star

star (masculine nominative singular)
staru (feminine nominative singular)
star (neuter nominative singular)
staranā (accusative masculine singular)
starā (accusative feminine singular)
star (accusative neuter singular)
staras (genitive masculine singular)
stareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
staras (genitive neuter singular)
starumē (dative masculine singular)
stareʀē (dative feminine singular)
starumē (dative neuter singular)
staru (instrumental masculine singular)
stareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
staru (instrumental neuter singular)
starē (masculine nominative plural)
starō (feminine nominative plural)
staru (neuter nominative plural)
starā (accusative masculine plural)
starā (accusative feminine plural)
staru (accusative neuter plural)
stareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
stareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
stareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
starēm (dative masculine plural)
starum (dative masculine plural)
starēm (dative feminine plural)
starum (dative feminine plural)
starēm (dative neuter plural)
starum (dative neuter plural)
starēm (instrumental masculine plural)
starum (instrumental masculine plural)
starēm (feminine instrumental plural)
starum (feminine instrumental plural)
starēm (instrumental neuter plural)
starum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *star

Middle Low German: star

Old Dutch: *star

Middle Dutch: *star

Dutch: star

Old High German: *star

Middle High German: star

German: starr


war

war (masculine nominative singular)
waru (feminine nominative singular)
war (neuter nominative singular)
waranā (accusative masculine singular)
warā (accusative feminine singular)
war (accusative neuter singular)
waras (genitive masculine singular)
wareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
waras (genitive neuter singular)
warumē (dative masculine singular)
wareʀē (dative feminine singular)
warumē (dative neuter singular)
waru (instrumental masculine singular)
wareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
waru (instrumental neuter singular)
warē (masculine nominative plural)
warō (feminine nominative plural)
waru (neuter nominative plural)
warā (accusative masculine plural)
warā (accusative feminine plural)
waru (accusative neuter plural)
wareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
warēm (dative masculine plural)
warum (dative masculine plural)
warēm (dative feminine plural)
warum (dative feminine plural)
warēm (dative neuter plural)
warum (dative neuter plural)
warēm (instrumental masculine plural)
warum (instrumental masculine plural)
warēm (feminine instrumental plural)
warum (feminine instrumental plural)
warēm (instrumental neuter plural)
warum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wær

Middle English: war, ware

English: ware

Old Frisian: war, ware

⇒ West Frisian: warskôgje

Old Saxon: war

Old Dutch: *war

Middle Dutch: waer (in compounds: waerschuwen, ontware, ontwaer, etc.)

Old High German: war


arm

head

*arm (comparative *armōʀō, superlative *armōst)

armōʀō (comparative)
armōst (superlative)
arm (masculine nominative singular)
armu (feminine nominative singular)
arm (neuter nominative singular)
armanā (accusative masculine singular)
armā (accusative feminine singular)
arm (accusative neuter singular)
armas (genitive masculine singular)
armeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
armas (genitive neuter singular)
armumē (dative masculine singular)
armeʀē (dative feminine singular)
armumē (dative neuter singular)
armu (instrumental masculine singular)
armeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
armu (instrumental neuter singular)
armē (masculine nominative plural)
armō (feminine nominative plural)
armu (neuter nominative plural)
armā (accusative masculine plural)
armā (accusative feminine plural)
armu (accusative neuter plural)
armeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
armeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
armeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
armēm (dative masculine plural)
armum (dative masculine plural)
armēm (dative feminine plural)
armum (dative feminine plural)
armēm (dative neuter plural)
armum (dative neuter plural)
armēm (instrumental masculine plural)
armum (instrumental masculine plural)
armēm (feminine instrumental plural)
armum (feminine instrumental plural)
armēm (instrumental neuter plural)
armum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: earm
Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: arm

Old Frisian: erm
Saterland Frisian: äärm
West Frisian: earm

Old Saxon: *arm

Middle Low German: arm

German Low German: arm

Plautdietsch: oam, oarm

Old Dutch: arm
Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Berbice Creole Dutch: arum
Jersey Dutch: arm
Negerhollands: aerm
Petjo: arm
Limburgish: erm

Old High German: arm
Middle High German: arm
Cimbrian: arm
German: arm
Luxembourgish: aarm
Plautdietsch: aarem
Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)


warm

warm (masculine nominative singular)
warmu (feminine nominative singular)
warm (neuter nominative singular)
warmanā (accusative masculine singular)
warmā (accusative feminine singular)
warm (accusative neuter singular)
warmas (genitive masculine singular)
warmeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
warmas (genitive neuter singular)
warmumē (dative masculine singular)
warmeʀē (dative feminine singular)
warmumē (dative neuter singular)
warmu (instrumental masculine singular)
warmeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
warmu (instrumental neuter singular)
warmē (masculine nominative plural)
warmō (feminine nominative plural)
warmu (neuter nominative plural)
warmā (accusative masculine plural)
warmā (accusative feminine plural)
warmu (accusative neuter plural)
warmeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
warmeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
warmeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
warmēm (dative masculine plural)
warmum (dative masculine plural)
warmēm (dative feminine plural)
warmum (dative feminine plural)
warmēm (dative neuter plural)
warmum (dative neuter plural)
warmēm (instrumental masculine plural)
warmum (instrumental masculine plural)
warmēm (feminine instrumental plural)
warmum (feminine instrumental plural)
warmēm (instrumental neuter plural)
warmum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wearm
Middle English: warm, warme, werm, wearm
Scots: wairm
English: warm

Old Frisian: warm

Saterland Frisian: woorm

West Frisian: waarm

Old Saxon: warm
Middle Low German: warm
Low German: warm
German Low German: warm

Old Dutch: *warm

Middle Dutch: warm
Dutch: warm
Afrikaans: warm
Limburgish: werm
West Flemish: werm

Old High German: warm
Middle High German: warm
Alemannic German: warm
Italian Walser: warm, woare, woarm, wore, wérme
Bavarian: borm
Cimbrian: barm
Mòcheno: bòrm
Udinese: borm, borbm, boarm
Viennese: wårm
Central Franconian: wärm, warm
Hunsrik: waarem
German: warm
Luxembourgish: waarm
Yiddish: וואַרעם (varem)


hair

head

*hair (comparative *hairiʀō, superlative *hairist)

hairiʀō (comparative)
hairist (superlative)
hair (masculine nominative singular)
hairu (feminine nominative singular)
hair (neuter nominative singular)
hairanā (accusative masculine singular)
hairā (accusative feminine singular)
hair (accusative neuter singular)
hairas (genitive masculine singular)
haireʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hairas (genitive neuter singular)
hairumē (dative masculine singular)
haireʀē (dative feminine singular)
hairumē (dative neuter singular)
hairu (instrumental masculine singular)
haireʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hairu (instrumental neuter singular)
hairē (masculine nominative plural)
hairō (feminine nominative plural)
hairu (neuter nominative plural)
hairā (accusative masculine plural)
hairā (accusative feminine plural)
hairu (accusative neuter plural)
haireʀō (genitive masculine plural)
haireʀō (feminine genitive plural)
haireʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hairēm (dative masculine plural)
hairum (dative masculine plural)
hairēm (dative feminine plural)
hairum (dative feminine plural)
hairēm (dative neuter plural)
hairum (dative neuter plural)
hairēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hairum (instrumental masculine plural)
hairēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hairum (feminine instrumental plural)
hairēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hairum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hār
Middle English: hor
English: hoar
Scots: hare, hair

Old Frisian: hār

Old Dutch: hēr

Middle Dutch: heer

⇒ Middle Dutch: herlic

Dutch: heerlijk

Old High German: hēr
Middle High German: hēr
German: hehr


braid

braid (masculine nominative singular)
braidu (feminine nominative singular)
braid (neuter nominative singular)
braidanā (accusative masculine singular)
braidā (accusative feminine singular)
braid (accusative neuter singular)
braidas (genitive masculine singular)
braideʀā (feminine genitive singular)
braidas (genitive neuter singular)
braidumē (dative masculine singular)
braideʀē (dative feminine singular)
braidumē (dative neuter singular)
braidu (instrumental masculine singular)
braideʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
braidu (instrumental neuter singular)
braidē (masculine nominative plural)
braidō (feminine nominative plural)
braidu (neuter nominative plural)
braidā (accusative masculine plural)
braidā (accusative feminine plural)
braidu (accusative neuter plural)
braideʀō (genitive masculine plural)
braideʀō (feminine genitive plural)
braideʀō (genitive neuter plural)
braidēm (dative masculine plural)
braidum (dative masculine plural)
braidēm (dative feminine plural)
braidum (dative feminine plural)
braidēm (dative neuter plural)
braidum (dative neuter plural)
braidēm (instrumental masculine plural)
braidum (instrumental masculine plural)
braidēm (feminine instrumental plural)
braidum (feminine instrumental plural)
braidēm (instrumental neuter plural)
braidum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: brād
Middle English: brod, brode, brood
English: broad
Scots: braid
Yola: brode

Old Frisian: brēd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: briad
Goesharde: briid
Halligen: briad
Mooring: briidj
Sylt: breer
Wiedingharde: briidj
Saterland Frisian: breed
West Frisian: brie

Old Saxon: brēd
Middle Low German: *brêd
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: breet
Low Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch): breed
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: braẹ̆t
Sauerländisch: bräit, brait (Elpe, Felbecke, Finnentrop, Attendorn, Elspe), brǟt (Niedersfeld)
East Westphalian: breit (Lippe)
Eastphalian: breit (Wedemark)

Old Dutch: brēt
Middle Dutch: brêet
Dutch: breed
Afrikaans: breed
Berbice Creole Dutch: brete
Negerhollands: breed
→ Caribbean Javanese: bradi (via Sranan Tongo)
→ West Frisian: breed
Limburgish: breid
Zealandic: breêd

Old High German: breit
Lombardic: braida
Italian: braida
Middle High German: breit
Bavarian: brad, broad
Central Franconian: breet
German: breit
Hunsrik: breid
Luxembourgish: breet
Vilamovian: braat
Yiddish: ברייט (breyt)


salt

salt (masculine nominative singular)
saltu (feminine nominative singular)
salt (neuter nominative singular)
saltanā (accusative masculine singular)
saltā (accusative feminine singular)
salt (accusative neuter singular)
saltas (genitive masculine singular)
salteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
saltas (genitive neuter singular)
saltumē (dative masculine singular)
salteʀē (dative feminine singular)
saltumē (dative neuter singular)
saltu (instrumental masculine singular)
salteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
saltu (instrumental neuter singular)
saltē (masculine nominative plural)
saltō (feminine nominative plural)
saltu (neuter nominative plural)
saltā (accusative masculine plural)
saltā (accusative feminine plural)
saltu (accusative neuter plural)
salteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
salteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
salteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
saltēm (dative masculine plural)
saltum (dative masculine plural)
saltēm (dative feminine plural)
saltum (dative feminine plural)
saltēm (dative neuter plural)
saltum (dative neuter plural)
saltēm (instrumental masculine plural)
saltum (instrumental masculine plural)
saltēm (feminine instrumental plural)
saltum (feminine instrumental plural)
saltēm (instrumental neuter plural)
saltum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sealt

Middle English: salt

English: salt

Scots: salt

Old Frisian: salt

West Frisian: sâlt

Old Saxon: salt

Middle Low German: solt

Low German: solt

German Low German: solt

Old Dutch: *salt

Middle Dutch: sout

Dutch: zout

Afrikaans: sout

Old High German: *salz

Middle High German: salz


full

full (masculine nominative singular)
fullu (feminine nominative singular)
full (neuter nominative singular)
follanā (accusative masculine singular)
follā (accusative feminine singular)
full (accusative neuter singular)
follas (genitive masculine singular)
fulleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
follas (genitive neuter singular)
fullumē (dative masculine singular)
fulleʀē (dative feminine singular)
fullumē (dative neuter singular)
fullu (instrumental masculine singular)
fulleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fullu (instrumental neuter singular)
fullē (masculine nominative plural)
follō (feminine nominative plural)
fullu (neuter nominative plural)
follā (accusative masculine plural)
follā (accusative feminine plural)
fullu (accusative neuter plural)
fulleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
fulleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
fulleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fullēm (dative masculine plural)
fullum (dative masculine plural)
fullēm (dative feminine plural)
fullum (dative feminine plural)
fullēm (dative neuter plural)
fullum (dative neuter plural)
fullēm (instrumental masculine plural)
fullum (instrumental masculine plural)
fullēm (feminine instrumental plural)
fullum (feminine instrumental plural)
fullēm (instrumental neuter plural)
fullum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: full, ful
Middle English: ful, fol, full, vol, vul
English: full
Scots: fou, full
Yola: vull

Old Frisian: full

Saterland Frisian: ful

West Frisian: fol

Old Saxon: ful, full

Middle Low German: vol

Low German: vull, voll

Old Dutch: fol
Middle Dutch: vol
Dutch: vol
Afrikaans: vol
Berbice Creole Dutch: folo
Jersey Dutch: vol
Negerhollands: vol
→ Caribbean Javanese: fol
→ Indonesian: pol
Limburgish: vól
West Flemish: vul

Old High German: foll
Middle High German: vol, voll
Alemannic German: vole, voll
Bavarian: voi, vui
Cimbrian: vòll, bòll (Mezzaselva)
Hunsrik: foll
Luxembourgish: voll
German: voll
Vilamovian: fułł
Yiddish: פֿול (ful)


fast

fast (masculine nominative singular)
fastu (feminine nominative singular)
fast (neuter nominative singular)
fastanā (accusative masculine singular)
fastā (accusative feminine singular)
fast (accusative neuter singular)
fastas (genitive masculine singular)
fasteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
fastas (genitive neuter singular)
fastumē (dative masculine singular)
fasteʀē (dative feminine singular)
fastumē (dative neuter singular)
fastu (instrumental masculine singular)
fasteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fastu (instrumental neuter singular)
fastē (masculine nominative plural)
fastō (feminine nominative plural)
fastu (neuter nominative plural)
fastā (accusative masculine plural)
fastā (accusative feminine plural)
fastu (accusative neuter plural)
fasteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
fasteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
fasteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fastēm (dative masculine plural)
fastum (dative masculine plural)
fastēm (dative feminine plural)
fastum (dative feminine plural)
fastēm (dative neuter plural)
fastum (dative neuter plural)
fastēm (instrumental masculine plural)
fastum (instrumental masculine plural)
fastēm (feminine instrumental plural)
fastum (feminine instrumental plural)
fastēm (instrumental neuter plural)
fastum (instrumental neuter plural)
*fastu (alternative)
*fastī (alternative)

Old English: fæst

Middle English: fæst, fest, fast

Scots: fest, fast

English: fast

Old Frisian: fest

Saterland Frisian: fääst

West Frisian: fêst

Old Saxon: fast

Middle Low German: fast, vast

Low German: fast

Old Dutch: fast

Middle Dutch: vast

Dutch: vast

Afrikaans: vas

Old High German: fast

Middle High German: fast, vast

Central Franconian: fass, fast

From Proto-Germanic *fastuz (“secure, firm, fixed”).


laus

laus (masculine nominative singular)
lausu (feminine nominative singular)
laus (neuter nominative singular)
lausanā (accusative masculine singular)
lausā (accusative feminine singular)
laus (accusative neuter singular)
lausas (genitive masculine singular)
lauseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
lausas (genitive neuter singular)
lausumē (dative masculine singular)
lauseʀē (dative feminine singular)
lausumē (dative neuter singular)
lausu (instrumental masculine singular)
lauseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
lausu (instrumental neuter singular)
lausē (masculine nominative plural)
lausō (feminine nominative plural)
lausu (neuter nominative plural)
lausā (accusative masculine plural)
lausā (accusative feminine plural)
lausu (accusative neuter plural)
lauseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lauseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lauseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
lausēm (dative masculine plural)
lausum (dative masculine plural)
lausēm (dative feminine plural)
lausum (dative feminine plural)
lausēm (dative neuter plural)
lausum (dative neuter plural)
lausēm (instrumental masculine plural)
lausum (instrumental masculine plural)
lausēm (feminine instrumental plural)
lausum (feminine instrumental plural)
lausēm (instrumental neuter plural)
lausum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lēas

Middle English: leas, lees, les

Old Frisian: *lās (in compounds)

North Frisian: lus, luas

Saterland Frisian: loos

West Frisian: loas

Old Saxon: lōs

Middle Low German: lōs

Plautdietsch: looss

desctree

Old Dutch: lōs
Middle Dutch: lôos
Dutch: loos
Afrikaans: los

Old High German: lōs, -laos (once)

Middle High German: lōs

German: los


das

das (masculine nominative singular)
dasu (feminine nominative singular)
das (neuter nominative singular)
dasanā (accusative masculine singular)
dasā (accusative feminine singular)
das (accusative neuter singular)
dasas (genitive masculine singular)
daseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
dasas (genitive neuter singular)
dasumē (dative masculine singular)
daseʀē (dative feminine singular)
dasumē (dative neuter singular)
dasu (instrumental masculine singular)
daseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
dasu (instrumental neuter singular)
dasē (masculine nominative plural)
dasō (feminine nominative plural)
dasu (neuter nominative plural)
dasā (accusative masculine plural)
dasā (accusative feminine plural)
dasu (accusative neuter plural)
daseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
daseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
daseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
dasēm (dative masculine plural)
dasum (dative masculine plural)
dasēm (dative feminine plural)
dasum (dative feminine plural)
dasēm (dative neuter plural)
dasum (dative neuter plural)
dasēm (instrumental masculine plural)
dasum (instrumental masculine plural)
dasēm (feminine instrumental plural)
dasum (feminine instrumental plural)
dasēm (instrumental neuter plural)
dasum (instrumental neuter plural)
*daʀ (alternative)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: daes

Dutch: daas

From the same ultimate source as *dwēsaz (“stupid, foolish”).


glad

glad (masculine nominative singular)
gladu (feminine nominative singular)
glad (neuter nominative singular)
gladanā (accusative masculine singular)
gladā (accusative feminine singular)
glad (accusative neuter singular)
gladas (genitive masculine singular)
gladeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gladas (genitive neuter singular)
gladumē (dative masculine singular)
gladeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gladumē (dative neuter singular)
gladu (instrumental masculine singular)
gladeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gladu (instrumental neuter singular)
gladē (masculine nominative plural)
gladō (feminine nominative plural)
gladu (neuter nominative plural)
gladā (accusative masculine plural)
gladā (accusative feminine plural)
gladu (accusative neuter plural)
gladeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gladeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gladeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gladēm (dative masculine plural)
gladum (dative masculine plural)
gladēm (dative feminine plural)
gladum (dative feminine plural)
gladēm (dative neuter plural)
gladum (dative neuter plural)
gladēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gladum (instrumental masculine plural)
gladēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gladum (feminine instrumental plural)
gladēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gladum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: glæd
Middle English: glad, glade, gladde, glaid, gled
English: glad
Scots: gled, glaid
Yola: glaude
⇒ Middle English: glade, glode, glede
English: glade
Yola: gladès

Old Frisian: gled

Saterland Frisian: glääd

West Frisian: glêd

Old Saxon: glad

Middle Low German: glad, glat

Low German: glad, glatt

Plautdietsch: glaut

Old Dutch: *glad, *glat

Middle Dutch: glat

Dutch: glad

Afrikaans: glad

Old High German: glat
Middle High German: glat
German: glatt
→ Danish: glat
→ Swedish: glatt
→ Norwegian: glatt
→ Esperanto: glata
Ido: glata
Luxembourgish: glat
Vilamovian: głōt
Yiddish: גלאַט (glat)
→ English: glatt


sad

sad (masculine nominative singular)
sadu (feminine nominative singular)
sad (neuter nominative singular)
sadanā (accusative masculine singular)
sadā (accusative feminine singular)
sad (accusative neuter singular)
sadas (genitive masculine singular)
sadeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sadas (genitive neuter singular)
sadumē (dative masculine singular)
sadeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sadumē (dative neuter singular)
sadu (instrumental masculine singular)
sadeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sadu (instrumental neuter singular)
sadē (masculine nominative plural)
sadō (feminine nominative plural)
sadu (neuter nominative plural)
sadā (accusative masculine plural)
sadā (accusative feminine plural)
sadu (accusative neuter plural)
sadeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sadeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sadeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sadēm (dative masculine plural)
sadum (dative masculine plural)
sadēm (dative feminine plural)
sadum (dative feminine plural)
sadēm (dative neuter plural)
sadum (dative neuter plural)
sadēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sadum (instrumental masculine plural)
sadēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sadum (feminine instrumental plural)
sadēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sadum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sæd

Middle English: sad, saad, sadd, zed, sæd, sead, sed (Early Middle English)
English: sad
Scots: sad
→ Welsh: sad

Old Frisian: *sed

Saterland Frisian: sääd

West Frisian: sêd

Old Saxon: sad

Middle Low German: sat

German Low German: satt

Old Dutch: sad, sat

Middle Dutch: sat

Dutch: zat (with unetymological -t)

Afrikaans: sat

Old High German: sat
Middle High German: sat
German: satt
Luxembourgish: sat
Yiddish: זאַט (zat)

From Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate, satisfy”).


hail

hail (masculine nominative singular)
hailu (feminine nominative singular)
hail (neuter nominative singular)
hailanā (accusative masculine singular)
hailā (accusative feminine singular)
hail (accusative neuter singular)
hailas (genitive masculine singular)
haileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hailas (genitive neuter singular)
hailumē (dative masculine singular)
haileʀē (dative feminine singular)
hailumē (dative neuter singular)
hailu (instrumental masculine singular)
haileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hailu (instrumental neuter singular)
hailē (masculine nominative plural)
hailō (feminine nominative plural)
hailu (neuter nominative plural)
hailā (accusative masculine plural)
hailā (accusative feminine plural)
hailu (accusative neuter plural)
haileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
haileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
haileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hailēm (dative masculine plural)
hailum (dative masculine plural)
hailēm (dative feminine plural)
hailum (dative feminine plural)
hailēm (dative neuter plural)
hailum (dative neuter plural)
hailēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hailum (instrumental masculine plural)
hailēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hailum (feminine instrumental plural)
hailēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hailum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hāl, hǣl
Middle English: hole
English: hole (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hole
Yola: hullès (plural)
Northern Middle English: hal
Geordie English: hyel
Scots: hale

Old Frisian: hēl

Saterland Frisian: heel

West Frisian: hiel

Old Saxon: hēl

Middle Low German: hêl, heil

Low German: heel, heil

Old Dutch: *hēl, heil

Middle Dutch: hêel
Dutch: heel
Afrikaans: heel

Old High German: heil
Middle High German: heil
German: eil, heil


hol

hol (masculine nominative singular)
holu (feminine nominative singular)
hol (neuter nominative singular)
holanā (accusative masculine singular)
holā (accusative feminine singular)
hol (accusative neuter singular)
holas (genitive masculine singular)
holeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
holas (genitive neuter singular)
holumē (dative masculine singular)
holeʀē (dative feminine singular)
holumē (dative neuter singular)
holu (instrumental masculine singular)
holeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
holu (instrumental neuter singular)
holē (masculine nominative plural)
holō (feminine nominative plural)
holu (neuter nominative plural)
holā (accusative masculine plural)
holā (accusative feminine plural)
holu (accusative neuter plural)
holeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
holeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
holeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
holēm (dative masculine plural)
holum (dative masculine plural)
holēm (dative feminine plural)
holum (dative feminine plural)
holēm (dative neuter plural)
holum (dative neuter plural)
holēm (instrumental masculine plural)
holum (instrumental masculine plural)
holēm (feminine instrumental plural)
holum (feminine instrumental plural)
holēm (instrumental neuter plural)
holum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hol

Middle English: hol, hole, ol, ole, hoal, hoale, hoel, hoil, hoille, holle, hoole, wholle, hal, hale, halle (Northern)
English: whole
Middle Scots: hale, hail, haill
Scots: hale, haill

Old Frisian: hol

Saterland Frisian: hol

West Frisian: hol

Old Saxon: hol

Middle Low German: hol

German Low German: holl

Old Dutch: *hol

Middle Dutch: hol

Dutch: hol

Old High German: hol
Middle High German: hol
Alemannic German: hol
German: hohl
Luxembourgish: huel


tam

tam (masculine nominative singular)
tamu (feminine nominative singular)
tam (neuter nominative singular)
tamanā (accusative masculine singular)
tamā (accusative feminine singular)
tam (accusative neuter singular)
tamas (genitive masculine singular)
tameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
tamas (genitive neuter singular)
tamumē (dative masculine singular)
tameʀē (dative feminine singular)
tamumē (dative neuter singular)
tamu (instrumental masculine singular)
tameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
tamu (instrumental neuter singular)
tamē (masculine nominative plural)
tamō (feminine nominative plural)
tamu (neuter nominative plural)
tamā (accusative masculine plural)
tamā (accusative feminine plural)
tamu (accusative neuter plural)
tameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
tameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
tameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
tamēm (dative masculine plural)
tamum (dative masculine plural)
tamēm (dative feminine plural)
tamum (dative feminine plural)
tamēm (dative neuter plural)
tamum (dative neuter plural)
tamēm (instrumental masculine plural)
tamum (instrumental masculine plural)
tamēm (feminine instrumental plural)
tamum (feminine instrumental plural)
tamēm (instrumental neuter plural)
tamum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: tam, tom
Middle English: tame, tam, tom, tome (early Southwest and Southwest Midlands)
English: tame
Scots: tame

Old Frisian: tam, tom (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: tom

West Frisian: tam

Old Saxon: tam

Middle Low German: tam

Low German: tamm, tahm

Old Dutch: *tam

Middle Dutch: tam

Dutch: tam
Afrikaans: tam
Negerhollands: teem

Old High German: zam
Middle High German: zam
Alemannic German: zam
German: zahm
Hunsrik: zaam
Luxembourgish: zam


rank

rank (masculine nominative singular)
ranku (feminine nominative singular)
rank (neuter nominative singular)
rankanā (accusative masculine singular)
rankā (accusative feminine singular)
rank (accusative neuter singular)
rankas (genitive masculine singular)
rankeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rankas (genitive neuter singular)
rankumē (dative masculine singular)
rankeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rankumē (dative neuter singular)
ranku (instrumental masculine singular)
rankeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
ranku (instrumental neuter singular)
rankē (masculine nominative plural)
rankō (feminine nominative plural)
ranku (neuter nominative plural)
rankā (accusative masculine plural)
rankā (accusative feminine plural)
ranku (accusative neuter plural)
rankeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rankeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rankeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rankēm (dative masculine plural)
rankum (dative masculine plural)
rankēm (dative feminine plural)
rankum (dative feminine plural)
rankēm (dative neuter plural)
rankum (dative neuter plural)
rankēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rankum (instrumental masculine plural)
rankēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rankum (feminine instrumental plural)
rankēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rankum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ranc

English: rank

Old Dutch: *ranc

Middle Dutch: ranc

Dutch: rank

Afrikaans: rank

Old Saxon: *rank

Middle Low German: rank

Low German: rank

→ German: rank

→ Vulgar Latin: *rancus (possible merging with *hring (“ring”))

Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc
Middle French: ranc, rang
French: rang
→ Middle English: rank
English: rank
Picard: râng (Athois)
Walloon: ran (Forrières), rang (Liégeois)
→ Middle English: renge, reng
→ Welsh: rheng

Old Occitan: reng, renc

Occitan: reng

Old Catalan: rench

Catalan: reng


blind

blind (masculine nominative singular)
blindu (feminine nominative singular)
blind (neuter nominative singular)
blindanā (accusative masculine singular)
blindā (accusative feminine singular)
blind (accusative neuter singular)
blindas (genitive masculine singular)
blindeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blindas (genitive neuter singular)
blindumē (dative masculine singular)
blindeʀē (dative feminine singular)
blindumē (dative neuter singular)
blindu (instrumental masculine singular)
blindeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blindu (instrumental neuter singular)
blindē (masculine nominative plural)
blindō (feminine nominative plural)
blindu (neuter nominative plural)
blindā (accusative masculine plural)
blindā (accusative feminine plural)
blindu (accusative neuter plural)
blindeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blindeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blindeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blindēm (dative masculine plural)
blindum (dative masculine plural)
blindēm (dative feminine plural)
blindum (dative feminine plural)
blindēm (dative neuter plural)
blindum (dative neuter plural)
blindēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blindum (instrumental masculine plural)
blindēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blindum (feminine instrumental plural)
blindēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blindum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: blind

Middle English: blind, blynd

Scots: blynd, blind

English: blind

Old Frisian: blind

Saterland Frisian: bliend

West Frisian: blyn

Old Saxon: blind

Middle Low German: blint

German Low German: blind

Plautdietsch: blint

Old Dutch: *blint
Middle Dutch: blint
Dutch: blind

Old High German: blint, blintēr

Middle High German: blint

German: blind

→ Esperanto: blinda

Luxembourgish: blann

Vilamovian: błynd

Yiddish: בלינד (blind)


spar

spar (masculine nominative singular)
sparu (feminine nominative singular)
spar (neuter nominative singular)
sparanā (accusative masculine singular)
sparā (accusative feminine singular)
spar (accusative neuter singular)
sparas (genitive masculine singular)
spareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sparas (genitive neuter singular)
sparumē (dative masculine singular)
spareʀē (dative feminine singular)
sparumē (dative neuter singular)
sparu (instrumental masculine singular)
spareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sparu (instrumental neuter singular)
sparē (masculine nominative plural)
sparō (feminine nominative plural)
sparu (neuter nominative plural)
sparā (accusative masculine plural)
sparā (accusative feminine plural)
sparu (accusative neuter plural)
spareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
spareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
spareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sparēm (dative masculine plural)
sparum (dative masculine plural)
sparēm (dative feminine plural)
sparum (dative feminine plural)
sparēm (dative neuter plural)
sparum (dative neuter plural)
sparēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sparum (instrumental masculine plural)
sparēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sparum (feminine instrumental plural)
sparēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sparum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: spær

Middle English: spare, spar

English: spare

Old Dutch: *spar

Middle Dutch: spaer

Old High German: spar (“sparse”)


frisk

frisk (masculine nominative singular)
frisku (feminine nominative singular)
frisk (neuter nominative singular)
friskanā (accusative masculine singular)
friskā (accusative feminine singular)
frisk (accusative neuter singular)
friskas (genitive masculine singular)
friskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
friskas (genitive neuter singular)
friskumē (dative masculine singular)
friskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
friskumē (dative neuter singular)
frisku (instrumental masculine singular)
friskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
frisku (instrumental neuter singular)
friskē (masculine nominative plural)
friskō (feminine nominative plural)
frisku (neuter nominative plural)
friskā (accusative masculine plural)
friskā (accusative feminine plural)
frisku (accusative neuter plural)
friskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
friskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
friskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
friskēm (dative masculine plural)
friskum (dative masculine plural)
friskēm (dative feminine plural)
friskum (dative feminine plural)
friskēm (dative neuter plural)
friskum (dative neuter plural)
friskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
friskum (instrumental masculine plural)
friskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
friskum (feminine instrumental plural)
friskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
friskum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fersċ

desc

Middle English: fersh, fresch, fresk, freche, versh

Scots: fresch, frech, freish

English: fresh

→ Welsh: ffres

Old Frisian: fersk

North Frisian: fersck

Saterland Frisian: frisk

West Frisian: farsk

Old Saxon: *frisk, *fersk

desctree

Middle Low German: vrisch, versch
Low German: frisk
→ Icelandic: frískur
→ Faroese: frískur
→ Danish: frisk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: frisk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: frisk
→ Polabian: frišă
→ Swedish: frisk
→ Estonian: priske

Old Dutch: *frisc

Middle Dutch: versch, varsch

Dutch: vers

Afrikaans: vars

Limburgish: vèrsj

Old High German: frisc

Middle High German: vrisch

German: frisch

→ Hungarian: friss

Luxembourgish: frësch

Vilamovian: fryś

Yiddish: פֿריש (frish)

→ Middle Dutch: vrisch, frisch, frisc

Dutch: fris

Afrikaans: fris

→ West Frisian: fris

→ Middle French: frisque, fricque, frique, friche
French: frisque
→ Middle English: frisk
English: frisk

→ Walloon: frisse


harm

harm (masculine nominative singular)
harmu (feminine nominative singular)
harm (neuter nominative singular)
harmanā (accusative masculine singular)
harmā (accusative feminine singular)
harm (accusative neuter singular)
harmas (genitive masculine singular)
harmeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
harmas (genitive neuter singular)
harmumē (dative masculine singular)
harmeʀē (dative feminine singular)
harmumē (dative neuter singular)
harmu (instrumental masculine singular)
harmeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
harmu (instrumental neuter singular)
harmē (masculine nominative plural)
harmō (feminine nominative plural)
harmu (neuter nominative plural)
harmā (accusative masculine plural)
harmā (accusative feminine plural)
harmu (accusative neuter plural)
harmeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
harmeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
harmeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
harmēm (dative masculine plural)
harmum (dative masculine plural)
harmēm (dative feminine plural)
harmum (dative feminine plural)
harmēm (dative neuter plural)
harmum (dative neuter plural)
harmēm (instrumental masculine plural)
harmum (instrumental masculine plural)
harmēm (feminine instrumental plural)
harmum (feminine instrumental plural)
harmēm (instrumental neuter plural)
harmum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hearm

Old Saxon: harm

Middle Low German: *harm (possibly)

→ Old Danish: harm

Danish: harm

→ Norwegian Bokmål: harm

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: harm


stark

stark (masculine nominative singular)
starku (feminine nominative singular)
stark (neuter nominative singular)
starkanā (accusative masculine singular)
starkā (accusative feminine singular)
stark (accusative neuter singular)
starkas (genitive masculine singular)
starkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
starkas (genitive neuter singular)
starkumē (dative masculine singular)
starkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
starkumē (dative neuter singular)
starku (instrumental masculine singular)
starkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
starku (instrumental neuter singular)
starkē (masculine nominative plural)
starkō (feminine nominative plural)
starku (neuter nominative plural)
starkā (accusative masculine plural)
starkā (accusative feminine plural)
starku (accusative neuter plural)
starkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
starkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
starkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
starkēm (dative masculine plural)
starkum (dative masculine plural)
starkēm (dative feminine plural)
starkum (dative feminine plural)
starkēm (dative neuter plural)
starkum (dative neuter plural)
starkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
starkum (instrumental masculine plural)
starkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
starkum (feminine instrumental plural)
starkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
starkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: starc, stearc, *stierc

Middle English: stark, sterk

Scots: stark, sterk

English: stark

Old Frisian: sterk, stark, steric
Saterland Frisian: stäärk
West Frisian: sterk, sturk

Old Saxon: stark, *sterk

Middle Low German: stark, sterk

Low German: sterk

Plautdietsch: stoakj

Old Dutch: starc
Middle Dutch: starc, sterc
Dutch: sterk
Negerhollands: stark, sterk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: sterek (dated)
→ Indonesian: ster (“queen (chess)”)
→ Papiamentu: stèrki
Limburgish: stèrk

desc

Old High German: starah, starch, starc, stark

Middle High German: starc

German: stark

Luxembourgish: staark

Yiddish: שטאַרק (shtark)


halt

halt (masculine nominative singular)
haltu (feminine nominative singular)
halt (neuter nominative singular)
haltanā (accusative masculine singular)
haltā (accusative feminine singular)
halt (accusative neuter singular)
haltas (genitive masculine singular)
halteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haltas (genitive neuter singular)
haltumē (dative masculine singular)
halteʀē (dative feminine singular)
haltumē (dative neuter singular)
haltu (instrumental masculine singular)
halteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haltu (instrumental neuter singular)
haltē (masculine nominative plural)
haltō (feminine nominative plural)
haltu (neuter nominative plural)
haltā (accusative masculine plural)
haltā (accusative feminine plural)
haltu (accusative neuter plural)
halteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
halteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
halteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haltēm (dative masculine plural)
haltum (dative masculine plural)
haltēm (dative feminine plural)
haltum (dative feminine plural)
haltēm (dative neuter plural)
haltum (dative neuter plural)
haltēm (instrumental masculine plural)
haltum (instrumental masculine plural)
haltēm (feminine instrumental plural)
haltum (feminine instrumental plural)
haltēm (instrumental neuter plural)
haltum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: halt, healt

Middle English: halt

Scots: halt

English: halt

Old Frisian: halt

North Frisian: halt

Old Saxon: halt

Middle Low German: halt

Low German: halt

Old Dutch: *halt

Middle Dutch: hout, halt

Old High German: halz

Middle High German: halz


blank

blank (masculine nominative singular)
blanku (feminine nominative singular)
blank (neuter nominative singular)
blankanā (accusative masculine singular)
blankā (accusative feminine singular)
blank (accusative neuter singular)
blankas (genitive masculine singular)
blankeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blankas (genitive neuter singular)
blankumē (dative masculine singular)
blankeʀē (dative feminine singular)
blankumē (dative neuter singular)
blanku (instrumental masculine singular)
blankeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blanku (instrumental neuter singular)
blankē (masculine nominative plural)
blankō (feminine nominative plural)
blanku (neuter nominative plural)
blankā (accusative masculine plural)
blankā (accusative feminine plural)
blanku (accusative neuter plural)
blankeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blankeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blankeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blankēm (dative masculine plural)
blankum (dative masculine plural)
blankēm (dative feminine plural)
blankum (dative feminine plural)
blankēm (dative neuter plural)
blankum (dative neuter plural)
blankēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blankum (instrumental masculine plural)
blankēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blankum (feminine instrumental plural)
blankēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blankum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: blanc

⇒ Old English: blanca, blonca (“white horse”)

Middle English: blanke, blonke

Scots: blonk (“steed”)

English: blank (“horse, steed”) (obsolete)

Old Frisian: blank

Saterland Frisian: blonk

West Frisian: blank

Old Saxon: *blank

Middle Low German: blank

German Low German: blank

→ Old Norse: blankr

Icelandic: blankur

Faroese: blankur

Norwegian: blank

Old Swedish: blanker

Swedish: blank

Old Danish: blank

Danish: blank

Elfdalian: blaunk

Gutnish: blankar

Scanian: blánker

Frankish: *blank

Old Dutch: *blanc

Middle Dutch: blanc

Dutch: blank

Limburgish: blank

Old High German: blanch, blank

Middle High German: blank

German: blank

Luxembourgish: blank

Vilamovian: błān

→ Medieval Latin: blancus (see there for further descendants)


lang

lang (masculine nominative singular)
langu (feminine nominative singular)
lang (neuter nominative singular)
langanā (accusative masculine singular)
langā (accusative feminine singular)
lang (accusative neuter singular)
langas (genitive masculine singular)
langeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
langas (genitive neuter singular)
langumē (dative masculine singular)
langeʀē (dative feminine singular)
langumē (dative neuter singular)
langu (instrumental masculine singular)
langeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
langu (instrumental neuter singular)
langē (masculine nominative plural)
langō (feminine nominative plural)
langu (neuter nominative plural)
langā (accusative masculine plural)
langā (accusative feminine plural)
langu (accusative neuter plural)
langeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
langeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
langeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
langēm (dative masculine plural)
langum (dative masculine plural)
langēm (dative feminine plural)
langum (dative feminine plural)
langēm (dative neuter plural)
langum (dative neuter plural)
langēm (instrumental masculine plural)
langum (instrumental masculine plural)
langēm (feminine instrumental plural)
langum (feminine instrumental plural)
langēm (instrumental neuter plural)
langum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: lang, long
Middle English: long, longe (Late Middle English), lang, lange (Early Middle English or Northern)
English: long
Geordie English: lang
Scots: lang
Yola: lhaung, long

Old Frisian: long, lang

North Frisian: long, lung

Saterland Frisian: loang

West Frisian: long, lang

Old Saxon: lang, long
Middle Low German: lank
Low German: lang, lång, lank, loang, laong, long, lonk
Plautdietsch: lang, lank

Old Dutch: *lanc
Middle Dutch: lanc
Dutch: lang
Afrikaans: lank
Berbice Creole Dutch: langgi
Jersey Dutch: lānk
Negerhollands: lang, laṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: langa
→ Aukan: langa
→ Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: langame
→ Saramaccan: lánga, djanga
Limburgish: lank
Zealandic: lank

Old High German: lang
Middle High German: lanc
Alemannic German: lang
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lång
Mòcheno: lònk
German: lang
Hunsrik: lang
Luxembourgish: laang
Pennsylvania German: lang
Vilamovian: łaong
Yiddish: לאַנג (lang)


tard

tard (masculine nominative singular)
tardu (feminine nominative singular)
tard (neuter nominative singular)
tardanā (accusative masculine singular)
tardā (accusative feminine singular)
tard (accusative neuter singular)
tardas (genitive masculine singular)
tardeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
tardas (genitive neuter singular)
tardumē (dative masculine singular)
tardeʀē (dative feminine singular)
tardumē (dative neuter singular)
tardu (instrumental masculine singular)
tardeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
tardu (instrumental neuter singular)
tardē (masculine nominative plural)
tardō (feminine nominative plural)
tardu (neuter nominative plural)
tardā (accusative masculine plural)
tardā (accusative feminine plural)
tardu (accusative neuter plural)
tardeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
tardeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
tardeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
tardēm (dative masculine plural)
tardum (dative masculine plural)
tardēm (dative feminine plural)
tardum (dative feminine plural)
tardēm (dative neuter plural)
tardum (dative neuter plural)
tardēm (instrumental masculine plural)
tardum (instrumental masculine plural)
tardēm (feminine instrumental plural)
tardum (feminine instrumental plural)
tardēm (instrumental neuter plural)
tardum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *tard

Middle Low German: tart

Old Dutch: *tard, *tart

Middle Dutch: taert

⇒ Middle Dutch: vertaert

Dutch: vertaart, vertaard

Old High German: zart

Middle High German: zart

Bavarian:

Viennese: zårt

German: zart
→ Danish: sart
→ Swedish: sart

Luxembourgish: zaart

Yiddish: צאַרט (tsart)

⇒ Yiddish: צערטלעך (tsertlekh)

→ Middle Dutch: tsaert, saert

→ Saterland Frisian: tsoart

→ Middle Low German: tzart, zart, sart

German Low German: zart

Unknown. Suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to split, tear”), whence *teran (“to tear”), and compared with Persian درت (dart, “harassed”).


dumb

head

*dumb (comparative *dumbiʀō, superlative *dumbist)

dumbiʀō (comparative)
dumbist (superlative)
dumb (masculine nominative singular)
dumbu (feminine nominative singular)
dumb (neuter nominative singular)
dumbanā (accusative masculine singular)
dumbā (accusative feminine singular)
dumb (accusative neuter singular)
dumbas (genitive masculine singular)
dumbeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
dumbas (genitive neuter singular)
dumbumē (dative masculine singular)
dumbeʀē (dative feminine singular)
dumbumē (dative neuter singular)
dumbu (instrumental masculine singular)
dumbeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
dumbu (instrumental neuter singular)
dumbē (masculine nominative plural)
dumbō (feminine nominative plural)
dumbu (neuter nominative plural)
dumbā (accusative masculine plural)
dumbā (accusative feminine plural)
dumbu (accusative neuter plural)
dumbeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
dumbeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
dumbeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
dumbēm (dative masculine plural)
dumbum (dative masculine plural)
dumbēm (dative feminine plural)
dumbum (dative feminine plural)
dumbēm (dative neuter plural)
dumbum (dative neuter plural)
dumbēm (instrumental masculine plural)
dumbum (instrumental masculine plural)
dumbēm (feminine instrumental plural)
dumbum (feminine instrumental plural)
dumbēm (instrumental neuter plural)
dumbum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: dumb
Middle English: dumb
Scots: dumb
English: dumb

Old Frisian: dumb

North Frisian: dom, domme

Saterland Frisian: dum

West Frisian: dom

Old Saxon: dumb

Middle Low German: dum

Low German: dumm

Old Dutch: dump
Middle Dutch: dom, dumb, domb, dum
Dutch: dom
Afrikaans: dom
Berbice Creole Dutch: dum
Negerhollands: dom, dum
→ Sranan Tongo: don (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: dómb

Old High German: tumb
Middle High German: tump
German: dumm (Central German), tumb (Upper German, archaic)
Hunsrik: dumm
Luxembourgish: domm


swart

swart (masculine nominative singular)
swartu (feminine nominative singular)
swart (neuter nominative singular)
swartanā (accusative masculine singular)
swartā (accusative feminine singular)
swart (accusative neuter singular)
swartas (genitive masculine singular)
swarteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
swartas (genitive neuter singular)
swartumē (dative masculine singular)
swarteʀē (dative feminine singular)
swartumē (dative neuter singular)
swartu (instrumental masculine singular)
swarteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
swartu (instrumental neuter singular)
swartē (masculine nominative plural)
swartō (feminine nominative plural)
swartu (neuter nominative plural)
swartā (accusative masculine plural)
swartā (accusative feminine plural)
swartu (accusative neuter plural)
swarteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
swarteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
swarteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
swartēm (dative masculine plural)
swartum (dative masculine plural)
swartēm (dative feminine plural)
swartum (dative feminine plural)
swartēm (dative neuter plural)
swartum (dative neuter plural)
swartēm (instrumental masculine plural)
swartum (instrumental masculine plural)
swartēm (feminine instrumental plural)
swartum (feminine instrumental plural)
swartēm (instrumental neuter plural)
swartum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sweart, swyart, swart, swært
Middle English: swart
English: swart, swarth
Scots: swart

Old Frisian: swart, swert

North Frisian: suart, suurt

Saterland Frisian: swot, swoot

West Frisian: swart

Old Saxon: swart
Middle Low German: swart
Low German: swart
German Low German: swart, schwart
Hamburgisch: swatt
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: swatt
Paderbornisch: schwart
Lippisch: schwart
Ravensbergisch: swārt, swat
Sauerländisch: schwart, schwatt, schwuat, schwoart, schwuart, schwoert
Westmünsterländisch: schwatt, schwott, schwart
→ German: schwatt
Plautdietsch: schwoat
→ Danish: sværte (“black dye”)

Old Dutch: *swart

Middle Dutch: swart
Dutch: zwart
Afrikaans: swart
Limburgish: zwart
West Flemish: zwort

Old High German: swarz
Middle High German: swarz
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: schwàrz
Swabian: schwardds
Bavarian: schwoarz
Cimbrian: sbartz
Mòcheno: schbòrz
Central Franconian: schwatz, zjwats
Hunsrik: schwarz
German: schwarz
Luxembourgish: schwaarz
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: schwoaz
Pennsylvania German: schwatz
Vilamovian: świöc
Yiddish: שוואַרץ (shvarts)


hait

hait (masculine nominative singular)
haitu (feminine nominative singular)
hait (neuter nominative singular)
haitanā (accusative masculine singular)
haitā (accusative feminine singular)
hait (accusative neuter singular)
haitas (genitive masculine singular)
haiteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haitas (genitive neuter singular)
haitumē (dative masculine singular)
haiteʀē (dative feminine singular)
haitumē (dative neuter singular)
haitu (instrumental masculine singular)
haiteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haitu (instrumental neuter singular)
haitē (masculine nominative plural)
haitō (feminine nominative plural)
haitu (neuter nominative plural)
haitā (accusative masculine plural)
haitā (accusative feminine plural)
haitu (accusative neuter plural)
haiteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
haiteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
haiteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haitēm (dative masculine plural)
haitum (dative masculine plural)
haitēm (dative feminine plural)
haitum (dative feminine plural)
haitēm (dative neuter plural)
haitum (dative neuter plural)
haitēm (instrumental masculine plural)
haitum (instrumental masculine plural)
haitēm (feminine instrumental plural)
haitum (feminine instrumental plural)
haitēm (instrumental neuter plural)
haitum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hāt
Middle English: hot, hote, hoot, hoote, hoth, whote, hate, hatte (northern)
English: hot
Geordie English: het
Scots: hat, hait, hate
Yola: hoat, hote, hoate

Old Frisian: hēt

North Frisian: hiet

Saterland Frisian: heet

West Frisian: hjit, hyt

Old Saxon: hēt
Middle Low German: hêt
German Low German: heet
Low German: heet, heit, hitt

Old Dutch: hēt
Middle Dutch: hêet
Dutch: heet, heit (dialectal)
Berbice Creole Dutch: hete
Jersey Dutch: heît
Negerhollands: heet
Limburgish: heit

Old High German: heiz
Middle High German: heiz
Bavarian: hoaß
Central Franconian: heeß, hääß, heiß
East Central German: heeß
German: heiß, heiss
Hunsrik: heis
Yiddish: הייס (heys)


fait

fait (masculine nominative singular)
faitu (feminine nominative singular)
fait (neuter nominative singular)
faitanā (accusative masculine singular)
faitā (accusative feminine singular)
fait (accusative neuter singular)
faitas (genitive masculine singular)
faiteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
faitas (genitive neuter singular)
faitumē (dative masculine singular)
faiteʀē (dative feminine singular)
faitumē (dative neuter singular)
faitu (instrumental masculine singular)
faiteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
faitu (instrumental neuter singular)
faitē (masculine nominative plural)
faitō (feminine nominative plural)
faitu (neuter nominative plural)
faitā (accusative masculine plural)
faitā (accusative feminine plural)
faitu (accusative neuter plural)
faiteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faiteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faiteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
faitēm (dative masculine plural)
faitum (dative masculine plural)
faitēm (dative feminine plural)
faitum (dative feminine plural)
faitēm (dative neuter plural)
faitum (dative neuter plural)
faitēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faitum (instrumental masculine plural)
faitēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faitum (feminine instrumental plural)
faitēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faitum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: fat, fet

Saterland Frisian: fat

West Frisian: fet

Old Saxon: *fēt

Middle Low German: vēt, veet

Old Dutch: feit, *fēt

Old High German: *feiz

Middle High German: veiz

Cimbrian: bòas

German: feiß (obsolete)


sair

sair (masculine nominative singular)
sairu (feminine nominative singular)
sair (neuter nominative singular)
sairanā (accusative masculine singular)
sairā (accusative feminine singular)
sair (accusative neuter singular)
sairas (genitive masculine singular)
saireʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sairas (genitive neuter singular)
sairumē (dative masculine singular)
saireʀē (dative feminine singular)
sairumē (dative neuter singular)
sairu (instrumental masculine singular)
saireʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sairu (instrumental neuter singular)
sairē (masculine nominative plural)
sairō (feminine nominative plural)
sairu (neuter nominative plural)
sairā (accusative masculine plural)
sairā (accusative feminine plural)
sairu (accusative neuter plural)
saireʀō (genitive masculine plural)
saireʀō (feminine genitive plural)
saireʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sairēm (dative masculine plural)
sairum (dative masculine plural)
sairēm (dative feminine plural)
sairum (dative feminine plural)
sairēm (dative neuter plural)
sairum (dative neuter plural)
sairēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sairum (instrumental masculine plural)
sairēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sairum (feminine instrumental plural)
sairēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sairum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sār

Middle English: sore, sar, sor

Scots: sare, sair

English: sore

Old Frisian: *sēr, *sār

Saterland Frisian: seer

West Frisian: sear

Old Saxon: *sēr

Middle Low German: sēr

Low German: sehr

Old Dutch: *sēr

Middle Dutch: sêer

Dutch: zeer

Afrikaans: seer

Old High German: sēr

Middle High German: sēr

Alemannic German: seer

German: sehr

Luxembourgish: séier

Yiddish: זייער (zeyer)


kurt

kurt (masculine nominative singular)
kurtu (feminine nominative singular)
kurt (neuter nominative singular)
kortanā (accusative masculine singular)
kortā (accusative feminine singular)
kurt (accusative neuter singular)
kortas (genitive masculine singular)
kurteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kortas (genitive neuter singular)
kurtumē (dative masculine singular)
kurteʀē (dative feminine singular)
kurtumē (dative neuter singular)
kurtu (instrumental masculine singular)
kurteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kurtu (instrumental neuter singular)
kurtē (masculine nominative plural)
kortō (feminine nominative plural)
kurtu (neuter nominative plural)
kortā (accusative masculine plural)
kortā (accusative feminine plural)
kurtu (accusative neuter plural)
kurteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kurteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kurteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kurtēm (dative masculine plural)
kurtum (dative masculine plural)
kurtēm (dative feminine plural)
kurtum (dative feminine plural)
kurtēm (dative neuter plural)
kurtum (dative neuter plural)
kurtēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kurtum (instrumental masculine plural)
kurtēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kurtum (feminine instrumental plural)
kurtēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kurtum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: kurt, kort

Saterland Frisian: kuut

West Frisian: koart

Old Saxon: kurt

Middle Low German: kort

Low German: kort

→ Old Norse: kurtr, kortr

Danish: kort

Faroese: kortur

Icelandic: kortur

Norwegian: kort

Swedish: kort

Old Dutch: curt
Middle Dutch: curt, cort
Dutch: kort
Afrikaans: kort
Negerhollands: kort, kot
Skepi Creole Dutch: kort

Old High German: kurz
Middle High German: kurz, korz, kurt
Central Franconian: kurt, kurz, korz (Moselle Franconian), koot (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: korz
Luxembourgish: kuerz
German: kurz
Yiddish: קורץ (kurts)

Borrowed from Latin curtus. Possible doublet of *skurt.


sam

sam (masculine nominative singular)
samu (feminine nominative singular)
sam (neuter nominative singular)
samanā (accusative masculine singular)
samā (accusative feminine singular)
sam (accusative neuter singular)
samas (genitive masculine singular)
sameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
samas (genitive neuter singular)
samumē (dative masculine singular)
sameʀē (dative feminine singular)
samumē (dative neuter singular)
samu (instrumental masculine singular)
sameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
samu (instrumental neuter singular)
samē (masculine nominative plural)
samō (feminine nominative plural)
samu (neuter nominative plural)
samā (accusative masculine plural)
samā (accusative feminine plural)
samu (accusative neuter plural)
sameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
samēm (dative masculine plural)
samum (dative masculine plural)
samēm (dative feminine plural)
samum (dative feminine plural)
samēm (dative neuter plural)
samum (dative neuter plural)
samēm (instrumental masculine plural)
samum (instrumental masculine plural)
samēm (feminine instrumental plural)
samum (feminine instrumental plural)
samēm (instrumental neuter plural)
samum (instrumental neuter plural)

⇒ Old English: same (adverb), sama, some
Middle English: same (conflated with Old Norse borrowing)
English: same

⇒ Old English: sam (conjunction)

Old Frisian: sam

Old Dutch: *sam

⇒ Middle Dutch: sam (conjunction)


wald

wald (masculine nominative singular)
waldu (feminine nominative singular)
wald (neuter nominative singular)
waldanā (accusative masculine singular)
waldā (accusative feminine singular)
wald (accusative neuter singular)
waldas (genitive masculine singular)
waldeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
waldas (genitive neuter singular)
waldumē (dative masculine singular)
waldeʀē (dative feminine singular)
waldumē (dative neuter singular)
waldu (instrumental masculine singular)
waldeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
waldu (instrumental neuter singular)
waldē (masculine nominative plural)
waldō (feminine nominative plural)
waldu (neuter nominative plural)
waldā (accusative masculine plural)
waldā (accusative feminine plural)
waldu (accusative neuter plural)
waldeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
waldeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
waldeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
waldēm (dative masculine plural)
waldum (dative masculine plural)
waldēm (dative feminine plural)
waldum (dative feminine plural)
waldēm (dative neuter plural)
waldum (dative neuter plural)
waldēm (instrumental masculine plural)
waldum (instrumental masculine plural)
waldēm (feminine instrumental plural)
waldum (feminine instrumental plural)
waldēm (instrumental neuter plural)
waldum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: weald

From Proto-Germanic *waldaz. Cognate with Old Norse valdr (“causing, guilty of”).


nat

nat (masculine nominative singular)
natu (feminine nominative singular)
nat (neuter nominative singular)
natanā (accusative masculine singular)
natā (accusative feminine singular)
nat (accusative neuter singular)
natas (genitive masculine singular)
nateʀā (feminine genitive singular)
natas (genitive neuter singular)
natumē (dative masculine singular)
nateʀē (dative feminine singular)
natumē (dative neuter singular)
natu (instrumental masculine singular)
nateʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
natu (instrumental neuter singular)
natē (masculine nominative plural)
natō (feminine nominative plural)
natu (neuter nominative plural)
natā (accusative masculine plural)
natā (accusative feminine plural)
natu (accusative neuter plural)
nateʀō (genitive masculine plural)
nateʀō (feminine genitive plural)
nateʀō (genitive neuter plural)
natēm (dative masculine plural)
natum (dative masculine plural)
natēm (dative feminine plural)
natum (dative feminine plural)
natēm (dative neuter plural)
natum (dative neuter plural)
natēm (instrumental masculine plural)
natum (instrumental masculine plural)
natēm (feminine instrumental plural)
natum (feminine instrumental plural)
natēm (instrumental neuter plural)
natum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *nat

Middle Low German: nat

German Low German: natt

Old Dutch: nat

Middle Dutch: nat

Dutch: nat

Afrikaans: nat

Limburgish: naat

Old High German: naz

Middle High German: naz

German: nass

Luxembourgish: naass

Vilamovian: noss

Yiddish: נאַס (nas)


midi

midi (masculine nominative singular)
middju (feminine nominative singular)
midi (neuter nominative singular)
middjanā (accusative masculine singular)
middjā (accusative feminine singular)
midi (accusative neuter singular)
middjas (genitive masculine singular)
middjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
middjas (genitive neuter singular)
middjumē (dative masculine singular)
middjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
middjumē (dative neuter singular)
middju (instrumental masculine singular)
middjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
middju (instrumental neuter singular)
middjē (masculine nominative plural)
middjō (feminine nominative plural)
middju (neuter nominative plural)
middjā (accusative masculine plural)
middjā (accusative feminine plural)
middju (accusative neuter plural)
middjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
middjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
middjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
middjēm (dative masculine plural)
middjum (dative masculine plural)
middjēm (dative feminine plural)
middjum (dative feminine plural)
middjēm (dative neuter plural)
middjum (dative neuter plural)
middjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
middjum (instrumental masculine plural)
middjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
middjum (feminine instrumental plural)
middjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
middjum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: midd

Middle English: midde

English: mid

Old Frisian: midde

West Frisian: mid-

Old Saxon: middi

Middle Low German: midde

Old Dutch: *middi

Middle Dutch: mid-, midden (from the weak dative plural)

Dutch: mid-, midden

Old High German: mitti

Middle High German: mitte

Bavarian: Mittn

German: Mitte (noun)

Luxembourgish: Mëtt


haft

haft (masculine nominative singular)
haftu (feminine nominative singular)
haft (neuter nominative singular)
haftanā (accusative masculine singular)
haftā (accusative feminine singular)
haft (accusative neuter singular)
haftas (genitive masculine singular)
hafteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haftas (genitive neuter singular)
haftumē (dative masculine singular)
hafteʀē (dative feminine singular)
haftumē (dative neuter singular)
haftu (instrumental masculine singular)
hafteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haftu (instrumental neuter singular)
haftē (masculine nominative plural)
haftō (feminine nominative plural)
haftu (neuter nominative plural)
haftā (accusative masculine plural)
haftā (accusative feminine plural)
haftu (accusative neuter plural)
hafteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hafteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hafteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haftēm (dative masculine plural)
haftum (dative masculine plural)
haftēm (dative feminine plural)
haftum (dative feminine plural)
haftēm (dative neuter plural)
haftum (dative neuter plural)
haftēm (instrumental masculine plural)
haftum (instrumental masculine plural)
haftēm (feminine instrumental plural)
haftum (feminine instrumental plural)
haftēm (instrumental neuter plural)
haftum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hæft

Old Saxon: -haft

Old Dutch: -haft

Middle Dutch: -acht, -achtig

Dutch: -acht, -achtig

Old High German: haft

Middle High German: -haft

German: -haft

→ Dutch: -haftig


fali

fali (masculine nominative singular)
fallju (feminine nominative singular)
fali (neuter nominative singular)
falljanā (accusative masculine singular)
falljā (accusative feminine singular)
fali (accusative neuter singular)
falljas (genitive masculine singular)
falljeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
falljas (genitive neuter singular)
falljumē (dative masculine singular)
falljeʀē (dative feminine singular)
falljumē (dative neuter singular)
fallju (instrumental masculine singular)
falljeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fallju (instrumental neuter singular)
falljē (masculine nominative plural)
falljō (feminine nominative plural)
fallju (neuter nominative plural)
falljā (accusative masculine plural)
falljā (accusative feminine plural)
fallju (accusative neuter plural)
falljeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
falljeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
falljeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
falljēm (dative masculine plural)
falljum (dative masculine plural)
falljēm (dative feminine plural)
falljum (dative feminine plural)
falljēm (dative neuter plural)
falljum (dative neuter plural)
falljēm (instrumental masculine plural)
falljum (instrumental masculine plural)
falljēm (feminine instrumental plural)
falljum (feminine instrumental plural)
falljēm (instrumental neuter plural)
falljum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *fæle, *felo, *fel

q

Middle English: fel, fell (“wicked, treacherous”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French fel)

English: fell

Scots: fell

desc

⇒ Old English: ælfæle, ealfelo (“very cruel”, literally “all-cruel”)

⇒ Old English: wælfel (“bloodthirsty”, literally “slaughter-cruel”)

q

Old Frisian: fal, fale, *fel, *fele (“terrible”) ([1404], hapax, presumed inherited, if not borrowed from Middle Dutch)

Saterland Frisian: fäl (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)

West Frisian: fel (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)

>? Old Saxon: *feli, *fel

desc

Middle Low German: fel, vil (“godless, evil”) (or from Middle Dutch?)

German Low German: fell

⇒ Middle Low German: velike (“fiercely”) (or from Middle Dutch?)

>? Old Dutch: *feli, *fel, *felli

q

Middle Dutch: fel (“cruel, wicked, embittered”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French)

Dutch: fel

>? Old High German: *feli, *fel

q

Middle High German: vel (“cruel, heartless, evil”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French)

q

⇒ Middle High German: velheit, felheit (“wickedness”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], or from Middle Dutch?)

From Proto-Germanic *faluz (“cruel, evil”).


flugi

flugi (masculine nominative singular)
fluggju (feminine nominative singular)
flugi (neuter nominative singular)
fluggjanā (accusative masculine singular)
fluggjā (accusative feminine singular)
flugi (accusative neuter singular)
fluggjas (genitive masculine singular)
fluggjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
fluggjas (genitive neuter singular)
fluggjumē (dative masculine singular)
fluggjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
fluggjumē (dative neuter singular)
fluggju (instrumental masculine singular)
fluggjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fluggju (instrumental neuter singular)
fluggjē (masculine nominative plural)
fluggjō (feminine nominative plural)
fluggju (neuter nominative plural)
fluggjā (accusative masculine plural)
fluggjā (accusative feminine plural)
fluggju (accusative neuter plural)
fluggjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
fluggjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
fluggjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fluggjēm (dative masculine plural)
fluggjum (dative masculine plural)
fluggjēm (dative feminine plural)
fluggjum (dative feminine plural)
fluggjēm (dative neuter plural)
fluggjum (dative neuter plural)
fluggjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
fluggjum (instrumental masculine plural)
fluggjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
fluggjum (feminine instrumental plural)
fluggjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
fluggjum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *flyċġ, *flyċġe

desctree

Middle English: flegge, flege, flygge
English: fledge
⇒ English: fletch (modified after fletcher)
>? Scots: fleg, flegg
>? Yola: fletch

Old Frisian: *flugge

West Frisian: fluch

Old Saxon: *fluggi

Middle Low German: vlügge

Low German: flügg

→ German: flügge

Old Dutch: *fluggi

Middle Dutch: vlugge, vlugghe

Dutch: vlug
Afrikaans: vlug
Javindo: flug
Petjo: vlug-vlug

Limburgish: vlug

Old High German: flucki, flucchi
Middle High German: vlücke, flücke
Alemannic German: flück
Central Franconian: flögg
Moselle Franconian: flegg
German: flück
Luxembourgish: fléck
Rhine Franconian: flick
Palatine German: flick
Pennsylvania German: flick


halb

halb (masculine nominative singular)
halbu (feminine nominative singular)
halb (neuter nominative singular)
halbanā (accusative masculine singular)
halbā (accusative feminine singular)
halb (accusative neuter singular)
halbas (genitive masculine singular)
halbeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
halbas (genitive neuter singular)
halbumē (dative masculine singular)
halbeʀē (dative feminine singular)
halbumē (dative neuter singular)
halbu (instrumental masculine singular)
halbeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
halbu (instrumental neuter singular)
halbē (masculine nominative plural)
halbō (feminine nominative plural)
halbu (neuter nominative plural)
halbā (accusative masculine plural)
halbā (accusative feminine plural)
halbu (accusative neuter plural)
halbeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
halbeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
halbeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
halbēm (dative masculine plural)
halbum (dative masculine plural)
halbēm (dative feminine plural)
halbum (dative feminine plural)
halbēm (dative neuter plural)
halbum (dative neuter plural)
halbēm (instrumental masculine plural)
halbum (instrumental masculine plural)
halbēm (feminine instrumental plural)
halbum (feminine instrumental plural)
halbēm (instrumental neuter plural)
halbum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: healf, half, halb
Middle English: half
English: half (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hauf
Yola: halleef, halef, halluf

Old Frisian: half

Saterland Frisian: hoolf

West Frisian: heal

Old Saxon: half

Middle Low German: half

Low German: half, halv

Plautdietsch: haulf

Old Dutch: half

Middle Dutch: half

Dutch: half

Afrikaans: half

Old High German: halb, halp; half (Central German)

Middle High German: halp; half

Bavarian: hoib

Central Franconian: hallev

Hunsrik: halleb

Luxembourgish: hallef

Cimbrian: halp

German: halb

Yiddish: האַלב (halb)


ain

ain (masculine nominative singular)
ainu (feminine nominative singular)
ain (neuter nominative singular)
ainanā (accusative masculine singular)
ainā (accusative feminine singular)
ain (accusative neuter singular)
ainas (genitive masculine singular)
aineʀā (feminine genitive singular)
ainas (genitive neuter singular)
ainumē (dative masculine singular)
aineʀē (dative feminine singular)
ainumē (dative neuter singular)
ainu (instrumental masculine singular)
aineʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
ainu (instrumental neuter singular)
ainē (masculine nominative plural)
ainō (feminine nominative plural)
ainu (neuter nominative plural)
ainā (accusative masculine plural)
ainā (accusative feminine plural)
ainu (accusative neuter plural)
aineʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aineʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aineʀō (genitive neuter plural)
ainēm (dative masculine plural)
ainum (dative masculine plural)
ainēm (dative feminine plural)
ainum (dative feminine plural)
ainēm (dative neuter plural)
ainum (dative neuter plural)
ainēm (instrumental masculine plural)
ainum (instrumental masculine plural)
ainēm (feminine instrumental plural)
ainum (feminine instrumental plural)
ainēm (instrumental neuter plural)
ainum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ān
Middle English: on, oon, one, oen, oune, hon, none, an, anne, onne, an, ane, auen, aune (Northern), auen, aune (north Midland), enne, onen, onenen (Kent), en, an, ane (Early Middle English), won, von, wone (Late Middle English), oon, one, an (Northern), an, ane (Early Middle English)
English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)
Geordie English: yen
Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae
Yola: oan, ane, own

Old Frisian: ēn, ān, een
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum:
Föhr: een m, ian f or n
Amrum: ään m, ian f or n
Goesharde:
Hoolmer: åån m, iin f or n
Hoorninger: aan m, iin f or n
Halligen: aon m, ian f or n
Heligoland: iaan, jaan
Mooring: ån m, iinj f or n
Sylt: jen
Wiedingharde: oan m, iin f or n
Saterland Frisian: aan m, een f or n
West Frisian: ien

Old Saxon: ēn
Middle Low German: ên, ein
Low German: ein, en
German Low German: een (Hamburgisch)
Westphalian:
Lippisch: eun
Ravensbergisch: åine
Sauerländisch: ên
Westmünsterländisch: een, eene, ne
Plautdietsch: een

Old Dutch: ēn

Middle Dutch: êen

Dutch: een

Afrikaans: een, 'n

West Flemish: ien, jin

Limburgish: ein

Old High German: ein, ain
Middle High German: ein
Alemannic German: ain, äin, a, an, en
Bavarian: a
Cimbrian: a, an (“a, an”); òan, umm (“one”)
Mòcheno: a (“a, an”); oa' (“one”)
Central Franconian: een, ein (Kölsch, Westerwald), ään (eastern Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: een
Luxembourgish: een
East Central German: ä, e
German: ein
Rhine Franconian: e (Hessian)
Yiddish: איין (eyn), אַ (a), אַן (an)


ald

head

*ald (comparative *alþiʀō, superlative *alþist)

alþiʀō (comparative)
alþist (superlative)
ald (masculine nominative singular)
aldu (feminine nominative singular)
ald (neuter nominative singular)
aldanā (accusative masculine singular)
aldā (accusative feminine singular)
ald (accusative neuter singular)
aldas (genitive masculine singular)
aldeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aldas (genitive neuter singular)
aldumē (dative masculine singular)
aldeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aldumē (dative neuter singular)
aldu (instrumental masculine singular)
aldeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aldu (instrumental neuter singular)
aldē (masculine nominative plural)
aldō (feminine nominative plural)
aldu (neuter nominative plural)
aldā (accusative masculine plural)
aldā (accusative feminine plural)
aldu (accusative neuter plural)
aldeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aldeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aldeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aldēm (dative masculine plural)
aldum (dative masculine plural)
aldēm (dative feminine plural)
aldum (dative feminine plural)
aldēm (dative neuter plural)
aldum (dative neuter plural)
aldēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aldum (instrumental masculine plural)
aldēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aldum (feminine instrumental plural)
aldēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aldum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: eald, ald, eold, æld, eld
Middle English: old, eeld, eelde, eld, elde, holde, oold, olde, wolde, ald, awlde, eild (Northern), eald, yalde, yealde (Kent), yolde, yhold, yolle (Southwestern)
English: old (dialectal ole, ould, wold)
Geordie English: awd, auld
Scots: auld
Yola: yole, yold, yola, yolaw

Old Frisian: ald

North Frisian: ual, uul, ool

Saterland Frisian: oold

West Frisian: âld

Old Saxon: ald
Middle Low German: olt, old
Low German: old
German Low German: old, oold, ol, oll, olt, oolt
→ German: oll
Plautdietsch: oolt

Old Dutch: alt, ald
Middle Dutch: out
Dutch: oud, (obsolete) oudt
Afrikaans: ou, oud
Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
Jersey Dutch: āud, āut
Negerhollands: oud, ouw, houw, hou
Skepi Creole Dutch: ou, oud
West Flemish: elde
Limburgish: aad

Old High German: alt, ald — northern
Middle High German: alt
Alemannic German: altu, oalt, oalt, olt, àltà (Italian Walser)
Bavarian: old
Apeltonerisch: old
Central Bavarian: oid /ɔed̥/
Cimbrian: alt
Mòcheno: òlt
Northern Bavarian: old /ɔːld̥/
Southern Bavarian: ålt /ɔltʰ/
Udinese: olt, òlt
Central Franconian: alt
Hunsrik: alt
Kirchröadsj: aod, auw
Luxembourgish: al
German: alt
Rhine Franconian: alt, all
Frankfurterisch: [ɑːl], [aːl]
Pennsylvania German: alt
Vilamovian: aołd
Yiddish: אַלט (alt)


lat

lat (masculine nominative singular)
latu (feminine nominative singular)
lat (neuter nominative singular)
latanā (accusative masculine singular)
latā (accusative feminine singular)
lat (accusative neuter singular)
latas (genitive masculine singular)
lateʀā (feminine genitive singular)
latas (genitive neuter singular)
latumē (dative masculine singular)
lateʀē (dative feminine singular)
latumē (dative neuter singular)
latu (instrumental masculine singular)
lateʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
latu (instrumental neuter singular)
latē (masculine nominative plural)
latō (feminine nominative plural)
latu (neuter nominative plural)
latā (accusative masculine plural)
latā (accusative feminine plural)
latu (accusative neuter plural)
lateʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lateʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lateʀō (genitive neuter plural)
latēm (dative masculine plural)
latum (dative masculine plural)
latēm (dative feminine plural)
latum (dative feminine plural)
latēm (dative neuter plural)
latum (dative neuter plural)
latēm (instrumental masculine plural)
latum (instrumental masculine plural)
latēm (feminine instrumental plural)
latum (feminine instrumental plural)
latēm (instrumental neuter plural)
latum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: læt

Middle English: lat, late

Scots: lat

English: late

Yola: laate

Old Frisian: let

Saterland Frisian: leet

West Frisian: let

Old Saxon: lat

Middle Low German: lat

Low German: laat

Plautdietsch: lot

Old Dutch: *lat

Middle Dutch: lat, lāat

Dutch: laat

Afrikaans: laat

Limburgish: laat

Old High German: laz

Middle High German: laz

German: lass, lasch


ger

ger (masculine nominative singular)
geru (feminine nominative singular)
ger (neuter nominative singular)
geranā (accusative masculine singular)
gerā (accusative feminine singular)
ger (accusative neuter singular)
geras (genitive masculine singular)
gereʀā (feminine genitive singular)
geras (genitive neuter singular)
gerumē (dative masculine singular)
gereʀē (dative feminine singular)
gerumē (dative neuter singular)
geru (instrumental masculine singular)
gereʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
geru (instrumental neuter singular)
gerē (masculine nominative plural)
gerō (feminine nominative plural)
geru (neuter nominative plural)
gerā (accusative masculine plural)
gerā (accusative feminine plural)
geru (accusative neuter plural)
gereʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gereʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gereʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gerēm (dative masculine plural)
gerum (dative masculine plural)
gerēm (dative feminine plural)
gerum (dative feminine plural)
gerēm (dative neuter plural)
gerum (dative neuter plural)
gerēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gerum (instrumental masculine plural)
gerēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gerum (feminine instrumental plural)
gerēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gerum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old High German: ger


skarp

skarp (masculine nominative singular)
skarpu (feminine nominative singular)
skarp (neuter nominative singular)
skarpanā (accusative masculine singular)
skarpā (accusative feminine singular)
skarp (accusative neuter singular)
skarpas (genitive masculine singular)
skarpeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
skarpas (genitive neuter singular)
skarpumē (dative masculine singular)
skarpeʀē (dative feminine singular)
skarpumē (dative neuter singular)
skarpu (instrumental masculine singular)
skarpeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
skarpu (instrumental neuter singular)
skarpē (masculine nominative plural)
skarpō (feminine nominative plural)
skarpu (neuter nominative plural)
skarpā (accusative masculine plural)
skarpā (accusative feminine plural)
skarpu (accusative neuter plural)
skarpeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
skarpeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
skarpeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
skarpēm (dative masculine plural)
skarpum (dative masculine plural)
skarpēm (dative feminine plural)
skarpum (dative feminine plural)
skarpēm (dative neuter plural)
skarpum (dative neuter plural)
skarpēm (instrumental masculine plural)
skarpum (instrumental masculine plural)
skarpēm (feminine instrumental plural)
skarpum (feminine instrumental plural)
skarpēm (instrumental neuter plural)
skarpum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sċarp, sċearp

Middle English: scharp

Scots: sharp, scharp

English: sharp

Old Frisian: skerp, skarp

desc

Saterland Frisian: skärp, skäärp, schäärp

West Frisian: skerp

Old Saxon: skarp

Middle Low German: scharp

Low German: scherp, scharp

desctree

Old Dutch: scarp
Middle Dutch: scharp
Dutch: scherp
Afrikaans: skerp
Berbice Creole Dutch: skarpu
Negerhollands: skerp
Skepi Creole Dutch: skarp
→ Papiamentu: skèrpi, skerpi, scherpi
→? Sranan Tongo: srapu
→ Saramaccan: saápu
Limburgish: sjèrp

Old High German: scarf, scarph
Middle High German: scharpf
Alemannic German: scharpf
Bavarian: scharf
Central Franconian: schärp, scharp (eastern Ripuarian), scharf (Moselle Franconian; now alternatively in Ripuarian via German)
German: scharf
Hunsrik: schaaref
Luxembourgish: schaarf
Yiddish: שאַרף (sharf)

→ Old Catalan: escarp

Catalan: esquerp


smal

head

*smal (comparative *smaliʀō, superlative *smalist)

smaliʀō (comparative)
smalist (superlative)
smal (masculine nominative singular)
smalu (feminine nominative singular)
smal (neuter nominative singular)
smalanā (accusative masculine singular)
smalā (accusative feminine singular)
smal (accusative neuter singular)
smalas (genitive masculine singular)
smaleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
smalas (genitive neuter singular)
smalumē (dative masculine singular)
smaleʀē (dative feminine singular)
smalumē (dative neuter singular)
smalu (instrumental masculine singular)
smaleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
smalu (instrumental neuter singular)
smalē (masculine nominative plural)
smalō (feminine nominative plural)
smalu (neuter nominative plural)
smalā (accusative masculine plural)
smalā (accusative feminine plural)
smalu (accusative neuter plural)
smaleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
smaleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
smaleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
smalēm (dative masculine plural)
smalum (dative masculine plural)
smalēm (dative feminine plural)
smalum (dative feminine plural)
smalēm (dative neuter plural)
smalum (dative neuter plural)
smalēm (instrumental masculine plural)
smalum (instrumental masculine plural)
smalēm (feminine instrumental plural)
smalum (feminine instrumental plural)
smalēm (instrumental neuter plural)
smalum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: smæl

Middle English: smal

Scots: smal, smaw

English: small

Old Frisian: smel

North Frisian: smaal, smääl, smeel

Saterland Frisian: smäl

West Frisian: smel

Old Saxon: smal

Middle Low German: smal

Low German: small

Old Dutch: smal

Middle Dutch: smal

Dutch: smal

desctree

Old High German: smal
Middle High German: smal
Bavarian: schmål, schmoi
German: schmal
Hunsrik: schmaal
Luxembourgish: schmuel
Vilamovian: śmoł
Yiddish: שמאָל (shmol)


haru

haru (masculine nominative singular)
haru (feminine nominative singular)
haru (neuter nominative singular)
harwanā (accusative masculine singular)
harwā (accusative feminine singular)
haru (accusative neuter singular)
harwas (genitive masculine singular)
harweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
harwas (genitive neuter singular)
harumē (dative masculine singular)
harweʀē (dative feminine singular)
harumē (dative neuter singular)
haru (instrumental masculine singular)
harweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haru (instrumental neuter singular)
harwē (masculine nominative plural)
harwō (feminine nominative plural)
haru (neuter nominative plural)
harwā (accusative masculine plural)
harwā (accusative feminine plural)
haru (accusative neuter plural)
harweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
harweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
harweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
harwēm (dative masculine plural)
harum (dative masculine plural)
harwēm (dative feminine plural)
harum (dative feminine plural)
harwēm (dative neuter plural)
harum (dative neuter plural)
harwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
harum (instrumental masculine plural)
harwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
harum (feminine instrumental plural)
harwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
harum (instrumental neuter plural)

⇒ Old Frisian: *harich

West Frisian: harrich, harig, harch

Old Saxon: *haro

Middle Low German: *harwe, herwe

Old Dutch: *haro

Middle Dutch: hāre

Dutch: haar (dialectal)

Old High German: *haro

desc

Middle High German: harewe, harbe, herwe, herbe, hare, har, here, her, herb

German: herb

⇒ Old High German: herling

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *harwaz (compare Proto-Finnic *karvas, a supposed Finnic borrowing from this Proto-Germanic word), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kor-wó-s, from *(s)ker- (“to cut off”) + *-wós, or perhaps from Proto-Germanic *hazwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₃-s-wó-s, from *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”) + *-s- + *-wós.


jung

head

*jung (comparative *jungiʀō, superlative *jungist)

jungiʀō (comparative)
jungist (superlative)
jung (masculine nominative singular)
jungu (feminine nominative singular)
jung (neuter nominative singular)
junganā (accusative masculine singular)
jungā (accusative feminine singular)
jung (accusative neuter singular)
jungas (genitive masculine singular)
jungeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
jungas (genitive neuter singular)
jungumē (dative masculine singular)
jungeʀē (dative feminine singular)
jungumē (dative neuter singular)
jungu (instrumental masculine singular)
jungeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
jungu (instrumental neuter singular)
jungē (masculine nominative plural)
jungō (feminine nominative plural)
jungu (neuter nominative plural)
jungā (accusative masculine plural)
jungā (accusative feminine plural)
jungu (accusative neuter plural)
jungeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
jungeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
jungeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
jungēm (dative masculine plural)
jungum (dative masculine plural)
jungēm (dative feminine plural)
jungum (dative feminine plural)
jungēm (dative neuter plural)
jungum (dative neuter plural)
jungēm (instrumental masculine plural)
jungum (instrumental masculine plural)
jungēm (feminine instrumental plural)
jungum (feminine instrumental plural)
jungēm (instrumental neuter plural)
jungum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: ġeong, ġing, ġiong, ġiung, ġung, iong, iung, ġeng
Middle English: yong
English: young
Scots: young

Old Frisian: jung

Saterland Frisian: jung, junk

West Frisian: jong

Old Saxon: jung
Middle Low German: junk
Low German: jung
→ Polabian: jungĕ

Old Dutch: junc
Middle Dutch: jonc
Dutch: jong
Afrikaans: jonk
Berbice Creole Dutch: junggu
Negerhollands: jun
Skepi Creole Dutch: jungu
→ Papiamentu: yòn, jonk
→ Saramaccan: njonku
Limburgish: jong

Old High German: jung
Middle High German: junc
Alemannic German: jung, jungu, jungà, junhs, jòng
Bavarian: junk
Cimbrian: jung, djung, junk
Mòcheno: jung
Central Franconian: jonk
Hunsrik: jung
Luxembourgish: jonk
German: jung
Pennsylvania German: jung
Vilamovian: jung
Yiddish: יונג (yung)


gant

gant (masculine nominative singular)
gantu (feminine nominative singular)
gant (neuter nominative singular)
gantanā (accusative masculine singular)
gantā (accusative feminine singular)
gant (accusative neuter singular)
gantas (genitive masculine singular)
ganteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gantas (genitive neuter singular)
gantumē (dative masculine singular)
ganteʀē (dative feminine singular)
gantumē (dative neuter singular)
gantu (instrumental masculine singular)
ganteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gantu (instrumental neuter singular)
gantē (masculine nominative plural)
gantō (feminine nominative plural)
gantu (neuter nominative plural)
gantā (accusative masculine plural)
gantā (accusative feminine plural)
gantu (accusative neuter plural)
ganteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
ganteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
ganteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gantēm (dative masculine plural)
gantum (dative masculine plural)
gantēm (dative feminine plural)
gantum (dative feminine plural)
gantēm (dative neuter plural)
gantum (dative neuter plural)
gantēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gantum (instrumental masculine plural)
gantēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gantum (feminine instrumental plural)
gantēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gantum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old High German: ganz

Middle High German: ganz

desc

Alemannic German: ganza, geng, génh, ganz

Bavarian: gånz

Cimbrian: gantz, gåntz (Luserna)

German: ganz

Luxembourgish: ganz

→ Middle Dutch: gands, gants, gansch

Dutch: gans

Afrikaans: gans

→ Middle Low German: ganz, gans

German Low German: ganz

→ Danish: ganske

Norwegian Bokmål: ganske

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ganske

→ Scots: ganska

→ Swedish: ganska

→ Norwegian: ganskje, ganske

Norwegian Nynorsk: ganskje

→ Old Frisian: gans

Saterland Frisian: gans

West Frisian: gâns, gânsk

Unknown. Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to flourish, be full, swell, abound”), and cognate with Lithuanian ganė́ti (“to be enough, be sufficient, suffice”), nẽgandas (“dissatisfaction”), Old Lithuanian gandžiaus (“rather”), Sanskrit घन (ghaná, “compact, solid, dense”), Persian آگنج (âganj, “full, complete”), Persian آکندن (âgandan, “to fill up”). However, Kroonen appears to be implicitly skeptical, due to the word being originally attested only in High German (with other cognates being borrowings from High German), and prefers to relate the word to a Proto-Germanic *gintaną (“to be startled”) (whose only descendant is dialectal Swiss German erginzen (“to cringe, shiver”)), with semantic shift "to be startled" > "to shiver" > "terribly" > "very much" > "whole, complete". The latter root apparently stems from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰend- (“to startle”), whence Lithuanian gą̃stas (“a scare”), Latvian gañdinât (“to scare”).


mak

mak (masculine nominative singular)
maku (feminine nominative singular)
mak (neuter nominative singular)
makanā (accusative masculine singular)
makā (accusative feminine singular)
mak (accusative neuter singular)
makas (genitive masculine singular)
makeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
makas (genitive neuter singular)
makumē (dative masculine singular)
makeʀē (dative feminine singular)
makumē (dative neuter singular)
maku (instrumental masculine singular)
makeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
maku (instrumental neuter singular)
makē (masculine nominative plural)
makō (feminine nominative plural)
maku (neuter nominative plural)
makā (accusative masculine plural)
makā (accusative feminine plural)
maku (accusative neuter plural)
makeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
makeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
makeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
makēm (dative masculine plural)
makum (dative masculine plural)
makēm (dative feminine plural)
makum (dative feminine plural)
makēm (dative neuter plural)
makum (dative neuter plural)
makēm (instrumental masculine plural)
makum (instrumental masculine plural)
makēm (feminine instrumental plural)
makum (feminine instrumental plural)
makēm (instrumental neuter plural)
makum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mæc

Middle English: make

⇒ Old English: macalīċ

Middle English: makli

English: mackly

Scots: makly

Old Frisian: *mek

North Frisian: määk, meek

Saterland Frisian: mäk

Old Saxon: *mak

Middle Low German: mak

German Low German: mack, maak

Old Dutch: *mak

Middle Dutch: mack

Dutch: mak

→ West Frisian: mak

⇒ Middle Dutch: mackelijc

Dutch: makkelijk

Proto-West Germanic: *gamakOld English: ġemæc

ġemæceMiddle English: *imeche⇒ Middle English: imecheliche

imecechelicheOld Saxon: *gimakMiddle Low German: gemakOld Dutch: *gimacMiddle Dutch: gemacOld High German: gimahMiddle High German: gemachGerman: gemach


arg

arg (masculine nominative singular)
argu (feminine nominative singular)
arg (neuter nominative singular)
arganā (accusative masculine singular)
argā (accusative feminine singular)
arg (accusative neuter singular)
argas (genitive masculine singular)
argeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
argas (genitive neuter singular)
argumē (dative masculine singular)
argeʀē (dative feminine singular)
argumē (dative neuter singular)
argu (instrumental masculine singular)
argeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
argu (instrumental neuter singular)
argē (masculine nominative plural)
argō (feminine nominative plural)
argu (neuter nominative plural)
argā (accusative masculine plural)
argā (accusative feminine plural)
argu (accusative neuter plural)
argeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
argeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
argeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
argēm (dative masculine plural)
argum (dative masculine plural)
argēm (dative feminine plural)
argum (dative feminine plural)
argēm (dative neuter plural)
argum (dative neuter plural)
argēm (instrumental masculine plural)
argum (instrumental masculine plural)
argēm (feminine instrumental plural)
argum (feminine instrumental plural)
argēm (instrumental neuter plural)
argum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: earg, arg

Middle English: arg, argh, eri

Early Scots: argh, arch

Scots: ergh, erfe, erf

English: argh, eerie

Old Frisian: erch, erg

Saterland Frisian: äärch

West Frisian: erch, arch

Old Saxon: *arug, *arg

Middle Low German: arich, arch

Low German: arg

desctree

Old Dutch: arg
Middle Dutch: arch
Dutch: erg
Afrikaans: erg
→ Caribbean Javanese: èreg

Old High German: arg, arc, arga
Middle High German: arc
Alemannic German: arg, arig
Swabian: arg
Bavarian: oarg
Central Franconian: ärch, arch (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: aarich
German: arg
Luxembourgish: uerg
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: aarich, arch, arich
Pennsylvania German: arig, arrig
→ Medieval Latin: arga


gelu

gelu (masculine nominative singular)
gelu (feminine nominative singular)
gelu (neuter nominative singular)
gelwanā (accusative masculine singular)
gelwā (accusative feminine singular)
gelu (accusative neuter singular)
gelwas (genitive masculine singular)
gelweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gelwas (genitive neuter singular)
gelumē (dative masculine singular)
gelweʀē (dative feminine singular)
gelumē (dative neuter singular)
gelu (instrumental masculine singular)
gelweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gelu (instrumental neuter singular)
gelwē (masculine nominative plural)
gelwō (feminine nominative plural)
gelu (neuter nominative plural)
gelwā (accusative masculine plural)
gelwā (accusative feminine plural)
gelu (accusative neuter plural)
gelweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gelweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gelweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gelwēm (dative masculine plural)
gelum (dative masculine plural)
gelwēm (dative feminine plural)
gelum (dative feminine plural)
gelwēm (dative neuter plural)
gelum (dative neuter plural)
gelwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gelum (instrumental masculine plural)
gelwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gelum (feminine instrumental plural)
gelwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gelum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġeolu
Middle English: ȝelwe, ȝalow, yelow
English: yellow; yeller, yallow, yaller, yullow (dialectal)
Scots: yella, yelly, yallow

Old Frisian: *jele

Saterland Frisian: jeel

West Frisian: giel

Old Saxon: gelo, gelu
Middle Low German: gēl
Low German: gelb
German Low German: geel, gęl, gäl
Hamburgisch: geel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: gial
Lippisch: gäll
Sauerländisch: giäl, geal, gail, gēäl
Westmünsterländisch: gääl, geel, gell
East Low German
Mecklenburg-Vorpommersch: gäl
Märkisch: gēl
Plautdietsch: jäl

Old Dutch: *gelo
Middle Dutch: gelu, geluw, gēle
Dutch: geel
Limburgish: gael

Old High German: gelo
Middle High German: gël (inflected gëlwe)
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: gahl, gäl
Swabian: geal
Central Franconian: gäl, jäl, jell
Cimbrian: gel, ghéel (Sette Comuni)
German: gelb; gehl (regional)
→ Hunsrik: gelleb
Luxembourgish: giel
Pennsylvania German: gehl
Vilamovian: gaoł
Yiddish: געל (gel), געלב (gelb)


basu

basu (masculine nominative singular)
basu (feminine nominative singular)
basu (neuter nominative singular)
baswanā (accusative masculine singular)
baswā (accusative feminine singular)
basu (accusative neuter singular)
baswas (genitive masculine singular)
basweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
baswas (genitive neuter singular)
basumē (dative masculine singular)
basweʀē (dative feminine singular)
basumē (dative neuter singular)
basu (instrumental masculine singular)
basweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
basu (instrumental neuter singular)
baswē (masculine nominative plural)
baswō (feminine nominative plural)
basu (neuter nominative plural)
baswā (accusative masculine plural)
baswā (accusative feminine plural)
basu (accusative neuter plural)
basweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
basweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
basweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
baswēm (dative masculine plural)
basum (dative masculine plural)
baswēm (dative feminine plural)
basum (dative feminine plural)
baswēm (dative neuter plural)
basum (dative neuter plural)
baswēm (instrumental masculine plural)
basum (instrumental masculine plural)
baswēm (feminine instrumental plural)
basum (feminine instrumental plural)
baswēm (instrumental neuter plural)
basum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Old English: basu, baso, beasu, beosu, besu

Uncertain; possibly from or related to Proto-Germanic *basją (“berry”).


hrad

hrad (masculine nominative singular)
hradu (feminine nominative singular)
hrad (neuter nominative singular)
hradanā (accusative masculine singular)
hradā (accusative feminine singular)
hrad (accusative neuter singular)
hradas (genitive masculine singular)
hradeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hradas (genitive neuter singular)
hradumē (dative masculine singular)
hradeʀē (dative feminine singular)
hradumē (dative neuter singular)
hradu (instrumental masculine singular)
hradeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hradu (instrumental neuter singular)
hradē (masculine nominative plural)
hradō (feminine nominative plural)
hradu (neuter nominative plural)
hradā (accusative masculine plural)
hradā (accusative feminine plural)
hradu (accusative neuter plural)
hradeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hradeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hradeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hradēm (dative masculine plural)
hradum (dative masculine plural)
hradēm (dative feminine plural)
hradum (dative feminine plural)
hradēm (dative neuter plural)
hradum (dative neuter plural)
hradēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hradum (instrumental masculine plural)
hradēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hradum (feminine instrumental plural)
hradēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hradum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hræd, hræþ
Middle English: rad, radde, rade, red, ræd (Early Middle English)
Scots: redd, red

Old Dutch: *rath, *rad

Middle Dutch: rat

Dutch: rad

⇒ Afrikaans: rats

desc

Old High German: hrat, hrad, (from the 9th C. primarily) rad