austrōʀō

austrōʀō (masculine nominative singular)
austrōʀā (feminine nominative singular)
austrōʀā (neuter nominative singular)
austrōʀan (accusative masculine singular)
austrōʀōn (accusative feminine singular)
austrōʀā (accusative neuter singular)
austrōʀini (genitive masculine singular)
austrōʀan (genitive masculine singular)
austrōʀōn (feminine genitive singular)
austrōʀini (genitive neuter singular)
austrōʀan (genitive neuter singular)
austrōʀini (dative masculine singular)
austrōʀan (dative masculine singular)
austrōʀōn (dative feminine singular)
austrōʀini (dative neuter singular)
austrōʀan (dative neuter singular)
austrōʀini (instrumental masculine singular)
austrōʀan (instrumental masculine singular)
austrōʀōn (feminine instrumental singular)
austrōʀini (instrumental neuter singular)
austrōʀan (instrumental neuter singular)
austrōʀan (masculine nominative plural)
austrōʀōn (feminine nominative plural)
austrōʀōn (neuter nominative plural)
austrōʀan (accusative masculine plural)
austrōʀōn (accusative feminine plural)
austrōʀōn (accusative neuter plural)
austrōʀanō (genitive masculine plural)
austrōʀōnō (feminine genitive plural)
austrōʀanō (genitive neuter plural)
austrōʀum (dative masculine plural)
austrōʀōm (dative feminine plural)
austrōʀum (dative feminine plural)
austrōʀum (dative neuter plural)
austrōʀum (instrumental masculine plural)
austrōʀōm (feminine instrumental plural)
austrōʀum (feminine instrumental plural)
austrōʀum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ēastra, ēasterra

English: easter

From Proto-Germanic *austrōzô. Equivalent to *austr (“east”) + *-ōʀō.

comparative degree of *austr (“eastern, easternly”): easter


tūdr

tūdr (nominative singular)
tūdrō (nominative plural)
tūdrōs (nominative plural)
tūdr (accusative singular)
tūdrā (accusative plural)
tūdras (genitive singular)
tūdrō (genitive plural)
tūdrē (dative singular)
tūdrum (dative plural)
tūdru (instrumental singular)
tūdrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tūdor, tuddor
Middle English: tuder

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to fit”), whence also *tawjaną (“to make, complete”). The original meaning was probably "that which is ready (for use)" or "that which is made, produced". Compare *tōlą (“tool”), from *dowh₂-dʰlom.


gadur

Old English: geador

Old Frisian: gader, gadur

West Frisian: gear, tegearre

Old Dutch: *gader

Middle Dutch: gader, tegader

Dutch: tegader

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰódʰ-r̥, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ-.


arut

arut (nominative singular)
aruti (nominative plural)
arutu (accusative singular)
aruti (accusative plural)
aruti (genitive singular)
arutō (genitive plural)
aruti (dative singular)
arutum (dative plural)
aruti (instrumental singular)
arutum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: arut

Old Dutch: arut

Old High German: aruz, ariz

Middle High German: erz, eriz

Alemannic German: Ärzt

German: Erz
→ Dutch: erts
Afrikaans: erts
→ Esperanto: erco
→ Hungarian: érc
→ Ido: erco

Luxembourgish: Äerz

Yiddish: אַרץ (arts)

Unknown; possibly a substrate borrowing, compare Latin raudus (“lump (of ore, metal); bronze, brass”), and further Sumerian 𒍏 (urud, “copper”).


fluhti

fluhti (nominative singular)
fluhtī (nominative plural)
fluhti (accusative singular)
fluhtī (accusative plural)
fluhtī (genitive singular)
fluhtijō (genitive plural)
fluhtī (dative singular)
fluhtim (dative plural)
fluhtijum (dative plural)
fluhtī (instrumental singular)
fluhtim (instrumental plural)
fluhtijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flyht
Middle English: flight
English: flight
Scots: flycht, flicht

Old Saxon: *fluht

Middle Low German: vlucht

Low German: Flugt

→ Danish: flugt

→ German: Flucht (“suite”)

→ Swedish: flykt

Old Dutch: *fluht

Middle Dutch: vlucht
Dutch: vlucht
Limburgish: vlöch

Old High German: *fluht

Middle High German: *vluht (possibly attested; northern)

Luxembourgish: Fliicht (“wing”)


fluhti

Old English: *flyht

Middle English: flight, flyght

Scots: flycht, flicht

English: flight

Old Frisian: flecht

Saterland Frisian: Fljucht, Flucht

West Frisian: flecht

Old Saxon: *fluht

Middle Low German: vlucht

Low German: Flugt

→ Danish: flugt

→ Swedish: flykt

Old Dutch: fluht

Middle Dutch: vlucht

Dutch: vlucht

Afrikaans: vlug

Old High German: fluht

Middle High German: vluht

German: Flucht


kuʀi

kuʀi (nominative singular)
kuʀī (nominative plural)
kuʀi (accusative singular)
kuʀī (accusative plural)
kuʀī (genitive singular)
kuʀjō (genitive plural)
kuʀī (dative singular)
kuʀim (dative plural)
kuʀjum (dative plural)
kuʀī (instrumental singular)
kuʀim (instrumental plural)
kuʀjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyre
Middle English: kire, cyre, cure

Old Frisian: kere

Saterland Frisian: ceur, Köar

West Frisian: kar

Old Saxon: kuri

Middle Low German: küre, köre

Low German: Köre

Old Dutch: kuri

Middle Dutch: core, kore, cuere

Dutch: keur
→ Indonesian: kir

Afrikaans: keur

⇒ Dutch: keuze, keus

Dutch: keuse, keus

Old High German: kuri, churi m or f

Middle High German: küre, kür

German: Kür, Kur

From Proto-Germanic *kuziz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to test, taste, choose”).


ramm

ramm (masculine nominative singular)
rammu (feminine nominative singular)
ramm (neuter nominative singular)
rammanā (accusative masculine singular)
rammā (accusative feminine singular)
ramm (accusative neuter singular)
rammas (genitive masculine singular)
rammeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rammas (genitive neuter singular)
rammumē (dative masculine singular)
rammeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rammumē (dative neuter singular)
rammu (instrumental masculine singular)
rammeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rammu (instrumental neuter singular)
rammē (masculine nominative plural)
rammō (feminine nominative plural)
rammu (neuter nominative plural)
rammā (accusative masculine plural)
rammā (accusative feminine plural)
rammu (accusative neuter plural)
rammeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rammeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rammeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rammēm (dative masculine plural)
rammum (dative masculine plural)
rammēm (dative feminine plural)
rammum (dative feminine plural)
rammēm (dative neuter plural)
rammum (dative neuter plural)
rammēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rammum (instrumental masculine plural)
rammēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rammum (feminine instrumental plural)
rammēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rammum (instrumental neuter plural)

raomen

to overwhelm, conquer; to meet, encounter


ramm

ramm (nominative singular)
rammō (nominative plural)
rammōs (nominative plural)
ramm (accusative singular)
rammā (accusative plural)
rammas (genitive singular)
rammō (genitive plural)
rammē (dative singular)
rammum (dative plural)
rammu (instrumental singular)
rammum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ramm
Middle English: ramme, ram, rom
English: ram
Scots: ram

Old Frisian: *ram, *rom

Saterland Frisian: Rom

West Frisian: raam

Old Saxon: ramm, ram

Middle Low German: ram, ramme

German Low German: Ramme, Ramm

Old Dutch: *ramm, *ram

Middle Dutch: ram

Dutch: ram
Afrikaans: ram

Old High German: ram

Middle High German: ram

German: Ramm (archaic)

Presumably a nominalization of the adjective above.


sparkō

sparkō (nominative singular)
sparkōō (nominative plural)
sparkōōs (nominative plural)
sparkō (accusative singular)
sparkōā (accusative plural)
sparkōas (genitive singular)
sparkōō (genitive plural)
sparkōē (dative singular)
sparkōm (dative plural)
sparkō (instrumental singular)
sparkōm (instrumental plural)

Old English: spearca
Middle English: sparke, sparc, sparck, spark, sperk, sperke
English: spark (see there for further descendants)
Scots: spark, sperk

Old Frisian: *sparka

Saterland Frisian: Spoorke f

West Frisian: spark

Old Saxon: *sparko

Middle Low German: sparke

Low German: Sparke

Old Dutch: *sparko

Middle Dutch: sparke

Dutch: spark

→ Middle French: esparque

Old High German: *sparcho, *sparko

Middle High German: sparke

German: Sparke

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sparkaz (“lively, energetic”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)prey-, *(s)per- (“to strew, spread, scatter, sow”). Compare Latvian spirgsti (“gleeds beneath ashes”).


tihti

tihti (nominative singular)
tihtī (nominative plural)
tihti (accusative singular)
tihtī (accusative plural)
tihtī (genitive singular)
tihtijō (genitive plural)
tihtī (dative singular)
tihtim (dative plural)
tihtijum (dative plural)
tihtī (instrumental singular)
tihtim (instrumental plural)
tihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tiht

Middle English: tiȝt, tight

Old Frisian: tichta

Old Saxon: *tiht

Middle Low German: ticht

Old High German: *ziht

Middle High German: ziht

⇒ Old High German: biziht

⇒ Old High German: inziht

German: Inzicht

showing, announcement, relating of events


kirikā

kirikā (nominative singular)
kirikōn (nominative plural)
kirikōn (accusative singular)
kirikōn (accusative plural)
kirikōn (genitive singular)
kirikōnō (genitive plural)
kirikōn (dative singular)
kirikōm (dative plural)
kirikum (dative plural)
kirikōn (instrumental singular)
kirikōm (instrumental plural)
kirikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċiriċe
Middle English: chirche, kirke
English: church
Geordie English: chorch, kirk
Scots: kirk
Yola: chourch
→ Old Norse: kirkja (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Frisian: tsirke, tzirke, zerke, ziurke, kerke, karke

Saterland Frisian: Säärke

West Frisian: tsjerke

North Frisian: Sērk (Sylt), schörk (Mooring), sark (Föhr-Amrum)

desctree

Old Saxon: kirika
Middle Low German: kirke, kerke, karke
German Low German: Kark, Kiärke
Plautdietsch: Kjoakj, Tjoatj
→ Estonian: kirik
→ Finnish: kirkko
Meänkieli: kirkko
→ Northern Sami: girku (or from Old Norse)
→ Lule Sami: girkko (or from Old Norse)
→ Pite Sami: girrko (or from Old Norse)
→ Southern Sami: gærhkoe (or from Old Norse)
→ Ingrian: kirkko
→ Karelian: kirikkö

Old Dutch: kirika

Middle Dutch: kerke
Dutch: kerk (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kèrk

Old High German: kirihha, kilihha
Middle High German: kirche
Alemannic German: Chilche, Chilä, Chile, Chille
Alsatian: Kirich, Kerich
Swabian: Kirch, Kircha
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khirch, khércha (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: kirch
Central Franconian: Kirch, Kerch
Eifel: Körch
Hunsrik: Kerrich
Luxembourgish: Kierch
East Central German: Kürche, Küeche
Upper Saxon German: Kersche
East Franconian: Kerch
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Kärsch
German: Kirche
→ Russian: ки́рха (kírxa), ки́рка (kírka)
→ Ukrainian: кі́рха (kírxa)
Yiddish: קירך (kirkh)
→ Proto-Slavic: *cьrky (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Koine Greek κυριακὸν (δῶμα) (kuriakòn (dôma), “Lord’s (house)”), from Ancient Greek κύριος (kúrios, “lord”). An example of the Greek-to-Germanic progress (possibly via a Latin intermediary) of many Christian words, it probably spread from Christianized Roman centres such as the imperial residence at Trier to the Franks and other West-Germanic-speaking groups from the fourth century onwards. It is unlikely to have been spread by the Goths, who are known to have used the term 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 (aikklēsjō).

bor

κυριακὸν (δῶμα)


stillijan

stillijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
stillijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
stillijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
stillijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stilliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stillidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stillisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stillidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stillidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stilliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stillidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stillidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stillijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stillidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stilliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stillidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stillijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stillidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stillijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stillidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
stillijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stillidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stillijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stillidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stillijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stillidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stillijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stillidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
stillijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stillidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stilli (class-1 present singular weak)
stilliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
stillijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
stillid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: stillan
Middle English: stillen
English: still
Scots: styll, still

Old Frisian: stilla

⇒ Saterland Frisian: stilje

West Frisian: stille, stilje

Old Saxon: *stillian

Middle Low German: stillen

German Low German: stillen

q

→? Old Norse: stilla (possibly inherited, or perhaps derived from the adjective)

Icelandic: stilla

Norwegian: stille

Old Swedish: stilla

Swedish: stilla

Danish: stille

⇒ Old Saxon: gistillian

Old Dutch: *stillen

Middle Dutch: stillen

Dutch: stillen

Old High German: stillen

Middle High German: stillen

German: stillen


staurijan

staurijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
staurijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
staurijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
staurijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
stauriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stauridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
staurisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stauridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stauridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
stauriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stauridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
stauridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staurijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stauridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
stauriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stauridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
staurijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stauridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
staurijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
stauridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
staurijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
stauridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
staurijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
stauridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
staurijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
stauridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
staurijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
stauridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
staurijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
stauridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
stauri (class-1 present singular weak)
stauriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
staurijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
staurid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: stēra

Old Saxon: *stōrian

Middle Low German: stȫren

German Low German: stören

Low German: stören

→ Saterland Frisian: stööre

Old Dutch: *stōren

desctree

Middle Dutch: stōren, stueren, stooren, stoeren
Dutch: storen
Afrikaans: stoor, steur
→ Papiamentu: ster
→ West Frisian: steure
Limburgish: stuuere, steure

Old High German: stōren, stōrren

Middle High German: stören

German: stören
→ Old Swedish: störa
Swedish: störa

Either a compound of *staur (“destruction, disturbance”) + *-jan, or inherited from Proto-Germanic *staurijaną, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)towrH-éye-ti, from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”).


brummōn

brummōn (infinitive)
brummōnijas (genitive infinitive)
brummōnijē (dative infinitive)
brummōniju (infinitive instrumental)
brummō (first-person present singular)
brummōdā (first-person past singular)
brummōs (present second-person singular)
brummōdēs (past second-person singular)
brummōdōs (past second-person singular)
brummōþ (present singular third-person)
brummōdē (past singular third-person)
brummōdā (past singular third-person)
brummōm (first-person plural present)
brummōdum (first-person past plural)
brummōþ (plural present second-person)
brummōdud (past plural second-person)
brummōnþ (plural present third-person)
brummōdun (past plural third-person)
brummōdī (first-person past singular)
brummōdī (past second-person singular)
brummō (present singular third-person)
brummōdī (past singular third-person)
brummōdīm (first-person past plural)
brummōdīd (past plural second-person)
brummōn (plural present third-person)
brummōdīn (past plural third-person)
brummō (present singular)
brummōþ (plural present)
brummōndī (participle present)
brummōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *brumma, *bromma

West Frisian: bromme

Old Saxon: *brummōn

Middle Low German: brummen

Plautdietsch: brommen

→ Norwegian: brumme

→ Swedish: brumma

→ Danish: brumme

Old Dutch: *brummon

Middle Dutch: brummen

Dutch: brommen

Old High German: *brummōn

Middle High German: brummen

German: brummen

From Proto-Germanic *brummōną, from earlier paradigm *brummōþi ~ *brumunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰrum-nā́-ti ~ *bʰrum-un-ánti, iterative to *breman (“to drone”).


fastijan

fastijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
fastijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
fastijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
fastijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
fastiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fastidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fastisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fastidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fastidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fastiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fastidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fastidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fastijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fastidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fastiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fastidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fastijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fastidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fastijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fastidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fastijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fastidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fastijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fastidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fastijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fastidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fastijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fastidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fastijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fastidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fasti (class-1 present singular weak)
fastiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
fastijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
fastid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: fæstan
English: fast

Old Frisian: festa

Old Saxon: festian

Old Dutch: festen

Middle Dutch: vesten

Dutch: vesten

Old High German: festen

From Proto-Germanic *fastijaną. Equivalent to *fastī, *fast (“fixed, fast”) + *-jan.


grottōn

grottōn (infinitive)
grottōnijas (genitive infinitive)
grottōnijē (dative infinitive)
grottōniju (infinitive instrumental)
grottō (first-person present singular)
grottōdā (first-person past singular)
grottōs (present second-person singular)
grottōdēs (past second-person singular)
grottōdōs (past second-person singular)
grottōþ (present singular third-person)
grottōdē (past singular third-person)
grottōdā (past singular third-person)
grottōm (first-person plural present)
grottōdum (first-person past plural)
grottōþ (plural present second-person)
grottōdud (past plural second-person)
grottōnþ (plural present third-person)
grottōdun (past plural third-person)
grottōdī (first-person past singular)
grottōdī (past second-person singular)
grottō (present singular third-person)
grottōdī (past singular third-person)
grottōdīm (first-person past plural)
grottōdīd (past plural second-person)
grottōn (plural present third-person)
grottōdīn (past plural third-person)
grottō (present singular)
grottōþ (plural present)
grottōndī (participle present)
grottōd (participle past)

Old High German: *grozzōn

Middle High German: *grotzen

Palatine German: grotzen, grutzen

From Proto-Germanic *gruttōną, from earlier paradigm *gruttōþi ~ *grutunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *gʰrud-nā́-ti ~ *gʰrud-un-ánti, iterative to *greutan (“to crush”).


þrottōn

þrottōn (infinitive)
þrottōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þrottōnijē (dative infinitive)
þrottōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þrottō (first-person present singular)
þrottōdā (first-person past singular)
þrottōs (present second-person singular)
þrottōdēs (past second-person singular)
þrottōdōs (past second-person singular)
þrottōþ (present singular third-person)
þrottōdē (past singular third-person)
þrottōdā (past singular third-person)
þrottōm (first-person plural present)
þrottōdum (first-person past plural)
þrottōþ (plural present second-person)
þrottōdud (past plural second-person)
þrottōnþ (plural present third-person)
þrottōdun (past plural third-person)
þrottōdī (first-person past singular)
þrottōdī (past second-person singular)
þrottō (present singular third-person)
þrottōdī (past singular third-person)
þrottōdīm (first-person past plural)
þrottōdīd (past plural second-person)
þrottōn (plural present third-person)
þrottōdīn (past plural third-person)
þrottō (present singular)
þrottōþ (plural present)
þrottōndī (participle present)
þrottōd (participle past)

Old High German: *troztōn

Middle High German: *trozzen

German: trotzen (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *þruttōną, from earlier paradigm *truttōþi ~ *trutunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *trud-nā́-ti ~ *trud-un-ánti, iterative to *þreutan (“to harass”).


þunkōn

þunkōn (infinitive)
þunkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þunkōnijē (dative infinitive)
þunkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þunkō (first-person present singular)
þunkōdā (first-person past singular)
þunkōs (present second-person singular)
þunkōdēs (past second-person singular)
þunkōdōs (past second-person singular)
þunkōþ (present singular third-person)
þunkōdē (past singular third-person)
þunkōdā (past singular third-person)
þunkōm (first-person plural present)
þunkōdum (first-person past plural)
þunkōþ (plural present second-person)
þunkōdud (past plural second-person)
þunkōnþ (plural present third-person)
þunkōdun (past plural third-person)
þunkōdī (first-person past singular)
þunkōdī (past second-person singular)
þunkō (present singular third-person)
þunkōdī (past singular third-person)
þunkōdīm (first-person past plural)
þunkōdīd (past plural second-person)
þunkōn (plural present third-person)
þunkōdīn (past plural third-person)
þunkō (present singular)
þunkōþ (plural present)
þunkōndī (participle present)
þunkōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *thunkon

Middle Low German: *dunken

German Low German:

Sauerländisch: dunken

Westmünsterländisch: tunken

desc

Old High German: dunkōn, duncōn, thuncōn

Middle High German: dunken, tünken

Cimbrian: dunkhan

German: tunken

Yiddish: טונקן (tunkn)

Hunsrik: tunke

Pennsylvania German: dunke

→ English: dunk

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *þunkōną, zero-grade iterative of unattested *þinkaną (“to make wet”), from Proto-Indo-European *téng-e-ti (whence Latin tingō (“to wet, moisten”), Ancient Greek τέγγω (téngō, “to wet, moisten”)), from *teng- (“to make wet”) + *-eti, or perhaps from unattested *þunk- (“wetness, moiture”) + *-ōn.


wōl

wōl (nominative singular)
wōlō (nominative plural)
wōlōs (nominative plural)
wōl (accusative singular)
wōlā (accusative plural)
wōlas (genitive singular)
wōlō (genitive plural)
wōlē (dative singular)
wōlum (dative plural)
wōlu (instrumental singular)
wōlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōl

Old Saxon: wōl

Old High German: wuol

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *wōlaz, possible nominalization of otherwise unattested *wōliz (“disastrous, ruined”), vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *wal(j)aną (“to divistate, ruin”), from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit, to strike”).


lāsu

lāsu (nominative singular)
lāswō (nominative plural)
lāswā (accusative singular)
lāswā (accusative plural)
lāswā (genitive singular)
lāswō (genitive plural)
lāswē (dative singular)
lāswōm (dative plural)
lāsum (dative plural)
lāsu (instrumental singular)
lāswōm (instrumental plural)
lāsum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: lǣs (“a letting, allowance”)

⇒ Old English: blōdlǣs (“blood-letting”)

⇒ Old English: blōdlǣswu (“blood-letting”)

Old English: lǣs (“pasture, leasow”)

Middle English: leswe, lesewe, leesewe

Scots: lesu, lesoue; lesour, lesure

English: lease; lessow, leasow

Old Saxon: lēsa; lās (“meadow; pasture; leigh; clearing in the woods”)

From apparent Proto-Germanic *lēswō, speculated from pre-Germanic *leh₁d(s)tweh₂, equivalent to Proto-Germanic *lētaną (“to let”) + *-þwō. However since this word is restricted to Saxon, a borrowing from Proto-Slavic *lěsъ (“grove”) is attractive. Its actual cognate could be Latin lūcus (“grove, wood”).


stollōn

stollōn (infinitive)
stollōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stollōnijē (dative infinitive)
stollōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stollō (first-person present singular)
stollōdā (first-person past singular)
stollōs (present second-person singular)
stollōdēs (past second-person singular)
stollōdōs (past second-person singular)
stollōþ (present singular third-person)
stollōdē (past singular third-person)
stollōdā (past singular third-person)
stollōm (first-person plural present)
stollōdum (first-person past plural)
stollōþ (plural present second-person)
stollōdud (past plural second-person)
stollōnþ (plural present third-person)
stollōdun (past plural third-person)
stollōdī (first-person past singular)
stollōdī (past second-person singular)
stollō (present singular third-person)
stollōdī (past singular third-person)
stollōdīm (first-person past plural)
stollōdīd (past plural second-person)
stollōn (plural present third-person)
stollōdīn (past plural third-person)
stollō (present singular)
stollōþ (plural present)
stollōndī (participle present)
stollōd (participle past)

Old High German: *stollōn

Middle High German: *stollen

Rhine Franconian: stollen

From Proto-Germanic *stullōną, from earlier paradigm *stullōþi ~ *stulunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *stul-nā́-ti ~ *stul-un-ánti, iterative to *stelan (“to steal”).


kroppōn

kroppōn (infinitive)
kroppōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kroppōnijē (dative infinitive)
kroppōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kroppō (first-person present singular)
kroppōdā (first-person past singular)
kroppōs (present second-person singular)
kroppōdēs (past second-person singular)
kroppōdōs (past second-person singular)
kroppōþ (present singular third-person)
kroppōdē (past singular third-person)
kroppōdā (past singular third-person)
kroppōm (first-person plural present)
kroppōdum (first-person past plural)
kroppōþ (plural present second-person)
kroppōdud (past plural second-person)
kroppōnþ (plural present third-person)
kroppōdun (past plural third-person)
kroppōdī (first-person past singular)
kroppōdī (past second-person singular)
kroppō (present singular third-person)
kroppōdī (past singular third-person)
kroppōdīm (first-person past plural)
kroppōdīd (past plural second-person)
kroppōn (plural present third-person)
kroppōdīn (past plural third-person)
kroppō (present singular)
kroppōþ (plural present)
kroppōndī (participle present)
kroppōd (participle past)

Old Dutch: *kroppōn

Middle Dutch: cropen

Old High German: *kroppōn

Middle High German: *kroppen

Rhine Franconian: kruppen

From Proto-Germanic *kruppōną, from earlier paradigm *kruppōþi ~ *krubunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *grubʰ-nā́-ti ~ *grubʰ-un-ánti, from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ- (“to twist, turn”). Cognate with Lithuanian grubineti (“to stumble”).


stroppōn

stroppōn (infinitive)
stroppōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stroppōnijē (dative infinitive)
stroppōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stroppō (first-person present singular)
stroppōdā (first-person past singular)
stroppōs (present second-person singular)
stroppōdēs (past second-person singular)
stroppōdōs (past second-person singular)
stroppōþ (present singular third-person)
stroppōdē (past singular third-person)
stroppōdā (past singular third-person)
stroppōm (first-person plural present)
stroppōdum (first-person past plural)
stroppōþ (plural present second-person)
stroppōdud (past plural second-person)
stroppōnþ (plural present third-person)
stroppōdun (past plural third-person)
stroppōdī (first-person past singular)
stroppōdī (past second-person singular)
stroppō (present singular third-person)
stroppōdī (past singular third-person)
stroppōdīm (first-person past plural)
stroppōdīd (past plural second-person)
stroppōn (plural present third-person)
stroppōdīn (past plural third-person)
stroppō (present singular)
stroppōþ (plural present)
stroppōndī (participle present)
stroppōd (participle past)

Old English:

Middle English:

>? English: strub (dialectal)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: stropen, stroppen

Old High German:

Middle High German: strupfen

From Proto-Germanic *struppōną, from earlier paradigm *struppōþi ~ *strubunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *sturbʰ-nā́-ti ~ *sturbʰ-un-ánti with liquid metathesis, from Proto-Indo-European *strebʰ- (“to twist, turn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στρέφω (stréphō, “to turn”).


sikur

sikur (masculine nominative singular)
sikuru (feminine nominative singular)
sikur (neuter nominative singular)
sikuranā (accusative masculine singular)
sikurā (accusative feminine singular)
sikur (accusative neuter singular)
sikuras (genitive masculine singular)
sikureʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sikuras (genitive neuter singular)
sikurumē (dative masculine singular)
sikureʀē (dative feminine singular)
sikurumē (dative neuter singular)
sikuru (instrumental masculine singular)
sikureʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sikuru (instrumental neuter singular)
sikurē (masculine nominative plural)
sikurō (feminine nominative plural)
sikuru (neuter nominative plural)
sikurā (accusative masculine plural)
sikurā (accusative feminine plural)
sikuru (accusative neuter plural)
sikureʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sikureʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sikureʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sikurēm (dative masculine plural)
sikurum (dative masculine plural)
sikurēm (dative feminine plural)
sikurum (dative feminine plural)
sikurēm (dative neuter plural)
sikurum (dative neuter plural)
sikurēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sikurum (instrumental masculine plural)
sikurēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sikurum (feminine instrumental plural)
sikurēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sikurum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: sicor, sicer
Middle English: siker
English: sicker (obsolete, dialectal)
Scots: sicker, siccar
→ Welsh: sicr

Old Frisian: sikur, siker

North Frisian: sijcker

Saterland Frisian: seker

West Frisian: siker

Old Saxon: sikur, sikor

Middle Low German: seker

Low German: sieker, seker

→ Danish: sikker
→ Icelandic: sikker
→ Norwegian: sikker

→ Swedish: säker

Old Dutch: *sikur

Middle Dutch: sēker

Dutch: zeker
Afrikaans: seker
Negerhollands: sekur, seeker, siki
→ Sranan Tongo: seiker
→ Caribbean Javanese: séker
→ West Frisian: seker

Old High German: sihhūr, sihhûri, sihhur, sihhar, sichur
Middle High German: sicher
Cimbrian: sichar
German: sicher
→ Kashubian: zycher
→ Saterland Frisian: sicher, zicher
→ Silesian: zicher
Hunsrik: sicher
Luxembourgish: sécher
Yiddish: זיכער (zikher)

Borrowed from Latin sēcūrus (“worryless; carefree; secure”).


salīni

salīni (nominative singular)
salīnī (nominative plural)
salīni (accusative singular)
salīnī (accusative plural)
salīnī (genitive singular)
salīnijō (genitive plural)
salīnī (dative singular)
salīnim (dative plural)
salīnijum (dative plural)
salīnī (instrumental singular)
salīnim (instrumental plural)
salīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: selen, sylen

Middle English: sylen, sylene

From *salljan (“to give, offer”) + *-īni.


hailīni

hailīni (nominative singular)
hailīnī (nominative plural)
hailīni (accusative singular)
hailīnī (accusative plural)
hailīnī (genitive singular)
hailīnijō (genitive plural)
hailīnī (dative singular)
hailīnim (dative plural)
hailīnijum (dative plural)
hailīnī (instrumental singular)
hailīnim (instrumental plural)
hailīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hēlene

⇒ Old Frisian: handhēlene

Old Saxon: *hēlī

Middle Low German: hêle, hêile, heyle

Old High German: *heilī

Middle High German: heile

German: Heile

⇒ Old High German: *lībheilī

From *hailijan (“to heal, cure”) + *-īni.


laidīni

laidīni (nominative singular)
laidīnī (nominative plural)
laidīni (accusative singular)
laidīnī (accusative plural)
laidīnī (genitive singular)
laidīnijō (genitive plural)
laidīnī (dative singular)
laidīnim (dative plural)
laidīnijum (dative plural)
laidīnī (instrumental singular)
laidīnim (instrumental plural)
laidīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lēdene

Old High German: leitī

Middle High German: leite

German: Leite


brāan

brāan (infinitive)
brāannjas (genitive infinitive)
brāannjē (dative infinitive)
brāannju (infinitive instrumental)
brāu (first-person present singular)
brē (first-person past singular)
brāiʀi (present second-person singular)
brēī (past second-person singular)
brāidi (present singular third-person)
brē (past singular third-person)
brāum (first-person plural present)
brēum (first-person past plural)
brāid (plural present second-person)
brēud (past plural second-person)
brāand (plural present third-person)
brēun (past plural third-person)
brāē (first-person present singular)
brēī (first-person past singular)
brāēs (present second-person singular)
brāē (present singular third-person)
brēī (past singular third-person)
brāēm (first-person plural present)
brēīm (first-person past plural)
brāēþ (plural present second-person)
brēīd (past plural second-person)
brāēn (plural present third-person)
brēīn (past plural third-person)
brā (present singular)
brāid (plural present)
brāandī (participle present)
brāan (participle past)

Old High German: *brāen

Middle High German: bræhen


drukn

drukn (masculine nominative singular)
druknu (feminine nominative singular)
drukn (neuter nominative singular)
druknanā (accusative masculine singular)
druknā (accusative feminine singular)
drukn (accusative neuter singular)
druknas (genitive masculine singular)
drukneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
druknas (genitive neuter singular)
druknumē (dative masculine singular)
drukneʀē (dative feminine singular)
druknumē (dative neuter singular)
druknu (instrumental masculine singular)
drukneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
druknu (instrumental neuter singular)
druknē (masculine nominative plural)
druknō (feminine nominative plural)
druknu (neuter nominative plural)
druknā (accusative masculine plural)
druknā (accusative feminine plural)
druknu (accusative neuter plural)
drukneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
drukneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
drukneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
druknēm (dative masculine plural)
druknum (dative masculine plural)
druknēm (dative feminine plural)
druknum (dative feminine plural)
druknēm (dative neuter plural)
druknum (dative neuter plural)
druknēm (instrumental masculine plural)
druknum (instrumental masculine plural)
druknēm (feminine instrumental plural)
druknum (feminine instrumental plural)
druknēm (instrumental neuter plural)
druknum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Old High German: trukkan, truckan, trokkan

Middle High German: trucken, trocken

German: trocken

Hunsrik: drock

Luxembourgish: dréchen (merged with *drūgī)

Yiddish: טרוקן (trukn)


taisan

taisan (infinitive)
taisannjas (genitive infinitive)
taisannjē (dative infinitive)
taisannju (infinitive instrumental)
taisu (first-person present singular)
tēs (first-person past singular)
taisiʀi (present second-person singular)
tēʀī (past second-person singular)
taisidi (present singular third-person)
tēs (past singular third-person)
taisum (first-person plural present)
tēʀum (first-person past plural)
taisid (plural present second-person)
tēʀud (past plural second-person)
taisand (plural present third-person)
tēʀun (past plural third-person)
taisē (first-person present singular)
tēʀī (first-person past singular)
taisēs (present second-person singular)
taisē (present singular third-person)
tēʀī (past singular third-person)
taisēm (first-person plural present)
tēʀīm (first-person past plural)
taisēþ (plural present second-person)
tēʀīd (past plural second-person)
taisēn (plural present third-person)
tēʀīn (past plural third-person)
tais (present singular)
taisid (plural present)
taisandī (participle present)
taiʀan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: *tāsan
Middle English: tosen, tose, toson
English: tose, toze, toase, toaze (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: totosen

Old High German: zeisan

Middle High German: zeisen

German: zeisen

From Proto-Germanic *taisaną, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to separate, divide”).


tangu

tangu (nominative singular)
tangō (nominative plural)
tangā (accusative singular)
tangā (accusative plural)
tangā (genitive singular)
tangō (genitive plural)
tangē (dative singular)
tangōm (dative plural)
tangum (dative plural)
tangu (instrumental singular)
tangōm (instrumental plural)
tangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tang, tange

desctree

Middle English: tonge, tang, tange, tongge, toonge, tounge
English: tong (tongs); tang
Scots: tang, taing

Old Frisian: tange, tonge

Saterland Frisian: Tonge

West Frisian: tange

Old Saxon: tanga

Middle Low German: tange

Low German: Tang

Plautdietsch: Tang

Old Dutch: *tanga

Middle Dutch: tanghe

Dutch: tang

Afrikaans: tang

Limburgish: tang

Old High German: zanga

Middle High German: zange

Bavarian: Zanga

Central Franconian: Zang, Zaang

Hunsrik: Zang

German: Zange

Luxembourgish: Zaang

Rhine Franconian: Zang

Palatine German: Zang

Pennsylvania German: Zang

Vilamovian: cang

⇒ Middle High German: hebzange

→ Old Polish: hebcągi

Polish: obcęgi

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *tangō, from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).


knōsl

knōsl (nominative singular)
knōslō (nominative plural)
knōslōs (nominative plural)
knōsl (accusative singular)
knōslā (accusative plural)
knōslas (genitive singular)
knōslō (genitive plural)
knōslē (dative singular)
knōslum (dative plural)
knōslu (instrumental singular)
knōslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cnōsl

Old Saxon: knōsal

Old High German: knuosal

From Proto-Germanic *knōslą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵnoh₁-slo-m, from *ǵneh₁-, *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth”) + *-slom (instrumental suffix).


blasī

blasī (nominative singular)
blasīn (accusative singular)
blasīn (genitive singular)
blasīn (dative singular)
blasīn (instrumental singular)

Old Frisian: *blase, *blese

Saterland Frisian: Blässe, Bläs

West Frisian: blês m or f

Old Saxon: *blasi

Middle Low German: blesse, bles

German Low German: Blesse, Bless

Old Dutch: *blasi

Middle Dutch: blasse, bles

Dutch: bles

Afrikaans: bles

Old High German: *blasī, *blasi

Middle High German: blasse

German: (archaic) Blasse, Blesse

From Proto-Germanic *blasį̄. Equivalent to *blas (“white, pale”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).

affix

blaze, white marking on the forehead (of animals, esp. horses)


kurbi

kurbi (nominative singular)
kurbī (nominative plural)
kurbi (accusative singular)
kurbī (accusative plural)
kurbī (genitive singular)
kurbijō (genitive plural)
kurbī (dative singular)
kurbim (dative plural)
kurbijum (dative plural)
kurbī (instrumental singular)
kurbim (instrumental plural)
kurbijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cyrf
Middle English: kerf, carffe, kerfe, kirf, kyrf
English: kerf, carf
Scots: kerf, carf

Old Frisian: kerf, kerve, kere

Saterland Frisian: Käärf

West Frisian: kerf

From Proto-Germanic *kurbiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch, notch”).


buterā

buterā (nominative singular)
buterōn (nominative plural)
buterōn (accusative singular)
buterōn (accusative plural)
buterōn (genitive singular)
buterōnō (genitive plural)
buterōn (dative singular)
buterōm (dative plural)
buterum (dative plural)
buterōn (instrumental singular)
buterōm (instrumental plural)
buterum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: butere
Middle English: buter, buttyr, butter, botyr, buttir, butre, buttur, buttur, boter, buttre, butera, butere
English: butter (see there for further descendants)
Scots: butter, buter
Yola: buthther, buththere

Old Frisian: butere

Saterland Frisian: Buutere

West Frisian: bûter

Old Saxon: *butira, *butera

Middle Low German: boter, botter

German Low German: Botter; (some Low Prussian varieties:) Batter, Potter

Dutch Low Saxon: botter, butter, boeter

Plautdietsch: Botta

Old Dutch: *butera

Middle Dutch: boter
Dutch: boter (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bótter
West Flemish: beuter

Old High German: butira

Middle High German: buter

Alemannic German: Butter

Bavarian: Budda

Viennese: Butta

German: Butter (see there for further descendants)

Gottscheerish: púttər

Hunsrik: Butter

Luxembourgish: Botter

Palatinate German:

Pennsylvania German: Budder

East Central German: Putter (Silesian)

Yiddish: פּוטער (puter)


libru

libru (nominative singular)
librō (nominative plural)
librā (accusative singular)
librā (accusative plural)
librā (genitive singular)
librō (genitive plural)
librē (dative singular)
librōm (dative plural)
librum (dative plural)
libru (instrumental singular)
librōm (instrumental plural)
librum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lifer
Middle English: lyvere, lyver, livere
English: liver
Scots: liver

Old Frisian: livere

Saterland Frisian: Líeuwer

West Frisian: lever

Old Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)

Middle Low German: lēver

German Low German: Lever

Plautdietsch: Läwa

Old Dutch: *levara
Middle Dutch: lēvere
Dutch: lever
Afrikaans: lewer
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefre
Negerhollands: leber
→ Aukan: lebii
→ Indonesian: lever
→ Saramaccan: lebèn
→ Sranan Tongo: lefre
→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer

Old High German: lebara

Middle High German: leber

German: Leber

desc

Central Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver

Hunsrik: Lewer

Luxembourgish: Liewer

Vilamovian: łaower

Yiddish: לעבער (leber)


gaisnī

gaisnī (masculine nominative singular)
gaisniju (feminine nominative singular)
gaisnī (neuter nominative singular)
gaisnijanā (accusative masculine singular)
gaisnijā (accusative feminine singular)
gaisnī (accusative neuter singular)
gaisnijas (genitive masculine singular)
gaisnijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gaisnijas (genitive neuter singular)
gaisnijumē (dative masculine singular)
gaisnijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gaisnijumē (dative neuter singular)
gaisniju (instrumental masculine singular)
gaisnijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gaisniju (instrumental neuter singular)
gaisnijē (masculine nominative plural)
gaisnijō (feminine nominative plural)
gaisniju (neuter nominative plural)
gaisnijā (accusative masculine plural)
gaisnijā (accusative feminine plural)
gaisniju (accusative neuter plural)
gaisnijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gaisnijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gaisnijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gaisnijēm (dative masculine plural)
gaisnijum (dative masculine plural)
gaisnijēm (dative feminine plural)
gaisnijum (dative feminine plural)
gaisnijēm (dative neuter plural)
gaisnijum (dative neuter plural)
gaisnijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gaisnijum (instrumental masculine plural)
gaisnijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gaisnijum (feminine instrumental plural)
gaisnijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gaisnijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: gǣsne, gēsne, geāsne, gēsine
Middle English: gesene, geson
English: geason, geazon, gaison, gessen

Old High German: *geisinī

⇒ Old High German: geisinī (noun)


kattu

kattu (nominative singular)
kattiwi (nominative plural)
kattō (nominative plural)
kattu (accusative singular)
kattū (accusative plural)
kattō (genitive singular)
kattiwō (genitive plural)
kattiwi (dative singular)
kattō (dative singular)
kattum (dative plural)
kattu (instrumental singular)
kattum (instrumental plural)

Old English: catt
Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kauddès, kaudes (plural)

Old Saxon: katto

Old High German: kazzo

Lombardic: chazze

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


þewernā

þewernā (nominative singular)
þewernōn (nominative plural)
þewernōn (accusative singular)
þewernōn (accusative plural)
þewernōn (genitive singular)
þewernōnō (genitive plural)
þewernōn (dative singular)
þewernōm (dative plural)
þewernum (dative plural)
þewernōn (instrumental singular)
þewernōm (instrumental plural)
þewernum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thiorna
Middle Low German: dêrne
German Low German: Deern
→ German: Deern
→ Old Norse: þerna
Icelandic: þerna
Faroese: terna
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: terne m or f
Norwegian Nynorsk: terne f
Old Swedish: thærna
Swedish: tärna c
Danish: tærne
→? Middle English: therne, thierne, tharne, tarne
>? English: tern, tarn

Old Dutch: thiorna

Middle Dutch: dierne

Dutch: deerne

Old High German: thiorna, diorna

Middle High German: dierne, diern

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: diirna, diarn (Luserna)

Mòcheno: diarn

German: Dirne

⇒ German: Dirndl

→ English: dirndl

Derived from *þeu (“servant, slave”) + unknown suffix *-(w)ernā, which has been compared to Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌰 (widuwairna, “orphan”), from 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐍉 (widuwō, “widow”). Compare also Old Norse þýborinn, from þý (“bondmaid”) + borinn (“born”).


hwaij

hwaij (nominative singular)
hwaijō (nominative plural)
hwaijōs (nominative plural)
hwaij (accusative singular)
hwaijā (accusative plural)
hwaijas (genitive singular)
hwaijō (genitive plural)
hwaijē (dative singular)
hwaijum (dative plural)
hwaiju (instrumental singular)
hwaijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hwǣġ, hwæiġ, hwēġ
Middle English: whey, wheyy, whei, wheye, wheyȝe, wey, whay, qwhey, weyȝe, whaye, wege
English: whey (whig)
Scots: quhaye, quhay, quhey, whey, fey

Old Frisian: *wei, *wai, weye

desc

Saterland Frisian: Woaie, Waai, Wäi, Uäi

West Frisian: waei, waai

Old Saxon: *hwei

Middle Low German: wei

German Low German: Wei

Low German: Wei, Waje

Old Dutch: *hwei, *wei

Middle Dutch: wei, wey, wej

Dutch: wei

Afrikaans: wei

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Germanic *hwajjaz ~ *hujjas, *hujis, possibly cognate with:
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám (“milk”), perhaps Proto-Indo-European *tkʷeyH-, *tkʷeHy-,
* or Latin cāseus (“cheese”), Proto-Slavic *kvasъ (“leaven, fermented drink”), from Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et- (“to ferment, turn sour”).


frō

head

*frō (comparative *frōiʀ(ō), superlative *frōist(ō))

frōiʀ (comparative)
frōist (superlative)

Old Saxon: *frōw, *frō

desc

Middle Low German: vrō, vrȫ, vroe, frow, froi, frohe, froeg, vrōch, vrū, vrůch

German Low German: froh

→ Danish: fro (obsolete)

desctree

Old Dutch: fruo
Middle Dutch: vroe
Dutch: vroeg
Afrikaans: vroeg
Berbice Creole Dutch: fruku
Javindo: froeg
Negerhollands: vroe, fru, vrue
→ Sranan Tongo: fruku (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: fruo
Middle High German: vruo, vrū, vrūge, vrō, vrōwe, fruo, frū, frūge, frō, frōwe
Alemannic German: früe
German: früh
Luxembourgish: fréi
Pennsylvania German: frieh
Yiddish: פֿרי (fri)

From Proto-Indo-European *proh₁- (“early; in the morning”), from *pro- (“forward”).


koʀōn

koʀōn (infinitive)
koʀōnijas (genitive infinitive)
koʀōnijē (dative infinitive)
koʀōniju (infinitive instrumental)
koʀō (first-person present singular)
koʀōdā (first-person past singular)
koʀōs (present second-person singular)
koʀōdēs (past second-person singular)
koʀōdōs (past second-person singular)
koʀōþ (present singular third-person)
koʀōdē (past singular third-person)
koʀōdā (past singular third-person)
koʀōm (first-person plural present)
koʀōdum (first-person past plural)
koʀōþ (plural present second-person)
koʀōdud (past plural second-person)
koʀōnþ (plural present third-person)
koʀōdun (past plural third-person)
koʀōdī (first-person past singular)
koʀōdī (past second-person singular)
koʀō (present singular third-person)
koʀōdī (past singular third-person)
koʀōdīm (first-person past plural)
koʀōdīd (past plural second-person)
koʀōn (plural present third-person)
koʀōdīn (past plural third-person)
koʀō (present singular)
koʀōþ (plural present)
koʀōndī (participle present)
koʀōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *korōn

Middle Low German: kōren

>? German Low German: kören

→? Saterland Frisian: köäre

→ Swedish: kora

Old Dutch: coron
Middle Dutch: cōren

Old High German: korōn

Middle High German: koren, korn

German: koren, kören

From *kuʀi, *koʀ (“choice, decision”) + *-ōn.


luhs

luhs (nominative singular)
lohsō (nominative plural)
lohsōs (nominative plural)
luhs (accusative singular)
lohsā (accusative plural)
lohsas (genitive singular)
lohsō (genitive plural)
luhsē (dative singular)
luhsum (dative plural)
luhsu (instrumental singular)
luhsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lox

Middle English: lusk (found in luskwerk)

Scots: los (possibly through Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)

English: los, loz

Old Frisian: *luks, *loks

Saterland Frisian: Luks

Old Saxon: lohs, los

Middle Low German: *luhs, lūs, los

Old Dutch: *lohs, *los

Middle Dutch: los

Dutch: los

→ English: losse (dated)

Old High German: luhs

Middle High German: luhs

German: Luchs

→ Low German: Luks

→ Luxembourgish: Luchs

⇒ German: abluchsen (partly)

Luxembourgish: Luuss (dated)

Lombardic: luchs


hardīni

hardīni (nominative singular)
hardīnī (nominative plural)
hardīni (accusative singular)
hardīnī (accusative plural)
hardīnī (genitive singular)
hardīnijō (genitive plural)
hardīnī (dative singular)
hardīnim (dative plural)
hardīnijum (dative plural)
hardīnī (instrumental singular)
hardīnim (instrumental plural)
hardīnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyrdenn

Old Frisian: *herdene, tōherdene


sprottōn

sprottōn (infinitive)
sprottōnijas (genitive infinitive)
sprottōnijē (dative infinitive)
sprottōniju (infinitive instrumental)
sprottō (first-person present singular)
sprottōdā (first-person past singular)
sprottōs (present second-person singular)
sprottōdēs (past second-person singular)
sprottōdōs (past second-person singular)
sprottōþ (present singular third-person)
sprottōdē (past singular third-person)
sprottōdā (past singular third-person)
sprottōm (first-person plural present)
sprottōdum (first-person past plural)
sprottōþ (plural present second-person)
sprottōdud (past plural second-person)
sprottōnþ (plural present third-person)
sprottōdun (past plural third-person)
sprottōdī (first-person past singular)
sprottōdī (past second-person singular)
sprottō (present singular third-person)
sprottōdī (past singular third-person)
sprottōdīm (first-person past plural)
sprottōdīd (past plural second-person)
sprottōn (plural present third-person)
sprottōdīn (past plural third-person)
sprottō (present singular)
sprottōþ (plural present)
sprottōndī (participle present)
sprottōd (participle past)

Old Dutch: *sprottōn

Middle Dutch: *sprotten

Dutch: sprotten (archaic)

Old High German: *sproztōn

Middle High German: *sprozzen

German: sprossen

From Proto-Germanic *spruttōną, from earlier paradigm *spruttōþi ~ *sprutunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *sprud-nā́-ti ~ *sprud-un-ánti, iterative to *spreutan (“to sprout”).


ruskijā

ruskijā (nominative singular)
ruskijōn (nominative plural)
ruskijōn (accusative singular)
ruskijōn (accusative plural)
ruskijōn (genitive singular)
ruskijōnō (genitive plural)
ruskijōn (dative singular)
ruskijōm (dative plural)
ruskijum (dative plural)
ruskijōn (instrumental singular)
ruskijōm (instrumental plural)
ruskijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: rysċe, rysċ, resċe, resċ, risċe, risċ, rixe, rix

desctree

Middle English: risshe, rusch, risch, rysche, rusche, rysch, rosch, rissh, resch, rysse, resche
English: rush
Scots: rash, resh

Old Frisian: *reske, *risk

Saterland Frisian: Rääske

West Frisian: risk

Old Saxon: rusk, rūsk, *risk

Middle Low German: rusch, rûsch, risch

desc

German Low German: Rusk, Rusch, Rusch, Ruusch, Risch, Riusk

→ Faroese: ryski

→ Norwegian: ryskje, rusk

Old Dutch: *rusk

Middle Dutch: rusch

Dutch: rus

Old High German: *ruska, *rūska, *rusk

Middle High German: rusche, rusch

German: Rusch, Risch, Rausch

→ Old French: rusche, rousche

Middle French: rousche

French: rouche

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Latin rūscus, *rīscus, rūscum (“butcher's broom”) + *-jā (agent suffix) in connection to its use in broom making, or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(H)resg- (“to weave”) for its use in basket making, cognate with Lithuanian regzti (“to knit, weave”), Latin restis (“cord, rope”).

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


þurruk

þurruk (nominative singular)
þurrukō (nominative plural)
þurrukōs (nominative plural)
þurruk (accusative singular)
þurrukā (accusative plural)
þurrukas (genitive singular)
þurrukō (genitive plural)
þurrukē (dative singular)
þurrukum (dative plural)
þurruku (instrumental singular)
þurrukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þurruc

desctree

Middle English: thurrok, thorrocke, thorroke, thurroke, þorrok
English: thurrock (obsolete)

gl

Old Frisian: *thurruk, *durruk (*durruk likely borrowed from Low German or Dutch)

Saterland Frisian: Durk

West Frisian: durk

Old Saxon: *thurruk, *thorruk

Middle Low German: dork

Low German: Dork

→ Danish: dørk

→ Norwegian: dørk

→ Swedish: durk

Old Dutch: *thurruk, *thurrik

Middle Dutch: dorrick, durck, dorck

Dutch: durk, dork

Unknown; possibly from *þurr + *-uk, from Proto-Germanic *þwerō ~ *þurraz, from Proto-Indo-European *twérH-ō ~ *turH-nés, from *twerH- (“to hold, enclose”).


hatul

hatul (masculine nominative singular)
hatulu (feminine nominative singular)
hatul (neuter nominative singular)
hatulanā (accusative masculine singular)
hatulā (accusative feminine singular)
hatul (accusative neuter singular)
hatulas (genitive masculine singular)
hatuleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hatulas (genitive neuter singular)
hatulumē (dative masculine singular)
hatuleʀē (dative feminine singular)
hatulumē (dative neuter singular)
hatulu (instrumental masculine singular)
hatuleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hatulu (instrumental neuter singular)
hatulē (masculine nominative plural)
hatulō (feminine nominative plural)
hatulu (neuter nominative plural)
hatulā (accusative masculine plural)
hatulā (accusative feminine plural)
hatulu (accusative neuter plural)
hatuleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hatuleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hatuleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hatulēm (dative masculine plural)
hatulum (dative masculine plural)
hatulēm (dative feminine plural)
hatulum (dative feminine plural)
hatulēm (dative neuter plural)
hatulum (dative neuter plural)
hatulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hatulum (instrumental masculine plural)
hatulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hatulum (feminine instrumental plural)
hatulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hatulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hatol, hetol; hetel (< *hatil)

desctree

Middle English: hatel, heatel, hetel
English: hattle, hettle
Scots: hettle

Old Saxon: hatul, *hetil

Middle Low German: hētel

Old Dutch: *hatul

Middle Dutch: *hātel

Dutch: hatel (obsolete)

Old High German: hazzal


dungijan

dungijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dungijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dungijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dungijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dungiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dungidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dungisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dungidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dungidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dungiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dungidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dungidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dungijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dungidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dungiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dungidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dungijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dungidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dungijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dungidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dungijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dungidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dungijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dungidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dungijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dungidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dungijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dungidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dungijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dungidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dungi (class-1 present singular weak)
dungiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dungijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dungid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: dynġan

gl

attestions are past participles/adjectives and may thus be merely forms of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">dynġan</i>

⇒? Old English: ġedynġan (attestions are past participles/adjectives and may thus be merely forms of Old English dynġan)

Old Frisian: denga

Old Saxon: *dungian

Middle Low German: düngen

Low German: düngen

Old High German: tungen

desc

Middle High German: tungen, tüngen, dungen

German: düngen

bedung

Middle English: bidingen, bedungen, bydyngen

bedüngen

Old Saxon: *bidungian; Middle Low German


bukk

bukk (nominative singular)
bokkō (nominative plural)
bokkōs (nominative plural)
bukk (accusative singular)
bokkā (accusative plural)
bokkas (genitive singular)
bokkō (genitive plural)
bukkē (dative singular)
bukkum (dative plural)
bukku (instrumental singular)
bukkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bucc, buc
Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch

Old Frisian: *buk, *bok

Saterland Frisian: Buk

West Frisian: bok

Old Saxon: bukk, buk

Middle Low German: buk, buck, bok

Low German: Buck

Old Dutch: buc
Middle Dutch: boc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk

desc

Old High German: buk, buc, bok, boch, poch

Middle High German: boc

German: Bock

Luxembourgish: Bock

⇒ Old High German: steinbok

Middle High German: steinboc

→ Italian: stambecco

→ Dutch: steenbok

Afrikaans: steenbok

→ English: steenbok

→ Old French: estainbouc, boc estaign

Middle French: boucquin, bukestein, boucastain, bouquestain

Middle French: bouquin, bouquetin

French: bouquin, bouquetin

→ English: bouquetin

q

confluence with Gaulish <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">*bukkos</i>

→ Medieval Latin: buccus (confluence with Gaulish *bukkos) (see there for further descendants)


nistilōn

nistilōn (infinitive)
nistilōnijas (genitive infinitive)
nistilōnijē (dative infinitive)
nistilōniju (infinitive instrumental)
nistilō (first-person present singular)
nistilōdā (first-person past singular)
nistilōs (present second-person singular)
nistilōdēs (past second-person singular)
nistilōdōs (past second-person singular)
nistilōþ (present singular third-person)
nistilōdē (past singular third-person)
nistilōdā (past singular third-person)
nistilōm (first-person plural present)
nistilōdum (first-person past plural)
nistilōþ (plural present second-person)
nistilōdud (past plural second-person)
nistilōnþ (plural present third-person)
nistilōdun (past plural third-person)
nistilōdī (first-person past singular)
nistilōdī (past second-person singular)
nistilō (present singular third-person)
nistilōdī (past singular third-person)
nistilōdīm (first-person past plural)
nistilōdīd (past plural second-person)
nistilōn (plural present third-person)
nistilōdīn (past plural third-person)
nistilō (present singular)
nistilōþ (plural present)
nistilōndī (participle present)
nistilōd (participle past)

Old English: nistlian, nestlian; (nistlan)

Middle English: nestlen, nestelen

English: nestle

Scots: nestle, naesle

Old Frisian: *nistlia, *nestlia

Saterland Frisian: nääselje

West Frisian: nestelje

Old Saxon: *nistilōn

Middle Low German: nestelen

German Low German: nüsseln

desctree

Old Dutch: nistilon
Middle Dutch: nistelen, nestelen
Dutch: nestelen
Afrikaans: nestel

(frequentative) to occupy a nest, nestle


nestōn

nestōn (infinitive)
nestōnijas (genitive infinitive)
nestōnijē (dative infinitive)
nestōniju (infinitive instrumental)
nestō (first-person present singular)
nestōdā (first-person past singular)
nestōs (present second-person singular)
nestōdēs (past second-person singular)
nestōdōs (past second-person singular)
nestōþ (present singular third-person)
nestōdē (past singular third-person)
nestōdā (past singular third-person)
nestōm (first-person plural present)
nestōdum (first-person past plural)
nestōþ (plural present second-person)
nestōdud (past plural second-person)
nestōnþ (plural present third-person)
nestōdun (past plural third-person)
nestōdī (first-person past singular)
nestōdī (past second-person singular)
nestō (present singular third-person)
nestōdī (past singular third-person)
nestōdīm (first-person past plural)
nestōdīd (past plural second-person)
nestōn (plural present third-person)
nestōdīn (past plural third-person)
nestō (present singular)
nestōþ (plural present)
nestōndī (participle present)
nestōd (participle past)

Old English: nistian, *nestian

Middle English: nesten

English: nest

Scots: nest

Old Dutch: *niston, *neston

Middle Dutch: *nesten

Dutch: nesten

Old High German: nistōn

Middle High German: nisten

German: nisten


bair

bair (nominative singular)
bairō (nominative plural)
bairōs (nominative plural)
bair (accusative singular)
bairā (accusative plural)
bairas (genitive singular)
bairō (genitive plural)
bairē (dative singular)
bairum (dative plural)
bairu (instrumental singular)
bairum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bār

Middle English: bar, bor

Scots: bair

English: boar

Old Frisian: *bār

West Frisian: bear

Old Saxon: bēr

Middle Low German: bêr

Low German: Behr

Old Dutch: *bēr; bēro

Middle Dutch: bere, beer

Dutch: beer (“boar”)

Old High German: bēr, pēr, pair

Middle High German: bēr

Central Franconian: Bier

Luxembourgish: Béier

German: Bär (“boar”) (obsolete)

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *baizaz (compare Old Norse bassi (“boar”)). Likely to be related to Proto-Brythonic *basio- ~ *baðio- (modern Welsh baedd, which compare for possible cognates), but solid Indo-European cognates outside of West Germanic and Celtic are lacking. The word could have been borrowed from a pre-Indo-European (substrate) population of the area by Germanic and/or Celtic-speaking populations. Alternatively, it could be cognate with Lithuanian baĩsas (“terrible apparition”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *baiˀsás (“evil spirit”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to become afraid”).


mōtan

desctree

Old English: mōtan
Middle English: moten
Scots: mote, mot, moit
English: mote
⇒ Old English: mōste (preterite)
Middle English: moste
Scots: moste, most, moist
English: must

Old Frisian: mōt (present tense)

Saterland Frisian: moute

West Frisian: moatte

Old Saxon: mōtan
Middle Low German: môten, moste (past)
German Low German: möten
→ Old Swedish: most (late)
Swedish: måste

Old Dutch: muotan
Middle Dutch: moeten
Dutch: moeten
Afrikaans: moet
Berbice Creole Dutch: mu, muti
Negerhollands: moet, moe, mo, mut
→ Sranan Tongo: moe
Limburgish: mótte

Old High German: muozan

Middle High German: muozen, müezen

Alemannic German: müese, müesse

Bavarian: miassn

Cimbrian: missan

Central Franconian: mösse, mosse, moße (Ripuarian; older forms), misse, mieße, muße, moße (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: misse
Luxembourgish: mussen

German: müssen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: misse

Yiddish: מוזן (muzn)


galdr

galdr (nominative singular)
galdrō (nominative plural)
galdrōs (nominative plural)
galdr (accusative singular)
galdrā (accusative plural)
galdras (genitive singular)
galdrō (genitive plural)
galdrē (dative singular)
galdrum (dative plural)
galdru (instrumental singular)
galdrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: galdor, gealdor

Middle English: galder

Old Saxon: *galdar

Old High German: galdar


bakku

bakku (nominative singular)
bakkiwi (nominative plural)
bakkō (nominative plural)
bakku (accusative singular)
bakkū (accusative plural)
bakkō (genitive singular)
bakkiwō (genitive plural)
bakkiwi (dative singular)
bakkō (dative singular)
bakkum (dative plural)
bakku (instrumental singular)
bakkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bæċċ, *bæċ

Middle English: bache, bahche, bach

English: batch

Scots: batch

Old High German: *bahh, *bach; *bahhu, *bachu

Middle High German: becke

German: Bäcke

From Proto-Germanic *bakkuz, *bakuz (“baking”). Gemination would be explained due to influence or derivation from *bakkōn (Proto-Germanic *bakkōną), the iterative form, potentially ultimately preserved in the English sense of batch (“a series or run of baking/baked goods”).


-ō

Old English: -o, -a

Middle English: -e (fossilised)

Old Frisian: -a

Old Saxon: -o

Middle Low German: -e

Old Dutch: -o
Middle Dutch: -e

Old High German: -o

Middle High German: -e


-ō

-ō (nominative singular)
-an (nominative plural)
-an (accusative singular)
-an (accusative plural)
-ini (genitive singular)
-an (genitive singular)
-anō (genitive plural)
-ini (dative singular)
-an (dative singular)
-um (dative plural)
-ini (instrumental singular)
-an (instrumental singular)
-um (instrumental plural)

Old English: -a

Middle English: -e (fossilised)

Old Frisian: -a

Old Saxon: -o

Middle Low German: -e

Old Dutch: -o

Middle Dutch: -e

Old High German: -o

Middle High German: -e

German: -e (fossilised)


werawulf

werawulf (nominative singular)
werawulfō (nominative plural)
werawulfōs (nominative plural)
werawulf (accusative singular)
werawulfā (accusative plural)
werawulfas (genitive singular)
werawulfō (genitive plural)
werawulfē (dative singular)
werawulfum (dative plural)
werawulfu (instrumental singular)
werawulfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: werewulf
Middle English: werwolf
English: werewolf
Scots: werwolf, warwolf, warwoof

Old Frisian: *werwolf

desc

West Frisian: wjerwolf, wearwolf, waarwolf

desctree

Old Saxon: werwulf
Middle Low German: werwulf, werwolf, warwulf, bērwulf
German Low German: Weerwulf, Warwulf
→ Icelandic: varúlfur
→ Faroese: varúlvur
→ Norwegian: varulv
→ Swedish: varulv
→ Danish: varulv

Old Dutch: *werwulf

Middle Dutch: wēerwolf
Dutch: weerwolf
Afrikaans: weerwolf

Old High German: werwolf

Middle High German: werwolf

German: Werwolf

Luxembourgish: Wierwollef

→ Old French: garwaf, garval, garvalf

⇒ French: loup-garou
→ English: loup-garou


gaaunōn

gaaunōn (infinitive)
gaaunōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gaaunōnijē (dative infinitive)
gaaunōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gaaunō (first-person present singular)
gaaunōdā (first-person past singular)
gaaunōs (present second-person singular)
gaaunōdēs (past second-person singular)
gaaunōdōs (past second-person singular)
gaaunōþ (present singular third-person)
gaaunōdē (past singular third-person)
gaaunōdā (past singular third-person)
gaaunōm (first-person plural present)
gaaunōdum (first-person past plural)
gaaunōþ (plural present second-person)
gaaunōdud (past plural second-person)
gaaunōnþ (plural present third-person)
gaaunōdun (past plural third-person)
gaaunōdī (first-person past singular)
gaaunōdī (past second-person singular)
gaaunō (present singular third-person)
gaaunōdī (past singular third-person)
gaaunōdīm (first-person past plural)
gaaunōdīd (past plural second-person)
gaaunōn (plural present third-person)
gaaunōdīn (past plural third-person)
gaaunō (present singular)
gaaunōþ (plural present)
gaaunōndī (participle present)
gaaunōd (participle past)

Old English: *ġeēanian (suggested by ġeēan (“yeaning”, adj))

Middle English: ȝenen, *yenen

English: yean

Scots: yean

⇒ Saterland Frisian: bejänne


slakōn

slakōn (infinitive)
slakōnijas (genitive infinitive)
slakōnijē (dative infinitive)
slakōniju (infinitive instrumental)
slakō (first-person present singular)
slakōdā (first-person past singular)
slakōs (present second-person singular)
slakōdēs (past second-person singular)
slakōdōs (past second-person singular)
slakōþ (present singular third-person)
slakōdē (past singular third-person)
slakōdā (past singular third-person)
slakōm (first-person plural present)
slakōdum (first-person past plural)
slakōþ (plural present second-person)
slakōdud (past plural second-person)
slakōnþ (plural present third-person)
slakōdun (past plural third-person)
slakōdī (first-person past singular)
slakōdī (past second-person singular)
slakō (present singular third-person)
slakōdī (past singular third-person)
slakōdīm (first-person past plural)
slakōdīd (past plural second-person)
slakōn (plural present third-person)
slakōdīn (past plural third-person)
slakō (present singular)
slakōþ (plural present)
slakōndī (participle present)
slakōd (participle past)

Old English: sleacian

Middle English: slaken, slakken

English: slake, slack

Old Saxon: *slakōn

Middle Low German: slāken

Old Dutch: *slakon

Middle Dutch: slāken

Dutch: slaken


aittrīn

aittrīn (masculine nominative singular)
aittrīnu (feminine nominative singular)
aittrīn (neuter nominative singular)
aittrīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
aittrīnā (accusative feminine singular)
aittrīn (accusative neuter singular)
aittrīnas (genitive masculine singular)
aittrīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aittrīnas (genitive neuter singular)
aittrīnumē (dative masculine singular)
aittrīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
aittrīnumē (dative neuter singular)
aittrīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
aittrīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aittrīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
aittrīnē (masculine nominative plural)
aittrīnō (feminine nominative plural)
aittrīnu (neuter nominative plural)
aittrīnā (accusative masculine plural)
aittrīnā (accusative feminine plural)
aittrīnu (accusative neuter plural)
aittrīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aittrīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aittrīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aittrīnēm (dative masculine plural)
aittrīnum (dative masculine plural)
aittrīnēm (dative feminine plural)
aittrīnum (dative feminine plural)
aittrīnēm (dative neuter plural)
aittrīnum (dative neuter plural)
aittrīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aittrīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
aittrīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aittrīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
aittrīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aittrīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ǣtren, ǣtern, ǣttern, ǣttren
Middle English: attern, atterne, hatterne
English: attern

Old High German: *eitarīn

Middle High German: eiterin


snakan

snakan (infinitive)
snakannjas (genitive infinitive)
snakannjē (dative infinitive)
snakannju (infinitive instrumental)
snaku (first-person present singular)
snōk (first-person past singular)
snakiʀi (present second-person singular)
snōkī (past second-person singular)
snakidi (present singular third-person)
snōk (past singular third-person)
snakum (first-person plural present)
snōkum (first-person past plural)
snakid (plural present second-person)
snōkud (past plural second-person)
snakand (plural present third-person)
snōkun (past plural third-person)
snakē (first-person present singular)
snōkī (first-person past singular)
snakēs (present second-person singular)
snakē (present singular third-person)
snōkī (past singular third-person)
snakēm (first-person plural present)
snōkīm (first-person past plural)
snakēþ (plural present second-person)
snōkīd (past plural second-person)
snakēn (plural present third-person)
snōkīn (past plural third-person)
snak (present singular)
snakid (plural present)
snakandī (participle present)
snakan (participle past)

Old High German: snahhan

From Proto-Germanic *snakaną, secondary o-grade intensive from *snakkōną, o-grade iterative to *sneganą (“to crawl, creep”).


anadrekō

anadrekō (nominative singular)
anadrekan (nominative plural)
anadrekan (accusative singular)
anadrekan (accusative plural)
anadrikini (genitive singular)
anadrekan (genitive singular)
anadrekanō (genitive plural)
anadrikini (dative singular)
anadrekan (dative singular)
anadrekum (dative plural)
anadrikini (instrumental singular)
anadrekan (instrumental singular)
anadrekum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *andraca, *draca

Middle English: drake
English: drake
Scots: drake

Old Frisian: *enderka

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: En'erk (possibly borrowed from Danish)

West Frisian: jerke, jerk

Old Saxon: *anadreko, *anadrako

desc

Middle Low German: āntreke, āntdrāke, āndrake, ānderik, ēnderik

Low German: Drake, Draak

→ Danish: andrik

→ Swedish: anddrake

Old Dutch: *enedreko, *anadrako

Middle Dutch: andrake

Dutch: draak

Old High German: anutrehho, anetrehho, antrahho

Middle High German: antreche, antrache, antrach, ɛntrech, antreich, ɛntreich

German: Enterich

Alemannic German: Antrech, Trech, Rech

East Central German:

Thuringian: Drache

From *anad (“duck”) + *rekō (“king, ruler, leader”), from Proto-Germanic *rekô.


ambrī

ambrī (nominative singular)
ambrijō (nominative plural)
ambrijōs (nominative plural)
ambrī (accusative singular)
ambrijā (accusative plural)
ambrijas (genitive singular)
ambrijō (genitive plural)
ambrijē (dative singular)
ambrijum (dative plural)
ambriju (instrumental singular)
ambrijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: amber, ambor, omber, ombor
Middle English: ambre, anbre, almer

desc

Old Frisian: *amber, *amer, *omber, *ommer

Saterland Frisian: Ommer

West Frisian: amer

Old Saxon: embar

Middle Low German: emmer, ammer, amer, amber

German Low German: Emmer, Ammer

Plautdietsch: Ama

→ Norwegian: ambar

→ Old Swedish: ämbar, ämbare

Swedish: ämbar

→ Finnish: ämpäri

→ Gutnish: ämbar

Old Dutch: *embar

Middle Dutch: ember, emmer

desctree

Dutch: emmer
Afrikaans: emmer
→ Fwe: mà-hèmêrè (via Lozi)
→ Xhosa: i-emele
→ Yeyi: ìhèmérè
Jersey Dutch: äämer
→ Aukan: embele
→ Caribbean Javanese: èmbèr
→ Indonesian: ember
→ Petjo: ember
→ Ternate: ember
→ Papiamentu: èmber, hèmber, èmer, hèmchi, èmchi

Limburgish: ömmer

Old High German: amber, ampri, eimbar, einber, eimmer
Middle High German: amper, amber, eimber, eimer
German: Eimer, Amper
Luxembourgish: Eemer

Uncertain; probably borrowed from Latin amphora (“two-handled pitcher”).


līnīn

līnīn (masculine nominative singular)
līnīnu (feminine nominative singular)
līnīn (neuter nominative singular)
līnīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
līnīnā (accusative feminine singular)
līnīn (accusative neuter singular)
līnīnas (genitive masculine singular)
līnīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
līnīnas (genitive neuter singular)
līnīnumē (dative masculine singular)
līnīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
līnīnumē (dative neuter singular)
līnīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
līnīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
līnīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
līnīnē (masculine nominative plural)
līnīnō (feminine nominative plural)
līnīnu (neuter nominative plural)
līnīnā (accusative masculine plural)
līnīnā (accusative feminine plural)
līnīnu (accusative neuter plural)
līnīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
līnīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
līnīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
līnīnēm (dative masculine plural)
līnīnum (dative masculine plural)
līnīnēm (dative feminine plural)
līnīnum (dative feminine plural)
līnīnēm (dative neuter plural)
līnīnum (dative neuter plural)
līnīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
līnīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
līnīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
līnīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
līnīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
līnīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: līnen, līnin, līnnen, līnnin
Middle English: lynnen; lynen
English: linen
Scots: linin, linnin

Old Frisian: linnen

West Frisian: linnen

Old Saxon: līnīn

Middle Low German: lînen, linnen

German Low German: linnen

Old Dutch: *līnīn

Middle Dutch: linin, linijn

Dutch: linnen

Old High German: līnīn

Middle High German: līnen

German: leinen


amaʀā

amaʀā (nominative singular)
amaʀōn (nominative plural)
amaʀōn (accusative singular)
amaʀōn (accusative plural)
amaʀōn (genitive singular)
amaʀōnō (genitive plural)
amaʀōn (dative singular)
amaʀōm (dative plural)
amaʀum (dative plural)
amaʀōn (instrumental singular)
amaʀōm (instrumental plural)
amaʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: amore
Middle English: *amere, *amre, *ambre
English: ammer
⇒ Middle English: *yelwamre, *yelambre, *yelwambre
⇒ English: yelambre, yelamber, yellowhammer

Old Saxon: amaro

Old High German: amara, amaro, amero

Middle High German: amer

German: Ammer

Kroonen links *amslā (“blackbird”), which is either from Proto-Indo-European *h₂em(-)s- (“blackbird”) or from a Central European substrate language; if the former, the stem *amaʀ- could reflect the unsuffixed original *h₂ém-ōs ~ *h₂m-és-.


fuhsini

fuhsini (nominative singular)
fuhsunnjō (nominative plural)
fuhsunnjā (accusative singular)
fuhsunnjā (accusative plural)
fuhsunnjā (genitive singular)
fuhsunnjō (genitive plural)
fuhsunnjē (dative singular)
fuhsunnjōm (dative plural)
fuhsunnjum (dative plural)
fuhsunnju (instrumental singular)
fuhsunnjōm (instrumental plural)
fuhsunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fyxe
Middle English: fixen, ffixen
English: vixen

Old High German: *fuhsinna

Middle High German: vühsinne

German: Füchsin

From Proto-Germanic *fuhsinī. Equivalent to *fuhs (“fox”) + *-ini.


furhiþi

furhiþi (nominative singular)
furhiþī (nominative plural)
furhiþi (accusative singular)
furhiþī (accusative plural)
furhiþī (genitive singular)
furhiþþjō (genitive plural)
furhiþī (dative singular)
furhiþim (dative plural)
furhiþþjum (dative plural)
furhiþī (instrumental singular)
furhiþim (instrumental plural)
furhiþþjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fyrhþ f or n, fyrhþe n
Middle English: frith, firth
Scots: firth, fyrth
English: frith, firth
Middle English: frith, firth
English: frith, firth

Old Saxon: *furhithi

desc

>? Middle Low German: viride, vīrede, vīrde, vīrte, vīrt, fīrt m or n

Old High German: *furihti, *forahti

gl

>? Middle High German: fōreht, fōret, fōrāt n (alternatively, from Old French or Latin)

From *furhu (“fir, pine”) + *-iþi. Compare Old Norse fýri (“fir or coniferous forest”).


haguþorn

haguþorn (nominative singular)
haguþornō (nominative plural)
haguþornōs (nominative plural)
haguþorn (accusative singular)
haguþornā (accusative plural)
haguþornas (genitive singular)
haguþornō (genitive plural)
haguþornē (dative singular)
haguþornum (dative plural)
haguþornu (instrumental singular)
haguþornum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: haguþorn, hagaþorn, hæguþorn

desctree

Middle English: hawthorn, haȝ þorn, haȝþorne, haue-thorne, hauȝ þorne, hauthorne, hauþorn, hauþorne, hawethorn, hawethorne, haweþorn, hawe-þorn, hawe þorn, hawȝþorn, hawthern, hawthorne, hawthorun, haw-thron, hawþrone
English: hawthorn
Scots: hawthorn

→ Old Norse: hagþorn

Old Swedish: haghþorn

Swedish: hagtorn

Old Saxon: haguthorn, haginthorn

Middle Low German: hagedorn, hagendorn

Old Dutch: *haguthorn

Middle Dutch: hāgedorn
Dutch: haagdoorn
Limburgish: haagdórn

Old High German: hagudorn, hagandorn

Middle High German: hagedorn, hagendorn

German: Hagedorn

From *hagu (“enclosure; pasture”) + *þorn (“thorn; briar”).


meltan

meltan (infinitive)
meltannjas (genitive infinitive)
meltannjē (dative infinitive)
meltannju (infinitive instrumental)
meltu (first-person present singular)
malt (first-person past singular)
miltiʀi (present second-person singular)
multī (past second-person singular)
miltidi (present singular third-person)
malt (past singular third-person)
meltum (first-person plural present)
multum (first-person past plural)
miltid (plural present second-person)
multud (past plural second-person)
meltand (plural present third-person)
multun (past plural third-person)
meltē (first-person present singular)
multī (first-person past singular)
meltēs (present second-person singular)
meltē (present singular third-person)
multī (past singular third-person)
meltēm (first-person plural present)
multīm (first-person past plural)
meltēþ (plural present second-person)
multīd (past plural second-person)
meltēn (plural present third-person)
multīn (past plural third-person)
milt (present singular)
miltid (plural present)
meltandī (participle present)
moltan (participle past)

Old English: meltan

Middle English: melten

Scots: melt

English: melt


plegō

plegō (nominative singular)
plegan (nominative plural)
plegan (accusative singular)
plegan (accusative plural)
pligini (genitive singular)
plegan (genitive singular)
pleganō (genitive plural)
pligini (dative singular)
plegan (dative singular)
plegum (dative plural)
pligini (instrumental singular)
plegan (instrumental singular)
plegum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *plega

Middle Low German: plēge

German Low German: Pleeg

Old Dutch: *plega

Middle Dutch: plege

Dutch: pleeg

Old High German: *pflega; (compare pflega (“nurse”) (in compounds))

Middle High German: pflege, phlege

German: Pflege

→ Medieval Latin: plevium


plegō

desctree

Old English: pleġa, plæġ, plæġa
Middle English: pleye, pleie, plaw, plawe, play, playe, pleȝe, plæȝe, pleiȝ, pleouwe, ploȝe, plai, plaȝe, pleghe, plaghe, plasze
English: play
Scots: play
Yola: pley

Old Dutch: *plego

Middle Dutch: plege


hailag

hailag (masculine nominative singular)
hailagu (feminine nominative singular)
hailag (neuter nominative singular)
hailaganā (accusative masculine singular)
hailagā (accusative feminine singular)
hailag (accusative neuter singular)
hailagas (genitive masculine singular)
hailageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hailagas (genitive neuter singular)
hailagumē (dative masculine singular)
hailageʀē (dative feminine singular)
hailagumē (dative neuter singular)
hailagu (instrumental masculine singular)
hailageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hailagu (instrumental neuter singular)
hailagē (masculine nominative plural)
hailagō (feminine nominative plural)
hailagu (neuter nominative plural)
hailagā (accusative masculine plural)
hailagā (accusative feminine plural)
hailagu (accusative neuter plural)
hailageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hailageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hailageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hailagēm (dative masculine plural)
hailagum (dative masculine plural)
hailagēm (dative feminine plural)
hailagum (dative feminine plural)
hailagēm (dative neuter plural)
hailagum (dative neuter plural)
hailagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hailagum (instrumental masculine plural)
hailagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hailagum (feminine instrumental plural)
hailagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hailagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hāliġ, hāleġ, hālæġ, hǣliġ
Middle English: holy
English: holy
Scots: haly, halie
Yola: holly, holy

Old Frisian: hēlich
North Frisian: hallig, hellig, hillig, hoeldig
Saterland Frisian: helig, halg
West Frisian: hillig

Old Saxon: hēlag
Middle Low German: hilch, hillich (inflected hillig-)
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: hilg-, (en) Hilgen
Münsterländisch: hillig
Westmünsterländisch: hillig
East Westphalian: hilg (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: heilich

Old Dutch: heilig
Middle Dutch: heilich
Dutch: heilig

Old High German: heilag
Middle High German: heilec, heilic
Alemannic German: heilig
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: heilich
Cimbrian: hòolig
German: heilig
Luxembourgish: helleg
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: heilich
Yiddish: הייליק (heylik)

From Proto-Germanic *hailagaz. Equivalent to *hail + *-g.


mānō

mānō (nominative singular)
mānan (nominative plural)
mānan (accusative singular)
mānan (accusative plural)
mānini (genitive singular)
mānan (genitive singular)
mānanō (genitive plural)
mānini (dative singular)
mānan (dative singular)
mānum (dative plural)
mānini (instrumental singular)
mānan (instrumental singular)
mānum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōna, mōne
Middle English: mone, moone, mon, moyn, monæ, mona
English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun
Scots: muin, mone, monne, moon, moune, mowne, moyn, moyne, mune, mwne
Yola: mond
Geordie English: muin, meun

Old Frisian: mōna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: muun
Mooring: moune
Saterland Frisian: Moune
West Frisian: moanne

Old Saxon: māno
Middle Low German: mâne
Dutch Low Saxon: maone
German Low German: Maan
Hamburgisch: Maan, Maand
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Mon m
Ravensbergisch: Måne
Sauerländisch: Mōne f, Mond m, Mōn m, Mound m Mōend m
Westmünsterländisch: Maone, Maon f, Maond m
Plautdietsch: Mon
→ Polabian: mon

Old Dutch: māno
Middle Dutch: mâne
Dutch: maan
Afrikaans: maan
Berbice Creole Dutch: manti
Jersey Dutch: mân, môn
Negerhollands: maand, man, maen
→ Aukan: manti
Limburgish: maon
West Flemish: moane
Zealandic: maene, maone

Old High German: māno
Middle High German: māne, mān, mōne, mōn
Alemannic German: Maan, manä, meini, moanu, Mond, manòd, mànund
Swabian: Moo, Mao
Bavarian: Mou, mone
Cimbrian: maano, ma, må
Mòcheno: mu'
Central Franconian: Mond, Muund (rare variant in Moselle Franconian)
German: Mond
Luxembourgish: Mound
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Muhn
Vilamovian: mönd
Yiddish: מאָנט (mont)


brāmil

brāmil (nominative singular)
brāmilō (nominative plural)
brāmilōs (nominative plural)
brāmil (accusative singular)
brāmilā (accusative plural)
brāmilas (genitive singular)
brāmilō (genitive plural)
brāmilē (dative singular)
brāmilum (dative plural)
brāmilu (instrumental singular)
brāmilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣmel, brēmel, bræmbel
Middle English: brembel, brambel, brimbel
English: bramble
Scots: brimmle
Yola: brimel

Old Frisian: *bramel, *bremel

West Frisian: brommel

Old Saxon: *brāmal

Middle Low German: bromel

Low German: Brömmel

⇒ Old Saxon: brāmalbusk

Old Dutch: *bramel

Dutch: bramel, brummel


melþōn

melþōn (infinitive)
melþōnijas (genitive infinitive)
melþōnijē (dative infinitive)
melþōniju (infinitive instrumental)
melþō (first-person present singular)
melþōdā (first-person past singular)
melþōs (present second-person singular)
melþōdēs (past second-person singular)
melþōdōs (past second-person singular)
melþōþ (present singular third-person)
melþōdē (past singular third-person)
melþōdā (past singular third-person)
melþōm (first-person plural present)
melþōdum (first-person past plural)
melþōþ (plural present second-person)
melþōdud (past plural second-person)
melþōnþ (plural present third-person)
melþōdun (past plural third-person)
melþōdī (first-person past singular)
melþōdī (past second-person singular)
melþō (present singular third-person)
melþōdī (past singular third-person)
melþōdīm (first-person past plural)
melþōdīd (past plural second-person)
melþōn (plural present third-person)
melþōdīn (past plural third-person)
melþō (present singular)
melþōþ (plural present)
melþōndī (participle present)
melþōd (participle past)

Old English: meldian
Middle English: melden
English: meld
Scots: meld, mell

Old Frisian: *meldia

Saterland Frisian: mäldje

West Frisian: meldzje

⇒ Old Frisian: urmeldia

Old Saxon: meldōn

Middle Low German: melden

German Low German: melden, mellen

→ Danish: melde

Norwegian Bokmål: melde

→ Faroese: melda

→ Icelandic: melda

→ Swedish: mälda

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: melda

Old Dutch: *meldon (attested as maltho)

Middle Dutch: melden

Dutch: melden

Afrikaans: meld, melde

→ West Frisian: melde

Old High German: meldōn

Middle High German: mëlden

German: melden

Luxembourgish: mellen

From Proto-Germanic *melþōną, from Proto-Indo-European *meldʰ- (“to ask, pray, speak”). Cognate with Lithuanian maldýti (“to implore”), Proto-Slavic *modlìti (“to ask, pray”), Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒀠𒁲 (māldi, “to recite, make a vow”), Old Armenian մաղթ (małtʻ, “prayer, supplication”).


sturm

sturm (nominative singular)
sturmō (nominative plural)
sturmōs (nominative plural)
sturm (accusative singular)
sturmā (accusative plural)
sturmas (genitive singular)
sturmō (genitive plural)
sturmē (dative singular)
sturmum (dative plural)
sturmu (instrumental singular)
sturmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: storm, stearm
Middle English: storm
English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm
Scots: storm
Yola: stharm, starm

Old Frisian: *storm

Saterland Frisian: Stoarm

West Frisian: stoarm

Old Saxon: storm

Middle Low German: storm

German Low German: Storm

→ Polish: sztorm

Old Dutch: *sturm

Middle Dutch: storm

Dutch: storm
Afrikaans: storm
Negerhollands: storm
→ Papiamentu: storm

Old High German: sturm
Middle High German: sturm
German: Sturm
Yiddish: שטורעם (shturem)
→ Polish: szturm
→ Russian: штурм (šturm)
Luxembourgish: Stuerm
Hunsrik: Storrem
Lombardic: *sturm
→ Italian: stormo

→ Vulgar Latin: *estornus, *estorma

Old French: estor, estour, estur, estorme, estorn
Middle French: estor, estour
→ Middle English: stour, store, stor
English: stour
Scots: sture, stour

Occitan: estorn


krīg

krīg (nominative singular)
krīgō (nominative plural)
krīgōs (nominative plural)
krīg (accusative singular)
krīgā (accusative plural)
krīgas (genitive singular)
krīgō (genitive plural)
krīgē (dative singular)
krīgum (dative plural)
krīgu (instrumental singular)
krīgum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krīch; *krīga, *krīge (in derivatives)

North Frisian: krich

Saterland Frisian: Kriech

West Frisian: kriich

Old Saxon: *krīg

Middle Low German: krîch

German Low German: Krig, Krieg

→ Danish: krig

→ Swedish: krig

→ Norwegian Bokmål: krig

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: krig

→ Faroese: kríggj

Old Dutch: *krīg

Middle Dutch: crijch

Dutch: krijg

Afrikaans: kryg

Old High German: krig
Middle High German: kriec
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khriage, khriig (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: kriag
Central Franconian: Kriech, Kreech (Ripuarian; northern Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Kriegh, kriich
Luxembourgish: Krich
German: Krieg
Rhine Franconian: Kriech, Krieg, Kriesch
Frankfurterisch: [kʀiːʃ]
Vilamovian: krig
Yiddish: קריג (krig)

Possibly from *krīgan (“to strive, acquire”).


lurtijan

lurtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lurtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lurtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lurtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lurtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lurtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lurtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lurtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lurtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lurtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lurtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lurtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lurtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lurtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lurtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lurtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lurtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lurtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lurtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lurtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lurtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lurtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lurtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lurtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lurtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lurtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lurtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lurtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lurtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lurtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lurti (class-1 present singular weak)
lurtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lurtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lurtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *lyrtan

Middle English: lirten, lurten

English: lirt

Scots: lirte, lirt

⇒ Old English: belyrtan

Old Dutch: *lurtsen

Middle Dutch: lortsen

Dutch: lorsen

Old High German: *lurzen

Middle High German: lurzen, lürzen

From *lort (“crooked, deceptive”) + *-jan.


garbā

garbā (nominative singular)
garbōn (nominative plural)
garbōn (accusative singular)
garbōn (accusative plural)
garbōn (genitive singular)
garbōnō (genitive plural)
garbōn (dative singular)
garbōm (dative plural)
garbum (dative plural)
garbōn (instrumental singular)
garbōm (instrumental plural)
garbum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *jerfe, *iērfe

Saterland Frisian: Jierwe

Old Saxon: garba, garva

Middle Low German: garve

German Low German: Garve, Garv

Plautdietsch: Goaw

Old Dutch: *garva, garava, garova

Middle Dutch: garve

Dutch: garf

Old High German: garba

Middle High German: garbe, garwe

Cimbrian: ghèrba

German: Garbe

Luxembourgish: Gaarf

Yiddish: גאַרב (garb)

→ Old French: garbe, jarbe

Middle French: garbe, gerbe

French: gerbe
→ English: gerbe

→ Middle English: garbe

English: garb

desc

→ Medieval Latin: garba (or via Old High German) (see there for further descendants)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *garbǭ, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórbʰ-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to grab, gather up”).


aisk

aisk (nominative singular)
aiskō (nominative plural)
aiskōs (nominative plural)
aisk (accusative singular)
aiskā (accusative plural)
aiskas (genitive singular)
aiskō (genitive plural)
aiskē (dative singular)
aiskum (dative plural)
aisku (instrumental singular)
aiskum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *aisk

Middle Low German: êsch, eisch

Old Dutch: *eisc

desc

Middle Dutch: eische, eisc, eesch, heesch

Dutch: eis

Old High German: *eisk

Middle High German: eisch

German: Eisch, Heisch

From Proto-Germanic *aiskaz, nominalized from a secondary full-grade of unattested *iskaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂is-sḱé-ti, from *h₂eys- (“to request”) + *-sḱéti. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *jьskati (“to look for, seek”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hišćáti (“to wish, desire”).


þrūbō

þrūbō (nominative singular)
þrūban (nominative plural)
þrūban (accusative singular)
þrūban (accusative plural)
þrūbini (genitive singular)
þrūban (genitive singular)
þrūbanō (genitive plural)
þrūbini (dative singular)
þrūban (dative singular)
þrūbum (dative plural)
þrūbini (instrumental singular)
þrūban (instrumental singular)
þrūbum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Saxon: thrūbo, thrūvo m, thrūva, drūva f

Middle Low German: drûf

German Low German: Druve, Druuv f

→ Saterland Frisian: Druuwe, Druuge, Truuge f

→ Norwegian: drue

→ Swedish: druva

→ Danish: drue

→ Icelandic: þrúga

→ Faroese: drúva

⇒ Old Saxon: thrūfla f

Middle Low German: drûfele

German Low German: Druffel, Drubbel

→ German: Druffel

→? Finnish: rypäle

Old Dutch: thrūvo m, *thrūva f

Middle Dutch: druve, druuf

desctree

Dutch: druif m or f
Negerhollands: drufje
→ Aukan: doloifi
→ Papiamentu: drùif, dreif, dreifi
→ Sranan Tongo: droifi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: droifi
→ Caribbean Javanese: droifi

Afrikaans: druif

Limburgish: droef

Zealandic: druve

→ West Frisian: drúf

desc

Old High German: thrūbo, drūbo m, thrūba, drūba f

Middle High German: trūbe, troube, drūve f

Alemannic German: Truube f

German: Traube f

Luxembourgish: Drauf f

Yiddish: טרויב f (troyb)

q

⇒ Old High German: drappo (remodeled after krappo (“cluster of grapes”))

Middle High German: trappe

⇒ Old High German: drūbil

Middle High German: triubel

German: Träubel

Uncertain; probably a secondary analogical full-grade of *þrubō, from Proto-Germanic *þrubô, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *trup-ḗn ~ *trup-nés, from *trewp- (“to collect, unite”) + *-ḗn, cognate with Hittite 𒋫𒊒𒌒𒍣 (ta-ru-up-zi /tarupzi/, “to collect, unite”).


kōkil

kōkil (nominative singular)
kōkilō (nominative plural)
kōkilōs (nominative plural)
kōkil (accusative singular)
kōkilā (accusative plural)
kōkilas (genitive singular)
kōkilō (genitive plural)
kōkilē (dative singular)
kōkilum (dative plural)
kōkilu (instrumental singular)
kōkilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *cēċel
Middle English: kechel, kechell, kechyl
English: ketch (“a pie or turnover”) (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *kōkil

⇒ Old Saxon: kōkelīn (in compounds)

Middle Low German: kȫkelîn

Old Dutch: *kuokil

Middle Dutch: *coekel

⇒ Middle Dutch: coekelkin

⇒ Old Dutch: *kuokilīn

Middle Dutch: coekelin

Old High German: kuohhil, kuochil

Middle High German: kuchel

German: Küchel

Luxembourgish: Kichel

⇒ Old High German: kuohhilīn, kuochilīn

Middle High German: kuchelīn, küechelīn

German: Küchlein

From *kōkō (“cake”) + *-il (diminutive suffix).


warmiþu

warmiþu (nominative singular)
warmiþō (nominative plural)
warmiþā (accusative singular)
warmiþā (accusative plural)
warmiþā (genitive singular)
warmiþō (genitive plural)
warmiþē (dative singular)
warmiþōm (dative plural)
warmiþum (dative plural)
warmiþu (instrumental singular)
warmiþōm (instrumental plural)
warmiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wiermþ

desc

Middle English: wermthe, wearmth, warmth

English: warmth

Old Frisian: *wermithe, *warmte

Saterland Frisian: Waarmte

West Frisian: waarmte

Old Saxon: *wermitha

Middle Low German: wermede, warmede, warmte

German Low German: Warmte, Warmt

Old Dutch: *wermitha

Middle Dutch: wermde, warmede, warmde, warmte

Dutch: warmte
Afrikaans: warmte

Old High German: *wermida

Middle High German: wermede, wermde


diligōn

diligōn (infinitive)
diligōnijas (genitive infinitive)
diligōnijē (dative infinitive)
diligōniju (infinitive instrumental)
diligō (first-person present singular)
diligōdā (first-person past singular)
diligōs (present second-person singular)
diligōdēs (past second-person singular)
diligōdōs (past second-person singular)
diligōþ (present singular third-person)
diligōdē (past singular third-person)
diligōdā (past singular third-person)
diligōm (first-person plural present)
diligōdum (first-person past plural)
diligōþ (plural present second-person)
diligōdud (past plural second-person)
diligōnþ (plural present third-person)
diligōdun (past plural third-person)
diligōdī (first-person past singular)
diligōdī (past second-person singular)
diligō (present singular third-person)
diligōdī (past singular third-person)
diligōdīm (first-person past plural)
diligōdīd (past plural second-person)
diligōn (plural present third-person)
diligōdīn (past plural third-person)
diligō (present singular)
diligōþ (plural present)
diligōndī (participle present)
diligōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: dilegian, diligian, dilgian, dielgian
Middle English: dilȝhen, dillȝhenn, diliȝen

Old Frisian: diligia, dīligia

West Frisian: dylgje

Old Saxon: diligōn

desc

Middle Low German: diligen, deligen, delgen

Low German: dilgen, delgen

Old Dutch: *diligon (in compounds)

Middle Dutch: deligen, delgen, dilgen

Dutch: delgen

Old High German: tiligōn, tīligōn

Middle High German: tiligen, tīligen

German: tilgen

→ Saterland Frisian: tilgje

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Latin dēleō (“to destroy”) + *-igōn.