tamisu

tamisu (nominative singular)
tamisō (nominative plural)
tamisā (accusative singular)
tamisā (accusative plural)
tamisā (genitive singular)
tamisō (genitive plural)
tamisē (dative singular)
tamisōm (dative plural)
tamisum (dative plural)
tamisu (instrumental singular)
tamisōm (instrumental plural)
tamisum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: *tæmes, *temes (in compounds)

desctree

Middle English: temse, temes, temeze, temmes, temps, tempse, temys, temze
English: temse, tems, tempse
Scots: teemse

Old Frisian: *tames, *temes, *temse

Saterland Frisian: Teemse

West Frisian: teams, tiems

Old Saxon: *temusa, *temisa

Middle Low German: temese, temse f; temes, temis, tems n

German Low German: Teemse, Teems

Old Dutch: *temusa, *temisa, *temsa

Middle Dutch: temse, tems, temst

Dutch: teems (dialectal)

Old High German: zemisa; temis, zemis

Middle High German: *zemes, *zems

German: Zimes, Zems, Zims (dialectal)

Unknown; perhaps borrowed from Gaulish/Gallo-Romance *tamisium, *tamision; in any case, cognate with Latin tamisium (more at tamis) and possibly Ancient Greek τάμῐσος (támisos).
The Gaulish word itself is of uncertain origin, perhaps borrowed from a substrate. The closest Celtic cognate is Breton tamoez, tañouiz, but this itself could be a Romance borrowing.


strōd

strōd (nominative singular)
strōdiʀu (nominative plural)
strōd (accusative singular)
strōdiʀu (accusative plural)
strōdiʀi (genitive singular)
strōdiʀō (genitive plural)
strōdiʀi (dative singular)
strōdiʀum (dative plural)
strōdiʀi (instrumental singular)
strōdiʀum (instrumental plural)
strōd (nominative singular)
strōdi (nominative plural)
strōdu (accusative singular)
strōdi (accusative plural)
strōdi (genitive singular)
strōdō (genitive plural)
strōdi (dative singular)
strōdum (dative plural)
strōdi (instrumental singular)
strōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strōd, strōþ n

Middle English: strothe

English: Strood (placename)

⇒ Old English: *strōdor, *strōþor

Middle English: strother, struther

Old Saxon: *strōd

Middle Low German: strôt m or f

Low German: Strod (Westphalian)

Old Dutch: *strōd, *struoda f

Middle Dutch: stroede, stroet

Dutch: stroet, Stroe (placename)

→ Latin: strude (attested in Latin texts)

Old High German: struot f

Middle High German: struot

German: Struth (archaic)

Unknown. Suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread; strew”), compare Sanskrit प्रस्तर (prastara, “plain”).


elpand

elpand (nominative singular)
elpandō (nominative plural)
elpandōs (nominative plural)
elpand (accusative singular)
elpandā (accusative plural)
elpandas (genitive singular)
elpandō (genitive plural)
elpandē (dative singular)
elpandum (dative plural)
elpandu (instrumental singular)
elpandum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: elpend, ylpend, ylp
Middle English: elp, ylp

Old Dutch: *elpand

Middle Dutch: elpend

Old High German: helfan, helfant

desc

Middle High German: hëlfant, elefant, elfant (relatinisation)

Alemannic German: Elifant

desctree

German: Elefant, Elephant (obsolete)
→ Kashubian: élefant
→ Lower Sorbian: elefant
→ Saterland Frisian: Elefant

Luxembourgish: Elefant

Vilamovian: elefaont

Yiddish: העלפֿאַנד (helfand)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Borrowed from Latin elephantus (“elephant”). Doublet of *olbandu (“camel”).


lehtr

lehtr (nominative singular)
lehtru (nominative plural)
lehtr (accusative singular)
lehtru (accusative plural)
lehtras (genitive singular)
lehtrō (genitive plural)
lehtrē (dative singular)
lehtrum (dative plural)
lehtru (instrumental singular)
lehtrum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lehtar

Old High German: lehtar

⇒ Old High German: gilehtar

Middle High German: gelihter, gelichter

German: Gelichter

From *liggjan (“to lie, rest”) + *-þr. Diachronically cognate with Ancient Greek λέκτρον (léktron, “couch, bed”).


haimgard

haimgard (nominative singular)
haimgardō (nominative plural)
haimgardōs (nominative plural)
haimgard (accusative singular)
haimgardā (accusative plural)
haimgardas (genitive singular)
haimgardō (genitive plural)
haimgardē (dative singular)
haimgardum (dative plural)
haimgardu (instrumental singular)
haimgardum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: heimgart (“forum”)

desc

→ Old French: *hamgart, hangart, hangard

Middle French: hangart, hangard, hanghart, hangar (“shed, hangar”)

French: hangar (see there for further descendants)

From *haim (“home, village”) + *gard (“enclosure, yard”).

af

enclosure surrounding a house or group of houses


willjakwemō

Old English: wilcuma, wilcume

desc

Middle English: welcome, wolcume, wulcume, wilcume

Scots: walcome

English: welcome

→ Tok Pisin: welkam

→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: welkam

⇒ Old English: wilcumian, wylcumian, wellcumian (verb)

Middle English: wilcumen, wolcumen, welcomen

English: welcome

Scots: welcum, welcom, wellcom, willcom

⇒ Old English: ġewilcumian

Old Frisian: *wilkuma

Saterland Frisian: wilkemen, wülkemen, wäilkúmen

West Frisian: wolkom

Old Saxon: *willikumo

Middle Low German: willekome, wilkome, willekom

⇒ Middle Low German: willekomen, willekōmen (verb)

⇒ Middle Low German: willekōmen, wolkōmen (past participle, adjective)

German Low German: willkomen

→ Old Norse: velkominn (adjective)

Icelandic: velkominn

Faroese: vælkomin

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: velkommen

Norwegian Nynorsk: velkomen, velkommen

Old Swedish: vælkomin

Swedish: välkommen

Danish: velkommen

Old Dutch: *willikumo

Middle Dutch: willecome, wellecome, welcome

Dutch: welkom

Afrikaans: welkom

Limburgish: welkom, wilkóm

→ Old French: willecome, willecomme, wilecome

Middle French: willecomme (adjective, interjection)

⇒ Old French: willecomer, wilecomer (verb)

Middle French: welcumer, welcomer, welcomier (verb)

Old High German: willikwemo, williquemo, willikomo, willechomen

Middle High German: willekomen

Alemannic German: wéllkòmm, wol chomne, wolgcheemen, woul chemne

Cimbrian: bóolkhèmm

German: willkommen

Luxembourgish: wëllkëmm

Vulgar Latin: *bene venītus, *bene venūtus (calqued) (see there for further descendants)


skuldru

skuldru (nominative singular)
skoldrō (nominative plural)
skoldrā (accusative singular)
skoldrā (accusative plural)
skoldrā (genitive singular)
skoldrō (genitive plural)
skuldrē (dative singular)
skoldrōm (dative plural)
skuldrum (dative plural)
skuldru (instrumental singular)
skoldrōm (instrumental plural)
skuldrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċuldra, sċuldor, sċuldru
Middle English: schuldre, sholder, shulder, schulder, scholder, ssoldre, ssuldre, scholdur, sculdre, schuldyr, sholdre, schuldir
English: shoulder
Scots: schulder, schoulder, schouldir, schuder
Yola: shuller

Old Frisian: skuldere

Saterland Frisian: Schullere, Skullere (<? Low German)

West Frisian: skouder

Old Saxon: *skuldro

Middle Low German: scholder

Low German: Schuller

Plautdietsch: Schulla

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skulder

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skulder

→ Swedish: skuldra

→ Danish: skulder

→ Gutnish: skuldre, skuldrå

Old Dutch: *sculdero
Middle Dutch: schoudere
Dutch: schouder
Limburgish: sjouwer

Old High German: scultera, scultra

Middle High German: schulter, schulder

Central Franconian: Scholder

Bavarian: Schuiter, Schulter

German: Schulter

Luxembourgish: Schëller

→ Esperanto: ŝultro

Unknown; perhaps related to *skeldu (“shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split”).

der

, *bōgu


Audawakr

Audawakr (nominative singular)
Audawakr (accusative singular)
Audawakkrā (accusative plural)
Audawakkrō (genitive plural)
Audawakkrē (dative singular)
Audawakkru (instrumental singular)

desc

Old English: Ēadwacer, *Ēadwaccor, *Ēadwacor

desctree

Old High German: Ōtacher, *Ōtakar, *Ōtachar
Middle High German: Otakar, Ottokar
German: Otakar, Ottokar
→ Czech: Otakar

→ Latin: Ādovacrius, Ōdovacrius

From Proto-Germanic *Audawakraz. Equivalent to *aud (“wealth, riches”) + *wakr (“awake, watchful”).


skinkō

skinkō (nominative singular)
skinkan (nominative plural)
skinkan (accusative singular)
skinkan (accusative plural)
skinkini (genitive singular)
skinkan (genitive singular)
skinkanō (genitive plural)
skinkini (dative singular)
skinkan (dative singular)
skinkum (dative plural)
skinkini (instrumental singular)
skinkan (instrumental singular)
skinkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċenc

Middle English: schench, shench

Old Frisian: *skinka (perhaps via Low German)

Saterland Frisian: Skinke

West Frisian: skinke

Old Saxon: skinka f

Middle Low German: schinke, schink

German Low German: Schinke, Schink

Plautdietsch: Schinkjen

→ Danish: skinke

→ English: skink

→ Icelandic: skinka

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skinke

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skinke

→ Swedish: skinka

Old Dutch: *skinko

Middle Dutch: schinke

Dutch: schink

Limburgish: sjink

desctree

Old High German: scinco
Middle High German: schinke
German: Schinken (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Schank
Pennsylvania German: Schinke

From Proto-Germanic *skinkô, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp; be inclined; aslant”).


ribi

ribi (nominative singular)
ribbju (nominative plural)
ribi (accusative singular)
ribbju (accusative plural)
ribbjas (genitive singular)
ribbjō (genitive plural)
ribbjē (dative singular)
ribbjum (dative plural)
ribbju (instrumental singular)
ribbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ribb, rib

Middle English: ribbe, rib

Scots: rib

English: rib

Old Frisian: ribb, rebb, rib, reb

North Frisian: robb, rabb

Saterland Frisian: Ribbe

West Frisian: ribbe

Old Saxon: ribbi

Middle Low German: ribbe, rebbe

German Low German: Ribbe, Ribb

Low German: Ribbe

→ Danish: rib

→ Norwegian: ribbe

→ Swedish: ribba

Old Dutch: *ribbi

Middle Dutch: ribbe, rebbe

Dutch: ribbe, rib

Old High German: ribi, ribbi, rippi; ribba, rippa

Middle High German: ribbe, ribe, rippe

German: Rippe; Riebe (obsolete)

Luxembourgish: Rëpp

Vilamovian: rejw

Yiddish: ריפּ (rip)


wurtiju

wurtiju (nominative singular)
wurtijō (nominative plural)
wurtijā (accusative singular)
wurtijā (accusative plural)
wurtijā (genitive singular)
wurtijō (genitive plural)
wurtijē (dative singular)
wurtijōm (dative plural)
wurtijum (dative plural)
wurtiju (instrumental singular)
wurtijōm (instrumental plural)
wurtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrt (merged with descendant of *wurti)

desc

Middle English: worte, wortte, woort, wort

English: wort

Scots: wirt

⇒ Old English: māxwyrt

⇒ Old English: mealtwyrt

Old Saxon: wurtia

Middle Low German: wurte, worte

Old Dutch: *wurta

Middle Dutch: worte, wort

Dutch: wort

Old High German: wurza

Middle High German: wurze, würze

German: Würze

From *wurtijan (“to season, spice”) + *-u.


skankijō

skankijō (nominative singular)
skankijan (nominative plural)
skankijan (accusative singular)
skankijan (accusative plural)
skankijini (genitive singular)
skankijan (genitive singular)
skankijanō (genitive plural)
skankijini (dative singular)
skankijan (dative singular)
skankijum (dative plural)
skankijini (instrumental singular)
skankijan (instrumental singular)
skankijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċenċ (“a draught; cup; beaker”).

Middle English: schenche (“drink, cup; cup-bearer”)

Old Frisian: skanze, skenze, *skanke (“a canteen; jug; tankard”)

Saterland Frisian: Schoanke, Skoanke

Old Saxon: skenkio

Middle Low German: scenke, schenke

Old Dutch: *skenco

Middle Dutch: schenke, schinke

Old High German: scenco, scencho

Middle High German: schenke

German: Schenk

⇒ Middle High German: geschenke

Cimbrian: gasénkh

German: Geschenk
→ Silesian: gyszynk

Luxembourgish: Geschenk

→ Old French: eschançon, eschanson, eschançun (see there for further descendants)

From *skankijan (“to pour (a drink)”) + *-jō.


kurnil

kurnil (nominative singular)
kurnilō (nominative plural)
kurnilōs (nominative plural)
kurnil (accusative singular)
kurnilā (accusative plural)
kurnilas (genitive singular)
kurnilō (genitive plural)
kurnilē (dative singular)
kurnilum (dative plural)
kurnilu (instrumental singular)
kurnilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cyrnel, cyrnl, cirnel
Middle English: kernel, cernel, curnel, kernell, kirnel, karnel, kurnel, kurnele, kyrnel, kyrnell, cornel
English: kernel
→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)
Scots: kirnel; churnel

Old Frisian: kernel

Saterland Frisian: Koarel

Old Saxon: *kurnil

Middle Low German: kornelle

German Low German: Körrel

Old Dutch: *kurnil

desc

Middle Dutch: carnel, kernel, carneel, kerneel

Dutch: kernel (dialectal)

⇒ Middle Dutch: carnelekijn, carnellekijn

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) kernel of a nut


gahlaibō

gahhlaibō (nominative singular)
gahhlaiban (nominative plural)
gahhlaiban (accusative singular)
gahhlaiban (accusative plural)
gahhlaibini (genitive singular)
gahhlaiban (genitive singular)
gahhlaibanō (genitive plural)
gahhlaibini (dative singular)
gahhlaiban (dative singular)
gahhlaibum (dative plural)
gahhlaibini (instrumental singular)
gahhlaiban (instrumental singular)
gahhlaibum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *galaiba, kaleibo, galeipo (dative)

→ Late Latin: compāniō (calque) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *gahlaibô (“messmate, comrade, companion”).


pāl

pāl (nominative singular)
pālō (nominative plural)
pālōs (nominative plural)
pāl (accusative singular)
pālā (accusative plural)
pālas (genitive singular)
pālō (genitive plural)
pālē (dative singular)
pālum (dative plural)
pālu (instrumental singular)
pālum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pāl
Middle English: pole, pol, poll, pall, paal
English: pole
Scots: pale, pall
Yola: pulmere

Old Frisian: pāl
North Frisian: pul
West Frisian: peal, poal

Old Saxon: pāl

Middle Low German: pâl

German Low German: Pahl

Old Dutch: pāl

Middle Dutch: pale, pael

Dutch: paal

Old High German: pfāl, phāl
Middle High German: phāl, pfāl
German: Pfahl
Luxembourgish: Poul
Vilamovian: föł


bedu

bedu (nominative singular)
bedō (nominative plural)
bedā (accusative singular)
bedā (accusative plural)
bedā (genitive singular)
bedō (genitive plural)
bedē (dative singular)
bedōm (dative plural)
bedum (dative plural)
bedu (instrumental singular)
bedōm (instrumental plural)
bedum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bedu, beodo
Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (conflated with Old English ġebed)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid

Old Frisian: bede

Saterland Frisian: Beed

West Frisian: bea

Old Saxon: beda

Middle Low German: bēde

German Low German: Beed

→ German: Bede

Old Dutch: beda

Middle Dutch: bēde
Dutch: bede
Afrikaans: bede

Old High German: beta

Middle High German: bëte, bët

q

altered after <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">bitten</i>

German: Bete (obsolete), Bitte (altered after bitten)


garwā

garwā (nominative singular)
garwōn (nominative plural)
garwōn (accusative singular)
garwōn (accusative plural)
garwōn (genitive singular)
garwōnō (genitive plural)
garwōn (dative singular)
garwōm (dative plural)
garwum (dative plural)
garwōn (instrumental singular)
garwōm (instrumental plural)
garwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġearwe, ġearuuae — early
Middle English: yarwe, ȝarewe, ȝarow, ȝarowe, ȝarwe, ȝorow, yare, yarewe, yarou, yarow, yarowe
English: yarrow; >? yarr
>? Scots: yarr

Old Saxon: garwa

Middle Low German: garve

German Low German: Garwe

Old Dutch: *garwa

Middle Dutch: garwe

Dutch: gerw

Old High German: garwa, garawa

Middle High German: garwe

German: Garbe (obsolete)

⇒ German: Schafgarbe


galīkanassī

galīkanassī (nominative singular)
galīkanassīn (accusative singular)
galīkanassīn (genitive singular)
galīkanassīn (dative singular)
galīkanassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: ġelīcnes, ġelȳcnys
Middle English: liknesse, likenesse
English: likeness

Old Frisian: līknisse, līkense

West Frisian: likenis

Old Saxon: gilīknessi
Middle Low German: gelīkenisse, gelīknisse, līkenisse
German Low German: Glieknis
→ Danish: lignelse
→ Norwegian: lignelse

Old Dutch: gilīcnussi

Middle Dutch: gelîkenisse

Dutch: gelijkenis

Afrikaans: gelykenis

desc

Old High German: gilīhnassi, gilīhnessi, gilīhnissi, gilīhnussi

Middle High German: gelīchnisse

German: Gleichnis


agastrijā

agastrijā (nominative singular)
agastrijōn (nominative plural)
agastrijōn (accusative singular)
agastrijōn (accusative plural)
agastrijōn (genitive singular)
agastrijōnō (genitive plural)
agastrijōn (dative singular)
agastrijōm (dative plural)
agastrijum (dative plural)
agastrijōn (instrumental singular)
agastrijōm (instrumental plural)
agastrijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *egstre, *ekster; *agster, *akster

Saterland Frisian: Akster

West Frisian: ekster, akster

Old Saxon: agastria, agistra

Middle Low German: êgelster, êgester, êgster, êxter, exter, hêgester, hegster, hegister, hegester, heister, hechster

Low German: Ääkster, Äkster, Eekster, Ekster, Hääster, Heester, Heister

Dutch Low Saxon: ökster

Plautdietsch: Heista

→ German: Heister

desctree

→ Polish: hajstra (“grey heron”)
→ Old Ruthenian: га́йстеръ (hájster)
Belarusian: га́йсцер (hájscjer), га́йсцёр (hájscjor), га́йстр (hájstr) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: га́йстер (hájster), га́стір (hástir), а́стер (áster), га́рист (háryst) (dialectal)

desc

→ Middle Russian: а́истъ (áist), а́гистъ (ágist, “stork”)

Russian: а́ист (áist, “stork”)

Old Dutch: *agastra

Middle Dutch: egestre, aecstren, aexter, exter

Dutch: ekster
Afrikaans: ekster

Old High German: agalstra, agastra, egilistra

Middle High German: agelster, agelaster, aglaster, alster, elster

German: Elster

Possibly from *ag-ad- ~ *ag-at-, suffixed variant of *agu (“magpie”), + *-þr (agent suffix) + *-jā (agent suffix).


agattjā

agattjā (nominative singular)
agattjōn (nominative plural)
agattjōn (accusative singular)
agattjōn (accusative plural)
agattjōn (genitive singular)
agattjōnō (genitive plural)
agattjōn (dative singular)
agattjōm (dative plural)
agattjum (dative plural)
agattjōn (instrumental singular)
agattjōm (instrumental plural)
agattjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: agazza, agaza

⇒ Old High German: *agazil

Middle High German: atzel

Middle High German: hetze

→ Late Latin: agazia

Italo-Romance:

Italian: gazza

Padanian:

Ligurian: jazza

Lombard: gaza

Piedmontese: ajassa, jassa

Romagnol: argaza

Southern Gallo-Romance:

>? Aragonese: garza

>? Catalan: garsa

Old Occitan: agassa

Occitan: agaça

Nord-Occitan: ajaça

Vivaro-Alpine: aiassa

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: aguiasse, ageasse, égeasse, ouasse

Bourguignon: aiguaisse

Old French: agace, agasse, agas

Middle French: agace

French: agace

Norman: agase

Picard: agache

Walloon: aguèse, agaesse

→ Medieval Latin: agasia, aigatia

→ Middle English: agas, agaas

→ Hebrew: [script needed] (azzago)

Possibly from *ag-ad- ~ *ag-at-, suffixed variant of *agu (“magpie”), + *-jā (agent suffix).


steupakind

steupakind (nominative singular)
steupakindu (nominative plural)
steupakind (accusative singular)
steupakindu (accusative plural)
steupakindas (genitive singular)
steupakindō (genitive plural)
steupakindē (dative singular)
steupakindum (dative plural)
steupakindu (instrumental singular)
steupakindum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: stiāpkind

Saterland Frisian: Stäifkind

Old Saxon: *stiopkind

Middle Low German: stiepkint, stipkint, stêfkint, stîfkint

German Low German: Steefkind

Old Dutch: *stiopkind

Middle Dutch: stippekint, stiefkint

Dutch: stiefkind

Old High German: stiofkind

Middle High German: stiefkint

German: Stiefkind

From *steupa- (“step-”) + *kind (“child”).


sagisnu

sagisnu (nominative singular)
sagisnō (nominative plural)
sagisnā (accusative singular)
sagisnā (accusative plural)
sagisnā (genitive singular)
sagisnō (genitive plural)
sagisnē (dative singular)
sagisnōm (dative plural)
sagisnum (dative plural)
sagisnu (instrumental singular)
sagisnōm (instrumental plural)
sagisnum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: seine

Old Saxon: segisna

Middle Low German: seisene, seisen, sēgedese, seysne, sēsne, sēsene, sēssenē

German Low German: Seeß, Seiß

Old Dutch: *segisna

Middle Dutch: seisene, seise

Dutch: zeis

Old High German: segisna, (with metathesis) segansa

Middle High German: sëgense, seinse, sēnse

German: Sense

⇒ Luxembourgish: Séissel

From *sagi or *sagu (“saw”) + *-snu (instrumental suffix).


drast

drast (nominative singular)
drastiʀu (nominative plural)
drast (accusative singular)
drastiʀu (accusative plural)
drastiʀi (genitive singular)
drastiʀō (genitive plural)
drastiʀi (dative singular)
drastiʀum (dative plural)
drastiʀi (instrumental singular)
drastiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: trestir pl

Middle High German: trester

German: Trester

⇒ Old High German: trestig

From Proto-Germanic *drastaz, from earlier *drahstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰragʰs-tó-s, from *dʰrā́ks (“dregs, sediment”).


kataʀō

kataʀō (nominative singular)
kataʀan (nominative plural)
kataʀan (accusative singular)
kataʀan (accusative plural)
kataʀini (genitive singular)
kataʀan (genitive singular)
kataʀanō (genitive plural)
kataʀini (dative singular)
kataʀan (dative singular)
kataʀum (dative plural)
kataʀini (instrumental singular)
kataʀan (instrumental singular)
kataʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: katera

Saterland Frisian: Koater

West Frisian: kater

Old Saxon: *kataro

Middle Low German: kāter

German Low German: Kater, Koter, kaoter

Plautdietsch: Kota

→ Old High German: kataro

Middle High German: katere

Bavarian: Koda, Kåda

Cimbrian: khàttaro

German: Kater

Luxembourgish: Kueder

Vilamovian: kōter

Yiddish: קאָטער (koter)

Old Dutch: *kataro

Middle Dutch: cāter

Dutch: kater

Limburgish: kater

A West Germanic formation taken from *kattu (“cat”) + the masculinizing suffix *-aʀō, *-aʀ; compare the development from Proto-Germanic *gans (“goose”) to *ganzô (“gander (male goose)”).


altārī

altārī (nominative singular)
altārijō (nominative plural)
altārijōs (nominative plural)
altārī (accusative singular)
altārijā (accusative plural)
altārijas (genitive singular)
altārijō (genitive plural)
altārijē (dative singular)
altārijum (dative plural)
altāriju (instrumental singular)
altārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: alter, altar

Middle English: alter

English: altar
→ Maori: āta

Scots: altar

desctree

Old Frisian: altare, alter
West Frisian: alter

Old Saxon: altāri

desc

Middle Low German: altār, alter, oltar, olter, altāre

desctree

→ Old Norse: altari
Icelandic: altari
Faroese: altar
Norwegian Nynorsk: altar; (dialectal) altari
Old Swedish: altari
Swedish: altare
→ Finnish: alttari
Danish: alter
Norwegian Bokmål: alter

Old Dutch: *altāri

Middle Dutch: altare

Dutch: altaar
Afrikaans: altaar
Negerhollands: altar
→ Indonesian: altar
→ Sranan Tongo: altari

Limburgish: alter

Old High German: altāri

Middle High German: alter, altære

Cimbrian: altar

German: Altar

Luxembourgish: Altor

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: олътарь (olŭtarĭ) (see there for further descendants)


ūr

ūr (nominative singular)
ūrō (nominative plural)
ūrōs (nominative plural)
ūr (accusative singular)
ūrā (accusative plural)
ūras (genitive singular)
ūrō (genitive plural)
ūrē (dative singular)
ūrum (dative plural)
ūru (instrumental singular)
ūrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ūr

Middle English: oure

Old Saxon: *ūr

Middle Low German: ûr

German Low German: Ur

⇒ Middle Low German: ūrosse

→ Swedish: uroxe

Old Dutch: *ūr, uor

Middle Dutch: *uur

⇒ Dutch: uuros (the historical form, attested once)

Old High German: ūro

Middle High German: ūr

German: Ur

⇒ Old High German: ūrohso

Middle High German: ūrochse

German: Auerochse

→ English: aurochs

→ Middle Dutch: oeros

Dutch: oeros


heʀdā

heʀdā (nominative singular)
heʀdōn (nominative plural)
heʀdōn (accusative singular)
heʀdōn (accusative plural)
heʀdōn (genitive singular)
heʀdōnō (genitive plural)
heʀdōn (dative singular)
heʀdōm (dative plural)
heʀdum (dative plural)
heʀdōn (instrumental singular)
heʀdōm (instrumental plural)
heʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorde

Middle English: herde, harde, hyrde, hurde

⇒ English: hards, hurds (from the plural)

⇒ Scots: hards, harden, harn (from the plural)

Old Frisian: hede

Saterland Frisian: Häide

West Frisian: heed

Old Saxon: *herda, *hēda

Middle Low German: hêde, heide

German Low German: Hede

→ German: (regional) Hede

⇒ German: verheddern

Old Dutch: *herda, *hēda

Middle Dutch: herde, heerde, hēde

Dutch: hede

→ Old French: hard, hart

Middle French: hart

French: hart

From Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to card; comb”).


kōlī

kōlī (nominative singular)
kōlīn (accusative singular)
kōlīn (genitive singular)
kōlīn (dative singular)
kōlīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: *kōlī

Middle Low German: *köle

Low German: Köle

Old Dutch: *kuoli

Middle Dutch: coele

desctree

Old High German: kuolī, choͧle, chuele, chuile, chuilī, chulī, chuͦle, chuolī, cuole
Middle High German: chůle, küele, kůli
Alemannic German: Chüeli
Cimbrian: khüule
German: Kühle
Pennsylvania German: Kiehle

From *kōl(ī) (“cold”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


gabed

gabed (nominative singular)
gabedu (nominative plural)
gabed (accusative singular)
gabedu (accusative plural)
gabedas (genitive singular)
gabedō (genitive plural)
gabedē (dative singular)
gabedum (dative plural)
gabedu (instrumental singular)
gabedum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġebed, ġebæd, ġebedd
Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (partially from Old English bedu)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid

Old Saxon: gibed

Middle Low German: gebet

German Low German: Gebedd

→ Saterland Frisian: Gebäd

Old Dutch: gebet

Middle Dutch: gebet

Dutch: gebed
Afrikaans: gebed
Negerhollands: gebed, gobėt, gobėd

→ West Frisian: gebet

Old High German: gibet

Middle High German: gebët

Cimbrian: gapéet

German: Gebet


dōm

dōm (nominative singular)
dōmō (nominative plural)
dōmōs (nominative plural)
dōm (accusative singular)
dōmā (accusative plural)
dōmas (genitive singular)
dōmō (genitive plural)
dōmē (dative singular)
dōmum (dative plural)
dōmu (instrumental singular)
dōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dōm
Middle English: doom, doim, dom, dome
English: doom
Middle Scots: dome, dume

Old Frisian: dōm

West Frisian: doem

Old Saxon: dōm

Old Dutch: *duom

Middle Dutch: doem

Dutch: doem

Afrikaans: doem

Old High German: tuom


dōm

Old Saxon: *dōm

q

Middle Low German: dôm (all descendants may also be from Modern German)

Low German: Dom, Doom

→ Danish: dom

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dom

→ Swedish: dom

Old Dutch: duom

Middle Low German: doem

(⇒ Dutch: dom) (altered after Middle French)

Old High German: tuom

Middle High German: tuom

German: Thum (obsolete)

(⇒ German: Dom) (altered after Middle French and/or Low German)

Luxembourgish: Doum (possibly inherited)


kolamaisā

kolamaisā (nominative singular)
kolamaisōn (nominative plural)
kolamaisōn (accusative singular)
kolamaisōn (accusative plural)
kolamaisōn (genitive singular)
kolamaisōnō (genitive plural)
kolamaisōn (dative singular)
kolamaisōm (dative plural)
kolamaisum (dative plural)
kolamaisōn (instrumental singular)
kolamaisōm (instrumental plural)
kolamaisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: colmāse, cōlmāse

Middle English: collemase, colmose

English: coalmouse

Old Frisian: *kolemēse

Saterland Frisian: Koolmeeske

Old Saxon: *kolmēsa

Middle Low German: *kolemêse

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Kohlmeesch

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Kollmeese

Old Dutch: *kolmēsa

Middle Dutch: *kōlemêse

Dutch: koolmees

Old High German: *kolmeisa

Middle High German: kolemeise

German: Kohlmeise

From *kol (“coal”) + *maisā (“titmouse”).


attō

attō (nominative singular)
attan (nominative plural)
attan (accusative singular)
attan (accusative plural)
attini (genitive singular)
attan (genitive singular)
attanō (genitive plural)
attini (dative singular)
attan (dative singular)
attum (dative plural)
attini (instrumental singular)
attan (instrumental singular)
attum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ætta, *atta

Middle English: *dadde, *dadd

English: dad

desctree

Old Frisian: atta, aththa, atha, eththa
North Frisian: ate, aatj, taatje, tääte
West Frisian: heit

Old Saxon: *atto, *etto

desc

>? Middle Low German: ette (“local elder, hereditary male judge”)

Old Dutch: *atto, *etto

Middle Dutch: ette

Dutch: ette

desctree

Old High German: atto
Middle High German: atte
Alemannic German: Ätti, Ätte
Italian Walser: attu, àttu, attò
⇒ Alemannic German: Großätti, Großatt
Bavarian: Ätt
⇒? Cimbrian: tatta


teun

teun (nominative singular)
teunu (nominative plural)
teun (accusative singular)
teunu (accusative plural)
teunas (genitive singular)
teunō (genitive plural)
teunē (dative singular)
teunum (dative plural)
teunu (instrumental singular)
teunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tēon

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*teunō</i>

⇒? Old English: tēona, tēone (or from *teunō)

Middle English: tene

English: teen

Scots: tene, teyne

Old Saxon: *tion

⇒? Old Saxon: tiono (or from *teunō)

(North Sea Germanic) destruction, ruin, damage


waisund

waisund (nominative singular)
waisundō (nominative plural)
waisundōs (nominative plural)
waisund (accusative singular)
waisundā (accusative plural)
waisundas (genitive singular)
waisundō (genitive plural)
waisundē (dative singular)
waisundum (dative plural)
waisundu (instrumental singular)
waisundum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wāsend m, *wǣsend
English: weasand, wozzen (dialectal)

Old Frisian: wāsande

Old Saxon: wāsendi

Old High German: weisunt, weisant f

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *waisundaz, from *wais- + *-undaz (body part suffix), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to flow”) (compare Sanskrit वेषति (véṣati, “to flow”)). Possibly related to Norwegian veise (“rivulet; horsetail”).


smaltī

smaltī (nominative singular)
smaltiju (nominative plural)
smaltī (accusative singular)
smaltiju (accusative plural)
smaltijas (genitive singular)
smaltijō (genitive plural)
smaltijē (dative singular)
smaltijum (dative plural)
smaltiju (instrumental singular)
smaltijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *smelti

Middle Low German: smelte

Old Dutch: *smelti

Middle Dutch: smelte

Dutch: smelt

Old High German: smelzi

Middle High German: *smelze

German: Schmelze, Schmelz

⇒ Old High German: gismelzi

Middle High German: gesmelze

→ Medieval Latin: smaltum (see there for further descendants)

From *smeltan (“to melt; to smelt”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


gauwjamann

gauwjamann (nominative singular)
gauwjamanni (nominative plural)
gauwjamannu (accusative singular)
gauwjamanni (accusative plural)
gauwjamanni (genitive singular)
gauwjamannō (genitive plural)
gauwjamanni (dative singular)
gauwjamannum (dative plural)
gauwjamanni (instrumental singular)
gauwjamannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *ġēamann
Middle English: ȝeman, yeman, yoman
English: yeoman

Old Frisian: gāmann, gāmonn

Old Dutch: *gawiman

q

or a corruption of Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">godeman</i> (“man of God”)

>? Middle Dutch: goyman (or a corruption of Middle Dutch godeman (“man of God”))


frijahaidu

frijahaidu (nominative singular)
frijahaidiwi (nominative plural)
frijahaidō (nominative plural)
frijahaidu (accusative singular)
frijahaidū (accusative plural)
frijahaidō (genitive singular)
frijahaidiwō (genitive plural)
frijahaidiwi (dative singular)
frijahaidō (dative singular)
frijahaidum (dative plural)
frijahaidu (instrumental singular)
frijahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old English:

Middle English:

English: freehood

Old Saxon: *frīhēd

Middle Low German: vrîheit

German Low German: Freeiheid

Old Dutch: frīheid

Middle Dutch: vriheit

Dutch: vrijheid

Old High German:

Middle High German:

German: Freiheit


nabu

nabu (nominative singular)
nabō (nominative plural)
nabā (accusative singular)
nabā (accusative plural)
nabā (genitive singular)
nabō (genitive plural)
nabē (dative singular)
nabōm (dative plural)
nabum (dative plural)
nabu (instrumental singular)
nabōm (instrumental plural)
nabum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nafu
Middle English: nave, nawe, naf, naff, naffe (Northern)
English: nave
Scots: naff

Old Frisian: *nave

West Frisian: nauwe

Old Saxon: nava

Middle Low German: nāve

Old Dutch: *nava

Middle Dutch: nāve

Dutch: naaf

Afrikaans: naaf

Old High German: naba

Middle High German: nabe

German: Nabe

Luxembourgish: Nuef


baum

baum (nominative singular)
baumō (nominative plural)
baumōs (nominative plural)
baum (accusative singular)
baumā (accusative plural)
baumas (genitive singular)
baumō (genitive plural)
baumē (dative singular)
baumum (dative plural)
baumu (instrumental singular)
baumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēam, bēom
Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam

Old Frisian: bām, baem (Late Old Frisian)
North Frisian:
Most dialects: buum
Heligoland: Booam
Sylt: Boom
Saterland Frisian: Boom
West Frisian: beam

Old Saxon: bōm
Middle Low German: bôm
German Low German: Boom
Plautdietsch: Boom
→ Danish: bom
→ Finnish: puomi
→ Gutnish: bom
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bom
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bom
→ Swedish: bom

Old Dutch: bōm
Middle Dutch: bôom
Dutch: boom
Limburgish: boum

Old High German: boum, poum, paum
Middle High German: boum
Alemannic German: Baaum, Bum, Baim, Baum, Boum
Swabian: Boum, Boom
Walser: böim, baum, bem
Bavarian: Bam, paam, pame
Cimbrian: póom, puam, pome
Mòcheno: pa'm
Central Franconian: Boom, Baam, Baum, Boum
Hunsrik: Baam
Luxembourgish: Bam
Transylvanian Saxon: bum
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Baam
Upper Saxon German: Boom, Baam
Vilamovian: baojm, boum
East Franconian: Baam, Bääm
German: Baum
Rhine Franconian: Baam
Pennsylvania German: Baam
Palatine German: Baam
Yiddish: בוים (boym)


hildi

hildi (nominative singular)
hildī (nominative plural)
hildi (accusative singular)
hildī (accusative plural)
hildī (genitive singular)
hildijō (genitive plural)
hildī (dative singular)
hildim (dative plural)
hildijum (dative plural)
hildī (instrumental singular)
hildim (instrumental plural)
hildijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hild

Old Saxon: hild, hildi

desc

Old High German: hilt, hild, hilta, hiltia

q

a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*boudi</i> (“victory”)

→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic *boudi (“victory”))


strātu

strātu (nominative singular)
strātō (nominative plural)
strātā (accusative singular)
strātā (accusative plural)
strātā (genitive singular)
strātō (genitive plural)
strātē (dative singular)
strātōm (dative plural)
strātum (dative plural)
strātu (instrumental singular)
strātōm (instrumental plural)
strātum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: strǣt, strēt
Middle English: strete, stræt, strate, street, streete, stret
English: street
Scots: street, streit, stret
→ Breton: straed
→ Cornish: stret
→ Welsh: stryd
→ Old Irish: sráit (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Norse: stræti (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: strēte
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: struat
Mooring: stroote
Saterland Frisian: Sträite
West Frisian: strjitte

Old Saxon: strāta
Middle Low German: strâte
German Low German: Straat, Stroot

Old Dutch: strāta
Middle Dutch: strâte
Dutch: straat (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: sjtraot, straot

Old High German: strāza

Middle High German: strāze

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Schdrôs

Bavarian: Stråßn, Strossn

Apeltonerisch: Streoss

Mòcheno: stros

Upper Bavarian: Straß

Central Franconian: Stroß

Eifel: Strooß

Hunsrik: Stros

Luxembourgish: Strooss

German: Straße

Rhine Franconian: Schdrooß

Vilamovian: śtrös

Yiddish: שטראָז (shtroz)

Borrowed from Latin (via) strāta (“paved road”).


dūnā

dūnā (nominative singular)
dūnōn (nominative plural)
dūnōn (accusative singular)
dūnōn (accusative plural)
dūnōn (genitive singular)
dūnōnō (genitive plural)
dūnōn (dative singular)
dūnōm (dative plural)
dūnum (dative plural)
dūnōn (instrumental singular)
dūnōm (instrumental plural)
dūnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dūn f or m

Middle English: dune, doun

English: dune, down

Scots: doun, down

Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m

desc

Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m

German Low German: Düne, Düün

→ German: Düne

→ Swedish: dyn, dyne

→ Norwegian: dyne

→ Danish: dyne

Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?

Middle Dutch: dûne f or n

Dutch: duin f
Afrikaans: duin

gl

→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)

Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f

West Frisian: dún n

→ Old French: dune

Middle French: dune

French: dune

Old High German: *tūna, dūna f

Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.
Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of "hill, fortified hill" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū.

unk

disputed


pīpā

pīpā (nominative singular)
pīpōn (nominative plural)
pīpōn (accusative singular)
pīpōn (accusative plural)
pīpōn (genitive singular)
pīpōnō (genitive plural)
pīpōn (dative singular)
pīpōm (dative plural)
pīpum (dative plural)
pīpōn (instrumental singular)
pīpōm (instrumental plural)
pīpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pīpe

desctree

Middle English: pipe, pype
English: pipe (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pipe
Yola: peeps (plural)

Old Frisian: pīpe

Saterland Frisian: Piepe

West Frisian: piip

Old Saxon: *pīpa

Middle Low German: pîpe

Low German: piep

→ Old Norse: pípa

Icelandic: pípa

Faroese: pípa

Norwegian: pipe

Danish: pibe

Old Swedish: pipa

Swedish: pipa
→ Finnish: piippu
→ Ingrian: piippu

Old Dutch: *pīpa

Middle Dutch: pipe

Dutch: pijp
Afrikaans: pyp
Berbice Creole Dutch: pipa
Negerhollands: pipa, pipe
→ Virgin Islands Creole: pipa (dated)
→ Aukan: pipa
→ Caribbean Hindustani: pipá
→ Caribbean Javanese: pèp
→ Papiamentu: peip
→ Saramaccan: pípa
→ Sranan Tongo: peipi
→ Lokono: paipa
→ Kari'na: paipa

Old High German: phīfa, pfīfa

Middle High German: pfīfe

desc

Central Franconian: Pief, Peif (Moselle Franconian)

Cimbrian: faif (faifle)

German: Pfeife

→ English: fife

Luxembourgish: Päif

Vilamovian: fajf

Yiddish: פֿײַף (fayf)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *pīpa, from Latin pīpō (“to pip, peep”).


kubil

kubil (nominative singular)
kubilō (nominative plural)
kubilōs (nominative plural)
kubil (accusative singular)
kubilā (accusative plural)
kubilas (genitive singular)
kubilō (genitive plural)
kubilē (dative singular)
kubilum (dative plural)
kubilu (instrumental singular)
kubilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kuvil

gl

gender possibly taken from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*kubilīn</i>

Middle Low German: kǖvel n (gender possibly taken from Proto-West Germanic *kubilīn)

Old High German: kubil

Middle High German: kubel, kübel

German: Kübel

→ Dutch: kubel

→ English: kibble

⇒ Old High German: kubilo

From Proto-Germanic *kub- (“to be vaulted, arch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve, arch, vault”) + *-il.


kneu

kneu (nominative singular)
kneu (nominative plural)
kneu (accusative singular)
kneu (accusative plural)
knewas (genitive singular)
knewō (genitive plural)
knewē (dative singular)
kneum (dative plural)
kneu (instrumental singular)
kneum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cnēow, cnēo
Middle English: kne, knewe, knee, knew, know, kneo, cneowe, cneo
English: knee
Scots: kne, kney, knie
Yola: konnee

Old Frisian: kniu, knī, knē

Saterland Frisian: Knie

⇒ Old Frisian: knībola, knēbolla

Saterland Frisian: Kniebel

West Frisian: knibbel

Old Saxon: knio, kneo, kniu
Middle Low German: knê
Low German:
German Low German: Kneei
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Knåi
Sauerländisch: Knai, Knoi, Knaue, Knī
Westmünsterländisch: Knee
Plautdietsch: Kjnee

Old Dutch: *cnio
Middle Dutch: cnie
Dutch: knie
Afrikaans: knie
Limburgish: kneen (plural reanalysed as singular)

Old High German: kneo, kniu, knio, chniu, chneo
Middle High German: knie
Alemannic German: Chnüüw
Cimbrian: khnia
German: Knie
Luxembourgish: Knéi
Vilamovian: kni
Yiddish: קני (kni)


kokur

kokur (nominative singular)
kokurō (nominative plural)
kokurōs (nominative plural)
kokur (accusative singular)
kokurā (accusative plural)
kokuras (genitive singular)
kokurō (genitive plural)
kokurē (dative singular)
kokurum (dative plural)
kokuru (instrumental singular)
kokurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cocer, cocur
Middle English: coker, cuker, cokir, cocur, cokre, kokur, quequer, koker
English: cocker, cogger

Old Frisian: koker

North Frisian: koker

West Frisian: koker

Old Saxon: kokar, kokor

desc

Middle Low German: kȫker, koyker, kōker, kāker

→ Old Danish: kogher

Danish: kogger

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kogger

→ Swedish: koger

Old Dutch: *kokar

Middle Dutch: coker

Dutch: koker (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: kohhar, kochar

Middle High German: kocher

German: Köcher

desctree

→ Old French: quivre, cuivre, coivre, wirre
→ Middle English: quiver, quyver, qwyver, qwywere, qwyvere, whyver
English: quiver

From Medieval Latin cucurus, cucurum (“quiver”).

kochære

Old High German: kohhāri, kochāri, kohhari, kochari; Middle High German


þeu

þeu (nominative singular)
þewō (nominative plural)
þewōs (nominative plural)
þeu (accusative singular)
þewā (accusative plural)
þewas (genitive singular)
þewō (genitive plural)
þewē (dative singular)
þeum (dative plural)
þeu (instrumental singular)
þeum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēow
Middle English: theow, thew
English: theow

From Proto-Germanic *þewaz (“servant, slave”).


stigā

stigā (nominative singular)
stigōn (nominative plural)
stigōn (accusative singular)
stigōn (accusative plural)
stigōn (genitive singular)
stigōnō (genitive plural)
stigōn (dative singular)
stigōm (dative plural)
stigum (dative plural)
stigōn (instrumental singular)
stigōm (instrumental plural)
stigum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stiga

Middle Low German: stege, stēge

Old Dutch: *stiga, stega

Middle Dutch: stēge

Dutch: steeg
Afrikaans: steeg

Old High German: stega

Middle High German: stege

Alemannic German: Schtäge, Stäge

⇒ Old High German: stiega (byform with unexplained ablaut)

Middle High German: stiege, stieg

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: stiage

Mòcheno: stiag

German: Stiege

From Proto-Germanic *stigǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *stigʰ-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *stéyks.


spiht

spiht (nominative singular)
spihtō (nominative plural)
spihtōs (nominative plural)
spiht (accusative singular)
spihtā (accusative plural)
spihtas (genitive singular)
spihtō (genitive plural)
spihtē (dative singular)
spihtum (dative plural)
spihtu (instrumental singular)
spihtum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *spiht, *speoht
Middle English: speght (late)
English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Middle Scots: specht

Old Frisian: *spiāht

West Frisian: spjocht, spjucht

Saterland Frisian: Spächt

North Frisian: specht, spjucht

Old Saxon: speht

Middle Low German: specht

Dutch Low Saxon: specht, spechte

Plautdietsch: Specht

desc

→ English: speight, specht, spekt, spight

Old Dutch: *speht

Middle Dutch: specht

Dutch: specht

Old High German: speht

Middle High German: spëht, specht, speiht

German: Specht

Luxembourgish: Spiecht

→ Old French: espec, espoit, espois

Middle French: espec, especq

French: épeiche

→ Middle English: spek, spec, speke

⇒ Middle English: wod spek


tīkō

tīkō (nominative singular)
tīkan (nominative plural)
tīkan (accusative singular)
tīkan (accusative plural)
tīkini (genitive singular)
tīkan (genitive singular)
tīkanō (genitive plural)
tīkini (dative singular)
tīkan (dative singular)
tīkum (dative plural)
tīkini (instrumental singular)
tīkan (instrumental singular)
tīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ticia (for *tiica, *tīcca, or *ticca)

Middle English: tyke, teke

English: tick, tyke (“sheep-tick”)

Scots: tick

→ Middle French: tique

French: tique

Old Frisian: *tīkke, *tīke

North Frisian: teg f

Saterland Frisian: Tieke

West Frisian: tyk

Old Saxon: *tiko, *tikko

Middle Low German: tēke, tecke f

German Low German: Tieke, Tiek

Old Dutch: *tiko, *tikko

q

Middle Dutch: tēke, thecke (late; possibly borrowed from Low German)

Dutch: teek; tijg (dialectal)

Old High German: *zehho, *zecko (attested as cecho, which could be either form)

Middle High German: zeche, zecke m or f

Alemannic German: Zëche

Central Franconian: Zeck, Zech, Zääch f

German: Zecke f

→ German Low German: Zecke

→ Italian: zecca

Possibly from Proto-Germanic an-stem paradigm *tīgô ~ *tikkaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *deigʰ-ō ~ *digʰ-nos, from Proto-Indo-European *deyǵʰ-, cognate with Middle Armenian տիզ (tiz, “tick”) and Middle Irish dega (“stag beetle”).


kagil

kagil (nominative singular)
kagilō (nominative plural)
kagilōs (nominative plural)
kagil (accusative singular)
kagilā (accusative plural)
kagilas (genitive singular)
kagilō (genitive plural)
kagilē (dative singular)
kagilum (dative plural)
kagilu (instrumental singular)
kagilum (instrumental plural)

>? Old Frisian: *keil, *kegel

Saterland Frisian: Kíegel (or borrowed from Low German)

West Frisian: kegel (or borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *kegil

Middle Low German: kēgel

German Low German: Kegel

→ Danish: kegle

→ Norwegian: kjegle

→ Swedish: kägel

Old Dutch: *kegel (attested in tonames)

desctree

Middle Dutch: kēgel
Dutch: kegel
Afrikaans: kegel
Limburgish: kieëgel
→ Middle English: keyle, kayle
English: kayles
Yola: keillès, keilès

Old High German: kegil

Middle High German: kegel

German: Kegel

Luxembourgish: Keel

→ Middle French: quille

French: quille


wunungu

wunungu (nominative singular)
wunungō (nominative plural)
wunungā (accusative singular)
wunungā (accusative plural)
wunungā (genitive singular)
wunungō (genitive plural)
wunungē (dative singular)
wunungōm (dative plural)
wunungum (dative plural)
wunungu (instrumental singular)
wunungōm (instrumental plural)
wunungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wunung
Middle English: wununge, wunnunge, wuning, woning, wonyng
English: woning
Scots: wonnyng, wonyng, wonyn

Old Frisian: weninge, wenninge

Saterland Frisian: Woonenge

West Frisian: wenning

Old Saxon: *wununga, *wonunga

desc

Middle Low German: wonunge, wōnunge, wāninge

German Low German: Wohnung

→ Danish: våning

→ Swedish: våning

→ Norwegian: våning

Old Dutch: wonunga

Middle Dutch: woninge

Dutch: woning

desctree

Old High German: wonunga
Middle High German: wonunge
German: Wohnung

From *wunēn (“to stay, dwell”) + *-ungu.


stirniju

stirniju (nominative singular)
stirnijō (nominative plural)
stirnijā (accusative singular)
stirnijā (accusative plural)
stirnijā (genitive singular)
stirnijō (genitive plural)
stirnijē (dative singular)
stirnijōm (dative plural)
stirnijum (dative plural)
stirniju (instrumental singular)
stirnijōm (instrumental plural)
stirnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: steorn

Old Frisian: *stirne

Saterland Frisian: Stierne

Old Saxon: *stirna

Middle Low German: sterne, stērne

German Low German:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stīrne

Westmünsterländisch: Steerne, Sterne

Old Dutch: *stirna

Middle Dutch: sternne, stern

Dutch: sterre, ster (dialectal)

Old High German: stirna
Middle High German: stirne
German: Stirn
Luxembourgish: Stier
Yiddish: שטערן (shtern)

Uncertain; possibly from:
* Proto-Germanic *stirnijō, from Proto-Indo-European *ster(h₃)-no-m, from *sterh₃- (“to be broad, spread out”), cognate with Ancient Greek στέρνον (stérnon, “breast, chest”);
* or methatized from *striniju, from Proto-Germanic *strinijō, from Proto-Indo-European *sren-yeh₂, from *sren- (“side”), cognate with Latin frōns (“forehead”), Proto-Iranian *rā́nah (“side; hip”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *srḗˀnas (“hip”), and related to Old Norse strind (“side”).


strau

strau (nominative singular)
strau (nominative plural)
strau (accusative singular)
strau (accusative plural)
strawas (genitive singular)
strawō (genitive plural)
strawē (dative singular)
straum (dative plural)
strau (instrumental singular)
straum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strēaw

Middle English: straw

English: straw

Scots: strae

Yola: strew, stre

Old Frisian: strē

Saterland Frisian: Sträi

West Frisian: strie

Old Saxon: strō

Middle Low German: strô

German Low German: Stroh

Plautdietsch: Stroo

Old Dutch: strō

Middle Dutch: strô

Dutch: stro

desctree

Old High German: strou, strō
Middle High German: strō
German: Stroh
Luxembourgish: Stréi
Vilamovian: śtruf
Yiddish: שטרוי (shtroy)


paþ

paþ (nominative singular)
paþō (nominative plural)
paþōs (nominative plural)
paþ (accusative singular)
paþā (accusative plural)
paþas (genitive singular)
paþō (genitive plural)
paþē (dative singular)
paþum (dative plural)
paþu (instrumental singular)
paþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pæþ m
Middle English: path, paath, paaþ, pathe, paththe, paþ, paþþe, pað, peþ (Early Middle English)
English: path
Scots: peth, paith

Old Frisian: path

Saterland Frisian: Paad, Pad (Skäddel)

West Frisian: paad

Old Saxon: path

Middle Low German: pat, pāt, paet

German Low German: Padd

Old Dutch: path

Middle Dutch: pat m or n

Dutch: pad n

Old High German: pfad, phad

Middle High German: pfat, pat, phat

German: Pfad m

Luxembourgish: Pad


skiti

skiti (nominative singular)
skitī (nominative plural)
skiti (accusative singular)
skitī (accusative plural)
skitī (genitive singular)
skittjō (genitive plural)
skitī (dative singular)
skitim (dative plural)
skittjum (dative plural)
skitī (instrumental singular)
skitim (instrumental plural)
skittjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċite
Middle English: schite, Schit, schute, schyt
English: shite, shit
Scots: schit, shit

⇒ Old English: sċitel, sċytel

Old Frisian: *skite

North Frisian: skitj

Saterland Frisian: Skiete; Skiet m

West Frisian: skyt

Old Saxon: *skiti

desc

Middle Low German: schite, schît, schîte, schete, schēte

German Low German: Schitte, Schiete, Schiet

→ German: Schitte; Schiet- (chiefly in Schietwetter)

→ Early Modern Danish: schijt

Danish: skidt

Norwegian Bokmål: skitt

Plautdietsch: Schiet

Old Dutch: *skiti, scite (attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: scite, schite, schete

Dutch: schijt, schit (dialectal)

Old High German: *skizi, *skizzi, *skīz

Middle High German: schīze, schīz

Alemannic German: Schiss

Swabian: Scheiß

Bavarian: Scheissa, Scheißn, Schaisn, Schaisa

Central Franconian: Schiss, Schess, Schass, Scheß, Schet

Hunsrik: Scheis

German: Schiss, Scheiße, Scheiß

→ Danish: scheisse

→ English: scheisse, Scheiss, Scheisse, Scheiße, scheiss, scheiße, shize

Luxembourgish: Schäiss

Pennsylvania German: Schiss

Rhine Franconian: Schiss

Palatine German: Schiss, Schisse

Vilamovian: śajs

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *skitiz, *skītaz.


þistil

þistil (nominative singular)
þistilō (nominative plural)
þistilōs (nominative plural)
þistil (accusative singular)
þistilā (accusative plural)
þistilas (genitive singular)
þistilō (genitive plural)
þistilē (dative singular)
þistilum (dative plural)
þistilu (instrumental singular)
þistilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þistel
Middle English: thistel, þistel, thystyl, þistil, thestel, thystylle, thystyll, þestel, thistill, þystel, þissle, thystul
English: thistle
Scots: thrissel

Old Saxon: thistil

Old Dutch: *thistil

Middle Dutch: distel

Dutch: distel

Afrikaans: distel

Old High German: distil, distila
Middle High German: distel
German: Distel
Luxembourgish: Dëschtel
Vilamovian: döstuł
Pennsylvania German: Dischdel


frōbru

frōbru (nominative singular)
frōbrō (nominative plural)
frōbrā (accusative singular)
frōbrā (accusative plural)
frōbrā (genitive singular)
frōbrō (genitive plural)
frōbrē (dative singular)
frōbrōm (dative plural)
frōbrum (dative plural)
frōbru (instrumental singular)
frōbrōm (instrumental plural)
frōbrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frōfor
Middle English: frovre, frother
English: frover, frother

Old Saxon: frōvra, frōfra

Old High German: fluobara

Unknown; presumably from Proto-Germanic *frōbrō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *proH-bʰr-eh₂, from *proH- (“toward”) + *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-eh₂, or perhaps from *pro- (“toward”) + *op- (“to work, ability”) + *-rós.


siuni

siuni (nominative singular)
siunī (nominative plural)
siuni (accusative singular)
siunī (accusative plural)
siunī (genitive singular)
siunijō (genitive plural)
siunī (dative singular)
siunim (dative plural)
siunijum (dative plural)
siunī (instrumental singular)
siunim (instrumental plural)
siunijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sīen

Old Frisian: siōne, siūne

Old Saxon: siun

Old High German: siun


kattā

kattā (nominative singular)
kattōn (nominative plural)
kattōn (accusative singular)
kattōn (accusative plural)
kattōn (genitive singular)
kattōnō (genitive plural)
kattōn (dative singular)
kattōm (dative plural)
kattum (dative plural)
kattōn (instrumental singular)
kattōm (instrumental plural)
kattum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: catte
Middle English: catte, katte

Old Frisian: katte

North Frisian: kaat, kåt

Saterland Frisian: Kat

West Frisian: kat

Old Saxon: katta
Middle Low German: katte
Dutch Low Saxon: katte
German Low German: Katt, Katte
Plautdietsch: Kautt, Kaut

Old Dutch: *katta (attested in placenames and to-names)

Middle Dutch: catte
Dutch: kat
Afrikaans: kat
→ Xhosa: ikati
→ Zulu: ikati
Jersey Dutch: kāt
Negerhollands: katje (from the Dutch diminutive)
Skepi Creole Dutch: kat
Limburgish: kat
West Flemish: katte

Old High German: *katta, kazza

Middle High German: katze
Alemannic German: Chatz, Chats, Chazz, Chaz, Kàtz (Alsatian), chatza, chatzu, chatzò, chàzzà (Walser)
Bavarian: ckozza, Katz
Cimbrian: katze, khatz, khatza
Mòcheno: kòtz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Katz
German: Katze
Luxembourgish: Kaz
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Katz
Yiddish: קאַץ (kats)

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


faihiþu

faihiþu (nominative singular)
faihiþō (nominative plural)
faihiþā (accusative singular)
faihiþā (accusative plural)
faihiþā (genitive singular)
faihiþō (genitive plural)
faihiþē (dative singular)
faihiþōm (dative plural)
faihiþum (dative plural)
faihiþu (instrumental singular)
faihiþōm (instrumental plural)
faihiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣhþ

Old Frisian: faithe, feithe

Saterland Frisian: Feede

West Frisian: fete (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *fēhitha

Middle Low German: vêde, veide

→ Danish: fejde

→ Swedish: fejd

→ Norwegian: feide

Old Dutch: *faitha

Middle Dutch: vede, vete

Dutch: vete

Afrikaans: vete

Old High German: faihida, fēhida

Middle High German: vēhede, vēde

German: Fehde

→ Medieval Latin: faida, faidia

Old French: faide, feide
→ Middle English: fede, fed, fedd, feide
English: feud
Scots: fede, feid

Italian: faida


garāfijō

garāfijō (nominative singular)
garāfijan (nominative plural)
garāfijan (accusative singular)
garāfijan (accusative plural)
garāfijini (genitive singular)
garāfijan (genitive singular)
garāfijanō (genitive plural)
garāfijini (dative singular)
garāfijan (dative singular)
garāfijum (dative plural)
garāfijini (instrumental singular)
garāfijan (instrumental singular)
garāfijum (instrumental plural)

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Boston
Brill
Brill Publishers
Leiden
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Old English: ġerēfa, groefa
Middle English: reve (via rēfa)
English: reeve

Old Frisian: greva

North Frisian: greve

Saterland Frisian: greve

West Frisian: greafa

Old Saxon: grāvio

Middle Low German: grēve, grāve

German Low German: gräve

Dutch Low Saxon: gråve

→ Old Norse: greifi, grefi

Icelandic: greifi

Faroese: greivi

desc

→ Middle English: greyve, grafe, grave, grayve, greȝȝfe (Ormulum)

→ Danish: greve

→ Swedish: greve

→ Norwegian Bokmål: greve

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: greve

desctree

Old Dutch: grāvo
Middle Dutch: grâve
Dutch: graaf
Afrikaans: graaf

Old High German: grāfio, grāfo, grāvo, grāvio, grāphio, krāvio
Middle High German: grâve
German: Graf

desc

→ Latin: grāfiō, garāfiō, grāffiō, grāviō

Unknown. Possibly related to Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gagrēfts, “decree, edict”), from unattested Proto-Germanic *grēfan (“to command, dictate”) of unknown origin, or perhaps from unattested *garāfan (“to seize”), from Proto-Germanic *ga-rēfaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁p- (“to seize, pluck”) or *h₁rep- (“to rip, snatch, tear, pinch”) + *-jō, related to *rafjaną (“to seize, take”), *rafsijaną (“to reproach, blame”), *rōf (“famous”).
Alternatively and most likely borrowed from Ancient Greek γραφεύς (grapheús, “scribe”) via Medieval Latin graphio, grafio, gravio, -gravius.

der

markgrêve

Old Saxon: *marcgrāvio; Middle Low German


laugiþu

laugiþu (nominative singular)
laugiþō (nominative plural)
laugiþā (accusative singular)
laugiþā (accusative plural)
laugiþā (genitive singular)
laugiþō (genitive plural)
laugiþē (dative singular)
laugiþōm (dative plural)
laugiþum (dative plural)
laugiþu (instrumental singular)
laugiþōm (instrumental plural)
laugiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līeġetu f, līġet n

desctree

Middle English: leyt, lait, laite, layt, layte, leit, leite, leyte
English: lait (obsolete)


sadul

sadul (nominative singular)
sadulō (nominative plural)
sadulōs (nominative plural)
sadul (accusative singular)
sadulā (accusative plural)
sadulas (genitive singular)
sadulō (genitive plural)
sadulē (dative singular)
sadulum (dative plural)
sadulu (instrumental singular)
sadulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sadol, sadel, sadul
Middle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle
English: saddle
→ Chichewa: sadulo
Scots: saddle, saidle

Old Frisian: sadel, sāl

Saterland Frisian: Soadel

West Frisian: seal

Old Saxon: sadul (in compounds)

Middle Low German: sadel

German Low German: Sadel

Plautdietsch: Sodel

Old Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: sādel

Dutch: zadel
Afrikaans: saal
Negerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal
→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel
→ Indonesian: sadel

Old High German: satul, satil

Middle High German: satel

German: Sattel

Luxembourgish: Suedel


wrōtil

wrōtil (nominative singular)
wrōtilō (nominative plural)
wrōtilōs (nominative plural)
wrōtil (accusative singular)
wrōtilā (accusative plural)
wrōtilas (genitive singular)
wrōtilō (genitive plural)
wrōtilē (dative singular)
wrōtilum (dative plural)
wrōtilu (instrumental singular)
wrōtilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wrōtel, wrōt

Middle English: wrot, wrotte

Old Saxon: *wrōtil, *wrōt

q

attested only in the sense of "<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">mole</i>"

Middle Low German: wrōte (attested only in the sense of "mole")

German Low German: Fröte, Frööt (from earlier wrote, wröte)

Old High German: *wruozil, *ruozil

Middle High German: rüezel, rüzzel

German: Rüssel

→ German Low German: Rüssel

→ Middle Low German: rȫsel

That which is used to root around, rooter, snout


wulbi

wulbi (nominative singular)
wulbijō (nominative plural)
wulbijā (accusative singular)
wulbijā (accusative plural)
wulbijā (genitive singular)
wulbijō (genitive plural)
wulbijē (dative singular)
wulbijōm (dative plural)
wulbijum (dative plural)
wulbiju (instrumental singular)
wulbijōm (instrumental plural)
wulbijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wylf

Old High German: wulpa

Middle High German: wülpe

German: Wülpe

From Proto-Germanic *wulbī, from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p-íh₂, an alteration of *wl̥kʷ-íh₂, ultimately derived from *wĺ̥kʷos. Compare Proto-Germanic *wulgī.


hwattjastain

hwattjastain (nominative singular)
hwattjastainō (nominative plural)
hwattjastainōs (nominative plural)
hwattjastain (accusative singular)
hwattjastainā (accusative plural)
hwattjastainas (genitive singular)
hwattjastainō (genitive plural)
hwattjastainē (dative singular)
hwattjastainum (dative plural)
hwattjastainu (instrumental singular)
hwattjastainum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: huetistān, hwetestān, hwetstān

Middle English: whetstan, whetston, whestone

English: whetstone

Scots: whatstane

Old Frisian: *hwetstēn

Saterland Frisian: Wätsteen

West Frisian: wetstien

Old Saxon: *hwettistēn

Middle Low German: wettestên, wetstên

German Low German: Wettsteen

Plautdietsch: Watsteen

Old Dutch: *wettistēn

Middle Dutch: wetsteen

Dutch: wetsteen

Old High German: wezzistein

Middle High German: wetzestein, wetzstein

German: Wetzstein


þarm

þarm (nominative singular)
þarmō (nominative plural)
þarmōs (nominative plural)
þarm (accusative singular)
þarmā (accusative plural)
þarmas (genitive singular)
þarmō (genitive plural)
þarmē (dative singular)
þarmum (dative plural)
þarmu (instrumental singular)
þarmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þearm

Middle English: tharm, therm

English: tharm

Scots: thairm, tharm

Old Frisian: therm

North Frisian: teerm

Saterland Frisian: Tíerm

West Frisian: term

Old Saxon: tharm

Middle Low German: darm

German Low German:

Plautdietsch: Doarm

desctree

Old Dutch: *tharm
Middle Dutch: darm, dāerm, derm
Dutch: darm (dialectal derm)
Afrikaans: derm
→ English: derm
Limburgish: derm
West Flemish: derm

Old High German: darm

Middle High German: darm

German: Darm

Hunsrik: Daarem

Luxembourgish: Daarm

Vilamovian: diüem

Yiddish: דאַרם (darm)

→ English: derma


aist

aist (nominative singular)
aistō (nominative plural)
aistōs (nominative plural)
aist (accusative singular)
aistā (accusative plural)
aistas (genitive singular)
aistō (genitive plural)
aistē (dative singular)
aistum (dative plural)
aistu (instrumental singular)
aistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āst

English: oast

Old Saxon: *ēsta

Middle Low German: eiste f

Old Dutch: *ēst

Middle Dutch: êest

Dutch: eest


aikilā

aikilā (nominative singular)
aikilōn (nominative plural)
aikilōn (accusative singular)
aikilōn (accusative plural)
aikilōn (genitive singular)
aikilōnō (genitive plural)
aikilōn (dative singular)
aikilōm (dative plural)
aikilum (dative plural)
aikilōn (instrumental singular)
aikilōm (instrumental plural)
aikilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *ēkele, *ēkel

Saterland Frisian: Äkkel

West Frisian: ikel

Old Saxon: *eikila

Middle Low German: eikel

German Low German:

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Ekkel

Sauerländisch: Aikel

Westmünsterländisch: Eekel

South Westphalian: Aëkel (Dortmund)

Old Dutch: *eikila

Middle Dutch: eikele

Dutch: eikel

Old High German: eihhila

Middle Low German: eichel

German: Eichel

From *aik (“oak”) + *-ilā (plant and animal suffix).


aiþī

aiþī (nominative singular)
aiþīn (accusative singular)
aiþīn (genitive singular)
aiþīn (dative singular)
aiþīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: *eidī

Middle High German: eide

⇒ Old High German: fuotareidī


dannā

dannā (nominative singular)
dannōn (nominative plural)
dannōn (accusative singular)
dannōn (accusative plural)
dannōn (genitive singular)
dannōnō (genitive plural)
dannōn (dative singular)
dannōm (dative plural)
dannum (dative plural)
dannōn (instrumental singular)
dannōm (instrumental plural)
dannum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: danna

Middle Low German: danne

Low German: Dann

Old Dutch: *danna

Middle Dutch: danne

Old High German: tanna

Middle High German: tanne

Alemannic German: Tanne

German: Tanne

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dannǭ, from earlier *danwǭ, cognate with Hittite 𒄑𒋫𒈾𒀀𒌑 (^(GIŠ)ta-na-a-ú /tanau/, “a type of tree”), and perhaps Sanskrit धनु (dhanu, “bow”), धन्वन् (dhanvan, “bow”) and Proto-Celtic *tannos (“green oak”). Alternatively related to *dani (“woodland pasture”), or borrowed from a substrate language.


skuldihaitijō

skuldihaitijō (nominative singular)
skuldihaitijan (nominative plural)
skuldihaitijan (accusative singular)
skuldihaitijan (accusative plural)
skuldihaitijini (genitive singular)
skuldihaitijan (genitive singular)
skuldihaitijanō (genitive plural)
skuldihaitijini (dative singular)
skuldihaitijan (dative singular)
skuldihaitijum (dative plural)
skuldihaitijini (instrumental singular)
skuldihaitijan (instrumental singular)
skuldihaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyldhǣta, sċuldhēta

Old Frisian: skeltāta, skelta, schelta

Old Saxon: skuldhētio

desc

Middle Low German: schulthete, schultete, schulte

Old Dutch: skolthēti

Middle Dutch: sculthete, schouthete, schouthet, scoutete, scoute, scout, scouthate, scoutate, schouteet, schoutate, schoutaet, schouthate, schoutete, schoutheit, schouteit schoutet, schoute, schout, scholte, schulte, scholtis, schoutent

desctree

Dutch: schout
Afrikaans: skout
Berbice Creole Dutch: skotu
Sranan Tongo: skowtu
Aukan: sikowtu
Saramaccan: sikooútu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: skoutu, skotu
→ Dutch: skotoe
→ Trió: sikoutu
→ Caribbean Javanese: sekaut, skaut
→ English: schout
→ Indonesian: sekaut
→ Javanese: sekaut

Old High German: sculdheizo
Middle High German: schultheize, schultheiz
German: Schulze, Schultheiß
→ Hungarian: soltész
→ Kashubian: szôłtës
→ Polish: sołtys
→ Romanian: șoltuz

Lombardic: schuldhais

desc

→ Medieval Latin: sculdasius, sculdachius

Italian: sculdascio

→ Latin: scultetus

→ Italian: scoltetto

From *skuldi (“tribute, debts, crime”) + *haitijō (“caller, leader”).


dohter

dohter (nominative singular)
dohtar (nominative plural)
dohtar (accusative singular)
dohtar (accusative plural)
dohtur (genitive singular)
dohtrō (genitive plural)
duhtri (dative singular)
dohtrum (dative plural)
duhtri (instrumental singular)
dohtrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dohtor, dohtur — Mercian, dohter — Northumbrian, dochtor, dæhter
Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere

Old Frisian: dochter
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring: doochter
Sylt: Daachter
Saterland Frisian: Dochter
West Frisian: dochter

Old Saxon: dohtar
Middle Low German: dochter
German Low German: Dochter

Old Dutch: dohter

Middle Dutch: dochter
Dutch: dochter
Afrikaans: dogter
Jersey Dutch: doxter
Negerhollands: dochter, dogter
Petjo: dohter
Limburgish: dóchter

Old High German: tohter
Middle High German: tohter
Alemannic German: Tochter
Italian Walser: techter, töchter, tachter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: tochtar, toustar, tochtar
Mòcheno: tochter
Udinese: tochter, touchter, toachtar
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Dochter
German: Tochter
Luxembourgish: Duechter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Dochder
Vilamovian: tohter
Yiddish: טאָכטער (tokhter)
→ Piedmontese: tota


apaldr

apaldr (nominative singular)
apaldrō (nominative plural)
apaldrōs (nominative plural)
apaldr (accusative singular)
apaldrā (accusative plural)
apaldras (genitive singular)
apaldrō (genitive plural)
apaldrē (dative singular)
apaldrum (dative plural)
apaldru (instrumental singular)
apaldrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: apuldur, apulder

Old Saxon: apalder

From Proto-Germanic *apaldraz. Equivalent to *apl (“apple, fruit”) + *-dr (tree suffix).


templ

templ (nominative singular)
templu (nominative plural)
templ (accusative singular)
templu (accusative plural)
templas (genitive singular)
templō (genitive plural)
templē (dative singular)
templum (dative plural)
templu (instrumental singular)
templum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tempel, templ, tempil
Middle English: tempel, temple
English: temple
Scots: tempil, tempill, temple

Old Saxon: tempal m

Middle Low German: tempel, temple

→ Danish: tempel

→ Swedish: tæmpel

Swedish: tempel

Old Dutch: *tempal

Middle Dutch: tempel n or m

Dutch: tempel m

Old High German: tempal

Middle High German: tempel n or m

German: Tempel m


augapl

augapl (nominative singular)
augapplō (nominative plural)
augapplōs (nominative plural)
augapl (accusative singular)
augapplā (accusative plural)
augapplas (genitive singular)
augapplō (genitive plural)
augapplē (dative singular)
augapplum (dative plural)
augapplu (instrumental singular)
augapplum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēagæppel
Middle English: ij appel
English: eye-apple
⇒ Middle English: appel of þe eyȝe, appel of the eie, appel of the yë
English: apple of the eye

Old Frisian: āgappel

Saterland Frisian: Oogappel

West Frisian: eachappel

Old Saxon: *ougaappul, *ougaappel

Middle Low German: ôgeappel

Low German: Oogappel

→ Danish: øjeæble (calque)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: øyeeple (calque)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: augeeple (calque)

Old Dutch: *ougappul

Middle Dutch: ogeappel

Dutch: oogappel

Afrikaans: oogappel

Old High German: ougapful, augaphul

Middle High German: ougapfel

German: Augapfel

From *augā (“eye”) + *apl (“apple, fruit”).


warki

warki (nominative singular)
warkī (nominative plural)
warki (accusative singular)
warkī (accusative plural)
warkī (genitive singular)
warkijō (genitive plural)
warkī (dative singular)
warkim (dative plural)
warkijum (dative plural)
warkī (instrumental singular)
warkim (instrumental plural)
warkijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: wærc, werc, weorc, wræc, wærċ

Middle English: werk, warch

Scots: wark, wrak

English: wark

gl

conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*werk</i>

Old Saxon: werk n (“pain”) (conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *werk)


wurdi

wurdi (nominative singular)
wurdī (nominative plural)
wurdi (accusative singular)
wurdī (accusative plural)
wurdī (genitive singular)
wurdijō (genitive plural)
wurdī (dative singular)
wurdim (dative plural)
wurdijum (dative plural)
wurdī (instrumental singular)
wurdim (instrumental plural)
wurdijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wyrd, *werd — Kentish, weord
Middle English: werde, weerde, weird, werd, werede, werid, wierde, wired, wird, wirde, wired, wirid, word, wyerde, wyrde
English: werd, weard (obsolete)
Middle Scots: weird, werd
Scots: weird
→ English: weird
→ English: wyrd

Old Frisian: werd, werde

Old Saxon: wurd

Old High German: wurt
Middle High German: wurt


āl

āl (nominative singular)
ālō (nominative plural)
ālōs (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
ālā (accusative plural)
ālas (genitive singular)
ālō (genitive plural)
ālē (dative singular)
ālum (dative plural)
ālu (instrumental singular)
ālum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣl
Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale

Old Frisian: ēl

Saterland Frisian: Äil

West Frisian: iel

Old Saxon: āl

Middle Low German: âl, êl

German Low German: Aal

Old Dutch: āl, ael (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: ael

Dutch: aal

Afrikaans: aal

Old High German: āl

Middle High German: āl

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Ool

Luxembourgish: Éil

German: Aal

Rhine Franconian: Ool (West Palatine)


landamarku

landamarku (nominative singular)
landamarkō (nominative plural)
landamarkā (accusative singular)
landamarkā (accusative plural)
landamarkā (genitive singular)
landamarkō (genitive plural)
landamarkē (dative singular)
landamarkōm (dative plural)
landamarkum (dative plural)
landamarku (instrumental singular)
landamarkōm (instrumental plural)
landamarkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: landmearc
Middle English: *landmark, *londmark
English: landmark
Scots: landmark

Old Saxon: *landamarka, *landmarka

desc

Middle Low German: lannemarke, lantmarke

Old High German: lantmarka, lantmarca

Middle High German: lantmarke, lantmarc

German: Landmark


stainijā

stainijā (nominative singular)
stainijōn (nominative plural)
stainijōn (accusative singular)
stainijōn (accusative plural)
stainijōn (genitive singular)
stainijōnō (genitive plural)
stainijōn (dative singular)
stainijōm (dative plural)
stainijum (dative plural)
stainijōn (instrumental singular)
stainijōm (instrumental plural)
stainijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stǣne; stǣna

Middle English: stene

English: stean

Old High German: steina, steinna

From *stain (“stone”) + *-jā. Compare Proto-Samic *stāńćō (“crucible”), a borrowing from unattested Norse cognate.


dodr

dodr (nominative singular)
dodrō (nominative plural)
dodrōs (nominative plural)
dodr (accusative singular)
dodrā (accusative plural)
dodras (genitive singular)
dodrō (genitive plural)
dodrē (dative singular)
dodrum (dative plural)
dodru (instrumental singular)
dodrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *doder

Saterland Frisian: Doder

Old Saxon: *dodor

Middle Low German: dôder, dodder

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Döder, Dödder, Dort

→ Icelandic: doðra

→ Norwegian: dådre

→ Swedish: dodra, doddra, dådra

→ Danish: dodder, dudder

Old Dutch: *doder

Middle Dutch: *dôder

Dutch: dodder (or < Low German)

→ Middle English: doder, dodyr [1265] (or < Low German)

English: dodder

Old High German: totir

Middle High German: toter, tother

German: Dotter

Unknown; possibly either related to:
* *dodrō (“egg yolk”), due to their yellow or orange stems, perhaps both from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₂ut-ró-s, from *dʰuh₂-tó-s (“yellow”) (whence Tocharian B [Term?] (tute, “yellow”)), from *dʰewh₂- (“smoke”) (whence also *dusnaz (“brownish, yellow”)),
* or Proto-Germanic *duttaz (“tuft”) and possibly Latvian duža (“tuft”), presumably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰudʰ-yéh₂.
North Germanic forms are perhaps instead inherited from unattested Old Norse *doðra, from Proto-Germanic *dudrǭ.


dodrō

dodrō (nominative singular)
dodran (nominative plural)
dodran (accusative singular)
dodran (accusative plural)
dudrini (genitive singular)
dodran (genitive singular)
dodranō (genitive plural)
dudrini (dative singular)
dodran (dative singular)
dodrum (dative plural)
dudrini (instrumental singular)
dodran (instrumental singular)
dodrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dydra

⇒ Old English: *dydring, dydrin

West Frisian: djerre, djirre

Old Saxon: dodro

Middle Low German: doder, dodder, dȫder, dōdder; dodel, dōdel, dȫdel

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Dodder

Westphalian:

Dortmundisch: Dɔ̄ə, Dɔ̄əer

Lippisch: Dödderk

Ravensbergisch: Duaer

Sauerländisch: Duater, Dotter (Niedersfeld, Bestwig, Felbecke), Dōeter (Wenden)

→ Icelandic: döddur

Old Dutch: *dodro

Middle Dutch: dōdre, dōder

Dutch: dooier

Afrikaans: dooier

Limburgish: daore

desctree

Old High German: totoro, tuter
Middle High German: toter, tuter
German: Dotter
Luxembourgish: Dueder

Unknown; possibly related to *dodr (“dodder”), see there.


hreud

hreud (nominative singular)
hreudu (nominative plural)
hreud (accusative singular)
hreudu (accusative plural)
hreudas (genitive singular)
hreudō (genitive plural)
hreudē (dative singular)
hreudum (dative plural)
hreudu (instrumental singular)
hreudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrēod
Middle English: red, red, reed, reede, reod, reede, rode, rued
English: reed
Scots: reed

Old Frisian: hriād, hreid

Saterland Frisian: Räit

West Frisian: reid

Old Saxon: hriod

Middle Low German: rêt, reit, riet

German Low German: Reet

Old Dutch: *riod, ried, riet

Middle Dutch: riet

Dutch: riet

Old High German: hriot, riot

Middle High German: riet

German: Ried

Unknown. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *krew- (“to shake, wave around”), referring to its movement in the wind, in which case related to Old English hrēaþemūs (“bat”), Tocharian A kru (“reed”), Tocharian B kärwats, Lithuanian krutéti (“to move”).


mātu

mātu (nominative singular)
mātō (nominative plural)
mātā (accusative singular)
mātā (accusative plural)
mātā (genitive singular)
mātō (genitive plural)
mātē (dative singular)
mātōm (dative plural)
mātum (dative plural)
mātu (instrumental singular)
mātōm (instrumental plural)
mātum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mēte

Saterland Frisian: Mäite

West Frisian: mjitte

Old Saxon: *māta

Middle Low German: mâte, mât

German Low German: Maat n

Old Dutch: *māta

Middle Dutch: mâte

Dutch: maat

Limburgish: maot

Old High German: māza

Middle High German: māz

German: Maß

Hunsrik: Mos

Luxembourgish: Mooss

Yiddish: מאָס (mos)


wārahaidu

wārahaidu (nominative singular)
wārahaidiwi (nominative plural)
wārahaidō (nominative plural)
wārahaidu (accusative singular)
wārahaidū (accusative plural)
wārahaidō (genitive singular)
wārahaidiwō (genitive plural)
wārahaidiwi (dative singular)
wārahaidō (dative singular)
wārahaidum (dative plural)
wārahaidu (instrumental singular)
wārahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: wērhēd, wērd, wīrd

Saterland Frisian: Weerhaid

West Frisian: wierheid

Old Saxon: wārhēd

Middle Low German: wârhêt, wârheit

German Low German: Wahrheid

Old Dutch: wārheid, wārheit, wārheide

Middle Dutch: waerhede

desctree

Dutch: waarheid
Afrikaans: waarheid
Negerhollands: waarheit, waerheit

Old High German: wārheit

Middle High German: wārheit, wōrheit

German: Wahrheit


skuti

skuti (nominative singular)
skutī (nominative plural)
skuti (accusative singular)
skutī (accusative plural)
skutī (genitive singular)
skuttjō (genitive plural)
skutī (dative singular)
skutim (dative plural)
skuttjum (dative plural)
skutī (instrumental singular)
skutim (instrumental plural)
skuttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyte
Middle English: schute

Old Frisian: skete, skette

Saterland Frisian: Sköät

Old Dutch: *skuti

Middle Dutch: schote

Dutch: scheut

Afrikaans: skeut

Old High German: scuz, skuz

Middle High German: schuz

German: Schuss, Schuß (superseded spelling)
→ English: schuss
→ French: schuss
→ Kashubian: sus
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȕs

Luxembourgish: Schoss


middjahrif

middjahhrif (nominative singular)
middjahhrifiʀu (nominative plural)
middjahhrif (accusative singular)
middjahhrifiʀu (accusative plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (genitive singular)
middjahhrifiʀō (genitive plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (dative singular)
middjahhrifiʀum (dative plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (instrumental singular)
middjahhrifiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: midhrif, midrif

desc

Middle English: midref, mydrif, mydref, midrif

English: midriff

Old Frisian: midrof

Middle Dutch: *midref

Middle Dutch: middelrijf

Dutch: middenrif, (archaic) middelrif

From *midi (“middle, mid”) + *hrif (“body, torso”).


hrutt

hrutt (nominative singular)
hrottō (nominative plural)
hrottōs (nominative plural)
hrutt (accusative singular)
hrottā (accusative plural)
hrottas (genitive singular)
hrottō (genitive plural)
hruttē (dative singular)
hruttum (dative plural)
hruttu (instrumental singular)
hruttum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrot

Old High German: roz, hroz

German: Rotz

From *hruttōn (“to snore, roar”), from Proto-Germanic *hruttōną (“to snore, roar”).


hōkīn

hōkīn (nominative singular)
hōkīnu (nominative plural)
hōkīn (accusative singular)
hōkīnu (accusative plural)
hōkīnas (genitive singular)
hōkīnō (genitive plural)
hōkīnē (dative singular)
hōkīnum (dative plural)
hōkīnu (instrumental singular)
hōkīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēċen

Old Saxon: *hōkīn

desc

Middle Low German: hȫken, hôcken, hoiken, hoyken, huken

Old Dutch: *hōkīn

Middle Dutch: hoekijn

From *hōk (“buck, goat”) + *-īn (diminutive ending). According to Kroonen, borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Possibly cognate with Proto-Slavic *kozà (e.g. Russian коза́ (kozá, “goat”), Serbo-Croatian ко̀за (“goat”) and Old Church Slavonic коза (koza, “goat”)), however common Indo-European inheritance is impossible due to the absence of application of Winter's law in the Slavic forms. Compare also Albanian kedh (“kid”).


middjahriþrī

middjahhriþrī (nominative singular)
middjahhriþriju (nominative plural)
middjahhriþrī (accusative singular)
middjahhriþriju (accusative plural)
middjahhriþrijas (genitive singular)
middjahhriþrijō (genitive plural)
middjahhriþrijē (dative singular)
middjahhriþrijum (dative plural)
middjahhriþriju (instrumental singular)
middjahhriþrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: midhriþere

Old Frisian: midrith, midrhether

Metathesized from earlier Proto-Germanic *middjahirþrī, perhaps under the influence of *middjahrif (“midrif”), from *midi (“middle, mid”) + *herþr (“intestines; chest”) + *-ī.


aʀanimānōþ

aʀanimānōþ (nominative singular)
aʀanimānōþi (nominative plural)
aʀanimānōþu (accusative singular)
aʀanimānōþi (accusative plural)
aʀanimānōþi (genitive singular)
aʀanimānōþō (genitive plural)
aʀanimānōþi (dative singular)
aʀanimānōþum (dative plural)
aʀanimānōþi (instrumental singular)
aʀanimānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: aranmānuth

Old Dutch: aranmānōth

Old High German: aranmānōd

From *aʀani (“harvest”) + *mānōþ (“month”).

eighth month of Continental Germanic calendar, corresponding to roughly August.


hailagamānōþ

hailagamānōþ (nominative singular)
hailagamānōþi (nominative plural)
hailagamānōþu (accusative singular)
hailagamānōþi (accusative plural)
hailagamānōþi (genitive singular)
hailagamānōþō (genitive plural)
hailagamānōþi (dative singular)
hailagamānōþum (dative plural)
hailagamānōþi (instrumental singular)
hailagamānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hāligmōnaþ (“September”)

Old Saxon: hēlagmānuth (“September”)

Old Dutch: heilmānōth (“December”)

desc

Old High German: hailagmānod (“December”) heilīgmānōd, heilīgenmānōd

German: Heiligmonat (obsolete)

From *hailag (“holy”) + *mānōþ (“month”).

month of the Germanic calendar, correspondence varies.


dursti

dursti (nominative singular)
durstī (nominative plural)
dursti (accusative singular)
durstī (accusative plural)
durstī (genitive singular)
durstijō (genitive plural)
durstī (dative singular)
durstim (dative plural)
durstijum (dative plural)
durstī (instrumental singular)
durstim (instrumental plural)
durstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dyrst

Middle English: durst

Old High German: *turst

Middle High German: turst

German: Durst (archaic)

⇒ Old High German: *urturst

⇒ Old High German: foraurturst


hoppō

hoppō (nominative singular)
hoppan (nominative plural)
hoppan (accusative singular)
hoppan (accusative plural)
huppini (genitive singular)
hoppan (genitive singular)
hoppanō (genitive plural)
huppini (dative singular)
hoppan (dative singular)
hoppum (dative plural)
huppini (instrumental singular)
hoppan (instrumental singular)
hoppum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hoppo

Middle Low German: hoppe, hoppen

German Low German: Hoppen

Old Dutch: *hoppo

Middle Dutch: hoppe

Dutch: hop

→ Middle English: hoppe, hope, hoope

English: hop

Old High German: hopfo

Middle High German: hopfe

German: Hopfen

→ Medieval Latin: hupa


frankō

frankō (nominative singular)
frankan (nominative plural)
frankan (accusative singular)
frankan (accusative plural)
frankini (genitive singular)
frankan (genitive singular)
frankanō (genitive plural)
frankini (dative singular)
frankan (dative singular)
frankum (dative plural)
frankini (instrumental singular)
frankan (instrumental singular)
frankum (instrumental plural)

Old English: franca (“spear, javelin”), Franca (“Frank”)

Old English: Francan (“Franks”, plural)

Middle English: Franken (plural)

English: Frank (partially)

Old Saxon: *Franko

Middle Low German: Vranke

German Low German: Franke

Plautdietsch: Fraunk

Old Dutch: *Franko

Middle Dutch: Vranke

Dutch: Frank

Old High German: Franko

Middle High German: Franke

German: Franke

→ Latin: francus, Franci

Old French: franc

→ Middle English: *Frank (partially)

English: Frank

→ Middle English: Franci

→ Latin: Francia

Old French: France

French: France

→ English: France


kūtijō

kūtijō (nominative singular)
kūtijan (nominative plural)
kūtijan (accusative singular)
kūtijan (accusative plural)
kūtijini (genitive singular)
kūtijan (genitive singular)
kūtijanō (genitive plural)
kūtijini (dative singular)
kūtijan (dative singular)
kūtijum (dative plural)
kūtijini (instrumental singular)
kūtijan (instrumental singular)
kūtijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cȳta
Middle English: kyte, kete, kijt, kite, kute, kuyte
English: kite
Scots: kyt, kyte
→ Welsh: cud

>? Old High German: *kūzo

Middle High German: kūze

Derived from Proto-Germanic *kūts (“bird of prey”) and ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


marik

marik (nominative singular)
marikō (nominative plural)
marikōs (nominative plural)
marik (accusative singular)
marikā (accusative plural)
marikas (genitive singular)
marikō (genitive plural)
marikē (dative singular)
marikum (dative plural)
mariku (instrumental singular)
marikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mereċe, merċe
Middle English: marche
English: march
→ Old Norse: merki
Danish: mærke
Norwegian: merke
Swedish: märke

Old Saxon: *merik, *merk

Middle Low German: merk

→ Dutch: merk

→ German: Merk

→ Knaanic: מֵירק (merk)

Old High German: merk, merc

→ Polish: marek

Unknown; possibly from *mari (“sea, lake”) + *-k or perhaps related to *morhā (“wild carrot”).


fiuhtijā

fiuhtijā (nominative singular)
fiuhtijōn (nominative plural)
fiuhtijōn (accusative singular)
fiuhtijōn (accusative plural)
fiuhtijōn (genitive singular)
fiuhtijōnō (genitive plural)
fiuhtijōn (dative singular)
fiuhtijōm (dative plural)
fiuhtijum (dative plural)
fiuhtijōn (instrumental singular)
fiuhtijōm (instrumental plural)
fiuhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fiuhtia

Middle Low German: *füchte

German Low German: Fücht

Plautdietsch: Fijcht

Old High German: fiuhta

Middle High German: viehte

Cimbrian: vòichta, bòichta, vaücht

German: Fichte

Luxembourgish: Fiicht

From Proto-Germanic *fiuhtijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *péwḱ-t-ih₂, from *pewḱ- (“pine”).


unmann

unmann (nominative singular)
unmanni (nominative plural)
unmannu (accusative singular)
unmanni (accusative plural)
unmanni (genitive singular)
unmannō (genitive plural)
unmanni (dative singular)
unmannum (dative plural)
unmanni (instrumental singular)
unmannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: unmann
Middle English: unman

Old Saxon: *unmann

Middle Low German: unman, umman

desc

→? Old Norse: úmannan (“wretch, laughing-stock”)

Icelandic: úmannan

Old High German: *unmann

Middle High German: unman

German: Unmann


raihō

raihō (nominative singular)
raihan (nominative plural)
raihan (accusative singular)
raihan (accusative plural)
raihini (genitive singular)
raihan (genitive singular)
raihanō (genitive plural)
raihini (dative singular)
raihan (dative singular)
raihum (dative plural)
raihini (instrumental singular)
raihan (instrumental singular)
raihum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)

desctree

Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae

Old Frisian: *rāha, *rē, *rā

>? Saterland Frisian: Räi n (possibly via Middle Low German)

West Frisian: ree

Old Saxon: rēho m; *rēh n

Middle Low German: rē n

German Low German: Reh

Plautdietsch: Ree

Old Dutch: reio m

Middle Dutch: ree, re

Dutch: ree
Afrikaans: ree

Limburgish: rieë

Old High German: rēho m; rēh n (reiga, rēia f)

Middle High German: rēch n, rē n

German: Reh

Hunsrik: Reh

Luxembourgish: Réi

Mòcheno: reach


wōd

wōd (nominative singular)
wōdō (nominative plural)
wōdōs (nominative plural)
wōd (accusative singular)
wōdā (accusative plural)
wōdas (genitive singular)
wōdō (genitive plural)
wōdē (dative singular)
wōdum (dative plural)
wōdu (instrumental singular)
wōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōd

Middle English: wod, wode

Old Saxon: *wōd

Middle Low German: wôt

German Low German: Wut (possibly borrowed from High German)

Old High German: wuot

Middle High German: wuot

German: Wut


tigā

tigā (nominative singular)
tigōn (nominative plural)
tigōn (accusative singular)
tigōn (accusative plural)
tigōn (genitive singular)
tigōnō (genitive plural)
tigōn (dative singular)
tigōm (dative plural)
tigum (dative plural)
tigōn (instrumental singular)
tigōm (instrumental plural)
tigum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: ziga

Middle High German: zige, zege

German: Ziege

→ English: ziege

→ Silesian: ciga

Yiddish: ציג (tsig)

desc

→ Middle Low German: sēge, zēge, czēge, schēge, tzēge, tsegge, siege, ziege

German Low German: Zeeg

→ Saterland Frisian: Säge

→ Middle Dutch: sege, tzege, zege

Dutch: zeeg

Since Lidén usually connected with Old Armenian տիկ (tik, “wineskin”) and derived from Proto-Indo-European *déyk-s ~ *digʰ-é-s (“goat”), but this is uncertain. See the Armenian word for more. Compare also Old Norse tík (“female dog, bitch”).


druhtin

druhtin (nominative singular)
druhtinō (nominative plural)
druhtinōs (nominative plural)
druhtin (accusative singular)
druhtinā (accusative plural)
druhtinas (genitive singular)
druhtinō (genitive plural)
druhtinē (dative singular)
druhtinum (dative plural)
druhtinu (instrumental singular)
druhtinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dryhten, drihten

Middle English: drihten, drihte

Scots: drichtin, drichtine

English: drightin, drighten, dright

Old Frisian: drochten

Old Saxon: druhtin, drohtin

Old Dutch: druhtin

Middle Dutch: drochtijn

Dutch: drochten

Old High German: truhtin, trohtin

Middle High German: trohtīn, trehtīn, trehten

German: Trechtein (obsolete)


rōbijā

rōbijā (nominative singular)
rōbijōn (nominative plural)
rōbijōn (accusative singular)
rōbijōn (accusative plural)
rōbijōn (genitive singular)
rōbijōnō (genitive plural)
rōbijōn (dative singular)
rōbijōm (dative plural)
rōbijum (dative plural)
rōbijōn (instrumental singular)
rōbijōm (instrumental plural)
rōbijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *rōvia

Middle Low German: rö̂ve

Low German: Rööv

→? Swedish: rova

→? Danish: roe, (dialectal) rove

Old Dutch: *ruova

Middle Dutch: rôve, roeve

Dutch: reuf (dialectal)

Old High German: ruoba, ruoppa

Middle High German: rüebe, ruobe

Alemannic German: Rueb

⇒ Alemannic German: Rüebli

Bavarian: Ruam, Ruab

Mòcheno: ruab

German: Rübe

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *rōbijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)rāp-yéh₂, from *(s)rā́ps (“turnip”).


binut

binut (nominative singular)
binutō (nominative plural)
binutōs (nominative plural)
binut (accusative singular)
binutā (accusative plural)
binutas (genitive singular)
binutō (genitive plural)
binutē (dative singular)
binutum (dative plural)
binutu (instrumental singular)
binutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bionot, beonot, beonet (used in toponyms and anthroponyms)

Middle English: benet, bent

English: bent

Scots: bent, bynt

Old Frisian: *binut

Saterland Frisian: Bjunt

West Frisian: bjint, biünte, bjont, also pluraletantum bjinten, binten

Old Saxon: binut (used in toponyms)

⇒ Old Saxon: binutīn, binitīn (“made of bentgrass”, adjective)

Old Dutch: bint, bent (in toponyms)

Middle Dutch: bent

Dutch: bent, bunt

Old High German: binuʒ m, biniʒ m, binuʒʒa f

Middle High German: bineʒ m, binʒ f, binʒe f or m, binʒen n

German: Binze, Bintze f or m, now Binse f

⇒ Old High German: binuzzīn (adjective)

Middle High German: binezīn

German: binsen

Unknown. Probably a pre-Indo-European substrate word.


wiþrasakō

wiþrasakō (nominative singular)
wiþrasakan (nominative plural)
wiþrasakan (accusative singular)
wiþrasakan (accusative plural)
wiþrasakini (genitive singular)
wiþrasakan (genitive singular)
wiþrasakanō (genitive plural)
wiþrasakini (dative singular)
wiþrasakan (dative singular)
wiþrasakum (dative plural)
wiþrasakini (instrumental singular)
wiþrasakan (instrumental singular)
wiþrasakum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wiþersaca, wiðersaca — edh spelling
Middle English: withersake
English: withersake

Old Frisian: witherseka, withirsaka

Old Saxon: witharsako

Middle Low German: weddersake

Old Dutch: withersako, withersacco

Old High German: widarsahho, widarsacho

Middle High German: widersache

German: Widersacher (with the "-r" from -er)

From *wiþr (“against”) + *sakō, derived form *sakan (“to quarrel, to argue, to debate”).


wullu

wullu (nominative singular)
wollō (nominative plural)
wollā (accusative singular)
wollā (accusative plural)
wollā (genitive singular)
wollō (genitive plural)
wullē (dative singular)
wollōm (dative plural)
wullum (dative plural)
wullu (instrumental singular)
wollōm (instrumental plural)
wullum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wull

Middle English: wulle, woule, wolle

desc

Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo

English: wool

Old Frisian: wulle, wolle, ulle, ul

Saterland Frisian: Wulle

West Frisian: wolle, wol

Old Saxon: wulla

Middle Low German: wulle

German Low German: Wulle, Wull

Low German: Wulle

Old Dutch: *wulla, *wolla

Middle Dutch: wolle

Dutch: wol

Afrikaans: wol

→ Indonesian: wol

Old High German: wolla

Middle High German: wolle

Cimbrian: bòlla

German: Wolle

Hunsrik: Woll

Luxembourgish: Woll

Pennsylvania German: Woll

Vilamovian: wuuł

Yiddish: וואָל (vol)


aiʀ

aiʀ (nominative singular)
aiʀu (nominative plural)
aiʀ (accusative singular)
aiʀu (accusative plural)
aiʀas (genitive singular)
aiʀō (genitive plural)
aiʀē (dative singular)
aiʀum (dative plural)
aiʀu (instrumental singular)
aiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ār
Middle English: ore (merged with ōra)
English: ore
Scots: ure, uir

Old Frisian: *ār, ēr

Saterland Frisian: Oare, Orre

Old Saxon: ēr

Middle Low German: ēr

Old Dutch: *ēr

Middle Dutch: êer

Dutch: eer

Old High German: ēr

Middle High German: er

Alemannic German: Eer

⇒ Alemannic German: eerig

⇒ Old High German: ērīn

Middle High German: ērīn

German: ehern


hauhī

hauhī (nominative singular)
hauhīn (accusative singular)
hauhīn (genitive singular)
hauhīn (dative singular)
hauhīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: hōhi

Middle Low German: höge, höe

Old High German: hōhī
Middle High German: hœhe, hōhe, hō
Alemannic German: Hechi, Höchi, Hööchi
Swabian: Hea, Hee
Bavarian:
Austrian: He
German: Höhe, Höh
Yiddish: הייך (heykh)

From Proto-Germanic *hauhį̄. Equivalent to *hauh (“high”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


gebu

gebu (nominative singular)
gebō (nominative plural)
gebā (accusative singular)
gebā (accusative plural)
gebā (genitive singular)
gebō (genitive plural)
gebē (dative singular)
gebōm (dative plural)
gebum (dative plural)
gebu (instrumental singular)
gebōm (instrumental plural)
gebum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiefu, ġifu, ġyfu

Middle English: gife (early), ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve

Old Frisian: jef, jeve

Old Saxon: geva

Old Dutch: geva

Middle Dutch: geve

Dutch: geef

Old High German: geba

From Proto-Germanic *gebō. Equivalent to *geban (“to give”) + *-u.


blīþisi

blīþisi (nominative singular)
blīþissjō (nominative plural)
blīþissjā (accusative singular)
blīþissjā (accusative plural)
blīþissjā (genitive singular)
blīþissjō (genitive plural)
blīþissjē (dative singular)
blīþissjōm (dative plural)
blīþissjum (dative plural)
blīþissju (instrumental singular)
blīþissjōm (instrumental plural)
blīþissjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blīþs, blīds, bliss

Middle English: bliss

English: bliss

Old Saxon: blīthsia, blīdsea, blizza


gumō

gumō (nominative singular)
guman (nominative plural)
guman (accusative singular)
guman (accusative plural)
gumini (genitive singular)
guman (genitive singular)
gumanō (genitive plural)
gumini (dative singular)
guman (dative singular)
gumum (dative plural)
gumini (instrumental singular)
guman (instrumental singular)
gumum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: guma
Middle English: gome, gom, gomme, gone, goom, goome, gume
English: gome
Scots: gome

Old Frisian: goma

Old Saxon: gumo, gomo

Old Dutch: *gomo

Middle Dutch: gome

Old High German: gomo
Middle High German: gome


wītī

wītī (nominative singular)
wītiju (nominative plural)
wītī (accusative singular)
wītiju (accusative plural)
wītijas (genitive singular)
wītijō (genitive plural)
wītijē (dative singular)
wītijum (dative plural)
wītiju (instrumental singular)
wītijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīte

Middle English: wite

English: wite, wyte

Scots: wyte

→ Latin: wīta

Old Frisian: wīte

Old Saxon: wīti

Middle Low German: wīte

Dutch: wijte

Old High German: wīzi, wīzzi

Middle High German: wīze


gaidu

gaidu (nominative singular)
gaidu (nominative plural)
gaidu (accusative singular)
gaidu (accusative plural)
gaidwas (genitive singular)
gaidwō (genitive plural)
gaidwē (dative singular)
gaidum (dative plural)
gaidu (instrumental singular)
gaidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gād, gǣd

⇒ Old English: *ǣgǣde

Middle English: ægæde, ægede, egede

Old Frisian: gād

Old Saxon: gēdia, gēdea

⇒ Lombardic: *faragaidu, *farageita

→⇒ Latin: farigaidus

desc

⇒ Old High German: fārigaidus (“without descendants”)


arbī

arbī (nominative singular)
arbiju (nominative plural)
arbī (accusative singular)
arbiju (accusative plural)
arbijas (genitive singular)
arbijō (genitive plural)
arbijē (dative singular)
arbijum (dative plural)
arbiju (instrumental singular)
arbijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ierfe, yrfe, irfe, erfe, ærfe
Middle English: erve, erfe, erf, irve, yrfe (through the Anglian equivalent)
English: erf
Scots: arff, airf

Old Frisian: erve

Saterland Frisian: Ierwe, Äärwe

Old Saxon: ervi

Low German: Arf

Old Dutch: ervi

Middle Dutch: erve
Dutch: erf
Afrikaans: erf
→ English: erf
Negerhollands: erfe
Petjo: erf

Old High German: erbi
Middle High German: erbe
German: Erbe
Luxembourgish: Ierwen


akusi

akusi (nominative singular)
akusī (nominative plural)
akusi (accusative singular)
akusī (accusative plural)
akusī (genitive singular)
akusijō (genitive plural)
akusī (dative singular)
akusim (dative plural)
akusijum (dative plural)
akusī (instrumental singular)
akusim (instrumental plural)
akusijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æx, æces, acas, eax
Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe, æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix

Old Frisian: axa

Saterland Frisian: Äkse

Old Saxon: akus
Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
Westphalian:
Märkisch: Akes
Plautdietsch: Akjs

Old Dutch: *akus, *acus

Middle Dutch: aex

Dutch: aks, akst

Old High German: ackis, ackus

Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt

German: Axt

Luxembourgish: Aaxt


friþu

friþu (nominative singular)
friþiwi (nominative plural)
friþō (nominative plural)
friþu (accusative singular)
friþū (accusative plural)
friþō (genitive singular)
friþiwō (genitive plural)
friþiwi (dative singular)
friþō (dative singular)
friþum (dative plural)
friþu (instrumental singular)
friþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: friþ, friþu
Middle English: frith, ffryth, firth, freth, freþ, frið, friþ, friþþ, fryth, fryþ
English: frith
⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + es or 's)

Old Frisian: fretho

Saterland Frisian: Free

West Frisian: frede

Old Saxon: frithu
Middle Low German: vrēde
Low German:
German Low German: Freed
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Frää, Frääden, Frääde, Frääne, Freeden (Westmünsterländisch)
Münsterländisch: Friäde, Friäden; tefriäden
East Westphalian: Friae (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: Fräd

Old Dutch: frithu
Middle Dutch: vrēde
Dutch: vrede
Afrikaans: vrede
Negerhollands: vreed, vrede, vreede
Sranan Tongo: vrede, freide
Limburgish: vrieëd

Old High German: fridu
Middle High German: vride, vrit
Cimbrian: friide
German: Friede, Frieden
Luxembourgish: Fridden
Yiddish: פֿרידן (fridn)

→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *exfridō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *friþuz. Equivalent to *frī (“free”) + *-þu.