arku

arku (nominative singular)
arkō (nominative plural)
arkā (accusative singular)
arkā (accusative plural)
arkā (genitive singular)
arkō (genitive plural)
arkē (dative singular)
arkōm (dative plural)
arkum (dative plural)
arku (instrumental singular)
arkōm (instrumental plural)
arkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earce, earc, erc f, ærc n

Middle English: arke, ark

English: ark (see there for further descendants)

Scots: airk

Old Frisian: arke

Old Saxon: *arka

Middle Low German: arke, arche

Old Dutch: *arka

Middle Dutch: arke

Dutch: ark

Old High German: arka, arca, archa

desc

Middle High German: arke, arc, arche, arch

German: Arche

→ Luxembourgish: Arch


siniskalk

siniskalk (nominative singular)
siniskalkō (nominative plural)
siniskalkōs (nominative plural)
siniskalk (accusative singular)
siniskalkā (accusative plural)
siniskalkas (genitive singular)
siniskalkō (genitive plural)
siniskalkē (dative singular)
siniskalkum (dative plural)
siniskalku (instrumental singular)
siniskalkum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: senescalh, siniscalh, siniscalc

→ Medieval Latin: siniscalcus, senescalcus, sinescalcus, seniscalcus [692 CE] (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *siniskalkaz, from *siniz (“old”) + *skalkaz (“servant”). Cognate with Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (siniskalks).


klinku

klinku (nominative singular)
klinkō (nominative plural)
klinkā (accusative singular)
klinkā (accusative plural)
klinkā (genitive singular)
klinkō (genitive plural)
klinkē (dative singular)
klinkōm (dative plural)
klinkum (dative plural)
klinku (instrumental singular)
klinkōm (instrumental plural)
klinkum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *klinka

Middle Low German: klinke

Old Dutch: *klinka

Middle Dutch: clinke

Dutch: klink

Old High German: *klinka

Middle High German: klinke

German: Klinke

desctree

→ Old French: clinke, clenche, clike, clique, cliche
Middle French: clenche, clenque, clinque
French: clenche, (dialectal) clanche
Walloon: cliche
→ Hungarian: kilincs

Apparently from Proto-Germanic *klinganą, but whether in the sense ‘to sound’ or the sense ‘to adhere’ is uncertain.


werru

werru (nominative singular)
werrō (nominative plural)
werrā (accusative singular)
werrā (accusative plural)
werrā (genitive singular)
werrō (genitive plural)
werrē (dative singular)
werrōm (dative plural)
werrum (dative plural)
werru (instrumental singular)
werrōm (instrumental plural)
werrum (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒? Old Frisian: wersia (“to strive or war against, resist, object”)

desctree

Old Saxon: werra
Middle Low German: werre

Old Dutch: *werra

Middle Dutch: werre, warre

Dutch: war

Afrikaans: war

Old High German: werra
Middle High German: wërre
German: Wirre
⇒ Old High German: werran
Middle High German: werren, wirren
German: wirren
⇒ Old High German: giwerri
Middle High German: gewërre
German: Gewirre, Gewirr
⇒ Old High German: werrisal
Middle High German: *werrsal, *wirrsal
German: Wirrsal

→ Medieval Latin: werra (see there for further descendants)

From *werran (“to cause confusion”) + *-u.


laubijā

laubijā (nominative singular)
laubijōn (nominative plural)
laubijōn (accusative singular)
laubijōn (accusative plural)
laubijōn (genitive singular)
laubijōnō (genitive plural)
laubijōn (dative singular)
laubijōm (dative plural)
laubijum (dative plural)
laubijōn (instrumental singular)
laubijōm (instrumental plural)
laubijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lōvia

Middle Low German: lôve

German Low German: Lööv

Old Dutch: *louva, *lōva

Middle Dutch: lôve

Dutch: loove, loofe (Flemish)

Old High German: louba

Middle High German: loube, löube

Alemannic German: Laube

Central Franconian: Lööv, Läuv

German: Laube

→ German Low German: Laube, Laub

Suevic:

→ Medieval Latin: lovio

Galician: lobio

→ Medieval Latin: laubia (see there for further descendants)


mōtōn

mōtōn (infinitive)
mōtōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mōtōnijē (dative infinitive)
mōtōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mōtō (first-person present singular)
mōtōdā (first-person past singular)
mōtōs (present second-person singular)
mōtōdēs (past second-person singular)
mōtōdōs (past second-person singular)
mōtōþ (present singular third-person)
mōtōdē (past singular third-person)
mōtōdā (past singular third-person)
mōtōm (first-person plural present)
mōtōdum (first-person past plural)
mōtōþ (plural present second-person)
mōtōdud (past plural second-person)
mōtōnþ (plural present third-person)
mōtōdun (past plural third-person)
mōtōdī (first-person past singular)
mōtōdī (past second-person singular)
mōtō (present singular third-person)
mōtōdī (past singular third-person)
mōtōdīm (first-person past plural)
mōtōdīd (past plural second-person)
mōtōn (plural present third-person)
mōtōdīn (past plural third-person)
mōtō (present singular)
mōtōþ (plural present)
mōtōndī (participle present)
mōtōd (participle past)

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: moezje

Old High German: muozōn

Middle High German: muozen

→ Vulgar Latin: *musō, *amusō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *mōtōną (“to be idle”).

gemuozen

Old High German: gimuozōn; Middle High German


þeutā

þeutā (nominative singular)
þeutōn (nominative plural)
þeutōn (accusative singular)
þeutōn (accusative plural)
þeutōn (genitive singular)
þeutōnō (genitive plural)
þeutōn (dative singular)
þeutōm (dative plural)
þeutum (dative plural)
þeutōn (instrumental singular)
þeutōm (instrumental plural)
þeutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēote

Middle English: theote

Old Frisian: *thiāte, *thūte

Saterland Frisian: Tütjen, Tüütjen (possibly borrowed)

West Frisian: tute, tút (possibly borrowed)

Old Saxon: *thiota, *thūta

Middle Low German: tûte

German Low German: Tute, Tuut

→ German: Tüte

→ Danish: tud

→ Swedish: tut

Old Dutch: *thūta

Middle Dutch: tūte

Dutch: tuit

Old High German: *thioza, *dioza (in compounds: watardioza)

→ Vulgar Latin: *tūta

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tūtellus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *þeutǭ (“pipe, channel, flow”).


fliukkijā

fliukkijā (nominative singular)
fliukkijōn (nominative plural)
fliukkijōn (accusative singular)
fliukkijōn (accusative plural)
fliukkijōn (genitive singular)
fliukkijōnō (genitive plural)
fliukkijōn (dative singular)
fliukkijōm (dative plural)
fliukkijum (dative plural)
fliukkijōn (instrumental singular)
fliukkijōm (instrumental plural)
fliukkijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fliuca, fluggia

desc

Middle Low German: fleke, vlēke, flicke, fliecke, vlīke

Old Dutch: *fliuka, flieka

Middle Dutch: vlieke

Dutch: vliek

Old High German: flugga

→ Vulgar Latin: *fleccia (see there for further descendants)

From unattested strong verb *fleuk(k)ōn (“to fly”) + *-jā, related to *fleugan (“to fly”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-.


waiþanōn

waiþanōn (infinitive)
waiþanōnijas (genitive infinitive)
waiþanōnijē (dative infinitive)
waiþanōniju (infinitive instrumental)
waiþanō (first-person present singular)
waiþanōdā (first-person past singular)
waiþanōs (present second-person singular)
waiþanōdēs (past second-person singular)
waiþanōdōs (past second-person singular)
waiþanōþ (present singular third-person)
waiþanōdē (past singular third-person)
waiþanōdā (past singular third-person)
waiþanōm (first-person plural present)
waiþanōdum (first-person past plural)
waiþanōþ (plural present second-person)
waiþanōdud (past plural second-person)
waiþanōnþ (plural present third-person)
waiþanōdun (past plural third-person)
waiþanōdī (first-person past singular)
waiþanōdī (past second-person singular)
waiþanō (present singular third-person)
waiþanōdī (past singular third-person)
waiþanōdīm (first-person past plural)
waiþanōdīd (past plural second-person)
waiþanōn (plural present third-person)
waiþanōdīn (past plural third-person)
waiþanō (present singular)
waiþanōþ (plural present)
waiþanōndī (participle present)
waiþanōd (participle past)

Old Dutch: weithinon, weithenon, wēthinon

Middle Dutch: weiden (possibly reformed)

Dutch: weiden

Old High German: weidanōn, weidinōn, weidenōn

Middle High German: weidenen

→ Vulgar Latin: *wadaniāre (< *waiþanōjan) (see there for further descendants)

From unattested *waiþan + *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *waiþaną, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue, suppress”).


krōk

krōk (nominative singular)
krōkō (nominative plural)
krōkōs (nominative plural)
krōk (accusative singular)
krōkā (accusative plural)
krōkas (genitive singular)
krōkō (genitive plural)
krōkē (dative singular)
krōkum (dative plural)
krōku (instrumental singular)
krōkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *crōc

Middle English: crok, croke

Scots: cruke, creuk, crewk, cruik

English: crook

→ Irish: crúca

Old Dutch: *kruok

Middle Dutch: croec

→ Vulgar Latin: *crōcus, *crōca

Old French: croce, croc, croche

Middle French: croche

French: croche

→ Catalan: corxa

→ Occitan: cròcha

Norman: cro (Jèrriais)

Walloon: crotche

→ Middle English: croche

English: croche

desc

⇒ Old French: crochet, crochette, croket (diminutive)

Middle French: crochet

French: crochet, crochée

→ Catalan: corxera, corxea

→ English: crochet

→ Spanish: croché, corchea

Portuguese: crochet, crochê, croché, colcheia

Walloon: crotchèt

⇒ Old French: acrocher, accrocher, encrocher

Middle French: accrocher, acrocher, acrochier, accrochier

Middle French: accrocher

Walloon: acrotchî, acrotchi, acrotcher, acrotchè

→ Middle English: acrochen

Piedmontese: cròc

Sicilian: croccu

Medieval Latin: croccus

From Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“bend, hook”).


parruk

parruk (nominative singular)
parrukō (nominative plural)
parrukōs (nominative plural)
parruk (accusative singular)
parrukā (accusative plural)
parrukas (genitive singular)
parrukō (genitive plural)
parrukē (dative singular)
parrukum (dative plural)
parruku (instrumental singular)
parrukum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pearroc, pearruc
Middle English: parrok, parrock
Scots: parrock, paddock
English: parrock, paddock

Old Saxon: *parrak, *perrik

Middle Low German: park, perk

German Low German: Park

→ Old Norse: *parrak (alternatively from Old English)

Icelandic: *parrak

⇒ Icelandic: parraka

⇒ Faroese: parrak (adj)

Old Dutch: *parrik, parc, (in placenames) park, perk

desc

Middle Dutch: parric, perric, paerc, perc, parc (influenced by Old French parc)

desctree

Dutch: park
Afrikaans: park
→ German: Park (partially)
→ Lower Sorbian: park
→ West Frisian: park

Dutch: perk

Afrikaans: perk

Old High German: pfarrih, pferrih

Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich

Alemannic German: Färrich

German: Pferch

→? Medieval Latin: parricus (see there for further descendants)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Unknown; possibly from *parrō, variant of *sparrō (“bar, beam”) (whence *sparrijan (“to bar, block”)), + *-uk. Compare also Proto-Germanic *barō (“beam, bar, barrier”). Alternatively borrowed from Medieval Latin parricus (“fence, enclosure”), instead of the other way around.


skiuhijan

skiuhijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skiuhijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skiuhijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skiuhijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skiuhiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skiuhidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skiuhisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skiuhidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skiuhidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skiuhiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skiuhidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skiuhidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skiuhijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skiuhidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skiuhiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skiuhidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skiuhijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skiuhidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skiuhijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skiuhidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skiuhijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skiuhidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skiuhijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skiuhidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skiuhijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skiuhidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skiuhijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skiuhidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skiuhijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skiuhidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skiuhi (class-1 present singular weak)
skiuhiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skiuhijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skiuhid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sċīen

desctree

Old Dutch: skiuwen, skuwen
Middle Dutch: schuwen, scuwen, schouwen, schauwen
Dutch: schuwen
Afrikaans: sku

Old High German: sciuhen

Middle High German: schiuhen, schiuwen

German: scheuen, scheuchen

desc

→ Old French: eschiver, eschivre, eschever, eschewer (see there for further descendants)

From *skeuh (“frightened; frightening”) + *-jan.


malhu

malhu (nominative singular)
malhō (nominative plural)
malhā (accusative singular)
malhā (accusative plural)
malhā (genitive singular)
malhō (genitive plural)
malhē (dative singular)
malhōm (dative plural)
malhum (dative plural)
malhu (instrumental singular)
malhōm (instrumental plural)
malhum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: malaha

Middle Low German: māle, maele, meile

Old Dutch: *mala

Middle Dutch: male, mael, maele

Dutch: maal, malie

Old High German: malaha, malha

Middle High German: malhe

→ Medieval Latin: mala [abt. 920, France] (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *malhō (“leather bag”).


pokō

pokō (nominative singular)
pokan (nominative plural)
pokan (accusative singular)
pokan (accusative plural)
pukini (genitive singular)
pokan (genitive singular)
pokanō (genitive plural)
pukini (dative singular)
pokan (dative singular)
pokum (dative plural)
pukini (instrumental singular)
pokan (instrumental singular)
pokum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pohha, pocca

Middle English: pogh, pouge, poc, pok

English: poke (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)

Scots: poke, poik (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)

Old Saxon: *poko, *puko; *pukil

Middle Low German: pok m; pocke, poche f; pukel, pockel

German Low German: Puckel

Old Dutch: *poko; *poka

Middle Dutch: poke

Dutch: pook (obsolete)

Old High German: *pfohho, *pfocho

Middle High German: pfoch

German: Pfoche (dialectal)

→ Vulgar Latin: *poca, *pocca

Old French: puche, poche, pouche; pochete (diminutive)

Middle French: poche; pochete, poucette, pochette

French: poche; pochette

Middle English: pouch

English: pouch

Old Northern French: poque, poke; poket, poquet, poquete (diminutive)

Picard: poque

Norman: pouque; pouquette

Middle English: poc, poke, pooke; pocket

English: poke (regional); pocket

Scots: pok, poke, polk, poik

Old Occitan: pocha; pocheta

Occitan: pòcha; pocheta

From Proto-Germanic *pukô, *pukkô (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew-, *bʰew- (“to swell; blow; inflate”).


falljō

falljō (nominative singular)
falljan (nominative plural)
falljan (accusative singular)
falljan (accusative plural)
falljini (genitive singular)
falljan (genitive singular)
falljanō (genitive plural)
falljini (dative singular)
falljan (dative singular)
falljum (dative plural)
falljini (instrumental singular)
falljan (instrumental singular)
falljum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *fello

q

Middle Dutch: felle, fel (“unscrupulous person, scoundrel, villian”) (possibly reinforced or reborrowed from Old French)

→? Medieval Latin: fellō (“criminal”) [858, Capitula Caroli Calvi] (see there for further descendants)

Presumably from *fali (“cruel, evil”) + *-jō, *-ō. Alternatively, often cited as being related to *fillijan (“to flay”).


mauwu

mauwu (nominative singular)
mauwō (nominative plural)
mauwā (accusative singular)
mauwā (accusative plural)
mauwā (genitive singular)
mauwō (genitive plural)
mauwē (dative singular)
mauwōm (dative plural)
mauwum (dative plural)
mauwu (instrumental singular)
mauwōm (instrumental plural)
mauwum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mouwe, mowe

West Frisian: mouwe

Old Saxon: *mouwa

desc

Middle Low German: mouwe, mowe, mauwe, mawe

German Low German: Maue, Mau

Old Dutch: *mouwa

Middle Dutch: mouwe, mauwe, muwe

Dutch: mouw

Old High German: mouwa

Middle High German: mouwe

Central Franconian: Mau

→ Old French: mouwe, mowe, moue, moe (“a grimace”)

Middle French: moue, moe

French: moue

→ English: moue

→ Middle English: mowe, mouwe

English: mow

⇒ Middle English: mowen (“to grimace”)

English: mow

From Proto-Germanic *mawwō (“muff, sleeve”), from Proto-Indo-European *mewH- (“to push away”).


widu

widu (nominative singular)
widiwi (nominative plural)
widō (nominative plural)
widu (accusative singular)
widū (accusative plural)
widō (genitive singular)
widiwō (genitive plural)
widiwi (dative singular)
widō (dative singular)
widum (dative plural)
widu (instrumental singular)
widum (instrumental plural)

Old English: widu, wudu, weadu

Middle English: wode

Scots: wod, wuid

English: wood

Old Saxon: widu, wido

Middle Low German: wēde

Old Dutch: *widu

Middle Dutch: wēde

Dutch: wede, (in placenames) -wedde (e.g. Onstwedde)

Old High German: witu

Middle High German: wite


darjan

darjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
darjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
darjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
darjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
darju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
darisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
darjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
darjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
darjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
darjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
darjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
darjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
darjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
darjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dari (class-1 present singular weak)
dariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
darjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
darid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: derian
Middle English: derien, deren
English: dere

Old Frisian: dera

Old Saxon: derian

Middle Low German: dēren

Old Dutch: deren

Middle Dutch: deren

Dutch: deren

Afrikaans: deer

Old High German: teren


kwād

kwād (masculine nominative singular)
kwādu (feminine nominative singular)
kwād (neuter nominative singular)
kwādanā (accusative masculine singular)
kwādā (accusative feminine singular)
kwād (accusative neuter singular)
kwādas (genitive masculine singular)
kwādeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kwādas (genitive neuter singular)
kwādumē (dative masculine singular)
kwādeʀē (dative feminine singular)
kwādumē (dative neuter singular)
kwādu (instrumental masculine singular)
kwādeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kwādu (instrumental neuter singular)
kwādē (masculine nominative plural)
kwādō (feminine nominative plural)
kwādu (neuter nominative plural)
kwādā (accusative masculine plural)
kwādā (accusative feminine plural)
kwādu (accusative neuter plural)
kwādeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kwādeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kwādeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kwādēm (dative masculine plural)
kwādum (dative masculine plural)
kwādēm (dative feminine plural)
kwādum (dative feminine plural)
kwādēm (dative neuter plural)
kwādum (dative neuter plural)
kwādēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kwādum (instrumental masculine plural)
kwādēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kwādum (feminine instrumental plural)
kwādēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kwādum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *cwǣd, *cwēad

Middle English: qued
Scots: quad, quaid, queid

Old Frisian: quād

Saterland Frisian: kwood

West Frisian: kwea

Old Saxon: *quād

Middle Low German: quât

German Low German: quaad

Low German: quaad

Old Dutch: quād

Middle Dutch: quaet
Dutch: kwaad
Afrikaans: kwaad
Limburgish: kwaod

Old High German: *quāt

Middle High German: quāt

Central Franconian: kodd

From Proto-Germanic *kwēdaz (“defecated, filthy”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷweH-tó-s, *gʷuH-tó-s (“defecated”), from *gʷewH- (“to defecate”) + *-tós. Cognate with Old Armenian կու (ku), կոյ (koy, “excrement”).


kwād

kwād (nominative singular)
kwādu (nominative plural)
kwād (accusative singular)
kwādu (accusative plural)
kwādas (genitive singular)
kwādō (genitive plural)
kwādē (dative singular)
kwādum (dative plural)
kwādu (instrumental singular)
kwādum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwēad
Middle English: qued

Old Frisian: quād

>? Saterland Frisian: Keete

>? West Frisian: kwea; kjitte

Old Saxon: *kwād

Middle Low German: quât

German Low German: Quaad

Old Dutch: *kwād

desctree

Old High German: quāt, kōt
Middle High German: quāt, kāt, quōt, kōt
German: Kot
Cimbrian: khòat


algōn

algōn (infinitive)
algōnijas (genitive infinitive)
algōnijē (dative infinitive)
algōniju (infinitive instrumental)
algō (first-person present singular)
algōdā (first-person past singular)
algōs (present second-person singular)
algōdēs (past second-person singular)
algōdōs (past second-person singular)
algōþ (present singular third-person)
algōdē (past singular third-person)
algōdā (past singular third-person)
algōm (first-person plural present)
algōdum (first-person past plural)
algōþ (plural present second-person)
algōdud (past plural second-person)
algōnþ (plural present third-person)
algōdun (past plural third-person)
algōdī (first-person past singular)
algōdī (past second-person singular)
algō (present singular third-person)
algōdī (past singular third-person)
algōdīm (first-person past plural)
algōdīd (past plural second-person)
algōn (plural present third-person)
algōdīn (past plural third-person)
algō (present singular)
algōþ (plural present)
algōndī (participle present)
algōd (participle past)

Old English: ealgian, algian — Anglian

From Proto-Germanic *algōną, from *h₂olk-eh₂yé-ti, from *h₂lek- (“to defend”) + *-eh₂yéti.


albut

albut (nominative singular)
albuti (nominative plural)
albutu (accusative singular)
albuti (accusative plural)
albuti (genitive singular)
albutō (genitive plural)
albuti (dative singular)
albutum (dative plural)
albuti (instrumental singular)
albutum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *albut, *elbit

desc

Middle Low German: elft, ēlft, eelft (“shad”)

Old Dutch: *alvit

Middle Dutch: elft (“shad”)

Dutch: elft (“shad”)

Afrikaans: elf, elwe (“shad”)

Old High German: albiz, elbiz (“swan”)

Middle High German: elbiz, albiz, elbez, albez (“swan”)

German: Elfte (“shad”)

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Elbsch (“swan”)

From Proto-Germanic *albuts, from Proto-Indo-European *álbʰ-ud-s ~ *albʰ-ud-és, from *albʰós (“white”). Cognate with Old West Norse álpt (“swan”), Proto-Slavic *olbǫdь (“swan”).


wabi

wabi (nominative singular)
wabbju (nominative plural)
wabi (accusative singular)
wabbju (accusative plural)
wabbjas (genitive singular)
wabbjō (genitive plural)
wabbjē (dative singular)
wabbjum (dative plural)
wabbju (instrumental singular)
wabbjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: webb
Middle English: web, webb, webbe, webe, weob
English: web
Scots: wab, wob

Old Frisian: webb, wobb, web, wob

Saterland Frisian: Wäb

West Frisian: web

Old Saxon: webbi

Middle Low German: webbe, wobbe

⇒ Low German: Spinnenwebb, Spinnenwubb, Spinnenwübb

Old Dutch: *webbi

Middle Dutch: webbe

Dutch: web

Old High German: webbi, weppi

Middle High German: webbe, weppe

⇒ German: Spinnwebe


frastandan

frastandan (infinitive)
frastandannjas (genitive infinitive)
frastandannjē (dative infinitive)
frastandannju (infinitive instrumental)
frastandu (first-person present singular)
frastōnd (first-person past singular)
frastandiʀi (present second-person singular)
frastōndī (past second-person singular)
frastandidi (present singular third-person)
frastōnd (past singular third-person)
frastandum (first-person plural present)
frastōndum (first-person past plural)
frastandid (plural present second-person)
frastōndud (past plural second-person)
frastandand (plural present third-person)
frastōndun (past plural third-person)
frastandē (first-person present singular)
frastōndī (first-person past singular)
frastandēs (present second-person singular)
frastandē (present singular third-person)
frastōndī (past singular third-person)
frastandēm (first-person plural present)
frastōndīm (first-person past plural)
frastandēþ (plural present second-person)
frastōndīd (past plural second-person)
frastandēn (plural present third-person)
frastōndīn (past plural third-person)
frastand (present singular)
frastandid (plural present)
frastandandī (participle present)
frastandan (participle past)

Old English: forstandan
Middle English: forstanden
English: forstand
Scots: forstand

Old Frisian: forstanda, forstonda

Saterland Frisian: ferstounde

Old Saxon: farstandan
Middle Low German: vörstenden
→ Old Norse: fyrirstanda, forstanda
Icelandic: fyrirstanda, forstanda
Faroese: forstanda
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: forstå
Norwegian Nynorsk: forstå
Russenorsk: forstå
Old Danish: forstande
Danish: forstå
Old Swedish: forstanda
Swedish: förstå

Old High German: firstantan


kalb

kalb (nominative singular)
kalbiʀu (nominative plural)
kalb (accusative singular)
kalbiʀu (accusative plural)
kalbiʀi (genitive singular)
kalbiʀō (genitive plural)
kalbiʀi (dative singular)
kalbiʀum (dative plural)
kalbiʀi (instrumental singular)
kalbiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċealf, cælf

Middle English: calf, chelve, chalf, kelf

Scots: calf, cawf, caff, cauf

English: calf

Yola: callef

Old Frisian: *kalf, *kālch, *kāl

North Frisian: kuulew, kualew

Saterland Frisian: Koolich

West Frisian: keal

Old Saxon: kalf

Middle Low German: kalf

Low German: Kalv, Kalf

Plautdietsch: Kaulf

Old Dutch: calf
Middle Dutch: calf
Dutch: kalf
Limburgish: kalf

Old High German: kalb, chalb, chalp
Middle High German: kalp
Alemannic German: Chalp
Central Franconian: Kallev
Cimbrian: khalp, khalbe (Luserna)
German: Kalb
Luxembourgish: Kallef
Vilamovian: kołp
Yiddish: קאַלב (kalb)


fūliþu

fūliþu (nominative singular)
fūliþō (nominative plural)
fūliþā (accusative singular)
fūliþā (accusative plural)
fūliþā (genitive singular)
fūliþō (genitive plural)
fūliþē (dative singular)
fūliþōm (dative plural)
fūliþum (dative plural)
fūliþu (instrumental singular)
fūliþōm (instrumental plural)
fūliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fȳlþu

Middle English: fülthe, felthe, filthe

Scots: fylth, filth

English: filth

Old Saxon: fūlitha

Middle Low German: vūlede

Old Dutch: fūlitha

Middle Dutch: *vuulde

Dutch: vuilte

Old High German: fūlida

Middle High German: vūlde


rastu

rastu (nominative singular)
rastō (nominative plural)
rastā (accusative singular)
rastā (accusative plural)
rastā (genitive singular)
rastō (genitive plural)
rastē (dative singular)
rastōm (dative plural)
rastum (dative plural)
rastu (instrumental singular)
rastōm (instrumental plural)
rastum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ræst, rest

Middle English: reste, rest

Scots: rest

English: rest

Old Frisian: *raste, *reste

Saterland Frisian: Rääst, Räst

West Frisian: rêst

⇒ Old Frisian: rastelik, restelik

⇒ Old Frisian: restene

Old Saxon: rasta, resta

Middle Low German: raste, reste

Old Dutch: *rasta, *resta

desc

Middle Dutch: raste, reste, (with metathesis) erste

Dutch: rast, ras (dialectal)

Old High German: rasta

Middle High German: raste, reste

German: Rast

Luxembourgish: Rascht


wandalōn

wandalōn (infinitive)
wandalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wandalōnijē (dative infinitive)
wandalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wandalō (first-person present singular)
wandalōdā (first-person past singular)
wandalōs (present second-person singular)
wandalōdēs (past second-person singular)
wandalōdōs (past second-person singular)
wandalōþ (present singular third-person)
wandalōdē (past singular third-person)
wandalōdā (past singular third-person)
wandalōm (first-person plural present)
wandalōdum (first-person past plural)
wandalōþ (plural present second-person)
wandalōdud (past plural second-person)
wandalōnþ (plural present third-person)
wandalōdun (past plural third-person)
wandalōdī (first-person past singular)
wandalōdī (past second-person singular)
wandalō (present singular third-person)
wandalōdī (past singular third-person)
wandalōdīm (first-person past plural)
wandalōdīd (past plural second-person)
wandalōn (plural present third-person)
wandalōdīn (past plural third-person)
wandalō (present singular)
wandalōþ (plural present)
wandalōndī (participle present)
wandalōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: wandelia

Saterland Frisian: wondelje

West Frisian: wandelje

Old Saxon: wandlōn

Middle Low German: wandelen

Low German: wandelen

Old Dutch: *wandalon

desctree

Middle Dutch: wandelen
Dutch: wandelen
Afrikaans: wandel
Limburgish: wanjele

Old High German: wantalōn

desc

Middle High German: wantelen, wandelen, wandeln

German: wandeln

(frequentative) to waver, change, fluctuate


lūtil

lūtil (masculine nominative singular)
lūtilu (feminine nominative singular)
lūtil (neuter nominative singular)
lūtilanā (accusative masculine singular)
lūtilā (accusative feminine singular)
lūtil (accusative neuter singular)
lūtilas (genitive masculine singular)
lūtileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
lūtilas (genitive neuter singular)
lūtilumē (dative masculine singular)
lūtileʀē (dative feminine singular)
lūtilumē (dative neuter singular)
lūtilu (instrumental masculine singular)
lūtileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
lūtilu (instrumental neuter singular)
lūtilē (masculine nominative plural)
lūtilō (feminine nominative plural)
lūtilu (neuter nominative plural)
lūtilā (accusative masculine plural)
lūtilā (accusative feminine plural)
lūtilu (accusative neuter plural)
lūtileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lūtileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lūtileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
lūtilēm (dative masculine plural)
lūtilum (dative masculine plural)
lūtilēm (dative feminine plural)
lūtilum (dative feminine plural)
lūtilēm (dative neuter plural)
lūtilum (dative neuter plural)
lūtilēm (instrumental masculine plural)
lūtilum (instrumental masculine plural)
lūtilēm (feminine instrumental plural)
lūtilum (feminine instrumental plural)
lūtilēm (instrumental neuter plural)
lūtilum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lȳtel; lȳt, lyt

Middle English: lütil, lytel, litel; lyte, lite; lüt, lyt, lit

Scots: lytil; litil

English: little; lite

Old Frisian: *lit, lītik, littik

Saterland Frisian: litje

West Frisian: lyts

Old Saxon: luttil; lūt, lut, liut, luttic, luttik

Middle Low German: lüttel; lüttik, lutich; lüttinc

Low German: lütt, lüttje

Old Dutch: *luttil; *lut, luttik

Middle Dutch: lettel, luttel; *lut; luttik

Dutch: luttel; lutje

West Flemish: lette(l); letje

Old High German: luzil, luzzil, liuzil; *luz > luzzen, luzzīc, luzzīg; luzzi

Middle High German: lüzzel, lützel; lützen

German: lützel (dialectal)

⇒ Middle High German: Lützelburc

Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg


frōdōn

frōdōn (infinitive)
frōdōnijas (genitive infinitive)
frōdōnijē (dative infinitive)
frōdōniju (infinitive instrumental)
frōdō (first-person present singular)
frōdōdā (first-person past singular)
frōdōs (present second-person singular)
frōdōdēs (past second-person singular)
frōdōdōs (past second-person singular)
frōdōþ (present singular third-person)
frōdōdē (past singular third-person)
frōdōdā (past singular third-person)
frōdōm (first-person plural present)
frōdōdum (first-person past plural)
frōdōþ (plural present second-person)
frōdōdud (past plural second-person)
frōdōnþ (plural present third-person)
frōdōdun (past plural third-person)
frōdōdī (first-person past singular)
frōdōdī (past second-person singular)
frōdō (present singular third-person)
frōdōdī (past singular third-person)
frōdōdīm (first-person past plural)
frōdōdīd (past plural second-person)
frōdōn (plural present third-person)
frōdōdīn (past plural third-person)
frōdō (present singular)
frōdōþ (plural present)
frōdōndī (participle present)
frōdōd (participle past)

Old English: frōdian

Old Saxon: frōdōn

Middle Low German: vrôden

⇒ Middle Low German: bevrôden

⇒ Middle Low German: gevrôden

⇒ Old Saxon: gifrōdod (adjective)

Old Dutch: *fruodon

Middle Dutch: vroeden

Dutch: vroeden

Old High German: fruotōn, fruotan


hāt

hāt (nominative singular)
hātiʀu (nominative plural)
hāt (accusative singular)
hātiʀu (accusative plural)
hātiʀi (genitive singular)
hātiʀō (genitive plural)
hātiʀi (dative singular)
hātiʀum (dative plural)
hātiʀi (instrumental singular)
hātiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hæteru pl, hætera, hætere, hæteran
Middle English: hater, hatere, hatir, hatter, hattir, hatyr, heater, hetter

Old High German: *hāz

Middle High German: hāz m, hæze, hæz n

Alemannic German: Häss (archaic)

→ Proto-Slavic: *šata (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Compare Sanskrit छद् (chad), Prasuni vëzëlë.


firsti

firsti (nominative singular)
firstī (nominative plural)
firsti (accusative singular)
firstī (accusative plural)
firstī (genitive singular)
firstijō (genitive plural)
firstī (dative singular)
firstim (dative plural)
firstijum (dative plural)
firstī (instrumental singular)
firstim (instrumental plural)
firstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: first, fierst, fyrst

Middle English: first, virst

Scots: first

Old Saxon: first

Middle Low German: verst

Low German: verst

Old Dutch: *first

Middle Dutch: verste

Dutch: verste (obsolete)

Old High German: first

desc

Middle High German: virst, vierst, vërst, virste

Cimbrian: biarst

German: First

Luxembourgish: Fiischt

→ Old French: feste

French: faîte


buhsā

bohsā (nominative singular)
bohsōn (nominative plural)
bohsōn (accusative singular)
bohsōn (accusative plural)
bohsōn (genitive singular)
bohsōnō (genitive plural)
bohsōn (dative singular)
bohsōm (dative plural)
buhsum (dative plural)
bohsōn (instrumental singular)
bohsōm (instrumental plural)
buhsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: box
Middle English: box, boxe
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box

Old Frisian: *bukse, busse

Saterland Frisian: Bukse, Busse

West Frisian: bus, bos

Old Saxon: *buhsa

Middle Low German: busse

German Low German: Büsse, Büss

→ Old Norse: byssa

Icelandic: byssa

Faroese: byrsa

Norwegian: bøsse, bøssa, børse, børsa

Old Swedish: byssa, bøssa

Swedish: bössa, byssa

→ Finnish: pyssy

→ Ingrian: pyssy

→ Karelian: pyššy

Danish: bøsse

→ Estonian: püss

Old Dutch: *buhsa

Middle Dutch: busse
Dutch: bus
Afrikaans: bus
Limburgish: bösj
→ English: bush

Old High German: buhsa

Middle High German: buhse, bühse

Bavarian: Bichsn, Bixn, Buchsn, Buxn

German: Büchse (“can”); Buchse (“bushing, connector”)

Luxembourgish: Béchs

Yiddish: ביקס (biks)

→ Hungarian: puska

→ Proto-Slavic:

Bulgarian: пу́шка (púška)

Czech: puška

Old East Slavic: пушка (puška)

Russian: пу́шка (púška)

Polish: puszka

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пу̏шка

Latin script: pȕška

Slovak: puška

Slovene: púška

→ Romanian: pușcă

Borrowed from Latin buxa, buxis, buxus (“thing made of boxwood; box”).


burþini

burþini (nominative singular)
burþunnjō (nominative plural)
burþunnjā (accusative singular)
burþunnjā (accusative plural)
burþunnjā (genitive singular)
burþunnjō (genitive plural)
burþunnjē (dative singular)
burþunnjōm (dative plural)
burþunnjum (dative plural)
burþunnju (instrumental singular)
burþunnjōm (instrumental plural)
burþunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: byrþen, byrden

Middle English: bürthene, bürdene

Scots: burthine

English: burthen, burden

Old Saxon: burthinnia

Middle Low German: borden

Old High German: burthīn, burdīn

Middle High German: bürden


bliki

bliki (nominative singular)
blikī (nominative plural)
bliki (accusative singular)
blikī (accusative plural)
blikī (genitive singular)
blikkjō (genitive plural)
blikī (dative singular)
blikim (dative plural)
blikkjum (dative plural)
blikī (instrumental singular)
blikim (instrumental plural)
blikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blice

Old Dutch: *blic

Middle Dutch: blic

Dutch: blik

Old High German: blic

Middle High German: blic

German: Blick


hlasti

hlasti (nominative singular)
hlastī (nominative plural)
hlasti (accusative singular)
hlastī (accusative plural)
hlastī (genitive singular)
hlastijō (genitive plural)
hlastī (dative singular)
hlastim (dative plural)
hlastijum (dative plural)
hlastī (instrumental singular)
hlastim (instrumental plural)
hlastijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlæst
Middle English: last
English: last
Scots: last
→ Middle French: last (south-western dialects)
→ Medieval Latin: lastum, lestum
⇒ Medieval Latin: lastagium, lestagium
Old French: lastage (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: hlest

North Frisian: lest

Saterland Frisian: Last

West Frisian: lêst

Old Saxon: *hlast

Middle Low German: last

Low German: Last

→ Danish: last

→ Swedish: last

→ Norwegian: last

→ Icelandic: lest

→ Middle English: lest

English: lest

Old Dutch: *hlast, last

Middle Dutch: last
Dutch: last
( Afrikaans: las
Limburgish: las

Old High German: hlast, last

Middle High German: last

Alemannic German: Lascht

German: Last

Luxembourgish: Laascht

→ Old French: last

Middle French: lest

French: lest

From earlier *hlaþsti, from *hlaþan (“to load”) + *-þi with intrusive *-s-, compare *gresti, *brunsti.


biliþī

biliþī (nominative singular)
biliþiju (nominative plural)
biliþī (accusative singular)
biliþiju (accusative plural)
biliþijas (genitive singular)
biliþijō (genitive plural)
biliþijē (dative singular)
biliþijum (dative plural)
biliþiju (instrumental singular)
biliþijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bilethe, bild, byld

Saterland Frisian: Bielde

West Frisian: byld

Old Saxon: bilithi

desc

Middle Low German: bilede, bilde, belede, belde

German Low German: Bild

Plautdietsch: Bilt

→ Latvian: bilde (or from Middle Dutch)

→ Old Norse: bilæti

Icelandic: bílæti

Faroese: bílæti

Norwegian Nynorsk: bilete, bilæte

→ Old Swedish: bilæte

Swedish: beläte, bild

→ Old Danish: beletæ

Danish: billede

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bilde

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bilde

Old Dutch: bilithe, bilithi

desctree

Middle Dutch: bēelde, bilde, belde
Dutch: beeld
Afrikaans: beeld
Negerhollands: beeld
Limburgish: beildj
→ Latvian: bilde (or from Middle Low German)

Old High German: bilidi, piladi, biladi

Middle High German: bilde

desc

Central Franconian: Bild, Beld (less common)

Bavarian: Büd, Buid

Cimbrian: bilt, pilt

German: Bild
→? Estonian: pilt

Luxembourgish: Bild

Pennsylvania German: Bild

Yiddish: בילד (bild)

Possibly from *biliþu (“equalness, likeness”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix), from *bil (“equal, alike”) + *-iþu (“-ness, -th”), from Proto-Germanic *bilaz, *biliz.


fadurjō

fadurjō (nominative singular)
fadurjan (nominative plural)
fadurjan (accusative singular)
fadurjan (accusative plural)
fadurjini (genitive singular)
fadurjan (genitive singular)
fadurjanō (genitive plural)
fadurjini (dative singular)
fadurjan (dative singular)
fadurjum (dative plural)
fadurjini (instrumental singular)
fadurjan (instrumental singular)
fadurjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fædera

Old Frisian: federia, federja

North Frisian: fadrje, fedrje, feddere

Saterland Frisian: Fädder

Old Saxon: *fadiro

desc

Middle Low German: veddere, vedder, veder, vedere, vēder, viddere

Low German: Vedder

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fetter

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fetter

Old Dutch: *fadero

Middle Dutch: vedder

Dutch: vedder

Old High German: fatureo, fatero, fetiro

Middle High German: vetere, veter

German: Vetter

Yiddish: פֿעטער (feter)

From Proto-Germanic *fadurwijô, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tr̥wyos (“paternal uncle”). Equivalent to *fader (“father”) + *-jō. Cognate with Latin patruus, Sanskrit पितृव्य (pitṛvya), and Classical Persian افدر (afdar, “paternal uncle”).


twihō

twihō (nominative singular)
twihan (nominative plural)
twihan (accusative singular)
twihan (accusative plural)
twihini (genitive singular)
twihan (genitive singular)
twihanō (genitive plural)
twihini (dative singular)
twihan (dative singular)
twihum (dative plural)
twihini (instrumental singular)
twihan (instrumental singular)
twihum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: twēo, twīo
Middle English: tweon, twene

Old Saxon: tweho

Old High German: zweho

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).


wurpil

wurpil (nominative singular)
wurpilō (nominative plural)
wurpilōs (nominative plural)
wurpil (accusative singular)
wurpilā (accusative plural)
wurpilas (genitive singular)
wurpilō (genitive plural)
wurpilē (dative singular)
wurpilum (dative plural)
wurpilu (instrumental singular)
wurpilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wyrpel

Old Saxon: wurpil

Middle Low German: worpel

Low German: Wörpel

Plautdietsch: Wirfel

Old Dutch: *wurpil

Middle Dutch: worpel, werpel

Dutch: worpel, werpel

Old High German: wurfil

Middle High German: würfel

German: Würfel

Hunsrik: Werrfel

Luxembourgish: Wierfel

From *wurpijan or *werpan (“to thow, cast”) + *-il. See parallel formation in Old Norse verpill (“a die; barrel”).


stigilu

stigilu (nominative singular)
stigilō (nominative plural)
stigilā (accusative singular)
stigilā (accusative plural)
stigilā (genitive singular)
stigilō (genitive plural)
stigilē (dative singular)
stigilōm (dative plural)
stigilum (dative plural)
stigilu (instrumental singular)
stigilōm (instrumental plural)
stigilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stiġel, stigol

Middle English: stiȝele, style, stile

Scots: styl, style, styll, stylle

English: stile

Old Saxon: stigila; stigilla (< *stigillju)

Middle Low German: stegele, stegel

Low German: Stegel

Old Dutch: *stigila

Middle Dutch: stēghele, stēghel

Dutch: stegel

Old High German: stigila; stigilla (< *stigillju)

Middle High German: stigele

German: Stiegel

a device used for climbing (over); stile


paradīs

paradīs (nominative singular)
paradīsu (nominative plural)
paradīs (accusative singular)
paradīsu (accusative plural)
paradīsas (genitive singular)
paradīsō (genitive plural)
paradīsē (dative singular)
paradīsum (dative plural)
paradīsu (instrumental singular)
paradīsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: paradīs
Middle English: paradis, paradise, paradys
English: paradise
Scots: paradise

Old Frisian: paradīs

Old Saxon: paradīs

desc

Middle Low German: paradīs, paradijs, paradyes, pardīs

Old Dutch: paradīs

Middle Dutch: paradijs

desctree

Dutch: paradijs
Afrikaans: paradys
Negerhollands: paradis
→ Papiamentu: paradeis, paradijs
→ West Frisian: paradys

Old High German: paradīs

Middle High German: paradīse

German: Paradies

Vilamovian: paradīs

Borrowed from Latin paradīsum (“park, orchard; Paradise, Eden”).


hasu

hasu (masculine nominative singular)
hasu (feminine nominative singular)
hasu (neuter nominative singular)
haswanā (accusative masculine singular)
haswā (accusative feminine singular)
hasu (accusative neuter singular)
haswas (genitive masculine singular)
hasweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
haswas (genitive neuter singular)
hasumē (dative masculine singular)
hasweʀē (dative feminine singular)
hasumē (dative neuter singular)
hasu (instrumental masculine singular)
hasweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hasu (instrumental neuter singular)
haswē (masculine nominative plural)
haswō (feminine nominative plural)
hasu (neuter nominative plural)
haswā (accusative masculine plural)
haswā (accusative feminine plural)
hasu (accusative neuter plural)
hasweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hasweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hasweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
haswēm (dative masculine plural)
hasum (dative masculine plural)
haswēm (dative feminine plural)
hasum (dative feminine plural)
haswēm (dative neuter plural)
hasum (dative neuter plural)
haswēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hasum (instrumental masculine plural)
haswēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hasum (feminine instrumental plural)
haswēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hasum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hasu, heasu
⇒ Middle English: haswed

Old Saxon: hasu

Middle Low German: hāse (in placenames)

Old Dutch: *haso

Old High German: *haswi

Middle High German: heswe

→ Old French: *hasve, have

Middle French: have

French: hâve


stribēn

stribēn (infinitive)
stribēnijas (genitive infinitive)
stribēnijē (dative infinitive)
stribēniju (infinitive instrumental)
stribē (first-person present singular)
strib?dā (first-person past singular)
stribēs (present second-person singular)
strib?dēs (past second-person singular)
stribēþ (present singular third-person)
strib?dē (past singular third-person)
strib?dā (past singular third-person)
stribēm (first-person plural present)
strib?dum (first-person past plural)
stribēþ (plural present second-person)
strib?dud (past plural second-person)
stribēnþ (plural present third-person)
strib?dun (past plural third-person)
strib?dī (first-person past singular)
strib?dī (past second-person singular)
stribē (present singular third-person)
strib?dī (past singular third-person)
strib?dīm (first-person past plural)
strib?dīd (past plural second-person)
stribēn (plural present third-person)
strib?dīn (past plural third-person)
stribē (present singular)
stribēþ (plural present)
stribēndī (participle present)
strib?d (participle past)

Old Frisian: *strivia, *stribia

Saterland Frisian: strieuwje

West Frisian: stribje

Old Saxon: *strivōn

Middle Low German: streven

German Low German: streven

→ Swedish: sträva

Old Dutch: *strivon
Middle Dutch: strēven
Dutch: streven
Afrikaans: streef, strewe
Limburgish: straeve

Old High German: strebēn, strebōn

Middle High German: streben

German: streben

→ Danish: stræbe

→ Esperanto: strebi

Yiddish: שטרעבן (shtrebn)

Luxembourgish: striewen

desc

→ Old French: estrever, estriver, estrivier (influenced by strif, strit)

Middle French: estriver

French: estriver

→ Middle English: striven, stryven, stryfen, strifen

English: strive

From Proto-Germanic *stribāną (“to strive”).


halsaberg

halsaberg (nominative singular)
halsabergō (nominative plural)
halsabergōs (nominative plural)
halsaberg (accusative singular)
halsabergā (accusative plural)
halsabergas (genitive singular)
halsabergō (genitive plural)
halsabergē (dative singular)
halsabergum (dative plural)
halsabergu (instrumental singular)
halsabergum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *halsberg

Middle Dutch: halsberch

Dutch: halsberg

Old High German: halsberg

→ Medieval Latin: alsbergum (see there for further descendants)

Possibly a masculine variant of *halsabergu. Alternatively from Proto-Germanic *halsabergaz.


Hildigardu

Hildigardu (nominative singular)
Hildigardā (accusative singular)
Hildigardā (genitive singular)
Hildigardē (dative singular)
Hildigardu (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Hildigard, Hiltigart

desctree

German: Hildegard
→ English: Hildegard
→ Polish: Hildegarda
→ Swedish: Hildegard

→ Faroese: Hildigarð, Hildigerð

→ Old French: Hildegarde

Middle French: Hildegarde

French: Hildegarde

→ English: Hildegarde

→ Spanish: Hildegarda

From *hildi (“battle”) + *gard (“enclosure”).

(Elbe Germanic, Frankish) a female given name, equivalent to English Hildegard


medumō

medumō (masculine nominative singular)
medumā (feminine nominative singular)
medumā (neuter nominative singular)
meduman (accusative masculine singular)
medumōn (accusative feminine singular)
medumā (accusative neuter singular)
medumini (genitive masculine singular)
meduman (genitive masculine singular)
medumōn (feminine genitive singular)
medumini (genitive neuter singular)
meduman (genitive neuter singular)
medumini (dative masculine singular)
meduman (dative masculine singular)
medumōn (dative feminine singular)
medumini (dative neuter singular)
meduman (dative neuter singular)
medumini (instrumental masculine singular)
meduman (instrumental masculine singular)
medumōn (feminine instrumental singular)
medumini (instrumental neuter singular)
meduman (instrumental neuter singular)
meduman (masculine nominative plural)
medumōn (feminine nominative plural)
medumōn (neuter nominative plural)
meduman (accusative masculine plural)
medumōn (accusative feminine plural)
medumōn (accusative neuter plural)
medumanō (genitive masculine plural)
medumōnō (feminine genitive plural)
medumanō (genitive neuter plural)
medumum (dative masculine plural)
medumōm (dative feminine plural)
medumum (dative feminine plural)
medumum (dative neuter plural)
medumum (instrumental masculine plural)
medumōm (feminine instrumental plural)
medumum (feminine instrumental plural)
medumum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: medume
Middle English: medeme
⇒ English: midmost (from the superlative)

Old High German: metemo

From Proto-Germanic *medumô. Equivalent to *midi (“middle, mid”) + *-umō (comparative/superlative adjectival suffix).


trokōn

trokōn (infinitive)
trokōnijas (genitive infinitive)
trokōnijē (dative infinitive)
trokōniju (infinitive instrumental)
trokō (first-person present singular)
trokōdā (first-person past singular)
trokōs (present second-person singular)
trokōdēs (past second-person singular)
trokōdōs (past second-person singular)
trokōþ (present singular third-person)
trokōdē (past singular third-person)
trokōdā (past singular third-person)
trokōm (first-person plural present)
trokōdum (first-person past plural)
trokōþ (plural present second-person)
trokōdud (past plural second-person)
trokōnþ (plural present third-person)
trokōdun (past plural third-person)
trokōdī (first-person past singular)
trokōdī (past second-person singular)
trokō (present singular third-person)
trokōdī (past singular third-person)
trokōdīm (first-person past plural)
trokōdīd (past plural second-person)
trokōn (plural present third-person)
trokōdīn (past plural third-person)
trokō (present singular)
trokōþ (plural present)
trokōndī (participle present)
trokōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: trucian
Middle English: trukien
English: truck

→ Medieval Latin: trocō (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *trukkōną, from earlier paradigm *trukkōþi ~ *trugunanþi with unexpected voicing assimilation, from pre-Proto-Germanic *dʰrugʰ-nā́-ti ~ *dʰrugʰ-un-ánti, iterative to *dreugan (“to deceive”).


uʀgōllju

uʀgōllju (nominative singular)
uʀgōlljō (nominative plural)
uʀgōlljā (accusative singular)
uʀgōlljā (accusative plural)
uʀgōlljā (genitive singular)
uʀgōlljō (genitive plural)
uʀgōlljē (dative singular)
uʀgōlljōm (dative plural)
uʀgōlljum (dative plural)
uʀgōllju (instrumental singular)
uʀgōlljōm (instrumental plural)
uʀgōlljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: orgol, orgel, orgello, oregel, orgellu, orhel, horel
Middle English: orgel, orgul

⇒ Old High German: urguol (adj)

Middle High German: urguol

→ Vulgar Latin: *orgollium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *uzgōlijō, from *uz- (“up, out”) + *gōlijaną + *-ō.


sunnju

sunnju (nominative singular)
sunnjō (nominative plural)
sunnjā (accusative singular)
sunnjā (accusative plural)
sunnjā (genitive singular)
sunnjō (genitive plural)
sunnjē (dative singular)
sunnjōm (dative plural)
sunnjum (dative plural)
sunnju (instrumental singular)
sunnjōm (instrumental plural)
sunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: synn, sinn, senn
Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn, senne, zen, zenne (Kent), seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin

Old Saxon: sunnea

Old High German: sunna, sunne

→ Late Latin: sonium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *sunjō (“truth; denial”).


wimpil

wimpil (nominative singular)
wimpilō (nominative plural)
wimpilōs (nominative plural)
wimpil (accusative singular)
wimpilā (accusative plural)
wimpilas (genitive singular)
wimpilō (genitive plural)
wimpilē (dative singular)
wimpilum (dative plural)
wimpilu (instrumental singular)
wimpilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wimpel, winpel
Middle English: wympel, wimpel, wympil, wimpul
English: wimple
Scots: wympill, wempill, wompyll, wimple

Old Frisian: wimpel

Saterland Frisian: Wimpel

West Frisian: wimpel

Old Saxon: wimpal

Middle Low German: wimpel, wumpel

German Low German: Wimpel

Old Dutch: *wimpil

Middle Dutch: wimpel, wumpel

Dutch: wimpel

Afrikaans: wimpel

Old High German: wimpfal, wimpal

Middle High German: wimpel

German: Wimpel

→ Russian: вы́мпел (výmpel)

→ Old French: guimple, gimple (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *wimpilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wimb-, *weyb- (“rotate, move”).


þansōn

þansōn (infinitive)
þansōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þansōnijē (dative infinitive)
þansōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þansō (first-person present singular)
þansōdā (first-person past singular)
þansōs (present second-person singular)
þansōdēs (past second-person singular)
þansōdōs (past second-person singular)
þansōþ (present singular third-person)
þansōdē (past singular third-person)
þansōdā (past singular third-person)
þansōm (first-person plural present)
þansōdum (first-person past plural)
þansōþ (plural present second-person)
þansōdud (past plural second-person)
þansōnþ (plural present third-person)
þansōdun (past plural third-person)
þansōdī (first-person past singular)
þansōdī (past second-person singular)
þansō (present singular third-person)
þansōdī (past singular third-person)
þansōdīm (first-person past plural)
þansōdīd (past plural second-person)
þansōn (plural present third-person)
þansōdīn (past plural third-person)
þansō (present singular)
þansōþ (plural present)
þansōndī (participle present)
þansōd (participle past)

Old High German: dansōn

Middle High German: dansen

⇒? Vulgar Latin: *dantiāre (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *tens- (“to stretch, pull”).


balkōn

balkōn (infinitive)
balkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
balkōnijē (dative infinitive)
balkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
balkō (first-person present singular)
balkōdā (first-person past singular)
balkōs (present second-person singular)
balkōdēs (past second-person singular)
balkōdōs (past second-person singular)
balkōþ (present singular third-person)
balkōdē (past singular third-person)
balkōdā (past singular third-person)
balkōm (first-person plural present)
balkōdum (first-person past plural)
balkōþ (plural present second-person)
balkōdud (past plural second-person)
balkōnþ (plural present third-person)
balkōdun (past plural third-person)
balkōdī (first-person past singular)
balkōdī (past second-person singular)
balkō (present singular third-person)
balkōdī (past singular third-person)
balkōdīm (first-person past plural)
balkōdīd (past plural second-person)
balkōn (plural present third-person)
balkōdīn (past plural third-person)
balkō (present singular)
balkōþ (plural present)
balkōndī (participle present)
balkōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: bealcian
Middle English: balken

Old Frisian: *balkia

Saterland Frisian: bälkje

West Frisian: balkje

Old Dutch: *balkon

Middle Dutch: balken

Dutch: balken

From Proto-Germanic *belkaną (“to emit a sound, roar, belch”).


Aþalberht

Aþalberht (nominative singular)
Aþalberht (accusative singular)
Aþalberhtas (genitive singular)
Aþalberhtē (dative singular)
Aþalberhtu (instrumental singular)

desc

Old English: Æþelberht, Æþelbeorht, Æþelbert, Æþelbryht

→ English: Ethelbert (learned)

Old Saxon: Athalberht

Old Dutch: *Athalbert

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: Adelbert

Old High German: Adalberaht, Adalbert

Middle High German:

German: Albrecht, Adelbert

→ Latin: Adalbertus

Catalan: Adalbert

→ Old French: Albert, Elbert

French: Albert, Aubert

→ Catalan: Albert

→ English: Albert, Elbert

Italian: Adalberto

Portuguese: Adalberto

Spanish: Adalberto

From *aþal (“noble”) + *berht (“bright, shining”).


barō

barō (nominative singular)
baran (nominative plural)
baran (accusative singular)
baran (accusative plural)
barini (genitive singular)
baran (genitive singular)
baranō (genitive plural)
barini (dative singular)
baran (dative singular)
barum (dative plural)
barini (instrumental singular)
baran (instrumental singular)
barum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: baro (“man, freeman”)

→ Latin: barō (“man, etc.”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *barô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear”). Possibly related to Old English beorn (“man, warrior”).


lappā

lappā (nominative singular)
lappōn (nominative plural)
lappōn (accusative singular)
lappōn (accusative plural)
lappōn (genitive singular)
lappōnō (genitive plural)
lappōn (dative singular)
lappōm (dative plural)
lappum (dative plural)
lappōn (instrumental singular)
lappōm (instrumental plural)
lappum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: læppa
Middle English: lappe
English: lap

Old Saxon: lappo

Old Dutch: *lappa, *lap

Middle Dutch: lap, lappe

Dutch: lap

Old High German: lappo, lappa

German: Lappen

→ Old French: *labbe; labelle, label, labbelle, lambel (diminutive)

Middle French: label, lambeau, lambel

French: lambeau

→ Middle English: label, labelle

English: label
→ Danish: label
→ Dutch: label
→ French: label
→ Japanese: ラベル (raberu)
→ Polish: label

From Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang down loosely”).


skūm

skūm (nominative singular)
skūmō (nominative plural)
skūmōs (nominative plural)
skūm (accusative singular)
skūmā (accusative plural)
skūmas (genitive singular)
skūmō (genitive plural)
skūmē (dative singular)
skūmum (dative plural)
skūmu (instrumental singular)
skūmum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *skūm

Saterland Frisian: Skuum, Schuum

West Frisian: skûm, skom

Old Saxon: *skūm

Middle Low German: schûm

German Low German: Schuum

Old Dutch: *scūm

Middle Dutch: schuum

Dutch: schuim

Afrikaans: skuim

→ Middle English: scome, scume (partially from Old French escume)

Scots: skum, skoom

English: scum

Old High German: skūm, scūm

Middle High German: schūm

German: Schaum

→ Esperanto: ŝaŭmo

Luxembourgish: Schaum

→ Vulgar Latin: *scūma

Old French: escume

Middle French: escume, écume

French: écume

Medieval Latin: scuma, schuma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *skūmaz (“froth, foam”).


kastō

kastō (nominative singular)
kastan (nominative plural)
kastan (accusative singular)
kastan (accusative plural)
kastini (genitive singular)
kastan (genitive singular)
kastanō (genitive plural)
kastini (dative singular)
kastan (dative singular)
kastum (dative plural)
kastini (instrumental singular)
kastan (instrumental singular)
kastum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kasto

desc

Middle Low German: kaste, kast, kasse, kase

German Low German: Kast

⇒ Middle Low German: kasten

gl

→ Old Frisian: kasten (alternatively borrowed from Middle High German)

→ Saterland Frisian: Kaaste

→ West Frisian: kast (alternatively borrowed from Dutch)

Old Dutch: *casto

Middle Dutch: caste, kaste

Dutch: kast (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Old French: castiche

Middle French: castiche

⇒ Old French: casticheor

Middle French: casticheur

⇒ Old French: castichier (verb)

Middle French: casticher

⇒ Old French: castichement

desctree

Old High German: kasto
Middle High German: kaste
Alemannic German: Chaschte, Chaste, Kaschte
German: Kasten
Yiddish: קאַסטן (kastn)

→ Medieval Latin: castō, chastō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *kas, *kaʀ (“vessel, chest, basket”) + *-þ- + *-ō, or altered under the influence of *kistu (“chest”).
Alternatively borrowed from Medieval Latin cassa, from Latin capsa (“box, case”), again, altered by *kistu (“chest”).


krappō

krappō (nominative singular)
krappan (nominative plural)
krappan (accusative singular)
krappan (accusative plural)
krappini (genitive singular)
krappan (genitive singular)
krappanō (genitive plural)
krappini (dative singular)
krappan (dative singular)
krappum (dative plural)
krappini (instrumental singular)
krappan (instrumental singular)
krappum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: krappo

desc

Middle Low German: krappe, kroppe, kropp, krop

Old Dutch: *krappo

Middle Dutch: crappe

Dutch: krap

desctree

Old High German: krapho, kraffo, krapfo
Middle High German: krapfe
Alemannic German: Chrapfe
German: Krapfe, Krapfen
→ Italian: graffa

→ Old French: grappe (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *crappalt, *crapalt

Old French: crapaut, crapot

Middle French: crapuad

French: crapaud

→ English: crapaud

Occitan: grapaut

Catalan: grapal, gripal, gripau

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *greb-, perhaps cognate with Armenian կարթ (kartʻ, “fish-hook”), Lithuanian gárbana (“lock of hair”).


matisahs

matisahs (nominative singular)
matisahsu (nominative plural)
matisahs (accusative singular)
matisahsu (accusative plural)
matisahsas (genitive singular)
matisahsō (genitive plural)
matisahsē (dative singular)
matisahsum (dative plural)
matisahsu (instrumental singular)
matisahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meteseax, metseax

Old Frisian: mess, mes

West Frisian: mês

Old Saxon: metisahs, mezas

desc

Middle Low German: metset, messet, mezces, mest, mes

German Low German: Mest

Plautdietsch: Massa

Old Dutch: *metisas, *metsas, *mesas

Middle Dutch: mets, metser, messe, mes

desctree

Dutch: mes
Afrikaans: mes
→ Zulu: umese
Fanagalo: mes (or directly)
Berbice Creole Dutch: mesi
Jersey Dutch: määs
Negerhollands: mes
Skepi Creole Dutch: masa
→ Indonesian: mes (“medical knife”)
→ Japanese: メス (mesu, “medical knife”)
→ Korean: 메스 (meseu, “medical knife”)
→ Loup A: meschu (from the diminutive form)
→ Malagasy: méso, mésa

Old High German: mezzisahs, mezzeres, mezzirahs, mazsahs
Middle High German: messer, mezzer
Bavarian: Messa
Cimbrian: mèssar, mezzar (Luserna)
Mòcheno: messer
German: Messer
Yiddish: מעסער (meser)


wilig

wilig (nominative singular)
wiligō (nominative plural)
wiligōs (nominative plural)
wilig (accusative singular)
wiligā (accusative plural)
wiligas (genitive singular)
wiligō (genitive plural)
wiligē (dative singular)
wiligum (dative plural)
wiligu (instrumental singular)
wiligum (instrumental plural)

Old English: welig, weleg, weli, wylig
Middle English: wylow, welew, weleygh, welo, welogh, welou, wely, whilwh, wilew, wilghe, wilou, wilowh, wilwe, wylew, wylgh, wylugh, wylw
English: willow
Scots: willy, willie

Old Frisian: *wilich

West Frisian: wylch

From Proto-Germanic *wiligaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welik-, *weliḱ- (“willow”).


kamarling

kamarling (nominative singular)
kamarlingō (nominative plural)
kamarlingōs (nominative plural)
kamarling (accusative singular)
kamarlingā (accusative plural)
kamarlingas (genitive singular)
kamarlingō (genitive plural)
kamarlingē (dative singular)
kamarlingum (dative plural)
kamarlingu (instrumental singular)
kamarlingum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *kamerling

Middle Dutch: cāmerlinc

Dutch: kamerling

Old High German: chamarling

desc

→ Medieval Latin: camerlingus, camerlengus, camarlingus, camberlingus, camerlanus, cambellanus (see there for further descendants)


salh

salh (nominative singular)
salhō (nominative plural)
salhōs (nominative plural)
salh (accusative singular)
salhā (accusative plural)
salhas (genitive singular)
salhō (genitive plural)
salhē (dative singular)
salhum (dative plural)
salhu (instrumental singular)
salhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sealh, saliġ

Middle English: salwe, saly

English: sallow, sally

Old Saxon: *salha

Middle Low German: *sale

⇒ Middle Low German: salewîde)

Old High German: salaha

Middle High German: salehe, salhe

⇒ Middle High German: salewīde

German: Salweide

→ Old French: saule

Middle French: saule

French: saule

From Proto-Germanic *salhaz (“willow”), from From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂lk- (“willow”). Cognate with Welsh helyg, Latin salix.


wiligijā

wiligijā (nominative singular)
wiligijōn (nominative plural)
wiligijōn (accusative singular)
wiligijōn (accusative plural)
wiligijōn (genitive singular)
wiligijōnō (genitive plural)
wiligijōn (dative singular)
wiligijōm (dative plural)
wiligijum (dative plural)
wiligijōn (instrumental singular)
wiligijōm (instrumental plural)
wiligijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiliġe; wiliġa

Middle English: wilie, whilye

Old Frisian: *wilige, *wilge

Saterland Frisian: Wüülge

Old Saxon: wilgia

Middle Low German: wilge

Low German: Wilge

Old Dutch: *wilga

Middle Dutch: wilge

Dutch: wilg

Old High German: *wilgea, *wilga

Middle High German: wilge


swak

swak (masculine nominative singular)
swaku (feminine nominative singular)
swak (neuter nominative singular)
swakanā (accusative masculine singular)
swakā (accusative feminine singular)
swak (accusative neuter singular)
swakas (genitive masculine singular)
swakeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
swakas (genitive neuter singular)
swakumē (dative masculine singular)
swakeʀē (dative feminine singular)
swakumē (dative neuter singular)
swaku (instrumental masculine singular)
swakeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
swaku (instrumental neuter singular)
swakē (masculine nominative plural)
swakō (feminine nominative plural)
swaku (neuter nominative plural)
swakā (accusative masculine plural)
swakā (accusative feminine plural)
swaku (accusative neuter plural)
swakeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
swakeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
swakeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
swakēm (dative masculine plural)
swakum (dative masculine plural)
swakēm (dative feminine plural)
swakum (dative feminine plural)
swakēm (dative neuter plural)
swakum (dative neuter plural)
swakēm (instrumental masculine plural)
swakum (instrumental masculine plural)
swakēm (feminine instrumental plural)
swakum (feminine instrumental plural)
swakēm (instrumental neuter plural)
swakum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *swæc

Middle English: swac

English: swack (dialectal)

Scots: swack, swake

⇒ Old English: swæcehēow

Old Frisian: *swak

Saterland Frisian: swäk

West Frisian: swak

Old Saxon: *swak

Middle Low German: swac, swak, swack

German Low German: swack

Plautdietsch: schwak

→ Danish: svag

→ Norwegian Bokmål: svak

→ Swedish: svag

→ Gutnish: svagar, svagur

Old Dutch: *swak

Middle Dutch: swac

Dutch: zwak

Afrikaans: swak

Old High German: *swah

Middle High German: swach

Bavarian: schwåch

German: schwach

Luxembourgish: schwaach

Vilamovian: śwaoch

Yiddish: שוואַך (shvakh)

Perhaps Proto-Indo-European *swe(n)g-, *swe(n)k- (“to bend, swing, sway, waver”); compare the verbs *swinkan and *swankijan.


þrot

þrot (nominative singular)
þrotu (nominative plural)
þrot (accusative singular)
þrotu (accusative plural)
þrotas (genitive singular)
þrotō (genitive plural)
þrotē (dative singular)
þrotum (dative plural)
þrotu (instrumental singular)
þrotum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrot

Old Saxon: *throt

⇒ Old Saxon: farthrot


stunōn

stunōn (infinitive)
stunōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stunōnijē (dative infinitive)
stunōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stunō (first-person present singular)
stunōdā (first-person past singular)
stunōs (present second-person singular)
stunōdēs (past second-person singular)
stunōdōs (past second-person singular)
stunōþ (present singular third-person)
stunōdē (past singular third-person)
stunōdā (past singular third-person)
stunōm (first-person plural present)
stunōdum (first-person past plural)
stunōþ (plural present second-person)
stunōdud (past plural second-person)
stunōnþ (plural present third-person)
stunōdun (past plural third-person)
stunōdī (first-person past singular)
stunōdī (past second-person singular)
stunō (present singular third-person)
stunōdī (past singular third-person)
stunōdīm (first-person past plural)
stunōdīd (past plural second-person)
stunōn (plural present third-person)
stunōdīn (past plural third-person)
stunō (present singular)
stunōþ (plural present)
stunōndī (participle present)
stunōd (participle past)

Old English: stunian

Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen

Scots: stun, stound, stony

English: stun, stound, astonish

Old Saxon: *stunōn

Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen (latter merged with stēnen)

Dutch Low Saxon: steunen

German Low German: stöhnen

→ German: stöhnen

Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn

Middle Dutch: stōnen

Dutch: steunen (merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)

Old High German: *stunōn

Middle High German: stunen, stunden

q

→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *stunōną (“to thunder, rumble, drone, groan”).


spinnilu

spinnilu (nominative singular)
spinnilō (nominative plural)
spinnilā (accusative singular)
spinnilā (accusative plural)
spinnilā (genitive singular)
spinnilō (genitive plural)
spinnilē (dative singular)
spinnilōm (dative plural)
spinnilum (dative plural)
spinnilu (instrumental singular)
spinnilōm (instrumental plural)
spinnilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spinel, spinl, spinil, spindel, spindle
Middle English: spyndel, spyndylle, spyndell, spindelle, spyndle, spindil, spyndill, spyndul, spindel, spinle, spindle
English: spindle, spinnel
Scots: spinnell, spindill

Old Frisian: spindel

North Frisian: spandel

Saterland Frisian: Spilne

West Frisian: spille, spil (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: spinnila

desc

Middle Low German: spinnel, spindel, spille

German Low German: Spill

→ German: Spill

→ Danish: spindel

→ Swedish: spindel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: spindel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: spindel

Old Dutch: *spinla, spilla

Middle Dutch: spindel, spendel, spille

Dutch: spindel; spil

Old High German: spinnila, spinnela, spinnala, spilla

Middle High German: spinnel, spinele, spille

q

German: Spindel; Spille (dialectal except in spillerig, Spillbaum)

Luxembourgish: Spëndel


mandu

mandu (nominative singular)
mandō (nominative plural)
mandā (accusative singular)
mandā (accusative plural)
mandā (genitive singular)
mandō (genitive plural)
mandē (dative singular)
mandōm (dative plural)
mandum (dative plural)
mandu (instrumental singular)
mandōm (instrumental plural)
mandum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mand, mond

Old Saxon: *manda

Middle Low German: mande

German Low German:

Westmünsterländisch: Mände, Männe (Gescher, Raesfeld, Ramsdorf, Rhede, Vreden), Mande (Borken, Rhede, Vreden), Mäinde (Stadtlohn, Südlohn, Weseke)

Old Dutch: *manda

Middle Dutch: mande

desctree

Dutch: mand
Afrikaans: mandjie (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mánki
→ Mohegan-Pequot: manodah
→ Saramaccan: mánda

→ Old French: mande [1202, Tailliar]

Middle French: mande, manne

French: manne, (dialectal) mande

→ Breton: man

desc

→ Middle English: maunde, mawnde, maundye, maundie, mande [c. 1390, The Mirror of St. Edmund]

English: maund

Scots: mand

⇒ Middle Dutch: mandeken, mandekijn

→ Old French: mannequin [1202, Tailliar]

Middle French: mannequin

French: mannequin (“small horticultural basket”)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *menth₂- (“to whisk, stir”).


aliʀu

aliʀu (nominative singular)
aliʀō (nominative plural)
aliʀā (accusative singular)
aliʀā (accusative plural)
aliʀā (genitive singular)
aliʀō (genitive plural)
aliʀē (dative singular)
aliʀōm (dative plural)
aliʀum (dative plural)
aliʀu (instrumental singular)
aliʀōm (instrumental plural)
aliʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: alor, aler
Middle English: aldre, alder, aldur, aldyr, aleyre, aller, alre, althir, olr
English: alder
Scots: aller

Old Dutch: *alisa

Middle Dutch: else

Dutch: els

Afrikaans: els

desc

Old High German: alar, erila, elira, *alisa, *elisa

Middle High German: alze, els, eller, elre

German: Erle

→ Vulgar Latin: *alisa

Old French: alie, allie, alis

Middle French: alie, alise

French: alise

From Proto-Germanic *alizō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élis- (“alder”).


alasnu

alasnu (nominative singular)
alasnō (nominative plural)
alasnā (accusative singular)
alasnā (accusative plural)
alasnā (genitive singular)
alasnō (genitive plural)
alasnē (dative singular)
alasnōm (dative plural)
alasnum (dative plural)
alasnu (instrumental singular)
alasnōm (instrumental plural)
alasnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *alansa

Middle Low German: alse, elase, elasene

Old Dutch: *alsina

Middle Dutch: elsne, elsene, elsen, alsene

Dutch: els, (dialectal) elase

→ Middle English: elsen, elsyn, elson, alsene

English: elsin, elsen (dialectal, UK)

Scots: elsin, elsing, elson

Old High German: alansa, alesna

Middle High German: *alesne, *elnse

German: Alesne, Alse, Else (dialectal, Swiss German)

→ Vulgar Latin: *alisna, *lexina (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *alasnō (“awl”). Equivalent to *al (“awl”) + *-snu.


nū

Old English: nū

Middle English: nu, nou

Scots: noo, nou

English: now

Northumbrian: noo

Old Frisian: nū

Saterland Frisian: nu

West Frisian: no

Old Saxon: nū

Middle Low German: nū

Low German: nu

desctree

Old Dutch: nū
Middle Dutch: nu
Dutch: nu
Limburgish: noe

Old High German: nu, nū

Middle High German: nu, nū, nun, nūn

German: nun, nu

Esperanto: nun


bineutan

bineutan (infinitive)
bineutannjas (genitive infinitive)
bineutannjē (dative infinitive)
bineutannju (infinitive instrumental)
bineutu (first-person present singular)
binaut (first-person past singular)
biniutiʀi (present second-person singular)
binutī (past second-person singular)
biniutidi (present singular third-person)
binaut (past singular third-person)
bineutum (first-person plural present)
binutum (first-person past plural)
biniutid (plural present second-person)
binutud (past plural second-person)
bineutand (plural present third-person)
binutun (past plural third-person)
bineutē (first-person present singular)
binutī (first-person past singular)
bineutēs (present second-person singular)
bineutē (present singular third-person)
binutī (past singular third-person)
bineutēm (first-person plural present)
binutīm (first-person past plural)
bineutēþ (plural present second-person)
binutīd (past plural second-person)
bineutēn (plural present third-person)
binutīn (past plural third-person)
biniut (present singular)
biniutid (plural present)
bineutandī (participle present)
binotan (participle past)

Old English: benēotan

Old Frisian: biniāta, binieta

Old Saxon: biniotan, bineotan

Middle Low German: benēten


strenō

strenō (nominative singular)
strenan (nominative plural)
strenan (accusative singular)
strenan (accusative plural)
strinini (genitive singular)
strenan (genitive singular)
strenanō (genitive plural)
strinini (dative singular)
strenan (dative singular)
strenum (dative plural)
strinini (instrumental singular)
strenan (instrumental singular)
strenum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *streno

Middle Dutch: strēne

Dutch: streen

Old High German: streno

Middle High German: strëne, strën

German: Strähne

→ Old French: *estren, estran

→ Middle English: *stran

Scots: stran, strawn

English: strand

From Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”).


skallju

skallju (nominative singular)
skalljō (nominative plural)
skalljā (accusative singular)
skalljā (accusative plural)
skalljā (genitive singular)
skalljō (genitive plural)
skalljē (dative singular)
skalljōm (dative plural)
skalljum (dative plural)
skallju (instrumental singular)
skalljōm (instrumental plural)
skalljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċiell, sċiel, sċyll, sċyl, sċill, sċil, sċell, sċel
Middle English: schelle
English: shell
Scots: schel, schell

Old Frisian: *skell, *skill

Saterland Frisian: Skeele, Skiele

West Frisian: skyl

Old Saxon: *skellia

Middle Low German: schelle, schille

German Low German: Schille, Schill

→ German: Schellfisch (compound)

Old Dutch: *skella

Middle Dutch: scelle, scille, schelle

Dutch: schil
Afrikaans: skel, skil
Negerhollands: skel

desc

→ Middle English: schelle, schele, shelle, scille (“scale, outer layer, surface chip”)

Old High German: *skella

Middle High German: schelle (Central German)

→ Friulian: scae

desctree

→ Old French: escaille, eschaille, escalle
Middle French: escaille, eschaille, esquaille, escalle
French: écaille
→ Middle English: shelle, schelle, scele (“vessel, dish, drinking vessel”)

→ Italian: scaglia

→ Piedmontese: scaja

→ Venetian: scaja

From Proto-Germanic *skaljō (“scale, shell, husk”).


masur

masur (nominative singular)
masurō (nominative plural)
masurōs (nominative plural)
masur (accusative singular)
masurā (accusative plural)
masuras (genitive singular)
masurō (genitive plural)
masurē (dative singular)
masurum (dative plural)
masuru (instrumental singular)
masurum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *mæser, *maser, *masor
Middle English: maser, mazer
English: mazer

Old Saxon: masur

Middle Low German: maser

Old Dutch: *masur, *masar

Middle Dutch: maser, maeser

Dutch: maser

⇒ Middle Dutch: maserijn (adj.)

Old High German: masar, masor

Middle High German: maser

Alemannic German: Mäser

German: Maser

desc

→ Old French: mazer, maser, mazar, madre (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *masuraz (“maple or walnut wood”).


kahu

kahu (nominative singular)
kahwō (nominative plural)
kahwā (accusative singular)
kahwā (accusative plural)
kahwā (genitive singular)
kahwō (genitive plural)
kahwē (dative singular)
kahwōm (dative plural)
kahum (dative plural)
kahu (instrumental singular)
kahwōm (instrumental plural)
kahum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċeahhe
Middle English: ka, ca, coo, koo; choughe, chowghe
Scots: ka, kae, kaae
English: chough

Old Frisian: *kā

West Frisian: ka

Old Saxon: *kaha, kāa, kā

Middle Low German: kâ

German Low German: Kaa; Kaan

→ Danish: kå

→ Swedish: kaja

→ Norwegian: kaie, kaae (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *kawa, *ka

Middle Dutch: cauwe, ka

Dutch: kauw, ka

→ West Frisian: ka (likely borrowed)

Old High German: kaha, kāa, kā

Middle High German: chouch

→ Middle French: choucas

French: choucas

desc

→ Vulgar Latin: *cawa, *cāva, *cawa, *cāwa (see there for further descendants)

From the root of Proto-Germanic *kawjaną (“to call”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH- (“to call, cry”).


hūō

hūō (nominative singular)
hūan (nominative plural)
hūan (accusative singular)
hūan (accusative plural)
hūini (genitive singular)
hūan (genitive singular)
hūanō (genitive plural)
hūini (dative singular)
hūan (dative singular)
hūm (dative plural)
hūini (instrumental singular)
hūan (instrumental singular)
hūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hū; *hūle

Middle English: howle; howlat, houlott

Scots: howle, houll; hoolet

→ French: hulotte

⇒ Old English: hūilpa

Old Saxon: hūwo, hūo

Old High German: hūwo; hūwila

Middle High German: hūwe; hūwel, hiuwel

Alemannic German: Huu

desctree

German: Uhu, Huw, Huhu, Huher
→ Dutch: oehoe

Probably ultimately of imitative origin. Cognacy with Russian сова́ (sová, “owl”), Latin cāvannus (“owl”) (< Celtic), Old Breton couann (“owl”), is implausible on phonological grounds.

onomatopoeic

imitative


baʀjan

baʀjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
baʀjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
baʀjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
baʀjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
baʀju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
baʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
baʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
baʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
baʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
baʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
baʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
baʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
baʀjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
baʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
baʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
baʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
baʀjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
baʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
baʀjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
baʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
baʀjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
baʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
baʀjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
baʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
baʀjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
baʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
baʀjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
baʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
baʀjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
baʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
baʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
baʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
baʀjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
baʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: berian

Old Frisian: *beria

West Frisian: bere

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) to bare, make bare


skirmijan

skirmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skirmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skirmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skirmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skirmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skirmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skirmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skirmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skirmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skirmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skirmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skirmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skirmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skirmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skirmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skirmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skirmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skirmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skirmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skirmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skirmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skirmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skirmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skirmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skirmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skirmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skirmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skirmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skirmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skirmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skirmi (class-1 present singular weak)
skirmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skirmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skirmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: skirma

⇒ Old Frisian: biskirma, beskermia

West Frisian: beskermje

Old Saxon: *skermian

Middle Low German: schermen

desctree

Old Dutch: *skirmen
Middle Dutch: schermen

Old High German: skirmen, bescirmen
Middle High German: schirmen
German: schirmen
→ Esperanto: ŝirmi
→⇒ Czech: šermovat

→ Vulgar Latin: *scermiō, *scirmīō (see there for further descendants)

From *skirmi (“fur, hide; covering, shelter”) + *-jan.


wankijan

wankijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wankijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wankijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wankijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wankiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wankidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wankisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wankidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wankidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wankiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wankidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wankidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wankijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wankidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wankiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wankidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wankijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wankidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wankijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wankidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wankijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wankidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wankijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wankidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wankijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wankidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wankijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wankidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wankijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wankidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wanki (class-1 present singular weak)
wankiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wankijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wankid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *wenka, *wenza

Saterland Frisian: wänke, wäänke

Old Saxon: wenkian

Middle Low German: wenken

German Low German: wenken

Old Dutch: *wenken, winken

Middle Dutch: wenken, winken

Dutch: wenken

Old High German: wenken

Middle High German: wenken

German: wenken (archaic)

→ Vulgar Latin: *wenchiō

desc

Old French: guenchir, genchir, guinchir, ganchir

Middle French: guenchir, genchir

French: guenchir

Old Northern French: wenchir, winchir

desctree

→ Middle English: wyncen, wynce, wynche, wyncyn, wynse, wynsen, wynci (Early Middle English)
English: wince
Scots: wince, winch

From Proto-Germanic *wankijaną (“to sway”), from Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend”).


daftī

daftī (masculine nominative singular)
daftiju (feminine nominative singular)
daftī (neuter nominative singular)
daftijanā (accusative masculine singular)
daftijā (accusative feminine singular)
daftī (accusative neuter singular)
daftijas (genitive masculine singular)
daftijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
daftijas (genitive neuter singular)
daftijumē (dative masculine singular)
daftijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
daftijumē (dative neuter singular)
daftiju (instrumental masculine singular)
daftijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
daftiju (instrumental neuter singular)
daftijē (masculine nominative plural)
daftijō (feminine nominative plural)
daftiju (neuter nominative plural)
daftijā (accusative masculine plural)
daftijā (accusative feminine plural)
daftiju (accusative neuter plural)
daftijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
daftijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
daftijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
daftijēm (dative masculine plural)
daftijum (dative masculine plural)
daftijēm (dative feminine plural)
daftijum (dative feminine plural)
daftijēm (dative neuter plural)
daftijum (dative neuter plural)
daftijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
daftijum (instrumental masculine plural)
daftijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
daftijum (feminine instrumental plural)
daftijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
daftijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: dæfte
Middle English: defte, dafte, daft, deffte
English: daft, deft
Scots: daft, dauft

From unattested *dafti + *-ī (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *daftiz, from *dabaną (“to be fitting, suitable”) + *-þiz.


wurpijan

wurpijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wurpijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wurpijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wurpijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wurpiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wurpidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wurpisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wurpidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wurpidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wurpiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wurpidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wurpidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wurpijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wurpidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wurpiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wurpidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wurpijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wurpidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wurpijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wurpidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wurpijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wurpidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wurpijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wurpidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wurpijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wurpidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wurpijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wurpidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wurpijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wurpidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wurpi (class-1 present singular weak)
wurpiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wurpijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wurpid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wyrpan (“to throw”)

Old High German: *wurfen

Middle High German: wurfen

desc

→ Medieval Latin: werpiō, worpiō, guerpiō, gurpiō [723 CE, Saint-Omer, France] (see there for further descendants)


taisijan

taisijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
taisijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
taisijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
taisijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
taisiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taisidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
taisisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taisidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taisidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taisiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taisidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taisidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taisijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taisidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taisiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taisidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
taisijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taisidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
taisijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taisidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
taisijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taisidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taisijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taisidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taisijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taisidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
taisijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taisidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
taisijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taisidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
taisi (class-1 present singular weak)
taisiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
taisijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
taisid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: tǣsan
Middle English: tesen, taise, teise, tese, tesien
English: tease
Scots: tease, taise
Yola: tyshe

Old Frisian: *tēsa, *tēsia

desc

West Frisian: tize, tiizje, tieze, tiezje

Old Saxon: *tēsian

Middle Low German: têsen

→ Danish: tæse

→ Swedish: teisa, tesa (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *teisen

Middle Dutch: têsen

Dutch: tezen


druknijan

druknijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
druknijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
druknijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
druknijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
drukniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
druknidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
druknisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
druknidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
druknidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
drukniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
druknidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
druknidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
druknijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
druknidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
drukniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
druknidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
druknijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
druknidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
druknijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
druknidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
druknijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
druknidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
druknijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
druknidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
druknijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
druknidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
druknijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
druknidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
druknijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
druknidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
drukni (class-1 present singular weak)
drukniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
druknijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
druknid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: drycnan

⇒ Old English: ġedrycnan

Old Saxon: druknian

Old High German: trukkanen, truckanen, trokkanen

Middle High German: truckenen

German: trocknen

Luxembourgish: dréchnen, dréchenen (merged with *drūgijan)


breku

breku (nominative singular)
brekō (nominative plural)
brekā (accusative singular)
brekā (accusative plural)
brekā (genitive singular)
brekō (genitive plural)
brekē (dative singular)
brekōm (dative plural)
brekum (dative plural)
breku (instrumental singular)
brekōm (instrumental plural)
brekum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlāfġebrecu (possibly)

Old High German: brehha

Middle High German: breche

German: Breche

→ Vulgar Latin: *breca

Old French: breche, brekke, bresche, breke

Middle French: breche, bresche

French: brèche

→ Dutch bres

→ German: Bresche

→ Italian: brecchia, breccia

→ Spanish: brecha

→ Portuguese: brecha

Norman: brèque

Occitan: brech

Vulgar Latin: *brecāre, *breciāre

Old French: *brecher, *brechier

Old French: esbrechier

Middle French: ebrecher

French: ébrécher

Occitan: bercar


hōdijan

hōdijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hōdijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hōdijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hōdijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hōdiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hōdidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hōdisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hōdidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hōdidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hōdiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hōdidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hōdidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hōdijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hōdidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hōdiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hōdidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hōdijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hōdidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hōdijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hōdidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hōdijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hōdidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hōdijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hōdidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hōdijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hōdidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hōdijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hōdidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hōdijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hōdidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hōdi (class-1 present singular weak)
hōdiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hōdijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hōdid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: hēdan, hœ̄dan
Middle English: heden
English: heed
Scots: hede

Old Frisian: hōda, hūda, *hēda; hōdia (wk2)

Saterland Frisian: häide, houde, houdje

West Frisian: hoedje, hoedzje

Old Saxon: hōdian, huodian
Middle Low German: hôden, hûden, hö̂den, hoeden, hoiden, hoyden, houden, heiden, höden
German Low German: höden

Old Dutch: huoden
Middle Dutch: hoeden
Dutch: hoeden
Afrikaans: hoed

Old High German: huoten

Middle High German: hüeten

Bavarian: hiatn

Cimbrian: hüutan

German: hüten
→ Danish: hytte

Luxembourgish: hidden

From *hōd (“shelter, protection, defense”) + *-jan. Of uncertain ultimate origin regarding connections outside of West Germanic; often compared to Proto-Germanic *hattuz (“hat, hood”) or *hōdaz (“hood”), both perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to cover, protect”), but the combination of voiceless and aspirated consonants is not common. Perhaps a substrate word, or developed from a causative Proto-Indo-European *koHtéyeti.

cog

to shelter; defend; protect against; guard; heed

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


smeltan

smeltan (infinitive)
smeltannjas (genitive infinitive)
smeltannjē (dative infinitive)
smeltannju (infinitive instrumental)
smeltu (first-person present singular)
smalt (first-person past singular)
smiltiʀi (present second-person singular)
smultī (past second-person singular)
smiltidi (present singular third-person)
smalt (past singular third-person)
smeltum (first-person plural present)
smultum (first-person past plural)
smiltid (plural present second-person)
smultud (past plural second-person)
smeltand (plural present third-person)
smultun (past plural third-person)
smeltē (first-person present singular)
smultī (first-person past singular)
smeltēs (present second-person singular)
smeltē (present singular third-person)
smultī (past singular third-person)
smeltēm (first-person plural present)
smultīm (first-person past plural)
smeltēþ (plural present second-person)
smultīd (past plural second-person)
smeltēn (plural present third-person)
smultīn (past plural third-person)
smilt (present singular)
smiltid (plural present)
smeltandī (participle present)
smoltan (participle past)

Old English: *smeltan

⇒ Old English: smelting

Old Frisian: *smelta

Saterland Frisian: smilte

West Frisian: smelte

Old Saxon: smeltan

Middle Low German: smelten

Low German: smölten

desctree

Old Dutch: *smeltan
Middle Dutch: smelten
Dutch: smelten
Afrikaans: smelt
Berbice Creole Dutch: smelti
Negerhollands: smelt
→ English: smelt
Limburgish: smöltje

Old High German: smelzan

Middle High German: smelzen

German: schmelzen

Luxembourgish: schmëlzen