drōsnu

drōsnu (nominative singular)
drōsnō (nominative plural)
drōsnā (accusative singular)
drōsnā (accusative plural)
drōsnā (genitive singular)
drōsnō (genitive plural)
drōsnē (dative singular)
drōsnōm (dative plural)
drōsnum (dative plural)
drōsnu (instrumental singular)
drōsnōm (instrumental plural)
drōsnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: drōsna, drōsne (< *drōhsnǭ)

Middle English: drosen, drowsyn

Old Dutch: *druosana

Middle Dutch: droesene

Dutch: droesem

Afrikaans: droesem

Old High German: truosana, trōsana

Middle High German: truosen

Alemannic German: Truese

German: (obsolete) Drusen, Trusen

From Proto-Germanic *drōhsnō. Equivalent to *drōs (“dregs, sediment”) + *-snu.


luginu

luginu (nominative singular)
luginō (nominative plural)
luginā (accusative singular)
luginā (accusative plural)
luginā (genitive singular)
luginō (genitive plural)
luginē (dative singular)
luginōm (dative plural)
luginum (dative plural)
luginu (instrumental singular)
luginōm (instrumental plural)
luginum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lyġen
Middle English: liȝe, lighe, leghe, lie (likely having merged with descendants of Old English lyġe)
English: lie
Scots: ley, lie

Old Frisian: leine

Saterland Frisian: Löägene (possibly from Middle Low German)

West Frisian: ljeagen, leagen

Old Saxon: lugina

Middle Low German: lȫgene

German Low German: Lögen

→ Danish: løgn

→ Norwegian: lygn

→ Swedish: lögn

Old Dutch: lugina

Middle Dutch: luegene, lōgene

Dutch: leugen
Afrikaans: leuen
Negerhollands: lug, lik
→ West Frisian: leugen

Old High German: lugina

Middle High German: lügene, lügen

German: Lüge (partially)

Luxembourgish: Ligen

Yiddish: ליגן (lign)

From Proto-Germanic *luginō, a late variant of *lugiz (“lie, falsehood”), perhaps reinforced by Proto-Germanic *luginaz (“lying, false”).


ubisu

ubisu (nominative singular)
ubiswō (nominative plural)
ubiswā (accusative singular)
ubiswā (accusative plural)
ubiswā (genitive singular)
ubiswō (genitive plural)
ubiswē (dative singular)
ubiswōm (dative plural)
ubisum (dative plural)
ubisu (instrumental singular)
ubiswōm (instrumental plural)
ubisum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: œfis, efis, yfes, *ofes, efes

Middle English: eves, oves

English: eaves, eave

⇒ Middle English: *eves-wall

English: eaves-wall

Scots: easwas, easle, eazle, aisywaas

Old Frisian: ōse

North Frisian: ose

Saterland Frisian: Ouse

West Frisian: oes

Old Saxon: *ovisa

Middle Low German: ȫvese, ȫsene, ȫsen, ȫse, ȫze

Low German: Öse, Ese

⇒ Middle Low German: ovesval, ȫvesval (“eaves-wall”)

Old Dutch: *uvisa, *ovisa

Middle Dutch: ōvese, uevese, ōse, oyse, ōsie

Dutch: ozie, euzie

⇒ Dutch: ozing

Old High German: obisa, obasa

Middle High German: obese, obse

Bavarian: Obesen (dialectal)


ālu

ālu (nominative singular)
ālō (nominative plural)
ālā (accusative singular)
ālā (accusative plural)
ālā (genitive singular)
ālō (genitive plural)
ālē (dative singular)
ālōm (dative plural)
ālum (dative plural)
ālu (instrumental singular)
ālōm (instrumental plural)
ālum (instrumental plural)

>? Old English: āl, ǣl

Old Frisian: *âl, *ēl

Saterland Frisian: Äil

Old Saxon: *āla

Middle Low German: âl

Low German: Ahl

Old Dutch: *āla

Middle Dutch: *âle, *ael

Dutch: aal (possibly borrowed)

Old High German: āla

Middle High German: āle

Cimbrian: aala

German: Ahle


uʀhait

uʀhait (nominative singular)
uʀhaitō (nominative plural)
uʀhaitōs (nominative plural)
uʀhait (accusative singular)
uʀhaitā (accusative plural)
uʀhaitas (genitive singular)
uʀhaitō (genitive plural)
uʀhaitē (dative singular)
uʀhaitum (dative plural)
uʀhaitu (instrumental singular)
uʀhaitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōret

Old High German: urheiz


nāhwawisti

nāhwawisti (nominative singular)
nāhwawistī (nominative plural)
nāhwawisti (accusative singular)
nāhwawistī (accusative plural)
nāhwawistī (genitive singular)
nāhwawistijō (genitive plural)
nāhwawistī (dative singular)
nāhwawistim (dative plural)
nāhwawistijum (dative plural)
nāhwawistī (instrumental singular)
nāhwawistim (instrumental plural)
nāhwawistijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nēawist, nēowist

Old High German: nāhwist


leuhmō

leuhmō (nominative singular)
leuhman (nominative plural)
leuhman (accusative singular)
leuhman (accusative plural)
liuhmini (genitive singular)
leuhman (genitive singular)
leuhmanō (genitive plural)
liuhmini (dative singular)
leuhman (dative singular)
leuhmum (dative plural)
liuhmini (instrumental singular)
leuhman (instrumental singular)
leuhmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lēoma
Middle English: leme, leem, lem, leom, lewme, lume, lym, lyme, leame, leome, lome (Early Middle English)
English: leam
Scots: leim, leme

Old Saxon: liomo


firhwijō

firhwijō (nominative plural)
firhwijōs (nominative plural)
firhwijā (accusative plural)
firhwijō (genitive plural)
firhwijum (dative plural)
firhwijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fīras

Old Saxon: fīrihos

Old High German: firaha

→⇒? Latin: Alaferhviae (< *alafirhwijō)


ferh

ferh (nominative singular)
ferhō (nominative plural)
ferhōs (nominative plural)
ferh (accusative singular)
ferhā (accusative plural)
ferhas (genitive singular)
ferhō (genitive plural)
ferhē (dative singular)
ferhum (dative plural)
ferhu (instrumental singular)
ferhum (instrumental plural)
ferh (nominative singular)
ferhu (nominative plural)
ferh (accusative singular)
ferhu (accusative plural)
ferhas (genitive singular)
ferhō (genitive plural)
ferhē (dative singular)
ferhum (dative plural)
ferhu (instrumental singular)
ferhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feorh, feorg
Middle English: fere, vore

Old Frisian: ferch

Old Saxon: ferh, ferah

Old High German: ferah

Middle High German: vërch

German: Ferch (obsolete)


þeuh

þeuh (nominative singular)
þeuhu (nominative plural)
þeuh (accusative singular)
þeuhu (accusative plural)
þeuhas (genitive singular)
þeuhō (genitive plural)
þeuhē (dative singular)
þeuhum (dative plural)
þeuhu (instrumental singular)
þeuhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēoh
Middle English: þigh
English: thigh
Scots: thee

Old Frisian: thiāch

West Frisian: tsjea

Old Saxon: thioh, thio
Middle Low German: dêch, dê, dee
⇒ Low German: Dickbeen

Old Dutch: thīo
Middle Dutch: dië
Dutch: dij
Afrikaans: dy
Limburgish: die, diech

Old High German: dioh

Middle High German: diech
German: Diech (obsolete)
>? German: Dickbein
Yiddish: דיך (dikh)


wisti

wisti (nominative singular)
wistī (nominative plural)
wisti (accusative singular)
wistī (accusative plural)
wistī (genitive singular)
wistijō (genitive plural)
wistī (dative singular)
wistim (dative plural)
wistijum (dative plural)
wistī (instrumental singular)
wistim (instrumental plural)
wistijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wist

Old Saxon: wist

Middle Low German: wist

Old High German: wist

Middle High German: wist

From Proto-Germanic *wistiz (“being”). Equivalent to *wesan (“to be”) + *-þi.


wisti

Old English: wist

Middle English: wist, wiste, wyste

Old Saxon: wist

Middle Low German: wist

Old High German: wist

Middle High German: wist

From Proto-Germanic *wistiz (“food”). Equivalent to *wesan (“to consume, feast”) + *-þi.


sehwā

sehwā (nominative singular)
sehwōn (nominative plural)
sehwōn (accusative singular)
sehwōn (accusative plural)
sehwōn (genitive singular)
sehwōnō (genitive plural)
sehwōn (dative singular)
sehwōm (dative plural)
sehwum (dative plural)
sehwōn (instrumental singular)
sehwōm (instrumental plural)
sehwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēo, sēa, sīo f or m

Old Frisian: siā m

Old Saxon: seha

Old Saxon: seho, sio m

Middle Low German: sên, sênt

German Low German: Sehn

Old Dutch: sia

Old High German: seha


mihs

mihs (nominative singular)
mihsu (nominative plural)
mihs (accusative singular)
mihsu (accusative plural)
mihsas (genitive singular)
mihsō (genitive plural)
mihsē (dative singular)
mihsum (dative plural)
mihsu (instrumental singular)
mihsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meox, miox

Middle English: mix, mex, myx

Old Frisian: *miuks

Saterland Frisian: Mjuks

Old Saxon: mehs


slaihā

slaihā (nominative singular)
slaihōn (nominative plural)
slaihōn (accusative singular)
slaihōn (accusative plural)
slaihōn (genitive singular)
slaihōnō (genitive plural)
slaihōn (dative singular)
slaihōm (dative plural)
slaihum (dative plural)
slaihōn (instrumental singular)
slaihōm (instrumental plural)
slaihum (instrumental plural)

Old English: slā

Middle English: slo, sla, sloo
English: sloe
Scots: slae

Middle Low German: slē

Middle Dutch: sleeu

Dutch: slee, (dialectal) sleeuw

Old High German: slēha, slēwа

German: Schlehe


mihstu

mihstu (nominative singular)
mihstiwi (nominative plural)
mihstō (nominative plural)
mihstu (accusative singular)
mihstū (accusative plural)
mihstō (genitive singular)
mihstiwō (genitive plural)
mihstiwi (dative singular)
mihstō (dative singular)
mihstum (dative plural)
mihstu (instrumental singular)
mihstum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: mist

Middle Low German: mist, mest

German Low German: Mess

Old Dutch: *mist

Middle Dutch: mest

Dutch: mest

Old High German: mist

Middle High German: mist

German: Mist

Luxembourgish: Mëscht

From Proto-Germanic *mihstuz. Equivalent to *mīgan (“to urinate”) + *-þu.


plihti

plihti (nominative singular)
plihtī (nominative plural)
plihti (accusative singular)
plihtī (accusative plural)
plihtī (genitive singular)
plihtijō (genitive plural)
plihtī (dative singular)
plihtim (dative plural)
plihtijum (dative plural)
plihtī (instrumental singular)
plihtim (instrumental plural)
plihtijum (instrumental plural)

>? Old English: pliht

Middle English: pliht, pliȝt, plyght

Scots: plicht

English: plight

Old Frisian: plicht

Saterland Frisian: Plicht

West Frisian: plicht

Old Saxon: *pliht

Middle Low German: plicht

German Low German: Plicht

Low German: plicht

→ Danish: pligt

→ Swedish: plikt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: plikt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: plikt

Old Dutch: *pliht

Middle Dutch: plicht

Dutch: plicht

Afrikaans: plig

Old High German: *pfliht, *phliht

Middle High German: pflicht

German: Pflicht

→ Luxembourgish: Flicht, Pflicht

→ Saterland Frisian: Flicht


kuningadōm

kuningadōm (nominative singular)
kuningadōmō (nominative plural)
kuningadōmōs (nominative plural)
kuningadōm (accusative singular)
kuningadōmā (accusative plural)
kuningadōmas (genitive singular)
kuningadōmō (genitive plural)
kuningadōmē (dative singular)
kuningadōmum (dative plural)
kuningadōmu (instrumental singular)
kuningadōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyningdōm

Middle English: kyngdom, kingdom

Scots: kingdom

English: kingdom

Old Frisian: *keningdōm, *kiningdōm

West Frisian: keuningdom

Old Saxon: kuningdōm

Old Dutch: *kuningduom

Middle Dutch: koninghdom

Dutch: koningdom

Old High German: kuningtuom

Middle High German: künictuom

German: Königtum

From Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz. Equivalent to *kuning + *-dōm.
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm


hupibain

hupibain (nominative singular)
hupibainu (nominative plural)
hupibain (accusative singular)
hupibainu (accusative plural)
hupibainas (genitive singular)
hupibainō (genitive plural)
hupibainē (dative singular)
hupibainum (dative plural)
hupibainu (instrumental singular)
hupibainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hypebān

Middle English: hepebone

English: hipbone

Old Frisian: *hupebēn

West Frisian: heupbonke, heupebonke

Old Saxon: *hupbēn

Middle Low German:

German Low German:

Westmünsterländisch: Hoowbeen

Old Dutch: *hupbēn

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: heupbeen

Old High German: hufbein


knukil

knukil (nominative singular)
knukilō (nominative plural)
knukilōs (nominative plural)
knukil (accusative singular)
knukilā (accusative plural)
knukilas (genitive singular)
knukilō (genitive plural)
knukilē (dative singular)
knukilum (dative plural)
knukilu (instrumental singular)
knukilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cnucel, cnyċel, *cnocel
Middle English: knokel, knokelle, knokill, knokyl, knokylle
English: knuckle
Scots: knockle
Yola: noughel

Old Frisian: knokel

Saterland Frisian: Knouel

West Frisian: knokkel

Old Saxon: *knukil

Middle Low German: knö̂kel, knuckel
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: knökel
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Knäöw'l
Westphalian:
Dortmunder: Knüakel
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Knökel
Sauerländisch: Knüekel, Knöekel (Balve), Knǖkel (Niedersfeld), Knüökel (Attendorn), Kniäkel (Kirchhundem, Selbecke)
→ Danish: knogle

Old Dutch: *knukil

Middle Dutch: cnôkel, cnockel

Dutch: knokkel, kneukel

Afrikaans: kneukel

West Flemish: knekel

Old High German: *knuchil

Middle High German: knöchel

German: Knöchel (ankle, knuckle)

Hunsrik: Knechel

Luxembourgish: Knéchel

Yiddish: קנעכל (knekhl)

From Proto-Germanic *knukilaz. Equivalent to *knokō + *-il.


knokō

knokō (nominative singular)
knokan (nominative plural)
knokan (accusative singular)
knokan (accusative plural)
knukini (genitive singular)
knokan (genitive singular)
knokanō (genitive plural)
knukini (dative singular)
knokan (dative singular)
knokum (dative plural)
knukini (instrumental singular)
knokan (instrumental singular)
knokum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *knuko, *knoko

desc

North Frisian: knook, knooke, knaake, knååke

Saterland Frisian: Knoke

Old Saxon: *knuko

Middle Low German: *knocke

Plautdietsch: Knoaken

→ Norwegian: knoke

Old Dutch: *knuko

Middle Dutch: cnoke

Dutch: knook

Afrikaans: knok

desctree

Old High German: knohha
Middle High German: knoche
Alemannic German: Chnoche
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Knoche
Kölsch: Knoche
Luxembourgish: Knachen
German: Knochen
→ Emilian: gnôc, gnòc
→ Italian: nocca
→ Venetian: gnoco
→ Italian: gnocco


skuldrublad

skuldrublad (nominative singular)
skuldrubladu (nominative plural)
skuldrublad (accusative singular)
skuldrubladu (accusative plural)
skuldrubladas (genitive singular)
skuldrubladō (genitive plural)
skuldrubladē (dative singular)
skuldrubladum (dative plural)
skuldrubladu (instrumental singular)
skuldrubladum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċuldorblæd

Middle English: schulder-blade, shudre-blade, shulder-blade, schulder blade, schuldre blad, shulderblad
English: shoulderblade

Old Frisian: *skulderbled

West Frisian: skouderblêd

Old Saxon: *skuldarblad

Middle Low German: schulderblat

German Low German:

Westmünsterländisch: Schulderbladd

→ Danish: skulderblad

→ Norwegian: skulderblad

→ Swedish: skulderblad

Old Dutch: *skulderblat

desc

Middle Dutch: schouderblat, scouderblat, scolderblat

desctree

Dutch: schouderblad
Afrikaans: skouerblad

Old High German: *scultarblat

Middle High German: schulterblat

German: Schulterblatt

From *skuldru (“shoulder”) + *blad (“blade”).


skinubain

skinubain (nominative singular)
skinubainu (nominative plural)
skinubain (accusative singular)
skinubainu (accusative plural)
skinubainas (genitive singular)
skinubainō (genitive plural)
skinubainē (dative singular)
skinubainum (dative plural)
skinubainu (instrumental singular)
skinubainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċinbān
Middle English: schineboon, schinbone
English: shinbone

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Schä̂nbên

→ Danish: skinneben

→ Swedish: skenben

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: sheenbeen

Old High German: skinabein

desc

Middle High German: schinbein, schinebein

German: Schienbein

Alemannic German: Schinbein

Hunsrik: Schienbeen


breustabain

breustabain (nominative singular)
breustabainu (nominative plural)
breustabain (accusative singular)
breustabainu (accusative plural)
breustabainas (genitive singular)
breustabainō (genitive plural)
breustabainē (dative singular)
breustabainum (dative plural)
breustabainu (instrumental singular)
breustabainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brēostbān

Middle English: brestbon, brust-bon, breoste-bon,

English: breastbone

Old Frisian: brustben, burstben

Saterland Frisian: brustben

West Frisian: boarstbien, boarstbonke

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: borstbeen

Dutch: borstbeen

Old High German: brustbein

Middle High German:

German: Brustbein

From Proto-Germanic *breustabainą. Equivalent to *breust (“breast”) + *bain (“bone”). Cognate with Icelandic brjóstbein, Swedish bröstben.


halsabain

halsabain (nominative singular)
halsabainu (nominative plural)
halsabain (accusative singular)
halsabainu (accusative plural)
halsabainas (genitive singular)
halsabainō (genitive plural)
halsabainē (dative singular)
halsabainum (dative plural)
halsabainu (instrumental singular)
halsabainum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *halsbēn

Middle Low German: halsbēn

Old High German: halsbein

From Proto-Germanic *halsabainą. Equivalent to *hals (“neck”) + *bain (“bone”). Cognate with Old Norse hálsbeina.


wiþubain

wiþubain (nominative singular)
wiþubainu (nominative plural)
wiþubain (accusative singular)
wiþubainu (accusative plural)
wiþubainas (genitive singular)
wiþubainō (genitive plural)
wiþubainē (dative singular)
wiþubainum (dative plural)
wiþubainu (instrumental singular)
wiþubainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiþobān, widobān

English: withbone

Old Frisian: widubēn, widebēn, wedebēn

Old Saxon: *withebēn

Middle Low German: wêdebên

From Proto-Germanic *wiþubainą. Equivalent to *wiþu (“collar”) + *bain (“bone”). Cognate with Old Norse viðbein.


skinu

skinu (nominative singular)
skinō (nominative plural)
skinā (accusative singular)
skinā (accusative plural)
skinā (genitive singular)
skinō (genitive plural)
skinē (dative singular)
skinōm (dative plural)
skinum (dative plural)
skinu (instrumental singular)
skinōm (instrumental plural)
skinum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċinu
Middle English: schyne, schen, schin, schine, schyn, schynne, scine, shine, shyn, shzine
English: shin
Scots: shin, schin

Old Frisian: *skine

Saterland Frisian: Skiene

West Frisian: skine

Old Saxon: skina
Middle Low German: schēne
German Low German: Scheen, Schien
→ Danish: skinne
→ Norwegian: skinne, skina
→ Swedish: skena

Old Dutch: *skina

Middle Dutch: schene

Dutch: scheen
Afrikaans: skeen

Old High German: skina, scina, scena
Middle High German: schine, schin
Alemannic German: Schine
German: Schiene
→ Hungarian: sín
→ Macedonian: шина (šina)
→ Polish: szyna
→ Romanian: șină
→ Russian: шина (šina)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шина
Latin script: šina
Luxembourgish: Schinn

Lombardic: *skinko
→ Italian: stinco
 (see there for further descendants)


witō

witō (nominative singular)
witan (nominative plural)
witan (accusative singular)
witan (accusative plural)
witini (genitive singular)
witan (genitive singular)
witanō (genitive plural)
witini (dative singular)
witan (dative singular)
witum (dative plural)
witini (instrumental singular)
witan (instrumental singular)
witum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wita

Old High German: wizzo


gawitō

gawitō (nominative singular)
gawitan (nominative plural)
gawitan (accusative singular)
gawitan (accusative plural)
gawitini (genitive singular)
gawitan (genitive singular)
gawitanō (genitive plural)
gawitini (dative singular)
gawitan (dative singular)
gawitum (dative plural)
gawitini (instrumental singular)
gawitan (instrumental singular)
gawitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġewita

Old Frisian: wita

Old Saxon: *giwito

⇒ Old Saxon: mēngiwito

Old High German: giwizzo


kwidu

kwidu (nominative singular)
kwidiwi (nominative plural)
kwidō (nominative plural)
kwidu (accusative singular)
kwidū (accusative plural)
kwidō (genitive singular)
kwidiwō (genitive plural)
kwidiwi (dative singular)
kwidō (dative singular)
kwidum (dative plural)
kwidu (instrumental singular)
kwidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwidu, cweodu, cudu

desc

Middle English: code, quide, quede, coude, cudde

English: cud, quid

Scots: cude, cuid

Old High German: quiti, kuti

Middle High German: küte, küt

German: Kitt (“cement, putty”)


nefō

nefō (nominative singular)
nefan (nominative plural)
nefan (accusative singular)
nefan (accusative plural)
nifini (genitive singular)
nefan (genitive singular)
nefanō (genitive plural)
nifini (dative singular)
nefan (dative singular)
nefum (dative plural)
nifini (instrumental singular)
nefan (instrumental singular)
nefum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nefa
Middle English: neve, neave, neva, nefa, newe, neafe, nefe
English: neve

Old Frisian: neva

Old Saxon: nevo

Middle Low German: nēve

German Low German: Neev

Old Dutch: nevo

Middle Dutch: nēve
Dutch: neef
Afrikaans: neef
→ Papiamentu: neefie (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: nefo, neifo
→ Dutch: niffo
→ West Frisian: neef
Limburgish: naef

Old High German: nevo, nefo
Middle High German: nëfe, nëve, nëf, nebe
Cimbrian: néf
German: Neffe, Nefe (obsolete)
→? German Low German: Neffe


hruggjabain

hruggjabain (nominative singular)
hruggjabainu (nominative plural)
hruggjabain (accusative singular)
hruggjabainu (accusative plural)
hruggjabainas (genitive singular)
hruggjabainō (genitive plural)
hruggjabainē (dative singular)
hruggjabainum (dative plural)
hruggjabainu (instrumental singular)
hruggjabainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hryċġbān, hryġċbān
Middle English: riggebon, riggebone
English: ridgebone
Scots: rigbane

Old Frisian: hreggbên, hregbên

Saterland Frisian: Räägebunke

West Frisian: rêchbonke

Old Saxon: *hruggibēn

desc

Middle Low German: rüggebên, rüggebein, rücbên

German Low German: Rüggbunk

Old Dutch: *ruggibēn

Middle Dutch: ruggebene, ruggebeen

Dutch: ruggebeen

Old High German: ruggibein, rukkibein, ruckibein

Middle High German: rückebein, ruckebein, rucbein, ruckepein, rucpein, ruggebein, ruggebēn; ruckenbein

German: Rückenbein

From Proto-Germanic *hrugjabainą. Equivalent to *hrugi (“back, spine”) + *bain (“bone”).


weraldi

weraldi (nominative singular)
weraldī (nominative plural)
weraldi (accusative singular)
weraldī (accusative plural)
weraldī (genitive singular)
weraldijō (genitive plural)
weraldī (dative singular)
weraldim (dative plural)
weraldijum (dative plural)
weraldī (instrumental singular)
weraldim (instrumental plural)
weraldijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: weorold, weorld, weoruld, woruld, worold, world, wiorld, wyrold, wiarald, wuruld
Middle English: world
English: world
Scots: warld

Old Frisian: warld, wrald

North Frisian: wrald, wrâl

Saterland Frisian: Wareld

West Frisian: wrâld

Old Saxon: werold
Middle Low German: werlt, werlde
Low German: Welt, Werlt
German Low German: Wereld, Welt
Plautdietsch: Welt

Old Dutch: werolt

Middle Dutch: wērelt

Dutch: wereld
Afrikaans: wêreld
Negerhollands: wereld, weerelt

Limburgish: wereld

Old High German: weralt
Middle High German: wërlt
Alemannic German: Wält
Bavarian: Wejt, Wöd, Wölt
Central Franconian:
Transylvanian Saxon: Wält
German: Welt
Luxembourgish: Welt
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Welt
Vilamovian: wełt
Yiddish: וועלט (velt)


kinnubain

kinnubain (nominative singular)
kinnubainu (nominative plural)
kinnubain (accusative singular)
kinnubainu (accusative plural)
kinnubainas (genitive singular)
kinnubainō (genitive plural)
kinnubainē (dative singular)
kinnubainum (dative plural)
kinnubainu (instrumental singular)
kinnubainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċinbān

Middle English: cynnbane

English: chinbone

Old Saxon: *kinnibēn

Middle Low German: kinnebēn

Old High German: kinnibein

Middle High German: kinnebein

Yiddish: קינביין (kinbeyn)

From Proto-Germanic *kinnubainą. Equivalent to *kinnu (“chin, jaw”) + *bain (“bone”). Cognate with Old Norse kinnebein.


kinnubakō

kinnubakō (nominative singular)
kinnubakan (nominative plural)
kinnubakan (accusative singular)
kinnubakan (accusative plural)
kinnubakini (genitive singular)
kinnubakan (genitive singular)
kinnubakanō (genitive plural)
kinnubakini (dative singular)
kinnubakan (dative singular)
kinnubakum (dative plural)
kinnubakini (instrumental singular)
kinnubakan (instrumental singular)
kinnubakum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Frisian: tsinbakka, szinbakke, szinbaca, kinbaka, kenbak

Old Saxon: kinnebako, kinnibaco

Middle Low German:

German Low German:

Münsterländisch: Kinnbacke

Sauerländisch: Kinnbacke sg, Kinnebacken pl

→ Danish: kindbakke

Old Dutch: kinnebako

Middle Dutch: kinnebacke, kenebacke, kinbacke

Dutch: kinnebak

→ West Frisian: kinnebak

Old High German: kinnibahho, chinnibahho, chinnipacho

Middle High German: kinnebacke, kinnebache, kinbacke, kenebacke

German: Kinnbacke sg, Kinnbacken pl

From *kinnu (“chin, jaw”) + *bakō (“back”).


kākabain

kākabain (nominative singular)
kākabainu (nominative plural)
kākabain (accusative singular)
kākabainu (accusative plural)
kākabainas (genitive singular)
kākabainō (genitive plural)
kākabainē (dative singular)
kākabainum (dative plural)
kākabainu (instrumental singular)
kākabainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēacbān, *ċēocbān

Middle English: *chekeban, chekebon, chekbone

English: cheekbone

Scots: cheekbane

Old Dutch: *cācbēn

Middle Dutch: câkebêen

Dutch: kaakbeen

→ Swedish: käkben

From *kākā (“jaw, cheek”) + *bain (“bone”).


keukā

keukā (nominative singular)
keukōn (nominative plural)
keukōn (accusative singular)
keukōn (accusative plural)
keukōn (genitive singular)
keukōnō (genitive plural)
keukōn (dative singular)
keukōm (dative plural)
keukum (dative plural)
keukōn (instrumental singular)
keukōm (instrumental plural)
keukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċēoce, ċēce — Anglian
Middle English: cheke, cheek, cheeke, cheoke, chieke, chike, choke, chooke, chyke (merged with ċēace)
English: cheek; choke
Scots: cheek

desc

Old Frisian: ciāke, sthiāke, stiāke, tziāke, sciāke, tseziāke, ziāke, tzāke

North Frisian: sīk

Saterland Frisian: Sooke

West Frisian: tsjeak, tsjeek (obsolete)

Old Saxon: *kioka

Middle Low German: kêke

→ Old Frisian: kēke

From Proto-Germanic *keukǭ. Cognate with Old Norse kok (“throat”).


hwerbabain

hwerbabain (nominative singular)
hwerbabainu (nominative plural)
hwerbabain (accusative singular)
hwerbabainu (accusative plural)
hwerbabainas (genitive singular)
hwerbabainō (genitive plural)
hwerbabainē (dative singular)
hwerbabainum (dative plural)
hwerbabainu (instrumental singular)
hwerbabainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hweorfbān

Old Saxon: hwerfbēn

Old High German: *hwerfbein, werfbein, wirfbein

From *hwerban (“to turn”) + *bain (“bone”).


knewaskībā

knewaskībā (nominative singular)
knewaskībōn (nominative plural)
knewaskībōn (accusative singular)
knewaskībōn (accusative plural)
knewaskībōn (genitive singular)
knewaskībōnō (genitive plural)
knewaskībōn (dative singular)
knewaskībōm (dative plural)
knewaskībum (dative plural)
knewaskībōn (instrumental singular)
knewaskībōm (instrumental plural)
knewaskībum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cnēosċīfe

Middle English: kne shyve

English: kneeshive (archaic)

Old Frisian: kniskive, kneskive, kniscive, knescive

Old Saxon: *knioskība, *knioskīva

Middle Low German: *knêchêve

German Low German:

Westmünsterländisch: Kneeschiewe, Kneeschiebe

Old Dutch: *cnioskība

Middle Dutch: cnieschîve, cniescîve

Dutch: knieschijf

Old High German: kniuskība

Middle High German: knieschîbe

German: Kniescheibe

Luxembourgish: Knéischeif

From *kneu (“knee”) + *skībā (“disc, plate, slice”), from Proto-Germanic *skībǭ (whence Old Norse skífa (“slice”)), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”).


bōþl

bōþl (nominative singular)
bōþlu (nominative plural)
bōþl (accusative singular)
bōþlu (accusative plural)
bōþlas (genitive singular)
bōþlō (genitive plural)
bōþlē (dative singular)
bōþlum (dative plural)
bōþlu (instrumental singular)
bōþlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: botl, botel, bold

Middle English: bottle, botle, buttle

English: bottle (“dwelling, building”)

Old Frisian: bōdel, bōld

North Frisian: bol, boel, böl

Saterland Frisian: bûdel, bôdel

West Frisian: boel

Old Saxon: bōdal

Middle Low German: bôdel, bôl

German Low German:

Klevisch-Weselisch: Baul

Westmünsterländisch: Buddel, Büoddel

Old Dutch: *buothal

Middle Dutch: boedel, bodel

Dutch: boedel, boel

Afrikaans: boedel, boel

→ English: boodle


laubu

laubu (nominative singular)
laubō (nominative plural)
laubā (accusative singular)
laubā (accusative plural)
laubā (genitive singular)
laubō (genitive plural)
laubē (dative singular)
laubōm (dative plural)
laubum (dative plural)
laubu (instrumental singular)
laubōm (instrumental plural)
laubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēaf

Middle English: lefe, leve

Scots: leve, leiv

English: leave

Old Frisian: *lāve

desc

Saterland Frisian: Loofe, Loouwe, Looche

West Frisian: leafe

Old Saxon: *lōva

Middle Low German: *lôve

German Low German: Loov

Old Dutch: *lōva

Middle Dutch: *lôve

Dutch: love

Old High German: *louba

Middle High German:

German: Laube


furhu

furhu (nominative singular)
forhō (nominative plural)
forhā (accusative singular)
forhā (accusative plural)
forhā (genitive singular)
forhō (genitive plural)
furhē (dative singular)
forhōm (dative plural)
furhum (dative plural)
furhu (instrumental singular)
forhōm (instrumental plural)
furhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fyrh, furh

q

Middle English: firre (perhaps partially or wholly derived from Old Norse)

English: fir

Scots: fir

Old Frisian: *fēre, *fiūre

Saterland Frisian: Fjúre

Old Saxon: furia

Middle Low German: vūre

Low German: Fuhr

Old Dutch: *fura

⇒ Dutch: Forolta

⇒ Dutch: Fornhese

Old High German: furh, furuh

Middle High German: vorhe

German: Föhre


wliti

wliti (nominative singular)
wlitī (nominative plural)
wliti (accusative singular)
wlitī (accusative plural)
wlitī (genitive singular)
wlittjō (genitive plural)
wlitī (dative singular)
wlitim (dative plural)
wlittjum (dative plural)
wlitī (instrumental singular)
wlitim (instrumental plural)
wlittjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wlite, wlitu

Middle English: wlite

Old Frisian: wlite

Old Saxon: wliti


bōku

bōku (nominative singular)
bōkō (nominative plural)
bōkā (accusative singular)
bōkā (accusative plural)
bōkā (genitive singular)
bōkō (genitive plural)
bōkē (dative singular)
bōkōm (dative plural)
bōkum (dative plural)
bōku (instrumental singular)
bōkōm (instrumental plural)
bōkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bōc
Middle English: bok
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke

Old Frisian: bōk

West Frisian: boeck, boek

Old Saxon: bōka
Middle Low German: bôke
Low German: Böök, Böke
Dutch Low Saxon: beuk
→ Dutch: beuk

Old Dutch: *buoka (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: boec

q

Dutch: boek (only in compounds and placenames, displaced by eastern beuk)

desctree

Old High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha
Middle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)
Alemannic German: Buech
German: Buche, Büche
Luxembourgish: Bich
Vilamovian: bih́łiḱ


walō

walō (nominative singular)
walan (nominative plural)
walan (accusative singular)
walan (accusative plural)
walini (genitive singular)
walan (genitive singular)
walanō (genitive plural)
walini (dative singular)
walan (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)
walini (instrumental singular)
walan (instrumental singular)
walum (instrumental plural)


faikn

faikn (nominative singular)
faiknu (nominative plural)
faikn (accusative singular)
faiknu (accusative plural)
faiknas (genitive singular)
faiknō (genitive plural)
faiknē (dative singular)
faiknum (dative plural)
faiknu (instrumental singular)
faiknum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fācn, fācen

Middle English: faken, fakenn, foken

Old Frisian: *fēkn

⇒ Old Frisian: fēknia (verb)

Old Saxon: fēkn, fēkan

Old High German: feihhan, feichan

Middle High German: veichen


seþl

seþl (nominative singular)
seþlu (nominative plural)
seþl (accusative singular)
seþlu (accusative plural)
seþlas (genitive singular)
seþlō (genitive plural)
seþlē (dative singular)
seþlum (dative plural)
seþlu (instrumental singular)
seþlum (instrumental plural)

>? Old English: setl, seatl, seatul, sedl, seld, seotl, seotul, seþel, seðl, sitl, sotl, setel
Middle English: setle, selde (with metathesis)
English: settle, seld (with metathesis)

Old Saxon: sethal

Middle Low German: sēdel

Old Dutch: *sethal

Middle Dutch: sēdel

Dutch: zedel

Limburgish: zaedel

Old High German: sedal

Middle High German: sedel


hleuþr

hleuþr (nominative singular)
hleuþru (nominative plural)
hleuþr (accusative singular)
hleuþru (accusative plural)
hleuþras (genitive singular)
hleuþrō (genitive plural)
hleuþrē (dative singular)
hleuþrum (dative plural)
hleuþru (instrumental singular)
hleuþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlēoþor

Old High German: liodar


morþr

morþr (nominative singular)
morþru (nominative plural)
morþr (accusative singular)
morþru (accusative plural)
morþras (genitive singular)
morþrō (genitive plural)
morþrē (dative singular)
morþrum (dative plural)
morþru (instrumental singular)
morþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: morþor

desc

Middle English: morther, murther, murthre, mourdre, mudre, murder

English: murther, murder

Scots: murther, morther, murder

Old Dutch: *morthor, mordor

Old High German: mordor

→ Latin: murdrum

Old French: murdre, mordre, murtre

Middle French: meurtre

French: meurtre


hasl

hasl (nominative singular)
haslō (nominative plural)
haslōs (nominative plural)
hasl (accusative singular)
haslā (accusative plural)
haslas (genitive singular)
haslō (genitive plural)
haslē (dative singular)
haslum (dative plural)
haslu (instrumental singular)
haslum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hæsl, hæsel, hæsil
Middle English: hasel, hasell, hasil, hasill, hasul, hasyl, haysell, hesel, hesill, hesyll
English: hazel (dialectal halse)
Scots: hazel
Yola: hawlse

Old Saxon: *hasal

Middle Low German: hāsel

Plautdietsch: Hausel

Old Dutch: *hasal

Middle Dutch: hāsel

Dutch: hazel

Old High German: hasal

Middle High German: hasel

German: Hasel


stahlī

stahhlī (nominative singular)
stahhliju (nominative plural)
stahhlī (accusative singular)
stahhliju (accusative plural)
stahhlijas (genitive singular)
stahhlijō (genitive plural)
stahhlijē (dative singular)
stahhlijum (dative plural)
stahhliju (instrumental singular)
stahhlijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stīele, stȳle, stīle, stēle
Middle English: stele, stel, stelle, steole, steyle, stiele, style
English: steel
→ Maori: tīra
Scots: stele, steill
Yola: stheel

Old Saxon: stehli

From Proto-Germanic *stahliją, a collective formed from *stahlą (Proto-West Germanic *stahl).

(North Sea Germanic) Alternative form of *stahl


þį̄slu

þį̄slu (nominative singular)
þį̄slō (nominative plural)
þį̄slā (accusative singular)
þį̄slā (accusative plural)
þį̄slā (genitive singular)
þį̄slō (genitive plural)
þį̄slē (dative singular)
þį̄slōm (dative plural)
þį̄slum (dative plural)
þį̄slu (instrumental singular)
þį̄slōm (instrumental plural)
þį̄slum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þīsl, þīxl

Old Frisian: *thixel

West Frisian: tiksel

Old Saxon: *thīhsla

Middle Low German: dîsel, dissel

Low German: Deissel, Distel

→ German: Deissel, Deißel

→ Polish: dyszel
→ Russian: ды́шло (dýšlo)

Old Dutch: *thīssala

Middle Dutch: dissele, dissel

Dutch: dissel

Old High German: dīhsala, dīhsila

Middle High German: dīhsel

German: Deichsel

Luxembourgish: Täissel


stebnu

stebnu (nominative singular)
stebnō (nominative plural)
stebnā (accusative singular)
stebnā (accusative plural)
stebnā (genitive singular)
stebnō (genitive plural)
stebnē (dative singular)
stebnōm (dative plural)
stebnum (dative plural)
stebnu (instrumental singular)
stebnōm (instrumental plural)
stebnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stefn, stemn

Middle English: steven, stemne, stempne

English: steven, stevvon, stempne

Scots: stevin, stewyn

Old Frisian: stifne, stemme

Saterland Frisian: Stämme

West Frisian: stim

Old Saxon: *stefna, stemna

desc

Middle Low German: stēvene, stempne, stemne, stimne, stemme, stimme

German Low German: Stemm, Stimm

Old Dutch: *stevna, stemma, stimna

Middle Dutch: stevene, stemme

Dutch: stem

Limburgish: stöm

Old High German: stimna

Middle High German: stimme

German: Stimme

Luxembourgish: Stëmm


nāþlu

nāþlu (nominative singular)
nāþlō (nominative plural)
nāþlā (accusative singular)
nāþlā (accusative plural)
nāþlā (genitive singular)
nāþlō (genitive plural)
nāþlē (dative singular)
nāþlōm (dative plural)
nāþlum (dative plural)
nāþlu (instrumental singular)
nāþlōm (instrumental plural)
nāþlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nǣdl

Middle English: nedle

English: needle

Scots: nedil, neidil

Old Frisian: nēdle, nēlde

Saterland Frisian: Näddele

West Frisian: niddel, nuddel, nille, nulle

Old Saxon: nāthla

Middle Low German: nâdel, nâtele, nâtel, nâtle, nâlde (not found in most areas, rare elsewhere)

Low German: Nodel, Nadel (likely to be loaned from or influenced by German)

Plautdietsch: Notel

Old Dutch: nālda

Middle Dutch: naelde

Dutch: naald

Afrikaans: naald

Old High German: nādala, nālda

Middle High German: nādele, nālde

German: Nadel

Luxembourgish: Nol (< nālde)

q

Yiddish: נאָדל (nodl); נודיל (nudil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)


bōsm

bōsm (nominative singular)
bōsmō (nominative plural)
bōsmōs (nominative plural)
bōsm (accusative singular)
bōsmā (accusative plural)
bōsmas (genitive singular)
bōsmō (genitive plural)
bōsmē (dative singular)
bōsmum (dative plural)
bōsmu (instrumental singular)
bōsmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bōsm, bōsum
Middle English: bosom, bosum, bosem
English: bosom
Scots: bosum, bosome

Old Frisian: bōsm, bōsem

→ Saterland Frisian: Bossem

West Frisian: boeseme, boezem, buozzem

Old Saxon: bōsom

Middle Low German: bôsem, bôseme

Dutch Low Saxon: bussem

Old Dutch: *buosum, *buosom

Middle Dutch: boesem

Dutch: boezem

Afrikaans: boesem

Limburgish: bozem

Old High German: buosum, buosam

Middle High German: buosem, buosen

Cimbrian: pusum

German: Busen

Yiddish: בוזעם (buzem)


faþm

faþm (nominative singular)
faþmō (nominative plural)
faþmōs (nominative plural)
faþm (accusative singular)
faþmā (accusative plural)
faþmas (genitive singular)
faþmō (genitive plural)
faþmē (dative singular)
faþmum (dative plural)
faþmu (instrumental singular)
faþmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæþm

Middle English: fathome, fadome

Scots: faddom

English: fathom

Old Frisian: fethem, fethm

Saterland Frisian: Fäidem, Fäden

West Frisian: fiem

Old Saxon: fathm

Middle Low German: vādem

German Low German: Faam

Low German: fadem, faem

Old Dutch: *fatham

Middle Dutch: vādem, vāem (late)

Dutch: vadem, vaam

Afrikaans: vadem, vaam

desc

Limburgish: vaam (“thread”), vadem (“fathom”)

Old High German: fadam, fadum

Middle High German: vadem, vaden

Central Franconian: Faddem, Foadem, Fodem, Fadem, Farem

Luxembourgish: Fuedem

Cimbrian: vaadom, baadom (Mezzaselva)

German: Faden


fōdr

fōdr (nominative singular)
fōdru (nominative plural)
fōdr (accusative singular)
fōdru (accusative plural)
fōdras (genitive singular)
fōdrō (genitive plural)
fōdrē (dative singular)
fōdrum (dative plural)
fōdru (instrumental singular)
fōdrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fōdor
Middle English: fodder, foddre, fodre, foder, fodyr, foddur, voddur
English: fodder
Scots: foder, fodder, fother, fothir

Old Frisian: fōder

North Frisian: Fođer, fooder

Saterland Frisian: Fodder

West Frisian: foer

Old Saxon: *fōdar

Middle Low German: vōder

Old Dutch: *fuodar

Dutch: voeder, voer

Afrikaans: voer

Limburgish: voder, voor

Old High German: fuotar
Middle High German: vuoter
Cimbrian: fuutar
German: Futter
Luxembourgish: Fudder

→ Old French: fuerre (see there for further descendants)


fōdr

Old English: fōdor

Old Dutch: *fuodar

Middle Dutch: voeder

Dutch: voer

Old High German: fuotar

Middle High German: vuoter

German: Futter

→ Polish: futro

Luxembourgish: Fudder

→ Venetian: fódro

→? Cimbrian: fòdara

→ Italian: fodero


rōþr

rōþr (nominative singular)
rōþru (nominative plural)
rōþr (accusative singular)
rōþru (accusative plural)
rōþras (genitive singular)
rōþrō (genitive plural)
rōþrē (dative singular)
rōþrum (dative plural)
rōþru (instrumental singular)
rōþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōþor
Middle English: rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer
English: rudder, rother
Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder

Old Frisian: rōther, rōder

Saterland Frisian: Ruur

West Frisian: roer

Old Saxon: *rōthar

Middle Low German: rôder

German Low German: Roor

→ Danish: ror

→ Faroese: róður

→ Norwegian: ror

→ Old Swedish: rodher

Swedish: roder

Old Dutch: *ruother

Middle Dutch: roeder

Dutch: roer
Afrikaans: roer
→ Russian: руль (rulʹ)
→ Armenian: ռուլ (ṙul)
→ Azerbaijani: rul
→ Georgian: რული (ruli)
→ Kazakh: рөл (röl)
→ Persian: رل (rol)

Old High German: ruodar, ruoder

Middle High German: ruoder

German: Ruder

Luxembourgish: Rudder

Yiddish: רודער (ruder)

From Proto-Germanic *rōþrą. Equivalent to *rōan (“to row”) + *-þr.


raih

raih (nominative singular)
raihu (nominative plural)
raih (accusative singular)
raihu (accusative plural)
raihas (genitive singular)
raihō (genitive plural)
raihē (dative singular)
raihum (dative plural)
raihu (instrumental singular)
raihum (instrumental plural)


wihti

wihti (nominative singular)
wihtī (nominative plural)
wihti (accusative singular)
wihtī (accusative plural)
wihtī (genitive singular)
wihtijō (genitive plural)
wihtī (dative singular)
wihtim (dative plural)
wihtijum (dative plural)
wihtī (instrumental singular)
wihtim (instrumental plural)
wihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiht
Middle English: wight, wiȝt
English: wight, whit
Scots: wicht, wycht

Old Frisian: *wet (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: nit

Old Saxon: wiht
Middle Low German: wicht, wucht
German Low German: Wicht
Dutch Low Saxon: wicht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wicht
Sauerländisch: Weyht
Westmünsterländisch: Wicht

Old Dutch: wiht

Middle Dutch: wicht

Dutch: wicht

Afrikaans: wig

Old High German: wiht

Middle High German: wicht

German: Wicht


wihti

Old English: wihte

Old English: wiht
Middle English: weght, weghte, weighte, weihte, weit, wighte
English: weight
Scots: wecht, weicht
Yola: waaight

Old Frisian: wicht, wichte

North Frisian: wecht

Saterland Frisian: Wächte

Old Saxon: *wiht, *wihti

Middle Low German: wicht, wichte

Low German: Wicht, Wucht

→ German: Wucht

Plautdietsch: Wicht

→ Danish: vægt

Norwegian: vekt

→ German: Wicht

→ Swedish: vikt

Old Dutch: *wiht

Middle Dutch: wicht, wichte

Dutch: wicht

Old High German: *wihti

Middle High German: wiht


brāþm

brāþm (nominative singular)
brāþmō (nominative plural)
brāþmōs (nominative plural)
brāþm (accusative singular)
brāþmā (accusative plural)
brāþmas (genitive singular)
brāþmō (genitive plural)
brāþmē (dative singular)
brāþmum (dative plural)
brāþmu (instrumental singular)
brāþmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *brātham

Middle Low German: brādem

>? Low German: Bradden

Old High German: brādam

Middle High German: brādem

German: Brodem

Suevic:

→ Galician: brétema (“fog, mist”)


brāþi

brāþi (nominative singular)
brāþī (nominative plural)
brāþi (accusative singular)
brāþī (accusative plural)
brāþī (genitive singular)
brāþijō (genitive plural)
brāþī (dative singular)
brāþim (dative plural)
brāþijum (dative plural)
brāþī (instrumental singular)
brāþim (instrumental plural)
brāþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣþ
Middle English: breeth, breað, braþe, breth, breith
English: breath
Scots: breth, brethe, breith

From *brāan (“to smoke, fume; to smell”) + *-þi.


āþm

āþm (nominative singular)
āþmō (nominative plural)
āþmōs (nominative plural)
āþm (accusative singular)
āþmā (accusative plural)
āþmas (genitive singular)
āþmō (genitive plural)
āþmē (dative singular)
āþmum (dative plural)
āþmu (instrumental singular)
āþmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ǣþm, ǣðm, ēþm, ēðm
Middle English: ethem

Old Saxon: āthom, āthum

desc

Middle Low German: âdem, âtem, âtmen, âdam

German Low German: Aam

Old Dutch: *āthom; *āththem

Middle Dutch: âdem; âessem, âsem

Dutch: adem; asem

Afrikaans: asem

Limburgish: aom, aosem

desctree

Old High German: ātum, ātam, ātem, ātim, ādum, ādom, ādem, hātam
Middle High German: ātem, ādem, āten
Bavarian: Åtem
Cimbrian: aatom
German: Atem, Odem (influenced by Low German)
Hunsrik: Ochtem
Yiddish: אָטעם (otem)


dropō

dropō (nominative singular)
dropan (nominative plural)
dropan (accusative singular)
dropan (accusative plural)
drupini (genitive singular)
dropan (genitive singular)
dropanō (genitive plural)
drupini (dative singular)
dropan (dative singular)
dropum (dative plural)
drupini (instrumental singular)
dropan (instrumental singular)
dropum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dropa
Middle English: drope
English: drop
Scots: drop, drope, drap, drape

Old Frisian: *dropa

Saterland Frisian: Droupe, Druppe

Old Saxon: dropo
Middle Low German: drope, drupe, drup
German Low German: Drüpp

Old Dutch: dropo

Middle Dutch: drope, drop

Dutch: drop

Old High German: tropfo, troffo, tropho
Middle High German: tropfe
German: Tropfe, Tropfen
Yiddish: טראָפּן (tropn), טראָפּ (trop)


hūʀijuling

hūʀijuling (nominative singular)
hūʀijulingō (nominative plural)
hūʀijulingōs (nominative plural)
hūʀijuling (accusative singular)
hūʀijulingā (accusative plural)
hūʀijulingas (genitive singular)
hūʀijulingō (genitive plural)
hūʀijulingē (dative singular)
hūʀijulingum (dative plural)
hūʀijulingu (instrumental singular)
hūʀijulingum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hȳrling
Middle English: hirlyng
English: hireling

Old Frisian: *hērling

West Frisian: hierling

Old Saxon: *hūriling

Middle Low German: *hürling

German Low German: Hüürling

→ Danish: hyrling

→ German: Heuerling

Old Dutch: *hūriling

Middle Dutch: hûrlink

Dutch: huurling
Afrikaans: huurling
Negerhollands: hierlingen

Old High German: *hūriling

Middle High German: hûrlinc

From *hūʀiju (“payment, hire”) + *-ling.


harjabergu

harjabergu (nominative singular)
harjabergō (nominative plural)
harjabergā (accusative singular)
harjabergā (accusative plural)
harjabergā (genitive singular)
harjabergō (genitive plural)
harjabergē (dative singular)
harjabergōm (dative plural)
harjabergum (dative plural)
harjabergu (instrumental singular)
harjabergōm (instrumental plural)
harjabergum (instrumental plural)

Old English: herebeorg
Middle English: herberwe
English: harbor (see there for further descendants)
Scots: harbery, harbory, hairbour

Old Frisian: hereberge, hiriberge

Saterland Frisian: Härbierge

West Frisian: herberch

Old Saxon: heriberga

Middle Low German: herberge

Low German: Harbarge

→ Old Norse: herbergi
Icelandic: herbergi
Faroese: herbergi
Norwegian: herberge
Swedish: härbärge
Danish: herberge, herberg

→ Polabian: albargă

desc

Old Dutch: heribergo, hereberga, heribergi

Middle Dutch: herberghe

Dutch: herberg

Afrikaans: herberg

Old High German: heriberga

Middle High German: herberge

Alemannic German: Herbrig

German: Herberge

→ Medieval Latin: heribergo [8th c., Reichenau Glossary]

Old French: herberge, herberc, halberc [11th c., Alexis] (see there for further descendants)

→ Medieval Latin: alberga [1081] (see there for further descendants)


bainabergu

bainabergu (nominative singular)
bainabergō (nominative plural)
bainabergā (accusative singular)
bainabergā (accusative plural)
bainabergā (genitive singular)
bainabergō (genitive plural)
bainabergē (dative singular)
bainabergōm (dative plural)
bainabergum (dative plural)
bainabergu (instrumental singular)
bainabergōm (instrumental plural)
bainabergum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bānbeorg, bānberġe, bānġebeorg

Old Saxon: bēnberga

Old Dutch: bēnberga

Old High German: beinberga

Middle High German: beinberge

German: Beinberge

→ Medieval Latin: bainberga, beinberga, bemberga, bagnberga


skankō

skankō (nominative singular)
skankan (nominative plural)
skankan (accusative singular)
skankan (accusative plural)
skankini (genitive singular)
skankan (genitive singular)
skankanō (genitive plural)
skankini (dative singular)
skankan (dative singular)
skankum (dative plural)
skankini (instrumental singular)
skankan (instrumental singular)
skankum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċanca, sċeanca, sċeonca
Middle English: schanke, sconke, sceonke, schonke, shanke
English: shank
Scots: schank, schanck

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: skonk

Old Saxon: *skenka

Middle Low German: schenke

Dutch Low Saxon: schenke

Old Dutch: *skenko

Middle Dutch: schencke


skankil

skankil (nominative singular)
skankilō (nominative plural)
skankilōs (nominative plural)
skankil (accusative singular)
skankilā (accusative plural)
skankilas (genitive singular)
skankilō (genitive plural)
skankilē (dative singular)
skankilum (dative plural)
skankilu (instrumental singular)
skankilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *skenkil

Middle Low German: schenkel

German Low German:

Westmünsterländisch: Schenkel

Old Dutch: *skenkil

Middle Dutch: scenkel, schenkel

Dutch: schenkel

Old High German: *skenkil

Middle High German: schenkel

German: Schenkel


kistu

kistu (nominative singular)
kistō (nominative plural)
kistā (accusative singular)
kistā (accusative plural)
kistā (genitive singular)
kistō (genitive plural)
kistē (dative singular)
kistōm (dative plural)
kistum (dative plural)
kistu (instrumental singular)
kistōm (instrumental plural)
kistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċist
Middle English: cheste, cæste, chist, chiste, chyst, cyst, kist, kiste, kyst, kyste
English: chest
Scots: kist
→ Middle Irish: ciste
Irish: ciste
→ Welsh: cist

Old Frisian: kiste

Saterland Frisian: Kiste

West Frisian: kiste

Old Saxon: kista

Middle Low German: kiste, keste

German Low German: Kiste, Kist

Old Dutch: *kista

Middle Dutch: kiste

Dutch: kist
Afrikaans: kis
Berbice Creole Dutch: kesi
Negerhollands: kist
→ Munsee: kusht
→ Sranan Tongo: kisi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kisi
→ Saramaccan: kési

Old High German: kista

Middle High German: kiste

German: Kiste

Hunsrik: Kist

Luxembourgish: Këscht


sebunstirnī

sebunstirnī (nominative singular)
sebunstirnī (accusative singular)
sebunstirnijas (genitive singular)
sebunstirnijē (dative singular)
sebunstirniju (instrumental singular)

Old English: seofonstierre

Old Frisian: *sogenstēre, *savenstēre

q

Saterland Frisian: Soogengestiern (influenced by or possibly borrowed from German)

West Frisian: sânstjer

Old Saxon: *sivunstirni, *sivunstirri

desc

Middle Low German: sēvenstērne, sȫvenstērne; sēvensterre

Old Dutch: *sivonstirni, *sivonstirri

Middle Dutch: sēvensterre

Dutch: zevenster (now rare)

Old High German: sibunstirni, sibunstirri; sibunstern

Middle High German: sibenstërne

German: Siebenstern, Siebengestirn


berku

berku (nominative singular)
berkō (nominative plural)
berkā (accusative singular)
berkā (accusative plural)
berkā (genitive singular)
berkō (genitive plural)
berkē (dative singular)
berkōm (dative plural)
berkum (dative plural)
berku (instrumental singular)
berkōm (instrumental plural)
berkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: beorc

Old Dutch: *berka

Middle Dutch: berke

Dutch: berk

Afrikaans: berk

Old High German: birka, biricha

Middle High German: birke, birche

German: Birke


mūsfallā

mūsfallā (nominative singular)
mūsfallōn (nominative plural)
mūsfallōn (accusative singular)
mūsfallōn (accusative plural)
mūsfallōn (genitive singular)
mūsfallōnō (genitive plural)
mūsfallōn (dative singular)
mūsfallōm (dative plural)
mūsfallum (dative plural)
mūsfallōn (instrumental singular)
mūsfallōm (instrumental plural)
mūsfallum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mūsfealle

Middle English: mousfalle, mowsfalle, mosefalle

English: mousefall

Scots: mousfall

Old Frisian: *mūsfalle

Saterland Frisian: Muusefalle

West Frisian: mûzefalle

Old Saxon: mūsfalla

Middle Low German: mûsevalle

German Low German: Muusfalle, Muusfall

→ Danish: musefælde

→ Swedish: musfälla

→ Norwegian: musefelle

Old Dutch: *mūsfalla

Middle Dutch: muyseval, muysval

Dutch: muizeval, muizenval

Old High German: mūsfalla

Middle High German: mūsfalle, mūsvalle

German: Mausfalle, Mausefalle, Mäusefalle

From *mūs + *fallā (see *fall (“a fall, trap”)).


habanu

habanu (nominative singular)
habanō (nominative plural)
habanā (accusative singular)
habanā (accusative plural)
habanā (genitive singular)
habanō (genitive plural)
habanē (dative singular)
habanōm (dative plural)
habanum (dative plural)
habanu (instrumental singular)
habanōm (instrumental plural)
habanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæfen, hæfene (possibly a loanword from Old Norse)

Middle English: haven, havene

Scots: havin, hevin, heavin

English: haven

Old Frisian: *hafen, *haven

Saterland Frisian: Hauenge, Hoawen (possibly loaned from Low German)

West Frisian: haven

Old Saxon: *havana; *havan m

Middle Low German: hāvene, hāven f or m

German Low German: Haven

→ Middle High German: habene f (also m?)

German: Hafen m (under direct Middle Low German influence)

Luxembourgish: Hafen

Yiddish: האַוון m (havn)

Old Dutch: *havana

Middle Dutch: hāvene

Dutch: haven

Afrikaans: hawe

→ Old French: havene, havre, hafne

Middle French: havre

French: havre

→ Spanish: abra

→ English: abra

→ Galician: abra


nabugaiʀ

nabugaiʀ (nominative singular)
nabugaiʀō (nominative plural)
nabugaiʀōs (nominative plural)
nabugaiʀ (accusative singular)
nabugaiʀā (accusative plural)
nabugaiʀas (genitive singular)
nabugaiʀō (genitive plural)
nabugaiʀē (dative singular)
nabugaiʀum (dative plural)
nabugaiʀu (instrumental singular)
nabugaiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nafugār, nafogār, nafegār

Middle English: nauger, auger

English: auger

Old Frisian: navoger

Old Saxon: navugēr, nabugēr

Middle Low German: neveger, eveger, never

Low German: naviger, näviger

Plautdietsch: Auger

Old Dutch: *navugēr

Middle Dutch: nāvegêer, nāveger, nāvegāer, āvegêer

Dutch: avegaar, eveger, egger

Old High German: nabagēr, nabigēr, nabugēr

Middle High German: nabeger, nebeger

German: Näber

Vilamovian: nȧgwer

→ Proto-Slavic: *nebozězъ, *nabozězъ

From Proto-Germanic *nabōgaizaz. Equivalent to *nabu (“nave”) + *gaiʀ (“spear”).


sāliþu

sāliþu (nominative singular)
sāliþō (nominative plural)
sāliþā (accusative singular)
sāliþā (accusative plural)
sāliþā (genitive singular)
sāliþō (genitive plural)
sāliþē (dative singular)
sāliþōm (dative plural)
sāliþum (dative plural)
sāliþu (instrumental singular)
sāliþōm (instrumental plural)
sāliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sǣlþ

Middle English: selthe

Old Saxon: sālitha, sāltha

Middle Low German: sâlde, sêlde

Old Dutch: sālida, sālda

Middle Dutch: saelde, salde, zalde

Dutch: zaalte

Old High German: sālida

Middle High German: sālide, sēlide, sælede, sālde, sælde, seilde

From Proto-Germanic *sēliþō. Equivalent to *sālī (“happy”) + *-iþu.


staum

staum (nominative singular)
staumō (nominative plural)
staumōs (nominative plural)
staum (accusative singular)
staumā (accusative plural)
staumas (genitive singular)
staumō (genitive plural)
staumē (dative singular)
staumum (dative plural)
staumu (instrumental singular)
staumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stēam

Middle English: stēm, steem

Scots: stem, steam

English: steam

Old Frisian: *stām

Saterland Frisian: Stoom

West Frisian: steam

Old Saxon: *stōm

Middle Low German: stôm

German Low German: Stoom

Low German: stom

Old Dutch: *stōm

desctree

Middle Dutch: *stôom
Dutch: stoom
Afrikaans: stoom
→ Indonesian: setom, setum
→ Papiamentu: stoom (dated)
→ West Frisian: stoom
Limburgish: stoum


godawabi

godawabi (nominative singular)
godawabbju (nominative plural)
godawabi (accusative singular)
godawabbju (accusative plural)
godawabbjas (genitive singular)
godawabbjō (genitive plural)
godawabbjē (dative singular)
godawabbjum (dative plural)
godawabbju (instrumental singular)
godawabbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: godwebb, godeweb, godweb

Old Frisian: godwebb

Old Saxon: godowebbi, godoweb

Old High German: gotawebbi, cotiweppi

From Proto-Germanic *gudawabją. Equivalent to *god + *wabi.


taikur

taikur (nominative singular)
taikurō (nominative plural)
taikurōs (nominative plural)
taikur (accusative singular)
taikurā (accusative plural)
taikuras (genitive singular)
taikurō (genitive plural)
taikurē (dative singular)
taikurum (dative plural)
taikuru (instrumental singular)
taikurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tācor

Old Frisian: tāker

Old High German: zeihhur

Middle High German: zeicher


plakkju

plakkju (nominative singular)
plakkjō (nominative plural)
plakkjā (accusative singular)
plakkjā (accusative plural)
plakkjā (genitive singular)
plakkjō (genitive plural)
plakkjē (dative singular)
plakkjōm (dative plural)
plakkjum (dative plural)
plakkju (instrumental singular)
plakkjōm (instrumental plural)
plakkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *plæċċ

Middle English: *placche, plecche

⇒? Middle English: pacche

English: patch

gl

>? Middle English: placche (attested in plural as placchis (“splinters, fragments, pieces”))

Old Frisian: *plekk

Saterland Frisian: Pläk

West Frisian: plak, plek (also possibly a borrowing from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *plekkia

Middle Low German: plecke

Old Dutch: *plekka

Middle Dutch: plecke, pleecke, pleke

Dutch: plek

→ Middle English: plecke

English: pleck

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language.


klaim

klaim (nominative singular)
klaimō (nominative plural)
klaimōs (nominative plural)
klaim (accusative singular)
klaimā (accusative plural)
klaimas (genitive singular)
klaimō (genitive plural)
klaimē (dative singular)
klaimum (dative plural)
klaimu (instrumental singular)
klaimum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clām

Middle English: clame, clom

English: cloam (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *clēm

Middle Dutch: clêem

Old High German: kleim


þrumi

þrumi (nominative singular)
þrummjō (nominative plural)
þrummjōs (nominative plural)
þrumi (accusative singular)
þrummjā (accusative plural)
þrummjas (genitive singular)
þrummjō (genitive plural)
þrummjē (dative singular)
þrummjum (dative plural)
þrummju (instrumental singular)
þrummjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrymm, þrym

Middle English: thrum, throm, thrim

Old Saxon: *thrumm

⇒ Old Saxon: heruthrumm, heruthrum


klaij

klaij (nominative singular)
klaijō (nominative plural)
klaijōs (nominative plural)
klaij (accusative singular)
klaijā (accusative plural)
klaijas (genitive singular)
klaijō (genitive plural)
klaijē (dative singular)
klaijum (dative plural)
klaiju (instrumental singular)
klaijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: clǣġ
Middle English: cley
English: clay, cley
Scots: cley
Yola: cley

Old Frisian: klāi

North Frisian: klay

Saterland Frisian: Kloai

West Frisian: klaai

Old Saxon: *klei

Middle Low German: klei, kley, kleye

German Low German: Klei

→ German: Klei

Old Dutch: *clei

Middle Dutch: clei

Dutch: klei

Limburgish: klei

→? Proto-Slavic: *klějь (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *klaj(j)az, from Proto-Indo-European *gloy-(y)ó-s, from *gley- (“to glue, stick together”). Cognate with Ancient Greek γλοιός (gloiós, “gum; mud, sludge”).

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


hleumund

hleumund (nominative singular)
hleumundō (nominative plural)
hleumundōs (nominative plural)
hleumund (accusative singular)
hleumundā (accusative plural)
hleumundas (genitive singular)
hleumundō (genitive plural)
hleumundē (dative singular)
hleumundum (dative plural)
hleumundu (instrumental singular)
hleumundum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hliumand

Middle Low German: lǖmunt, lîmunt

⇒ Old Saxon: *hliumandig

⇒ Old Saxon: mishliumandig

Old Dutch: *liumund

Middle Dutch: lumont

Old High German: hliumunt, liumunt

Middle High German: liumunt

German: Leumund


lauh

lauh (nominative singular)
lauhō (nominative plural)
lauhōs (nominative plural)
lauh (accusative singular)
lauhā (accusative plural)
lauhas (genitive singular)
lauhō (genitive plural)
lauhē (dative singular)
lauhum (dative plural)
lauhu (instrumental singular)
lauhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lēah
Middle English: leye, ley, legh, lege, liegh
English: leigh, lea
Scots: le, ley, lei
>? Yola: kotlieough, cotleough

Old Frisian: lāch

Old Saxon: lōh

Middle Low German: lōch, lō

Old Dutch: *lōh, *lō

Middle Dutch: lô

Dutch: lo, loo (obsolete outside place names)

Old High German: lōh
Middle High German: lōh, lōch, lō
German: Loh, Lah, Lage (mostly in place names)


skīd

skīd (nominative singular)
skīdu (nominative plural)
skīd (accusative singular)
skīdu (accusative plural)
skīdas (genitive singular)
skīdō (genitive plural)
skīdē (dative singular)
skīdum (dative plural)
skīdu (instrumental singular)
skīdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċīd
Middle English: schyd, chyde, scheyde, schide, schudde, schyde, schyyd, shide, shyde, syde, szhide, sid, scid (Early Middle English)
English: shide (obsolete)
Middle Scots: schide, schyde

Old Frisian: skīd

North Frisian: skeid

Old Saxon: *skīd

Middle Low German: schît

Old Dutch: *skīd

Middle Dutch: *schijt

Dutch: schijd (East Flemish)

→ French: skęt, hète; skète, équette

Old High German: skīt

Middle High German: schīt

German: Scheit

Luxembourgish: Schäit, Scheet


hlaidriju

hlaidriju (nominative singular)
hlaidrijō (nominative plural)
hlaidrijā (accusative singular)
hlaidrijā (accusative plural)
hlaidrijā (genitive singular)
hlaidrijō (genitive plural)
hlaidrijē (dative singular)
hlaidrijōm (dative plural)
hlaidrijum (dative plural)
hlaidriju (instrumental singular)
hlaidrijōm (instrumental plural)
hlaidrijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: hlǣdre, hlǣder, hlædder, hlæddr-, hlædr-

desctree

Middle English: laddre, ladder, laddere, laddir, ladre, ledder, leddre, leddyr, lheddre, læddræ, læddre, leaddre (Early Middle English)
English: ladder
Scots: ledder

desc

Old Frisian: hladder, hledder, hleder, hlērde

North Frisian: ladder

Saterland Frisian: Laadere, Laddere

West Frisian: ljedder, leider, ljerre

Old Saxon: hlēderi

Middle Low German: leddere, ledder, lēdere, lēder, leider, ladder

German Low German: Ledder

Plautdietsch: Lada

Old Dutch: *lēdara

Middle Dutch: ledere, leedre, ledder, laddere, ladere

Dutch: ladder, leer

Afrikaans: ladder; leer

Limburgish: lejjer, leier

Old High German: hleitra, hleitara, leitra, leitara

Middle High German: leiter

Bavarian: Later, Loater

German: Leiter

Hunsrik: Leeter

Luxembourgish: Leeder


þūmō

þūmō (nominative singular)
þūman (nominative plural)
þūman (accusative singular)
þūman (accusative plural)
þūmini (genitive singular)
þūman (genitive singular)
þūmanō (genitive plural)
þūmini (dative singular)
þūman (dative singular)
þūmum (dative plural)
þūmini (instrumental singular)
þūman (instrumental singular)
þūmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þūma
Middle English: thombe
English: thumb
Scots: thoum
Yola: thoome, thoume

Old Frisian: thūma
North Frisian: tome, töme
Saterland Frisian: Tume
West Frisian: tomme, tûme

Old Saxon: thūmo
Middle Low German: dûme
German Low German: Dumen, Dume, Duum
Plautdietsch: Dumen

Old Dutch: *thūmo

Middle Dutch: dume

Dutch: duim
Afrikaans: duim
Negerhollands: tompi
→ Aukan: doin
→ Caribbean Hindustani: doi
→ Caribbean Javanese: dim
→ Indonesian: dim
→ Papiamentu: dùim, duim
→ Russian: дюйм (djujm)

Limburgish: doem, doemb

Old High German: dūmo
Middle High German: dūme
Cimbrian: daumo
German: Daumen
Luxembourgish: Daum


faitī

faitī (nominative singular)
faitīn (accusative singular)
faitīn (genitive singular)
faitīn (dative singular)
faitīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: *feizī

Middle High German: veize

From Proto-Germanic *faitį̄. Equivalent to *fait (“fat”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


sinþ

sinþ (nominative singular)
sinþō (nominative plural)
sinþōs (nominative plural)
sinþ (accusative singular)
sinþā (accusative plural)
sinþas (genitive singular)
sinþō (genitive plural)
sinþē (dative singular)
sinþum (dative plural)
sinþu (instrumental singular)
sinþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sīþ

Middle English: sith

English: sith

Old Frisian: sīth

Old Saxon: sīth

Old High German: sind, sint


drifti

drifti (nominative singular)
driftī (nominative plural)
drifti (accusative singular)
driftī (accusative plural)
driftī (genitive singular)
driftijō (genitive plural)
driftī (dative singular)
driftim (dative plural)
driftijum (dative plural)
driftī (instrumental singular)
driftim (instrumental plural)
driftijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *drift

Middle English: drift

Scots: drift

English: drift

Old Frisian: drift (in compounds)

North Frisian: drift

Saterland Frisian: Drift

Old Saxon: drift, thrift

Middle Low German: drift

Low German: Drift

→ German: Drift

Old Dutch: *drift

Middle Dutch: drift, *dricht

Dutch: drift

Afrikaans: drif

Old High German: trift

Middle High German: trift

German: Trift


moþþā

moþþā (nominative singular)
moþþōn (nominative plural)
moþþōn (accusative singular)
moþþōn (accusative plural)
moþþōn (genitive singular)
moþþōnō (genitive plural)
moþþōn (dative singular)
moþþōm (dative plural)
moþþum (dative plural)
moþþōn (instrumental singular)
moþþōm (instrumental plural)
moþþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: moþþe

Middle English: mothe

English: moth

Scots: moch

Old Saxon: *motta

Middle Low German: motte

Low German: Mutten, Motten

→ German: Motte

Old Dutch: *motta

Middle Dutch: motte

Dutch: mot

Feminized and leveled from *maþô ~ *muttaz (“insect, worm, maggot”).


blīu

blīu (nominative singular)
blīu (nominative plural)
blīu (accusative singular)
blīu (accusative plural)
blīwas (genitive singular)
blīwō (genitive plural)
blīwē (dative singular)
blīum (dative plural)
blīu (instrumental singular)
blīum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: blēo, bleoh, blīo, blioh
Middle English: bleo, ble, blee
Scots: ble, blee, blie
English: blee, bly

Old Frisian: blī

North Frisian: bläy

Saterland Frisian: Bläier

Old Dutch: *blīo

Middle Dutch: blie, blye

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Germanic *blīwą, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlih₁-wó-s, from *bʰl-eh₁y-, extended from *bʰel- (“to shine”), related to *blēwaz (“blue”), cognate with Latin flāvus (“yellow, golden”), Sanskrit भाल (bhāla, “splendour, lustre”), Lithuanian blaivýtis (“to become bright, clear up”).


blīwī

blīwī (nominative singular)
blīwiju (nominative plural)
blīwī (accusative singular)
blīwiju (accusative plural)
blīwijas (genitive singular)
blīwijō (genitive plural)
blīwijē (dative singular)
blīwijum (dative plural)
blīwiju (instrumental singular)
blīwijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: blī

Saterland Frisian: Bläi

desctree

Old Saxon: blī, *blīg
Middle Low German: blî, blig, blige
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Bli
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bluich
Lippisch: Blüch, Bluig
Sauerländisch: Bley, Blǖ, Blī
Westmünsterländisch: Blij
Plautdietsch: Blie
→ Middle English: *bli
⇒ Middle English: bligeter (“lead founder”)

Old Dutch: blī

Middle Dutch: bli

Dutch: blei, (archaic) blij

Limburgish: blie

Old High German: blīo, blīwo, blīoh (< *blīu or *blīwō)
Middle High German: blī
German: Blei
Luxembourgish: Bläi
Vilamovian: błaj
Yiddish: בלײַ (blay)


Friþurīk

Friþurīk (nominative singular)
Friþurīk (accusative singular)
Friþurīkā (accusative plural)
Friþurīkas (genitive singular)
Friþurīkō (genitive plural)
Friþurīkē (dative singular)
Friþurīkum (dative plural)
Friþurīku (instrumental singular)
Friþurīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: Friþurīc, Freoþorīc

Old Saxon: Frithurik

Middle Low German: Vrederik

Low German: Frederik

→ Norwegian: Fredrik

→ Swedish: Fredrik

→ Danish: Frederik

Old Dutch: *Frithurīk

Middle Dutch: Vrederic

Dutch: Frederik

Old High German: Fridurih

German: Friedrich
→ English: Frederick
→ Chinese: → 弗里德里希 (Fúlǐdélǐxī) (transliteration)

→ Latin: Friderīcus (see there for further descendants)


twīfl

twīfl (nominative singular)
twīflō (nominative plural)
twīflōs (nominative plural)
twīfl (accusative singular)
twīflā (accusative plural)
twīflas (genitive singular)
twīflō (genitive plural)
twīflē (dative singular)
twīflum (dative plural)
twīflu (instrumental singular)
twīflum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: twīfil, twīvel

Saterland Frisian: Twieuwel

West Frisian: twivel

Old Saxon: *twīfal

Middle Low German: twīvel, twīfel

→ Danish: tvivl

→ Swedish: tvivel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tvil

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tvil

Old Dutch: twīfal

Middle Dutch: twivel, twifel
Dutch: twijfel
Limburgish: twiefel

Old High German: zwīfal

Middle High German: zwīvel

German: Zweifel

Luxembourgish: Zweiwel


meldā

meldā (nominative singular)
meldōn (nominative plural)
meldōn (accusative singular)
meldōn (accusative plural)
meldōn (genitive singular)
meldōnō (genitive plural)
meldōn (dative singular)
meldōm (dative plural)
meldum (dative plural)
meldōn (instrumental singular)
meldōm (instrumental plural)
meldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: melde

Middle English: mielde

Scots: milds, miles, myles

English: milds, miles, myles (dialectal Northern English)

Old Dutch: *melda

Middle Dutch: melde

Dutch: melde, milde

Old Saxon: maldia

Middle Low German: melde

desc

Old High German: melta, melda, malta, multa

Middle High German: melte, melde

German: Melde, Melte, Melle, Malde, Malte, Milte, Milde, Molde, Mölde

→ Medieval Latin: melta

a plant of the genus Chenopodium, goosefoot

a plant of the genus Atriplex, orache, saltbush


mulīnu

mulīnu (nominative singular)
mulīnō (nominative plural)
mulīnā (accusative singular)
mulīnā (accusative plural)
mulīnā (genitive singular)
mulīnō (genitive plural)
mulīnē (dative singular)
mulīnōm (dative plural)
mulīnum (dative plural)
mulīnu (instrumental singular)
mulīnōm (instrumental plural)
mulīnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mylen, myln
Middle English: mylne, mele, melle, mille, miln, milne, myle, mylene, mylle, myln, molle, mule, mulle, mulne (Southern)
English: mill
Sranan Tongo: miri
→ Hindi: मिल (mil)
Scots: mill, mull
Yola: mile

Old Frisian: *melene, *melne

Saterland Frisian: Määlne

Old Saxon: *mulina

Middle Low German: möle, mölne

Low German: Möhl

→ Old Norse: mylna

Icelandic: mylla

Faroese: mylna

Middle Norwegian: mylna, mjulna

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: mylne, mylna; (dialectal) mjune, mjone, mylle, mørne, mæln

Swedish: mölla

Danish: mølle

Bokmål: mølle

→ Finnish: mylly

→ Ingrian: mylly

→ Kildin Sami: ме̄лл (miell)

Old Dutch: molna

desctree

Middle Dutch: mōlen
Dutch: molen
Limburgish: meule

→ Old Frisian: molne, mole

West Frisian: mole, mûne

Old High German: mulīn, mulī
Middle High German: mül, müle
Alemannic German: Müli
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: müul
Mòcheno: mil
Central Franconian: Möhl
Hunsrik: Mihl
Luxembourgish: Millen
German: Mühle
Pennsylvania German: Miehl
Yiddish: מיל (mil)

→ Proto-Slavic: *mъlinъ (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Late Latin molīna, variant of molīnum (“mill”).


þahs

þahs (nominative singular)
þahsō (nominative plural)
þahsōs (nominative plural)
þahs (accusative singular)
þahsā (accusative plural)
þahsas (genitive singular)
þahsō (genitive plural)
þahsē (dative singular)
þahsum (dative plural)
þahsu (instrumental singular)
þahsum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *thaks

Saterland Frisian: Taks

Old Saxon: thahs
Middle Low German: das, dasse
German Low German: Dass

Old Dutch: *thas
Middle Dutch: das
Dutch: das
Afrikaans: das, dassie
→ English: dassie
Jersey Dutch: dās
→ West Frisian: das
Limburgish: dasj
West Flemish: das

Old High German: dahs

Middle High German: dahs

Cimbrian: daks

German: Dachs

→ German Low German: Dacks

→ Luxembourgish: Dachs

→ Saterland Frisian: Daks

Hunsrik: Dachs

Luxembourgish: Duess (archaic)

Yiddish: דאַקס (daks)

→ Late Latin: taxus, taxō (see there for further descendants)


stillinassī

stillinassī (nominative singular)
stillinassīn (accusative singular)
stillinassīn (genitive singular)
stillinassīn (dative singular)
stillinassīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: stilnes, stillnes, stillnys, stilnys
Middle English: stylnesse, stilnesse
English: stillness

Old Frisian: stilnese, stilnisse

Old Saxon: *stilnessi

desc

Middle Low German: stilnisse, stillenisse, stelnisse

German Low German: Stilnisse

Old Dutch: *stilnissi, *stilnussi

Middle Dutch: stilnisse

Old High German: stilnissi

Middle High German: stilnisse

From *stillī (“still, quiet”) + *-nassī.


herþr

herþr (nominative singular)
herþru (nominative plural)
herþr (accusative singular)
herþru (accusative plural)
herþras (genitive singular)
herþrō (genitive plural)
herþrē (dative singular)
herþrum (dative plural)
herþru (instrumental singular)
herþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hreþer

Old High German: *herdar

⇒ Old High German: smalaherdar (“small intestine, gut”)


frijahals

frijahals (nominative singular)
frijahalsō (nominative plural)
frijahalsōs (nominative plural)
frijahals (accusative singular)
frijahalsā (accusative plural)
frijahalsas (genitive singular)
frijahalsō (genitive plural)
frijahalsē (dative singular)
frijahalsum (dative plural)
frijahalsu (instrumental singular)
frijahalsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: frēols
Middle English: freols

Old High German: frīhals

Middle High German: vrīhals

From Proto-Germanic *frijahalsaz. Equivalent to *frī + *hals.


hruþþjō

hruþþjō (nominative singular)
hruþþjan (nominative plural)
hruþþjan (accusative singular)
hruþþjan (accusative plural)
hruþþjini (genitive singular)
hruþþjan (genitive singular)
hruþþjanō (genitive plural)
hruþþjini (dative singular)
hruþþjan (dative singular)
hruþþjum (dative plural)
hruþþjini (instrumental singular)
hruþþjan (instrumental singular)
hruþþjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hryþþa

Old Saxon: ruthio

Middle Low German: rude

Old Dutch: *rudo

Middle Dutch: rude

Dutch: reu

Old High German: rudo

Middle High German: rüde

German: Rüde

Unknown; possibly from *hruttōn, from Proto-Germanic *hruttōną (“to snore, roar”), + *-jō.


wapsu

wapsu (nominative singular)
wapsō (nominative plural)
wapsā (accusative singular)
wapsā (accusative plural)
wapsā (genitive singular)
wapsō (genitive plural)
wapsē (dative singular)
wapsōm (dative plural)
wapsum (dative plural)
wapsu (instrumental singular)
wapsōm (instrumental plural)
wapsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wæps, wæsp, wæfs
Middle English: wasp, wappes, waps, waspe
English: wasp, waps
Sranan Tongo: waswasi (reduplicated)
Scots: wasp, wesp

Old Frisian: *waps

Saterland Frisian: Häspe, Gäspe

West Frisian: waps

Old Saxon: waspa

Middle Low German: wopse

gl

attested in Latin text as <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">uuapces</i>

Old Dutch: wapsa (attested in Latin text as uuapces)

Old High German: wafsa

desc

→ Old French: guespe, vespe, wespe, wapce (partially) (see there for further descendants)


waspijā

waspijā (nominative singular)
waspijōn (nominative plural)
waspijōn (accusative singular)
waspijōn (accusative plural)
waspijōn (genitive singular)
waspijōnō (genitive plural)
waspijōn (dative singular)
waspijōm (dative plural)
waspijum (dative plural)
waspijōn (instrumental singular)
waspijōm (instrumental plural)
waspijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wepse

Saterland Frisian: Wäspe

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Wispel f

West Frisian: weps, weeps, meeps

desctree

Old Saxon: wepsia, wespia
Middle Low German: wespe, wispe
German Low German:
Holsteinisch: Weps, Wȩps (Dithmarsisch)
Low Prussian:
Natangisch-Bartisch: Wösp, Wespe
Samländisch: Wispe
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: Wöpse
Dortmundisch: Wiəpsche
Münsterländisch: Wöpse
Westmünsterländisch: Wepse, Wöpse
East Westphalian: Wäspe (Lippisch, Paderbornisch), Wispe f (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: Wespe
→ Middle High German: wespe
Alemannic German: Wespi
Cimbrian: bèspa
German: Wespe
Hunsrik: Wesp
Yiddish: וועספּ (vesp)
→ Danish: hveps
→ Norwegian: veps, kvefs

Old Dutch: *wespa

Middle Dutch: wespe

Dutch: wesp, (archaic, dialectal) wespe

Afrikaans: wespe

West Flemish: waspe, wespe

desc

Old High German: wefsa, wespa, wefs, wafsī; wefsih m

Middle High German: webse, wefse

Bavarian: Weps, Webes

Swabian: Wefz


wurhti

wurhti (nominative singular)
wurhtī (nominative plural)
wurhti (accusative singular)
wurhtī (accusative plural)
wurhtī (genitive singular)
wurhtijō (genitive plural)
wurhtī (dative singular)
wurhtim (dative plural)
wurhtijum (dative plural)
wurhtī (instrumental singular)
wurhtim (instrumental plural)
wurhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrht;

Middle English: wrihte, wrihhte

Old Saxon: wurht

Old High German: wurht, wuruht

Middle High German: wurht

gewrechte

Old Saxon: giwurht, giwurhti; Middle Low German

Gewurcht

Middle High German: gewurht, gewurhte, gewürhte, geworhte


aʀani

Old English: *iern

⇒ Old English: ruġern (“rye-harvest, the name of a month”) (+ ryġe (“rye”))

Old Frisian: ern, erne, arn, arne

Old Saxon: *aran

Middle Low German: arne, arn, erne, ern

Dutch Low Saxon: Oorn, Aarn

German Low German: Arne, Arn

⇒ Old Saxon: aranfīmba (“grain heap”) (+ fīma (“pile, heap”))

Old Dutch: *aran

Middle Dutch: arn, arne

Old High German: arn f, (aran m)

Middle High German: erne f, arn m

q

merged with OHG <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">arnōt</i>

⇒ Middle High German: ernde f (merged with OHG arnōt)

German: Ernte f


hanō

hanō (nominative singular)
hanan (nominative plural)
hanan (accusative singular)
hanan (accusative plural)
hanini (genitive singular)
hanan (genitive singular)
hananō (genitive plural)
hanini (dative singular)
hanan (dative singular)
hanum (dative plural)
hanini (instrumental singular)
hanan (instrumental singular)
hanum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hana
Middle English: *hane (attested in hane-crau)

Old Frisian: hona, hana

North Frisian: hon, höön

Saterland Frisian: Hone

West Frisian: hoanne

Old Saxon: hano
Middle Low German: hāne
German Low German: Hahn

Old Dutch: *hano
Middle Dutch: hāne
Dutch: haan

Old High German: hano
Middle High German: hane, han
Alemannic German: Haane
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Haan
Cimbrian: haano, hå (Luserna)
German: Hahn
Luxembourgish: Hunn
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haahne
Yiddish: האָן (hon)

→ Old French:

⇒ Old French: haneton

French: hanneton (see there for further descendants)


puggō

poggō (nominative singular)
poggan (nominative plural)
poggan (accusative singular)
poggan (accusative plural)
puggini (genitive singular)
poggan (genitive singular)
pogganō (genitive plural)
puggini (dative singular)
poggan (dative singular)
puggum (dative plural)
puggini (instrumental singular)
poggan (instrumental singular)
puggum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *picga
Middle English: pigge, peg, pig, pige, pigh, pygge
English: pig (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pig
Yola: piggès

Old Saxon: *puggo

Middle Low German: pugge (variant of pûke)

Old Dutch: *puggo; *pugga

Middle Dutch: pugge, pogge, *pegge; pigge f

⇒ Middle Dutch: puggen n

⇒ Middle Dutch: pegsken n

Unknown; suggested to be related to *biggō (“piglet”), though phonologically problematic, perhaps pointing to a substrate borrowing. Alternatively, based on Middle Low German pū̂ke, puyke (“piglet”), perhaps from a root *pū̆k- of uncertain meaning + *-gō.


folō

folō (nominative singular)
folan (nominative plural)
folan (accusative singular)
folan (accusative plural)
fulini (genitive singular)
folan (genitive singular)
folanō (genitive plural)
fulini (dative singular)
folan (dative singular)
folum (dative plural)
fulini (instrumental singular)
folan (instrumental singular)
folum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fola
Middle English: fole
English: foal
Scots: fole, foill

Old Frisian: fola, folla

West Frisian: fôle, foalle

Saterland Frisian: Foole

Old Saxon: folo

Middle Low German: vōle

German Low German: Fohl

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Fahle

Old Dutch: *folo
Middle Dutch: vōle
Dutch: vool

Old High German: folo
Middle High German: vole

föllen

Middle Low German: volen; Sauerland Low German


biggō

biggō (nominative singular)
biggan (nominative plural)
biggan (accusative singular)
biggan (accusative plural)
biggini (genitive singular)
biggan (genitive singular)
bigganō (genitive plural)
biggini (dative singular)
biggan (dative singular)
biggum (dative plural)
biggini (instrumental singular)
biggan (instrumental singular)
biggum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bigga; *bigge f

North Frisian: bigge

West Frisian: bigge

Old Saxon: *biggo

Middle Low German: *bigge

German Low German:

Bentheimisch: Bigge n, Biggen f

Low Prussian: Beg m

Dutch Low Saxon:

Drents: bigge

Twents: bikken, biggen

Old Dutch: *biggo; *bigga, figga f

Middle Dutch: vigge, vigghe

Dutch: big, (archaic) bigge m or f

Unknown; suggested to be related to *piggō (“pig”), though phonologically problematic, perhaps pointing to a substrate borrowing.


hrusti

hrusti (nominative singular)
hrustī (nominative plural)
hrusti (accusative singular)
hrustī (accusative plural)
hrustī (genitive singular)
hrustijō (genitive plural)
hrustī (dative singular)
hrustim (dative plural)
hrustijum (dative plural)
hrustī (instrumental singular)
hrustim (instrumental plural)
hrustijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyrst

Old Saxon: hrust

Old High German: rust, hrust

From *hrodan (“adorned”), past participle of *hreudan, from Proto-Germanic *hreudaną (“to cover, adorn”), + *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz.


anadō

anadō (nominative singular)
anadan (nominative plural)
anadan (accusative singular)
anadan (accusative plural)
anadini (genitive singular)
anadan (genitive singular)
anadanō (genitive plural)
anadini (dative singular)
anadan (dative singular)
anadum (dative plural)
anadini (instrumental singular)
anadan (instrumental singular)
anadum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: anda, onda
Middle English: ande, onde, yond
English: ande, onde, and
Scots: and, ande, aind, aynd

Old Frisian: omma, andema, ondema
Saterland Frisian: Omme
West Frisian: amme

Old Saxon: ando
Middle Low German: ande

Old Dutch: ando
Middle Dutch: ande

Old High German: anto, ando, anado
Middle High German: ande
German: Ahnd, And


alahsinā

alahsinā (nominative singular)
alahsinōn (nominative plural)
alahsinōn (accusative singular)
alahsinōn (accusative plural)
alahsinōn (genitive singular)
alahsinōnō (genitive plural)
alahsinōn (dative singular)
alahsinōm (dative plural)
alahsinum (dative plural)
alahsinōn (instrumental singular)
alahsinōm (instrumental plural)
alahsinum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *alasina

Middle Low German: alsen, alsene

German Low German:

Westmünsterländisch: Als, Alsen, Alsten, Alpsen

Old Dutch: *alasina

Middle Dutch: alsene

Dutch: alsem, alsene, alsine, alsen, alssen

Afrikaans: alsem

→ West Frisian: alsem

→ Japanese: アルセム (arusemu)

Old High German: alahsna, alesina

Middle High German: alsen, alsene

German: Alsem

Luxembourgish: Alzem

desc

→? Medieval Latin: aloxinum, aloxanum, aloxmum, aloxanus, alosanus (see there for further descendants)

Presumably borrowed from Latin aloxinum, if not the other way around, or possibly from *alh (“protection; temple”) or *algōn (“to defend, protect”) + *sinn (“sense, perception”, agent suffix) + *-jā for its alleged mental curative properties, compare *warjamōdā (“wormwood”), perhaps from *warjan (“to defend against”) + *mōd (“mind, sense”).

af

alahsan

*alahsan (< Latin aloxanus, alosanus); Old High German


worʀahanō

worʀahanō (nominative singular)
worʀahanan (nominative plural)
worʀahanan (accusative singular)
worʀahanan (accusative plural)
worʀahanini (genitive singular)
worʀahanan (genitive singular)
worʀahananō (genitive plural)
worʀahanini (dative singular)
worʀahanan (dative singular)
worʀahanum (dative plural)
worʀahanini (instrumental singular)
worʀahanan (instrumental singular)
worʀahanum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: worhana m, uuorhana, worhona, morhana, worhen f

Old Dutch: worhenna f (< *worʀahannijā)

Middle Dutch: woerhâne

Dutch: woerhaan

Old High German: orrehuon, orrehan, orhan n (< *worʀahōn)

Middle High German: orhan

From *worʀō ~ *ūrzini, from Proto-Germanic *wurzô ~ *ūrziniz (“grouse”), + *hanō (“cock, rooster”).


ūrʀahōn

ūrʀahōn (nominative singular)
ūrʀahōnu (nominative plural)
ūrʀahōn (accusative singular)
ūrʀahōnu (accusative plural)
ūrʀahōnas (genitive singular)
ūrʀahōnō (genitive plural)
ūrʀahōnē (dative singular)
ūrʀahōnum (dative plural)
ūrʀahōnu (instrumental singular)
ūrʀahōnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *ūrhōn n, *ūrhania f (< *ūrʀahannijā)

Middle Low German: ûrhôn n, ûrhane f

German Low German: Urhane f

Old High German: ūrhuon n

Middle High German: ûrhan

German: Auerhuhn

From *worʀō ~ *ūrzini, from Proto-Germanic *wurzô ~ *ūrziniz (“grouse”), + *hōn (“hen, chicken”).


hannju

hannju (nominative singular)
hannjō (nominative plural)
hannjā (accusative singular)
hannjā (accusative plural)
hannjā (genitive singular)
hannjō (genitive plural)
hannjē (dative singular)
hannjōm (dative plural)
hannjum (dative plural)
hannju (instrumental singular)
hannjōm (instrumental plural)
hannjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: henn, hænn
Middle English: hen
English: hen
Scots: hen
Yola: hen, hin

Old Frisian: henn

Saterland Frisian: Hanne

West Frisian: hin

Old Saxon: *hennia, *hennea

Middle Low German: henne, hinne

German Low German: Heen

Old Dutch: *henna

Middle Dutch: henne
Dutch: hen
Afrikaans: hen
Jersey Dutch: hän
Limburgish: hèn

Old High German: henna
Middle High German: henne
Cimbrian: hénna, henn (Luserna)
German: Henne


klott

klott (nominative singular)
klottō (nominative plural)
klottōs (nominative plural)
klott (accusative singular)
klottā (accusative plural)
klottas (genitive singular)
klottō (genitive plural)
klottē (dative singular)
klottum (dative plural)
klottu (instrumental singular)
klottum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clot, clott; *clod (in clod-hamer)

Middle English: clot, clotte; clod

English: clot; clod

Scots: clod

Old Saxon: *klott, *klot

Middle Low German: klot

>? German Low German: Klatt

Old High German: kloz, chloz

Middle High German: kloz, klotz

Alemannic German: Chlotz, Glotz

German: Klotz

→ Polish: kloc

→ Lithuanian: klucus

Luxembourgish: Klatz

Yiddish: קלאָץ (klots)

→ English: klutz

→ Middle Low German: klotz

Plautdietsch: Klotz

From earlier *kluttaz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up; amass; clench”). Compare related *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz.


olbandu

olbandu (nominative singular)
olbandiwi (nominative plural)
olbandō (nominative plural)
olbandu (accusative singular)
olbandū (accusative plural)
olbandō (genitive singular)
olbandiwō (genitive plural)
olbandiwi (dative singular)
olbandō (dative singular)
olbandum (dative plural)
olbandu (instrumental singular)
olbandum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: olfend, olfenda
Middle English: olfent, olfend, olvont, olvende, olvente

Old Saxon: olbundeo

Old High German: olbenta
Middle High German: olbende

From Proto-Germanic *ulbanduz. Doublet of *elpand (“elephant”).


brūdigumō

brūdigumō (nominative singular)
brūdiguman (nominative plural)
brūdiguman (accusative singular)
brūdiguman (accusative plural)
brūdigumini (genitive singular)
brūdiguman (genitive singular)
brūdigumanō (genitive plural)
brūdigumini (dative singular)
brūdiguman (dative singular)
brūdigumum (dative plural)
brūdigumini (instrumental singular)
brūdiguman (instrumental singular)
brūdigumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brydguma
Middle English: bridegome, bredgome, bridegoome, bridgom, bridgume, brudgume, brydegome, bryd-gome, brydgrome
English: bridegroom
Scots: bridegreem
Yola: breedegroom

Old Frisian: brēdgoma, breidgoma
Saterland Frisian: Brüüdicham
West Frisian: breugeman

Old Saxon: brūdigumo, brūdigomo
Middle Low German: brûdegam, brȫdegam
German Low German: Brödigam, Brögam, Brüdigam, Brügam
Plautdietsch: Briegaum

Old Dutch: brūdigomo
Middle Dutch: brudegōme
Dutch: bruidegom

Old High German: brūtigomo
Middle High German: brûtegoum, briutegome
German: Bräutigam

From Proto-Germanic *brūdigumô. Equivalent to *brūdi + *gumō.


willjō

willjō (nominative singular)
willjan (nominative plural)
willjan (accusative singular)
willjan (accusative plural)
willjini (genitive singular)
willjan (genitive singular)
willjanō (genitive plural)
willjini (dative singular)
willjan (dative singular)
willjum (dative plural)
willjini (instrumental singular)
willjan (instrumental singular)
willjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: willa
Middle English: wille
English: will
Scots: wil, will

Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle

Old Saxon: willio
Middle Low German: wille
German Low German: Wille, Will

Old Dutch: willo

Middle Dutch: wille
Dutch: wil
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wille
Limburgish: wil

Old High German: willo, willio
Middle Low German: wille
Cimbrian: bill
German: Wille
Luxembourgish: Wëllen


burgislī

burgislī (nominative singular)
burgisliju (nominative plural)
burgislī (accusative singular)
burgisliju (accusative plural)
burgislijas (genitive singular)
burgislijō (genitive plural)
burgislijē (dative singular)
burgislijum (dative plural)
burgisliju (instrumental singular)
burgislijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: byrġels

Middle English: beriel, buriel, biriel, buriels, biriels, beriall, bereall, beryell
English: burial
Scots: buirial

Old Saxon: burgisli

From *burgijan (“to bury in a mound”) + *-islī.


offr

offr (nominative singular)
offru (nominative plural)
offr (accusative singular)
offru (accusative plural)
offras (genitive singular)
offrō (genitive plural)
offrē (dative singular)
offrum (dative plural)
offru (instrumental singular)
offrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: offer

Old Saxon: offar

Middle Low German: opper, offer

→ Old Frisian: opper

desctree

→ Old Norse: offr
Faroese: offur
Norwegian Nynorsk: offer
Norwegian Bokmål: offer
Swedish: offer
Danish: offer

Old Dutch: *offar

Middle Dutch: offer

Dutch: offer

desc

Old High German: opfar, offar, ophar, opher

Middle High German: opfer, opher, offer

German: Opfer

Hunsrik: Opfer

Borrowed from Late Latin offrum (“a sacrifice”), or a back-formation from *offrōn (“to offer up, sacrifice”), both from Latin offerō.


beustameluk

beustameluk (nominative singular)
beustameluki (nominative plural)
beustameluku (accusative singular)
beustameluki (accusative plural)
beustameluki (genitive singular)
beustamelukō (genitive plural)
beustameluki (dative singular)
beustamelukum (dative plural)
beustameluki (instrumental singular)
beustamelukum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *biostmiluk

Middle Low German: bêstmelk

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Bêstmelk

Low Prussian: Bîstmilch, Bissmilch, Bêstmilch

Westphalian:

Dortmundisch: Baẹ̆stmeälke f

Sauerländisch: Baistmielek (Bestwig, Drolshagen, Olpe), Boismielek (Kirchhundem), Boistmielek (Selbecke), Bischtmelek (Wenden)

East Westphalian: Beustmälke (Lippe), Baistmialke (Ravensberg)

Westmünsterländisch: Biestmelk, Biestemelk, Biesmelk, Beestemelk

Old High German: *biostmiluh

Middle High German: biestmilich

German: Biestmilch

From *beust (“beestings”) + *meluk (“milk”).


beust

beust (nominative singular)
beustō (nominative plural)
beustōs (nominative plural)
beust (accusative singular)
beustā (accusative plural)
beustas (genitive singular)
beustō (genitive plural)
beustē (dative singular)
beustum (dative plural)
beustu (instrumental singular)
beustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēost

⇒ Old English: bȳsting

English: beestings

Old Frisian: *biāst

North Frisian: bjārst, bjüst

Saterland Frisian: biaost

West Frisian: bjist

Old Saxon: biost

Middle Low German: bêst

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Bîst, Biest, Bêst

Sauerländisch: Baist, Bauest (Niedersfeld)

→ Danish: bjæst

Old Dutch: *biest

Middle Dutch: biest

Dutch: biest

Afrikaans: bies

Old High German: biost

Middle High German: biest

German: Biest

Uncertain; presumably related *beustr, *breustr (whence Old High German biastr (“beestings”)), suggested to be dissimilated from Proto-Germanic *breustaz (whence Icelandic ábrystir pl (“dish made from beestings”)), and possibly either derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to swell”), or further connected to Proto-Iranian *frušáh (“beestings”), both perhaps borrowed from a substrate language.


daupīni

daupīni (nominative singular)
daupīnī (nominative plural)
daupīni (accusative singular)
daupīnī (accusative plural)
daupīnī (genitive singular)
daupīnijō (genitive plural)
daupīnī (dative singular)
daupīnim (dative plural)
daupīnijum (dative plural)
daupīnī (instrumental singular)
daupīnim (instrumental plural)
daupīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: dēpene

Old Saxon: dōpi

Middle Low German: dōpe, dōp

→ Danish: dåb

→ Norwegian: dåp

→ Swedish: dop

Old Dutch: douphe, *doupe

Middle Dutch: dope

Dutch: doop

Old High German: toufī; *doufī (Central German)

Middle High German: toufe, töufe; dōfe (Central German)

German: Taufe

Hunsrik: Daaf

Luxembourgish: Daf

Pennsylvania German: Daaf

From Proto-Germanic *daupīniz. Equivalent to *daupijan (“to dip, to immerse”) + *-īni.


brigdil

brigdil (nominative singular)
brigdilō (nominative plural)
brigdilōs (nominative plural)
brigdil (accusative singular)
brigdilā (accusative plural)
brigdilas (genitive singular)
brigdilō (genitive plural)
brigdilē (dative singular)
brigdilum (dative plural)
brigdilu (instrumental singular)
brigdilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: brīdel, briġdel
Middle English: bridel, bridell, bridil, bridill, bridle, brydel, brydul, brydyl, brydyll, brydylle
English: bridle
Scots: bridle

Old Frisian: brīdel

Old Saxon: briddil, *brīdil, *brigdil

Middle Low German: breidel

Low German: Breidel

Old Dutch: *brīdil

Middle Dutch: breydel, breidel

Dutch: breidel

Afrikaans: breidel

desc

Old High German: brittil, priddil, prittil, *brīdil

Middle High German: brîdel, brittel, britel

Cimbrian: brittel

German: Breidel; Britel, Brittel

→ Old French: bride; bretel

Middle French: bride; bretelle

French: bride; bretelle

→ Dutch: bretel

→ Occitan: brida

→ Portuguese: brida

→ Spanish: brida

→ Italian: predella

→ Italian: briglia

→ Old French: bridel

From Proto-Germanic *brigdilaz. Equivalent to *bregdan (“to move back and forth, weave”) + *-il.


kaug

kaug (nominative singular)
kaugō (nominative plural)
kaugōs (nominative plural)
kaug (accusative singular)
kaugā (accusative plural)
kaugas (genitive singular)
kaugō (genitive plural)
kaugē (dative singular)
kaugum (dative plural)
kaugu (instrumental singular)
kaugum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kāg, kāch

North Frisian: kuuch

West Frisian: keech

→ Middle Dutch: câech [1287-1288]

Dutch: kaag

Old Saxon: kōg

Middle Low German: kôch

Low German: kooch

→ German: Koog, Kog

Old Dutch: *kōg

Middle Dutch: côoch, coech, coich (or borrowed from Low German)

Dutch: koog (dated, dialectal)

⇒? Old Dutch: cogsculd

Unknown; suggested to possibly be related to Norwegian kage (“low bush”), perhaps borrowed and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure; hedge”).


wlātiþō

wlātiþō (nominative singular)
wlātiþan (nominative plural)
wlātiþan (accusative singular)
wlātiþan (accusative plural)
wlātiþini (genitive singular)
wlātiþan (genitive singular)
wlātiþanō (genitive plural)
wlātiþini (dative singular)
wlātiþan (dative singular)
wlātiþum (dative plural)
wlātiþini (instrumental singular)
wlātiþan (instrumental singular)
wlātiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wlǣta, wlǣtta

Middle English: wlætte, wlæte, wlate

Old Saxon: *wlātto

Middle Low German: wlâte

⇒ Old Saxon: *wlāttio

Middle Low German: *wlâtte

German Low German:

Münsterländisch: vläts (“a loathsome person”)

From *wlātōn (“to loathe; to disgust”) + *-iþu + *-ō.

af

(North Sea Germanic) nausea, disgust, loathing


gaitling

gaittling (nominative singular)
gaittlingō (nominative plural)
gaittlingōs (nominative plural)
gaittling (accusative singular)
gaittlingā (accusative plural)
gaittlingas (genitive singular)
gaittlingō (genitive plural)
gaittlingē (dative singular)
gaittlingum (dative plural)
gaittlingu (instrumental singular)
gaittlingum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *gētling

Middle Low German: geidling, geilink

German Low German:

Bentheimisch: Gaidling

Dormundisch: Gaẹ̆tlink

Westmünsterländisch: Geetling

Old Dutch: *geitling

Middle Dutch: geidling

Dutch: gieteling, (archaic) gietelinc


þroskā

þroskā (nominative singular)
þroskōn (nominative plural)
þroskōn (accusative singular)
þroskōn (accusative plural)
þroskōn (genitive singular)
þroskōnō (genitive plural)
þroskōn (dative singular)
þroskōm (dative plural)
þroskum (dative plural)
þroskōn (instrumental singular)
þroskōm (instrumental plural)
þroskum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: throsca, drosca


þraskā

þraskā (nominative singular)
þraskōn (nominative plural)
þraskōn (accusative singular)
þraskōn (accusative plural)
þraskōn (genitive singular)
þraskōnō (genitive plural)
þraskōn (dative singular)
þraskōm (dative plural)
þraskum (dative plural)
þraskōn (instrumental singular)
þraskōm (instrumental plural)
þraskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þræsċe


þrostlā

þrostlā (nominative singular)
þrostlōn (nominative plural)
þrostlōn (accusative singular)
þrostlōn (accusative plural)
þrostlōn (genitive singular)
þrostlōnō (genitive plural)
þrostlōn (dative singular)
þrostlōm (dative plural)
þrostlum (dative plural)
þrostlōn (instrumental singular)
þrostlōm (instrumental plural)
þrostlum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þrostle, þrosle, þrysċele
Middle English: throstel, throstle, thrustel, threstel, thristel, throsle
English: throstle
Yola: drostal

Old Frisian:

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Dröizelke

Old Saxon: throsla

Middle Low German: drôsle

German Low German:

Bentheimisch: Dro̗ssel

Westmünsterländisch: Drossel

East Westphalian: Draussel, Draossel (Lippe), Dreossel (Ravensberg)

→ Danish: drossel

Old Dutch: *throstela

Middle Dutch: drossel

desc

Old High German: throskela, throskala, *throstela

Middle High German: droschel, troschel, trostel

Bavarian: Drostle

German: Drossel

Alemannic German: Dröschel

Luxembourgish: Dréischel


þruskijā

þruskijā (nominative singular)
þruskijōn (nominative plural)
þruskijōn (accusative singular)
þruskijōn (accusative plural)
þruskijōn (genitive singular)
þruskijōnō (genitive plural)
þruskijōn (dative singular)
þruskijōm (dative plural)
þruskijum (dative plural)
þruskijōn (instrumental singular)
þruskijōm (instrumental plural)
þruskijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrysċe

desctree

Middle English: thrusche, throssh, thryshe, þresche, þrosshe, þruisse, þrusch, þrusche, þrusshe, þruysse
English: thrush
Yola: drush, drish

From *þroskā (“thrush”) + *-jā (agent suffix).