hwahtlā

hwahtlā (nominative singular)
hwahtlōn (nominative plural)
hwahtlōn (accusative singular)
hwahtlōn (accusative plural)
hwahtlōn (genitive singular)
hwahtlōnō (genitive plural)
hwahtlōn (dative singular)
hwahtlōm (dative plural)
hwahtlum (dative plural)
hwahtlōn (instrumental singular)
hwahtlōm (instrumental plural)
hwahtlum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hwahtula

Middle Low German: wachtele

→ Danish: vagtel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vaktel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vaktel

→ Swedish: vaktel

Old High German: wahtila, wahtula, wahtala

Middle High German: wahtel, wachtel

German: Wachtel

→ Late Latin: quaccola (see there for further descendants)

Old Saxon: kwattula, quatula

Old Dutch: *kwattula

Middle Dutch: quattel, quattele

Dutch: kwartel

Afrikaans: kwartel

Old High German: kwattala, kwahtila, kwattula, quattala

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hwahtlǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóǵ⁽ʰ⁾-tl-eh₂, from *kʷeǵ⁽ʰ⁾- (“to flee”), cognate with Latin quaccola (“quail”), cocturnīx, cōturnīx (“quail”). Perhaps related to Old Norse *hvekka (“to be startled”), Latin conquinīscō (“to crouch down”), Proto-Slavic *čeznǫti (“to disappear”). Apparently reborrowed from Latin as *kwattulā.


duhti

duhti (nominative singular)
duhtī (nominative plural)
duhti (accusative singular)
duhtī (accusative plural)
duhtī (genitive singular)
duhtijō (genitive plural)
duhtī (dative singular)
duhtim (dative plural)
duhtijum (dative plural)
duhtī (instrumental singular)
duhtim (instrumental plural)
duhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *duht

Middle Low German: ducht

Low German: Ducht

Old High German: *tuht

Middle High German: tuht, (Central German) duht

German: Tucht, Ducht

Luxembourgish: Duucht


irh

irh (nominative singular)
irhu (nominative plural)
irh (accusative singular)
irhu (accusative plural)
irhas (genitive singular)
irhō (genitive plural)
irhē (dative singular)
irhum (dative plural)
irhu (instrumental singular)
irhum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: irah, irh

Middle High German: irch, irech

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *yerḱ-. Compare Ancient Greek ἴυρκες (íurkes), δορκάς (dorkás), δόρξ (dórx) ~ ζόρξ (zórx) ~ ἴορξ (íorx), etc., Latin hircus, ircus, Old Armenian որս (ors), Welsh iwrch, but note the many unexplained phonetic variations.


fleus

fleus (nominative singular)
fliusiʀu (nominative plural)
fleus (accusative singular)
fliusiʀu (accusative plural)
fliusiʀi (genitive singular)
fliusiʀō (genitive plural)
fliusiʀi (dative singular)
fliusiʀum (dative plural)
fliusiʀi (instrumental singular)
fliusiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flēos, flīes, flȳs, flēs
Middle English: flees, ffleyse, fleece, fleese, fleesse, fleis, fleos, fleose, fles, flese, floes, flus, vluys
English: fleece
→ Finnish: fliisi
→ German: Fleece
Scots: fleis
Yola: flaase

Old Frisian: *fliōs, *fliūs

Saterland Frisian: Flüüs

West Frisian: flues

Old Saxon: *flios

Middle Low German: vlüs

Low German: Flüs

Old Dutch: *flios, *flius

Middle Dutch: vlies, vluus
Dutch: vlies
Afrikaans: vlies
→ German: Vlies
Limburgish: vlees

Old High German: *flios, flius

Middle High German: vlius

German: Fleuß, Flüß (rare, obsolete)

From Proto-Germanic *fleusaz, from Proto-Indo-European *plews- (“to pull out, pluck”).


kosp

kosp (nominative singular)
kospō (nominative plural)
kospōs (nominative plural)
kosp (accusative singular)
kospā (accusative plural)
kospas (genitive singular)
kospō (genitive plural)
kospē (dative singular)
kospum (dative plural)
kospu (instrumental singular)
kospum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cosp, cops;

Middle English: cospe, cops

English: cuffs

Scots: cuf, cuff

Old Saxon: *kosp

gl

⇒ Old Saxon: lithocosp, lithokosp (attested as lithocospun, liđokospun (dative plural))

→ Late Latin: cuspus

Unknown; possibly borrowed from Byzantine Greek κοῦσπα (koûspa, “fetter”).


habu

habu (nominative singular)
habō (nominative plural)
habā (accusative singular)
habā (accusative plural)
habā (genitive singular)
habō (genitive plural)
habē (dative singular)
habōm (dative plural)
habum (dative plural)
habu (instrumental singular)
habōm (instrumental plural)
habum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hafu

⇒ Old English: *āhafu

⇒ Old English: ūpāhafu

⇒? Middle English: haftre

From Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to lift, raise”). Related to Proto-Germanic *habą.


habu

Old Frisian: have, heve

West Frisian: have

Old Saxon: *hava

Middle Low German: hāve

⇒ Old Saxon: handhava

Old Dutch: hava

Middle Dutch: have

Dutch: have

⇒ Old Dutch: *hanthava

Middle Dutch: hanthave

Dutch: handhave, handhaaf, hanteef (dialectal)

Old High German: haba

Middle High German: habe

German: Habe

⇒ Old High German: hanthaba

Middle High German: hanthabe

German: Handhabe

From Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have, hold”).


aisku

aisku (nominative singular)
aiskō (nominative plural)
aiskā (accusative singular)
aiskā (accusative plural)
aiskā (genitive singular)
aiskō (genitive plural)
aiskē (dative singular)
aiskōm (dative plural)
aiskum (dative plural)
aisku (instrumental singular)
aiskōm (instrumental plural)
aiskum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: āske

West Frisian: eask

Old Saxon: *ēska

Middle Low German: êsche, eische

→ Old Swedish: æskia

Swedish: äska

→ Old Danish: æske

Danish: æske

Old High German: eiska

Middle High German: eische

From *aiskōn (“to claim, demand”) + *-u.


falgu

falgu (nominative singular)
falgō (nominative plural)
falgā (accusative singular)
falgā (accusative plural)
falgā (genitive singular)
falgō (genitive plural)
falgē (dative singular)
falgōm (dative plural)
falgum (dative plural)
falgu (instrumental singular)
falgōm (instrumental plural)
falgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fealg, fealh, felg
Middle English: falwe, falow, falugh, falghe
English: fallow
Scots: fauch
Yola: falloo

Old Frisian: fallach

North Frisian: falig

Saterland Frisian: falge

West Frisian: felling

Old Dutch: *falh

Middle Dutch: *valch, valge

Dutch: valg, valge

Old High German: felga

Middle High German: velge

German: Felge (dialectal)

Uncertain; from Proto-Germanic *falgō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *polḱ-éh₂ (“arable land”), perhaps cognate with Gaulish *olcā (“arable land”) (whence French ouche).

inh

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


badu

badu (nominative singular)
badwō (nominative plural)
badwā (accusative singular)
badwā (accusative plural)
badwā (genitive singular)
badwō (genitive plural)
badwē (dative singular)
badwōm (dative plural)
badum (dative plural)
badu (instrumental singular)
badwōm (instrumental plural)
badum (instrumental plural)

Old English: badu, beado, beadu

⇒ Old English: *beaduhōc

⇒ Middle English: *bedhok, bedocke

English: beadhook, beedhook, bidhook

Old Saxon: badu (in compounds and personal names)

Old High German: badu, batu, pato (in personal names)


ōfer

ōfer (nominative singular)
ōferō (nominative plural)
ōferōs (nominative plural)
ōfer (accusative singular)
ōferā (accusative plural)
ōferas (genitive singular)
ōferō (genitive plural)
ōferē (dative singular)
ōferum (dative plural)
ōferu (instrumental singular)
ōferum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōfer, ōfor, ōbr

Middle English: over

English: over

Scots: offer

Old Frisian: ōvera, ōvere

North Frisian: over

Saterland Frisian: Ouger n

West Frisian: ouwer

Old Saxon: *ovar

desc

Middle Low German: över, oever, oyver, auver

Low German: Över

Old Dutch: *uovar, *ōvar

desctree

Middle Dutch: oever
Dutch: oever
Afrikaans: oewer
Limburgish: euver

Old High German: *uofar

Middle High German: uover, uober

German: Ufer

From Proto-Germanic *ōferaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁-per-o-s, from *h₂éh₁ (“to, at”) + *per- (“beyond, across”) + *-os, (whence Ancient Greek πέρας (péras, “end, boundary”)) + *-os. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἤπειρος (ḗpeiros, “mainland”), and possibly Old Armenian ափն (apʻn, “edge; shore”).


gerstu

gerstu (nominative singular)
gerstō (nominative plural)
gerstā (accusative singular)
gerstā (accusative plural)
gerstā (genitive singular)
gerstō (genitive plural)
gerstē (dative singular)
gerstōm (dative plural)
gerstum (dative plural)
gerstu (instrumental singular)
gerstōm (instrumental plural)
gerstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)

desctree

Middle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost
English: gorse
Yola: goss, gorr

Old Frisian: *jerste

Saterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste

Old Saxon: gersta

Middle Low German: gerste

German Low German: Garste, Garst

Plautdietsch: Joascht

Old Dutch: *gersta

Middle Dutch: gerste

Dutch: gerst
Afrikaans: gars
→ Xhosa: írhási
→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)

Old High German: gersta

Middle High German: gerste

Alemannic German: Geerste

Bavarian: Geaschtn

Cimbrian: ghéersta

Mòcheno: gerst

Central Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht

Luxembourgish: Geescht

German: Gerste

Yiddish: גערשט (gersht)


kranuk

kranuk (nominative singular)
kranukō (nominative plural)
kranukōs (nominative plural)
kranuk (accusative singular)
kranukā (accusative plural)
kranukas (genitive singular)
kranukō (genitive plural)
kranukē (dative singular)
kranukum (dative plural)
kranuku (instrumental singular)
kranukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cranoc, cornuc

Old Saxon: *kranuk, *kranik

Middle Low German: krānek, krānk

German Low German: Kraank

Plautdietsch: Kraunkje

Old Dutch: *cranuk

Middle Dutch: *cranek

⇒? Middle Dutch: cranekin, cranekijn

Dutch: kraantje

desc

Old High German: chranuh, chranih, kranuh, kranih

Middle High German: kranech, kranch, kranc, krenech, krenich, krench

German: Kranich

→ Saterland Frisian: Kranich

From *kranō or *kran (“crane”) + *-uk (diminutive suffix).


habbjō

habbjō (nominative singular)
habbjan (nominative plural)
habbjan (accusative singular)
habbjan (accusative plural)
habbjini (genitive singular)
habbjan (genitive singular)
habbjanō (genitive plural)
habbjini (dative singular)
habbjan (dative singular)
habbjum (dative plural)
habbjini (instrumental singular)
habbjan (instrumental singular)
habbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæf, hæfe, hefe

Old Saxon: *hebbio, *heffio

Middle Low German: hebben, heffen

Old Dutch: *hebbo, *heffo, *hevo

Middle Dutch: heffe, hēve

Dutch: hef

desctree

Old High German: hevo, heffa, heffe, hephe, heve, heffen, hefun, hephen
Middle High German: heve, hefe; hebe, hefe; hepfen
Bavarian: Hefn, Hepfa, Hepfn
Alemannic German: Hebi
German: Hefe
Hunsrik: Heb
Luxembourgish: Hief
Yiddish: הייוון (heyvn)


weud

weud (nominative singular)
weudu (nominative plural)
weud (accusative singular)
weudu (accusative plural)
weudas (genitive singular)
weudō (genitive plural)
weudē (dative singular)
weudum (dative plural)
weudu (instrumental singular)
weudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēod

Middle English: weod, weed

English: weed

→ Dutch: wiet

Scots: wed, weed

Old Frisian: *wiūd

Saterland Frisian: wiud (obsolete), Jood

West Frisian: wjûd

Old Saxon: wiod

Middle Low German: wêt

German Low German: Weed

Low German: woden, woen

Old Dutch: *wiod, *wiot

Middle Dutch: wiod, wied, wiet

Dutch: wied

Old High German: wiota

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *wi-wdʰ-o-m, an archaic reduplicated noun formation of *wedʰ- (“to wind; bend; entangle; tie”). Note however that this pattern is extremely rare: *bebruz and *hwehwlą are the only reduplicated nouns that are positively reconstructed for Proto-Germanic proper (but see *gaukaz for another hypothetically potential example; and in West Germanic there is *weukā (“wisp, wick”) among a few others).


waliþu

waliþu (nominative singular)
waliþō (nominative plural)
waliþā (accusative singular)
waliþā (accusative plural)
waliþā (genitive singular)
waliþō (genitive plural)
waliþē (dative singular)
waliþōm (dative plural)
waliþum (dative plural)
waliþu (instrumental singular)
waliþōm (instrumental plural)
waliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *welþu, *welþ

Middle English: welthe, weelþe, wellthe, welt, welth, welþ, welþe, weolþe, wilthe, welðe, welðhe (Early Middle English)
English: wealth
Scots: walth

Old Saxon: *welitha, *welida

Middle Low German: welede, welde

Low German: Weelde

Old Dutch: *welitha, *welida

Middle Dutch: welde, weelde

Dutch: weelde

Old High German: welitha, welida

>? Middle High German: welede, welde

From *walō (“wealth; well-being”) + *-iþu.

the condition of being well, well-being, happiness


werageld

werageld (nominative singular)
werageldō (nominative plural)
werageldōs (nominative plural)
werageld (accusative singular)
werageldā (accusative plural)
werageldas (genitive singular)
werageldō (genitive plural)
werageldē (dative singular)
werageldum (dative plural)
werageldu (instrumental singular)
werageldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weregeld, wergild

desc

Middle English: wergeld, weregelt, wergelt

English: wergeld

Scots: weregilt, wargeld, warȝeld

Old Frisian: werjeld

Old Saxon: *werigeld

Middle Low German: *wêregelt, *wergelt

Low German: Wergeld

Old Dutch: *werigelt

Middle Dutch: weregelt

Dutch: weergeld

Lombardic: wergild

Old High German: werigelt

Middle High German: wërgëlt

German: Wergeld

→ French: wergeld, weregild, wergild

→ Old French: were

→ Spanish: wergild

→ Medieval Latin: werigeldum, weregildum, wergeldus (see there for further descendants)


smauki

smauki (nominative singular)
smaukī (nominative plural)
smauki (accusative singular)
smaukī (accusative plural)
smaukī (genitive singular)
smaukijō (genitive plural)
smaukī (dative singular)
smaukim (dative plural)
smaukijum (dative plural)
smaukī (instrumental singular)
smaukim (instrumental plural)
smaukijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smīec, smēc, smīeċ, smēċ

Middle English: smec, smech, smeke

Scots: smeek

English: smeek, smeech

Old Saxon: *smōk

Middle Low German: smôk

German Low German: Smook

→ Saterland Frisian: smokje

→ Danish: smøg

Old Dutch: *smouk, *smōk

Middle Dutch: smooc

Dutch: smook

→ West Frisian: smoke

Old High German: *smouh

Middle High German: smouch

German: Schmauch

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg- (“to smoke, reek”).


uʀdailī

uʀdailī (nominative singular)
uʀdailiju (nominative plural)
uʀdailī (accusative singular)
uʀdailiju (accusative plural)
uʀdailijas (genitive singular)
uʀdailijō (genitive plural)
uʀdailijē (dative singular)
uʀdailijum (dative plural)
uʀdailiju (instrumental singular)
uʀdailijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ordāl, ordāle, ordēl, *ordǣl, ordǣle
→ Medieval Latin: ordālium (< Old English ordāle)
Old French: ordeil, ordel
→ English: ordalium
⇒ New Latin: ordālia (plural)
→ French: ordalie
→ Italian: ordalia
→ Romanian: ordalie
→ Portuguese: ordália
→ Spanish: ordalía
→? Middle English: ordel, ordal (possibly directly inherited from Old English)
English: ordeal
Scots: ordeil

Old Frisian: urdēl, ordēl

Saterland Frisian: Uurdeel

West Frisian: oardiel

Old Saxon: urdēli, urdeili

desc

Middle Low German: ōrdêle, ōrdeile, ōrdêl, ōrdeil

German Low German: Oordeel

Old Dutch: urdeile

Middle Dutch: ordeel

Dutch: oordeel

Afrikaans: oordeel

Old High German: urteili, urteila, urteil

Middle High German: urteile, urteil

German: Urteil

→ Luxembourgish: Urteel

→ Polish: ortel

From *uʀdailijan (“to mete out”), from *uʀ- + *dailijan (“to deal out, divide”).

pre

something handed or meted out; allotment, share


persik

pirsik (nominative singular)
pirsikō (nominative plural)
pirsikōs (nominative plural)
pirsik (accusative singular)
pirsikā (accusative plural)
pirsikas (genitive singular)
pirsikō (genitive plural)
pirsikē (dative singular)
pirsikum (dative plural)
pirsiku (instrumental singular)
pirsikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: persoc, persic
Middle English: persogʒe

Old Saxon: *persik, *persika

desc

Middle Low German: persik, pêrsik, persek, persike

Low German:

Altmärkisch: Përsch

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Peersick, Peersken, Peerseken, Persik

East Westphalian: Päsken (Ravensberg)

South Westphalian: Päärske, Päärseke (Dortmund)

→ Old Danish: persic

→ Danish: fersken

→ Faroese: ferska

→ Greenlandic: ferskeni

→ Icelandic: ferskja

→ Norwegian: fersken

→ Swedish: persika
→ Finnish: persikka

Old Dutch: *persika

Middle Dutch: persike, perseke

desctree

Dutch: perzik
Afrikaans: perske
→ Phuthi: iperekisi
Jersey Dutch: pierkes
→ Mahican: péněgěsak
→ Indonesian: persik
→ Munsee: piilkush (from a dialectal form)
→ Unami: pilkësh (from a dialectal form)
→ West Frisian: perzik

desc

Old High German: pfersih, phersih, phirsih, persih

desctree

Middle High German: pfersich
Alemannic German: Fërsich
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Persch
Transylvanian Saxon: Piërsch
German: Pfirsich
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Pasching
Yiddish: פֿערשקע (fershke)

perzikboom

Middle Dutch: persekeboom, persikeboom, persicboom, persecboom

Pfirsichbaum

Middle High German: pfersichboum, pfersichpoum, phersichboum


karru

karru (nominative singular)
karrō (nominative plural)
karrā (accusative singular)
karrā (accusative plural)
karrā (genitive singular)
karrō (genitive plural)
karrē (dative singular)
karrōm (dative plural)
karrum (dative plural)
karru (instrumental singular)
karrōm (instrumental plural)
karrum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *karra

Middle Dutch: carre

Old Saxon: *karra

desc

Middle Low German: kâre, kare, kahre, kār, kär, kârde, karde, karre, kârn, kârne, karne

German Low German: Karre

Old High German: karra, garra, karren f

Middle High German: karre

German: Karren m, Karre f

Borrowed from Latin carra, carrus (“wagon”). Doublet of *hross (“horse”).


kesul

kesul (nominative singular)
kesulō (nominative plural)
kesulōs (nominative plural)
kesul (accusative singular)
kesulā (accusative plural)
kesulas (genitive singular)
kesulō (genitive plural)
kesulē (dative singular)
kesulum (dative plural)
kesulu (instrumental singular)
kesulum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċeosol
Middle English: chesil, chesel, chisel
English: chisel, chesil, chissel, chessil
Scots: keezel

Old Saxon: *kesal

desc

Middle Low German: kēserlinc, kesserling, kēselinc, kīserlinc

Old Dutch: *kesal

Middle Dutch: kesel, keisel, kijsel

Dutch: keizel

Old High German: chisil, kisil

Middle High German: kisel

German: Kiesel

Luxembourgish: Kisel

→ Middle Dutch: kiezel

Dutch: kiezel

→ Swedish: kisel


fōþr

fōþr (nominative singular)
fōþru (nominative plural)
fōþr (accusative singular)
fōþru (accusative plural)
fōþras (genitive singular)
fōþrō (genitive plural)
fōþrē (dative singular)
fōþrum (dative plural)
fōþru (instrumental singular)
fōþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fōþer

desctree

Middle English: fother, foður, fothir, fothyr, futher, fodyr, fooder, foþer, foþere, foðer, voðer, ffoder
English: fother
Scots: fother

Old Dutch: *fuothar

Middle Dutch: voeder
Dutch: voeder, voer
Afrikaans: voer
Limburgish: voder, voor

Old High German: fuodar

Middle High German: vuoder

German: Fuder

Luxembourgish: Fudder

Likely dissimilated from earlier *fōrþr, from *fōrijan (“to lead; to bring”) + *-þr, perhaps influenced by similar sounding formations, compare *fōdr (“fodder”).


tūdr

tūdr (nominative singular)
tūdrō (nominative plural)
tūdrōs (nominative plural)
tūdr (accusative singular)
tūdrā (accusative plural)
tūdras (genitive singular)
tūdrō (genitive plural)
tūdrē (dative singular)
tūdrum (dative plural)
tūdru (instrumental singular)
tūdrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tūdor, tuddor
Middle English: tuder

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to fit”), whence also *tawjaną (“to make, complete”). The original meaning was probably "that which is ready (for use)" or "that which is made, produced". Compare *tōlą (“tool”), from *dowh₂-dʰlom.


arut

arut (nominative singular)
aruti (nominative plural)
arutu (accusative singular)
aruti (accusative plural)
aruti (genitive singular)
arutō (genitive plural)
aruti (dative singular)
arutum (dative plural)
aruti (instrumental singular)
arutum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: arut

Old Dutch: arut

Old High German: aruz, ariz

Middle High German: erz, eriz

Alemannic German: Ärzt

German: Erz
→ Dutch: erts
Afrikaans: erts
→ Esperanto: erco
→ Hungarian: érc
→ Ido: erco

Luxembourgish: Äerz

Yiddish: אַרץ (arts)

Unknown; possibly a substrate borrowing, compare Latin raudus (“lump (of ore, metal); bronze, brass”), and further Sumerian 𒍏 (urud, “copper”).


fluhti

fluhti (nominative singular)
fluhtī (nominative plural)
fluhti (accusative singular)
fluhtī (accusative plural)
fluhtī (genitive singular)
fluhtijō (genitive plural)
fluhtī (dative singular)
fluhtim (dative plural)
fluhtijum (dative plural)
fluhtī (instrumental singular)
fluhtim (instrumental plural)
fluhtijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flyht
Middle English: flight
English: flight
Scots: flycht, flicht

Old Saxon: *fluht

Middle Low German: vlucht

Low German: Flugt

→ Danish: flugt

→ German: Flucht (“suite”)

→ Swedish: flykt

Old Dutch: *fluht

Middle Dutch: vlucht
Dutch: vlucht
Limburgish: vlöch

Old High German: *fluht

Middle High German: *vluht (possibly attested; northern)

Luxembourgish: Fliicht (“wing”)


fluhti

Old English: *flyht

Middle English: flight, flyght

Scots: flycht, flicht

English: flight

Old Frisian: flecht

Saterland Frisian: Fljucht, Flucht

West Frisian: flecht

Old Saxon: *fluht

Middle Low German: vlucht

Low German: Flugt

→ Danish: flugt

→ Swedish: flykt

Old Dutch: fluht

Middle Dutch: vlucht

Dutch: vlucht

Afrikaans: vlug

Old High German: fluht

Middle High German: vluht

German: Flucht


kuʀi

kuʀi (nominative singular)
kuʀī (nominative plural)
kuʀi (accusative singular)
kuʀī (accusative plural)
kuʀī (genitive singular)
kuʀjō (genitive plural)
kuʀī (dative singular)
kuʀim (dative plural)
kuʀjum (dative plural)
kuʀī (instrumental singular)
kuʀim (instrumental plural)
kuʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyre
Middle English: kire, cyre, cure

Old Frisian: kere

Saterland Frisian: ceur, Köar

West Frisian: kar

Old Saxon: kuri

Middle Low German: küre, köre

Low German: Köre

Old Dutch: kuri

Middle Dutch: core, kore, cuere

Dutch: keur
→ Indonesian: kir

Afrikaans: keur

⇒ Dutch: keuze, keus

Dutch: keuse, keus

Old High German: kuri, churi m or f

Middle High German: küre, kür

German: Kür, Kur

From Proto-Germanic *kuziz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to test, taste, choose”).


ramm

ramm (nominative singular)
rammō (nominative plural)
rammōs (nominative plural)
ramm (accusative singular)
rammā (accusative plural)
rammas (genitive singular)
rammō (genitive plural)
rammē (dative singular)
rammum (dative plural)
rammu (instrumental singular)
rammum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ramm
Middle English: ramme, ram, rom
English: ram
Scots: ram

Old Frisian: *ram, *rom

Saterland Frisian: Rom

West Frisian: raam

Old Saxon: ramm, ram

Middle Low German: ram, ramme

German Low German: Ramme, Ramm

Old Dutch: *ramm, *ram

Middle Dutch: ram

Dutch: ram
Afrikaans: ram

Old High German: ram

Middle High German: ram

German: Ramm (archaic)

Presumably a nominalization of the adjective above.


sparkō

sparkō (nominative singular)
sparkōō (nominative plural)
sparkōōs (nominative plural)
sparkō (accusative singular)
sparkōā (accusative plural)
sparkōas (genitive singular)
sparkōō (genitive plural)
sparkōē (dative singular)
sparkōm (dative plural)
sparkō (instrumental singular)
sparkōm (instrumental plural)

Old English: spearca
Middle English: sparke, sparc, sparck, spark, sperk, sperke
English: spark (see there for further descendants)
Scots: spark, sperk

Old Frisian: *sparka

Saterland Frisian: Spoorke f

West Frisian: spark

Old Saxon: *sparko

Middle Low German: sparke

Low German: Sparke

Old Dutch: *sparko

Middle Dutch: sparke

Dutch: spark

→ Middle French: esparque

Old High German: *sparcho, *sparko

Middle High German: sparke

German: Sparke

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sparkaz (“lively, energetic”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)prey-, *(s)per- (“to strew, spread, scatter, sow”). Compare Latvian spirgsti (“gleeds beneath ashes”).


tihti

tihti (nominative singular)
tihtī (nominative plural)
tihti (accusative singular)
tihtī (accusative plural)
tihtī (genitive singular)
tihtijō (genitive plural)
tihtī (dative singular)
tihtim (dative plural)
tihtijum (dative plural)
tihtī (instrumental singular)
tihtim (instrumental plural)
tihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tiht

Middle English: tiȝt, tight

Old Frisian: tichta

Old Saxon: *tiht

Middle Low German: ticht

Old High German: *ziht

Middle High German: ziht

⇒ Old High German: biziht

⇒ Old High German: inziht

German: Inzicht

showing, announcement, relating of events


kirikā

kirikā (nominative singular)
kirikōn (nominative plural)
kirikōn (accusative singular)
kirikōn (accusative plural)
kirikōn (genitive singular)
kirikōnō (genitive plural)
kirikōn (dative singular)
kirikōm (dative plural)
kirikum (dative plural)
kirikōn (instrumental singular)
kirikōm (instrumental plural)
kirikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċiriċe
Middle English: chirche, kirke
English: church
Geordie English: chorch, kirk
Scots: kirk
Yola: chourch
→ Old Norse: kirkja (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Frisian: tsirke, tzirke, zerke, ziurke, kerke, karke

Saterland Frisian: Säärke

West Frisian: tsjerke

North Frisian: Sērk (Sylt), schörk (Mooring), sark (Föhr-Amrum)

desctree

Old Saxon: kirika
Middle Low German: kirke, kerke, karke
German Low German: Kark, Kiärke
Plautdietsch: Kjoakj, Tjoatj
→ Estonian: kirik
→ Finnish: kirkko
Meänkieli: kirkko
→ Northern Sami: girku (or from Old Norse)
→ Lule Sami: girkko (or from Old Norse)
→ Pite Sami: girrko (or from Old Norse)
→ Southern Sami: gærhkoe (or from Old Norse)
→ Ingrian: kirkko
→ Karelian: kirikkö

Old Dutch: kirika

Middle Dutch: kerke
Dutch: kerk (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kèrk

Old High German: kirihha, kilihha
Middle High German: kirche
Alemannic German: Chilche, Chilä, Chile, Chille
Alsatian: Kirich, Kerich
Swabian: Kirch, Kircha
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khirch, khércha (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: kirch
Central Franconian: Kirch, Kerch
Eifel: Körch
Hunsrik: Kerrich
Luxembourgish: Kierch
East Central German: Kürche, Küeche
Upper Saxon German: Kersche
East Franconian: Kerch
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Kärsch
German: Kirche
→ Russian: ки́рха (kírxa), ки́рка (kírka)
→ Ukrainian: кі́рха (kírxa)
Yiddish: קירך (kirkh)
→ Proto-Slavic: *cьrky (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Koine Greek κυριακὸν (δῶμα) (kuriakòn (dôma), “Lord’s (house)”), from Ancient Greek κύριος (kúrios, “lord”). An example of the Greek-to-Germanic progress (possibly via a Latin intermediary) of many Christian words, it probably spread from Christianized Roman centres such as the imperial residence at Trier to the Franks and other West-Germanic-speaking groups from the fourth century onwards. It is unlikely to have been spread by the Goths, who are known to have used the term 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 (aikklēsjō).

bor

κυριακὸν (δῶμα)


wōl

wōl (nominative singular)
wōlō (nominative plural)
wōlōs (nominative plural)
wōl (accusative singular)
wōlā (accusative plural)
wōlas (genitive singular)
wōlō (genitive plural)
wōlē (dative singular)
wōlum (dative plural)
wōlu (instrumental singular)
wōlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōl

Old Saxon: wōl

Old High German: wuol

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *wōlaz, possible nominalization of otherwise unattested *wōliz (“disastrous, ruined”), vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *wal(j)aną (“to divistate, ruin”), from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit, to strike”).


lāsu

lāsu (nominative singular)
lāswō (nominative plural)
lāswā (accusative singular)
lāswā (accusative plural)
lāswā (genitive singular)
lāswō (genitive plural)
lāswē (dative singular)
lāswōm (dative plural)
lāsum (dative plural)
lāsu (instrumental singular)
lāswōm (instrumental plural)
lāsum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: lǣs (“a letting, allowance”)

⇒ Old English: blōdlǣs (“blood-letting”)

⇒ Old English: blōdlǣswu (“blood-letting”)

Old English: lǣs (“pasture, leasow”)

Middle English: leswe, lesewe, leesewe

Scots: lesu, lesoue; lesour, lesure

English: lease; lessow, leasow

Old Saxon: lēsa; lās (“meadow; pasture; leigh; clearing in the woods”)

From apparent Proto-Germanic *lēswō, speculated from pre-Germanic *leh₁d(s)tweh₂, equivalent to Proto-Germanic *lētaną (“to let”) + *-þwō. However since this word is restricted to Saxon, a borrowing from Proto-Slavic *lěsъ (“grove”) is attractive. Its actual cognate could be Latin lūcus (“grove, wood”).


salīni

salīni (nominative singular)
salīnī (nominative plural)
salīni (accusative singular)
salīnī (accusative plural)
salīnī (genitive singular)
salīnijō (genitive plural)
salīnī (dative singular)
salīnim (dative plural)
salīnijum (dative plural)
salīnī (instrumental singular)
salīnim (instrumental plural)
salīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: selen, sylen

Middle English: sylen, sylene

From *salljan (“to give, offer”) + *-īni.


hailīni

hailīni (nominative singular)
hailīnī (nominative plural)
hailīni (accusative singular)
hailīnī (accusative plural)
hailīnī (genitive singular)
hailīnijō (genitive plural)
hailīnī (dative singular)
hailīnim (dative plural)
hailīnijum (dative plural)
hailīnī (instrumental singular)
hailīnim (instrumental plural)
hailīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hēlene

⇒ Old Frisian: handhēlene

Old Saxon: *hēlī

Middle Low German: hêle, hêile, heyle

Old High German: *heilī

Middle High German: heile

German: Heile

⇒ Old High German: *lībheilī

From *hailijan (“to heal, cure”) + *-īni.


laidīni

laidīni (nominative singular)
laidīnī (nominative plural)
laidīni (accusative singular)
laidīnī (accusative plural)
laidīnī (genitive singular)
laidīnijō (genitive plural)
laidīnī (dative singular)
laidīnim (dative plural)
laidīnijum (dative plural)
laidīnī (instrumental singular)
laidīnim (instrumental plural)
laidīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lēdene

Old High German: leitī

Middle High German: leite

German: Leite


tangu

tangu (nominative singular)
tangō (nominative plural)
tangā (accusative singular)
tangā (accusative plural)
tangā (genitive singular)
tangō (genitive plural)
tangē (dative singular)
tangōm (dative plural)
tangum (dative plural)
tangu (instrumental singular)
tangōm (instrumental plural)
tangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tang, tange

desctree

Middle English: tonge, tang, tange, tongge, toonge, tounge
English: tong (tongs); tang
Scots: tang, taing

Old Frisian: tange, tonge

Saterland Frisian: Tonge

West Frisian: tange

Old Saxon: tanga

Middle Low German: tange

Low German: Tang

Plautdietsch: Tang

Old Dutch: *tanga

Middle Dutch: tanghe

Dutch: tang

Afrikaans: tang

Limburgish: tang

Old High German: zanga

Middle High German: zange

Bavarian: Zanga

Central Franconian: Zang, Zaang

Hunsrik: Zang

German: Zange

Luxembourgish: Zaang

Rhine Franconian: Zang

Palatine German: Zang

Pennsylvania German: Zang

Vilamovian: cang

⇒ Middle High German: hebzange

→ Old Polish: hebcągi

Polish: obcęgi

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *tangō, from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).


knōsl

knōsl (nominative singular)
knōslō (nominative plural)
knōslōs (nominative plural)
knōsl (accusative singular)
knōslā (accusative plural)
knōslas (genitive singular)
knōslō (genitive plural)
knōslē (dative singular)
knōslum (dative plural)
knōslu (instrumental singular)
knōslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cnōsl

Old Saxon: knōsal

Old High German: knuosal

From Proto-Germanic *knōslą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵnoh₁-slo-m, from *ǵneh₁-, *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth”) + *-slom (instrumental suffix).


blasī

blasī (nominative singular)
blasīn (accusative singular)
blasīn (genitive singular)
blasīn (dative singular)
blasīn (instrumental singular)

Old Frisian: *blase, *blese

Saterland Frisian: Blässe, Bläs

West Frisian: blês m or f

Old Saxon: *blasi

Middle Low German: blesse, bles

German Low German: Blesse, Bless

Old Dutch: *blasi

Middle Dutch: blasse, bles

Dutch: bles

Afrikaans: bles

Old High German: *blasī, *blasi

Middle High German: blasse

German: (archaic) Blasse, Blesse

From Proto-Germanic *blasį̄. Equivalent to *blas (“white, pale”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).

affix

blaze, white marking on the forehead (of animals, esp. horses)


kurbi

kurbi (nominative singular)
kurbī (nominative plural)
kurbi (accusative singular)
kurbī (accusative plural)
kurbī (genitive singular)
kurbijō (genitive plural)
kurbī (dative singular)
kurbim (dative plural)
kurbijum (dative plural)
kurbī (instrumental singular)
kurbim (instrumental plural)
kurbijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cyrf
Middle English: kerf, carffe, kerfe, kirf, kyrf
English: kerf, carf
Scots: kerf, carf

Old Frisian: kerf, kerve, kere

Saterland Frisian: Käärf

West Frisian: kerf

From Proto-Germanic *kurbiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch, notch”).


buterā

buterā (nominative singular)
buterōn (nominative plural)
buterōn (accusative singular)
buterōn (accusative plural)
buterōn (genitive singular)
buterōnō (genitive plural)
buterōn (dative singular)
buterōm (dative plural)
buterum (dative plural)
buterōn (instrumental singular)
buterōm (instrumental plural)
buterum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: butere
Middle English: buter, buttyr, butter, botyr, buttir, butre, buttur, buttur, boter, buttre, butera, butere
English: butter (see there for further descendants)
Scots: butter, buter
Yola: buthther, buththere

Old Frisian: butere

Saterland Frisian: Buutere

West Frisian: bûter

Old Saxon: *butira, *butera

Middle Low German: boter, botter

German Low German: Botter; (some Low Prussian varieties:) Batter, Potter

Dutch Low Saxon: botter, butter, boeter

Plautdietsch: Botta

Old Dutch: *butera

Middle Dutch: boter
Dutch: boter (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bótter
West Flemish: beuter

Old High German: butira

Middle High German: buter

Alemannic German: Butter

Bavarian: Budda

Viennese: Butta

German: Butter (see there for further descendants)

Gottscheerish: púttər

Hunsrik: Butter

Luxembourgish: Botter

Palatinate German:

Pennsylvania German: Budder

East Central German: Putter (Silesian)

Yiddish: פּוטער (puter)


libru

libru (nominative singular)
librō (nominative plural)
librā (accusative singular)
librā (accusative plural)
librā (genitive singular)
librō (genitive plural)
librē (dative singular)
librōm (dative plural)
librum (dative plural)
libru (instrumental singular)
librōm (instrumental plural)
librum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lifer
Middle English: lyvere, lyver, livere
English: liver
Scots: liver

Old Frisian: livere

Saterland Frisian: Líeuwer

West Frisian: lever

Old Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)

Middle Low German: lēver

German Low German: Lever

Plautdietsch: Läwa

Old Dutch: *levara
Middle Dutch: lēvere
Dutch: lever
Afrikaans: lewer
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefre
Negerhollands: leber
→ Aukan: lebii
→ Indonesian: lever
→ Saramaccan: lebèn
→ Sranan Tongo: lefre
→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer

Old High German: lebara

Middle High German: leber

German: Leber

desc

Central Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver

Hunsrik: Lewer

Luxembourgish: Liewer

Vilamovian: łaower

Yiddish: לעבער (leber)


kattu

kattu (nominative singular)
kattiwi (nominative plural)
kattō (nominative plural)
kattu (accusative singular)
kattū (accusative plural)
kattō (genitive singular)
kattiwō (genitive plural)
kattiwi (dative singular)
kattō (dative singular)
kattum (dative plural)
kattu (instrumental singular)
kattum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: catt
Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kauddès, kaudes (plural)

Old Saxon: katto

Old High German: kazzo

Lombardic: chazze

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


þewernā

þewernā (nominative singular)
þewernōn (nominative plural)
þewernōn (accusative singular)
þewernōn (accusative plural)
þewernōn (genitive singular)
þewernōnō (genitive plural)
þewernōn (dative singular)
þewernōm (dative plural)
þewernum (dative plural)
þewernōn (instrumental singular)
þewernōm (instrumental plural)
þewernum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thiorna
Middle Low German: dêrne
German Low German: Deern
→ German: Deern
→ Old Norse: þerna
Icelandic: þerna
Faroese: terna
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: terne m or f
Norwegian Nynorsk: terne f
Old Swedish: thærna
Swedish: tärna c
Danish: tærne
→? Middle English: therne, thierne, tharne, tarne
>? English: tern, tarn

Old Dutch: thiorna

Middle Dutch: dierne

Dutch: deerne

Old High German: thiorna, diorna

Middle High German: dierne, diern

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: diirna, diarn (Luserna)

Mòcheno: diarn

German: Dirne

⇒ German: Dirndl

→ English: dirndl

Derived from *þeu (“servant, slave”) + unknown suffix *-(w)ernā, which has been compared to Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌰 (widuwairna, “orphan”), from 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐍉 (widuwō, “widow”). Compare also Old Norse þýborinn, from þý (“bondmaid”) + borinn (“born”).


hwaij

hwaij (nominative singular)
hwaijō (nominative plural)
hwaijōs (nominative plural)
hwaij (accusative singular)
hwaijā (accusative plural)
hwaijas (genitive singular)
hwaijō (genitive plural)
hwaijē (dative singular)
hwaijum (dative plural)
hwaiju (instrumental singular)
hwaijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hwǣġ, hwæiġ, hwēġ
Middle English: whey, wheyy, whei, wheye, wheyȝe, wey, whay, qwhey, weyȝe, whaye, wege
English: whey (whig)
Scots: quhaye, quhay, quhey, whey, fey

Old Frisian: *wei, *wai, weye

desc

Saterland Frisian: Woaie, Waai, Wäi, Uäi

West Frisian: waei, waai

Old Saxon: *hwei

Middle Low German: wei

German Low German: Wei

Low German: Wei, Waje

Old Dutch: *hwei, *wei

Middle Dutch: wei, wey, wej

Dutch: wei

Afrikaans: wei

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Germanic *hwajjaz ~ *hujjas, *hujis, possibly cognate with:
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám (“milk”), perhaps Proto-Indo-European *tkʷeyH-, *tkʷeHy-,
* or Latin cāseus (“cheese”), Proto-Slavic *kvasъ (“leaven, fermented drink”), from Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et- (“to ferment, turn sour”).


luhs

luhs (nominative singular)
lohsō (nominative plural)
lohsōs (nominative plural)
luhs (accusative singular)
lohsā (accusative plural)
lohsas (genitive singular)
lohsō (genitive plural)
luhsē (dative singular)
luhsum (dative plural)
luhsu (instrumental singular)
luhsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lox

Middle English: lusk (found in luskwerk)

Scots: los (possibly through Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)

English: los, loz

Old Frisian: *luks, *loks

Saterland Frisian: Luks

Old Saxon: lohs, los

Middle Low German: *luhs, lūs, los

Old Dutch: *lohs, *los

Middle Dutch: los

Dutch: los

→ English: losse (dated)

Old High German: luhs

Middle High German: luhs

German: Luchs

→ Low German: Luks

→ Luxembourgish: Luchs

⇒ German: abluchsen (partly)

Luxembourgish: Luuss (dated)

Lombardic: luchs


hardīni

hardīni (nominative singular)
hardīnī (nominative plural)
hardīni (accusative singular)
hardīnī (accusative plural)
hardīnī (genitive singular)
hardīnijō (genitive plural)
hardīnī (dative singular)
hardīnim (dative plural)
hardīnijum (dative plural)
hardīnī (instrumental singular)
hardīnim (instrumental plural)
hardīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyrdenn

Old Frisian: *herdene, tōherdene


ruskijā

ruskijā (nominative singular)
ruskijōn (nominative plural)
ruskijōn (accusative singular)
ruskijōn (accusative plural)
ruskijōn (genitive singular)
ruskijōnō (genitive plural)
ruskijōn (dative singular)
ruskijōm (dative plural)
ruskijum (dative plural)
ruskijōn (instrumental singular)
ruskijōm (instrumental plural)
ruskijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: rysċe, rysċ, resċe, resċ, risċe, risċ, rixe, rix

desctree

Middle English: risshe, rusch, risch, rysche, rusche, rysch, rosch, rissh, resch, rysse, resche
English: rush
Scots: rash, resh

Old Frisian: *reske, *risk

Saterland Frisian: Rääske

West Frisian: risk

Old Saxon: rusk, rūsk, *risk

Middle Low German: rusch, rûsch, risch

desc

German Low German: Rusk, Rusch, Rusch, Ruusch, Risch, Riusk

→ Faroese: ryski

→ Norwegian: ryskje, rusk

Old Dutch: *rusk

Middle Dutch: rusch

Dutch: rus

Old High German: *ruska, *rūska, *rusk

Middle High German: rusche, rusch

German: Rusch, Risch, Rausch

→ Old French: rusche, rousche

Middle French: rousche

French: rouche

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Latin rūscus, *rīscus, rūscum (“butcher's broom”) + *-jā (agent suffix) in connection to its use in broom making, or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(H)resg- (“to weave”) for its use in basket making, cognate with Lithuanian regzti (“to knit, weave”), Latin restis (“cord, rope”).


þurruk

þurruk (nominative singular)
þurrukō (nominative plural)
þurrukōs (nominative plural)
þurruk (accusative singular)
þurrukā (accusative plural)
þurrukas (genitive singular)
þurrukō (genitive plural)
þurrukē (dative singular)
þurrukum (dative plural)
þurruku (instrumental singular)
þurrukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þurruc

desctree

Middle English: thurrok, thorrocke, thorroke, thurroke, þorrok
English: thurrock (obsolete)

gl

Old Frisian: *thurruk, *durruk (*durruk likely borrowed from Low German or Dutch)

Saterland Frisian: Durk

West Frisian: durk

Old Saxon: *thurruk, *thorruk

Middle Low German: dork

Low German: Dork

→ Danish: dørk

→ Norwegian: dørk

→ Swedish: durk

Old Dutch: *thurruk, *thurrik

Middle Dutch: dorrick, durck, dorck

Dutch: durk, dork

Unknown; possibly from *þurr + *-uk, from Proto-Germanic *þwerō ~ *þurraz, from Proto-Indo-European *twérH-ō ~ *turH-nés, from *twerH- (“to hold, enclose”).


bukk

bukk (nominative singular)
bokkō (nominative plural)
bokkōs (nominative plural)
bukk (accusative singular)
bokkā (accusative plural)
bokkas (genitive singular)
bokkō (genitive plural)
bukkē (dative singular)
bukkum (dative plural)
bukku (instrumental singular)
bukkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bucc, buc
Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch

Old Frisian: *buk, *bok

Saterland Frisian: Buk

West Frisian: bok

Old Saxon: bukk, buk

Middle Low German: buk, buck, bok

Low German: Buck

Old Dutch: buc
Middle Dutch: boc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk

desc

Old High German: buk, buc, bok, boch, poch

Middle High German: boc

German: Bock

Luxembourgish: Bock

⇒ Old High German: steinbok

Middle High German: steinboc

→ Italian: stambecco

→ Dutch: steenbok

Afrikaans: steenbok

→ English: steenbok

→ Old French: estainbouc, boc estaign

Middle French: boucquin, bukestein, boucastain, bouquestain

Middle French: bouquin, bouquetin

French: bouquin, bouquetin

→ English: bouquetin

q

confluence with Gaulish <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">*bukkos</i>

→ Medieval Latin: buccus (confluence with Gaulish *bukkos) (see there for further descendants)


bair

bair (nominative singular)
bairō (nominative plural)
bairōs (nominative plural)
bair (accusative singular)
bairā (accusative plural)
bairas (genitive singular)
bairō (genitive plural)
bairē (dative singular)
bairum (dative plural)
bairu (instrumental singular)
bairum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bār

Middle English: bar, bor

Scots: bair

English: boar

Old Frisian: *bār

West Frisian: bear

Old Saxon: bēr

Middle Low German: bêr

Low German: Behr

Old Dutch: *bēr; bēro

Middle Dutch: bere, beer

Dutch: beer (“boar”)

Old High German: bēr, pēr, pair

Middle High German: bēr

Central Franconian: Bier

Luxembourgish: Béier

German: Bär (“boar”) (obsolete)

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *baizaz (compare Old Norse bassi (“boar”)). Likely to be related to Proto-Brythonic *basio- ~ *baðio- (modern Welsh baedd, which compare for possible cognates), but solid Indo-European cognates outside of West Germanic and Celtic are lacking. The word could have been borrowed from a pre-Indo-European (substrate) population of the area by Germanic and/or Celtic-speaking populations. Alternatively, it could be cognate with Lithuanian baĩsas (“terrible apparition”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *baiˀsás (“evil spirit”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to become afraid”).


galdr

galdr (nominative singular)
galdrō (nominative plural)
galdrōs (nominative plural)
galdr (accusative singular)
galdrā (accusative plural)
galdras (genitive singular)
galdrō (genitive plural)
galdrē (dative singular)
galdrum (dative plural)
galdru (instrumental singular)
galdrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: galdor, gealdor

Middle English: galder

Old Saxon: *galdar

Old High German: galdar


bakku

bakku (nominative singular)
bakkiwi (nominative plural)
bakkō (nominative plural)
bakku (accusative singular)
bakkū (accusative plural)
bakkō (genitive singular)
bakkiwō (genitive plural)
bakkiwi (dative singular)
bakkō (dative singular)
bakkum (dative plural)
bakku (instrumental singular)
bakkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bæċċ, *bæċ

Middle English: bache, bahche, bach

English: batch

Scots: batch

Old High German: *bahh, *bach; *bahhu, *bachu

Middle High German: becke

German: Bäcke

From Proto-Germanic *bakkuz, *bakuz (“baking”). Gemination would be explained due to influence or derivation from *bakkōn (Proto-Germanic *bakkōną), the iterative form, potentially ultimately preserved in the English sense of batch (“a series or run of baking/baked goods”).


werawulf

werawulf (nominative singular)
werawulfō (nominative plural)
werawulfōs (nominative plural)
werawulf (accusative singular)
werawulfā (accusative plural)
werawulfas (genitive singular)
werawulfō (genitive plural)
werawulfē (dative singular)
werawulfum (dative plural)
werawulfu (instrumental singular)
werawulfum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: werewulf
Middle English: werwolf
English: werewolf
Scots: werwolf, warwolf, warwoof

Old Frisian: *werwolf

desc

West Frisian: wjerwolf, wearwolf, waarwolf

desctree

Old Saxon: werwulf
Middle Low German: werwulf, werwolf, warwulf, bērwulf
German Low German: Weerwulf, Warwulf
→ Icelandic: varúlfur
→ Faroese: varúlvur
→ Norwegian: varulv
→ Swedish: varulv
→ Danish: varulv

Old Dutch: *werwulf

Middle Dutch: wēerwolf
Dutch: weerwolf
Afrikaans: weerwolf

Old High German: werwolf

Middle High German: werwolf

German: Werwolf

Luxembourgish: Wierwollef

→ Old French: garwaf, garval, garvalf

⇒ French: loup-garou
→ English: loup-garou


anadrekō

anadrekō (nominative singular)
anadrekan (nominative plural)
anadrekan (accusative singular)
anadrekan (accusative plural)
anadrikini (genitive singular)
anadrekan (genitive singular)
anadrekanō (genitive plural)
anadrikini (dative singular)
anadrekan (dative singular)
anadrekum (dative plural)
anadrikini (instrumental singular)
anadrekan (instrumental singular)
anadrekum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *andraca, *draca

Middle English: drake
English: drake
Scots: drake

Old Frisian: *enderka

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: En'erk (possibly borrowed from Danish)

West Frisian: jerke, jerk

Old Saxon: *anadreko, *anadrako

desc

Middle Low German: āntreke, āntdrāke, āndrake, ānderik, ēnderik

Low German: Drake, Draak

→ Danish: andrik

→ Swedish: anddrake

Old Dutch: *enedreko, *anadrako

Middle Dutch: andrake

Dutch: draak

Old High German: anutrehho, anetrehho, antrahho

Middle High German: antreche, antrache, antrach, ɛntrech, antreich, ɛntreich

German: Enterich

Alemannic German: Antrech, Trech, Rech

East Central German:

Thuringian: Drache

From *anad (“duck”) + *rekō (“king, ruler, leader”), from Proto-Germanic *rekô.


ambrī

ambrī (nominative singular)
ambrijō (nominative plural)
ambrijōs (nominative plural)
ambrī (accusative singular)
ambrijā (accusative plural)
ambrijas (genitive singular)
ambrijō (genitive plural)
ambrijē (dative singular)
ambrijum (dative plural)
ambriju (instrumental singular)
ambrijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: amber, ambor, omber, ombor
Middle English: ambre, anbre, almer

desc

Old Frisian: *amber, *amer, *omber, *ommer

Saterland Frisian: Ommer

West Frisian: amer

Old Saxon: embar

Middle Low German: emmer, ammer, amer, amber

German Low German: Emmer, Ammer

Plautdietsch: Ama

→ Norwegian: ambar

→ Old Swedish: ämbar, ämbare

Swedish: ämbar

→ Finnish: ämpäri

→ Gutnish: ämbar

Old Dutch: *embar

Middle Dutch: ember, emmer

desctree

Dutch: emmer
Afrikaans: emmer
→ Fwe: mà-hèmêrè (via Lozi)
→ Xhosa: i-emele
→ Yeyi: ìhèmérè
Jersey Dutch: äämer
→ Aukan: embele
→ Caribbean Javanese: èmbèr
→ Indonesian: ember
→ Petjo: ember
→ Ternate: ember
→ Papiamentu: èmber, hèmber, èmer, hèmchi, èmchi

Limburgish: ömmer

Old High German: amber, ampri, eimbar, einber, eimmer
Middle High German: amper, amber, eimber, eimer
German: Eimer, Amper
Luxembourgish: Eemer

Uncertain; probably borrowed from Latin amphora (“two-handled pitcher”).


amaʀā

amaʀā (nominative singular)
amaʀōn (nominative plural)
amaʀōn (accusative singular)
amaʀōn (accusative plural)
amaʀōn (genitive singular)
amaʀōnō (genitive plural)
amaʀōn (dative singular)
amaʀōm (dative plural)
amaʀum (dative plural)
amaʀōn (instrumental singular)
amaʀōm (instrumental plural)
amaʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: amore
Middle English: *amere, *amre, *ambre
English: ammer
⇒ Middle English: *yelwamre, *yelambre, *yelwambre
⇒ English: yelambre, yelamber, yellowhammer

Old Saxon: amaro

Old High German: amara, amaro, amero

Middle High German: amer

German: Ammer

Kroonen links *amslā (“blackbird”), which is either from Proto-Indo-European *h₂em(-)s- (“blackbird”) or from a Central European substrate language; if the former, the stem *amaʀ- could reflect the unsuffixed original *h₂ém-ōs ~ *h₂m-és-.


fuhsini

fuhsini (nominative singular)
fuhsunnjō (nominative plural)
fuhsunnjā (accusative singular)
fuhsunnjā (accusative plural)
fuhsunnjā (genitive singular)
fuhsunnjō (genitive plural)
fuhsunnjē (dative singular)
fuhsunnjōm (dative plural)
fuhsunnjum (dative plural)
fuhsunnju (instrumental singular)
fuhsunnjōm (instrumental plural)
fuhsunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fyxe
Middle English: fixen, ffixen
English: vixen

Old High German: *fuhsinna

Middle High German: vühsinne

German: Füchsin

From Proto-Germanic *fuhsinī. Equivalent to *fuhs (“fox”) + *-ini.


furhiþi

furhiþi (nominative singular)
furhiþī (nominative plural)
furhiþi (accusative singular)
furhiþī (accusative plural)
furhiþī (genitive singular)
furhiþþjō (genitive plural)
furhiþī (dative singular)
furhiþim (dative plural)
furhiþþjum (dative plural)
furhiþī (instrumental singular)
furhiþim (instrumental plural)
furhiþþjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fyrhþ f or n, fyrhþe n
Middle English: frith, firth
Scots: firth, fyrth
English: frith, firth
Middle English: frith, firth
English: frith, firth

Old Saxon: *furhithi

desc

>? Middle Low German: viride, vīrede, vīrde, vīrte, vīrt, fīrt m or n

Old High German: *furihti, *forahti

gl

>? Middle High German: fōreht, fōret, fōrāt n (alternatively, from Old French or Latin)

From *furhu (“fir, pine”) + *-iþi. Compare Old Norse fýri (“fir or coniferous forest”).


haguþorn

haguþorn (nominative singular)
haguþornō (nominative plural)
haguþornōs (nominative plural)
haguþorn (accusative singular)
haguþornā (accusative plural)
haguþornas (genitive singular)
haguþornō (genitive plural)
haguþornē (dative singular)
haguþornum (dative plural)
haguþornu (instrumental singular)
haguþornum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: haguþorn, hagaþorn, hæguþorn

desctree

Middle English: hawthorn, haȝ þorn, haȝþorne, haue-thorne, hauȝ þorne, hauthorne, hauþorn, hauþorne, hawethorn, hawethorne, haweþorn, hawe-þorn, hawe þorn, hawȝþorn, hawthern, hawthorne, hawthorun, haw-thron, hawþrone
English: hawthorn
Scots: hawthorn

→ Old Norse: hagþorn

Old Swedish: haghþorn

Swedish: hagtorn

Old Saxon: haguthorn, haginthorn

Middle Low German: hagedorn, hagendorn

Old Dutch: *haguthorn

Middle Dutch: hāgedorn
Dutch: haagdoorn
Limburgish: haagdórn

Old High German: hagudorn, hagandorn

Middle High German: hagedorn, hagendorn

German: Hagedorn

From *hagu (“enclosure; pasture”) + *þorn (“thorn; briar”).


plegō

plegō (nominative singular)
plegan (nominative plural)
plegan (accusative singular)
plegan (accusative plural)
pligini (genitive singular)
plegan (genitive singular)
pleganō (genitive plural)
pligini (dative singular)
plegan (dative singular)
plegum (dative plural)
pligini (instrumental singular)
plegan (instrumental singular)
plegum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *plega

Middle Low German: plēge

German Low German: Pleeg

Old Dutch: *plega

Middle Dutch: plege

Dutch: pleeg

Old High German: *pflega; (compare pflega (“nurse”) (in compounds))

Middle High German: pflege, phlege

German: Pflege

→ Medieval Latin: plevium


plegō

desctree

Old English: pleġa, plæġ, plæġa
Middle English: pleye, pleie, plaw, plawe, play, playe, pleȝe, plæȝe, pleiȝ, pleouwe, ploȝe, plai, plaȝe, pleghe, plaghe, plasze
English: play
Scots: play
Yola: pley

Old Dutch: *plego

Middle Dutch: plege


mānō

mānō (nominative singular)
mānan (nominative plural)
mānan (accusative singular)
mānan (accusative plural)
mānini (genitive singular)
mānan (genitive singular)
mānanō (genitive plural)
mānini (dative singular)
mānan (dative singular)
mānum (dative plural)
mānini (instrumental singular)
mānan (instrumental singular)
mānum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōna, mōne
Middle English: mone, moone, mon, moyn, monæ, mona
English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun
Scots: muin, mone, monne, moon, moune, mowne, moyn, moyne, mune, mwne
Yola: mond
Geordie English: muin, meun

Old Frisian: mōna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: muun
Mooring: moune
Saterland Frisian: Moune
West Frisian: moanne

Old Saxon: māno
Middle Low German: mâne
Dutch Low Saxon: maone
German Low German: Maan
Hamburgisch: Maan, Maand
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Mon m
Ravensbergisch: Måne
Sauerländisch: Mōne f, Mond m, Mōn m, Mound m Mōend m
Westmünsterländisch: Maone, Maon f, Maond m
Plautdietsch: Mon
→ Polabian: mon

Old Dutch: māno
Middle Dutch: mâne
Dutch: maan
Afrikaans: maan
Berbice Creole Dutch: manti
Jersey Dutch: mân, môn
Negerhollands: maand, man, maen
→ Aukan: manti
Limburgish: maon
West Flemish: moane
Zealandic: maene, maone

Old High German: māno
Middle High German: māne, mān, mōne, mōn
Alemannic German: Maan, manä, meini, moanu, Mond, manòd, mànund
Swabian: Moo, Mao
Bavarian: Mou, mone
Cimbrian: maano, ma, må
Mòcheno: mu'
Central Franconian: Mond, Muund (rare variant in Moselle Franconian)
German: Mond
Luxembourgish: Mound
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Muhn
Vilamovian: mönd
Yiddish: מאָנט (mont)


brāmil

brāmil (nominative singular)
brāmilō (nominative plural)
brāmilōs (nominative plural)
brāmil (accusative singular)
brāmilā (accusative plural)
brāmilas (genitive singular)
brāmilō (genitive plural)
brāmilē (dative singular)
brāmilum (dative plural)
brāmilu (instrumental singular)
brāmilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣmel, brēmel, bræmbel
Middle English: brembel, brambel, brimbel
English: bramble
Scots: brimmle
Yola: brimel

Old Frisian: *bramel, *bremel

West Frisian: brommel

Old Saxon: *brāmal

Middle Low German: bromel

Low German: Brömmel

⇒ Old Saxon: brāmalbusk

Old Dutch: *bramel

Dutch: bramel, brummel


sturm

sturm (nominative singular)
sturmō (nominative plural)
sturmōs (nominative plural)
sturm (accusative singular)
sturmā (accusative plural)
sturmas (genitive singular)
sturmō (genitive plural)
sturmē (dative singular)
sturmum (dative plural)
sturmu (instrumental singular)
sturmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: storm, stearm
Middle English: storm
English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm
Scots: storm
Yola: stharm, starm

Old Frisian: *storm

Saterland Frisian: Stoarm

West Frisian: stoarm

Old Saxon: storm

Middle Low German: storm

German Low German: Storm

→ Polish: sztorm

Old Dutch: *sturm

Middle Dutch: storm

Dutch: storm
Afrikaans: storm
Negerhollands: storm
→ Papiamentu: storm

Old High German: sturm
Middle High German: sturm
German: Sturm
Yiddish: שטורעם (shturem)
→ Polish: szturm
→ Russian: штурм (šturm)
Luxembourgish: Stuerm
Hunsrik: Storrem
Lombardic: *sturm
→ Italian: stormo

→ Vulgar Latin: *estornus, *estorma

Old French: estor, estour, estur, estorme, estorn
Middle French: estor, estour
→ Middle English: stour, store, stor
English: stour
Scots: sture, stour

Occitan: estorn


krīg

krīg (nominative singular)
krīgō (nominative plural)
krīgōs (nominative plural)
krīg (accusative singular)
krīgā (accusative plural)
krīgas (genitive singular)
krīgō (genitive plural)
krīgē (dative singular)
krīgum (dative plural)
krīgu (instrumental singular)
krīgum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krīch; *krīga, *krīge (in derivatives)

North Frisian: krich

Saterland Frisian: Kriech

West Frisian: kriich

Old Saxon: *krīg

Middle Low German: krîch

German Low German: Krig, Krieg

→ Danish: krig

→ Swedish: krig

→ Norwegian Bokmål: krig

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: krig

→ Faroese: kríggj

Old Dutch: *krīg

Middle Dutch: crijch

Dutch: krijg

Afrikaans: kryg

Old High German: krig
Middle High German: kriec
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khriage, khriig (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: kriag
Central Franconian: Kriech, Kreech (Ripuarian; northern Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Kriegh, kriich
Luxembourgish: Krich
German: Krieg
Rhine Franconian: Kriech, Krieg, Kriesch
Frankfurterisch: [kʀiːʃ]
Vilamovian: krig
Yiddish: קריג (krig)

Possibly from *krīgan (“to strive, acquire”).


garbā

garbā (nominative singular)
garbōn (nominative plural)
garbōn (accusative singular)
garbōn (accusative plural)
garbōn (genitive singular)
garbōnō (genitive plural)
garbōn (dative singular)
garbōm (dative plural)
garbum (dative plural)
garbōn (instrumental singular)
garbōm (instrumental plural)
garbum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *jerfe, *iērfe

Saterland Frisian: Jierwe

Old Saxon: garba, garva

Middle Low German: garve

German Low German: Garve, Garv

Plautdietsch: Goaw

Old Dutch: *garva, garava, garova

Middle Dutch: garve

Dutch: garf

Old High German: garba

Middle High German: garbe, garwe

Cimbrian: ghèrba

German: Garbe

Luxembourgish: Gaarf

Yiddish: גאַרב (garb)

→ Old French: garbe, jarbe

Middle French: garbe, gerbe

French: gerbe
→ English: gerbe

→ Middle English: garbe

English: garb

desc

→ Medieval Latin: garba (or via Old High German) (see there for further descendants)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *garbǭ, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórbʰ-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to grab, gather up”).


aisk

aisk (nominative singular)
aiskō (nominative plural)
aiskōs (nominative plural)
aisk (accusative singular)
aiskā (accusative plural)
aiskas (genitive singular)
aiskō (genitive plural)
aiskē (dative singular)
aiskum (dative plural)
aisku (instrumental singular)
aiskum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *aisk

Middle Low German: êsch, eisch

Old Dutch: *eisc

desc

Middle Dutch: eische, eisc, eesch, heesch

Dutch: eis

Old High German: *eisk

Middle High German: eisch

German: Eisch, Heisch

From Proto-Germanic *aiskaz, nominalized from a secondary full-grade of unattested *iskaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂is-sḱé-ti, from *h₂eys- (“to request”) + *-sḱéti. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *jьskati (“to look for, seek”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hišćáti (“to wish, desire”).


þrūbō

þrūbō (nominative singular)
þrūban (nominative plural)
þrūban (accusative singular)
þrūban (accusative plural)
þrūbini (genitive singular)
þrūban (genitive singular)
þrūbanō (genitive plural)
þrūbini (dative singular)
þrūban (dative singular)
þrūbum (dative plural)
þrūbini (instrumental singular)
þrūban (instrumental singular)
þrūbum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Saxon: thrūbo, thrūvo m, thrūva, drūva f

Middle Low German: drûf

German Low German: Druve, Druuv f

→ Saterland Frisian: Druuwe, Druuge, Truuge f

→ Norwegian: drue

→ Swedish: druva

→ Danish: drue

→ Icelandic: þrúga

→ Faroese: drúva

⇒ Old Saxon: thrūfla f

Middle Low German: drûfele

German Low German: Druffel, Drubbel

→ German: Druffel

→? Finnish: rypäle

Old Dutch: thrūvo m, *thrūva f

Middle Dutch: druve, druuf

desctree

Dutch: druif m or f
Negerhollands: drufje
→ Aukan: doloifi
→ Papiamentu: drùif, dreif, dreifi
→ Sranan Tongo: droifi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: droifi
→ Caribbean Javanese: droifi

Afrikaans: druif

Limburgish: droef

Zealandic: druve

→ West Frisian: drúf

desc

Old High German: thrūbo, drūbo m, thrūba, drūba f

Middle High German: trūbe, troube, drūve f

Alemannic German: Truube f

German: Traube f

Luxembourgish: Drauf f

Yiddish: טרויב f (troyb)

q

⇒ Old High German: drappo (remodeled after krappo (“cluster of grapes”))

Middle High German: trappe

⇒ Old High German: drūbil

Middle High German: triubel

German: Träubel

Uncertain; probably a secondary analogical full-grade of *þrubō, from Proto-Germanic *þrubô, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *trup-ḗn ~ *trup-nés, from *trewp- (“to collect, unite”) + *-ḗn, cognate with Hittite 𒋫𒊒𒌒𒍣 (ta-ru-up-zi /tarupzi/, “to collect, unite”).


kōkil

kōkil (nominative singular)
kōkilō (nominative plural)
kōkilōs (nominative plural)
kōkil (accusative singular)
kōkilā (accusative plural)
kōkilas (genitive singular)
kōkilō (genitive plural)
kōkilē (dative singular)
kōkilum (dative plural)
kōkilu (instrumental singular)
kōkilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *cēċel
Middle English: kechel, kechell, kechyl
English: ketch (“a pie or turnover”) (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *kōkil

⇒ Old Saxon: kōkelīn (in compounds)

Middle Low German: kȫkelîn

Old Dutch: *kuokil

Middle Dutch: *coekel

⇒ Middle Dutch: coekelkin

⇒ Old Dutch: *kuokilīn

Middle Dutch: coekelin

Old High German: kuohhil, kuochil

Middle High German: kuchel

German: Küchel

Luxembourgish: Kichel

⇒ Old High German: kuohhilīn, kuochilīn

Middle High German: kuchelīn, küechelīn

German: Küchlein

From *kōkō (“cake”) + *-il (diminutive suffix).


warmiþu

warmiþu (nominative singular)
warmiþō (nominative plural)
warmiþā (accusative singular)
warmiþā (accusative plural)
warmiþā (genitive singular)
warmiþō (genitive plural)
warmiþē (dative singular)
warmiþōm (dative plural)
warmiþum (dative plural)
warmiþu (instrumental singular)
warmiþōm (instrumental plural)
warmiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wiermþ

desc

Middle English: wermthe, wearmth, warmth

English: warmth

Old Frisian: *wermithe, *warmte

Saterland Frisian: Waarmte

West Frisian: waarmte

Old Saxon: *wermitha

Middle Low German: wermede, warmede, warmte

German Low German: Warmte, Warmt

Old Dutch: *wermitha

Middle Dutch: wermde, warmede, warmde, warmte

Dutch: warmte
Afrikaans: warmte

Old High German: *wermida

Middle High German: wermede, wermde


hūʀiju

hūʀiju (nominative singular)
hūʀijō (nominative plural)
hūʀijā (accusative singular)
hūʀijā (accusative plural)
hūʀijā (genitive singular)
hūʀijō (genitive plural)
hūʀijē (dative singular)
hūʀijōm (dative plural)
hūʀijum (dative plural)
hūʀiju (instrumental singular)
hūʀijōm (instrumental plural)
hūʀijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hȳr
Middle English: hire, hyre, hure, here, huyre
English: hire
Scots: hire

Old Frisian: hēr, hēre

Saterland Frisian: Híere, (Strukelje) Häire

West Frisian: hier

⇒ Old Frisian: hūshēre

Saterland Frisian: Hushire

⇒ Old Frisian: londhēre

Old Saxon: hūria, hūra
Middle Low German: hüre, huere, hyre, hüer, hür
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Hü̂r
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Huür
Westmünsterländisch: Höier
→ German: Heuer
→ Danish: hyre
→ Norwegian: hyre
→ Swedish: hyra
→? Estonian: üür
→ Faroese: hýra
→? Estonian: üür

Old Dutch: *hūra

Middle Dutch: hûre

Dutch: huur
Afrikaans: huur
Negerhollands: huur
→ Papiamentu: hür
→ Sranan Tongo: yuru (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Old Dutch: forahūra

⇒ Old Dutch: hūrlant

⇒ Old Dutch: hūrware

From *hūʀijan (“to hire; to pay”) + *-u.


brakkō

brakkō (nominative singular)
brakkan (nominative plural)
brakkan (accusative singular)
brakkan (accusative plural)
brakkini (genitive singular)
brakkan (genitive singular)
brakkanō (genitive plural)
brakkini (dative singular)
brakkan (dative singular)
brakkum (dative plural)
brakkini (instrumental singular)
brakkan (instrumental singular)
brakkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: brakka, brakko

Old Saxon: *brakka

Middle Low German: bracke

German Low German:

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch: Bracke

Old Dutch: *brakka

Middle Dutch: bracke, brac

Dutch: brak

Old High German: bracko

Middle High German: bracke

German: Bracke

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- (“to stink, fart”), perhaps a borrowing.


būdil

būdil (nominative singular)
būdilō (nominative plural)
būdilōs (nominative plural)
būdil (accusative singular)
būdilā (accusative plural)
būdilas (genitive singular)
būdilō (genitive plural)
būdilē (dative singular)
būdilum (dative plural)
būdilu (instrumental singular)
būdilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: būdel

Saterland Frisian: Büül

West Frisian: bûdel

Old Saxon: būdil

Middle Low German: bûdel

German Low German: Büdel

Old Dutch: *būdil

Middle Dutch: budel, buydel, buyl

Dutch: buidel

Old High German: būtil, pūtil

Middle High German: biutel

German: Beutel

Luxembourgish: Beidel

From Proto-Germanic *bud- (“round, rounded”) + *-il.


sihtrā

sihtrā (nominative singular)
sihtrōn (nominative plural)
sihtrōn (accusative singular)
sihtrōn (accusative plural)
sihtrōn (genitive singular)
sihtrōnō (genitive plural)
sihtrōn (dative singular)
sihtrōm (dative plural)
sihtrum (dative plural)
sihtrōn (instrumental singular)
sihtrōm (instrumental plural)
sihtrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sihtre, siohtre, seohtre

Old Saxon: *sihtra

Middle Low German: sichter

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to pour out”).


kuningini

kuningini (nominative singular)
kuningunnjō (nominative plural)
kuningunnjā (accusative singular)
kuningunnjā (accusative plural)
kuningunnjā (genitive singular)
kuningunnjō (genitive plural)
kuningunnjē (dative singular)
kuningunnjōm (dative plural)
kuningunnjum (dative plural)
kuningunnju (instrumental singular)
kuningunnjōm (instrumental plural)
kuningunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cyningen

>? Old English: cyninge (dissimilated from *cyningen ?)

Old Frisian: *keningin, *keninginne

Saterland Frisian: Keninginne, Köänigin

West Frisian: keninginne

Old Saxon: *kuningina, *kuningunnia

desc

Middle Low German: köninginne, kȫninginne, kȫniginne, könninne

German Low German: Königin

Old Dutch: kuninginna

Middle Dutch: coninginne, coninghinne

Dutch: koningin

Old High German: kuningin, kunigin

Middle High German: chuonigin, chuoniginne, chuoningin, chuoninginne, kuningin, kuninginne, koningin, koninginne, künegin, küneginne, kunigin, künigin, kuniginne, küniginne, kungin, küngin

Cimbrian: khuuneghen

German: Königin

Vilamovian: kyngien

Yiddish: קעניגין (kenigin)


grautī

grautī (nominative singular)
grautīn (accusative singular)
grautīn (genitive singular)
grautīn (dative singular)
grautīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: grīetu

Middle English: grete, grette

Old Frisian: grēte

Saterland Frisian: Gratte

West Frisian: grutte, gruttens

Old Saxon: *grōti

Middle Low German: grōte, gröte

German Low German: Grötte, Grött

→ Saterland Frisian: Gröte, Grööte

Old Dutch: *grōti

Middle Dutch: grote, groote, groete; (grotde, grootte)

(Dutch: grootte)

desctree

Old High German: grōzī
Middle High German: grœze; (grœzede)
German: Größe
(Luxembourgish: Gréisst)

From *graut (“great”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


gafehō

gafehō (nominative singular)
gafehan (nominative plural)
gafehan (accusative singular)
gafehan (accusative plural)
gafihini (genitive singular)
gafehan (genitive singular)
gafehanō (genitive plural)
gafihini (dative singular)
gafehan (dative singular)
gafehum (dative plural)
gafihini (instrumental singular)
gafehan (instrumental singular)
gafehum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefēa

Old High German: gifeho


jagōþu

jagōþu (nominative singular)
jagōþiwi (nominative plural)
jagōþō (nominative plural)
jagōþu (accusative singular)
jagōþū (accusative plural)
jagōþō (genitive singular)
jagōþiwō (genitive plural)
jagōþiwi (dative singular)
jagōþō (dative singular)
jagōþum (dative plural)
jagōþu (instrumental singular)
jagōþum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *jagoth, *jacht

Saterland Frisian: Jaacht

West Frisian: jacht

Old Saxon: *jagōt

desctree

Middle Low German: jacht, jâget
German Low German: Jaggt
Plautdietsch: Jacht
→ Danish: jagt
→ Faroese: jakt
→ Kashubian: jachta
→ Latvian: jakts
→ Norwegian: jakt
→ Swedish: jakt

Old Dutch: *jagōt

Middle Dutch: jaget, jacht

Dutch: jacht
Afrikaans: jag
Negerhollands: jaak, jak

Limburgish: jach

Old High German: jagōd

Middle High German: jagât, jaget, jagit

German: Jagd


tugi

tugi (nominative singular)
tugī (nominative plural)
tugi (accusative singular)
tugī (accusative plural)
tugī (genitive singular)
tuggjō (genitive plural)
tugī (dative singular)
tugim (dative plural)
tuggjum (dative plural)
tugī (instrumental singular)
tugim (instrumental plural)
tuggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tyġe

Old Saxon: *tugi

Middle Low German: toge, toch

→ Danish: tog

→ Faroese: tok

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tog

→ Swedish: tåg

Old Dutch: *tugi

Middle Dutch: tuege

Dutch: teug

Afrikaans: teug

Old High German: zug

Middle High German: zug

Central Franconian: Zoch

→ German: Zoch

Hunsrik: Zugh

Luxembourgish: Zoch

German: Zug

→ Luxembourgish: Zuch

→ Polish: cug

→ Silesian: cug

Vilamovian: cug

Yiddish: צוג (tsug)


fahs

fahs (nominative singular)
fahsu (nominative plural)
fahs (accusative singular)
fahsu (accusative plural)
fahsas (genitive singular)
fahsō (genitive plural)
fahsē (dative singular)
fahsum (dative plural)
fahsu (instrumental singular)
fahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feax

Middle English: fax

Scots: fax

English: fax

Old Frisian: fax

Old Saxon: fahs

Old Dutch: *fahs

Middle Dutch: vas

Dutch: vas

Old High German: fahs

Middle High German: vahs

Alemannic German: Fachs


welō

welō (nominative singular)
welan (nominative plural)
welan (accusative singular)
welan (accusative plural)
wilini (genitive singular)
welan (genitive singular)
welanō (genitive plural)
wilini (dative singular)
welan (dative singular)
welum (dative plural)
wilini (instrumental singular)
welan (instrumental singular)
welum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wela, weala — Northumbrian, weola — West Saxon, wala
Middle English: wele
English: weal
Scots: weal, weel

Old Saxon: welo
>? Middle Low German: wēle f, wēl m

Old Dutch: *welo

Middle Dutch: wele

Old High German: welo, wolo; wela f, wola f, wala f

Middle High German: wole

German: Wol, Wohl

Luxembourgish: Wuel


ōst

ōst (nominative singular)
ōstō (nominative plural)
ōstōs (nominative plural)
ōst (accusative singular)
ōstā (accusative plural)
ōstas (genitive singular)
ōstō (genitive plural)
ōstē (dative singular)
ōstum (dative plural)
ōstu (instrumental singular)
ōstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōst

Old Frisian: *ōst

West Frisian: oast

Old Saxon: *ōst

Middle Low German: ôst

German Low German: Oost

Old Dutch: *uost

Middle Dutch: oest

Dutch: oest

Unknown; suggested to be related to *ast (“branch”).


missu

missu (nominative singular)
missō (nominative plural)
missā (accusative singular)
missā (accusative plural)
missā (genitive singular)
missō (genitive plural)
missē (dative singular)
missōm (dative plural)
missum (dative plural)
missu (instrumental singular)
missōm (instrumental plural)
missum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *miss

desc

Middle English: misse (“sin, guilt, wickedness”)

English: miss

Scots: mis

Old Saxon: *missa

Middle Low German: misse

Old Dutch: *missa

Middle Dutch: misse, messe, mis, mes

Dutch: mis

West Flemish: misse, mis

Old High German: *missa

Middle High German: misse, mis

From Proto-Germanic *missijaną (“to miss, fail”).


furkō

forkō (nominative singular)
forkan (nominative plural)
forkan (accusative singular)
forkan (accusative plural)
furkini (genitive singular)
forkan (genitive singular)
forkanō (genitive plural)
furkini (dative singular)
forkan (dative singular)
furkum (dative plural)
furkini (instrumental singular)
forkan (instrumental singular)
furkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: forca, force

desctree

Middle English: forke, fork, furke, forch, fourch
English: fork (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fork
Yola: vork

Old Frisian: forke

North Frisian: forck

desc

Saterland Frisian: Fúurke, Fouerke (Strukelje)

West Frisian: foarke

Old Saxon: furka

Middle Low German: vorke

→ German: Forke

Old Dutch: furka

desctree

Middle Dutch: vorke
Dutch: vork
Afrikaans: vurk
→? Sotho: fereko
→ Xhosa: ifolokhwe
Berbice Creole Dutch: forku, foruku
Negerhollands: vork
→ Caribbean Javanese: forok
→ Indonesian: porok
→ Papiamentu: fòrki (from the diminutive)
→? Sranan Tongo: forku
→ Aukan: foluku
→ Caribbean Hindustani: forku, phorku
→ Saramaccan: folúku
→ Manado Malay: forok

Old High German: furka, furcha

Middle High German: furke

Alemannic German: Furgge

→ Old Norse: forkr

Danish: fork


nahtigalā

nahtigalā (nominative singular)
nahtigalōn (nominative plural)
nahtigalōn (accusative singular)
nahtigalōn (accusative plural)
nahtigalōn (genitive singular)
nahtigalōnō (genitive plural)
nahtigalōn (dative singular)
nahtigalōm (dative plural)
nahtigalum (dative plural)
nahtigalōn (instrumental singular)
nahtigalōm (instrumental plural)
nahtigalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nihtegale f, nihtegala m
Middle English: nyghtgale, niȝtegale, nightegale, nightgale
English: nightgale (obsolete)
Scots: nychtgale
⇒ Middle English: nyghtyngale, nightingale, niȝtingale, nyhtingale, nyȝtyngale, nightyngale
English: nightingale
Scots: nichtingale

Old Frisian: *nachtegāle

Saterland Frisian: Noachtegoal

West Frisian: geale, geal

Old Saxon: nahtagala, nahtigala
Middle Low German: nachtegale
German Low German:
East Frisian Low Saxon, Westphalian (Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch): Nachtigall
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: Nachtigalle
Westmünsterländisch: Nachtegall
Plautdietsch: Nachtigaul
→ Icelandic: næturgali
→ Faroese: náttargali
→ Norwegian: nattergal
→ Swedish: näktergal
→ Danish: nattergal
→ Gutnish: näktagal

Old Dutch: *nahtagala

Middle Dutch: nachtegale, nachtegael

Dutch: nachtegaal
Afrikaans: nagtegaal
→ West Frisian: nachtegael, nachtegeal, nachtegeale

Old High German: nahtigala, nahtagala

Middle High German: nahtegal, nahtgal

German: Nachtigall
→ Saterland Frisian: Nachtigal

⇒ Luxembourgish: Nuechtegailchen

From *naht (“night”) + *galā (“singer”), from *galan (“to sing”).


wurhtijō

wurhtijō (nominative singular)
wurhtijan (nominative plural)
wurhtijan (accusative singular)
wurhtijan (accusative plural)
wurhtijini (genitive singular)
wurhtijan (genitive singular)
wurhtijanō (genitive plural)
wurhtijini (dative singular)
wurhtijan (dative singular)
wurhtijum (dative plural)
wurhtijini (instrumental singular)
wurhtijan (instrumental singular)
wurhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrhta, werhta, wryhta, wyrcta
Middle English: wurhte, wruhte, wriȝte, wrighte
Scots: wricht, wrycht, wrecht
English: wright

Old Frisian: wrichta

Old Saxon: wurhtio

Old Dutch: *wurhto

Middle Dutch: wrochte, wrechte, wrecht

Dutch: wrecht

Old High German: wurhto


diht

diht (nominative singular)
dihtu (nominative plural)
diht (accusative singular)
dihtu (accusative plural)
dihtas (genitive singular)
dihtō (genitive plural)
dihtē (dative singular)
dihtum (dative plural)
dihtu (instrumental singular)
dihtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: diht

English: diht

Old Frisian: dicht


haiþi

haiþi (nominative singular)
haiþijō (nominative plural)
haiþijā (accusative singular)
haiþijā (accusative plural)
haiþijā (genitive singular)
haiþijō (genitive plural)
haiþijē (dative singular)
haiþijōm (dative plural)
haiþijum (dative plural)
haiþiju (instrumental singular)
haiþijōm (instrumental plural)
haiþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣþ
Middle English: heeth, heth, hethe, hath, hathe, hoth, hothe
English: heath, heather
Scots: haithe (in compounds)

Old Frisian: *hēthe

North Frisian: hiiđ

Saterland Frisian: Heede

West Frisian: heide

Old Saxon: hētha

Middle Low German: heide

German Low German: Heide, Heid

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Häide m, Haide f (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Håi'n (Ravensberger)

Old Dutch: *heitha

Middle Dutch: heide

Dutch: heide, hei

Afrikaans: heide

Old High German: heida

Middle High German: heide

German: Heide

Luxembourgish: Heed


strangiþu

strangiþu (nominative singular)
strangiþō (nominative plural)
strangiþā (accusative singular)
strangiþā (accusative plural)
strangiþā (genitive singular)
strangiþō (genitive plural)
strangiþē (dative singular)
strangiþōm (dative plural)
strangiþum (dative plural)
strangiþu (instrumental singular)
strangiþōm (instrumental plural)
strangiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strengþu, strengþo, strengþ
Middle English: strengthe, strenthe, streynthe, strynthe
English: strength
Scots: strenth, strinth

Old Saxon: *strengitha

desc

Middle Low German: *strengede, *strengde, *strengte

German Low German: Strengde, Strengte

Old Dutch: *strengitha

Middle Dutch: *strengede, *strengde, *strengte

Dutch: strengte

Old High German: strengida


finnā

finnā (nominative singular)
finnōn (nominative plural)
finnōn (accusative singular)
finnōn (accusative plural)
finnōn (genitive singular)
finnōnō (genitive plural)
finnōn (dative singular)
finnōm (dative plural)
finnum (dative plural)
finnōn (instrumental singular)
finnōm (instrumental plural)
finnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: finn m
Middle English: finne, fynne, fyn
Scots: fin, fyn
English: fin

Old Frisian: *finne (possibly attested in derivative finnich (adj))

Saterland Frisian: Finne f

West Frisian: fin

Old Saxon: *finna

Middle Low German: vinne f

German Low German: Finne, Finn

→ German: Finne

→ Danish: finne

→ Norwegian: finne

Old Dutch: *finna

Middle Dutch: vinne

Dutch: vin

Afrikaans: vin

From Proto-Germanic *finnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pi-n-h₂-néh₂, suffixed nasal-infix of *(s)peyh₂-. Cognate with Latin pinna (“fin”).


hrif

hrif (nominative singular)
hrifu (nominative plural)
hrif (accusative singular)
hrifu (accusative plural)
hrifas (genitive singular)
hrifō (genitive plural)
hrifē (dative singular)
hrifum (dative plural)
hrifu (instrumental singular)
hrifum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrif

Middle English: *rif

English: riff

Old Frisian: hrif, href

⇒ Old Frisian: inhrif, inhref

Old Saxon: *hrif

Middle Low German: rif, ref

German Low German: Riff

Old Dutch: ref

Middle Dutch: *rif

Dutch: rif

Old High German: href

middelrif

Old Saxon: *middilhrif; Middle Low German


kwalljā

kwalljā (nominative singular)
kwalljōn (nominative plural)
kwalljōn (accusative singular)
kwalljōn (accusative plural)
kwalljōn (genitive singular)
kwalljōnō (genitive plural)
kwalljōn (dative singular)
kwalljōm (dative plural)
kwalljum (dative plural)
kwalljōn (instrumental singular)
kwalljōm (instrumental plural)
kwalljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cwiella, cwylla

Middle English: *quelle

English: quell, quill (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *kwelle f; *kwella m

West Frisian: kwelle, kwel m or f

Old Saxon: kwella, quella

desc

Middle Low German: quelle m, quel m or f

German Low German: Quell

⇒ Middle High German: gequelle n, gequel m

Old Dutch: *kwella

Middle Dutch: quelle

Dutch: kwel

Old High German: kwella, quella

Middle High German: quelle

German: Quelle, Kwelle (obsolete)

Hunsrik: Quell

Luxembourgish: Quell

⇒ Old High German: brunkwella, brunquella, brunkulle

Middle High German: brunnenquelle

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to drip; to well”). Cognate with Sanskrit गलति (galati, “to drip”), Hittite [Term?] (/ku(wa)liya-/, “to flow (calmly), to be calm”).


milidauw

milidauw (nominative singular)
milidauwō (nominative plural)
milidauwōs (nominative plural)
milidauw (accusative singular)
milidauwā (accusative plural)
milidauwas (genitive singular)
milidauwō (genitive plural)
milidauwē (dative singular)
milidauwum (dative plural)
milidauwu (instrumental singular)
milidauwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mildēaw, meledēaw
Middle English: myldew, meldew, mildew, myldewe, mildeu (Early Middle English)
English: mildew
→ Catalan: míldiu
→ French: mildiou
→ Portuguese: míldio
→ Spanish: mildiu

Old Frisian: *meldāw

West Frisian: moaldau

Old Saxon: milidou

Middle Low German: meldow

Low German: Meldau

Plautdietsch: Mäldeiw

→ Swedish: mjöldagg

→ Danish: meldug

Old Dutch: *milidou

Middle Dutch: *meledau

Dutch: meeldauw

Old High German: militou

Middle High German: miltau

German: Mehltau

Hunsrik: Milldau

Luxembourgish: Mielda


nastilu

nastilu (nominative singular)
nastilō (nominative plural)
nastilā (accusative singular)
nastilā (accusative plural)
nastilā (genitive singular)
nastilō (genitive plural)
nastilē (dative singular)
nastilōm (dative plural)
nastilum (dative plural)
nastilu (instrumental singular)
nastilōm (instrumental plural)
nastilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: nestle, nesle f, nestla m

Old Saxon: nestila f

Middle Low German: nestel

Old Dutch: *nastila, *nestila

Middle Dutch: nastel, nestele, nestel

Dutch: nestel

Old High German: nestila f, nestilo m

Middle High German: nestel f

German: Nestel f

→ Italian: nastro

→ Romanian: nasture

→ Old French: nasle, lasne

⇒ Old French: nasliere, lasniere

Middle French: laniere

French: lanière

→ Middle English: lanyer

English: lanyard

From *nastijan (“to to bind, tie, sew”) + *-ilu.


ahurn

ahurn (nominative singular)
ahurnō (nominative plural)
ahurnōs (nominative plural)
ahurn (accusative singular)
ahurnā (accusative plural)
ahurnas (genitive singular)
ahurnō (genitive plural)
ahurnē (dative singular)
ahurnum (dative plural)
ahurnu (instrumental singular)
ahurnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ahorn

desctree

Old High German: ahorn, ahurn, acharn
Middle High German: ahorn
German: Ahorn
→ Proto-Slavic: *àvorъ (see there for further descendants)

A European word, possibly of non-IE substrate origin. Cognate with Latin acer.


ūkā

ūkā (nominative singular)
ūkōn (nominative plural)
ūkōn (accusative singular)
ūkōn (accusative plural)
ūkōn (genitive singular)
ūkōnō (genitive plural)
ūkōn (dative singular)
ūkōm (dative plural)
ūkum (dative plural)
ūkōn (instrumental singular)
ūkōm (instrumental plural)
ūkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ȳċe f (< *ūkijā)

Old Saxon: *ūkea

>? Middle Low German: ûtze

German Low German: Üütse

Old High German: ūhha, ūcha

desc

Middle High German: ūche, ouche, ouke, oucke

German: Eutze (archaic)

Bavarian: Hötsch

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *wegʷ- (“to wet; moisten”).


krodu

krodu (nominative singular)
krodō (nominative plural)
krodā (accusative singular)
krodā (accusative plural)
krodā (genitive singular)
krodō (genitive plural)
krodē (dative singular)
krodōm (dative plural)
krodum (dative plural)
krodu (instrumental singular)
krodōm (instrumental plural)
krodum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krode

West Frisian: krôde

Old Saxon: *kroda

desc

Middle Low German: krode, krōde, krāde, kröde, krede

Low German: krodde, krödde, krod

→? Icelandic: karta

→ Swedish: groda

Old Dutch: *kroda, *kreda

Middle Dutch: krode, crade, krede

Dutch: krodde

Old High German: krota, kreta, chrota

Middle High German: krote, krotte, kröte, krëte

Alemannic German: Chrott, Chrotte

Cimbrian: khróota

German: Kröte

Hunsrik: Krott

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷredʰ-, compare Ancient Greek βάτραχος (bátrakhos, “frog”), Ionic Greek βρόταχος (brótakhos, “frog”).


wagi

wagi (nominative singular)
waggjō (nominative plural)
waggjōs (nominative plural)
wagi (accusative singular)
waggjā (accusative plural)
waggjas (genitive singular)
waggjō (genitive plural)
waggjē (dative singular)
waggjum (dative plural)
waggju (instrumental singular)
waggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weċġ

Middle English: wegge

English: wedge

Scots: weg, wegge, wadge, waige

Old Frisian: *wegge, *wigge

West Frisian: wigge

Old Saxon: weggi

Middle Low German: wegge

Old Dutch: *weggi

Middle Dutch: wegghe, wigghe

Dutch: weg, wegge, wig

Afrikaans: wig

Old High German: weggi, wekki, wecki

Middle High German: wegge, wecke

German: Wecke, Wecken, Weck

Hunsrik: Weck

Pennsylvania German: Weck


brīw

brīw (nominative singular)
brīwō (nominative plural)
brīwōs (nominative plural)
brīw (accusative singular)
brīwā (accusative plural)
brīwas (genitive singular)
brīwō (genitive plural)
brīwē (dative singular)
brīum (dative plural)
brīu (instrumental singular)
brīum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: brīw, brīu, brīġ, briiw, briiġ
Middle English: breie, bre
Scots: brie
English: bree

Old Frisian: *brī

Saterland Frisian: Bräi

West Frisian: brij

Old Saxon: brī

Middle Low German: brî, brîg

German Low German:

Märkisch, North Low German, Westphalian: Brie

East Frisian Low Saxon: Breei

Low Prussian, Westphalian (Sauerländisch): Brei

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: Brui (Kirchspiel Mülheim), Braue (Niedersfeld), Broi (Meschede)

Old Dutch: *brio, *brī

Middle Dutch: brî, bry

Dutch: brij

Old High German: brīo, brī, brīwo
Middle High German: brîe, brî
German: Brei
Luxembourgish: Bräi
Yiddish: ברײַ (bray)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Germanic *brīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréy-u-s ~ *bʰr̥y-éw-s, from *bʰr-ey-, from *bʰer- (“to boil”), cognate with Latin frīgō (“to roast”), Sanskrit भृज्जति (bhṛjjati, “to roast”).


grindil

grindil (nominative singular)
grindilō (nominative plural)
grindilōs (nominative plural)
grindil (accusative singular)
grindilā (accusative plural)
grindilas (genitive singular)
grindilō (genitive plural)
grindilē (dative singular)
grindilum (dative plural)
grindilu (instrumental singular)
grindilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: grindel

Old Saxon: grindil, grendil

Middle Low German: grindel, grendel

German Low German: Grendel, Grinnel, Grennel

Old Dutch: grindel

Middle Dutch: grindel, grendel

desctree

Dutch: grendel
Afrikaans: grendel
→ Caribbean Javanese: grèndhèl
→ Indonesian: gerendel
→ Javanese: ꦒꦿꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦭ꧀ (grèndhèl), grendel
→ Papiamentu: rèndu, grendel, grender

Old High German: grintil, crintil, grindil, krindil
Middle High German: grintel, grindel, grendel
German: Grindel

According to an almost universally accepted etymology, from *grindi (“fence”) + *-il (diminutive), from Proto-Germanic *grindiz (“fence”). A dissenting opinion by Trubachev argues for an early borrowing from Proto-Slavic.


ahtu

ahtu (nominative singular)
ahtō (nominative plural)
ahtā (accusative singular)
ahtā (accusative plural)
ahtā (genitive singular)
ahtō (genitive plural)
ahtē (dative singular)
ahtōm (dative plural)
ahtum (dative plural)
ahtu (instrumental singular)
ahtōm (instrumental plural)
ahtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eaht, æht

Middle English: aught, aut

English: aught

Scots: aught

Old Dutch: *ahta

Middle Dutch: achte

Dutch: acht

Afrikaans: ag

Old High German: ahta

Middle High German: ahte

Unknown; possibly derived from Proto-Germanic *ahjaną (“to think”).


weþmō

weþmō (nominative singular)
weþman (nominative plural)
weþman (accusative singular)
weþman (accusative plural)
witini (genitive singular)
wetan (genitive singular)
wetanō (genitive plural)
witini (dative singular)
wetan (dative singular)
wetum (dative plural)
witini (instrumental singular)
wetan (instrumental singular)
wetum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: wituma, wetma, uuituma, weotoma, weotuma, weoþuma

Old Frisian: wetma, witma

Old Saxon: withumo

Middle Low German: wēdeme, widdem

Old Dutch: withemo

Middle Dutch: wedeme, wedem, weeme, weme

Dutch: weem

→ West Frisian: weme

Old High German: widamo, widomo, widemo

Middle High German: wideme, widem

German: Wittum

From earlier *wetmō through Bahder's law, from Proto-Germanic *wetmô.


kabisi

kabisi (nominative singular)
kabissjō (nominative plural)
kabissjā (accusative singular)
kabissjā (accusative plural)
kabissjā (genitive singular)
kabissjō (genitive plural)
kabissjē (dative singular)
kabissjōm (dative plural)
kabissjum (dative plural)
kabissju (instrumental singular)
kabissjōm (instrumental plural)
kabissjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċiefes, ċyfys, ċifes, ċyfes

Middle English: chevese, chivese

Old Saxon: kevis

Middle Low German: kēvis, kēves

Low German: Keves

Old Dutch: *kevesa

Middle Dutch: kēefse, kēvisse, kiese

Dutch: kevis (“adultery”)

Old High German: kebis, chebis, kebisa, chebisa

Middle High German: kebes, kebese, kebse

→ German: Kebse (learned, 18th c.)

⇒ Old High German: kebiswīb

Middle High German: kebeswīp

German: Kebsweib (inherited)


speut

speut (nominative singular)
speutō (nominative plural)
speutōs (nominative plural)
speut (accusative singular)
speutā (accusative plural)
speutas (genitive singular)
speutō (genitive plural)
speutē (dative singular)
speutum (dative plural)
speutu (instrumental singular)
speutum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: spiot

Middle Low German: spêt

Old Dutch: *spiot

Middle Dutch: spiet

Old High German: spioz

Middle High German: spiez

German: Spieß

→ Middle Low German: spitz, spies, spis

→ Finnish: peitsi

→ Middle Dutch: spietse, spiesse, spesse

Dutch: spies

Afrikaans: spies

→ Late Latin: speutum, speudum

Old French: espiet (see there for further descendants)


skadu

skadu (nominative singular)
skadwō (nominative plural)
skadwōs (nominative plural)
skadu (accusative singular)
skadwā (accusative plural)
skadwas (genitive singular)
skadwō (genitive plural)
skadwē (dative singular)
skadum (dative plural)
skadu (instrumental singular)
skadum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċeadu
Middle English: schadwe, schadewe, schadowe, schade
English: shadow, shade, shed
Scots: scaddow, schaddow, shadow, shade, schad

Old Frisian: *skade

Saterland Frisian: Skade, Skaad

West Frisian: skaad, skâd

Old Saxon: skado
Middle Low German: schaduwe, schadewe, schāde, schēde
Low German:
German Low German: Schade, Scharre, Scharr
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Schiae
Westmünsterländisch: Schatten
Plautdietsch: Schauten

Old Dutch: scado

Middle Dutch: schāde, schāduwe

Dutch: schaduw; (archaic) schad; (archaic) schade/schaai

Afrikaans: skadu, skaduwee

Old High German: skato, scato m; skata, scata f

desc

Middle High German: schate, schade, schete, schatwe, schetewe m

German: Schatten

Luxembourgish: Schiet

Yiddish: שאָטן (shotn)


furh

furh (nominative singular)
furhi (nominative plural)
furhu (accusative singular)
furhi (accusative plural)
furhi (genitive singular)
forhō (genitive plural)
furhi (dative singular)
furhum (dative plural)
furhi (instrumental singular)
furhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: furh, furuh

Middle English: forow, furgh

English: furrow

Scots: furr

Old Frisian: furch

North Frisian:

Amrum: forag

Saterland Frisian: Fuurge

West Frisian: fuorge

Old Saxon: *furh, furuh

Middle Low German: vōre, vōr

Low German: Föör

Old Dutch: *furh, *furuh

Middle Dutch: vōre, vuere

Dutch: voor, vore

Old High German: furh, furuh

→ Italian: forra

Middle High German: vurch

German: Furche

Luxembourgish: Fuer

Vilamovian: fiüch


sprākijā

sprākijā (nominative singular)
sprākijōn (nominative plural)
sprākijōn (accusative singular)
sprākijōn (accusative plural)
sprākijōn (genitive singular)
sprākijōnō (genitive plural)
sprākijōn (dative singular)
sprākijōm (dative plural)
sprākijum (dative plural)
sprākijōn (instrumental singular)
sprākijōm (instrumental plural)
sprākijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sprǣċe

Old Saxon: sprāka, *sprēkia

Middle Low German: sprâke (weak), sprêke

German Low German: Sprake, Spraak

Old High German: sprāhha, sprācha

Middle High German: sprache

Alemannic German: Sproch

Swabian: Schbroach

Bavarian: Sproch

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Sproch

Kölsch: Sprooch

Luxembourgish: Sprooch

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: Schprohch

Vilamovian: śpröch

East Franconian:

German: Sprache

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Schprooch

Pfälzisch: Sproch

Yiddish: שפּראַך (shprakh)


aket

aket (nominative singular)
aketō (nominative plural)
aketōs (nominative plural)
aket (accusative singular)
aketā (accusative plural)
aketas (genitive singular)
aketō (genitive plural)
aketē (dative singular)
aketum (dative plural)
aketu (instrumental singular)
aketum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æċed, eċed, æċċed

Middle English: eced

Old Saxon: ekid

Middle Low German: êtik, etek, ettik, atik, âtik

German Low German: Etig, Ätig

→ West Frisian: jittik

→ Old Norse: edik

Danish: eddike

Faroese: edikur

Icelandic: edik

Norwegian Bokmål: eddik

Swedish: ättika

Old Dutch: etig

desctree

Middle Dutch: edic
Dutch: edik
Afrikaans: edik
Limburgish: aek

Old High German: ezzih
Middle High German: ezzich, ezzech, ezzeich, ezzec
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: éssag, ezza (Luserna)
Mòcheno: ezza
German: Essig
Hunsrik: Essich
Luxembourgish: Esseg
Vilamovian: essig
Yiddish: עסיק (esik)

Borrowed from Latin acētum. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄 (akeit), 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐍄 (akēt).


fardi

fardi (nominative singular)
fardī (nominative plural)
fardi (accusative singular)
fardī (accusative plural)
fardī (genitive singular)
fardijō (genitive plural)
fardī (dative singular)
fardim (dative plural)
fardijum (dative plural)
fardī (instrumental singular)
fardim (instrumental plural)
fardijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ferd, feord, fierd, fyrd

desc

Middle English: ferd, verd, færd, værde, varde

>? English: ferd

>? Scots: ferd, fard, faird

→ English: fyrd

Old Frisian: ferd

Old Saxon: fard

Middle Low German: vart

→ Danish: fart

→ Icelandic: fart

→ Faroese: fart

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fart

→ Swedish: fart

Old Dutch: farth, fard

Middle Dutch: vart, vāert

Dutch: vaart

Afrikaans: vaart

→ West Frisian: feart

→ Walloon: vårt

Old High German: fart, vart

Middle High German: fart

German: Fahrt (“journey”), Fährte (“trail”)

→ Saterland Frisian: Foart

→ Danish: fært

Luxembourgish: Faart


wulfini

wulfini (nominative singular)
wulfunnjō (nominative plural)
wulfunnjā (accusative singular)
wulfunnjā (accusative plural)
wulfunnjā (genitive singular)
wulfunnjō (genitive plural)
wulfunnjē (dative singular)
wulfunnjōm (dative plural)
wulfunnjum (dative plural)
wulfunnju (instrumental singular)
wulfunnjōm (instrumental plural)
wulfunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wylfen

Middle English: wulvine, wulvene

Scots: wolfyne

Old Saxon: *wulfinnia, *wulfinnea

Middle Low German: wulfinne

German Low German: Wülfin

Old Dutch: *wulfinna

Middle Dutch: wolvinne

Dutch: wolvin

Old High German: *wulfinna, (wulpin)

Middle High German: wülvinne, wulfinne, wolfinne, (wülpinne)

German: Wölfin


habulō

habulō (nominative singular)
habulan (nominative plural)
habulan (accusative singular)
habulan (accusative plural)
habulini (genitive singular)
habulan (genitive singular)
habulanō (genitive plural)
habulini (dative singular)
habulan (dative singular)
habulum (dative plural)
habulini (instrumental singular)
habulan (instrumental singular)
habulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hafela, hafala, heafola, heafela, hafola

q

or related to Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">heili</i> (“brain”)

>? Old Frisian: heila, holla (or related to Old Norse heili (“brain”))

North Frisian: hel

West Frisian: holle

Uncertain, but apparently from the same Proto-Indo-European or substrate root *kap- (“head”) as found in the synonym *habud/*haubid; possibly from Proto-Germanic *habulô, from Proto-Indo-European *kapu-lon-; or from Proto-Germanic *habalô, from *káp-ol-, in that case identical to Sanskrit कपाल (kapā́la, “skull; bowl”).


raisu

raisu (nominative singular)
raisō (nominative plural)
raisā (accusative singular)
raisā (accusative plural)
raisā (genitive singular)
raisō (genitive plural)
raisē (dative singular)
raisōm (dative plural)
raisum (dative plural)
raisu (instrumental singular)
raisōm (instrumental plural)
raisum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *rēse

North Frisian: reyse

Old Saxon: *reisa

Middle Low German: reise

German Low German: Reis

→ Danish: rejse

→ Swedish: resa

desc

→ Swedish: reis, reisu (dialectal, Finland)

→ Finnish: reissu, reisu (dialectal)

→ Norwegian: reise

→ Estonian: reis

Old Dutch: *reisa

desctree

Middle Dutch: reise
Dutch: reis
Afrikaans: reis
→ Russian: рейс (rejs)
Limburgish: reis
→ Middle English: reys, raise
English: reys

Old High German: reisa

Middle High German: reise, reis

Bavarian: Reisn, Roas

Cimbrian: raize

Mòcheno: roas

German: Reise
→ Kashubian: réza
→ Ukrainian: рейс (rejs)

Hunsrik: Rees

Luxembourgish: Rees

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *raisō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁róy-s-eh₂, from *h₁rey- (“to rise up”).


waiʀd

waiʀd (nominative singular)
waiʀdō (nominative plural)
waiʀdōs (nominative plural)
waiʀd (accusative singular)
waiʀdā (accusative plural)
waiʀdas (genitive singular)
waiʀdō (genitive plural)
waiʀdē (dative singular)
waiʀdum (dative plural)
waiʀdu (instrumental singular)
waiʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wād, weard, *weald
Middle English: wad, wod, wadde, wode
Scots: wad, waid
English: woad
Middle English: welde, wolde
English: weld, wold

Old Frisian: wēd

Old Saxon: wēd

Middle Low German: wêt, weit

Old Dutch: *wēd, *weid

Middle Dutch: wede, weet

Dutch: wede

Old High German: weit

Middle High German: weit

German: Waid

→ Danish: vajd

→ Swedish: vejde

→ Czech: vejt

→ Russian: ва́йда (vájda)

desc

→? Medieval Latin: waisdum, guaisdium, waisda, waida

Old French: guesde, gaide, waisde, waide

Middle French: guede

French: guède

Italian: guado

Piedmontese: vaud


kefrō

kefrō (nominative singular)
kefran (nominative plural)
kefran (accusative singular)
kefran (accusative plural)
kifrini (genitive singular)
kefran (genitive singular)
kefranō (genitive plural)
kifrini (dative singular)
kefran (dative singular)
kefrum (dative plural)
kifrini (instrumental singular)
kefran (instrumental singular)
kefrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċeafor
Middle English: chafur, chavere
English: chafer

Old Saxon: kevera

Middle Low German: kever, sever

German Low German: Käver, Sever, Sevver, Sebber

Old Dutch: *keviro

Middle Dutch: kever

Dutch: kever

Afrikaans: kewer

Old High German: cheviro, chevar
Middle High German: kever
Alemannic German: Chääfer
German: Käfer
→ Ladin: chëifer
⇒ Luxembourgish: Kiewerlek (from MHG *keverlinc)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵebʰ- (“to eat, chew”), perhaps related to *kafl (“jaw”).