auk

desctree

Old English: ēac, ek, ec — Mercian, æac
Middle English: ek, eek, eke
Scots: eik, ek
English: eke
⇒ Middle English: ekename
⇒ English: nickname (via rebracketing)

Old Frisian: āk, ocke
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: uk
Saterland Frisian: uk, ook
West Frisian: ek

Old Saxon: ōk
Middle Low German: ôk
Dutch Low Saxon: ok, ook
German Low German: ok, auk, ock, ohk, ook
Plautdietsch: uk

Old Dutch: ōk, ouk, ouch

Middle Dutch: ooc
Dutch: ook
Afrikaans: ook
Berbice Creole Dutch: oko
Jersey Dutch: ôk
Negerhollands: ook
Petjo: ook
Skepi Creole Dutch: oak
West Flemish: wok

Old High German: ouh
Middle High German: ouch
Alemannic German: au
Cimbrian: òch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: aach
Luxembourgish: och
German: auch
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: aa
Yiddish: אויך (oykh)


hwan

Old Frisian: hwon

Old Saxon: hwan
Middle Low German: wan
Low German: wann, wenn

Old Dutch: *wan

Middle Dutch: wann

Dutch: wen (archaic)

Limburgish: wen

hwænneMiddle English: whanneEnglish: whenScots: whanYola: fan

wannehr

⇒ Middle Low German: wannēr, wannēre, wennēr

ווען

Middle High German: wanne, wenne; Yiddish


austr

head

*austr (comparative *austrō, superlative *austrōst)

austrō (comparative)
austrōst (superlative)

desctree

Old English: ēast
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Old French: est
French: est (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: ōstar
Middle High German: ōster


þus

Old English: þus
Middle English: þus, thus, thuse, þos, þous, ðus, tus, tuss, þuss (Early Middle English)
English: thus
Scots: thus

Old Frisian: thus, dus

⇒ North Frisian: aldoz

West Frisian: dus

Old Saxon: *thus; thius

Middle Low German: düs; aldüs

⇒ Middle Low German: duslik, düslîk

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: düssolîk, düssolk, düsselk, dusselk, düssek, dūsolk, duselk, düsk

Old Dutch: thus

Middle Dutch: dus, dos

desctree

Dutch: dus
Afrikaans: dus
→ Indonesian: dus
→ Sranan Tongo: dùs
→ Caribbean Javanese: dhes

⇒ Middle Dutch: aldus

Old High German: dus


forþ

Old English: forþ, forð
Middle English: forth, vorð, furth, feorð, forh, fort, ford
English: forth
Scots: furth

Old Frisian: forth

Saterland Frisian: fout

West Frisian: fuort

Old Saxon: forth, forð
Middle Low German: fort, vort
German Low German: foort
→ Danish: fort
→ Norwegian: fort
→ Swedish: fort

Old Dutch: forth

Middle Dutch: vort, voort

Dutch: voort

Jersey Dutch: vôrt

Old High German: forth

Middle High German: vort

Cimbrian: vort

German: fort


awi

head

*awi (comparative *awi, superlative *awist)

Probably from Proto-Germanic *awiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éw-is, from *h₂ew- (“to perceive”) + *-is. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see; eye”).

der

awizoraht

*awitorht (+ *torht (“bright, clear”)); Old High German


felu

desctree

Old English: fela, feola — Mercian, fiolu, feolu, feolo, fala
Middle English: fele, fale, feel, fel, feole, vele, feala, fela, felæ, feola, veole (Early Middle English)
English: fele (obsolete, dialectal)
Middle Scots: fele (poetic)

Old Frisian: felo, fele, fel

East Frisian:

Wangerooge Frisian: fêl, feyhl

Wursten Frisian: vlia

West Frisian: feal, fel

Old Saxon: filu, filo

Middle Low German: vele, vil

Low German: veel, viel

Old Dutch: filo

Middle Dutch: vele

Dutch: veel

Old High German: filu, vilu, filo, fila, vili
Middle High German: vil, vile
Alemannic German: viel
Swabian: viel
Bavarian: vui, vei, vii
Cimbrian: vil, viil, biil (Sette Comuni)
Viennese: vü
German: viel
Luxembourgish: vill
Yiddish: פֿיל (fil)


airi

head

*airi (comparative *airi, *airiʀō, superlative *airist(ō))

airi (comparative)
airiʀō (comparative)
airist (superlative)

desctree

Old English: ǣr
Middle English: er
English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear

Old Frisian: ēr

Saterland Frisian: eer, ädder

West Frisian: ier

⇒ West Frisian: eardat, ear't

Old Saxon: ēr

Middle Low German: êr

German Low German: ehr

⇒ German Low German: ehrdat

⇒ German Low German: ehrder

⇒ German Low German: ehrtieds

Old Dutch: ēr
Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Limburgish: ieër

Old High German: ēr

Middle High German: ēr, ē (loss of -r as in hie, dā)

German: eher, ehe, eh


airist(ō)

Old English: ǣrest, ǣrost, arest, ǣrust, ǣresta, arest, æræst — Mercian
Middle English: erest, erst, arst
English: erst
Scots: erst

Old Frisian: ērist

Old Dutch: ērist

Middle Dutch: erst, eerst

Dutch: eerst
Afrikaans: eers
Javindo: eerst
Jersey Dutch: êrst, ast
Negerhollands: eerste, eerst

West Flemish: erst

Old High German: ērist
Middle High German: ērest, ērst
Bavarian: easchde
Cimbrian: èerste, earst (Luserna)
German: erster
Luxembourgish: éischt
Yiddish: ערשט (ersht)

superlative degree of *airi (“early”): earliest, first


ūt

head

*ūt (comparative *ūtiʀō, superlative *ūtist(ō))

desctree

Old English: ūt
Middle English: oute, out, ut, ute, uth, wt, uot
English: out
Geordie English: oot
Scots: out, oot
Yola: udh, uth, ut, out, outh

Old Frisian: ūt

Saterland Frisian: uut

West Frisian: út

Old Saxon: ūt
Middle Low German: ût
German Low German: uut
Low German: ut

Old Dutch: ūt
Middle Dutch: uut, ute
Dutch: uit
Afrikaans: uit
Berbice Creole Dutch: oiti
Jersey Dutch: äut
Negerhollands: ut, it, yt

Old High German: ūz
Middle High German: ūz
Alemannic German: us
Cimbrian: aus, auz (Luserna)
German: aus
Luxembourgish: aus
Yiddish: אויס (oys)


hinan

Old English: hinan

Old Saxon: hinan

Old Dutch: hinan

Middle Dutch: hēnen

Dutch: heen

Old High German: hinan


þan

Old Frisian: than

Saterland Frisian: dan, do

West Frisian: dan

Old Saxon: than

Middle Low German: dan

Old Dutch: than

Middle Dutch: dan

Dutch: dan (“then, than”)

Old High German: dan

Middle High German: dan

Cimbrian: dan

desc

German: dann (“then”), denn (“than, for”)

Hunsrik: dann

Luxembourgish: dann

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *þan, of disputed origin.


þauh

Old English: þēah, þēh

Middle English: þah, thagh, thaugh, thogh, theigh

Scots: thoch (through confluence with Old Norse þó)

English: though (through confluence with Old Norse þó)

Old Frisian: thāch

Saterland Frisian: dach, daach

West Frisian: dôch, dochs

Old Saxon: thōh

Middle Low German: doch

Low German: doch

→ Old Danish: dogh

Danish: dog

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dog

→ Swedish: dock

Old Dutch: thoh

Middle Dutch: doch, toch

Dutch: doch, toch

Afrikaans: dog, tog

Old High German: thōh, dōh, doh

Middle High German: doch

Bavarian: do

German: doch

Luxembourgish: dach

Yiddish: דאָך (dokh)


nū

Old English: nū

Middle English: nu, nou

Scots: noo, nou

English: now

Northumbrian: noo

Old Frisian: nū

Saterland Frisian: nu

West Frisian: no

Old Saxon: nū

Middle Low German: nū

Low German: nu

desctree

Old Dutch: nū
Middle Dutch: nu
Dutch: nu
Limburgish: noe

Old High German: nu, nū

Middle High German: nu, nū, nun, nūn

German: nun, nu

Esperanto: nun


gadur

Old English: geador

Old Frisian: gader, gadur

West Frisian: gear, tegearre

Old Dutch: *gader

Middle Dutch: gader, tegader

Dutch: tegader

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰódʰ-r̥, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ-.


frō

head

*frō (comparative *frōiʀ(ō), superlative *frōist(ō))

frōiʀ (comparative)
frōist (superlative)

Old Saxon: *frōw, *frō

desc

Middle Low German: vrō, vrȫ, vroe, frow, froi, frohe, froeg, vrōch, vrū, vrůch

German Low German: froh

→ Danish: fro (obsolete)

desctree

Old Dutch: fruo
Middle Dutch: vroe, vroech
Dutch: vroeg
Afrikaans: vroeg
Berbice Creole Dutch: fruku
Javindo: froeg
Negerhollands: vroe, fru, vrue
→ Sranan Tongo: fruku (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: fruo
Middle High German: vruo, vrū, vrūge, vrō, vrōwe, fruo, frū, frūge, frō, frōwe
Alemannic German: früe
German: früh
Luxembourgish: fréi
Pennsylvania German: frieh
Yiddish: פֿרי (fri)

From Proto-Indo-European *proh₁- (“early; in the morning”), from *pro- (“forward”). Compare, in particular, Ancient Greek πρωῐ̈́ (prōĭ̈́, “early in the morning”), Sanskrit प्रातर् (prātár, “idem”).


hēr

desctree

Old English: hēr, ᚻᛖᚱ (her) — Franks Casket
Middle English: her, here, heer
English: here
Scots: her, here

Old Frisian: hīr

Saterland Frisian: hier

West Frisian: hjir

Old Saxon: hēr, hīr

Middle Low German: hêr, hîr, hîre

Low German: hier

Plautdietsch: hia, häa

Old Dutch: *hiar, hier, hiera

Middle Dutch: hier
Dutch: hier, her
Afrikaans: hier
Limburgish: hier; hie, heej (influenced by High German)

Old High German: hia, hiar

Middle High German: hie

Alemannic German: hie

Bavarian: hia

Cimbrian: hia

Central Franconian: hee, hie

German: hie

Luxembourgish: hei

Middle High German: hier

German: hier


hwār

Old English: hwǣr, huœ̄r — Northumbrian, hwār, hwēr, hwīer, wēr, wār
Middle English: wher, where, wheir, whare, were, qwere
English: where, quhair, quhar, quher, quhere (all obsolete)
Scots: whaur

Old Frisian: hwēr

Saterland Frisian: wier

West Frisian: wêr

Old Saxon: hwār, hwar
Middle Low German: wār, wōr
German Low German: waar
Low German: wor

Old Dutch: war, wara

Middle Dutch: waer, war
Dutch: waar
Afrikaans: waar
Javindo: waar
Jersey Dutch: wääir
Negerhollands: waar, wa
Petjo: waar
Skepi Creole Dutch: war

Old High German: hwār, wār

Middle High German: wār, wā, wō

Alemannic German: warr

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: bo, ba (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: bou

German: wo

Hunsrik: wo

Luxembourgish: wou

From Proto-Germanic *hwar, with irregular lengthening, possibly due to influence of *hēr.


þār

Old English: þǣr, þār, þēr

desc

Middle English: ther, there, that, thare, thore

Scots: that, thare, thair, thaire

English: there

Old Frisian: thēr, dēr

Saterland Frisian: deer

West Frisian: der

desctree

Old Saxon: thār, thar
Middle Low German: dār
Low German: dor

Old Dutch: thār
Middle Dutch: dâer
Dutch: daar, d'r, er
Limburgish: daer, dao

Old High German: dār

Middle High German: dār, dā

German: dar-, da

Luxembourgish: do

From Proto-Germanic *þar, with irregular lengthening, possibly due to influence of *hēr.


galīkō

Old Saxon: gilīko, gelīce

Middle Low German: gelīk, gelīke

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: gelike, geliken, gelijc

Old High German: gilīhho

desc

Middle High German: gelīch, gelīche, glīch, glīche

From Proto-Germanic *galīkô. Equivalent to *galīk + *-ō. Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉 (galeikō).


swā

Old English: swā

Middle English: swa, sa, swo, so

English: so

Scots: swa, sa, swae, sae

Old Frisian: sā

Saterland Frisian: so

West Frisian: sa

Old Saxon: sō

Middle Low German: swê, swî, swô

Low German: so

desctree

Old Dutch: sō
Middle Dutch: sô
Dutch: zo
Limburgish: zoe, zoea

Old High German: sō

Middle High German: sō

Central Franconian: su, so

Luxembourgish: sou

German: so


swā

Old English: swā

Middle English: so, swo

English: so

Old Frisian: sā

West Frisian: sa

Old Saxon: sō

Middle Low German: swê, swô

Low German: so

Old Dutch: sō

Middle Dutch: so

Dutch: zo

Old High German: sō

German: so


sān(ō)

Old English: sōna

Middle English: sone

desc

Scots: sone, sune, schone, schune, seun, suin

English: soon

Old Frisian: sān, sōn

North Frisian: san

Old Saxon: sān, sāna, sāno, sāne

Middle Low German: sân

Old Dutch: *sān

desctree

Middle Dutch: sâen
Dutch: zaan
Limburgish: zaon

Old High German: sān

Middle High German: sān, son

From Proto-Germanic *sēna, *sēnô (“immediately, soon, then”), from *sa (demonstrative pronoun), from Proto-Indo-European *só (demonstrative pronoun). Compare also Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 (suns, “immediately, soon”), from Proto-Germanic *suniz (“soon”).


gernō

desctree

Old English: ġeorne
Middle English: ȝeorne, ȝerne, gerne, ȝorne

Old Saxon: gerno
Middle Low German: gerne

Old Dutch: *gerno

Middle Dutch: gerne
Dutch: gaarne
Limburgish: gaern, gaer
West Flemish: geirn

Old High German: gerno
Middle High German: gerne
Bavarian: gean
Cimbrian: gearn
Central Franconian: jään, jär, gär(e), geare
Luxembourgish: gär, gären
German: gern, gerne

From Proto-Germanic *gernô. Equivalent to *gern (“eager, willing”) + *-ō.


fulu

Old Frisian: fule, fula, ful

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: föl

Mooring: foole

Wiedingharde: fole

East Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: fúul, ful

West Frisian: folle

Hindeloopen: fulle

Schiermonnikoog: fole

desc

>? Old High German: fulu, folo (potentially scribal errors)


alljas

Old English: elles

Middle English: else

English: else

Old Frisian: elles, ellis

Old Dutch: elles

Middle Dutch: els

Old High German: elles, alles

From Proto-Germanic *aljas, an adverbial genitive from *aljaz (“other”).


alljar

Old English: ellor

Old Saxon: ellior

Old Dutch: *ellar

Middle Dutch: eller, elre, eldre

Dutch: elders


gesteran

Old English: ġiestran, ġeostran, ġiestron, ġistran

⇒ Old English: ġiestrandæġ, ġeostrandæġ, ġierstandæġ, ġyrstandæġ

Old Dutch: gestaron

Middle Dutch: gisteren

Dutch: gisteren

Old High German: gesteron, gesteren

Middle Low German: gestern

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: gestarn, ghéstan (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: gester

German: gestern

From Proto-Germanic *gesteran, from *gesteraz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyésteros, + *-n.

yisterday

Middle English: yesterday, yisterday, ȝesterdai, ȝisterdai; Scots

gester

Old High German: gestre, gestere; Middle High German


samftō

desctree

Old English: sōfte
Middle English: softe, soft
English: soft

Old Saxon: sāfto

Middle Low German: sachte

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: sacht, sachte

→ Norwegian: sagt, sagte

→ Swedish: sakta (archaic, dialectal)

→ Danish: sagt, sagte

Old High German: samfto

Middle High German: sanfte, samfte


biūtan

From *bi- (unstressed variant of *bī) + *ūtan, the accusative of *ūtō (“outside”).

af

unstressed variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*bī</i>


sunþr

head

*sunþr (comparative *sunþrō, superlative *sunþrōst)

sunþrō (comparative)
sunþrōst (superlative)

Old English: sūþ

Old Frisian: *sūth

West Frisian: súd

Old Saxon: sūthar

Old Dutch: *sūthar

Middle Dutch: suid

desctree

Dutch: zuid
Afrikaans: suid
Negerhollands: sud, seit, syd
→ Papiamentu: sùit

Old High German: *sundar

Middle High German: sunder


niþanā

Old English: neoþan
Middle English: nēthen
English: neath
Scots: neath, neth

Old Saxon: nithana

Middle Low German: *neden

Plautdietsch: naden

Old High German: nidana
Middle High German: niden, nidene
German: nieden (obsolete)

From Proto-Germanic *niþanē. Equivalent to *niþ(a)r (“down, downwards”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *niþ(a)r (“down, downwards”): from below, from beneath


sunþanā

Old English: sūþan

Middle English: suthen

Old Saxon: sūthan

Old Dutch: *sūthan

Middle Dutch: sūden

→ German: Süden

→ Alemannic German: Süde

Dutch: zuiden

Old High German: sundan, sundana

Middle High German: sunden

From Proto-Germanic *sunþanē. Equivalent to *sunþr (“southern”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

ablative of *sunþr (“southern”): from the south


westanā

desctree

Old English: westan, westane
Middle English: westen, westan, westene
Yola: westan

Old Saxon: westan, westana

Old High German: *westana

Middle High German: westen, westene

From Proto-Germanic *westanē. Equivalent to *westr (“western”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *westr (“western”): from the west


norþanā

Old English: norþan

Old High German: nordana

Middle High German: nordane, norden

From Proto-Germanic *nurþanē. Equivalent to *norþr (“northern”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

ablative of *norþr (“northern”): from the north


austanā

desctree

Old English: ēastan, ēastane
Middle English: easten

Old Saxon: ōstan, ōstana

Old High German: ōstana

Middle High German: ōsten, ōstene

From Proto-Germanic *austanē. Equivalent to *austr (“eastern”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *austr (“eastern”): from the east


ūtanā

desctree

Old English: ūtan, ūtane, ūte
Middle English: outen, oute
English: outen
Scots: outin, outtin

Old Frisian: ūta, ūte

Old Saxon: ūtana, ūtan, ūta

Middle Low German: ûten

Low German: uten

Old Dutch: *ūtan

Middle Dutch: ûten, ûte

Dutch: uite-

Old High German: ūzana, ūzan, ūze
Middle High German: ūzen
German: außen

From Proto-Germanic *ūtanē. Equivalent to *ūt (“out, outward”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *ūt (“out, outward”): from without, outside of


biūtanā

desctree

Old English: būtan, būton
Middle English: but, bute, buten, boute, bouten, botte, bot, bod
English: but
Scots: but
Yola: mot

Old Frisian: būta

Saterland Frisian: buuten, buute

West Frisian: bûten, bûte

Old Saxon: biūtan, būtan

Middle Low German: bûten

German Low German: buten

Old Dutch: *biūtan, *būtan

Middle Dutch: bûten

Dutch: buiten

Old High German: biūzan, būzan

Middle High German: būzen

German: baußen

Luxembourgish: baussen

From *bi- + *ūtanā (“from without, outside of”).

cat

Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-anā


haimanā

Old Saxon: hēmena

Old High German: heimina

From Proto-Germanic *haimanē. Equivalent to *haim (“home”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).


innanā

desctree

Old English: innan
Middle English: innen

Old Saxon: innan

Old High German: innana
Middle High German: innen
German: innen

From Proto-Germanic *innanē. Equivalent to *in(n) (“in, inward”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

af

ablative of *in (“in, inward”): from inside, from within


binnanā

Old English: binnan

Old Frisian: binna

West Frisian: binnen

Old Saxon: *binnan

Middle Low German: binnen

Low German: binnen

Old Dutch: *binnan

Middle Dutch: binnen

desctree

Dutch: binnen
Afrikaans: binne
Berbice Creole Dutch: ben
Jersey Dutch: bänne
Negerhollands: bini
→ Virgin Islands Creole: abini, bini, nabinisi (archaic)
→ Indonesian: binnen

Old High German: *binnana

Middle High German: binnen

German: binnen (partly from Low German)

Luxembourgish: bannen

From *bi- + *innanā (“from inside, from within”).


aftanā

Old English: æftan

From Proto-Germanic *aftanē. Equivalent to *aftar (“behind, after”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).

ablative of *aftar (“behind, after”): from behind


nahtas

Old English: nihtes

Middle English: nightes

English: nights

Old Frisian: nahtes

Old Saxon: nahtes

Low German: nachts

Old High German: nahtes

Middle High German: nahtes

German: nachts

Derived from *naht (“night”) but with the ending taken from *dagas (“during the day”), an adverbial use of the genitive of *dag (“day”).


obanā

Old English: ufan, ufane

Middle English: uven

Old Frisian: ova, with -pp- uppa, oppa (also uppe, oppe, but these might be from *uppai instead)

Old Saxon: ovan, ovana, with -pp- uppan

Old Dutch: uppan (with -pp-)

desctree

Old High German: obana, ūfana, *ovana
Middle High German: oben, obene, *oven
Alemannic German: obe
Swabian: oba
Bavarian: obn, om, oum, uom
German: oben
Luxembourgish: uewen
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: owe
Rhine Franconian: owen, owe, uwe
Pennsylvania German: owwe
Vilamovian: uwa
Yiddish: אויבן (oybn)

From Proto-Germanic *ubanē. Equivalent to *ob (“under”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).


biobanā

desctree

Old English: bufan
Middle English: boven, bove

⇒ Old English: ābufan, onbufan
Middle English: aboven, above, abuven
English: above, aboon
⇒? English: bove
Scots: abuin, abune, abane, abeen, abine, abin, abeun, abön (Northern Isles), aboon (literary)
Yola: aboo

Old Frisian: bova

desc

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="ofs">oppe</i>

West Frisian: boppe (influenced by oppe)

Old Saxon: bioban, *biobana

Middle Low German: bōven, bōvene

Low German: baven, boven

→ Polabian: boven

Old Dutch: *biovan, *bovan

Middle Dutch: boven

desctree

Dutch: boven
Afrikaans: bo
Berbice Creole Dutch: bofu
Javindo: bofen
Jersey Dutch: bôve
Negerhollands: boven, bovo, bobo, bu, bo

>? Old High German: *biobana, *biovana

desc

Middle High German: boben, bobene, boven (possibly borrowed or calqued from Middle Low German)

Rhine Franconian: bowen


sneumō

Old English: snēome, snīome

Old Saxon: sniumo

Old Dutch: sniumo

Old High German: sniumo

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *sneumô; equivalent to *sniumī (“quick”) + *-ō (adverbial suffix).


hradō

desctree

Old English: hraþe, hraðe, hræþe, hræðe, hreðe, raðe, raþe, ræðe, ræþe
Middle English: rathe, rade, rath, raþ, raþe, rauth, hraþe, hraþa, raðæ, raðe, ræðe, ræðen, reaðe, reðe (Early Middle English)
English: rathe, rath (obsolete)
Middle Scots: rathe, rath

⇒ Old English: hraþor
Middle English: rathere, rathar, rathir, rathur, rathre, rether, ræðer, hraþar, reaðere, redþer, rader, radder, radir, ratherne, raþeren (Early Middle English)
English: rather
Scots: rather
Yola: rether

Old Saxon: *hratho

Middle Low German: rade

German Low German: radd, ratt

desc

Old High German: hrado, hrato, rado, rato

Middle High German: rade

⇒ Old High German: girado

Middle High German: gerade, gerat

Alemannic German: grad

Bavarian: grad, grod, grood

German: gerade (colloquial gerad, grad)

Luxembourgish: grad

Yiddish: גראַד (grad), גראַדע (grade)

From *hrad (“quick”) + *-ō (adverbial suffix).


allswā

Old English: eallswā, ealswā

desc

Middle English: alswa, alswo, alsa, also, alse, als, ase, as

English: also, as

Scots: alswa, alsa, als, as

Old Frisian: alsā

Saterland Frisian: also, as

West Frisian: als, as

Old Saxon: allsō, alsō, also

Middle Low German: alsô, alse, als

German Low German: also, as

Old Dutch: alsō

Middle Dutch: also, alsoo, als

Dutch: alzo, als

Afrikaans: also

Old High German: alsō

Middle High German: alsō, alse, als

German: also, als

→ Danish: altså

→ Norwegian Bokmål: altså

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: altså, altso

→ Swedish: alltså (also possibly from Low German)

>? Vulgar Latin: *ale si, *alsi (likely calqued using Latin alid + sīc)

Old French: alsi, ausi, ossi; altresi (calque using Old French altre + si)

Middle French: aussi

French: aussi


hiu dagu

Old English: hēodæġ (possibly loaned from the Old Saxon descendant)

Old Frisian: hiūdega, hiōda

West Frisian: hjoed

Old Saxon: hiudagu hiudu, hūdigu, hōdigo

Middle Low German: hü̂de, hü̂den, hü̂digen

German Low German: hüüt

→⇒ Saterland Frisian: hüütich

desctree

Old Dutch: hiudo
Middle Dutch: hude (southeastern)
⇒ Middle Dutch: hudig
Dutch: huidig
Middle Dutch: hēden, hēde, hiden (with unclear change in vowel)
Dutch: heden
Afrikaans: hede

Old High German: hiutu, hiu tagu, hiuto
Middle High German: hiute
Alemannic German: hüt, hütt, hüüd, hit
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: häut, hòite (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hait
Central Franconian: höck, hück, heit, hout
German: heute, Heute
Hunsrik: heit
Luxembourgish: haut (probably; irregular vocalism)

From Proto-Germanic *hinō dagō (“on this day”), from *hiz (“this”) + *dagaz (“day”).


frafalilīkō

Old English: fræfellīċe

Old Saxon: frabillīko, fravillīko

desc

Middle Low German: vrevellîke, vrevelîke

Old High German: frafallīhho, fravallīhho, frafallīcho

Middle High German: vrevellīche

German: frevellich, frevelich

From *frafal(i) (“impudent, bold”) + *-līkō, or *frafalilīk (“impudently, boldly”) + *-ō.

af

impudently, boldly, aggressively, wickedly


þananā

desctree

Old English: þanan, þanon, þanone, þonan
Middle English: þenne
⇒ Middle English: þennes
English: thence
→? Old Norse: þanan (calque)

Old Frisian: thana

Old Saxon: thanan, thanana

Middle Low German: danen

Low German:

Westphalian: diëne

Old Dutch: *thanana

Middle Dutch: danen, dane, daen

⇒ Middle Dutch: van dane

Dutch: vandaan

Old High German: danān, danana

Middle High German: dannen

Alemannic German: danne, dänne

Central Franconian: danne, dänne

German: dannen

Luxembourgish: danen (obsolete)

From *þan (“then”) + *-anā (ablative suffix).


þannē

Old English: þonne, þanne, þænne, ðonne
Middle English: then(ne), than(ne)
English: then, than
Scots: than, then, an
⇒ Scots: thance

Old Frisian: thanna, thanne

Old Saxon: thanna, thanne

Middle Low German: danne

Old High German: danne, thanne

Middle High German: danne

Extension of *þan by analogy with *innē (Proto-Germanic *innai), *uppē (Proto-Germanic *uppai), etc.


nāhuriʀ(ō)

Old English: nēar, nēarra

Middle English: ner, nere

Scots: nere, neir

English: near

Old Frisian: niār

Saterland Frisian: naier

West Frisian: neier

Old Saxon: nāhōr

Middle Low German: nâr; nârre

(German Low German: nahder)

Old Dutch: *nāor

Middle Dutch: naer; naerre

Dutch: naar

Afrikaans: naar

Old High German: nāhōr

desc

Middle High German: nāher, nāhere, næher, nār

German: näher

Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *nēhuriʀô, from *nēhw + *-r + *-izô.

cat

Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-iʀō

comparative degree of *nāhw (“near”): closer, nearer


nāhw

head

*nāhw (comparative *nāhuriʀ(ō), superlative *nāhwist(ō))

nāhuriʀ (comparative)
nāhwist (superlative)

desctree

Old English: nēah, nēa, nēh, nīh
Middle English: neygh, nygh, nye, nyȝ, nighe
English: nigh
Scots: ne, ney
Yola: neeghe, nich

Old Frisian: nach, nā, nēi, nī

Saterland Frisian: nai

West Frisian: nei

Old Saxon: nāh

Middle Low German: nâch, nâ

German Low German: na, nao, nå

Old Dutch: nāh

Middle Dutch: na
Dutch: na
Afrikaans: na
Limburgish: nao

Old High German: nāh

Middle High German: nāh

German: nah, nach

Luxembourgish: no


nāhwist(ō)

Old English: nīehsta, nīehste

Middle English: nexte, nexste, nixte

English: next

Old Frisian: nest

Saterland Frisian: naist

Old Saxon: nāhisto

Old Dutch: *nāist, *nāst

Middle Dutch: naest

Dutch: naast

Afrikaans: naaste

Old High German: nāhisto
German: nächster
Yiddish: נעקסט (nekst)

superlative degree of *nāhw (“near”): nearest, closest


seldanā

Old English: seldan, seldum
Middle English: selden, seilden, seldom
Scots: seld, seldin, seendil
English: seldom

Old Frisian: sielden

Saterland Frisian: säilden

West Frisian: komselden

Old Saxon: seldan
Middle Low German: selden

Old Dutch: *seldan

Middle Dutch: selden

Dutch: zelden
Afrikaans: selde
Negerhollands: selden

Old High German: seltan; *seldan (Central German)

Middle High German: selten; selden

Alemannic German: selte

German: selten

desc

Central Franconian: säle, seale, selle, selde

Luxembourgish: sielen

Yiddish: זעלטן (zeltn)

From Proto-Germanic *seldanē. Equivalent to *seld (“rare”) + *-anā (ablative adverb suffix).


samō

Old English: sama, same, some

Middle English: same

English: same

Scots: same

desctree

Old Saxon: sama, samo
Middle Low German: same, sam

Old Dutch: samo

Old High German: samo

Middle High German: same, sam


kūskō

Old Saxon: kūsko

Old High German: kūsko

Middle High German: kiusche

⇒ Old High German: unkūsko

desc

Middle High German: unkiusche, unkūsche, unkunsche

German: unkeusch

From *kūskī (“chaste”) + *-ō (adverbial suffix).


kūskilīkō

Old Saxon: *kūsklīko

Middle Low German: kǖschlīke, kǖschlīk

Old High German: *kūsklīhho

desc

Middle High German: kiuschlīche, kūschlīche, kūslīche

From *kūskilīk (“chaste”) + *-ō (adverbial suffix) or *kūskī (“chaste”) + *-līkō.


unkūskilīkō

Old Saxon: *unkūsklīko

desc

Middle Low German: unkǖschlīke, unkūschlik

Old High German: *unkūsklīhho

From *un- + *kūskilīkō (“chastely”) or *unkūskilīk (“unchaste”) + *-ō.


gadurstilīkō

gadurstilīkō (masculine nominative singular)
gadurstilīkō (feminine nominative singular)
gadurstilīkō (neuter nominative singular)
gadurstilīkōanā (accusative masculine singular)
gadurstilīkōā (accusative feminine singular)
gadurstilīkō (accusative neuter singular)
gadurstilīkōas (genitive masculine singular)
gadurstilīkōeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gadurstilīkōas (genitive neuter singular)
gadurstilīkōmē (dative masculine singular)
gadurstilīkōeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gadurstilīkōmē (dative neuter singular)
gadurstilīkō (instrumental masculine singular)
gadurstilīkōeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gadurstilīkō (instrumental neuter singular)
gadurstilīkōē (masculine nominative plural)
gadurstilīkōō (feminine nominative plural)
gadurstilīkō (neuter nominative plural)
gadurstilīkōā (accusative masculine plural)
gadurstilīkōā (accusative feminine plural)
gadurstilīkō (accusative neuter plural)
gadurstilīkōeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gadurstilīkōeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gadurstilīkōeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gadurstilīkōēm (dative masculine plural)
gadurstilīkōm (dative masculine plural)
gadurstilīkōēm (dative feminine plural)
gadurstilīkōm (dative feminine plural)
gadurstilīkōēm (dative neuter plural)
gadurstilīkōm (dative neuter plural)
gadurstilīkōēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gadurstilīkōm (instrumental masculine plural)
gadurstilīkōēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gadurstilīkōm (feminine instrumental plural)
gadurstilīkōēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gadurstilīkōm (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġedyrstelīċe

Old High German: giturstlīhho, giturstlīcho

From *gadursti (“boldness, daring”) + *-līkō, or *ga- + *dursti (“boldness, daring”) + *-līkō.


balþlīkō

balþlīkō (masculine nominative singular)
balþlīkō (feminine nominative singular)
balþlīkō (neuter nominative singular)
balþlīkōanā (accusative masculine singular)
balþlīkōā (accusative feminine singular)
balþlīkō (accusative neuter singular)
balþlīkōas (genitive masculine singular)
balþlīkōeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
balþlīkōas (genitive neuter singular)
balþlīkōmē (dative masculine singular)
balþlīkōeʀē (dative feminine singular)
balþlīkōmē (dative neuter singular)
balþlīkō (instrumental masculine singular)
balþlīkōeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
balþlīkō (instrumental neuter singular)
balþlīkōē (masculine nominative plural)
balþlīkōō (feminine nominative plural)
balþlīkō (neuter nominative plural)
balþlīkōā (accusative masculine plural)
balþlīkōā (accusative feminine plural)
balþlīkō (accusative neuter plural)
balþlīkōeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
balþlīkōeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
balþlīkōeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
balþlīkōēm (dative masculine plural)
balþlīkōm (dative masculine plural)
balþlīkōēm (dative feminine plural)
balþlīkōm (dative feminine plural)
balþlīkōēm (dative neuter plural)
balþlīkōm (dative neuter plural)
balþlīkōēm (instrumental masculine plural)
balþlīkōm (instrumental masculine plural)
balþlīkōēm (feminine instrumental plural)
balþlīkōm (feminine instrumental plural)
balþlīkōēm (instrumental neuter plural)
balþlīkōm (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: bealdlīċe, baldlīċe
Middle English: baldeliche, boldeliche, boldely
English: boldly

Old Saxon: baldlīko

Old Dutch: baldlīko

Old High German: baldlīhho
Middle High German: baltlīche, paltlīche, beltlīche, baltlich


balþō

balþō (masculine nominative singular)
balþō (feminine nominative singular)
balþō (neuter nominative singular)
balþōanā (accusative masculine singular)
balþōā (accusative feminine singular)
balþō (accusative neuter singular)
balþōas (genitive masculine singular)
balþōeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
balþōas (genitive neuter singular)
balþōmē (dative masculine singular)
balþōeʀē (dative feminine singular)
balþōmē (dative neuter singular)
balþō (instrumental masculine singular)
balþōeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
balþō (instrumental neuter singular)
balþōē (masculine nominative plural)
balþōō (feminine nominative plural)
balþō (neuter nominative plural)
balþōā (accusative masculine plural)
balþōā (accusative feminine plural)
balþō (accusative neuter plural)
balþōeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
balþōeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
balþōeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
balþōēm (dative masculine plural)
balþōm (dative masculine plural)
balþōēm (dative feminine plural)
balþōm (dative feminine plural)
balþōēm (dative neuter plural)
balþōm (dative neuter plural)
balþōēm (instrumental masculine plural)
balþōm (instrumental masculine plural)
balþōēm (feminine instrumental plural)
balþōm (feminine instrumental plural)
balþōēm (instrumental neuter plural)
balþōm (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: balde

Saterland Frisian: bolde

Old Saxon: *baldo

Middle Low German: bālde, bōlde, bāld

Old High German: baldo

Middle High German: balde

German: bald

Luxembourgish: bal


durstīglīkō

durstīglīkō (masculine nominative singular)
durstīglīkō (feminine nominative singular)
durstīglīkō (neuter nominative singular)
durstīglīkōanā (accusative masculine singular)
durstīglīkōā (accusative feminine singular)
durstīglīkō (accusative neuter singular)
durstīglīkōas (genitive masculine singular)
durstīglīkōeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
durstīglīkōas (genitive neuter singular)
durstīglīkōmē (dative masculine singular)
durstīglīkōeʀē (dative feminine singular)
durstīglīkōmē (dative neuter singular)
durstīglīkō (instrumental masculine singular)
durstīglīkōeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
durstīglīkō (instrumental neuter singular)
durstīglīkōē (masculine nominative plural)
durstīglīkōō (feminine nominative plural)
durstīglīkō (neuter nominative plural)
durstīglīkōā (accusative masculine plural)
durstīglīkōā (accusative feminine plural)
durstīglīkō (accusative neuter plural)
durstīglīkōeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
durstīglīkōeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
durstīglīkōeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
durstīglīkōēm (dative masculine plural)
durstīglīkōm (dative masculine plural)
durstīglīkōēm (dative feminine plural)
durstīglīkōm (dative feminine plural)
durstīglīkōēm (dative neuter plural)
durstīglīkōm (dative neuter plural)
durstīglīkōēm (instrumental masculine plural)
durstīglīkōm (instrumental masculine plural)
durstīglīkōēm (feminine instrumental plural)
durstīglīkōm (feminine instrumental plural)
durstīglīkōēm (instrumental neuter plural)
durstīglīkōm (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: dyrstiġlīċe

desc

Middle English: dirrstiʒlike, dirrstiʒliʒ, dirrstiliʒ

Old High German: *turstīglīhho

Middle Low German: türsticlīche

From *durstīg (“bold, daring”) + *-līkō.


norþr

head

*norþr (comparative *norþrō, superlative *norþrōst)

norþrō (comparative)
norþrōst (superlative)

Old English: norþ

desctree

Middle English: north
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh

Old Frisian: *north

West Frisian: noard

Old Saxon: north

Old Dutch: *north

Middle Dutch: nort

Dutch: noord
Afrikaans: noord
Negerhollands: noord
→ Papiamentu: nort, nòrt, noord

Limburgish: naord

Old High German: *nordar

Middle High German: norder


westr

head

*westr (comparative *westrō, superlative *westrōst)

westrō (comparative)
westrōst (superlative)

desctree

Old English: west
Middle English: west
English: west
Scots: wast
→ Old French: west (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: wester

Old High German: westar

Middle Low German: wester


westraward

Old English: westweard

Middle English: westward
English: westward
Scots: wastert

desc

Old Saxon: *westward, *westarward, *westard

Middle Low German: westwārt, westwort, westwērt, westert, westerwārt

Old Dutch: *westward

Middle Dutch: westwaert

Dutch: westwaarts

Old High German: westart

Middle High German: westert

German: westwärts


austraward

Old English: ēasteweard, ēastweard

desctree

Middle English: estward
English: eastward
Scots: eastart

Old Saxon: ōstarward, ōstarword

desc

Middle Low German: ōsterwārt, oesterwārt, ōstertwārt, ōsterwērt, ōstert

Old Dutch: *ōstarward, *ōstward

Middle Dutch: oostwaert

Dutch: oostwaarts

Old High German: ōstarwart, ōstarwort, ōstart, ōstarot, ōstaret

Middle High German: ōsteret, ōstert, ōstret

German: ostwärts


norþraward

Old English: norþweard, norþweardes

Middle English: northward

English: northward

Old Saxon: *northarward, *northward, *northwardes, *northard

Middle Low German: nōrtwārt, nōrtwōrt, nōrdewārt, nōrdewōrt, nōrdewērt, nōrdert, nōrtwērts

Old Dutch: *northward

Middle Dutch: nortwaert

Dutch: noordwaarts

Old High German: nordert, nordarot, norderet

Middle High German: nordert, norderet

German: nordwärts


sunþraward

Old English: sūþweard

Middle English: southward

English: southward

Old Frisian: sūthward, sūthwerth

Old Saxon: sūtharward, sūtharword

Middle Low German: sǖdewārt, sudewart, sǖtwārt, sǖtwērt, sǖtwōrt

Old Dutch: *sūthward

Middle Dutch: suutwaert

Dutch: zuidwaarts

Old High German: sundarwert, sundarwort, sundert

Middle High German: sundert, sunderet

German: südwärts


allagalīkō

Old Saxon: alligilīko

Middle Low German: algelīke, algelīk

Old High German: algilīhho, algilīcho

Middle High German: algelīche

From *all + *galīk (“alike, similar”) + *-ō (adverbial suffix).


tōgadura

desctree

Old English: tōgædre, togædere
Middle English: togadere, togedere, together
English: together
Scots: togiddir, thegither

Old Frisian: togadera

West Frisian: togearre

Old Saxon: *togaduro

desc

Middle Low German: tōgāder, togader, togadder

Old Dutch: *tegaduro

Middle Dutch: tegadere, tegader

Dutch: tegader

Old High German: *zigaturo

Middle High German: zegater


druknō

druknō (masculine nominative singular)
druknō (feminine nominative singular)
druknō (neuter nominative singular)
druknōanā (accusative masculine singular)
druknōā (accusative feminine singular)
druknō (accusative neuter singular)
druknōas (genitive masculine singular)
druknōeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
druknōas (genitive neuter singular)
druknōmē (dative masculine singular)
druknōeʀē (dative feminine singular)
druknōmē (dative neuter singular)
druknō (instrumental masculine singular)
druknōeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
druknō (instrumental neuter singular)
druknōē (masculine nominative plural)
druknōō (feminine nominative plural)
druknō (neuter nominative plural)
druknōā (accusative masculine plural)
druknōā (accusative feminine plural)
druknō (accusative neuter plural)
druknōeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
druknōeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
druknōeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
druknōēm (dative masculine plural)
druknōm (dative masculine plural)
druknōēm (dative feminine plural)
druknōm (dative feminine plural)
druknōēm (dative neuter plural)
druknōm (dative neuter plural)
druknōēm (instrumental masculine plural)
druknōm (instrumental masculine plural)
druknōēm (feminine instrumental plural)
druknōm (feminine instrumental plural)
druknōēm (instrumental neuter plural)
druknōm (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: drukno, drokno

Old High German: trukkano, truckano

Middle High German: trucken, trocken

German: trocken


tōward

desctree

Old English: tōweard
Middle English: toward
English: toward
Scots: towart

Old Saxon: tōward

Middle Low German: tôwart

Old Dutch: *tōward, *tuoward

Middle Dutch: toewaert

Old High German: zuowart

Middle High German: zuowart, zūwart