swefn

swefn (nominative singular)
swefnō (nominative plural)
swefnōs (nominative plural)
swefn (accusative singular)
swefnā (accusative plural)
swefnas (genitive singular)
swefnō (genitive plural)
swefnē (dative singular)
swefnum (dative plural)
swefnu (instrumental singular)
swefnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swefn, swefen
Middle English: sweven, swevyn, swevon, swevene, swevne, swheven, squeven, sueven, seven, swene, swefen, suefen, sweoven
English: sweven
Scots: sweven, swevyn

Old Saxon: swevan


neun

desctree

Old English: nigon, nigen, nigan, niogen, nygon
Middle English: nyne, nine, nin, niȝen, neghen, neyen, nyen, niwon, niȝhenn
English: nine
Scots: nine, neen, nyn, nyne
Yola: neen

Old Frisian: niugun, nigun, niogen
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: njüügen
Helgoland: neägen
Mooring and Wiedingharde: nüügen
Sylt: niigen
Saterland Frisian: njuugen, njúgen
West Frisian: njoggen

Old Saxon: nigun
Middle Low German: negen
German Low German: negen
Plautdietsch: näajen

Old Dutch: nigun

Middle Dutch: nēgen
Dutch: negen
Afrikaans: nege
Berbice Creole Dutch: negn
Jersey Dutch: nêxe
Negerhollands: negen, neegen, negon
Skepi Creole Dutch: negen
→ Aukan: neigin
→ Sranan Tongo: neigi
→ Saramaccan: neígi, neni
Limburgish: nege
Zealandic: negen

Old High German: niun
Middle High German: niun
Alemannic German: nüün, nin, nine
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: nòine, noüne (Luserna)
Mòcheno: nai'n
German: neun
Luxembourgish: néng
Yiddish: נײַן (nayn)


flugi

flugi (masculine nominative singular)
fluggju (feminine nominative singular)
flugi (neuter nominative singular)
fluggjanā (accusative masculine singular)
fluggjā (accusative feminine singular)
flugi (accusative neuter singular)
fluggjas (genitive masculine singular)
fluggjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
fluggjas (genitive neuter singular)
fluggjumē (dative masculine singular)
fluggjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
fluggjumē (dative neuter singular)
fluggju (instrumental masculine singular)
fluggjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fluggju (instrumental neuter singular)
fluggjē (masculine nominative plural)
fluggjō (feminine nominative plural)
fluggju (neuter nominative plural)
fluggjā (accusative masculine plural)
fluggjā (accusative feminine plural)
fluggju (accusative neuter plural)
fluggjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
fluggjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
fluggjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fluggjēm (dative masculine plural)
fluggjum (dative masculine plural)
fluggjēm (dative feminine plural)
fluggjum (dative feminine plural)
fluggjēm (dative neuter plural)
fluggjum (dative neuter plural)
fluggjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
fluggjum (instrumental masculine plural)
fluggjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
fluggjum (feminine instrumental plural)
fluggjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
fluggjum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *flyċġ, *flyċġe

Middle English: flegge, flege, flygge
English: fledge
⇒ English: fletch (modified after fletcher)
>? Scots: fleg, flegg
>? Yola: fletch

Old Frisian: *flugge

West Frisian: fluch

Old Saxon: *fluggi

Middle Low German: vlügge

Low German: flügg

→ German: flügge

Old Dutch: *fluggi

Middle Dutch: vlugge, vlugghe

Dutch: vlug
Afrikaans: vlug
Javindo: flug
Petjo: vlug-vlug

Limburgish: vlug

Old High German: flucki, flucchi
Middle High German: vlücke, flücke
Alemannic German: flück
Central Franconian: flögg
Moselle Franconian: flegg
German: flück
Luxembourgish: fléck
Rhine Franconian: flick
Palatine German: flick
Pennsylvania German: flick


sumar

sumar (nominative singular)
sumarō (nominative plural)
sumarōs (nominative plural)
sumar (accusative singular)
sumarā (accusative plural)
sumaras (genitive singular)
sumarō (genitive plural)
sumarē (dative singular)
sumarum (dative plural)
sumaru (instrumental singular)
sumarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sumor
Middle English: sumer, somer
English: summer
Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer
Yola: zimmer, zummer

Old Frisian: sumur, sumer

Saterland Frisian: Suumer

West Frisian: simmer

Old Saxon: sumar
Middle Low German: somer, sommer
Low German:
German Low German: Summer, Sommer, Sömmer
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: Sumer
Sauerländisch: Suemer, Sūmer, Summer, Sommer
Westmünsterländisch: Sommer
Plautdietsch: Somma

Old Dutch: *sumar

Middle Dutch: sōmer
Dutch: zomer
Afrikaans: somer
Limburgish: zómmer
West Flemish: zommer

Old High German: sumar
Middle High German: sumer
German: Sommer
Hunsrik: Sommer
Luxembourgish: Summer
Mòcheno: summer
Silesian East Central German: Summer
Vilamovian: zumer
Yiddish: זומער (zumer)


bindan

bindan (infinitive)
bindannjas (genitive infinitive)
bindannjē (dative infinitive)
bindannju (infinitive instrumental)
bindu (first-person present singular)
band (first-person past singular)
bindiʀi (present second-person singular)
bundī (past second-person singular)
bindidi (present singular third-person)
band (past singular third-person)
bindum (first-person plural present)
bundum (first-person past plural)
bindid (plural present second-person)
bundud (past plural second-person)
bindand (plural present third-person)
bundun (past plural third-person)
bindē (first-person present singular)
bundī (first-person past singular)
bindēs (present second-person singular)
bindē (present singular third-person)
bundī (past singular third-person)
bindēm (first-person plural present)
bundīm (first-person past plural)
bindēþ (plural present second-person)
bundīd (past plural second-person)
bindēn (plural present third-person)
bundīn (past plural third-person)
bind (present singular)
bindid (plural present)
bindandī (participle present)
bundan (participle past)

Old English: bindan
Middle English: binden
English: bind
Scots: bind

Old Frisian: binda
North Frisian:
Helgoland: bin
Föhr-Amrum and Sylt: binj
Mooring: bine
Saterland Frisian: biende
West Frisian: bine

Old Saxon: bindan
Middle Low German: binden
Low German: binnen
Plautdietsch: binjen

Old Dutch: *bindan
Middle Dutch: binden
Dutch: binden
Afrikaans: bind
Berbice Creole Dutch: bendi
Negerhollands: bind, bint, bin
Limburgish: binje

Old High German: bintan
Middle High German: binden
Bavarian: bindn
German: binden
Luxembourgish: bannen


fali

fali (masculine nominative singular)
fallju (feminine nominative singular)
fali (neuter nominative singular)
falljanā (accusative masculine singular)
falljā (accusative feminine singular)
fali (accusative neuter singular)
falljas (genitive masculine singular)
falljeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
falljas (genitive neuter singular)
falljumē (dative masculine singular)
falljeʀē (dative feminine singular)
falljumē (dative neuter singular)
fallju (instrumental masculine singular)
falljeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fallju (instrumental neuter singular)
falljē (masculine nominative plural)
falljō (feminine nominative plural)
fallju (neuter nominative plural)
falljā (accusative masculine plural)
falljā (accusative feminine plural)
fallju (accusative neuter plural)
falljeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
falljeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
falljeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
falljēm (dative masculine plural)
falljum (dative masculine plural)
falljēm (dative feminine plural)
falljum (dative feminine plural)
falljēm (dative neuter plural)
falljum (dative neuter plural)
falljēm (instrumental masculine plural)
falljum (instrumental masculine plural)
falljēm (feminine instrumental plural)
falljum (feminine instrumental plural)
falljēm (instrumental neuter plural)
falljum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *fæle, *felo, *fel

q

Middle English: fel, fell (“wicked, treacherous”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French fel)

English: fell

Scots: fell

desc

⇒ Old English: ælfæle, ealfelo (“very cruel”, literally “all-cruel”)

⇒ Old English: wælfel (“bloodthirsty”, literally “slaughter-cruel”)

q

Old Frisian: fal, fale, *fel, *fele (“terrible”) ([1404], hapax, presumed inherited, if not borrowed from Middle Dutch)

Saterland Frisian: fäl (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)

West Frisian: fel (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *feli, *fel

desc

Middle Low German: fel, vil (“godless, evil”) (or from Middle Dutch?)

German Low German: fell

⇒ Middle Low German: velike (“fiercely”) (or from Middle Dutch?)

Old Dutch: *feli, *fel, *felli

q

Middle Dutch: fel, felle (“cruel, wicked, embittered”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French)

Dutch: fel

Old High German: *feli, *fel

q

Middle High German: vel (“cruel, heartless, evil”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French)

q

⇒ Middle High German: velheit, felheit (“wickedness”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], or from Middle Dutch?)

→ Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (“cruel, evil”)

desc

Old French: felon, feloun (obl.), fel, fels (nom.) (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: felon, felhon, fellon (obl.), fel, felh (nom.)

Occitan: fèl

From Proto-Germanic *faluz (“cruel, evil”).


standan

standan (infinitive)
standannjas (genitive infinitive)
standannjē (dative infinitive)
standannju (infinitive instrumental)
standu (first-person present singular)
stōnd (first-person past singular)
standiʀi (present second-person singular)
stōndī (past second-person singular)
standidi (present singular third-person)
stōnd (past singular third-person)
standum (first-person plural present)
stōndum (first-person past plural)
standid (plural present second-person)
stōndud (past plural second-person)
standand (plural present third-person)
stōndun (past plural third-person)
standē (first-person present singular)
stōndī (first-person past singular)
standēs (present second-person singular)
standē (present singular third-person)
stōndī (past singular third-person)
standēm (first-person plural present)
stōndīm (first-person past plural)
standēþ (plural present second-person)
stōndīd (past plural second-person)
standēn (plural present third-person)
stōndīn (past plural third-person)
stand (present singular)
standid (plural present)
standandī (participle present)
standan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: standan, stondan
Middle English: standen, stande, stonde, stonden
English: stand
→ Ido: standar
→ Norman: stanner, sténer
Sranan Tongo: tan
Scots: stand
Yola: sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane

Old Frisian: standa, stonda
Saterland Frisian: stounde

Old Saxon: standan
Middle Low German: standen, *stenden (attested in imperative stant)
⇒ Middle Low German: *bîstanden, bîstenden
⇒ Middle Low German: entweistanden
⇒ Middle Low German: standinge
⇒ Middle Low German: ümmestanden
⇒ Middle Low German: understanden
⇒ Middle Low German: upstanden
⇒ Middle Low German: vörstenden
⇒ Middle Low German: wedderstanden

Old Dutch: *standan

Middle Dutch: standen

Dutch: standen (archaic or dialectal)

Old High German: stantan, standan
Middle High German: standen
German: standen (dialectal)


helpan

helpan (infinitive)
helpannjas (genitive infinitive)
helpannjē (dative infinitive)
helpannju (infinitive instrumental)
helpu (first-person present singular)
halp (first-person past singular)
hilpiʀi (present second-person singular)
hulpī (past second-person singular)
hilpidi (present singular third-person)
halp (past singular third-person)
helpum (first-person plural present)
hulpum (first-person past plural)
hilpid (plural present second-person)
hulpud (past plural second-person)
helpand (plural present third-person)
hulpun (past plural third-person)
helpē (first-person present singular)
hulpī (first-person past singular)
helpēs (present second-person singular)
helpē (present singular third-person)
hulpī (past singular third-person)
helpēm (first-person plural present)
hulpīm (first-person past plural)
helpēþ (plural present second-person)
hulpīd (past plural second-person)
helpēn (plural present third-person)
hulpīn (past plural third-person)
hilp (present singular)
hilpid (plural present)
helpandī (participle present)
holpan (participle past)

Old English: helpan
Middle English: helpen, help, elp, helpi, healpe, heolpe, halpen, hælpan
English: help
Scots: help
Yola: help

Old Frisian: helpa
North Frisian: heelpe, halep
Sylt: help
Saterland Frisian: hälpe
West Frisian: helpe

Old Saxon: helpan
Middle Low German: helpen
German Low German: helpen, hölpen

Old Dutch: helpan
Middle Dutch: helpen
Dutch: helpen
Afrikaans: help
Berbice Creole Dutch: helpu
Javindo: helpen
Jersey Dutch: hälpe
Negerhollands: help
Skepi Creole Dutch: halp
→ Caribbean Javanese: hèlep, ngèlep
Limburgish: hèlpe

Old High German: helfan
Middle High German: helfen
Central Franconian: hellepe
Cimbrian: hölfan
German: helfen
Luxembourgish: hëllefen
Yiddish: העלפֿן (helfn)


unnan

Old English: unnan
Middle English: unnen, one, unne, unnon

Old Frisian: unna

Old Saxon: unnan

desc

Old Dutch: ᚨᚾᚾ (ann, 1st/3rd person singular)

Middle Dutch: onnen, unnen

Old High German: unnan

Old English: ġeunnanMiddle English: iunnen

Old Saxon: giunnanMiddle Low German: günnenLow German: günnen

Dutch: gunnenAfrikaans: gunNegerhollands: gun→ Papiamentu: gun


beran

beran (infinitive)
berannjas (genitive infinitive)
berannjē (dative infinitive)
berannju (infinitive instrumental)
beru (first-person present singular)
bar (first-person past singular)
biriʀi (present second-person singular)
bārī (past second-person singular)
biridi (present singular third-person)
bar (past singular third-person)
berum (first-person plural present)
bārum (first-person past plural)
birid (plural present second-person)
bārud (past plural second-person)
berand (plural present third-person)
bārun (past plural third-person)
berē (first-person present singular)
bārī (first-person past singular)
berēs (present second-person singular)
berē (present singular third-person)
bārī (past singular third-person)
berēm (first-person plural present)
bārīm (first-person past plural)
berēþ (plural present second-person)
bārīd (past plural second-person)
berēn (plural present third-person)
bārīn (past plural third-person)
bir (present singular)
birid (plural present)
berandī (participle present)
boran (participle past)

desctree

Old English: beran, beoran
Middle English: beren, beoren, bearen, baren
English: bear
Scots: bere, beir
Yola: ber, baar

Old Frisian: bera

Saterland Frisian: bere

West Frisian: barre

Old Saxon: beran
Middle Low German: beren, baren
German Low German: böhren
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: buar'n
Sauerländisch: ⇒ gebe̗ren
Westmünsterländisch: bohrn

Old Dutch: beran
Middle Dutch: bēren

Old High German: beran, peran
Middle High German: bëren, bërn
⇒ German: gebären
Alemannic German: beren


halb

halb (masculine nominative singular)
halbu (feminine nominative singular)
halb (neuter nominative singular)
halbanā (accusative masculine singular)
halbā (accusative feminine singular)
halb (accusative neuter singular)
halbas (genitive masculine singular)
halbeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
halbas (genitive neuter singular)
halbumē (dative masculine singular)
halbeʀē (dative feminine singular)
halbumē (dative neuter singular)
halbu (instrumental masculine singular)
halbeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
halbu (instrumental neuter singular)
halbē (masculine nominative plural)
halbō (feminine nominative plural)
halbu (neuter nominative plural)
halbā (accusative masculine plural)
halbā (accusative feminine plural)
halbu (accusative neuter plural)
halbeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
halbeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
halbeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
halbēm (dative masculine plural)
halbum (dative masculine plural)
halbēm (dative feminine plural)
halbum (dative feminine plural)
halbēm (dative neuter plural)
halbum (dative neuter plural)
halbēm (instrumental masculine plural)
halbum (instrumental masculine plural)
halbēm (feminine instrumental plural)
halbum (feminine instrumental plural)
halbēm (instrumental neuter plural)
halbum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: healf, half, halb
Middle English: half
English: half (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hauf
Yola: halleef, halef, halluf

Old Frisian: half

Saterland Frisian: hoolf

West Frisian: heal

Old Saxon: half

Middle Low German: half

Low German: half, halv

Plautdietsch: haulf

Old Dutch: *half

Middle Dutch: half

Dutch: half

Afrikaans: half

Old High German: halb, halp; half (Central German)

Middle High German: halp; half

Bavarian: hoib

Central Franconian: hallev

Hunsrik: halleb

Luxembourgish: hallef

Cimbrian: halp

German: halb

Yiddish: האַלב (halb)


þegn

þegn (nominative singular)
þegnō (nominative plural)
þegnōs (nominative plural)
þegn (accusative singular)
þegnā (accusative plural)
þegnas (genitive singular)
þegnō (genitive plural)
þegnē (dative singular)
þegnum (dative plural)
þegnu (instrumental singular)
þegnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þeġn
Middle English: theyn, dain, thain, thayn, thein, þen, þein, þeyn, ðæin, þægen, þægn, þegen, þegn, þeȝn, þeign (Early Middle English)
English: thane
Scots: thane
→ Irish: taen

→ Medieval Latin: thainus

Old Saxon: thegan

Middle Low German: degen, dēgen

Old Dutch: *thegen (in derivatives and compounds)

Middle Dutch: dēgen

Dutch: degen

⇒ Old Dutch: thegenlīko (adverb)

Old High German: degan
Middle High German: dëgen
German: Degen


ald

head

*ald (comparative *alþiʀō, superlative *alþist)

alþiʀō (comparative)
alþist (superlative)
ald (masculine nominative singular)
aldu (feminine nominative singular)
ald (neuter nominative singular)
aldanā (accusative masculine singular)
aldā (accusative feminine singular)
ald (accusative neuter singular)
aldas (genitive masculine singular)
aldeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aldas (genitive neuter singular)
aldumē (dative masculine singular)
aldeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aldumē (dative neuter singular)
aldu (instrumental masculine singular)
aldeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aldu (instrumental neuter singular)
aldē (masculine nominative plural)
aldō (feminine nominative plural)
aldu (neuter nominative plural)
aldā (accusative masculine plural)
aldā (accusative feminine plural)
aldu (accusative neuter plural)
aldeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aldeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aldeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aldēm (dative masculine plural)
aldum (dative masculine plural)
aldēm (dative feminine plural)
aldum (dative feminine plural)
aldēm (dative neuter plural)
aldum (dative neuter plural)
aldēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aldum (instrumental masculine plural)
aldēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aldum (feminine instrumental plural)
aldēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aldum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: eald, ald, eold, æld, eld
Middle English: olde, old, ald, holde, wolde, yolde, yhold, yolle
English: old, wold (dialect)
Geordie English: awd, auld
Scots: auld
Yola: yole, yold

Old Frisian: ald

North Frisian: ual, uul, ool

Saterland Frisian: oold

West Frisian: âld

Old Saxon: ald
Middle Low German: ôlt, old
German Low German: old, oold, ol, olt
→ German: oll
Plautdietsch: oolt

Old Dutch: alt
Middle Dutch: out
Dutch: oud
Afrikaans: oud
Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
Jersey Dutch: āud, āut
Negerhollands: oud, ouw, houw, hou
Skepi Creole Dutch: ou, oud
West Flemish: elde
Limburgish: aad

Old High German: alt, ald — northern
Middle High German: alt
Alemannic German: altu, oalt, oalt, olt, àltà (Italian Walser)
Bavarian:
Apeltonerisch: old
Central Bavarian: oid /ɔed̥/
Cimbrian: alt
Mòcheno: òlt
Northern Bavarian: old /ɔːld̥/
Southern Bavarian: ålt /ɔltʰ/
Udinese: olt, òlt
Central Franconian: alt
Hunsrik: alt
Kirchröadsj: aod, auw
Luxembourgish: al
German: alt
Rhine Franconian: alt, all
Frankfurterisch: [ɑːl], [aːl]
Pennsylvania German: alt
Vilamovian: aołd
Yiddish: אַלט (alt)


ain

ain (masculine nominative singular)
ainu (feminine nominative singular)
ain (neuter nominative singular)
ainanā (accusative masculine singular)
ainā (accusative feminine singular)
ain (accusative neuter singular)
ainas (genitive masculine singular)
aineʀā (feminine genitive singular)
ainas (genitive neuter singular)
ainumē (dative masculine singular)
aineʀē (dative feminine singular)
ainumē (dative neuter singular)
ainu (instrumental masculine singular)
aineʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
ainu (instrumental neuter singular)
ainē (masculine nominative plural)
ainō (feminine nominative plural)
ainu (neuter nominative plural)
ainā (accusative masculine plural)
ainā (accusative feminine plural)
ainu (accusative neuter plural)
aineʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aineʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aineʀō (genitive neuter plural)
ainēm (dative masculine plural)
ainum (dative masculine plural)
ainēm (dative feminine plural)
ainum (dative feminine plural)
ainēm (dative neuter plural)
ainum (dative neuter plural)
ainēm (instrumental masculine plural)
ainum (instrumental masculine plural)
ainēm (feminine instrumental plural)
ainum (feminine instrumental plural)
ainēm (instrumental neuter plural)
ainum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ān
Middle English: oon, on, one, oen, oune, hon, none, an, anne, onne, an, ane, auen, aune (Northern), auen, aune (north Midland), enne, onen, onenen (Kent), en, an, ane (Early Middle English), won, von, wone (Late Middle English), on, one, an (Northern), an, ane (Early Middle English)
English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)
Geordie English: yen
Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae
Yola: oan, own, ane

Old Frisian: ēn, ān, een
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum:
Föhr: een m, ian f or n
Amrum: ään m, ian f or n
Goesharde:
Hoolmer: åån m, iin f or n
Hoorninger: aan m, iin f or n
Halligen: aon m, ian f or n
Heligoland: iaan, jaan
Mooring: ån m, iinj f or n
Sylt: jen
Wiedingharde: oan m, iin f or n
Saterland Frisian: aan m, een f or n
West Frisian: ien

Old Saxon: ēn
Middle Low German: ên, ein
Low German:
German Low German: een (Hamburgisch)
Westphalian:
Lippisch: eun
Ravensbergisch: åine
Sauerländisch: ên
Westmünsterländisch: een, eene, ne
Plautdietsch: een

Old Dutch: ēn

Middle Dutch: êen

Dutch: een

Afrikaans: een, 'n

West Flemish: ien, jin

Limburgish: ein

Old High German: ein, ain
Middle High German: ein
Alemannic German: ain, äin, a, an, en
Bavarian: a
Cimbrian: a, an (“a, an”); òan, umm (“one”)
Mòcheno: a (“a, an”); oa' (“one”)
Central Franconian: ne (Ripuarian)
Ripuarian: ne
East Central German: ä, e
German: ein
Luxembourgish: een
Rhine Franconian: e (Hessian)
Yiddish: איין (eyn), אַ (a), אַן (an)


þorn

þorn (nominative singular)
þornō (nominative plural)
þornōs (nominative plural)
þorn (accusative singular)
þornā (accusative plural)
þornas (genitive singular)
þornō (genitive plural)
þornē (dative singular)
þornum (dative plural)
þornu (instrumental singular)
þornum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þorn
Middle English: thorn, thorne, thron, thurne, þorn, þorne, þron
English: thorn
Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)
Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

Old Frisian: thorn

North Frisian: Tuurn (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Touden, Tudden

West Frisian: toarne

Old Saxon: thorn
Middle Low German: dōrn
German Low German: Däörn, Doorn, Dorn, Durn

Old Dutch: thorn

Middle Dutch: dorn, dōorn, dōren
Dutch: doren, doorn
Afrikaans: doring
Negerhollands: dorn, doorn

Old High German: dorn

Middle High German: dorn

Alemannic German: Torn

Cimbrian: dòrn

German: Dorn

Hunsrik: Dorn

Luxembourgish: Dar

Yiddish: דאָרן (dorn)


frosk

frosk (nominative singular)
froskō (nominative plural)
froskōs (nominative plural)
frosk (accusative singular)
froskā (accusative plural)
froskas (genitive singular)
froskō (genitive plural)
froskē (dative singular)
froskum (dative plural)
frosku (instrumental singular)
froskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frosc, frox, forsc
Middle English: frosk, frosch
English: frosk, frosh

Old Frisian: *frosk

West Frisian: froask

Old Saxon: *frosk, *forsk

Middle Low German: vorsch

German Low German: Fuorsk (Münsterland); Frötske (Krummhörn, Ostfriesland)

Old Dutch: *frosk, *forsk

Middle Dutch: vorsch

Dutch: vors

Limburgish: vrósj

Old High German: frosk, frosc
Middle High German: vrosch
Bavarian: Frosch, Fruasch
Cimbrian: vross, bross, vrosch
Central Franconian: Frösch, Fräsch
Hunsrik: Frosch
Luxembourgish: Fräsch
German: Frosch
Rhine Franconian: Frosch, Fresch
Frankfurterisch: [fʀoʃ]
Pennsylvania German: Frosch


lagu

lagu (nominative singular)
lagiwi (nominative plural)
lagō (nominative plural)
lagu (accusative singular)
lagū (accusative plural)
lagō (genitive singular)
lagiwō (genitive plural)
lagiwi (dative singular)
lagō (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)
lagu (instrumental singular)
lagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lagu, lago

Middle English: laȝe, lawe, laie, leye

English: lay

Old Frisian: *lage

gl

possibly merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*laku</i>

>? Saterland Frisian: Loge f (“brine”) (possibly merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *laku)

Old Saxon: lagu


burg

burg (nominative singular)
burgi (nominative plural)
burgu (accusative singular)
burgi (accusative plural)
burgi (genitive singular)
borgō (genitive plural)
burgi (dative singular)
burgum (dative plural)
burgi (instrumental singular)
burgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: burg, burh
Middle English: burgh
Scots: burch, burgh
English: borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury
→ English: burh (learned)

Old Frisian: burch, burich

Saterland Frisian: Buurich

West Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)

Old Saxon: burg
Middle Low German: borch
German Low German: Börg, Borg

Old Dutch: burg
Middle Dutch: borch, burch
Dutch: burg, burcht
Afrikaans: burg
Limburgish: bórg, börch

Old High German: burg
Middle High German: burc
German: Burg
Luxembourgish: Buerg

→ Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)

→? Albanian: burg

→ Old French: borc, burc

Middle French: bourg

French: bourg


sunu

sunu (nominative singular)
suniwi (nominative plural)
sunō (nominative plural)
sunu (accusative singular)
sunū (accusative plural)
sunō (genitive singular)
suniwō (genitive plural)
suniwi (dative singular)
sunō (dative singular)
sunum (dative plural)
sunu (instrumental singular)
sunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sunu
Middle English: sone, sune
English: son
Scots: son

Old Frisian: sunu

Saterland Frisian: Súun

West Frisian: soan

Old Saxon: sunu
Middle Low German: sune, sȫne
Low German:
German Low German: Söhn
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Suhne m
Ravensbergisch: Suone
Sauerländisch: Suen, Seyen, Sōn
Westmünsterländisch: Sönn, Sonn, Sonne
Plautdietsch: Sän

Old Dutch: *sunu

Middle Dutch: sōne
Dutch: zoon
Afrikaans: seun
Jersey Dutch: zőn
Limburgish: zoon, zoean
West Flemish: zeune

Old High German: sunu, sun
Middle High German: sun, suon, sūn, son
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: su, ŝchu
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zun, sun, sunn
Mòcheno: su'
Udinese: sun, sunn, suun
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Sohn
German: Sohn
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Soh
Yiddish: זון (zun)


mantel

mantel (nominative singular)
mantelō (nominative plural)
mantelōs (nominative plural)
mantel (accusative singular)
mantelā (accusative plural)
mantelas (genitive singular)
mantelō (genitive plural)
mantelē (dative singular)
mantelum (dative plural)
mantelu (instrumental singular)
mantelum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mæntel, mentel

Middle English: mantel, mantell, mantelle, mantil, mantill, mantyll, mantle, mantyl, mentel
English: mantle, mantel
Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

Old Frisian: mantel, mentel

West Frisian: mantel

Old Saxon: *mantul, *mantal

Middle Low German: mantel

→ Estonian: mantel

→ Old Norse: mǫttull, *mantull

Faroese: møttul

Icelandic: möttull

Old Swedish: mantol

→ Middle Irish: matal, mattal

Irish: matal

Old Dutch: *mantal

Middle Dutch: mantel

Dutch: mantel
Afrikaans: mantel
Negerhollands: mantel
Petjo: mantel
→ Caribbean Javanese: mantel
→ Indonesian: mantel
→ Papiamentu: mantel

Old High German: mantal

Middle High German: mantel, mandel

German: Mantel
→ Kashubian: mańtel
→ Norwegian: mantel
→ Polish: mantel
→ Silesian: mantel
→ Swedish: mantel

Hunsrik: Mantel

Luxembourgish: Mantel

Borrowed from Latin mantellum, from mantum (“Spanish cloak”) + -ellum (diminutive suffix).


skap

skap (nominative singular)
skapu (nominative plural)
skap (accusative singular)
skapu (accusative plural)
skapas (genitive singular)
skapō (genitive plural)
skapē (dative singular)
skapum (dative plural)
skapu (instrumental singular)
skapum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sceap, ġesceap

Middle English: shap, schape

English: shape

Old Frisian: skep

North Frisian: schååp

Old Saxon: skap

Middle Low German: schap

Low German: Schapp

→ German: Schapp

Plautdietsch: Schaup

→ Old Norse: skáp (late)

Icelandic: skápur

Faroese: skáp

Old Danish: skap, skaap

Danish: skab

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skap

Norwegian Nynorsk: skap, skåp

Old Swedish: skap, skāp

Swedish: skåp

→ Finnish: kaappi

→ Ingrian: kaappi

→ Votic: kaappi

→ Estonian: kapp

→ Latvian: skapis

Old Dutch: *skap

Middle Dutch: schap

Dutch: schap

Old High German: scaf

Middle High German: schaf

Central Franconian: Schaf

Luxembourgish: Schaf

German: Schaff

→ Polish: szafa

→ Belarusian: ша́фа (šáfa)

→ Ukrainian: ша́фа (šáfa)

→ Yiddish: שאַפֿע (shafe)

→ Russian: шкаф (škaf) (see there for further descendants)

→ Bulgarian: шкаф (škaf)

→ Serbo-Croatian: шкаф

Italo-Romance:

→ Italian: scaffa

→ Sicilian: scaffa

→ Maltese: xkaffa


kopp

kopp (nominative singular)
koppō (nominative plural)
koppōs (nominative plural)
kopp (accusative singular)
koppā (accusative plural)
koppas (genitive singular)
koppō (genitive plural)
koppē (dative singular)
koppum (dative plural)
koppu (instrumental singular)
koppum (instrumental plural)

Old English: copp

desctree

Middle English: cop, cope, coppe
English: cop
Scots: cop, coppe
Yola: kappas (plural)
→ Welsh: copa

Old Frisian: kopp, kop

North Frisian: kop

Saterland Frisian: Kop

West Frisian: kop

Old Saxon: *kopp, *kop, kopp (in derivatives)

Middle Low German: koppe, kop

German Low German: Kopp

Plautdietsch: Kopp

→ German: Kopp

Old Dutch: *kopp, *kop

Middle Dutch: coppe, cop

Dutch: kop
Afrikaans: kop
Negerhollands: kop, koppi, kopi, kopje
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kop (dated)
Petjo: kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kup
→ Caribbean Javanese: kop
→ Indonesian: kop
→ Papiamentu: kòpi, koppi (from the diminutive, dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: kopi, kopki
→ Kari'na: kopuma

West Flemish: kobbe

Old High German: kopf, chopf, choph

Middle High German: kopf, koph

Alemannic German: Chopf

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: khopf, khòpf (Sette Comuni)

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Kopp

Kölsch: Kopp

Lorraine Franconian: Chapp, Chopp, Kopp

East Central German:

Silesian East Central German: Kopp, Kepp

German: Kopf

Luxembourgish: Kapp

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Kapp, Kopp, Kupp

Pennsylvania German: Kopp

Volga German: Kopp

Yiddish: קאָפּ (kop)

→ Old French: cop m (“head”)

⇒ Old French: copet, coupet

Middle French: copet, coupet

crown (of the head), harnpan, skull, head


sokk

sokk (nominative singular)
sokkō (nominative plural)
sokkōs (nominative plural)
sokk (accusative singular)
sokkā (accusative plural)
sokkas (genitive singular)
sokkō (genitive plural)
sokkē (dative singular)
sokkum (dative plural)
sokku (instrumental singular)
sokkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: socc, soc
Middle English: socke, sokke, sok
English: sock
Scots: sock

Old Frisian: sokka

Saterland Frisian: Sokke

West Frisian: sok

Old Saxon: sok

Plautdietsch: Sock

Old High German: soc, sok, soch
Middle High German: soc, socke
Alemannic German: Sock, Socke, Sockä, Socka
Central Franconian: Sock
German: Socke (see there for further descendants)
Vilamovian: zok


medu

medu (nominative singular)
midiwi (nominative plural)
medō (nominative plural)
medu (accusative singular)
medū (accusative plural)
medō (genitive singular)
midiwō (genitive plural)
midiwi (dative singular)
medō (dative singular)
medum (dative plural)
medu (instrumental singular)
medum (instrumental plural)

Old English: medu, medo, meodo, meodu
Middle English: mede, methe (influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr)
English: mead
Scots: mede, meid

Old Frisian: mede

Saterland Frisian: Meede

West Frisian: mea

Old Saxon: medu

Middle Low German: mēde, medde

Low German: Mia (Westphalian dialects)

Old Dutch: *medu
Middle Dutch: mēde
Dutch: mede, mee

Old High German: metu
Middle High German: mete, met
German: Met


wulf

wulf (nominative singular)
wolfō (nominative plural)
wolfōs (nominative plural)
wulf (accusative singular)
wolfā (accusative plural)
wolfas (genitive singular)
wolfō (genitive plural)
wulfē (dative singular)
wulfum (dative plural)
wulfu (instrumental singular)
wulfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wulf
Middle English: wolf, wulf, woulf, wolfe
English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)
Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff

Old Frisian: wolf

Saterland Frisian: Wulf

West Frisian: wolf

Old Saxon: wulf

Middle Low German: wulf

Low German:

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Wulf

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wulf

Suerländer-Märkisch: Wulf

Westmünsterländisch: Wulf

Plautdietsch: Wulf

Old Dutch: *wulf
Middle Dutch: wolf
Dutch: wolf
Afrikaans: wolf
Jersey Dutch: wâlf
Negerhollands: wuluwuluk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: wuluwuluk (dated)
Limburgish: wólf

Old High German: wolf
Middle High German: wolf
Alemannic German: wolf (Italian Walser)
Bavarian: Woif, Wolf
Cimbrian: bolf
Mòcheno: bolf
Udinese: bolf, bölf
German: Wolf
Hunsrik: Wollef
Luxembourgish: Wollef
Pennsylvania German: Wolf
Vilamovian: wūf
Yiddish: וואָלף (volf)


bain

bain (nominative singular)
bainu (nominative plural)
bain (accusative singular)
bainu (accusative plural)
bainas (genitive singular)
bainō (genitive plural)
bainē (dative singular)
bainum (dative plural)
bainu (instrumental singular)
bainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bān
Middle English: bon, ban, bane, bone, boon
English: bone
Geordie English: byen
Scots: bane, bean, bain
Yola: bane

Old Frisian: bēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bian
Goesharde: biin
Halligen: bian
Heligoland: Bean
Mooring: biinj
Sylt: Biin
Wiedingharde: biin
Saterland Frisian: Been
West Frisian: bien

Old Saxon: bēn
Middle Low German: bên
Low German: Been, Bein
Plautdietsch: Been

Old Dutch: bēn
Middle Dutch: bêen
Dutch: been
Afrikaans: been
Berbice Creole Dutch: been
Jersey Dutch: beîn
Negerhollands: been
→ Lokono: bèna
Limburgish: bein

Old High German: bein
Middle High German: bein
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Boi, Boa
Bavarian: Boan
Central Franconian: Been, Bein
Hunsrik: Been
Luxembourgish: Been
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Been
German: Bein
Vilamovian: baan
Yiddish: ביין (beyn)


lat

lat (masculine nominative singular)
latu (feminine nominative singular)
lat (neuter nominative singular)
latanā (accusative masculine singular)
latā (accusative feminine singular)
lat (accusative neuter singular)
latas (genitive masculine singular)
lateʀā (feminine genitive singular)
latas (genitive neuter singular)
latumē (dative masculine singular)
lateʀē (dative feminine singular)
latumē (dative neuter singular)
latu (instrumental masculine singular)
lateʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
latu (instrumental neuter singular)
latē (masculine nominative plural)
latō (feminine nominative plural)
latu (neuter nominative plural)
latā (accusative masculine plural)
latā (accusative feminine plural)
latu (accusative neuter plural)
lateʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lateʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lateʀō (genitive neuter plural)
latēm (dative masculine plural)
latum (dative masculine plural)
latēm (dative feminine plural)
latum (dative feminine plural)
latēm (dative neuter plural)
latum (dative neuter plural)
latēm (instrumental masculine plural)
latum (instrumental masculine plural)
latēm (feminine instrumental plural)
latum (feminine instrumental plural)
latēm (instrumental neuter plural)
latum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: læt

Middle English: lat, late

Scots: lat

English: late

Yola: laate

Old Frisian: let

Saterland Frisian: leet

West Frisian: let

Old Saxon: lat

Middle Low German: lat

Low German: laat

Plautdietsch: lot

Old Dutch: *lat

Middle Dutch: lat, lāat

Dutch: laat

Afrikaans: laat

Limburgish: laat

Old High German: laz

Middle High German: laz

German: lass, lasch


lunis

lunis (nominative singular)
lunisō (nominative plural)
lunisōs (nominative plural)
lunis (accusative singular)
lunisā (accusative plural)
lunisas (genitive singular)
lunisō (genitive plural)
lunisē (dative singular)
lunisum (dative plural)
lunisu (instrumental singular)
lunisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lynis
Middle English: lins, lyns, lynce, lens
⇒ Middle English: linspin, linpin, lynpinn
English: linchpin, linpin
Scots: linspin, linpin
⇒ Early Scots: lynnale
Scots: lin-nail, lyn-nail

Old Frisian: *lenis, *lens

gl

→? Middle Dutch: lense f (influenced by native Middle Dutch lunse f)

Dutch: lens

Old Saxon: lunis

Middle Low German: lüns

German Low German: Lüns

Old High German: lunis

>? Middle High German: luner, lüner

From Proto-Germanic *lunisaz, from Proto-Germanic *lunaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lnH-, zero-grade of *lénHos (“axletree, linchpin”).


gelpan

gelpan (infinitive)
gelpannjas (genitive infinitive)
gelpannjē (dative infinitive)
gelpannju (infinitive instrumental)
gelpu (first-person present singular)
galp (first-person past singular)
gilpiʀi (present second-person singular)
gulpī (past second-person singular)
gilpidi (present singular third-person)
galp (past singular third-person)
gelpum (first-person plural present)
gulpum (first-person past plural)
gilpid (plural present second-person)
gulpud (past plural second-person)
gelpand (plural present third-person)
gulpun (past plural third-person)
gelpē (first-person present singular)
gulpī (first-person past singular)
gelpēs (present second-person singular)
gelpē (present singular third-person)
gulpī (past singular third-person)
gelpēm (first-person plural present)
gulpīm (first-person past plural)
gelpēþ (plural present second-person)
gulpīd (past plural second-person)
gelpēn (plural present third-person)
gulpīn (past plural third-person)
gilp (present singular)
gilpid (plural present)
gelpandī (participle present)
golpan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: gielpan, ġelpan, ġylpan, ġilpan
Middle English: ȝelpen, ȝælpen, yelpen
English: yelp; yap
Scots: yelp, yalp; yaup, yap

Old Frisian: *jelpa, *galpa

North Frisian: galpe

desc

Saterland Frisian: jalpe, galpe (can be either strong or weak)

Old Dutch: *gelpan

Middle Dutch: gelpen

Dutch: gilpen, tsjilpen

Old High German: *gelpfan

Middle High German: gelpfen, gelfen

From Proto-Germanic *gelpaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to call, shout, scream”).


wadan

wadan (infinitive)
wadannjas (genitive infinitive)
wadannjē (dative infinitive)
wadannju (infinitive instrumental)
wadu (first-person present singular)
wōd (first-person past singular)
wadiʀi (present second-person singular)
wōdī (past second-person singular)
wadidi (present singular third-person)
wōd (past singular third-person)
wadum (first-person plural present)
wōdum (first-person past plural)
wadid (plural present second-person)
wōdud (past plural second-person)
wadand (plural present third-person)
wōdun (past plural third-person)
wadē (first-person present singular)
wōdī (first-person past singular)
wadēs (present second-person singular)
wadē (present singular third-person)
wōdī (past singular third-person)
wadēm (first-person plural present)
wōdīm (first-person past plural)
wadēþ (plural present second-person)
wōdīd (past plural second-person)
wadēn (plural present third-person)
wōdīn (past plural third-person)
wad (present singular)
wadid (plural present)
wadandī (participle present)
wadan (participle past)

Old English: wadan

Middle English: waden

English: wade

Scots: wad, wade

Old Frisian: wada

Saterland Frisian: waadje

West Frisian: wâdzje

Old Saxon: wadan

Middle Low German: wāden

German Low German: waden

Old Dutch: *wadan

Middle Dutch: wāden

Dutch: waden

Afrikaans: waad

Old High German: watan

Middle High German: waten

German: waten

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *wadaną, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ-.


kuni

kuni (nominative singular)
kunnju (nominative plural)
kuni (accusative singular)
kunnju (accusative plural)
kunnjas (genitive singular)
kunnjō (genitive plural)
kunnjē (dative singular)
kunnjum (dative plural)
kunnju (instrumental singular)
kunnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cynn, cyn, kyn
Middle English: kin, kyn, ken, kun
English: kin
Scots: kin

Old Frisian: ken, kenn, kin

North Frisian: kinne, kenne

Old Saxon: kunni, cunni
Middle Low German: künne

Old Dutch: cunni

Middle Dutch: cunne, conne, kunne

Dutch: kunne

Old High German: kunni, chunni
Middle High German: künne, konne, kunne
German: Künne, Kunne


witan

Old English: witan, weotan
Middle English: witen, wete, weten, wetyn, wite, witenn, witten, wyett, wyt, wyte, wyten, woten
English: wit, weet
Scots: wit

Old Frisian: wita

Saterland Frisian: wíete

West Frisian: wite, witte

Old Saxon: witan
Middle Low German: wēten, wetten
German Low German: wetten, wieten

Old Dutch: witan
Middle Dutch: wēten
Dutch: weten
Afrikaans: weet
Limburgish: weite, wiete

Old High German: wizzan
Middle High German: wizzen
Alemannic German: wüsse
Cimbrian: bizzan
Central Franconian: wesse, wösse, wosse (Eifel)
Hunsrik: wisse
Luxembourgish: wëssen
German: wissen
Vilamovian: wysa
Yiddish: וויסן (visn)

→ Old French: guier (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Occitan: guidar

Catalan: guidar

Occitan: guidar

→ Basque: gidatu

→ Asturian: guiar

→ Old French: guide (see there for further descendants)

→ Italian: guidare

→ Piedmontese: guidé

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: guiar

Galician: guiar

Portuguese: guiar

→ Spanish: guiar


stint

stint (nominative singular)
stintō (nominative plural)
stintōs (nominative plural)
stint (accusative singular)
stintā (accusative plural)
stintas (genitive singular)
stintō (genitive plural)
stintē (dative singular)
stintum (dative plural)
stintu (instrumental singular)
stintum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stint

Middle Low German: stint

→ German: Stint

Old High German: *stinz

Middle High German: stinz

German: Stinz (archaic)


saru

saru (nominative singular)
saru (nominative plural)
saru (accusative singular)
saru (accusative plural)
sarwas (genitive singular)
sarwō (genitive plural)
sarwē (dative singular)
sarum (dative plural)
saru (instrumental singular)
sarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: searu, searo

Old Saxon: saru

Old High German: saro


garn

garn (nominative singular)
garnu (nominative plural)
garn (accusative singular)
garnu (accusative plural)
garnas (genitive singular)
garnō (genitive plural)
garnē (dative singular)
garnum (dative plural)
garnu (instrumental singular)
garnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġearn
Middle English: yarn, ȝarn, ȝern, ȝerne, jarne, yarne, yeern
English: yarn
Scots: yairn
Middle English: garn, garne (conflated with Old Norse garn)
English: garn (obsolete)

Old Frisian: *jern, *jirn

Saterland Frisian: Jäiden, Jidden

West Frisian: jern

Old Saxon: garn

Middle Low German: garn

German Low German: Gaarn

Old Dutch: *garn

Middle Dutch: gāren

Dutch: garen

Old High German: garn
Middle High German: garn
Cimbrian: gaarn, ghèrn
German: Garn
Luxembourgish: Gar


faran

faran (infinitive)
farannjas (genitive infinitive)
farannjē (dative infinitive)
farannju (infinitive instrumental)
faru (first-person present singular)
fōr (first-person past singular)
fariʀi (present second-person singular)
fōrī (past second-person singular)
faridi (present singular third-person)
fōr (past singular third-person)
farum (first-person plural present)
fōrum (first-person past plural)
farid (plural present second-person)
fōrud (past plural second-person)
farand (plural present third-person)
fōrun (past plural third-person)
farē (first-person present singular)
fōrī (first-person past singular)
farēs (present second-person singular)
farē (present singular third-person)
fōrī (past singular third-person)
farēm (first-person plural present)
fōrīm (first-person past plural)
farēþ (plural present second-person)
fōrīd (past plural second-person)
farēn (plural present third-person)
fōrīn (past plural third-person)
far (present singular)
farid (plural present)
farandī (participle present)
faran (participle past)

Old English: faran, fearan — Mercian, fara, færan, færa, feran
Middle English: faren, fare, faryn, feren, ffare, varen, faran, farenn, fearen (Early Middle English)
English: fare
Scots: fare

Old Frisian: fara

Saterland Frisian: foare

West Frisian: farre

Old Saxon: faran
Middle Low German: vāren
German Low German: fahren

Old Dutch: faran
Middle Dutch: vāren
Dutch: varen
Limburgish: vare

Old High German: faran
Middle High German: varen, varn
Alemannic German: faare, fare
Bavarian: foarn
Central Franconian: fahre, foahre
Hunsrik: faare
Luxembourgish: fueren
German: fahren
Yiddish: פֿאָרן (forn)


nasu

nasu (nominative singular)
nasō (nominative plural)
nasā (accusative singular)
nasā (accusative plural)
nasā (genitive singular)
nasō (genitive plural)
nasē (dative singular)
nasōm (dative plural)
nasum (dative plural)
nasu (instrumental singular)
nasōm (instrumental plural)
nasum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nasu
Middle English: nase, nasse, nease

Old Frisian: *nase

North Frisian: naas

Old Dutch: *nasa

Middle Dutch: nase

Old High German: nasa
Middle High German: nase
Alemannic German: Nase, Naase (Basel, Aargau, Lucerne, Zug, Schwyz, Uri)
Swabian: Nas
Bavarian: Nosn
Central Franconian: Nas, Noas, Nos (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Naas
Luxembourgish: Nues
East Franconian: Nous
German: Nase
Rhine Franconian: Noos
Pennsylvania German: Naas
Vilamovian: nōs, nōz
Yiddish: נאָז (noz)

Presumably related to *nasō (“nose”), from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”).


faru

faru (nominative singular)
farwō (nominative plural)
farwā (accusative singular)
farwā (accusative plural)
farwā (genitive singular)
farwō (genitive plural)
farwē (dative singular)
farwōm (dative plural)
farum (dative plural)
faru (instrumental singular)
farwōm (instrumental plural)
farum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: ferwe, verwa

Saterland Frisian: Faawe

West Frisian: farve, ferve

Old Saxon: farwi, farawi, farw

Middle Low German: varwe, verwe
Low German: Faarf, Farf, Farv, Farve, Farw, Farwe
→ Danish: farve
Norwegian Bokmål: farve (riksmål)
→ Estonian: värv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: farge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: farge
→ Old Swedish: færgha
Swedish: färg
→ Finnish: väri

Old Dutch: *farwa

Middle Dutch: varwe
Dutch: verf
Afrikaans: verf
Negerhollands: verw
→ Papiamentu: fèrfdó
→ Sranan Tongo: ferfi
→ Aukan: felifi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: verfi
→ Saramaccan: féifi
Limburgish: varf

Old High German: farawa, farawī

Middle High German: varwe, farwe, verwe, var, far
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Fàrb
Swabian: Farb
Bavarian: Foam
Cimbrian: bèrbe
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Forreb
Ripuarian: Färv
German: Farbe (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Faarf
Vilamovian: förf
Yiddish: פֿאַרב (farb)
→ Czech: barva (see there for further descendants)
→ Lower Sorbian: barwa
→ Slovene: barva
→ Upper Sorbian: barba
→ Old Polish: barwa
Polish: barwa
→ Belarusian: ба́рва (bárva)
→ Ukrainian: ба́рва (bárva)


faru

faru (nominative singular)
farō (nominative plural)
farā (accusative singular)
farā (accusative plural)
farā (genitive singular)
farō (genitive plural)
farē (dative singular)
farōm (dative plural)
farum (dative plural)
faru (instrumental singular)
farōm (instrumental plural)
farum (instrumental plural)

Old English: faru

Middle English: fare

English: fare

Old High German: fara

Middle High German: var

German: Fahr


smalt

smalt (nominative singular)
smaltu (nominative plural)
smalt (accusative singular)
smaltu (accusative plural)
smaltas (genitive singular)
smaltō (genitive plural)
smaltē (dative singular)
smaltum (dative plural)
smaltu (instrumental singular)
smaltum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *smalt

Middle Dutch: smout

Dutch: smout

Old High German: smalz
Middle High German: smalz
Cimbrian: smaltz
German: Schmalz
Hunsrik: Schmals
Luxembourgish: Schmalz
Yiddish: שמאַלץ (shmalts)
→ Dutch: schmalz, sjmalts
→ English: schmaltz
→ Ladin: smauz
→ Old Polish: smalec
Polish: smalec, szmalec
→ Belarusian: шма́лец (šmáljec)
→ Old Ruthenian: сма́лецъ (smálecʹ)
Belarusian: сма́лец (smáljec), сма́ляц (smáljac), сма́лець (smáljecʹ)
Ukrainian: сма́лець (smálecʹ)
→ Russian: сма́лец (smálec)

→ Medieval Latin: smaltum (see there for further descendants)


ger

ger (masculine nominative singular)
geru (feminine nominative singular)
ger (neuter nominative singular)
geranā (accusative masculine singular)
gerā (accusative feminine singular)
ger (accusative neuter singular)
geras (genitive masculine singular)
gereʀā (feminine genitive singular)
geras (genitive neuter singular)
gerumē (dative masculine singular)
gereʀē (dative feminine singular)
gerumē (dative neuter singular)
geru (instrumental masculine singular)
gereʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
geru (instrumental neuter singular)
gerē (masculine nominative plural)
gerō (feminine nominative plural)
geru (neuter nominative plural)
gerā (accusative masculine plural)
gerā (accusative feminine plural)
geru (accusative neuter plural)
gereʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gereʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gereʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gerēm (dative masculine plural)
gerum (dative masculine plural)
gerēm (dative feminine plural)
gerum (dative feminine plural)
gerēm (dative neuter plural)
gerum (dative neuter plural)
gerēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gerum (instrumental masculine plural)
gerēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gerum (feminine instrumental plural)
gerēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gerum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old High German: ger


hross

hross (nominative singular)
hrossu (nominative plural)
hross (accusative singular)
hrossu (accusative plural)
hrossas (genitive singular)
hrossō (genitive plural)
hrossē (dative singular)
hrossum (dative plural)
hrossu (instrumental singular)
hrossum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hors
Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors

Old Frisian: hors, hars, hers, ros
North Frisian: hors
⇒ Saterland Frisian: rosje, rösje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
West Frisian: hoars; rosje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)

Old Saxon: hros, hross, hors

Middle Low German: ros, ors

German Low German: Hüsi, Hiesi ?

Old Dutch: hors, ors, hers, ros

Middle Dutch: ors, hors, hers, ers, ros
Dutch: ros
Afrikaans: ros
⇒ Dutch: rossen (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
→ West Frisian: rosse (verb)

Old High German: hros, ros

Middle High German: ros, ors

Alemannic German: Ross

Bavarian: Ross

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Ross

Transylvanian Saxon: Räuss

German: Ross

→ Vulgar Latin: *rossa (see there for further descendants)


ofn

ofn (nominative singular)
ofnō (nominative plural)
ofnōs (nominative plural)
ofn (accusative singular)
ofnā (accusative plural)
ofnas (genitive singular)
ofnō (genitive plural)
ofnē (dative singular)
ofnum (dative plural)
ofnu (instrumental singular)
ofnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ofn, ofen; ofnet

Middle English: oven

Scots: ovin, uven, une

English: oven

→ Chichewa: uvuni

→ Zulu: uhhavini

Old Frisian: oven

North Frisian: oven, ouvn

Saterland Frisian: Ougend (< *ogn ?)

West Frisian: ûne, ûn

Old Saxon: *ovan

Middle Low German: ōven

German Low German: Aven

Old Dutch: *ovan

Middle Dutch: ōven

Dutch: oven
Afrikaans: oond
Negerhollands: oven
→ Caribbean Javanese: ofen
→ Indonesian: oven
→ Sranan Tongo: onfu
→ Saramaccan: ónfu

Limburgish: aove

West Flemish: oven

Zealandic: oven

Old High German: ofan, ovan, ovin

Middle High German: oven

desc

Central Franconian: Ovve, Owe, Oawe, Uawe (Moselle Franconian)

Hunsrik: Ove

Luxembourgish: Uewen

German: Ofen

Transylvanian Saxon: Owen, Îewen

Vilamovian: uwa

Yiddish: אויוון (oyvn)

From Proto-Germanic *ufnaz, north and West Germanic variant of *uhnaz (“oven”).


laun

laun (nominative singular)
launu (nominative plural)
laun (accusative singular)
launu (accusative plural)
launas (genitive singular)
launō (genitive plural)
launē (dative singular)
launum (dative plural)
launu (instrumental singular)
launum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēan

Middle English: lean, læn, lan, lien

Old Frisian: lān

North Frisian: lean

Saterland Frisian: Loon

West Frisian: lean

Old Saxon: lōn

Middle Low German: lōn

German Low German: Lauhn (Westfälisch)

Old Dutch: *lōn

Middle Dutch: lôon

Dutch: loon

Afrikaans: loon

Limburgish: loean

Old High German: lōn

Middle High German: lōn

German: Lohn m

Luxembourgish: Loun

Pennsylvania German: Loh

Yiddish: לוין (loyn)

→⇒ Medieval Latin: *widerlonum, widerdonum

Old French: gueredun, guerdon, werdon

French: guerdon

→ English: guerdon

Occitan: guierdon

Italian: guidardone, guiderdone

Spanish: galardón

Old Galician-Portuguese: gualardon

Galician: galardón

Portuguese: galardão

From Proto-Germanic *launą, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w-.


dugan

desctree

Old English: dugan
Middle English: douen, dowen, duhen, duȝen
English: dow (obsolete)
Scots: dow

Old Frisian: duga

North Frisian: döge

Saterland Frisian: dooge

West Frisian: doge

Old Saxon: dugan
Middle Low German: dōgen
Low German: dögen

Old Dutch: dugan
Middle Dutch: dōgen
Dutch: deugen
Afrikaans: deug

Old High German: tugan
Middle High German: tugen, tugen, tügen
German: taugen
→ Esperanto: taŭgi
Luxembourgish: daachen
Yiddish: טויגן (toygn)


korn

korn (nominative singular)
kornu (nominative plural)
korn (accusative singular)
kornu (accusative plural)
kornas (genitive singular)
kornō (genitive plural)
kornē (dative singular)
kornum (dative plural)
kornu (instrumental singular)
kornum (instrumental plural)

Old English: corn
Middle English: corn
English: corn (see there for further descendants)
Scots: corn, curn
Yola: coorn, koorn

Old Frisian: korn

Saterland Frisian: Koarel (via dissimilation)

West Frisian: koarn

Old Saxon: korn

Middle Low German: korn

desc

Low German: korn, Korn, Koorn, Kuurn, Kurn

Plautdietsch: Korn

Old Dutch: korn, coren (in compounds)

Middle Dutch: corn, kōren

desctree

Dutch: koren
Afrikaans: koring
Negerhollands: koorn
→ Sranan Tongo: karu
→ Saramaccan: kálu

Old High German: korn

Middle High German: korn

Alemannic German: Chorn

desc

Central Franconian: Koon, Kor, Korn (Moselle Franconian)

Cimbrian: khòrn

German: Korn

Luxembourgish: Kar

Mòcheno: kourn

Yiddish: קאָרן (korn)

From Proto-Germanic *kurną. Doublet of *grānō.


sark

sark (nominative singular)
sarkō (nominative plural)
sarkōs (nominative plural)
sark (accusative singular)
sarkā (accusative plural)
sarkas (genitive singular)
sarkō (genitive plural)
sarkē (dative singular)
sarkum (dative plural)
sarku (instrumental singular)
sarkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: serk

West Frisian: sark

Old Saxon: sark

Middle Low German: sark, saarck, sarc, sarik, sarich, sarek, serk

German Low German: Sark

Old Dutch: *sark

Middle Dutch: sarc, serc

Dutch: zerk

Old High German: sark, sarc, sarh, saruh

Middle High German: sarc, sarch

German: Sarg (see there for further descendants)

Hunsrik: Saarich, Sarrich

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *sarcus, from Latin sarcophagus (“grave, sepulchre”).


skarp

skarp (masculine nominative singular)
skarpu (feminine nominative singular)
skarp (neuter nominative singular)
skarpanā (accusative masculine singular)
skarpā (accusative feminine singular)
skarp (accusative neuter singular)
skarpas (genitive masculine singular)
skarpeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
skarpas (genitive neuter singular)
skarpumē (dative masculine singular)
skarpeʀē (dative feminine singular)
skarpumē (dative neuter singular)
skarpu (instrumental masculine singular)
skarpeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
skarpu (instrumental neuter singular)
skarpē (masculine nominative plural)
skarpō (feminine nominative plural)
skarpu (neuter nominative plural)
skarpā (accusative masculine plural)
skarpā (accusative feminine plural)
skarpu (accusative neuter plural)
skarpeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
skarpeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
skarpeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
skarpēm (dative masculine plural)
skarpum (dative masculine plural)
skarpēm (dative feminine plural)
skarpum (dative feminine plural)
skarpēm (dative neuter plural)
skarpum (dative neuter plural)
skarpēm (instrumental masculine plural)
skarpum (instrumental masculine plural)
skarpēm (feminine instrumental plural)
skarpum (feminine instrumental plural)
skarpēm (instrumental neuter plural)
skarpum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sċarp, sċearp

Middle English: scharp

Scots: scharp

English: sharp

Old Frisian: skerp, skarp

Saterland Frisian: skärp, skäärp, schäärp

West Frisian: skerp

Old Saxon: skarp

Middle Low German: scharp

Low German: scharp

Old Dutch: scarp

desctree

Middle Dutch: scharp
Dutch: scherp
Limburgish: sjèrp

Old High German: scarf, scarph
Middle High German: scharpf
Alemannic German: scharpf
Bavarian: scharf
Central Franconian: schärp, scharp (eastern Ripuarian), scharf (Moselle Franconian; now alternatively in Ripuarian via German)
German: scharf
Hunsrik: schaaref
Luxembourgish: schaarf
Yiddish: שאַרף (sharf)

→ Old Catalan: escarp

Catalan: esquerp


bannan

bannan (infinitive)
bannannjas (genitive infinitive)
bannannjē (dative infinitive)
bannannju (infinitive instrumental)
bannu (first-person present singular)
beann (first-person past singular)
banniʀi (present second-person singular)
beannī (past second-person singular)
bannidi (present singular third-person)
beann (past singular third-person)
bannum (first-person plural present)
beannum (first-person past plural)
bannid (plural present second-person)
beannud (past plural second-person)
bannand (plural present third-person)
beannun (past plural third-person)
bannē (first-person present singular)
beannī (first-person past singular)
bannēs (present second-person singular)
bannē (present singular third-person)
beannī (past singular third-person)
bannēm (first-person plural present)
beannīm (first-person past plural)
bannēþ (plural present second-person)
beannīd (past plural second-person)
bannēn (plural present third-person)
beannīn (past plural third-person)
bann (present singular)
bannid (plural present)
bannandī (participle present)
bannan (participle past)

Old English: bannan
Middle English: bannen, bonnen
English: ban
Scots: ban

Old Frisian: banna

Saterland Frisian: banne

West Frisian: banne

Old Saxon: bannan
Middle Low German: bannan, *bannen
Low German: bannen

Old Dutch: *bannan

Middle Dutch: bannen
Dutch: bannen
Afrikaans: ban
Negerhollands: bannen
→ Papiamentu: ban, bant

Old High German: pannan, bannan

Middle High German: bannen

German: bannen
→ Luxembourgish: bannen

→ Late Latin: banniō (see there for further descendants)


bak

bak (nominative singular)
baku (nominative plural)
bak (accusative singular)
baku (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakō (genitive plural)
bakē (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)
baku (instrumental singular)
bakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæc, bec — Mercian, Kentish
Middle English: bak, back
English: back
Scots: bak, back, bake

Old Frisian: bek

West Frisian: beck, bek

⇒ West Frisian: bekling

Old Saxon: bak
Middle Low German: bak
⇒ Middle Low German: *huckebak
Low German: Huckeback
→ German: huckepack

Old High German: bah

⇒ Old High German: bahho m

Middle High German: bache

German: Bache

⇒ Old High German: bahha f

Middle High German: bache

German: Bache


bak

bak (nominative singular)
bakō (nominative plural)
bakōs (nominative plural)
bak (accusative singular)
bakā (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakō (genitive plural)
bakē (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)
baku (instrumental singular)
bakum (instrumental plural)
bak (nominative singular)
baku (nominative plural)
bak (accusative singular)
baku (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakō (genitive plural)
bakē (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)
baku (instrumental singular)
bakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bæc
Middle English: *bak
⇒ Middle English: bakmonger

Old Frisian: *bek, *bak

Saterland Frisian: Bak (in compounds and derivatives)

West Frisian: bak (in compounds and derivatives)

Old Saxon: *bak

Middle Low German: bak, back, bach n

Old Dutch: *bak (in compounds)

Old High German: *bah, *bak

Middle High German: bak m

German: Back (in compounds)


sugu

sugu (nominative singular)
sogō (nominative plural)
sogā (accusative singular)
sogā (accusative plural)
sogā (genitive singular)
sogō (genitive plural)
sugē (dative singular)
sogōm (dative plural)
sugum (dative plural)
sugu (instrumental singular)
sogōm (instrumental plural)
sugum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sugu
Middle English: sowe
English: sow
Scots: sou

Old Saxon: suga

German Low German: Söög

Old Dutch: *soga

Middle Dutch: soge, suege

Dutch: zeug

From Proto-Germanic *sugō or *suwō, derived from Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“pig, hog, swine”), with the West Germanic *-g- arising either:
* along with the Germanic cognates Swedish sugga, Elfdalian sugga and Norwegian sugge (< Old Norse *suggva), from Proto-Indo-European *suH-kéh₂, with a (diminutive?) suffix similar to those in Proto-Celtic *sukkos and Proto-Indo-Iranian *suHkás, but this does not easily explain the short root vowel (if a laryngeal is to be reconstructed) and North Germanic gemination;
* sporadically from *w between the high vowels *u (either already in Proto-Germanic from accusative *suwun, or in Proto-West Germanic *suwu), with the North Germanic cognates independently undergoing a parallel development via Holtzmann's law.


melu

melu (nominative singular)
melu (nominative plural)
melu (accusative singular)
melu (accusative plural)
melwas (genitive singular)
melwō (genitive plural)
melwē (dative singular)
melum (dative plural)
melu (instrumental singular)
melum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: melu, melo, meolo
Middle English: mele, meale, meele, melow
English: meal
Scots: meil, mele
Yola: mele, mell

Old Frisian: mele

North Frisian: meel, mal

Saterland Frisian: Meel

West Frisian: moal

Old Saxon: melo

Middle Low German: mēle, mel

Dutch Low Saxon: mael

German Low German: Mehl

Old Dutch: *melo

Middle Dutch: mēle, meel

Dutch: meel
Afrikaans: meel
Berbice Creole Dutch: meli
Negerhollands: meel, mil
→ Lokono: meli

Limburgish: mael

Old High German: melo
Middle High German: mël
Alemannic German: Mël, Mèhl
Bavarian: Mej, Möö
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meel
Luxembourgish: Miel
German: Mehl
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mehl
Vilamovian: maoł
Yiddish: מעל (mel)


-sam

-sam (masculine nominative singular)
-samu (feminine nominative singular)
-sam (neuter nominative singular)
-samanā (accusative masculine singular)
-samā (accusative feminine singular)
-sam (accusative neuter singular)
-samas (genitive masculine singular)
-sameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-samas (genitive neuter singular)
-samumē (dative masculine singular)
-sameʀē (dative feminine singular)
-samumē (dative neuter singular)
-samu (instrumental masculine singular)
-sameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-samu (instrumental neuter singular)
-samē (masculine nominative plural)
-samō (feminine nominative plural)
-samu (neuter nominative plural)
-samā (accusative masculine plural)
-samā (accusative feminine plural)
-samu (accusative neuter plural)
-sameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-sameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-sameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-samēm (dative masculine plural)
-samum (dative masculine plural)
-samēm (dative feminine plural)
-samum (dative feminine plural)
-samēm (dative neuter plural)
-samum (dative neuter plural)
-samēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-samum (instrumental masculine plural)
-samēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-samum (feminine instrumental plural)
-samēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-samum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -sum
Middle English: -sum, -som, -some
English: -some
Scots: -some

Old Frisian: -sam

Saterland Frisian: -soam

West Frisian: -sum

Old Saxon: -sam

Middle Low German: -sam

German Low German: -saam

Old Dutch: -sam

Middle Dutch: -sam

Dutch: -zaam

Old High German: -sam

Middle High German: -sam

German: -sam

-some. Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives expressing similarity or the possession of a quality.


nosu

nosu (nominative singular)
nosō (nominative plural)
nosā (accusative singular)
nosā (accusative plural)
nosā (genitive singular)
nosō (genitive plural)
nosē (dative singular)
nosōm (dative plural)
nosum (dative plural)
nosu (instrumental singular)
nosōm (instrumental plural)
nosum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nosu, neosu
Middle English: nose, neose, noose, nosse, nos, nosu
English: nose
Scots: nos, nose, nois

Old Frisian: nose, nosi
North Frisian: nös
Saterland Frisian: Noose
West Frisian: noas

Old Saxon: *nosa

Middle Low German: nōse

German Low German: Nöös

Old Dutch: *nosa

Middle Dutch: nose, nuese (with unexpected umlaut)

Dutch: neus
Afrikaans: neus
Javindo: nees
Negerhollands: naes, nees, nes


etan

etan (infinitive)
etannjas (genitive infinitive)
etannjē (dative infinitive)
etannju (infinitive instrumental)
etu (first-person present singular)
āt (first-person past singular)
itiʀi (present second-person singular)
ātī (past second-person singular)
itidi (present singular third-person)
āt (past singular third-person)
etum (first-person plural present)
ātum (first-person past plural)
itid (plural present second-person)
ātud (past plural second-person)
etand (plural present third-person)
ātun (past plural third-person)
etē (first-person present singular)
ātī (first-person past singular)
etēs (present second-person singular)
etē (present singular third-person)
ātī (past singular third-person)
etēm (first-person plural present)
ātīm (first-person past plural)
etēþ (plural present second-person)
ātīd (past plural second-person)
etēn (plural present third-person)
ātīn (past plural third-person)
et (present singular)
itid (plural present)
etandī (participle present)
etan (participle past)

Old English: etan, eata — Northumbrian, eotan, ætan
Middle English: eten, eete, eeten, ete, etin, ethe, ette, æten, etenn (Early Middle English)
English: eat
Scots: ait, aet, eat, eit, ete
Yola: at, ayth, eight

Old Frisian: ita, eta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iidj
Mooring: ääse
Saterland Frisian: iete, íete
West Frisian: ite

Old Saxon: etan
Middle Low German: ēten
Low German: eten

Old Dutch: etan
Middle Dutch: ēten
Dutch: eten
Afrikaans: eet
Limburgish: aete

Old High German: ezzan
Middle High German: ëzzen, eszen
Alemannic German: ässe
Walser: essen, ässä, asse, assu
Bavarian: eisn
Cimbrian: èzzan, èssan, ezzan
Mòcheno: èssn
Central Franconian: äße, esse (Kölsch, northernmost Ripuarian), eaße (parts of Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: esse
German: essen
Luxembourgish: iessen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: esse
Vilamovian: aosa
Yiddish: עסן (esn)


werk

werk (nominative singular)
werku (nominative plural)
werk (accusative singular)
werku (accusative plural)
werkas (genitive singular)
werkō (genitive plural)
werkē (dative singular)
werkum (dative plural)
werku (instrumental singular)
werkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weorc, worc

Middle English: werk, work

Scots: wark

English: work

Old Frisian: werk, wirk

Saterland Frisian: Wierk

West Frisian: wurk

Old Saxon: werk

Middle Low German: wark, werk

Low German: wark, werk

Old Dutch: werc

Middle Dutch: werk, wark

Dutch: werk

Afrikaans: werk

Old High German: werc, werh, werah

Middle High German: wërc

German: Werk

Luxembourgish: Wierk


werk

Old Frisian: *werk, *wirk

Saterland Frisian: Wäierk, Wíerk

West Frisian: wurk

Old Saxon: *werk

Middle Low German: werk, wark

→ Danish: værk

→ Norwegian: verk

Old Dutch: *werk

Middle Dutch: werc

Dutch: werk

→ French: warq (dialectal)

desc

Old High German: werh, werah, werc, werk

Middle High German: werc, werch, werich

German: Werg


smal

head

*smal (comparative *smaliʀō, superlative *smalist)

smaliʀō (comparative)
smalist (superlative)
smal (masculine nominative singular)
smalu (feminine nominative singular)
smal (neuter nominative singular)
smalanā (accusative masculine singular)
smalā (accusative feminine singular)
smal (accusative neuter singular)
smalas (genitive masculine singular)
smaleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
smalas (genitive neuter singular)
smalumē (dative masculine singular)
smaleʀē (dative feminine singular)
smalumē (dative neuter singular)
smalu (instrumental masculine singular)
smaleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
smalu (instrumental neuter singular)
smalē (masculine nominative plural)
smalō (feminine nominative plural)
smalu (neuter nominative plural)
smalā (accusative masculine plural)
smalā (accusative feminine plural)
smalu (accusative neuter plural)
smaleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
smaleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
smaleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
smalēm (dative masculine plural)
smalum (dative masculine plural)
smalēm (dative feminine plural)
smalum (dative feminine plural)
smalēm (dative neuter plural)
smalum (dative neuter plural)
smalēm (instrumental masculine plural)
smalum (instrumental masculine plural)
smalēm (feminine instrumental plural)
smalum (feminine instrumental plural)
smalēm (instrumental neuter plural)
smalum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: smæl

Middle English: smal

Scots: smal, smaw

English: small

Old Frisian: smel

North Frisian: smaal, smääl, smeel

Saterland Frisian: smäl

West Frisian: smel

Old Saxon: smal

Middle Low German: smal

Low German: small

Old Dutch: smal

Middle Dutch: smal

Dutch: smal

desctree

Old High German: smal
Middle High German: smal
Bavarian: schmål, schmoi
German: schmal
Hunsrik: schmaal
Luxembourgish: schmuel
Vilamovian: śmoł
Yiddish: שמאָל (shmol)


faim

faim (nominative singular)
faimō (nominative plural)
faimōs (nominative plural)
faim (accusative singular)
faimā (accusative plural)
faimas (genitive singular)
faimō (genitive plural)
faimē (dative singular)
faimum (dative plural)
faimu (instrumental singular)
faimum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fām, fǣm n
Middle English: fom, fam, fome, foom, foome
English: foam
→ Faroese: fómur
Scots: fame, faim, faem
→ Faroese: fám

Old High German: feim

Middle High German: veim

Alemannic German: Feim, Fäum

Bavarian: Foam

Cimbrian: vòam, bòam (Mezzaselva)

German: Feim

East Franconian: Faam

>? Middle High German: fūm, vūm

German: Faum


kok

kok (nominative singular)
kokō (nominative plural)
kokōs (nominative plural)
kok (accusative singular)
kokā (accusative plural)
kokas (genitive singular)
kokō (genitive plural)
kokē (dative singular)
kokum (dative plural)
koku (instrumental singular)
kokum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cōc
Middle English: cook, cok, coke, koke, cuyke, cuke, cooke
English: cook
Sranan Tongo: kukru (via cook room)
Aukan: kukuu
Tok Pisin: kuk
→ Norman: couque
→ Portuguese: cuca
→ Thai: กุ๊ก (gúk)
→ Tokelauan: kuka
Scots: cuke, cuik

Old Saxon: kok

desc

Middle Low German: kok, kock, kôk, koyk, kack

German Low German: Kock

→ Danish: kok

→ Faroese: kokkur

→ Icelandic: kokkur

→ Norwegian: kok

→ Swedish: kock
→ Finnish: kokki

Old Dutch: *kok

Middle Dutch: coc

desctree

Dutch: kok
Afrikaans: kok
Negerhollands: kokki, koki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Javanese: koki (from the diminutive)
→ French: coq
→ Indonesian: koki (from the diminutive)
→ Petjo: koki, kokkie
→ Malayalam: കോക്കി (kōkki) (from the diminutive)
→ Japanese: コック (kokku)
→ Papiamentu: kòki, kokki (from the diminutive)
→ Russian: кок (kok)

Limburgish: kók

Old High German: koh

Middle High German: koch, koche

Alemannic German: Choch

Bavarian: Koch

Cimbrian: khoch

Central Franconian: Koch

Luxembourgish: Kach

German: Koch

Borrowed from Late Latin cocus (“a cook”).


fisk

fisk (nominative singular)
fiskō (nominative plural)
fiskōs (nominative plural)
fisk (accusative singular)
fiskā (accusative plural)
fiskas (genitive singular)
fiskō (genitive plural)
fiskē (dative singular)
fiskum (dative plural)
fisku (instrumental singular)
fiskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fisċ, fix, ᚠᛁᛋᚳ (fisc) — Runic
Middle English: fisch, fysshe, fysch, fish, fische, fis, fyshe, fissh, vish
English: fish (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fish, fysch, fisch
Yola: wish

Old Frisian: fisk

North Frisian:

Mooring: fasch

Fering-Öömrang: fask

Söl'ring: fesk

Halunder: fesk

Saterland Frisian: Fisk

West Frisian: fisk

Old Saxon: fisk, fisc, visk, visc
Middle Low German: visch, vis
Dutch Low Saxon: visch
German Low German: Fisk, Fiss, Fisch, Fösch
Plautdietsch: Fesch

Old Dutch: fisc, visc
Middle Dutch: visch
Dutch: vis
Afrikaans: vis
Berbice Creole Dutch: fesi
Jersey Dutch: väśe
Negerhollands: visch, vesch, fes, fis, vis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fis (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: fesi, fisse, fiche
Petjo: fis
→? Aukan: fisi
Limburgish: visj, vèsj
West Flemish: vissch

Old High German: fisk, fisc
Middle High German: visch
Bavarian: Fiisch
Cimbrian: viss, biss, visch
Mòcheno: visch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Fisch
Kölsch: Fesch
German: Fisch
Luxembourgish: Fësch
Transylvanian Saxon: Fäsch
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Fusch, Fisch
Vilamovian: fejś
Yiddish: פֿיש (fish)


-ling

-ling (nominative singular)
-lingō (nominative plural)
-lingōs (nominative plural)
-ling (accusative singular)
-lingā (accusative plural)
-lingas (genitive singular)
-lingō (genitive plural)
-lingē (dative singular)
-lingum (dative plural)
-lingu (instrumental singular)
-lingum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ling

Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge
English: -ling
Scots: -ling, -lin

Old Frisian: -ling

Saterland Frisian: -ling

West Frisian: -ling

Old Saxon: -ling

Middle Low German: -linc, -link

German Low German: -ling

Old Dutch: -ling

Middle Dutch: -ling

Dutch: -ling

Old High German: -ling

Middle High German: -linc

German: -ling

→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus

desc

Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn

Middle French: -llan

French: -llan

→ Italian: -llano

→ Spanish: -lán

→ English: -lain

Old Italian: -lingo

Italian: -lengo

Old Occitan: -leng

Catalan: -lenc

Spanish: -lengo

Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force.


bars

bars (nominative singular)
barsō (nominative plural)
barsōs (nominative plural)
bars (accusative singular)
barsā (accusative plural)
barsas (genitive singular)
barsō (genitive plural)
barsē (dative singular)
barsum (dative plural)
barsu (instrumental singular)
barsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bærs

Middle English: bars, bas

English: barse, bass

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Boas

Old Saxon: bars

→ Polabian: borš

Old Dutch: *bars

Middle Dutch: bars, bāers

Dutch: baars

Old High German: bars

Middle High German: bars

German: Barsch


haru

haru (masculine nominative singular)
haru (feminine nominative singular)
haru (neuter nominative singular)
harwanā (accusative masculine singular)
harwā (accusative feminine singular)
haru (accusative neuter singular)
harwas (genitive masculine singular)
harweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
harwas (genitive neuter singular)
harumē (dative masculine singular)
harweʀē (dative feminine singular)
harumē (dative neuter singular)
haru (instrumental masculine singular)
harweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haru (instrumental neuter singular)
harwē (masculine nominative plural)
harwō (feminine nominative plural)
haru (neuter nominative plural)
harwā (accusative masculine plural)
harwā (accusative feminine plural)
haru (accusative neuter plural)
harweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
harweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
harweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
harwēm (dative masculine plural)
harum (dative masculine plural)
harwēm (dative feminine plural)
harum (dative feminine plural)
harwēm (dative neuter plural)
harum (dative neuter plural)
harwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
harum (instrumental masculine plural)
harwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
harum (feminine instrumental plural)
harwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
harum (instrumental neuter plural)

⇒ Old Frisian: *harich

West Frisian: harrich, harig, harch

Old Saxon: *haro

Middle Low German: *harwe, herwe

Old Dutch: *haro

Middle Dutch: hāre

Dutch: haar (dialectal)

Old High German: *haro

Middle High German: harewe, harbe, herwe, herbe, hare, har, here, her, herb

German: herb

⇒ Old High German: herling

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *harwaz (compare Proto-Finnic *karvas, a supposed Finnic borrowing from this Proto-Germanic word), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kor-wó-s, from *(s)ker- (“to cut off”) + *-wós, or perhaps from Proto-Germanic *hazwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₃-s-wó-s, from *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”) + *-s- + *-wós.


jung

head

*jung (comparative *jungiʀō, superlative *jungist)

jungiʀō (comparative)
jungist (superlative)
jung (masculine nominative singular)
jungu (feminine nominative singular)
jung (neuter nominative singular)
junganā (accusative masculine singular)
jungā (accusative feminine singular)
jung (accusative neuter singular)
jungas (genitive masculine singular)
jungeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
jungas (genitive neuter singular)
jungumē (dative masculine singular)
jungeʀē (dative feminine singular)
jungumē (dative neuter singular)
jungu (instrumental masculine singular)
jungeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
jungu (instrumental neuter singular)
jungē (masculine nominative plural)
jungō (feminine nominative plural)
jungu (neuter nominative plural)
jungā (accusative masculine plural)
jungā (accusative feminine plural)
jungu (accusative neuter plural)
jungeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
jungeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
jungeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
jungēm (dative masculine plural)
jungum (dative masculine plural)
jungēm (dative feminine plural)
jungum (dative feminine plural)
jungēm (dative neuter plural)
jungum (dative neuter plural)
jungēm (instrumental masculine plural)
jungum (instrumental masculine plural)
jungēm (feminine instrumental plural)
jungum (feminine instrumental plural)
jungēm (instrumental neuter plural)
jungum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: ġeong, ġing, ġiong, ġiung, ġung, iong, iung, ġeng
Middle English: yong
English: young
Scots: young

Old Frisian: jung

Saterland Frisian: jung, junk

West Frisian: jong

Old Saxon: jung
Middle Low German: jung
Low German: jung
→ Polabian: jungĕ

Old Dutch: jung

Middle Dutch: jonc
Dutch: jong
Limburgish: jong

Old High German: jung
Middle High German: junc
Alemannic German: jung, jungu, jungà, junhs, jòng
Bavarian: junk
Cimbrian: jung, djung, junk
Mòcheno: jung
Central Franconian: jonk
Hunsrik: jung
Luxembourgish: jonk
German: jung
Pennsylvania German: jung
Vilamovian: jung
Yiddish: יונג (yung)


-ini

-ini (nominative singular)
-unnjō (nominative plural)
-unnjā (accusative singular)
-unnjā (accusative plural)
-unnjā (genitive singular)
-unnjō (genitive plural)
-unnjē (dative singular)
-unnjōm (dative plural)
-unnjum (dative plural)
-unnju (instrumental singular)
-unnjōm (instrumental plural)
-unnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

English: -en (fossilised, non-productive)

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: -inne

North Frisian: -in

Old Saxon: -ina, -unnia

Middle Low German: -inne, -in

Low German: -in

→ Old Norse: -inna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: -inne

Norwegian Nynorsk: -inne

Old Danish: -inne

Danish: -inde

Old Swedish: -inna

Swedish: -inna

→ Finnish: -inna

Old Dutch: -inna

Middle Dutch: -inne

Dutch: -in

Afrikaans: -in

Limburgish: -in

Old High German: -in, -inna

Middle High German: -īn, -inne

German: -in

Alemannic German: -in

Forms nouns indicating a female individual.


oli

oli (nominative singular)
ollju (nominative plural)
oli (accusative singular)
ollju (accusative plural)
olljas (genitive singular)
olljō (genitive plural)
olljē (dative singular)
olljum (dative plural)
ollju (instrumental singular)
olljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ole, œle, ele

Middle English: ele, ely, el

Old Frisian: olie, ele

Saterland Frisian: Oulje

West Frisian: oalje

Old Saxon: *oli

desc

Middle Low German: ȫlie, ollige, olige, olge, ollich, olij, ȫley, ȫlie, ȫle, ȫl

→ Danish: olie

German Low German: Öllje, Öölje, Ööl

Old Dutch: olig

Middle Dutch: olei, olej, olie

Dutch: olie

Afrikaans: olie

Old High German: oli, ole, olei

Middle High German: ole, öle

German: Öl

Borrowed from Latin oleum (“olive oil”).


gant

gant (masculine nominative singular)
gantu (feminine nominative singular)
gant (neuter nominative singular)
gantanā (accusative masculine singular)
gantā (accusative feminine singular)
gant (accusative neuter singular)
gantas (genitive masculine singular)
ganteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gantas (genitive neuter singular)
gantumē (dative masculine singular)
ganteʀē (dative feminine singular)
gantumē (dative neuter singular)
gantu (instrumental masculine singular)
ganteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gantu (instrumental neuter singular)
gantē (masculine nominative plural)
gantō (feminine nominative plural)
gantu (neuter nominative plural)
gantā (accusative masculine plural)
gantā (accusative feminine plural)
gantu (accusative neuter plural)
ganteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
ganteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
ganteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gantēm (dative masculine plural)
gantum (dative masculine plural)
gantēm (dative feminine plural)
gantum (dative feminine plural)
gantēm (dative neuter plural)
gantum (dative neuter plural)
gantēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gantum (instrumental masculine plural)
gantēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gantum (feminine instrumental plural)
gantēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gantum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old High German: ganz

Middle High German: ganz

Alemannic German: ganza, geng, génh, ganz

Bavarian: gånz

Cimbrian: gantz, gåntz (Luserna)

German: ganz

Luxembourgish: ganz

→ Middle Dutch: gands, gants, gansch

Dutch: gans

Afrikaans: gans

→ Middle Low German: ganz, gans

German Low German: ganz

→ Danish: ganske

Norwegian Bokmål: ganske

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ganske

→ Scots: ganska

→ Swedish: ganska

→ Norwegian: ganskje, ganske

Norwegian Nynorsk: ganskje

→ Old Frisian: gans

Saterland Frisian: gans

West Frisian: gâns, gânsk

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to flourish, be full, swell, abound”). Cognate with Lithuanian ganėti (“to be enough, be sufficient, suffice”), Sanskrit घन (ghaná, “compact, solid, dense”), Persian آگنج (âganj, “full, complete”), Persian آکندن (âgandan, “to fill up”).


gips

gips (nominative singular)
gipsō (nominative plural)
gipsōs (nominative plural)
gips (accusative singular)
gipsā (accusative plural)
gipsas (genitive singular)
gipsō (genitive plural)
gipsē (dative singular)
gipsum (dative plural)
gipsu (instrumental singular)
gipsum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *gips

Middle Low German: gips

→ Danish: gips

→ Norwegian: gips

→ Swedish: gips

Old Dutch: *gips

Middle Dutch: ghips

desctree

Dutch: gips
Afrikaans: gips
→ West Frisian: gips
→ Indonesian: gips
→ Japanese: ギプス
→ Korean: 깁스 (gipseu)

Old High German: gips

Middle High German: gips

German: Gips (see there for further descendants)

→ Polish: gips


dur

dur (nominative singular)
duri (nominative plural)
duru (accusative singular)
duri (accusative plural)
duri (genitive singular)
dorō (genitive plural)
duri (dative singular)
durum (dative plural)
duri (instrumental singular)
durum (instrumental plural)

Old English: duru, doru
Middle English: dore, doire, dure, dur
English: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Scots: dure, dur
Yola: dher

Old Frisian: dure, dore

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: dör

Mooring, Sylt: döör

Saterland Frisian: Doore

West Frisian: doar

Old Saxon: duru
Middle Low German: dȫr, dȫre
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dör
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Dööre, Döör
Plautdietsch: Däa

Old Dutch: duri

Middle Dutch: dōre, duere, dure

Dutch: deur

Old High German: turi
Middle High German: türe
Alemannic German: Tüür, Tiire (Uri), Dire
Bavarian: Dia, Tia
Cimbrian: tür
Mòcheno: tir
Central Franconian: Dür, Diar
Kölsch: Dör, Dür
East Central German: Thüa(r) (Egerländisch)
Upper Saxon German: Düre
German: Tür, Türe
Luxembourgish: Dier
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Deer
Pennsylvania German: Dier
Yiddish: טיר (tir)


api

api (nominative singular)
appjō (nominative plural)
appjōs (nominative plural)
api (accusative singular)
appjā (accusative plural)
appjas (genitive singular)
appjō (genitive plural)
appjē (dative singular)
appjum (dative plural)
appju (instrumental singular)
appjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *eppi

Middle Low German: eppe, eppich

Old Dutch: *eppi

Middle Dutch: eppe

Dutch: eppe

Old High German: epfi, epfih

Middle High German: epfe, epf, epfich

German: Eppich, Epfich, Ebich (archaic, regional)

Borrowed from Latin apium (“parsley, celery”).


ak

Old English: ac, ah, oc

desc

Middle English: ac, ak, ah, ach, oc, occ, ok, auh, auch, auȝ

English: ac, ake

Scots: ac

Old Frisian: *ak, *ok

Saterland Frisian: uk

West Frisian: ek

Old Saxon: ak

Old Dutch: *ak, *ok, *oh

>? Middle Dutch: och

Old High German: oh

Middle High German: och, ouch

German: auch (partially)


hari

hari (nominative singular)
harjō (nominative plural)
harjōs (nominative plural)
hari (accusative singular)
harjā (accusative plural)
harjas (genitive singular)
harjō (genitive plural)
harjē (dative singular)
harjum (dative plural)
harju (instrumental singular)
harjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: here
Middle English: here
Scots: here, heir, heyr

Old Frisian: here, hire

Saterland Frisian: Heer

West Frisian: hear

Old Saxon: heri

Middle Low German: hēre, hēr

Old Dutch: heri (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: here

Dutch: heer, heir

Afrikaans: heer

Old High German: heri
Middle High German: here, her
German: Heer


dwerg

dwerg (nominative singular)
dwergō (nominative plural)
dwergōs (nominative plural)
dwerg (accusative singular)
dwergā (accusative plural)
dwergas (genitive singular)
dwergō (genitive plural)
dwergē (dative singular)
dwergum (dative plural)
dwergu (instrumental singular)
dwergum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dweorg, dweorh, dwerg
Middle English: dwerf, dwergh, dwerw
English: dwarf
Scots: droich, droch, dwerch, duerch, duerche, dorche
→ Scottish Gaelic: troich

Old Frisian: dwerch

Saterland Frisian: Dwärch

West Frisian: dwerch

Old Saxon: dwerg

desc

Middle Low German: dwerch, dwarch, dwark

Low German: Dwarg

Old Dutch: *dwerg

Middle Dutch: dwerch

Dutch: dwerg

Afrikaans: dwerg

desctree

Old High German: twerc, twerg
Middle High German: twerc
German: Zwerg


mak

mak (masculine nominative singular)
maku (feminine nominative singular)
mak (neuter nominative singular)
makanā (accusative masculine singular)
makā (accusative feminine singular)
mak (accusative neuter singular)
makas (genitive masculine singular)
makeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
makas (genitive neuter singular)
makumē (dative masculine singular)
makeʀē (dative feminine singular)
makumē (dative neuter singular)
maku (instrumental masculine singular)
makeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
maku (instrumental neuter singular)
makē (masculine nominative plural)
makō (feminine nominative plural)
maku (neuter nominative plural)
makā (accusative masculine plural)
makā (accusative feminine plural)
maku (accusative neuter plural)
makeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
makeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
makeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
makēm (dative masculine plural)
makum (dative masculine plural)
makēm (dative feminine plural)
makum (dative feminine plural)
makēm (dative neuter plural)
makum (dative neuter plural)
makēm (instrumental masculine plural)
makum (instrumental masculine plural)
makēm (feminine instrumental plural)
makum (feminine instrumental plural)
makēm (instrumental neuter plural)
makum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mæc

Middle English: make

⇒ Old English: macalīċ

Middle English: makli

English: mackly

Scots: makly

Old Frisian: *mek

North Frisian: määk, meek

Saterland Frisian: mäk

Old Saxon: *mak

Middle Low German: mak

German Low German: mack, maak

Old Dutch: *mak

Middle Dutch: mack

Dutch: mak

→ West Frisian: mak

⇒ Middle Dutch: mackelijc

Dutch: makkelijk

Proto-West Germanic: *gamakOld English: ġemæcMiddle English: *imeche⇒ Middle English: imecheliche

imecechelicheOld Saxon: *gimakMiddle Low German: gemakOld Dutch: *gimacMiddle Dutch: gemacOld High German: gimahMiddle High German: gemachGerman: gemach


hwan

Old Frisian: hwon

Old Saxon: hwan
Middle Low German: wan
Low German: wann, wenn

Old Dutch: *wan

Middle Dutch: wann

Dutch: wen (archaic)

Limburgish: wen

hwænneMiddle English: whanneEnglish: whenScots: whanYola: fan

wannehr

⇒ Middle Low German: wannēr, wannēre, wennēr

ווען

Middle High German: wanne, wenne; Yiddish


arg

arg (masculine nominative singular)
argu (feminine nominative singular)
arg (neuter nominative singular)
arganā (accusative masculine singular)
argā (accusative feminine singular)
arg (accusative neuter singular)
argas (genitive masculine singular)
argeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
argas (genitive neuter singular)
argumē (dative masculine singular)
argeʀē (dative feminine singular)
argumē (dative neuter singular)
argu (instrumental masculine singular)
argeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
argu (instrumental neuter singular)
argē (masculine nominative plural)
argō (feminine nominative plural)
argu (neuter nominative plural)
argā (accusative masculine plural)
argā (accusative feminine plural)
argu (accusative neuter plural)
argeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
argeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
argeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
argēm (dative masculine plural)
argum (dative masculine plural)
argēm (dative feminine plural)
argum (dative feminine plural)
argēm (dative neuter plural)
argum (dative neuter plural)
argēm (instrumental masculine plural)
argum (instrumental masculine plural)
argēm (feminine instrumental plural)
argum (feminine instrumental plural)
argēm (instrumental neuter plural)
argum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: earg, arg

Middle English: arg, argh, eri

Early Scots: argh, arch

Scots: ergh, erfe, erf

English: argh, eerie

Old Frisian: erch, erg

Saterland Frisian: äärch

West Frisian: erch, arch

Old Saxon: *arug, *arg

Middle Low German: arich, arch

Low German: arg

Old Dutch: arug, *arg

Middle Dutch: arch, aerch, erch

Dutch: erg, arg (the form with -a- is now archaic or dialectal, but preserved in several derived forms such as argeloos, argwaan etc.)

Afrikaans: erg

Old High German: arg, arc, arga
Middle High German: arc
Alemannic German: arg, arig
Swabian: arg
Bavarian: oarg
Central Franconian: ärch, arch (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: aarich
German: arg
Luxembourgish: uerg
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: aarich, arch, arich
Pennsylvania German: arig, arrig
→ Medieval Latin: arga


sagu

sagu (nominative singular)
sagō (nominative plural)
sagā (accusative singular)
sagā (accusative plural)
sagā (genitive singular)
sagō (genitive plural)
sagē (dative singular)
sagōm (dative plural)
sagum (dative plural)
sagu (instrumental singular)
sagōm (instrumental plural)
sagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sagu

Middle English: sawe
English: saw
Yola: zaawe

Old Frisian: sage

Saterland Frisian: Soage

West Frisian: seage

Old Saxon: saga

Middle Low German: sage

Low German: Saag

Plautdietsch: Soag

Old Dutch: *saga

Middle Dutch: sāge

Dutch: zaag

Afrikaans: saag

Old High German: saga

Middle High German: sage

German: Säge

Luxembourgish: See

Yiddish: זעג (zeg)

→ Serbo-Croatian: жага, žaga

→ Slovene: žaga


gelu

gelu (masculine nominative singular)
gelu (feminine nominative singular)
gelu (neuter nominative singular)
gelwanā (accusative masculine singular)
gelwā (accusative feminine singular)
gelu (accusative neuter singular)
gelwas (genitive masculine singular)
gelweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gelwas (genitive neuter singular)
gelumē (dative masculine singular)
gelweʀē (dative feminine singular)
gelumē (dative neuter singular)
gelu (instrumental masculine singular)
gelweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gelu (instrumental neuter singular)
gelwē (masculine nominative plural)
gelwō (feminine nominative plural)
gelu (neuter nominative plural)
gelwā (accusative masculine plural)
gelwā (accusative feminine plural)
gelu (accusative neuter plural)
gelweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gelweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gelweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gelwēm (dative masculine plural)
gelum (dative masculine plural)
gelwēm (dative feminine plural)
gelum (dative feminine plural)
gelwēm (dative neuter plural)
gelum (dative neuter plural)
gelwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gelum (instrumental masculine plural)
gelwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gelum (feminine instrumental plural)
gelwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gelum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġeolu
Middle English: ȝelwe, ȝalow, yelow
English: yellow; yeller, yallow, yaller, yullow (dialectal)
Scots: yella, yelly, yallow

Old Frisian: *jele

Saterland Frisian: jeel

West Frisian: giel

Old Saxon: gelo, gelu
Middle Low German: gēl
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: geel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: gial
Lippisch: gäll
Sauerländisch: giäl, geal, gail, gēäl
Westmünsterländisch: gääl, geel, gell
Plautdietsch: jäl

Old Dutch: *gelo
Middle Dutch: gēle
Dutch: geel
Limburgish: gael

Old High German: gelo
Middle High German: gël (inflected gëlwe)
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: gahl, gäl
Swabian: geal
Central Franconian: gäl, jäl, jell
Cimbrian: gel, ghéel (Sette Comuni)
German: gelb; gehl (regional)
→ Hunsrik: gelleb
Luxembourgish: giel
Pennsylvania German: gehl
Vilamovian: gaoł
Yiddish: געל (gel), געלב (gelb)


juk

juk (nominative singular)
juku (nominative plural)
juk (accusative singular)
juku (accusative plural)
jokas (genitive singular)
jokō (genitive plural)
jukē (dative singular)
jukum (dative plural)
juku (instrumental singular)
jukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeoc, ġioc, ioc
Middle English: yok, ȝocke, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝook, ȝoocke, jok, yoke, yokke, ȝeoce, ȝocc, iuc (Early Middle English)
English: yoke (obsolete yock)
Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke
Scots: yoke, yock

Old Frisian: *juk, *jok

Saterland Frisian: Juk

West Frisian: jok, jûk

Old Saxon: juk

Middle Low German: juk, jok

German Low German: Jok, Jog

Plautdietsch: Joch

Old Dutch: *juk

Middle Dutch: joc, juc

Dutch: juk
Negerhollands: jok

Limburgish: jaok

Old High German: joh
Middle High German: joch
Cimbrian: jòch
German: Joch
Hunsrik: Joch
Luxembourgish: Jach


basu

basu (masculine nominative singular)
basu (feminine nominative singular)
basu (neuter nominative singular)
baswanā (accusative masculine singular)
baswā (accusative feminine singular)
basu (accusative neuter singular)
baswas (genitive masculine singular)
basweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
baswas (genitive neuter singular)
basumē (dative masculine singular)
basweʀē (dative feminine singular)
basumē (dative neuter singular)
basu (instrumental masculine singular)
basweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
basu (instrumental neuter singular)
baswē (masculine nominative plural)
baswō (feminine nominative plural)
basu (neuter nominative plural)
baswā (accusative masculine plural)
baswā (accusative feminine plural)
basu (accusative neuter plural)
basweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
basweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
basweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
baswēm (dative masculine plural)
basum (dative masculine plural)
baswēm (dative feminine plural)
basum (dative feminine plural)
baswēm (dative neuter plural)
basum (dative neuter plural)
baswēm (instrumental masculine plural)
basum (instrumental masculine plural)
baswēm (feminine instrumental plural)
basum (feminine instrumental plural)
baswēm (instrumental neuter plural)
basum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Old English: basu, baso, beasu, beosu, besu

Uncertain; possibly from or related to Proto-Germanic *basją (“berry”).


winnan

winnan (infinitive)
winnannjas (genitive infinitive)
winnannjē (dative infinitive)
winnannju (infinitive instrumental)
winnu (first-person present singular)
wann (first-person past singular)
winniʀi (present second-person singular)
wunnī (past second-person singular)
winnidi (present singular third-person)
wann (past singular third-person)
winnum (first-person plural present)
wunnum (first-person past plural)
winnid (plural present second-person)
wunnud (past plural second-person)
winnand (plural present third-person)
wunnun (past plural third-person)
winnē (first-person present singular)
wunnī (first-person past singular)
winnēs (present second-person singular)
winnē (present singular third-person)
wunnī (past singular third-person)
winnēm (first-person plural present)
wunnīm (first-person past plural)
winnēþ (plural present second-person)
wunnīd (past plural second-person)
winnēn (plural present third-person)
wunnīn (past plural third-person)
winn (present singular)
winnid (plural present)
winnandī (participle present)
wunnan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: winnan
Middle English: winnen
English: win
Scots: win

Old Frisian: winna

Saterland Frisian: winne

West Frisian: winne

Old Saxon: winnan
Middle Low German: winnen
Low German: winnen

Old Dutch: winnan
Middle Dutch: winnen
Dutch: winnen
Afrikaans: wen, win
Berbice Creole Dutch: won
Negerhollands: win, wind
→ Sranan Tongo: wini
→ Caribbean Javanese: wini
→ Kari'na: winimary
Limburgish: winne

Old High German: winnan

Middle High German: winnen


kolk

kolk (nominative singular)
kolkō (nominative plural)
kolkōs (nominative plural)
kolk (accusative singular)
kolkā (accusative plural)
kolkas (genitive singular)
kolkō (genitive plural)
kolkē (dative singular)
kolkum (dative plural)
kolku (instrumental singular)
kolkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *colc
>? Middle English: colk
>? English: coke
⇒? Middle English: colkenen (“to gasp, gulp”)
>? Scots: cowk (“to retch, vomit”)

Old Frisian: kolk

Saterland Frisian: Kolk

West Frisian: kolk

Old Saxon: *kolk

Middle Low German: kolk, kulk

German Low German: Kolk

→ Middle High German: kolc

German: Kolk

desc

⇒ German: kolken (“to gulp”), (dialectal) kölken, kolksen (“to vomit”)

→⇒ Danish: kulke (“to swallow, gulp”)

Old Dutch: *kolk

Middle Dutch: colc, culc, colck

Dutch: kolk

→ English: kolk

⇒ Dutch: kolken (“to belch”)

From earlier *koluk, from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz.

(figurative) the pit of the stomach, gullet


krog

krog (nominative singular)
krogō (nominative plural)
krogōs (nominative plural)
krog (accusative singular)
krogā (accusative plural)
krogas (genitive singular)
krogō (genitive plural)
krogē (dative singular)
krogum (dative plural)
krogu (instrumental singular)
krogum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crog, croc, crogg, crocc, crohh

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">crocca</i>

Middle English: crok (merged with descendant of Old English crocca)

English: crock

Scots: crock, croak

Old Frisian: *kroch

North Frisian: krog, kråg, krück

Uncertain. Related to Proto-West Germanic *krōgu, *krūkā.