Pilger

→ Polish: pielgrzym

→ Russian: пилигри́м (piligrím)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin pelegrinus, from Latin peregrinus (“foreigner, traveler”). Parallel borrowing with Old Norse pílagrímr.


nunnā

nunnā (nominative singular)
nunnōn (nominative plural)
nunnōn (accusative singular)
nunnōn (accusative plural)
nunnōn (genitive singular)
nunnōnō (genitive plural)
nunnōn (dative singular)
nunnōm (dative plural)
nunnum (dative plural)
nunnōn (instrumental singular)
nunnōm (instrumental plural)
nunnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nunne
Middle English: nonne, nunne
English: nun
Scots: nun

Old Saxon: *nunna

Middle Low German: nunne, nonne

→ Old Norse: nunna

Danish: nonne

Faroese: nunna

Icelandic: nunna

Norwegian Bokmål: nonne

Swedish: nunna (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: *nunna

Middle Dutch: nonne

Dutch: non

Old High German: nunna, nonna

Middle High German: nonne, nunne

German: Nonne

Luxembourgish: Nonn

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nunna (“nun”), from Late Latin nonna.


similā

similā (nominative singular)
similōn (nominative plural)
similōn (accusative singular)
similōn (accusative plural)
similōn (genitive singular)
similōnō (genitive plural)
similōn (dative singular)
similōm (dative plural)
similum (dative plural)
similōn (instrumental singular)
similōm (instrumental plural)
similum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *semila, *simila

desc

Middle Low German: sēmele, sēmel, seemel, semmele, semmel, simmele, symele, samele, sammel, sammele

→ Danish: simle

→ Old Swedish: sembla, sœmbla

desctree

Swedish: semla
→ Belarusian: се́мла (sjémla)
→ Dutch: semla
→ English: semla
→ French: semla
→ German: Semla
→ Russian: се́мла (sémla)
→ Spanish: semla

→ Finnish: sämpylä

Old Dutch: *semila, *simila

Middle Dutch: sēmele, sēmel

Dutch: zemel
Afrikaans: semel
→ Xhosa: semelisi
→ West Frisian: semel
→ Sranan Tongo: seimel

Old High German: simila, semala

desc

Middle High German: semele, simele, semel, simel

desctree

German: Semmel
→ English: semel
→ Italian: semel
→ Silesian: żymła
→ Czech: žemle
→ Slovak: žemľa

Yiddish: זעמל (zeml)

→ Hungarian: zsemle

→ Slovene: žemlja

Borrowed from Latin simila (“wheat flour”).


ampullā

ampullā (nominative singular)
ampullōn (nominative plural)
ampullōn (accusative singular)
ampullōn (accusative plural)
ampullōn (genitive singular)
ampullōnō (genitive plural)
ampullōn (dative singular)
ampullōm (dative plural)
ampullum (dative plural)
ampullōn (instrumental singular)
ampullōm (instrumental plural)
ampullum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: ampulle, ampella, ampelle, anpolle, anpole

Middle English: ampulle, ampolle (re-enforced by Oil French)

Old Frisian: ampel, ompel

Old Saxon: ampulla, amballa

Middle Low German: ampulle, appulle, appolle, apolle, apulle, pulle, polle

→ Swedish: ampel

→ Finnish: amppeli

Old Dutch: *ampulla

Middle Dutch: ampulle, ampul (re-enforced by Oil French)

Dutch: ampul

Old High German: ampulla, ampla

Middle High German: ampolle, ampulle, ampel

desctree

German: Ampel
→ Swedish: ampel
→ Finnish: amppeli

Borrowed from Latin ampulla (“ampoule”).


grōmō

grōmō (nominative singular)
grōman (nominative plural)
grōman (accusative singular)
grōman (accusative plural)
grōmini (genitive singular)
grōman (genitive singular)
grōmanō (genitive plural)
grōmini (dative singular)
grōman (dative singular)
grōmum (dative plural)
grōmini (instrumental singular)
grōman (instrumental singular)
grōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *grōma

Middle English: grome, grom, grume
English: groom
→ Dutch: groom
Scots: grome, grume, greem
→ Old French: gromme, groume
⇒ Old French: groumet
Middle French: gourmet
French: gourmet
→ English: gourmet
→ Icelandic: grómr, gromr


wikkjā

wikkjā (nominative singular)
wikkjōn (nominative plural)
wikkjōn (accusative singular)
wikkjōn (accusative plural)
wikkjōn (genitive singular)
wikkjōnō (genitive plural)
wikkjōn (dative singular)
wikkjōm (dative plural)
wikkjum (dative plural)
wikkjōn (instrumental singular)
wikkjōm (instrumental plural)
wikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *wikka

Middle Dutch: wikke

Dutch: wikke

Limburgish: wik

Old Saxon: wikka

Middle Low German: wicke

Plautdietsch: Wekj

→ Lithuanian: vikis

Old High German: wicka, wiccha

Middle High German: wicke

Alemannic German: Wick, Wicke

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: Wicke

German: Wicke

Central Franconian: Wick, Weck, Wöck

Hunsrik: Wick

Luxembourgish: Wéck, Wick

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Wicke

→ Old Czech: vika

Czech: vikev

→ Hungarian: bükköny

desc

→ Romanian: bechen, bicăn, bichen, bichină (dialectal)

→ Slovak: vika

→ Old Polish: wika, wyka

Polish: wyka, wika

→ Old East Slavic: вика (vika)

→ Russian: ви́ка (víka)

→ Ukrainian: ви́ка (výka)


kolb

kolb (nominative singular)
kolbō (nominative plural)
kolbōs (nominative plural)
kolb (accusative singular)
kolbā (accusative plural)
kolbas (genitive singular)
kolbō (genitive plural)
kolbē (dative singular)
kolbum (dative plural)
kolbu (instrumental singular)
kolbum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *kolf

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*kolbō</i>

Middle Dutch: kolf (conflated with *kolbō)

Old High German: kolb


kolbō

kolbō (nominative singular)
kolban (nominative plural)
kolban (accusative singular)
kolban (accusative plural)
kulbini (genitive singular)
kolban (genitive singular)
kolbanō (genitive plural)
kulbini (dative singular)
kolban (dative singular)
kolbum (dative plural)
kulbini (instrumental singular)
kolban (instrumental singular)
kolbum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *colba, *colfa

>? Middle English: culpe

English: kelp

Old Saxon: kolƀo

Middle Low German: colve

German Low German: Kolven

→ Saterland Frisian: Kolwe

Old Dutch: *kolbo

Middle Dutch: colve

desctree

Dutch: kolf
Afrikaans: kolf
→ West Frisian: kolf
→ Indonesian: kolf

Limburgish: kolf

→ Middle Scots: golf, gouff

Scots: gowf, gowff

→ English: golf

→ Afrikaans: gholf

Old High German: kolbo, cholpo
Middle High German: kolbe
Alemannic German: Cholbe, Cholpe
Bavarian: Koim, Koibm
Central Franconian: Kolf, Kolwe
Hunsrik: Kolve
German: Kolben
→ Luxembourgish: Kolben
Luxembourgish: Kollef, Kolf
Rhine Franconian: Kolwe
Pennsylvania German: Kolwe


fīrijā

fīrijā (nominative singular)
fīrijōn (nominative plural)
fīrijōn (accusative singular)
fīrijōn (accusative plural)
fīrijōn (genitive singular)
fīrijōnō (genitive plural)
fīrijōn (dative singular)
fīrijōm (dative plural)
fīrijum (dative plural)
fīrijōn (instrumental singular)
fīrijōm (instrumental plural)
fīrijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: fīre

Saterland Frisian: Fíer

Old Saxon: fīra

Middle Low German: vîr, vîre

German Low German: Fier

→ Swedish: fira

Old Dutch: *fīra

Middle Dutch: viere

Old High German: fīra
Middle High German: vīre
German: Feier
Hunsrik: Feier
Luxembourgish: Feier

Borrowed from Late Latin fēria (“festival”).


wasku

wasku (nominative singular)
waskō (nominative plural)
waskā (accusative singular)
waskā (accusative plural)
waskā (genitive singular)
waskō (genitive plural)
waskē (dative singular)
waskōm (dative plural)
waskum (dative plural)
wasku (instrumental singular)
waskōm (instrumental plural)
waskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæsċ
Middle English: wasche, wasshe, wash
English: wash
Scots: wasch

Old Frisian: *waske, *weske

Saterland Frisian: Wäske

West Frisian: wask

Old Saxon: *waska

Middle Low German: wasche

German Low German: Waske, Wask

Old Dutch: *waska

Middle Dutch: wassche, wasse

Dutch: was

Old High German: waska, weska

Middle High German: wösche, wesche

German: Wäsche


spurō

sporō (nominative singular)
sporan (nominative plural)
sporan (accusative singular)
sporan (accusative plural)
spurini (genitive singular)
sporan (genitive singular)
sporanō (genitive plural)
spurini (dative singular)
sporan (dative singular)
spurum (dative plural)
spurini (instrumental singular)
sporan (instrumental singular)
spurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spura, spora

Middle English: spore, spor, spure, spwre, spuyre, spurre, spur, spoure, spourre, spowrre, spoor, sporre
English: spur
Scots: spur
Yola: spourr

Old Frisian: *spora

Saterland Frisian: Spoor

West Frisian: spoar

Old Saxon: sporo

Middle Low German: spōre, spāre

Low German: Spar

Old Dutch: *sporo; *spora

Middle Dutch: spōre

Dutch: spoor

Afrikaans: spoor

Old High German: sporo

Middle High German: spore

German: Sporn

→ Vulgar Latin: *sporo

Catalan: esperó

Old French: esperun

Middle French: esperon

French: éperon

Galician: esporón

Italian: sprone

Occitan: esporon


handuþwahilu

handuþwahilu (nominative singular)
handuþwahilō (nominative plural)
handuþwahilā (accusative singular)
handuþwahilā (accusative plural)
handuþwahilā (genitive singular)
handuþwahilō (genitive plural)
handuþwahilē (dative singular)
handuþwahilōm (dative plural)
handuþwahilum (dative plural)
handuþwahilu (instrumental singular)
handuþwahilōm (instrumental plural)
handuþwahilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: handthwēla

Middle Low German: hantdwēle

Old Dutch: *handthwāla

desc

Middle Dutch: hantdwale, hantdwele, hantdwael

Dutch: handdwaal

Old High German: hantdwahala, hanttwāla, hantdwahila, hantdwehila

Middle High German: hanttwehele, hanttwehel

German: Handzwehle

From *handu (“hand”) + *þwahilu (“towel, washcloth”).


mawilā

mawilā (nominative singular)
mawilōn (nominative plural)
mawilōn (accusative singular)
mawilōn (accusative plural)
mawilōn (genitive singular)
mawilōnō (genitive plural)
mawilōn (dative singular)
mawilōm (dative plural)
mawilum (dative plural)
mawilōn (instrumental singular)
mawilōm (instrumental plural)
mawilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mēowle

>? Plautdietsch: Mejal


kudilā

kudilā (nominative singular)
kudilōn (nominative plural)
kudilōn (accusative singular)
kudilōn (accusative plural)
kudilōn (genitive singular)
kudilōnō (genitive plural)
kudilōn (dative singular)
kudilōm (dative plural)
kudilum (dative plural)
kudilōn (instrumental singular)
kudilōm (instrumental plural)
kudilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cudele
Middle English: codulle, codel, codul, cotul, cutyl, cothell
English: cuttle
⇒ English: cuttlefish

From Proto-Germanic *kudilǭ. Equivalent to *kuddō (“bag, sack”) + *-ilā (plant and animal suffix).


hūhwilā

hūhwilā (nominative singular)
hūhwilōn (nominative plural)
hūhwilōn (accusative singular)
hūhwilōn (accusative plural)
hūhwilōn (genitive singular)
hūhwilōnō (genitive plural)
hūhwilōn (dative singular)
hūhwilōm (dative plural)
hūhwilum (dative plural)
hūhwilōn (instrumental singular)
hūhwilōm (instrumental plural)
hūhwilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hūle, *hūile

Middle English: howle

Scots: howle, houll

⇒? Old English: hūilpa

Old High German: hūwila

Middle High German: hūwel, hiuwel

From *hūhwō + *-ilā (plant and animal suffix).


hūkilā

hūkilā (nominative singular)
hūkilōn (nominative plural)
hūkilōn (accusative singular)
hūkilōn (accusative plural)
hūkilōn (genitive singular)
hūkilōnō (genitive plural)
hūkilōn (dative singular)
hūkilōm (dative plural)
hūkilum (dative plural)
hūkilōn (instrumental singular)
hūkilōm (instrumental plural)
hūkilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hūkila

Old High German: hūhhila

From *hūku + *-ilā (plant and animal suffix).


hūku

hūku (nominative singular)
hūkiwi (nominative plural)
hūkō (nominative plural)
hūku (accusative singular)
hūkū (accusative plural)
hūkō (genitive singular)
hūkiwō (genitive plural)
hūkiwi (dative singular)
hūkō (dative singular)
hūkum (dative plural)
hūku (instrumental singular)
hūkum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hūk

Middle Low German: hûk, huk, huek, hûke

Old High German: hūh

Middle Low German: kouch


uwwō

uwwō (nominative singular)
uwwan (nominative plural)
uwwan (accusative singular)
uwwan (accusative plural)
uwwini (genitive singular)
uwwan (genitive singular)
uwwanō (genitive plural)
uwwini (dative singular)
uwwan (dative singular)
uwwum (dative plural)
uwwini (instrumental singular)
uwwan (instrumental singular)
uwwum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ūwo


hūhwō

hūhwō (nominative singular)
hūhwan (nominative plural)
hūhwan (accusative singular)
hūhwan (accusative plural)
hūhwini (genitive singular)
hūhwan (genitive singular)
hūhwanō (genitive plural)
hūhwini (dative singular)
hūhwan (dative singular)
hūhwum (dative plural)
hūhwini (instrumental singular)
hūhwan (instrumental singular)
hūhwum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hūwo, hūo

Old High German: hūwo

Middle High German: hūwe

Alemannic German: Huu

German: Huw, Huhu, Huher, Uhu


uwwilā

uwwilā (nominative singular)
uwwilōn (nominative plural)
uwwilōn (accusative singular)
uwwilōn (accusative plural)
uwwilōn (genitive singular)
uwwilōnō (genitive plural)
uwwilōn (dative singular)
uwwilōm (dative plural)
uwwilum (dative plural)
uwwilōn (instrumental singular)
uwwilōm (instrumental plural)
uwwilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ūle
Middle English: oule, oul, owle, ule, howle, owlle
English: owl
Scots: oul, ool

Old Frisian: *ūle

Saterland Frisian: Ule

West Frisian: ûle

Old Saxon: ūwila
Middle Low German: ûle, uhle
German Low German: Uul
Plautdietsch: Ul

Old Dutch: ūla

Middle Dutch: ūle

Dutch: uil
Afrikaans: uil
→ Caribbean Hindustani: ullu

Old High German: ūwila
Middle High German: iuwele, iuwel, iule, ūle
Alemannic German: Üle
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aul
Central Franconian: Eil
Hunsrik: Eil
Luxembourgish: Eil
Ripuarian: Üül
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aojł
East Franconian:
German: Eule
Rhine Franconian: Eil, Il
Frankfurterisch: [ail], (newer) [oil]
Pennsylvania German: Eil

From Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ. Equivalent to *uwwō + *-ilā (plant and animal suffix).


snākō

snākō (nominative singular)
snākan (nominative plural)
snākan (accusative singular)
snākan (accusative plural)
snākini (genitive singular)
snākan (genitive singular)
snākanō (genitive plural)
snākini (dative singular)
snākan (dative singular)
snākum (dative plural)
snākini (instrumental singular)
snākan (instrumental singular)
snākum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *snāko (“gnat”)

Middle High German: snāke

German: Schnake

Hunsrik: Schnok


blōd

blōd (nominative singular)
blōdu (nominative plural)
blōd (accusative singular)
blōdu (accusative plural)
blōdas (genitive singular)
blōdō (genitive plural)
blōdē (dative singular)
blōdum (dative plural)
blōdu (instrumental singular)
blōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blōd
Middle English: blood
Scots: bluid
English: blood

Old Frisian: blōd
North Frisian:
Sylt: Blör
Saterland Frisian: Bloud
West Frisian: bloed

Old Saxon: blōd
Middle Low German: blôt
German Low German: Blood, Bloot

Old Dutch: bluot
Middle Dutch: bloet
Dutch: bloed
Afrikaans: bloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: blutu
Javindo: bloet
Skepi Creole Dutch: blut
→? Sranan Tongo: brudu
→ Aukan: buulu
→ Saramaccan: buúu
Limburgish: blood

Old High German: bluot, blod, bluat, blud, bluet, bluod, bluoth, blut, bluth, pload, ploat, plot, plout, pluat, pluod, pluot, pluoth
Middle High German: bluot
Alemannic German: Bluet
Alsatian: Blüet
Swabian: Bluat
Bavarian: Bluad, Bluat
Cimbrian: pluat
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Blot, Blut
Hunsrik: Blud
Luxembourgish: Blutt
East Central German: Blutt (Oberlausitz; Silesian)
Vilamovian: błüt
East Franconian:
German: Blut
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Blut
Yiddish: בלוט (blut)


sanþaword

sanþaword (nominative singular)
sanþawordu (nominative plural)
sanþaword (accusative singular)
sanþawordu (accusative plural)
sanþawordas (genitive singular)
sanþawordō (genitive plural)
sanþawordē (dative singular)
sanþawordum (dative plural)
sanþawordu (instrumental singular)
sanþawordum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sōþword

Old Saxon: sōthword


sanþaspell

sanþaspell (nominative singular)
sanþaspellu (nominative plural)
sanþaspell (accusative singular)
sanþaspellu (accusative plural)
sanþaspellas (genitive singular)
sanþaspellō (genitive plural)
sanþaspellē (dative singular)
sanþaspellum (dative plural)
sanþaspellu (instrumental singular)
sanþaspellum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sōþspell

Old Saxon: sōthspell, sōthspel

For sense 1, from *sanþ (“true”, adj) + *spell.
For sense 2, from *sanþ (“truth”, noun) + *spell.


maiwā

maiwā (nominative singular)
maiwōn (nominative plural)
maiwōn (accusative singular)
maiwōn (accusative plural)
maiwōn (genitive singular)
maiwōnō (genitive plural)
maiwōn (dative singular)
maiwōm (dative plural)
maiwum (dative plural)
maiwōn (instrumental singular)
maiwōm (instrumental plural)
maiwum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *mēwe

North Frisian: mö (Söl'ring)

West Frisian: meau, miuw

Old Saxon: *mēwa

Middle Low German: mêwe, mêve

desc

German Low German: Meew, Meev, Mööw, Mööv

→ German: Möwe

→ Yiddish: מעווע (meve)

→ Luxembourgish: Méiw

→ Limburgish: mévas

Old Dutch: *mēwa

Middle Dutch: mewe, meeuwe

Dutch: meeuw

Afrikaans: meeu

gl

>? Old High German: mēu, mēh (from a transcription originally written in Old English)


tolnu

tolnu (nominative singular)
tolnō (nominative plural)
tolnā (accusative singular)
tolnā (accusative plural)
tolnā (genitive singular)
tolnō (genitive plural)
tolnē (dative singular)
tolnōm (dative plural)
tolnum (dative plural)
tolnu (instrumental singular)
tolnōm (instrumental plural)
tolnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: toln
Middle English: toln, tolne
English: tolne (obsolete)
Scots: tolne, tholone, tholonie

Old Frisian: tolne, tolene

Saterland Frisian: Tol m

West Frisian: tol m or f

Old Saxon: tolna; toln m

desc

Middle Low German: toln, tolne, tollen, tolen, tolent, tollent m

Old Dutch: *tolna

Middle Dutch: tolne, toolne, toelne

Old High German: *zolna; *zoln m

Middle High German: zoln m; zol m or f

Uncertain. Possibly derived from Proto-Germanic *tullaz (“that which is counted, reckoning”), from Proto-Indo-European *dol- (“calculation”). Alternatively a borrowing from Latin telōnēum (“toll booth, custom house”).


skrifti

skrifti (nominative singular)
skriftī (nominative plural)
skrifti (accusative singular)
skriftī (accusative plural)
skriftī (genitive singular)
skriftijō (genitive plural)
skriftī (dative singular)
skriftim (dative plural)
skriftijum (dative plural)
skriftī (instrumental singular)
skriftim (instrumental plural)
skriftijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: scrift m
Middle English: shrift
English: shrift

Old Frisian: skrift f, skrifta m

West Frisian: skrift n

Old Saxon: *skrift

Middle Low German: schrift f

Low German: Schrift f

→ Old Norse: skript f

Danish: skrift c or n

Icelandic: skrift f

Norwegian: skrift f or n

Swedish: skrift c

Old Dutch: *skrift f (attested as genitive scriphte)

Middle Dutch: schrift, schricht f or n

<abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> for “holy scripture”

Dutch: schrift n (f for “holy scripture”)
Afrikaans: skrif
Berbice Creole Dutch: skrifu
Negerhollands: skrift
→ Caribbean Javanese: sekrip
→ Indonesian: skrip
→ Papiamentu: skref, skrif

Old High German: scrift f

Middle High German: schrift f

German: Schrift f

Luxembourgish: Schrëft f

Yiddish: שריפֿט f (shrift)

From Latin scriptum, reinterpreted as an abstract noun in *-ti (Proto-Indo-European *-tis). The -ft- may be due either to still active Primärberührung or to analogy.


bijakaʀ

bijakaʀ (nominative singular)
bijakaʀu (nominative plural)
bijakaʀ (accusative singular)
bijakaʀu (accusative plural)
bijakaʀas (genitive singular)
bijakaʀō (genitive plural)
bijakaʀē (dative singular)
bijakaʀum (dative plural)
bijakaʀu (instrumental singular)
bijakaʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bēocær, *bīocær

q

>? Middle English: biker (alternatively, perhaps formed anew from Old Norse bý + ker)

Old Saxon: bīkar

Middle Low German: bîkar

Old Dutch: *bīkar

Middle Dutch: *bikar

Dutch: biekarre (archaic)

Old High German: bīkar, pīchar

Middle High German: bīkar

Alemannic German: Bīcher

Bavarian: Beikar

German: Beiekar (Rhenish)


bijakaʀjō

bijakaʀjō (nominative singular)
bijakaʀjan (nominative plural)
bijakaʀjan (accusative singular)
bijakaʀjan (accusative plural)
bijakaʀjini (genitive singular)
bijakaʀjan (genitive singular)
bijakaʀjanō (genitive plural)
bijakaʀjini (dative singular)
bijakaʀjan (dative singular)
bijakaʀjum (dative plural)
bijakaʀjini (instrumental singular)
bijakaʀjan (instrumental singular)
bijakaʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēocere

Old Saxon: *bīkerio

Middle Low German: *bîkere, *bîker

German Low German: Bieker

Dutch Low Saxon: bijker

→ West Frisian: bijker, byker

Old Dutch: *bīkero

Middle Dutch: *bîkere, *bîker

Dutch: bijker (dialectal, possibly borrowed from Low German)

desc

→ Medieval Latin: bigarus, bigrus (noun) (possibly borrowed from Old English)

⇒ Medieval Latin: bigarius (adjective)

⇒ Old French: bigre

Middle French: bigre

French: bigre

From *bijakaʀ (“beehive”) + *-jō, or *bijā (“bee”) + *kaʀjō (“vessel-maker, potter”).


kaʀjō

kaʀjō (nominative singular)
kaʀjan (nominative plural)
kaʀjan (accusative singular)
kaʀjan (accusative plural)
kaʀjini (genitive singular)
kaʀjan (genitive singular)
kaʀjanō (genitive plural)
kaʀjini (dative singular)
kaʀjan (dative singular)
kaʀjum (dative plural)
kaʀjini (instrumental singular)
kaʀjan (instrumental singular)
kaʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cere

From Proto-Germanic *kazjô. Equivalent to *kaʀ (“vessel”) + *-jō. Cognate with Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰 (kasja, “potter”).


kaʀ

kaʀ (nominative singular)
kaʀu (nominative plural)
kaʀ (accusative singular)
kaʀu (accusative plural)
kaʀas (genitive singular)
kaʀō (genitive plural)
kaʀē (dative singular)
kaʀum (dative plural)
kaʀu (instrumental singular)
kaʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cær

⇒? Old English: *buncær (first element uncertain)

Early Scots: bonker, bunkur, bunker (possibly)

Scots: bunker

→ English: bunker

Old Saxon: *kar

Middle Low German: kar, kare

Old Dutch: *kar

Middle Dutch: car, care, caer

Dutch: kaar

Old High German: kar

Middle High German: kar

German: Kar (see there for further descendants)


Audawini

desctree

Old English: Ēadwine
English: Edwin (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: Audowin, *Ōtwini

Middle High German:

German: Otwin


Folkwini

Old English: Folcwine

Old High German: *Folkwini

Middle High German: *Volkewîn

German: Folkwin, Volkwin

Old Dutch: *Folkwin, *Folcwin

Frankish: *Folkwin

French: Folquin

Latin: Folquinus

Latin: Folcvinus


ebnanaht

ebnanaht (nominative singular)
ebnanahti (nominative plural)
ebnanahtu (accusative singular)
ebnanahti (accusative plural)
ebnanahti (genitive singular)
ebnanahtō (genitive plural)
ebnanahti (dative singular)
ebnanahtum (dative plural)
ebnanahti (instrumental singular)
ebnanahtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: efnniht, efenniht, emnniht, emniht
Middle English: *even-night
English: evennight

Old Frisian: evennacht, ivinnacht

Old Saxon: *evannaht

Middle Low German: ēvennachtich

Old High German: *ebannaht

Middle High German: ëbennaht

German: Ebennacht

→ Slovene: ebehtnik

desc

→? Old Norse: jafnnætti (“equinox”) (calque)

From *ebn (“even”) + *naht (“night”), calque of Latin aequinoctium. Compare also Dutch nachtevening (“equinox”).


klīstr

klīstr (nominative singular)
klīstrō (nominative plural)
klīstrōs (nominative plural)
klīstr (accusative singular)
klīstrā (accusative plural)
klīstras (genitive singular)
klīstrō (genitive plural)
klīstrē (dative singular)
klīstrum (dative plural)
klīstru (instrumental singular)
klīstrum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *klīstar

Middle Low German: klîster

German Low German: Kliester

→ Saterland Frisian: Klíester

→ Danish: klister n or c

Norwegian Bokmål: klister n

→ Old Swedish: klisther

Swedish: klister n

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: klister n

Old Dutch: *clīstar

Middle Dutch: clister, cliester, clyster

Dutch: klister, klijster

→ Scots: cleester, kleester, cleister, claister, klyster, clystre, klister, klester

Old High German: *klīstar

Middle High German: klīster

German: Kleister

→ Russian: клейстер (klejster)

From Proto-Germanic *klīstrą, from Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“glue”).


akkjal

akkjal (nominative singular)
akkjalō (nominative plural)
akkjalōs (nominative plural)
akkjal (accusative singular)
akkjalā (accusative plural)
akkjalas (genitive singular)
akkjalō (genitive plural)
akkjalē (dative singular)
akkjalum (dative plural)
akkjalu (instrumental singular)
akkjalum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old High German: ehhol, ecchel, ecchil, ecchol, ekol, ekil
Middle High German: eckel, ekkel (Bavarian)
Bavarian: Eckel (obsolete)
Cimbrian: ékkel
→? Czech: jäkl, jekl (probably instead from the surname Jäkl)
→ Slovene: jeklo


solā

solā (nominative singular)
solōn (nominative plural)
solōn (accusative singular)
solōn (accusative plural)
solōn (genitive singular)
solōnō (genitive plural)
solōn (dative singular)
solōm (dative plural)
solum (dative plural)
solōn (instrumental singular)
solōm (instrumental plural)
solum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sole, solu
Middle English: sole, soole
English: sole
Scots: sole

Old Frisian: *sole

West Frisian: soal

Old Saxon: sola

Middle Low German: sōle, solle

→ Old Norse: sóli

Old Dutch: *sola

Middle Dutch: sole

Dutch: zool
Afrikaans: sool
→ Indonesian: sol

Old High German: sola
Middle High German: sole, sol
German: Sohle

Borrowed from Medieval Latin sola, from Latin solea. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 (sulja).


pīlārī

pīlārī (nominative singular)
pīlārijō (nominative plural)
pīlārijōs (nominative plural)
pīlārī (accusative singular)
pīlārijā (accusative plural)
pīlārijas (genitive singular)
pīlārijō (genitive plural)
pīlārijē (dative singular)
pīlārijum (dative plural)
pīlāriju (instrumental singular)
pīlārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: pīler

West Frisian: pylder

Old Saxon: pīliri

desc

Middle Low German: pīlere, pīler, piiler, pyler, pīleree, pīlre, pilar, pīlāre

→ Old Norse: pilarr

Old Dutch: *pīlari

Middle Dutch: pijler, pijlre

Dutch: pijler

desctree

Old High German: pfīlāri
Middle High German: pfīlære, pfīler
German: Pfeiler

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *pīlāre (whence Old French piler, pilier), from Latin pīla (“pillar”).


narrō

narrō (nominative singular)
narran (nominative plural)
narran (accusative singular)
narran (accusative plural)
narrini (genitive singular)
narran (genitive singular)
narranō (genitive plural)
narrini (dative singular)
narran (dative singular)
narrum (dative plural)
narrini (instrumental singular)
narran (instrumental singular)
narrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *narra

Saterland Frisian: Naar

West Frisian: narre

Old Saxon: *narro

Middle Low German: narre, nar

German Low German: Narr

→ Danish: nar

→ Icelandic: narr, narri

→ Norwegian: narr

→ Swedish: narr (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: *narro

Middle Dutch: narre

Dutch: nar
Afrikaans: nar

Old High German: narro
Middle High German: narre
Alemannic German: Narr
Bavarian: Noar (see there for further descendants)
German: Narr (see there for further descendants)
Pennsylvania German: Narr
Yiddish: נאַר (nar)

Unknown; possibly related to Middle High German narren (“to snarl”), English snarl (“to snar”), German schnarren (“to snarl”), all from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ner-. Alternatively, suggested to be borrowed from Vulgar Latin *naricāre (“to taunt”) + *-ō (agent noun suffix), whence French narguer (“to taunt”), perhaps with the orignal meaning “to wrinkle up one's nose”, from Latin nāris (“nose”).

af

Narrheit

Middle High German: narrecheit, narricheit, narrekeit


fōtskamil

fōtskamil (nominative singular)
fōtskamilō (nominative plural)
fōtskamilōs (nominative plural)
fōtskamil (accusative singular)
fōtskamilā (accusative plural)
fōtskamilas (genitive singular)
fōtskamilō (genitive plural)
fōtskamilē (dative singular)
fōtskamilum (dative plural)
fōtskamilu (instrumental singular)
fōtskamilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fotsċamol, fōtsċamul, fōtsċamel, fōtsċeamol, fōtsċeamul, fōtsċeamel
Middle English: fotsceomele

Old Saxon: fōtscamel

desc

Middle High German: vōtschemel, vōtschēmel

→ Old Norse: fótskemill

Danish: fodskammel

Icelandic: fótskemill, fótaskemill

Old Dutch: fuotskamel, fuotscamel

Old High German: fuozskamal

Middle High German: vuozschamel

German: Fußschemel


malwā

malwā (nominative singular)
malwōn (nominative plural)
malwōn (accusative singular)
malwōn (accusative plural)
malwōn (genitive singular)
malwōnō (genitive plural)
malwōn (dative singular)
malwōm (dative plural)
malwum (dative plural)
malwōn (instrumental singular)
malwōm (instrumental plural)
malwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mealwe
Middle English: malwe
English: mallow
>? Scots: maw

Old Saxon: *malwa

Middle Low German: malve

→ Swedish: malva

→ Finnish: malva

Old Dutch: *malwa

Middle Dutch: māluwe, mālue, malve

Dutch: malve

Old High German: malva

Middle High German: malve

German: Malve

Hunsrik: Malve

→ Saterland Frisian: Malve


klūsā

klūsā (nominative singular)
klūsōn (nominative plural)
klūsōn (accusative singular)
klūsōn (accusative plural)
klūsōn (genitive singular)
klūsōnō (genitive plural)
klūsōn (dative singular)
klūsōm (dative plural)
klūsum (dative plural)
klūsōn (instrumental singular)
klūsōm (instrumental plural)
klūsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clūse
Middle English: cluse, clouse, clowse

Old Dutch: *klūsa

Middle Dutch: cluse

Dutch: kluis
Afrikaans: kluis
→ West Frisian: klûs
⇒ West Frisian: klûze
→ Indonesian: klés

Old High German: klūsa

Middle High German: klūse, klūs

German: Klause, Klaus

Borrowed from Late Latin clūsa, clausa (“closure; enclosure; cell; dam”), from Latin clūsus, clausus (“closed, enclosed, locked up”).


kūpu

kūpu (nominative singular)
kūpō (nominative plural)
kūpā (accusative singular)
kūpā (accusative plural)
kūpā (genitive singular)
kūpō (genitive plural)
kūpē (dative singular)
kūpōm (dative plural)
kūpum (dative plural)
kūpu (instrumental singular)
kūpōm (instrumental plural)
kūpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cūp; cȳpe, cȳpa (< *kūpijā)

Middle English: cupe, coupe; kipe, kype

English: coop

Scots: coup, cowp

Old Frisian: kūpe

West Frisian: kûpe

Old Saxon: *kūpa; *kūpea (< *kūpijā)

Middle Low German: kûpe; kü̂pe

German Low German: Kuup

Old Dutch: *cūpa

Middle Dutch: cupe, kuyp

Dutch: kuip

Old High German: kūfa

Middle High German: kūfe

a vessel (e.g. tub, vat; barrel, bucket)


þiuwjā

þiuwjā (nominative singular)
þiuwjōn (nominative plural)
þiuwjōn (accusative singular)
þiuwjōn (accusative plural)
þiuwjōn (genitive singular)
þiuwjōnō (genitive plural)
þiuwjōn (dative singular)
þiuwjōm (dative plural)
þiuwjum (dative plural)
þiuwjōn (instrumental singular)
þiuwjōm (instrumental plural)
þiuwjum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: þēowe, þēowen, þēowu, þīewen

Old Saxon: thiuwa

Old Dutch: thiuwa, thūwa

Old High German: *diuwa

Middle High German: diuwe, dīwe

From *þeu (“servent; servile”) + *-jā (feminine agent suffix), or fossilized from the genitive of *þiwi (“female servent”).


Folkmārī

Old English: Folcmǣr

Old Frisian: *Folkmēr

West Frisian: Folkmar

Old Dutch: *Folcmār

Dutch: Folkmar

Old High German: *Folkmār

German: Volkmar, Folkmar, Folmar

Latin: Folcmarus, Volcmarus


salmō

salmō (nominative singular)
salman (nominative plural)
salman (accusative singular)
salman (accusative plural)
salmini (genitive singular)
salman (genitive singular)
salmanō (genitive plural)
salmini (dative singular)
salman (dative singular)
salmum (dative plural)
salmini (instrumental singular)
salman (instrumental singular)
salmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: salmo

Middle Low German: salme, salm

German Low German: Salm

Old Dutch: *salmo

Middle Dutch: salme, salm, zalm

desctree

Dutch: zalm
Afrikaans: salm
→? West Frisian: salm
→ Caribbean Javanese: salem

Old High German: salmo
Middle High German: salme
German: Salm


wannu

wannu (nominative singular)
wannō (nominative plural)
wannā (accusative singular)
wannā (accusative plural)
wannā (genitive singular)
wannō (genitive plural)
wannē (dative singular)
wannōm (dative plural)
wannum (dative plural)
wannu (instrumental singular)
wannōm (instrumental plural)
wannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fann, fan, fon
Middle English: fan
English: fan

Old Saxon: wanna

Middle Low German: wanne

Old Dutch: *wanna

Middle Dutch: wanne, wan

Dutch: wan

Old High German: wanna
Middle High German: wanne
German: Wanne (see there for further descendants)
Vilamovian: wonn
Yiddish: וואַנע (vane)

Borrowed from Latin vannus (/ˈu̯annus ~ ˈβannus/, “winnowing basket”).


plastr

plastr (nominative singular)
plastru (nominative plural)
plastr (accusative singular)
plastru (accusative plural)
plastras (genitive singular)
plastrō (genitive plural)
plastrē (dative singular)
plastrum (dative plural)
plastru (instrumental singular)
plastrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: plaster

desc

Middle English: plaster, plastre, playster, plastir, plaistre

English: plaster

Old Saxon: plāstar

Middle Low German: plaster, plāster, plastere

German Low German: Ploaster

Plautdietsch: Pleista

→ Old Norse: plástr

Icelandic: plástur

Norwegian: plaster

Old Swedish: plaster

Swedish: plåster

Danish: plaster

Old Dutch: *plastar

Middle Dutch: plaster, plastre, plaester, plaister

desctree

Dutch: pleister
Negerhollands: pleester
→ Indonesian: plester
→ Caribbean Javanese: plèster
→ Papiamentu: pleister, pleistu

Old High German: pflastar
Middle High German: pflaster
German: Pflaster
→ Polish: plaster


bijā

bijā (nominative singular)
bijōn (nominative plural)
bijōn (accusative singular)
bijōn (accusative plural)
bijōn (genitive singular)
bijōnō (genitive plural)
bijōn (dative singular)
bijōm (dative plural)
bijum (dative plural)
bijōn (instrumental singular)
bijōm (instrumental plural)
bijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēo
Middle English: bee, be, beo, bey
English: bee
Scots: bee, be, beye, bie, bea
Yola: been (plural)

Old Frisian: *bē

West Frisian: bij

Old Saxon: *bīa
Middle Low German: bîe, bê, beie
Low German: Bee, bigge
Plautdietsch: Bie

Old Dutch: *bīa
Middle Dutch: bië
Dutch: bij
Afrikaans: by
West Flemish: bie
Zealandic: bie, bieë

Old High German: pīa, bīa

Middle High German: bīe

Alemannic German: Bii

Central Franconian: Bei

German: Beie (obsolete)

Luxembourgish: Bei


binikaʀ

binikaʀ (nominative singular)
binikaʀu (nominative plural)
binikaʀ (accusative singular)
binikaʀu (accusative plural)
binikaʀas (genitive singular)
binikaʀō (genitive plural)
binikaʀē (dative singular)
binikaʀum (dative plural)
binikaʀu (instrumental singular)
binikaʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *binikar

Middle Low German: bēnkar

Old High German: binikar

Middle High German: bīnekar, bīnkar

Alemannic German: Binker, Binkert

⇒ Old High German: biūnkar

Middle High German: bīenkar


bijōnkaʀ

bijōnkaʀ (nominative singular)
bijōnkaʀu (nominative plural)
bijōnkaʀ (accusative singular)
bijōnkaʀu (accusative plural)
bijōnkaʀas (genitive singular)
bijōnkaʀō (genitive plural)
bijōnkaʀē (dative singular)
bijōnkaʀum (dative plural)
bijōnkaʀu (instrumental singular)
bijōnkaʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: bīenkar, bîekar

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: byhencare (archaic)

From *bijōn (“bee's; bees”) + *kaʀ (“vessel”).

af

Alternative form of *bijakaʀ (“beehive”)


himiliti

himiliti (nominative singular)
himilittju (nominative plural)
himiliti (accusative singular)
himilittju (accusative plural)
himilittjas (genitive singular)
himilittjō (genitive plural)
himilittjē (dative singular)
himilittjum (dative plural)
himilittju (instrumental singular)
himilittjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *himiliti, *himilti

desc

Middle Low German: hemelte, hēmelte, hemmelte

Old Dutch: *himiliti, *himilti

Middle Dutch: hemelte, hemelt

⇒ Middle Dutch: verhemelte

Dutch: verhemelte

Old High German: himilizzi

Middle High German: himelize, himelze, himeliz

Derived from *himilittjan (“to cover, roof”), equivalent to *himil + *-iti.

Gehimmelze

Middle High German: gehimeleze, gehimelze


sparrō

sparrō (nominative singular)
sparran (nominative plural)
sparran (accusative singular)
sparran (accusative plural)
sparrini (genitive singular)
sparran (genitive singular)
sparranō (genitive plural)
sparrini (dative singular)
sparran (dative singular)
sparrum (dative plural)
sparrini (instrumental singular)
sparran (instrumental singular)
sparrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *sperra

West Frisian: spjir

Old Saxon: sparro

Middle Low German: spāre, spār, spare, sparren, sparre

German Low German: Sparr

Old Dutch: *sparro

Middle Dutch: sparre

Dutch: spar

Afrikaans: spar

desctree

→ Middle English: sparre, spare, sparr, spere, sperr, sperre (or from Middle Low German)
English: spar
Scots: spar

Old High German: sparro

Middle High German: sparre

German: Sparren

→ Old French: espar f (alternatively borrowed from Gothic)

Middle French: espar, épar f

French: épar m


tinnu

tinnu (nominative singular)
tinnō (nominative plural)
tinnā (accusative singular)
tinnā (accusative plural)
tinnā (genitive singular)
tinnō (genitive plural)
tinnē (dative singular)
tinnōm (dative plural)
tinnum (dative plural)
tinnu (instrumental singular)
tinnōm (instrumental plural)
tinnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tinn

Old Saxon: *tinna

Middle Low German: tinne

Old Dutch: *tinna

Middle Dutch: tinne, tenne, tin

Dutch: tinne

Old High German: zinna
Middle High German: zinne
German: Zinne
→ Italian: zinna

From Proto-Germanic *tindnō, from Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“tine, prong, bolt”).


huskaword

hoskaword (nominative singular)
hoskawordu (nominative plural)
hoskaword (accusative singular)
hoskawordu (accusative plural)
hoskawordas (genitive singular)
hoskawordō (genitive plural)
hoskawordē (dative singular)
hoskawordum (dative plural)
hoskawordu (instrumental singular)
hoskawordum (instrumental plural)

Old English: husċword, *huxword

Middle English: hux-word

Old Saxon: hoskword, hoscword


rās

rās (nominative singular)
rāsō (nominative plural)
rāsōs (nominative plural)
rās (accusative singular)
rāsā (accusative plural)
rāsas (genitive singular)
rāsō (genitive plural)
rāsē (dative singular)
rāsum (dative plural)
rāsu (instrumental singular)
rāsum (instrumental plural)
rās (nominative singular)
rāsu (nominative plural)
rās (accusative singular)
rāsu (accusative plural)
rāsas (genitive singular)
rāsō (genitive plural)
rāsē (dative singular)
rāsum (dative plural)
rāsu (instrumental singular)
rāsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: rǣs m
Middle English: ræse, rese, resse, res
Scots: rese, res, reas, reace

Old Saxon: *rās

desc

Middle Low German: râs n (“strong current”)

Old Dutch: *rās

>? Middle Dutch: ras (“maelstrom, vortex”)

>? Dutch: raes (“estuary”) (obsolete)

From Proto-Germanic *rēsō (“course, running, race”).


wāragangijō

wāragangijō (nominative singular)
wāragangijan (nominative plural)
wāragangijan (accusative singular)
wāragangijan (accusative plural)
wāragangijini (genitive singular)
wāragangijan (genitive singular)
wāragangijanō (genitive plural)
wāragangijini (dative singular)
wāragangijan (dative singular)
wāragangijum (dative plural)
wāragangijini (instrumental singular)
wāragangijan (instrumental singular)
wāragangijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣrgenġa, wērgenġa

Lombardic: waregango

desc

→ Medieval Latin: guaregangus, wargengus, warengangus

Italian: guargango

From Proto-Germanic *wēragangijô. Equivalent to *wār (“true”) + *gangijō (“goer, walker”).


gabann

gabann (nominative singular)
gabannō (nominative plural)
gabannōs (nominative plural)
gabann (accusative singular)
gabannā (accusative plural)
gabannas (genitive singular)
gabannō (genitive plural)
gabannē (dative singular)
gabannum (dative plural)
gabannu (instrumental singular)
gabannum (instrumental plural)
gabann (nominative singular)
gabannu (nominative plural)
gabann (accusative singular)
gabannu (accusative plural)
gabannas (genitive singular)
gabannō (genitive plural)
gabannē (dative singular)
gabannum (dative plural)
gabannu (instrumental singular)
gabannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġebann, ġeban, ġebonn n

Middle English: iban

Old Dutch: *gibann, *giban

Middle Dutch: geban n

Old High German: giban m

Deverbal of *gabannan (“to order”), equivalent to *ga- + *bann.


nāhwiþu

nāhwiþu (nominative singular)
nāhwiþō (nominative plural)
nāhwiþā (accusative singular)
nāhwiþā (accusative plural)
nāhwiþā (genitive singular)
nāhwiþō (genitive plural)
nāhwiþē (dative singular)
nāhwiþōm (dative plural)
nāhwiþum (dative plural)
nāhwiþu (instrumental singular)
nāhwiþōm (instrumental plural)
nāhwiþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *nīehþu
Middle English: nyȝte, *neighte

Old Frisian: *nēithe, *nīthe

Saterland Frisian: Naite

West Frisian: neite

Old Saxon: *nāhitha

desc

Middle Low German: nêgede, nêchte, negete, negente

→ Swedish: nejd

Old High German: nāhida

Middle High German: næhede


tēkā

tēkā (nominative singular)
tēkōn (nominative plural)
tēkōn (accusative singular)
tēkōn (accusative plural)
tēkōn (genitive singular)
tēkōnō (genitive plural)
tēkōn (dative singular)
tēkōm (dative plural)
tēkum (dative plural)
tēkōn (instrumental singular)
tēkōm (instrumental plural)
tēkum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *tēka, *tīka

Middle Low German: têke, tīke

German Low German: Teek

Old Dutch: *tēka, tīka

Middle Dutch: têke, tīke

Dutch: tijk

Limburgish: teek

Bergish: Tiek

→ Middle English: tykke (late)

English: tick

Scots: tike

→ West Frisian: teek, tiik

Old High German: ziehha, ziahha, ziohha

Middle High German: ziech, zieche

Alemannic German: Ziech, Zieche

Alsatian: Ziech, Zieche

Swabian: Ziach

Bavarian: Ziach, Ziachn

Cimbrian: ziach

Central Franconian: Zeich, Zeech

Hunsrik: Ziegh

Kölsch: Zeech

German: Zieche (dialectal)

Luxembourgish: Zich

Rhine Franconian: Ziech, Zeech

Hessian: Zich, Zisch

Palatine German: Zich, Ziech, Ziesch

Pennsylvania German: Ziech

Vilamovian: cich, cih́

Yiddish: ציך (tsikh)

(Continental West Germanic) bedsheet, bedtick (cover for the bed)


durstī

durstī (nominative singular)
durstīn (accusative singular)
durstīn (genitive singular)
durstīn (dative singular)
durstīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: *dursti

Middle Low German: dörst, dörste, döste

Old High German: *tursti

Middle Low German: türste

From *dursti (“boldness, daring”) + *-ī (adjective suffix).


durstīgahaidu

durstīgahaidu (nominative singular)
durstīgahaidiwi (nominative plural)
durstīgahaidō (nominative plural)
durstīgahaidu (accusative singular)
durstīgahaidū (accusative plural)
durstīgahaidō (genitive singular)
durstīgahaidiwō (genitive plural)
durstīgahaidiwi (dative singular)
durstīgahaidō (dative singular)
durstīgahaidum (dative plural)
durstīgahaidu (instrumental singular)
durstīgahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: dorstichêd

Old Saxon: *durstīghēd

desc

Middle Low German: dörstichhēt, dörstichēt, dörstichhēit, dörstichēit

Old High German: *turstīgheit

Middle High German: türsticheit, türstikeit, türstecheit

German: Durstigkeit, Dürstigkeit (archaic)

From *durstīg (“bold, daring”) + *-haidu (“-hood”).


gadursti

gadursti (nominative singular)
gadurstī (nominative plural)
gadursti (accusative singular)
gadurstī (accusative plural)
gadurstī (genitive singular)
gadurstijō (genitive plural)
gadurstī (dative singular)
gadurstim (dative plural)
gadurstijum (dative plural)
gadurstī (instrumental singular)
gadurstim (instrumental plural)
gadurstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġedyrst

Old High German: giturst, *gitursti

desc

Middle Low German: geturst, getrost, getürste

From *gadurʀan (“to dare”) + *-þi, or *ga- (“boldness, daring”) + *dursti.


ībrārī

ībrārī (nominative singular)
ībrārijō (nominative plural)
ībrārijōs (nominative plural)
ībrārī (accusative singular)
ībrārijā (accusative plural)
ībrārijas (genitive singular)
ībrārijō (genitive plural)
ībrārijē (dative singular)
ībrārijum (dative plural)
ībrāriju (instrumental singular)
ībrārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *īvarari

Middle Low German: īverære, īverer

Old High German: *īfarari

Middle High German: īferære, īfrære

German: Eiferer

→ Dutch: ijveraar


smirilling

smirilling (nominative singular)
smirillingō (nominative plural)
smirillingōs (nominative plural)
smirilling (accusative singular)
smirillingā (accusative plural)
smirillingas (genitive singular)
smirillingō (genitive plural)
smirillingē (dative singular)
smirillingum (dative plural)
smirillingu (instrumental singular)
smirillingum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *smirling

Middle Low German: smērlinc, smerlink, smērli

Old Dutch: *smirling

Middle Dutch: smeerlinc

Dutch: smeerling

Old High German: *smirling

Middle High German: smirlinc, smirlink

German: Schmerling


merlā

merlā (nominative singular)
merlōn (nominative plural)
merlōn (accusative singular)
merlōn (accusative plural)
merlōn (genitive singular)
merlōnō (genitive plural)
merlōn (dative singular)
merlōm (dative plural)
merlum (dative plural)
merlōn (instrumental singular)
merlōm (instrumental plural)
merlum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *merla

Middle Low German: merle

German Low German: Müre, Müür

Old Dutch: *merla

Middle Dutch: merle

Dutch: merel

Old High German: merla

Middle High German: merle, merl

German: Merle (dialectal)

Central Franconian: Määl, Merl

Luxembourgish: Märel

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *merla, from Latin merula (“blackbird, wrasse”). Doublet of *amslā (“blackbird”).


ībr

ībr (nominative singular)
ībrō (nominative plural)
ībrōs (nominative plural)
ībr (accusative singular)
ībrā (accusative plural)
ībras (genitive singular)
ībrō (genitive plural)
ībrē (dative singular)
ībrum (dative plural)
ībru (instrumental singular)
ībrum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *īfar

Middle Low German: īver, yffer, ywer

German Low German: iever

→ West Frisian: iver

→ Danish: iver

→ Norwegian: iver

→ Swedish: iver

Old High German: *īfar

Middle High German: īfer

German: Eifer

→ Dutch: ijver

Luxembourgish: Äifer

⇒ Middle High German: gīversal (“zealful”)

⇒ Middle High German: īferlich (“impassioned”)

Usually connected by ablaut with *aibr (“bitter, sharp”), from Proto-Germanic *aibraz.


smirilljō

smirilljō (nominative singular)
smirilljan (nominative plural)
smirilljan (accusative singular)
smirilljan (accusative plural)
smirilljini (genitive singular)
smirilljan (genitive singular)
smirilljanō (genitive plural)
smirilljini (dative singular)
smirilljan (dative singular)
smirilljum (dative plural)
smirilljini (instrumental singular)
smirilljan (instrumental singular)
smirilljum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *smerlo

Middle Low German: smērle

Old Dutch: *smerlo

Middle Dutch: smerle

Dutch: smeerle (archaic)

Old High German: smerlo

Middle High German: smerle, smirle, smire

German: Schmirl, Schmerl

⇒ Middle High German: smerlīn

German: Schmerlein

→ Medieval Latin: smerillus, *smerillō

Old French: esmerillon, emerillon

Middle French: emerillon

French: émerillon

desctree

→ Middle English: merlioun, amerlyon, emerlion, emerlyoun, marlyon, merilioun, merleyn, merliȝon, merlion, merlone, merlyn, merlyon, merlyone, merlyoun
English: merlin, marlin, marlion, marlyon, merline, merlion, merlon
Scots: maalin (Shetland)
→ Dutch: merlijn

→ Italian: smeriglione

→ Old Occitan: esmerilho, esmerilhon

Occitan: esmerilho

desc

→ Old Spanish: esmerejon, esmerijon (calque)

Spanish: esmerejón

→ Portuguese: esmerilhão (calque)

→ Old Occitan: esmerilh


flagā

flagā (nominative singular)
flagōn (nominative plural)
flagōn (accusative singular)
flagōn (accusative plural)
flagōn (genitive singular)
flagōnō (genitive plural)
flagōn (dative singular)
flagōm (dative plural)
flagum (dative plural)
flagōn (instrumental singular)
flagōm (instrumental plural)
flagum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *flage

Saterland Frisian: Floage

West Frisian: fleach

Old Saxon: *flaga

Middle Low German: flāge, vlāge

German Low German: Flage, Flaag

→ Middle High German: flāge, vlāge, phlāge

Old Dutch: *flaga

Middle Dutch: vlage, vlaghe, vlaech

Dutch: vlaag

gl

→ Middle English: *flaugh (alternatively from Low German or Old Norse)

English: flaw

Scots: flaw


bōnu

bōnu (nominative singular)
bōnō (nominative plural)
bōnā (accusative singular)
bōnā (accusative plural)
bōnā (genitive singular)
bōnō (genitive plural)
bōnē (dative singular)
bōnōm (dative plural)
bōnum (dative plural)
bōnu (instrumental singular)
bōnōm (instrumental plural)
bōnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bōn

From *bōnōn (“to make pretty, ornament”) + *-u.


westr

westr (nominative singular)
westrō (nominative plural)
westrōs (nominative plural)
westr (accusative singular)
westrā (accusative plural)
westras (genitive singular)
westrō (genitive plural)
westrē (dative singular)
westrum (dative plural)
westru (instrumental singular)
westrum (instrumental plural)
westr (nominative singular)
westru (nominative plural)
westr (accusative singular)
westru (accusative plural)
westras (genitive singular)
westrō (genitive plural)
westrē (dative singular)
westrum (dative plural)
westru (instrumental singular)
westrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *west

desctree

Middle English: west
English: west
Scots: wast

Old Frisian: west n

West Frisian: west

Old Saxon: *west

Middle Low German: west

Old Dutch: west

Middle Dutch: west

Dutch: west

Afrikaans: wes

⇒ Dutch: westen

⇒ Afrikaans: weste

Old High German: *west

Middle High German: west m

German: West m


norþr

norþr (nominative singular)
norþrō (nominative plural)
norþrōs (nominative plural)
norþr (accusative singular)
norþrā (accusative plural)
norþras (genitive singular)
norþrō (genitive plural)
norþrē (dative singular)
norþrum (dative plural)
norþru (instrumental singular)
norþrum (instrumental plural)
norþr (nominative singular)
norþru (nominative plural)
norþr (accusative singular)
norþru (accusative plural)
norþras (genitive singular)
norþrō (genitive plural)
norþrē (dative singular)
norþrum (dative plural)
norþru (instrumental singular)
norþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *norþ

Middle English: north
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh, noardth

Old Frisian: north m

Saterland Frisian: Noude, Nudde m or n

Old Saxon: north m or n

Middle Low German: nort, nōrt

German Low German: Noord

Old Dutch: *north

Middle Dutch: nort, noort n

Old High German: nordar n, nord n or m


faigiþu

faigiþu (nominative singular)
faigiþō (nominative plural)
faigiþā (accusative singular)
faigiþā (accusative plural)
faigiþā (genitive singular)
faigiþō (genitive plural)
faigiþē (dative singular)
faigiþōm (dative plural)
faigiþum (dative plural)
faigiþu (instrumental singular)
faigiþōm (instrumental plural)
faigiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣġþ

From Proto-Germanic *faigiþō. Equivalent to *faigī (“fey”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


fagriþu

fagriþu (nominative singular)
fagriþō (nominative plural)
fagriþā (accusative singular)
fagriþā (accusative plural)
fagriþā (genitive singular)
fagriþō (genitive plural)
fagriþē (dative singular)
fagriþōm (dative plural)
fagriþum (dative plural)
fagriþu (instrumental singular)
fagriþōm (instrumental plural)
fagriþum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *fagiritha

⇒ Old Saxon: gifagiritha (“jewellery”)

From Proto-Germanic *fagriþō. Equivalent to *fagr (“beautiful”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


hōbiþu

hōbiþu (nominative singular)
hōbiþō (nominative plural)
hōbiþā (accusative singular)
hōbiþā (accusative plural)
hōbiþā (genitive singular)
hōbiþō (genitive plural)
hōbiþē (dative singular)
hōbiþōm (dative plural)
hōbiþum (dative plural)
hōbiþu (instrumental singular)
hōbiþōm (instrumental plural)
hōbiþum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *hōfte

⇒ Old High German: hehōfte

From Proto-Germanic *hōbiþō. Equivalent to *hōbī (“proper”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


paidi

paidi (nominative singular)
paidī (nominative plural)
paidi (accusative singular)
paidī (accusative plural)
paidī (genitive singular)
paidijō (genitive plural)
paidī (dative singular)
paidim (dative plural)
paidijum (dative plural)
paidī (instrumental singular)
paidim (instrumental plural)
paidijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old High German: pfeit
Middle High German: pfeit
German: Pfeid, Pfeit
Bavarian: Pfaid, Pfoat
Cimbrian: foat, fòat
⇒ Middle High German: badepfeit
⇒ Middle High German: brustpfeit
⇒ Middle High German: lîppfeit
⇒ Middle High German: krisempfeit
⇒ Middle High German: pfeittuoch


paidiþi

paidiþi (nominative singular)
paidiþī (nominative plural)
paidiþi (accusative singular)
paidiþī (accusative plural)
paidiþī (genitive singular)
paidiþþjō (genitive plural)
paidiþī (dative singular)
paidiþim (dative plural)
paidiþþjum (dative plural)
paidiþī (instrumental singular)
paidiþim (instrumental plural)
paidiþþjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: pêtithi

Old High German: pfeitidi


þikkwīnassī

þikkwīnassī (nominative singular)
þikkwīnassīn (accusative singular)
þikkwīnassīn (genitive singular)
þikkwīnassīn (dative singular)
þikkwīnassīn (instrumental singular)
þikkwīnassī (nominative singular)
þikkwīnassiju (nominative plural)
þikkwīnassī (accusative singular)
þikkwīnassiju (accusative plural)
þikkwīnassijas (genitive singular)
þikkwīnassijō (genitive plural)
þikkwīnassijē (dative singular)
þikkwīnassijum (dative plural)
þikkwīnassiju (instrumental singular)
þikkwīnassijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þicnes f
Middle English: thiknesse
English: thickness
Scots: thiknes, thikeness, thicknes

Old Frisian: *thiknisse, *thiuknisse

West Frisian: tsjokkens f or m

desc

Old High German: dikkinessī, dickinessī, diknissi f; dikkinissi, dickinissi n


murgīþu

murgīþu (nominative singular)
murgīþō (nominative plural)
murgīþā (accusative singular)
murgīþā (accusative plural)
murgīþā (genitive singular)
murgīþō (genitive plural)
murgīþē (dative singular)
murgīþōm (dative plural)
murgīþum (dative plural)
murgīþu (instrumental singular)
murgīþōm (instrumental plural)
murgīþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: myrgþ, myrhþ, mergþ

Middle English: murhðe, murȝeþe, mireȝþe, myrght, merþe, mirthe

English: mirth

Scots: myrth, mirth

Old Dutch: *murgitha

Middle Dutch: merechte, merchte


blās

blās (nominative singular)
blāsō (nominative plural)
blāsōs (nominative plural)
blās (accusative singular)
blāsā (accusative plural)
blāsas (genitive singular)
blāsō (genitive plural)
blāsē (dative singular)
blāsum (dative plural)
blāsu (instrumental singular)
blāsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blǣs

Middle English: blas, bles, bleas

Old Frisian: *blās

Saterland Frisian: Blas f

Old Saxon: *blās

Middle Low German: blâs f

German Low German: Blass

Old Dutch: *blās

Middle Dutch: blaes, blaas

Dutch: (dialectal) blas

Old High German: blās

Middle High German: blās

German: Blas

From Proto-Germanic *blēsaną (“to blow”).


blāstu

blāstu (nominative singular)
blāstiwi (nominative plural)
blāstō (nominative plural)
blāstu (accusative singular)
blāstū (accusative plural)
blāstō (genitive singular)
blāstiwō (genitive plural)
blāstiwi (dative singular)
blāstō (dative singular)
blāstum (dative plural)
blāstu (instrumental singular)
blāstum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: blǣst
Middle English: blast, blaste, blæst, blest
English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist
Scots: blast

Old Frisian: *blāst

West Frisian: blast m or f

Old Dutch: *blāst

Middle Dutch: *blast

Dutch: (dialectal) blast m

Old High German: blāst, plāst

Middle High German: blāst

German: Blast


samnungu

samnungu (nominative singular)
samnungō (nominative plural)
samnungā (accusative singular)
samnungā (accusative plural)
samnungā (genitive singular)
samnungō (genitive plural)
samnungē (dative singular)
samnungōm (dative plural)
samnungum (dative plural)
samnungu (instrumental singular)
samnungōm (instrumental plural)
samnungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: samnung, somnung
Middle English: samnung, samninge, samnyng, sampninge, somnunge, sompnunge

Old Saxon: samnunga

Middle Low German: samninge, sameninge

Old Dutch: samnunga

Old High German: samanunga

Middle High German: samenunge

From *samnōn (“to gather, assemble”) + *-ungu.


gahnaistō

gahnaistō (nominative singular)
gahnaistan (nominative plural)
gahnaistan (accusative singular)
gahnaistan (accusative plural)
gahnaistini (genitive singular)
gahnaistan (genitive singular)
gahnaistanō (genitive plural)
gahnaistini (dative singular)
gahnaistan (dative singular)
gahnaistum (dative plural)
gahnaistini (instrumental singular)
gahnaistan (instrumental singular)
gahnaistum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *gnāst
Middle English: gnast, knast, gnaist, gnost
English: gnast
⇒ Old English: fȳrgnāst

⇒ Old Dutch: *ganēstra, *ganistra

desc

Middle Dutch: ghenstere, genster, genstere, genstere, genster, geenster, geenstere, geinstere, genstre, geister

Dutch: genster, geinster

→ West Frisian: geinster

Old High German: *ganeisto, gneisto, kneisto, gnanisto m, gnaneista, ganeista, gneista f

Middle High German: geneiste, gneiste, ganeist m or f

German: Gneist

⇒ Old High German: gnaneistra, ganeistra f

Middle High German: ganeister, geneister

German: Gneister, Ganster

→ Middle Low German: genster

From Proto-Germanic *gahnaistô, equivalent to *ga- + *hnaistō.


wandalungu

wandalungu (nominative singular)
wandalungō (nominative plural)
wandalungā (accusative singular)
wandalungā (accusative plural)
wandalungā (genitive singular)
wandalungō (genitive plural)
wandalungē (dative singular)
wandalungōm (dative plural)
wandalungum (dative plural)
wandalungu (instrumental singular)
wandalungōm (instrumental plural)
wandalungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wandlung

Old Frisian: wandelinge

Old Saxon: wantlunga

Middle Low German: wandelinge, wanderlinge

Old High German: wantalunga

Middle High German: wandelunge

German: Wandlung


gadrog

gadrog (nominative singular)
gadrogu (nominative plural)
gadrog (accusative singular)
gadrogu (accusative plural)
gadrogas (genitive singular)
gadrogō (genitive plural)
gadrogē (dative singular)
gadrogum (dative plural)
gadrogu (instrumental singular)
gadrogum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Saxon: gidrog
Middle Low German: *gedrog
⇒ Middle Low German: gedrōchnisse

Old Dutch: *gidrog

Middle Dutch: gedroch

⇒ Middle Dutch: gedrochte

Dutch: gedrocht


drugiþu

drugiþu (nominative singular)
drugiþō (nominative plural)
drugiþā (accusative singular)
drugiþā (accusative plural)
drugiþā (genitive singular)
drugiþō (genitive plural)
drugiþē (dative singular)
drugiþōm (dative plural)
drugiþum (dative plural)
drugiþu (instrumental singular)
drugiþōm (instrumental plural)
drugiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: drugitha

Old High German: trugida

Middle High German: trügede, trugede

From *drog (“deception, delusion”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


dreugārī

dreugārī (nominative singular)
dreugārijō (nominative plural)
dreugārijōs (nominative plural)
dreugārī (accusative singular)
dreugārijā (accusative plural)
dreugārijas (genitive singular)
dreugārijō (genitive plural)
dreugārijē (dative singular)
dreugārijum (dative plural)
dreugāriju (instrumental singular)
dreugārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: driogāri

Old High German: triogāri

desc

Middle High German: triegære, trieger, trīgære


druginārī

druginārī (nominative singular)
druginārijō (nominative plural)
druginārijōs (nominative plural)
druginārī (accusative singular)
druginārijā (accusative plural)
druginārijas (genitive singular)
druginārijō (genitive plural)
druginārijē (dative singular)
druginārijum (dative plural)
drugināriju (instrumental singular)
druginārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: drugināri

Middle Low German: drȫgenære, drȫgenēre, drȫgenēr

Old Dutch: *drugināri

Middle Dutch: drogenere, drogener

Old High German: trugināri

Middle High German: trügenære, trugenære, trügener, trugener, trügner, trugner

German: Trügner (archaic)


drugini

drugini (nominative singular)
drugunnjō (nominative plural)
drugunnjā (accusative singular)
drugunnjā (accusative plural)
drugunnjā (genitive singular)
drugunnjō (genitive plural)
drugunnjē (dative singular)
drugunnjōm (dative plural)
drugunnjum (dative plural)
drugunnju (instrumental singular)
drugunnjōm (instrumental plural)
drugunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: drugina

Middle Low German: drȫgene, drügene

Old Dutch: drugina

Old High German: trugina

Middle High German: trugene, trügene, truogene, trogene

German: Trügene (archaic)


ganut

ganut (nominative singular)
ganutō (nominative plural)
ganutōs (nominative plural)
ganut (accusative singular)
ganutā (accusative plural)
ganutas (genitive singular)
ganutō (genitive plural)
ganutē (dative singular)
ganutum (dative plural)
ganutu (instrumental singular)
ganutum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ganot, ganet
Middle English: ganet, ganat, gante
English: gannet
Yola: gannt

Old Frisian: *ganet, *genet

Saterland Frisian: Gant, Gont

West Frisian: gent, gint

Old Dutch: *ganit, *genit

Middle Dutch: *gant, gent, ghent

Dutch: gent, (dialectal) gant

From *gans (“goose”) + *-ut (animal suffix).

gante

Old Saxon: *ganutio, *genitio; Middle Low German


hulþī

hulþī (nominative singular)
hulþīn (accusative singular)
hulþīn (genitive singular)
hulþīn (dative singular)
hulþīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: hyldu, heldu, hyldo

Old Frisian: helde, hulde

Old Saxon: huldi

Middle Low German: hülde, hulde

Old Dutch: huldi

Middle Dutch: hulde

Dutch: hulde

Old High German: huldī, huldhi, hulldi
Middle High German: hulde, hülde
German: Huld

→ Old Czech: hold

Czech: hold

→ Polish: hołd

From Proto-Germanic *hulþį̄, whence also Old Norse hylli. Equivalent to *holþ (“gracious”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


īsajikilljā

īsajikilljā (nominative singular)
īsajikilljōn (nominative plural)
īsajikilljōn (accusative singular)
īsajikilljōn (accusative plural)
īsajikilljōn (genitive singular)
īsajikilljōnō (genitive plural)
īsajikilljōn (dative singular)
īsajikilljōm (dative plural)
īsajikilljum (dative plural)
īsajikilljōn (instrumental singular)
īsajikilljōm (instrumental plural)
īsajikilljum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: īhsilla, īsilla (metathesized)

Middle High German: īsel

From *īs (“ice”) + *jikilljā (“piece of ice, icicle”) or *īsajikil (“icicle”) + *-jā.


jikilljā

jikilljā (nominative singular)
jikilljōn (nominative plural)
jikilljōn (accusative singular)
jikilljōn (accusative plural)
jikilljōn (genitive singular)
jikilljōnō (genitive plural)
jikilljōn (dative singular)
jikilljōm (dative plural)
jikilljum (dative plural)
jikilljōn (instrumental singular)
jikilljōm (instrumental plural)
jikilljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġiċele
Middle English: ychele

Old Saxon: ihilla, ichilla

desc

Old High German: ihilla, ihhilla, ichilla

From *jikil (“piece of ice, icicle”) + *-jā.


īsajikil

īsajikil (nominative singular)
īsajikilō (nominative plural)
īsajikilōs (nominative plural)
īsajikil (accusative singular)
īsajikilā (accusative plural)
īsajikilas (genitive singular)
īsajikilō (genitive plural)
īsajikilē (dative singular)
īsajikilum (dative plural)
īsajikilu (instrumental singular)
īsajikilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: īsġiċel, *īsġecol, *īsġeocol, *īsġicol

desctree

Middle English: isykle, isikel, ysekel, iseȝokill, izekelle, ysȝikel, yskel, ysse-ikkle
English: icicle
Early Scots: ice-shokil (< Middle English iseȝokill)
Scots: iceshogle, iceshoggle, ishogle, eeshogel, schokle, sheckle, shockle, shaikle
→? Elfdalian: aisikkel

Old Saxon: *īsjikil, *īsjukil

Middle Low German: îsjȫkel

desc

Low German: (East Frisian) Iesjökel, Ishekel, (Dithmarscher) Isjäkel

→ Danish: jisegel (dialectal)

→ Saterland Frisian: Iesjuukel, Íesjúkel

→ West Frisian: iisjûkel

→ Norwegian: isjukel

Old Dutch: *īsichil

Middle Dutch: isel, hisel, isele, hijsel

Dutch: ijzel


gajikilljā

gajikilljā (nominative singular)
gajikilljōn (nominative plural)
gajikilljōn (accusative singular)
gajikilljōn (accusative plural)
gajikilljōn (genitive singular)
gajikilljōnō (genitive plural)
gajikilljōn (dative singular)
gajikilljōm (dative plural)
gajikilljum (dative plural)
gajikilljōn (instrumental singular)
gajikilljōm (instrumental plural)
gajikilljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Saxon: gikilla
Middle Low German: guckel m or f (merged with descendant of Old Saxon *jukil m)

Old High German: kihhilla, kichilla

From *ga- (collective prefix) + *jikilljā.


jekō

jekō (nominative singular)
jekan (nominative plural)
jekan (accusative singular)
jekan (accusative plural)
jikini (genitive singular)
jekan (genitive singular)
jekanō (genitive plural)
jikini (dative singular)
jekan (dative singular)
jekum (dative plural)
jikini (instrumental singular)
jekan (instrumental singular)
jekum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *jehho, *jecho

Middle High German: *jech

German: Jäch (dialectal)


lubistik

lubistik (nominative singular)
lubistikō (nominative plural)
lubistikōs (nominative plural)
lubistik (accusative singular)
lubistikā (accusative plural)
lubistikas (genitive singular)
lubistikō (genitive plural)
lubistikē (dative singular)
lubistikum (dative plural)
lubistiku (instrumental singular)
lubistikum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Saxon: livistok, libistok, livistokk, libistokk, livistik, livestok

Middle Low German: lēverstok, lēverstock, lofstock, lōvestok, lōvestock, lübbestok, lübbestock, lubbestock, lubstock, lobestock, lavestock

Old Dutch: *lubistok

Middle Dutch: lēvestoc, lubbestok, lupstok

Old High German: lubistek, lubistec

Middle High German: liebstück, lübstock

German: Luststock

→ Czech: libeček

→ Polish: lubczyk (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lubisticum, libisticum, from Late Latin levisticum, corrupted from Latin ligusticum.

Levisticum officinale
Levisticum officinale

Old English: lufestiċeMiddle English: lufestice

lübestecke

Old High German: lubistehho, lubistecho, lubbistehho, lubistekko, lubistecko, lubbistecho; Middle High German


fēbr

fēbr (nominative singular)
fēbrō (nominative plural)
fēbrōs (nominative plural)
fēbr (accusative singular)
fēbrā (accusative plural)
fēbras (genitive singular)
fēbrō (genitive plural)
fēbrē (dative singular)
fēbrum (dative plural)
fēbru (instrumental singular)
fēbrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fefor, fefer
Middle English: fever, fefer, feofer, fovre, fevre, fiever, fiver (with Old French fievre)
English: fever
Scots: fiver

Old Saxon: fēver, fēber

Middle Low German: fēber, feber

→ Danish: feber

→ Norwegian Bokmål: feber

→ Swedish: feber

Old Dutch: fēver

Middle Dutch: feber, fieber

Old High German: fiebar

desc

Middle High German: fieber, vieber, feber

Cimbrian: viibar, biibar (Mezzaselva)

German: Fieber

Luxembourgish: Féiwer

Yiddish: פֿיבער (fiber)


flintastain

flintastain (nominative singular)
flintastainō (nominative plural)
flintastainōs (nominative plural)
flintastain (accusative singular)
flintastainā (accusative plural)
flintastainas (genitive singular)
flintastainō (genitive plural)
flintastainē (dative singular)
flintastainum (dative plural)
flintastainu (instrumental singular)
flintastainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *flintstān

desctree

Middle English: flynt ston, fflyntstone, flynston, flynt-stane, flyntstone, flynt stoone
English: flintstone
Scots: flynt-stane

Old Saxon: *flintstēn

desc

Middle Low German: vlintstēn, vlintstein

desctree

Old High German: flinsstein
Middle High German: vlinsstein, vlinstein, flinsstein, flinstein
→ Middle Low German: vlinsstēn, vlinsstein

From *flint (“flint”) + *stain (“stone”).


īsabain

īsabain (nominative singular)
īsabainu (nominative plural)
īsabain (accusative singular)
īsabainu (accusative plural)
īsabainas (genitive singular)
īsabainō (genitive plural)
īsabainē (dative singular)
īsabainum (dative plural)
īsabainu (instrumental singular)
īsabainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: īsbān

English: ice-bone (dialectal)

Old Saxon: īsbēn

Middle Low German: îsbên, îsbein

→ Danish: isben

→ Swedish: isben

Old Dutch: *īsbēn

desc

Middle Dutch: îsebeen, ijsbeen, ischbeen

Dutch: ijsbeen

Old High German: īsbein

Middle High German: īsbein

German: Eisbein (regional)

Borrowed from Latin ischia, ischion (“hipbone”) + *bain (“bone”).


krīdā

krīdā (nominative singular)
krīdōn (nominative plural)
krīdōn (accusative singular)
krīdōn (accusative plural)
krīdōn (genitive singular)
krīdōnō (genitive plural)
krīdōn (dative singular)
krīdōm (dative plural)
krīdum (dative plural)
krīdōn (instrumental singular)
krīdōm (instrumental plural)
krīdum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krīt n

Saterland Frisian: Kriet

West Frisian: kryt

Old Saxon: krīda, *krīta

Middle Low German: krîte, krît

German Low German: Kried

Plautdietsch: Kjried

→ Danish: kridt

→ Estonian: kriit

→ Faroese: krit

→ Icelandic: krít

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kritt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: krit

→ Swedish: krita

Old Dutch: *krīta

Middle Dutch: crijt

desctree

Dutch: krijt
Afrikaans: kryt
Negerhollands: kried
→ Papiamentu: kreit, krijt
→ Sranan Tongo: kreiti, kreeti
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kreiti
→ Saramaccan: keéti

Old High German: krīda

Middle High German: krīde

Cimbrian: khraida

German: Kreide

Luxembourgish: Kräid

Vilamovian: krajd

Yiddish: קרײַד (krayd)

→ Bulgarian: креда (kreda)

→ Czech: křída

→ Macedonian: креда (kreda)

→ Lower Sorbian: krida

→ Old Ruthenian: крейда (krejda) (see there for further descendants)

→ Polish: kreda

→ Serbo-Croatian: креда / kreda

→ Slovene: kreda

From Vulgar Latin *crēda and Latin crēta.


mūl

mūl (nominative singular)
mūlō (nominative plural)
mūlōs (nominative plural)
mūl (accusative singular)
mūlā (accusative plural)
mūlas (genitive singular)
mūlō (genitive plural)
mūlē (dative singular)
mūlum (dative plural)
mūlu (instrumental singular)
mūlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mūl
Middle English: mule
English: mule
→ Hawaiian: miula
→ Irish: miúil
→ Maori: miūru

Old Saxon: *mūl

Middle Low German: mûl

Old Dutch: *mūl

Middle Dutch: muul

Dutch: muil

Old High German: mūl

Middle High German: mūl, muol

German: Maul (archaic)

⇒ German: Muli

mūle

Old High German: mūlō; Middle High German


minnjō

minnjō (nominative singular)
minnjan (nominative plural)
minnjan (accusative singular)
minnjan (accusative plural)
minnjini (genitive singular)
minnjan (genitive singular)
minnjanō (genitive plural)
minnjini (dative singular)
minnjan (dative singular)
minnjum (dative plural)
minnjini (instrumental singular)
minnjan (instrumental singular)
minnjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *minnio

desc

Middle Low German: mēnie, mennie, mennige, mēnich, mēning, mennynge, minie, mēnige, mēnie

→ Danish: mønje

→ Swedish: mönja

Old Dutch: *minio

Middle Dutch: minie, mēnie, mēny

Dutch: menie

Old High German: minio, *minwo

Middle High German: minig, minwe

German: Mennige

From Latin miniō, from minium (“cinnabar, red lead”).


lubistikil

lubistikil (nominative singular)
lubistikilō (nominative plural)
lubistikilōs (nominative plural)
lubistikil (accusative singular)
lubistikilā (accusative plural)
lubistikilas (genitive singular)
lubistikilō (genitive plural)
lubistikilē (dative singular)
lubistikilum (dative plural)
lubistikilu (instrumental singular)
lubistikilum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *lubistikil

Middle Dutch: lubbestēkel, logestikel

Old High German: lubistehhal, lubistechal, lubistihhal, lubistichal, lubistekkal, lubisteckal, lubistikkel, lubistickel, lubistukkil, lubistuckil

Middle High German: liebstockel, lubestuckel, liebstuckel

German: Liebstöckel


linsī

linsī (nominative singular)
linsīn (accusative singular)
linsīn (genitive singular)
linsīn (dative singular)
linsīn (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old English: lent, *lente
Middle English: lent, lente

Old Saxon: linsi

Middle Low German: linse

→ Danish: linse

→ Norwegian: linse

→ Swedish: lins

Old Dutch: *linsi

Middle Dutch: lins

Old High German: linsi, lins, linsīn

Middle High German: linse, lins

German: Linse
→ Dutch: linze

Borrowed from Latin lēns ~ lentis (“lentil”).


skilp

skilp (nominative singular)
skilpō (nominative plural)
skilpōs (nominative plural)
skilp (accusative singular)
skilpā (accusative plural)
skilpas (genitive singular)
skilpō (genitive plural)
skilpē (dative singular)
skilpum (dative plural)
skilpu (instrumental singular)
skilpum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *skilp

Middle Low German: schelp, schilp

Old Dutch: *scilf

Middle Dutch: *scelf

Dutch: schelf

Old High German: skiluf
Middle High German: schilf
German: Schilf


saþurejā

saþurejā (nominative singular)
saþurejōn (nominative plural)
saþurejōn (accusative singular)
saþurejōn (accusative plural)
saþurejōn (genitive singular)
saþurejōnō (genitive plural)
saþurejōn (dative singular)
saþurejōm (dative plural)
saþurejum (dative plural)
saþurejōn (instrumental singular)
saþurejōm (instrumental plural)
saþurejum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sæþeriġe, satureġe

desc

Middle English: satureie, satureye, saturege, saturea

Old Saxon: *sathureia, *satureia

Middle Low German: satureie, satureye

Old Dutch: *satureia

Middle Dutch: saturie

Old High German: satureia

Middle High German: saturei

Borrowed from Latin satureia (“savory”).


skrīnī

skrīnī (nominative singular)
skrīniju (nominative plural)
skrīnī (accusative singular)
skrīniju (accusative plural)
skrīnijas (genitive singular)
skrīnijō (genitive plural)
skrīnijē (dative singular)
skrīnijum (dative plural)
skrīniju (instrumental singular)
skrīnijum (instrumental plural)
skrīnī (nominative singular)
skrīnijō (nominative plural)
skrīnijōs (nominative plural)
skrīnī (accusative singular)
skrīnijā (accusative plural)
skrīnijas (genitive singular)
skrīnijō (genitive plural)
skrīnijē (dative singular)
skrīnijum (dative plural)
skrīniju (instrumental singular)
skrīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *skrīni

Middle Dutch: schrine, scrijn, scrīne m

Dutch: schrijn

Old High German: skrīni, scrīni n or m

Middle High German: schrīn

German: Schrein

→ Bulgarian: скрин (skrin)

→ Proto-Slavic: *skrini (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Latin scrīnium (“chest, reliquary”).


skrīn

skrīn (nominative singular)
skrīnu (nominative plural)
skrīn (accusative singular)
skrīnu (accusative plural)
skrīnas (genitive singular)
skrīnō (genitive plural)
skrīnē (dative singular)
skrīnum (dative plural)
skrīnu (instrumental singular)
skrīnum (instrumental plural)
skrīn (nominative singular)
skrīnō (nominative plural)
skrīnōs (nominative plural)
skrīn (accusative singular)
skrīnā (accusative plural)
skrīnas (genitive singular)
skrīnō (genitive plural)
skrīnē (dative singular)
skrīnum (dative plural)
skrīnu (instrumental singular)
skrīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: scrīn n

Middle English: shryne
English: shrine

Old Frisian: skrīn m

Old Saxon: *skrīn

Middle Low German: schrīn, scryn, schrien, schrēn, schrein, screyn, schreyn, schren, scren n or m

→ Old Norse: skrín

Danish: skrin

Icelandic: skrín

Norwegian: skrin

Old Swedish: skrin

Swedish: skrin

Old High German: skrīn scrīn n or m

Middle High German: schrīn

German: Schrein

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *scrīnum, from scrīnium (“chest, reliquary”).


turtilā

turtilā (nominative singular)
turtilōn (nominative plural)
turtilōn (accusative singular)
turtilōn (accusative plural)
turtilōn (genitive singular)
turtilōnō (genitive plural)
turtilōn (dative singular)
turtilōm (dative plural)
turtilum (dative plural)
turtilōn (instrumental singular)
turtilōm (instrumental plural)
turtilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: turtle f, turtla m
Middle English: turtle, tortle, turtel, turtul
English: turtle (archaic)

Old High German: turtula f, turtulo m

Middle High German: turtel f

German: Turtel (archaic)

Corrupted from earlier *turturilā, from either *turtur (“turtledove”) + *-ilā, or borrowed directly from Late Latin turturella, both from Latin turtur (“turtledove”).


turtiladūbā

turtiladūbā (nominative singular)
turtiladūbōn (nominative plural)
turtiladūbōn (accusative singular)
turtiladūbōn (accusative plural)
turtiladūbōn (genitive singular)
turtiladūbōnō (genitive plural)
turtiladūbōn (dative singular)
turtiladūbōm (dative plural)
turtiladūbum (dative plural)
turtiladūbōn (instrumental singular)
turtiladūbōm (instrumental plural)
turtiladūbum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *turtildūfe

Middle English: turtildove, turteldoufe

English: turtle dove

Old Saxon: *turtildūva, *turtaldūva

desc

Middle Low German: turteldūve, turtelduve, tarteldūve, tartelduve, terdeldūve, tirteldūve

German Low German: Turtelduuv

→ Danish: turteldue

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: turteldue

Norwegian Nynorsk: turteldue

→ Swedish: turturduva

→ Icelandic: turtildúfa

→ Faroese: turtildúgva

Old Dutch: turtuldūva

Middle Dutch: torteldûve, turteldûve

Dutch: tortelduif

Old High German: turtultūba, turtulatūba, turtiltūba

Middle High German: turteltūbe, türteltūbe

German: Turteltaube

From *turtilā (“turtledove”) + *dūbā (“dove, pigeon”).


saumasadul

saumasadul (nominative singular)
saumasadulu (nominative plural)
saumasadul (accusative singular)
saumasadulu (accusative plural)
saumasadulas (genitive singular)
saumasadulō (genitive plural)
saumasadulē (dative singular)
saumasadulum (dative plural)
saumasadulu (instrumental singular)
saumasadulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēamsadol

Middle English: semsadel, semesadell

Old High German: soumsatul

Middle High German: soumsatel

German: Saumsattel

From *saum (“load, burden; packsaddle”) + *sadul (“saddle”).


saumārī

saumārī (nominative singular)
saumārijō (nominative plural)
saumārijōs (nominative plural)
saumārī (accusative singular)
saumārijā (accusative plural)
saumārijas (genitive singular)
saumārijō (genitive plural)
saumārijē (dative singular)
saumārijum (dative plural)
saumāriju (instrumental singular)
saumārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēamere

Old Saxon: sōmari

desc

Middle Low German: sȫmäre, sȫmer, sȫmere, zoemer, soymmer, sömmer

Old High German: soumāri

Middle High German: soumäre, soumâre, soumer, söumäre, söumer

German: säumer

From *saum (“load, burden; packsaddle”) + *-ārī.


saumahross

saumahhross (nominative singular)
saumahhrossu (nominative plural)
saumahhross (accusative singular)
saumahhrossu (accusative plural)
saumahhrossas (genitive singular)
saumahhrossō (genitive plural)
saumahhrossē (dative singular)
saumahhrossum (dative plural)
saumahhrossu (instrumental singular)
saumahhrossum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēamhors

Old High German: soumros

Middle High German: soumros

German: Saumross

From *saum (“load, burden; packsaddle”) + *hross (“horse”).


kamarā

kamarā (nominative singular)
kamarōn (nominative plural)
kamarōn (accusative singular)
kamarōn (accusative plural)
kamarōn (genitive singular)
kamarōnō (genitive plural)
kamarōn (dative singular)
kamarōm (dative plural)
kamarum (dative plural)
kamarōn (instrumental singular)
kamarōm (instrumental plural)
kamarum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kamer

North Frisian: keamer

Saterland Frisian: camer

Old Saxon: kamara, kamera

desc

Middle Low German: kāmer, kāmere, kammer

Low German: Kamer, Kammer

desctree

→ Old Norse: kamarr
Icelandic: kamar
Faroese: kamar
Norwegian: kammer
Old Swedish: kamar
Swedish: kammare
→ Finnish: kamari
Danish: kammer

Old Dutch: *kamara

Middle Dutch: cāmere
Dutch: kamer
Afrikaans: kamer
Berbice Creole Dutch: kambru
→ Lokono: kambara
→ Indonesian: kamar
→ Malay: kamar
→ Petjo: kamar
→ Ternate: kamar
→ Javanese: ꦏꦩꦂ (kamar)
> Caribbean Javanese: kamar (inherited)
→ Papiamentu: kamber
→ Peranakan Indonesian: kamer
→ Sranan Tongo: kamra
→ Aukan: kambaa
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kamrá
→ Saramaccan: kámba
→ Sinhalese: කාමරය (kāmaraya)
→? Trió: kama
Limburgish: kamer

Old High German: kamara

Middle High German: kamer

Bavarian: Kåmmer

desc

Cimbrian: khåmmar, khamara (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: kòmmer

German: Kammer

Borrowed from Latin camara, camera (“chamber”).


ōstrijā

ōstrijā (nominative singular)
ōstrijōn (nominative plural)
ōstrijōn (accusative singular)
ōstrijōn (accusative plural)
ōstrijōn (genitive singular)
ōstrijōnō (genitive plural)
ōstrijōn (dative singular)
ōstrijōm (dative plural)
ōstrijum (dative plural)
ōstrijōn (instrumental singular)
ōstrijōm (instrumental plural)
ōstrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōstre

Middle English: ostre, oster, hostre

Old Saxon: *ōstra, *ōstria

Middle Low German: ōster, oester, ouster, ōstre, ōstrie

→ Danish: østers

→ Middle High German: ōster

→ Norwegian: østers

Old Dutch: *uostra

Middle Dutch: oester

desctree

Dutch: oester
Afrikaans: oester
→ Papiamentu: uster, oester, hustu
→⇒ Russian: у́стрица (ústrica) (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Low German: ūster

→ German: Auster

Old High German: *uostra

desc

⇒? Old High German: aostorskala, aostorskāla, aostorscala, aostorscāla, ostarscala

German: Austernschale

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *ostria, from Latin ostrea, ostreum (“oyster”).


muskulā

muskulā (nominative singular)
muskulōn (nominative plural)
muskulōn (accusative singular)
muskulōn (accusative plural)
muskulōn (genitive singular)
muskulōnō (genitive plural)
muskulōn (dative singular)
muskulōm (dative plural)
muskulum (dative plural)
muskulōn (instrumental singular)
muskulōm (instrumental plural)
muskulum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: muscle, muscelle, muxle, musle
Middle English: muscle, moskle, muschyl, muscul, muskall, muskel, muskele, muskell, muskle, muskyl, muskyll, musshell, mustul
English: mussel
Scots: mushle

Old Frisian: *muskle, *muxle

Saterland Frisian: Mussel

West Frisian: moksel

Old Saxon: muskula

desc

Middle Low German: muschel, muschele, muskele, mussel

German Low German: Mussel

Old Dutch: *muskula

Middle Dutch: musschele, mosscele, mosscel

Dutch: mossel

Old High German: muskula, muscula

Middle High German: muschel

German: Muschel

Borrowed from Late Latin muscula, from Latin mūsculus (“mussel", also "muscle”, literally “little mouse”). Distantly equivalent to *mūs (“mouse”) + *-il (diminutive suffix).


sīdā

sīdā (nominative singular)
sīdōn (nominative plural)
sīdōn (accusative singular)
sīdōn (accusative plural)
sīdōn (genitive singular)
sīdōnō (genitive plural)
sīdōn (dative singular)
sīdōm (dative plural)
sīdum (dative plural)
sīdōn (instrumental singular)
sīdōm (instrumental plural)
sīdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sīde

Old Saxon: *sīda

Middle Low German: sîde, seide

→ Latvian: zīds

Old Dutch: *sīda

Middle Dutch: sīde

desctree

Dutch: zijde
Afrikaans: sy
Negerhollands: sie

Old High German: sīda

Middle High German: sīde

German: Seide

Hunsrik: Seid

Borrowed from Medieval Latin sīda, from Late Latin sēta (“silk”), from Latin saeta (“bristle (of horsehair)”).


balsamō

balsamō (nominative singular)
balsaman (nominative plural)
balsaman (accusative singular)
balsaman (accusative plural)
balsamini (genitive singular)
balsaman (genitive singular)
balsamanō (genitive plural)
balsamini (dative singular)
balsaman (dative singular)
balsamum (dative plural)
balsamini (instrumental singular)
balsaman (instrumental singular)
balsamum (instrumental plural)

Old English: balsam n

Middle English: balsme

Old Frisian: *balsem

West Frisian: balsem

Old Saxon: *balsamo

desc

Middle Low German: balsam, balsem, balseme, balsme

→ Old Norse: balsamr

Swedish: balsam

→ Finnish: palsami

Old Dutch: *balsamo

Middle Dutch: balseme, balsame

desctree

Dutch: balsem
Afrikaans: balsem
Negerhollands: balsam
→ Indonesian: balsem
→ Papiamentu: balsem

Old High German: balsamo

desc

Middle High German: balsame, balseme, balsam, balsem, balsme

German: Balsam (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Latin balsamum (“balsam”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌰𐌽 (balsan, “balsam”).


tunnā

tunnā (nominative singular)
tunnōn (nominative plural)
tunnōn (accusative singular)
tunnōn (accusative plural)
tunnōn (genitive singular)
tunnōnō (genitive plural)
tunnōn (dative singular)
tunnōm (dative plural)
tunnum (dative plural)
tunnōn (instrumental singular)
tunnōm (instrumental plural)
tunnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tunne
Middle English: tunne, tonne
English: ton, tun

Old Frisian: tunne, tonne

North Frisian: tenn

Old Saxon: *tunna

Middle Low German: tunne, tonne

→ Old Norse: tunna

Old Danish: tynnæ

Danish: tønde

Old Swedish: tunna

Swedish: tunna

Icelandic: tunna

Old Dutch: *tunna

Middle Dutch: tonne

Dutch: ton

Old High German: tunna

Middle High German: tunne, tonne

German: Tonne

Borrowed from Medieval Latin tunna (“tun”).


kappā

kappā (nominative singular)
kappōn (nominative plural)
kappōn (accusative singular)
kappōn (accusative plural)
kappōn (genitive singular)
kappōnō (genitive plural)
kappōn (dative singular)
kappōm (dative plural)
kappum (dative plural)
kappōn (instrumental singular)
kappōm (instrumental plural)
kappum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cæppe, kæppe
Middle English: cappe, cap, cape, cep
English: cap
Scots: kep

Old Frisian: kappe

Old Saxon: kappa

Middle Low German: kappe, kap

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kappe

→ Old Swedish: kappa

Swedish: kappa
→ Finnish: kappa

Old Dutch: *kappa

Middle Dutch: cappe

Dutch: kap
Berbice Creole Dutch: kapu
Negerhollands: kap
→ Indonesian: kap
→ Papiamentu: kap

desc

Old High German: kapfa, kapha, kappa, gapfa

Middle High German: kappe

German: Kappe

⇒ Alemannic German: Käppi (diminutive)

→ French: képi (see there for further descendants)

→ German: Käppi

⇒ Cimbrian: kèpple (diminutive)

Borrowed from Late Latin cappa (“cape, sleeveless coat”).


hwalafisk

hwalafisk (nominative singular)
hwalafiskō (nominative plural)
hwalafiskōs (nominative plural)
hwalafisk (accusative singular)
hwalafiskā (accusative plural)
hwalafiskas (genitive singular)
hwalafiskō (genitive plural)
hwalafiskē (dative singular)
hwalafiskum (dative plural)
hwalafisku (instrumental singular)
hwalafiskum (instrumental plural)

Old English:

Middle English:

English: whalefish

Old Frisian: *hwalfisk

Saterland Frisian: Waalfisk

West Frisian: walfisk

Old Saxon: *hwalfisk

Middle Low German: walvisch

desc

German Low German: Waalfisch, Waalfisk, Waalfiss

Plautdietsch: Waulfesch (< High German)

→ Danish: hvalfisk (calque)

→ Icelandic: hvalfiskur (calque)

Old Dutch: walvisk

desctree

Middle Dutch: walvisch
Dutch: walvis
Afrikaans: walvis
Negerhollands: walvisch, walvis
→ Thai: วาฬ (waan)

Old High German: walfisk, walfisc

Middle High German: walfisch, walvisch

German: Walfisch


korōnā

korōnā (nominative singular)
korōnōn (nominative plural)
korōnōn (accusative singular)
korōnōn (accusative plural)
korōnōn (genitive singular)
korōnōnō (genitive plural)
korōnōn (dative singular)
korōnōm (dative plural)
korōnum (dative plural)
korōnōn (instrumental singular)
korōnōm (instrumental plural)
korōnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: corōna m

gl

early as <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">coronan</i>; merged with Old French

Middle English: corona, crone, crune, croune (early as coronan; merged with Old French)

English: crown

Scots: crone, croun, crown

Old Frisian: krōne

Saterland Frisian: Kroune

West Frisian: kroane, kroan

Old Saxon: *korōna, *krōna

Middle Low German: krône, krôn

German Low German: Kroon

→ Estonian: kroon

→ Old Norse: krúna

Icelandic: krúna

Faroese: krúna

Norwegian: krone

desctree

Danish: krone
→ Faroese: króna
→ Icelandic: króna

Swedish: krona (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: korōna, corōna

Middle Dutch: croene, crône, croon
Dutch: kroon
Afrikaans: kroon
→ Indonesian: kerun
Negerhollands: kroon
Limburgish: kroean

Old Dutch: *corūna

Middle Dutch: crune, cruine, cruyn
Dutch: kruin

Old High German: krōna, korōna, korona

Middle High German: krōne, krōn, corōne

German: Krone

Hunsrik: Kron

Luxembourgish: Kroun

Yiddish: קרוין (kroyn)

→ Macedonian: круна (kruna)

→ Russian: крона (krona)

→ Serbo-Croatian: kruna / круна

→ Slovene: krona


kesulastain

kesulastain (nominative singular)
kesulastainō (nominative plural)
kesulastainōs (nominative plural)
kesulastain (accusative singular)
kesulastainā (accusative plural)
kesulastainas (genitive singular)
kesulastainō (genitive plural)
kesulastainē (dative singular)
kesulastainum (dative plural)
kesulastainu (instrumental singular)
kesulastainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeosolstān
Middle English: chesel-ston, schesellstone, chesell-ston
English: chiselstone

Old Saxon: *kesalstēn

desc

Middle Low German: kēserlincstên, kēserlincstein

Old Dutch: *kesalstēn

Middle Dutch: kezelsteen

Dutch: keizelsteen

Old High German: *kisilstein

Middle High German: kiselstein

German: Kieselstein

From *kesul, *kisil (“pebble”) + *stain (“stone”).


marþ

marþ (nominative singular)
marþō (nominative plural)
marþōs (nominative plural)
marþ (accusative singular)
marþā (accusative plural)
marþas (genitive singular)
marþō (genitive plural)
marþē (dative singular)
marþum (dative plural)
marþu (instrumental singular)
marþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mearþ

Old Frisian: *merth

West Frisian: murd

Old Saxon: *marth

Middle Low German: mārt, mārte

Old Dutch: *mard

Middle Dutch: mārt

Old High German: *mard

Middle High German: mard

→ Medieval Latin: martes (see there for further descendants)


winkil

winkil (nominative singular)
winkilō (nominative plural)
winkilōs (nominative plural)
winkil (accusative singular)
winkilā (accusative plural)
winkilas (genitive singular)
winkilō (genitive plural)
winkilē (dative singular)
winkilum (dative plural)
winkilu (instrumental singular)
winkilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wincel
Middle English: *winkel, *winkle
English: winkle
Scots: wingle

Old Frisian: winkel

Saterland Frisian: Winkel

West Frisian: winkel (“shop”)

Old Saxon: *winkil

Middle Low German: winkel

German Low German: Winkel

→ Icelandic: vinkill

→ Faroese: vinkul

→ Norwegian: vinkel

→ Old Swedish: vinkil

Swedish: vinkel

→ Danish: vinkel

Old Dutch: winkel

Middle Dutch: winkel

Dutch: winkel (“shop”)
Afrikaans: winkel (see there for further descendants)
Negerhollands: winkel
→ Aukan: wenkii
→ Malay: bengkel
Indonesian: bengkel
→ Saramaccan: wenkè
→ Sranan Tongo: winkri
→ Kari'na: wenkele
→ Trió: winkëri

Old High German: winkil

Middle High German: winkel

German: Winkel (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Wénkel

Yiddish: ווינקל (vinkl)


guldijā

desc

⇒? Old English: gylt m (cannot be directly from this, but possibly related)

(Middle English: gilt, gult)

(English: guilt)

Old Saxon: *guldia

Middle Low German: gülde

Old Dutch: *gulda

Middle Dutch: gulde

Old High German: *gulta

Middle High German: gülte, gulte

German: Gülte


insulā

insulā (nominative singular)
insulōn (nominative plural)
insulōn (accusative singular)
insulōn (accusative plural)
insulōn (genitive singular)
insulōnō (genitive plural)
insulōn (dative singular)
insulōm (dative plural)
insulum (dative plural)
insulōn (instrumental singular)
insulōm (instrumental plural)
insulum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *insala, *insula

Middle Low German: insel, insele, insule

German Low German: Insel

Plautdietsch: Insel

Old High German: *insila, īsila, isila

Middle High German: insel, insele, isele, isel, insule

Alemannic German: Insle

Bavarian: Insl

German: Insel, Insul (obsolete)

Hunsrik: Insel

Luxembourgish: Insel

Yiddish: אינדזל (indzl), אינזל (inzl)

Borrowed from Latin insula (“island”) and Vulgar Latin *isula (“island”).


hederik

hedirik (nominative singular)
hedirikō (nominative plural)
hedirikōs (nominative plural)
hedirik (accusative singular)
hedirikā (accusative plural)
hedirikas (genitive singular)
hedirikō (genitive plural)
hedirikē (dative singular)
hedirikum (dative plural)
hediriku (instrumental singular)
hedirikum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hederik

Middle Low German: hēderik, hederik, hedderik

Old Dutch: *hederik

Middle Dutch: hēderic, hāderic

Dutch: hederik, herik

Old High German: hederīh

Middle High German: hederich, hederīch

German: Hederich

→ Polish: adrych

Borrowed from Latin hederāceus (“made of ivy”).


morsārī

morsārī (nominative singular)
morsārijō (nominative plural)
morsārijōs (nominative plural)
morsārī (accusative singular)
morsārijā (accusative plural)
morsārijas (genitive singular)
morsārijō (genitive plural)
morsārijē (dative singular)
morsārijum (dative plural)
morsāriju (instrumental singular)
morsārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *morsāri

Middle Low German: mȫsære, möser, moeser, moyser, mörser

Old High German: morsāri, morsāli

Middle High German: morsære, morser, mörser, mörsel, morsel

German: Mörser, Mörsel (obsolete)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


tunikā

tunikā (nominative singular)
tunikōn (nominative plural)
tunikōn (accusative singular)
tunikōn (accusative plural)
tunikōn (genitive singular)
tunikōnō (genitive plural)
tunikōn (dative singular)
tunikōm (dative plural)
tunikum (dative plural)
tunikōn (instrumental singular)
tunikōm (instrumental plural)
tunikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tunece, tunice, tunuce

Middle English: tunice

Old High German: tunihha, tunicha

Borrowed from Latin tunica (“military cloak, tunic”).


lammā

lammā (nominative singular)
lammōn (nominative plural)
lammōn (accusative singular)
lammōn (accusative plural)
lammōn (genitive singular)
lammōnō (genitive plural)
lammōn (dative singular)
lammōm (dative plural)
lammum (dative plural)
lammōn (instrumental singular)
lammōm (instrumental plural)
lammum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lanna

Middle Low German: lanne

Old High German: lanna

Middle High German: lanne

→ Czech: lano

Borrowed from Latin lāmna, lāmina (“sheet metal”).


mortārī

mortārī (nominative singular)
mortārijō (nominative plural)
mortārijōs (nominative plural)
mortārī (accusative singular)
mortārijā (accusative plural)
mortārijas (genitive singular)
mortārijō (genitive plural)
mortārijē (dative singular)
mortārijum (dative plural)
mortāriju (instrumental singular)
mortārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mortere

desctree

Middle English: morter, mortere, morteer, mortar, moorter (reenforced from Old French mortier)
English: mortar (see there for further descendants)
Scots: mortar
→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Old Saxon: *mortāri

desc

Middle Low German: mōrtære, mōrtēr, mortēr, morter

Old Dutch: *mortari, *mortali

Middle Dutch: moortere, moorter, morter, moortel, mortel

desctree

Dutch: mortel
Negerhollands: mortel
→ Indonesian: mortél

Old High German: mortāri, mortari

desc

Middle High German: mortære, morter, mortel

desctree

German: Mörtel
→ Danish: mørtel
→ Icelandic: mortél
→ Norwegian: mørtel

Borrowed from Latin mortārium (“mortar”).


þiubiþu

þiubiþu (nominative singular)
þiubiþō (nominative plural)
þiubiþā (accusative singular)
þiubiþā (accusative plural)
þiubiþā (genitive singular)
þiubiþō (genitive plural)
þiubiþē (dative singular)
þiubiþōm (dative plural)
þiubiþum (dative plural)
þiubiþu (instrumental singular)
þiubiþōm (instrumental plural)
þiubiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þīefþ
Middle English: thefte, theffte, theft, thifthe, þeefte, þeft, þeofþe, þeuft, þiefþe, þifte, þyefþe
English: theft
Scots: thift, theft

desc

Old Frisian: thiuvethe, thiuvede, thiufthe, tiefte

Old Saxon: *thiuvitha

Middle Low German: dü̂vede, dêfte

Old Dutch: *thiuvitha

desctree

Middle Dutch: diefte
Dutch: diefte (dialectal)
Afrikaans: diefte

Old High German: *diubida

Middle High German: diubede

German: Diebde

From Proto-Germanic *þiubiþō (“theft”). Equivalent to *þeub (“thief”) + *-iþu.


fratwu

fratwu (nominative singular)
fratwō (nominative plural)
fratwā (accusative singular)
fratwā (accusative plural)
fratwā (genitive singular)
fratwō (genitive plural)
fratwē (dative singular)
fratwōm (dative plural)
fratwum (dative plural)
fratwu (instrumental singular)
fratwōm (instrumental plural)
fratwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frætu

Old Saxon: frataha