peru

peru (nominative singular)
perō (nominative plural)
perā (accusative singular)
perā (accusative plural)
perā (genitive singular)
perō (genitive plural)
perē (dative singular)
perōm (dative plural)
perum (dative plural)
peru (instrumental singular)
perōm (instrumental plural)
perum (instrumental plural)

Old English: peru, pere
Middle English: pere, peere, per, peire, peore, peare
English: pear
→⇒ Chinese: 啤梨 (pílí)
→⇒ Khmer: ផ្លែភា (phlae phiə)
→ Sotho: pere
→ Thai: แพร์ (pɛɛ)
→ Tokelauan: pea
→ Xhosa: ipere
Scots: peer, peir
→ Scottish Gaelic: peur

Old Frisian: *pere

Saterland Frisian: Pere

West Frisian: par

Old Saxon: *pera

Middle Low German: bêre, pêre

German Low German:

North Low German:

Grafschaftish: Beäre

Low Prussian, Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Peer

Westphalian:

q

Sauerländisch: Biär, Biäre (Sündern, Assinghausen, Elpe, Kirchhundem), Bier (Balve), Beere (Brilon, Wenden), Bäre (Niedersfeld), Biare (Drolshagen, Olpe)

Westmünsterländisch: Peere

South Westphalian: Beär (Dortmund)

→ Old Norse: pera

Norwegian: pære

Danish: pære
→ Greenlandic: pære

Swedish: päron
→ Finnish: päärynä

Old Dutch: *pera

Middle Dutch: pēre

desctree

Dutch: peer
Afrikaans: peer
Jersey Dutch: pêr
→ Aukan: peli
→ Saramaccan: péíli (from the diminutive form)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin pira f, Latin pirum n (“pear”).


wald

wald (nominative singular)
waldu (nominative plural)
wald (accusative singular)
waldu (accusative plural)
waldas (genitive singular)
waldō (genitive plural)
waldē (dative singular)
waldum (dative plural)
waldu (instrumental singular)
waldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weald

Middle English: wald

English: wald

Old Dutch: *wald

Old High German: walt

From Proto-Germanic *waldą. Deverbal noun from the root of *waldan.


wald

wald (nominative singular)
waldō (nominative plural)
waldōs (nominative plural)
wald (accusative singular)
waldā (accusative plural)
waldas (genitive singular)
waldō (genitive plural)
waldē (dative singular)
waldum (dative plural)
waldu (instrumental singular)
waldum (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Germanic *waldaz. Cognate with Old Norse valdr of the same meaning.

herautFrench: héraut→ Portuguese: arauto→ Spanish: heraldo

Spanish: faraute (“presenter (of the beginning of a comedy)”)

smug, proud (of one's appearance or clothing)

→ French: faraudLouisiana Creole: faraud

herald

→ Middle English: herald, herauld, heraud

⇒ Old French: cucuault→ Middle English: cokewold


hindi

hindi (nominative singular)
hindī (nominative plural)
hindi (accusative singular)
hindī (accusative plural)
hindī (genitive singular)
hindijō (genitive plural)
hindī (dative singular)
hindim (dative plural)
hindijum (dative plural)
hindī (instrumental singular)
hindim (instrumental plural)
hindijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hind

Middle English: hind, hinde, hynde

Scots: hynde, hynd, hind

English: hind

Old Frisian: *hind

West Frisian: hine

Old Saxon: *hind

Middle Low German: hinde

Old Dutch: *hind

Middle Dutch: hinde

Dutch: hinde

Old High German: hinta, hinna

Middle High German: hinte, hinde

German: Hinde


saum

saum (nominative singular)
saumō (nominative plural)
saumōs (nominative plural)
saum (accusative singular)
saumā (accusative plural)
saumas (genitive singular)
saumō (genitive plural)
saumē (dative singular)
saumum (dative plural)
saumu (instrumental singular)
saumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēam
Middle English: seem, ceem, ceme, sem, seme, seyme
English: seam
Scots: seam

Old Frisian: sām

Saterland Frisian: Soom

West Frisian: seam

Old Saxon: sōm

Middle Low German: sôm

Low German: Soom

Plautdietsch: Soom

Old Dutch: *soum

Middle Dutch: sôom

Dutch: zoom

Afrikaans: soom

Old High German: soum

Middle High German: soum

German: Saum

Luxembourgish: Sam


saum

Old English: sēam, sēom

Middle English: seem, ceme, sem, seme, sæm (Early Middle English)
English: seam (historical)

⇒ Old English: ofersēam (“bag”)

Old Saxon: sōm

Middle Low German: sôm, sôme, zoem

Old High German: soum, sogma

Middle High German: soum, sôm

German: Saum (dialectal, obsolete)

⇒ Old High German: gisoumi (“luggage”)

desc

⇒ Old High German: gisoumilīn (“parcel”)

⇒ Old High German: soumgiziugi (“harness; provisions case”)

Borrowed from Late Latin sauma, from Latin sagma (“packsaddle”).

sômpenninc

Old Saxon: sōmpenning; Middle Low German


ili

ili (nominative singular)
iliþi (nominative plural)
ili (accusative singular)
iliþi (accusative plural)
iliþi (genitive singular)
iliþō (genitive plural)
iliþi (dative singular)
iliþum (dative plural)
iliþi (instrumental singular)
iliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ill n, ile m

Old Frisian: ili, ile, il

North Frisian: il, eel

Saterland Frisian: Íelt

West Frisian: yl, ylt

Old Saxon: *ili, *ilthi

Middle Low German: īle, ēle, ēlde, ēlt n

Low German: Elt, Eelt

Old Dutch: *ili, *ilithi, *ilthi

gl

Middle Dutch: *ele, *elede, *elde, *elet, *ēlt (alternatively, borrowed from Middle Low German)

Dutch: eelt

Afrikaans: eelt


aud

aud (nominative singular)
audō (nominative plural)
audōs (nominative plural)
aud (accusative singular)
audā (accusative plural)
audas (genitive singular)
audō (genitive plural)
audē (dative singular)
audum (dative plural)
audu (instrumental singular)
audum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ēad
Middle English: ead, ed

Old Saxon: ōd

Old High German: ōt


saku

saku (nominative singular)
sakō (nominative plural)
sakā (accusative singular)
sakā (accusative plural)
sakā (genitive singular)
sakō (genitive plural)
sakē (dative singular)
sakōm (dative plural)
sakum (dative plural)
saku (instrumental singular)
sakōm (instrumental plural)
sakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sacu

Middle English: sake, sak, sac

Scots: sak, saik

English: sake

Old Frisian: sake, seke, sek

Saterland Frisian: sec

Saterland Frisian: Seeke

West Frisian: saak

Old Saxon: saka

Middle Low German: sake

Low German: sake

German Low German:

Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: Saak f, Såk

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Sake f

Old Dutch: saka

Middle Dutch: sāke

Dutch: zaak

Afrikaans: saak

Old High German: sahha, sacha

Middle High German: sache, sach

Bavarian: Såch

German: Sache

Luxembourgish: Saach

Yiddish: זאַך (zakh)

From Proto-Germanic *sakō. Equivalent to *sakan (“to quarrel, argue”) + *-u.


kol

kol (nominative singular)
kolu (nominative plural)
kol (accusative singular)
kolu (accusative plural)
kolas (genitive singular)
kolō (genitive plural)
kolē (dative singular)
kolum (dative plural)
kolu (instrumental singular)
kolum (instrumental plural)

Old English: col

Middle English: col, cole

English: coal

Scots: col, coll

Old Frisian: kole

Saterland Frisian: Cole, Koole

West Frisian: koal

Old Saxon: *kol

Middle Low German: kole

German Low German: Kahl, Kaal

Plautdietsch: Kol

Old Dutch: *kol

Middle Dutch: kole

Dutch: kool
Afrikaans: kool
Jersey Dutch: kôl
Negerhollands: kool
→ Caribbean Hindustani: koro
→ Chinese: 高麗／高丽, 高麗菜／高丽菜 (via Min Nan)
→ Indonesian: kol
→ Mahican: gónan
→ Papiamentu: kolo
→ Sranan Tongo: kolo

Limburgish: koeal

Old High German: kol
Middle High German: kol
Cimbrian: kholl
German: Kohle
Luxembourgish: Kuel
Yiddish: קויל (koyl)


tapped

tapped (nominative singular)
tappedō (nominative plural)
tappedōs (nominative plural)
tapped (accusative singular)
tappedā (accusative plural)
tappedas (genitive singular)
tappedō (genitive plural)
tappedē (dative singular)
tappedum (dative plural)
tappedu (instrumental singular)
tappedum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tæpped, tæppet

Middle English: tapit, tapet (partially from Old French tapit)

English: tapet

desc

Old Saxon: teppid, *tappēd, *tapēd, *tepīd

Middle Low German: tapêt, tappêt, teppet, tapît

→ Old Norse: tapit

Danish: tæppe

Icelandic: teppi

Norwegian: teppe

Old Dutch: *teppid, *tepīd

Middle Dutch: tapijt, tapit, tapit (partially from Old French tapit)

desctree

Dutch: tapijt
Afrikaans: tapyt
→ Caribbean Javanese: tapèt
→ West Frisian: tapyt

desc

Old High German: teppid, tepīd, teppīd, teppih

Middle High German: tepit, teppit, teppet, tept, tepet, zeppet, tepich, teppich, tepech, teppech, tepch, tebich

German: Teppich (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Teppech

Pennsylvania German: Deppich

Yiddish: טעפּעך (tepekh)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *tappetum (compare Italian tappeto), from and reenforced by Latin tapētum, genitive plural of tapēs (“rug, tapestry”).


stahl

stahl (nominative singular)
stahhlu (nominative plural)
stahl (accusative singular)
stahhlu (accusative plural)
stahhlas (genitive singular)
stahhlō (genitive plural)
stahhlē (dative singular)
stahhlum (dative plural)
stahhlu (instrumental singular)
stahhlum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stāl

Middle Low German: stâl

German Low German: Stahl

Low German: staal

Plautdietsch: Stol

Old Dutch: stāl

Middle Dutch: stâel

desctree

Dutch: staal
Afrikaans: staal
→ Xhosa: isitali
Negerhollands: staal
→ Papiamentu: stal, staal

Limburgish: stjaol

West Flemish: stoal

Old High German: stahal, stāl

Middle High German: stahel, stāl (especially Central German), stachel, stagel (Upper German)
Alemannic German: Staal
German: Stahl (see there for further descendants)
Hunsrik: Staal
Luxembourgish: Stol
Yiddish: שטאָל (shtol)


banki

banki (nominative singular)
bankī (nominative plural)
banki (accusative singular)
bankī (accusative plural)
bankī (genitive singular)
bankijō (genitive plural)
bankī (dative singular)
bankim (dative plural)
bankijum (dative plural)
bankī (instrumental singular)
bankim (instrumental plural)
bankijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: benċ, bænc
Middle English: benk, bench, bynk, benche, banch, binch, binche
English: bench (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bink, benk
→ Middle Irish: beinnse
Irish: binse

Old Frisian: bank, benk

Saterland Frisian: Boank, Bank

West Frisian: bank

Old Saxon: bank

Middle Low German: bank

Old Dutch: *banc

Middle Dutch: banc
Dutch: bank (see there for further descendants)
Afrikaans: bank
Limburgish: bank

Old High German: bank
Middle High German: banc, bank
Bavarian: Bånk
German: Bank
→ Danish: bank
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bank
Luxembourgish: Bänk
Pennsylvania German: Bank
→ Old French: banc
French: banc (see there for further descendants)
Norman: banc
→ Middle English: bank, banke
English: bank (see there for further descendants)
→ Galician: banco
→ Spanish: banco (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Italian: banco, banca
Italian: banco, banca (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Italian: banchetto (see there for further descendants)
→ Byzantine Greek: πάγκος (pánkos)
Greek: πάγκος (págkos)
→ Middle French: banque (see there for further descendants)
→ German: Bank (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: bancus, banca

Lombardic: panch
→ Italian: panca


kaup

kaup (nominative singular)
kaupō (nominative plural)
kaupōs (nominative plural)
kaup (accusative singular)
kaupā (accusative plural)
kaupas (genitive singular)
kaupō (genitive plural)
kaupē (dative singular)
kaupum (dative plural)
kaupu (instrumental singular)
kaupum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēap
Middle English: chep, chepe
English: cheap

Old Frisian: kāp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: kuup
Saterland Frisian: Koop
West Frisian: keap

Old Saxon: kōp

Old Dutch: cōp, *coup

Middle Dutch: côop, coup

Dutch: koop

Limburgish: koup

Old High German: kouf
German: Kauf


fugl

fugl (nominative singular)
foglō (nominative plural)
foglōs (nominative plural)
fugl (accusative singular)
foglā (accusative plural)
foglas (genitive singular)
foglō (genitive plural)
fuglē (dative singular)
fuglum (dative plural)
fuglu (instrumental singular)
fuglum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fugol, fugel, fugul
Middle English: fowel, fowele, foul, foghel, fuȝel, foȝel, foughel, fouel, fowl
English: fowl
Scots: foul, fule
Yola: fowlès (plural)

Old Frisian: fugel
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fögel
Hallig: fugel
Goesharde and Mooring: föögel
Saterland Frisian: Fúgel
West Frisian: fûgel

Old Saxon: fugal
Middle Low German: vōgel
German Low German: Vogel, Vögel
Low German: Vagel, Vögel
Plautdietsch: Voagel

Old Dutch: fogal
Middle Dutch: vōgel
Dutch: vogel
Afrikaans: voël
→ English: voël
Jersey Dutch: fœüxel
Negerhollands: vogel
Skepi Creole Dutch: fogul
→? Sranan Tongo: fowru, vol, vool
→ Saramaccan: fóu
Limburgish: vogel, voeagel
West Flemish: veugel
Zealandic: veugel

Old High German: fogal, fugal
Middle High German: vogel
Alemannic German: Fogel, Vogel
Central Franconian: Vuggel, Vugel (Colognian Academy spelling), Vuul (scattered variant in Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Foghel
Kölsch: Furrel
Cimbrian: vóoghel, bóoghel, vogl
German: Vogel
Luxembourgish: Vugel, Vull
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Voggel
Vilamovian: föguł
Yiddish: פֿויגל (foygl)


fundi

fundi (nominative singular)
fundī (nominative plural)
fundi (accusative singular)
fundī (accusative plural)
fundī (genitive singular)
fundijō (genitive plural)
fundī (dative singular)
fundim (dative plural)
fundijum (dative plural)
fundī (instrumental singular)
fundim (instrumental plural)
fundijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: fynd


stigi

stigi (nominative singular)
stigī (nominative plural)
stigi (accusative singular)
stigī (accusative plural)
stigī (genitive singular)
stiggjō (genitive plural)
stigī (dative singular)
stigim (dative plural)
stiggjum (dative plural)
stigī (instrumental singular)
stigim (instrumental plural)
stiggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stiġe

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) a climbing, climb; ascent


tungl

tungl (nominative singular)
tunglu (nominative plural)
tungl (accusative singular)
tunglu (accusative plural)
tunglas (genitive singular)
tunglō (genitive plural)
tunglē (dative singular)
tunglum (dative plural)
tunglu (instrumental singular)
tunglum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tungol

Middle English: tungol

Old Saxon: tungal

Old High German: *zungal


þak

þak (nominative singular)
þaku (nominative plural)
þak (accusative singular)
þaku (accusative plural)
þakas (genitive singular)
þakō (genitive plural)
þakē (dative singular)
þakum (dative plural)
þaku (instrumental singular)
þakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þæc
Middle English: thakke, thankk, thak
English: thack
Scots: thak, thek, thack
⇒ Middle English: thacche, thetche (influenced by þeċċan (“to cover”))
English: thatch

Old Frisian: thek, thak
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: taag
Mooring: tååge
Saterland Frisian: Täk
West Frisian: tek

Old Saxon: thak

Middle Low German: dak

German Low German: Dack

Old Dutch: *thak

Middle Dutch: dac, dak, dec
Dutch: dak
Afrikaans: dak
Negerhollands: dak
→ Caribbean Hindustani: dák
→ Caribbean Javanese: dag
→ Indonesian: dak
→ Papiamentu: dak
→ Sranan Tongo: daki
Limburgish: daak

Old High German: dah

Middle High German: dach

Central Franconian: Daach

Hunsrik: Dach

Cimbrian: dach, tach (Luserna)

German: Dach
→ Belarusian: дах (dax)
→ Polish: dach
→ Ukrainian: дах (dax)

Luxembourgish: Daach

Pennsylvania German: Dach

Yiddish: דאַך (dakh)


swefn

swefn (nominative singular)
swefnō (nominative plural)
swefnōs (nominative plural)
swefn (accusative singular)
swefnā (accusative plural)
swefnas (genitive singular)
swefnō (genitive plural)
swefnē (dative singular)
swefnum (dative plural)
swefnu (instrumental singular)
swefnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swefn, swefen
Middle English: sweven, swevyn, swevon, swevene, swevne, swheven, squeven, sueven, seven, swene, swefen, suefen, sweoven
English: sweven
Scots: sweven, swevyn

Old Saxon: swevan


sumar

sumar (nominative singular)
sumarō (nominative plural)
sumarōs (nominative plural)
sumar (accusative singular)
sumarā (accusative plural)
sumaras (genitive singular)
sumarō (genitive plural)
sumarē (dative singular)
sumarum (dative plural)
sumaru (instrumental singular)
sumarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sumor
Middle English: sumer, somer
English: summer
Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer
Yola: zimmer, zummer

Old Frisian: sumur, sumer

Saterland Frisian: Suumer

West Frisian: simmer

Old Saxon: sumar
Middle Low German: somer, sommer
Low German:
German Low German: Summer, Sommer, Sömmer
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: Sumer
Sauerländisch: Suemer, Sūmer, Summer, Sommer
Westmünsterländisch: Sommer
Plautdietsch: Somma

Old Dutch: *sumar

Middle Dutch: sōmer
Dutch: zomer
Afrikaans: somer
Limburgish: zómmer
West Flemish: zommer

Old High German: sumar
Middle High German: sumer
German: Sommer
Hunsrik: Sommer
Luxembourgish: Summer
Mòcheno: summer
Silesian East Central German: Summer
Vilamovian: zumer
Yiddish: זומער (zumer)


þegn

þegn (nominative singular)
þegnō (nominative plural)
þegnōs (nominative plural)
þegn (accusative singular)
þegnā (accusative plural)
þegnas (genitive singular)
þegnō (genitive plural)
þegnē (dative singular)
þegnum (dative plural)
þegnu (instrumental singular)
þegnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þeġn
Middle English: theyn, dain, thain, thayn, thein, þen, þein, þeyn, ðæin, þægen, þægn, þegen, þegn, þeȝn, þeign (Early Middle English)
English: thane
Scots: thane
→ Irish: taen

→ Medieval Latin: thainus

Old Saxon: thegan

Middle Low German: degen, dēgen

Old Dutch: *thegen (in derivatives and compounds)

Middle Dutch: dēgen

Dutch: degen

⇒ Old Dutch: thegenlīko (adverb)

Old High German: degan
Middle High German: dëgen
German: Degen


þorn

þorn (nominative singular)
þornō (nominative plural)
þornōs (nominative plural)
þorn (accusative singular)
þornā (accusative plural)
þornas (genitive singular)
þornō (genitive plural)
þornē (dative singular)
þornum (dative plural)
þornu (instrumental singular)
þornum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þorn
Middle English: thorn, thorne, thron, thurne, þorn, þorne, þron
English: thorn
Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)
Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

Old Frisian: thorn

North Frisian: Tuurn (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Touden, Tudden

West Frisian: toarne

Old Saxon: thorn
Middle Low German: dōrn
German Low German: Däörn, Doorn, Dorn, Durn

Old Dutch: thorn

Middle Dutch: dorn, dōorn, dōren
Dutch: doren, doorn
Afrikaans: doring
Negerhollands: dorn, doorn

Old High German: dorn

Middle High German: dorn

Alemannic German: Torn

Cimbrian: dòrn

German: Dorn

Hunsrik: Dorn

Luxembourgish: Dar

Yiddish: דאָרן (dorn)


frosk

frosk (nominative singular)
froskō (nominative plural)
froskōs (nominative plural)
frosk (accusative singular)
froskā (accusative plural)
froskas (genitive singular)
froskō (genitive plural)
froskē (dative singular)
froskum (dative plural)
frosku (instrumental singular)
froskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frosc, frox, forsc
Middle English: frosk, frosch
English: frosk, frosh

Old Frisian: *frosk

West Frisian: froask

Old Saxon: *frosk, *forsk

Middle Low German: vorsch

German Low German: Fuorsk (Münsterland); Frötske (Krummhörn, Ostfriesland)

Old Dutch: *frosk, *forsk

Middle Dutch: vorsch

Dutch: vors

Limburgish: vrósj

Old High German: frosk, frosc
Middle High German: vrosch
Bavarian: Frosch, Fruasch
Cimbrian: vross, bross, vrosch
Central Franconian: Frösch, Fräsch
Hunsrik: Frosch
Luxembourgish: Fräsch
German: Frosch
Rhine Franconian: Frosch, Fresch
Frankfurterisch: [fʀoʃ]
Pennsylvania German: Frosch


lagu

lagu (nominative singular)
lagiwi (nominative plural)
lagō (nominative plural)
lagu (accusative singular)
lagū (accusative plural)
lagō (genitive singular)
lagiwō (genitive plural)
lagiwi (dative singular)
lagō (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)
lagu (instrumental singular)
lagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lagu, lago

Middle English: laȝe, lawe, laie, leye

English: lay

Old Frisian: *lage

gl

possibly merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*laku</i>

>? Saterland Frisian: Loge f (“brine”) (possibly merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *laku)

Old Saxon: lagu


burg

burg (nominative singular)
burgi (nominative plural)
burgu (accusative singular)
burgi (accusative plural)
burgi (genitive singular)
borgō (genitive plural)
burgi (dative singular)
burgum (dative plural)
burgi (instrumental singular)
burgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: burg, burh
Middle English: burgh
Scots: burch, burgh
English: borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury
→ English: burh (learned)

Old Frisian: burch, burich

Saterland Frisian: Buurich

West Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)

Old Saxon: burg
Middle Low German: borch
German Low German: Börg, Borg

Old Dutch: burg
Middle Dutch: borch, burch
Dutch: burg, burcht
Afrikaans: burg
Limburgish: bórg, börch

Old High German: burg
Middle High German: burc
German: Burg
Luxembourgish: Buerg

→ Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)

→? Albanian: burg

→ Old French: borc, burc

Middle French: bourg

French: bourg


sunu

sunu (nominative singular)
suniwi (nominative plural)
sunō (nominative plural)
sunu (accusative singular)
sunū (accusative plural)
sunō (genitive singular)
suniwō (genitive plural)
suniwi (dative singular)
sunō (dative singular)
sunum (dative plural)
sunu (instrumental singular)
sunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sunu
Middle English: sone, sune
English: son
Scots: son

Old Frisian: sunu

Saterland Frisian: Súun

West Frisian: soan

Old Saxon: sunu
Middle Low German: sune, sȫne
Low German:
German Low German: Söhn
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Suhne m
Ravensbergisch: Suone
Sauerländisch: Suen, Seyen, Sōn
Westmünsterländisch: Sönn, Sonn, Sonne
Plautdietsch: Sän

Old Dutch: *sunu

Middle Dutch: sōne
Dutch: zoon
Afrikaans: seun
Jersey Dutch: zőn
Limburgish: zoon, zoean
West Flemish: zeune

Old High German: sunu, sun
Middle High German: sun, suon, sūn, son
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: su, ŝchu
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zun, sun, sunn
Mòcheno: su'
Udinese: sun, sunn, suun
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Sohn
German: Sohn
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Soh
Yiddish: זון (zun)


mantel

mantel (nominative singular)
mantelō (nominative plural)
mantelōs (nominative plural)
mantel (accusative singular)
mantelā (accusative plural)
mantelas (genitive singular)
mantelō (genitive plural)
mantelē (dative singular)
mantelum (dative plural)
mantelu (instrumental singular)
mantelum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mæntel, mentel

Middle English: mantel, mantell, mantelle, mantil, mantill, mantyll, mantle, mantyl, mentel
English: mantle, mantel
Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

Old Frisian: mantel, mentel

West Frisian: mantel

Old Saxon: *mantul, *mantal

Middle Low German: mantel

→ Estonian: mantel

→ Old Norse: mǫttull, *mantull

Faroese: møttul

Icelandic: möttull

Old Swedish: mantol

→ Middle Irish: matal, mattal

Irish: matal

Old Dutch: *mantal

Middle Dutch: mantel

Dutch: mantel
Afrikaans: mantel
Negerhollands: mantel
Petjo: mantel
→ Caribbean Javanese: mantel
→ Indonesian: mantel
→ Papiamentu: mantel

Old High German: mantal

Middle High German: mantel, mandel

German: Mantel
→ Kashubian: mańtel
→ Norwegian: mantel
→ Polish: mantel
→ Silesian: mantel
→ Swedish: mantel

Hunsrik: Mantel

Luxembourgish: Mantel

Borrowed from Latin mantellum, from mantum (“Spanish cloak”) + -ellum (diminutive suffix).


skap

skap (nominative singular)
skapu (nominative plural)
skap (accusative singular)
skapu (accusative plural)
skapas (genitive singular)
skapō (genitive plural)
skapē (dative singular)
skapum (dative plural)
skapu (instrumental singular)
skapum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sceap, ġesceap

Middle English: shap, schape

English: shape

Old Frisian: skep

North Frisian: schååp

Old Saxon: skap

Middle Low German: schap

Low German: Schapp

→ German: Schapp

Plautdietsch: Schaup

→ Old Norse: skáp (late)

Icelandic: skápur

Faroese: skáp

Old Danish: skap, skaap

Danish: skab

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skap

Norwegian Nynorsk: skap, skåp

Old Swedish: skap, skāp

Swedish: skåp

→ Finnish: kaappi

→ Ingrian: kaappi

→ Votic: kaappi

→ Estonian: kapp

→ Latvian: skapis

Old Dutch: *skap

Middle Dutch: schap

Dutch: schap

Old High German: scaf

Middle High German: schaf

Central Franconian: Schaf

Luxembourgish: Schaf

German: Schaff

→ Polish: szafa

→ Belarusian: ша́фа (šáfa)

→ Ukrainian: ша́фа (šáfa)

→ Yiddish: שאַפֿע (shafe)

→ Russian: шкаф (škaf) (see there for further descendants)

→ Bulgarian: шкаф (škaf)

→ Serbo-Croatian: шкаф

Italo-Romance:

→ Italian: scaffa

→ Sicilian: scaffa

→ Maltese: xkaffa


kopp

kopp (nominative singular)
koppō (nominative plural)
koppōs (nominative plural)
kopp (accusative singular)
koppā (accusative plural)
koppas (genitive singular)
koppō (genitive plural)
koppē (dative singular)
koppum (dative plural)
koppu (instrumental singular)
koppum (instrumental plural)

Old English: copp

desctree

Middle English: cop, cope, coppe
English: cop
Scots: cop, coppe
Yola: kappas (plural)
→ Welsh: copa

Old Frisian: kopp, kop

North Frisian: kop

Saterland Frisian: Kop

West Frisian: kop

Old Saxon: *kopp, *kop, kopp (in derivatives)

Middle Low German: koppe, kop

German Low German: Kopp

Plautdietsch: Kopp

→ German: Kopp

Old Dutch: *kopp, *kop

Middle Dutch: coppe, cop

Dutch: kop
Afrikaans: kop
Negerhollands: kop, koppi, kopi, kopje
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kop (dated)
Petjo: kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kup
→ Caribbean Javanese: kop
→ Indonesian: kop
→ Papiamentu: kòpi, koppi (from the diminutive, dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: kopi, kopki
→ Kari'na: kopuma

West Flemish: kobbe

Old High German: kopf, chopf, choph

Middle High German: kopf, koph

Alemannic German: Chopf

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: khopf, khòpf (Sette Comuni)

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Kopp

Kölsch: Kopp

Lorraine Franconian: Chapp, Chopp, Kopp

East Central German:

Silesian East Central German: Kopp, Kepp

German: Kopf

Luxembourgish: Kapp

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Kapp, Kopp, Kupp

Pennsylvania German: Kopp

Volga German: Kopp

Yiddish: קאָפּ (kop)

→ Old French: cop m (“head”)

⇒ Old French: copet, coupet

Middle French: copet, coupet

crown (of the head), harnpan, skull, head


sokk

sokk (nominative singular)
sokkō (nominative plural)
sokkōs (nominative plural)
sokk (accusative singular)
sokkā (accusative plural)
sokkas (genitive singular)
sokkō (genitive plural)
sokkē (dative singular)
sokkum (dative plural)
sokku (instrumental singular)
sokkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: socc, soc
Middle English: socke, sokke, sok
English: sock
Scots: sock

Old Frisian: sokka

Saterland Frisian: Sokke

West Frisian: sok

Old Saxon: sok

Plautdietsch: Sock

Old High German: soc, sok, soch
Middle High German: soc, socke
Alemannic German: Sock, Socke, Sockä, Socka
Central Franconian: Sock
German: Socke (see there for further descendants)
Vilamovian: zok


medu

medu (nominative singular)
midiwi (nominative plural)
medō (nominative plural)
medu (accusative singular)
medū (accusative plural)
medō (genitive singular)
midiwō (genitive plural)
midiwi (dative singular)
medō (dative singular)
medum (dative plural)
medu (instrumental singular)
medum (instrumental plural)

Old English: medu, medo, meodo, meodu
Middle English: mede, methe (influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr)
English: mead
Scots: mede, meid

Old Frisian: mede

Saterland Frisian: Meede

West Frisian: mea

Old Saxon: medu

Middle Low German: mēde, medde

Low German: Mia (Westphalian dialects)

Old Dutch: *medu
Middle Dutch: mēde
Dutch: mede, mee

Old High German: metu
Middle High German: mete, met
German: Met


wulf

wulf (nominative singular)
wolfō (nominative plural)
wolfōs (nominative plural)
wulf (accusative singular)
wolfā (accusative plural)
wolfas (genitive singular)
wolfō (genitive plural)
wulfē (dative singular)
wulfum (dative plural)
wulfu (instrumental singular)
wulfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wulf
Middle English: wolf, wulf, woulf, wolfe
English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)
Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff

Old Frisian: wolf

Saterland Frisian: Wulf

West Frisian: wolf

Old Saxon: wulf

Middle Low German: wulf

Low German:

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Wulf

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wulf

Suerländer-Märkisch: Wulf

Westmünsterländisch: Wulf

Plautdietsch: Wulf

Old Dutch: *wulf
Middle Dutch: wolf
Dutch: wolf
Afrikaans: wolf
Jersey Dutch: wâlf
Negerhollands: wuluwuluk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: wuluwuluk (dated)
Limburgish: wólf

Old High German: wolf
Middle High German: wolf
Alemannic German: wolf (Italian Walser)
Bavarian: Woif, Wolf
Cimbrian: bolf
Mòcheno: bolf
Udinese: bolf, bölf
German: Wolf
Hunsrik: Wollef
Luxembourgish: Wollef
Pennsylvania German: Wolf
Vilamovian: wūf
Yiddish: וואָלף (volf)


bain

bain (nominative singular)
bainu (nominative plural)
bain (accusative singular)
bainu (accusative plural)
bainas (genitive singular)
bainō (genitive plural)
bainē (dative singular)
bainum (dative plural)
bainu (instrumental singular)
bainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bān
Middle English: bon, ban, bane, bone, boon
English: bone
Geordie English: byen
Scots: bane, bean, bain
Yola: bane

Old Frisian: bēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bian
Goesharde: biin
Halligen: bian
Heligoland: Bean
Mooring: biinj
Sylt: Biin
Wiedingharde: biin
Saterland Frisian: Been
West Frisian: bien

Old Saxon: bēn
Middle Low German: bên
Low German: Been, Bein
Plautdietsch: Been

Old Dutch: bēn
Middle Dutch: bêen
Dutch: been
Afrikaans: been
Berbice Creole Dutch: been
Jersey Dutch: beîn
Negerhollands: been
→ Lokono: bèna
Limburgish: bein

Old High German: bein
Middle High German: bein
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Boi, Boa
Bavarian: Boan
Central Franconian: Been, Bein
Hunsrik: Been
Luxembourgish: Been
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Been
German: Bein
Vilamovian: baan
Yiddish: ביין (beyn)


lunis

lunis (nominative singular)
lunisō (nominative plural)
lunisōs (nominative plural)
lunis (accusative singular)
lunisā (accusative plural)
lunisas (genitive singular)
lunisō (genitive plural)
lunisē (dative singular)
lunisum (dative plural)
lunisu (instrumental singular)
lunisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lynis
Middle English: lins, lyns, lynce, lens
⇒ Middle English: linspin, linpin, lynpinn
English: linchpin, linpin
Scots: linspin, linpin
⇒ Early Scots: lynnale
Scots: lin-nail, lyn-nail

Old Frisian: *lenis, *lens

gl

→? Middle Dutch: lense f (influenced by native Middle Dutch lunse f)

Dutch: lens

Old Saxon: lunis

Middle Low German: lüns

German Low German: Lüns

Old High German: lunis

>? Middle High German: luner, lüner

From Proto-Germanic *lunisaz, from Proto-Germanic *lunaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lnH-, zero-grade of *lénHos (“axletree, linchpin”).


kuni

kuni (nominative singular)
kunnju (nominative plural)
kuni (accusative singular)
kunnju (accusative plural)
kunnjas (genitive singular)
kunnjō (genitive plural)
kunnjē (dative singular)
kunnjum (dative plural)
kunnju (instrumental singular)
kunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cynn, cyn, kyn
Middle English: kin, kyn, ken, kun
English: kin
Scots: kin

Old Frisian: ken, kenn, kin

North Frisian: kinne, kenne

Old Saxon: kunni, cunni
Middle Low German: künne

Old Dutch: cunni

Middle Dutch: cunne, conne, kunne

Dutch: kunne

Old High German: kunni, chunni
Middle High German: künne, konne, kunne
German: Künne, Kunne


stint

stint (nominative singular)
stintō (nominative plural)
stintōs (nominative plural)
stint (accusative singular)
stintā (accusative plural)
stintas (genitive singular)
stintō (genitive plural)
stintē (dative singular)
stintum (dative plural)
stintu (instrumental singular)
stintum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stint

Middle Low German: stint

→ German: Stint

Old High German: *stinz

Middle High German: stinz

German: Stinz (archaic)


saru

saru (nominative singular)
saru (nominative plural)
saru (accusative singular)
saru (accusative plural)
sarwas (genitive singular)
sarwō (genitive plural)
sarwē (dative singular)
sarum (dative plural)
saru (instrumental singular)
sarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: searu, searo

Old Saxon: saru

Old High German: saro


garn

garn (nominative singular)
garnu (nominative plural)
garn (accusative singular)
garnu (accusative plural)
garnas (genitive singular)
garnō (genitive plural)
garnē (dative singular)
garnum (dative plural)
garnu (instrumental singular)
garnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġearn
Middle English: yarn, ȝarn, ȝern, ȝerne, jarne, yarne, yeern
English: yarn
Scots: yairn
Middle English: garn, garne (conflated with Old Norse garn)
English: garn (obsolete)

Old Frisian: *jern, *jirn

Saterland Frisian: Jäiden, Jidden

West Frisian: jern

Old Saxon: garn

Middle Low German: garn

German Low German: Gaarn

Old Dutch: *garn

Middle Dutch: gāren

Dutch: garen

Old High German: garn
Middle High German: garn
Cimbrian: gaarn, ghèrn
German: Garn
Luxembourgish: Gar


nasu

nasu (nominative singular)
nasō (nominative plural)
nasā (accusative singular)
nasā (accusative plural)
nasā (genitive singular)
nasō (genitive plural)
nasē (dative singular)
nasōm (dative plural)
nasum (dative plural)
nasu (instrumental singular)
nasōm (instrumental plural)
nasum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nasu
Middle English: nase, nasse, nease

Old Frisian: *nase

North Frisian: naas

Old Dutch: *nasa

Middle Dutch: nase

Old High German: nasa
Middle High German: nase
Alemannic German: Nase, Naase (Basel, Aargau, Lucerne, Zug, Schwyz, Uri)
Swabian: Nas
Bavarian: Nosn
Central Franconian: Nas, Noas, Nos (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Naas
Luxembourgish: Nues
East Franconian: Nous
German: Nase
Rhine Franconian: Noos
Pennsylvania German: Naas
Vilamovian: nōs, nōz
Yiddish: נאָז (noz)

Presumably related to *nasō (“nose”), from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”).


faru

faru (nominative singular)
farwō (nominative plural)
farwā (accusative singular)
farwā (accusative plural)
farwā (genitive singular)
farwō (genitive plural)
farwē (dative singular)
farwōm (dative plural)
farum (dative plural)
faru (instrumental singular)
farwōm (instrumental plural)
farum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: ferwe, verwa

Saterland Frisian: Faawe

West Frisian: farve, ferve

Old Saxon: farwi, farawi, farw

Middle Low German: varwe, verwe
Low German: Faarf, Farf, Farv, Farve, Farw, Farwe
→ Danish: farve
Norwegian Bokmål: farve (riksmål)
→ Estonian: värv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: farge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: farge
→ Old Swedish: færgha
Swedish: färg
→ Finnish: väri

Old Dutch: *farwa

Middle Dutch: varwe
Dutch: verf
Afrikaans: verf
Negerhollands: verw
→ Papiamentu: fèrfdó
→ Sranan Tongo: ferfi
→ Aukan: felifi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: verfi
→ Saramaccan: féifi
Limburgish: varf

Old High German: farawa, farawī

Middle High German: varwe, farwe, verwe, var, far
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Fàrb
Swabian: Farb
Bavarian: Foam
Cimbrian: bèrbe
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Forreb
Ripuarian: Färv
German: Farbe (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Faarf
Vilamovian: förf
Yiddish: פֿאַרב (farb)
→ Czech: barva (see there for further descendants)
→ Lower Sorbian: barwa
→ Slovene: barva
→ Upper Sorbian: barba
→ Old Polish: barwa
Polish: barwa
→ Belarusian: ба́рва (bárva)
→ Ukrainian: ба́рва (bárva)


faru

faru (nominative singular)
farō (nominative plural)
farā (accusative singular)
farā (accusative plural)
farā (genitive singular)
farō (genitive plural)
farē (dative singular)
farōm (dative plural)
farum (dative plural)
faru (instrumental singular)
farōm (instrumental plural)
farum (instrumental plural)

Old English: faru

Middle English: fare

English: fare

Old High German: fara

Middle High German: var

German: Fahr


smalt

smalt (nominative singular)
smaltu (nominative plural)
smalt (accusative singular)
smaltu (accusative plural)
smaltas (genitive singular)
smaltō (genitive plural)
smaltē (dative singular)
smaltum (dative plural)
smaltu (instrumental singular)
smaltum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *smalt

Middle Dutch: smout

Dutch: smout

Old High German: smalz
Middle High German: smalz
Cimbrian: smaltz
German: Schmalz
Hunsrik: Schmals
Luxembourgish: Schmalz
Yiddish: שמאַלץ (shmalts)
→ Dutch: schmalz, sjmalts
→ English: schmaltz
→ Ladin: smauz
→ Old Polish: smalec
Polish: smalec, szmalec
→ Belarusian: шма́лец (šmáljec)
→ Old Ruthenian: сма́лецъ (smálecʹ)
Belarusian: сма́лец (smáljec), сма́ляц (smáljac), сма́лець (smáljecʹ)
Ukrainian: сма́лець (smálecʹ)
→ Russian: сма́лец (smálec)

→ Medieval Latin: smaltum (see there for further descendants)


hross

hross (nominative singular)
hrossu (nominative plural)
hross (accusative singular)
hrossu (accusative plural)
hrossas (genitive singular)
hrossō (genitive plural)
hrossē (dative singular)
hrossum (dative plural)
hrossu (instrumental singular)
hrossum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hors
Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors

Old Frisian: hors, hars, hers, ros
North Frisian: hors
⇒ Saterland Frisian: rosje, rösje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
West Frisian: hoars; rosje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)

Old Saxon: hros, hross, hors

Middle Low German: ros, ors

German Low German: Hüsi, Hiesi ?

Old Dutch: hors, ors, hers, ros

Middle Dutch: ors, hors, hers, ers, ros
Dutch: ros
Afrikaans: ros
⇒ Dutch: rossen (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
→ West Frisian: rosse (verb)

Old High German: hros, ros

Middle High German: ros, ors

Alemannic German: Ross

Bavarian: Ross

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Ross

Transylvanian Saxon: Räuss

German: Ross

→ Vulgar Latin: *rossa (see there for further descendants)


ofn

ofn (nominative singular)
ofnō (nominative plural)
ofnōs (nominative plural)
ofn (accusative singular)
ofnā (accusative plural)
ofnas (genitive singular)
ofnō (genitive plural)
ofnē (dative singular)
ofnum (dative plural)
ofnu (instrumental singular)
ofnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ofn, ofen; ofnet

Middle English: oven

Scots: ovin, uven, une

English: oven

→ Chichewa: uvuni

→ Zulu: uhhavini

Old Frisian: oven

North Frisian: oven, ouvn

Saterland Frisian: Ougend (< *ogn ?)

West Frisian: ûne, ûn

Old Saxon: *ovan

Middle Low German: ōven

German Low German: Aven

Old Dutch: *ovan

Middle Dutch: ōven

Dutch: oven
Afrikaans: oond
Negerhollands: oven
→ Caribbean Javanese: ofen
→ Indonesian: oven
→ Sranan Tongo: onfu
→ Saramaccan: ónfu

Limburgish: aove

West Flemish: oven

Zealandic: oven

Old High German: ofan, ovan, ovin

Middle High German: oven

desc

Central Franconian: Ovve, Owe, Oawe, Uawe (Moselle Franconian)

Hunsrik: Ove

Luxembourgish: Uewen

German: Ofen

Transylvanian Saxon: Owen, Îewen

Vilamovian: uwa

Yiddish: אויוון (oyvn)

From Proto-Germanic *ufnaz, north and West Germanic variant of *uhnaz (“oven”).


laun

laun (nominative singular)
launu (nominative plural)
laun (accusative singular)
launu (accusative plural)
launas (genitive singular)
launō (genitive plural)
launē (dative singular)
launum (dative plural)
launu (instrumental singular)
launum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēan

Middle English: lean, læn, lan, lien

Old Frisian: lān

North Frisian: lean

Saterland Frisian: Loon

West Frisian: lean

Old Saxon: lōn

Middle Low German: lōn

German Low German: Lauhn (Westfälisch)

Old Dutch: *lōn

Middle Dutch: lôon

Dutch: loon

Afrikaans: loon

Limburgish: loean

Old High German: lōn

Middle High German: lōn

German: Lohn m

Luxembourgish: Loun

Pennsylvania German: Loh

Yiddish: לוין (loyn)

→⇒ Medieval Latin: *widerlonum, widerdonum

Old French: gueredun, guerdon, werdon

French: guerdon

→ English: guerdon

Occitan: guierdon

Italian: guidardone, guiderdone

Spanish: galardón

Old Galician-Portuguese: gualardon

Galician: galardón

Portuguese: galardão

From Proto-Germanic *launą, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w-.


korn

korn (nominative singular)
kornu (nominative plural)
korn (accusative singular)
kornu (accusative plural)
kornas (genitive singular)
kornō (genitive plural)
kornē (dative singular)
kornum (dative plural)
kornu (instrumental singular)
kornum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: corn
Middle English: corn
English: corn (see there for further descendants)
Scots: corn, curn
Yola: coorn, koorn

Old Frisian: korn

Saterland Frisian: Koarel (via dissimilation)

West Frisian: koarn

Old Saxon: korn

Middle Low German: korn

desc

Low German: korn, Korn, Koorn, Kuurn, Kurn

Plautdietsch: Korn

Old Dutch: korn, coren (in compounds)

Middle Dutch: corn, kōren

desctree

Dutch: koren
Afrikaans: koring
Negerhollands: koorn
→ Sranan Tongo: karu
→ Saramaccan: kálu

Old High German: korn

Middle High German: korn

Alemannic German: Chorn

desc

Central Franconian: Koon, Kor, Korn (Moselle Franconian)

Cimbrian: khòrn

German: Korn

Luxembourgish: Kar

Mòcheno: kourn

Yiddish: קאָרן (korn)

From Proto-Germanic *kurną. Doublet of *grānō.


sark

sark (nominative singular)
sarkō (nominative plural)
sarkōs (nominative plural)
sark (accusative singular)
sarkā (accusative plural)
sarkas (genitive singular)
sarkō (genitive plural)
sarkē (dative singular)
sarkum (dative plural)
sarku (instrumental singular)
sarkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: serk

West Frisian: sark

Old Saxon: sark

Middle Low German: sark, saarck, sarc, sarik, sarich, sarek, serk

German Low German: Sark

Old Dutch: *sark

Middle Dutch: sarc, serc

Dutch: zerk

Old High German: sark, sarc, sarh, saruh

Middle High German: sarc, sarch

German: Sarg (see there for further descendants)

Hunsrik: Saarich, Sarrich

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *sarcus, from Latin sarcophagus (“grave, sepulchre”).


bak

bak (nominative singular)
baku (nominative plural)
bak (accusative singular)
baku (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakō (genitive plural)
bakē (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)
baku (instrumental singular)
bakum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bæc, bec — Mercian, Kentish
Middle English: bak, back
English: back
Scots: bak, back, bake

Old Frisian: bek

West Frisian: beck, bek

⇒ West Frisian: bekling

Old Saxon: bak
Middle Low German: bak
⇒ Middle Low German: *huckebak
Low German: Huckeback
→ German: huckepack

Old High German: bah

⇒ Old High German: bahho m

Middle High German: bache

German: Bache

⇒ Old High German: bahha f

Middle High German: bache

German: Bache


bak

bak (nominative singular)
bakō (nominative plural)
bakōs (nominative plural)
bak (accusative singular)
bakā (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakō (genitive plural)
bakē (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)
baku (instrumental singular)
bakum (instrumental plural)
bak (nominative singular)
baku (nominative plural)
bak (accusative singular)
baku (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakō (genitive plural)
bakē (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)
baku (instrumental singular)
bakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bæc
Middle English: *bak
⇒ Middle English: bakmonger

Old Frisian: *bek, *bak

Saterland Frisian: Bak (in compounds and derivatives)

West Frisian: bak (in compounds and derivatives)

Old Saxon: *bak

Middle Low German: bak, back, bach n

Old Dutch: *bak (in compounds)

Old High German: *bah, *bak

Middle High German: bak m

German: Back (in compounds)


sugu

sugu (nominative singular)
sogō (nominative plural)
sogā (accusative singular)
sogā (accusative plural)
sogā (genitive singular)
sogō (genitive plural)
sugē (dative singular)
sogōm (dative plural)
sugum (dative plural)
sugu (instrumental singular)
sogōm (instrumental plural)
sugum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sugu
Middle English: sowe
English: sow
Scots: sou

Old Saxon: suga

German Low German: Söög

Old Dutch: *soga

Middle Dutch: soge, suege

Dutch: zeug

From Proto-Germanic *sugō or *suwō, derived from Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“pig, hog, swine”), with the West Germanic *-g- arising either:
* along with the Germanic cognates Swedish sugga, Elfdalian sugga and Norwegian sugge (< Old Norse *suggva), from Proto-Indo-European *suH-kéh₂, with a (diminutive?) suffix similar to those in Proto-Celtic *sukkos and Proto-Indo-Iranian *suHkás, but this does not easily explain the short root vowel (if a laryngeal is to be reconstructed) and North Germanic gemination;
* sporadically from *w between the high vowels *u (either already in Proto-Germanic from accusative *suwun, or in Proto-West Germanic *suwu), with the North Germanic cognates independently undergoing a parallel development via Holtzmann's law.


melu

melu (nominative singular)
melu (nominative plural)
melu (accusative singular)
melu (accusative plural)
melwas (genitive singular)
melwō (genitive plural)
melwē (dative singular)
melum (dative plural)
melu (instrumental singular)
melum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: melu, melo, meolo
Middle English: mele, meale, meele, melow
English: meal
Scots: meil, mele
Yola: mele, mell

Old Frisian: mele

North Frisian: meel, mal

Saterland Frisian: Meel

West Frisian: moal

Old Saxon: melo

Middle Low German: mēle, mel

Dutch Low Saxon: mael

German Low German: Mehl

Old Dutch: *melo

Middle Dutch: mēle, meel

Dutch: meel
Afrikaans: meel
Berbice Creole Dutch: meli
Negerhollands: meel, mil
→ Lokono: meli

Limburgish: mael

Old High German: melo
Middle High German: mël
Alemannic German: Mël, Mèhl
Bavarian: Mej, Möö
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meel
Luxembourgish: Miel
German: Mehl
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mehl
Vilamovian: maoł
Yiddish: מעל (mel)


nosu

nosu (nominative singular)
nosō (nominative plural)
nosā (accusative singular)
nosā (accusative plural)
nosā (genitive singular)
nosō (genitive plural)
nosē (dative singular)
nosōm (dative plural)
nosum (dative plural)
nosu (instrumental singular)
nosōm (instrumental plural)
nosum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nosu, neosu
Middle English: nose, neose, noose, nosse, nos, nosu
English: nose
Scots: nos, nose, nois

Old Frisian: nose, nosi
North Frisian: nös
Saterland Frisian: Noose
West Frisian: noas

Old Saxon: *nosa

Middle Low German: nōse

German Low German: Nöös

Old Dutch: *nosa

Middle Dutch: nose, nuese (with unexpected umlaut)

Dutch: neus
Afrikaans: neus
Javindo: nees
Negerhollands: naes, nees, nes


werk

werk (nominative singular)
werku (nominative plural)
werk (accusative singular)
werku (accusative plural)
werkas (genitive singular)
werkō (genitive plural)
werkē (dative singular)
werkum (dative plural)
werku (instrumental singular)
werkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weorc, worc

Middle English: werk, work

Scots: wark

English: work

Old Frisian: werk, wirk

Saterland Frisian: Wierk

West Frisian: wurk

Old Saxon: werk

Middle Low German: wark, werk

Low German: wark, werk

Old Dutch: werc

Middle Dutch: werk, wark

Dutch: werk

Afrikaans: werk

Old High German: werc, werh, werah

Middle High German: wërc

German: Werk

Luxembourgish: Wierk


werk

Old Frisian: *werk, *wirk

Saterland Frisian: Wäierk, Wíerk

West Frisian: wurk

Old Saxon: *werk

Middle Low German: werk, wark

→ Danish: værk

→ Norwegian: verk

Old Dutch: *werk

Middle Dutch: werc

Dutch: werk

→ French: warq (dialectal)

desc

Old High German: werh, werah, werc, werk

Middle High German: werc, werch, werich

German: Werg


faim

faim (nominative singular)
faimō (nominative plural)
faimōs (nominative plural)
faim (accusative singular)
faimā (accusative plural)
faimas (genitive singular)
faimō (genitive plural)
faimē (dative singular)
faimum (dative plural)
faimu (instrumental singular)
faimum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fām, fǣm n
Middle English: fom, fam, fome, foom, foome
English: foam
→ Faroese: fómur
Scots: fame, faim, faem
→ Faroese: fám

Old High German: feim

Middle High German: veim

Alemannic German: Feim, Fäum

Bavarian: Foam

Cimbrian: vòam, bòam (Mezzaselva)

German: Feim

East Franconian: Faam

>? Middle High German: fūm, vūm

German: Faum


kok

kok (nominative singular)
kokō (nominative plural)
kokōs (nominative plural)
kok (accusative singular)
kokā (accusative plural)
kokas (genitive singular)
kokō (genitive plural)
kokē (dative singular)
kokum (dative plural)
koku (instrumental singular)
kokum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cōc
Middle English: cook, cok, coke, koke, cuyke, cuke, cooke
English: cook
Sranan Tongo: kukru (via cook room)
Aukan: kukuu
Tok Pisin: kuk
→ Norman: couque
→ Portuguese: cuca
→ Thai: กุ๊ก (gúk)
→ Tokelauan: kuka
Scots: cuke, cuik

Old Saxon: kok

desc

Middle Low German: kok, kock, kôk, koyk, kack

German Low German: Kock

→ Danish: kok

→ Faroese: kokkur

→ Icelandic: kokkur

→ Norwegian: kok

→ Swedish: kock
→ Finnish: kokki

Old Dutch: *kok

Middle Dutch: coc

desctree

Dutch: kok
Afrikaans: kok
Negerhollands: kokki, koki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Javanese: koki (from the diminutive)
→ French: coq
→ Indonesian: koki (from the diminutive)
→ Petjo: koki, kokkie
→ Malayalam: കോക്കി (kōkki) (from the diminutive)
→ Japanese: コック (kokku)
→ Papiamentu: kòki, kokki (from the diminutive)
→ Russian: кок (kok)

Limburgish: kók

Old High German: koh

Middle High German: koch, koche

Alemannic German: Choch

Bavarian: Koch

Cimbrian: khoch

Central Franconian: Koch

Luxembourgish: Kach

German: Koch

Borrowed from Late Latin cocus (“a cook”).


fisk

fisk (nominative singular)
fiskō (nominative plural)
fiskōs (nominative plural)
fisk (accusative singular)
fiskā (accusative plural)
fiskas (genitive singular)
fiskō (genitive plural)
fiskē (dative singular)
fiskum (dative plural)
fisku (instrumental singular)
fiskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fisċ, fix, ᚠᛁᛋᚳ (fisc) — Runic
Middle English: fisch, fysshe, fysch, fish, fische, fis, fyshe, fissh, vish
English: fish (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fish, fysch, fisch
Yola: wish

Old Frisian: fisk

North Frisian:

Mooring: fasch

Fering-Öömrang: fask

Söl'ring: fesk

Halunder: fesk

Saterland Frisian: Fisk

West Frisian: fisk

Old Saxon: fisk, fisc, visk, visc
Middle Low German: visch, vis
Dutch Low Saxon: visch
German Low German: Fisk, Fiss, Fisch, Fösch
Plautdietsch: Fesch

Old Dutch: fisc, visc
Middle Dutch: visch
Dutch: vis
Afrikaans: vis
Berbice Creole Dutch: fesi
Jersey Dutch: väśe
Negerhollands: visch, vesch, fes, fis, vis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fis (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: fesi, fisse, fiche
Petjo: fis
→? Aukan: fisi
Limburgish: visj, vèsj
West Flemish: vissch

Old High German: fisk, fisc
Middle High German: visch
Bavarian: Fiisch
Cimbrian: viss, biss, visch
Mòcheno: visch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Fisch
Kölsch: Fesch
German: Fisch
Luxembourgish: Fësch
Transylvanian Saxon: Fäsch
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Fusch, Fisch
Vilamovian: fejś
Yiddish: פֿיש (fish)


bars

bars (nominative singular)
barsō (nominative plural)
barsōs (nominative plural)
bars (accusative singular)
barsā (accusative plural)
barsas (genitive singular)
barsō (genitive plural)
barsē (dative singular)
barsum (dative plural)
barsu (instrumental singular)
barsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bærs

Middle English: bars, bas

English: barse, bass

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Boas

Old Saxon: bars

→ Polabian: borš

Old Dutch: *bars

Middle Dutch: bars, bāers

Dutch: baars

Old High German: bars

Middle High German: bars

German: Barsch


oli

oli (nominative singular)
ollju (nominative plural)
oli (accusative singular)
ollju (accusative plural)
olljas (genitive singular)
olljō (genitive plural)
olljē (dative singular)
olljum (dative plural)
ollju (instrumental singular)
olljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ole, œle, ele

Middle English: ele, ely, el

Old Frisian: olie, ele

Saterland Frisian: Oulje

West Frisian: oalje

Old Saxon: *oli

desc

Middle Low German: ȫlie, ollige, olige, olge, ollich, olij, ȫley, ȫlie, ȫle, ȫl

→ Danish: olie

German Low German: Öllje, Öölje, Ööl

Old Dutch: olig

Middle Dutch: olei, olej, olie

Dutch: olie

Afrikaans: olie

Old High German: oli, ole, olei

Middle High German: ole, öle

German: Öl

Borrowed from Latin oleum (“olive oil”).


gips

gips (nominative singular)
gipsō (nominative plural)
gipsōs (nominative plural)
gips (accusative singular)
gipsā (accusative plural)
gipsas (genitive singular)
gipsō (genitive plural)
gipsē (dative singular)
gipsum (dative plural)
gipsu (instrumental singular)
gipsum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *gips

Middle Low German: gips

→ Danish: gips

→ Norwegian: gips

→ Swedish: gips

Old Dutch: *gips

Middle Dutch: ghips

desctree

Dutch: gips
Afrikaans: gips
→ West Frisian: gips
→ Indonesian: gips
→ Japanese: ギプス
→ Korean: 깁스 (gipseu)

Old High German: gips

Middle High German: gips

German: Gips (see there for further descendants)

→ Polish: gips


dur

dur (nominative singular)
duri (nominative plural)
duru (accusative singular)
duri (accusative plural)
duri (genitive singular)
dorō (genitive plural)
duri (dative singular)
durum (dative plural)
duri (instrumental singular)
durum (instrumental plural)

Old English: duru, doru
Middle English: dore, doire, dure, dur
English: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Scots: dure, dur
Yola: dher

Old Frisian: dure, dore

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: dör

Mooring, Sylt: döör

Saterland Frisian: Doore

West Frisian: doar

Old Saxon: duru
Middle Low German: dȫr, dȫre
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dör
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Dööre, Döör
Plautdietsch: Däa

Old Dutch: duri

Middle Dutch: dōre, duere, dure

Dutch: deur

Old High German: turi
Middle High German: türe
Alemannic German: Tüür, Tiire (Uri), Dire
Bavarian: Dia, Tia
Cimbrian: tür
Mòcheno: tir
Central Franconian: Dür, Diar
Kölsch: Dör, Dür
East Central German: Thüa(r) (Egerländisch)
Upper Saxon German: Düre
German: Tür, Türe
Luxembourgish: Dier
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Deer
Pennsylvania German: Dier
Yiddish: טיר (tir)


api

api (nominative singular)
appjō (nominative plural)
appjōs (nominative plural)
api (accusative singular)
appjā (accusative plural)
appjas (genitive singular)
appjō (genitive plural)
appjē (dative singular)
appjum (dative plural)
appju (instrumental singular)
appjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *eppi

Middle Low German: eppe, eppich

Old Dutch: *eppi

Middle Dutch: eppe

Dutch: eppe

Old High German: epfi, epfih

Middle High German: epfe, epf, epfich

German: Eppich, Epfich, Ebich (archaic, regional)

Borrowed from Latin apium (“parsley, celery”).


hari

hari (nominative singular)
harjō (nominative plural)
harjōs (nominative plural)
hari (accusative singular)
harjā (accusative plural)
harjas (genitive singular)
harjō (genitive plural)
harjē (dative singular)
harjum (dative plural)
harju (instrumental singular)
harjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: here
Middle English: here
Scots: here, heir, heyr

Old Frisian: here, hire

Saterland Frisian: Heer

West Frisian: hear

Old Saxon: heri

Middle Low German: hēre, hēr

Old Dutch: heri (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: here

Dutch: heer, heir

Afrikaans: heer

Old High German: heri
Middle High German: here, her
German: Heer


dwerg

dwerg (nominative singular)
dwergō (nominative plural)
dwergōs (nominative plural)
dwerg (accusative singular)
dwergā (accusative plural)
dwergas (genitive singular)
dwergō (genitive plural)
dwergē (dative singular)
dwergum (dative plural)
dwergu (instrumental singular)
dwergum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dweorg, dweorh, dwerg
Middle English: dwerf, dwergh, dwerw
English: dwarf
Scots: droich, droch, dwerch, duerch, duerche, dorche
→ Scottish Gaelic: troich

Old Frisian: dwerch

Saterland Frisian: Dwärch

West Frisian: dwerch

Old Saxon: dwerg

desc

Middle Low German: dwerch, dwarch, dwark

Low German: Dwarg

Old Dutch: *dwerg

Middle Dutch: dwerch

Dutch: dwerg

Afrikaans: dwerg

desctree

Old High German: twerc, twerg
Middle High German: twerc
German: Zwerg


sagu

sagu (nominative singular)
sagō (nominative plural)
sagā (accusative singular)
sagā (accusative plural)
sagā (genitive singular)
sagō (genitive plural)
sagē (dative singular)
sagōm (dative plural)
sagum (dative plural)
sagu (instrumental singular)
sagōm (instrumental plural)
sagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sagu

Middle English: sawe
English: saw
Yola: zaawe

Old Frisian: sage

Saterland Frisian: Soage

West Frisian: seage

Old Saxon: saga

Middle Low German: sage

Low German: Saag

Plautdietsch: Soag

Old Dutch: *saga

Middle Dutch: sāge

Dutch: zaag

Afrikaans: saag

Old High German: saga

Middle High German: sage

German: Säge

Luxembourgish: See

Yiddish: זעג (zeg)

→ Serbo-Croatian: жага, žaga

→ Slovene: žaga


juk

juk (nominative singular)
juku (nominative plural)
juk (accusative singular)
juku (accusative plural)
jokas (genitive singular)
jokō (genitive plural)
jukē (dative singular)
jukum (dative plural)
juku (instrumental singular)
jukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeoc, ġioc, ioc
Middle English: yok, ȝocke, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝook, ȝoocke, jok, yoke, yokke, ȝeoce, ȝocc, iuc (Early Middle English)
English: yoke (obsolete yock)
Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke
Scots: yoke, yock

Old Frisian: *juk, *jok

Saterland Frisian: Juk

West Frisian: jok, jûk

Old Saxon: juk

Middle Low German: juk, jok

German Low German: Jok, Jog

Plautdietsch: Joch

Old Dutch: *juk

Middle Dutch: joc, juc

Dutch: juk
Negerhollands: jok

Limburgish: jaok

Old High German: joh
Middle High German: joch
Cimbrian: jòch
German: Joch
Hunsrik: Joch
Luxembourgish: Jach


kolk

kolk (nominative singular)
kolkō (nominative plural)
kolkōs (nominative plural)
kolk (accusative singular)
kolkā (accusative plural)
kolkas (genitive singular)
kolkō (genitive plural)
kolkē (dative singular)
kolkum (dative plural)
kolku (instrumental singular)
kolkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *colc
>? Middle English: colk
>? English: coke
⇒? Middle English: colkenen (“to gasp, gulp”)
>? Scots: cowk (“to retch, vomit”)

Old Frisian: kolk

Saterland Frisian: Kolk

West Frisian: kolk

Old Saxon: *kolk

Middle Low German: kolk, kulk

German Low German: Kolk

→ Middle High German: kolc

German: Kolk

desc

⇒ German: kolken (“to gulp”), (dialectal) kölken, kolksen (“to vomit”)

→⇒ Danish: kulke (“to swallow, gulp”)

Old Dutch: *kolk

Middle Dutch: colc, culc, colck

Dutch: kolk

→ English: kolk

⇒ Dutch: kolken (“to belch”)

From earlier *koluk, from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz.

(figurative) the pit of the stomach, gullet


krog

krog (nominative singular)
krogō (nominative plural)
krogōs (nominative plural)
krog (accusative singular)
krogā (accusative plural)
krogas (genitive singular)
krogō (genitive plural)
krogē (dative singular)
krogum (dative plural)
krogu (instrumental singular)
krogum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crog, croc, crogg, crocc, crohh

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">crocca</i>

Middle English: crok (merged with descendant of Old English crocca)

English: crock

Scots: crock, croak

Old Frisian: *kroch

North Frisian: krog, kråg, krück

Uncertain. Related to Proto-West Germanic *krōgu, *krūkā.


lim

lim (nominative singular)
limu (nominative plural)
lim (accusative singular)
limu (accusative plural)
limas (genitive singular)
limō (genitive plural)
limē (dative singular)
limum (dative plural)
limu (instrumental singular)
limum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lim
Middle English: lyme, leme, lim, lime, lym, limæ, leome (Early Middle English)
English: limb
Scots: limb, lim
Yola: lemethès


alu

alu (nominative singular)
aluþi (nominative plural)
alu (accusative singular)
aluþi (accusative plural)
aluþi (genitive singular)
aluþō (genitive plural)
aluþi (dative singular)
aluþum (dative plural)
aluþi (instrumental singular)
aluþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ealu, alu, ealo
Middle English: ale, ail
English: ale
Geordie English: yel
Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll
⇒ Yola: aalhouse

Old Saxon: *alu, *alo

⇒ Old Saxon: alufat, alofat

Old Dutch: *alu, *alo

Middle Dutch: āle

Dutch: aal

⇒ Middle Dutch: godale, goedale

→ Old French: godale

Middle French: goudale, godaille

French: godaille

Old High German: *alu, elo

desc

⇒? Middle High German: alschaf (“drinkware”)

⇒ Old High German: *alufaz


nasi

nasi (nominative singular)
nasī (nominative plural)
nasi (accusative singular)
nasī (accusative plural)
nasī (genitive singular)
nassjō (genitive plural)
nasī (dative singular)
nasim (dative plural)
nassjum (dative plural)
nasī (instrumental singular)
nasim (instrumental plural)
nassjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *nasi

Middle Low German: nēse, nāse

Low German: Nese, Nees

→ East Central German: Neese (Berlin)

Plautdietsch: Näs

Old Dutch: *nesi

Middle Dutch: nese

Related to *nasu (“nose”), from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”).


walu

walu (nominative singular)
walō (nominative plural)
walā (accusative singular)
walā (accusative plural)
walā (genitive singular)
walō (genitive plural)
walē (dative singular)
walōm (dative plural)
walum (dative plural)
walu (instrumental singular)
walōm (instrumental plural)
walum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: wala

Middle High German: wale

German: Wahl

→ Luxembourgish: Wal

Luxembourgish: Wiel (with umlaut after the verb)

Feminine varient of Proto-Germanic *walą.


mati

mati (nominative singular)
matī (nominative plural)
mati (accusative singular)
matī (accusative plural)
matī (genitive singular)
mattjō (genitive plural)
matī (dative singular)
matim (dative plural)
mattjum (dative plural)
matī (instrumental singular)
matim (instrumental plural)
mattjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mete, met, mett, mette
Middle English: mete, mæte, meet, meete, meate, mette, met
English: meat
Scots: mete, met, meit, mait
Yola: maate, met

Old Frisian: mete, meit, met
North Frisian: meet

Old Saxon: meti, mat

Middle Low German: met

Low German: met, Mett

→ German: Mett

Old Dutch: *mat, *meti

Middle Dutch: met

Dutch: met

Old High German: maz
Middle High German: maz


bini

bini (nominative singular)
binī (nominative plural)
bini (accusative singular)
binī (accusative plural)
binī (genitive singular)
binnjō (genitive plural)
binī (dative singular)
binim (dative plural)
binnjum (dative plural)
binī (instrumental singular)
binim (instrumental plural)
binnjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bini; bina, *bīna

desc

Middle Low German: bīne, bēne, bēn, beine

q

latter from a merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*bijō</i>

Old High German: bini; bīna (latter from a merger with *bijō)

Middle High German: bin, bine; bīn

Bavarian: Bein

German: Biene

Hunsrik: Bien

Rhine Franconian: Beene, Bie

Vilamovian: byn

Yiddish: בין (bin)

Fossilized from Proto-Germanic *biniz, genitive singular of *bijǭ (“bee”).


hati

hati (nominative singular)
hatī (nominative plural)
hati (accusative singular)
hatī (accusative plural)
hatī (genitive singular)
hattjō (genitive plural)
hatī (dative singular)
hatim (dative plural)
hattjum (dative plural)
hatī (instrumental singular)
hatim (instrumental plural)
hattjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hete
Middle English: hete, het; hate, ate, haate, hat, hatte (influenced by the verb)
English: hate
Scots: hate, hait, heit

Old Frisian: hat

West Frisian: haat

Old Saxon: *hat, heti

Middle Low German: hat, hāte

German Low German: Haat

Plautdietsch: Hot

Old Dutch: *hat

Middle Dutch: hat, hāte

Dutch: haat

Afrikaans: haat

Limburgish: haat

Old High German: haz

Middle High German: haz

German: Hass

Luxembourgish: Haass

Yiddish: האַס (has)

→ Vulgar Latin: *hatina

Old French: haine, haïne; haïnus, haïnos

Bourguignon: haine

Middle French: haine; haineux, haigneux

French: haine; haineux

→ Middle English: heinous, hainous

English: heinous


duli

duli (nominative singular)
dullju (nominative plural)
duli (accusative singular)
dullju (accusative plural)
dulljas (genitive singular)
dulljō (genitive plural)
dulljē (dative singular)
dulljum (dative plural)
dullju (instrumental singular)
dulljum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: tulli, duli

Middle High German: tülle

German: Tülle

→ Vulgar Latin: *dullia (see there for further descendants)


korb

korb (nominative singular)
korbō (nominative plural)
korbōs (nominative plural)
korb (accusative singular)
korbā (accusative plural)
korbas (genitive singular)
korbō (genitive plural)
korbē (dative singular)
korbum (dative plural)
korbu (instrumental singular)
korbum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: korf, kōr

desc

Saterland Frisian: Kúrig, Kuurich, Kouerch

West Frisian: koer

Old Saxon: *korf

Middle Low German: korf

German Low German:

Altmärkisch, East Frisian Low Saxon, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, Lippisch): Korf

Westphalian:

Dortmundisch: Koặrf

Ravensbergisch, Sauerländisch: Kuarf

Westmünsterländisch: Korw

Sauerländisch: Koarf (Niedersfeld), Kōerf (Wenden)

Plautdietsch: Korf

→ Middle English: corf (or from Middle Dutch)

English: corf

Scots: corffe, corf

→ Old Norse: kǫrf m, karfa f

Icelandic: korf m, karfa f

Faroese: kurv

Norwegian Nynorsk: korg, korv

→ Norwegian Bokmål: korg

Old Swedish: korgher

Swedish: korg

→ Finnish: kori

Old Danish: korgh, korf

Danish: kurv
Norwegian Bokmål: kurv

→ Old Saxon: fugalkorf

→ Old Saxon: korvilīn

Old Dutch: *korf

Middle Dutch: corf

desctree

Dutch: korf
Afrikaans: korf
Berbice Creole Dutch: korfu

Limburgish: korf

Old High German: korb, chorb, chorp m; (northwestern) corf

desc

Middle High German: korp, korb m, korbe, kürbe f; korf

Bavarian: Koab m, Kiabn, Kiam f

Mòcheno: khorb m

Central Franconian: Korv, Körv m

Hunsrik: Korreb m

Luxembourgish: Kuerf m

German: Korb m, (obsolete) Kürbe f

Vilamovian: kiüb m

→? Latin: corbis (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Baltic:

Latvian: kar̂ba

Lithuanian: kar̃bas

→? Proto-Slavic: *kȏrbъ (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Traditionally taken to be a borrowing of Latin corbis (“basket”), itself of uncertain origin, however, this is often refuted on phonological grounds and by the existence of multiple examples in Germanic that can easily be shown to have arisen via gradation from a common form. As such, it is alternatively suggested to be inherited from Proto-Germanic *kurbaz, a levelling of *krebô ~ *kurpaz (“basket”),. Furthermore, relation to the Latin term is uncertain, and it is possible, if not likely, that the Latin term is instead an early borrowing from the Germanic.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


puti

puti (nominative singular)
puttjō (nominative plural)
puttjōs (nominative plural)
puti (accusative singular)
puttjā (accusative plural)
puttjas (genitive singular)
puttjō (genitive plural)
puttjē (dative singular)
puttjum (dative plural)
puttju (instrumental singular)
puttjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pytt
Middle English: pütte, pette, pytte, püt, pit
Scots: pytt, pitt
English: pit

Old Frisian: pett, pet

Saterland Frisian: Put

West Frisian: pet

Old Saxon: putti

Middle Low German: pütte

Low German: Pütt

→ German: Pütt

→ Old Norse: pyttr
Norwegian Nynorsk: pytt
Norwegian Bokmål: pytt

Old Dutch: *putti

Middle Dutch: putte, pitte

Dutch: put

West Flemish: pit

Old High German: pfuzzi
Middle High German: pfütze, putze, pütze, butze, bütze
German: Pfütze, Pütz
Luxembourgish: Pëtz


aur

aur (nominative singular)
aurō (nominative plural)
aurōs (nominative plural)
aur (accusative singular)
aurā (accusative plural)
auras (genitive singular)
aurō (genitive plural)
aurē (dative singular)
aurum (dative plural)
auru (instrumental singular)
aurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēar, ær

Middle English: are


fangi

fangi (nominative singular)
fangī (nominative plural)
fangi (accusative singular)
fangī (accusative plural)
fangī (genitive singular)
fangijō (genitive plural)
fangī (dative singular)
fangim (dative plural)
fangijum (dative plural)
fangī (instrumental singular)
fangim (instrumental plural)
fangijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feng, fang

Middle English: feng, fenge

Old Frisian: fang, feng, fong

Saterland Frisian: Fang, Fangst

Old Saxon: *fang (in anafang)

Middle Low German: vank

Old Dutch: *fang

Middle Dutch: vanc

Dutch: vang

Old High German: *fang (in sweizfang)

Middle High German: vanc

German: Fang


kriti

kriti (nominative singular)
krittjō (nominative plural)
krittjōs (nominative plural)
kriti (accusative singular)
krittjā (accusative plural)
krittjas (genitive singular)
krittjō (genitive plural)
krittjē (dative singular)
krittjum (dative plural)
krittju (instrumental singular)
krittjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kriti

desc

Middle Low German: krēte, kreite, krēt, krīt

Old Dutch: *criti

Middle Dutch: crete

Dutch: kreet

Old High German: *kriz

Middle High German: kriz


drog

drog (nominative singular)
drogu (nominative plural)
drog (accusative singular)
drogu (accusative plural)
drogas (genitive singular)
drogō (genitive plural)
drogē (dative singular)
drogum (dative plural)
drogu (instrumental singular)
drogum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *droch

North Frisian: drōch

Saterland Frisian: Drog m

Old Saxon: *drog

Middle Low German: droch

Westphalian:

Suerländer-Märkisch: Drǫg

Old Dutch: *drog

Middle Dutch: droch

⇒ Dutch: drogreden

⇒ Dutch: droggrond

⇒ Dutch: droglicht

Old High German: *trug, *trog

Middle High German: truc, troc m

German: Trug


dani

dani (nominative singular)
dannju (nominative plural)
dani (accusative singular)
dannju (accusative plural)
dannjas (genitive singular)
dannjō (genitive plural)
dannjē (dative singular)
dannjum (dative plural)
dannju (instrumental singular)
dannjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: denn n; denu f

Middle English: den; dene

English: den; dean

Scots: den; dene, deyn

Old Frisian: dann

Saterland Frisian: Dan

Old Saxon: *danni, *denni

Middle Low German: danne, denne

Low German: Denn

Old Dutch: *denni

Middle Dutch: denne, den

Dutch: denne, den

Old High German: tenni n

Middle High German: tenne m or n or f

Alemannic German: Tenn

German: Tenne f

→ Medieval Latin: danea

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Germanic *danją, possibly cognate with Sanskrit धन्वन् (dhánvan, “desert, dry land, beach”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰén-w-ō (“flat surface”). Perhaps also related to Proto-Indo-European *dʰénwr̥ (“arc; palm”) (whence Old High German tenar (“flat hand, palm”)); however, this is disputed.

cog

pasture for animals, morass; wallowing-hole, slitch


talu

talu (nominative singular)
talō (nominative plural)
talā (accusative singular)
talā (accusative plural)
talā (genitive singular)
talō (genitive plural)
talē (dative singular)
talōm (dative plural)
talum (dative plural)
talu (instrumental singular)
talōm (instrumental plural)
talum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: talu
Middle English: tale, tal, talle, taile, taille (chiefly Northern ME)
English: tale
Scots: tale
Yola: taale

Old Frisian: tale, tele

Saterland Frisian: Taal

West Frisian: taal

Old Saxon: tala

Middle Low German: tāle, tal

German Low German: Tahl, Tall

Old Dutch: *tala

Middle Dutch: tāle
Dutch: taal
Afrikaans: taal
West Flemish: toale

Old High German: zala
Middle High German: zale
German: Zahl
Hunsrik: Zaal
Luxembourgish: Zuel
Vilamovian: caoł
Yiddish: צאָל (tsol)


smiþ

smiþ (nominative singular)
smiþō (nominative plural)
smiþōs (nominative plural)
smiþ (accusative singular)
smiþā (accusative plural)
smiþas (genitive singular)
smiþō (genitive plural)
smiþē (dative singular)
smiþum (dative plural)
smiþu (instrumental singular)
smiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smiþ
Middle English: smyth
English: smith
Scots: smith, smyth

Old Frisian: smith, smeth, smid

Saterland Frisian: Smid

West Frisian: smid

Old Saxon: smith
Middle Low German: smit, smet, smede
German Low German: Smitt, Smidd, Smedd
Plautdietsch: Schmett

Old Dutch: *smith
Middle Dutch: smit
Dutch: smid
Afrikaans: smid
Negerhollands: smid
→ Munsee: shumát
→ Papiamentu: smet, smid
→ Sranan Tongo: smeti, smitti
→ Saramaccan: simítima
→ Unami: shëmìt, shmìt
Limburgish: smeid, smieëd

Old High German: smid
Middle High German: smit
Alemannic German: Schmid
Italian Walser: schméd, schmét, schmid, schmìd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: smit, smitt (Luserna)
Mòcheno: schmi'
Udinese: schmidt, schmit, sghmiid
German: Schmied
Hunsrik: Schmitt
Luxembourgish: Schmadd
Vilamovian: śmejt
Yiddish: שמיד (shmid)


naht

naht (nominative singular)
nahti (nominative plural)
nahtu (accusative singular)
nahti (accusative plural)
nahti (genitive singular)
nahtō (genitive plural)
nahti (dative singular)
nahtum (dative plural)
nahti (instrumental singular)
nahtum (instrumental plural)

some forms continue inflected <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*nahti</i>

Old English: niht, næht — Anglian, neaht, nieht, neht, nyht (some forms continue inflected *nahti)
Middle English: nyght, naht, night, nighte, niȝt, niht, nyghte, nyȝt, nyȝte, nyhte
English: night
Geordie English: neet
Scots: nicht, neicht
Yola: neeght, nieght, nyeght

Old Frisian: nacht
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: naacht
Mooring: nåcht
Saterland Frisian: Noacht
West Frisian: nacht

Old Saxon: naht
Middle Low German: nacht
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: nacht
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Natt
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Nacht f
Paderbornisch: Nacht f
Ravensbergisch: Nacht
Sauerländisch: Nacht
Westmünsterländisch: Nacht, Nach
Plautdietsch: Nacht

Old Dutch: naht
Middle Dutch: nacht
Dutch: nacht
Afrikaans: nag
Negerhollands: nacht, nagt
Limburgish: nach
West Flemish: nacht

Old High German: naht
Middle High German: nacht
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Nàcht
Swabian: Nachd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: nacht
Mòcheno: nòcht
German: Nacht
Pennsylvania German: Nacht
Hunsrik: Nacht, naacht
Luxembourgish: Nuecht, Nuet
Vilamovian: nocht, naocht
Yiddish: נאַכט (nakht)


mahti

mahti (nominative singular)
mahtī (nominative plural)
mahti (accusative singular)
mahtī (accusative plural)
mahtī (genitive singular)
mahtijō (genitive plural)
mahtī (dative singular)
mahtim (dative plural)
mahtijum (dative plural)
mahtī (instrumental singular)
mahtim (instrumental plural)
mahtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meaht, meht, mieht, miht

Middle English: miht, might

Scots: micht

English: might

Yola: mought

Old Frisian: mecht, macht

North Frisian: macht

Saterland Frisian: Macht

West Frisian: macht

Old Saxon: maht
Middle Low German: macht
German Low German: Macht
Dutch Low Saxon: macht
Plautdietsch: Macht
→ Norwegian: makt
→ Swedish: makt
→ Danish: magt
→ Gutnish: mäkt

Old Dutch: *maht

Middle Dutch: macht

Dutch: macht

Afrikaans: mag

Limburgish: mach

Old High German: maht

Middle High German: maht, macht

German: Macht

Luxembourgish: Muecht

Yiddish: מאַכט (makht)


pund

pund (nominative singular)
pundu (nominative plural)
pund (accusative singular)
pundu (accusative plural)
pundas (genitive singular)
pundō (genitive plural)
pundē (dative singular)
pundum (dative plural)
pundu (instrumental singular)
pundum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pund
Middle English: pund, punde, pounde, pound
English: pound
Northumbrian: pund
→ Middle Irish: punt
Irish: punt
Manx: punt
Scots: pund, poond

Old Frisian: pund

Saterland Frisian: Puund

West Frisian: pûn

Old Saxon: pund

Middle Low German: punt

German Low German: Pund

Old Dutch: punt

Middle Dutch: pont, pond

Dutch: pond

Old High German: pfunt
Middle High German: pfunt
German: Pfund
Yiddish: פֿונט (funt)


austr

austr (nominative singular)
austru (nominative plural)
austr (accusative singular)
austru (accusative plural)
austras (genitive singular)
austrō (genitive plural)
austrē (dative singular)
austrum (dative plural)
austru (instrumental singular)
austrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēast m
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Cornish: est
Scots: eist, aist

Old Frisian: âsta n, âst

Saterland Frisian: Aaste m or n

West Frisian: east n

Old Saxon: *ōst

Middle Low German: ōst, ōste, oist n or f

Low German: Oost

Old Dutch: *ōst

Middle Dutch: oost

Dutch: oost

Afrikaans: oos

⇒ Dutch: oosten

⇒ Afrikaans: ooste

desc

Old High German: *ōst ?, ōstara, ōstra f

Middle High German: ōst m

German: Ost m

Hunsrik: Oste m


tagl

tagl (nominative singular)
taglu (nominative plural)
tagl (accusative singular)
taglu (accusative plural)
taglas (genitive singular)
taglō (genitive plural)
taglē (dative singular)
taglum (dative plural)
taglu (instrumental singular)
taglum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tæġl, tæġel

Middle English: teil, tayl, tail

English: tail

Scots: tail, tale

Old Frisian: *teil

Saterland Frisian: Tail

West Frisian: teil

Old Saxon: *tagal

Middle Low German: tagel

Low German: Tagel

Old Dutch: *tagal, *tegil, *teil (in toponyms)

Middle Dutch: tale, tael, *teil

Dutch: teil, taal (rare)

⇒ Dutch: oogtaal (“eyelash”)

West Flemish: teil

Old High German: zagal, zagel, zagil

Middle High German: zagel, zail, zeil

German: Zagel (dialectal)


þorp

þorp (nominative singular)
þorpu (nominative plural)
þorp (accusative singular)
þorpu (accusative plural)
þorpas (genitive singular)
þorpō (genitive plural)
þorpē (dative singular)
þorpum (dative plural)
þorpu (instrumental singular)
þorpum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þorp, þrop
Middle English: thorp
English: thorp

Old Frisian: thorp, therp

North Frisian: torp, terp, Tarp

East Frisian: terp

Saterland Frisian: Täärp

West Frisian: terp
→ Dutch: terp

Old Saxon: thorp
Middle Low German: dorp
German Low German:
Low Prussian: Dörp, Dorp, Derp
Westphalian:
Münsterland: Duorp
Paderborn: Doärp
Sauerland: Duarp
Plautdietsch: Darp
→ German: -trop
→ West Frisian: doarp

Old Dutch: thorp
Middle Dutch: dorp
Dutch: dorp
Afrikaans: dorp
→ Fanagalo: dorop
→ Sotho: toropo
→ Tswana: toropo
→ Venda: ḓorobo
→ Xhosa: idolophu
→ Zulu: idolobha
Negerhollands: dorp
→ English: dorp
→ Papiamentu: dorp
→ Sranan Tongo: dorpu
Limburgish: dörp
→ Middle Scots: dorp, drop
Scots: dorp

Old High German: thorph, thorf, dorf; thorp (Central German)

Middle High German: dorf, dorp (northern Central German; receding)

Alemannic German: Dorf

Central Franconian: Dörp, Dorp, Dorf

German: Dorf

Luxembourgish: Duerf

Mòcheno: dorf

Vilamovian: diüf

Yiddish: דאָרף (dorf)

→ Vulgar Latin: *tropus, *troppus

Medieval Latin: troppus (see there for further descendants)


segl

segl (nominative singular)
seglu (nominative plural)
segl (accusative singular)
seglu (accusative plural)
seglas (genitive singular)
seglō (genitive plural)
seglē (dative singular)
seglum (dative plural)
seglu (instrumental singular)
seglum (instrumental plural)

Old English: seġl, seġel

desc

Middle English: seyl, seil, sayle, saile

Scots: sail, saill, sale

English: sail

→ Old Irish: séol

Irish: seol

Manx: shiaull

Scottish Gaelic: seòl

→ Proto-Brythonic: *huɨl

Breton: gouel

Welsh: hwyl

Old Frisian: seil

Saterland Frisian: Sail

West Frisian: seil

Old Saxon: segal, segel

Middle Low German: segel; segelstēn

Low German: Seil, Segel

Plautdietsch: Säajel

→ Icelandic: segulsteinn, segull

Old Dutch: segil

Middle Dutch: sēgel, seil

Dutch: zeil

Afrikaans: seil

desctree

Old High German: segal
Middle High German: sëgel
German: Segel
→ Luxembourgish: Seegel
→ Polish: żagiel


hungr

hungr (nominative singular)
hungrō (nominative plural)
hungrōs (nominative plural)
hungr (accusative singular)
hungrā (accusative plural)
hungras (genitive singular)
hungrō (genitive plural)
hungrē (dative singular)
hungrum (dative plural)
hungru (instrumental singular)
hungrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hungor
Middle English: hunger, hunngerr, hungor, hungær, hunguer, honguer, honger, hungre, hongre, hungere, hongur, hounger, hounguer, hungir, hungyr, hungur
English: hunger
Scots: hounger, hunger

Old Frisian: hunger

West Frisian: honger, hûnger

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Geehunger

Old Saxon: hungar
Middle Low German: hunger
German Low German: Hunger

Old Dutch: hunger

Middle Dutch: honger
Dutch: honger
Afrikaans: honger
Berbice Creole Dutch: hungru
Skepi Creole Dutch: hunger
→? Sranan Tongo: angri, hangri
→ Saramaccan: hángi, ángi
Limburgish: hónger

Old High German: hungar
Middle High German: hunger
Cimbrian: hungar, hummar (Luserna)
German: Hunger
Luxembourgish: Honger
Yiddish: הונגער (hunger)


aldr

aldr (nominative singular)
aldru (nominative plural)
aldr (accusative singular)
aldru (accusative plural)
aldras (genitive singular)
aldrō (genitive plural)
aldrē (dative singular)
aldrum (dative plural)
aldru (instrumental singular)
aldrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ealdor, aldor, ealder
Middle English: alder
⇒ Old English: ealdorman
Middle English: alderman, aldermon
English: alderman

Old Frisian: alder

Saterland Frisian: Oaler

Old Saxon: aldar
Middle Low German: alder, older, ōlder
German Low German: Oller

Old Dutch: alder

Middle Dutch: ouder
Dutch: ouder

Old High German: altar
Middle High German: alter
Alemannic German: Altar
Bavarian: Ålter, Oiter
German: Alter
→ Luxembourgish: Alter
Yiddish: אַלטער (alter)


akr

akr (nominative singular)
akkrō (nominative plural)
akkrōs (nominative plural)
akr (accusative singular)
akkrā (accusative plural)
akkras (genitive singular)
akkrō (genitive plural)
akkrē (dative singular)
akkrum (dative plural)
akkru (instrumental singular)
akkrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æcer
Middle English: aker, acre
English: acre
→ Irish: acra
→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre
→ Malay: ekar
→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)
Scots: acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker
→? Scottish Gaelic: acaire
Yola: aager
→ Welsh: acer
Norman: acre

Old Frisian: ekker

Saterland Frisian: Äkker

West Frisian: eker, ikker

Old Saxon: akkar
Middle Low German: acker
Low German: Acker
Plautdietsch: Aka

Old Dutch: accar, ackar (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: acker

Dutch: akker
Afrikaans: akker
Negerhollands: akker
→ Min Nan: kah

Old High German: ackar
Middle High German: acker
Cimbrian: akhar
German: Acker
Luxembourgish: Aker
Yiddish: אַקער (aker)


koss

koss (nominative singular)
kossō (nominative plural)
kossōs (nominative plural)
koss (accusative singular)
kossā (accusative plural)
kossas (genitive singular)
kossō (genitive plural)
kossē (dative singular)
kossum (dative plural)
kossu (instrumental singular)
kossum (instrumental plural)

Old English: coss, cos, *cus
Middle English: cos, cus, kis, kys, kysse, kesse
English: kiss
Scots: kis
Yola: kesse

Old Frisian: koss, kos

Old Saxon: kus, kuss, koss, kos
Middle Low German: kus, kuss
Plautdietsch: Kuss

Old Dutch: *cus, *cos

Middle Dutch: kos, kus

Dutch: kus
Afrikaans: kus
Berbice Creole Dutch: kosi
Negerhollands: kus

Old High German: kus, kos
Middle High German: kus, kos
Cimbrian: khüss (vowel influenced by verb)
German: Kuss
Hunsrik: Kuss
Luxembourgish: Kuss


ambaht

ambaht (nominative singular)
ambahtō (nominative plural)
ambahtōs (nominative plural)
ambaht (accusative singular)
ambahtā (accusative plural)
ambahtas (genitive singular)
ambahtō (genitive plural)
ambahtē (dative singular)
ambahtum (dative plural)
ambahtu (instrumental singular)
ambahtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ambiht, ambeht, ambeaht

Old Frisian: *ambaht

West Frisian: ambacht

Old Saxon: ambaht

Old Dutch: *ambaht

Middle Dutch: ambacht

Dutch: ambacht

Old High German: ambaht

⇒ Old High German: ambatāri

Middle High German: ambahtære


ebur

ebur (nominative singular)
eburō (nominative plural)
eburōs (nominative plural)
ebur (accusative singular)
eburā (accusative plural)
eburas (genitive singular)
eburō (genitive plural)
eburē (dative singular)
eburum (dative plural)
eburu (instrumental singular)
eburum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eofor, eafor, efor
Middle English: ēver

Old Saxon: ebur

Old Dutch: *evur

Middle Dutch: ēver

Dutch: ever

Old High German: ebur
Middle High German: ëber
German: Eber
Hunsrik: Ewert


hafr

hafr (nominative singular)
hafrō (nominative plural)
hafrōs (nominative plural)
hafr (accusative singular)
hafrā (accusative plural)
hafras (genitive singular)
hafrō (genitive plural)
hafrē (dative singular)
hafrum (dative plural)
hafru (instrumental singular)
hafrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæfer

Old Saxon: *havar

⇒ Middle Low German: hāverbuk, hāverbok

Old High German: *habar

Middle High German: *haber

desc

⇒ German: Habergeiß (“folkloric caprine demon”) (dialectal)


nagl

nagl (nominative singular)
naglō (nominative plural)
naglōs (nominative plural)
nagl (accusative singular)
naglā (accusative plural)
naglas (genitive singular)
naglō (genitive plural)
naglē (dative singular)
naglum (dative plural)
naglu (instrumental singular)
naglum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: næġl, næġel, neġl, neġel
Middle English: nayl, neil, nail, nayle, nayll, neyl, naylle
English: nail
Scots: nail, nale
Yola: niel

Old Frisian: neil, nīl

North Frisian:

Sylt: Nail

Saterland Frisian: Nail

West Frisian: neil

Old Saxon: nagal
Middle Low German: nāgel, nēgel
German Low German: Nagel
Plautdietsch: Noagel

Old Dutch: *nagal

Middle Dutch: nāgel
Dutch: nagel
Afrikaans: nael
Berbice Creole Dutch: nanggli
→ Caribbean Hindustani: nakkhun
→ Sranan Tongo: nangra
→ Aukan: nangaa
Limburgish: nagel

Old High German: nagal, negil
Middle High German: nagel, nail, nāl, negel, neil
Bavarian: Någl
Cimbrian: naaghel
Mòcheno: nagel
Central Franconian: Nohl, Nähl, Näl, Nääl, Nahl, Nagel
Hunsrik: Naaghel
Luxembourgish: Nol
German: Nagel
→ Russian: нагель (nagelʹ)
Alemannic German: Nagel
Yiddish: נאָגל (nogl), נאגיל (nogil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)


līn

līn (nominative singular)
līnu (nominative plural)
līn (accusative singular)
līnu (accusative plural)
līnas (genitive singular)
līnō (genitive plural)
līnē (dative singular)
līnum (dative plural)
līnu (instrumental singular)
līnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līn

Middle English: lin, line

English: line

Scots: line, lyne

Old Frisian: līn

Saterland Frisian: Lien

West Frisian: lyn

Old Saxon: līn

Middle Low German: lîn

German Low German: Lien

Old Dutch: *līn

Middle Dutch: lijn

Dutch: lijn

Old High German: līn

Middle High German: līn

German: Lein

Vilamovian: łȧjn


ast

ast (nominative singular)
astō (nominative plural)
astōs (nominative plural)
ast (accusative singular)
astā (accusative plural)
astas (genitive singular)
astō (genitive plural)
astē (dative singular)
astum (dative plural)
astu (instrumental singular)
astum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ast
Middle Low German: ast

Old Dutch: *ast

Middle Dutch: ast

Dutch: ast

Old High German: ast
Middle High German: ast
Cimbrian: ast
German: Ast
Luxembourgish: Aascht


sū

sū (nominative singular)
suwi (nominative plural)
sū (accusative singular)
suwi (accusative plural)
suwi (genitive singular)
sowō (genitive plural)
suwi (dative singular)
sūm (dative plural)
suwi (instrumental singular)
sūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: sū

Old Saxon: sū

Old High German: sū

Middle High German: sū

Alemannic German: Suu, Sou, Sau

desc

Central Franconian: Sau, Sou (spelling variant, chiefly used for Moselle Franconian dialects)

Hunsrik: Sau

German: Sau

Luxembourgish: Sau

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Sau

Vilamovian: zaoj


sahs

sahs (nominative singular)
sahsu (nominative plural)
sahs (accusative singular)
sahsu (accusative plural)
sahsas (genitive singular)
sahsō (genitive plural)
sahsē (dative singular)
sahsum (dative plural)
sahsu (instrumental singular)
sahsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: seax
Middle English: sax
English: sax; zax
Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)
→ English: seax (learned)

Old Frisian: sax

North Frisian: sax

Saterland Frisian: Soaks

Old Saxon: sahs

Middle Low German: sax, sachs, sass

Old Dutch: *sas

Middle Dutch: sas

Old High German: sahs

Middle High German: sahs

German: Sachs


strangi

strangi (nominative singular)
strangī (nominative plural)
strangi (accusative singular)
strangī (accusative plural)
strangī (genitive singular)
strangijō (genitive plural)
strangī (dative singular)
strangim (dative plural)
strangijum (dative plural)
strangī (instrumental singular)
strangim (instrumental plural)
strangijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: streng

Middle English: streng, string

Scots: string

English: string

→ Dutch: string

→ German: String

Old Frisian: *strang, *streng

i

Saterland Frisian: Strange (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

West Frisian: string

Old Saxon: *strang, *strengi

desc

Middle Low German: strank, strange, strenc

German Low German: Strenge

Old Dutch: *streng (in placename Strink)

Middle Dutch: strenc, strenge

Dutch: streng

Afrikaans: streng

Old High German: stranc, strang

Middle High German: strank, stranc, strange

German: Strang


naut

naut (nominative singular)
nautu (nominative plural)
naut (accusative singular)
nautu (accusative plural)
nautas (genitive singular)
nautō (genitive plural)
nautē (dative singular)
nautum (dative plural)
nautu (instrumental singular)
nautum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nēat

Middle English: net, nete, neet

Scots: neat, neit

English: neat

Old Frisian: nāt

North Frisian: nut, nuat, nuet, nyt

Old Saxon: *nōt; nōtil

Middle Low German: *nôt; nôthof

Old Dutch: nōt

Middle Dutch: noot

Dutch: noot, nootstal

Old High German: nōz

Middle High German: nōz

Bavarian: Noß

Alemannic German: Nooss


wini

wini (nominative singular)
winī (nominative plural)
wini (accusative singular)
winī (accusative plural)
winī (genitive singular)
winnjō (genitive plural)
winī (dative singular)
winim (dative plural)
winnjum (dative plural)
winī (instrumental singular)
winim (instrumental plural)
winnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wine
Middle English: wine
⇒ English: (a component found in names – Baldwin, Godwin, Irwin, etc.)

Old Frisian: wine
North Frisian: wenn

Old Saxon: wini

Old High German: wini
Middle High German: wine, win


eban

eban (nominative singular)
ebanō (nominative plural)
ebanōs (nominative plural)
eban (accusative singular)
ebanā (accusative plural)
ebanas (genitive singular)
ebanō (genitive plural)
ebanē (dative singular)
ebanum (dative plural)
ebanu (instrumental singular)
ebanum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *eban, evan

Middle Low German: *eben

→ Swedish: eben

→ Finnish: eeben

Old Dutch: *eban

Middle Dutch: ebeen

Dutch: ebben

Old High German: eban

ebenholt

Middle Low German: *ebenholt; Low German

→ Norwegian: ibenholt

→ Danish: ibenholt (confused with MLG îbenholt (“yew”))


reht

reht (nominative singular)
rehtu (nominative plural)
reht (accusative singular)
rehtu (accusative plural)
rehtas (genitive singular)
rehtō (genitive plural)
rehtē (dative singular)
rehtum (dative plural)
rehtu (instrumental singular)
rehtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: riht, reht — Mercian, reht, reoht, reiht, ryht
Middle English: right, reȝt, riȝte, riȝt, ryȝt, ryght, righte, riht
English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit
Geordie English: reet
Scots: richt
Yola: reights (plural)

Old Frisian: riucht, riocht

Saterland Frisian: riucht, gjucht

West Frisian: rjocht

Old Saxon: reht
Middle Low German: recht, richt
Low German: recht

Old Dutch: reht
Middle Dutch: recht
Dutch: recht
Berbice Creole Dutch: rekti
Jersey Dutch: rääxt
Negerhollands: recht, rek, ret, tret, regt
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tret (dated)
→ Papiamentu: rècht
→ Saramaccan: leti
Limburgish: rèch

Old High German: reht
Middle High German: rëht
Alemannic German: Rëcht
Central Franconian: rääch, räht, räät (western Ripuarian, parts of western Moselle Franconian), reht, reet, reecht (other parts of Moselle Franconian), räächt (eastern Moselle Franconian)
German: recht, Recht
Hunsrik: richt
Luxembourgish: riets, riicht, Recht (influenced by German)
Vilamovian: racht
Yiddish: רעכט (rekht)


liudi

liudi (nominative singular)
liudī (nominative plural)
liudi (accusative singular)
liudī (accusative plural)
liudī (genitive singular)
liudijō (genitive plural)
liudī (dative singular)
liudim (dative plural)
liudijum (dative plural)
liudī (instrumental singular)
liudim (instrumental plural)
liudijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēod, lēode m

Middle English: leod, leode, led, lede

English: leod, lede

Scots: lede, leid, luid

Old Frisian: liōd, liūde, liōde m

Saterland Frisian: ljode

Saterland Frisian: Ljuude

West Frisian: lie, lju, ljuwe

Old Saxon: liud, liudi (m)

Middle Low German: lüde, luede, luide

Low German: lüüd, lüüt

desc

German Low German: Lühde pl, Lühd pl, Lüüde pl, Lüüd pl, Lüü pl

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Luie pl

desctree

Old Dutch: liut
Middle Dutch: liede
Dutch: lieden

→ Medieval Latin: leodēs, leudēs

→ French: leude

→ English: leud

Old High German: liut (m, f, n), liuti

Middle High German: liut

Alemannic German: Lüüte

desc

Central Franconian: Löck, Lück (Kölsch, northernmost Ripuarian), Lüü (western Ripuarian), Lie (Siegerland), Leit (other Moselle Franconian)

German: Leute pl

Hunsrik: Leit

Luxembourgish: Leit

Vilamovian: łaojt


farn

farn (nominative singular)
farnō (nominative plural)
farnōs (nominative plural)
farn (accusative singular)
farnā (accusative plural)
farnas (genitive singular)
farnō (genitive plural)
farnē (dative singular)
farnum (dative plural)
farnu (instrumental singular)
farnum (instrumental plural)
farn (nominative singular)
farnu (nominative plural)
farn (accusative singular)
farnu (accusative plural)
farnas (genitive singular)
farnō (genitive plural)
farnē (dative singular)
farnum (dative plural)
farnu (instrumental singular)
farnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fearn
Middle English: fern, vern, fearn, farn, varn, firn
English: fern
Scots: farne, fairn
Yola: vearne, fearn

Old Frisian: *farn

Saterland Frisian: Foone

West Frisian: fear

Old Saxon: farn
Middle Low German: varn, varne, varen
German Low German: Farn

Old Dutch: farn

Middle Dutch: varen

Dutch: varen, varem

Afrikaans: varing

Old High German: farn, faran, faram
Middle High German: varn, varm, farn, farm
German: Farn, Farm
Luxembourgish: Far

Etymonline's sources (such as Watkins) derive this word from Proto-Indo-European *pornóm (“feather”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to traverse; go across”). However, Kroonen instead reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *p(t)erH-, a root whose morphology is subject to heated debate. See there for more.
In any case, cognate to Latvian papartis, Proto-Celtic *ɸratis, Sanskrit पर्ण (parṇa), and Proto-Slavic *paportь.


nati

nati (nominative singular)
nattju (nominative plural)
nati (accusative singular)
nattju (accusative plural)
nattjas (genitive singular)
nattjō (genitive plural)
nattjē (dative singular)
nattjum (dative plural)
nattju (instrumental singular)
nattjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nett, net

Middle English: nett

Scots: net

English: net

Old Frisian: nette, nitte

North Frisian: net

Saterland Frisian: Nät

West Frisian: net

Old Saxon: net, nett, netti

Middle Low German: nette, net

Low German: Nett

Old Dutch: *net, *netti

Middle Dutch: net, nette

Dutch: net

desctree

Old High German: nezzi
Middle High German: netze
German: Netz
Luxembourgish: Netz
Yiddish: נעץ (nets)


fingr

fingr (nominative singular)
fingrō (nominative plural)
fingrōs (nominative plural)
fingr (accusative singular)
fingrā (accusative plural)
fingras (genitive singular)
fingrō (genitive plural)
fingrē (dative singular)
fingrum (dative plural)
fingru (instrumental singular)
fingrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: finger
Middle English: fynger, finger, vinger, fyngir, fyngur, fyngyr, fiyngir, ffynger
English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga
Scots: finger
Yola: vinger

Old Frisian: finger

Saterland Frisian: Finger

West Frisian: finger

Old Saxon: fingar

Middle Low German: vinger

Low German: Finger

Plautdietsch: Finja

Old Dutch: fingar
Middle Dutch: vinger
Dutch: vinger
Afrikaans: vinger
Berbice Creole Dutch: finggri
Negerhollands: vinger, fiṅgu, finger
→? Aukan: finga
→? Caribbean Hindustani: ungri
→? Sranan Tongo: finga
→ Saramaccan: fingá
Limburgish: vinger, vènger

Old High German: fingar
Middle High German: vinger
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Fengr
Bavarian: Finga
Cimbrian: vingar, bingar (Mezzaselva)
German: Finger
Luxembourgish: Fanger
Vilamovian: fyngier
Yiddish: פֿינגער (finger)


wambu

wambu (nominative singular)
wambō (nominative plural)
wambā (accusative singular)
wambā (accusative plural)
wambā (genitive singular)
wambō (genitive plural)
wambē (dative singular)
wambōm (dative plural)
wambum (dative plural)
wambu (instrumental singular)
wambōm (instrumental plural)
wambum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wamb, womb
Middle English: wombe, wambe, womb, wame, woombe, wome, uombe, wompe, wamb
English: womb
Geordie English: wyem
Scots: wame, wam

Old Frisian: wamme, womme

Old Saxon: wamba

Middle Low German: wamme

German Low German: Wamme

Frankish: *wamba

Old Dutch: *wamba, *wamma

Middle Dutch: wamme, wam

Dutch: wam

→ Medieval Latin: wambāsium, wambōsium

Old French: wambais, gambais; wambison, gambison, gambeison

→ Middle English: gambeson, gambison

English: gambeson, gambison

desc

→ Middle Low German: wambois, wambōs, wambūs, wambes, wammes, wams

→ Middle Dutch: wambaes, wambeis, wambois, wambuus, wammes

Dutch: wambuis, wammes

→ Middle High German: wambeis

German: Wams

→ Saterland Frisian: Wams

→ Medieval Latin: gambesōnem

→ Occitan: gambais

→ Old Spanish: gambax

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: canbas

desctree

Old High German: wamba
Middle High German: wambe, wampe, wamme
German: Wamme, Wampe
→ Saterland Frisian: Wampe
Bavarian: Wampn

From Proto-Germanic *wambō. Cognate with Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (wamba) and Old Norse vǫmb.


gaman

gaman (nominative singular)
gamanu (nominative plural)
gaman (accusative singular)
gamanu (accusative plural)
gamanas (genitive singular)
gamanō (genitive plural)
gamanē (dative singular)
gamanum (dative plural)
gamanu (instrumental singular)
gamanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gamen, gomen
Middle English: game, gamen, gemen, gomen, gome, gammen, gaume, gamme, gamin, gomin, gomyn, gomun, gam, geme
English: game (see there for further descendants); (dialectal gam)
⇒ Fingallian: gamshoge
Scots: gemme, gem, gyem, game
Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume

Old Frisian: game, gome

>? West Frisian: gammen

Old Saxon: gaman

⇒ Middle Low German: gamel

German Low German: Gammel

Old Dutch: *gaman

Middle Dutch: game, gāme

⇒ Middle Dutch: gemelijc

Dutch: gemelijk

Old High German: gaman

Middle High German: gamen, gamel, game

German: Gammel (dialectal)


munik

munik (nominative singular)
munikō (nominative plural)
munikōs (nominative plural)
munik (accusative singular)
munikā (accusative plural)
munikas (genitive singular)
munikō (genitive plural)
munikē (dative singular)
munikum (dative plural)
muniku (instrumental singular)
munikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: munuc, munec
Middle English: monk, monke
English: monk
Scots: monk, munk, mounk
→ Old Norse: munkr
Danish: munk
Icelandic: munkur
Faroese: munkur
Norwegian: munk
Old Swedish: munker, munk
Swedish: munk
→ Finnish: munkki
→ Estonian: munk
→ Latvian: mūks
→ Võro: muuk

desc

Old Frisian: munek, monink, munik, monik, *mūnits

West Frisian: muonts

Old Saxon: *monik, *munik

Middle Low German: mȫnik, mȫnek, mȫnnik, mȫnnek, mȫnk, mȫnnink

Old Dutch: *monik, *munik

Middle Dutch: mōnic, mȫnic, munic, monc, munc, monnic, moenc

Dutch: monnik
Afrikaans: monnik

Limburgish: munnik

Old High German: munih

Middle High German: munich, munch, münch, münech, münich

Alemannic German: Mönch

German: Mönch

→ Luxembourgish: Mënch

Luxembourgish: Minnech

Vilamovian: mynich

→ Old Church Slavonic: мънихъ (mŭnixŭ)

→ Old Czech: mnich (see there for further descendants)

→ Slovene: mních, menih

müneche

Old High German: munihho, municho; Middle High German