skittjā

skittjā (nominative singular)
skittjōn (nominative plural)
skittjōn (accusative singular)
skittjōn (accusative plural)
skittjōn (genitive singular)
skittjōnō (genitive plural)
skittjōn (dative singular)
skittjōm (dative plural)
skittjum (dative plural)
skittjōn (instrumental singular)
skittjōm (instrumental plural)
skittjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċitte

Middle English: schite (conflated with *skitiz)

Old Dutch: *skitta

Middle Dutch: schitte

dialectal; conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*skitiz</i>

Dutch: schit (dialectal; conflated with *skitiz)


dailiþu

dailiþu (nominative singular)
dailiþō (nominative plural)
dailiþā (accusative singular)
dailiþā (accusative plural)
dailiþā (genitive singular)
dailiþō (genitive plural)
dailiþē (dative singular)
dailiþōm (dative plural)
dailiþum (dative plural)
dailiþu (instrumental singular)
dailiþōm (instrumental plural)
dailiþum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: teilida

From Proto-Germanic *dailiþō. Equivalent to *daili (“part”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


gaurā

gaurā (nominative singular)
gaurōn (nominative plural)
gaurōn (accusative singular)
gaurōn (accusative plural)
gaurōn (genitive singular)
gaurōnō (genitive plural)
gaurōn (dative singular)
gaurōm (dative plural)
gaurum (dative plural)
gaurōn (instrumental singular)
gaurōm (instrumental plural)
gaurum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *gōre

North Frisian: gör

Old Saxon: *gōra

Middle Low German: gȫre, gȫr f

Low German: Gör n, Göre f

German Low German: Göör n

→ German: Gör n, Göre f [16th century]

→ Switzerland German: Gorsch

Unknown; possibly:
* from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“less, short”), cognate with Old Irish gerr (“short”), Sanskrit ह्रस्व (hrasva, “short”);
* or related to *gauraz (“sad, sorrowful”), cognate with Old Church Slavonic журба (žurba, “grief”), Sanskrit घोर (ghora, “terrible”).

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


diupiþu

diupiþu (nominative singular)
diupiþō (nominative plural)
diupiþā (accusative singular)
diupiþā (accusative plural)
diupiþā (genitive singular)
diupiþō (genitive plural)
diupiþē (dative singular)
diupiþōm (dative plural)
diupiþum (dative plural)
diupiþu (instrumental singular)
diupiþōm (instrumental plural)
diupiþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *dīepþ, *dīepþu
Middle English: depthe
Scots: deepth
English: depth

desc

Old Frisian: *diūpithe, *diūpthe, *diāpthe

Saterland Frisian: Djüpte, Jüpte, Joopte, Japte

West Frisian: djipte

Old Saxon: diupitha

Middle Low German: dêpede

Low German: Deepde, Düüpde, Deepd

Old Dutch: diopitha

Middle Dutch: dipde, diepte

Dutch: diepte

Afrikaans: diepte

Old High German: *tiufida

Middle High German: tiufede, *diufede (Central German, attested as tiefte, tūfede, dūfde)

Luxembourgish: Déift

From Proto-Germanic *diupiþō. Equivalent to *deup (“deep”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


dwalliþu

dwalliþu (nominative singular)
dwalliþō (nominative plural)
dwalliþā (accusative singular)
dwalliþā (accusative plural)
dwalliþā (genitive singular)
dwalliþō (genitive plural)
dwalliþē (dative singular)
dwalliþōm (dative plural)
dwalliþum (dative plural)
dwalliþu (instrumental singular)
dwalliþōm (instrumental plural)
dwalliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dwild

From Proto-Germanic *dwaliþō. Equivalent to *dwal, *dul (“confused; foolish”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


gurni

gurni (nominative singular)
gurnī (nominative plural)
gurni (accusative singular)
gurnī (accusative plural)
gurnī (genitive singular)
gurnijō (genitive plural)
gurnī (dative singular)
gurnim (dative plural)
gurnijum (dative plural)
gurnī (instrumental singular)
gurnim (instrumental plural)
gurnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gyrn, gryn

desc

⇒ Old English: gyrnstafas (“injury, affliction”)

⇒ Old English: gyrnwracu (“revenge for injury”)

From Proto-Germanic *gurniz, related to *gauraz (“sad, sorrowful”).


fawiþu

fawiþu (nominative singular)
fawiþō (nominative plural)
fawiþā (accusative singular)
fawiþā (accusative plural)
fawiþā (genitive singular)
fawiþō (genitive plural)
fawiþē (dative singular)
fawiþōm (dative plural)
fawiþum (dative plural)
fawiþu (instrumental singular)
fawiþōm (instrumental plural)
fawiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: fād

From Proto-Germanic *fawiþō. Equivalent to *fau (“few”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


garwiþu

garwiþu (nominative singular)
garwiþō (nominative plural)
garwiþā (accusative singular)
garwiþā (accusative plural)
garwiþā (genitive singular)
garwiþō (genitive plural)
garwiþē (dative singular)
garwiþōm (dative plural)
garwiþum (dative plural)
garwiþu (instrumental singular)
garwiþōm (instrumental plural)
garwiþum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: garawida

From Proto-Germanic *garwiþō. Equivalent to *garu (“ready, prepared”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


grimmiþu

grimmiþu (nominative singular)
grimmiþō (nominative plural)
grimmiþā (accusative singular)
grimmiþā (accusative plural)
grimmiþā (genitive singular)
grimmiþō (genitive plural)
grimmiþē (dative singular)
grimmiþōm (dative plural)
grimmiþum (dative plural)
grimmiþu (instrumental singular)
grimmiþōm (instrumental plural)
grimmiþum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: grimmida

Middle High German: grimmede

From Proto-Germanic *grimmiþō. Equivalent to *grimm (“grim, angry”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


irʀiþu

irʀiþu (nominative singular)
irʀiþō (nominative plural)
irʀiþā (accusative singular)
irʀiþā (accusative plural)
irʀiþā (genitive singular)
irʀiþō (genitive plural)
irʀiþē (dative singular)
irʀiþōm (dative plural)
irʀiþum (dative plural)
irʀiþu (instrumental singular)
irʀiþōm (instrumental plural)
irʀiþum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: hreinida, reinida

Middle High German: reinde

From Proto-Germanic *irziþō. Equivalent to *irʀī (“mistaken; angry”) + *-iþu.


hrainiþu

hrainiþu (nominative singular)
hrainiþō (nominative plural)
hrainiþā (accusative singular)
hrainiþā (accusative plural)
hrainiþā (genitive singular)
hrainiþō (genitive plural)
hrainiþē (dative singular)
hrainiþōm (dative plural)
hrainiþum (dative plural)
hrainiþu (instrumental singular)
hrainiþōm (instrumental plural)
hrainiþum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: hreinida, reinida

Middle High German: reinde

From Proto-Germanic *hrainiþō. Equivalent to *hrainī (“clean, pure”) + *-iþu.


hailiþu

hailiþu (nominative singular)
hailiþō (nominative plural)
hailiþā (accusative singular)
hailiþā (accusative plural)
hailiþā (genitive singular)
hailiþō (genitive plural)
hailiþē (dative singular)
hailiþōm (dative plural)
hailiþum (dative plural)
hailiþu (instrumental singular)
hailiþōm (instrumental plural)
hailiþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hǣlþ
Middle English: helthe, elþ, elþe, healethe, heleth, helth, helþe, hilþe, helte (Late Middle English)
English: health
Scots: helth, halth

Old High German: heilida

From Proto-Germanic *hailiþō. Equivalent to *hail (“healthy, whole”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


lamiþu

lamiþu (nominative singular)
lamiþō (nominative plural)
lamiþā (accusative singular)
lamiþā (accusative plural)
lamiþā (genitive singular)
lamiþō (genitive plural)
lamiþē (dative singular)
lamiþōm (dative plural)
lamiþum (dative plural)
lamiþu (instrumental singular)
lamiþōm (instrumental plural)
lamiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lemithe, lamethe, lemethe

Old Saxon: *lemitha

Middle Low German: lemede

Old Dutch: *lemitha

Middle Dutch: lemde, leemde

Old High German: *lemida

Middle High German: lemede, lemde

From Proto-Germanic *lamiþō. Equivalent to *lam (“lame, withered”) + *-iþu.


langiþu

langiþu (nominative singular)
langiþō (nominative plural)
langiþā (accusative singular)
langiþā (accusative plural)
langiþā (genitive singular)
langiþō (genitive plural)
langiþē (dative singular)
langiþōm (dative plural)
langiþum (dative plural)
langiþu (instrumental singular)
langiþōm (instrumental plural)
langiþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lengþu
Middle English: lengthe, leinþ, lencþe, length, lengþe, lenkthe, lenkþe, lenth, lenthe, lenþe, leynþe, lenght, lenghte, lenghthe, lenȝte, lenȝth (especially Northern), lencth, lenketh, lenkethe, lenkith (Late Middle English, Northern), lengðe (Early Middle English)
English: length
Scots: lenth, lainth

Old Frisian: lengithe, lengethe

Saterland Frisian: Loangte

West Frisian: lingte, langte

Old Saxon: *lengitha

Middle Low German: lengede, lengde

desc

German Low German: Längde, Längd, Längte, Längt

Old Dutch: *lengitha

Middle Dutch: lengede, lingede, lencde

Dutch: lengte

Old High German: *lengida

desctree

Middle High German: lengede
German: Längde
Luxembourgish: Längt

⇒ Old High German: gilengida

From Proto-Germanic *langiþō. Equivalent to *lang (“long”) + *-iþu.


magiþu

magiþu (nominative singular)
magiþō (nominative plural)
magiþā (accusative singular)
magiþā (accusative plural)
magiþā (genitive singular)
magiþō (genitive plural)
magiþē (dative singular)
magiþōm (dative plural)
magiþum (dative plural)
magiþu (instrumental singular)
magiþōm (instrumental plural)
magiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *megetha, *megda

Middle Low German: mechte

From Proto-Germanic *magiþō. Equivalent to *mag (“able, capable; strong”) + *-iþu.


sundnassī

sundnassī (nominative singular)
sundnassīn (accusative singular)
sundnassīn (genitive singular)
sundnassīn (dative singular)
sundnassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: *sundnes

Middle English: soundnesse

English: soundness

Scots: soundness

⇒ Old English: onsundnes

Old Frisian: *sundnisse

West Frisian: sûnens

Old Saxon: *sundnissi

Middle Low German: suntnisse

Old High German: *suntnissi

Middle High German: suntnisse

⇒ Old High German: *gisuntnissi

Middle High German: *gisuntnisse

German: Gesundnis


gōdī

gōdī (nominative singular)
gōdīn (accusative singular)
gōdīn (genitive singular)
gōdīn (dative singular)
gōdīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: gōdī, guodī

desc

Middle Low German: gôde, gö̂de, güde, gö̂te

Old Dutch: guodi

Middle Dutch: goede

(Dutch: goede, goeie)

desctree

Old High German: guotī, guatī, guodī, guoitī, kuotī, chuotī — hypercorrect
Middle High German: giute, güete, güöte, guͤte, guͤti
Alemannic German: Gieti, Güeti
Central Franconian: Jöt, Jöde
Hunsrik: Gied
Cimbrian: güute
German: Güte
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Gied, Giede
Palatine German: Giet, Giete

From Proto-Germanic *gōdį̄. Equivalent to *gōd (“good”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


swārī

swārī (nominative singular)
swārīn (accusative singular)
swārīn (genitive singular)
swārīn (dative singular)
swārīn (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old High German: swārī
Middle High German: swære
German: Schwere

From Proto-Germanic *swērį̄. Equivalent to *swār (“heavy”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


swōtimō

swōtimō (nominative singular)
swōtiman (nominative plural)
swōtiman (accusative singular)
swōtiman (accusative plural)
swōtimini (genitive singular)
swōtiman (genitive singular)
swōtimanō (genitive plural)
swōtimini (dative singular)
swōtiman (dative singular)
swōtimum (dative plural)
swōtimini (instrumental singular)
swōtiman (instrumental singular)
swōtimum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: swētma

West Frisian: swietme

From Proto-Germanic *swōtimô (“sweetness”). Equivalent to *swōtijan (“to sweeten”) + *-mō.


helmō

helmō (nominative singular)
helman (nominative plural)
helman (accusative singular)
helman (accusative plural)
hilmini (genitive singular)
helman (genitive singular)
helmanō (genitive plural)
hilmini (dative singular)
helman (dative singular)
helmum (dative plural)
hilmini (instrumental singular)
helman (instrumental singular)
helmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: helma

Middle English: halm

English: helm

Old Saxon: *helma

Middle Low German: helm; holm (-o- from -a-? or from a zero-grade?)

→ German: Holm

Old Dutch: *helma

Middle Dutch: helm

Dutch: helm

Old High German: halme

Middle High German: halme, halm, helm

German: Helm (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *helmô; equivalent to *helan + *-mō.


glitmō

glitmō (nominative singular)
glitman (nominative plural)
glitman (accusative singular)
glitman (accusative plural)
glitmini (genitive singular)
glitman (genitive singular)
glitmanō (genitive plural)
glitmini (dative singular)
glitman (dative singular)
glitmum (dative plural)
glitmini (instrumental singular)
glitman (instrumental singular)
glitmum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: glizemo

Middle High German: *glitzme

⇒ Alemannic German: glitzme

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *glitmô; equivalent to *glītan + *-mō.


leubu

leubu (nominative singular)
leubō (nominative plural)
leubā (accusative singular)
leubā (accusative plural)
leubā (genitive singular)
leubō (genitive plural)
leubē (dative singular)
leubōm (dative plural)
leubum (dative plural)
leubu (instrumental singular)
leubōm (instrumental plural)
leubum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: liāve

Saterland Frisian: Ljoowe

Old Saxon: *liova

Middle Low German: lêve, lîve

German Low German: Leev

Old Dutch: *liova, *lieva

Middle Dutch: lieve

Old High German: lioba

Middle High German: liebe

German: Liebe


krukkju

krukkju (nominative singular)
krukkjō (nominative plural)
krukkjā (accusative singular)
krukkjā (accusative plural)
krukkjā (genitive singular)
krukkjō (genitive plural)
krukkjē (dative singular)
krukkjōm (dative plural)
krukkjum (dative plural)
krukkju (instrumental singular)
krukkjōm (instrumental plural)
krukkjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cryċċ, criċċ, cryċ
Middle English: crucche, croch, croche, crouch, cruche
English: crutch
Scots: crutch

Old Frisian: *krukk, *krekk, *krek

Saterland Frisian: Krukke, Kruke (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: kruk (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: krukka

desc

Middle Low German: krucke, krocke, krücke

German Low German: Krück

Low German: krukke, Krükke, Krück

→ Danish: krykke

→ Old Swedish: krykkia

Swedish: krycka

→ Norwegian: krykke, krykkje

Old Dutch: *krukka

Middle Dutch: crucke, cricke, crocke

Dutch: kruk (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: krucka

Middle High German: krücke

Cimbrian: khrukha

German: Krücke

→ Latin: crucia, crucea, cruccia, crucca, croccia

Franco-Provençal: crosse, croche

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: croccia (Tuscan and central dialects)

Neapolitan: croccia, corcia, crocia

Sicilian: crozza

Piedmontese: cròssa

Old French: crosse

Middle French: crosse

French: crosse
→ Portuguese: crossa

Old Occitan: cròça

Occitan: cròça

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *krukjō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *grewg-.


hnakkō

hnakkō (nominative singular)
hnakkan (nominative plural)
hnakkan (accusative singular)
hnakkan (accusative plural)
hnakkini (genitive singular)
hnakkan (genitive singular)
hnakkanō (genitive plural)
hnakkini (dative singular)
hnakkan (dative singular)
hnakkum (dative plural)
hnakkini (instrumental singular)
hnakkan (instrumental singular)
hnakkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *hnæcca, hnecca
Middle English: nekke, nake, nec, necke, nek, neke, nhicke, nykke (Kent)
English: neck
Scots: neck
Yola: neckarès (plural)

Old Frisian: hnekka, nekke

North Frisian: neek, neeke, Nak

Saterland Frisian: Näcke, Näkke

West Frisian: nekke

Old Saxon: *hnakko, *hnekko

Middle Low German: nacke, nëcke

German Low German: Nacke, Nack

Low German: nakke

Plautdietsch: Jenekj (?)

Old Dutch: *nakko, nekko

desc

Middle Dutch: nacke, nac, necke, nack, neck, nick

Dutch: nek

Afrikaans: nek

Limburgish: nak

Old High German: *hnahho, hnach-, hnacch-, hnac, nach, nac, nak

Middle High German: knac, nacke, nac

German: Nacken

Vilamovian: naoka

Yiddish: נאַקן (nakn)

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô, from Proto-Indo-European *kneg-.


smiril

smiril (nominative singular)
smirilō (nominative plural)
smirilōs (nominative plural)
smiril (accusative singular)
smirilā (accusative plural)
smirilas (genitive singular)
smirilō (genitive plural)
smirilē (dative singular)
smirilum (dative plural)
smirilu (instrumental singular)
smirilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *smiril

Middle Low German: smerl

Old Dutch: *smiril

Middle Dutch: smērel, smerle

Dutch: smeerle (archaic)

Old High German: smiril, smirl

Middle High German: smerl, smirl

German: Schmirl, Schmerl

⇒ Middle High German: smerlīn

German: Schmerlein

→ Medieval Latin: smerlus, *smerla

Catalan: esmirla, esmirle

Italian: smerlo

Old Occitan: esmirle


stubō

stobō (nominative singular)
stoban (nominative plural)
stoban (accusative singular)
stoban (accusative plural)
stubini (genitive singular)
stoban (genitive singular)
stobanō (genitive plural)
stubini (dative singular)
stoban (dative singular)
stubum (dative plural)
stubini (instrumental singular)
stoban (instrumental singular)
stubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stofa

Old Saxon: *stubo, *stovo, *stuvo

Middle Low German: stōve, stāve, stūve, stūbe

Old Dutch: *stovo

Middle Dutch: stove


muggjā

muggjā (nominative singular)
muggjōn (nominative plural)
muggjōn (accusative singular)
muggjōn (accusative plural)
muggjōn (genitive singular)
muggjōnō (genitive plural)
muggjōn (dative singular)
muggjōm (dative plural)
muggjum (dative plural)
muggjōn (instrumental singular)
muggjōm (instrumental plural)
muggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: myċġe

Middle English: migge

English: midge

Scots: mige, midge

Old Frisian: *megge, *meche

Saterland Frisian: Mäge

West Frisian: mich

Old Saxon: muggia, mugga

Middle Low German: mügge

German Low German: Mügge, Mügg

Old Dutch: *mugga

Middle Dutch: mugge

Dutch: mug

Old High German: mugga, mucka

desctree

Middle High German: mügge
German: Mücke
Hunsrik: Mick
Luxembourgish: Méck


kalwā

kalwā (nominative singular)
kalwōn (nominative plural)
kalwōn (accusative singular)
kalwōn (accusative plural)
kalwōn (genitive singular)
kalwōnō (genitive plural)
kalwōn (dative singular)
kalwōm (dative plural)
kalwum (dative plural)
kalwōn (instrumental singular)
kalwōm (instrumental plural)
kalwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: calwa m

Old Frisian: kale

>? West Frisian: keal (noun)

Old Saxon: *kalwa

desc

Middle Low German: kalwe, kalewe, kālewe

Old Dutch: *kalwa

Middle Dutch: caluwe

Dutch: kaluwe, kale

Old High German: kalwa, kalawa, chalawa

Middle High German: kalwe

German: Kahle


kalwī

kalwī (nominative singular)
kalwīn (accusative singular)
kalwīn (genitive singular)
kalwīn (dative singular)
kalwīn (instrumental singular)

Old Frisian: kele

⇒ Old Frisian: sinkele (“permanent baldness”)

Old High German: kalwī, kalawī

Middle High German: kelwe

⇒ Old High German: alakalawī

From Proto-Germanic *kalwį̄. Equivalent to *kalu (“bald”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


stubu

stubu (nominative singular)
stobō (nominative plural)
stobā (accusative singular)
stobā (accusative plural)
stobā (genitive singular)
stobō (genitive plural)
stubē (dative singular)
stobōm (dative plural)
stubum (dative plural)
stubu (instrumental singular)
stobōm (instrumental plural)
stubum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: stofu
Middle English: stuve, stufe, stuphe (spelling influenced by Medieval Latin stūpha)
English: stove (merged with a borrowing from Middle Dutch and/or Middle Low German)
Scots: stove, stofe, stoif, stoff
⇒ Old English: stufbæþ
Middle English: stufbæþ, stufbaþe

Old Frisian: *stofe, *stove

Saterland Frisian: Stove

West Frisian: stoof

Old Saxon: *stuva, *stova

Middle Low German: stōve, stūbe, stūve

desc

German Low German: Stuve, Stuuv, Stove, Stoov

→ German: Stövchen

→ Old Norse: stofa, stufa

Icelandic: stofa

Norwegian Nynorsk: stove

Old Swedish: stuva, stova, stugha

Swedish: stuga

Danish: stue

→ Norwegian Bokmål: stue

Old Dutch: *stova

Middle Dutch: stōve

Dutch: stoof

Afrikaans: stoof

desctree

Old High German: stuba
Middle High German: stube
Alemannic German: Schtube, Schtub, Stube
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Central Franconian: Stuvv
Luxembourgish: Stuff
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: [ˈʂʈuːp]
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: śtuw
East Franconian:
German: Stube
Rhine Franconian: Stubb, Stobb, Stoob, Stow, Stuw
Frankfurterisch: [ʃd̥up]
Yiddish: שטיבל (shtibl), שטוב (shtub)
→ English: shtiebel
→ Hungarian: szoba (see there for further descendants)
→ Serbo-Croatian: soba

→? Medieval Latin: stupha

Old French: estuve (“steam-bath”)
French: étuve

Italian: stufa (“stove”)

Occitan: estuba

Spanish: estufa

→? Proto-Slavic: *jьstъbà (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; usually cited as borrowed from Medieval Latin stupha, stufa, stupa (“hypocaust, stove, heated room”), compare Italian stufa (“stove”), Old French estuve (“steam-bath”), from Vulgar Latin *extuphāre, *extufāre, *extupāre, from ex- + Ancient Greek τύφω (túphō, “to smoke”) + -āre. Alternatively, a native formation, from Proto-Germanic *stubō, related to *staumaz (“steam”), *steuban (“to throw up dust”), with the Latin borrowed from West Germanic. Also suggested to be derived from Latin aestuō (“to undulate; to warm”).


hwatu

hwatu (nominative singular)
hwatō (nominative plural)
hwatā (accusative singular)
hwatā (accusative plural)
hwatā (genitive singular)
hwatō (genitive plural)
hwatē (dative singular)
hwatōm (dative plural)
hwatum (dative plural)
hwatu (instrumental singular)
hwatōm (instrumental plural)
hwatum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hwatu
Middle English: whate, ȝwate, quate, qwate, wate, what, hwate (Early Middle English)

From Proto-Germanic *hwatō; compare *hwattjan (“to whet”).


smittō

smittō (nominative singular)
smittan (nominative plural)
smittan (accusative singular)
smittan (accusative plural)
smittini (genitive singular)
smittan (genitive singular)
smittanō (genitive plural)
smittini (dative singular)
smittan (dative singular)
smittum (dative plural)
smittini (instrumental singular)
smittan (instrumental singular)
smittum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smitta
Middle English: smitte, smite, smit
English: smit, smitt, smite, smitch
⇒ English: *smitching, smidgen
⇒ English: smidge
Scots: smit, smyt, smite, smyte, smot, smitch
Scots: smittock

Old Saxon: *smitto

Middle Low German: smitte, smette

Old High German: *smizzo (attested only as smiz)

From *smittōn (“to smear”), from Proto-Indo-European *smeyd- (“tp smear, streak, whisk, rub”).


smittā

smittā (nominative singular)
smittōn (nominative plural)
smittōn (accusative singular)
smittōn (accusative plural)
smittōn (genitive singular)
smittōnō (genitive plural)
smittōn (dative singular)
smittōm (dative plural)
smittum (dative plural)
smittōn (instrumental singular)
smittōm (instrumental plural)
smittum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: smitte
Middle English: smit, smytt
English: smit
Scots: smit, smyt, smyte, smot

Old Frisian: *smitte, *smette

Saterland Frisian: Smitte (“paste”)

West Frisian: smet

Old Saxon: *smitta

Middle Low German: smitte, smette

German Low German: Smett

→ Swedish: smitta

>? Swedish: smet (“batter”) (possibly native)

Old Dutch: *smitta

Middle Dutch: smitte, smette

Dutch: smet

Old High German: *smizza (only attested as smiz m)

Middle High German: smitze

German: Schmitze


kunirīkī

kunirīkī (nominative singular)
kunirīkiju (nominative plural)
kunirīkī (accusative singular)
kunirīkiju (accusative plural)
kunirīkijas (genitive singular)
kunirīkijō (genitive plural)
kunirīkijē (dative singular)
kunirīkijum (dative plural)
kunirīkiju (instrumental singular)
kunirīkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyneriċe, cinerīċe, cynerȳċe, kynerīċe
Middle English: kineriche, cunnriche, kinereiche, kineric, kinneriche, kinriche, kuneriche, kynereche, kyneriche, kynriche, kynryche, cyne rice, kinerice, kuneriche, kynerice (Early Middle English), kinric, kinrik, kunerike (Northern)
Middle Scots: kinrik
Scots: kinrick

Old Dutch: *kunirīki, *kunrīki

Middle Dutch: conrike

Old High German: chuneriche

From *kuni- + *rīkī. Compare *kuningarīkī, which this term was replaced by in later West Germanic.


kuningarīkī

kuningarīkī (nominative singular)
kuningarīkiju (nominative plural)
kuningarīkī (accusative singular)
kuningarīkiju (accusative plural)
kuningarīkijas (genitive singular)
kuningarīkijō (genitive plural)
kuningarīkijē (dative singular)
kuningarīkijum (dative plural)
kuningarīkiju (instrumental singular)
kuningarīkijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: keningrīke

Saterland Frisian: Köönichriek

West Frisian: keninkryk

Old Saxon: kuningrīki

Middle Low German: könninkreik

Low German: Königriek

Plautdietsch: Kjennichrikj

Old Dutch: *kuningrīki

Middle Dutch: koninkrike

Dutch: koninkrijk

Afrikaans: koninkryk

Limburgish: keuninkriek

Old High German: kuningrīhhi

Middle High German: künicriche

German: Königreich

Luxembourgish: Kinnekräich

Hunsrik: Keenichreich

From Proto-Germanic *kuningarīkiją. Equivalent to *kuning + *rīkī; compare *kunirīkī.


marhu

marhu (nominative singular)
marhwō (nominative plural)
marhwōs (nominative plural)
marhu (accusative singular)
marhwā (accusative plural)
marhwas (genitive singular)
marhwō (genitive plural)
marhwē (dative singular)
marhum (dative plural)
marhu (instrumental singular)
marhum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: mearh, mærh, merg, mearg, meargh, mærc

Old Frisian: *march

North Frisian:

Fohr: marig

Helgoland: marri

Sylt: märig

Wangerooge Frisian: mûrû

West Frisian: marge (dialectal march, marich)


hangini

hangini (nominative singular)
hangunnjō (nominative plural)
hangunnjā (accusative singular)
hangunnjā (accusative plural)
hangunnjā (genitive singular)
hangunnjō (genitive plural)
hangunnjē (dative singular)
hangunnjōm (dative plural)
hangunnjum (dative plural)
hangunnju (instrumental singular)
hangunnjōm (instrumental plural)
hangunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: henġen
Middle English: hengen (hapax)
>? Middle English: henge
English: hinge
Scots: heinȝe, heenge

Old Frisian: *hengen, *henge

>? Saterland Frisian: Hänge

>? West Frisian: hinge

desc

Old Saxon: henginna, hengenna, henginnia, hinginna

>? Middle Low German: henge, hinge, henk

German Low German: Hänge, Häng

Old Dutch: *henginna

>? Middle Dutch: hengene, hingene, hengen, hingen

Dutch: heng

Old High German: *henginna, *hengina

>? Middle High German: henge

German: Hänge


marhaskalk

marhaskalk (nominative singular)
marhaskalkō (nominative plural)
marhaskalkōs (nominative plural)
marhaskalk (accusative singular)
marhaskalkā (accusative plural)
marhaskalkas (genitive singular)
marhaskalkō (genitive plural)
marhaskalkē (dative singular)
marhaskalkum (dative plural)
marhaskalku (instrumental singular)
marhaskalkum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: maraskalk, marahscalc

Middle Low German: marschalk, marschallik

→ Icelandic: marskálkur

→ Faroese: marskálkur

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: marskalk

Norwegian Nynorsk: marskalk

→ Old Swedish: marskalk

desctree

Swedish: marskalk
→ Finnish: marsalkka
→ Northern Sami: marskálka

→ Old Danish: marskalk

desc

influenced by German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Marschall</i>

→ Danish: marskal (influenced by German Marschall)

⇒ Old Danish: marsc

Danish: marsc (obsolete)

Old Dutch: mariskalk

Middle Dutch: maerschalc, maerscalc, marscalc

desctree

Dutch: maarschalk
Afrikaans: maarskalk
→ Indonesian: marsêkal
→ West Frisian: maarskalk

Old High German: marahscalc

Middle High German: marhscalc

Alemannic German: Marschalk (obsolete)

German: Marschall (final /k/ lost due to French influence), Marschalk (obsolete)
→ Czech: maršál
→ Estonian: marssal
→ Lithuanian: maršalas
→ Macedonian: маршал (maršal)
→ Russian: ма́ршал (máršal)
→ Azerbaijani: marşal
→ Georgian: მარშალი (maršali)
→ Kazakh: маршал (marşal)
→ Ukrainian: ма́ршал (máršal)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: maršal
Cyrillic script: маршал

desc

Luxembourgish: Marschall (final /k/ lost due to French influence)

→ Polish: marszałek

→ Lithuanian: maršalka

desctree

→ Medieval Latin: mariscalcus, marescalcus, marescaldus, marescallus, mareschalchus
Old French: mareschal, marchal, marescal, marescald, marescalc, marschal (see there for further descendants)
Franco-Provençal: marechâl
Brionnais: marétsau
Fribourgeois: martsô
Italian: maniscalco (possibly mediated through early Gallo-Romance)

From *marh (“horse”) + *skalk (“retainer”). For the semantic development, compare Chinese 司馬 (MC si maeX, literally “master of the horse”).

ltc-l

a groom (attendant who looks after a horse)


sairanassī

sairanassī (nominative singular)
sairanassīn (accusative singular)
sairanassīn (genitive singular)
sairanassīn (dative singular)
sairanassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: sārness

Middle English: sarnesse, sornesse

English: soreness

Scots: sarenes, sairnes

Old Frisian: sērnisse, sērnesse

Old Saxon: *sērenissi, *sērenussi

Middle Low German: sêrenisse, sêrnisse


hlunni

hlunni (nominative singular)
hlunnī (nominative plural)
hlunni (accusative singular)
hlunnī (accusative plural)
hlunnī (genitive singular)
hlunnijō (genitive plural)
hlunnī (dative singular)
hlunnim (dative plural)
hlunnijum (dative plural)
hlunnī (instrumental singular)
hlunnim (instrumental plural)
hlunnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlynn (“torrent”), hlyn

⇒ Old English: hlynrian

⇒ Old English: hlynsian

Old Saxon: *hlunn, *hlunni

⇒ Old Saxon: gihlunn (“din, roar”)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hlunniz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥nów-is ~ *ḱln̥w-éy-s, from *ḱl̥néwti (“to be listening”), related to *hleuþr (“noise”), *hlūd (“loud”).


fiþulā

fiþulā (nominative singular)
fiþulōn (nominative plural)
fiþulōn (accusative singular)
fiþulōn (accusative plural)
fiþulōn (genitive singular)
fiþulōnō (genitive plural)
fiþulōn (dative singular)
fiþulōm (dative plural)
fiþulum (dative plural)
fiþulōn (instrumental singular)
fiþulōm (instrumental plural)
fiþulum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *fiþele
Middle English: fithele, fedele, fedle, fethele, ffythil, ffythele, fieþle, fithel, fiþele, fydell, phetele, phethele, viþele
English: fiddle (dialectal feddle)
→ Swahili: fidla
Scots: fiddle
Yola: videl
→ Irish: fidil
→ Scottish Gaelic: fìdheall

Old Frisian: *fithele, *fidele

Saterland Frisian: Fiedel

West Frisian: fidel, fitel

⇒ West Frisian: fiteltsje

Old Saxon: *fithala

desc

Middle Low German: vedele, vēdele, veddele, viddele, veddel, viddel

German Low German: Fiedel

Plautdietsch: Fiddel

Old Dutch: *fithela

Middle Dutch: vedele, viedele, vedel

archaic <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">veel</i>

Dutch: vedel (archaic veel)

Old High German: fidala, fidula

Middle High German: videle, fidele, fidel

Central Franconian: Fedel, Fiddel

desctree

German: Fiedel
→ Lower Sorbian: fidle
→ Polish: fidel

Rhine Franconian: Fidel

Pennsylvania German: Fiedel

Yiddish: פֿידל (fidl)

→? Late Latin: vitula, vidula (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *fiþulǭ, of uncertain ultimate origin. It is unclear if Late Latin vitula is the origin or a borrowing of the Germanic term.


flagil

flagil (nominative singular)
flagilō (nominative plural)
flagilōs (nominative plural)
flagil (accusative singular)
flagilā (accusative plural)
flagilas (genitive singular)
flagilō (genitive plural)
flagilē (dative singular)
flagilum (dative plural)
flagilu (instrumental singular)
flagilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fliġel
Middle English: fleyl, flaell, flayl, flayle, flayll, fleel, fleȝȝl, fleil, fleyle
English: flail (dialectal frail)
Scots: flail
Yola: vleal

Old Frisian: fleil, flail m; fleile, flaile f

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: flaiel, flailer

Helgoland: Vlaien

Mooring and Sylt:

Mooring: floil

Sylt: Flail

Wiedingharde:

Emsbull: flöiel

Rodenäs: floil, floi

Saterland Frisian: Floaine

West Frisian: fleil, flaaiel

Old Saxon: flegil

Middle Low German: vlegel, plegel

Low German: Flegel

Plautdietsch: Fläajel

→ Danish: plejl

→ North Frisian:

Halligen: fläägel

→ Saterland Frisian: Flägel

Old Dutch: *flegil

Middle Dutch: vlegel, vleil

Dutch: vlegel
Afrikaans: vleël

Limburgish: vlegel

West Flemish: fleil

→ Old Frisian: flēgel

desc

West Frisian: fleagel, flegel (Hindeloopen, Schiermonnikoog)

desctree

Old High German: flegil
Middle High German: vlegel, pflegel
Alemannic German: Pflegel
Alsatian: Flejl
Central Franconian: Fleel, Fliel
Hunsrik: Fleghel
German: Flegel, Pflegel (archaic)
East Franconian: Flechl, Flegl, Fleichl
Luxembourgish: Fléiwel, Fleel, Fléiel
Rhine Franconian: Flejel
Hessian: Fleel, Flechl, Fleschl
Palatine German: Fleel, Flechel, Flejel, Fliel
Vilamovian: fłygel

Origin disputed. Most sources state the term is most likely borrowed from Latin flagellum (“flail, small whip”).
Alternatively, and perhaps less likely, the term is possibly a native formation inherited from Proto-Germanic *flagilaz, from the verb Proto-Germanic *flahaną (“to skin, flay”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂g-, *pleh₂k- (“to beat, strike”), from *pel- (“to beat, push”) + *-ilaz (masculine agent suffix); related to Proto-Germanic *flagǭ (“a blow, strike, hit”), *flōkaną (“to beat, strike”), *flakkōną (“to beat”), and therefore distantly related to English flag, flack. For an example of another term previously considered to be derived from the Latin due to coincidental semblance of form and meaning, see English pluck.


watarweg

watarweg (nominative singular)
watarwegō (nominative plural)
watarwegōs (nominative plural)
watarweg (accusative singular)
watarwegā (accusative plural)
watarwegas (genitive singular)
watarwegō (genitive plural)
watarwegē (dative singular)
watarwegum (dative plural)
watarwegu (instrumental singular)
watarwegum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæterweġ

Middle English: waterwey

English: waterway

Old Frisian: weterwei

Saterland Frisian: Woaterwai

West Frisian: wetterwei

Old Saxon: *watarweg

Middle Low German: waterwech, wāterwech

Low German: Waterweg

→ Danish: vandvej (calque)

→ Swedish: vattenväg (calque)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vannvei (calque)

→? Dutch: waterweg

Afrikaans: waterweg

Old High German: *wazzarweg

Middle High German: wazzerwec

German: Wasserweg


tēgulā

tēgulā (nominative singular)
tēgulōn (nominative plural)
tēgulōn (accusative singular)
tēgulōn (accusative plural)
tēgulōn (genitive singular)
tēgulōnō (genitive plural)
tēgulōn (dative singular)
tēgulōm (dative plural)
tēgulum (dative plural)
tēgulōn (instrumental singular)
tēgulōm (instrumental plural)
tēgulum (instrumental plural)

Readjustment under the influence of Latin tēgula.

Alternative form of *tigulā (“tile, brick”)


frijōdil

frijōdil (nominative singular)
frijōdilō (nominative plural)
frijōdilōs (nominative plural)
frijōdil (accusative singular)
frijōdilā (accusative plural)
frijōdilas (genitive singular)
frijōdilō (genitive plural)
frijōdilē (dative singular)
frijōdilum (dative plural)
frijōdilu (instrumental singular)
frijōdilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: friūdel, friūdelf, frūdelf

desctree

Old Saxon: friuthil
Middle Low German: vrîdel, vrēdel, vridel

Old Dutch: *friuthil, *frūthil

Middle Dutch: vriedel

⇒ Old Dutch: frūthilo

Old High German: friudil

Middle High German: vriedel (merged with descendant of fridil)

Middle High German: Friedel


habrō

habrō (nominative singular)
habran (nominative plural)
habran (accusative singular)
habran (accusative plural)
habrini (genitive singular)
habran (genitive singular)
habranō (genitive plural)
habrini (dative singular)
habran (dative singular)
habrum (dative plural)
habrini (instrumental singular)
habran (instrumental singular)
habrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hæfera

Old Frisian: *havera; *haver, *hever

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: heewer

Helgoland: Heewer

Mooring: hääwer

Wiedingharde: hääwer

East Frisian:

Harlingerland Frisian: heffer

Saterland Frisian: Hoawer, Heeuwer

Wangerooge Frisian: hüvvër, hǘvër

West Frisian: hjouwer

Schiermonnikoog: jeeuwer, jeeuwre

Old Saxon: habaro, havaro

Middle Low German: hāvere, hāver

German Low German: Haver, Hafer, Hawer

→ German: Hafer

Plautdietsch: Howa

Old Dutch: *havaro

Middle Dutch: havere

Dutch: haver
Afrikaans: hawer
Jersey Dutch: hâver
→⇒ English: haversack
→ Papiamentu: haver
→ West Frisian: haver (dialectal)

Old High German: habaro
Middle High German: habere, haber
Cimbrian: habarn pl
German: Haber
Luxembourgish: Huewer
Yiddish: האָבער (hober)


kirnijā

kirnijā (nominative singular)
kirnijōn (nominative plural)
kirnijōn (accusative singular)
kirnijōn (accusative plural)
kirnijōn (genitive singular)
kirnijōnō (genitive plural)
kirnijōn (dative singular)
kirnijōm (dative plural)
kirnijum (dative plural)
kirnijōn (instrumental singular)
kirnijōm (instrumental plural)
kirnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċirin, ċyrin

Middle English: chyrne, cherine, cherne, cheyrne, chirne, kirne, kyrn, kyrne
English: churn, kern
Scots: kirn, kern, kurn, curn

Old Frisian: *tzerne

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: saaren

Halligen: seern

Karrharde: scharn

Mooring: scharn

Wiedingharde: scharn

East Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Säddene

Wangerooge Frisian: sjënn

West Frisian: tsjerne

Hindeloopen: serne

Schiermonnikoog: tjen

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: kerne, kirne, karne

Low German: Karne

→ German: Karn, Kirne, Kerne

→ Latvian: ķērne

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: kerne, keerne

Dutch: karn

Afrikaans: karring

→ Walloon: serene

From Proto-Germanic *kirnijǭ (“a churn”).


baitil

baitil (nominative singular)
baitilō (nominative plural)
baitilōs (nominative plural)
baitil (accusative singular)
baitilā (accusative plural)
baitilas (genitive singular)
baitilō (genitive plural)
baitilē (dative singular)
baitilum (dative plural)
baitilu (instrumental singular)
baitilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bētel

Saterland Frisian: Betel

West Frisian: beitel

Old Saxon: *bētil

Middle Low German: bêtel, beitel

German Low German: Beitel

Old Dutch: *bētil

Middle Dutch: betel, beitel

Dutch: beitel

Old High German: *beizil

Middle High German: beizel

German: Beißel

From Proto-Germanic *baitilaz, equivalent to *baitan + *-il.


trappā

trappā (nominative singular)
trappōn (nominative plural)
trappōn (accusative singular)
trappōn (accusative plural)
trappōn (genitive singular)
trappōnō (genitive plural)
trappōn (dative singular)
trappōm (dative plural)
trappum (dative plural)
trappōn (instrumental singular)
trappōm (instrumental plural)
trappum (instrumental plural)

desc

>? Old English: træppe, treppe (“trap, snare”)

Middle English: trappe
English: trap

Old Frisian: trappe

Saterland Frisian: trappe

West Frisian: trep, treppe

Old Saxon: *trappa

Middle Low German: trappe, treppe

German Low German: Trappe, Trapp

→ Estonian: trepp

→ Danish: trappe

→ Faroese: trappa

→ Icelandic: trappa

→ Norwegian: tropp

→ Old Swedish: trapa, trappa

desctree

Swedish: trappa
→ Finnish: rappu
→ Ingrian: trappu (from earlier trappu)

Old Dutch: *trappa

Middle Dutch: trap, trappe

Dutch: trap
Afrikaans: trap
Berbice Creole Dutch: trapu
Jersey Dutch: trāp
Negerhollands: trap
→ Indonesian: terap
→ Japanese: タラップ (tarappu)
→ Lokono: taráfo
→ Russian: трап (trap)
→ Sranan Tongo: trapu, trappo
→ Aukan: taapu
→ Kari'na: tarapu
→ Warao: tarabha, taraja

Old High German: trappa

Middle High German: treppe, trappe

Alemannic German: Treppe

Swabian: Treppa

German: Treppe

desc

→ Medieval Latin: trappa, trapa (“trap, pit”) [1080] (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *drem- (“to run”).


bautō

bautō (nominative singular)
bautan (nominative plural)
bautan (accusative singular)
bautan (accusative plural)
bautini (genitive singular)
bautan (genitive singular)
bautanō (genitive plural)
bautini (dative singular)
bautan (dative singular)
bautum (dative plural)
bautini (instrumental singular)
bautan (instrumental singular)
bautum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bōto

Middle Low German: bôte

⇒ Middle Low German: bö̂teken, bö̂tken

Old High German: bōzo

Middle High German: bōze

German: Bosse

→ Old French: boton, bouton

Middle French: boton, bouton

French: bouton

→ Romanian: buton

→ Italian: bottone

→ Spanish: botón

→ Portuguese: botão

→ Middle English: botoun

English: button

Scots: button

that which pushes up or is raised; bump, knob


kūsiju

kūsiju (nominative singular)
kūsijō (nominative plural)
kūsijā (accusative singular)
kūsijā (accusative plural)
kūsijā (genitive singular)
kūsijō (genitive plural)
kūsijē (dative singular)
kūsijōm (dative plural)
kūsijum (dative plural)
kūsiju (instrumental singular)
kūsijōm (instrumental plural)
kūsijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kēse

West Frisian: kies

→ Middle Dutch: kiese

Dutch: kies
→ Papiamentu: kis, kies

Old Saxon: *kūsa

Middle Low German: kûse

Low German: kuze, kuus


hringijā

hringijā (nominative singular)
hringijōn (nominative plural)
hringijōn (accusative singular)
hringijōn (accusative plural)
hringijōn (genitive singular)
hringijōnō (genitive plural)
hringijōn (dative singular)
hringijōm (dative plural)
hringijum (dative plural)
hringijōn (instrumental singular)
hringijōm (instrumental plural)
hringijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hrinġe
Middle English: ring, rynge, renge (merged with descendant of hring)
English: ring
Scots: ring

Old Saxon: hringa

Middle Low German: rinke

Old High German: ringa

Middle High German: ringge, rinke

German: Rinke


bikārī

bikārī (nominative singular)
bikārijō (nominative plural)
bikārijōs (nominative plural)
bikārī (accusative singular)
bikārijā (accusative plural)
bikārijas (genitive singular)
bikārijō (genitive plural)
bikārijē (dative singular)
bikārijum (dative plural)
bikāriju (instrumental singular)
bikārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *biker

Middle English: biker, byker, bekyr (or borrowed from Old Norse)

English: beaker

Scots: bicker

Old Frisian: *biker, *beker

Saterland Frisian: Bieker

North Frisian: baager

West Frisian: beker

Old Saxon: bikeri, *bekari

Middle Low German: bēker

→ Old Norse: bikarr
Icelandic: bikar
Faroese: bikar
Norwegian Nynorsk: bikar, bekar; (dialectal) bekare
Old Swedish: bikare
Swedish: bägare
→ Finnish: pikari
→ Ingrian: pikkaari
→ Karelian: pikari
→ Votic: pikari
Danish: bæger
Norwegian Bokmål: beger
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: beger
→ North Frisian: baager
→ Middle English: biker, beker (partially from Middle Dutch)
English: beaker
Scots: bikker, bicker

Old Dutch: *becari

Middle Dutch: bēker

Dutch: beker
Afrikaans: beker
Negerhollands: beeker
→ Indonesian: beker
→ Papiamentu: beker
→ Sranan Tongo: beiker
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèker

→ Middle English: beker, biker (partially from Old Norse)

English: beaker

Scots: bikker, bicker

desc

Old High German: behhari, pehhari, behhar

Middle High German: becher, bechāre, pechāre

desctree

German: Becher
→ French: bécher
→ Italian: becher

Luxembourgish: Becher

Mòcheno: bikera

→ Lower Sorbian: bjachaŕ

→ Upper Sorbian: bjechaŕ

Yiddish: בעכער (bekher)

→ Bulgarian: пахар (pahar)

→ Hungarian: pohár
→ Polish: puchar
→ Romanian: pahar
→ Slovak: pohár
→ Czech: pohár

→ Macedonian: пехар (pehar)

→ Russian: пахирь (paxirʹ)

→ Serbo-Croatian: pehar
→ Albanian: pehar

Borrowed from Late Latin bīcārium (“drinking glass”).


diupī

diupī (nominative singular)
diupīn (accusative singular)
diupīn (genitive singular)
diupīn (dative singular)
diupīn (instrumental singular)

Old Dutch: diupi

Old Saxon: diupi

Middle Low German: dēpe

Old High German: tiufī, tiufe, tiufīn
Middle High German: tiufe, tiefe
Alemannic German: Tüüfi, Tieffi
German: Tiefe (obsolete Teufe)
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Dief, Tief
Vilamovian: tif

From Proto-Germanic *diupį̄ (“depth”). Equivalent to *deup (“deep”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


fullī

fullī (nominative singular)
fullīn (accusative singular)
fullīn (genitive singular)
fullīn (dative singular)
fullīn (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old English: fyllu, fyll, fyllo
Middle English: fille, fell, felle, fil, fill, fyll, fylle; fulle, ffolle, folle, ful, volle, vulle
English: fill; full
Scots: full, fou
Yola: vill

Old Saxon: *fulli

Middle Low German: vulle, vülle

German Low German: Füll

Old High German: fullī, follī, vollī — by analogy with foll
Middle High German: vülle, völle
Alemannic German: Fülli, Völli
German: Fülle, Völle

From Proto-Germanic *fullį̄ (“fullness”). Equivalent to *full (“full”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


halhuk

halhuk (nominative singular)
halhukō (nominative plural)
halhukōs (nominative plural)
halhuk (accusative singular)
halhukā (accusative plural)
halhukas (genitive singular)
halhukō (genitive plural)
halhukē (dative singular)
halhukum (dative plural)
halhuku (instrumental singular)
halhukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: healoc
Middle English: halk, halke

Old Saxon: *halhuk, *halahuk

Middle Low German: hallik


slaut

slaut (nominative singular)
slautō (nominative plural)
slautōs (nominative plural)
slaut (accusative singular)
slautā (accusative plural)
slautas (genitive singular)
slautō (genitive plural)
slautē (dative singular)
slautum (dative plural)
slautu (instrumental singular)
slautum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: slāt

North Frisian:

Sylt: Sluat

Saterland Frisian: Sloot

West Frisian: sleat

→ Dutch: slat (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *slōt

Middle Dutch: slôot, slôte

Dutch: sloot
Afrikaans: sloot
→ English: sloot

Old Saxon: *slōt

Middle Low German: slôt

German Low German: Sloot

Westphalian: Sluat

Uncertain; possibly related to *sleutan (“to lock, close”), compare symantics of *pundu (“enclosure (for animals, water); lock”), whence English pond. Alternately, related to *slautijā (“hail”).


slautijā

slautijā (nominative singular)
slautijōn (nominative plural)
slautijōn (accusative singular)
slautijōn (accusative plural)
slautijōn (genitive singular)
slautijōnō (genitive plural)
slautijōn (dative singular)
slautijōm (dative plural)
slautijum (dative plural)
slautijōn (instrumental singular)
slautijōm (instrumental plural)
slautijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *slīete, *slēte

Middle English: slete, sleet, slet, sleth, slethe
English: sleet

Old Saxon: *slōtia

Middle Low German: slö̂te

German Low German: Slöten, Sloot

Old High German: *slōza

q

Middle High German: slôz m, slôze f (either from a byform *slautā or a back-formation from plural *slœzzen)

Alemannic German:

Alsatian: Schloss

Central Franconian: Schluß

Hunsrik: Schlos

Transylvanian Saxon: Schloße

East Central German: Schlooßen

German: Schloße, Schloßen (dialectal)

Luxembourgish: Schlouss

Rhine Franconian: Schloß

desc

Palatine German: Schloß, Schloße, Schlouße

Pennsylvania German: Schlooss

From Proto-Germanic *slautijǭ (compare Gutnish sloyta) of unclear origin, but probably related to *slaut.


sandastain

sandastain (nominative singular)
sandastainō (nominative plural)
sandastainōs (nominative plural)
sandastain (accusative singular)
sandastainā (accusative plural)
sandastainas (genitive singular)
sandastainō (genitive plural)
sandastainē (dative singular)
sandastainum (dative plural)
sandastainu (instrumental singular)
sandastainum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *sandstān
Middle English: *sandstan, sandston
English: sandstone
Scots: sandstane

Old Frisian: *sandstēn, *sondstēn

North Frisian:

Amrum: Sunstian

Saterland Frisian: Soundsteen

West Frisian: sânstien

Old Saxon: *sandstēn

Middle Low German: sandstên, sandstein

German Low German: Sandsteen

→ Danish: sandsten (calque)

→ Swedish: sandsten (calque)

→ Norwegian: sandsten (calque)

→ Icelandic: sandsteinn (calque)

Old Dutch: *sandstēn

Middle Dutch: santsteen

Dutch: zandsteen
Afrikaans: sandsteen

Limburgish: zandjsjtein

Old High German: santstein

Middle High German: *santstein

Bavarian: Sandstoa

German: Sandstein

Luxembourgish: Sandsteen


þebu

þebu (nominative singular)
þebō (nominative plural)
þebā (accusative singular)
þebā (accusative plural)
þebā (genitive singular)
þebō (genitive plural)
þebē (dative singular)
þebōm (dative plural)
þebum (dative plural)
þebu (instrumental singular)
þebōm (instrumental plural)
þebum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *þeofu

Middle English: theve, theyve
English: theave, thaive, thave

Old Frisian: *theve

North Frisian:

Amrum: seew

Föhr: teew

Sylt: Teew

⇒ Old Frisian: *thevek

North Frisian:

Amrum: seefk

Föhr: teefk

⇒ West Frisian: touke

Unknown; compare *þebōn (“to be heated”), but the semantic gap is hard to bridge.


frafalihaidu

frafalihaidu (nominative singular)
frafalihaidiwi (nominative plural)
frafalihaidō (nominative plural)
frafalihaidu (accusative singular)
frafalihaidū (accusative plural)
frafalihaidō (genitive singular)
frafalihaidiwō (genitive plural)
frafalihaidiwi (dative singular)
frafalihaidō (dative singular)
frafalihaidum (dative plural)
frafalihaidu (instrumental singular)
frafalihaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frevelhēd

Old Saxon: *fravalhēd

desc

Middle Low German: vrêvelhêt, vrevelheit, wrevelhêt

German Low German: Frevelheid

Old Dutch: *fravalheid, *fravalheit

Middle Dutch: vrēvelheit, verēvelheit

Dutch: wrevelheid

Old High German: *fravalheit

Middle High German: vrevelheit, vrävelheit, vreveleheit, vravelkeit, vrevelicheit, frefelheit, fräfelheit, frefeleheit, frafelkeit

German: Frevelheit

From *frafal(i) (“impudent, bold”) + *-haidu.


frafalu

frafalu (nominative singular)
frafaliwi (nominative plural)
frafalō (nominative plural)
frafalu (accusative singular)
frafalū (accusative plural)
frafalō (genitive singular)
frafaliwō (genitive plural)
frafaliwi (dative singular)
frafalō (dative singular)
frafalum (dative plural)
frafalu (instrumental singular)
frafalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fræfel, frefel n

Old Saxon: *fraval

Middle Low German: vrêvel, vrevel, frêvel, vrêvele, wrevel

German Low German: Frevel

→ Saterland Frisian: Wríeuwel

gl

Old Dutch: fravali (attested in Latin texts as faravalium, farfalium, farfalius)

Middle Dutch: vrēvel, wrevel

Dutch: wrevel

→ West Frisian: wrevel

desc

Old High German: frefil, frevil m; frafalī, frafalīn, frafilī f

Middle High German: vrevel, frefel m; vrevele f

German: Frevel m

From *frafal(i) (“wanton, wicked”) + *-u.


nīþ

nīþ (nominative singular)
nīþu (nominative plural)
nīþ (accusative singular)
nīþu (accusative plural)
nīþas (genitive singular)
nīþō (genitive plural)
nīþē (dative singular)
nīþum (dative plural)
nīþu (instrumental singular)
nīþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nīþ, nīð
Middle English: nith, nithe, niþ, nuþ, nyth, nyþe, nið, nuð (Early Middle English)

Old Frisian: nīth, nīd

Saterland Frisian: Nied

West Frisian: niid

Old Saxon: nīth
Middle Low German: nît
German Low German: Nied

Old Dutch: nīth

Middle Dutch: nijt

Dutch: nijd
Afrikaans: nyd
Negerhollands: neid

Old High German: nīd
Middle High German: nīt
German: Neid
Luxembourgish: Näid


mattjō

mattjō (nominative singular)
mattjan (nominative plural)
mattjan (accusative singular)
mattjan (accusative plural)
mattjini (genitive singular)
mattjan (genitive singular)
mattjanō (genitive plural)
mattjini (dative singular)
mattjan (dative singular)
mattjum (dative plural)
mattjini (instrumental singular)
mattjan (instrumental singular)
mattjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: mezzo

⇒ Old High German: steinmezzo

Middle High German: steinmetze

German: Steinmetz

→ Vulgar Latin: *mattiō, *matiō

Medieval Latin: maciō

desc

Old French: maçon, macon (manuscript form) (see there for further descendants)

→? Medieval Latin: matia (see there for further descendants)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *matjô, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *met- (“to cut”). Cognate with Sanskrit मत्य (matyà, “harrow, roller, club”), Proto-Slavic *motyka (“hoe”), Lithuanian matikkas (“mattock”), Latin mateola (“mallet”).

cog

someone who cuts, stonecutter, butcher, etc.


anafangi

anafangi (nominative singular)
anafangī (nominative plural)
anafangi (accusative singular)
anafangī (accusative plural)
anafangī (genitive singular)
anafangijō (genitive plural)
anafangī (dative singular)
anafangim (dative plural)
anafangijum (dative plural)
anafangī (instrumental singular)
anafangim (instrumental plural)
anafangijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: onfenġ

Old Frisian: anfeng, onefeng

>? West Frisian: oanfang

Old Dutch: *anafang

Middle Dutch: aenvanc

Dutch: aanvang

Limburgish: aanvank

desctree

Old Saxon: anafang
Middle Low German: anevanc, anvanc
German Low German: Anfang
Plautdietsch: Aunfang

Old High German: anafang, anafanc, anefang, anavanch, anavang
Middle High German: anevanc, anvanc
Alemannic German: Afang
Central Franconian: Afank
German: Anfang, Anf. (abbreviation)
→ Finnish: anfangi
→ Hunsrik: aanfank
→ Silesian: anfang
→ Swedish: anfang
Luxembourgish: Ufank
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Aafang
Pennsylvania German: Aafang

From *ana- + *fangi. Old Norse áfang n is either a parallel formation or a loan or cognate with a change in gender.


jungiling

jungiling (nominative singular)
jungilingō (nominative plural)
jungilingōs (nominative plural)
jungiling (accusative singular)
jungilingā (accusative plural)
jungilingas (genitive singular)
jungilingō (genitive plural)
jungilingē (dative singular)
jungilingum (dative plural)
jungilingu (instrumental singular)
jungilingum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeongling
Middle English: ȝongling, ȝongeling, ȝungling
English: youngling
Scots: younklin

Old Frisian: iungeling, jungeling

Old Saxon: jungling

Middle Low German: jüngelink

Old Dutch: *jungeling, iungelig

Middle Dutch: jongelinc, jonghelinc

Dutch: jongeling

Afrikaans: jongeling

desc

Old High German: jungiling, jungaling, jungeling

Middle High German: jungelinc

German: Jüngling

From Proto-Germanic *jungilingaz. Equivalent to *jung (“young”) + *-ling.


haiþinnassī

haiþinnassī (nominative singular)
haiþinnassīn (accusative singular)
haiþinnassīn (genitive singular)
haiþinnassīn (dative singular)
haiþinnassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: hǣþennes

desctree

Middle English: hethenesse
English: heathenesse

desc

Old Saxon: hēthinissa, hēthinussia, hēthinussi

Middle Low German: heidenisse

Old Dutch: hēthinnussi, hethinissa, heithinissa

Middle Dutch: heidinesse, heidinisse, heidenesse, hedenesse

Old High German: heidannissa


petarsilljā

petarsilljā (nominative singular)
petarsilljōn (nominative plural)
petarsilljōn (accusative singular)
petarsilljōn (accusative plural)
petarsilljōn (genitive singular)
petarsilljōnō (genitive plural)
petarsilljōn (dative singular)
petarsilljōm (dative plural)
petarsilljum (dative plural)
petarsilljōn (instrumental singular)
petarsilljōm (instrumental plural)
petarsilljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: petersiliġe
Middle English: watersilie, wætersylie (mistaking p for ƿ (=w))

Old Frisian: *petersilie

desc

West Frisian: peterseelje, piterseelje, pattersylje

Old Saxon: *petarsella, *petarsilia

Middle Low German: persele, pētersilie, peetersilie, pētersillye, pēterselie, pētersilge, pētersillige

German Low German: Petersilie, Petersielje, Petersillje

→ Danish: persille

→ Norwegian: persille

→ Old Swedish: petersilia, pädersilia

Swedish: persilja

→ Finnish: persilja

Old Dutch: *petarsella, *petarsilia

Middle Dutch: petercelle, peterselie, petersilie

Dutch: peterselie

Limburgish: pitterseelje

q

influenced by Old High German petersil <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>

Old High German: federskella, federscella, *pfedrasilia, *petarsilia (influenced by Old High German petersil m)

desc

Middle High German: pētersilje, pētersilie, pfitersele, federscella

German: Petersilie

desctree

→ Czech: petržel
→ Polish: pietruszka
→ Belarusian: пятру́шка (pjatrúška)
→ Russian: петру́шка (petrúška)
→ Ingrian: petruška
→ Ukrainian: петру́шка (petrúška)
→ Yiddish: פּיעטרושקע (pyetrushke), פּעטרושקע (petrushke), פּעטרעשקע (petreshke), פּעטרישקע (petrishke)

From *petarsili + *-jā, from Vulgar Latin *petrosilium, from Latin petroselīnum (“rock parsley”).

pēterlīn

Old High German: peterlīn, petarlīn; Middle High German


kamisi

kamisi (nominative singular)
kamisī (nominative plural)
kamisi (accusative singular)
kamisī (accusative plural)
kamisī (genitive singular)
kamissjō (genitive plural)
kamisī (dative singular)
kamisim (dative plural)
kamissjum (dative plural)
kamisī (instrumental singular)
kamisim (instrumental plural)
kamissjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cemes
Middle English: kemes, kemese, kemse

Old High German: kemis

Reborrowed from Medieval Latin camīsia, from Proto-West Germanic doublet *hamiþi (“shirt”).


bordō

bordō (nominative singular)
bordan (nominative plural)
bordan (accusative singular)
bordan (accusative plural)
burdini (genitive singular)
bordan (genitive singular)
bordanō (genitive plural)
burdini (dative singular)
bordan (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)
burdini (instrumental singular)
bordan (instrumental singular)
bordum (instrumental plural)

Old English: borda

Middle English: borde

Scots: burde, buird

Old Frisian: *borda

Saterland Frisian: Boude f

West Frisian: buorde

Old Saxon: *bordo

Middle Low German: borde, bōrde

German Low German: Boorde

Old Dutch: *bordo

Middle Dutch: borde, boerde f

Dutch: boord

Old High German: borto
Middle High German: borte m or f
German: Borte

Old French: borde, bourde f

Middle French: borde

French: borde


faraweg

faraweg (nominative singular)
farawegō (nominative plural)
farawegōs (nominative plural)
faraweg (accusative singular)
farawegā (accusative plural)
farawegas (genitive singular)
farawegō (genitive plural)
farawegē (dative singular)
farawegum (dative plural)
farawegu (instrumental singular)
farawegum (instrumental plural)

Old English: færweġ, *fareweġ
Middle English: farewaye, fairway, fare-waye
English: fareway

Old Frisian: *farewei, *ferewei

West Frisian: farwei

Old Saxon: *farweg, *faraweg

desc

Middle Low German: varewech, vaerwech, vārwech

Old Dutch: *farweg, *faraweg

Middle Dutch: vaerwech

Dutch: vaarweg

Old High German: *farweg, *faraweg

Middle High German: farwec, varwec

German: Fahrweg

From *far or *faru (“journey”) + *weg (“way”).


sikilu

sikilu (nominative singular)
sikilō (nominative plural)
sikilā (accusative singular)
sikilā (accusative plural)
sikilā (genitive singular)
sikilō (genitive plural)
sikilē (dative singular)
sikilōm (dative plural)
sikilum (dative plural)
sikilu (instrumental singular)
sikilōm (instrumental plural)
sikilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sicol m, sicul, siċel, siocol — Kentish
Middle English: sikel, sekell, sikil, sykel
English: sickle
Scots: sikil, sicle, sickle

Old Frisian: *sikel, *sitsel

West Frisian: sytsel, sisel, sizel

Old Saxon: *sikila

Middle Low German: sēkele, sēkel, seckele
German Low German: Seckel
Plautdietsch: Säakjel
→ Danish: segl

Old Dutch: *sikila

Middle Dutch: sickele, sēkele, sikle

Dutch: sikkel
Afrikaans: sekel
→ Sotho: sekele
→ Tswana: sekele
→ Xhosa: sekile
→ Zulu: sikela (or English)
→ French: skèye, skêye (dialectal)

Old High German: sihhila
Middle High German: sichel
German: Sichel
→ Dutch: zichel
Luxembourgish: Séchel
Vilamovian: sychuł

Borrowed from Latin secula (“sickle”), readjusted by instrumental suffix *-ilu (compare *skutilu), and perhaps also influenced by Latin sīcīlis (“sickle”). Thought to be related to *sigiþī (“sickle”).


grōm

grōm (nominative singular)
grōmu (nominative plural)
grōm (accusative singular)
grōmu (accusative plural)
grōmas (genitive singular)
grōmō (genitive plural)
grōmē (dative singular)
grōmum (dative plural)
grōmu (instrumental singular)
grōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *grōm

⇒ Old English: *grōma

Old Frisian: *grōm

West Frisian: grom, gram, grim

Old Saxon: *grōm

Middle Low German: grôm, grom, grum

Old Dutch: *grōm

Middle Dutch: grom

Dutch: grom

From Proto-Germanic *grōaną (“to grow”).


spīsā

spīsā (nominative singular)
spīsōn (nominative plural)
spīsōn (accusative singular)
spīsōn (accusative plural)
spīsōn (genitive singular)
spīsōnō (genitive plural)
spīsōn (dative singular)
spīsōm (dative plural)
spīsum (dative plural)
spīsōn (instrumental singular)
spīsōm (instrumental plural)
spīsum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: spīse

Old Saxon: spīsa

Middle Low German: spise

→ Danish: spise

→ Norwegian Bokmål: spise

→ Swedish: spisa

Old Dutch: spīsa

Middle Dutch: spise

Dutch: spijs

Old High German: spisa

Middle High German: spise

German: Speise

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin spēsa, from Late Latin expēnsa (“expense”), from Latin expēnsus.


kikerā

kikerā (nominative singular)
kikerōn (nominative plural)
kikerōn (accusative singular)
kikerōn (accusative plural)
kikerōn (genitive singular)
kikerōnō (genitive plural)
kikerōn (dative singular)
kikerōm (dative plural)
kikerum (dative plural)
kikerōn (instrumental singular)
kikerōm (instrumental plural)
kikerum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kekera

Middle Low German: kēkere, kechere

German Low German: Kicker

Old Dutch: *kikera

Middle Dutch: kēker

Dutch: keker

Old High German: kihhira
Middle High German: kicher
German: Kicher

Borrowed from Latin cicera, cicer (“chickpea”).


kikerarwīt

kikerarwīt (nominative singular)
kikerarwīti (nominative plural)
kikerarwītu (accusative singular)
kikerarwīti (accusative plural)
kikerarwīti (genitive singular)
kikerarwītō (genitive plural)
kikerarwīti (dative singular)
kikerarwītum (dative plural)
kikerarwīti (instrumental singular)
kikerarwītum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kikereriwit

Middle Low German: kichererwete

→ Danish: kikært (calque)

→ Swedish: kikärt (calque)

→ Finnish: kikherne (calque)

Old Dutch: *kikererewit

Middle Dutch: kēkererwete

Dutch: kikkererwt

Old High German: *kihhirarawīz

Middle High German: *kichererbeiz

German: Kichererbse

From *kikerā (“chickpea”) + *arwīt (“pea”).


klokkā

klokkā (nominative singular)
klokkōn (nominative plural)
klokkōn (accusative singular)
klokkōn (accusative plural)
klokkōn (genitive singular)
klokkōnō (genitive plural)
klokkōn (dative singular)
klokkōm (dative plural)
klokkum (dative plural)
klokkōn (instrumental singular)
klokkōm (instrumental plural)
klokkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clucge, clugge, clucgge

Old Frisian: klokke

Saterland Frisian: Klokke

Old Saxon: *klokka

Middle Low German: klocke

⇒ Old Norse: klokka
Icelandic: klukka f
Faroese: klokka f
Norwegian Nynorsk: klokke f
Russenorsk: Klokka, klok
Scanian: klákka f
Swedish: klocka c
Danish: klokke c
Norwegian Bokmål: klokke m or f

Old Dutch: *klokka

Middle Dutch: clocke
Dutch: klok
Afrikaans: klok
Berbice Creole Dutch: klok
Jersey Dutch: klök
Negerhollands: klok, klock
→ Papiamentu: klòk, klok
→ West Frisian: klok
Limburgish: klók
→ Middle English: clokke, clok, cloke, clocke
English: clock
Scots: clock

Old High German: klocca, glocca
Middle High German: glocke, glogge
Alemannic German: Glogg
German: Glocke
Luxembourgish: Klack
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Glock
Vilamovian: głok
Yiddish: גלאָק (glok)

Borrowed from Early Medieval Latin clocca (“bell”).


kustārī

kostārī (nominative singular)
kostārijō (nominative plural)
kostārijōs (nominative plural)
kostārī (accusative singular)
kostārijā (accusative plural)
kostārijas (genitive singular)
kostārijō (genitive plural)
kostārijē (dative singular)
kostārijum (dative plural)
kostāriju (instrumental singular)
kostārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kuster

Old Saxon: kostarāri, *kustāri

desc

Middle Low German: köstere, köster, küstere, küster

German Low German: Köster

Old Dutch: *kustarāri, *kustāri

Middle Dutch: custenaer, gusterer, küstrer, küstner, costere, coster, custer (reinforced by Old French costre)

Dutch: koster

Old High German: kustor, kuster

Middle High German: kuster, küster, kustor, koster

German: Küster

Borrowed from Late Latin custor + *-ārī and Medieval Latin costurārius.


papulā

papulā (nominative singular)
papulōn (nominative plural)
papulōn (accusative singular)
papulōn (accusative plural)
papulōn (genitive singular)
papulōnō (genitive plural)
papulōn (dative singular)
papulōm (dative plural)
papulum (dative plural)
papulōn (instrumental singular)
papulōm (instrumental plural)
papulum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: papula

Middle Low German: poppele, popele, pöppele

German Low German: Pappel, Pöppel

→ Danish: poppel

→ Norwegian: poppel

Old Dutch: *papula

Middle Dutch: pappel

q

Dutch: peppel (largely displaced by populier from Old French)

Old High German: papela, pappula

Middle High German: papele, papel

German: Pappel

Borrowed from Medieval Latin papulus, from Latin pōpulus (“poplar tree”).

Pappelbaum

Middle High German: papelboum, papeleboum


skōlu

skōlu (nominative singular)
skōlō (nominative plural)
skōlā (accusative singular)
skōlā (accusative plural)
skōlā (genitive singular)
skōlō (genitive plural)
skōlē (dative singular)
skōlōm (dative plural)
skōlum (dative plural)
skōlu (instrumental singular)
skōlōm (instrumental plural)
skōlum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: scōl
Middle English: scole
English: school (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: skuil, skeul
Scots: schuil, skuil

Old Frisian: skūle

Saterland Frisian: Skoule

West Frisian: skoalle

Old Saxon: *skōla

Middle Low German: schôle

Dutch Low Saxon: skole

German Low German: School

Plautdietsch: School

→ Estonian: kool

→ Finnish: koulu

→ Old Norse: skóli

Icelandic: skóli

Faroese: skúli

Elfdalian: skaule

Danish: skole

Norwegian: skole

Swedish: skola (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: *skuola

Middle Dutch: schôle
Dutch: school
Afrikaans: skool (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: skul, sulu
Negerhollands: skoel, skool
Petjo: skola, sekola
→ Aukan: sikoo
→? Caribbean Hindustani: skul
→ Kwinti: skoro, skoo
→ Lokono: sulu
→ Papiamentu: skol, skool
→ Saramaccan: sikoò
→ Sranan Tongo: skoro
→ Dutch: skorro
→ Wayana: sikoro
→ Trió: sikora
Limburgish: sjoel, sjoeal
West Flemish: schole
Zealandic: schole

Old High German: scuola
Middle High German: schuole
Alemannic German: Schuel, Schuäl, Schuël
Italian Walser: schiöl, schul, schuel, schuol, schööl
Swabian: Schual
Bavarian: schual, Schui
Cimbrian: schual
Mòcheno: schual
Central Franconian: Schull, Schol (southernmost Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Schul, xuul
German: Schule
→ Lower Sorbian: šula
→ Silesian: szula
→ Slovene: šola
→ Swahili: shule
→ Yiddish: שולע (shule)
Luxembourgish: Schoul, Schull (dialectal)
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Schul
Yiddish: שול (shul)
→ English: shul
→ Spanish: shul
→ Latvian: skola
→ Old Polish: szkoła (see there for further descendants)


pīnabaum

pīnabaum (nominative singular)
pīnabaumō (nominative plural)
pīnabaumōs (nominative plural)
pīnabaum (accusative singular)
pīnabaumā (accusative plural)
pīnabaumas (genitive singular)
pīnabaumō (genitive plural)
pīnabaumē (dative singular)
pīnabaumum (dative plural)
pīnabaumu (instrumental singular)
pīnabaumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pīnbēam

⇒ Old English: pīntrēow
Middle English: pynetre, pyne tree
English: pine tree

Old Dutch: *pīnbōm

Middle Dutch: pijnboom

Dutch: pijnboom

Old High German: pīnboum

Middle High German: pinboum

German: Pinbaum (archaic)


cibollā

cibollā (nominative singular)
cibollōn (nominative plural)
cibollōn (accusative singular)
cibollōn (accusative plural)
cibollōn (genitive singular)
cibollōnō (genitive plural)
cibollōn (dative singular)
cibollōm (dative plural)
cibollum (dative plural)
cibollōn (instrumental singular)
cibollōm (instrumental plural)
cibollum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *tsipel, *sipel

West Frisian: sipel

Old Saxon: *zibolla, *zipolla

desc

Middle Low German: zwīvel, zwīwel, zwībel, sipolle, tzipolle, cipolla

German Low German: Zipolle, (Altmärkisch) Zippoll, (Dortmundisch) Ziepel, (East Westphalian, Sauerländisch) Süipel, (Sauerländisch) Seypel, Zeypel, Züpel, (Westmünsterländisch) Siepel

→ Saterland Frisian: Siepel

→ Old Swedish: sipul

→ Estonian: sibul

→ Finnish: sipuli

→ Votic: sipuli

Old Dutch: *cibolla, *cipolla

Middle Dutch: chibole, sipolle, tzipolle

Dutch: siepel

→ Latvian: sīpols

desctree

Old High German: zwibollo
Middle High German: zwibolle, zibolle
Central Franconian: Zwiewel
Hunsrik: Zwiwel
Transylvanian Saxon: Zpibel
German: Zwiebel
Luxembourgish: Zwiwwel
Vilamovian: cwypuł
Yiddish: ציבעלע (tsibele)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin cibolla, cipolla, from Late Latin cēpulla (“small onion”).


pīnā

pīnā (nominative singular)
pīnōn (nominative plural)
pīnōn (accusative singular)
pīnōn (accusative plural)
pīnōn (genitive singular)
pīnōnō (genitive plural)
pīnōn (dative singular)
pīnōm (dative plural)
pīnum (dative plural)
pīnōn (instrumental singular)
pīnōm (instrumental plural)
pīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *pīne

Middle English: pyne, pine

English: pine

Old Dutch: *pīna

Middle Dutch: pijn

Dutch: pijn

Old High German: pīna

Borrowed from Latin pīnus (“pine tree”).


pīnā

Old Frisian: pīne

Saterland Frisian: Piene

West Frisian: pine

Old Saxon: pīna

Middle Low German: pīne, pīn

Old Dutch: *pīna

Middle Dutch: pine

Dutch: pijn
Afrikaans: pyn
Berbice Creole Dutch: pin
Jersey Dutch: pāin
Negerhollands: pien, pin
→ Virgin Islands Creole: pin (dated)
→? Aukan: pin

Old High German: pīna

Middle High German: pīne, pīn

German: Pein

Borrowed from Medieval Latin pēna, from Latin poena.


pīnapplu

pīnapplu (nominative singular)
pīnappliwi (nominative plural)
pīnapplō (nominative plural)
pīnapplu (accusative singular)
pīnapplū (accusative plural)
pīnapplō (genitive singular)
pīnappliwō (genitive plural)
pīnappliwi (dative singular)
pīnapplō (dative singular)
pīnapplum (dative plural)
pīnapplu (instrumental singular)
pīnapplum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *pīnæppel

Middle English: pinappel

Middle English: pineapple

Old Saxon: *pīnappel

Middle Low German: pinappel, pināpel

Old Dutch: *pīnappel

Middle Dutch: pijnappel

Dutch: pijnappel

Old High German: pīnapful, pinaphul

Middle High German: pinapfel, pinaphel

German: Pinapfel


sabinabaum

sabinabaum (nominative singular)
sabinabaumō (nominative plural)
sabinabaumōs (nominative plural)
sabinabaum (accusative singular)
sabinabaumā (accusative plural)
sabinabaumas (genitive singular)
sabinabaumō (genitive plural)
sabinabaumē (dative singular)
sabinabaumum (dative plural)
sabinabaumu (instrumental singular)
sabinabaumum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *sebinbōm

Middle Low German: sēvenbōm, sövenbōm, sȫvenbōm, sovenbōm, sebinboum

→ Danish: sevenbom

→ Swedish: sävenbom

Old Dutch: *sebinboum

Middle Dutch: zevenboom, sevenboom

Dutch: zevenboom

Old High German: sefinboum, sevinboum, sabinboum, sebinboum

Middle High German: sevenboum

German: Sebenbaum

From *sabinā (“savin”) + *baum (“tree”).


cedrabaum

cedrabaum (nominative singular)
cedrabaumō (nominative plural)
cedrabaumōs (nominative plural)
cedrabaum (accusative singular)
cedrabaumā (accusative plural)
cedrabaumas (genitive singular)
cedrabaumō (genitive plural)
cedrabaumē (dative singular)
cedrabaumum (dative plural)
cedrabaumu (instrumental singular)
cedrabaumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċederbēam

Old Frisian: *zederbām, *sederbām

Saterland Frisian: Tsederboom

West Frisian: sederbeam

Old Saxon: zederbom, zeduarbōm, zedwerbōm, zederboum

Middle Low German: sēderbōm, cederbōm, zederbōm, sedewerbōm, sedwerbōm, cedewerbōm, zedwerbōm, zeduarbōm, sedverbōm, seduerbōm

Plautdietsch: Zeedaboom

Old Dutch: cederboum

Middle Dutch: cederenboom

Dutch: cederboom
Afrikaans: sederboom

Old High German: zēdarboum, cēdarboum
Middle High German: zēderboum, cēderboum
German: Zederbaum, Zedernbaum
Pennsylvania German: Zeedrebaam
Yiddish: צעדערבוים (tsederboym)


balikō

balikō (nominative singular)
balikan (nominative plural)
balikan (accusative singular)
balikan (accusative plural)
balikini (genitive singular)
balikan (genitive singular)
balikanō (genitive plural)
balikini (dative singular)
balikan (dative singular)
balikum (dative plural)
balikini (instrumental singular)
balikan (instrumental singular)
balikum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: beliko

Old High German: belihho, belicho

Middle High German: *belche

Swabian: Belche m

From Proto-Germanic *balikô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to shine”). Cognate with Latin fulix m, fulica f (“coot”).


watarhōn

watarhōn (nominative singular)
watarhōnu (nominative plural)
watarhōn (accusative singular)
watarhōnu (accusative plural)
watarhōnas (genitive singular)
watarhōnō (genitive plural)
watarhōnē (dative singular)
watarhōnum (dative plural)
watarhōnu (instrumental singular)
watarhōnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: watarhōn

Middle Low German: waterhôn

Low German: Waterhohn

Old Dutch: *watahōn, *watarhuon

Middle Dutch: waterhoen

Dutch: waterhoen

West Flemish: waterhoon

Old High German: wazzarhuon

Middle High German: wazzerhuon

German: Wasserhuhn


þwahilā

þwahilā (nominative singular)
þwahilōn (nominative plural)
þwahilōn (accusative singular)
þwahilōn (accusative plural)
þwahilōn (genitive singular)
þwahilōnō (genitive plural)
þwahilōn (dative singular)
þwahilōm (dative plural)
þwahilum (dative plural)
þwahilōn (instrumental singular)
þwahilōm (instrumental plural)
þwahilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þwǣle

Old Saxon: *thwehila

Middle Low German: dwēle, dweile, twele

German Low German: Dweil m

Old Dutch: *thwāla, *thwēla

Middle Dutch: dwale, dwele, dwael

Dutch: dwaal, dweil

Old High German: dwahila, dwehila

desc

Middle High German: dwehele, twehele, dwehel, twehel, twahel, dwēle, twēle, twelle, zwehel, zwechel, zwehele, zwēle

German: Twele

⇒ Old High German: hantdwahala, hanttwāla, hantdwahila, hantdwehila

Middle High German: hanttwehele, hanttwehel

German: Handzwehle


tunsk

tunsk (nominative singular)
tunskō (nominative plural)
tunskōs (nominative plural)
tunsk (accusative singular)
tunskā (accusative plural)
tunskas (genitive singular)
tunskō (genitive plural)
tunskē (dative singular)
tunskum (dative plural)
tunsku (instrumental singular)
tunskum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tūsċ
Middle English: tusk, tux, tush
English: tusk, tush
Scots: tusk

Old Frisian: tusk
North Frisian: tos, tus
Saterland Frisian: Tusk, Tüsk (Skäddel)
West Frisian: tosk

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) (canine) tooth, tusk


hailagnassī

hailagnassī (nominative singular)
hailagnassīn (accusative singular)
hailagnassīn (genitive singular)
hailagnassīn (dative singular)
hailagnassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: hāliġnes, hāliġnys, hāliġnis
Middle English: halinesse, holinesse, holynesse
English: holiness
Scots: halynes, halines

Old Frisian: *hēlgnis, *hēlichnis

West Frisian: hilligens

desc

Old High German: heilagnissi, heilagnissī, heilīgnissi, heilīgnissī

Middle High German: heilignis


unþaberungu

unþaberungu (nominative singular)
unþaberungō (nominative plural)
unþaberungā (accusative singular)
unþaberungā (accusative plural)
unþaberungā (genitive singular)
unþaberungō (genitive plural)
unþaberungē (dative singular)
unþaberungōm (dative plural)
unþaberungum (dative plural)
unþaberungu (instrumental singular)
unþaberungōm (instrumental plural)
unþaberungum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *undberinge

West Frisian: ûntbearing

Old Saxon: *andberunga

Middle Low German: entbēringe, enbēringe

→ German: Entbehrung (calque)

Old Dutch: *untberunga

Middle Dutch: ontberinge, omberinge

Dutch: ontbering

From *unþaberan (“to do away with, deprive”) + *-ungu.


unþahaldingu

unþahaldingu (nominative singular)
unþahaldingō (nominative plural)
unþahaldingā (accusative singular)
unþahaldingā (accusative plural)
unþahaldingā (genitive singular)
unþahaldingō (genitive plural)
unþahaldingē (dative singular)
unþahaldingōm (dative plural)
unþahaldingum (dative plural)
unþahaldingu (instrumental singular)
unþahaldingōm (instrumental plural)
unþahaldingum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *undhaldinge

West Frisian: ûnthâlding

Old Saxon: *undhaldinga, *andhaldinga

desc

Middle Low German: enthōldinge, entholdinge, unthōldinge

Old Dutch: *anthaldinga

Middle Dutch: onthoudinge

Dutch: onthouding

Old High German: *inthaltunga

Middle High German: enthaltunge, inthaltunge

From *unþahaldan (“to withhold”) + *-ingu.


unþasaggingu

unþasaggingu (nominative singular)
unþasaggingō (nominative plural)
unþasaggingā (accusative singular)
unþasaggingā (accusative plural)
unþasaggingā (genitive singular)
unþasaggingō (genitive plural)
unþasaggingē (dative singular)
unþasaggingōm (dative plural)
unþasaggingum (dative plural)
unþasaggingu (instrumental singular)
unþasaggingōm (instrumental plural)
unþasaggingum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *undsedzinge

West Frisian: ûntsizzing

Old Saxon: *undseggunga, *andseggunga

Middle Low German: entsegginge, untsegginge

Old Dutch: *antseggunga

Middle Dutch: ontsegginge, ontseginge

Dutch: ontzegging

Old High German: intsagunga

Middle High German: entsagunge

German: Entsagung

From *unþasaggjan (“to call off, renounce”) + *-ingu.


brunsti

brunsti (nominative singular)
brunstī (nominative plural)
brunsti (accusative singular)
brunstī (accusative plural)
brunstī (genitive singular)
brunstijō (genitive plural)
brunstī (dative singular)
brunstim (dative plural)
brunstijum (dative plural)
brunstī (instrumental singular)
brunstim (instrumental plural)
brunstijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *brunst

Middle Low German: brunst

Old Dutch: *brunst

Middle Dutch: brunst, bronst

Dutch: bronst

Old High German: brunst

Middle High German: brunst

Alemannic German: Brunscht

German: Brunst

→? Medieval Latin: bronzium

Italian: bronzo (see there for further descendants)

Venetian: bronza

From Proto-Germanic *brunstiz (“burning”). Equivalent to *brinnan (“to burn”) + *-þi


unhauʀisamahaidu

unhauʀisamahaidu (nominative singular)
unhauʀisamahaidiwi (nominative plural)
unhauʀisamahaidō (nominative plural)
unhauʀisamahaidu (accusative singular)
unhauʀisamahaidū (accusative plural)
unhauʀisamahaidō (genitive singular)
unhauʀisamahaidiwō (genitive plural)
unhauʀisamahaidiwi (dative singular)
unhauʀisamahaidō (dative singular)
unhauʀisamahaidum (dative plural)
unhauʀisamahaidu (instrumental singular)
unhauʀisamahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: unhārsumhēd

West Frisian: ûnhearsumheid

Old Saxon: *unhōrsamhēd

desc

Middle Low German: unhōrsāmhēt, unhōrsāmheit

Old Dutch: *unhōrsamhēd

Middle Dutch: onhoorsamheit

Dutch: onhoorzaamheid

Old High German: *unhōrsamheit

Middle High German: unhôrsamkeit

From *unhauʀisam (“disobedient”) + *-haidu (“-hood”).


ungahauʀīgahaidu

ungahauʀīgahaidu (nominative singular)
ungahauʀīgahaidiwi (nominative plural)
ungahauʀīgahaidō (nominative plural)
ungahauʀīgahaidu (accusative singular)
ungahauʀīgahaidū (accusative plural)
ungahauʀīgahaidō (genitive singular)
ungahauʀīgahaidiwō (genitive plural)
ungahauʀīgahaidiwi (dative singular)
ungahauʀīgahaidō (dative singular)
ungahauʀīgahaidum (dative plural)
ungahauʀīgahaidu (instrumental singular)
ungahauʀīgahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *ungihōrīghēd

desc

Middle Low German: ungehȫrichēt, ungehȫricheit

Old Dutch: *ungihōrīghēd

Middle Dutch: ongehoricheit

Dutch: ongehorigheid

Old High German: *ungihōrīgheit

Middle High German: *ungehœricheit, *ungehœrecheit

German: Ungehörigkeit (archaic)

אומגעהערכקייט

Yiddish: אומגעהערכקייט (umgeherkhkeyt)

From *ungahauʀīg (“disobedient”) + *-haidu (“-hood”).


hauʀīgahaidu

hauʀīgahaidu (nominative singular)
hauʀīgahaidiwi (nominative plural)
hauʀīgahaidō (nominative plural)
hauʀīgahaidu (accusative singular)
hauʀīgahaidū (accusative plural)
hauʀīgahaidō (genitive singular)
hauʀīgahaidiwō (genitive plural)
hauʀīgahaidiwi (dative singular)
hauʀīgahaidō (dative singular)
hauʀīgahaidum (dative plural)
hauʀīgahaidu (instrumental singular)
hauʀīgahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hōrīghēd

desc

Middle Low German: hōrichheit, hōrichēt, hōricheit

Old Dutch: *hōrīghēd

Middle Dutch: horicheit

Dutch: horigheid

Old High German: *hōrīgheit

Middle High German: hœricheit, hœrecheit

German: Hörigkeit

From *hauʀīg (“obedient, serfish”) + *-haidu (“-hood”).


bausihaidu

bausihaidu (nominative singular)
bausihaidiwi (nominative plural)
bausihaidō (nominative plural)
bausihaidu (accusative singular)
bausihaidū (accusative plural)
bausihaidō (genitive singular)
bausihaidiwō (genitive plural)
bausihaidiwi (dative singular)
bausihaidō (dative singular)
bausihaidum (dative plural)
bausihaidu (instrumental singular)
bausihaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *bōshēd

Middle Low German: bȫshēt, bȫsheit

German Low German: Baoshait

→ Old Frisian: boshēd

Saterland Frisian: Booshaid

Old Dutch: *bōsheid

Middle Dutch: boosheit

desctree

Dutch: boosheid
Negerhollands: boosigheit, bosheit, boosheid
→ Aukan: buusen

Old High German: bōsheit

Middle High German: bōsheit, bœsheit

German: Bosheit

From *bausī (“evil”) + *-haidu (“-hood”).


erþubibungu

erþubibungu (nominative singular)
erþubibungō (nominative plural)
erþubibungā (accusative singular)
erþubibungā (accusative plural)
erþubibungā (genitive singular)
erþubibungō (genitive plural)
erþubibungē (dative singular)
erþubibungōm (dative plural)
erþubibungum (dative plural)
erþubibungu (instrumental singular)
erþubibungōm (instrumental plural)
erþubibungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorþbeofung

Middle English: erthbivung

Old Frisian: erthbivinge

Old Saxon: erđbiƀunga

Middle Low German: erthbevinge

Old Dutch: *erthbivunga

Middle Dutch: erdbevinge

Dutch: aardbeving
Afrikaans: aardbewing
Negerhollands: aerdbeeving

Old High German: erdbibunga

Middle High German: erdbibunge

*erþu + *bibungu (from the verb *bibēn (“to tremble”))


portik

purtik (nominative singular)
purtikō (nominative plural)
purtikōs (nominative plural)
purtik (accusative singular)
purtikā (accusative plural)
purtikas (genitive singular)
purtikō (genitive plural)
purtikē (dative singular)
purtikum (dative plural)
purtiku (instrumental singular)
purtikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: portiċ

Old Saxon: *portik

Middle Low German: portik

→ Swedish: portik

Old Dutch: *portik

Middle Dutch: portinc

Old High German: pforzih

Middle High German: pforzich


skōhasūtārī

skōhasūtārī (nominative singular)
skōhasūtārijō (nominative plural)
skōhasūtārijōs (nominative plural)
skōhasūtārī (accusative singular)
skōhasūtārijā (accusative plural)
skōhasūtārijas (genitive singular)
skōhasūtārijō (genitive plural)
skōhasūtārijē (dative singular)
skōhasūtārijum (dative plural)
skōhasūtāriju (instrumental singular)
skōhasūtārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *skōhsūtāri

desc

Middle High German: schōstære, schōster, schoester, schoister, schuoster, schuester

Old Dutch: *skuohsūtāri

Middle Dutch: schoesutter, scoesutter, scoensutter, schoesitter

Dutch: schoensutter

Old High German: *skuohsūteri

Middle High German: schuochsūtære, schuochsūter, schuochster, schuohster, schuostære, schuoster, sūster

German: Schuster

From *skōh (“shoe”) + *sūtārī (“shoemaker”).

cat

Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ārī


wīwārī

wīwārī (nominative singular)
wīwārijō (nominative plural)
wīwārijōs (nominative plural)
wīwārī (accusative singular)
wīwārijā (accusative plural)
wīwārijas (genitive singular)
wīwārijō (genitive plural)
wīwārijē (dative singular)
wīwārijum (dative plural)
wīwāriju (instrumental singular)
wīwārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: wīhiri

Old Dutch: *wīwāri

desc

Middle Dutch: wuwere, wuwer, wouwer, wiër, wijer

q

displaced by the doublet <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">vijver</i> < Old French

Dutch: wijer (displaced by the doublet vijver < Old French)

Old High German: wīwāri, wīāri

desc

Middle High German: wīwære, wīwer, wīer, wīger, wīher

Bavarian: Weiha

Central Franconian: Weiher

Luxembourgish: Weier

German: Weiher

Borrowed from Latin vīvārium (“park, enclosure”).


ankurō

ankurō (nominative singular)
ankuran (nominative plural)
ankuran (accusative singular)
ankuran (accusative plural)
ankurini (genitive singular)
ankuran (genitive singular)
ankuranō (genitive plural)
ankurini (dative singular)
ankuran (dative singular)
ankurum (dative plural)
ankurini (instrumental singular)
ankuran (instrumental singular)
ankurum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ancor
Middle English: anker, ancre, aunkir, ankor, ankur, ankir, ancher, ancour, hanker
English: anchor (see there for further descendants)
Scots: anchor, anker

Old Frisian: anker, onker

West Frisian: anker

Old Saxon: *ankaro

Middle High German: anker, ankor, ankar

Old Dutch: *ankaro

Middle Dutch: anker

Dutch: anker
Afrikaans: anker
Negerhollands: anker, henka, heṅku
→ Lokono: anker
→ Indonesian: angker
→ Papiamentu: anker
→ Sranan Tongo: ankra (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: ankero, anker

Middle High German: anker

German: Anker (see there for further descendants)


sūtārī

sūtārī (nominative singular)
sūtārijō (nominative plural)
sūtārijōs (nominative plural)
sūtārī (accusative singular)
sūtārijā (accusative plural)
sūtārijas (genitive singular)
sūtārijō (genitive plural)
sūtārijē (dative singular)
sūtārijum (dative plural)
sūtāriju (instrumental singular)
sūtārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sūtere
Middle English: soutere, sotter, sotur, souter, soutre, sowtar, sowtare, sowter, sowtere, sutare, suter, sutere, sutter, zoutere (Kent)
English: souter
Scots: souter, sutter
→ Old Norse: sútari
Old Swedish: sūtare
→ Finnish: suutari

Old Frisian: sūter

North Frisian: sütter

Old Saxon: *sūtāri

Middle High German: sūtære, sūter

Old Dutch: *sūtāri

Middle Dutch: suttere, sutter, suttre

Old High German: sūtāri

Middle High German: sūtære, sūter

Alemannic German: Suter


plūmufeþru

plūmufeþru (nominative singular)
plūmufeþrō (nominative plural)
plūmufeþrā (accusative singular)
plūmufeþrā (accusative plural)
plūmufeþrā (genitive singular)
plūmufeþrō (genitive plural)
plūmufeþrē (dative singular)
plūmufeþrōm (dative plural)
plūmufeþrum (dative plural)
plūmufeþru (instrumental singular)
plūmufeþrōm (instrumental plural)
plūmufeþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: plūmfeþer

Old Saxon: *plūmfethara

desc

Middle Low German: plūmevēdere, plūmevedder, plūmvedder

Old Dutch: *plūmfethera

Middle Dutch: *plūmvedere

Dutch: pluimveder

Old High German: pflūmfedera, pflūmfedara

Middle High German: pflūmvedere, pflūmvedre

German: Flaumfeder

From *plūmu (“down feather”) + *feþru (“feather”).


plūmu

plūmu (nominative singular)
plūmō (nominative plural)
plūmā (accusative singular)
plūmā (accusative plural)
plūmā (genitive singular)
plūmō (genitive plural)
plūmē (dative singular)
plūmōm (dative plural)
plūmum (dative plural)
plūmu (instrumental singular)
plūmōm (instrumental plural)
plūmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *plūma

desc

Middle Low German: plūme, plǖme, ployme, pleume

Old Dutch: *plūma

Middle Dutch: plūme

Dutch: pluim

Old High German: *pflūma

Middle High German: pflūme

German: Pflaum, Pflaume (archaic)

→ German: Flaum (from East Central German)

Borrowed from Latin plūma (“feather, plume”).


skōhawurhtijō

skōhawurhtijō (nominative singular)
skōhawurhtijan (nominative plural)
skōhawurhtijan (accusative singular)
skōhawurhtijan (accusative plural)
skōhawurhtijini (genitive singular)
skōhawurhtijan (genitive singular)
skōhawurhtijanō (genitive plural)
skōhawurhtijini (dative singular)
skōhawurhtijan (dative singular)
skōhawurhtijum (dative plural)
skōhawurhtijini (instrumental singular)
skōhawurhtijan (instrumental singular)
skōhawurhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: scōhwyrhta

Old Saxon: *skōhwurhtio

Middle Low German: schōwrechte, schōwerchte, schowerchte, schōwerte, schowerte

Old High German: *skuohwurhto

Middle High German: schuochwürhte, schuochworhte, schuowurte, schuoworte

From *skōh (“shoe”) + *wurhtijō (“wright”).


skōhamakārī

skōhamakārī (nominative singular)
skōhamakārijō (nominative plural)
skōhamakārijōs (nominative plural)
skōhamakārī (accusative singular)
skōhamakārijā (accusative plural)
skōhamakārijas (genitive singular)
skōhamakārijō (genitive plural)
skōhamakārijē (dative singular)
skōhamakārijum (dative plural)
skōhamakāriju (instrumental singular)
skōhamakārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: skōchmaker, skōmaker

Old Saxon: *skōhmakāri

Middle Low German: schōmākære, schōmāker, schōmākere, scoumāker, schōmacker, schumāker

German Low German: Schoomaker

→ Danish: skomager

→ Middle English: scho makere

English: shoemaker

→ Norwegian: skomaker

Old Dutch: *skuohmakāri

Middle Dutch: schoenmaker, schoemaker

desctree

Dutch: schoenmaker
Afrikaans: skoenmaker
Negerhollands: skoenmaaker

→ West Frisian: skuonmakker

Old High German: *skuohmahhāri

desc

Middle High German: schuochmachære, schuochmacher, schuochmechære

Dutch: Schuhmacher

From *skōh (“shoe”) + *makārī (“maker”).


pundu

pundu (nominative singular)
pundiwi (nominative plural)
pundō (nominative plural)
pundu (accusative singular)
pundū (accusative plural)
pundō (genitive singular)
pundiwō (genitive plural)
pundiwi (dative singular)
pundō (dative singular)
pundum (dative plural)
pundu (instrumental singular)
pundum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *pund
Middle English: pund, pound, pond
English: pound, pond
Scots: pund, pond, poind, pound

Uncertain; presumably related to Old English penn (“enclosure, fold, pen”), possibly from unattested verb *punnan (“to lock; to enclose”) + *-þu. Perhaps further related to *pinnā (“peg, pin, bolt”).


jāradag

jāradag (nominative singular)
jāradagō (nominative plural)
jāradagōs (nominative plural)
jāradag (accusative singular)
jāradagā (accusative plural)
jāradagas (genitive singular)
jāradagō (genitive plural)
jāradagē (dative singular)
jāradagum (dative plural)
jāradagu (instrumental singular)
jāradagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *gēardæġ (attested as gēardagas (plural))

desc

Middle English: ȝere day, yeere day, yere day, ȝereday, ȝerday, yeerday

English: yearday

Scots: yeir day

Old Frisian: jērdei

West Frisian: jierdei

Old Saxon: *jārdag

Middle Low German: jârdach

⇒ Middle Low German: jârdāges (adverb)

Old Dutch: *jārdag

Middle Dutch: jaerdach

Dutch: jaardag

Old High German: *jārtag (attested as jārtaga (plural))

Middle High German: jārtac

German: Jahrtag

⇒ English: New Year's Day

Middle English: ȝeres-dai, ȝeres day, ȝeresday, yeeres dai, Yeeris Day, ȝere's day

jâresdach

Old Saxon: gērasdag, jārasdag; Middle Low German


falud

falud (nominative singular)
faludō (nominative plural)
faludōs (nominative plural)
falud (accusative singular)
faludā (accusative plural)
faludas (genitive singular)
faludō (genitive plural)
faludē (dative singular)
faludum (dative plural)
faludu (instrumental singular)
faludum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fald, falod, falud

Middle English: fald, fold, folde

Scots: fald, fauld

English: fold

→ Welsh: ffald

Old Saxon: faled, fald

Middle Low German: vālet, vālt, vōlt

→ Old Danish: fald

Danish: fold

→ Swedish: fålla

Old Dutch: *falod, faldo

Middle Dutch: vaelde, vaelt

Dutch: vaalt

Afrikaans: vaalt

→ Old French: falde, faude

Old High German: falt


hurnijā

hurnijā (nominative singular)
hurnijōn (nominative plural)
hurnijōn (accusative singular)
hurnijōn (accusative plural)
hurnijōn (genitive singular)
hurnijōnō (genitive plural)
hurnijōn (dative singular)
hurnijōm (dative plural)
hurnijum (dative plural)
hurnijōn (instrumental singular)
hurnijōm (instrumental plural)
hurnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyrne

Middle English: hyrne, hürne, hirne, herne

Scots: hirne, hirn

English: hirn, hern

Old Frisian: herne, hirne

North Frisian: heern, hören, hjaarn, jaan

Saterland Frisian: Häidene

West Frisian: herne

Old Saxon: *hurnia, *hornia

Middle Low German: hurn, horne, harn, hoern

German Low German: Hörn

Old Dutch: *hurna, *horna

Middle Dutch: horne

Dutch: horn


hurning

hurning (nominative singular)
hurningō (nominative plural)
hurningōs (nominative plural)
hurning (accusative singular)
hurningā (accusative plural)
hurningas (genitive singular)
hurningō (genitive plural)
hurningē (dative singular)
hurningum (dative plural)
hurningu (instrumental singular)
hurningum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *horning

Middle Low German: horninc

>? German Low German: Hunk

Old Dutch: *horning

Middle Dutch: horninc, hornic, hurnic

Dutch: hornik

Dutch: horning (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *hurningaz, equivalent to *hurn + *-ing (diminutive suffix). Compare Old Norse hyrning (“corner, nook”).


pinnā

pinnā (nominative singular)
pinnōn (nominative plural)
pinnōn (accusative singular)
pinnōn (accusative plural)
pinnōn (genitive singular)
pinnōnō (genitive plural)
pinnōn (dative singular)
pinnōm (dative plural)
pinnum (dative plural)
pinnōn (instrumental singular)
pinnōm (instrumental plural)
pinnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pinn ?
Middle English: pinne, pin
English: pin
Scots: pinne, pin

Old Frisian: pinne m or f

Saterland Frisian: Pin m

West Frisian: pin m or f

Old Saxon: *pinna f, pinn, pin m

Middle Low German: pinne f, pin m
German Low German: Pinne f, Pinn m
→ German: Pinn, Pinne
→ Old Norse: pinni, pinnr
Icelandic: pinni
Norwegian: pinne
Swedish: pinn
Danish: pind

Old Dutch: *pinna f, *pinn m

Middle Dutch: pinne, penne f, pin m

Dutch: pin
→ Aukan: pina
⇒ Dutch: pintje (diminutive form)
→ Munsee: piinch

Old High German: pinna f, pfin m

Middle High German: pfinne f

⇒ Old High German: zitarpfin

Uncertain; often cited as being borrowed from Medieval Latin pinna, however the attestation of the meaning of “peg, pin, bolt” is late. Alternatively, an alteration of *finnā (“fin”), itself cognate with Latin pinna, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyh₂-.


punktō

punktō (nominative singular)
punktan (nominative plural)
punktan (accusative singular)
punktan (accusative plural)
punktini (genitive singular)
punktan (genitive singular)
punktanō (genitive plural)
punktini (dative singular)
punktan (dative singular)
punktum (dative plural)
punktini (instrumental singular)
punktan (instrumental singular)
punktum (instrumental plural)

Old English: punct

Old Saxon: *punkto

desc

Middle Low German: punct, pungt, punt, pont, puncte, punte

→ Old Norse: punktr

Old Dutch: *puncto

Middle Low German: punct, punt

Dutch: punt

Old High German: punkto, puncto

Middle High German: punct, punkt, punt, puncte

German: Punkt


kūskiþu

kūskiþu (nominative singular)
kūskiþō (nominative plural)
kūskiþā (accusative singular)
kūskiþā (accusative plural)
kūskiþā (genitive singular)
kūskiþō (genitive plural)
kūskiþē (dative singular)
kūskiþōm (dative plural)
kūskiþum (dative plural)
kūskiþu (instrumental singular)
kūskiþōm (instrumental plural)
kūskiþum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kūskith

Old High German: kūskida

⇒ Old High German: unkūskida


kūskihaidu

kūskihaidu (nominative singular)
kūskihaidiwi (nominative plural)
kūskihaidō (nominative plural)
kūskihaidu (accusative singular)
kūskihaidū (accusative plural)
kūskihaidō (genitive singular)
kūskihaidiwō (genitive plural)
kūskihaidiwi (dative singular)
kūskihaidō (dative singular)
kūskihaidum (dative plural)
kūskihaidu (instrumental singular)
kūskihaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kūskhēd

Middle Low German: kǖschhēt, kǖschēt, kǖscheit, kuskheyt, kǖshēt, kǖsheit, kūseheit

Old Saxon: *kūskhēd

Middle High German: kiuschheit, kūscheit

Old Dutch: *kūskheid

Middle Dutch: cuuscheit

Dutch: kuisheid

Old High German: *kūskheit

German: Keuschheit


unkūskihaidu

unkūskihaidu (nominative singular)
unkūskihaidiwi (nominative plural)
unkūskihaidō (nominative plural)
unkūskihaidu (accusative singular)
unkūskihaidū (accusative plural)
unkūskihaidō (genitive singular)
unkūskihaidiwō (genitive plural)
unkūskihaidiwi (dative singular)
unkūskihaidō (dative singular)
unkūskihaidum (dative plural)
unkūskihaidu (instrumental singular)
unkūskihaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: unkūskhēd

Old Saxon: *unkūskhēd

Middle Low German: unkǖschhēt, unkǖschēt, unkǖscheit, unkūscheit, unkūsheit, unkǖskēt, unkǖskeit, unkusheit, unkuskheyt, onkǖschēt, onkǖscheit

Old Dutch: *unkūskheid

Middle Dutch: oncuuscheit

Dutch: onkuisheid

Old High German: *unkūskheit

Middle Low German: unkiuschheit, unkiuscheit

German: Unkeuschheit

From *unkūskī (“unchaste”) + *-haidu, or *un- + *kūskihaidu (“chastity”).


spēgl

spēgl (nominative singular)
spēglō (nominative plural)
spēglōs (nominative plural)
spēgl (accusative singular)
spēglā (accusative plural)
spēglas (genitive singular)
spēglō (genitive plural)
spēglē (dative singular)
spēglum (dative plural)
spēglu (instrumental singular)
spēglum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: spēgel

Old Saxon: spēgal, spiagal

Middle Low German: spēgel, speyl, spīgel, speigel, speiel

Low German: Spegel

Plautdietsch: Spieejel

→ Old Danish: speghæl

Danish: spejl

→ West Frisian: spegel

desctree

→ Old Norse: spegill
Faroese: spegil
Icelandic: spegill
Danish: spejl n
Norwegian Bokmål: speil n
Norwegian Nynorsk: spegel
→ Northern Sami: speadjal
→ Southern Sami: speejjele
Swedish: spegel c
→ Estonian: peegel
→ Finnish: peili
→ Ingrian: speili (from an early form)

Old Dutch: spēgal

Middle Dutch: spigel, spegel, spiegel

Dutch: spiegel
Afrikaans: spieël
→ Xhosa: isipili
Limburgish: spegel
Negerhollands: spiegel
Sranan Tongo: spikri, spigri
Aukan: sipikii
Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: spikri
Saramaccan: sipéi, sipé
→ Kari'na: supukili
→ Papiamentu: spiel
→ Warao: mu-sebihi

Old High German: spiegal
Middle High German: spiegel
Bavarian: Spiagl
German: Spiegel
→ Esperanto: spegulo
→ Kashubian: szpédżel
→ Romansch: spievel, spieghel, spejel
→ Russian: с̌пи́гел (špígel)
Hunsrik: Spieghel
Luxembourgish: spiegel
Yiddish: שפּיגל (shpigl)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *speglum, variant of Late Latin speclum.


kurbit

kurbit (nominative singular)
kurbitō (nominative plural)
kurbitōs (nominative plural)
kurbit (accusative singular)
kurbitā (accusative plural)
kurbitas (genitive singular)
kurbitō (genitive plural)
kurbitē (dative singular)
kurbitum (dative plural)
kurbitu (instrumental singular)
kurbitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyrfæt, cyrfet

Middle English: curvet

Old Saxon: *kurbit

Middle Low German: körvet, kürft

Old Dutch: *kurbit

Middle Dutch: curvete

Old High German: kurbiz

Middle High German: kürbiz, kürbez

German: Kürbis, Kirbiß, Korbes, Kurbiß, Kürbiz, Kürbs, Kürbse, Kurwes
→ Latvian: ķirbis

Luxembourgish: Kürbis

Yiddish: קירבעס (kirbes)

→ Middle Dutch: corbesch

desc

→ Middle Low German: körves, korvese, körvis, körvitz, korbitz

desctree

→ Swedish: kurbits
→ Estonian: kõrvits
→ Finnish: kurpitsa

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *curbitus, from Latin cucurbita.


sklaregā

sklaregā (nominative singular)
sklaregōn (nominative plural)
sklaregōn (accusative singular)
sklaregōn (accusative plural)
sklaregōn (genitive singular)
sklaregōnō (genitive plural)
sklaregōn (dative singular)
sklaregōm (dative plural)
sklaregum (dative plural)
sklaregōn (instrumental singular)
sklaregōm (instrumental plural)
sklaregum (instrumental plural)

Old English: slarege, slarige

Old High German: sklarega

Borrowed from Latin sclarēa, sclarēia. Doublet of *skarlejā.


skarlejā

skarlejā (nominative singular)
skarlejōn (nominative plural)
skarlejōn (accusative singular)
skarlejōn (accusative plural)
skarlejōn (genitive singular)
skarlejōnō (genitive plural)
skarlejōn (dative singular)
skarlejōm (dative plural)
skarlejum (dative plural)
skarlejōn (instrumental singular)
skarlejōm (instrumental plural)
skarlejum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *skarleia

desc

Middle Low German: sterleie, sterleye, starleye

Old Dutch: *skarleia

Middle Dutch: scarleye, scaerleye, scerleye

Dutch: scharlei, scherlei

Old High German: skaraleia, scaraleia, skarlei, scareleia

Middle High German: scarleige, scarleie, scharlei

German: Scharlei

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *scarlēia (compare Italian scarlea), metathesized from Latin sclarēia. Doublet of *sklaregā.