maginōn

maginōn (infinitive)
maginōnijas (genitive infinitive)
maginōnijē (dative infinitive)
maginōniju (infinitive instrumental)
maginō (first-person present singular)
maginōdā (first-person past singular)
maginōs (present second-person singular)
maginōdēs (past second-person singular)
maginōdōs (past second-person singular)
maginōþ (present singular third-person)
maginōdē (past singular third-person)
maginōdā (past singular third-person)
maginōm (first-person plural present)
maginōdum (first-person past plural)
maginōþ (plural present second-person)
maginōdud (past plural second-person)
maginōnþ (plural present third-person)
maginōdun (past plural third-person)
maginōdī (first-person past singular)
maginōdī (past second-person singular)
maginō (present singular third-person)
maginōdī (past singular third-person)
maginōdīm (first-person past plural)
maginōdīd (past plural second-person)
maginōn (plural present third-person)
maginōdīn (past plural third-person)
maginō (present singular)
maginōþ (plural present)
maginōndī (participle present)
maginōd (participle past)

Old English: mæġenian, mæġnian

⇒ Old English: ġemæġened

Old High German: *meginōn

⇒ Old High German: gimeginōn

⇒ Old High German: irmeginōn

⇒ Old High German: ubarmeginōn

Middle High German: übermegenen

From Proto-Germanic *maginōną. Equivalent to *magin (“power”) + *-ōn.


maganōn

maganōn (infinitive)
maganōnijas (genitive infinitive)
maganōnijē (dative infinitive)
maganōniju (infinitive instrumental)
maganō (first-person present singular)
maganōdā (first-person past singular)
maganōs (present second-person singular)
maganōdēs (past second-person singular)
maganōdōs (past second-person singular)
maganōþ (present singular third-person)
maganōdē (past singular third-person)
maganōdā (past singular third-person)
maganōm (first-person plural present)
maganōdum (first-person past plural)
maganōþ (plural present second-person)
maganōdud (past plural second-person)
maganōnþ (plural present third-person)
maganōdun (past plural third-person)
maganōdī (first-person past singular)
maganōdī (past second-person singular)
maganō (present singular third-person)
maganōdī (past singular third-person)
maganōdīm (first-person past plural)
maganōdīd (past plural second-person)
maganōn (plural present third-person)
maganōdīn (past plural third-person)
maganō (present singular)
maganōþ (plural present)
maganōndī (participle present)
maganōd (participle past)

Old English: *magnian

⇒ Old English: gemagnian

Old High German: *maganōn

⇒ Old High German: ubarmaganōn

From Proto-Germanic *maganōną. Equivalent to *magan (“power, variant of *magin”) + *-ōn.

suffix

power, variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*magin</i>


borgōn

borgōn (infinitive)
borgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
borgōnijē (dative infinitive)
borgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
borgō (first-person present singular)
borgōdā (first-person past singular)
borgōs (present second-person singular)
borgōdēs (past second-person singular)
borgōdōs (past second-person singular)
borgōþ (present singular third-person)
borgōdē (past singular third-person)
borgōdā (past singular third-person)
borgōm (first-person plural present)
borgōdum (first-person past plural)
borgōþ (plural present second-person)
borgōdud (past plural second-person)
borgōnþ (plural present third-person)
borgōdun (past plural third-person)
borgōdī (first-person past singular)
borgōdī (past second-person singular)
borgō (present singular third-person)
borgōdī (past singular third-person)
borgōdīm (first-person past plural)
borgōdīd (past plural second-person)
borgōn (plural present third-person)
borgōdīn (past plural third-person)
borgō (present singular)
borgōþ (plural present)
borgōndī (participle present)
borgōd (participle past)

Old English: borgian, borġian

Middle English: borȝien, borwen

English: borrow

Old Frisian: borgia

West Frisian: boargje

Old Saxon: *borgōn

Middle Low German: borgen

desctree

Old Dutch: *borgon
Middle Dutch: borgen
Dutch: borgen

Old High German: borgōn, borgēn

Middle High German: borgen

German: borgen

From Proto-Germanic *burgōną. Equivalent to *borg (“promise, debt”) + *-ōn.


skindulā

skindulā (nominative singular)
skindulōn (nominative plural)
skindulōn (accusative singular)
skindulōn (accusative plural)
skindulōn (genitive singular)
skindulōnō (genitive plural)
skindulōn (dative singular)
skindulōm (dative plural)
skindulum (dative plural)
skindulōn (instrumental singular)
skindulōm (instrumental plural)
skindulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċindel, sċingul

desc

Middle English: *schindel, shyngle, shyngel, shengel

English: shindle, shingle

Old Saxon: skindala, skindula

Middle Low German: schindele, schingele

Plautdietsch: Schindel

Old Dutch: *skindala

Middle Dutch: scindele

Dutch: schindel

Old High German: skintala, scintala

Middle High German: schindele, schindel, schīndel

desctree

German: Schindel
→ Bulgarian: ши́нда (šínda), ши́ндра (šíndra)
→ Czech: šindel
→ Hungarian: zsindely
→ Romanian: șindrilă
→ Macedonian: шиндра (šindra)
→ Ladin: scintla
→ Polish: szyndzioł
→ Serbo-Croatian: ши̑ндра / šȋndra
→ Ottoman Turkish: شندره (şindere, şendere)
Turkish: şendere
→ Romanian: șindră
→ Slovak: šindel

Vilamovian: śynduł

Borrowed from Late Latin scindula, from Latin scandula.


skutilu

skutilu (nominative singular)
skutilō (nominative plural)
skutilā (accusative singular)
skutilā (accusative plural)
skutilā (genitive singular)
skutilō (genitive plural)
skutilē (dative singular)
skutilōm (dative plural)
skutilum (dative plural)
skutilu (instrumental singular)
skutilōm (instrumental plural)
skutilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: scutel

Middle English: scutel, scotel

English: scuttle

→ Old Norse: skutill

Old Saxon: skutala

desc

Middle Low German: schȫtel, schȫtele, schotele, schöttel, schöttele, schottel, schottele, schüttel, schütel, schütele, schüttele

German Low German: Schöttel

Old Dutch: *skutala

Middle Dutch: scotle, schotele, scotele

Dutch: schotel

Afrikaans: skottel

Old High German: skuzzila, scuzzila

Middle High German: schüzzel, schüzzele

Cimbrian: schüzzl

German: Schüssel

Luxembourgish: Schossel

Pennsylvania German: Schissel

Borrowed from Latin scutella and readjusted by instrumental suffix *-ilu.


līkinōn

līkinōn (infinitive)
līkinōnijas (genitive infinitive)
līkinōnijē (dative infinitive)
līkinōniju (infinitive instrumental)
līkinō (first-person present singular)
līkinōdā (first-person past singular)
līkinōs (present second-person singular)
līkinōdēs (past second-person singular)
līkinōdōs (past second-person singular)
līkinōþ (present singular third-person)
līkinōdē (past singular third-person)
līkinōdā (past singular third-person)
līkinōm (first-person plural present)
līkinōdum (first-person past plural)
līkinōþ (plural present second-person)
līkinōdud (past plural second-person)
līkinōnþ (plural present third-person)
līkinōdun (past plural third-person)
līkinōdī (first-person past singular)
līkinōdī (past second-person singular)
līkinō (present singular third-person)
līkinōdī (past singular third-person)
līkinōdīm (first-person past plural)
līkinōdīd (past plural second-person)
līkinōn (plural present third-person)
līkinōdīn (past plural third-person)
līkinō (present singular)
līkinōþ (plural present)
līkinōndī (participle present)
līkinōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: līknia

Old Saxon: *līkinōn

Middle Low German: līkenen

Old High German: *līhhinōn

⇒ Old High German: gilīhhinōn


trahtārī

trahtārī (nominative singular)
trahtārijō (nominative plural)
trahtārijōs (nominative plural)
trahtārī (accusative singular)
trahtārijā (accusative plural)
trahtārijas (genitive singular)
trahtārijō (genitive plural)
trahtārijē (dative singular)
trahtārijum (dative plural)
trahtāriju (instrumental singular)
trahtārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tracter, trehtre

Old Saxon: trahtari

Middle Low German: trechtäre, trechter

German Low German: Trechter, Trichter

→ Danish: tragt

Old Dutch: *trahtāri

Middle Dutch: trachter, tracter, trechter, trichter

desctree

Dutch: trechter
Afrikaans: tregter
Negerhollands: trichter
→ Aukan: teekiti
→ Caribbean Hindustani: treki
→ West Frisian: trachter

desc

Old High German: trahtāri, trehteri, trihtere

Middle High German: trahtäre, trahter, trehter, trihter

German: Trichter

→ Czech: trychtýř

Borrowed from Late Latin tractārius, from Latin trāiectōrium.


braud

braud (nominative singular)
braudō (nominative plural)
braudōs (nominative plural)
braud (accusative singular)
braudā (accusative plural)
braudas (genitive singular)
braudō (genitive plural)
braudē (dative singular)
braudum (dative plural)
braudu (instrumental singular)
braudum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: brēad, brēod
Middle English: bred, bredd, brede, breed, breede, breid, brid, bread, bræd, bryad, bryead
English: bread
Geordie English: breed
Scots: breid
Yola: breed

Old Frisian: brād
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: braud
Karrharder: brüdj
Helgoland: Brooad
Mooring: brüüdj
Nordergoesharder: bruud
Sylt: Bruar
Wiedingharder: bruuid
Saterland Frisian: Brood
West Frisian: brea

Old Saxon: brōd

Middle Low German: brôt

German Low German: Broot

Plautdietsch: Broot

Old Dutch: *brōt
Middle Dutch: brôot
Dutch: brood
Afrikaans: brood
Berbice Creole Dutch: broto
Jersey Dutch: brôt
Negerhollands: brood, brot
Skepi Creole Dutch: brot
Limburgish: broead

Old High German: brōt, prot, prooth, *brōd — northern variant
Middle High German: brōt, brōd
Alemannic German: Brot
Italian Walser: brot, broud, bruat, bròt, bröt
Bavarian: Brout, proat
Cimbrian: proat, pròat (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: proat
Central Franconian: Brot, Brut
Hunsrik: Brod, proot
Luxembourgish: Brout
German: Brot
Pennsylvania German: Brot
Vilamovian: brūt
Yiddish: ברויט (broyt)


strūcijō

strūcijō (nominative singular)
strūcijan (nominative plural)
strūcijan (accusative singular)
strūcijan (accusative plural)
strūcijini (genitive singular)
strūcijan (genitive singular)
strūcijanō (genitive plural)
strūcijini (dative singular)
strūcijan (dative singular)
strūcijum (dative plural)
strūcijini (instrumental singular)
strūcijan (instrumental singular)
strūcijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strūta, strȳta

Old Saxon: *strūcio, strūd

desc

Middle Low German: strûtse, strûse, strûts, strûs

German Low German: Struss

desctree

→ Old Norse: strúz
Danish: struds
Faroese: strutsur
Icelandic: strútur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: struts
Norwegian Nynorsk: struts
Swedish: struts
→ Finnish: strutsi

⇒ Middle Low German: strûsvōgel

Old Dutch: *strūzo

desc

Middle Dutch: strūce, struus, struys, strues

Dutch: struis

⇒ Dutch: struisvogel

desctree

Old High German: *strūzo, strūz
Middle High German: strūze, strūz, strouz
German: Strauß
Hunsrik: Straus
Luxembourgish: Strauss
Yiddish: שטרויס (shtroys)
→ Czech: pštros
→ Slovak: pštros

Borrowed from Late Latin strūciō, strūthiō.


dimmōn

dimmōn (infinitive)
dimmōnijas (genitive infinitive)
dimmōnijē (dative infinitive)
dimmōniju (infinitive instrumental)
dimmō (first-person present singular)
dimmōdā (first-person past singular)
dimmōs (present second-person singular)
dimmōdēs (past second-person singular)
dimmōdōs (past second-person singular)
dimmōþ (present singular third-person)
dimmōdē (past singular third-person)
dimmōdā (past singular third-person)
dimmōm (first-person plural present)
dimmōdum (first-person past plural)
dimmōþ (plural present second-person)
dimmōdud (past plural second-person)
dimmōnþ (plural present third-person)
dimmōdun (past plural third-person)
dimmōdī (first-person past singular)
dimmōdī (past second-person singular)
dimmō (present singular third-person)
dimmōdī (past singular third-person)
dimmōdīm (first-person past plural)
dimmōdīd (past plural second-person)
dimmōn (plural present third-person)
dimmōdīn (past plural third-person)
dimmō (present singular)
dimmōþ (plural present)
dimmōndī (participle present)
dimmōd (participle past)

Old English: dimmian

Middle English: dimmen

English: dim

→ Dutch: dimmen

→ German: dimmen

Scots: dim

From Proto-Germanic *dimmōną. Equivalent to *dimm (“dim, dark”) + *-ōn.


feturōn

feturōn (infinitive)
feturōnijas (genitive infinitive)
feturōnijē (dative infinitive)
feturōniju (infinitive instrumental)
feturō (first-person present singular)
feturōdā (first-person past singular)
feturōs (present second-person singular)
feturōdēs (past second-person singular)
feturōdōs (past second-person singular)
feturōþ (present singular third-person)
feturōdē (past singular third-person)
feturōdā (past singular third-person)
feturōm (first-person plural present)
feturōdum (first-person past plural)
feturōþ (plural present second-person)
feturōdud (past plural second-person)
feturōnþ (plural present third-person)
feturōdun (past plural third-person)
feturōdī (first-person past singular)
feturōdī (past second-person singular)
feturō (present singular third-person)
feturōdī (past singular third-person)
feturōdīm (first-person past plural)
feturōdīd (past plural second-person)
feturōn (plural present third-person)
feturōdīn (past plural third-person)
feturō (present singular)
feturōþ (plural present)
feturōndī (participle present)
feturōd (participle past)

Old English: *feterian

⇒ Old English: gefeterian

Middle English: feteren

English: fetter

Old Frisian: fiteria

West Frisian: fiterje

Old Dutch: *feteron

Middle Dutch: vēteren

Dutch: veteren

Old High German: fezzarōn

Middle High German: fezzeren

From Proto-Germanic *feturōną. Equivalent to *fetur (“fetter”) + *-ōn.


sauʀēn

sauʀēn (infinitive)
sauʀēnijas (genitive infinitive)
sauʀēnijē (dative infinitive)
sauʀēniju (infinitive instrumental)
sauʀē (first-person present singular)
sauʀ?dā (first-person past singular)
sauʀēs (present second-person singular)
sauʀ?dēs (past second-person singular)
sauʀēþ (present singular third-person)
sauʀ?dē (past singular third-person)
sauʀ?dā (past singular third-person)
sauʀēm (first-person plural present)
sauʀ?dum (first-person past plural)
sauʀēþ (plural present second-person)
sauʀ?dud (past plural second-person)
sauʀēnþ (plural present third-person)
sauʀ?dun (past plural third-person)
sauʀ?dī (first-person past singular)
sauʀ?dī (past second-person singular)
sauʀē (present singular third-person)
sauʀ?dī (past singular third-person)
sauʀ?dīm (first-person past plural)
sauʀ?dīd (past plural second-person)
sauʀēn (plural present third-person)
sauʀ?dīn (past plural third-person)
sauʀē (present singular)
sauʀēþ (plural present)
sauʀēndī (participle present)
sauʀ?d (participle past)

Old English: sēarian

Middle English: seren

English: sear

Old Saxon: *sōrōn

Middle Low German: sôren

Old Dutch: *sōron
Middle Dutch: sôren
Dutch: zoren (dialectal)

Old High German: *sōrēn

⇒ Old High German: irsōrēn

Middle High German: sōren


sauʀijan

sauʀijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sauʀijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sauʀijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sauʀijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sauʀiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sauʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sauʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sauʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sauʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sauʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sauʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sauʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sauʀijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sauʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sauʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sauʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sauʀijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sauʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sauʀijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sauʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sauʀijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sauʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sauʀijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sauʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sauʀijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sauʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sauʀijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sauʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sauʀijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sauʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sauʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
sauʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sauʀijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sauʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *sōrian

Middle Low German: sȫren

Old Dutch: *sōren

Middle Dutch: sôren (merged with descendant of *sauʀēn)

Dutch: zoren (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *sauzijaną. Equivalent to *sauʀ (“dry”) + *-jan.


fenestr

fenestr (nominative singular)
fenestru (nominative plural)
fenestr (accusative singular)
fenestru (accusative plural)
fenestras (genitive singular)
fenestrō (genitive plural)
fenestrē (dative singular)
fenestrum (dative plural)
fenestru (instrumental singular)
fenestrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fenester
Middle English: fenestre, fenester

Old Frisian: finestre

West Frisian: finster, finstre

Saterland Frisian: finstere

Old Saxon: *fenstar n, *fenestra f

desc

Middle Low German: venster, fenster, venstere, vinster, vinstere

German Low German: Finster

→ Old Swedish: fynster, finster

Swedish: fönster

Old Dutch: fenstar

Middle Dutch: venster, venstre, veinster

desctree

Dutch: venster
Afrikaans: venster
→ Fanagalo: festel
→ Sotho: fenstere
→ Xhosa: ifestile
→ Zulu: ifasitela
Berbice Creole Dutch: fensre
Jersey Dutch: väänster, fäängster
Negerhollands: fenter, venstu, venster
Sranan Tongo: fensre
Aukan: fensee
Saramaccan: fensë
→ Caribbean Javanese: fénsré
→ Kari'na: fensere
→ Lokono: penster

→ West Frisian: veister

desctree

Old High German: fenstar n, finestra, fenestra f
Middle High German: venster n or f, fenster
Alemannic German: Pfeister, Pfäischter, Feister, Fäischter, Pfenster
Swabian: Fenschdr, Feaschter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: béestar
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Fenster
Luxembourgish: Fënster
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Fansder
Upper Saxon German: Fensdor
Vilamovian: faonster
East Franconian:
German: Fenster
→ English: fenster
→ North Frisian: Fenster
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [fenz̥d̥æ̆]
Palatine German: Fenschder
Pennsylvania German: Fenschder
Yiddish: פֿענצטער (fentster)


druppjan

druppjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
druppjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
druppjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
druppjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
druppju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
drupidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
drupisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
drupidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
drupidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
drupiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
drupidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
drupidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
druppjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
drupidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
drupiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
drupidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
druppjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
drupidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
druppjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
drupidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
druppjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
drupidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
druppjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
drupidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
druppjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
drupidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
druppjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
drupidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
druppjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
drupidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
drupi (class-1 present singular weak)
drupiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
druppjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
drupid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: dryppan

Middle English: drippen

English: drip

Old Frisian: *drippa

West Frisian: drippe, dripje

Old Saxon: *drupian

Middle Low German: dröppen, drüppen

Dutch: *druppen

q

Middle Dutch: druppen, droppen (likely conflated with the descendant of *droppōn)

Dutch: druppen

Old High German: *trupfen

Middle High German: trüpfen

From *dropō (“a drop of liquid”) + *-jan.


gīslōn

gīslōn (infinitive)
gīslōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gīslōnijē (dative infinitive)
gīslōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gīslō (first-person present singular)
gīslōdā (first-person past singular)
gīslōs (present second-person singular)
gīslōdēs (past second-person singular)
gīslōdōs (past second-person singular)
gīslōþ (present singular third-person)
gīslōdē (past singular third-person)
gīslōdā (past singular third-person)
gīslōm (first-person plural present)
gīslōdum (first-person past plural)
gīslōþ (plural present second-person)
gīslōdud (past plural second-person)
gīslōnþ (plural present third-person)
gīslōdun (past plural third-person)
gīslōdī (first-person past singular)
gīslōdī (past second-person singular)
gīslō (present singular third-person)
gīslōdī (past singular third-person)
gīslōdīm (first-person past plural)
gīslōdīd (past plural second-person)
gīslōn (plural present third-person)
gīslōdīn (past plural third-person)
gīslō (present singular)
gīslōþ (plural present)
gīslōndī (participle present)
gīslōd (participle past)

Old English: gīslian

Middle English: gislen

Old Frisian: gīslia

West Frisian: gizelje

Old Saxon: *gīslōn

Middle Low German: gîselen, gîseln

Old Dutch: *gīslon

Middle Dutch: giselen

Dutch: gijzelen

Old High German: *gīslōn

Middle High German: gīselen, gīseln

German: geiseln

From Proto-Germanic *gīslōną. Equivalent to *gīsl (“hostage”) + *-ōn.


droppōn

droppōn (infinitive)
droppōnijas (genitive infinitive)
droppōnijē (dative infinitive)
droppōniju (infinitive instrumental)
droppō (first-person present singular)
droppōdā (first-person past singular)
droppōs (present second-person singular)
droppōdēs (past second-person singular)
droppōdōs (past second-person singular)
droppōþ (present singular third-person)
droppōdē (past singular third-person)
droppōdā (past singular third-person)
droppōm (first-person plural present)
droppōdum (first-person past plural)
droppōþ (plural present second-person)
droppōdud (past plural second-person)
droppōnþ (plural present third-person)
droppōdun (past plural third-person)
droppōdī (first-person past singular)
droppōdī (past second-person singular)
droppō (present singular third-person)
droppōdī (past singular third-person)
droppōdīm (first-person past plural)
droppōdīd (past plural second-person)
droppōn (plural present third-person)
droppōdīn (past plural third-person)
droppō (present singular)
droppōþ (plural present)
droppōndī (participle present)
droppōd (participle past)

Old English: droppian, dropian

Middle English: droppen

English: drop

Old Saxon: *dropōn

Middle Low German: drōpen

Old Dutch: droppon

q

Middle Dutch: droppen, *drubben, druppen (likely conflated with the descendant of *druppjan)

Dutch: druppen, drubben

Afrikaans: drup

Old High German: tropfōn

Middle High German: tropfen

German: tropfen


hlamōn

hlamōn (infinitive)
hlamōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hlamōnijē (dative infinitive)
hlamōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hlamō (first-person present singular)
hlamōdā (first-person past singular)
hlamōs (present second-person singular)
hlamōdēs (past second-person singular)
hlamōdōs (past second-person singular)
hlamōþ (present singular third-person)
hlamōdē (past singular third-person)
hlamōdā (past singular third-person)
hlamōm (first-person plural present)
hlamōdum (first-person past plural)
hlamōþ (plural present second-person)
hlamōdud (past plural second-person)
hlamōnþ (plural present third-person)
hlamōdun (past plural third-person)
hlamōdī (first-person past singular)
hlamōdī (past second-person singular)
hlamō (present singular third-person)
hlamōdī (past singular third-person)
hlamōdīm (first-person past plural)
hlamōdīd (past plural second-person)
hlamōn (plural present third-person)
hlamōdīn (past plural third-person)
hlamō (present singular)
hlamōþ (plural present)
hlamōndī (participle present)
hlamōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: hlamōn

Old High German: lamōn, hlamōn

From Proto-Germanic *hlammōną, West Germanic generalized the stem variant *hlam-.


fruht

fruht (nominative singular)
fruhtu (nominative plural)
fruht (accusative singular)
fruhtu (accusative plural)
frohtas (genitive singular)
frohtō (genitive plural)
fruhtē (dative singular)
fruhtum (dative plural)
fruhtu (instrumental singular)
fruhtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frucht

North Frisian: frücht

Saterland Frisian: Frucht

West Frisian: frucht

Old Saxon: fruht

desc

Middle Low German: vrucht, frucht, vrocht

German Low German: Frucht

Plautdietsch: Frucht

→ Old Norse: fruktr

Danish: frugt
→ Faroese: frukt

Norwegian: frukt

Old Swedish: frukt

Swedish: frukt

Old Dutch: fruht

desctree

Middle Dutch: vrucht
Dutch: vrucht
Afrikaans: vrug
Berbice Creole Dutch: fruktu
Jersey Dutch: vrœxt
Negerhollands: vrucht, vrygt
Petjo: fruh
→ Javanese: fruktu
→ Sranan Tongo: froktu, fruktu (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: vröch

Old High German: fruht

Middle High German: fruht, vruht

Alemannic German: Frucht

Bavarian: Frucht

desc

Central Franconian: Frooch, Frocht, Frut, Fruucht

Hunsrik: Frucht

Luxembourgish: Fruucht

East Central German:

Vilamovian: fru̇ht

German: Frucht

Rhine Franconian: Frocht, Froucht, Frucht, Fruucht

Yiddish: פֿרוכט (frukht)


brakōn

brakōn (infinitive)
brakōnijas (genitive infinitive)
brakōnijē (dative infinitive)
brakōniju (infinitive instrumental)
brakō (first-person present singular)
brakōdā (first-person past singular)
brakōs (present second-person singular)
brakōdēs (past second-person singular)
brakōdōs (past second-person singular)
brakōþ (present singular third-person)
brakōdē (past singular third-person)
brakōdā (past singular third-person)
brakōm (first-person plural present)
brakōdum (first-person past plural)
brakōþ (plural present second-person)
brakōdud (past plural second-person)
brakōnþ (plural present third-person)
brakōdun (past plural third-person)
brakōdī (first-person past singular)
brakōdī (past second-person singular)
brakō (present singular third-person)
brakōdī (past singular third-person)
brakōdīm (first-person past plural)
brakōdīd (past plural second-person)
brakōn (plural present third-person)
brakōdīn (past plural third-person)
brakō (present singular)
brakōþ (plural present)
brakōndī (participle present)
brakōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *brakia

West Frisian: braakje, brake

Old Saxon: brakōn

Old Dutch: *brakon

Middle Dutch: brāken

Dutch: braken

Old High German: *brahhōn

Middle High German: brachen

From Proto-Germanic *brakōną. Equivalent to *brak (“burst, crack”) + *-ōn.


þrammōn

þrammōn (infinitive)
þrammōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þrammōnijē (dative infinitive)
þrammōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þrammō (first-person present singular)
þrammōdā (first-person past singular)
þrammōs (present second-person singular)
þrammōdēs (past second-person singular)
þrammōdōs (past second-person singular)
þrammōþ (present singular third-person)
þrammōdē (past singular third-person)
þrammōdā (past singular third-person)
þrammōm (first-person plural present)
þrammōdum (first-person past plural)
þrammōþ (plural present second-person)
þrammōdud (past plural second-person)
þrammōnþ (plural present third-person)
þrammōdun (past plural third-person)
þrammōdī (first-person past singular)
þrammōdī (past second-person singular)
þrammō (present singular third-person)
þrammōdī (past singular third-person)
þrammōdīm (first-person past plural)
þrammōdīd (past plural second-person)
þrammōn (plural present third-person)
þrammōdīn (past plural third-person)
þrammō (present singular)
þrammōþ (plural present)
þrammōndī (participle present)
þrammōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *þrammōn

Middle Low German: drammen

Old Dutch: *þrammon

Middle Dutch: drammen

Dutch: drammen


wībōn

wībōn (infinitive)
wībōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wībōnijē (dative infinitive)
wībōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wībō (first-person present singular)
wībōdā (first-person past singular)
wībōs (present second-person singular)
wībōdēs (past second-person singular)
wībōdōs (past second-person singular)
wībōþ (present singular third-person)
wībōdē (past singular third-person)
wībōdā (past singular third-person)
wībōm (first-person plural present)
wībōdum (first-person past plural)
wībōþ (plural present second-person)
wībōdud (past plural second-person)
wībōnþ (plural present third-person)
wībōdun (past plural third-person)
wībōdī (first-person past singular)
wībōdī (past second-person singular)
wībō (present singular third-person)
wībōdī (past singular third-person)
wībōdīm (first-person past plural)
wībōdīd (past plural second-person)
wībōn (plural present third-person)
wībōdīn (past plural third-person)
wībō (present singular)
wībōþ (plural present)
wībōndī (participle present)
wībōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wīfian
Middle English: wiven
English: wive
Scots: wife, wyfe, wive

Old Frisian: wīvia

West Frisian: wiifje

Old Saxon: *wīvōn

Middle Low German: wīven

Old Dutch: *wīvon
Middle Dutch: wiven
Dutch: wijven (obsolete)

Old High German: *wībōn

Middle High German: wīben

German: weiben (dialectal)


gamalōn

gamalōn (infinitive)
gamalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gamalōnijē (dative infinitive)
gamalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gamalō (first-person present singular)
gamalōdā (first-person past singular)
gamalōs (present second-person singular)
gamalōdēs (past second-person singular)
gamalōdōs (past second-person singular)
gamalōþ (present singular third-person)
gamalōdē (past singular third-person)
gamalōdā (past singular third-person)
gamalōm (first-person plural present)
gamalōdum (first-person past plural)
gamalōþ (plural present second-person)
gamalōdud (past plural second-person)
gamalōnþ (plural present third-person)
gamalōdun (past plural third-person)
gamalōdī (first-person past singular)
gamalōdī (past second-person singular)
gamalō (present singular third-person)
gamalōdī (past singular third-person)
gamalōdīm (first-person past plural)
gamalōdīd (past plural second-person)
gamalōn (plural present third-person)
gamalōdīn (past plural third-person)
gamalō (present singular)
gamalōþ (plural present)
gamalōndī (participle present)
gamalōd (participle past)

Old English: gamelian

Old Saxon: *gamalōn

Middle Low German: gammelen


mūrā

mūrā (nominative singular)
mūrōn (nominative plural)
mūrōn (accusative singular)
mūrōn (accusative plural)
mūrōn (genitive singular)
mūrōnō (genitive plural)
mūrōn (dative singular)
mūrōm (dative plural)
mūrum (dative plural)
mūrōn (instrumental singular)
mūrōm (instrumental plural)
mūrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mūr m

Middle English: mur (contaminated by Old French)

English: mure

→ Old Norse: múrr

Danish: mur

Faroese: múrur

Icelandic: múr

Norwegian: mur

→ Swedish: mur
→ Finnish: muuri

Old Frisian: mūre

West Frisian: muorre

Old Saxon: mūra

desc

Middle Low German: mûre, mü̂re, müre, myre, more, möre, mûr, mü̂r, mör

German Low German: Müre, Müür

Old Dutch: mūra, mūr

desctree

Middle Dutch: muur
Dutch: muur
Afrikaans: muur
Negerhollands: muur
Limburgish: moer
West Flemish: meur

Old High German: mūra, mūri

desc

Middle High German: mūre, miure, mūr, miur

Alemannic German: Muur

Central Franconian: Muur, Mauer, Mouer (Moselle Franconian)

German: Mauer

Hunsrik: Mauer

Luxembourgish: Mauer

Rhine Franconian: Mauer, Muur

Frankfurterisch: [mauæ̆]

Yiddish: מויער (moyer)

→ Polish: mur (see there for further descendants)


fakōn

fakōn (infinitive)
fakōnijas (genitive infinitive)
fakōnijē (dative infinitive)
fakōniju (infinitive instrumental)
fakō (first-person present singular)
fakōdā (first-person past singular)
fakōs (present second-person singular)
fakōdēs (past second-person singular)
fakōdōs (past second-person singular)
fakōþ (present singular third-person)
fakōdē (past singular third-person)
fakōdā (past singular third-person)
fakōm (first-person plural present)
fakōdum (first-person past plural)
fakōþ (plural present second-person)
fakōdud (past plural second-person)
fakōnþ (plural present third-person)
fakōdun (past plural third-person)
fakōdī (first-person past singular)
fakōdī (past second-person singular)
fakō (present singular third-person)
fakōdī (past singular third-person)
fakōdīm (first-person past plural)
fakōdīd (past plural second-person)
fakōn (plural present third-person)
fakōdīn (past plural third-person)
fakō (present singular)
fakōþ (plural present)
fakōndī (participle present)
fakōd (participle past)

Old English: *facian, *faggian

Middle English: *faken, *faggen

English: fag

Scots: faik

Old Dutch: facon

Middle Dutch: vāken

Dutch: vaken (obsolete)

Old High German: *fahhōn

Middle High German: vachen

To explain the anomalous consonant in the modern English decendant, Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Germanic *fakk/gōn an iterative verb from Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck”). He suggests the following semantic development: 'to ravel out' > 'to become tired'. Possibly conflated with a factitive construction *fak (“sleepy”) + *-ōn.


mairōn

mairōn (infinitive)
mairōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mairōnijē (dative infinitive)
mairōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mairō (first-person present singular)
mairōdā (first-person past singular)
mairōs (present second-person singular)
mairōdēs (past second-person singular)
mairōdōs (past second-person singular)
mairōþ (present singular third-person)
mairōdē (past singular third-person)
mairōdā (past singular third-person)
mairōm (first-person plural present)
mairōdum (first-person past plural)
mairōþ (plural present second-person)
mairōdud (past plural second-person)
mairōnþ (plural present third-person)
mairōdun (past plural third-person)
mairōdī (first-person past singular)
mairōdī (past second-person singular)
mairō (present singular third-person)
mairōdī (past singular third-person)
mairōdīm (first-person past plural)
mairōdīd (past plural second-person)
mairōn (plural present third-person)
mairōdīn (past plural third-person)
mairō (present singular)
mairōþ (plural present)
mairōndī (participle present)
mairōd (participle past)

Old English: *mārian

Middle English: moren

English: moor

→ Low German: vermoren

Old Frisian: *māria

West Frisian: mearje, mierje

→ Middle Dutch: māren

→ Middle French: marer, amarer

French: amarrer

Old Saxon: *mērōn

Middle Low German: mêren

Old Dutch: *mēron

Middle Dutch: mêren

Dutch: meren

(intransitive, nautical) to moor, fasten at a mooring post


gladōn

gladōn (infinitive)
gladōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gladōnijē (dative infinitive)
gladōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gladō (first-person present singular)
gladōdā (first-person past singular)
gladōs (present second-person singular)
gladōdēs (past second-person singular)
gladōdōs (past second-person singular)
gladōþ (present singular third-person)
gladōdē (past singular third-person)
gladōdā (past singular third-person)
gladōm (first-person plural present)
gladōdum (first-person past plural)
gladōþ (plural present second-person)
gladōdud (past plural second-person)
gladōnþ (plural present third-person)
gladōdun (past plural third-person)
gladōdī (first-person past singular)
gladōdī (past second-person singular)
gladō (present singular third-person)
gladōdī (past singular third-person)
gladōdīm (first-person past plural)
gladōdīd (past plural second-person)
gladōn (plural present third-person)
gladōdīn (past plural third-person)
gladō (present singular)
gladōþ (plural present)
gladōndī (participle present)
gladōd (participle past)

Old English: gladian

Middle English: gladen

English: glad (archaic)

Old Frisian: *gledia

West Frisian: gledzje

Old Dutch: *gladon

Middle Dutch: *gladden

Dutch: gladden (backformed to the adjective)

From Proto-Germanic *gladōną. Equivalent to *glad (“bright, smooth, cheerful”) + *-ōn.


dobēn

dobēn (infinitive)
dobēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dobēnijē (dative infinitive)
dobēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dobē (first-person present singular)
dob?dā (first-person past singular)
dobēs (present second-person singular)
dob?dēs (past second-person singular)
dobēþ (present singular third-person)
dob?dē (past singular third-person)
dob?dā (past singular third-person)
dobēm (first-person plural present)
dob?dum (first-person past plural)
dobēþ (plural present second-person)
dob?dud (past plural second-person)
dobēnþ (plural present third-person)
dob?dun (past plural third-person)
dob?dī (first-person past singular)
dob?dī (past second-person singular)
dobē (present singular third-person)
dob?dī (past singular third-person)
dob?dīm (first-person past plural)
dob?dīd (past plural second-person)
dobēn (plural present third-person)
dob?dīn (past plural third-person)
dobē (present singular)
dobēþ (plural present)
dobēndī (participle present)
dob?d (participle past)

Old English: dofian

Old Saxon: *dovōn

Middle Low German: dōven

desctree

Old Dutch: *dovon
Middle Dutch: dōven
Dutch: doven

Old High German: tobēn, tobōn

Middle High German: toben

German: toben

From *dob (“dull, crazy”) + *-ēn, from the same ultimate source as *daub (“deaf, stunned”)


sumarōn

sumarōn (infinitive)
sumarōnijas (genitive infinitive)
sumarōnijē (dative infinitive)
sumarōniju (infinitive instrumental)
sumarō (first-person present singular)
sumarōdā (first-person past singular)
sumarōs (present second-person singular)
sumarōdēs (past second-person singular)
sumarōdōs (past second-person singular)
sumarōþ (present singular third-person)
sumarōdē (past singular third-person)
sumarōdā (past singular third-person)
sumarōm (first-person plural present)
sumarōdum (first-person past plural)
sumarōþ (plural present second-person)
sumarōdud (past plural second-person)
sumarōnþ (plural present third-person)
sumarōdun (past plural third-person)
sumarōdī (first-person past singular)
sumarōdī (past second-person singular)
sumarō (present singular third-person)
sumarōdī (past singular third-person)
sumarōdīm (first-person past plural)
sumarōdīd (past plural second-person)
sumarōn (plural present third-person)
sumarōdīn (past plural third-person)
sumarō (present singular)
sumarōþ (plural present)
sumarōndī (participle present)
sumarōd (participle past)

Old English: *sumerian

Middle English: someren

English: summer

Old Frisian: *sumria

West Frisian: simmerje

Old Saxon: *sumarōn

Middle Low German: sōmeren

Old Dutch: *sumaron

Middle Dutch: sōmeren

Dutch: zomeren

Old High German: *sumarōn

Middle High German: sumeren

German: sommern

From Proto-Germanic *sumarōną. Equivalent to *sumar (“summer”) + *-ōn.


regulā

regulā (nominative singular)
regulōn (nominative plural)
regulōn (accusative singular)
regulōn (accusative plural)
regulōn (genitive singular)
regulōnō (genitive plural)
regulōn (dative singular)
regulōm (dative plural)
regulum (dative plural)
regulōn (instrumental singular)
regulōm (instrumental plural)
regulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: regol, regul, reogol, regal
Middle English: rail, rayl (reenforced by Old French)
English: rail
→ French: rail

Old Saxon: *regula

desc

Middle Low German: rêgule, regule, rêgul, rêgele, regele, rêgel, regle, reggele

German Low German: Regel

→ Old Norse: regla

Danish: regel

Icelandic: regla

Norwegian: regel

Swedish: regel

Old Dutch: *regula

Middle Dutch: regel, regule

desctree

Dutch: regel
Afrikaans: reël, riffel
Negerhollands: regel
→ Sranan Tongo: regel
→ Caribbean Javanese: rékhel
→? West Frisian: regel

Old High German: regula, regel

Middle High German: regele, regile

German: Regel

Hunsrik: Reghel


katinnjā

katinnjā (nominative singular)
katinnjōn (nominative plural)
katinnjōn (accusative singular)
katinnjōn (accusative plural)
katinnjōn (genitive singular)
katinnjōnō (genitive plural)
katinnjōn (dative singular)
katinnjōm (dative plural)
katinnjum (dative plural)
katinnjōn (instrumental singular)
katinnjōm (instrumental plural)
katinnjum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kede

West Frisian: ketten

Old Saxon: *ketina

desc

Middle Low German: kêdene, kêtene, kêde, kête, kedde

German Low German: Kette, Kedde, Kettene

→ Old Norse: kæta

Danish: kæde

Norwegian: kjede

Swedish: kedja, kätting

→ Finnish: ketju, kettinki

⇒ Old Saxon: raketinia

Old Dutch: *ketinna

Middle Dutch: ketene

Dutch: keten

Old High German: ketinna, ketina

Middle High German: ketene, keten, kitene

German: Kette

Yiddish: קייט (keyt)

⇒ Cimbrian: khéttinga

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *catenia, from Latin catēna.


skamil

skamil (nominative singular)
skamilō (nominative plural)
skamilōs (nominative plural)
skamil (accusative singular)
skamilā (accusative plural)
skamilas (genitive singular)
skamilō (genitive plural)
skamilē (dative singular)
skamilum (dative plural)
skamilu (instrumental singular)
skamilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċamol, sċamul, sċamel, sċeamol, sċeamul, sċeamel, sċamela
Middle English: schamel, shamel, schamil, shamyll, schambyll, schamylle, shamell, sæmel, scamel, sceomel, scheomel
English: shamble; shambles
Scots: shammel, shammle

Old Saxon: skamel

desc

Middle Low German: schêmel, scemel, schâmel, schabelle

Plautdietsch: Schämel

desctree

→ Old Norse: skemill
Danish: skammel
Icelandic: skemill
Swedish: skammel

Old Dutch: *skamil

Middle Dutch: scāmel, scēmel

Dutch: schemel

Old High German: skamal, scamal, skamel, scamel, skamil, scamil, ᚲᛊᚨᛗᛖᛚᛚᚨ (ksamella /skamella/)
Middle High German: schamel, schemel
German: Schemel
→ Hungarian: zsámoly

Borrowed from Latin scamellum, scabellum, formally as if from Proto-Germanic *skamilaz.


bidōn

bidōn (infinitive)
bidōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bidōnijē (dative infinitive)
bidōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bidō (first-person present singular)
bidōdā (first-person past singular)
bidōs (present second-person singular)
bidōdēs (past second-person singular)
bidōdōs (past second-person singular)
bidōþ (present singular third-person)
bidōdē (past singular third-person)
bidōdā (past singular third-person)
bidōm (first-person plural present)
bidōdum (first-person past plural)
bidōþ (plural present second-person)
bidōdud (past plural second-person)
bidōnþ (plural present third-person)
bidōdun (past plural third-person)
bidōdī (first-person past singular)
bidōdī (past second-person singular)
bidō (present singular third-person)
bidōdī (past singular third-person)
bidōdīm (first-person past plural)
bidōdīd (past plural second-person)
bidōn (plural present third-person)
bidōdīn (past plural third-person)
bidō (present singular)
bidōþ (plural present)
bidōndī (participle present)
bidōd (participle past)

Old English: bidian

Old Frisian: bidia

Old Saxon: bidōn

From Proto-Germanic *bidōną. Equivalent to *bid (“waiting, biding”) + *-ōn.


bannjōn

bannjōn (infinitive)
bannjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bannjōnijē (dative infinitive)
bannjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bannjō (first-person present singular)
bannjōdā (first-person past singular)
bannjōs (present second-person singular)
bannjōdēs (past second-person singular)
bannjōdōs (past second-person singular)
bannjōþ (present singular third-person)
bannjōdē (past singular third-person)
bannjōdā (past singular third-person)
bannjōm (first-person plural present)
bannjōdum (first-person past plural)
bannjōþ (plural present second-person)
bannjōdud (past plural second-person)
bannjōnþ (plural present third-person)
bannjōdun (past plural third-person)
bannjōdī (first-person past singular)
bannjōdī (past second-person singular)
bannjō (present singular third-person)
bannjōdī (past singular third-person)
bannjōdīm (first-person past plural)
bannjōdīd (past plural second-person)
bannjōn (plural present third-person)
bannjōdīn (past plural third-person)
bannjō (present singular)
bannjōþ (plural present)
bannjōndī (participle present)
bannjōd (participle past)

Old English: bennian

From Proto-Germanic *banjōną. Equivalent to *bannju (“wound”) + *-ōn.


blakkrōn

blakkrōn (infinitive)
blakkrōnijas (genitive infinitive)
blakkrōnijē (dative infinitive)
blakkrōniju (infinitive instrumental)
blakkrō (first-person present singular)
blakkrōdā (first-person past singular)
blakkrōs (present second-person singular)
blakkrōdēs (past second-person singular)
blakkrōdōs (past second-person singular)
blakkrōþ (present singular third-person)
blakkrōdē (past singular third-person)
blakkrōdā (past singular third-person)
blakkrōm (first-person plural present)
blakkrōdum (first-person past plural)
blakkrōþ (plural present second-person)
blakkrōdud (past plural second-person)
blakkrōnþ (plural present third-person)
blakkrōdun (past plural third-person)
blakkrōdī (first-person past singular)
blakkrōdī (past second-person singular)
blakkrō (present singular third-person)
blakkrōdī (past singular third-person)
blakkrōdīm (first-person past plural)
blakkrōdīd (past plural second-person)
blakkrōn (plural present third-person)
blakkrōdīn (past plural third-person)
blakkrō (present singular)
blakkrōþ (plural present)
blakkrōndī (participle present)
blakkrōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *blakria

West Frisian: blakerje, bleakerje

Old Dutch: *blakaron

Middle Dutch: blākeren

Dutch: blakeren

From Proto-Germanic *blakrōną. Equivalent to *blakōn (“to burn, to blacken”) + *-rōn (frequentative suffix).


orgalā

orgalā (nominative singular)
orgalōn (nominative plural)
orgalōn (accusative singular)
orgalōn (accusative plural)
orgalōn (genitive singular)
orgalōnō (genitive plural)
orgalōn (dative singular)
orgalōm (dative plural)
orgalum (dative plural)
orgalōn (instrumental singular)
orgalōm (instrumental plural)
orgalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: orgel, orgol

Middle English: orgel

Old Frisian: orgel

West Frisian: oargel

Old Saxon: *orgela

desc

Middle Low German: orgel, orgele, örgel, oregel, orgal, orgule

→ Danish: orgel

→ Estonian: orel

→ Icelandic: orgel

→ Faroese: orgul

→ Norwegian: orgel

→ Swedish: orgel

→ Finnish: urut

Old Dutch: *orgela

Middle Dutch: orgele

desctree

Dutch: orgel
Afrikaans: orrel
→ Indonesian: orgel
→ Japanese: オルゴール (orugōru)
→ Korean: 오르골 (oreugol)
→ Papiamentu: òrgel, òru
→ Sranan Tongo: orgu

Old High German: orgela, orgala, argela

Middle High German: orgele

Alemannic German: Oorgele

German: Orgel

Luxembourgish: Uergel

→ Macedonian: оргула (orgula)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: оргуље

Latin script: orgulje

→ Slovene: orgle

Borrowed and corrupted from Latin organa, organum.


buhs

buhs (nominative singular)
bohsō (nominative plural)
bohsōs (nominative plural)
buhs (accusative singular)
bohsā (accusative plural)
bohsas (genitive singular)
bohsō (genitive plural)
buhsē (dative singular)
buhsum (dative plural)
buhsu (instrumental singular)
buhsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: box
Middle English: box, boxe
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box

Old High German: buhs

Middle High German: buhs

German: Buchs

→ Dutch: buks


glotōn

glotōn (infinitive)
glotōnijas (genitive infinitive)
glotōnijē (dative infinitive)
glotōniju (infinitive instrumental)
glotō (first-person present singular)
glotōdā (first-person past singular)
glotōs (present second-person singular)
glotōdēs (past second-person singular)
glotōdōs (past second-person singular)
glotōþ (present singular third-person)
glotōdē (past singular third-person)
glotōdā (past singular third-person)
glotōm (first-person plural present)
glotōdum (first-person past plural)
glotōþ (plural present second-person)
glotōdud (past plural second-person)
glotōnþ (plural present third-person)
glotōdun (past plural third-person)
glotōdī (first-person past singular)
glotōdī (past second-person singular)
glotō (present singular third-person)
glotōdī (past singular third-person)
glotōdīm (first-person past plural)
glotōdīd (past plural second-person)
glotōn (plural present third-person)
glotōdīn (past plural third-person)
glotō (present singular)
glotōþ (plural present)
glotōndī (participle present)
glotōd (participle past)

Old English: *glotian

q

alternatively borrowed from Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">glotta</i>

Middle English: *gloten, glouten (alternatively borrowed from Old Norse glotta)

Scots: glout

English: gloat

Old High German: *glozzōn

Middle High German: glotzen

German: glotzen

→ German Low German: glotzen

From Proto-Germanic *glutōną, *gluttōną.


alemōsinā

alemōsinā (nominative singular)
alemōsinōn (nominative plural)
alemōsinōn (accusative singular)
alemōsinōn (accusative plural)
alemōsinōn (genitive singular)
alemōsinōnō (genitive plural)
alemōsinōn (dative singular)
alemōsinōm (dative plural)
alemōsinum (dative plural)
alemōsinōn (instrumental singular)
alemōsinōm (instrumental plural)
alemōsinum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ælmesse
Middle English: almesse, allemesse, allmess, alme, almisse, almose, almouse, almus, amesse, elmes, elmesse
English: alms
Gullah: aa'ms
Scots: aumous
Yola: alomes

Old Frisian: ielmisse, *almōsse

Saterland Frisian: Aalmoose

desc

Old Saxon: alamōsna, alemōsna, allamōsa, elimōsina

Middle Low German: âlmisse, allemisse, almissende, almese, almüsse, almose, almuse, almusie

German Low German: Almäosen

→ Old Norse: ǫlmusa

Icelandic: ölmusa

Faroese: olmussa

Norwegian Bokmål: almisse

Norwegian Nynorsk: almisse, olmose

Danish: almisse

Swedish: allmosa

→ Estonian: almus

→ Finnish: almu

Old Dutch: *alamuosna

Middle Dutch: aelmoesene

desctree

Dutch: aalmoes
Afrikaans: aalmoes
Negerhollands: almis, almisse

Old High German: alamuosa, alamuosan
Middle High German: almuosen (influenced by Middle Low German)
Cimbrian: almozen
German: Almosen
→ Czech: almužna
→ Polish: jałmużna


bolstr

bolstr (nominative singular)
bolstrō (nominative plural)
bolstrōs (nominative plural)
bolstr (accusative singular)
bolstrā (accusative plural)
bolstras (genitive singular)
bolstrō (genitive plural)
bolstrē (dative singular)
bolstrum (dative plural)
bolstru (instrumental singular)
bolstrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bolster
Middle English: bolster, bolstre, bolstere, bowstur
English: bolster
Scots: bowster, bouster, boster

Old Frisian: *bulster, *bolster

Saterland Frisian: Bulster

West Frisian: bolster, bulster

Old Saxon: *bulster, *bolster

Middle Low German: bulster, bolster

German Low German: Bulster

Old Dutch: *bulster, *bolster

Middle Dutch: bulster, bolster

Dutch: bolster

desc

Old High German: bolstar, bolstor, polstor, polstar

Middle High German: bolster, polster

desctree

German: Polster
→ Czech: polštář
→ German Low German: Polster

Lombardic: *polstar

→ Italian: poltro (“bed, couch”)

⇒ Italian: poltrona

→ Lombard: polter (Milanese)

→⇒ Venetian: poltrona


glant

glant (masculine nominative singular)
glantu (feminine nominative singular)
glant (neuter nominative singular)
glantanā (accusative masculine singular)
glantā (accusative feminine singular)
glant (accusative neuter singular)
glantas (genitive masculine singular)
glanteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
glantas (genitive neuter singular)
glantumē (dative masculine singular)
glanteʀē (dative feminine singular)
glantumē (dative neuter singular)
glantu (instrumental masculine singular)
glanteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
glantu (instrumental neuter singular)
glantē (masculine nominative plural)
glantō (feminine nominative plural)
glantu (neuter nominative plural)
glantā (accusative masculine plural)
glantā (accusative feminine plural)
glantu (accusative neuter plural)
glanteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
glanteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
glanteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
glantēm (dative masculine plural)
glantum (dative masculine plural)
glantēm (dative feminine plural)
glantum (dative feminine plural)
glantēm (dative neuter plural)
glantum (dative neuter plural)
glantēm (instrumental masculine plural)
glantum (instrumental masculine plural)
glantēm (feminine instrumental plural)
glantum (feminine instrumental plural)
glantēm (instrumental neuter plural)
glantum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old High German: glanz
Middle High German: glanz (“bright; brightness”)
→ Danish: glans
German: Glanz
→ Danish: glans
→ Dutch: glans
→ Norwegian Bokmål: glans
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: glans
→ Polish: glans, → glanc
→ Swedish: glans
→ Swedish: glans

From the o-grade ablaut of the root of *glintan; hypothetically an old formation from Proto-Germanic *glantaz, from Pre-Germanic *gʰlondos, though attested only in High German. Separate from *gland (“glowing”), despite the superficial similarity.


pulwī

pulwī (nominative singular)
pulwīn (accusative singular)
pulwīn (genitive singular)
pulwīn (dative singular)
pulwīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: pylwe, pylu, pyle

Middle English: pilwe, pilue, pilew, pelew, pilow, pylwe, pylow, pule, pyle, pile, pelewe, pilewe, pelowe, pilowe
English: pillow
→ Maori: pera
Scots: pillae

Old Frisian: pēl

Saterland Frisian: Peel

West Frisian: pel

Old Saxon: puli

desc

Middle Low German: pȫl, pol, pȫle, poil, poll, pêl, pǖle, pule

German Low German: Pöhl

→ Saterland Frisian: Púul

Old Dutch: *puluwī

Middle Dutch: poluwe

Dutch: peluw

West Flemish: fluwyn

Old High German: pfuluwī, phuluwī, pfuluwī, pfuliwī, phuliwī, pfulwī, phulwī

Middle High German: pfulwe, pfülwe, phulwe, phülwe

Alemannic German: Pfulme

German: Pfühl

Luxembourgish: Pillem


murgī

murgī (masculine nominative singular)
murgiju (feminine nominative singular)
murgī (neuter nominative singular)
murgijanā (accusative masculine singular)
murgijā (accusative feminine singular)
murgī (accusative neuter singular)
murgijas (genitive masculine singular)
murgijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
murgijas (genitive neuter singular)
murgijumē (dative masculine singular)
murgijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
murgijumē (dative neuter singular)
murgiju (instrumental masculine singular)
murgijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
murgiju (instrumental neuter singular)
murgijē (masculine nominative plural)
murgijō (feminine nominative plural)
murgiju (neuter nominative plural)
murgijā (accusative masculine plural)
murgijā (accusative feminine plural)
murgiju (accusative neuter plural)
murgijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
murgijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
murgijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
murgijēm (dative masculine plural)
murgijum (dative masculine plural)
murgijēm (dative feminine plural)
murgijum (dative feminine plural)
murgijēm (dative neuter plural)
murgijum (dative neuter plural)
murgijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
murgijum (instrumental masculine plural)
murgijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
murgijum (feminine instrumental plural)
murgijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
murgijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: myrġe, miriġe, murġe, myriġe, myreġe, meriġe, merġe
Middle English: mery, merie, mirie, myrie, murie, murȝe, merye, myrry, myry, miry, mirye, myriȝe, myrye, murye, miri, meri, mury
English: merry
Scots: mirry, mery

Old Dutch: *murgi, *mirgi

⇒ Old Dutch: *mirgilīk

Middle Dutch: mergelijc

Old High German: murgi, murg

Middle High German: murc

German: murk

⇒ Alemannic German: Mürggu, Mürgu n

Middle High German: murc n

⇒ Middle High German: frīmurc m

⇒? Middle High German: murz

From Proto-Germanic *murguz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


parafred

parafred (nominative singular)
parafredō (nominative plural)
parafredōs (nominative plural)
parafred (accusative singular)
parafredā (accusative plural)
parafredas (genitive singular)
parafredō (genitive plural)
parafredē (dative singular)
parafredum (dative plural)
parafredu (instrumental singular)
parafredum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: perd

Old Saxon: parafreth

desc

Middle Low German: pêrt, perht, peret, perit, port

German Low German: Peerd, Päärd, Piärd

Old Dutch: *parifrid, *perid

desctree

Middle Dutch: pert
Dutch: paard
Afrikaans: perd
→ Phuthi: ipere
→ Sotho: pere
Jersey Dutch: pêrt, pêrd
→ English: prad
Limburgish: paerd
West Flemish: peird

Old High German: pfarifrit, pharifrit, pharafrit, pferit, pherit
Middle High German: phërt, pfërt, pfërit, pfaerît n
Central Franconian: Pääd, Perd (chiefly Moselle Franconian), Päärd (Siegerland Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Peerd, Peer, Pied
Luxembourgish: Päerd
Transylvanian Saxon: Faard
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: [ˈpfaːɰ]
Silesian East Central German: Faard
Vilamovian: faod
German: Pferd
Rhine Franconian: Pääd, Päär, Per, Perd
Frankfurterisch: [fæː(ɐ̯)t]
Yiddish: פֿערד (ferd)

Borrowed from Late Latin parafrēdus, palafrēdus, paravrēdus, from Latin paraverēdus.


pastinakā

pastinakā (nominative singular)
pastinakōn (nominative plural)
pastinakōn (accusative singular)
pastinakōn (accusative plural)
pastinakōn (genitive singular)
pastinakōnō (genitive plural)
pastinakōn (dative singular)
pastinakōm (dative plural)
pastinakum (dative plural)
pastinakōn (instrumental singular)
pastinakōm (instrumental plural)
pastinakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *pastenak

desc

Middle English: pasternak, pasturnak, paternak

Old Saxon: *pastinaka

Middle Low German: pasternâk, pasternack, pasternâke, pasternake, pastenâk, pastenâke, pastarnak, pastarnack, posternâke, palsternâke, pestnâke

German Low German: Pastinak

→ Danish: pastinak

→ Icelandic: pastínakka

→ Norwegian: pastinakk

desctree

→ Swedish: palsternacka
→ Finnish: palsternakka

Old Dutch: *pastinaka

Middle Dutch: pastenāke, postenāke

Dutch: pastinaak

Limburgish: pastinaak

desc

Old High German: pastinaka, pastinaca, pasternaka, pasternaca, pastinaga, pastinagia

Middle High German: pasternack, pasternacke

desctree

German: Pastinake, Pastinak, Pasternake (archaic)
→ Bulgarian: пащърна́к (paštǎrnák)
→ Romanian: păstârnac
→ Czech: pastinák
→ Estonian: pastinaak
→ Hungarian: paszternák, pasztinák
→ Karelian: pasternakku
→ Kashubian: pasternôk
→ Lithuanian: pastarnokas
→ Macedonian: пашканат (paškanat)
→ Russian: пастина́ка (pastináka)
→ Samogitian: pastarnuoks
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пашка̀на̄т
Latin script: paškànāt
→ Slovak: paštrnák
→ Slovene: pastinak

→ Polish: pasternak
→ Belarusian: пастарна́к (pastarnák)
→ Russian: пастерна́к (pasternák)
→ Ukrainian: пастерна́к (pasternák)

desc

פּאַסטערנאַק

Yiddish: פּאַסטערנאַק (pasternak)


brēf

brēf (nominative singular)
brēfō (nominative plural)
brēfōs (nominative plural)
brēf (accusative singular)
brēfā (accusative plural)
brēfas (genitive singular)
brēfō (genitive plural)
brēfē (dative singular)
brēfum (dative plural)
brēfu (instrumental singular)
brēfum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *brēf

Middle English: breve, breef, bref (reinforced by Old French)

English: brief

Scots: brief

Old Frisian: brēf

North Frisian: briaf, bräif (Mooring)

West Frisian: brief

Old Saxon: brēf

Middle Low German: brêf

German Low German: Breev, Breef

German Low German: Breew

Plautdietsch: Breef

→ Old Norse: bréf

Danish: brev

Faroese: bræv

Norwegian: brev

→ Northern Sami: reive

Swedish: brev

Old Dutch: *brēf

Middle Dutch: brief (reinforced by Old French)

desctree

Dutch: brief
Afrikaans: brief
Berbice Creole Dutch: brifu
Negerhollands: brief, brif
→ Papiamentu: brifi (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: brifi
Aukan: biifi
Saramaccan: biífi
→ Kari'na: brifi

Limburgish: breef

Old High German: brief

Middle High German: brief

Bavarian: Briaf

Cimbrian: briif

German: Brief

Luxembourgish: Bréif

Yiddish: בריוו (briv)

Borrowed from Late Latin brevis (“summary, brief”), ellipsis of Latin brevis liber (literally “short book”). Doublet of *murgī (“short; slow”).


hīgōn

hīgōn (infinitive)
hīgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hīgōnijē (dative infinitive)
hīgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hīgō (first-person present singular)
hīgōdā (first-person past singular)
hīgōs (present second-person singular)
hīgōdēs (past second-person singular)
hīgōdōs (past second-person singular)
hīgōþ (present singular third-person)
hīgōdē (past singular third-person)
hīgōdā (past singular third-person)
hīgōm (first-person plural present)
hīgōdum (first-person past plural)
hīgōþ (plural present second-person)
hīgōdud (past plural second-person)
hīgōnþ (plural present third-person)
hīgōdun (past plural third-person)
hīgōdī (first-person past singular)
hīgōdī (past second-person singular)
hīgō (present singular third-person)
hīgōdī (past singular third-person)
hīgōdīm (first-person past plural)
hīgōdīd (past plural second-person)
hīgōn (plural present third-person)
hīgōdīn (past plural third-person)
hīgō (present singular)
hīgōþ (plural present)
hīgōndī (participle present)
hīgōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: hīgian (“to hasten, hurry”, < *hīgōjan)
Middle English: hyen
English: hie
Scots: hie

Old Saxon: *hīgōn

Middle Low German: hîgen, hîchen; (hêgen, heigen)

Low German: higen

Old Dutch: *hīgon

Middle Dutch: hīgen, hīghen

Dutch: hijgen; hikken

Afrikaans: hyg

Old High German: *hīgōn (?)

desc

⇒? Middle High German: hecheln, hacheln (“to copulate”) (probably of different origin)

>? German: hechen, heichen, hecheln (“to pant”) (possibly from Low German)

to breathe (heavily), pant, snort, wheeze

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) to move quickly, hasten


swartijan

swartijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swartijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swartijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swartijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swartiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swartidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swartisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swartidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swartidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swartiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swartidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swartidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swartijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swartidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swartiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swartidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swartijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swartidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swartijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swartidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swartijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swartidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swartijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swartidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swartijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swartidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swartijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swartidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swartijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swartidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swarti (class-1 present singular weak)
swartiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swartijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swartid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *swertian

Middle Low German: swerten

Old Dutch: *swerten

Middle Dutch: swerten, swarten (conflated with *swartōn and *swartēn)

Dutch: zwarten

Old High German: swerzen

Middle High German: swerzen

German: schwärzen

From Proto-Germanic *swartijaną. Equivalent to *swart (“black”) + *-jan.


þwangijan

þwangijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þwangijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þwangijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þwangijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þwangiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þwangidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þwangisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þwangidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þwangidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þwangiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þwangidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þwangidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þwangijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þwangidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þwangiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þwangidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þwangijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þwangidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þwangijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þwangidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þwangijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þwangidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þwangijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þwangidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þwangijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þwangidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þwangijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þwangidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þwangijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þwangidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þwangi (class-1 present singular weak)
þwangiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þwangijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þwangid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *þwengian

Middle Low German: dwengen

Old High German: dwengen

Middle High German: twengen

German: zwängen

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *þwangijaną, a causative formation to *þwingan. Otherwise from *þwangi (“force”) + *-jan.


farwijan

farwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
farwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
farwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
farwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
farwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
farwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
farwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
farwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
farwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
farwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
farwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
farwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
farwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
farwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
farwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
farwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
farwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
farwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
farwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
farwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
farwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
farwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
farwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
farwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
farwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
farwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
farwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
farwi (class-1 present singular weak)
farwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
farwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
farwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *ferwa

Old Saxon: *ferwian

Middle Low German: ferwen

Old Dutch: *ferwen

Middle Dutch: verwen, varwen

Dutch: verven

Old High German: farwen, farawen

Middle High German: ferwen, verwen, ferben

German: färben

⇒ Old High German: gifarwit

→? Old French: fart m, farde f

Middle French: fard

French: fard (see there for further descendants)


swarmijan

swarmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swarmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swarmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swarmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swarmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swarmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swarmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swarmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swarmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swarmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swarmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swarmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swarmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swarmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swarmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swarmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swarmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swarmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swarmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swarmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swarmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swarmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swarmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swarmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swarmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swarmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swarmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swarmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swarmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swarmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swarmi (class-1 present singular weak)
swarmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swarmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swarmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: swierman

desctree

Middle English: swarmen, swermen, swarmyn
English: swarm
Scots: swairm

Old Saxon: *swermian

Middle Low German: swermen

Old Dutch: *swermen

Middle Dutch: swermen, swarmen

Dutch: zwermen

Old High German: swermen

Middle High German: swermen

German: schwärmen

From Proto-Germanic *swarmijaną. Equivalent to *swarm (“swarm”) + *-jan.


swandijan

swandijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swandijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swandijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swandijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swandiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swandidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swandisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swandidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swandidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swandiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swandidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swandidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swandijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swandidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swandiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swandidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swandijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swandidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swandijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swandidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swandijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swandidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swandijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swandidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swandijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swandidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swandijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swandidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swandijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swandidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swandi (class-1 present singular weak)
swandiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swandijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swandid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *swendian

Middle Low German: swenden

Old Dutch: *swenden

Middle Dutch: swenden

Old High German: swenten

Middle High German: swenden

German: schwenden

From Proto-Germanic *swandijaną, a causative formation to *swindan.


baddjōn

baddjōn (infinitive)
baddjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
baddjōnijē (dative infinitive)
baddjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
baddjō (first-person present singular)
baddjōdā (first-person past singular)
baddjōs (present second-person singular)
baddjōdēs (past second-person singular)
baddjōdōs (past second-person singular)
baddjōþ (present singular third-person)
baddjōdē (past singular third-person)
baddjōdā (past singular third-person)
baddjōm (first-person plural present)
baddjōdum (first-person past plural)
baddjōþ (plural present second-person)
baddjōdud (past plural second-person)
baddjōnþ (plural present third-person)
baddjōdun (past plural third-person)
baddjōdī (first-person past singular)
baddjōdī (past second-person singular)
baddjō (present singular third-person)
baddjōdī (past singular third-person)
baddjōdīm (first-person past plural)
baddjōdīd (past plural second-person)
baddjōn (plural present third-person)
baddjōdīn (past plural third-person)
baddjō (present singular)
baddjōþ (plural present)
baddjōndī (participle present)
baddjōd (participle past)

Old English: beddian

Middle English: bedden

English: bed

Scots: bede, bed

Old Frisian: *beddia

West Frisian: bêdzje

Old Saxon: *beddiōn

Middle Low German: bedden

German Low German: bedden

Old Dutch: *beddon
Middle Dutch: bedden
Dutch: bedden

Old High German: bettōn

Middle High German: betten

German: betten


strangijan

strangijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strangijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strangijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strangijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strangiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strangidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strangisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strangidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strangidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strangiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strangidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strangidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strangijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strangidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strangiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strangidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strangijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strangidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strangijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strangidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strangijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strangidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strangijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strangidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strangijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strangidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strangijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strangidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strangijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strangidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strangi (class-1 present singular weak)
strangiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strangijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strangid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: strengan

Middle English: strengen

English: string

Old Frisian: strenza

West Frisian: stringe, stringje

Old Saxon: *strengian

Middle Low German: strengen

Old Dutch: *strengen

Middle Dutch: strengen

Dutch: strengen

Old High German: strengen

Middle High German: strengen

German: strängen

From Proto-Germanic *strangijaną. Equivalent *strangi (“string”) + *-jan.


strangijan

Old English: *strengan

⇒ Old English: ætstrengan

Middle English: strengen

Old Frisian: *strenga

West Frisian: stringe, stringje

Old Saxon: *strengian

Middle Low German: strengen

Old Dutch: *strengen

Middle Dutch: strengen

Dutch: strengen

Old High German: *strengen

Middle High German: strengen

German: strengen


swankijan

swankijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swankijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swankijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swankijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swankiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swankidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swankisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swankidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swankidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swankiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swankidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swankidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swankijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swankidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swankiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swankidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swankijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swankidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swankijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swankidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swankijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swankidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swankijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swankidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swankijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swankidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swankijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swankidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swankijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swankidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swanki (class-1 present singular weak)
swankiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swankijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swankid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: swenċan
Middle English: swenchen

>? Old Frisian: swensa (strong verb)

Old Saxon: *swenkian

Middle Low German: swenken

Low German: swenken

→ Saterland Frisian: swänkje

Old Dutch: *swenken

Middle Dutch: swenken

Dutch: zwenken

Afrikaans: swink

Old High German: swenken

Middle High German: swenken

German: schwenken


mōr

mōr (nominative singular)
mōrō (nominative plural)
mōrōs (nominative plural)
mōr (accusative singular)
mōrā (accusative plural)
mōras (genitive singular)
mōrō (genitive plural)
mōrē (dative singular)
mōrum (dative plural)
mōru (instrumental singular)
mōrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōr
Middle English: mor, more, moer
English: moor
Scots: muir
Yola: mor

Old Frisian: mōr

North Frisian: moar, moer

West Frisian: moer

Old Saxon: mōr

Middle Low German: môr, mûr

German Low German: Moor

→ German: Moor

Old Dutch: *mōr

Middle Dutch: moer

Dutch: moer

Afrikaans: moer

Old High German: muor

Middle High German: muor

Alemannic German: Nüere

Bavarian: Müer


smakkēn

smakkēn (infinitive)
smakkēnijas (genitive infinitive)
smakkēnijē (dative infinitive)
smakkēniju (infinitive instrumental)
smakkē (first-person present singular)
smakk?dā (first-person past singular)
smakkēs (present second-person singular)
smakk?dēs (past second-person singular)
smakkēþ (present singular third-person)
smakk?dē (past singular third-person)
smakk?dā (past singular third-person)
smakkēm (first-person plural present)
smakk?dum (first-person past plural)
smakkēþ (plural present second-person)
smakk?dud (past plural second-person)
smakkēnþ (plural present third-person)
smakk?dun (past plural third-person)
smakk?dī (first-person past singular)
smakk?dī (past second-person singular)
smakkē (present singular third-person)
smakk?dī (past singular third-person)
smakk?dīm (first-person past plural)
smakk?dīd (past plural second-person)
smakkēn (plural present third-person)
smakk?dīn (past plural third-person)
smakkē (present singular)
smakkēþ (plural present)
smakkēndī (participle present)
smakk?d (participle past)

Old Frisian: *smakkia

q

West Frisian: smakke (a class 1 verb, possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *smakkōn

Middle Low German: smacken

Old Dutch: *smackon

Middle Dutch: smacken

Dutch: smakken

Old High German: *smakkēn

⇒ Old High German: gismakkēn

Middle High German: smacken

German: schmacken

From *smakk, *smakku (“taste”) + *-ēn. A Doublet of *smakēn.

to smack one's lips, to eat or drink loudly (possibly influenced by *smakkōn (“to hit, smack”))


smakkijan

smakkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
smakkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
smakkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
smakkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
smakkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smakkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smakkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smakkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smakkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smakkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smakkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smakkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smakkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smakkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smakkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smakkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smakkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smakkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smakkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smakkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smakkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smakkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smakkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smakkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smakkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smakkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smakkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smakkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smakkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smakkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smakki (class-1 present singular weak)
smakkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
smakkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
smakkid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: smæċċan, smeċġan, smeċċan
Middle English: smacchen, smachen, smaicche, smatchen
English: smatch (obsolete)

Old Frisian: smekka, smetza

West Frisian: smeitsje, smeitse

Old Saxon: *smeckian

Middle Low German: smecken

German Low German: smecken

→ Estonian: mekkima/mekkida

→ Ingrian: mekkiä

Old Dutch: smecken

Middle Dutch: smecken

Dutch: smekken

desc

Old High German: smecchen, smekken, smecken

Middle High German: smecken

German: schmecken


smakēn

smakēn (infinitive)
smakēnijas (genitive infinitive)
smakēnijē (dative infinitive)
smakēniju (infinitive instrumental)
smakē (first-person present singular)
smak?dā (first-person past singular)
smakēs (present second-person singular)
smak?dēs (past second-person singular)
smakēþ (present singular third-person)
smak?dē (past singular third-person)
smak?dā (past singular third-person)
smakēm (first-person plural present)
smak?dum (first-person past plural)
smakēþ (plural present second-person)
smak?dud (past plural second-person)
smakēnþ (plural present third-person)
smak?dun (past plural third-person)
smak?dī (first-person past singular)
smak?dī (past second-person singular)
smakē (present singular third-person)
smak?dī (past singular third-person)
smak?dīm (first-person past plural)
smak?dīd (past plural second-person)
smakēn (plural present third-person)
smak?dīn (past plural third-person)
smakē (present singular)
smakēþ (plural present)
smakēndī (participle present)
smak?d (participle past)

Old Frisian: smakia

West Frisian: smeitsje

Old Saxon: *smakōn

Middle Low German: smāken

desctree

→ Middle English: smaken
English: smack
Scots: smack
Yola: smack

→ Norwegian:

→ Norwegian Bokmål: smake

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: smake, smaka

→ Swedish: smaka

→ Danish: smage

Old Dutch: *smacon
Middle Dutch: smāken
Dutch: smaken

Old High German: smahhēn

Middle High German: smachen


amisiwari

amisiwari (nominative singular)
amisiwarjō (nominative plural)
amisiwarjōs (nominative plural)
amisiwari (accusative singular)
amisiwarjā (accusative plural)
amisiwarjas (genitive singular)
amisiwarjō (genitive plural)
amisiwarjē (dative singular)
amisiwarjum (dative plural)
amisiwarju (instrumental singular)
amisiwarjum (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Ampsivarii


Eutō

Old English: Ēotas


Amisi

Old Saxon: Emisa

Unknown. Cognate with Latin Amisia, Ancient Greek Ἀμασία (Amasía).


Bajawarjō

Bajawarjā (accusative plural)
Bajawarjō (genitive plural)
Bajawarjum (dative plural)
Bajawarjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: Beiara

Middle High German: Beier

German: Bayer

→ Latin: Baiuvariī

Borrowed, possibly via Latin Boiī, from a Celtic language, plus the Germanic *-wari (“dweller, citizen”).

the Bavarians, inhabitants of Bavaria or the nearby Bohemia


swakkjan

swakkjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
swakkjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
swakkjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
swakkjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
swakkju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swakidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swakisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swakidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swakidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swakiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swakidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swakidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swakkjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swakidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swakiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swakidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swakkjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swakidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swakkjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
swakidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
swakkjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
swakidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
swakkjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
swakidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
swakkjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
swakidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
swakkjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
swakidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
swakkjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
swakidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
swaki (class-1 present singular weak)
swakiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
swakkjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
swakid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *swekkian

Middle Low German: swecken

→ Norwegian:

→ Norwegian Bokmål: svekke

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: svekke, svekka

→ Danish: svække

⇒? Old Dutch: *farswekken

q

>? Middle Dutch: verswecken (possibly an alternative form of verswicken instead)

Old High German: *swehhen

Middle High German: swechen (likely adopted the -ch- from the adjective)

German: schwächen


Hasu

Hasu (nominative singular)
Hasu (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: Hasa


burgwari

borgwari (nominative singular)
borgwarjō (nominative plural)
borgwarjōs (nominative plural)
borgwari (accusative singular)
borgwarjā (accusative plural)
borgwarjas (genitive singular)
borgwarjō (genitive plural)
borgwarjē (dative singular)
borgwarjum (dative plural)
borgwarju (instrumental singular)
borgwarjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: burgware

Old Frisian: burger, borger

West Frisian: boarger

Old Saxon: *burgari

Middle Low German: börgære, börgere

Old Dutch: *burgari

Middle Dutch: borgere, borger, burgere

Dutch: burger

Old High German: burgāri, burgeri

Middle High German: burgære, borgāre

German: Bürger


rūmawari

rūmawari (nominative singular)
rūmawarjō (nominative plural)
rūmawarjōs (nominative plural)
rūmawari (accusative singular)
rūmawarjā (accusative plural)
rūmawarjas (genitive singular)
rūmawarjō (genitive plural)
rūmawarjē (dative singular)
rūmawarjum (dative plural)
rūmawarju (instrumental singular)
rūmawarjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōmware

Old Frisian: rūmere

West Frisian: Romer

Old Saxon: *rōmāri

Middle Low German: rö̂mære, rö̂mer

Old Dutch: *rōmeri

Middle Dutch: rômere, rômer

Dutch: Romer (obsolete)

Old High German: rūmāri, rōmāri

desc

Middle High German: rōmære, rōmer, rœmer

German: Römer


abbjōn

abbjōn (infinitive)
abbjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
abbjōnijē (dative infinitive)
abbjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
abbjō (first-person present singular)
abbjōdā (first-person past singular)
abbjōs (present second-person singular)
abbjōdēs (past second-person singular)
abbjōdōs (past second-person singular)
abbjōþ (present singular third-person)
abbjōdē (past singular third-person)
abbjōdā (past singular third-person)
abbjōm (first-person plural present)
abbjōdum (first-person past plural)
abbjōþ (plural present second-person)
abbjōdud (past plural second-person)
abbjōnþ (plural present third-person)
abbjōdun (past plural third-person)
abbjōdī (first-person past singular)
abbjōdī (past second-person singular)
abbjō (present singular third-person)
abbjōdī (past singular third-person)
abbjōdīm (first-person past plural)
abbjōdīd (past plural second-person)
abbjōn (plural present third-person)
abbjōdīn (past plural third-person)
abbjō (present singular)
abbjōþ (plural present)
abbjōndī (participle present)
abbjōd (participle past)

Old English: ebbian

desctree

Middle English: ebben
English: ebb
Scots: ebb

Old Saxon: *ebbōn, *ebbiōn

Middle Low German: ebben

Low German: ebben

→ German: ebben

Old Dutch: *ebbon

Middle Dutch: ebben

Dutch: ebben

>? Old High German: *ebben

q

⇒? Old High German: firebben (only attested once, a class 1 weak verb)

From *abbjā (“ebb”) + *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“off, away”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *apó.


Rūmu

Rūmu (nominative singular)
Rūmu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old English: Rōm, Rūm
Middle English: Rome
English: Rome
Scots: Roum, Rome

Old Frisian: Rūme

Old Saxon: Rūma
Middle Low German: Rōme, Rōm
Dutch Low Saxon: Rome

Old Dutch: *Rōma

Middle Dutch: rōme
Dutch: Rome
Afrikaans: Rome
Limburgish: Roeme

Old High German: Rūma, Rōma

Middle High German: Rōme

German: Rom

Luxembourgish: Roum

Yiddish: רוים (roym)

From Proto-Germanic *Rūmō, itself from Latin Rōma (possibly through Proto-Celtic *Rūmā).


-wari

-wari (nominative singular)
-warjō (nominative plural)
-warjōs (nominative plural)
-wari (accusative singular)
-warjā (accusative plural)
-warjas (genitive singular)
-warjō (genitive plural)
-warjē (dative singular)
-warjum (dative plural)
-warju (instrumental singular)
-warjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ware

Middle English: -ere

Scots: -ar, -er

English: -er

Old Frisian: -ere

Saterland Frisian: -er

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: *-āri

Middle Low German: -ære, -er

German Low German: -er

→ Old Norse: -ari

Faroese: -ari

Old Swedish: -are

Swedish: -are

Old Dutch: *-āri

Middle Dutch: -ere

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -āri, -eri, -wari

Middle High German: -āre, -ære, -er

German: -er


mespilabaum

mispilabaum (nominative singular)
mispilabaumō (nominative plural)
mispilabaumōs (nominative plural)
mispilabaum (accusative singular)
mispilabaumā (accusative plural)
mispilabaumas (genitive singular)
mispilabaumō (genitive plural)
mispilabaumē (dative singular)
mispilabaumum (dative plural)
mispilabaumu (instrumental singular)
mispilabaumum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *mispelbām

West Frisian: mispelbeam

Old Saxon: mispelbōm

Middle Low German: mispelenbôm

German Low German: Mispelboom

Old Dutch: *mespilboum, *mispilboum

Middle Dutch: mispelboom, mispelboem

Dutch: mispelboom

desc

Old High German: mespilboum, mispilboum, nespilboum

Middle High German: nespelboum

German: Nespelbaum, Nespelbaum, Mispelbaum (archaic)

From *mespilā (“medlar”) + *baum (“tree”).


kastannjā

kastannjā (nominative singular)
kastannjōn (nominative plural)
kastannjōn (accusative singular)
kastannjōn (accusative plural)
kastannjōn (genitive singular)
kastannjōnō (genitive plural)
kastannjōn (dative singular)
kastannjōm (dative plural)
kastannjum (dative plural)
kastannjōn (instrumental singular)
kastannjōm (instrumental plural)
kastannjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċisten, ċysten, *ċeasten, *ċiesten, *ċistene
Middle English: chesteyne, chasteine, chasten, chasteyn, chaston, chestan, chestayn, chesten, chestein, chestyn, cheston, kesteyn (merged with Old French chastaigne)
English: chesten (obsolete)
⇒ English: chestnut
→ Middle Scots: chastnut (calque)
Scots: chestnut
Middle Scots: chastan, chasten, chestane

Old Saxon: kestena, *kastannia

desc

Middle Low German: kastanie, kastannie, castanee, kastandie, karstânie, karstannie, karstandie, karstênie, karstênige

German Low German: Kastanje, Kristanje, Kastanigge, Kaschtanje, Kustanje

→ Swedish: kastanj
→ Finnish: kastanja

Old Dutch: *kestina

Middle Dutch: castānie

Dutch: kastanje

Old High German: kestina, kestinna

Middle High German: kestene, kesten

Alemannic German: Chestene

Bavarian: Kestn

German: Kästen, Kesten

⇒ Middle High German: *keste (reanalyzed in the singular)

Bavarian: Kest, Kescht

Cimbrian: khésta, khest (Luserna)

German: Käste, Keste

Luxembourgish: Käscht

Palatine German: Keschde

Kastanjenboom

Middle Low German: kastanienbôm, kastanntenbôm


haswawari

haswawari (nominative singular)
haswawarjō (nominative plural)
haswawarjōs (nominative plural)
haswawari (accusative singular)
haswawarjā (accusative plural)
haswawarjas (genitive singular)
haswawarjō (genitive plural)
haswawarjē (dative singular)
haswawarjum (dative plural)
haswawarju (instrumental singular)
haswawarjum (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Chasuarii


mespilā

mispilā (nominative singular)
mispilōn (nominative plural)
mispilōn (accusative singular)
mispilōn (accusative plural)
mispilōn (genitive singular)
mispilōnō (genitive plural)
mispilōn (dative singular)
mispilōm (dative plural)
mispilum (dative plural)
mispilōn (instrumental singular)
mispilōm (instrumental plural)
mispilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mespile

Middle English: mespile

English: mesple

Old Saxon: mispela

Middle Low German: mispel, mispele

German Low German: Mispel

→ Danish: mispel

→ Finnish: mispeli

Old Dutch: *mespila, *mispila

Middle Dutch: mespele, mispel

Dutch: mispel

Afrikaans: mispel

desctree

Old High German: mespila, mespil, nespila, nespil, mispila
Middle High German: mispel
German: Mispel, Mißpel, Mespel, Meßpel (till later 18th century often), Espel, Hespel, Haspel, Nespel, Nispel, Wispel (regional)
→ Old Czech: mišpile, mišpule, nyšpule
Czech: mišpule, older often nyšpule
→ Hungarian: naspolya, formerly by region náspolya, naszpolya, nászpolya, noszpolya. lasponya, lásponya, miszpulya, nespolya
→ Polish: nieszpułka, nieszpułk, nieszpuła, niesplik, myszpuła
→ Slovak: mišpuľa, dialectally nyšpuľa, nešpuľa
→ Lower Sorbian: hušpula, rušpula
→ Upper Sorbian: nyšpula, nyšpla, nyspla, myšpla
→ Serbo-Croatian: nȅšpula, nȅšpola, mešpula, nespula, nespola, nješpula
→ Slovene: nẹ̑šplja


bruggjōn

bruggjōn (infinitive)
bruggjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bruggjōnijē (dative infinitive)
bruggjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bruggjō (first-person present singular)
bruggjōdā (first-person past singular)
bruggjōs (present second-person singular)
bruggjōdēs (past second-person singular)
bruggjōdōs (past second-person singular)
bruggjōþ (present singular third-person)
bruggjōdē (past singular third-person)
bruggjōdā (past singular third-person)
bruggjōm (first-person plural present)
bruggjōdum (first-person past plural)
bruggjōþ (plural present second-person)
bruggjōdud (past plural second-person)
bruggjōnþ (plural present third-person)
bruggjōdun (past plural third-person)
bruggjōdī (first-person past singular)
bruggjōdī (past second-person singular)
bruggjō (present singular third-person)
bruggjōdī (past singular third-person)
bruggjōdīm (first-person past plural)
bruggjōdīd (past plural second-person)
bruggjōn (plural present third-person)
bruggjōdīn (past plural third-person)
bruggjō (present singular)
bruggjōþ (plural present)
bruggjōndī (participle present)
bruggjōd (participle past)

Old English: bryċġian

Middle English: briggen

English: bridge

Old Saxon: *bruggon, *bruggion

Middle Low German: brüggen

Old Dutch: *bruggon

Middle Dutch: bruggen

Dutch: bruggen (obsolete)

Old High German: brukkōn

Middle High German: brücken


lahtukā

lahtukā (nominative singular)
lahtukōn (nominative plural)
lahtukōn (accusative singular)
lahtukōn (accusative plural)
lahtukōn (genitive singular)
lahtukōnō (genitive plural)
lahtukōn (dative singular)
lahtukōm (dative plural)
lahtukum (dative plural)
lahtukōn (instrumental singular)
lahtukōm (instrumental plural)
lahtukum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: lactuċe f, lactuċ, leāhtuċ, lactuċa m

desctree

Middle English: letuse, letus, letys, letuce, letuze, letes, letows, letyse (corrupted by Old French)
English: lettuce
Scots: lettuce, lattice
→ Welsh: letys

Old Saxon: lodika, lodeka, lattika

desc

Middle Low German: lādeke, ladeke, lādike, laddeke, lēdeke, loddeke, lōdeke, lödike, löddike, lattik, lattike, latik, lattuke, latuk

German Low German: Lottche

Plautdietsch: Lottke

Old Dutch: *ladika, *lahtika

Middle Dutch: lachteke, lacteke, ladicke, ladeke, ledicke, ladich, ladik, ladike

Old High German: lattuhha, lattucha, latihha, laktuh, lattuh, latih, letih

Middle High German: latech, latche, leteche, latouch, lattuoch, latūn, lactuca, lactihha, lactūke

German: Lattich

→ Polish: laktuka

→ Belarusian: лату́к (latúk)

→ Ukrainian: лату́к (latúk)

→ Russian: лату́к (latúk)

Borrowed from Latin *ladduca, lattuca, lactūca.


ailijan

ailijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
ailijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
ailijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
ailijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
ailiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
ailidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
ailisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
ailidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ailidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ailiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
ailidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ailidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ailijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
ailidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
ailiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
ailidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
ailijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
ailidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ailijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
ailidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
ailijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
ailidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ailijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
ailidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ailijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
ailidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
ailijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
ailidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
ailijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
ailidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
aili (class-1 present singular weak)
ailiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
ailijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
ailid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ǣlan

From Proto-Germanic *ailijaną; equivalent to *ail (“fire”) + *-jan.