pāwō

pāwō (nominative singular)
pāwan (nominative plural)
pāwan (accusative singular)
pāwan (accusative plural)
pāwini (genitive singular)
pāwan (genitive singular)
pāwanō (genitive plural)
pāwini (dative singular)
pāwan (dative singular)
pāum (dative plural)
pāwini (instrumental singular)
pāwan (instrumental singular)
pāum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pāwa, pēa m, pāwe f

desctree

Middle English: po, pa, paa, paue, pe, poo, poue
English: pea, po (archaic)

⇒ Middle English: pecok, pocok, pacok
English: peacock
→ Hawaiian: pīkake
→ English: pikake
→ Maori: pīkake
Scots: pacok, pecok

Old Frisian: *pāwa, *pāu

Saterland Frisian: Pau

West Frisian: pau

Old Saxon: pāo, *pāwo

Middle Low German: pâwe, pauwe, pâw

German Low German: Pau

Old Dutch: *pāwo, *pāo

Middle Dutch: pau, pawe, pauwe

Dutch: pauw
Afrikaans: pou
Negerhollands: powwis
→ Munsee: páaw
→ Papiamentu: pòwis

Old High German: pfāwo, pfāwa
Middle High German: pfāwe, pfā
German: Pfau m, (chiefly Austria) Pfaue f
⇒ German: Pfauhahn f
⇒ Middle High German: *pfāwelīn, *pfāuwelīn (diminutive)
German: Pfäulein (archaic)
→ Estonian: paabulind
→ Old East Slavic:
Belarusian: паўлі́н (paŭlín)
Russian: павли́н (pavlín)
Rhine Franconian: Fau, Pau
Frankfurterisch: IPA [fau]
Yiddish: פּאַווע (pave)


ansiju

ansiju (nominative singular)
ansijō (nominative plural)
ansijā (accusative singular)
ansijā (accusative plural)
ansijā (genitive singular)
ansijō (genitive plural)
ansijē (dative singular)
ansijōm (dative plural)
ansijum (dative plural)
ansiju (instrumental singular)
ansijōm (instrumental plural)
ansijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *ōse, *ōs
North Frisian: ous
Saterland Frisian: Oose
West Frisian: oes

Old Saxon: *ōsia

desc

Middle Low German: ö̂se, oese, o̊se, ouse, osse

German Low German:

Dortmunder, Westphalian (Sauerländisch (Niedersfeld, Olpe)): Ööse

Old Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, East Westphalian (Lippe)): Öse

Sauerländisch: Oise, Öüse (Attendorn, Drolshagen), Ööese (Wenden)

→ Middle High German: ōse

German: Öse

>? Old High German: *ansa, ensa

→ Vulgar Latin: *ansia, *āsia (“loop, eyelet, pot handle, cup handle, arms akimbo, elbow room”) (possibly)

Old French: aise, eise (“elbow room, opportunity”)

Middle French: aise

French: aise

→ Middle English: ese

English: ease


manakuni

manakuni (nominative singular)
manakunnju (nominative plural)
manakuni (accusative singular)
manakunnju (accusative plural)
manakunnjas (genitive singular)
manakunnjō (genitive plural)
manakunnjē (dative singular)
manakunnjum (dative plural)
manakunnju (instrumental singular)
manakunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mancynn
Middle English: mankin, mankun, mancun
English: mankin

Old Saxon: mankunni

Old High German: mankunni

Middle High German: mankünne

From Proto-Germanic *manakunją. Equivalent to *mann + *kuni.


ambō

ambō (nominative singular)
amban (nominative plural)
amban (accusative singular)
amban (accusative plural)
ambini (genitive singular)
amban (genitive singular)
ambanō (genitive plural)
ambini (dative singular)
amban (dative singular)
ambum (dative plural)
ambini (instrumental singular)
amban (instrumental singular)
ambum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *ambo (attested as ambon (plural))

Middle Low German: amme

Old High German: ambo, amban (< *ambanaz), ambana (< *ambanō) (secondary thematicization)

German: Amen (Hessian)

From Proto-Germanic *ambô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃émbʰō ~ *h₃m̥bʰnés, from the root *h₃enbʰ- (“navel, hub”). Formal cognate with Latin umbō.


wagn

wagn (nominative singular)
wagnō (nominative plural)
wagnōs (nominative plural)
wagn (accusative singular)
wagnā (accusative plural)
wagnas (genitive singular)
wagnō (genitive plural)
wagnē (dative singular)
wagnum (dative plural)
wagnu (instrumental singular)
wagnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæġn, wæġen, wǣn
Middle English: wayn, wain, wein, weyne, weine, wayne, wayen, wene, wen, waȝȝn, waynne, wane
English: wain
Scots: wain, wayn, wane

Old Frisian: wain, wein

North Frisian: wajen

Saterland Frisian: Woain

West Frisian: wein

Old Saxon: wagan
Middle Low German: wagen
Low German: Wagen

Old Dutch: *wagan

Middle Dutch: wagen

Dutch: wagen
Afrikaans: wa
Jersey Dutch: wâxe
→ Lokono: wagen
→ Sranan Tongo: wagi
→ Aukan: wagi
→ Caribbean Javanese: wagé
→ Saramaccan: wági

Limburgish: wage

Old High German: wagan

Middle High German: wagen

German: Wagen

Central Franconian: Woon

Hunsrik: Waan

Luxembourgish: Won

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: baago

Yiddish: וואָגן (vogn)


leuskō

leuskō (nominative singular)
leuskan (nominative plural)
leuskan (accusative singular)
leuskan (accusative plural)
liuskini (genitive singular)
leuskan (genitive singular)
leuskanō (genitive plural)
liuskini (dative singular)
leuskan (dative singular)
leuskum (dative plural)
liuskini (instrumental singular)
leuskan (instrumental singular)
leuskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēosċa

Old Frisian: *liāska

North Frisian: jaoske (Halligen)

Saterland Frisian: Ljaaske f

West Frisian: ljisk m or f

Old Saxon: *liosko

Middle Low German: lēsche, leische

German Low German: Leeske, Leesk

Old Dutch: *liosko

Middle Dutch: liesche, liesse f

Dutch: lies

Afrikaans: lies

From Proto-Germanic *leuskô (“light or transparent skin, specially the groin”).


unwedr

unwedr (nominative singular)
unwedru (nominative plural)
unwedr (accusative singular)
unwedru (accusative plural)
unwedras (genitive singular)
unwedrō (genitive plural)
unwedrē (dative singular)
unwedrum (dative plural)
unwedru (instrumental singular)
unwedrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: unweder

Middle English: unweder

English: unweather

Old Frisian: unweder

Saterland Frisian: Uunweeder

West Frisian: ûnwaar

Old Saxon: unwedar

Old Saxon: unweder

Low German: unweder

Old Dutch: *unwedar

Middle Dutch: onweder

Dutch: onweder, onweer

Old High German: unwetar

Middle High German: unweter, unwiter

German: Unwetter

From Proto-Germanic *unwedrą, whence also Old Norse úveðr, óveðr. Equivalent to *un- + *wedr.


ādrā

ādrā (nominative singular)
ādrōn (nominative plural)
ādrōn (accusative singular)
ādrōn (accusative plural)
ādrōn (genitive singular)
ādrōnō (genitive plural)
ādrōn (dative singular)
ādrōm (dative plural)
ādrum (dative plural)
ādrōn (instrumental singular)
ādrōm (instrumental plural)
ādrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣdre
Middle English: edre

Old Frisian: eddere, ēdere

Saterland Frisian: Äddere

Old Dutch: *āthera

desctree

Middle Dutch: adere
Dutch: ader
Afrikaans: aar
Negerhollands: ader, aar
→ Papiamentu: ader, ardu
Limburgish: aoder, aor

Old High German: ādra, ādara

Middle High German: āder

Central Franconian: Oder

German: Ader

Luxembourgish: Oder

Yiddish: אָדער (oder)


wedr

wedr (nominative singular)
wedru (nominative plural)
wedr (accusative singular)
wedru (accusative plural)
wedras (genitive singular)
wedrō (genitive plural)
wedrē (dative singular)
wedrum (dative plural)
wedru (instrumental singular)
wedrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weder

Middle English: weder, wethyr

English: weather

Scots: weddir, wethir, wathir

Old Frisian: weder, wedder

Saterland Frisian: Weeder

West Frisian: waar

Old Saxon: wedar

German Low German: Weder

Plautdietsch:

Old Dutch: wedar

Dutch: weder, weer

Afrikaans: weer

Old High German: wetar, *wedar

Middle High German: weter (classical), wetter (late), weder (Central German)

Alemannic German: Wätter

Swabian:

Bavarian: Wetta

Austrian: Weda

Cimbrian: bèttar

Mòcheno:

desc

Central Franconian: Wedder, Wäder, Weader, Wäer

Hunsrik: Wetter

Luxembourgish: Wieder

Transylvanian Saxon: Wadder, Wodder

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German: Wättr

East Franconian:

German: Wetter

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Wedder

Yiddish: וועטער (veter)

From Proto-Germanic *wedrą, whence also Old Norse veðr.


harbistamānōþ

harbistamānōþ (nominative singular)
harbistamānōþi (nominative plural)
harbistamānōþu (accusative singular)
harbistamānōþi (accusative plural)
harbistamānōþi (genitive singular)
harbistamānōþō (genitive plural)
harbistamānōþi (dative singular)
harbistamānōþum (dative plural)
harbistamānōþi (instrumental singular)
harbistamānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hærfestmōnaþ

Old Dutch: hervistmānōth (“November”)

Old High German: herbistmānod (“September, November”)

Middle High German: herbestmānōt, herbestmānet

German: Herbstmonat (“September, October, November”)

From Proto-Germanic *harbistamēnōþs. Equivalent to *harbist (“harvest”) + *mānōþ (“month”).

a month of the Germanic calendar, corresponds roughy to September.


nōnā

nōnā (nominative singular)
nōnōn (nominative plural)
nōnōn (accusative singular)
nōnōn (accusative plural)
nōnōn (genitive singular)
nōnōnō (genitive plural)
nōnōn (dative singular)
nōnōm (dative plural)
nōnum (dative plural)
nōnōn (instrumental singular)
nōnōm (instrumental plural)
nōnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nōn m
Middle English: non, none, noon, noun, noune
English: noon

Old Saxon: nōna f, nōn m

Old Dutch: *nōna f, *nōn m

Middle Dutch: noene f, noen m

Dutch: noen m

Old High German: nōna f

Middle High German: nône

German: None

Borrowed from Latin nōna (hōra) (“ninth (hour)”).


gasihti

gasihti (nominative singular)
gasihtī (nominative plural)
gasihti (accusative singular)
gasihtī (accusative plural)
gasihtī (genitive singular)
gasihtijō (genitive plural)
gasihtī (dative singular)
gasihtim (dative plural)
gasihtijum (dative plural)
gasihtī (instrumental singular)
gasihtim (instrumental plural)
gasihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesihþ, gesiht
Middle English: i-sight

Old Saxon: gisiht

Old Dutch: gisiht

Middle Dutch: gesicht

Dutch: gezicht

Old High German: gisiht

Middle High German: gesiht

Cimbrian: gazicht

German: Gesicht

Yiddish: געזיכט (gezikht)

Luxembourgish: Gesiicht


drupil

drupil (nominative singular)
drupilō (nominative plural)
drupilōs (nominative plural)
drupil (accusative singular)
drupilā (accusative plural)
drupilas (genitive singular)
drupilō (genitive plural)
drupilē (dative singular)
drupilum (dative plural)
drupilu (instrumental singular)
drupilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *drupel, *drepel

West Frisian: drippel

Old Saxon: drupil, *dropil

Middle Low German: drōpel, drȫpel

Old Dutch: *dropil, *drupil

Middle Dutch: dropel, druppel

Dutch: druppel

Old High German: *tropfil

Middle High German: tröpfel

German: Tröpfel


gābā

gābā (nominative singular)
gābōn (nominative plural)
gābōn (accusative singular)
gābōn (accusative plural)
gābōn (genitive singular)
gābōnō (genitive plural)
gābōn (dative singular)
gābōm (dative plural)
gābum (dative plural)
gābōn (instrumental singular)
gābōm (instrumental plural)
gābum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *gāva

Middle Low German: gāve

Low German:

German Low German: Gaav

Westphalian:

Suerländer-Märkisch: Gaabe

Westmünsterländisch: Gaabe

Plautdietsch: Gow

Old Dutch: *gāva

Middle Dutch: gāve

Dutch: gave

Afrikaans: gawe

Old High German: *gāba

Middle High German: gābe

German: Gabe

Luxembourgish: Gof

Yiddish: גאָב (gob)

From Proto-Germanic *gēbǭ. Cognate with Old Norse gáfa, sometimes suggested to be a borrowing from West Germanic.


galīkī

galīkī (nominative singular)
galīkīn (accusative singular)
galīkīn (genitive singular)
galīkīn (dative singular)
galīkīn (instrumental singular)
galīkī (nominative singular)
galīkiju (nominative plural)
galīkī (accusative singular)
galīkiju (accusative plural)
galīkijas (genitive singular)
galīkijō (genitive plural)
galīkijē (dative singular)
galīkijum (dative plural)
galīkiju (instrumental singular)
galīkijum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *gilīki

Middle Dutch: gelike f or n

Dutch: gelijk n

Old High German: gilīhhi f

Middle High German: gelīche f

German: Gleiche f or n

From Proto-Germanic *galīkiją. Equivalent to *galīk (“alike”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


helpārī

helpārī (nominative singular)
helpārijō (nominative plural)
helpārijōs (nominative plural)
helpārī (accusative singular)
helpārijā (accusative plural)
helpārijas (genitive singular)
helpārijō (genitive plural)
helpārijē (dative singular)
helpārijum (dative plural)
helpāriju (instrumental singular)
helpārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *helpere
Middle English: helpere
English: helper
Scots: helpare, helpar, helper

Old Frisian: helpere
Saterland Frisian: Hälper
West Frisian: helper

Old Saxon: helpāri, helperi

desc

Middle Low German: helpære, helpēre, helpere, helper, hölpere, hölper

German Low German: Helper

Old Dutch: *helpāri

Middle Dutch: helpere

Dutch: helper

Old High German: helfāri

Middle High German: helfære, helpfāre, helpfære, helpfer, helfer

German: Helfer

From *helpu + *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *helpō.


regnabogō

regnabogō (nominative singular)
regnabogan (nominative plural)
regnabogan (accusative singular)
regnabogan (accusative plural)
regnabugini (genitive singular)
regnabogan (genitive singular)
regnaboganō (genitive plural)
regnabugini (dative singular)
regnabogan (dative singular)
regnabogum (dative plural)
regnabugini (instrumental singular)
regnabogan (instrumental singular)
regnabogum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: reġnboga
Middle English: reynbowe, raynbowe, raynebowe, rayne-bowe, reinbow, reinbowe, rein-bowe, reynebawe, reynebow, reynebowe, rainbou, rainbow, rayn-boghe (Northern)
English: rainbow
Scots: rainbow

Old Frisian: reinboga

Saterland Frisian: Rienbooge

West Frisian: reinbôge

Old Saxon: *reganbogo

desc

Middle Low German: regenboge, regensboge

German Low German: Regenboog

Low German: Regenbaag, Regenbagen

Plautdietsch: Räajenboagen

Old Dutch: *reganbogo

Middle Dutch: rēgenbōge

Dutch: regenboog

Afrikaans: reënboog

desctree

Old High German: reginbogo, reganbogo
Middle High German: regenboge, rëgenboge
German: Regenbogen
Hunsrik: Rehnbohe
Luxembourgish: Reebou
Vilamovian: ranaböga, rȧnaböga, rȧnböga, raenaböga, rǡnabȫga
Yiddish: רעגנבויגן (regnboygn)

From Proto-Germanic *regnabugô. Equivalent to *regn + *bogō.


þwiril

þwiril (nominative singular)
þwirilō (nominative plural)
þwirilōs (nominative plural)
þwiril (accusative singular)
þwirilā (accusative plural)
þwirilas (genitive singular)
þwirilō (genitive plural)
þwirilē (dative singular)
þwirilum (dative plural)
þwirilu (instrumental singular)
þwirilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þwirel

Old High German: thwiril, dwiril

desc

Middle High German: twirel, twirl, quirel

German: Quirl

→ German Low German: Quirl

From Proto-Germanic *þwirilaz. Equivalent to *þweran + *-il.


wibil

wibil (nominative singular)
wibilō (nominative plural)
wibilōs (nominative plural)
wibil (accusative singular)
wibilā (accusative plural)
wibilas (genitive singular)
wibilō (genitive plural)
wibilē (dative singular)
wibilum (dative plural)
wibilu (instrumental singular)
wibilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wifel
Middle English: wevel, wevyl, wyvyl
English: weevil
Scots: wavel

Old Saxon: *wivil
Middle Low German: wevel, wêvel
→ Swedish: vivel

Old Dutch: *wivil

Middle Dutch: wivel, wevel

Dutch: wevel

Old High German: wibil
Middle High German: wibel, wupel
German: Wiebel

From Proto-Germanic *wibilaz. Equivalent to *weban (“to weave”) + *-il.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


Sāturnas dag

Sāturnas dag (nominative singular)
Sāturnas dag (accusative singular)
Sāturnas dagā (accusative plural)
Sāturnas dagas (genitive singular)
Sāturnas dagō (genitive plural)
Sāturnas dagē (dative singular)
Sāturnas dagum (dative plural)
Sāturnas dagu (instrumental singular)
Sāturnas dagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sæternesdæġ, sæterndæġ, sæteresdæġ, sæterdæġ
Middle English: Saterday, Seterday, Ceterday, Satirday, Saturday, Saturnesday, zeterday
English: Saturday
Tok Pisin: Sarere
Scots: Seturday
Yola: Zathardei, zatherdei

Old Frisian: sāterdei

West Frisian: saterdei, saterje

Saterland Frisian: Saterdag

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: satersdach

Dutch Low Saxon: zaoterdag

German Low German: Saterdag

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: saterdach

Dutch: zaterdag
Afrikaans: Saterdag
Negerhollands: saeterdag, saterdag
→ Lokono: satdakha, satradakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: zotortar
→ Sranan Tongo: satra
→ Kari'na: satra

Limburgish: zaoterdig

West Flemish: zoaterdag

Old High German:

Middle High German: sātirsdach (Ripuarian)

desc

Central Franconian: Sodeschdaach, Sodeschdig (obsolete)

From *Sāturnas, *Saturnas (“Saturn's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Sāturnī (“Saturday”, literally “day of Saturn”). The Old English form appears to descend from a variant form *Saturnas dag (with short a), as one would otherwise expect sǣternesdæg.
In all (modern) High and most Low German dialects, other words for Saturday are found instead which commonly refer to Sunday or the Sabbath day, e.g. Old High German sambaztag (literally “Sabbath-day”) (modern German Samstag), and Old High German sunnūnāband (literally “Sunday eve”) (modern German Sonnabend) (see also Old English sunnanǣfen (“evening before Sunday”) and Old Norse sunnunótt (“night before Sunday”)).


klint

klint (nominative singular)
klintō (nominative plural)
klintōs (nominative plural)
klint (accusative singular)
klintā (accusative plural)
klintas (genitive singular)
klintō (genitive plural)
klintē (dative singular)
klintum (dative plural)
klintu (instrumental singular)
klintum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

German Low German: Klint

→ Danish: klint


sūftu

sūftu (nominative singular)
sūftiwi (nominative plural)
sūftō (nominative plural)
sūftu (accusative singular)
sūftū (accusative plural)
sūftō (genitive singular)
sūftiwō (genitive plural)
sūftiwi (dative singular)
sūftō (dative singular)
sūftum (dative plural)
sūftu (instrumental singular)
sūftum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *sūft

Middle Low German: sucht

Old Dutch: *suft

Middle Dutch: sucht, socht

Dutch: zucht

Old High German: *sūft

Middle High German: sûft

From *sūpan (“to slurp, guzzle”) + *-þu.


saifr

saifr (nominative singular)
saifrō (nominative plural)
saifrōs (nominative plural)
saifr (accusative singular)
saifrā (accusative plural)
saifras (genitive singular)
saifrō (genitive plural)
saifrē (dative singular)
saifrum (dative plural)
saifru (instrumental singular)
saifrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāfor

Old Frisian: sāver, sēver

Saterland Frisian: Seeuwer

Old Saxon: *sēvar

Middle Low German: sêver

German Low German: Sever

Old Dutch: *sēvar

desctree

Middle Dutch: sêver
Dutch: zever
Limburgish: zeiver

Old High German: seifar, seivar

Middle High German: seifer

German: Seifer (archaic, dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *saifraz, from Proto-Indo-European *seyp- (“to flow, run, drip”).


pendul

pendul (nominative singular)
pendulō (nominative plural)
pendulōs (nominative plural)
pendul (accusative singular)
pendulā (accusative plural)
pendulas (genitive singular)
pendulō (genitive plural)
pendulē (dative singular)
pendulum (dative plural)
pendulu (instrumental singular)
pendulum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pintel
Middle English: pyntel, pintel, pintell, pintil, pintile, pyntell, pyntelle, pyntill, pyntul, pyntyl, pyntyle, pyntyll
English: pintle
Scots: pintle

Old High German: pfendil

Middle High German: pfendel

Borrowed from a Medieval Latin pendulum (“something hanging, pendant, penis”) and influenced in meaning by pēniculus (“small tail, penis, brush”).


beuw

beuw (nominative singular)
beuwu (nominative plural)
beuw (accusative singular)
beuwu (accusative plural)
beuwas (genitive singular)
beuwō (genitive plural)
beuwē (dative singular)
beuwum (dative plural)
beuwu (instrumental singular)
beuwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēow

Old Frisian: bē

Old Saxon: beo, beu

⇒ Old Saxon: beuwod, bewod

Old High German: *beo

Middle High German: bū, bou (merger with *bū m or n)


landaskapi

landaskapi (nominative singular)
landaskapī (nominative plural)
landaskapi (accusative singular)
landaskapī (accusative plural)
landaskapī (genitive singular)
landaskappjō (genitive plural)
landaskapī (dative singular)
landaskapim (dative plural)
landaskappjum (dative plural)
landaskapī (instrumental singular)
landaskapim (instrumental plural)
landaskappjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: landscipe, landsċeap
Middle English: *landschippe, *landschapp
English: landscape (influenced by Dutch landschap), landskip, lantschip (obsolete)
Scots: landskip, landskipe

Old Frisian: *landskipe

West Frisian: lânskip

Old Saxon: landskepi

Middle Low German: lantschap, lantschop

Low German: landschop

Old Dutch: *landskepi, *landskapi

Middle Dutch: landscap, lantscap

Dutch: landschap

Old High German: lantskaf

Middle High German: lantschaft

German: Landschaft

From Proto-Germanic *landaskapiz. Equivalent to *land (“land”) + *-skapi.


bergu

bergu (nominative singular)
bergō (nominative plural)
bergā (accusative singular)
bergā (accusative plural)
bergā (genitive singular)
bergō (genitive plural)
bergē (dative singular)
bergōm (dative plural)
bergum (dative plural)
bergu (instrumental singular)
bergōm (instrumental plural)
bergum (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Germanic *bergō. Equivalent to *bergan + *-u.


halsabergu

halsabergu (nominative singular)
halsabergō (nominative plural)
halsabergā (accusative singular)
halsabergā (accusative plural)
halsabergā (genitive singular)
halsabergō (genitive plural)
halsabergē (dative singular)
halsabergōm (dative plural)
halsabergum (dative plural)
halsabergu (instrumental singular)
halsabergōm (instrumental plural)
halsabergum (instrumental plural)

Old English: healsbeorh

Old High German: halsberga

→ Medieval Latin: halsberga (see there for further descendants)


breustabergu

breustabergu (nominative singular)
breustabergō (nominative plural)
breustabergā (accusative singular)
breustabergā (accusative plural)
breustabergā (genitive singular)
breustabergō (genitive plural)
breustabergē (dative singular)
breustabergōm (dative plural)
breustabergum (dative plural)
breustabergu (instrumental singular)
breustabergōm (instrumental plural)
breustabergum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brēostbeorg


koʀ

koʀ (nominative singular)
koʀu (nominative plural)
koʀ (accusative singular)
koʀu (accusative plural)
koʀas (genitive singular)
koʀō (genitive plural)
koʀē (dative singular)
koʀum (dative plural)
koʀu (instrumental singular)
koʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cor

Middle English: cor, core

⇒ Old English: ġecor

Old Frisian: kor

>? West Frisian: kar

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) choice, decision


rēmō

rēmō (nominative singular)
rēman (nominative plural)
rēman (accusative singular)
rēman (accusative plural)
rēmini (genitive singular)
rēman (genitive singular)
rēmanō (genitive plural)
rēmini (dative singular)
rēman (dative singular)
rēmum (dative plural)
rēmini (instrumental singular)
rēman (instrumental singular)
rēmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *rema

Middle English: reme, reeme (and/or from Old French reme)

Old Frisian: rēma

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: riam

Halligen: riime

Sylt: Rem

West Frisian: riemme, rieme, riem

Hindeloopen: reeme

Schiermonnikoog: riem

Terschelling: riem

Old Saxon: *rēmo

Middle Low German: rême

Dutch Low Saxon: reem

German Low German: Reem

Old Dutch: *riemo

Middle Dutch: rieme

Dutch: riem

Afrikaans: riem

Limburgish: reem

Old High German: riemo
Middle High German: rieme
German: Riemen


līnā

līnā (nominative singular)
līnōn (nominative plural)
līnōn (accusative singular)
līnōn (accusative plural)
līnōn (genitive singular)
līnōnō (genitive plural)
līnōn (dative singular)
līnōm (dative plural)
līnum (dative plural)
līnōn (instrumental singular)
līnōm (instrumental plural)
līnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līne

Middle English: line

Scots: line

English: line

Old Frisian: līne

North Frisian: liin

Saterland Frisian: Liene

West Frisian: line

Old Saxon: *līna

Middle Low German: lîne

German Low German: Lien

Old Dutch: *līna

Middle Dutch: line

Dutch: lijn, linnen

Old High German: līna

Middle High German: līne

German: Leine

→ Polish: lina

Luxembourgish: Léngt


bōtu

bōtu (nominative singular)
bōtō (nominative plural)
bōtā (accusative singular)
bōtā (accusative plural)
bōtā (genitive singular)
bōtō (genitive plural)
bōtē (dative singular)
bōtōm (dative plural)
bōtum (dative plural)
bōtu (instrumental singular)
bōtōm (instrumental plural)
bōtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bōt

Middle English: bot, bote, boote

English: boot

→ English: bote

Scots: bute, buit

Old Frisian: bōte

Saterland Frisian: Boate

West Frisian: boete

Old Saxon: bōta

Middle Low German: bote, bôte, bute

Low German: Bote

Old Dutch: *buota

Middle Dutch: boete

Dutch: boete

Afrikaans: boete

Old High German: buoza, buoz

Middle High German: buoze

German: Buße

Luxembourgish: Bouss


kelā

kelā (nominative singular)
kelōn (nominative plural)
kelōn (accusative singular)
kelōn (accusative plural)
kelōn (genitive singular)
kelōnō (genitive plural)
kelōn (dative singular)
kelōm (dative plural)
kelum (dative plural)
kelōn (instrumental singular)
kelōm (instrumental plural)
kelum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeole, ċiole

Middle English: chel, cholle, joll

English: jowl

Scots: chowl, choul

Old Frisian: *kele

Saterland Frisian: Kääle

West Frisian: kiel

⇒ Old Frisian: kolk

Saterland Frisian: Kolk

West Frisian: kolcke

Old Saxon: kela

Middle Low German: kēle, keele

German Low German: Kehl

Old Dutch: kela

Middle Dutch: kēle

Dutch: keel
Afrikaans: keel
Negerhollands: keel

Limburgish: kael

Old High German: kela, chela
Middle High German: kële, kël
Cimbrian: khéela
German: Kehle


skurtijā

skurtijā (nominative singular)
skurtijōn (nominative plural)
skurtijōn (accusative singular)
skurtijōn (accusative plural)
skurtijōn (genitive singular)
skurtijōnō (genitive plural)
skurtijōn (dative singular)
skurtijōm (dative plural)
skurtijum (dative plural)
skurtijōn (instrumental singular)
skurtijōm (instrumental plural)
skurtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyrte
Middle English: sherte, schuyrte, schert, shert, schurte, shurte, sserte, schirte, schyrt, scherte, shearte, shyrte, shirt, scurte (early southern west mid)
English: shirt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: schirt, shurt
Yola: shoorth, skoorth

Old Frisian: *skerte, *skorte; *skertel

North Frisian: Sjürt (Sylt)

West Frisian: skerte

Saterland Frisian: Schoarte

⇒ Old Frisian: skerteldōk

West Frisian: skerteldoek, skeldoek

Old Saxon: *skurtia

Middle Low German: schorte, schörte

Low German: Schörte

q

→ German: Schürze (or backformation from the plural of Schurz)

→ Old Danish:

Danish: skørt

Norwegian Bokmål: skjørt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjørt

→ Old Swedish: skørt, skyrt

Swedish: skört

Old Dutch: *skurta

Middle Dutch: schorte

desctree

Dutch: schort
Negerhollands: skorte
→ Papiamentu: skòrt, schortsje, skortje


muggju

muggju (nominative singular)
muggjō (nominative plural)
muggjā (accusative singular)
muggjā (accusative plural)
muggjā (genitive singular)
muggjō (genitive plural)
muggjē (dative singular)
muggjōm (dative plural)
muggjum (dative plural)
muggju (instrumental singular)
muggjōm (instrumental plural)
muggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: myċġ

Middle English: migge, mydge

Scots: mige

English: midge

Old Frisian: *megge, *migge

Saterland Frisian: Määge

West Frisian: mich

Old Saxon: muggia, mugga

Middle Low German: mügge

German Low German: Mügge, Mügg

→ Old Norse: myg

Danish: myg

Swedish: mygga, mygg

Norwegian: mygg

Old Dutch: *mugga, muggo (in to-names)

Middle Dutch: mugge

Dutch: mug

Afrikaans: muggie

Old High German: mugga, mukka, mucka

Middle High German: mügge
German: Mücke
Hunsrik: Mick
Luxembourgish: Méck


aikwernō

aikwernō (nominative singular)
aikwernan (nominative plural)
aikwernan (accusative singular)
aikwernan (accusative plural)
aikwirnini (genitive singular)
aikwernan (genitive singular)
aikwernanō (genitive plural)
aikwirnini (dative singular)
aikwernan (dative singular)
aikwernum (dative plural)
aikwirnini (instrumental singular)
aikwernan (instrumental singular)
aikwernum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ācweorna
Middle English: acquerne, aquerne, ocquerne, okerne, aquierne
>? English: con, conn (“squirrel”) (dialectal) (compare Old Norse íkorni)
>? Scots: con (“squirrel”) (compare Old Norse íkorni)

Old Frisian: *ēkworna, *ēkhorna

Saterland Frisian: *Eker, *Eeker

desc

>? Saterland Frisian: Katteker, Kateeker (compare German Eichkater)

West Frisian: iikhoarn

⇒ West Frisian: iikhoarntsje

desctree

Old Saxon: *ēkhorno
Middle Low German: êkhōrn, êkhōrne, eikhōrne, êkhorn, êkōrn, eikōrn, êkōrne, echhorne
⇒ Dutch Low Saxon: Eekhoorntje
German Low German: Eekhoorn, Ekkern
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Aik, Aikern
Sauerländisch: Ēksken, Aikerte
⇒ German Low German: Eekhoorntje

Old Dutch: *ēcorno
Middle Dutch: êencōren
Dutch: eekhoorn

Old High German: eihhorno, eihhurno
Middle High German: eichurne
Alemannic German: Eichhore, Eichhörnli
German: Eichhorn
⇒ German: Eichhörnchen
⇒ Hunsrik: Eichhernche


dōk

dōk (nominative singular)
dōkō (nominative plural)
dōkōs (nominative plural)
dōk (accusative singular)
dōkā (accusative plural)
dōkas (genitive singular)
dōkō (genitive plural)
dōkē (dative singular)
dōkum (dative plural)
dōku (instrumental singular)
dōkum (instrumental plural)

desc

>? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)

Old Frisian: dōk

Saterland Frisian: Douk

West Frisian: doek

Old Saxon: dōk

Middle Low German: dôk, dûk

German Low German: Dook

desctree

→ Old Norse: dúkr
Icelandic: dúkur
Faroese: dúkur
Norwegian Bokmål: duk
Norwegian Nynorsk: duk
Old Swedish: dūker
Swedish: duk, dok
Danish: dug

Old Dutch: *dōk, *duoc

Middle Dutch: doec
Dutch: doek
Afrikaans: doek
→ English: doek
→ Shona: dhuku
Berbice Creole Dutch: duku
Jersey Dutch: duk
Negerhollands: doek, doekoe
→ Akan: duku
→ Nkonya: duku
→ Wali (Ghana): ’duuku
→ Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)
→ Lokono: doko
→ Aukan: duku
→ English: duck, dook
→ Fon: dukwí
→ Indonesian: duk
→ Japanese: ズック
→ Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)
→ Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)
→ Scots: dook
→ Sranan Tongo: duku
→ Caribbean Javanese: duku
→ Dutch: doekoe
Limburgish: dook

Old High German: tuoh

Middle High German: tuoch

Alemannic German: Tuech

Swabian: Tuach

Central Franconian: Duch

Cimbrian: tuach

German: Tuch

→ Esperanto: tuko

Luxembourgish: Duch

Pennsylvania German: Duch

Yiddish: טוך (tukh)

Lombardic: *tuoh

→ Lombard: toh

→ Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche

→? Spanish: toca

→ Middle French: tocque

French: toque

English: toque

→ Old High German: toh


tordawibil

tordawibil (nominative singular)
tordawibilō (nominative plural)
tordawibilōs (nominative plural)
tordawibil (accusative singular)
tordawibilā (accusative plural)
tordawibilas (genitive singular)
tordawibilō (genitive plural)
tordawibilē (dative singular)
tordawibilum (dative plural)
tordawibilu (instrumental singular)
tordawibilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tordwifel
Middle English: *tordwevel
English: turd weevil

Old Dutch: *tordewivil, *tortwivil

Middle Dutch: *tordewevel, *tortwevel

Dutch: tortwevel

From Proto-Germanic *turdawibilaz. Equivalent to *tord (“manure”) + *wibil (“beetle”).


adisō

adisō (nominative singular)
adisan (nominative plural)
adisan (accusative singular)
adisan (accusative plural)
adisini (genitive singular)
adisan (genitive singular)
adisanō (genitive plural)
adisini (dative singular)
adisan (dative singular)
adisum (dative plural)
adisini (instrumental singular)
adisan (instrumental singular)
adisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: adesa, eadesa

Middle English: adse

Scots: eetch

English: adze


kradul

kradul (nominative singular)
kradulō (nominative plural)
kradulōs (nominative plural)
kradul (accusative singular)
kradulā (accusative plural)
kradulas (genitive singular)
kradulō (genitive plural)
kradulē (dative singular)
kradulum (dative plural)
kradulu (instrumental singular)
kradulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cradol, cradel
Middle English: cradel, credel
English: cradle
Scots: cradill, credill

From Proto-Germanic *kradulaz. Equivalent to *kradō + *-ul.


sīmō

sīmō (nominative singular)
sīman (nominative plural)
sīman (accusative singular)
sīman (accusative plural)
sīmini (genitive singular)
sīman (genitive singular)
sīmanō (genitive plural)
sīmini (dative singular)
sīman (dative singular)
sīmum (dative plural)
sīmini (instrumental singular)
sīman (instrumental singular)
sīmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sīma

Old Frisian: sīma, sīm

North Frisian: seem

Old Saxon: sīmo


hardī

hardī (nominative singular)
hardīn (accusative singular)
hardīn (genitive singular)
hardīn (dative singular)
hardīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: hartī, herte, hertī
Middle High German: herte
German: Härte

From Proto-Germanic *hardį̄. Equivalent to *hard(ī) (“hard”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


haup

haup (nominative singular)
haupō (nominative plural)
haupōs (nominative plural)
haup (accusative singular)
haupā (accusative plural)
haupas (genitive singular)
haupō (genitive plural)
haupē (dative singular)
haupum (dative plural)
haupu (instrumental singular)
haupum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēap

Middle English: hepe, heep

English: heap

Scots: hepe, heip

Old Frisian: hāp

Saterland Frisian: Hoop

West Frisian: heap

Old Saxon: hōp

Middle Low German: hôp

German Low German: Hoop

→ Old Norse: hópr

Icelandic: hópur

Faroese: hópur

Norwegian: hop

Danish: hob

Swedish: hop

Old Dutch: *hōp

Middle Dutch: hôop

Dutch: hoop

Afrikaans: hoop

Limburgish: houp

Old High German: houf

Middle High German: houf

i

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hūpô</i>

German: Haufen (merged with *hūpô)

→ Old French: houpe

Middle French: houppe

French: houppe


þoll

þoll (nominative singular)
þollō (nominative plural)
þollōs (nominative plural)
þoll (accusative singular)
þollā (accusative plural)
þollas (genitive singular)
þollō (genitive plural)
þollē (dative singular)
þollum (dative plural)
þollu (instrumental singular)
þollum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þol, þoll
Middle English: thole
English: thole
→ Irish: dola

Old Frisian: tholl

Old Saxon: *tholl

Middle Low German: dulle, dolle

Low German: Doll, Dull

→ German: Dolle

Old Dutch: *tholl

Middle Dutch: dolle

Dutch: dol

→ Old French: *toll

⇒ Old French: *tollet

Middle French: tollet

French: tolet (see there for further descendants)


skipārī

skipārī (nominative singular)
skipārijō (nominative plural)
skipārijōs (nominative plural)
skipārī (accusative singular)
skipārijā (accusative plural)
skipārijas (genitive singular)
skipārijō (genitive plural)
skipārijē (dative singular)
skipārijum (dative plural)
skipāriju (instrumental singular)
skipārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċipere

Old Frisian: *skipere

Saterland Frisian: Skipper

West Frisian: skipper

Old Saxon: *skipāri

desc

Middle Low German: schippære, schippere, schēpere

German Low German: Schipper

→ German: Schipper

Old Dutch: *skipāri

Middle Dutch: schipper

Dutch: schipper

→ Middle English: skippere

English: skipper
→ German: Skipper

Old High German: *skiffāri

Middle High German: schiffære, schiffere

German: Schiffer

Yiddish: שיפֿער (shifer)

→ Vulgar Latin: *schipārī (or from Old Norse skipari)

desctree

Old French: eschipre, eskipre
Middle French: eschipre, esquipe, scippre

From Proto-Germanic *skipārijaz. Equivalent to *skip (“skip”) + *-ārī (“-er”).


bihōf

bihōf (nominative singular)
bihōfu (nominative plural)
bihōf (accusative singular)
bihōfu (accusative plural)
bihōfas (genitive singular)
bihōfō (genitive plural)
bihōfē (dative singular)
bihōfum (dative plural)
bihōfu (instrumental singular)
bihōfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: behōf

Middle English: bihove, behove

English: behoof

Scots: behufe, behuif

Old Frisian: bihōf

Saterland Frisian: Bihouf

West Frisian: behoef

Old Saxon: *bihōf

Middle Low German: behôf

German Low German: Behöf

⇒ German Low German: behövig

→ Danish: behov

→ Swedish: behov

Old Dutch: *bihuof

Middle Dutch: behoef

Dutch: behoef

Old High German: *bihuof

Middle High German: behuof

German: Behuf

From *bi- + *hōf, from Proto-Germanic *hōfą (“necessity”).


beusu

beusu (nominative singular)
beusō (nominative plural)
beusā (accusative singular)
beusā (accusative plural)
beusā (genitive singular)
beusō (genitive plural)
beusē (dative singular)
beusōm (dative plural)
beusum (dative plural)
beusu (instrumental singular)
beusōm (instrumental plural)
beusum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bēos

⇒ Old English: *Bēostūn (place name)

Middle English: Bestone, Bistone

English: Beeston

Old Frisian: *biāsa

West Frisian: biis, bies, bys

Old Saxon: bīosa

Middle Low German: bēse

Low German: Beese, Bäse, Baise, Buse, Bees, Bäis, Bäisen, Beesen

→ Middle High German: byese

Old Dutch: *biesa

Middle Dutch: biese, bise

Dutch: bies

⇒ Afrikaans: biesie

⇒ Old Dutch: Biest, Biesuth (place name)

Old High German: biosa, bieso

Middle High German: biese, bies, bize

German: Biese

Unknown. Due to the limited geographical distribution of the word and its narrow use of meaning, it is likely borrowed from a substrate.


liubiþu

liubiþu (nominative singular)
liubiþō (nominative plural)
liubiþā (accusative singular)
liubiþā (accusative plural)
liubiþā (genitive singular)
liubiþō (genitive plural)
liubiþē (dative singular)
liubiþōm (dative plural)
liubiþum (dative plural)
liubiþu (instrumental singular)
liubiþōm (instrumental plural)
liubiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: liāfithe, liāfte

Saterland Frisian: Ljoote

desc

West Frisian: leafde, ljeafde, liefde, lyfde

Old Saxon: *liuvitha, *lievitha

Middle Low German: lêvede, lêfde, lêfte, leefte

German Low German: Leevde, Leevd

Old Dutch: *liuvitha, *lievitha

Middle Dutch: lievede, liefde

desctree

Dutch: liefde
Afrikaans: liefde
Negerhollands: liefde, lievft

Old High German: *liubida

Middle High German: liebede, liebde

German: Liebde, Liebden

Luxembourgish: Léift


ambahtī

ambahtī (nominative singular)
ambahtiju (nominative plural)
ambahtī (accusative singular)
ambahtiju (accusative plural)
ambahtijas (genitive singular)
ambahtijō (genitive plural)
ambahtijē (dative singular)
ambahtijum (dative plural)
ambahtiju (instrumental singular)
ambahtijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: ambeht, ambiht, ambieht, ambyht

Old Frisian: ambecht, ambet, ambt

Saterland Frisian: Amt

West Frisian: ambacht

desctree

Old Saxon: ambaht, *ambehti
Middle Low German: ambacht, ambecht, ambet, ambt, amt
German Low German: Ambacht, Amt
→ Danish: amt

Old Dutch: *ambaht

Middle Dutch: ambacht

Dutch: ambacht
Afrikaans: ambag
→ Indonesian: ambah
Negerhollands: ambacht

Old High German: ambaht, ambahti, ampaht
Middle High German: ambahte, ambehte, ambet, ammet, ampt, amt
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: åmt
Mòcheno: omt
German: Amt, Ambt, Ammt, Ampt (obsolete)
Kölsch: Amp
Vilamovian: amt, aomt
→ Middle Dutch: ampt, amt
Dutch: ambt
Afrikaans: amp
Limburgish: amb

From Proto-Germanic *ambahtiją. Equivalent to *ambaht (“servant”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


uppastigi

Old English: upstiġe, upstīġe

desc

Middle English: upstige, upstiȝe, upstei

Old Saxon: *upstīg

Middle Low German: upstîch

German Low German: Upstieg

Old High German: ūfstīg

Middle High German: ūfstīc

German: Aufstieg


swāb

swāb (nominative singular)
swābō (nominative plural)
swābōs (nominative plural)
swāb (accusative singular)
swābā (accusative plural)
swābas (genitive singular)
swābō (genitive plural)
swābē (dative singular)
swābum (dative plural)
swābu (instrumental singular)
swābum (instrumental plural)

Old English: Swǣfas pl, Swǣfe

Old High German: swāb

Middle High German: swāp, swābe

German: Schwabe

→ Dutch: Zwaab

→ Romanian: șvab


tehswandr

tehswandr (nominative singular)
tehswandrō (nominative plural)
tehswandrōs (nominative plural)
tehswandr (accusative singular)
tehswandrā (accusative plural)
tehswandras (genitive singular)
tehswandrō (genitive plural)
tehswandrē (dative singular)
tehswandrum (dative plural)
tehswandru (instrumental singular)
tehswandrum (instrumental plural)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*tehswandralauh</i>

⇒ Old Dutch: tessenderlō (< *tehswandralauh)

Middle Dutch: tessenderlô

Dutch: Tessenderlo

→ Latin: Texuandrī

⇒ Latin: Texandria, Toxandria

Possibly from *tehswō (“right”) + *-dr (contrastive suffix), or a derivative of *tehswō + *wandrōn (“to wander”).


līkahamō

līkahamō (nominative singular)
līkahaman (nominative plural)
līkahaman (accusative singular)
līkahaman (accusative plural)
līkahamini (genitive singular)
līkahaman (genitive singular)
līkahamanō (genitive plural)
līkahamini (dative singular)
līkahaman (dative singular)
līkahamum (dative plural)
līkahamini (instrumental singular)
līkahaman (instrumental singular)
līkahamum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līchama, līchoma, līcema

Middle English: likame, licame, lichame

Scots: lekame

English: likam

desc

Old Frisian: līkama, līkoma, līkkoma, līkma

Saterland Frisian: licman (obsolete)

West Frisian: lichem

Old Saxon: līkhamo

Middle Low German: licham, lickham, likam, lîkem

Low German: Liekam, Luikem

Old Dutch: līkamo m; līknamo m

Middle Dutch: lichāme m or n

Dutch: lichaam n

Afrikaans: liggaam

desctree

Old High German: līhhamo, līchamo, līhhinhamo, līhhinamo
Middle High German: līcham, līchame; līchname
German: Leichnam

From Proto-Germanic *līkahamô, equivalent to *līk + *hamō.


elpandadeuʀ

elpandadeuʀ (nominative singular)
elpandadeuʀu (nominative plural)
elpandadeuʀ (accusative singular)
elpandadeuʀu (accusative plural)
elpandadeuʀas (genitive singular)
elpandadeuʀō (genitive plural)
elpandadeuʀē (dative singular)
elpandadeuʀum (dative plural)
elpandadeuʀu (instrumental singular)
elpandadeuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *elpandior

Middle Low German: elpendēr

Old Dutch: *elpandier

Middle Dutch: elpendier

Dutch: elpendier

From *elpand (“elephant; ivory”) + *deuʀ (“animal”).


elpandabain

elpandabain (nominative singular)
elpandabainu (nominative plural)
elpandabain (accusative singular)
elpandabainu (accusative plural)
elpandabainas (genitive singular)
elpandabainō (genitive plural)
elpandabainē (dative singular)
elpandabainum (dative plural)
elpandabainu (instrumental singular)
elpandabainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: elpendbān, ylpenbān

Middle English: ylpen-ban, hilpen ban

⇒ Middle English: alpes bon

Old Frisian: *elpendbēn, *elpenbēn

Saterland Frisian: Älpenbeen

West Frisian: elpenbien

Old Saxon: *elpandbēn

Middle Low German: elpenbên, elpenbein

→ Saterland Frisian: Älpenbeen

Old Dutch: elpondbēn, elpantbēn

Middle Dutch: elpenbeen

Dutch: elpenbeen

Afrikaans: elpebeen

→ West Frisian: elpenbeen

desc

Old High German: elfantbein, helfantbein, helfanbein

Middle High German: elfenbein, helfenbein

desctree

German: Elfenbein
→ Danish: elfenben
→ Norwegian Bokmål: elfenben, elfenbein
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: elfenbein
→ Swedish: elfenben

→ Middle Low German: elfenbên

→ Saterland Frisian: Älfenbeen

From *elpand (“elephant; ivory”) + *bain (“bone”).


brāmabaʀi

brāmabaʀi (nominative singular)
brāmabaʀju (nominative plural)
brāmabaʀi (accusative singular)
brāmabaʀju (accusative plural)
brāmabaʀjas (genitive singular)
brāmabaʀjō (genitive plural)
brāmabaʀjē (dative singular)
brāmabaʀjum (dative plural)
brāmabaʀju (instrumental singular)
brāmabaʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brēmber

desc

Middle English: brambere, brambre, brembre

English: bramberry

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Brumbäie

West Frisian: brombei

Old Saxon: brāmberi

Middle Low German: bramber

German Low German:

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Brommbeer

East Westphalian: Brümber (Ravensberg)

→ Danish: brambær, brombær

→ Icelandic: brómber

→ Swedish: brambär, brombär

Old High German: brāmberi

Middle High German: brāmber

German: Brombeere

→ Old French: framboise

Middle French: framboise

French: framboise (see there for further descendants)

→ English: framboise

→ Latin: frambēsia

→ English: frambesia (learned)

desctree

→ Dutch: framboos
Afrikaans: framboos
→ Indonesian: frambos

From *brām (“blackberry; bramble”) + *baʀi (“berry”).


haiþibaʀi

haiþibaʀi (nominative singular)
haiþibaʀju (nominative plural)
haiþibaʀi (accusative singular)
haiþibaʀju (accusative plural)
haiþibaʀjas (genitive singular)
haiþibaʀjō (genitive plural)
haiþibaʀjē (dative singular)
haiþibaʀjum (dative plural)
haiþibaʀju (instrumental singular)
haiþibaʀjum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: hǣþberġe, hǣþberie, hǣþberiġe

Old High German: heidiberi, heidberi

Middle High German: heitber, heitbere

German: Heidbeere (dialectal)

From *haiþi (“heath; heather”) + *baʀi (“berry”).


mōrubaʀi

mōrubaʀi (nominative singular)
mōrubaʀju (nominative plural)
mōrubaʀi (accusative singular)
mōrubaʀju (accusative plural)
mōrubaʀjas (genitive singular)
mōrubaʀjō (genitive plural)
mōrubaʀjē (dative singular)
mōrubaʀjum (dative plural)
mōrubaʀju (instrumental singular)
mōrubaʀjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mōrberġe, mōrberie, mōrberiġe
Middle English: mulbery, molbery, mulberie, mulbere
English: mulberry

Old Saxon: mulberi

Middle Low German: mûlbêre, môlbêre

German Low German: Muulbeer

Plautdietsch: Mulbäa

→ Danish: morbær

→ Icelandic: mórber

→ Faroese: morber

→ Norwegian: morbær

→ Swedish: mullbär

→ Finnish: mulperi

Old Dutch: *mōrberi

Middle Dutch: moerbeye, moerbesie

Dutch: moerbei
Afrikaans: moerbei
→ Indonesian: murbei
→ Malay: murbei
→ West Frisian: moerbei

Old High German: mūrberi, mōrberi, mōrber
Middle High German: mūlber
German: Maulbeere
Hunsrik: Maulbeer

From Latin mōrus (“mulberry, blackberry”) + *baʀi (“berry”).


klīþþu

klīþþu (nominative singular)
klīþþō (nominative plural)
klīþþā (accusative singular)
klīþþā (accusative plural)
klīþþā (genitive singular)
klīþþō (genitive plural)
klīþþē (dative singular)
klīþþōm (dative plural)
klīþþum (dative plural)
klīþþu (instrumental singular)
klīþþōm (instrumental plural)
klīþþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cliþe

desctree

Middle English: clete, clyte, cleyt, clett
English: clithe (obsolete)

Old Saxon: kledda, kledtha f, kleddo m

Middle Low German: klette

German Low German:

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch (Niedersfeld, Felbecke, Attendorn), South Westphalian (Dortmund), Westmünsterländisch: Klette

Sauerländisch: Kliäte, Klaite (Brilon), Klädde (Wenden)

Old Dutch: *kletta

desc

Middle Dutch: clesse, clisse, clitte, clette f

Middle Dutch: klis, klit

Old High German: kletta f, kletto m

Middle High German: klete

German: Klette, Kleise

Alternation of *-þ- ~ *-þþ- suggests Proto-Germanic *klīþō ~ *kliþþaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gléy-t-ō ~ *gli-t-né-s, from *gley- (“to stick, glue”) + *-t- + *-ō.


laurabaʀi

laurabaʀi (nominative singular)
laurabaʀju (nominative plural)
laurabaʀi (accusative singular)
laurabaʀju (accusative plural)
laurabaʀjas (genitive singular)
laurabaʀjō (genitive plural)
laurabaʀjē (dative singular)
laurabaʀjum (dative plural)
laurabaʀju (instrumental singular)
laurabaʀjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: laurberiġe, laurberie, laurberiġie
Middle English: laurberiʒie, lawerberie

Old Saxon: *lōrberi, *laurberi

desc

Middle Low German: lôrbêre, lörbêre, lôrebêre, lorrebêre, laurbêr, lawerbêre, lawerbêse

German Low German:

Mecklenburgisch: Luurbeer

Low Prussian: Loorbeer

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Loorbeer

→ Danish: laurbær

→ Faroese: lavrber

→ Norwegian Bokmål: laurbær

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: laurbær

→ Old Swedish: lagherbær, laverbær

Swedish: lagerbär

Old High German: lōrberi, lōrber

Middle High German: lōrber, lōrbere

German: Lorbeer

Luxembourgish: Lorber

→ Estonian: loorber

From *laur (“laurel tree”) + *baʀi (“berry”).


meduwurti

meduwurti (nominative singular)
meduwurtī (nominative plural)
meduwurti (accusative singular)
meduwurtī (accusative plural)
meduwurtī (genitive singular)
meduwurtijō (genitive plural)
meduwurtī (dative singular)
meduwurtim (dative plural)
meduwurtijum (dative plural)
meduwurtī (instrumental singular)
meduwurtim (instrumental plural)
meduwurtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: medewyrt, medowyrt

desctree

Middle English: medewort, medwert, medwort
English: meadwort, medæwart (obsolete)

Old Saxon: *meduwurt

Middle Low German: mēdewurt

Old High German: metuwurz

From Proto-Germanic *meduwurtiz. Equivalent to *medu (“mead”) + *wurti (“root”).


wiþiwindā

wiþiwindā (nominative singular)
wiþiwindōn (nominative plural)
wiþiwindōn (accusative singular)
wiþiwindōn (accusative plural)
wiþiwindōn (genitive singular)
wiþiwindōnō (genitive plural)
wiþiwindōn (dative singular)
wiþiwindōm (dative plural)
wiþiwindum (dative plural)
wiþiwindōn (instrumental singular)
wiþiwindōm (instrumental plural)
wiþiwindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiþewinde

Middle English: withewynde

English: withwind

Old Dutch: *withawindo

Middle Dutch: wēdewinde


libruwurti

libruwurti (nominative singular)
libruwurtī (nominative plural)
libruwurti (accusative singular)
libruwurtī (accusative plural)
libruwurtī (genitive singular)
libruwurtijō (genitive plural)
libruwurtī (dative singular)
libruwurtim (dative plural)
libruwurtijum (dative plural)
libruwurtī (instrumental singular)
libruwurtim (instrumental plural)
libruwurtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: liferwyrt

desc

Middle English: lyuerwort, liuerewort, lyverwort, liverwort

English: liverwort

Old Saxon: *leverwurt

Middle Low German: lêverwort

→ Swedish: lefverört

Old Dutch: *levarwurt

Middle Dutch: leverworte

Old High German: *lebarwurz

Middle Low German: leberwurz

German: Leberwurz

From *libru (“liver”) + *wurti (“root”).


hindibaʀi

hindibaʀi (nominative singular)
hindibaʀju (nominative plural)
hindibaʀi (accusative singular)
hindibaʀju (accusative plural)
hindibaʀjas (genitive singular)
hindibaʀjō (genitive plural)
hindibaʀjē (dative singular)
hindibaʀjum (dative plural)
hindibaʀju (instrumental singular)
hindibaʀjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hindberġe, hindberie, hindberiġe
Middle English: *hindberie
English: hindberry

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Himbäie, Hiembäie

West Frisian: hinnebei

Old Saxon: hindberi

Middle Low German: *hindbere

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Hindbeere, Hintbeere, Insbeere

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Hinnebääse, Hinsbääse, Hinnebeere, Himbääse, Himbäär, Himbääre

Plautdietsch: Himbäa

→ Danish: hindbær

→ Faroese: hindber

→ Icelandic: hindber

Old Dutch: *hindberi

desc

Middle Dutch: hinsbere, hinnebere, hindsbere

Dutch: hennebes, hinnebes, hinnebeer

Old High German: hintberi

Middle High German: hintber, hintper

Cimbrian: henneper, hénnapéera (Sette Comuni)

German: Himper (obsolete); Himbeere

Luxembourgish: Hammbier

Mòcheno: himper

From *hindi (“doe, hind”) + *baʀi (“berry”).


fīgā

fīgā (nominative singular)
fīgōn (nominative plural)
fīgōn (accusative singular)
fīgōn (accusative plural)
fīgōn (genitive singular)
fīgōnō (genitive plural)
fīgōn (dative singular)
fīgōm (dative plural)
fīgum (dative plural)
fīgōn (instrumental singular)
fīgōm (instrumental plural)
fīgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fīc m
Middle English: fike, fyke
English: fike, fig

Old Saxon: fīga

Middle Low German: vige

German Low German: Fieg

→ Latvian: vīģe

⇒ Middle Low German: vigen (plural)

→ Danish: figen

→ Norwegian: fiken

→ Swedish: fikon

Old Dutch: fīga

Middle Dutch: vige

Dutch: vijg
Afrikaans: vy
Negerhollands: vigie (from the diminutive)

Old High German: fīga
Middle High German: vīge
Cimbrian: faiga
German: Feige
Yiddish: פֿײַג (fayg)
→ Polish: figa (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *fīga and Latin fīcus (“fig”).


librumos

librumos (nominative singular)
librumosu (nominative plural)
librumos (accusative singular)
librumosu (accusative plural)
librumosas (genitive singular)
librumosō (genitive plural)
librumosē (dative singular)
librumosum (dative plural)
librumosu (instrumental singular)
librumosum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *levarmos

Middle Dutch: *lēvermos

Dutch: levermos

Afrikaans: lewermos

Old High German: lebermos

Middle High German: *lebermos

German: Lebermoos

From Proto-Germanic *librōmusą. Equivalent to *libru (“liver”) + *mos (“moss”). Cognate with Norwegian levermose, Swedish levermossa, if not West Germanic borrowings.


hwītaþornu

hwītaþornu (nominative singular)
hwītaþurniwi (nominative plural)
hwītaþornō (nominative plural)
hwītaþornu (accusative singular)
hwītaþornū (accusative plural)
hwītaþornō (genitive singular)
hwītaþurniwō (genitive plural)
hwītaþurniwi (dative singular)
hwītaþornō (dative singular)
hwītaþornum (dative plural)
hwītaþornu (instrumental singular)
hwītaþornum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hwītþorn

desc

Middle English: whiteþorn, whitethorn, witþorn, whitthorn

English: whitethorn

Old High German: wīzdorn

Middle High German: wīzdorn

German: Weißdorn

From *hwīt (“white”) + *þornu (“thorn; briar”).


rōsā

rōsā (nominative singular)
rōsōn (nominative plural)
rōsōn (accusative singular)
rōsōn (accusative plural)
rōsōn (genitive singular)
rōsōnō (genitive plural)
rōsōn (dative singular)
rōsōm (dative plural)
rōsum (dative plural)
rōsōn (instrumental singular)
rōsōm (instrumental plural)
rōsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: rōse
Middle English: rose, roose, rosse, roos, ros
English: rose (see there for further descendants)
Scots: rose

Old Frisian: rōs, rōse

West Frisian: roas

Old Saxon: rōsa

Middle Low German: rôse

German Low German: Reose

Plautdietsch: Roos

→ Latvian: roze

→ Old Norse: rós, rósa

Icelandic: rós

Faroese: rósa

Norwegian: rose

Danish: rose
→ Greenlandic: ruusa

Old Swedish: ros

Swedish: ros (see there for further descendants)

Elfdalian: ruos

Old Dutch: *rōsa

Middle Dutch: rôse, roos

Dutch: roos
Afrikaans: roos
Jersey Dutch: rôz
→ Caribbean Hindustani: rusi
→ Papiamentu: deros, deroos

Limburgish: roeas

Old High German: rōsa

Middle High German: rôse

Alemannic German: Roos, Roose

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: roas

Mòcheno: roas

Central Franconian: Rus

German: Rose (see there for further descendants)

Vilamovian: ruuz

Yiddish: רויז (royz)


kumī

kumī (nominative singular)
kumīn (accusative singular)
kumīn (genitive singular)
kumīn (dative singular)
kumīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: *kumi

Middle Low German: köme, kāme

Old High German: kumi

desc

Middle High German: kume, küme, kumme, kumich, kümich

German: Kümmich

⇒ Cimbrian: khumazamo

Alternative form of *kumīn (“caraway, cumin”)


kumil

kumil (nominative singular)
kumilō (nominative plural)
kumilōs (nominative plural)
kumil (accusative singular)
kumilā (accusative plural)
kumilas (genitive singular)
kumilō (genitive plural)
kumilē (dative singular)
kumilum (dative plural)
kumilu (instrumental singular)
kumilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kumil

Middle Low German: kȫmel, kömmel

Low German: Kömel

Old High German: kumil

Middle High German: kumel, kümel

desctree

German: Kümmel, Kümm, Kümmich (obsolete)
→ Luxembourgish: Kümmel, Kimmel
→ Dutch: kummel
→ English: Kimmel
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: кимељ
Latin script: kimelj
→ Slovene: kímelj
→ Lower Sorbian: kimjel
→ Upper Sorbian: kimjelčka


erþōhnut

erþōhnut (nominative singular)
erþōhnuti (nominative plural)
erþōhnutu (accusative singular)
erþōhnuti (accusative plural)
erþōhnuti (genitive singular)
erþōhnutō (genitive plural)
erþōhnuti (dative singular)
erþōhnutum (dative plural)
erþōhnuti (instrumental singular)
erþōhnutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorþhnutu
Middle English: erthenote
English: earthnut

Old Dutch: *erdnutu

Middle Dutch: erdnōte

Dutch: aardnoot

Old High German: erdnuz

Middle High German: ertnuz

German: Erdnuss

desc

→ Old French: grenote, giernote, giernote

Bourguignon: arnotte

French: erneute

→ French: terrenoix (calque)

Norman: gêrnotte, gernotte, gêunote

Poitevin-Saintongeais: abrenote

From Proto-Germanic *erþōhnuts. Equivalent to *erþu (“earth”) + *hnut (“nut”).


kumīn

kumīn (nominative singular)
kumīnu (nominative plural)
kumīn (accusative singular)
kumīnu (accusative plural)
kumīnas (genitive singular)
kumīnō (genitive plural)
kumīnē (dative singular)
kumīnum (dative plural)
kumīnu (instrumental singular)
kumīnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cymen m or n, cumin
Middle English: comyn, cummyng, comyng, comyne, cumyn, cymin
English: cumin

Old Saxon: kumīn, kumin

desc

Middle Low German: kōmīn, kȫmen, kömmen, commyn, kāmīn, kamīn

→ Danish: kommen

→ Old Swedish: kumin

Swedish: kummin

→ Finnish: kumina

Old Dutch: *kumīn

Middle Dutch: comijn, camijn, comin

desctree

Dutch: komijn
Afrikaans: komyn
Negerhollands: komin

Old High German: kumīn, kumin

Middle High German: kumin

Alemannic German: Chümmi

German: Kümm

→ Macedonian: ким (kim)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ким

Latin script: kim

→ Hungarian: kömény

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кимијен

Latin script: kimijen

→ Polish: kmin

→ Ukrainian: кмин (kmyn), тмин (tmyn), dialectally also кмін (kmin), тмін (tmin), тьмин (tʹmyn), кмінь (kminʹ), кмон (kmon), кмень (kmenʹ), кмен (kmen), цмин (cmyn), цмін (cmin), цьмин (cʹmyn), чмінь (čminʹ), хмін (xmin)

→ Czech: kmín

desc

→ Russian: тмин (tmin), кмин (kmin), кими́н (kimín), тимо́н (timón) — obsolete, тминъ (tmin), кминъ (kmin), кими́нъ (kimín), тимо́нъ (timón) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

→ Slovak: kmín


brāmilabaʀi

brāmilabaʀi (nominative singular)
brāmilabaʀju (nominative plural)
brāmilabaʀi (accusative singular)
brāmilabaʀju (accusative plural)
brāmilabaʀjas (genitive singular)
brāmilabaʀjō (genitive plural)
brāmilabaʀjē (dative singular)
brāmilabaʀjum (dative plural)
brāmilabaʀju (instrumental singular)
brāmilabaʀjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: brǣmelberġe, brǣmelberie, brēmelberiġe
Middle English: brymbyll bery
English: brambleberry

Old Saxon: *brāmalberi

desc

Middle Low German: brummelbēre, brummelbere

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Brommelbeere

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Brümmelbääse, Brömmelbääse, Brömmelbeer, Brömmelbeere

From *brāmil (“bramble”) + *baʀi (“berry”).

(North Sea Germanic) blackberry, brambleberry


rādik

rādik (nominative singular)
rādikō (nominative plural)
rādikōs (nominative plural)
rādik (accusative singular)
rādikā (accusative plural)
rādikas (genitive singular)
rādikō (genitive plural)
rādikē (dative singular)
rādikum (dative plural)
rādiku (instrumental singular)
rādikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rǣdiċ, rediċ

desctree

Middle English: radiche, radishe, redich, raddik, radike, redic, radisshe, radische, radik, radysche, radish
English: radish, raddish (obsolete)
→? Malay: rades
→ Maori: rātihi
Scots: raidish
→? Irish: raidis

Old Saxon: rādik, redik

desc

Middle Low German: râdik, rêdik, rēdik, reddik

German Low German: Reddig

→ Danish: ræddike

→? Faroese: redikur

→? Lithuanian: ridikas

→ Norwegian: reddik

→ Swedish: rättika
→ Finnish: retikka

Old Dutch: *rādik, *redik

Middle Dutch: râdic, rēdic

desctree

Old High German: rātih
Middle High German: rætich, retich; rædich, redich
Alemannic German: Räätrich
Central Franconian: Rädich, Reddich, Redich, Riedich
German: Rettich
Yiddish: רעטעך (retekh)

→ Proto-Slavic: *redьky (see there for further descendants)


arfō

arfō (nominative singular)
arfan (nominative plural)
arfan (accusative singular)
arfan (accusative plural)
arfini (genitive singular)
arfan (genitive singular)
arfanō (genitive plural)
arfini (dative singular)
arfan (dative singular)
arfum (dative plural)
arfini (instrumental singular)
arfan (instrumental singular)
arfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earfan pl

Old Frisian: *arfa

Saterland Frisian: arf, arve

Old Saxon: *arfo

Middle Low German: *arfe

German Low German: Arf

→? Old Norse: arfi, ᛅᚱᚠᛁ (arfi) — nominative singular, ᛅᚱᚠᛅ (arfa) — dative/accusative/genitive singular, ᛅᚱᚠᛅᛦ (arfaʀ), ᛆᚱᚠᛆᛦ (arfaʀ), ᛅᚱᚠᛅᚱ (arfar) — nominative plural
Icelandic: arfi
Faroese: arvi
Norwegian: arve
Old Swedish: arve
Swedish: arv (dialectal)
Danish: arve

Old Dutch: *arfo

Middle Dutch: *erfe

Dutch: erf

Uncertain; possibly inherited from Proto-Germanic *arfô, or borrowed from Latin ervum.


dokkā

dokkā (nominative singular)
dokkōn (nominative plural)
dokkōn (accusative singular)
dokkōn (accusative plural)
dokkōn (genitive singular)
dokkōnō (genitive plural)
dokkōn (dative singular)
dokkōm (dative plural)
dokkum (dative plural)
dokkōn (instrumental singular)
dokkōm (instrumental plural)
dokkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *docce

gl

merger with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">*dokkr</i>

Middle English: *dokke, dok (merger with Old Norse *dokkr)

English: dock

Scots: dok

desc

⇒? Old English: docga (“stocky breed of dog”) (see there for descendants)

⇒ Old English: fingerdocce

Old Frisian: *dokke

Saterland Frisian: Dokke

West Frisian: dok

Old Saxon: dokka

Middle Low German: docke

German Low German: Docke, Dock

Old Dutch: *dokka

Middle Dutch: docke

Dutch: dok

Old High German: tokka, tocka

Middle High German: tocke

German: Docke


dokkā

Old English: docce

desctree

Middle English: dokke, docke, dok, doke, dokk
English: dock

Old Saxon: dokka

Middle Low German: docke

→ Old Danish: dokke

Old Dutch: *docka

Middle Dutch: docke

Dutch: dokke

Old High German: tocka

Middle High German: tocke

German: Docke

Unknown. Perhaps a specialised use of Etymology 1 above, or from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“dark”).


haʀu

haʀu (nominative singular)
haʀwō (nominative plural)
haʀwōs (nominative plural)
haʀu (accusative singular)
haʀwā (accusative plural)
haʀwas (genitive singular)
haʀwō (genitive plural)
haʀwē (dative singular)
haʀum (dative plural)
haʀu (instrumental singular)
haʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: har, her

Saterland Frisian: Harrel

Old Saxon: *har (in harluf)

⇒ Middle Low German: harle, herle

Low German: harle

→ English: harl

→ Scots: harle, harl

Old High German: har; haro

Middle High German: har

German: Haar


hūsalauk

hūsalauk (nominative singular)
hūsalaukō (nominative plural)
hūsalaukōs (nominative plural)
hūsalauk (accusative singular)
hūsalaukā (accusative plural)
hūsalaukas (genitive singular)
hūsalaukō (genitive plural)
hūsalaukē (dative singular)
hūsalaukum (dative plural)
hūsalauku (instrumental singular)
hūsalaukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hūslēac

Middle English: houslek, houseleke, howsleek, howsleke, husseleck
English: houseleek

Old Frisian: *hūslāk

Saterland Frisian: Húuslook (“chive”)

desc

West Frisian: húslok, húslak, húslek, húskelak

Old Saxon: *hūslōk

Middle Low German: hûslôk, hûsloeck

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Huslook

Westphalian: Huusloog

→ Old Norse: húslaukr (calque)

Swedish: huslök

Danish: husløg

Old Dutch: *hūslōk

Middle Dutch: hûslôk

Dutch: huislook

Old High German: hūslouh

Middle High German: hūseslouch

German: Hauslauch


krūci

desctree

Old English: crūċ
Middle English: crouche, cruche
English: crouch

Old Saxon: krūci, krūzi
Middle Low German: krü̂ze, kruze, krûce, cruece, kruse, cruese, crusse, cryce, crü̂ce, krutze, krü̂z, krus, crues, cruyts
Dutch Low Saxon: kruus
German Low German: Krüüz, Krüz, Kriiz
Plautdietsch: Kjriez
→ Danish: kryds
→ Norwegian: kryss
→ Swedish: kryss
→ Old Frisian: kriōce, kriōse, krūs
Saterland Frisian: Krüüs
West Frisian: krús

Old Dutch: *krūci
Middle Dutch: crûce, crûs
Dutch: kruis
Afrikaans: kruis
Negerhollands: kroes, cruis, krus
→ Caribbean Javanese: krèis
→ Indonesian: kres
Limburgish: kruutse
West Flemish: kruus

Old High German: krūzi
Middle High German: kriuze, kriuz, krūze, krūz, chrouze
Alemannic German: Chrüüz
Bavarian: Kreiz
Central Franconian: Krütz, Kröx (eastern Ripuarian), Kreiz (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Kreiz
Luxembourgish: Kräiz
Cimbrian: khròitze
East Central German: Greiz, Greize, Kreiz
Vilamovian: krojc
German: Kreuz
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Greiz

Borrowed from Latin crux ~ crūcis (“cross”).


blōmō

blōmō (nominative singular)
blōman (nominative plural)
blōman (accusative singular)
blōman (accusative plural)
blōmini (genitive singular)
blōman (genitive singular)
blōmanō (genitive plural)
blōmini (dative singular)
blōman (dative singular)
blōmum (dative plural)
blōmini (instrumental singular)
blōman (instrumental singular)
blōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blōma
Middle English: blome
English: bloom

Old Frisian: blōma; *blōme f

Saterland Frisian: Bloume

West Frisian: blom, blomme

Old Saxon: blōmo; *blōma

Middle Low German: blōme

Dutch Low Saxon: bloom, bloeme

German Low German: Bloom

Plautdietsch: Bloom

Old Dutch: *bluomo; *bluoma, bluome

Middle Dutch: bloeme, blume, blome, bloem, bloom, blomme, blom
Dutch: bloem
Afrikaans: bloem, blom
Negerhollands: bloem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bluminstji (dated, from a diminutive form)
→ Sranan Tongo: blon (flour)
→ Aukan: bolon
→ Kari'na: polimin
→ Saramaccan: boón
→ Sranan Tongo: bromki (flower)
Aukan: boomiki
→ Kari'na: poromiki
Limburgish: bloom
West Flemish: blomme
Zealandic: blomme

Old High German: bluomo, bluoma
Middle High German: bluome
Bavarian: Blama, Bleame, Bleaml, Bloama, Bluma
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Blumm
Kölsch: Bloom
Luxembourgish: Blumm
East Central German:
East Franconian:
German: Blume
Rhine Franconian: Blum, Blumm
Frankfurterisch: [plum]
Pennsylvania German: Blumm
Yiddish: בלום (blum)

From Proto-Germanic *blōmô; equivalent to *blōan + *-mō.


unciju

unciju (nominative singular)
uncijō (nominative plural)
uncijā (accusative singular)
uncijā (accusative plural)
uncijā (genitive singular)
uncijō (genitive plural)
uncijē (dative singular)
uncijōm (dative plural)
uncijum (dative plural)
unciju (instrumental singular)
uncijōm (instrumental plural)
uncijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ynċe m, yndse, yntse f

Middle English: ynche, ench, enche, inch, inche, neynche, ninche, unch, unche, ynch
English: inch (see there for further descendants)
Scots: inch

Old Frisian: enze, ense, einse

West Frisian: ûns

Old Saxon: *uncia, *unzia

Middle Low German: unse, unze, untze

German Low German: Oons, Oos

Old Dutch: *unca

desc

Middle Dutch: once, onse, unce, unse, unx

Dutch: ons

Old High German: unza

Middle High German: unze, unz

German: Unze

Yiddish: אונץ (unts)

From Latin uncia. Parallel borrowing with Old Norse unzia, Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰 (unkja).


tigulā

tigulā (nominative singular)
tigulōn (nominative plural)
tigulōn (accusative singular)
tigulōn (accusative plural)
tigulōn (genitive singular)
tigulōnō (genitive plural)
tigulōn (dative singular)
tigulōm (dative plural)
tigulum (dative plural)
tigulōn (instrumental singular)
tigulōm (instrumental plural)
tigulum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tigele, tigule, tigle, tiegle, tighele, tygele
Middle English: tigel, tighele, teghell, teȝele, tiȝel, tyle, tile
English: tile (see there for further descendants)
Scots: tyl, tild

Old Frisian: *tigel, *tichel

Saterland Frisian: Tichel

West Frisian: tichel, tegel, teil (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: tiegla

Middle Low German: tēgel, tichel

German Low German: Tichel

Plautdietsch: Tieejel

Old Dutch: tegela

Middle Dutch: tigele, tegel, tichel

Dutch: tegel, tichel

Afrikaans: teël

Old High German: ziagala, ziagal

Middle High German: ziegel

German: Ziegel
→ Serbo-Croatian: cígla

Hunsrik: Zieghel

Luxembourgish: Zill

→ Czech: cihla

→ Polish: cegła
→ Belarusian: цэ́гла (céhla)
→ Ukrainian: це́гла (céhla)


kellārī

kellārī (nominative singular)
kellārijō (nominative plural)
kellārijōs (nominative plural)
kellārī (accusative singular)
kellārijā (accusative plural)
kellārijas (genitive singular)
kellārijō (genitive plural)
kellārijē (dative singular)
kellārijum (dative plural)
kellāriju (instrumental singular)
kellārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: keller

Old Saxon: *kellāri

desc

Middle Low German: kellære, keller, kellere, kelder, kelre

German Low German: Keller

→ Estonian: kelder

→ Old Norse: kellari

Icelandic: kjallari

Faroese: kjallari

Norwegian: kjeller

Swedish: källare
→ Finnish: kellari

Danish: kælder

Old Dutch: kellere, kellera, kelleri

Middle Dutch: kelre, keller, kelder

desctree

Dutch: kelder
Afrikaans: kelder
Negerhollands: keller
→ Kristang: kelda
→ Papiamentu: kèlder, kelder
→ Sranan Tongo: kedre
→ Kari'na: ketere

Old High German: kellari, kellāri

desc

Middle High German: keller, kelre, chellar

Bavarian:

Hutterisch: Keller

Cimbrian: khèllar

German: Keller

Luxembourgish: Keller

Yiddish: קעלער (keler)

Borrowed from Late Latin cellārium (“storeroom, cellar”).


kankr

kankr (nominative singular)
kankrō (nominative plural)
kankrōs (nominative plural)
kankr (accusative singular)
kankrā (accusative plural)
kankras (genitive singular)
kankrō (genitive plural)
kankrē (dative singular)
kankrum (dative plural)
kankru (instrumental singular)
kankrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cancer, cancor
Middle English: canker, cancre, cancer, cankre, cankyr, kankir, kanker (partially from Old French cancre)
English: canker
→ Welsh: cancr

Old Frisian: *kanker

West Frisian: kanker

Old Saxon: *kankar

desc

Middle Low German: kanker, canker, cancer, cancher, canser

German Low German: Kanker

Old Dutch: *kankar

Middle Dutch: canker

desctree

Dutch: kanker
Afrikaans: kanker
→ Caribbean Javanese: kangker
→ Indonesian: kanker
→ Minangkabau: kangker
→ Papiamentu: kanker

Old High German: kankur, kancur, kankar

Middle High German: kanker

German: Kanker

Borrowed from Late Latin cancus, from Latin cancer.


kalik

kalik (nominative singular)
kalikō (nominative plural)
kalikōs (nominative plural)
kalik (accusative singular)
kalikā (accusative plural)
kalikas (genitive singular)
kalikō (genitive plural)
kalikē (dative singular)
kalikum (dative plural)
kaliku (instrumental singular)
kalikum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: ċæliċ, caliċ, ċeliċ, cælċ, ċelċ

Middle English: calch (displaced by chalis from Old French)

Old Frisian: tzilik, tzelk, tzielk

West Frisian: tsjelk, tsjelke

Old Saxon: kelik

Middle Low German: kelek, kelk, kelik, kellik

German Low German: Kelk

→ Old Norse: kalkr, kalekr

Old Swedish: kalker

Swedish: kalk

Old Dutch: kelik

Middle Dutch: kelch, kēlec, kelc

desctree

Dutch: kelk
Afrikaans: kelk
→ Papiamentu: kèlki, kelki

Old High German: kelih, kelh, kelich
Middle High German: kelich, kelch
Cimbrian: khèlch
German: Kelch
→ English: kelch, Kelch
→ Czech: kalich
→ Polish: kielich
→ Belarusian: ке́ліх (kjélix)
→ Ukrainian: ке́лих (kélyx), ке́лех (kélex)
→ Slovak: kalich
→ Slovene: kẹ́lih

Borrowed from Latin calix ~ calicis (“cup, chalice; cooking pot”).


arcijātārī

arcijātārī (nominative singular)
arcijātārijō (nominative plural)
arcijātārijōs (nominative plural)
arcijātārī (accusative singular)
arcijātārijā (accusative plural)
arcijātārijas (genitive singular)
arcijātārijō (genitive plural)
arcijātārijē (dative singular)
arcijātārijum (dative plural)
arcijātāriju (instrumental singular)
arcijātārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *arcātāri

desc

Middle Low German: ersatre, arsseter, arste

→ Estonian: arst

→ Latvian: ārsts

Old Dutch: ercetere

Middle Dutch: ersetere, arseter, arsete, aerste

Dutch: arts

Afrikaans: arts

desctree

Old High German: arzāt, arzātāri
Middle High German: erzetere, arzeder, arzet
Bavarian: Årzt
German: Arzt

Borrowed from Late Latin archīāter + *-ārī.


fīru

fīru (nominative singular)
fīrō (nominative plural)
fīrā (accusative singular)
fīrā (accusative plural)
fīrā (genitive singular)
fīrō (genitive plural)
fīrē (dative singular)
fīrōm (dative plural)
fīrum (dative plural)
fīru (instrumental singular)
fīrōm (instrumental plural)
fīrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: fīre

Old Saxon: fīra

Middle Low German: vîr

German Low German: Fier

→ Swedish: fira

Old Dutch: *fīra

Middle Dutch: viere

Old High German: fīra, fīrra, fiera

desc

Middle High German: vīre, virre, vīere, vīer, fīre, firre, fīere, fīer

German: Feier


wīnagard

wīnagard (nominative singular)
wīnagardō (nominative plural)
wīnagardōs (nominative plural)
wīnagard (accusative singular)
wīnagardā (accusative plural)
wīnagardas (genitive singular)
wīnagardō (genitive plural)
wīnagardē (dative singular)
wīnagardum (dative plural)
wīnagardu (instrumental singular)
wīnagardum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wīnġeard
Middle English: vyneȝerd, vyneyerd, vineyarde, vineȝard, vynȝerde, vineȝerd, vyneȝeerd, vyneȝerde, vyneȝard, vyne-ȝarde, vynȝerd, wynȝard, viyn ȝerd, wineyerd, vineyard, vyneȝorde, winȝeard, win ȝard, winyard, winiærd
English: vineyard
Scots: vinyaird

Old Saxon: wīngardo

Middle Low German: wīngarde

Old Dutch: wīngardo

desc

Middle Dutch: wijngaert, wijngaert, wijngart, wijngaerd

Dutch: wijngaard

Old High German: wīngardo

Middle High German: wīngarte

German: Weingarten, Wingert (regional)

From Proto-Germanic *wīnagardaz. Equivalent to *wīn (“wine”) + *gard (“enclosure”).


karkārī

karkārī (nominative singular)
karkārijō (nominative plural)
karkārijōs (nominative plural)
karkārī (accusative singular)
karkārijā (accusative plural)
karkārijas (genitive singular)
karkārijō (genitive plural)
karkārijē (dative singular)
karkārijum (dative plural)
karkāriju (instrumental singular)
karkārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: karkari

Middle Low German: kerker

Old Dutch: *karkari

Middle Dutch: carker, caerker, kerker

Dutch: kerker

Old High German: karkāri, karkari

Middle High German: karkäre, karkāre, kerkäre, karker, kerker, karkel

German: Kerker

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *carcārius, syncopated from Latin carcerārius, from carcer. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (karkara).


kulljandr

kulljandr (nominative singular)
kulljandru (nominative plural)
kulljandr (accusative singular)
kulljandru (accusative plural)
kulljandras (genitive singular)
kulljandrō (genitive plural)
kulljandrē (dative singular)
kulljandrum (dative plural)
kulljandru (instrumental singular)
kulljandrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cœlender n, cœlendre, cellendre, cylendre, coliandre f

desctree

Middle English: coriandre, cellendre, coliandre, coliaundre, colliander, colyandre, colyaundre, coriaunder, coryandry, coryaundre
English: coriander
Scots: corrydander

Old Saxon: kullundar

desc

Middle Low German: kaliander, koriander, kaliander, koreander, coriander, cariander, coliander, colander, caliander

>? Old Dutch: *kullandar, *koriander

Middle Dutch: coliander, caliander, coreade, coriander, koriander (perhaps only from Old French)

Dutch: koriander

→ West Frisian: koriander

Old High German: kullantar, koriander m

Middle High German: kullander, kolander, koliander, koriander

German: Koriander

→ Hungarian: koriander

Luxembourgish: Koriander

Borrowed from Medieval Latin coliandrum, *coliandra, and later reenforced by Latin coriandrum and Old French coriandre.


fogāt

fogāt (nominative singular)
fogātō (nominative plural)
fogātōs (nominative plural)
fogāt (accusative singular)
fogātā (accusative plural)
fogātas (genitive singular)
fogātō (genitive plural)
fogātē (dative singular)
fogātum (dative plural)
fogātu (instrumental singular)
fogātum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: fogid, foged, fogeth, foud

West Frisian: fad

North Frisian: vaget, voget, fagt

Old Saxon: fogat

Middle Low German: vôget, voget, vöget, vogt, vocht, vâget, vaget, vagt, voyt, voit, voyet

German Low German: Fuaget

→ Old Norse: fogutr, fogutr

Danish: foged

Icelandic: foguti

Norwegian: fogd

Old Swedish: fohgdhe, foghate, foghat, foghadhe, foghote

Swedish: fogde

→ Finnish: vouti

Old Dutch: *fogat

Middle Dutch: vôget, voocht

Dutch: voogd
Afrikaans: voog

→? Middle English: vokett, voket, vokat

Old High German: fogat, fogāt

Middle High German: voget, foget, vogt, fogt, vougt, fougt, voit, foit, vout, fout

German: Vogt
→ English: Vogt


fenukl

fenukl (nominative singular)
fenukklō (nominative plural)
fenukklōs (nominative plural)
fenukl (accusative singular)
fenukklā (accusative plural)
fenukklas (genitive singular)
fenukklō (genitive plural)
fenukklē (dative singular)
fenukklum (dative plural)
fenukklu (instrumental singular)
fenukklum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: finol, finugl, finul m, finule, finugle f
Middle English: fenell, fenel, fenyl, fenele, vinel, finelle, fenelle
English: fennel
Scots: fennel

Old Saxon: fenucal, fenecal, fenikel

desc

Middle Low German: fennikôl, vennikol, vennekol, vennekel, venkol, venkel, venekol, vennickel

German Low German: Fenkel, Fenkol

→ Danish: fennikel

→ Old Swedish: faznikal, fenekol

Swedish: fänkål

→ Estonian: fenkol

→ Finnish: fenkoli

Old Dutch: *fenikal

Middle Dutch: venkel, vênekel, vinkel

Dutch: venkel
Afrikaans: vinkel

desctree

→ Middle English: fenkel, fenecel, fenkele, fenicle, fenkylle, fenkell, fynkyll, fynkall
Scots: finkle

desc

Old High German: fenihhal, fenichal, fenuhhal, fenuchal

Middle High German: fenichel, fenchel, fenechel, venichel, venchel, venechel

German: Fenchel

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *fēnuclum, from Latin fēnuculum.


mandalā

mandalā (nominative singular)
mandalōn (nominative plural)
mandalōn (accusative singular)
mandalōn (accusative plural)
mandalōn (genitive singular)
mandalōnō (genitive plural)
mandalōn (dative singular)
mandalōm (dative plural)
mandalum (dative plural)
mandalōn (instrumental singular)
mandalōm (instrumental plural)
mandalum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: mandala

Middle Low German: mandel, mandele

German Low German: Mandel

Old Dutch: *mandala

q

contaminated by Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">amandele</i>

Middle Dutch: mandel, amandel, amander, amandre (contaminated by Old French amandele)

desctree

Dutch: amandel
Afrikaans: amandel
→ Kari'na: mantala
→ Indonesian: amandel
→ Papiamentu: amandel
→ Sranan Tongo: amandra
→ Caribbean Javanese: mandrah

Old High German: mandala
German: Mandel
→ Faroese: mandla
→ Icelandic: mandla
→ Kashubian: mandla
→ Romansch: mandel
→ Swedish: mandel
Yiddish: מאַנדל (mandl)

Borrowed from Late Latin amandula, amendula, amandola, from Latin amygdala.


maistar

maistar (nominative singular)
maistarō (nominative plural)
maistarōs (nominative plural)
maistar (accusative singular)
maistarā (accusative plural)
maistaras (genitive singular)
maistarō (genitive plural)
maistarē (dative singular)
maistarum (dative plural)
maistaru (instrumental singular)
maistarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣġester, magister, māġister, mæġster, mǣster
Middle English: maister, maistre, mayster, maystr, maistir (reinforced by Old French maistre)
English: master (see there for further descendants)
English: mister (see there for further descendants)
Scots: maister

Old Frisian: māster, mēster, māstere, mēstere
Saterland Frisian: Mäster
West Frisian: master

Old Saxon: mēstar

desc

Middle Low German: mēster, mēister, meister, meyster, maister

→ Old Norse: meistari

Icelandic: meistari

Faroese: meistari

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: mester

Norwegian Nynorsk: meister

Danish: mester

Old Swedish: mæstare, mæster

Swedish: mästare
→ Finnish: mestari

Old Dutch: *mēster

desctree

Middle Dutch: mêester
Dutch: meester (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: meister

Old High German: meistar

Middle High German: meister

German: Meister (see there for further descendants)

Yiddish: מײַסטער (mayster)

→ Old Czech: mistř, mistr, místr

Czech: mistr

→ Polish: mistrz

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *maester, from Latin magister (“teacher”).


palancijā

palancijā (nominative singular)
palancijōn (nominative plural)
palancijōn (accusative singular)
palancijōn (accusative plural)
palancijōn (genitive singular)
palancijōnō (genitive plural)
palancijōn (dative singular)
palancijōm (dative plural)
palancijum (dative plural)
palancijōn (instrumental singular)
palancijōm (instrumental plural)
palancijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: palendse, palentse, pallente f, palente m

Old Frisian: palense

Middle Low German: palanz, palant, palent

Old Saxon: palencea

Old High German: pfalinza, pfalanza, falenza, phalanza, phalaza, phalinza

Middle High German: pfalenze, phalenze, phalze, phalz, pfalinze, pfalnze, phalenze, pfelinze, palinze, pelinze

German: Pfalz

From Late Latin palantia, from Latin palātium.


ībisku

ībisku (nominative singular)
ībiskō (nominative plural)
ībiskā (accusative singular)
ībiskā (accusative plural)
ībiskā (genitive singular)
ībiskō (genitive plural)
ībiskē (dative singular)
ībiskōm (dative plural)
ībiskum (dative plural)
ībisku (instrumental singular)
ībiskōm (instrumental plural)
ībiskum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: īviska

Middle Low German: êbesse, ebesse, êbisse, êbizze, ebizze

Old High German: ībiska, ībisca, īwiska

Middle High German: ībesche, ībesch

German: Eibisch

Borrowed from Late Latin ibīscum, hībiscum.


askalauk

askalauk (nominative singular)
askalaukō (nominative plural)
askalaukōs (nominative plural)
askalauk (accusative singular)
askalaukā (accusative plural)
askalaukas (genitive singular)
askalaukō (genitive plural)
askalaukē (dative singular)
askalaukum (dative plural)
askalauku (instrumental singular)
askalaukum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: asklōk

Middle Low German: anslôk, aschlôk

Old Dutch: *asklōk

Middle Dutch: *aschlook

Dutch: eslook

Old High German: asklouh, asclouh

Middle High German: aschlouch, anschlouk

German: Aschlauch, Eschlauch (archaic)

Thought to be from *askā (“ash”) + *lauk (“leek”), a corruption of Late Latin escalōnia, ellipsis of Latin Ascalōnia (cēpa) (“(onion) of Ashkelon”).


kaukulārī

kaukulārī (nominative singular)
kaukulārijō (nominative plural)
kaukulārijōs (nominative plural)
kaukulārī (accusative singular)
kaukulārijā (accusative plural)
kaukulārijas (genitive singular)
kaukulārijō (genitive plural)
kaukulārijē (dative singular)
kaukulārijum (dative plural)
kaukulāriju (instrumental singular)
kaukulārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġēogolere, ġēogulere, ġēoglere
Middle English: ioglar, jogeler (partly)
English: juggler

desc

Old Saxon: kōkilāri, kākilari, kaklereri

Middle Low German: kö̂chelære, kö̂cheler, kochelere, kö̂kelēr, kö̂kelēre, kögeler, kêgeler, kâkeler, kakeler

German Low German: Köckler, Kockeler, Köckeler

→ Old Norse: koklari, kuklari

Old Dutch: *gokalari, *gogalari

Middle Dutch: gokelare, gogelare, gukelare

Dutch: goochelaar, gookelaar, gokeler (dialectal)

Old High German: gougalāri, goukalāri

Middle High German: goukeläre, gougeläre

German: Gaukler

Borrowed from Late Latin caucleārius (“sorcerer”), from Latin cauculus, caculus (“servant”). Convoluted with Latin ioculārius (“jester”).


olibaum

olibaum (nominative singular)
olibaumō (nominative plural)
olibaumōs (nominative plural)
olibaum (accusative singular)
olibaumā (accusative plural)
olibaumas (genitive singular)
olibaumō (genitive plural)
olibaumē (dative singular)
olibaumum (dative plural)
olibaumu (instrumental singular)
olibaumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: elebēam

Middle English: elebeme

Old Saxon: *olibōm

Middle Low German: ö̂liebôm, olibôm, olgebôm, oleybôm

Old Dutch: *olibōm

Middle Dutch: olieboom

Dutch: olieboom

Old High German: oliboum, oleboum, oleiboum

Middle High German: öleboum, ölboum, ölepoum, olpoum, olepoum, ölepām, olpām, olepām

German: Ölbaum

From *oli (“oil, olive”) + *baum (“tree”).


īhu

īhu (nominative singular)
īhwō (nominative plural)
īhwōs (nominative plural)
īhu (accusative singular)
īhwā (accusative plural)
īhwas (genitive singular)
īhwō (genitive plural)
īhwē (dative singular)
īhum (dative plural)
īhu (instrumental singular)
īhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: īw, ēow, ēoh
Middle English: ew, u, iw, iv, eev, hw, ewe
English: yew
Scots: yew, ewe
Yola: yew

Old Saxon: īh, īch

Middle Low German: îve, yue, iwe

German Low German: Iev

Old Dutch: *īwa

q

Middle Dutch: ieve, ijf (possibly a reborrowing from Latin or Romance)

Dutch: ijf

desc

Old High German: īwa, eiba, īgo, īga, īha f

Middle High German: īwe, ībe

Alemannic German: Iche, Ige

Cimbrian: aiba

German: Eibe

Yiddish: אייבנבוים (eybnboym)

→ Late Latin: ivus, *iva

Spanish: iva

desctree

Old French: if
Middle French: if
French: if
Norman: if


larikā

larikā (nominative singular)
larikōn (nominative plural)
larikōn (accusative singular)
larikōn (accusative plural)
larikōn (genitive singular)
larikōnō (genitive plural)
larikōn (dative singular)
larikōm (dative plural)
larikum (dative plural)
larikōn (instrumental singular)
larikōm (instrumental plural)
larikum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian:

>? West Frisian: liere

Old Dutch: *lerika

Middle Dutch: *lerke

Dutch: lerk

→ Danish: lærk

→ Faroese: lerk

→ Icelandic: lerki

→ Norwegian: lerk

→ Swedish: lärk

Old High German: lerihha
Middle High German: larche, lerche
German: Lärche, Larche (Early Modern German)
→ Dutch: lork
Afrikaans: lork
→ English: larch

From Vulgar Latin *larica, from Late Latin larix (“larch”).


sabinā

sabinā (nominative singular)
sabinōn (nominative plural)
sabinōn (accusative singular)
sabinōn (accusative plural)
sabinōn (genitive singular)
sabinōnō (genitive plural)
sabinōn (dative singular)
sabinōm (dative plural)
sabinum (dative plural)
sabinōn (instrumental singular)
sabinōm (instrumental plural)
sabinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: safīne, safene, savīne, savene

desc

Middle English: sauine, saveyn, sauen, sauyn (partially from Old French)

English: savin, savine

Old Saxon: *sebina

Middle Low German: sēven

Old High German: sefina, sevina, sauen

Middle High German: seven, sefen


salbejā

salbejā (nominative singular)
salbejōn (nominative plural)
salbejōn (accusative singular)
salbejōn (accusative plural)
salbejōn (genitive singular)
salbejōnō (genitive plural)
salbejōn (dative singular)
salbejōm (dative plural)
salbejum (dative plural)
salbejōn (instrumental singular)
salbejōm (instrumental plural)
salbejum (instrumental plural)

Old English: salfie, salfige

Middle English: salvie

Old Saxon: selvia

Middle Low German: salvîe, salvye, salvîge, salveige, salveie, salvei

German Low German: Selwe, Salwegge

Old Dutch: *salviga

Middle Dutch: saelge, saelgie, saelie, salie, selve

Dutch: salie

Old High German: salbeia, salveia, salveghe f, salbei m

Middle High German: salbeie, salveie

German: Salbei

Borrowed from Late Latin salvegia, from Latin salvia.


bētā

bētā (nominative singular)
bētōn (nominative plural)
bētōn (accusative singular)
bētōn (accusative plural)
bētōn (genitive singular)
bētōnō (genitive plural)
bētōn (dative singular)
bētōm (dative plural)
bētum (dative plural)
bētōn (instrumental singular)
bētōm (instrumental plural)
bētum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēte

desctree

Middle English: bete, beet
English: beet
→ Chickasaw: (from the plural) biits
→ Hawaiian: piki
→ Maori: pīti

Old Frisian: bete

Old Saxon: *bēta

Middle Low German: bête

German Low German: Beet

Plautdietsch: Beet

→ Danish: bede

→ Estonian: peet

→ German: Bete

→ Latvian: biete

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: bete

Norwegian Bokmål: bete

→ Swedish: beta

Old Dutch: *bēta

Middle Dutch: bête

Dutch: biet
Afrikaans: beet
→ Indonesian: beet

Old High German: bieza

Middle High German: bieze, bizza

Bavarian: Bießen (Tirol)

⇒ Bavarian: Pießl, Bießl

→ Slovene: pesa


gingiberō

gingiberō (nominative singular)
gingiberan (nominative plural)
gingiberan (accusative singular)
gingiberan (accusative plural)
gingibirini (genitive singular)
gingiberan (genitive singular)
gingiberanō (genitive plural)
gingibirini (dative singular)
gingiberan (dative singular)
gingiberum (dative plural)
gingibirini (instrumental singular)
gingiberan (instrumental singular)
gingiberum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gingifer f, gingiber, gingifere
Middle English: gingivere, gingere, gingivre, gingyver, gynger, gyngere, gyngever, gyngiver, gyngyver, gyngyvyr (contaminated by Old French)
English: ginger
→ Greek: τζίντζερ (tzíntzer)
→ Japanese: ジンジャー (jinjā)
→ Maltese: ġinġer
→ Manx: jinshar
→ Welsh: sinsir
→ Zulu: újínja
Scots: ginger, ginge
→ Irish: sinséar
→ Scottish Gaelic: dinnsear
→ Manx: jinshar
→ Welsh: sinsir

Old Saxon: *gingibera, *ingibera

desc

Middle Low German: ingever, inghever, ingeber, incheber, engever, engewer, engevar, engeber, gengever, gengevar, gengefer, gengwer, gengewer, genckver, genwer, gingeber, gingever, gangeber

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Engfäär

Plautdietsch: Enjwa

→ Danish: ingefær

→ Faroese: ingifer

→ Icelandic: engifer

→ Norwegian: ingefær

→ Swedish: ingefära

→ Finnish: inkivääri

Old Dutch: *gingibero

Middle Dutch: gingebare, gigeberre, gengeber, gingeber, gengevar, ginghebare

desctree

Dutch: gember
Afrikaans: gemmer
Berbice Creole Dutch: gembru
Jersey Dutch: jäämver
→ Lokono: sizembri
→ Papiamentu: ehèmber, gèmber, hember
→ West Frisian: gimber

Old High German: gingibero, gingiber, ingiber
Middle High German: ingeber, ingewer, ingwer, gingebere
German: Ingwer, Ingber, Imber (dialectal, obsolete)
→ Estonian: ingver
→ Latvian: ingvers
→ Luxembourgish: Ingwer
→ Polish: imbir
→ Belarusian: імбір (imbir)
→ Lithuanian: imbieras
→ Russian: имби́рь (imbírʹ)
→ Ukrainian: імби́р (imbýr)
→ Slovene: īngver, īmber
→ Lower Sorbian: ingwer
→ Upper Sorbian: himbjer, ingwer
Yiddish: אינגבער (ingber)

Borrowed from Late Latin gingiber, from Latin zingiberī.


buhsabaum

bohsabaum (nominative singular)
bohsabaumō (nominative plural)
bohsabaumōs (nominative plural)
bohsabaum (accusative singular)
bohsabaumā (accusative plural)
bohsabaumas (genitive singular)
bohsabaumō (genitive plural)
bohsabaumē (dative singular)
bohsabaumum (dative plural)
bohsabaumu (instrumental singular)
bohsabaumum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *buchsbām, *busbām

Saterland Frisian: Busboom

West Frisian: buksbeam

Old Saxon: buhsbōm

Middle Low German: busbôm, bussebom

German Low German:

Altmarkisch: Buschboom

Ostfriesisch: Bussboom

Westphalian: Bußbaom

→ Danish: buksbom

→ Norwegian: buxbom

→ Swedish: buxbom

→ Finnish: puksipuu

Old Dutch: *buhsbōm

Middle Dutch: bosboom, buschboom

Dutch: buksboom

→ Scots: buschbome, buschboun

Old High German: buhsboum

Middle High German: buhsboum, puhspoum

German: Buchsbaum

→ Polish: bukszpan

From *buhs (“boxwood”) + *baum (“tree”).


sūrā

sūrā (nominative singular)
sūrōn (nominative plural)
sūrōn (accusative singular)
sūrōn (accusative plural)
sūrōn (genitive singular)
sūrōnō (genitive plural)
sūrōn (dative singular)
sūrōm (dative plural)
sūrum (dative plural)
sūrōn (instrumental singular)
sūrōm (instrumental plural)
sūrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sūre

Middle English: sour, soure

Old Saxon: sūra

Middle Low German: sûre

German Low German: Süüre, Suur

Old High German: sūra f, sūrra, surio m

From Proto-Germanic *sūrǭ, from *sūraz (“sour”) + *-ǭ. Cognate with Icelandic súra (“sorrel”).


amprō

amprō (nominative singular)
ampran (nominative plural)
ampran (accusative singular)
ampran (accusative plural)
amprini (genitive singular)
ampran (genitive singular)
ampranō (genitive plural)
amprini (dative singular)
ampran (dative singular)
amprum (dative plural)
amprini (instrumental singular)
ampran (instrumental singular)
amprum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ampre f, ompre ( < Proto-West Germanic *amprā)

Middle English: ampre

English: amper

Old Saxon: *ampro

⇒ Middle Low German: sûramper m

Old High German: ampfaro m; amphara f ( < Proto-West Germanic *amprā)

Middle High German: ampfer, ampher m

German: Ampfer m

→ German Low German: Amper

From *ampr (“sour”) + *-ō. Compare *sūrā (“sorrel”), from *sūr (“sour”). Compare also the parallel formations Sanskrit अम्ल (amlá, “sour, bitter; wood sorrel”) and Latvian amuols (“yellow sorrel”), apparently from the same root with a slightly different suffix.


kerbulā

kerbulā (nominative singular)
kerbulōn (nominative plural)
kerbulōn (accusative singular)
kerbulōn (accusative plural)
kerbulōn (genitive singular)
kerbulōnō (genitive plural)
kerbulōn (dative singular)
kerbulōm (dative plural)
kerbulum (dative plural)
kerbulōn (instrumental singular)
kerbulōm (instrumental plural)
kerbulum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: cerfille, cerfelle, cærfille

Middle English: chervell, cherefelle, charville, charwelle, chervyl (reenforced by Old French)

English: chervil

Old Saxon: kervila, kiervila, kerevel

Middle Low German: kervel, karvel, karvele, kerevel, kervele

German Low German: Kerwel

→ Danish: kørvel

→ Norwegian: kjørvel

→ Swedish: körvel

→ Icelandic: kerfill

Old Dutch: *kervila

Middle Dutch: kervele, kervel

Dutch: kervel

Old High German: kervila, kervola, kerbele f, kerfil, kervil m

Middle High German: kervele, kervel, kerfele, kerfel, kerbel m

German: Kerbel m

Luxembourgish: Kierwel

Borrowed from Late Latin cerfolium, from Latin caerefolium.


kudinā

kudinā (nominative singular)
kudinōn (nominative plural)
kudinōn (accusative singular)
kudinōn (accusative plural)
kudinōn (genitive singular)
kudinōnō (genitive plural)
kudinōn (dative singular)
kudinōm (dative plural)
kudinum (dative plural)
kudinōn (instrumental singular)
kudinōm (instrumental plural)
kudinum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kudina, quitina, kudine, quidene

Middle Low German: quêde, quedde

Low German: Quitt

→ Danish: kvæde

→ Faroese: kveði

→ Norwegian: kvede

→ Swedish: kvitten

Old Dutch: *quidina

Middle Dutch: quēde

Dutch: kwee

Old High German: quitina, kutinna, kwitina, quitina, quodana, kwodana

Middle High German: küte, kütte, kutten, quite, quiten, küten

Alemannic German: Chüttene, Kütt

German: Quitte

Luxembourgish: Quitt

Rhine Franconian: Quitt

Borrowed from Late Latin quidōnium, cydonium, ellipsis of Latin (malum) Cydonium (“(apple) of Cydonia”).


fakkulā

fakkulā (nominative singular)
fakkulōn (nominative plural)
fakkulōn (accusative singular)
fakkulōn (accusative plural)
fakkulōn (genitive singular)
fakkulōnō (genitive plural)
fakkulōn (dative singular)
fakkulōm (dative plural)
fakkulum (dative plural)
fakkulōn (instrumental singular)
fakkulōm (instrumental plural)
fakkulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæcele

Old Saxon: fakla

Middle Low German: fackele, fackel

German Low German: Fackel

→ Danish: fakkel

→ Norwegian: fakkel

Old Dutch: *fackala

Middle Dutch: fackele, fackel

Dutch: fakkel

Afrikaans: fackel

desc

Old High German: fackala, fackla, fakkila, fackula

Middle High German: vackel, fackel

Alemannic German: Fachele

German: Fackel (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Fakel

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Fackel

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бакља

Latin script: baklja

→ Slovak: fakľa

→ Slovene: bakla

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *faccula, from Latin facula.


kunilā

kunilā (nominative singular)
kunilōn (nominative plural)
kunilōn (accusative singular)
kunilōn (accusative plural)
kunilōn (genitive singular)
kunilōnō (genitive plural)
kunilōn (dative singular)
kunilōm (dative plural)
kunilum (dative plural)
kunilōn (instrumental singular)
kunilōm (instrumental plural)
kunilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cunele, cunelle, cunille

Middle English: cunel

Old Saxon: kunila, konula, konnela, konele, kwenela, quenela, quenula

Middle Low German: kȫnele, konele, könnele, künele, kölle, quēnel

Low German: Kölle, Külle

Old Dutch: *quenela, *quenla

Middle Dutch: cuelne, *quenle, quendel

Dutch: keule, (archaic) cuele

Dutch: kwendel, (archaic) quendel, quenel

→ Swedish: kyndel

→ Finnish: kynteli

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kyndel

Old High German: quenela, quenela, quenala, konila, konul, konala, kunila, kunala, quenila, quonila

Middle High German: quenil, quenel, quennel, quennele, quendel, kundel

German: Quendel

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *quenela and Latin conīla, conela, cunela.


kardā

kardā (nominative singular)
kardōn (nominative plural)
kardōn (accusative singular)
kardōn (accusative plural)
kardōn (genitive singular)
kardōnō (genitive plural)
kardōn (dative singular)
kardōm (dative plural)
kardum (dative plural)
kardōn (instrumental singular)
kardōm (instrumental plural)
kardum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: karde

West Frisian: kaarde

Old Saxon: karda

Middle Low German: kârde, karde, kârte

Old Dutch: *karda

Middle Dutch: carde, caerde

Dutch: kaard, kaarde

Old High German: karta f, karto m

Middle High German: karte, karde

Alemannic German: Charte

German: Karde


kornul

kornul (nominative singular)
kornulō (nominative plural)
kornulōs (nominative plural)
kornul (accusative singular)
kornulā (accusative plural)
kornulas (genitive singular)
kornulō (genitive plural)
kornulē (dative singular)
kornulum (dative plural)
kornulu (instrumental singular)
kornulum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: kornul, kurnol m, kurnilo m

⇒ German: Kornelkirsche

Borrowed from Late Latin cornulus, corneolus, *quernulus, from Latin cornus.

Kornelbaum

Middle High German: kurnelboum, kurnilboum

kornoelje

Middle Dutch: kornoelie, kornelle kornelie, kornel, karnel (contaminated by Old French)

kornelle

Old High German: kornella; Middle High German


lafendulā

lafendulā (nominative singular)
lafendulōn (nominative plural)
lafendulōn (accusative singular)
lafendulōn (accusative plural)
lafendulōn (genitive singular)
lafendulōnō (genitive plural)
lafendulōn (dative singular)
lafendulōm (dative plural)
lafendulum (dative plural)
lafendulōn (instrumental singular)
lafendulōm (instrumental plural)
lafendulum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: levindola

Middle Low German: lavendel, laffendel, lovendel, lofengel, levendel, lovengel

German Low German: Lewendel

→ Danish: lavendel

→ Swedish: lavendel

→ Finnish: laventeli

Old Dutch: *lavendula

Middle Dutch: lavendel, lavender (influenced by Old French)

Dutch: lavendel

→ West Frisian: lavindel

Old High German: lavendula, lafendula, lavendele, lafendele, lovengele, lofengele

Middle High German: lavendel, lavendele

desctree

German: Lavendel
→ Bulgarian: лаванду́ла (lavandúla)
→ Czech: levandule
→ Hungarian: levendula

Luxembourgish: Lavendel


maskā

maskā (nominative singular)
maskōn (nominative plural)
maskōn (accusative singular)
maskōn (accusative plural)
maskōn (genitive singular)
maskōnō (genitive plural)
maskōn (dative singular)
maskōm (dative plural)
maskum (dative plural)
maskōn (instrumental singular)
maskōm (instrumental plural)
maskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mæsċre f, masc n, max n

Middle English: maske, *masche, mesche

Scots: mask

English: mesh

Old Frisian: *maske

Saterland Frisian: Mäske

West Frisian: mesk, mêsk

Old Saxon: maska, *māska

Middle Low German: masche

German Low German: Maske, Mask

Old Dutch: *maska, *māska

Middle Dutch: maessce, masche, maesche

Dutch: maas

Old High German: masca, maska, māska, māsca
Middle High German: masche
German: Masche
Luxembourgish: Masch

→? Medieval Latin: masca (see there for further descendants)