hūʀiju

hūʀiju (nominative singular)
hūʀijō (nominative plural)
hūʀijā (accusative singular)
hūʀijā (accusative plural)
hūʀijā (genitive singular)
hūʀijō (genitive plural)
hūʀijē (dative singular)
hūʀijōm (dative plural)
hūʀijum (dative plural)
hūʀiju (instrumental singular)
hūʀijōm (instrumental plural)
hūʀijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hȳr
Middle English: hire, hyre, hure, here, huyre
English: hire
Scots: hire

Old Frisian: hēr, hēre

Saterland Frisian: Híere, (Strukelje) Häire

West Frisian: hier

⇒ Old Frisian: hūshēre

Saterland Frisian: Hushire

⇒ Old Frisian: londhēre

Old Saxon: hūria, hūra
Middle Low German: hüre, huere, hyre, hüer, hür
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Hü̂r
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Huür
Westmünsterländisch: Höier
→ German: Heuer
→ Danish: hyre
→ Norwegian: hyre
→ Swedish: hyra
→? Estonian: üür
→ Faroese: hýra
→? Estonian: üür

Old Dutch: *hūra

Middle Dutch: hûre

Dutch: huur
Afrikaans: huur
Negerhollands: huur
→ Papiamentu: hür
→ Sranan Tongo: yuru (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Old Dutch: forahūra

⇒ Old Dutch: hūrlant

⇒ Old Dutch: hūrware

From *hūʀijan (“to hire; to pay”) + *-u.


brakkō

brakkō (nominative singular)
brakkan (nominative plural)
brakkan (accusative singular)
brakkan (accusative plural)
brakkini (genitive singular)
brakkan (genitive singular)
brakkanō (genitive plural)
brakkini (dative singular)
brakkan (dative singular)
brakkum (dative plural)
brakkini (instrumental singular)
brakkan (instrumental singular)
brakkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: brakka, brakko

Old Saxon: *brakka

Middle Low German: bracke

German Low German:

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch: Bracke

Old Dutch: *brakka

Middle Dutch: bracke, brac

Dutch: brak

Old High German: bracko

Middle High German: bracke

German: Bracke

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- (“to stink, fart”), perhaps a borrowing.


būdil

būdil (nominative singular)
būdilō (nominative plural)
būdilōs (nominative plural)
būdil (accusative singular)
būdilā (accusative plural)
būdilas (genitive singular)
būdilō (genitive plural)
būdilē (dative singular)
būdilum (dative plural)
būdilu (instrumental singular)
būdilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: būdel

Saterland Frisian: Büül

West Frisian: bûdel

Old Saxon: būdil

Middle Low German: bûdel

German Low German: Büdel

Old Dutch: *būdil

Middle Dutch: budel, buydel, buyl

Dutch: buidel

Old High German: būtil, pūtil

Middle High German: biutel

German: Beutel

Luxembourgish: Beidel

From Proto-Germanic *bud- (“round, rounded”) + *-il.


fų̄htijan

fų̄htijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
fų̄htijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
fų̄htijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
fų̄htijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
fų̄htiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fų̄htidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fų̄htisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fų̄htidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fų̄htidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fų̄htiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fų̄htidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fų̄htidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fų̄htijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fų̄htidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fų̄htiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fų̄htidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fų̄htijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fų̄htidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fų̄htijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fų̄htidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fų̄htijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fų̄htidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fų̄htijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fų̄htidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fų̄htijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fų̄htidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fų̄htijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fų̄htidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fų̄htijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fų̄htidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fų̄hti (class-1 present singular weak)
fų̄htiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
fų̄htijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
fų̄htid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: fȳhtan

(Old Frisian: *fūhtia)

(Saterland Frisian: fuchtje)

(West Frisian: fochtsje (in befochtsje))

Old Saxon: fūhtian

Middle Low German: vuchten

German Low German: fuchten

Old Dutch: fūhten

Middle Dutch: vuchten, vochten

Dutch: vochten

Old High German: fūhten

Middle High German: viuhten

German: feuchten


grulljan

grulljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
grulljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
grulljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
grulljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
grullju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gruldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
grulisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gruldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gruldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gruliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gruldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gruldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
grulljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gruldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gruliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gruldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
grulljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gruldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
grulljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gruldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
grulljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gruldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
grulljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gruldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
grulljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gruldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
grulljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gruldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
grulljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gruldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gruli (class-1 present singular weak)
gruliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
grulljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gruld (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: gryllan

Middle English: grullen, gruellen

Scots: grool

English: growl

Old Saxon: *grullian

Middle Low German: grullen, grüllen

German Low German: grullen

Old Dutch: *grullen

Middle Dutch: grollen

Dutch: grollen

Old High German: *grullen

desc

Middle High German: grüllen, grullen, grollen

German: grollen

→ Old French: grouller

Middle French: grouller, grouiller

French: grouiller

Unknown; presumably related to *gralljan (“to shout at, antagonize”).


sihtrā

sihtrā (nominative singular)
sihtrōn (nominative plural)
sihtrōn (accusative singular)
sihtrōn (accusative plural)
sihtrōn (genitive singular)
sihtrōnō (genitive plural)
sihtrōn (dative singular)
sihtrōm (dative plural)
sihtrum (dative plural)
sihtrōn (instrumental singular)
sihtrōm (instrumental plural)
sihtrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sihtre, siohtre, seohtre

Old Saxon: *sihtra

Middle Low German: sichter

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to pour out”).


kuningini

kuningini (nominative singular)
kuningunnjō (nominative plural)
kuningunnjā (accusative singular)
kuningunnjā (accusative plural)
kuningunnjā (genitive singular)
kuningunnjō (genitive plural)
kuningunnjē (dative singular)
kuningunnjōm (dative plural)
kuningunnjum (dative plural)
kuningunnju (instrumental singular)
kuningunnjōm (instrumental plural)
kuningunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cyningen

>? Old English: cyninge (dissimilated from *cyningen ?)

Old Frisian: *keningin, *keninginne

Saterland Frisian: Keninginne, Köänigin

West Frisian: keninginne

Old Saxon: *kuningina, *kuningunnia

desc

Middle Low German: köninginne, kȫninginne, kȫniginne, könninne

German Low German: Königin

Old Dutch: kuninginna

Middle Dutch: coninginne, coninghinne

Dutch: koningin

Old High German: kuningin, kunigin

Middle High German: chuonigin, chuoniginne, chuoningin, chuoninginne, kuningin, kuninginne, koningin, koninginne, künegin, küneginne, kunigin, künigin, kuniginne, küniginne, kungin, küngin

Cimbrian: khuuneghen

German: Königin

Vilamovian: kyngien

Yiddish: קעניגין (kenigin)


grautī

grautī (nominative singular)
grautīn (accusative singular)
grautīn (genitive singular)
grautīn (dative singular)
grautīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: grīetu

Middle English: grete, grette

Old Frisian: grēte

Saterland Frisian: Gratte

West Frisian: grutte, gruttens

Old Saxon: *grōti

Middle Low German: grōte, gröte

German Low German: Grötte, Grött

→ Saterland Frisian: Gröte, Grööte

Old Dutch: *grōti

Middle Dutch: grote, groote, groete; (grotde, grootte)

(Dutch: grootte)

desctree

Old High German: grōzī
Middle High German: grœze; (grœzede)
German: Größe
(Luxembourgish: Gréisst)

From *graut (“great”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


gafehō

gafehō (nominative singular)
gafehan (nominative plural)
gafehan (accusative singular)
gafehan (accusative plural)
gafihini (genitive singular)
gafehan (genitive singular)
gafehanō (genitive plural)
gafihini (dative singular)
gafehan (dative singular)
gafehum (dative plural)
gafihini (instrumental singular)
gafehan (instrumental singular)
gafehum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefēa

Old High German: gifeho


jagōþu

jagōþu (nominative singular)
jagōþiwi (nominative plural)
jagōþō (nominative plural)
jagōþu (accusative singular)
jagōþū (accusative plural)
jagōþō (genitive singular)
jagōþiwō (genitive plural)
jagōþiwi (dative singular)
jagōþō (dative singular)
jagōþum (dative plural)
jagōþu (instrumental singular)
jagōþum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *jagoth, *jacht

Saterland Frisian: Jaacht

West Frisian: jacht

Old Saxon: *jagōt

desctree

Middle Low German: jacht, jâget
German Low German: Jaggt
Plautdietsch: Jacht
→ Danish: jagt
→ Faroese: jakt
→ Kashubian: jachta
→ Latvian: jakts
→ Norwegian: jakt
→ Swedish: jakt

Old Dutch: *jagōt

Middle Dutch: jaget, jacht

Dutch: jacht
Afrikaans: jag
Negerhollands: jaak, jak

Limburgish: jach

Old High German: jagōd

Middle High German: jagât, jaget, jagit

German: Jagd


tugi

tugi (nominative singular)
tugī (nominative plural)
tugi (accusative singular)
tugī (accusative plural)
tugī (genitive singular)
tuggjō (genitive plural)
tugī (dative singular)
tugim (dative plural)
tuggjum (dative plural)
tugī (instrumental singular)
tugim (instrumental plural)
tuggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tyġe

Old Saxon: *tugi

Middle Low German: toge, toch

→ Danish: tog

→ Faroese: tok

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tog

→ Swedish: tåg

Old Dutch: *tugi

Middle Dutch: tuege

Dutch: teug

Afrikaans: teug

Old High German: zug

Middle High German: zug

Central Franconian: Zoch

→ German: Zoch

Hunsrik: Zugh

Luxembourgish: Zoch

German: Zug

→ Luxembourgish: Zuch

→ Polish: cug

→ Silesian: cug

Vilamovian: cug

Yiddish: צוג (tsug)


glāʀōn

glāʀōn (infinitive)
glāʀōnijas (genitive infinitive)
glāʀōnijē (dative infinitive)
glāʀōniju (infinitive instrumental)
glāʀō (first-person present singular)
glāʀōdā (first-person past singular)
glāʀōs (present second-person singular)
glāʀōdēs (past second-person singular)
glāʀōdōs (past second-person singular)
glāʀōþ (present singular third-person)
glāʀōdē (past singular third-person)
glāʀōdā (past singular third-person)
glāʀōm (first-person plural present)
glāʀōdum (first-person past plural)
glāʀōþ (plural present second-person)
glāʀōdud (past plural second-person)
glāʀōnþ (plural present third-person)
glāʀōdun (past plural third-person)
glāʀōdī (first-person past singular)
glāʀōdī (past second-person singular)
glāʀō (present singular third-person)
glāʀōdī (past singular third-person)
glāʀōdīm (first-person past plural)
glāʀōdīd (past plural second-person)
glāʀōn (plural present third-person)
glāʀōdīn (past plural third-person)
glāʀō (present singular)
glāʀōþ (plural present)
glāʀōndī (participle present)
glāʀōd (participle past)

Old English: *glærian

Middle English: glaren

English: glare

Old Saxon: *glarōn

Middle Low German: glaren, glāren

Old Dutch: *glaron

Middle Dutch: glaren

Dutch: glariën


manþijan

manþijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
manþijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
manþijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
manþijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
manþiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
manþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
manþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
manþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
manþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
manþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
manþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
manþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
manþijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
manþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
manþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
manþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
manþijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
manþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
manþijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
manþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
manþijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
manþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
manþijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
manþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
manþijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
manþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
manþijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
manþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
manþijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
manþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
manþi (class-1 present singular weak)
manþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
manþijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
manþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *menthian, mendian

Middle Low German: menden

Old Dutch: *menthen, menden, mendon

(Middle Dutch: mender; menderlike)

Old High German: menthen, menden

Middle High German: menden, mennen

to be pleased; be glad; rejoice; be cheerful


gaībrī

gaībrī (masculine nominative singular)
gaībriju (feminine nominative singular)
gaībrī (neuter nominative singular)
gaībrijanā (accusative masculine singular)
gaībrijā (accusative feminine singular)
gaībrī (accusative neuter singular)
gaībrijas (genitive masculine singular)
gaībrijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gaībrijas (genitive neuter singular)
gaībrijumē (dative masculine singular)
gaībrijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gaībrijumē (dative neuter singular)
gaībriju (instrumental masculine singular)
gaībrijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gaībriju (instrumental neuter singular)
gaībrijē (masculine nominative plural)
gaībrijō (feminine nominative plural)
gaībriju (neuter nominative plural)
gaībrijā (accusative masculine plural)
gaībrijā (accusative feminine plural)
gaībriju (accusative neuter plural)
gaībrijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gaībrijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gaībrijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gaībrijēm (dative masculine plural)
gaībrijum (dative masculine plural)
gaībrijēm (dative feminine plural)
gaībrijum (dative feminine plural)
gaībrijēm (dative neuter plural)
gaībrijum (dative neuter plural)
gaībrijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gaībrijum (instrumental masculine plural)
gaībrijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gaībrijum (feminine instrumental plural)
gaībrijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gaībrijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġīfre
Middle English: ʒiuere, ʒiure, ʒifer, ʒifre

From *ga- + *ībr (“zeal, jealousy”) + *-ī (adjective).


staigil

staigil (masculine nominative singular)
staigilu (feminine nominative singular)
staigil (neuter nominative singular)
staigilanā (accusative masculine singular)
staigilā (accusative feminine singular)
staigil (accusative neuter singular)
staigilas (genitive masculine singular)
staigileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
staigilas (genitive neuter singular)
staigilumē (dative masculine singular)
staigileʀē (dative feminine singular)
staigilumē (dative neuter singular)
staigilu (instrumental masculine singular)
staigileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
staigilu (instrumental neuter singular)
staigilē (masculine nominative plural)
staigilō (feminine nominative plural)
staigilu (neuter nominative plural)
staigilā (accusative masculine plural)
staigilā (accusative feminine plural)
staigilu (accusative neuter plural)
staigileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
staigileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
staigileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
staigilēm (dative masculine plural)
staigilum (dative masculine plural)
staigilēm (dative feminine plural)
staigilum (dative feminine plural)
staigilēm (dative neuter plural)
staigilum (dative neuter plural)
staigilēm (instrumental masculine plural)
staigilum (instrumental masculine plural)
staigilēm (feminine instrumental plural)
staigilum (feminine instrumental plural)
staigilēm (instrumental neuter plural)
staigilum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: stǣġel
Middle English: *steȝel, *steȝe
English: stay
Scots: stey, stay

Old Frisian: *steil

Saterland Frisian: stail

West Frisian: steil

Old Saxon: stēgil

Middle Low German: stēgel, steil

German Low German: steil

Old Dutch: *steigil, *steigal

Middle Dutch: *stegel, steil

Dutch: steil

Old High German: *steigil, steigal

Middle High German: steigel, steil

German: steil

From *staigijan (“to raise up, elevate”) + *-il.


fahs

fahs (nominative singular)
fahsu (nominative plural)
fahs (accusative singular)
fahsu (accusative plural)
fahsas (genitive singular)
fahsō (genitive plural)
fahsē (dative singular)
fahsum (dative plural)
fahsu (instrumental singular)
fahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feax

Middle English: fax

Scots: fax

English: fax

Old Frisian: fax

Old Saxon: fahs

Old Dutch: *fahs

Middle Dutch: vas

Dutch: vas

Old High German: fahs

Middle High German: vahs

Alemannic German: Fachs


krattōn

krattōn (infinitive)
krattōnijas (genitive infinitive)
krattōnijē (dative infinitive)
krattōniju (infinitive instrumental)
krattō (first-person present singular)
krattōdā (first-person past singular)
krattōs (present second-person singular)
krattōdēs (past second-person singular)
krattōdōs (past second-person singular)
krattōþ (present singular third-person)
krattōdē (past singular third-person)
krattōdā (past singular third-person)
krattōm (first-person plural present)
krattōdum (first-person past plural)
krattōþ (plural present second-person)
krattōdud (past plural second-person)
krattōnþ (plural present third-person)
krattōdun (past plural third-person)
krattōdī (first-person past singular)
krattōdī (past second-person singular)
krattō (present singular third-person)
krattōdī (past singular third-person)
krattōdīm (first-person past plural)
krattōdīd (past plural second-person)
krattōn (plural present third-person)
krattōdīn (past plural third-person)
krattō (present singular)
krattōþ (plural present)
krattōndī (participle present)
krattōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *krattōn

Middle Low German: kratten

→ Swedish: kratta

→ Old French: gratter, grater

Middle French: gratter

French: gratter

→ Middle English: graten

English: grate

→ Italian: grattare

→ Catalan: gratar

→ Piedmontese: graté

Old High German: krazzōn, crazōn

Middle High German: kratzen, kretzen

German: kratzen

→ Hungarian: karcol

Hunsrik: kratze

Luxembourgish: krazen

Yiddish: קראַצן (kratsn)

desc

→ Middle Low German: kratzen, krassen, kratschen

→ Middle English: cracchen, cratchen

English: cratch

i

through merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">scrat</i>

⇒ English: scratch (through merger with scrat)

→ Saterland Frisian: kratsje

→ Danish: kradse

→ Old Norse: krassa

Icelandic: krassa

→ Middle Dutch: cratsen, cretsen

Dutch: krassen

From Proto-Indo-European *gred- (compare Albanian gërresë ‘rasp, scraper’).


welō

welō (nominative singular)
welan (nominative plural)
welan (accusative singular)
welan (accusative plural)
wilini (genitive singular)
welan (genitive singular)
welanō (genitive plural)
wilini (dative singular)
welan (dative singular)
welum (dative plural)
wilini (instrumental singular)
welan (instrumental singular)
welum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wela, weala — Northumbrian, weola — West Saxon, wala
Middle English: wele
English: weal
Scots: weal, weel

Old Saxon: welo
>? Middle Low German: wēle f, wēl m

Old Dutch: *welo

Middle Dutch: wele

Old High German: welo, wolo; wela f, wola f, wala f

Middle High German: wole

German: Wol, Wohl

Luxembourgish: Wuel


ōst

ōst (nominative singular)
ōstō (nominative plural)
ōstōs (nominative plural)
ōst (accusative singular)
ōstā (accusative plural)
ōstas (genitive singular)
ōstō (genitive plural)
ōstē (dative singular)
ōstum (dative plural)
ōstu (instrumental singular)
ōstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōst

Old Frisian: *ōst

West Frisian: oast

Old Saxon: *ōst

Middle Low German: ôst

German Low German: Oost

Old Dutch: *uost

Middle Dutch: oest

Dutch: oest

Unknown; suggested to be related to *ast (“branch”).


missu

missu (nominative singular)
missō (nominative plural)
missā (accusative singular)
missā (accusative plural)
missā (genitive singular)
missō (genitive plural)
missē (dative singular)
missōm (dative plural)
missum (dative plural)
missu (instrumental singular)
missōm (instrumental plural)
missum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *miss

desc

Middle English: misse (“sin, guilt, wickedness”)

English: miss

Scots: mis

Old Saxon: *missa

Middle Low German: misse

Old Dutch: *missa

Middle Dutch: misse, messe, mis, mes

Dutch: mis

West Flemish: misse, mis

Old High German: *missa

Middle High German: misse, mis

From Proto-Germanic *missijaną (“to miss, fail”).


rairōn

rairōn (infinitive)
rairōnijas (genitive infinitive)
rairōnijē (dative infinitive)
rairōniju (infinitive instrumental)
rairō (first-person present singular)
rairōdā (first-person past singular)
rairōs (present second-person singular)
rairōdēs (past second-person singular)
rairōdōs (past second-person singular)
rairōþ (present singular third-person)
rairōdē (past singular third-person)
rairōdā (past singular third-person)
rairōm (first-person plural present)
rairōdum (first-person past plural)
rairōþ (plural present second-person)
rairōdud (past plural second-person)
rairōnþ (plural present third-person)
rairōdun (past plural third-person)
rairōdī (first-person past singular)
rairōdī (past second-person singular)
rairō (present singular third-person)
rairōdī (past singular third-person)
rairōdīm (first-person past plural)
rairōdīd (past plural second-person)
rairōn (plural present third-person)
rairōdīn (past plural third-person)
rairō (present singular)
rairōþ (plural present)
rairōndī (participle present)
rairōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: rārian
Middle English: raren, roren
English: roar
Scots: rare, rair
>? Scots: rere, reir

Old Frisian: *rāria

Saterland Frisian: roorje

Old Saxon: *rērōn

Middle Low German: rêren, râren

German Low German: reren, raren

Old Dutch: *rēron

Middle Dutch: reren

Dutch: reren

Old High German: rērēn

Middle High German: rēren

German: rehren, röhren

From Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“to scream; roar; howl; bark”).


bikwāmī

bikwāmī (masculine nominative singular)
bikwāmiju (feminine nominative singular)
bikwāmī (neuter nominative singular)
bikwāmijanā (accusative masculine singular)
bikwāmijā (accusative feminine singular)
bikwāmī (accusative neuter singular)
bikwāmijas (genitive masculine singular)
bikwāmijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bikwāmijas (genitive neuter singular)
bikwāmijumē (dative masculine singular)
bikwāmijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
bikwāmijumē (dative neuter singular)
bikwāmiju (instrumental masculine singular)
bikwāmijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bikwāmiju (instrumental neuter singular)
bikwāmijē (masculine nominative plural)
bikwāmijō (feminine nominative plural)
bikwāmiju (neuter nominative plural)
bikwāmijā (accusative masculine plural)
bikwāmijā (accusative feminine plural)
bikwāmiju (accusative neuter plural)
bikwāmijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bikwāmijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bikwāmijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bikwāmijēm (dative masculine plural)
bikwāmijum (dative masculine plural)
bikwāmijēm (dative feminine plural)
bikwāmijum (dative feminine plural)
bikwāmijēm (dative neuter plural)
bikwāmijum (dative neuter plural)
bikwāmijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bikwāmijum (instrumental masculine plural)
bikwāmijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bikwāmijum (feminine instrumental plural)
bikwāmijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bikwāmijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *biquāmi

Middle Low German: bequeme, bequame

Low German: bequeem

→ Swedish: bekväm

Old Dutch: *biquāmi

Middle Dutch: bequame

Dutch: bekwaam

Old High German: biquāmi

Middle High German: bequäme

German: bequem

⇒ Old High German: unbiquāmi

From *bi- + *kwāmī, from Proto-Germanic *kwēmiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


furkō

forkō (nominative singular)
forkan (nominative plural)
forkan (accusative singular)
forkan (accusative plural)
furkini (genitive singular)
forkan (genitive singular)
forkanō (genitive plural)
furkini (dative singular)
forkan (dative singular)
furkum (dative plural)
furkini (instrumental singular)
forkan (instrumental singular)
furkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: forca, force

desctree

Middle English: forke, fork, furke, forch, fourch
English: fork (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fork
Yola: vork

Old Frisian: forke

North Frisian: forck

desc

Saterland Frisian: Fúurke, Fouerke (Strukelje)

West Frisian: foarke

Old Saxon: furka

Middle Low German: vorke

→ German: Forke

Old Dutch: furka

desctree

Middle Dutch: vorke
Dutch: vork
Afrikaans: vurk
→? Sotho: fereko
→ Xhosa: ifolokhwe
Berbice Creole Dutch: forku, foruku
Negerhollands: vork
→ Caribbean Javanese: forok
→ Indonesian: porok
→ Papiamentu: fòrki (from the diminutive)
→? Sranan Tongo: forku
→ Aukan: foluku
→ Caribbean Hindustani: forku, phorku
→ Saramaccan: folúku
→ Manado Malay: forok

Old High German: furka, furcha

Middle High German: furke

Alemannic German: Furgge

→ Old Norse: forkr

Danish: fork


nahtigalā

nahtigalā (nominative singular)
nahtigalōn (nominative plural)
nahtigalōn (accusative singular)
nahtigalōn (accusative plural)
nahtigalōn (genitive singular)
nahtigalōnō (genitive plural)
nahtigalōn (dative singular)
nahtigalōm (dative plural)
nahtigalum (dative plural)
nahtigalōn (instrumental singular)
nahtigalōm (instrumental plural)
nahtigalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nihtegale f, nihtegala m
Middle English: nyghtgale, niȝtegale, nightegale, nightgale
English: nightgale (obsolete)
Scots: nychtgale
⇒ Middle English: nyghtyngale, nightingale, niȝtingale, nyhtingale, nyȝtyngale, nightyngale
English: nightingale
Scots: nichtingale

Old Frisian: *nachtegāle

Saterland Frisian: Noachtegoal

West Frisian: geale, geal

Old Saxon: nahtagala, nahtigala
Middle Low German: nachtegale
German Low German:
East Frisian Low Saxon, Westphalian (Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch): Nachtigall
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: Nachtigalle
Westmünsterländisch: Nachtegall
Plautdietsch: Nachtigaul
→ Icelandic: næturgali
→ Faroese: náttargali
→ Norwegian: nattergal
→ Swedish: näktergal
→ Danish: nattergal
→ Gutnish: näktagal

Old Dutch: *nahtagala

Middle Dutch: nachtegale, nachtegael

Dutch: nachtegaal
Afrikaans: nagtegaal
→ West Frisian: nachtegael, nachtegeal, nachtegeale

Old High German: nahtigala, nahtagala

Middle High German: nahtegal, nahtgal

German: Nachtigall
→ Saterland Frisian: Nachtigal

⇒ Luxembourgish: Nuechtegailchen

From *naht (“night”) + *galā (“singer”), from *galan (“to sing”).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


falgōn

falgōn (infinitive)
falgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
falgōnijē (dative infinitive)
falgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
falgō (first-person present singular)
falgōdā (first-person past singular)
falgōs (present second-person singular)
falgōdēs (past second-person singular)
falgōdōs (past second-person singular)
falgōþ (present singular third-person)
falgōdē (past singular third-person)
falgōdā (past singular third-person)
falgōm (first-person plural present)
falgōdum (first-person past plural)
falgōþ (plural present second-person)
falgōdud (past plural second-person)
falgōnþ (plural present third-person)
falgōdun (past plural third-person)
falgōdī (first-person past singular)
falgōdī (past second-person singular)
falgō (present singular third-person)
falgōdī (past singular third-person)
falgōdīm (first-person past plural)
falgōdīd (past plural second-person)
falgōn (plural present third-person)
falgōdīn (past plural third-person)
falgō (present singular)
falgōþ (plural present)
falgōndī (participle present)
falgōd (participle past)

Old English: fealgian

Middle English: falwen, falowen

English: fallow

Scots: falow, fallow

Old Frisian: *falgia, *felgia

Saterland Frisian: foolgje

West Frisian: falgje, felgje

Old Saxon: *falgōn

Middle Low German: valgen

German Low German: falgen

→ Dutch: valgen

Old High German: *falgōn

Middle High German: valgen

to break up ground, till, plough land, fallow


wurhtijō

wurhtijō (nominative singular)
wurhtijan (nominative plural)
wurhtijan (accusative singular)
wurhtijan (accusative plural)
wurhtijini (genitive singular)
wurhtijan (genitive singular)
wurhtijanō (genitive plural)
wurhtijini (dative singular)
wurhtijan (dative singular)
wurhtijum (dative plural)
wurhtijini (instrumental singular)
wurhtijan (instrumental singular)
wurhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrhta, werhta, wryhta, wyrcta
Middle English: wurhte, wruhte, wriȝte, wrighte
Scots: wricht, wrycht, wrecht
English: wright

Old Frisian: wrichta

Old Saxon: wurhtio

Old Dutch: *wurhto

Middle Dutch: wrochte, wrechte, wrecht

Dutch: wrecht

Old High German: wurhto


godakund

godakund (masculine nominative singular)
godakundu (feminine nominative singular)
godakund (neuter nominative singular)
godakundanā (accusative masculine singular)
godakundā (accusative feminine singular)
godakund (accusative neuter singular)
godakundas (genitive masculine singular)
godakundeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
godakundas (genitive neuter singular)
godakundumē (dative masculine singular)
godakundeʀē (dative feminine singular)
godakundumē (dative neuter singular)
godakundu (instrumental masculine singular)
godakundeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
godakundu (instrumental neuter singular)
godakundē (masculine nominative plural)
godakundō (feminine nominative plural)
godakundu (neuter nominative plural)
godakundā (accusative masculine plural)
godakundā (accusative feminine plural)
godakundu (accusative neuter plural)
godakundeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
godakundeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
godakundeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
godakundēm (dative masculine plural)
godakundum (dative masculine plural)
godakundēm (dative feminine plural)
godakundum (dative feminine plural)
godakundēm (dative neuter plural)
godakundum (dative neuter plural)
godakundēm (instrumental masculine plural)
godakundum (instrumental masculine plural)
godakundēm (feminine instrumental plural)
godakundum (feminine instrumental plural)
godakundēm (instrumental neuter plural)
godakundum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: godcund

Middle English: godcund

Old Saxon: godkund

Old High German: gotkund


seglōn

seglōn (infinitive)
seglōnijas (genitive infinitive)
seglōnijē (dative infinitive)
seglōniju (infinitive instrumental)
seglō (first-person present singular)
seglōdā (first-person past singular)
seglōs (present second-person singular)
seglōdēs (past second-person singular)
seglōdōs (past second-person singular)
seglōþ (present singular third-person)
seglōdē (past singular third-person)
seglōdā (past singular third-person)
seglōm (first-person plural present)
seglōdum (first-person past plural)
seglōþ (plural present second-person)
seglōdud (past plural second-person)
seglōnþ (plural present third-person)
seglōdun (past plural third-person)
seglōdī (first-person past singular)
seglōdī (past second-person singular)
seglō (present singular third-person)
seglōdī (past singular third-person)
seglōdīm (first-person past plural)
seglōdīd (past plural second-person)
seglōn (plural present third-person)
seglōdīn (past plural third-person)
seglō (present singular)
seglōþ (plural present)
seglōndī (participle present)
seglōd (participle past)

Old English: seġlian
Middle English: seilien, seilen, saylen, sailen (merged with descendant of seġlan, siġlan)
English: sail
Scots: sail

Old Frisian: *seilja

Saterland Frisian: sailje

West Frisian: seilje

Old Saxon: *seglōn

Middle Low German: sēgelen, seilen

German Low German: seilen

Plautdietsch: säajlen

Old Dutch: *seglon

Middle Dutch: seilen, seylen

Dutch: zeilen

Afrikaans: seil

Old High German: *seglōn

Middle High German: segelen

German: segeln


diht

diht (nominative singular)
dihtu (nominative plural)
diht (accusative singular)
dihtu (accusative plural)
dihtas (genitive singular)
dihtō (genitive plural)
dihtē (dative singular)
dihtum (dative plural)
dihtu (instrumental singular)
dihtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: diht

English: diht

Old Frisian: dicht


bedul

bedul (masculine nominative singular)
bedulu (feminine nominative singular)
bedul (neuter nominative singular)
bedulanā (accusative masculine singular)
bedulā (accusative feminine singular)
bedul (accusative neuter singular)
bedulas (genitive masculine singular)
beduleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bedulas (genitive neuter singular)
bedulumē (dative masculine singular)
beduleʀē (dative feminine singular)
bedulumē (dative neuter singular)
bedulu (instrumental masculine singular)
beduleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bedulu (instrumental neuter singular)
bedulē (masculine nominative plural)
bedulō (feminine nominative plural)
bedulu (neuter nominative plural)
bedulā (accusative masculine plural)
bedulā (accusative feminine plural)
bedulu (accusative neuter plural)
beduleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
beduleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
beduleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bedulēm (dative masculine plural)
bedulum (dative masculine plural)
bedulēm (dative feminine plural)
bedulum (dative feminine plural)
bedulēm (dative neuter plural)
bedulum (dative neuter plural)
bedulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bedulum (instrumental masculine plural)
bedulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bedulum (feminine instrumental plural)
bedulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bedulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: bedul, bedol

Old Frisian: bedel

From Proto-Germanic *bedulaz. Equivalent to *biddjan + *-ul.


ilīk

Old English: ilca, ylca

Middle English: ilke

Scots: ilk

English: ilk


bileugan

bileugan (infinitive)
bileugannjas (genitive infinitive)
bileugannjē (dative infinitive)
bileugannju (infinitive instrumental)
bileugu (first-person present singular)
bilaug (first-person past singular)
biliugiʀi (present second-person singular)
bilugī (past second-person singular)
biliugidi (present singular third-person)
bilaug (past singular third-person)
bileugum (first-person plural present)
bilugum (first-person past plural)
biliugid (plural present second-person)
bilugud (past plural second-person)
bileugand (plural present third-person)
bilugun (past plural third-person)
bileugē (first-person present singular)
bilugī (first-person past singular)
bileugēs (present second-person singular)
bileugē (present singular third-person)
bilugī (past singular third-person)
bileugēm (first-person plural present)
bilugīm (first-person past plural)
bileugēþ (plural present second-person)
bilugīd (past plural second-person)
bileugēn (plural present third-person)
bilugīn (past plural third-person)
biliug (present singular)
biliugid (plural present)
bileugandī (participle present)
bilogan (participle past)

Old English: belēogan

Middle English: beleoȝen, belyen

English: belie

Old Frisian: biliaga

Old Dutch: *biliagan

Dutch: beliegen

Middle Low German: belegen

→ Old Danish:

Danish: belyve (dated)

→ Old Swedish: beliugha

Swedish: beljuga

→ Norwegian Bokmål: belyve (dated)

Old High German: biliogan

German: belügen


haiþi

haiþi (nominative singular)
haiþijō (nominative plural)
haiþijā (accusative singular)
haiþijā (accusative plural)
haiþijā (genitive singular)
haiþijō (genitive plural)
haiþijē (dative singular)
haiþijōm (dative plural)
haiþijum (dative plural)
haiþiju (instrumental singular)
haiþijōm (instrumental plural)
haiþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣþ
Middle English: heeth, heth, hethe, hath, hathe, hoth, hothe
English: heath, heather
Scots: haithe (in compounds)

Old Frisian: *hēthe

North Frisian: hiiđ

Saterland Frisian: Heede

West Frisian: heide

Old Saxon: hētha

Middle Low German: heide

German Low German: Heide, Heid

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Häide m, Haide f (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Håi'n (Ravensberger)

Old Dutch: *heitha

Middle Dutch: heide

Dutch: heide, hei

Afrikaans: heide

Old High German: heida

Middle High German: heide

German: Heide

Luxembourgish: Heed


strangiþu

strangiþu (nominative singular)
strangiþō (nominative plural)
strangiþā (accusative singular)
strangiþā (accusative plural)
strangiþā (genitive singular)
strangiþō (genitive plural)
strangiþē (dative singular)
strangiþōm (dative plural)
strangiþum (dative plural)
strangiþu (instrumental singular)
strangiþōm (instrumental plural)
strangiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strengþu, strengþo, strengþ
Middle English: strengthe, strenthe, streynthe, strynthe
English: strength
Scots: strenth, strinth

Old Saxon: *strengitha

desc

Middle Low German: *strengede, *strengde, *strengte

German Low German: Strengde, Strengte

Old Dutch: *strengitha

Middle Dutch: *strengede, *strengde, *strengte

Dutch: strengte

Old High German: strengida


finnā

finnā (nominative singular)
finnōn (nominative plural)
finnōn (accusative singular)
finnōn (accusative plural)
finnōn (genitive singular)
finnōnō (genitive plural)
finnōn (dative singular)
finnōm (dative plural)
finnum (dative plural)
finnōn (instrumental singular)
finnōm (instrumental plural)
finnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: finn m
Middle English: finne, fynne, fyn
Scots: fin, fyn
English: fin

Old Frisian: *finne (possibly attested in derivative finnich (adj))

Saterland Frisian: Finne f

West Frisian: fin

Old Saxon: *finna

Middle Low German: vinne f

German Low German: Finne, Finn

→ German: Finne

→ Danish: finne

→ Norwegian: finne

Old Dutch: *finna

Middle Dutch: vinne

Dutch: vin

Afrikaans: vin

From Proto-Germanic *finnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pi-n-h₂-néh₂, suffixed nasal-infix of *(s)peyh₂-. Cognate with Latin pinna (“fin”).


hrif

hrif (nominative singular)
hrifu (nominative plural)
hrif (accusative singular)
hrifu (accusative plural)
hrifas (genitive singular)
hrifō (genitive plural)
hrifē (dative singular)
hrifum (dative plural)
hrifu (instrumental singular)
hrifum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrif

Middle English: *rif

English: riff

Old Frisian: hrif, href

⇒ Old Frisian: inhrif, inhref

Old Saxon: *hrif

Middle Low German: rif, ref

German Low German: Riff

Old Dutch: ref

Middle Dutch: *rif

Dutch: rif

Old High German: href

middelrif

Old Saxon: *middilhrif; Middle Low German


kwalljā

kwalljā (nominative singular)
kwalljōn (nominative plural)
kwalljōn (accusative singular)
kwalljōn (accusative plural)
kwalljōn (genitive singular)
kwalljōnō (genitive plural)
kwalljōn (dative singular)
kwalljōm (dative plural)
kwalljum (dative plural)
kwalljōn (instrumental singular)
kwalljōm (instrumental plural)
kwalljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cwiella, cwylla

Middle English: *quelle

English: quell, quill (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *kwelle f; *kwella m

West Frisian: kwelle, kwel m or f

Old Saxon: kwella, quella

desc

Middle Low German: quelle m, quel m or f

German Low German: Quell

⇒ Middle High German: gequelle n, gequel m

Old Dutch: *kwella

Middle Dutch: quelle

Dutch: kwel

Old High German: kwella, quella

Middle High German: quelle

German: Quelle, Kwelle (obsolete)

Hunsrik: Quell

Luxembourgish: Quell

⇒ Old High German: brunkwella, brunquella, brunkulle

Middle High German: brunnenquelle

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to drip; to well”). Cognate with Sanskrit गलति (galati, “to drip”), Hittite [Term?] (/ku(wa)liya-/, “to flow (calmly), to be calm”).


raisōn

raisōn (infinitive)
raisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
raisōnijē (dative infinitive)
raisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
raisō (first-person present singular)
raisōdā (first-person past singular)
raisōs (present second-person singular)
raisōdēs (past second-person singular)
raisōdōs (past second-person singular)
raisōþ (present singular third-person)
raisōdē (past singular third-person)
raisōdā (past singular third-person)
raisōm (first-person plural present)
raisōdum (first-person past plural)
raisōþ (plural present second-person)
raisōdud (past plural second-person)
raisōnþ (plural present third-person)
raisōdun (past plural third-person)
raisōdī (first-person past singular)
raisōdī (past second-person singular)
raisō (present singular third-person)
raisōdī (past singular third-person)
raisōdīm (first-person past plural)
raisōdīd (past plural second-person)
raisōn (plural present third-person)
raisōdīn (past plural third-person)
raisō (present singular)
raisōþ (plural present)
raisōndī (participle present)
raisōd (participle past)

Old English: rāsian

Old Frisian: *rēsia

North Frisian: reyse

Saterland Frisian: raisje

West Frisian: reizgje

Old Saxon: *rēsōn

Middle Low German: rêsen, reisen

German Low German: reisen

→ Danish: rejse

→ Swedish: resa

→ Norwegian: reise

Old Dutch: *reison

desctree

Middle Dutch: reisen, rêsen
Dutch: reizen
Limburgish: reize, rieze
→ Middle English: reysen, reycen
English: reyse

Old High German: reisōn

Middle High German: reisen

German: reisen

Hunsrik: reise

Luxembourgish: reesen


milidauw

milidauw (nominative singular)
milidauwō (nominative plural)
milidauwōs (nominative plural)
milidauw (accusative singular)
milidauwā (accusative plural)
milidauwas (genitive singular)
milidauwō (genitive plural)
milidauwē (dative singular)
milidauwum (dative plural)
milidauwu (instrumental singular)
milidauwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mildēaw, meledēaw
Middle English: myldew, meldew, mildew, myldewe, mildeu (Early Middle English)
English: mildew
→ Catalan: míldiu
→ French: mildiou
→ Portuguese: míldio
→ Spanish: mildiu

Old Frisian: *meldāw

West Frisian: moaldau

Old Saxon: milidou

Middle Low German: meldow

Low German: Meldau

Plautdietsch: Mäldeiw

→ Swedish: mjöldagg

→ Danish: meldug

Old Dutch: *milidou

Middle Dutch: *meledau

Dutch: meeldauw

Old High German: militou

Middle High German: miltau

German: Mehltau

Hunsrik: Milldau

Luxembourgish: Mielda


nastilu

nastilu (nominative singular)
nastilō (nominative plural)
nastilā (accusative singular)
nastilā (accusative plural)
nastilā (genitive singular)
nastilō (genitive plural)
nastilē (dative singular)
nastilōm (dative plural)
nastilum (dative plural)
nastilu (instrumental singular)
nastilōm (instrumental plural)
nastilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: nestle, nesle f, nestla m

Old Saxon: nestila f

Middle Low German: nestel

Old Dutch: *nastila, *nestila

Middle Dutch: nastel, nestele, nestel

Dutch: nestel

Old High German: nestila f, nestilo m

Middle High German: nestel f

German: Nestel f

→ Italian: nastro

→ Romanian: nasture

→ Old French: nasle, lasne

⇒ Old French: nasliere, lasniere

Middle French: laniere

French: lanière

→ Middle English: lanyer

English: lanyard

From *nastijan (“to to bind, tie, sew”) + *-ilu.


glasīn

glasīn (masculine nominative singular)
glasīnu (feminine nominative singular)
glasīn (neuter nominative singular)
glasīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
glasīnā (accusative feminine singular)
glasīn (accusative neuter singular)
glasīnas (genitive masculine singular)
glasīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
glasīnas (genitive neuter singular)
glasīnumē (dative masculine singular)
glasīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
glasīnumē (dative neuter singular)
glasīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
glasīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
glasīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
glasīnē (masculine nominative plural)
glasīnō (feminine nominative plural)
glasīnu (neuter nominative plural)
glasīnā (accusative masculine plural)
glasīnā (accusative feminine plural)
glasīnu (accusative neuter plural)
glasīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
glasīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
glasīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
glasīnēm (dative masculine plural)
glasīnum (dative masculine plural)
glasīnēm (dative feminine plural)
glasīnum (dative feminine plural)
glasīnēm (dative neuter plural)
glasīnum (dative neuter plural)
glasīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
glasīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
glasīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
glasīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
glasīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
glasīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: glæsen

desc

Middle English: glasen, glasyn, glassen, glesne

English: glazen, glassen

Scots: glasin, glaisin, glassin

Old Frisian: *glesen

Saterland Frisian: glääsen

West Frisian: glêsen

Old Saxon: glesīn

Middle Low German: glesen, glēsen, glāsen

German Low German: glasen

Old Dutch: *glasīn

Middle Dutch: glasin, glasijn, glasen

Dutch: glazen

Old High German: glesīn

Middle High German: glesīn

German: gläsern

Luxembourgish: gliesen


ahurn

ahurn (nominative singular)
ahurnō (nominative plural)
ahurnōs (nominative plural)
ahurn (accusative singular)
ahurnā (accusative plural)
ahurnas (genitive singular)
ahurnō (genitive plural)
ahurnē (dative singular)
ahurnum (dative plural)
ahurnu (instrumental singular)
ahurnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ahorn

desctree

Old High German: ahorn, ahurn, acharn
Middle High German: ahorn
German: Ahorn
→ Proto-Slavic: *àvorъ (see there for further descendants)

A European word, possibly of non-IE substrate origin. Cognate with Latin acer.


arjan

arjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
arjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
arjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
arjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
arju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
aridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
arisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
aridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
aridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
aridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
aridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
arjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
aridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
ariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
aridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
arjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
aridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
arjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
aridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
arjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
aridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
arjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
aridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
arjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
aridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
arjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
aridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
arjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
aridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ari (class-1 present singular weak)
ariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
arjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
arid (class-1 participle past weak)
arjan (infinitive)
arjannjas (genitive infinitive)
arjannjē (dative infinitive)
arjannju (infinitive instrumental)
arju (first-person present singular)
ēr (first-person past singular)
ariʀi (present second-person singular)
ērī (past second-person singular)
aridi (present singular third-person)
ēr (past singular third-person)
arjum (first-person plural present)
ērum (first-person past plural)
arid (plural present second-person)
ērud (past plural second-person)
arjand (plural present third-person)
ērun (past plural third-person)
arjē (first-person present singular)
ērī (first-person past singular)
arjēs (present second-person singular)
arjē (present singular third-person)
ērī (past singular third-person)
arjēm (first-person plural present)
ērīm (first-person past plural)
arjēþ (plural present second-person)
ērīd (past plural second-person)
arjēn (plural present third-person)
ērīn (past plural third-person)
ari (present singular)
arid (plural present)
arjandī (participle present)
aran (participle past)

Old English: erian
Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen, ærien, erien (Early Middle English)
English: ear (archaic)
Scots: ear

Old Frisian: era, ara

Old Saxon: erian

Old Dutch: *erien, *erren

Middle Dutch: ēren, ērien, erren

Old High German: erien, erren

Middle High German: ern


tukkijan

tukkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
tukkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
tukkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
tukkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
tukkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
tukkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tukkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
tukkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tukkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tukkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
tukkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tukkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tukkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
tukkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tukkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
tukkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tukkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
tukkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tukkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
tukkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tukkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
tukkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tukkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
tukkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tukkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
tukkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tukkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
tukkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tukkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
tukkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tukki (class-1 present singular weak)
tukkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
tukkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
tukkid (class-1 participle past weak)

q

>? Old English: *tyċċan (perhaps preserved in preterite tyhte, which incidentally is identical to the preterite of tyhtan)

Old Frisian: tetzia, tetsia

Old Saxon: *tukkian

Middle Low German: tucken, tücken

German Low German: tucken

Old High German: zukken, zuhhen

Middle High German: zucken

German: zücken

From Proto-Germanic *tukjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *duk-yé-ti (“to pull”), from *dewk- (“to pull”) + *-yéti.


ūkā

ūkā (nominative singular)
ūkōn (nominative plural)
ūkōn (accusative singular)
ūkōn (accusative plural)
ūkōn (genitive singular)
ūkōnō (genitive plural)
ūkōn (dative singular)
ūkōm (dative plural)
ūkum (dative plural)
ūkōn (instrumental singular)
ūkōm (instrumental plural)
ūkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ȳċe f (< *ūkijā)

Old Saxon: *ūkea

>? Middle Low German: ûtze

German Low German: Üütse

Old High German: ūhha, ūcha

desc

Middle High German: ūche, ouche, ouke, oucke

German: Eutze (archaic)

Bavarian: Hötsch

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *wegʷ- (“to wet; moisten”).


krodu

krodu (nominative singular)
krodō (nominative plural)
krodā (accusative singular)
krodā (accusative plural)
krodā (genitive singular)
krodō (genitive plural)
krodē (dative singular)
krodōm (dative plural)
krodum (dative plural)
krodu (instrumental singular)
krodōm (instrumental plural)
krodum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krode

West Frisian: krôde

Old Saxon: *kroda

desc

Middle Low German: krode, krōde, krāde, kröde, krede

Low German: krodde, krödde, krod

→? Icelandic: karta

→ Swedish: groda

Old Dutch: *kroda, *kreda

Middle Dutch: krode, crade, krede

Dutch: krodde

Old High German: krota, kreta, chrota

Middle High German: krote, krotte, kröte, krëte

Alemannic German: Chrott, Chrotte

Cimbrian: khróota

German: Kröte

Hunsrik: Krott

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷredʰ-, compare Ancient Greek βάτραχος (bátrakhos, “frog”), Ionic Greek βρόταχος (brótakhos, “frog”).


klibr

klibr (masculine nominative singular)
klibru (feminine nominative singular)
klibr (neuter nominative singular)
klibranā (accusative masculine singular)
klibrā (accusative feminine singular)
klibr (accusative neuter singular)
klibras (genitive masculine singular)
klibreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
klibras (genitive neuter singular)
klibrumē (dative masculine singular)
klibreʀē (dative feminine singular)
klibrumē (dative neuter singular)
klibru (instrumental masculine singular)
klibreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
klibru (instrumental neuter singular)
klibrē (masculine nominative plural)
klibrō (feminine nominative plural)
klibru (neuter nominative plural)
klibrā (accusative masculine plural)
klibrā (accusative feminine plural)
klibru (accusative neuter plural)
klibreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
klibreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
klibreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
klibrēm (dative masculine plural)
klibrum (dative masculine plural)
klibrēm (dative feminine plural)
klibrum (dative feminine plural)
klibrēm (dative neuter plural)
klibrum (dative neuter plural)
klibrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
klibrum (instrumental masculine plural)
klibrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
klibrum (feminine instrumental plural)
klibrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
klibrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: clibbor

>? Middle English: clibbe, clib (by shortening ?)

Old Saxon: *klibbar, *klibbari

Middle Low German: klibber, klibbere

Old Dutch: *klibbar

gl

Middle Dutch: *clibber, *clebber (found only as substantive meaning "gum, goo, resin")

>? Dutch: klibber

Old High German: klebar

Middle High German: klëber

German: kleber

From *klibēn (“to stick, to adhere”) + *-r.


slidr

slidr (masculine nominative singular)
slidru (feminine nominative singular)
slidr (neuter nominative singular)
slidranā (accusative masculine singular)
slidrā (accusative feminine singular)
slidr (accusative neuter singular)
slidras (genitive masculine singular)
slidreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
slidras (genitive neuter singular)
slidrumē (dative masculine singular)
slidreʀē (dative feminine singular)
slidrumē (dative neuter singular)
slidru (instrumental masculine singular)
slidreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
slidru (instrumental neuter singular)
slidrē (masculine nominative plural)
slidrō (feminine nominative plural)
slidru (neuter nominative plural)
slidrā (accusative masculine plural)
slidrā (accusative feminine plural)
slidru (accusative neuter plural)
slidreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
slidreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
slidreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
slidrēm (dative masculine plural)
slidrum (dative masculine plural)
slidrēm (dative feminine plural)
slidrum (dative feminine plural)
slidrēm (dative neuter plural)
slidrum (dative neuter plural)
slidrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
slidrum (instrumental masculine plural)
slidrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
slidrum (feminine instrumental plural)
slidrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
slidrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: slidor, slider

Middle English: slidder

From Proto-Germanic *slidraz, from Proto-Indo-European *slidʰ-ró-s (“slippery”), from *sleydʰ- (“to slip; to be slippery”) + *-rós. Equivalent to *slīdan (“to slide”) + *-r.


wagi

wagi (nominative singular)
waggjō (nominative plural)
waggjōs (nominative plural)
wagi (accusative singular)
waggjā (accusative plural)
waggjas (genitive singular)
waggjō (genitive plural)
waggjē (dative singular)
waggjum (dative plural)
waggju (instrumental singular)
waggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weċġ

Middle English: wegge

English: wedge

Scots: weg, wegge, wadge, waige

Old Frisian: *wegge, *wigge

West Frisian: wigge

Old Saxon: weggi

Middle Low German: wegge

Old Dutch: *weggi

Middle Dutch: wegghe, wigghe

Dutch: weg, wegge, wig

Afrikaans: wig

Old High German: weggi, wekki, wecki

Middle High German: wegge, wecke

German: Wecke, Wecken, Weck

Hunsrik: Weck

Pennsylvania German: Weck


smaukijan

smaukijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
smaukijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
smaukijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
smaukijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
smaukiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaukidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smaukisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaukidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaukidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaukiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaukidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaukidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaukijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaukidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smaukiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaukidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smaukijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaukidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smaukijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaukidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smaukijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaukidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaukijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaukidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaukijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaukidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smaukijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaukidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smaukijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaukidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smauki (class-1 present singular weak)
smaukiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
smaukijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
smaukid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: smīecan

Middle English: smeken (weak verb) (possibly conflated with smēocan (strong verb))

Scots: smeek

Old Saxon: *smōkian

Middle Low German: smôken, smöken

Low German: smöken

⇒ Low German: Smöker

→ German: Schmöker

Old Dutch: *smouken, *smōken

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*smokōn</i>

Middle Dutch: smôken (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *smokōn)

Dutch: smoken


slittjan

slittjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
slittjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
slittjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
slittjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
slittju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
slittā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
slitisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
slittēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slittōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slitiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
slittē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slittā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slittjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
slittum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
slitiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
slittud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
slittjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
slittun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
slittjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
slittī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
slittjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
slittī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
slittjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
slittī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
slittjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
slittīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
slittjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
slittīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
slittjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
slittīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sliti (class-1 present singular weak)
slitiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
slittjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
slitt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: slizzen

Middle High German: slitzen

German: schlitzen

→ Old French: esclicier, esclicer

Middle French: ecclisser

French: éclisser

→ Middle English: sklicen, sklycen; esclice, slice (deverbal)

English: slice


murn

murn (masculine nominative singular)
murnu (feminine nominative singular)
murn (neuter nominative singular)
murnanā (accusative masculine singular)
murnā (accusative feminine singular)
murn (accusative neuter singular)
murnas (genitive masculine singular)
murneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
murnas (genitive neuter singular)
murnumē (dative masculine singular)
murneʀē (dative feminine singular)
murnumē (dative neuter singular)
murnu (instrumental masculine singular)
murneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
murnu (instrumental neuter singular)
murnē (masculine nominative plural)
murnō (feminine nominative plural)
murnu (neuter nominative plural)
murnā (accusative masculine plural)
murnā (accusative feminine plural)
murnu (accusative neuter plural)
murneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
murneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
murneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
murnēm (dative masculine plural)
murnum (dative masculine plural)
murnēm (dative feminine plural)
murnum (dative feminine plural)
murnēm (dative neuter plural)
murnum (dative neuter plural)
murnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
murnum (instrumental masculine plural)
murnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
murnum (feminine instrumental plural)
murnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
murnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *murn

Middle English: murne

English: mourn (adj) (obsolete)

⇒ Old English: unmurn

⇒ Old English: unmurne (adverb)

→ Old French: murne, morne

Middle French: morne

French: morne

→ Galician: morno

→ Portuguese: morno

⇒ Old High German: morna f (noun)

From the root of Proto-Germanic *murnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thought; remember; care for”).


gawiss

gawiss (masculine nominative singular)
gawissu (feminine nominative singular)
gawiss (neuter nominative singular)
gawissanā (accusative masculine singular)
gawissā (accusative feminine singular)
gawiss (accusative neuter singular)
gawissas (genitive masculine singular)
gawisseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gawissas (genitive neuter singular)
gawissumē (dative masculine singular)
gawisseʀē (dative feminine singular)
gawissumē (dative neuter singular)
gawissu (instrumental masculine singular)
gawisseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gawissu (instrumental neuter singular)
gawissē (masculine nominative plural)
gawissō (feminine nominative plural)
gawissu (neuter nominative plural)
gawissā (accusative masculine plural)
gawissā (accusative feminine plural)
gawissu (accusative neuter plural)
gawisseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gawisseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gawisseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gawissēm (dative masculine plural)
gawissum (dative masculine plural)
gawissēm (dative feminine plural)
gawissum (dative feminine plural)
gawissēm (dative neuter plural)
gawissum (dative neuter plural)
gawissēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gawissum (instrumental masculine plural)
gawissēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gawissum (feminine instrumental plural)
gawissēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gawissum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: ġewiss, ġewis
Middle English: ywis, iwis, wis, wiss
English: iwis, wis
Scots: iwis

Old Saxon: giwis, giwiss

Middle Low German: gewis

German Low German: gewiss

→ Kashubian: gwës

⇒ Kashubian: gwësny

→ Polish: gweśny (or from German)

Old Dutch: *giwiss

Middle Dutch: gewis, gewes

Dutch: gewis

Old High German: giwis
Middle High German: gewis; wis
German: gewiss
→ Saterland Frisian: gewis
Yiddish: געוויס (gevis)


brīw

brīw (nominative singular)
brīwō (nominative plural)
brīwōs (nominative plural)
brīw (accusative singular)
brīwā (accusative plural)
brīwas (genitive singular)
brīwō (genitive plural)
brīwē (dative singular)
brīum (dative plural)
brīu (instrumental singular)
brīum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brīw, brīu, brīġ, briiw, briiġ
Middle English: breie, bre
Scots: brie
English: bree

Old Frisian: *brī

Saterland Frisian: Bräi

West Frisian: brij

Old Saxon: brī

Middle Low German: brî, brîg

German Low German:

Märkisch, North Low German, Westphalian: Brie

East Frisian Low Saxon: Breei

Low Prussian, Westphalian (Sauerländisch): Brei

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: Brui (Kirchspiel Mülheim), Braue (Niedersfeld), Broi (Meschede)

Old Dutch: *brio, *brī

Middle Dutch: brî, bry

Dutch: brij

Old High German: brīo, brī, brīwo
Middle High German: brîe, brî
German: Brei
Luxembourgish: Bräi
Yiddish: ברײַ (bray)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Germanic *brīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréy-u-s ~ *bʰr̥y-éw-s, from *bʰr-ey-, from *bʰer- (“to boil”), cognate with Latin frīgō (“to roast”), Sanskrit भृज्जति (bhṛjjati, “to roast”).


grindil

grindil (nominative singular)
grindilō (nominative plural)
grindilōs (nominative plural)
grindil (accusative singular)
grindilā (accusative plural)
grindilas (genitive singular)
grindilō (genitive plural)
grindilē (dative singular)
grindilum (dative plural)
grindilu (instrumental singular)
grindilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: grindel

Old Saxon: grindil, grendil

Middle Low German: grindel, grendel

German Low German: Grendel, Grinnel, Grennel

Old Dutch: grindel

Middle Dutch: grindel, grendel

desctree

Dutch: grendel
Afrikaans: grendel
→ Caribbean Javanese: grèndhèl
→ Indonesian: gerendel
→ Javanese: ꦒꦿꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦭ꧀ (grèndhèl), grendel
→ Papiamentu: rèndu, grendel, grender

Old High German: grintil, crintil, grindil, krindil
Middle High German: grintel, grindel, grendel
German: Grindel

According to an almost universally accepted etymology, from *grindi (“fence”) + *-il (diminutive), from Proto-Germanic *grindiz (“fence”). A dissenting opinion by Trubachev argues for an early borrowing from Proto-Slavic.


ahtu

ahtu (nominative singular)
ahtō (nominative plural)
ahtā (accusative singular)
ahtā (accusative plural)
ahtā (genitive singular)
ahtō (genitive plural)
ahtē (dative singular)
ahtōm (dative plural)
ahtum (dative plural)
ahtu (instrumental singular)
ahtōm (instrumental plural)
ahtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eaht, æht

Middle English: aught, aut

English: aught

Scots: aught

Old Dutch: *ahta

Middle Dutch: achte

Dutch: acht

Afrikaans: ag

Old High German: ahta

Middle High German: ahte

Unknown; possibly derived from Proto-Germanic *ahjaną (“to think”).


muntijan

muntijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
muntijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
muntijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
muntijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
muntiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
muntidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
muntisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
muntidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
muntidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
muntiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
muntidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
muntidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
muntijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
muntidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
muntiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
muntidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
muntijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
muntidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
muntijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
muntidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
muntijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
muntidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
muntijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
muntidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
muntijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
muntidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
muntijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
muntidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
muntijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
muntidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
munti (class-1 present singular weak)
muntiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
muntijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
muntid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: myntan
Middle English: mynten, minten, munten
English: mint (dialectal)
Scots: mint

Old Frisian: *muntia

West Frisian: muntsje, mintsje (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *muntian

Middle Low German: münten

German Low German: münten

Old Dutch: *munten

Middle Dutch: munten

Dutch: munten
Afrikaans: munt
→ Danish: mønte

Old High German: *munzen

Middle High German: münzen

German: münzen

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”).


windwōn

windwōn (infinitive)
windwōnijas (genitive infinitive)
windwōnijē (dative infinitive)
windwōniju (infinitive instrumental)
windwō (first-person present singular)
windwōdā (first-person past singular)
windwōs (present second-person singular)
windwōdēs (past second-person singular)
windwōdōs (past second-person singular)
windwōþ (present singular third-person)
windwōdē (past singular third-person)
windwōdā (past singular third-person)
windwōm (first-person plural present)
windwōdum (first-person past plural)
windwōþ (plural present second-person)
windwōdud (past plural second-person)
windwōnþ (plural present third-person)
windwōdun (past plural third-person)
windwōdī (first-person past singular)
windwōdī (past second-person singular)
windwō (present singular third-person)
windwōdī (past singular third-person)
windwōdīm (first-person past plural)
windwōdīd (past plural second-person)
windwōn (plural present third-person)
windwōdīn (past plural third-person)
windwō (present singular)
windwōþ (plural present)
windwōndī (participle present)
windwōd (participle past)

Old English: windwian
Middle English: windwen, windewen, winewen
English: winnow
Scots: window, windo, winow, winnow

Old Frisian: *windwia, *windia

West Frisian: wynje

Old Saxon: windōn

Middle Low German: winden

Middle Low German: *winde

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: stênwinde, steinwinde

Old Dutch: *windon

Middle Dutch: winden, wynden

Dutch: winden, winnen (dialectal)

Old High German: wintōn

Middle High German: winden

German: winden


weþmō

weþmō (nominative singular)
weþman (nominative plural)
weþman (accusative singular)
weþman (accusative plural)
witini (genitive singular)
wetan (genitive singular)
wetanō (genitive plural)
witini (dative singular)
wetan (dative singular)
wetum (dative plural)
witini (instrumental singular)
wetan (instrumental singular)
wetum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wituma, wetma, uuituma, weotoma, weotuma, weoþuma

Old Frisian: wetma, witma

Old Saxon: withumo

Middle Low German: wēdeme, widdem

Old Dutch: withemo

Middle Dutch: wedeme, wedem, weeme, weme

Dutch: weem

→ West Frisian: weme

Old High German: widamo, widomo, widemo

Middle High German: wideme, widem

German: Wittum

From earlier *wetmō through Bahder's law, from Proto-Germanic *wetmô.


Hlūdawīg

Hlūdawīg (nominative singular)
Hlūdawīg (accusative singular)
Hlūdawīgas (genitive singular)
Hlūdawīgē (dative singular)
Hlūdawīgu (instrumental singular)

Middle Dutch: Lodewijc

Dutch: Lodewijk

Old High German: Lūdwīg, Hlūtwīg, Ludhuwīg, Hludwig, *Hlūtwīg

Middle High German: Ludewig

Rhine Franconian: Ludwich

German: Ludwig (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: Lúðvíg, Lóðvíg, Lóðvík

Icelandic: Lúðvíg, Lúðvík

Faroese: Ludvík

Norwegian: Ludvig, Ludvik

Old Danish: Ludvig

Danish: Ludwik, Ludvik, Ludwik, Ludvig (see there for further descendants)

Old Swedish: Lodwig, Lodwik

Swedish: Ludvig, Ludvik

→ Finnish: Ludvig, Ludvik

→ Latin: Clodovicus, Chlodovechus, Lodhuuic, Hlodowicus, Hluduicus, Ludovicus (see there for further descendants)

→ French: Clovis
→ English: Clovis

→ Norman: Clovis

→ Old French: Chlodowig, Lodhwig, Lodhuuig, Lodhuwig, Lodhuvigs, Looïs, Luis

Anglo-Norman:

→ Middle English: Lewis, Lowis

English: Lewis

Middle French: Loïc, Loïs

French: Louis (see there for further descendants)

→ Breton: Loïc

Norman: Louis

→ Catalan: Lluís

→ Cimbrian: Luis

→ English: Louis (see there for further descendants)

→ Galician: Lois

→ German: Luis

→ Italian: Luigi (see there for further descendants)

→ Occitan: Loís

→ Old Occitan: Aloys

→ Latin: Aloysius

→ Alemannic German: Alewiss

→ Czech: Alois

→ English: Aloysius

→ German: Alois

→ Hungarian: Alajos

→ Irish: Alaois

→ Italian: Aloisio

→ Polish: Alojzy

→ Portuguese: Aloísio

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: Alojz, Alojzije

→ Slovak: Alojz

→ Slovene: Alojz, Alojzij

→ Venetian: Alvise

→ Portuguese: Luís (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: Luis (see there for further descendants)

From *hlūd (“loud, famous”) + *wīg (“fight, battle”).

af

a male given name, meaning famous in battle


teuʀōn

teuʀōn (infinitive)
teuʀōnijas (genitive infinitive)
teuʀōnijē (dative infinitive)
teuʀōniju (infinitive instrumental)
teuʀō (first-person present singular)
teuʀōdā (first-person past singular)
teuʀōs (present second-person singular)
teuʀōdēs (past second-person singular)
teuʀōdōs (past second-person singular)
teuʀōþ (present singular third-person)
teuʀōdē (past singular third-person)
teuʀōdā (past singular third-person)
teuʀōm (first-person plural present)
teuʀōdum (first-person past plural)
teuʀōþ (plural present second-person)
teuʀōdud (past plural second-person)
teuʀōnþ (plural present third-person)
teuʀōdun (past plural third-person)
teuʀōdī (first-person past singular)
teuʀōdī (past second-person singular)
teuʀō (present singular third-person)
teuʀōdī (past singular third-person)
teuʀōdīm (first-person past plural)
teuʀōdīd (past plural second-person)
teuʀōn (plural present third-person)
teuʀōdīn (past plural third-person)
teuʀō (present singular)
teuʀōþ (plural present)
teuʀōndī (participle present)
teuʀōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: tēorian, tȳrian
Middle English: tiren, tere, teoren (Early Middle English)
English: tire
Scots: tire, tyre, tyr

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dews- (“to lack, need, require”), compare Ancient Greek δέω (déō, “To lack, need, require”), Sanskrit दोष (doṣa, “fault, deficiency”).


kabisi

kabisi (nominative singular)
kabissjō (nominative plural)
kabissjā (accusative singular)
kabissjā (accusative plural)
kabissjā (genitive singular)
kabissjō (genitive plural)
kabissjē (dative singular)
kabissjōm (dative plural)
kabissjum (dative plural)
kabissju (instrumental singular)
kabissjōm (instrumental plural)
kabissjum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: ċiefes, ċyfys, ċifes, ċyfes

Middle English: chevese, chivese

Old Saxon: kevis

Middle Low German: kēvis, kēves

Low German: Keves

Old Dutch: *kevesa

Middle Dutch: kēefse, kēvisse, kiese

Dutch: kevis (“adultery”)

Old High German: kebis, chebis, kebisa, chebisa

Middle High German: kebes, kebese, kebse

→ German: Kebse (learned, 18th c.)

⇒ Old High German: kebiswīb

Middle High German: kebeswīp

German: Kebsweib (inherited)


aigan

aigan (infinitive)
aigannjas (genitive infinitive)
aigannjē (dative infinitive)
aigannju (infinitive instrumental)
aih (first-person present singular)
aihtā (first-person past singular)
aiht (present second-person singular)
aihtēs (past second-person singular)
aih (present singular third-person)
aihtē (past singular third-person)
aigum (first-person plural present)
aihtum (first-person past plural)
aigud (plural present second-person)
aihtud (past plural second-person)
aigun (plural present third-person)
aihtun (past plural third-person)
aigī (first-person present singular)
aihtī (first-person past singular)
aigī (present second-person singular)
aihtī (past second-person singular)
aigī (present singular third-person)
aihtī (past singular third-person)
aigīm (first-person plural present)
aihtīm (first-person past plural)
aigīd (plural present second-person)
aihtīd (past plural second-person)
aigīn (plural present third-person)
aihtīn (past plural third-person)
aigandī (participle present)
aigan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: āgan
Middle English: owen, ouen, own, owe, awen, aȝen
English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)
Scots: aw, awe

Old Frisian: āga, hāga

North Frisian: age

Old Saxon: ēgan

Middle Low German: êgen, eigen

German Low German: egen

Old Dutch: *ēgan

Middle Dutch: eigen, êgen

Dutch: eigen (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: eigan

Middle High German: eigen


aigan

aigan (masculine nominative singular)
aiganu (feminine nominative singular)
aigan (neuter nominative singular)
aigananā (accusative masculine singular)
aiganā (accusative feminine singular)
aigan (accusative neuter singular)
aiganas (genitive masculine singular)
aiganeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aiganas (genitive neuter singular)
aiganumē (dative masculine singular)
aiganeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aiganumē (dative neuter singular)
aiganu (instrumental masculine singular)
aiganeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aiganu (instrumental neuter singular)
aiganē (masculine nominative plural)
aiganō (feminine nominative plural)
aiganu (neuter nominative plural)
aiganā (accusative masculine plural)
aiganā (accusative feminine plural)
aiganu (accusative neuter plural)
aiganeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aiganeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aiganeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aiganēm (dative masculine plural)
aiganum (dative masculine plural)
aiganēm (dative feminine plural)
aiganum (dative feminine plural)
aiganēm (dative neuter plural)
aiganum (dative neuter plural)
aiganēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aiganum (instrumental masculine plural)
aiganēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aiganum (feminine instrumental plural)
aiganēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aiganum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: āgen

Middle English: aȝen, oȝen, owen

Scots: ain, awne

English: own

Northumbrian: aan

Old Frisian: ēgen, ēin, āin

Saterland Frisian: oain

West Frisian: eigen

Old Saxon: ēgan

Middle Low German: êgen

German Low German: egen

Old Dutch: egan

Middle Dutch: êgen, eigen

Dutch: eigen
Afrikaans: eie
Berbice Creole Dutch: egn
Jersey Dutch: āixe
Negerhollands: eegen, eigen
Sranan Tongo: eigi
Aukan: eigi
Saramaccan: éigi

Old High German: eigan

Middle High German: eigen

Central Franconian: eije, eeje, ääje

German: eigen

Luxembourgish: eegen


speut

speut (nominative singular)
speutō (nominative plural)
speutōs (nominative plural)
speut (accusative singular)
speutā (accusative plural)
speutas (genitive singular)
speutō (genitive plural)
speutē (dative singular)
speutum (dative plural)
speutu (instrumental singular)
speutum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: spiot

Middle Low German: spêt

Old Dutch: *spiot

Middle Dutch: spiet

Old High German: spioz

Middle High German: spiez

German: Spieß

→ Middle Low German: spitz, spies, spis

→ Finnish: peitsi

desc

→ Middle Dutch: spietse, spiesse, spesse

Dutch: spies

Afrikaans: spies

→ Late Latin: speutum, speudum

Old French: espiet (see there for further descendants)


skadu

skadu (nominative singular)
skadwō (nominative plural)
skadwōs (nominative plural)
skadu (accusative singular)
skadwā (accusative plural)
skadwas (genitive singular)
skadwō (genitive plural)
skadwē (dative singular)
skadum (dative plural)
skadu (instrumental singular)
skadum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċeadu
Middle English: schadwe, schadewe, schadowe, schade
English: shadow, shade, shed
Scots: scaddow, schaddow, shadow, shade, schad

Old Frisian: *skade

Saterland Frisian: Skade, Skaad

West Frisian: skaad, skâd

Old Saxon: skado
Middle Low German: schaduwe, schadewe, schāde, schēde
Low German:
German Low German: Schade, Scharre, Scharr
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Schiae
Westmünsterländisch: Schatten
Plautdietsch: Schauten

Old Dutch: scado

Middle Dutch: schāde, schāduwe

Dutch: schaduw; (archaic) schad; (archaic) schade/schaai

Afrikaans: skadu, skaduwee

Old High German: skato, scato m; skata, scata f

desc

Middle High German: schate, schade, schete, schatwe, schetewe m

German: Schatten

Luxembourgish: Schiet

Yiddish: שאָטן (shotn)


furh

furh (nominative singular)
furhi (nominative plural)
furhu (accusative singular)
furhi (accusative plural)
furhi (genitive singular)
forhō (genitive plural)
furhi (dative singular)
furhum (dative plural)
furhi (instrumental singular)
furhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: furh, furuh

Middle English: forow, furgh

English: furrow

Scots: furr

Old Frisian: furch

North Frisian:

Amrum: forag

Saterland Frisian: Fuurge

West Frisian: fuorge

Old Saxon: *furh, furuh

Middle Low German: vōre, vōr

Low German: Föör

Old Dutch: *furh, *furuh

Middle Dutch: vōre, vuere

Dutch: voor, vore

Old High German: furh, furuh

→ Italian: forra

Middle High German: vurch

German: Furche

Luxembourgish: Fuer

Vilamovian: fiüch


krimman

krimman (infinitive)
krimmannjas (genitive infinitive)
krimmannjē (dative infinitive)
krimmannju (infinitive instrumental)
krimmu (first-person present singular)
kramm (first-person past singular)
krimmiʀi (present second-person singular)
krummī (past second-person singular)
krimmidi (present singular third-person)
kramm (past singular third-person)
krimmum (first-person plural present)
krummum (first-person past plural)
krimmid (plural present second-person)
krummud (past plural second-person)
krimmand (plural present third-person)
krummun (past plural third-person)
krimmē (first-person present singular)
krummī (first-person past singular)
krimmēs (present second-person singular)
krimmē (present singular third-person)
krummī (past singular third-person)
krimmēm (first-person plural present)
krummīm (first-person past plural)
krimmēþ (plural present second-person)
krummīd (past plural second-person)
krimmēn (plural present third-person)
krummīn (past plural third-person)
krimm (present singular)
krimmid (plural present)
krimmandī (participle present)
krumman (participle past)

Old English: crimman

Old High German: krimman

Middle High German: krimmen

Alemannic German: krimmen


swindan

swindan (infinitive)
swindannjas (genitive infinitive)
swindannjē (dative infinitive)
swindannju (infinitive instrumental)
swindu (first-person present singular)
swand (first-person past singular)
swindiʀi (present second-person singular)
swundī (past second-person singular)
swindidi (present singular third-person)
swand (past singular third-person)
swindum (first-person plural present)
swundum (first-person past plural)
swindid (plural present second-person)
swundud (past plural second-person)
swindand (plural present third-person)
swundun (past plural third-person)
swindē (first-person present singular)
swundī (first-person past singular)
swindēs (present second-person singular)
swindē (present singular third-person)
swundī (past singular third-person)
swindēm (first-person plural present)
swundīm (first-person past plural)
swindēþ (plural present second-person)
swundīd (past plural second-person)
swindēn (plural present third-person)
swundīn (past plural third-person)
swind (present singular)
swindid (plural present)
swindandī (participle present)
swundan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: swindan
Middle English: swinden, swynden

Old Frisian: *swinda

Saterland Frisian: swiende

West Frisian: swine

Old Saxon: swindan

Middle Low German: swinden

German Low German: swinnen

→ Norwegian Bokmål: svinne

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: svinne, svinna

→ Old Swedish: svinda, svinna

Swedish: svinna

→ Danish: svinde

Old Dutch: *swindan

Middle Dutch: swinden

Dutch: zwinden

Old High German: swintan

Middle High German: swinden

German: schwinden


twikkijan

twikkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
twikkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
twikkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
twikkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
twikkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
twikkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
twikkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
twikkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
twikkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
twikkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
twikkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
twikkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
twikkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
twikkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
twikkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
twikkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
twikkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
twikkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
twikkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
twikkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
twikkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
twikkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
twikkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
twikkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
twikkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
twikkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
twikkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
twikkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
twikkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
twikkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
twikki (class-1 present singular weak)
twikkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
twikkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
twikkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *twiċċan

Middle English: twicchen (preterite twighte)

English: twitch

Scots: twitch

Old Saxon: *twikkian

Middle Low German: *twikken, *twicken

Low German: twikken

German Low German: twicken

Old Dutch: *twikken

Middle Dutch: *twikken

Dutch: twikken

Old High German: zwikken, zwicken

Middle High German: zwicken

German: zwicken


twekkōn

twekkōn (infinitive)
twekkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
twekkōnijē (dative infinitive)
twekkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
twekkō (first-person present singular)
twekkōdā (first-person past singular)
twekkōs (present second-person singular)
twekkōdēs (past second-person singular)
twekkōdōs (past second-person singular)
twekkōþ (present singular third-person)
twekkōdē (past singular third-person)
twekkōdā (past singular third-person)
twekkōm (first-person plural present)
twekkōdum (first-person past plural)
twekkōþ (plural present second-person)
twekkōdud (past plural second-person)
twekkōnþ (plural present third-person)
twekkōdun (past plural third-person)
twekkōdī (first-person past singular)
twekkōdī (past second-person singular)
twekkō (present singular third-person)
twekkōdī (past singular third-person)
twekkōdīm (first-person past plural)
twekkōdīd (past plural second-person)
twekkōn (plural present third-person)
twekkōdīn (past plural third-person)
twekkō (present singular)
twekkōþ (plural present)
twekkōndī (participle present)
twekkōd (participle past)

Old English: twiccian
Middle English: twikken
English: tweak
English: tweag, tweague
Scots: twik

desc

Old High German: zwekkōn, zweckōn, zwecchōn; (zwigōn)

Middle High German: zwecken

German: zwecken


sprākijā

sprākijā (nominative singular)
sprākijōn (nominative plural)
sprākijōn (accusative singular)
sprākijōn (accusative plural)
sprākijōn (genitive singular)
sprākijōnō (genitive plural)
sprākijōn (dative singular)
sprākijōm (dative plural)
sprākijum (dative plural)
sprākijōn (instrumental singular)
sprākijōm (instrumental plural)
sprākijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sprǣċe

Old Saxon: sprāka, *sprēkia

Middle Low German: sprâke (weak), sprêke

German Low German: Sprake, Spraak

Old High German: sprāhha, sprācha

Middle High German: sprache

Alemannic German: Sproch

Swabian: Schbroach

Bavarian: Sproch

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Sproch

Kölsch: Sprooch

Luxembourgish: Sprooch

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: Schprohch

Vilamovian: śpröch

East Franconian:

German: Sprache

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Schprooch

Pfälzisch: Sproch

Yiddish: שפּראַך (shprakh)


gnagan

gnagan (infinitive)
gnagannjas (genitive infinitive)
gnagannjē (dative infinitive)
gnagannju (infinitive instrumental)
gnagu (first-person present singular)
gnōg (first-person past singular)
gnagiʀi (present second-person singular)
gnōgī (past second-person singular)
gnagidi (present singular third-person)
gnōg (past singular third-person)
gnagum (first-person plural present)
gnōgum (first-person past plural)
gnagid (plural present second-person)
gnōgud (past plural second-person)
gnagand (plural present third-person)
gnōgun (past plural third-person)
gnagē (first-person present singular)
gnōgī (first-person past singular)
gnagēs (present second-person singular)
gnagē (present singular third-person)
gnōgī (past singular third-person)
gnagēm (first-person plural present)
gnōgīm (first-person past plural)
gnagēþ (plural present second-person)
gnōgīd (past plural second-person)
gnagēn (plural present third-person)
gnōgīn (past plural third-person)
gnag (present singular)
gnagid (plural present)
gnagandī (participle present)
gnagan (participle past)

Old English: gnagan, *cnagan

Middle English: gnaȝen, gnawen, knawen

Scots: gnaw, knaw

English: gnaw, knaw

Old Frisian: *gnaga

Saterland Frisian: gnaue; gnauje; gnauelje

West Frisian: gnauwe

Old Saxon: knagan, gnagan

Middle Low German: gnāgen, knāgen

German Low German: gnagen, gnauen

Plautdietsch: gnoagen

Old Dutch: *gnagan, *cnagan

Middle Dutch: cnagen

q

Dutch: knagen, knauwen (possibly a contamination of knagen and kauwen)

Afrikaans: knaag, knae

Old High German: gnagan, knagan, nagan

Middle High German: nagen

German: nagen


langasam

langasam (masculine nominative singular)
langasamu (feminine nominative singular)
langasam (neuter nominative singular)
langasamanā (accusative masculine singular)
langasamā (accusative feminine singular)
langasam (accusative neuter singular)
langasamas (genitive masculine singular)
langasameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
langasamas (genitive neuter singular)
langasamumē (dative masculine singular)
langasameʀē (dative feminine singular)
langasamumē (dative neuter singular)
langasamu (instrumental masculine singular)
langasameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
langasamu (instrumental neuter singular)
langasamē (masculine nominative plural)
langasamō (feminine nominative plural)
langasamu (neuter nominative plural)
langasamā (accusative masculine plural)
langasamā (accusative feminine plural)
langasamu (accusative neuter plural)
langasameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
langasameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
langasameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
langasamēm (dative masculine plural)
langasamum (dative masculine plural)
langasamēm (dative feminine plural)
langasamum (dative feminine plural)
langasamēm (dative neuter plural)
langasamum (dative neuter plural)
langasamēm (instrumental masculine plural)
langasamum (instrumental masculine plural)
langasamēm (feminine instrumental plural)
langasamum (feminine instrumental plural)
langasamēm (instrumental neuter plural)
langasamum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: langsum, longsum

desc

Middle English: langsum, longsum, longsom

Scots: langsum, langsome

English: longsome

Old Frisian: *langsum, *longsum

Saterland Frisian: loangsoam

West Frisian: langsum

Old Saxon: langsam

Middle Low German: lancsām, lanksam, lanksem, lanksum

German Low German: langsaam

→ Old Norse: langsamr

Icelandic: langsamur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: langsam

Norwegian Bokmål: langsom

Old Swedish: langsamber

Swedish: långsam

Danish: langsom

Old Dutch: *langsam

Middle Dutch: lancsam, lancsom, lancsaem

desctree

Dutch: langzaam
→ Indonesian: langsam
Negerhollands: langsaam, langsaem

Afrikaans: langsaam

Old High German: lancsam

Middle High German: lancsam

German: langsam

drawn-out, long-lasting, extended, enduring


aket

aket (nominative singular)
aketō (nominative plural)
aketōs (nominative plural)
aket (accusative singular)
aketā (accusative plural)
aketas (genitive singular)
aketō (genitive plural)
aketē (dative singular)
aketum (dative plural)
aketu (instrumental singular)
aketum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æċed, eċed, æċċed

Middle English: eced

Old Saxon: ekid

desc

Middle Low German: êtik, etek, ettik, atik, âtik

German Low German: Etig, Ätig

→ West Frisian: jittik

→ Old Norse: edik

Danish: eddike

Faroese: edikur

Icelandic: edik

Norwegian Bokmål: eddik

Swedish: ättika

Old Dutch: etig

desctree

Middle Dutch: edic
Dutch: edik
Afrikaans: edik
Limburgish: aek

Old High German: ezzih
Middle High German: ezzich, ezzech, ezzeich, ezzec
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: éssag, ezza (Luserna)
Mòcheno: ezza
German: Essig
Hunsrik: Essich
Luxembourgish: Esseg
Vilamovian: essig
Yiddish: עסיק (esik)

Borrowed from Latin acētum. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄 (akeit), 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐍄 (akēt).


fardi

fardi (nominative singular)
fardī (nominative plural)
fardi (accusative singular)
fardī (accusative plural)
fardī (genitive singular)
fardijō (genitive plural)
fardī (dative singular)
fardim (dative plural)
fardijum (dative plural)
fardī (instrumental singular)
fardim (instrumental plural)
fardijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ferd, feord, fierd, fyrd

desc

Middle English: ferd, verd, færd, værde, varde

>? English: ferd

>? Scots: ferd, fard, faird

→ English: fyrd

Old Frisian: ferd

Old Saxon: fard

Middle Low German: vart

→ Danish: fart

→ Icelandic: fart

→ Faroese: fart

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fart

→ Swedish: fart

Old Dutch: farth, fard

Middle Dutch: vart, vāert

Dutch: vaart

Afrikaans: vaart

→ West Frisian: feart

→ Walloon: vårt

Old High German: fart, vart

Middle High German: fart

German: Fahrt (“journey”), Fährte (“trail”)

→ Saterland Frisian: Foart

→ Danish: fært

Luxembourgish: Faart


wulfini

wulfini (nominative singular)
wulfunnjō (nominative plural)
wulfunnjā (accusative singular)
wulfunnjā (accusative plural)
wulfunnjā (genitive singular)
wulfunnjō (genitive plural)
wulfunnjē (dative singular)
wulfunnjōm (dative plural)
wulfunnjum (dative plural)
wulfunnju (instrumental singular)
wulfunnjōm (instrumental plural)
wulfunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wylfen

Middle English: wulvine, wulvene

Scots: wolfyne

Old Saxon: *wulfinnia, *wulfinnea

Middle Low German: wulfinne

German Low German: Wülfin

Old Dutch: *wulfinna

Middle Dutch: wolvinne

Dutch: wolvin

Old High German: *wulfinna, (wulpin)

Middle High German: wülvinne, wulfinne, wolfinne, (wülpinne)

German: Wölfin


habulō

habulō (nominative singular)
habulan (nominative plural)
habulan (accusative singular)
habulan (accusative plural)
habulini (genitive singular)
habulan (genitive singular)
habulanō (genitive plural)
habulini (dative singular)
habulan (dative singular)
habulum (dative plural)
habulini (instrumental singular)
habulan (instrumental singular)
habulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hafela, hafala, heafola, heafela, hafola

q

or related to Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">heili</i> (“brain”)

>? Old Frisian: heila, holla (or related to Old Norse heili (“brain”))

North Frisian: hel

West Frisian: holle

Uncertain, but apparently from the same Proto-Indo-European or substrate root *kap- (“head”) as found in the synonym *habud/*haubid; possibly from Proto-Germanic *habulô, from Proto-Indo-European *kapu-lon-; or from Proto-Germanic *habalô, from *káp-ol-, in that case identical to Sanskrit कपाल (kapā́la, “skull; bowl”).


wulfīn

wulfīn (masculine nominative singular)
wulfīnu (feminine nominative singular)
wulfīn (neuter nominative singular)
wulfīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
wulfīnā (accusative feminine singular)
wulfīn (accusative neuter singular)
wulfīnas (genitive masculine singular)
wulfīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wulfīnas (genitive neuter singular)
wulfīnumē (dative masculine singular)
wulfīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
wulfīnumē (dative neuter singular)
wulfīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
wulfīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wulfīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
wulfīnē (masculine nominative plural)
wulfīnō (feminine nominative plural)
wulfīnu (neuter nominative plural)
wulfīnā (accusative masculine plural)
wulfīnā (accusative feminine plural)
wulfīnu (accusative neuter plural)
wulfīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wulfīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wulfīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wulfīnēm (dative masculine plural)
wulfīnum (dative masculine plural)
wulfīnēm (dative feminine plural)
wulfīnum (dative feminine plural)
wulfīnēm (dative neuter plural)
wulfīnum (dative neuter plural)
wulfīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wulfīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
wulfīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wulfīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
wulfīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wulfīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wylfen

(English: wolven)

Old High German: *wolfin

Middle High German: wolfin


raisu

raisu (nominative singular)
raisō (nominative plural)
raisā (accusative singular)
raisā (accusative plural)
raisā (genitive singular)
raisō (genitive plural)
raisē (dative singular)
raisōm (dative plural)
raisum (dative plural)
raisu (instrumental singular)
raisōm (instrumental plural)
raisum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *rēse

North Frisian: reyse

Old Saxon: *reisa

Middle Low German: reise

German Low German: Reis

→ Danish: rejse

→ Swedish: resa

desc

→ Swedish: reis, reisu (dialectal, Finland)

→ Finnish: reissu, reisu (dialectal)

→ Norwegian: reise

→ Estonian: reis

Old Dutch: *reisa

desctree

Middle Dutch: reise
Dutch: reis
Afrikaans: reis
→ Russian: рейс (rejs)
Limburgish: reis
→ Middle English: reys, raise
English: reys

Old High German: reisa

Middle High German: reise, reis

Bavarian: Reisn, Roas

Cimbrian: raize

Mòcheno: roas

German: Reise
→ Kashubian: réza
→ Ukrainian: рейс (rejs)

Hunsrik: Rees

Luxembourgish: Rees

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *raisō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁róy-s-eh₂, from *h₁rey- (“to rise up”).


waiʀd

waiʀd (nominative singular)
waiʀdō (nominative plural)
waiʀdōs (nominative plural)
waiʀd (accusative singular)
waiʀdā (accusative plural)
waiʀdas (genitive singular)
waiʀdō (genitive plural)
waiʀdē (dative singular)
waiʀdum (dative plural)
waiʀdu (instrumental singular)
waiʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wād, weard, *weald
Middle English: wad, wod, wadde, wode
Scots: wad, waid
English: woad
Middle English: welde, wolde
English: weld, wold

Old Frisian: wēd

Old Saxon: wēd

Middle Low German: wêt, weit

Old Dutch: *wēd, *weid

Middle Dutch: wede, weet

Dutch: wede

Old High German: weit

Middle High German: weit

German: Waid

→ Danish: vajd

→ Swedish: vejde

→ Czech: vejt

→ Russian: ва́йда (vájda)

desc

→? Medieval Latin: waisdum, guaisdium, waisda, waida

Old French: guesde, gaide, waisde, waide

Middle French: guede

French: guède

Italian: guado

Piedmontese: vaud