krītan

krītan (infinitive)
krītannjas (genitive infinitive)
krītannjē (dative infinitive)
krītannju (infinitive instrumental)
krītu (first-person present singular)
krait (first-person past singular)
krītiʀi (present second-person singular)
kritī (past second-person singular)
krītidi (present singular third-person)
krait (past singular third-person)
krītum (first-person plural present)
kritum (first-person past plural)
krītid (plural present second-person)
kritud (past plural second-person)
krītand (plural present third-person)
kritun (past plural third-person)
krītē (first-person present singular)
kritī (first-person past singular)
krītēs (present second-person singular)
krītē (present singular third-person)
kritī (past singular third-person)
krītēm (first-person plural present)
kritīm (first-person past plural)
krītēþ (plural present second-person)
kritīd (past plural second-person)
krītēn (plural present third-person)
kritīn (past plural third-person)
krīt (present singular)
krītid (plural present)
krītandī (participle present)
kritan (participle past)

Old Frisian: *krīta

Saterland Frisian: kriete

West Frisian: krite

Old Saxon: *krītan

Middle Low German: krîten

Low German: krieten

Old Dutch: *crītan
Middle Dutch: criten
Dutch: krijten
Afrikaans: kryt

Old High German: *krīzan

Middle High German: krīzen

German: kreißen

From Proto-Germanic *krītaną. The formal and semantic coincidence of *krītan and Vulgar Latin *crītāre has led to proposals of borrowing in one direction or the other; see the latter for more.


līk

līk (nominative singular)
līku (nominative plural)
līk (accusative singular)
līku (accusative plural)
līkas (genitive singular)
līkō (genitive plural)
līkē (dative singular)
līkum (dative plural)
līku (instrumental singular)
līkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līċ

Middle English: like, lich

Scots: lyke

English: lich

Old Frisian: līk

Saterland Frisian: Lieke

West Frisian: lyk

Old Saxon: līk

Middle Low German: lîk, lîch

German Low German: Liek

Plautdietsch: Leich, Leiche

→ Latvian: līķis

Old Dutch: *līk

Middle Dutch: lijc

Dutch: lijk

Afrikaans: lyk

desctree

Old High German: līh
Middle High German: leich
Central Franconian: Lich
Bavarian: Leich
German: Leiche
Luxembourgish: Läich


wīk

wīk (nominative singular)
wīkō (nominative plural)
wīkōs (nominative plural)
wīk (accusative singular)
wīkā (accusative plural)
wīkas (genitive singular)
wīkō (genitive plural)
wīkē (dative singular)
wīkum (dative plural)
wīku (instrumental singular)
wīkum (instrumental plural)
wīk (nominative singular)
wīku (nominative plural)
wīk (accusative singular)
wīku (accusative plural)
wīkas (genitive singular)
wīkō (genitive plural)
wīkē (dative singular)
wīkum (dative plural)
wīku (instrumental singular)
wīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīċ n
Middle English: wic, wike, wyk, wych
English: -wick, -wich (in placenames)

Old Frisian: wīk f

West Frisian: wyk m or f

Old Saxon: wīk f
Middle Low German: wîk

Old Dutch: *wīc

Middle Dutch: wijc m

Dutch: wijk
Afrikaans: wyk

Limburgish: wiek

Old High German: wīh m

Middle High German: wīch

German: Weich (archaic or obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin vīcus (“village”), displacing native *wīhs (“village, settlement”), from Proto-Germanic *wīhsą, both deriving from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“village”).


dīk

dīk (nominative singular)
dīkō (nominative plural)
dīkōs (nominative plural)
dīk (accusative singular)
dīkā (accusative plural)
dīkas (genitive singular)
dīkō (genitive plural)
dīkē (dative singular)
dīkum (dative plural)
dīku (instrumental singular)
dīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dīċ

Middle English: dich

English: ditch (“trench, bank”)

>? Old English: dīc

q

Middle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)

Scots: dike, dyke

English: dike (“levee”)

Old Frisian: dīk

North Frisian: dijck

Saterland Frisian: Diek

West Frisian: dyk

Old Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)

Middle Low German: dîk

German Low German: Diek

→ German: Deich (“dam”)

→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)

Old Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)

Middle Dutch: dijc

Dutch: dijk

Afrikaans: dyk

→ Old French: diic, dike

Middle French: digue

French: digue

→ Irish: díog (“trench”)

Old High German: tīh (“dam”)

desc

Middle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)

German: Teich (“pond”)

German: Deich (“dam”)

Yiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


siglī

siglī (nominative singular)
sigliju (nominative plural)
siglī (accusative singular)
sigliju (accusative plural)
siglijas (genitive singular)
siglijō (genitive plural)
siglijē (dative singular)
siglijum (dative plural)
sigliju (instrumental singular)
siglijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: siġle


sweglu

sweglu (nominative singular)
sweglō (nominative plural)
sweglā (accusative singular)
sweglā (accusative plural)
sweglā (genitive singular)
sweglō (genitive plural)
sweglē (dative singular)
sweglōm (dative plural)
sweglum (dative plural)
sweglu (instrumental singular)
sweglōm (instrumental plural)
sweglum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sweġel, *sweġl

⇒ Old English: sweġelhorn, sweġlhorn

Old High German: swegala

Middle High German: swegele, swegel

German: Schwegel


haidr

haidr (masculine nominative singular)
haidru (feminine nominative singular)
haidr (neuter nominative singular)
haidranā (accusative masculine singular)
haidrā (accusative feminine singular)
haidr (accusative neuter singular)
haidras (genitive masculine singular)
haidreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haidras (genitive neuter singular)
haidrumē (dative masculine singular)
haidreʀē (dative feminine singular)
haidrumē (dative neuter singular)
haidru (instrumental masculine singular)
haidreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
haidru (instrumental neuter singular)
haidrē (masculine nominative plural)
haidrō (feminine nominative plural)
haidru (neuter nominative plural)
haidrā (accusative masculine plural)
haidrā (accusative feminine plural)
haidru (accusative neuter plural)
haidreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
haidreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
haidreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haidrēm (dative masculine plural)
haidrum (dative masculine plural)
haidrēm (dative feminine plural)
haidrum (dative feminine plural)
haidrēm (dative neuter plural)
haidrum (dative neuter plural)
haidrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
haidrum (instrumental masculine plural)
haidrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
haidrum (feminine instrumental plural)
haidrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
haidrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hādor, hǣdor

Old Saxon: hēdar

Old Dutch: *hēder

⇒ Old Dutch: hēderhēd

Old High German: heitar

Middle High German: heiter

Cimbrian: hòotar

German: heiter


swegru

swegru (nominative singular)
swegrō (nominative plural)
swegrā (accusative singular)
swegrā (accusative plural)
swegrā (genitive singular)
swegrō (genitive plural)
swegrē (dative singular)
swegrōm (dative plural)
swegrum (dative plural)
swegru (instrumental singular)
swegrōm (instrumental plural)
swegrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sweġer

Middle English: sweȝer

Old Frisian: *sweger, *sweier

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Sweegermuur

Old Saxon: *swegar, *swigar

Middle Low German: swēger

German Low German: Sweger, Swegermoder

Old Dutch: *sweger

Middle Dutch: swēger

Dutch: zweger

Old High German: swigar

Middle High German: swiger

German: Schwieger (obsolete)

⇒ German: Schwiegermutter, Schwiegervater, Schwiegertochter, Schwiegersohn

Yiddish: שוויגער (shviger)


wīg

wīg (nominative singular)
wīgō (nominative plural)
wīgōs (nominative plural)
wīg (accusative singular)
wīgā (accusative plural)
wīgas (genitive singular)
wīgō (genitive plural)
wīgē (dative singular)
wīgum (dative plural)
wīgu (instrumental singular)
wīgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīġ

Middle English: wiȝe, wi

Old Frisian: wīg, wīch

North Frisian: wigh, wych

Old Saxon: wīg

Middle Low German: wīch

Old Dutch: wīg

Middle Dutch: wijch

Dutch: wijg (obsolete)

Old High German: wīg

→ Middle Low German: wīc


rignijan

rignijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
rignijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
rignijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
rignijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
rigniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rignidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rignisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rignidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rignidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rigniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rignidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rignidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rignijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rignidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rigniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rignidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rignijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rignidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rignijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rignidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rignijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rignidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rignijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rignidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rignijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rignidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rignijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rignidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rignijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rignidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rigni (class-1 present singular weak)
rigniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
rignijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
rignid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: riġnan, rīnan

Middle English: rinen, rynen

Old Frisian: reina

Saterland Frisian: riene

West Frisian: reine

Old High German: *reganen

⇒ Old High German: gireganen

Middle High German: geregenen

From Proto-Germanic *rignijaną. Equivalent to *regn (“rain”) + *-jan.


wāg

wāg (nominative singular)
wāgō (nominative plural)
wāgōs (nominative plural)
wāg (accusative singular)
wāgā (accusative plural)
wāgas (genitive singular)
wāgō (genitive plural)
wāgē (dative singular)
wāgum (dative plural)
wāgu (instrumental singular)
wāgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣġ

Middle English: waghe, wawe

English: waw

Scots: waw

Old Frisian: weg

North Frisian: weage, waag

West Frisian: weach

Old Saxon: wāg

q

possibly merged with ?<i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wagō</i>

Middle Low German: wāch m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)

→ Middle High German: wāge (northern)

German: Woge

→ Old Swedish: vāgh

Swedish: våg

→ Danish: vove

→ Smalandian: våj

→ Helsingian: våga

Old Dutch: *wāg

Middle Dutch: wâech m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)

Dutch: waag f

German: wāg

→ Middle High German: wāc


siglijan

siglijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
siglijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
siglijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
siglijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sigliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
siglidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
siglisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
siglidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siglidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sigliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
siglidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siglidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siglijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
siglidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sigliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
siglidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
siglijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
siglidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
siglijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
siglidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
siglijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
siglidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siglijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
siglidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siglijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
siglidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
siglijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
siglidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
siglijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
siglidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sigli (class-1 present singular weak)
sigliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
siglijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
siglid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: siġlan, seġlan

gl

merged with descendant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">seġlian</i>

Middle English: seylen, saylen (merged with descendant of seġlian)

English: sail

Scots: sail

Old Frisian: sīla

West Frisian: sile

Old Saxon: *siglian, *sigalian

gl

merged with descendant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">*seglōn</i>

Middle Low German: segelen, sēgelen, seggelen (merged with descendant of *seglōn)

German Low German: seilen

Plautdietsch: säajlen

Old High German: *sigalen, *sigilen

Middle High German: sigelen, sigeln

From Proto-Germanic *siglijaną. Equivalent to *segl (“a sail”) + *-jan.


tehsu

tehsu (nominative singular)
tehswō (nominative plural)
tehswā (accusative singular)
tehswā (accusative plural)
tehswā (genitive singular)
tehswō (genitive plural)
tehswē (dative singular)
tehswōm (dative plural)
tehsum (dative plural)
tehsu (instrumental singular)
tehswōm (instrumental plural)
tehsum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: tesewa

Old High German: zesawa

Middle High German: zëswe


tehswō

tehswō (masculine nominative singular)
tehswā (feminine nominative singular)
tehswā (neuter nominative singular)
tehswan (accusative masculine singular)
tehswōn (accusative feminine singular)
tehswā (accusative neuter singular)
tihswini (genitive masculine singular)
tehswan (genitive masculine singular)
tehswōn (feminine genitive singular)
tihswini (genitive neuter singular)
tehswan (genitive neuter singular)
tihswini (dative masculine singular)
tehswan (dative masculine singular)
tehswōn (dative feminine singular)
tihswini (dative neuter singular)
tehswan (dative neuter singular)
tihswini (instrumental masculine singular)
tehswan (instrumental masculine singular)
tehswōn (feminine instrumental singular)
tihswini (instrumental neuter singular)
tehswan (instrumental neuter singular)
tehswan (masculine nominative plural)
tehswōn (feminine nominative plural)
tehswōn (neuter nominative plural)
tehswan (accusative masculine plural)
tehswōn (accusative feminine plural)
tehswōn (accusative neuter plural)
tehswanō (genitive masculine plural)
tehswōnō (feminine genitive plural)
tehswanō (genitive neuter plural)
tehsum (dative masculine plural)
tehswōm (dative feminine plural)
tehsum (dative feminine plural)
tehsum (dative neuter plural)
tehsum (instrumental masculine plural)
tehswōm (feminine instrumental plural)
tehsum (feminine instrumental plural)
tehsum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old High German: zeso

Middle High German: zëse (inflected forms: zësewer, zëswer, zësem, etc.)

German: zese


galigrī

galigrī (nominative singular)
galigriju (nominative plural)
galigrī (accusative singular)
galigriju (accusative plural)
galigrijas (genitive singular)
galigrijō (genitive plural)
galigrijē (dative singular)
galigrijum (dative plural)
galigriju (instrumental singular)
galigrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeliġre, ġeliġere, ġeliġer

Old High German: *giligari

Middle High German: geligere


auþī

auþī (masculine nominative singular)
auþiju (feminine nominative singular)
auþī (neuter nominative singular)
auþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
auþijā (accusative feminine singular)
auþī (accusative neuter singular)
auþijas (genitive masculine singular)
auþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
auþijas (genitive neuter singular)
auþijumē (dative masculine singular)
auþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
auþijumē (dative neuter singular)
auþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
auþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
auþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
auþijē (masculine nominative plural)
auþijō (feminine nominative plural)
auþiju (neuter nominative plural)
auþijā (accusative masculine plural)
auþijā (accusative feminine plural)
auþiju (accusative neuter plural)
auþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
auþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
auþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
auþijēm (dative masculine plural)
auþijum (dative masculine plural)
auþijēm (dative feminine plural)
auþijum (dative feminine plural)
auþijēm (dative neuter plural)
auþijum (dative neuter plural)
auþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
auþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
auþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
auþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
auþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
auþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: īeþe, ēaþe, ȳþe
Middle English: ethe, eithe, ith
English: eath
Scots: eith
Yola: eeth, eêth, eafe, eeefe

Old Saxon: ōthi

Middle Low German: ode

German Low German: ööd, öög

Old Dutch: *oudi

Middle Dutch: ode

Dutch: (dialectal) ode

Limburgish: uue, uui

Old High German: *ōdi (attested in derivatives: ōdlīh, unōdi)

Middle High German: œde

German: öde

From Proto-Germanic *auþuz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


auþī

Old English: īeþe

Old Saxon: *ōthi

Middle Low German: ȫde

German Low German: öde, ööd

Old Dutch: *ōdi

⇒ Middle Dutch: odelijc

Dutch: olijk

Old High German: ōdi

Middle High German: œde

German: öde


legr

legr (nominative singular)
legru (nominative plural)
legr (accusative singular)
legru (accusative plural)
legras (genitive singular)
legrō (genitive plural)
legrē (dative singular)
legrum (dative plural)
legru (instrumental singular)
legrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: leġer
Middle English: leir, leire, lair, lare
English: lair
Scots: lair, lear, layer, lare

Old Frisian: legor, leger

Saterland Frisian: Leeger

West Frisian: leger

Old Saxon: legar

Middle Low German: lēger, lāger

German Low German: Lager

→ Estonian: leer

Old Dutch: *leger

Middle Dutch: lēger

Dutch: leger
Afrikaans: leër
→ English: leaguer
→ Sranan Tongo: legre

Old High German: legar

Middle High German: leger

German: Lager
→ Czech: lágr
→ Danish: lager
→ Dutch: lager
→ English: laager
→ English: lager
→ Estonian: laager
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: lager
Norwegian Nynorsk: lager
→ Romanian: lagăr
→ Russian: лагерь (lagerʹ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: lȏgor
→ Swedish: lager


legr

legr (masculine nominative singular)
legru (feminine nominative singular)
legr (neuter nominative singular)
legranā (accusative masculine singular)
legrā (accusative feminine singular)
legr (accusative neuter singular)
legras (genitive masculine singular)
legreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
legras (genitive neuter singular)
legrumē (dative masculine singular)
legreʀē (dative feminine singular)
legrumē (dative neuter singular)
legru (instrumental masculine singular)
legreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
legru (instrumental neuter singular)
legrē (masculine nominative plural)
legrō (feminine nominative plural)
legru (neuter nominative plural)
legrā (accusative masculine plural)
legrā (accusative feminine plural)
legru (accusative neuter plural)
legreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
legreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
legreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
legrēm (dative masculine plural)
legrum (dative masculine plural)
legrēm (dative feminine plural)
legrum (dative feminine plural)
legrēm (dative neuter plural)
legrum (dative neuter plural)
legrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
legrum (instrumental masculine plural)
legrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
legrum (feminine instrumental plural)
legrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
legrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *leġer

⇒ Old English: ānleġer, dirneleġer

Hypothetically from Proto-Germanic *legraz, but without Germanic cognates. Equivalent to *liggjan + *-r.

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) lying (together with someone)


kunþō

kunþō (nominative singular)
kunþan (nominative plural)
kunþan (accusative singular)
kunþan (accusative plural)
kunþini (genitive singular)
kunþan (genitive singular)
kunþanō (genitive plural)
kunþini (dative singular)
kunþan (dative singular)
kunþum (dative plural)
kunþini (instrumental singular)
kunþan (instrumental singular)
kunþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cūþa

Old Dutch: kundo

Middle Dutch: konde

Old High German: kundo

Middle High German: kunde

German: Kunde


rāsu

rāsu (nominative singular)
rāswō (nominative plural)
rāswā (accusative singular)
rāswā (accusative plural)
rāswā (genitive singular)
rāswō (genitive plural)
rāswē (dative singular)
rāswōm (dative plural)
rāsum (dative plural)
rāsu (instrumental singular)
rāswōm (instrumental plural)
rāsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rǣs

⇒? Middle Low German: rassen (verb)

⇒ Middle Low German: rasselen


fulu

Old Frisian: fule, fula, ful

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: föl

Mooring: foole

Wiedingharde: fole

East Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: fúul, ful

West Frisian: folle

Hindeloopen: fulle

Schiermonnikoog: fole

desc

>? Old High German: fulu, folo (potentially scribal errors)


wīpan

wīpan (infinitive)
wīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
wīpannjē (dative infinitive)
wīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
wīpu (first-person present singular)
waip (first-person past singular)
wīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
wipī (past second-person singular)
wīpidi (present singular third-person)
waip (past singular third-person)
wīpum (first-person plural present)
wipum (first-person past plural)
wīpid (plural present second-person)
wipud (past plural second-person)
wīpand (plural present third-person)
wipun (past plural third-person)
wīpē (first-person present singular)
wipī (first-person past singular)
wīpēs (present second-person singular)
wīpē (present singular third-person)
wipī (past singular third-person)
wīpēm (first-person plural present)
wipīm (first-person past plural)
wīpēþ (plural present second-person)
wipīd (past plural second-person)
wīpēn (plural present third-person)
wipīn (past plural third-person)
wīp (present singular)
wīpid (plural present)
wīpandī (participle present)
wipan (participle past)

Old Dutch: *wīpan

Middle Dutch: wîpen

Dutch: wijpen, wiepen

Old High German: *wīfan

Middle High German: wīfen

⇒ Old High German: *biwīfan

Old High German: biwifan (“unlucky, damned”, past participle)

→ Old French: guiper

Middle French: guiper

⇒ Middle French: ghippure

French: guipure


godakundī

godakundī (nominative singular)
godakundīn (accusative singular)
godakundīn (genitive singular)
godakundīn (dative singular)
godakundīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: godkundi

Old High German: gotkundī

From *godakund + *-ī (“divine”, abstract noun suffix).


grātan

grātan (infinitive)
grātannjas (genitive infinitive)
grātannjē (dative infinitive)
grātannju (infinitive instrumental)
grātu (first-person present singular)
grēt (first-person past singular)
grātiʀi (present second-person singular)
grētī (past second-person singular)
grātidi (present singular third-person)
grēt (past singular third-person)
grātum (first-person plural present)
grētum (first-person past plural)
grātid (plural present second-person)
grētud (past plural second-person)
grātand (plural present third-person)
grētun (past plural third-person)
grātē (first-person present singular)
grētī (first-person past singular)
grātēs (present second-person singular)
grātē (present singular third-person)
grētī (past singular third-person)
grātēm (first-person plural present)
grētīm (first-person past plural)
grātēþ (plural present second-person)
grētīd (past plural second-person)
grātēn (plural present third-person)
grētīn (past plural third-person)
grāt (present singular)
grātid (plural present)
grātandī (participle present)
grātan (participle past)

Old English: grǣtan

Middle English: greten

Scots: grete, greit

English: greet

desctree

Old Saxon: grātan
Middle Low German: gretten, grötten
Low German: graten

Old High German: grāzzan

Middle High German: grāzen; grazieren

Alemannic German: graasse

→ Old French: regrater, regreter

Middle French: regreter, regretter

French: regretter

→ Middle English: regretten

English: regret


wigi

wigi (nominative singular)
wiggju (nominative plural)
wigi (accusative singular)
wiggju (accusative plural)
wiggjas (genitive singular)
wiggjō (genitive plural)
wiggjē (dative singular)
wiggjum (dative plural)
wiggju (instrumental singular)
wiggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiċġ, wyċġ

Middle English: *wigge, wig

English: widge

Old Frisian: wigge, widze, wedze

Old Saxon: wiggi, wigg, wig

Old Dutch: wiggi


glīdan

glīdan (infinitive)
glīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
glīdannjē (dative infinitive)
glīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
glīdu (first-person present singular)
glaid (first-person past singular)
glīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
glidī (past second-person singular)
glīdidi (present singular third-person)
glaid (past singular third-person)
glīdum (first-person plural present)
glidum (first-person past plural)
glīdid (plural present second-person)
glidud (past plural second-person)
glīdand (plural present third-person)
glidun (past plural third-person)
glīdē (first-person present singular)
glidī (first-person past singular)
glīdēs (present second-person singular)
glīdē (present singular third-person)
glidī (past singular third-person)
glīdēm (first-person plural present)
glidīm (first-person past plural)
glīdēþ (plural present second-person)
glidīd (past plural second-person)
glīdēn (plural present third-person)
glidīn (past plural third-person)
glīd (present singular)
glīdid (plural present)
glīdandī (participle present)
glidan (participle past)

Old English: glīdan
Middle English: gliden
Scots: glyde, glide
English: glide

Old Frisian: glīda

Saterland Frisian: gliede

West Frisian: glide, glydzje

Old Saxon: glīdan
Middle Low German: glīden
Low German: glieden
→ Swedish: glida
→ Danish: glide

Old Dutch: *glīdan
Middle Dutch: gliden
Dutch: glijden
Limburgish: glieje

Old High German: glītan
Middle High German: glīten
German: gleiten
Luxembourgish: gleeden
Yiddish: גלייטן (gleytn)
Yiddish: גליטשן (glitshn)

desc

→ Old French: glacer, glasser, glisser, glier

Middle French: glicier, gliier, glisser

French: glisser

Picard: glicher

→ Middle English: glacen, glasen

English: glance

⇒ Middle English: glase, glace


mirkwī

mirkwī (masculine nominative singular)
mirkwiju (feminine nominative singular)
mirkwī (neuter nominative singular)
mirkwijanā (accusative masculine singular)
mirkwijā (accusative feminine singular)
mirkwī (accusative neuter singular)
mirkwijas (genitive masculine singular)
mirkwijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mirkwijas (genitive neuter singular)
mirkwijumē (dative masculine singular)
mirkwijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
mirkwijumē (dative neuter singular)
mirkwiju (instrumental masculine singular)
mirkwijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
mirkwiju (instrumental neuter singular)
mirkwijē (masculine nominative plural)
mirkwijō (feminine nominative plural)
mirkwiju (neuter nominative plural)
mirkwijā (accusative masculine plural)
mirkwijā (accusative feminine plural)
mirkwiju (accusative neuter plural)
mirkwijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mirkwijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mirkwijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mirkwijēm (dative masculine plural)
mirkwijum (dative masculine plural)
mirkwijēm (dative feminine plural)
mirkwijum (dative feminine plural)
mirkwijēm (dative neuter plural)
mirkwijum (dative neuter plural)
mirkwijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mirkwijum (instrumental masculine plural)
mirkwijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mirkwijum (feminine instrumental plural)
mirkwijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mirkwijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mirce, mierce

Middle English: mirke, merke

Scots: mirk, merk, mark

English: mirk, murk

Old Saxon: mirki

From Proto-Germanic *merkuz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


slītan

slītan (infinitive)
slītannjas (genitive infinitive)
slītannjē (dative infinitive)
slītannju (infinitive instrumental)
slītu (first-person present singular)
slait (first-person past singular)
slītiʀi (present second-person singular)
slitī (past second-person singular)
slītidi (present singular third-person)
slait (past singular third-person)
slītum (first-person plural present)
slitum (first-person past plural)
slītid (plural present second-person)
slitud (past plural second-person)
slītand (plural present third-person)
slitun (past plural third-person)
slītē (first-person present singular)
slitī (first-person past singular)
slītēs (present second-person singular)
slītē (present singular third-person)
slitī (past singular third-person)
slītēm (first-person plural present)
slitīm (first-person past plural)
slītēþ (plural present second-person)
slitīd (past plural second-person)
slītēn (plural present third-person)
slitīn (past plural third-person)
slīt (present singular)
slītid (plural present)
slītandī (participle present)
slitan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: slītan
Middle English: sliten
English: slit, slite
Scots: slite, slyte

Old Frisian: slīta

North Frisian: slitten

Saterland Frisian: sliete

West Frisian: slite

Old Saxon: slītan
Middle Low German: slîten
German Low German: slieten

Old Dutch: *slītan
Middle Dutch: sliten
Dutch: slijten
Afrikaans: slyt
Limburgish: sliete

Old High German: slīzan

Middle High German: slīzen

German: schleißen

Luxembourgish: schläissen

→ Old French: esclicer [1080 CE] (see there for further descendants)


grīpan

grīpan (infinitive)
grīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
grīpannjē (dative infinitive)
grīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
grīpu (first-person present singular)
graip (first-person past singular)
grīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
gripī (past second-person singular)
grīpidi (present singular third-person)
graip (past singular third-person)
grīpum (first-person plural present)
gripum (first-person past plural)
grīpid (plural present second-person)
gripud (past plural second-person)
grīpand (plural present third-person)
gripun (past plural third-person)
grīpē (first-person present singular)
gripī (first-person past singular)
grīpēs (present second-person singular)
grīpē (present singular third-person)
gripī (past singular third-person)
grīpēm (first-person plural present)
gripīm (first-person past plural)
grīpēþ (plural present second-person)
gripīd (past plural second-person)
grīpēn (plural present third-person)
gripīn (past plural third-person)
grīp (present singular)
grīpid (plural present)
grīpandī (participle present)
gripan (participle past)

Old English: grīpan
Middle English: gripen
Scots: gripe
English: gripe

Old Frisian: grīpa

North Frisian: gripe

Saterland Frisian: griepe

West Frisian: gripe

Old Saxon: grīpan
Middle Low German: grîpen
Low German: griepen
Plautdietsch: jriepen

Old Dutch: grīpan
Middle Dutch: gripen
Dutch: grijpen
Afrikaans: gryp
Limburgish: griepe

Old High German: grīfan
Middle High German: grifen
Cimbrian: graifan
German: greifen
Luxembourgish: gräifen
→ Old French: grifer
French: griffer

→ Old French: *gripper

French: gripper

⇒ French: grippe (noun) (see there for further descendants)


þūsundi

Old English: þūsend
Middle English: thusand, thousand, thousend
English: thousand
→ Hawaiian: kaukani, tausani
Scots: thousand, thoosan, thoosand

Old Frisian: thūsend

Saterland Frisian: duusend

West Frisian: tûzen

Old Saxon: thūsund
Middle Low German: dûsent
German Low German: dusend
Plautdietsch: dusent

Old Dutch: thūsunt
Middle Dutch: dusent
Dutch: duizend
Afrikaans: duisend
Berbice Creole Dutch: dwesu
Negerhollands: dusend, dysent
→ Sranan Tongo: dusun
→ Dutch: doezoe
→ Saramaccan: dúsu
→ Trió: duizend
Limburgish: doezjend, doezjendj

Old High German: dūsunt, thūsunt
Middle High German: tūsent
Cimbrian: tauzing, tausankh (Luserna)
Central Franconian: dausend, duusend
German: tausend
Luxembourgish: dausend
Vilamovian: taojzyt, tauzyt, toüzyt
Yiddish: טויזנט (toyznt)


hrugi

hrugi (nominative singular)
hruggjō (nominative plural)
hruggjōs (nominative plural)
hrugi (accusative singular)
hruggjā (accusative plural)
hruggjas (genitive singular)
hruggjō (genitive plural)
hruggjē (dative singular)
hruggjum (dative plural)
hruggju (instrumental singular)
hruggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg
Middle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge
Scots: rig
English: ridge, rig (Northern)

Old Frisian: *hregg, hreg

North Frisian: reg

Saterland Frisian: Rääch

West Frisian: rêch

Old Saxon: hruggi

Middle Low German: rügge

German Low German: Rügge, Rügg

Plautdietsch: Rigjen

Old Dutch: ruggi

Middle Dutch: rugge
Dutch: rug
Afrikaans: rug
Jersey Dutch: rœx
Negerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege
Limburgish: rögk
West Flemish: rik, rugge

Old High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi
Middle High German: rücke


bruggju

bruggju (nominative singular)
bruggjō (nominative plural)
bruggjā (accusative singular)
bruggjā (accusative plural)
bruggjā (genitive singular)
bruggjō (genitive plural)
bruggjē (dative singular)
bruggjōm (dative plural)
bruggjum (dative plural)
bruggju (instrumental singular)
bruggjōm (instrumental plural)
bruggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bryċġ
Middle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge
English: bridge
Geordie English: brig
Scots: brig
Yola: burge

Old Frisian: brigge, bregge

North Frisian: brag, Bröch (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Brääch

West Frisian: brêge

Old Saxon: bruggia
Middle Low German: brugge
Dutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)
German Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch
Plautdietsch: Brigj

Old Dutch: brugga
Middle Dutch: brugge
Dutch: brug, Brugge
Afrikaans: brug
→ Papiamentu: brùg
Limburgish: brögk

Old High German: brucca

Middle High German: brucke, brücke

Alemannic German: Brugg

Bavarian: Bruck, Brugg

Central Franconian: Bröck, Breck

Hunsrik: Brick

German: Brücke

Luxembourgish: Bréck

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Brick

Vilamovian: bryk

Yiddish: בריק (brik)


skeldu

skeldu (nominative singular)
skildiwi (nominative plural)
skeldō (nominative plural)
skeldu (accusative singular)
skeldū (accusative plural)
skeldō (genitive singular)
skildiwō (genitive plural)
skildiwi (dative singular)
skeldō (dative singular)
skeldum (dative plural)
skeldu (instrumental singular)
skeldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċield, sċeld — Anglian, Kentish, sċild, sċyld
Middle English: scheld, sheld, shild, shelde
Scots: scheld, scheild
English: shield

Old Frisian: skeld, skild, schild

North Frisian: skilt

Saterland Frisian: Skild, Schild

West Frisian: skyld

Old Saxon: skild, skeld
Middle Low German: schilt
German Low German: Schild
Plautdietsch: Schilt

Old Dutch: skilt
Middle Dutch: schilt
Dutch: schild
Afrikaans: skild
Limburgish: sjèldj, sjildj

Old High German: skild, skilt

Middle High German: schilt

Bavarian: Schüd, Schuid, Schüld

German: Schild

→ Esperanto: ŝildo

→ Ido: shildo

Luxembourgish: Schëld

Yiddish: שילד (shild)


swīn

swīn (nominative singular)
swīnu (nominative plural)
swīn (accusative singular)
swīnu (accusative plural)
swīnas (genitive singular)
swīnō (genitive plural)
swīnē (dative singular)
swīnum (dative plural)
swīnu (instrumental singular)
swīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swīn, swȳn
Middle English: swyn, sqwyne, suin, swein, sweyne, swin, swine, swiyn, swyne, swynne, zuin
English: swine
Scots: swine

Old Frisian: swīn

North Frisian: swin

Saterland Frisian: Swien

West Frisian: swyn

Old Saxon: swīn

Middle Low German: swīn

German Low German: Swien, Schwiin

Plautdietsch: Schwien

Old Dutch: *swīn
Middle Dutch: swijn
Dutch: zwijn
Afrikaans: swyn
Limburgish: zwien

Old High German: swīn

Middle High German: swīn

Alemannic German:

Walser: Schwii

Central Franconian: Schwein

Hunsrik: Schwein

Luxembourgish: Schwäin

German: Schwein

Vilamovian: śwajn


suflijan

suflijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
suflijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
suflijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
suflijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sufliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
suflidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
suflisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
suflidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
suflidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sufliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
suflidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
suflidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
suflijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
suflidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sufliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
suflidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
suflijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
suflidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
suflijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
suflidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
suflijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
suflidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
suflijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
suflidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
suflijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
suflidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
suflijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
suflidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
suflijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
suflidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sufli (class-1 present singular weak)
sufliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
suflijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
suflid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: syflan

From Proto-Germanic *suflijaną. Equivalent to *sufl (“entremets, viands”) + *-jan.


þakkjan

þakkjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þakkjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þakkjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þakkjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þakkju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þakidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þakisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þakidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þakidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þakiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þakidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þakidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þakkjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þakidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þakiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þakidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þakkjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þakidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þakkjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þakidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þakkjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þakidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þakkjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þakidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þakkjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þakidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þakkjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þakidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þakkjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þakidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þaki (class-1 present singular weak)
þakiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þakkjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þakid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: þeċċean, þeċċan

qualifier

unassibilated form possibly from Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">þekja</i>

Middle English: thecchen, theken (unassibilated form possibly from Old Norse þekja)

Scots: theke, theik, thack

English: thatch

Yola: detch

Old Frisian: thekka, thekkia

Saterland Frisian: däkke

West Frisian: dekke

Old Saxon: thekkian

Middle Low German: decken

German Low German: decken

desctree

Old Dutch: thecken
Middle Dutch: decken
Dutch: dekken
Limburgish: dèkke

Old High German: decchen

Middle High German: decken

German: decken

Luxembourgish: decken

From Proto-Germanic *þakjaną. Equivalent to *þak (“roof, covering”) + *-jan.


þakkjan

Old English: þeċċan

Old High German: *dahhen

⇒ Old High German: dahhazen


hlankijan

hlankijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hlankijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hlankijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hlankijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hlankiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hlankidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hlankisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hlankidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hlankidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hlankiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hlankidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hlankidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hlankijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hlankidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hlankiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hlankidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hlankijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hlankidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hlankijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hlankidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hlankijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hlankidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hlankijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hlankidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hlankijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hlankidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hlankijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hlankidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hlankijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hlankidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hlanki (class-1 present singular weak)
hlankiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hlankijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hlankid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *hlenċan

⇒ Old English: ġehlenċan

Old Saxon: *hlenken

Middle Low German: lenken

Old High German: *lenken

Middle High German: lenken

⇒ Old High German: irlenken

Middle High German: erlenken

⇒ Old High German: ūzlenken

From Proto-Germanic *hlankijaną. Equivalent to *hlank (“flexible, bent”) + *-jan.


sūr

sūr (masculine nominative singular)
sūru (feminine nominative singular)
sūr (neuter nominative singular)
sūranā (accusative masculine singular)
sūrā (accusative feminine singular)
sūr (accusative neuter singular)
sūras (genitive masculine singular)
sūreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sūras (genitive neuter singular)
sūrumē (dative masculine singular)
sūreʀē (dative feminine singular)
sūrumē (dative neuter singular)
sūru (instrumental masculine singular)
sūreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sūru (instrumental neuter singular)
sūrē (masculine nominative plural)
sūrō (feminine nominative plural)
sūru (neuter nominative plural)
sūrā (accusative masculine plural)
sūrā (accusative feminine plural)
sūru (accusative neuter plural)
sūreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sūreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sūreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sūrēm (dative masculine plural)
sūrum (dative masculine plural)
sūrēm (dative feminine plural)
sūrum (dative feminine plural)
sūrēm (dative neuter plural)
sūrum (dative neuter plural)
sūrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sūrum (instrumental masculine plural)
sūrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sūrum (feminine instrumental plural)
sūrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sūrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sūr
Middle English: sur, sour
English: sour
Scots: sour, soor

Old Frisian: *sūr

Saterland Frisian: suur

West Frisian: soer

Old Saxon: sūr (in compounds)

Middle Low German: sūr

Low German: suur

Plautdietsch: sua

Old Dutch: *sūr

Middle Dutch: suur

Dutch: zuur

Afrikaans: suur

Limburgish: zoer

Old High German: sūr
Middle High German: sūr
Central Franconian: suur, souer (Moselle Franconian)
German: sauer
Luxembourgish: sauer
Vilamovian: zaojwer
Yiddish: זויער (zoyer)
→ Polish: żur

→ Old French: sur [1160 CE] (see there for further descendants)


sufl

sufl (nominative singular)
suflu (nominative plural)
sufl (accusative singular)
suflu (accusative plural)
soflas (genitive singular)
soflō (genitive plural)
suflē (dative singular)
suflum (dative plural)
suflu (instrumental singular)
suflum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sufel, sufol
Middle English: sowel, soouwil, soowel, soowil, souel, souvil, souwil, sovel, sowvel, sowil, suwle, soule, sowayle, sowll, sowlle, sowylle, suvel
English: sowl (dialectal)

Old Frisian: sūval

Saterland Frisian: süfel

West Frisian: suvel

Old Saxon: sūval

Middle Low German: suvel, süvel

Old Dutch: *sūval

Middle Dutch: suvel, zuvel

Dutch: zuivel

Old High German: sūfil


grīs

grīs (masculine nominative singular)
grīsu (feminine nominative singular)
grīs (neuter nominative singular)
grīsanā (accusative masculine singular)
grīsā (accusative feminine singular)
grīs (accusative neuter singular)
grīsas (genitive masculine singular)
grīseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
grīsas (genitive neuter singular)
grīsumē (dative masculine singular)
grīseʀē (dative feminine singular)
grīsumē (dative neuter singular)
grīsu (instrumental masculine singular)
grīseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
grīsu (instrumental neuter singular)
grīsē (masculine nominative plural)
grīsō (feminine nominative plural)
grīsu (neuter nominative plural)
grīsā (accusative masculine plural)
grīsā (accusative feminine plural)
grīsu (accusative neuter plural)
grīseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
grīseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
grīseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
grīsēm (dative masculine plural)
grīsum (dative masculine plural)
grīsēm (dative feminine plural)
grīsum (dative feminine plural)
grīsēm (dative neuter plural)
grīsum (dative neuter plural)
grīsēm (instrumental masculine plural)
grīsum (instrumental masculine plural)
grīsēm (feminine instrumental plural)
grīsum (feminine instrumental plural)
grīsēm (instrumental neuter plural)
grīsum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: grīs

Saterland Frisian: gries

West Frisian: griis

Old Saxon: grīs

Middle Low German: grîs

German Low German: gries

→ German: gries

Plautdietsch: jriess

Old Dutch: *grīs

Middle Dutch: grise, grijs

Dutch: grijs

Afrikaans: grys

Old High German: grīs

Middle High German: grīs

Central Franconian: greis, jries

German: greis

Gallo-Romance:

→ Catalan: gris

→ Ligurian: grîxo

→? Corsican: grisgiu

→? Italian: grigio

→ Lombard: gris

→ Old Occitan: gris

Occitan: gris

→ Galician: gris

→ Spanish: gris

→ Old French: gris, grise

Middle French: gris

French: gris

Norman: gris

Walloon: gris, grise

desc

→ Middle English: gris, grys (“gray; gray fur”)

→ Medieval Latin: grīseus

Old French: grisel

→ Middle English: grisel, griselle, gresel (“gray; gray hair”)

English: grizzle

→ Piedmontese: gris

→ Venetian: grixo

→ Greek: γκρίζος (gkrízos)


laibijan

laibijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
laibijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
laibijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
laibijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
laibiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laibidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laibisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laibidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laibidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laibiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laibidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laibidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laibijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laibidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laibiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laibidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laibijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laibidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laibijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laibidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laibijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laibidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laibijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laibidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laibijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laibidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laibijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laibidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laibijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laibidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laibi (class-1 present singular weak)
laibiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
laibijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
laibid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: lǣfan
Middle English: leven, leaven, lefven
English: leave
Scots: leve, leif
Yola: laave, lea, lee

Old Frisian: lēva

Old Saxon: lēvian

Middle Low German: lêven

Old High German: leiben

Middle High German: leiben


blāu

blāu (masculine nominative singular)
blāu (feminine nominative singular)
blāu (neuter nominative singular)
blāwanā (accusative masculine singular)
blāwā (accusative feminine singular)
blāu (accusative neuter singular)
blāwas (genitive masculine singular)
blāweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blāwas (genitive neuter singular)
blāumē (dative masculine singular)
blāweʀē (dative feminine singular)
blāumē (dative neuter singular)
blāu (instrumental masculine singular)
blāweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blāu (instrumental neuter singular)
blāwē (masculine nominative plural)
blāwō (feminine nominative plural)
blāu (neuter nominative plural)
blāwā (accusative masculine plural)
blāwā (accusative feminine plural)
blāu (accusative neuter plural)
blāweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blāweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blāweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blāwēm (dative masculine plural)
blāum (dative masculine plural)
blāwēm (dative feminine plural)
blāum (dative feminine plural)
blāwēm (dative neuter plural)
blāum (dative neuter plural)
blāwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blāum (instrumental masculine plural)
blāwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blāum (feminine instrumental plural)
blāwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blāum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: blāw, blēo, *blǣ(w) (only attested with i-mutation in blǣhǣwen and blǣwen), possibly in placenames (Blauuefelda , Blafelda, Blowedoune, Blouhulle)

Middle English: bloo, blo

English: blow

Old Frisian: blāu, blāw

North Frisian: bla, blö

Saterland Frisian: blau

West Frisian: blau

Old Saxon: blāo, blāu
Middle Low German: blâ, blâw, blauwe
Low German: blau, blaag, bloe (dialectal)
Dutch Low Saxon: blauw
German Low German: blaag, blag, blau, blaug, blo', blao
Plautdietsch: bleiw

Old Dutch: *blāo

Middle Dutch: blau
Dutch: blauw
Afrikaans: blou
Berbice Creole Dutch: blau
Jersey Dutch: blāu
Negerhollands: blauw, blou, blau
Petjo: blaoe, blauw, blauwe
→ Lokono: barautho
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bláu
→ Indonesian: belau
→ Papiamentu: blou, blaauw
→ Sranan Tongo: blaw
Aukan: baaw
→ Caribbean Javanese: blau
→ Saramaccan: baáu
→ Warao: hebulau, jeburau
Limburgish: blów

Old High German: blāo
Middle High German: blā
Alemannic German: blaaw
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: plabe
Gottscheerish: blūb
Central Franconian: bloo, blau
Hunsrik: blau
Luxembourgish: blo
German: blau
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: bloh
Vilamovian: błöw
Yiddish: בלאָ (blo), בלוי (bloy)
→ Spanish: blao

→ Old French: bloe, blou, bleu, blu, blef, bleve
Bourguignon: blieu
Middle French: bleu
French: bleu
Haitian Creole: ble
→ Greek: μπλε (ble)
→ Italian: blu
→ Ladino: blu
Louisiana Creole: blé, ble
→ Dutch: bleu
Norman: bliû (Jersey), bllu, blleu
Walloon: bleu, bleuwe, blåwe
→ Middle English: blewe, blew, bleu, blue, blwe, blw, blyu
Scots: blew, blue
English: blue, blew, blewe (obsolete)
Tok Pisin: blu
→ Fiji Hindi: bulu
→ Shona: bhuluu
→ Somali: buluug
→ Swahili: bluu, buluu
→ Tooro: bururu
→ Sicilian: blu

→ Vulgar Latin: blāvus (see there for further descendants)


agalaitī

agalaitī (masculine nominative singular)
agalaitiju (feminine nominative singular)
agalaitī (neuter nominative singular)
agalaitijanā (accusative masculine singular)
agalaitijā (accusative feminine singular)
agalaitī (accusative neuter singular)
agalaitijas (genitive masculine singular)
agalaitijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
agalaitijas (genitive neuter singular)
agalaitijumē (dative masculine singular)
agalaitijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
agalaitijumē (dative neuter singular)
agalaitiju (instrumental masculine singular)
agalaitijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
agalaitiju (instrumental neuter singular)
agalaitijē (masculine nominative plural)
agalaitijō (feminine nominative plural)
agalaitiju (neuter nominative plural)
agalaitijā (accusative masculine plural)
agalaitijā (accusative feminine plural)
agalaitiju (accusative neuter plural)
agalaitijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
agalaitijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
agalaitijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
agalaitijēm (dative masculine plural)
agalaitijum (dative masculine plural)
agalaitijēm (dative feminine plural)
agalaitijum (dative feminine plural)
agalaitijēm (dative neuter plural)
agalaitijum (dative neuter plural)
agalaitijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
agalaitijum (instrumental masculine plural)
agalaitijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
agalaitijum (feminine instrumental plural)
agalaitijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
agalaitijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old High German: agaleizi

Middle High German: ageleize, ageleiz

ageleize

Old High German: agaleizo; Middle High German


agalaitī

agalaitī (nominative singular)
agalaitiju (nominative plural)
agalaitī (accusative singular)
agalaitiju (accusative plural)
agalaitijas (genitive singular)
agalaitijō (genitive plural)
agalaitijē (dative singular)
agalaitijum (dative plural)
agalaitiju (instrumental singular)
agalaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: agaleizi


agalaitī

agalaitī (nominative singular)
agalaitīn (accusative singular)
agalaitīn (genitive singular)
agalaitīn (dative singular)
agalaitīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: agaleizī

Middle High German: ageleize

From Proto-Germanic *agalaitį̄. Equivalent to *agalaitī (“impudent, importunate”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


godalaus

godalaus (masculine nominative singular)
godalausu (feminine nominative singular)
godalaus (neuter nominative singular)
godalausanā (accusative masculine singular)
godalausā (accusative feminine singular)
godalaus (accusative neuter singular)
godalausas (genitive masculine singular)
godalauseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
godalausas (genitive neuter singular)
godalausumē (dative masculine singular)
godalauseʀē (dative feminine singular)
godalausumē (dative neuter singular)
godalausu (instrumental masculine singular)
godalauseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
godalausu (instrumental neuter singular)
godalausē (masculine nominative plural)
godalausō (feminine nominative plural)
godalausu (neuter nominative plural)
godalausā (accusative masculine plural)
godalausā (accusative feminine plural)
godalausu (accusative neuter plural)
godalauseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
godalauseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
godalauseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
godalausēm (dative masculine plural)
godalausum (dative masculine plural)
godalausēm (dative feminine plural)
godalausum (dative feminine plural)
godalausēm (dative neuter plural)
godalausum (dative neuter plural)
godalausēm (instrumental masculine plural)
godalausum (instrumental masculine plural)
godalausēm (feminine instrumental plural)
godalausum (feminine instrumental plural)
godalausēm (instrumental neuter plural)
godalausum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *godlēas

English: godless

Old Frisian: *godlās

Saterland Frisian: godloos

West Frisian: goddeleas

Old Saxon: *godlōs

Middle Low German: gotlōs

Low German: gottlos

Old Dutch: *godlōs

Middle Dutch: *godloos

Dutch: goddeloos

Old High German: *gotlōs

Middle High German: gotlōs

German: gottlos

From Proto-Germanic *gudalausaz. Equivalent to *god + *-laus.


biwrīhan

biwrīhan (infinitive)
biwrīhannjas (genitive infinitive)
biwrīhannjē (dative infinitive)
biwrīhannju (infinitive instrumental)
biwrīhu (first-person present singular)
biwraih (first-person past singular)
biwrīhiʀi (present second-person singular)
biwrigī (past second-person singular)
biwrīhidi (present singular third-person)
biwraih (past singular third-person)
biwrīhum (first-person plural present)
biwrigum (first-person past plural)
biwrīhid (plural present second-person)
biwrigud (past plural second-person)
biwrīhand (plural present third-person)
biwrigun (past plural third-person)
biwrīhē (first-person present singular)
biwrigī (first-person past singular)
biwrīhēs (present second-person singular)
biwrīhē (present singular third-person)
biwrigī (past singular third-person)
biwrīhēm (first-person plural present)
biwrigīm (first-person past plural)
biwrīhēþ (plural present second-person)
biwrigīd (past plural second-person)
biwrīhēn (plural present third-person)
biwrigīn (past plural third-person)
biwrīh (present singular)
biwrīhid (plural present)
biwrīhandī (participle present)
biwrigan (participle past)

Old English: bewrēon

desc

Middle English: biwriȝen, bewriȝen, be-wreyen, bewrien

Old High German: birīhan

→ Late Latin: abrigō

Old French: abrier

Middle French: abrier

French: abrier

Norman: abriaïr, abriter

Old Occitan:

Occitan: abricar

Catalan: abrigar

Spanish: abrigar


bikkju

bikkju (nominative singular)
bikkjō (nominative plural)
bikkjā (accusative singular)
bikkjā (accusative plural)
bikkjā (genitive singular)
bikkjō (genitive plural)
bikkjē (dative singular)
bikkjōm (dative plural)
bikkjum (dative plural)
bikkju (instrumental singular)
bikkjōm (instrumental plural)
bikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bikke

Saterland Frisian: Bikke

Old Dutch: *bicca

Middle Dutch: bicke

Dutch: bik

Old High German: *bicka

Middle High German: bicke

→ Medieval Latin: besca, bessa, bescia, bechia [822 CE; Corbie, France]

desctree

Old French: besche, beche, besque, becche, beiche
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: biesse
Middle French: beche, besche
French: bêche
Norman: bêque, bêquie (Guernesiais), beque (Jersiais)
→ Middle English: becche, beche

Occitan: beissa

From *bikkjan (“to attack, hack”) + *-u.


bakō

bakō (nominative singular)
bakan (nominative plural)
bakan (accusative singular)
bakan (accusative plural)
bakini (genitive singular)
bakan (genitive singular)
bakanō (genitive plural)
bakini (dative singular)
bakan (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)
bakini (instrumental singular)
bakan (instrumental singular)
bakum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: baco

Old Dutch: *baco
Middle Dutch: bāke
Dutch: baak

Old High German: bahho, bacho

Middle High German: bache

→ Medieval Latin: bacō, baccō [875 CE] (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“side”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from Proto-Germanic n-stem paradigm *bakô ~ *bukkaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰog-ō ~ *bʰug-nos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to arch”).


bastijan

bastijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bastijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bastijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bastijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bastiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bastidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bastisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bastidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bastidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bastiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bastidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bastidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bastijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bastidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bastiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bastidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bastijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bastidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bastijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bastidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bastijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bastidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bastijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bastidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bastijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bastidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bastijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bastidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bastijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bastidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
basti (class-1 present singular weak)
bastiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bastijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bastid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *besta

West Frisian: beste

Old Saxon: *bestian

Middle Low German: besten

Old Dutch: *besten

Middle Dutch: besten

Old High German: besten

Middle High German: besten

⇒ Middle High German: *besteln

German: basteln, besteln

→ Vulgar Latin: bastīre (see there for further descendants)


broʀd

broʀd (nominative singular)
broʀdō (nominative plural)
broʀdōs (nominative plural)
broʀd (accusative singular)
broʀdā (accusative plural)
broʀdas (genitive singular)
broʀdō (genitive plural)
broʀdē (dative singular)
broʀdum (dative plural)
broʀdu (instrumental singular)
broʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brord
Middle English: brodd (partly)
English: brod

Old Saxon: brord

Old High German: brort, prort

Middle High German: brort

German: Brort


beuʀ

beuʀ (nominative singular)
beuʀu (nominative plural)
beuʀ (accusative singular)
beuʀu (accusative plural)
beuʀas (genitive singular)
beuʀō (genitive plural)
beuʀē (dative singular)
beuʀum (dative plural)
beuʀu (instrumental singular)
beuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēor
Middle English: bere, beere
English: beer (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bere, beir, beer

Old Frisian: biār

Saterland Frisian: Bjoor

West Frisian: bier

Old Saxon: bior

Middle Low German: bêr

German Low German: Beer

Mecklenburgisch: Bier

Plautdietsch: Bea

Old Dutch: *bior, *bier

Middle Dutch: bier
Dutch: bier (see there for further descendants)
Afrikaans: bier
Limburgish: beer
→ Middle French: biere (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: bior

Middle High German: bier

Alemannic German: Bier, Biär, Pier

Bavarian: Bia, Bäia

Cimbrian: bir

Mòcheno: piar

Central Franconian: Bier, Beer

Luxembourgish: Béier

East Central German:

Vilamovian: biyr

German: Bier (see there for further descendants)

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Bier

Yiddish: ביר (bir)


darōþu

darōþu (nominative singular)
darōþiwi (nominative plural)
darōþō (nominative plural)
darōþu (accusative singular)
darōþū (accusative plural)
darōþō (genitive singular)
darōþiwō (genitive plural)
darōþiwi (dative singular)
darōþō (dative singular)
darōþum (dative plural)
darōþu (instrumental singular)
darōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: daroþ

Old Dutch: *daroth

Middle Dutch: dāert, dart

Dutch: daart

Old High German: tart

→ Medieval Latin: dardus [768 CE, France] (see there for further descendants)


broʀdōn

broʀdōn (infinitive)
broʀdōnijas (genitive infinitive)
broʀdōnijē (dative infinitive)
broʀdōniju (infinitive instrumental)
broʀdō (first-person present singular)
broʀdōdā (first-person past singular)
broʀdōs (present second-person singular)
broʀdōdēs (past second-person singular)
broʀdōdōs (past second-person singular)
broʀdōþ (present singular third-person)
broʀdōdē (past singular third-person)
broʀdōdā (past singular third-person)
broʀdōm (first-person plural present)
broʀdōdum (first-person past plural)
broʀdōþ (plural present second-person)
broʀdōdud (past plural second-person)
broʀdōnþ (plural present third-person)
broʀdōdun (past plural third-person)
broʀdōdī (first-person past singular)
broʀdōdī (past second-person singular)
broʀdō (present singular third-person)
broʀdōdī (past singular third-person)
broʀdōdīm (first-person past plural)
broʀdōdīd (past plural second-person)
broʀdōn (plural present third-person)
broʀdōdīn (past plural third-person)
broʀdō (present singular)
broʀdōþ (plural present)
broʀdōndī (participle present)
broʀdōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: brordōn

q

only as past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">gibrortot</i>

Old High German: brortōn (only as past participle gibrortot)

From Proto-Germanic *bruzdōną. Equivalent to *broʀd + *-ōn.


dungijā

dungijā (nominative singular)
dungijōn (nominative plural)
dungijōn (accusative singular)
dungijōn (accusative plural)
dungijōn (genitive singular)
dungijōnō (genitive plural)
dungijōn (dative singular)
dungijōm (dative plural)
dungijum (dative plural)
dungijōn (instrumental singular)
dungijōm (instrumental plural)
dungijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dynċġe, dinċġe, denġe
→ Latin: dingia (Anglo-Latin)

Old Dutch: *dunga

Middle Dutch: *donge, *donke

Dutch: donk (archaic)

⇒ Middle Dutch: santdonc

⇒ Old Dutch: Dungus

⇒ Old Dutch: Medmedug

From Proto-Germanic *dungijǭ (“earth mound, dunghill”). Equivalent to *dungu (“dung, dirt”) + *-jā.


bollā

bollā (nominative singular)
bollōn (nominative plural)
bollōn (accusative singular)
bollōn (accusative plural)
bollōn (genitive singular)
bollōnō (genitive plural)
bollōn (dative singular)
bollōm (dative plural)
bollum (dative plural)
bollōn (instrumental singular)
bollōm (instrumental plural)
bollum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bolle
Middle English: bolle
Scots: boll, bol, bow
English: bowl
→ Middle French: bolle
French: bol
→ Greek: μπολ (bol)

Old Frisian: bolla

Saterland Frisian: Boolje, Bol

West Frisian: bol

Old Saxon: *bolla, bollo

Middle Low German: bolle, bole

German Low German: Boll, Bolle

⇒ Low German: Bolltje

→ Danish: bolsje

→ German: Bollchen

Old Dutch: *bollo

Middle Dutch: bolle m

Dutch: bol

Afrikaans: bol

Limburgish: ból

Old High German: bolla

Middle High German: bolle

Alemannic German: Bölle, Belle, Böle

German: Bolle

Luxembourgish: Boll; Bull (latter uncertain)

→ Vulgar Latin: *bolla (merger with Latin bulla)

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: bolla

Oïl

Old French: bolle, bole

Middle French: boule

French: boule
→ English: boule

Norman: bolle, boule

→ Middle English: bowle, boule

English: bowl (“lawn bowl, ball”)

Picard Old French: *boule

⇒ Picard Old French: boulenc

→ Old French: bolengier, boulanger
Gallo: boulangier
Middle French: boulanger
French: boulanger
Norman: boulandgi (Jèrriais)
Walloon: boledjî

Old Occitan: bolla, bola

Occitan: bòla

Catalan: bolla, bola

Portuguese: bola

→ Spanish: bola

Old Spanish:

Spanish: bolla


faldistōl

faldistōl (nominative singular)
faldistōlō (nominative plural)
faldistōlōs (nominative plural)
faldistōl (accusative singular)
faldistōlā (accusative plural)
faldistōlas (genitive singular)
faldistōlō (genitive plural)
faldistōlē (dative singular)
faldistōlum (dative plural)
faldistōlu (instrumental singular)
faldistōlum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: fealdestōl, fieldstōl, fieldestōl, fyldestōl, fyldstōl

Old Saxon: faldistōl

Old Dutch: *faldistuol

Middle Dutch: voudestoel

Dutch: vouwstoel

Old High German: faldistuol, faltistuol

Middle High German: valtstuol

German: Faltstuhl, Feldstuhl

→ Medieval Latin: faldistōlium (see there for further descendants)

From *faldī (“folding”) or *faldi (“fold, crease”) + *stōl (“stool, chair”).


bikkil

bikkil (nominative singular)
bikkilō (nominative plural)
bikkilōs (nominative plural)
bikkil (accusative singular)
bikkilā (accusative plural)
bikkilas (genitive singular)
bikkilō (genitive plural)
bikkilē (dative singular)
bikkilum (dative plural)
bikkilu (instrumental singular)
bikkilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *bikkil

Middle Low German: bickel

Old Dutch: *bickil

Middle Dutch: bickel, pickel, peckel

Dutch: bikkel, biggel (dialectal)

Old High German: *bikkil, *bihhil

Middle High German: bickel

Cimbrian: biighel

desc

→ Old French: bille (“small ball, marble”)

Middle French: bille

French: bille

From *bikkjan (“to stab, hack”) + *-il (diminutive suffix).

af

a chip (of stone, bone), pebble, ossicle


bikkil

Old Saxon: *bikkil

Middle Low German: bickel

⇒ Old Saxon: *stēnbikkil

desc

Middle Low German: stēnbickel, steinbickel, stēnbikil, steinbikil

Old Dutch: *bickil

Middle Dutch: bickel, pickel, peckel

Dutch: bikkel, biggel (dialectal)

Old High German: *bikkil, *bihhil

Middle High German: bickel

→ Medieval Latin: billa

→ Old French: bille (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: billa

From *bikkjan (“to stab, hack”) + *-il (agent noun suffix).


baukn

baukn (nominative singular)
bauknu (nominative plural)
baukn (accusative singular)
bauknu (accusative plural)
bauknas (genitive singular)
bauknō (genitive plural)
bauknē (dative singular)
bauknum (dative plural)
bauknu (instrumental singular)
bauknum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bēacn, bēacen, bīecen, bēcen, bēcon, bēcun — Anglian
Middle English: beken, beeken, beekne, bekene, bekne, bekyn, biken
English: beacon
Scots: beikin, bekin

Old Frisian: bāken, bēken

North Frisian: biike, baake, beken

Saterland Frisian: Baake, Boake

West Frisian: beaken

desc

→ Middle Dutch: baken, bakin, beke, beken

Dutch: baken, baak

q

→ Middle Low German: bāke (possibly, or from southern Eastphalian, which is a Low German dialect, see below)

Low German: Bāke

→ Danish: båke

→ German: Bake

→ Norwegian: båk, båke

→ Swedish: båk

→ Old Norse: bákn, báken

Danish: bavn

Faroese: bákn

Icelandic: bákn

Old Saxon: bōkan

Middle Low German: bâken, bâke (from southern Eastphalian, or a conflation of grammatical paradigms with the borrowing from Old Frisian, see above)

desc

Dutch Low Saxon: boake (“(Easter) fire sign”)

Old Dutch: *bōcan

Middle Dutch: bokin, boken, boekin, boeken, boekijn

Old High German: bouhhan, bouchan, pouhhan, pouchan

Middle High German: bouchen

Alemannic German: Pauchen, Böchen

Swabian: Bauchen

→ Old French: boue, buie

Middle French: bouee, boue

French: bouée

→ Catalan: boia

→ Middle Dutch: boye, boeye

Dutch: boei

→ Danish: bøje

→ Icelandic: bauja

→ Middle English: buoy, boye

English: buoy

→ German: Boje

→ Polish: boja

→ Galician: boia

→ Spanish: boya


hrainisōn

hrainisōn (infinitive)
hrainisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hrainisōnijē (dative infinitive)
hrainisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hrainisō (first-person present singular)
hrainisōdā (first-person past singular)
hrainisōs (present second-person singular)
hrainisōdēs (past second-person singular)
hrainisōdōs (past second-person singular)
hrainisōþ (present singular third-person)
hrainisōdē (past singular third-person)
hrainisōdā (past singular third-person)
hrainisōm (first-person plural present)
hrainisōdum (first-person past plural)
hrainisōþ (plural present second-person)
hrainisōdud (past plural second-person)
hrainisōnþ (plural present third-person)
hrainisōdun (past plural third-person)
hrainisōdī (first-person past singular)
hrainisōdī (past second-person singular)
hrainisō (present singular third-person)
hrainisōdī (past singular third-person)
hrainisōdīm (first-person past plural)
hrainisōdīd (past plural second-person)
hrainisōn (plural present third-person)
hrainisōdīn (past plural third-person)
hrainisō (present singular)
hrainisōþ (plural present)
hrainisōndī (participle present)
hrainisōd (participle past)

Old High German: reinisōn

→ Old French: rincer (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *hrainisōną. Equivalent to *hrainī + *-isōn.


haifsti

haifsti (nominative singular)
haifstī (nominative plural)
haifsti (accusative singular)
haifstī (accusative plural)
haifstī (genitive singular)
haifstijō (genitive plural)
haifstī (dative singular)
haifstim (dative plural)
haifstijum (dative plural)
haifstī (instrumental singular)
haifstim (instrumental plural)
haifstijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hǣst, hǣste, hēst
Middle English: heste (hapax)

Old Frisian: hāst

Saterland Frisian: Hoast

West Frisian: haest; haeste

Old Saxon: heist

Middle Low German: heist

Old Dutch: *hēst

Old High German: heist, heisti, *heifti

Middle High German: heifte

→ Old French: haste (see there for further descendants)


hauwā

hauwā (nominative singular)
hauwōn (nominative plural)
hauwōn (accusative singular)
hauwōn (accusative plural)
hauwōn (genitive singular)
hauwōnō (genitive plural)
hauwōn (dative singular)
hauwōm (dative plural)
hauwum (dative plural)
hauwōn (instrumental singular)
hauwōm (instrumental plural)
hauwum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hauwa

Old Dutch: houwa

Middle Dutch: houwe

Dutch: houw (dialectal)

Old High German: houwa

Middle High German: houwe

Cimbrian: hau

German: Haue

→ Old French: houe (see there for further descendants)


knīb

knīb (nominative singular)
knībō (nominative plural)
knībōs (nominative plural)
knīb (accusative singular)
knībā (accusative plural)
knības (genitive singular)
knībō (genitive plural)
knībē (dative singular)
knībum (dative plural)
knību (instrumental singular)
knībum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cnīf (possible reborrowing from Old Norse knífr or Middle Dutch cnīf, cnijf)
Middle English: knyf, knif
Scots: knyfe, knife
English: knife
Sranan Tongo: nefi
Yola: kunnife
→ French: canif

Old Frisian: *knīf

West Frisian: kniif, knyf, knyft

Old Saxon: *knīf

Middle Low German: knîf

German Low German: Knief

Low German: knief, kniiv, knif

Plautdietsch: Kjnief

Old Dutch: *cnīf

Middle Dutch: cnijf

Dutch: knijf (dialectal)

Old High German: *knīb (?)

Middle High German: knîp; knîf (latter West Central German)

German: Kneip (dialectal); Knifte

Luxembourgish: Knäip

→ Vulgar Latin: *cnīfus (see there for further descendants)


harmēn

harmēn (infinitive)
harmēnijas (genitive infinitive)
harmēnijē (dative infinitive)
harmēniju (infinitive instrumental)
harmē (first-person present singular)
harm?dā (first-person past singular)
harmēs (present second-person singular)
harm?dēs (past second-person singular)
harmēþ (present singular third-person)
harm?dē (past singular third-person)
harm?dā (past singular third-person)
harmēm (first-person plural present)
harm?dum (first-person past plural)
harmēþ (plural present second-person)
harm?dud (past plural second-person)
harmēnþ (plural present third-person)
harm?dun (past plural third-person)
harm?dī (first-person past singular)
harm?dī (past second-person singular)
harmē (present singular third-person)
harm?dī (past singular third-person)
harm?dīm (first-person past plural)
harm?dīd (past plural second-person)
harmēn (plural present third-person)
harm?dīn (past plural third-person)
harmē (present singular)
harmēþ (plural present)
harmēndī (participle present)
harm?d (participle past)

Old English: hearmian

Middle English: harmen

English: harm

Scots: hairm

Old High German: harmēn

Middle High German: harmen

→ Old French: hargnier (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *harmāną. Equivalent to *harm (“painful”) + *-ēn or *harm (“pain, harm”) + *-ēn.


hattjan

hattjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hattjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hattjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hattjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hattju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hattā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hatisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hattēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hattōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hatiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hattē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hattā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hattjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hattum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hatiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hattud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hattjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hattun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hattjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hattī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hattjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hattī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hattjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hattī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hattjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hattīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hattjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hattīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hattjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hattīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hati (class-1 present singular weak)
hatiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hattjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hatt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hettan

Old Saxon: hettian

Old High German: hezzen

Middle High German: hetzen

German: hetzen

Luxembourgish: hetzen

Vilamovian: heca

→ Old French: hair, hadir, haḍir, haïr
Middle French: haïr
French: haïr
Norman: haï


skamu

skamu (nominative singular)
skamō (nominative plural)
skamā (accusative singular)
skamā (accusative plural)
skamā (genitive singular)
skamō (genitive plural)
skamē (dative singular)
skamōm (dative plural)
skamum (dative plural)
skamu (instrumental singular)
skamōm (instrumental plural)
skamum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: sċamu, sċeamu, sċomu, sċeomu

Middle English: schame, schome

Scots: scham, schame

English: shame

Old Frisian: skame, scome, skome

Saterland Frisian: scame; (Skoomte)

(West Frisian: skamte)

Old Saxon: skama

Middle Low German: schame, scham

Low German: Schaam; (Schaamd)

Old Dutch: scama

Middle Dutch: schāme

Dutch: schaam (obsolete)

Old High German: scama

Middle High German: schame

German: Scham

Hunsrik: Schaam


brōan

brōan (infinitive)
brōannjas (genitive infinitive)
brōannjē (dative infinitive)
brōannju (infinitive instrumental)
brōu (first-person present singular)
breō (first-person past singular)
brōiʀi (present second-person singular)
breōī (past second-person singular)
brōidi (present singular third-person)
breō (past singular third-person)
brōum (first-person plural present)
breōum (first-person past plural)
brōid (plural present second-person)
breōud (past plural second-person)
brōand (plural present third-person)
breōun (past plural third-person)
brōē (first-person present singular)
breōī (first-person past singular)
brōēs (present second-person singular)
brōē (present singular third-person)
breōī (past singular third-person)
brōēm (first-person plural present)
breōīm (first-person past plural)
brōēþ (plural present second-person)
breōīd (past plural second-person)
brōēn (plural present third-person)
breōīn (past plural third-person)
brō (present singular)
brōid (plural present)
brōandī (participle present)
brōan (participle past)

Old Frisian: *brōia

Saterland Frisian: broie

West Frisian: broeie

Old Saxon: *brōian

Middle Low German: broien, brogen, brugen

German Low German: breihen, breuhen

Old Dutch: *bruoien

desctree

Middle Dutch: broeyen
Dutch: broeien
Afrikaans: broei
→ Old French: esbroer
French: ébrouer

Old High German: bruoen (in firbruoen)

Middle High German: brüejen, brüen

German: brühen

Luxembourgish: bréien

Yiddish: בריִען (brien)

→ Vulgar Latin: *brōīre

Old French: bruir (see there for further descendants)

Piedmontese: broé, brové


hauniþu

hauniþu (nominative singular)
hauniþō (nominative plural)
hauniþā (accusative singular)
hauniþā (accusative plural)
hauniþā (genitive singular)
hauniþō (genitive plural)
hauniþē (dative singular)
hauniþōm (dative plural)
hauniþum (dative plural)
hauniþu (instrumental singular)
hauniþōm (instrumental plural)
hauniþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hīenþu, hȳnþ, hȳnþu, hēnþo
Middle English: henthe, hinth

Old Frisian: hānethe

Old Saxon: hōnitha

Middle Low German: honede

Old Dutch: hōnitha

Middle Dutch: hôonde, hôonte

Dutch: hoonte

Old High German: hōnida

→ Medieval Latin: haunta
Old French: honte (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *hauniþō. Equivalent to *haunī (“humiliated”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


falkō

falkō (nominative singular)
falkan (nominative plural)
falkan (accusative singular)
falkan (accusative plural)
falkini (genitive singular)
falkan (genitive singular)
falkanō (genitive plural)
falkini (dative singular)
falkan (dative singular)
falkum (dative plural)
falkini (instrumental singular)
falkan (instrumental singular)
falkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *fealca
Middle English: falk (in placenames and personal names); fylkere
Scots: falk, fauk, faik; facky, feckie

Old Frisian: *falka

Saterland Frisian: Falke

West Frisian: falk

Old Saxon: falko

Middle Low German: falke, valke

Low German:

German Low German: Falk

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Falke

Plautdietsch: Faulkj

→ Old Norse: falki (possibly, alternatively from root) (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: *falco
Middle Dutch: valke
Dutch: valk

Old High German: falco, falko, falcho, falc
Middle High German: valke
German: Falke, Falk
Hunsrik: Fallek
Luxembourgish: Fallek

→ Late Latin: falcō (possibly) (see there for further descendants)


hnapp

hnapp (nominative singular)
hnappō (nominative plural)
hnappōs (nominative plural)
hnapp (accusative singular)
hnappā (accusative plural)
hnappas (genitive singular)
hnappō (genitive plural)
hnappē (dative singular)
hnappum (dative plural)
hnappu (instrumental singular)
hnappum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hnæpp, hnæpf, hnæp
Middle English: nappe, neppe, nap, nep
English: nap
Scots: napp, nap

Old Frisian: *nepp, *nep

Saterland Frisian: Näp

West Frisian: nappe

Old Saxon: *hnapp, hnap

Middle Low German: nap

German Low German: Napp

Old Dutch: *napp, *nap

Middle Dutch: nappe, nap

Dutch: nap

Old High German: napf, naph

Middle High German: napf, naph

German: Napf

→ Medieval Latin: hanappus (see there for further descendants)


flōdu

flōdu (nominative singular)
flōdiwi (nominative plural)
flōdō (nominative plural)
flōdu (accusative singular)
flōdū (accusative plural)
flōdō (genitive singular)
flōdiwō (genitive plural)
flōdiwi (dative singular)
flōdō (dative singular)
flōdum (dative plural)
flōdu (instrumental singular)
flōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: flōd, ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ (flódu) — Runic
Middle English: flod, flood, floode, flode, flowt, fflood, fflode, vlode
English: flood
Scots: fluid, flude
→ Anglo-Latin: flōdus [13th c.] (England)

Old Frisian: flōd

North Frisian: floth

Saterland Frisian: Floud

West Frisian: floed

Old Saxon: flōd

Middle Low German: vlôt

German Low German: Flood

Old Dutch: fluod

Middle Dutch: vloet
Dutch: vloed
Afrikaans: vloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: flutu
Javindo: floed
Limburgish: vlood

Old High German: fluot

Middle High German: vluot

Cimbrian: fluut

German: Flut

→ Vulgar Latin: *flōtus (see there for further descendants)


hosā

hosā (nominative singular)
hosōn (nominative plural)
hosōn (accusative singular)
hosōn (accusative plural)
hosōn (genitive singular)
hosōnō (genitive plural)
hosōn (dative singular)
hosōm (dative plural)
hosum (dative plural)
hosōn (instrumental singular)
hosōm (instrumental plural)
hosum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hose, hosa, hosu
Middle English: hose, hoyse, hosa, hoose (all rare)
English: hose
Scots: hose, hoe

Old Frisian: *hose

Saterland Frisian: Hoose

West Frisian: hoas

Old Saxon: hosa

Middle Low German: hōse, hāse

German Low German: Hose, Hoos

Old Dutch: *hosa

Middle Dutch: hōse

Dutch: hoos

Afrikaans: hoos

Old High German: hosa

Middle High German: hose

Cimbrian: hóoza

German: Hose

Luxembourgish: Hues

Yiddish: הויזן (hoyzn)

→ Late Latin: hosae (see there for further descendants)


hraspōn

hraspōn (infinitive)
hraspōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hraspōnijē (dative infinitive)
hraspōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hraspō (first-person present singular)
hraspōdā (first-person past singular)
hraspōs (present second-person singular)
hraspōdēs (past second-person singular)
hraspōdōs (past second-person singular)
hraspōþ (present singular third-person)
hraspōdē (past singular third-person)
hraspōdā (past singular third-person)
hraspōm (first-person plural present)
hraspōdum (first-person past plural)
hraspōþ (plural present second-person)
hraspōdud (past plural second-person)
hraspōnþ (plural present third-person)
hraspōdun (past plural third-person)
hraspōdī (first-person past singular)
hraspōdī (past second-person singular)
hraspō (present singular third-person)
hraspōdī (past singular third-person)
hraspōdīm (first-person past plural)
hraspōdīd (past plural second-person)
hraspōn (plural present third-person)
hraspōdīn (past plural third-person)
hraspō (present singular)
hraspōþ (plural present)
hraspōndī (participle present)
hraspōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *hraspōn

⇒ Middle Low German: raspelen

German Low German: raspeln

Old High German: raspōn

Middle High German: raspen

German: raspen (obsolete)

⇒ German: raspeln

→ Vulgar Latin: *raspāre (see there for further descendants)


skandu

skandu (nominative singular)
skandō (nominative plural)
skandā (accusative singular)
skandā (accusative plural)
skandā (genitive singular)
skandō (genitive plural)
skandē (dative singular)
skandōm (dative plural)
skandum (dative plural)
skandu (instrumental singular)
skandōm (instrumental plural)
skandum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: sċand, sċeand, sċeond, sċond; sċendle

Middle English: schande, schonde; (schandle)

English: shand, shond

Old Frisian: skande, skonde

Saterland Frisian: Skounde

West Frisian: skande

Old Saxon: *skanda

Middle Low German: schande

German Low German: Schande, Schanne, Schann

→ Danish: skand (in compounds: e.g. skandskrift)

Old Dutch: *scanda

Middle Dutch: schande

Dutch: schande

Afrikaans: skande

Old High German: skanta, scanta, scanda

Middle High German: schande

German: Schande

→ Yiddish: שאַנדע (shande)

→ English: shanda, shonda

Luxembourgish: Schan

Yiddish: שאַנד (shand)


balkō

balkō (nominative singular)
balkan (nominative plural)
balkan (accusative singular)
balkan (accusative plural)
balkini (genitive singular)
balkan (genitive singular)
balkanō (genitive plural)
balkini (dative singular)
balkan (dative singular)
balkum (dative plural)
balkini (instrumental singular)
balkan (instrumental singular)
balkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bælca, bealca

Old Frisian: balka

Saterland Frisian: Boolke

West Frisian: balke

Old Saxon: balko

Middle Low German: balke

Plautdietsch: Baulkjen

→ Estonian: palk

desctree

Old Dutch: *balco
Middle Dutch: balke
Dutch: balk
Afrikaans: balk
Negerhollands: balk
→ Caribbean Javanese: baleg, balok
→ Javanese: ꦧꦭꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (balok)
→ Indonesian: balok
→ Malay: balak
> Indonesian: balak (inherited)
→ Papiamentu: balki (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: báíki
→ Sranan Tongo: barki, balk
→ Caribbean Hindustani: barki
Limburgish: balk

Old High German: balko, balcho, palcho, balco
Middle High German: balke
German: Balken
Kashubian: balka
Slovincian: balka
→ Old Polish: balka
Polish: belka
Silesian: bŏlka

Lombardic: palk

→ Italian: palco

→ Medieval Latin: balcō [c. 1040, Goscelin] (see there for further descendants)


hraigrō

hraigrō (nominative singular)
hraigran (nominative plural)
hraigran (accusative singular)
hraigran (accusative plural)
hraigrini (genitive singular)
hraigran (genitive singular)
hraigranō (genitive plural)
hraigrini (dative singular)
hraigran (dative singular)
hraigrum (dative plural)
hraigrini (instrumental singular)
hraigran (instrumental singular)
hraigrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrāgra

desc

⇒? Old English: *sċitehrāgra, *sċitehrāga

Middle English: schiterow

Yola: shederow

Old Frisian: *hrāgra, *hrēgra

Saterland Frisian: Reger

West Frisian: reager

Old Saxon: *hrēgar; hēgiro

Middle Low German: rêger, reiger

German Low German: Reiger

Old Dutch: heigero, *reigaro, *rēgaro

Middle Dutch: heiger, reiger, rêger

Dutch: reiger

Afrikaans: reier

Limburgish: reiger

desctree

Old High German: heigaro, reigaro, reigar
Middle High German: heiger, reiger
German: Reiher
→ Saterland Frisian: Raier
Luxembourgish: Räer
→ Italian: airone (partially from Old French)

→ Medieval Latin: hairō (see there for further descendants)


wīsijan

wīsijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wīsijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wīsijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wīsijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wīsiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wīsidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wīsisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wīsidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wīsidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wīsiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wīsidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wīsidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wīsijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wīsidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wīsiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wīsidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wīsijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wīsidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wīsijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wīsidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wīsijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wīsidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wīsijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wīsidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wīsijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wīsidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wīsijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wīsidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wīsijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wīsidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wīsi (class-1 present singular weak)
wīsiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wīsijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wīsid (class-1 participle past weak)

(Old English: wīsian)

(Middle English: wisen)

(Scots: wise, wyse, wyze)

(Middle English: wise)

Old Frisian: wīsa

North Frisian: wise (Föhr)

Saterland Frisian: wiese

West Frisian: wize

Old Saxon: wīsian

Middle Low German: wîsen

German Low German: wiesen

Old Dutch: wīsen

Middle Dutch: wisen

Dutch: wijzen

Afrikaans: wys

Old High German: wīsen

Middle High German: wīsen

German: weisen

Luxembourgish: weisen

Yiddish: ווײַזן (vayzn)

to make wise, knowing; to show, instruct


hrainī

hrainī (masculine nominative singular)
hrainiju (feminine nominative singular)
hrainī (neuter nominative singular)
hrainijanā (accusative masculine singular)
hrainijā (accusative feminine singular)
hrainī (accusative neuter singular)
hrainijas (genitive masculine singular)
hrainijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hrainijas (genitive neuter singular)
hrainijumē (dative masculine singular)
hrainijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
hrainijumē (dative neuter singular)
hrainiju (instrumental masculine singular)
hrainijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hrainiju (instrumental neuter singular)
hrainijē (masculine nominative plural)
hrainijō (feminine nominative plural)
hrainiju (neuter nominative plural)
hrainijā (accusative masculine plural)
hrainijā (accusative feminine plural)
hrainiju (accusative neuter plural)
hrainijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hrainijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hrainijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hrainijēm (dative masculine plural)
hrainijum (dative masculine plural)
hrainijēm (dative feminine plural)
hrainijum (dative feminine plural)
hrainijēm (dative neuter plural)
hrainijum (dative neuter plural)
hrainijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hrainijum (instrumental masculine plural)
hrainijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hrainijum (feminine instrumental plural)
hrainijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hrainijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: hrēni

Middle Low German: rein

Low German: rein, ren

Old Dutch: reini
Middle Dutch: reine
Dutch: rein
Afrikaans: rein
Negerhollands: rein
Limburgish: rein

Old High German: reini

Middle High German: reine

German: rein

Yiddish: ריין (reyn)

From Proto-Germanic *hrainiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


skandijan

skandijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skandijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skandijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skandijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skandiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skandidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skandisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skandidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skandidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skandiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skandidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skandidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skandijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skandidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skandiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skandidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skandijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skandidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skandijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skandidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skandijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skandidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skandijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skandidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skandijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skandidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skandijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skandidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skandijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skandidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skandi (class-1 present singular weak)
skandiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skandijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skandid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sċendan
Middle English: schenden
Scots: schend, schent
English: shend

Old Frisian: skanda, skenda

Saterland Frisian: skeende

West Frisian: skeine

Old Saxon: *skendian

Middle Low German: schenden

German Low German: schänden, schännen

→ Norwegian: skjenne

→ Old Swedish: skænda

Swedish: skända

→ Old Danish: skændæ

Danish: skænde

Old Dutch: *skenden

Middle Dutch: schenden
Dutch: schenden
Afrikaans: skend
Limburgish: sjènje

Old High German: *skenten (imp. sg. skende)

Middle High German: schenden

Central Franconian: schänge

German: schänden

Luxembourgish: schännen

⇒ Alemannic German: geschende

From *skandu (“shame, a disgrace”) + *-jan.


hrōk

hrōk (nominative singular)
hrōkō (nominative plural)
hrōkōs (nominative plural)
hrōk (accusative singular)
hrōkā (accusative plural)
hrōkas (genitive singular)
hrōkō (genitive plural)
hrōkē (dative singular)
hrōkum (dative plural)
hrōku (instrumental singular)
hrōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrōc

Middle English: roc, roke, rook

Scots: ruke, ruik

English: rook

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Rouk

West Frisian: roek

Old Saxon: hrōk

Middle Low German: rôk, rôke

German Low German: Rook

Low German: rok

Old Dutch: *ruok

Middle Dutch: roec

Dutch: roek

Old High German: hruoh, ruoh; hruoho, ruoho

Middle High German: ruoch

German: Ruch

→ Vulgar Latin: *frocum (see there for further descendants)

Corvus frugilegus
Corvus frugilegus#English


halōn

halōn (infinitive)
halōnijas (genitive infinitive)
halōnijē (dative infinitive)
halōniju (infinitive instrumental)
halō (first-person present singular)
halōdā (first-person past singular)
halōs (present second-person singular)
halōdēs (past second-person singular)
halōdōs (past second-person singular)
halōþ (present singular third-person)
halōdē (past singular third-person)
halōdā (past singular third-person)
halōm (first-person plural present)
halōdum (first-person past plural)
halōþ (plural present second-person)
halōdud (past plural second-person)
halōnþ (plural present third-person)
halōdun (past plural third-person)
halōdī (first-person past singular)
halōdī (past second-person singular)
halō (present singular third-person)
halōdī (past singular third-person)
halōdīm (first-person past plural)
halōdīd (past plural second-person)
halōn (plural present third-person)
halōdīn (past plural third-person)
halō (present singular)
halōþ (plural present)
halōndī (participle present)
halōd (participle past)

Old English: *halian

Middle English: halien, halen (with influence from Dutch or French verb)

Scots: hale, hail, haill

English: hale, haul

Old Frisian: halia

desc

Saterland Frisian: hoalje, haalje (Skäddel, Strukelje)

West Frisian: helje

Old Saxon: halōn, haloian

Middle Low German: hālen

Low German: halen

→ Old Norse: hala

Swedish: hala

Danish: hale

Old Dutch: *halon

Middle Dutch: hālen

Dutch: halen

Afrikaans: haal

Limburgish: haole

Old High German: halōn

Middle High German: haln

→ Old French: haler

Middle French: haler

French: haler

→ Galician: halar

→ Spanish: halar

Norman: haler (Jèrriais)

q

→ Middle English: haulen, halen (partially from Old English *halian, ġeholian)

English: haul

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, cry, summon”).


swaipijan

swaipijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swaipijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swaipijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swaipijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swaipiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swaipidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swaipisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swaipidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swaipidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swaipiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swaipidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swaipidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swaipijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swaipidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swaipiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swaipidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swaipijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swaipidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swaipijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swaipidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swaipijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swaipidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swaipijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swaipidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swaipijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swaipidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swaipijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swaipidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swaipijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swaipidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swaipi (class-1 present singular weak)
swaipiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swaipijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swaipid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *swǣpan

desctree

Middle English: swēpen, sweepe, swepe
English: sweep
Scots: sweep

Old High German: sweifen

Middle High German: sweifen

German: schweifen