swerkan

swerkan (infinitive)
swerkannjas (genitive infinitive)
swerkannjē (dative infinitive)
swerkannju (infinitive instrumental)
swerku (first-person present singular)
swark (first-person past singular)
swirkiʀi (present second-person singular)
swurkī (past second-person singular)
swirkidi (present singular third-person)
swark (past singular third-person)
swerkum (first-person plural present)
swurkum (first-person past plural)
swirkid (plural present second-person)
swurkud (past plural second-person)
swerkand (plural present third-person)
swurkun (past plural third-person)
swerkē (first-person present singular)
swurkī (first-person past singular)
swerkēs (present second-person singular)
swerkē (present singular third-person)
swurkī (past singular third-person)
swerkēm (first-person plural present)
swurkīm (first-person past plural)
swerkēþ (plural present second-person)
swurkīd (past plural second-person)
swerkēn (plural present third-person)
swurkīn (past plural third-person)
swirk (present singular)
swirkid (plural present)
swerkandī (participle present)
sworkan (participle past)

Old English: sweorcan

Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)

Old Frisian: swerka

Old Saxon: swerkan

Middle Low German: swerken

Low German: swerken, schwerken

Old Dutch: *swerkan

Middle Dutch: swerken

Old High German: swerchan


klainī

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

klainī (masculine nominative singular)
klainiju (feminine nominative singular)
klainī (neuter nominative singular)
klainijanā (accusative masculine singular)
klainijā (accusative feminine singular)
klainī (accusative neuter singular)
klainijas (genitive masculine singular)
klainijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
klainijas (genitive neuter singular)
klainijumē (dative masculine singular)
klainijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
klainijumē (dative neuter singular)
klainiju (instrumental masculine singular)
klainijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
klainiju (instrumental neuter singular)
klainijē (masculine nominative plural)
klainijō (feminine nominative plural)
klainiju (neuter nominative plural)
klainijā (accusative masculine plural)
klainijā (accusative feminine plural)
klainiju (accusative neuter plural)
klainijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
klainijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
klainijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
klainijēm (dative masculine plural)
klainijum (dative masculine plural)
klainijēm (dative feminine plural)
klainijum (dative feminine plural)
klainijēm (dative neuter plural)
klainijum (dative neuter plural)
klainijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
klainijum (instrumental masculine plural)
klainijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
klainijum (feminine instrumental plural)
klainijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
klainijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: clǣne (“clean, pure”)
Middle English: clene
English: clean
Scots: clene, clein

Old Frisian: klēne (“small”)

North Frisian: klien

Saterland Frisian: kleen

West Frisian: klien

Old Saxon: klēni (“delicate, fine”)

Middle Low German: kleine, klêne, kleyne, kleyn, klyne, klên, klyn
Low German: kleen
→ Old Norse: klénn
Icelandic: klénn
Faroese: klænur
Norwegian: klen, klein
Old Swedish: klēn
Swedish: klen
Danish: klejn

Old Dutch: cleini (“small, fine”)
Middle Dutch: cleine, clêne, clein, cleen
Dutch: klein
Afrikaans: klein
Jersey Dutch: klāin
Negerhollands: kleen, klen
Skepi Creole Dutch: klenk
Limburgish: klein

Old High German: kleini (“fine, small; clean”)
Middle High German: klein, kleine
Alemannic German: chlii, chly, chlei, klei, chli
Swabian: gloi
Vorarlbergerisch: klän, klen, kli, klin
Bavarian: klaa, kloa
Apeltonerisch: klua
Cimbrian: khlòan, khlumma (Luserna)
Mòcheno: khloa'n
Central Franconian: kleen
Hunsrik: kleen
Kölsch: klein
German: klein
Luxembourgish: kleng
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: klaan
Pennsylvania German: glee
Yiddish: קליין (kleyn)

Unknown; usually suggested to be related to *klenan (“to stick; to smear”) and *klaij (“clay”), through an intermediate meaning of either “shining” or “finely smeared, plastered”, however this is disputed. Alternatively proposed to be a substrate borrowing, perhaps merged from two separate terms meaning “clean” and “small”, respectively.


wlank

wlank (masculine nominative singular)
wlanku (feminine nominative singular)
wlank (neuter nominative singular)
wlankanā (accusative masculine singular)
wlankā (accusative feminine singular)
wlank (accusative neuter singular)
wlankas (genitive masculine singular)
wlankeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wlankas (genitive neuter singular)
wlankumē (dative masculine singular)
wlankeʀē (dative feminine singular)
wlankumē (dative neuter singular)
wlanku (instrumental masculine singular)
wlankeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wlanku (instrumental neuter singular)
wlankē (masculine nominative plural)
wlankō (feminine nominative plural)
wlanku (neuter nominative plural)
wlankā (accusative masculine plural)
wlankā (accusative feminine plural)
wlanku (accusative neuter plural)
wlankeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wlankeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wlankeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wlankēm (dative masculine plural)
wlankum (dative masculine plural)
wlankēm (dative feminine plural)
wlankum (dative feminine plural)
wlankēm (dative neuter plural)
wlankum (dative neuter plural)
wlankēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wlankum (instrumental masculine plural)
wlankēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wlankum (feminine instrumental plural)
wlankēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wlankum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wlanc, wlonc
Middle English: wlonk, wlanck, wlank, wlonc, wlong

Old Saxon: wlank
Middle Low German: wlank

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wleh₁-, *h₂welh₁- (“to rule; strong”), whence Proto-West Germanic *waldan (“to rule”).


rādislī

rādislī (nominative singular)
rādisliju (nominative plural)
rādislī (accusative singular)
rādisliju (accusative plural)
rādislijas (genitive singular)
rādislijō (genitive plural)
rādislijē (dative singular)
rādislijum (dative plural)
rādisliju (instrumental singular)
rādislijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rǣdels, rǣdelse, rǣsele
Middle English: redels, redel, rydel, ridil
English: riddle
Scots: riddill, riddil
→ Norn: ridl

Old Saxon: rādisli, rādislo

desc

Middle Low German: rēdisle, rātsel, rādelse, rēdelse

German Low German: Raadsel

Low German: redelse, radelse

⇒ Middle Low German: redelschen, redelszen

Old Dutch: *rādisli, *rādsili

Middle Dutch: ratsele, raetsel, rādeles, rāles

desctree

Dutch: raadsel
Afrikaans: rasel, raaisel

Old High German: rādisli (hapax, Ripuarian)

Middle High German: rātsal, rētsel (rare, Central German)

German: Rätsel

From *rādan (“to advise; to guess, interpret”) + *-islī.


felhan

felhan (infinitive)
felhannjas (genitive infinitive)
felhannjē (dative infinitive)
felhannju (infinitive instrumental)
felhu (first-person present singular)
falh (first-person past singular)
filhiʀi (present second-person singular)
fulgī (past second-person singular)
filhidi (present singular third-person)
falh (past singular third-person)
felhum (first-person plural present)
fulgum (first-person past plural)
filhid (plural present second-person)
fulgud (past plural second-person)
felhand (plural present third-person)
fulgun (past plural third-person)
felhē (first-person present singular)
fulgī (first-person past singular)
felhēs (present second-person singular)
felhē (present singular third-person)
fulgī (past singular third-person)
felhēm (first-person plural present)
fulgīm (first-person past plural)
felhēþ (plural present second-person)
fulgīd (past plural second-person)
felhēn (plural present third-person)
fulgīn (past plural third-person)
filh (present singular)
filhid (plural present)
felhandī (participle present)
folgan (participle past)

Old English: fēolan

Middle English: felen

English: feal (“to hide”)

Old Frisian: fela

Old Saxon: felhan

Middle Low German: vēlen

Old Dutch: *felan

Middle Dutch: vēlen

Dutch: velen

Old High German: felahan, felhan

Middle High German: felhen, velhen


spōan

spōan (infinitive)
spōannjas (genitive infinitive)
spōannjē (dative infinitive)
spōannju (infinitive instrumental)
spōu (first-person present singular)
speō (first-person past singular)
spōiʀi (present second-person singular)
speōī (past second-person singular)
spōidi (present singular third-person)
speō (past singular third-person)
spōum (first-person plural present)
speōum (first-person past plural)
spōid (plural present second-person)
speōud (past plural second-person)
spōand (plural present third-person)
speōun (past plural third-person)
spōē (first-person present singular)
speōī (first-person past singular)
spōēs (present second-person singular)
spōē (present singular third-person)
speōī (past singular third-person)
spōēm (first-person plural present)
speōīm (first-person past plural)
spōēþ (plural present second-person)
speōīd (past plural second-person)
spōēn (plural present third-person)
speōīn (past plural third-person)
spō (present singular)
spōid (plural present)
spōandī (participle present)
spōan (participle past)

Old English: spōwan

Old Saxon: *spōan

⇒ Old Saxon: *andspōan, *antspōan

Middle Low German: untspōn, entspōn (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Dutch: *spuon

Middle Dutch: spoen

⇒ Old Dutch: *antspuon

Middle Dutch: ontspoen

Old High German: spuoan, spuoen, spuon

Middle High German: spuon

From Proto-Germanic *spōaną, from Proto-Indo-European *spóh₁-e-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *speh₁- (“to succeed, prosper”).


rūnōn

rūnōn (infinitive)
rūnōnijas (genitive infinitive)
rūnōnijē (dative infinitive)
rūnōniju (infinitive instrumental)
rūnō (first-person present singular)
rūnōdā (first-person past singular)
rūnōs (present second-person singular)
rūnōdēs (past second-person singular)
rūnōdōs (past second-person singular)
rūnōþ (present singular third-person)
rūnōdē (past singular third-person)
rūnōdā (past singular third-person)
rūnōm (first-person plural present)
rūnōdum (first-person past plural)
rūnōþ (plural present second-person)
rūnōdud (past plural second-person)
rūnōnþ (plural present third-person)
rūnōdun (past plural third-person)
rūnōdī (first-person past singular)
rūnōdī (past second-person singular)
rūnō (present singular third-person)
rūnōdī (past singular third-person)
rūnōdīm (first-person past plural)
rūnōdīd (past plural second-person)
rūnōn (plural present third-person)
rūnōdīn (past plural third-person)
rūnō (present singular)
rūnōþ (plural present)
rūnōndī (participle present)
rūnōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: rūnian
Middle English: rounen, rownen
English: roun, round
Scots: roun, round

Old Frisian: *rūnia

Saterland Frisian: ruunje

West Frisian: rúnje

Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian

Middle Low German: rûnen

German Low German: runen

Old Dutch: *rūnōn

Middle Dutch: rûnen, ruynen, roenen

Dutch: ruinen

→ West Frisian: reaunje, reauntsje

Old High German: rūnōn

Middle High German: rūnen

German: raunen

→ Old French: runer

Middle French: runer


Gautafriþu

Gautafriþu (nominative singular)
Gautafriþā (accusative singular)
Gautafriþā (genitive singular)
Gautafriþē (dative singular)
Gautafriþu (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Gautfred

German: Gottfried
→ Swedish: Gottfrid

→ Latin: Godefridus (see there for further descendants)

a male given name, equivalent to English Godfrey or Jeffrey


asil

asil (nominative singular)
asilō (nominative plural)
asilōs (nominative plural)
asil (accusative singular)
asilā (accusative plural)
asilas (genitive singular)
asilō (genitive plural)
asilē (dative singular)
asilum (dative plural)
asilu (instrumental singular)
asilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: esol, eosol — Anglian
Middle English: asald

Old Frisian: *esel

North Frisian: eesel

Saterland Frisian: Íezel

West Frisian: ezel

Old Saxon: esil
Middle Low German: esel
Low German: Esel
Plautdietsch: Äsel
→ Danish: æsel
→ Estonian: eesel (or from German)
→ Norwegian: esel
→ Polabian: asål

Old Dutch: esil

Middle Dutch: ēsel
Dutch: ezel
Afrikaans: esel
→ Sotho: esele
→ Xhosa: i-esile
→ English: easel
Negerhollands: esel
Limburgish: aezel

Old High German: esil

Middle High German: esel

Alemannic German: Esel

Cimbrian: éezel

Central Franconian: Essel

German: Esel
→ Estonian: eesel (or from Middle Low German)
→ Lower Sorbian: ezel
→ Tok Pisin: esel

Luxembourgish: Iesel

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Esel

Yiddish: אייזל (eyzl)

Borrowed from Latin asellus. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍃 (asilus).


spōdijan

spōdijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
spōdijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
spōdijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
spōdijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
spōdiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
spōdidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
spōdisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
spōdidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spōdidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spōdiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
spōdidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spōdidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spōdijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
spōdidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
spōdiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
spōdidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
spōdijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
spōdidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
spōdijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
spōdidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
spōdijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
spōdidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
spōdijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
spōdidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
spōdijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
spōdidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
spōdijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
spōdidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
spōdijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
spōdidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
spōdi (class-1 present singular weak)
spōdiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
spōdijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
spōdid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: spēdan
Middle English: speden, spedden
English: speed
Scots: spede, speid
Yola: zpeed

Old Frisian: spēda

North Frisian: speda

Old Saxon: spōdian

Middle Low German: spōden, spöden

q

earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">spuden</i>, both by secondary adaptation

→ German: sputen (earlier spuden, both by secondary adaptation)

Old Dutch: spuoden

desctree

Middle Dutch: spoeden
Dutch: spoeden
Afrikaans: spoed
Limburgish: spooje

Old High German: spuoten (without continuation)

From *spōdi (“success, prosperity”) + *-jan.


stapi

stapi (nominative singular)
stapī (nominative plural)
stapi (accusative singular)
stapī (accusative plural)
stapī (genitive singular)
stappjō (genitive plural)
stapī (dative singular)
stapim (dative plural)
stappjum (dative plural)
stapī (instrumental singular)
stapim (instrumental plural)
stappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stæpe, stepe
Middle English: steppe, stap, stape, steape, steepe, step, stepe
English: step
Scots: step, stap, stop

Old Frisian: *stap, stepe

North Frisian: staep

Saterland Frisian: Stap, Stappe

Old Saxon: *stap, *step

Middle Low German: stappe

German Low German: Stapp

Old Dutch: *stap, *step

Middle Dutch: steppe, step

Old High German: stapho, staph (dative: stepfen)

Middle High German: stapf

German: Stapf, Stapfe, Stapfen

⇒ Old High German: fuozstapho

Middle High German: vuozstapfe

German: Fußstapfen

→ Medieval Latin: stapēs

New Latin: stapes

→ English: stapes

French: stapes

From Proto-Germanic *stapiz, from Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ‑, *steb‑ (“to support, stomp, rant, amaze”).


lindu

lindu (nominative singular)
lindō (nominative plural)
lindā (accusative singular)
lindā (accusative plural)
lindā (genitive singular)
lindō (genitive plural)
lindē (dative singular)
lindōm (dative plural)
lindum (dative plural)
lindu (instrumental singular)
lindōm (instrumental plural)
lindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lind
Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
English: lind, lime
Scots: lind, lynde, leind

Old Saxon: linda, lindia

Middle Low German: linde

Old Dutch: *linda

Middle Dutch: linde

Dutch: linde

Old High German: linta
Middle High German: linde
Bavarian: Lindn
German: Linde
Luxembourgish: Lann


gafadurjō

gafadurjō (nominative singular)
gafadurjan (nominative plural)
gafadurjan (accusative singular)
gafadurjan (accusative plural)
gafadurjini (genitive singular)
gafadurjan (genitive singular)
gafadurjanō (genitive plural)
gafadurjini (dative singular)
gafadurjan (dative singular)
gafadurjum (dative plural)
gafadurjini (instrumental singular)
gafadurjan (instrumental singular)
gafadurjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefædera

Old Frisian: fadera

Saterland Frisian: Fadder

Old Saxon: *gifadero
Middle Low German: gevaddere, gevādere, geveddere, gevedder
Low German: Gevadder, Vadder
→ German: Vadder

Old Dutch: *gefadero
Middle Dutch: gevādere
Dutch: gevader

Old High German: gifatero, gevatero; gifatera

Middle High German: gevatere, gevater

German: Gevatter m or f, Vatter

From *ga- (“co-”) + *fadurjō (“paternal uncle”). Equivalent to *ga- + *fader (“father”) + *-jō. Compare Latin compater (“first cousin, godfather”).


hramu

hramu (nominative singular)
hramō (nominative plural)
hramā (accusative singular)
hramā (accusative plural)
hramā (genitive singular)
hramō (genitive plural)
hramē (dative singular)
hramōm (dative plural)
hramum (dative plural)
hramu (instrumental singular)
hramōm (instrumental plural)
hramum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hrame, *hrama

Saterland Frisian: Roome

West Frisian: raam

gl

⇒ Old Frisian: hramkorf, raemkorf (“basket-shaped fishing net”) (raemkorf perhaps influenced by Middle Dutch raem)

desctree

Old Saxon: hrama, rama f
Middle Low German: rāme, rām, rāmen m
German Low German: Raam, Rahm, Räm n, Rahmen, Rame, Ramen m
Plautdietsch: Rämen m
→ Danish: ramme
→ Estonian: raam
→ Faroese: ramma
→ Icelandic: ramma
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ramme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ramme
→ Old Swedish: rama
Swedish: ram
→ Scanian: ramme

Old Dutch: *rama

Middle Dutch: rāme, raem, raam m or f

Dutch: raam, ramen

→ Old French: raime

Middle French: ranme

French: rame

⇒ Middle Dutch: geraemte, geremte

Dutch: geraamte
Afrikaans: geraamte
→ West Frisian: ramt, raamt
→ German: Geraamte, Geraamt (dialectal)

Limburgish: geraems, jerems

Old High German: rama
> Middle High German: rame, ram (inherited)
Alemannic German: Ramme
German: Rahmen m
→ Czech: rám
→ Romanian: ramă
→ Russian: рама (rama)
Luxembourgish: Rumm
Vilamovian: raom
→ Old Polish: rama
Polish: rama
→ Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
→ Kashubian: rama
→ Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
→ Azerbaijani: rama
→ Ingush: рама (rama)
→ Yakut: араама (araama)
→ Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)
Silesian: rama, rōma

>? Vulgar Latin: *frama

Old French: frame

→? Middle English: frame

English: frame

desc

⇒ Middle English: framen (“to frame (a building)”)

English: frame

From Proto-Germanic *hramō (“frame, cross”), whence *hramjaną (“to frame”), possibly cognate with Proto-Slavic *krōmà (“edge, boundary”).


waskan

waskan (infinitive)
waskannjas (genitive infinitive)
waskannjē (dative infinitive)
waskannju (infinitive instrumental)
wasku (first-person present singular)
wōsk (first-person past singular)
waskiʀi (present second-person singular)
wōskī (past second-person singular)
waskidi (present singular third-person)
wōsk (past singular third-person)
waskum (first-person plural present)
wōskum (first-person past plural)
waskid (plural present second-person)
wōskud (past plural second-person)
waskand (plural present third-person)
wōskun (past plural third-person)
waskē (first-person present singular)
wōskī (first-person past singular)
waskēs (present second-person singular)
waskē (present singular third-person)
wōskī (past singular third-person)
waskēm (first-person plural present)
wōskīm (first-person past plural)
waskēþ (plural present second-person)
wōskīd (past plural second-person)
waskēn (plural present third-person)
wōskīn (past plural third-person)
wask (present singular)
waskid (plural present)
waskandī (participle present)
waskan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wascan, wæscan, wacsan, waxan
Middle English: wasshen, wasch, wasche, waschen, waschsche, washe, washen, wasse, wasschen, wasshe, weschen, waischen, waissche, waisshen, wayschen, whasche, whaschen
English: wash
→ Swazi: washa
Scots: wash, wesh

Old Frisian: waska

Saterland Frisian: waaske

West Frisian: waskje

Old Saxon: waskan

Middle Low German: waschen

Low German: waschen, wasken

Old Dutch: wascan
Middle Dutch: wasschen
Dutch: wassen
Limburgish: wasje, wesje

Old High German: wascan, waskan

Middle High German: waschen

Alemannic German: wäsche

Cimbrian: bèssan

German: waschen

Luxembourgish: wäschen

Yiddish: וואַשן (vashn)

desc

→ Old French: waschier, guaschier, gascher

Middle French: gascher

French: gâcher

→ Italian: guazzare


pannā

pannā (nominative singular)
pannōn (nominative plural)
pannōn (accusative singular)
pannōn (accusative plural)
pannōn (genitive singular)
pannōnō (genitive plural)
pannōn (dative singular)
pannōm (dative plural)
pannum (dative plural)
pannōn (instrumental singular)
pannōm (instrumental plural)
pannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: panne
Middle English: panne, ponne, pane, pan
English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン
Scots: pan

Old Frisian: panne

Saterland Frisian: Ponne

West Frisian: pân

Old Saxon: panna

Middle Low German: panne

German Low German: Panne, Pann

Plautdietsch: Paun

Old Dutch: *panna

Middle Dutch: panne
Dutch: pan
Afrikaans: pan
Jersey Dutch: pān
Negerhollands: pan
→ Caribbean Javanese: pan
→ Indonesian: panci (from the diminutive)
→ Javanese: ꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (panci), ꦮꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (wanci) (from the diminutive)
→ Munsee: pán
→ Papiamentu: panchi, pannetsji, pannetsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: pan
→ Saramaccan: pánu
Limburgish: pan

Old High German: phanna, pfanna
Middle High German: pfanne
Alemannic German: Pfane
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: fanna, fånn (Luserna)
Mòcheno: pfònn
German: Pfanne
Yiddish: פֿאַן (fan)


trundil

trundil (nominative singular)
trundilō (nominative plural)
trundilōs (nominative plural)
trundil (accusative singular)
trundilā (accusative plural)
trundilas (genitive singular)
trundilō (genitive plural)
trundilē (dative singular)
trundilum (dative plural)
trundilu (instrumental singular)
trundilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trendel, trændel, tryndel
Middle English: trendel, trindel
English: trendle, trindle, trundle
Scots: trinnell

Old Saxon: *trendil

Middle Low German: trendel

⇒ Middle Low German: trendelen

Old Dutch: *trendil

Middle Dutch: trendel

Dutch: trendel

Old High German: trendila, trindila (< *trindilō)

Middle High German: trendel, trindel

German: Trendel

desc

⇒ Middle High German: trendelen, trenelen, treneln


brām

brām (nominative singular)
brāmō (nominative plural)
brāmōs (nominative plural)
brām (accusative singular)
brāmā (accusative plural)
brāmas (genitive singular)
brāmō (genitive plural)
brāmē (dative singular)
brāmum (dative plural)
brāmu (instrumental singular)
brāmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: brōm
Middle English: brom, brome, broom, broome, brume (Northern)
English: broom
Scots: brume, bruim

Old Frisian: *brōm, *brām
Saterland Frisian: Brom
West Frisian: brem, bremerheide

Old Saxon: *brām

Middle Low German: brâm

German Low German: Braam, Braom

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“thorn, point”).

der

brāme

Old High German: brāmo m, brāma f; Middle High German


bāru

bāru (nominative singular)
bārō (nominative plural)
bārā (accusative singular)
bārā (accusative plural)
bārā (genitive singular)
bārō (genitive plural)
bārē (dative singular)
bārōm (dative plural)
bārum (dative plural)
bāru (instrumental singular)
bārōm (instrumental plural)
bārum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bēr, bǣr
Middle English: bere, beere, beer
Scots: bere, beir
English: bier

Old Frisian: bēre

North Frisian: beer, baar

Saterland Frisian: Beere

West Frisian: berje, bier, baar

Old Saxon: bāra

Middle Low German: bāre

German Low German: Bahr

Old Dutch: *bāra

Middle Dutch: bâre
Dutch: baar
Afrikaans: baar

Old High German: bāra
Middle High German: bāre
German: Bahre
→ Italian: bara

→ Vulgar Latin: *bera

Old French: bere, biere

Middle French: biere

French: bière

Old Occitan: bera


gaist

gaist (nominative singular)
gaistō (nominative plural)
gaistōs (nominative plural)
gaist (accusative singular)
gaistā (accusative plural)
gaistas (genitive singular)
gaistō (genitive plural)
gaistē (dative singular)
gaistum (dative plural)
gaistu (instrumental singular)
gaistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast
Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast

Old Frisian: gāst, gēst
Saterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest
West Frisian: geast

Old Saxon: gēst, *gast
Middle Low German: gêst, geist
German Low German: Geest, Geist
Low German: geest
Plautdietsch: Jeist
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast
→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)
Danish: gast
→ Swedish: gast

Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast

Middle Dutch: gêest

Dutch: geest
Afrikaans: gees
Negerhollands: geest

Old High German: geist, gheist, keist
Middle High German: geist
German: Geist
→ English: geist
→ Danish: gejst
→ Swedish: geist
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist
Hunsrik: Geest, Geist
Luxembourgish: Geescht
Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)

From Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).


sauw

sauw (nominative singular)
sauwu (nominative plural)
sauw (accusative singular)
sauwu (accusative plural)
sauwas (genitive singular)
sauwō (genitive plural)
sauwē (dative singular)
sauwum (dative plural)
sauwu (instrumental singular)
sauwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēaw, sēa
Middle English: sew, cew, cewe, seew, seue, sewe, seaw
English: sew (obsolete)

Old Saxon: sō

Old High German: sou

From Proto-Germanic *saw(w)ą, *saw(w)az, from Proto-Indo-European *sow-ó-s, from *sew- (“to press out”) + *-ós. Cognate with Sanskrit सव (savá, “juice (of the Soma)”), सुनोति (sunóti, “to press (Soma)”).


sturtijan

sturtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sturtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sturtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sturtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sturtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturti (class-1 present singular weak)
sturtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sturtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sturtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sturtan, styrtan

desctree

Middle English: sterten, sturten, styrtan, stirten, steorten, starten
English: start, sturt (dialectal)
Scots: stert, start
Yola: starth

Old Frisian: sterta, stirta

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: stört

Hallig and Ockholm: steerte

Mooring: stjarte

Saterland Frisian: stäite

Old Saxon: *sturtian

Middle Low German: storten

German Low German: störten

→ Danish: styrte

→ Icelandic: sturta

→ Faroese: sturta

→ Swedish: störta; stjärta (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *sturten

Middle Dutch: sturten, storten

Dutch: storten
Negerhollands: stort
→ Caribbean Javanese: setor, nyetor
→ Indonesian: setor
→ Saterland Frisian: stöärtje
→ West Frisian: stoarte

Afrikaans: stort

Old High German: sturzen

Middle High German: sturzen

German: stürzen

Luxembourgish: stierzen

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tr̥-d-yé-ti, from *(s)ter- (“to be stiff”).


rebā

rebā (nominative singular)
rebōn (nominative plural)
rebōn (accusative singular)
rebōn (accusative plural)
rebōn (genitive singular)
rebōnō (genitive plural)
rebōn (dative singular)
rebōm (dative plural)
rebum (dative plural)
rebōn (instrumental singular)
rebōm (instrumental plural)
rebum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: reva

Middle Low German: rēbe, rebbe

German Low German: Rewe, Reobn

→ Swedish: reva

Old Dutch: reva

Old High German: reba, röba

Middle High German: rebe

German: Rebe

Unknown; possibly related to Latin rēpō (“to creap, crawl”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁p- (“to creep”).


spilōn

spilōn (infinitive)
spilōnijas (genitive infinitive)
spilōnijē (dative infinitive)
spilōniju (infinitive instrumental)
spilō (first-person present singular)
spilōdā (first-person past singular)
spilōs (present second-person singular)
spilōdēs (past second-person singular)
spilōdōs (past second-person singular)
spilōþ (present singular third-person)
spilōdē (past singular third-person)
spilōdā (past singular third-person)
spilōm (first-person plural present)
spilōdum (first-person past plural)
spilōþ (plural present second-person)
spilōdud (past plural second-person)
spilōnþ (plural present third-person)
spilōdun (past plural third-person)
spilōdī (first-person past singular)
spilōdī (past second-person singular)
spilō (present singular third-person)
spilōdī (past singular third-person)
spilōdīm (first-person past plural)
spilōdīd (past plural second-person)
spilōn (plural present third-person)
spilōdīn (past plural third-person)
spilō (present singular)
spilōþ (plural present)
spilōndī (participle present)
spilōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: spilian, spillian
Middle English: spilen
Early Scots: *spel, *spele (attested in spelare)
Scots: speill
→ English: speel

Old Frisian: spilia

North Frisian: spàlen

Saterland Frisian: spielje

West Frisian: spylje

Old Saxon: spilōn

desc

Middle Low German: spēlen, spȫlen, spillen

German Low German: spälen, spelen, spillen, spölen

→ Old Norse: spila

Icelandic: spila

Faroese: spæla

Norwegian Bokmål: spelle, spille

Norwegian Nynorsk: spela, spele

Swedish: spela
→ Finnish: pelata

Danish: spille

Old Dutch: *spilon

desctree

Middle Dutch: spelen
Dutch: spelen
Afrikaans: speel
Berbice Creole Dutch: pele
Negerhollands: speel
Limburgish: spaele, spele, späöle

Old High German: spilōn

Middle High German: spilen, spiln

Alemannic German: schpile

Swabian: schpile, schpiele

Italian Walser: schpélju, schpile, schpélu, schpìlju, spélò, spillun

Bavarian: spiln

Cimbrian: spiln, spillan (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: spiln

Central Franconian: spille, spelle

Hunsrik: spiele

Luxembourgish: spillen

East Franconian: schbieln

German: spielen

Yiddish: שפּילן (shpiln)

From *spil (“game; play; dance”) + *-ōn.


kokōn

kokōn (infinitive)
kokōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kokōnijē (dative infinitive)
kokōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kokō (first-person present singular)
kokōdā (first-person past singular)
kokōs (present second-person singular)
kokōdēs (past second-person singular)
kokōdōs (past second-person singular)
kokōþ (present singular third-person)
kokōdē (past singular third-person)
kokōdā (past singular third-person)
kokōm (first-person plural present)
kokōdum (first-person past plural)
kokōþ (plural present second-person)
kokōdud (past plural second-person)
kokōnþ (plural present third-person)
kokōdun (past plural third-person)
kokōdī (first-person past singular)
kokōdī (past second-person singular)
kokō (present singular third-person)
kokōdī (past singular third-person)
kokōdīm (first-person past plural)
kokōdīd (past plural second-person)
kokōn (plural present third-person)
kokōdīn (past plural third-person)
kokō (present singular)
kokōþ (plural present)
kokōndī (participle present)
kokōd (participle past)

Old English: *cōcian

Middle English: cōken

English: cook

Scots: keuk

⇒ Old English: cōcnian

⇒ Old English: ġecōcsian

Old Frisian: koka, *kōkia

North Frisian: kööge

West Frisian: koaitsje

Old Saxon: *kokōn

Middle Low German: kôken, kâken

German Low German: koken

→ Icelandic: kokka

→ Faroese: kóka

→ Norwegian Bokmål: koke

→ Old Swedish: koka

Swedish: koka (“boil”)

→ Finnish: kokata

→ Danish: koge

Old Dutch: *kokon

Middle Dutch: cōken
Dutch: koken
Afrikaans: kook
Berbice Creole Dutch: koki
Jersey Dutch: kôke
Negerhollands: kook, kok, kuk
→ Saramaccan: akòkí
Limburgish: kaoke

desc

Old High German: kochōn, kohhōn, chochōn

Middle High German: kochen, chochen

Cimbrian: khòchan, khochan

German: kochen

Pennsylvania German: koche

Hunsrik: koche

Luxembourgish: kachen

Vilamovian: kocha, koha

Yiddish: קאָכן (kokhn)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kuxati

East Slavic:

Belarusian: куха́рыць (kuxárycʹ)

Ukrainian: кухова́рити (kuxováryty)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ку̏вати

Latin script: kȕvati

Slovene: kuhati

Borrowed from Late Latin cocō, itself from Classical Latin coquō. Equivalent to *kok (“cook”) + *-ōn.


raub

raub (nominative singular)
raubō (nominative plural)
raubōs (nominative plural)
raub (accusative singular)
raubā (accusative plural)
raubas (genitive singular)
raubō (genitive plural)
raubē (dative singular)
raubum (dative plural)
raubu (instrumental singular)
raubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēaf

desctree

Middle English: reif, reaf, ræf, ref, reve, raf, ræve, rave, reafe
English: reif, reaf, rief
Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref

Old Frisian: rāf

Saterland Frisian: Roof

West Frisian: rôf

Old Saxon: *rōf

Middle Low German: rôf

German Low German: Roov

→ Old Swedish: rōf

Swedish: rov

Old Dutch: *rōf

Middle Dutch: rôof

Dutch: roof

Afrikaans: roof

Old High German: roub, roup

Middle High German: roub, roup

Alemannic German: Raub

German: Raub

Luxembourgish: Raf

→ Early Medieval Latin: rauba

Italian: roba

Old French: robe, robbe, reube
Middle French: robe
French: robe
→ Dutch: robe
→ German: Robe
→ Czech: róba
→ Romanian: robă f
→ Turkish: rop
Norman: robe
→ Middle English: robe, roobe, rob, robbe
English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb
Scots: robe

Old Occitan:

Catalan: roba

Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa

Galician: roupa

Portuguese: roupa

Old Spanish:

Spanish: ropa

→ Chamicuro: ropa


bulit

bulit (nominative singular)
bulitō (nominative plural)
bulitōs (nominative plural)
bulit (accusative singular)
bulitā (accusative plural)
bulitas (genitive singular)
bulitō (genitive plural)
bulitē (dative singular)
bulitum (dative plural)
bulitu (instrumental singular)
bulitum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bulit

Old Dutch: *bulit

Middle Dutch: *bult, *bült

Dutch: bult (archaic)

Old High German: buliz

Middle High German: bülez, bülz

German: Pilz


mōd

mōd (nominative singular)
mōdō (nominative plural)
mōdōs (nominative plural)
mōd (accusative singular)
mōdā (accusative plural)
mōdas (genitive singular)
mōdō (genitive plural)
mōdē (dative singular)
mōdum (dative plural)
mōdu (instrumental singular)
mōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōd
Middle English: mod, mode, mood
English: mood
Scots: mude, muid

Old Frisian: mōd

Saterland Frisian: Moud

West Frisian: moed

Old Saxon: mōd

Middle Low German: môt, moit, mout, mût

Low German:

German Low German: Mood, Mōt, Mūt

Westphalian:

Münsterländisch: te Moode

Westmünsterländisch: Mood

East Westphalian: Meot (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)

Plautdietsch: Moot

Old Dutch: muot

Middle Dutch: moet

Dutch: moed

Afrikaans: moed

Old High German: muot

Middle High German: muot

German: Muth, Mut

Luxembourgish: Mutt

Yiddish: מוט (mut)


mōs

mōs (nominative singular)
mōsu (nominative plural)
mōs (accusative singular)
mōsu (accusative plural)
mōsas (genitive singular)
mōsō (genitive plural)
mōsē (dative singular)
mōsum (dative plural)
mōsu (instrumental singular)
mōsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōs

Middle English: mos, mose

>? English: mush

>? Scots: moosh

Old Frisian: mōs

Saterland Frisian: Muus

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Muusmas

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Appelmuus, Apelmuus

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Gemöis (possibly from German)

West Frisian: moes

Old Saxon: *mōs

Middle Low German: môs

German Low German: Moos

Plautdietsch: Mooss

→ Estonian: moos

Old Dutch: muos

Middle Dutch: moes

Dutch: moes

Afrikaans: moes

→ English: moose

Old High German: muos

Middle High German: muos

Alemannic German: Mues
→ French: mouise

⇒ Alemannic German: Müesli (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)

German: Mus

Luxembourgish: Mous

⇒ Middle High German: gemüese

Bavarian: Gmias

German: Gemüse

Hunsrik: Gemies

Luxembourgish: Geméis

Pennsylvania German: Gemies


lepuʀ

lepuʀ (nominative singular)
lepuʀō (nominative plural)
lepuʀōs (nominative plural)
lepuʀ (accusative singular)
lepuʀā (accusative plural)
lepuʀas (genitive singular)
lepuʀō (genitive plural)
lepuʀē (dative singular)
lepuʀum (dative plural)
lepuʀu (instrumental singular)
lepuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lepar

Old Dutch: lëpor

Middle Dutch: lëper

Old High German: lëffur

→ Old French: leffre (merger of regular levre and possibly OHG lëffur)

Middle French: leffre

From *lepō (“lip”) + *-uʀ, from Proto-Germanic *lepô.


lippjō

lippjō (nominative singular)
lippjan (nominative plural)
lippjan (accusative singular)
lippjan (accusative plural)
lippjini (genitive singular)
lippjan (genitive singular)
lippjanō (genitive plural)
lippjini (dative singular)
lippjan (dative singular)
lippjum (dative plural)
lippjini (instrumental singular)
lippjan (instrumental singular)
lippjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lippa, lippe
Middle English: lippe
English: lip
Scots: lip

Old Frisian: lippa, *lippe

Saterland Frisian: Lippe

West Frisian: lippe

Old Saxon: *lippia

Middle Low German: lippe

Low German: Lippe

→ German: Lippe (with confluence from Central German)

Old Dutch: leppa
Middle Dutch: leppe
Dutch: lip
Afrikaans: lip
Negerhollands: lip, lepp
→ Papiamentu: lep, lip, leep

Old High German: *lippa, *lipha, *lipfa (unattested, probably existed in northern dialects)

Middle High German: lippe (Central German)

q

German: Lippe (with confluence from Middle Low German)

From *lepō (“lip”) + *-jō, from Proto-Germanic *lepô.


līb

līb (nominative singular)
lību (nominative plural)
līb (accusative singular)
lību (accusative plural)
lības (genitive singular)
lībō (genitive plural)
lībē (dative singular)
lībum (dative plural)
lību (instrumental singular)
lībum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: līf
Middle English: lyf, leyfe, lif, life, lijf, live
English: life
Scots: life, leif
Yola: lief, life

Old Frisian: līf

North Frisian: liff

Saterland Frisian: Lieuw

West Frisian: liif

Old Saxon: līf

Middle Low German: lîf
German Low German: Lif n, Lief n
Plautdietsch: Läwen

Old Dutch: līf

Middle Dutch: lijf
Dutch: lijf
Afrikaans: lyf
Berbice Creole Dutch: lifu
Negerhollands: lief, lif, lijf
Limburgish: lief
Zealandic: lief

Old High German: līb
Middle High German: līp, līph, līf, līb
Alemannic German: Liib
Central Franconian: Liev, Leiv
Hunsrik: Leib
Luxembourgish: Läif, Leif
Cimbrian: laip
German: Leib
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לײַב (layb)


līm

līm (nominative singular)
līmō (nominative plural)
līmōs (nominative plural)
līm (accusative singular)
līmā (accusative plural)
līmas (genitive singular)
līmō (genitive plural)
līmē (dative singular)
līmum (dative plural)
līmu (instrumental singular)
līmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līm
Middle English: lym, lim, lime, lyme
English: lime

Old Frisian: *līm

West Frisian: lym

Old Saxon: līm

Middle Low German: lîm

→ Estonian: liim

Old Dutch: *līm

Middle Dutch: lijm
Dutch: lijm
Afrikaans: lym
Negerhollands: liem
→ Caribbean Javanese: lèm
→ Indonesian: lem
→ Papiamentu: leim, lijm, lym, leimu
Limburgish: liem

Old High German: līm

Middle High German: līm

Bavarian: Laam, Loam

German: Leim

Luxembourgish: Läim

Pennsylvania German: Leim


skaft

skaft (nominative singular)
skaftō (nominative plural)
skaftōs (nominative plural)
skaft (accusative singular)
skaftā (accusative plural)
skaftas (genitive singular)
skaftō (genitive plural)
skaftē (dative singular)
skaftum (dative plural)
skaftu (instrumental singular)
skaftum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċeaft
Middle English: schaft, scæft, scaft, shaft, sschaft, scheft, sheft, shafft, schafft, chafte, saft, shaffet, schafte, shafte
English: shaft
Scots: schaft, shaft

Old Frisian: skeft

Saterland Frisian: Schacht, Skacht

West Frisian: skaft

Old Saxon: skaft

Middle Low German: schacht, scacht
Dutch Low Saxon: schacht
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Low German: Schecht, Schefft
Westphalian:
Dortmunder, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Schacht
Dortmunder, Westmünsterländisch: Schaft
Westmünsterländisch: Schach
Plautdietsch: Scheft, Schajcht
→ Middle High German: schacht
Alemannic German: Schacht
German: Schacht
→ Belarusian: шахта (šaxta)
→ Czech: šachta
→ Danish: skakt
→ Esperanto: ŝakto
→ Estonian: šaht
→ Polish: szacht
→ Russian: ша́хта (šáxta)
→ Kazakh: шахта (şaxta)
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȁht
→ Swedish: schakt
→ Ukrainian: шахта (šaxta)

Old Dutch: skaft

Middle Dutch: schacht, schaft

Dutch: schacht, schaft (archaic)

Afrikaans: skag

Old High German: skaft

Middle High German: schaft

German: Schaft


īlijan

īlijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
īlijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
īlijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
īlijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
īliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
īlidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
īlisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
īlidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
īlidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
īliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
īlidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
īlidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
īlijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
īlidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
īliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
īlidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
īlijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
īlidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
īlijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
īlidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
īlijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
īlidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
īlijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
īlidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
īlijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
īlidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
īlijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
īlidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
īlijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
īlidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
īli (class-1 present singular weak)
īliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
īlijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
īlid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: īla

Old Saxon: īlian

Middle Low German: îlen

German Low German: ielen

→ Danish: ile

→ Old Swedish: ila

Swedish: ila

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ile

Old Dutch: īlen

Middle Dutch: ilen

Dutch: ijlen

Old High German: īlen

Middle High German: īlen

German: eilen


skraudan

skraudan (infinitive)
skraudannjas (genitive infinitive)
skraudannjē (dative infinitive)
skraudannju (infinitive instrumental)
skraudu (first-person present singular)
skreōd (first-person past singular)
skraudiʀi (present second-person singular)
skreōdī (past second-person singular)
skraudidi (present singular third-person)
skreōd (past singular third-person)
skraudum (first-person plural present)
skreōdum (first-person past plural)
skraudid (plural present second-person)
skreōdud (past plural second-person)
skraudand (plural present third-person)
skreōdun (past plural third-person)
skraudē (first-person present singular)
skreōdī (first-person past singular)
skraudēs (present second-person singular)
skraudē (present singular third-person)
skreōdī (past singular third-person)
skraudēm (first-person plural present)
skreōdīm (first-person past plural)
skraudēþ (plural present second-person)
skreōdīd (past plural second-person)
skraudēn (plural present third-person)
skreōdīn (past plural third-person)
skraud (present singular)
skraudid (plural present)
skraudandī (participle present)
skraudan (participle past)

Old Frisian: skrēda

Old Saxon: *skrōdan

Middle Low German: schrôden, schrâden

German Low German: schraden

Old Dutch: *scrōdan
Middle Dutch: schrôden
Dutch: schrooien

Old High German: scrōtan

Middle High German: schrōten

Alemannic German: schroote

German: schroten

From Proto-Germanic *skraudaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skrówdʰ-e-ti, from *skrew- (“to cut; cutting tool”), extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


forskōn

forskōn (infinitive)
forskōnijas (genitive infinitive)
forskōnijē (dative infinitive)
forskōniju (infinitive instrumental)
forskō (first-person present singular)
forskōdā (first-person past singular)
forskōs (present second-person singular)
forskōdēs (past second-person singular)
forskōdōs (past second-person singular)
forskōþ (present singular third-person)
forskōdē (past singular third-person)
forskōdā (past singular third-person)
forskōm (first-person plural present)
forskōdum (first-person past plural)
forskōþ (plural present second-person)
forskōdud (past plural second-person)
forskōnþ (plural present third-person)
forskōdun (past plural third-person)
forskōdī (first-person past singular)
forskōdī (past second-person singular)
forskō (present singular third-person)
forskōdī (past singular third-person)
forskōdīm (first-person past plural)
forskōdīd (past plural second-person)
forskōn (plural present third-person)
forskōdīn (past plural third-person)
forskō (present singular)
forskōþ (plural present)
forskōndī (participle present)
forskōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *forskia

Saterland Frisian: foarskje

Old High German: forskōn, forscōn

Middle High German: vorschen

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: vóorsan, bóorsan, vorsan

German: forschen
→ Danish: forske
→ Dutch: vorsen
→ Norwegian: forske
→ Swedish: forska

Luxembourgish: fuerschen

desc

→ Middle Low German: förschen, fröschen, vorschen, vroschen

German Low German: försken

From *forsku (“question, inquiry”) + *-ōn.


forsku

forsku (nominative singular)
forskō (nominative plural)
forskā (accusative singular)
forskā (accusative plural)
forskā (genitive singular)
forskō (genitive plural)
forskē (dative singular)
forskōm (dative plural)
forskum (dative plural)
forsku (instrumental singular)
forskōm (instrumental plural)
forskum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: forsca

Middle High German: vorsche

German: Forsche

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *furskō, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱ-eh₂, from *pr̥sḱéti (“to keep asking, question”).


kuffju

kuffju (nominative singular)
kuffjō (nominative plural)
kuffjā (accusative singular)
kuffjā (accusative plural)
kuffjā (genitive singular)
kuffjō (genitive plural)
kuffjē (dative singular)
kuffjōm (dative plural)
kuffjum (dative plural)
kuffju (instrumental singular)
kuffjōm (instrumental plural)
kuffjum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: kupfia, kupphia; kupfa, kupha, chuppa, chuppha (borrowed?)

Middle High German: kupfe, gupfe, kuffe

→ Late Latin: cofia

Old French: coife, cofe, coif, coiffe, coifve

Middle French: coiffe, coeffe

French: coiffe

Middle English: coyfe, coyffe, coiffe, coyf, coif

English: coif, coiffe

Old Galician-Portuguese: cofia

Galician: cofia

Portuguese: coifa

Romanian: coif

→ Spanish: cofia (learned)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewp-, whence Proto-Germanic *skuftą (“tuft, hair”). Perhaps also related to Proto-Germanic *kuppaz.


hwahtlā

hwahtlā (nominative singular)
hwahtlōn (nominative plural)
hwahtlōn (accusative singular)
hwahtlōn (accusative plural)
hwahtlōn (genitive singular)
hwahtlōnō (genitive plural)
hwahtlōn (dative singular)
hwahtlōm (dative plural)
hwahtlum (dative plural)
hwahtlōn (instrumental singular)
hwahtlōm (instrumental plural)
hwahtlum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hwahtula

Middle Low German: wachtele

→ Danish: vagtel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vaktel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vaktel

→ Swedish: vaktel

Old High German: wahtila, wahtula, wahtala

Middle High German: wahtel, wachtel

German: Wachtel

→ Late Latin: quaccola (see there for further descendants)

Old Saxon: kwattula, quatula

Old Dutch: *kwattula

Middle Dutch: quattel, quattele

Dutch: kwartel

Afrikaans: kwartel

Old High German: kwattala, kwahtila, kwattula, quattala

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hwahtlǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóǵ⁽ʰ⁾-tl-eh₂, from *kʷeǵ⁽ʰ⁾- (“to flee”), cognate with Latin quaccola (“quail”), cocturnīx, cōturnīx (“quail”). Perhaps related to Old Norse *hvekka (“to be startled”), Latin conquinīscō (“to crouch down”), Proto-Slavic *čeznǫti (“to disappear”). Apparently reborrowed from Latin as *kwattulā.


duhti

duhti (nominative singular)
duhtī (nominative plural)
duhti (accusative singular)
duhtī (accusative plural)
duhtī (genitive singular)
duhtijō (genitive plural)
duhtī (dative singular)
duhtim (dative plural)
duhtijum (dative plural)
duhtī (instrumental singular)
duhtim (instrumental plural)
duhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *duht

Middle Low German: ducht

Low German: Ducht

Old High German: *tuht

Middle High German: tuht, (Central German) duht

German: Tucht, Ducht

Luxembourgish: Duucht


bogōn

bogōn (infinitive)
bogōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bogōnijē (dative infinitive)
bogōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bogō (first-person present singular)
bogōdā (first-person past singular)
bogōs (present second-person singular)
bogōdēs (past second-person singular)
bogōdōs (past second-person singular)
bogōþ (present singular third-person)
bogōdē (past singular third-person)
bogōdā (past singular third-person)
bogōm (first-person plural present)
bogōdum (first-person past plural)
bogōþ (plural present second-person)
bogōdud (past plural second-person)
bogōnþ (plural present third-person)
bogōdun (past plural third-person)
bogōdī (first-person past singular)
bogōdī (past second-person singular)
bogō (present singular third-person)
bogōdī (past singular third-person)
bogōdīm (first-person past plural)
bogōdīd (past plural second-person)
bogōn (plural present third-person)
bogōdīn (past plural third-person)
bogō (present singular)
bogōþ (plural present)
bogōndī (participle present)
bogōd (participle past)

>? Old English: boġian, boġan, boian, bōn

Middle English: bowen

Old Frisian: bāgia

West Frisian: bôgje

Old Dutch: *bogon

Middle Dutch: bogen

Dutch: bogen

Unknown; possibly:
* from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁ǵʰ- (“to get angry, quarrel”), related to Old Saxon bāg (“a fight; a boast”), Old High German bāgan (“to fight, quarrel”),
* from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”), related to *bannan (“to proclaim”), *bōni (“prayer, request”),
* or cognate with Norwegian bauka (“to plow through; to roar”), Danish bøge (“to roar”), of unknown origin.


huntōn

huntōn (infinitive)
huntōnijas (genitive infinitive)
huntōnijē (dative infinitive)
huntōniju (infinitive instrumental)
huntō (first-person present singular)
huntōdā (first-person past singular)
huntōs (present second-person singular)
huntōdēs (past second-person singular)
huntōdōs (past second-person singular)
huntōþ (present singular third-person)
huntōdē (past singular third-person)
huntōdā (past singular third-person)
huntōm (first-person plural present)
huntōdum (first-person past plural)
huntōþ (plural present second-person)
huntōdud (past plural second-person)
huntōnþ (plural present third-person)
huntōdun (past plural third-person)
huntōdī (first-person past singular)
huntōdī (past second-person singular)
huntō (present singular third-person)
huntōdī (past singular third-person)
huntōdīm (first-person past plural)
huntōdīd (past plural second-person)
huntōn (plural present third-person)
huntōdīn (past plural third-person)
huntō (present singular)
huntōþ (plural present)
huntōndī (participle present)
huntōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: huntian
Middle English: huntien, hunten, hounten
English: hunt
Scots: hunt

From Proto-Germanic *huntōną, from earlier paradigm *huntᵗōþi ~ *hundunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *kunt-nā́-ti ~ *kunt-un-ánti, iterative to Proto-Germanic *hinþaną (“to chase”).


irh

irh (nominative singular)
irhu (nominative plural)
irh (accusative singular)
irhu (accusative plural)
irhas (genitive singular)
irhō (genitive plural)
irhē (dative singular)
irhum (dative plural)
irhu (instrumental singular)
irhum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: irah, irh

Middle High German: irch, irech

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *yerḱ-. Compare Ancient Greek ἴυρκες (íurkes), δορκάς (dorkás), δόρξ (dórx) ~ ζόρξ (zórx) ~ ἴορξ (íorx), etc., Latin hircus, ircus, Old Armenian որս (ors), Welsh iwrch, but note the many unexplained phonetic variations.


fūrijan

fūrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
fūrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
fūrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
fūrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
fūriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fūridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fūrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fūridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fūridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fūridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fūriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fūridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fūrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fūridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fūrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
fūridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
fūrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
fūridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fūrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
fūridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
fūrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
fūridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fūrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
fūridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
fūrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
fūridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fūri (class-1 present singular weak)
fūriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
fūrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
fūrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *fȳran

⇒ Old English: afȳran

Old High German: *fūren

⇒ Old High German: arfūren


fleus

fleus (nominative singular)
fliusiʀu (nominative plural)
fleus (accusative singular)
fliusiʀu (accusative plural)
fliusiʀi (genitive singular)
fliusiʀō (genitive plural)
fliusiʀi (dative singular)
fliusiʀum (dative plural)
fliusiʀi (instrumental singular)
fliusiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flēos, flīes, flȳs, flēs
Middle English: flees, ffleyse, fleece, fleese, fleesse, fleis, fleos, fleose, fles, flese, floes, flus, vluys
English: fleece
→ Finnish: fliisi
→ German: Fleece
Scots: fleis
Yola: flaase

Old Frisian: *fliōs, *fliūs

Saterland Frisian: Flüüs

West Frisian: flues

Old Saxon: *flios

Middle Low German: vlüs

Low German: Flüs

Old Dutch: *flios, *flius

Middle Dutch: vlies, vluus
Dutch: vlies
Afrikaans: vlies
→ German: Vlies
Limburgish: vlees

Old High German: *flios, flius

Middle High German: vlius

German: Fleuß, Flüß (rare, obsolete)

From Proto-Germanic *fleusaz, from Proto-Indo-European *plews- (“to pull out, pluck”).


gadurōn

gadurōn (infinitive)
gadurōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gadurōnijē (dative infinitive)
gadurōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gadurō (first-person present singular)
gadurōdā (first-person past singular)
gadurōs (present second-person singular)
gadurōdēs (past second-person singular)
gadurōdōs (past second-person singular)
gadurōþ (present singular third-person)
gadurōdē (past singular third-person)
gadurōdā (past singular third-person)
gadurōm (first-person plural present)
gadurōdum (first-person past plural)
gadurōþ (plural present second-person)
gadurōdud (past plural second-person)
gadurōnþ (plural present third-person)
gadurōdun (past plural third-person)
gadurōdī (first-person past singular)
gadurōdī (past second-person singular)
gadurō (present singular third-person)
gadurōdī (past singular third-person)
gadurōdīm (first-person past plural)
gadurōdīd (past plural second-person)
gadurōn (plural present third-person)
gadurōdīn (past plural third-person)
gadurō (present singular)
gadurōþ (plural present)
gadurōndī (participle present)
gadurōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: gaderian, gadorian, gadoriġean, gadrian, gadriġean, gæderian, gædrian
Middle English: gaderen, gederen, getheren, gideren, gither
English: gather
Scots: gader, gadder, forgadder, gaither
Yola: gother (preterite) ⇒ agyther

Old Frisian: gaduria, gaderia, gadria

West Frisian: gearje

Old Saxon: *gadurōn, *gaderōn

Middle Low German: gāderen, gadderen

Low German: vergadern

Old Dutch: *gadurōn

Middle Dutch: gāderen
Dutch: gaderen, garen
Limburgish: gaedere

Old High German: *gaturōn

Middle High German: gatern

From *gadur (“together, gathered”) + *-ōn.


gadōn

gadōn (infinitive)
gadōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gadōnijē (dative infinitive)
gadōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gadō (first-person present singular)
gadōdā (first-person past singular)
gadōs (present second-person singular)
gadōdēs (past second-person singular)
gadōdōs (past second-person singular)
gadōþ (present singular third-person)
gadōdē (past singular third-person)
gadōdā (past singular third-person)
gadōm (first-person plural present)
gadōdum (first-person past plural)
gadōþ (plural present second-person)
gadōdud (past plural second-person)
gadōnþ (plural present third-person)
gadōdun (past plural third-person)
gadōdī (first-person past singular)
gadōdī (past second-person singular)
gadō (present singular third-person)
gadōdī (past singular third-person)
gadōdīm (first-person past plural)
gadōdīd (past plural second-person)
gadōn (plural present third-person)
gadōdīn (past plural third-person)
gadō (present singular)
gadōþ (plural present)
gadōndī (participle present)
gadōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: gadia

Old Saxon: *gadōn

Middle Low German: gāden

Old Dutch: *gadon

Middle Dutch: gāden

Dutch: gaden (archaic)

Old High German: *gatōn

Middle High German: gaten

German: gatten

⇒ Old High German: bigatōn

From *gad (“union, joining”) + *-ōn or *gad (“suitable”) + *-ōn.


kosp

kosp (nominative singular)
kospō (nominative plural)
kospōs (nominative plural)
kosp (accusative singular)
kospā (accusative plural)
kospas (genitive singular)
kospō (genitive plural)
kospē (dative singular)
kospum (dative plural)
kospu (instrumental singular)
kospum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cosp, cops;

Middle English: cospe, cops

English: cuffs

Scots: cuf, cuff

Old Saxon: *kosp

gl

⇒ Old Saxon: lithocosp, lithokosp (attested as lithocospun, liđokospun (dative plural))

→ Late Latin: cuspus

Unknown; possibly borrowed from Byzantine Greek κοῦσπα (koûspa, “fetter”).


habu

habu (nominative singular)
habō (nominative plural)
habā (accusative singular)
habā (accusative plural)
habā (genitive singular)
habō (genitive plural)
habē (dative singular)
habōm (dative plural)
habum (dative plural)
habu (instrumental singular)
habōm (instrumental plural)
habum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hafu

⇒ Old English: *āhafu

⇒ Old English: ūpāhafu

⇒? Middle English: haftre

From Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to lift, raise”). Related to Proto-Germanic *habą.


habu

Old Frisian: have, heve

West Frisian: have

Old Saxon: *hava

Middle Low German: hāve

⇒ Old Saxon: handhava

Old Dutch: hava

Middle Dutch: have

Dutch: have

⇒ Old Dutch: *hanthava

Middle Dutch: hanthave

Dutch: handhave, handhaaf, hanteef (dialectal)

Old High German: haba

Middle High German: habe

German: Habe

⇒ Old High German: hanthaba

Middle High German: hanthabe

German: Handhabe

From Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have, hold”).


aisku

aisku (nominative singular)
aiskō (nominative plural)
aiskā (accusative singular)
aiskā (accusative plural)
aiskā (genitive singular)
aiskō (genitive plural)
aiskē (dative singular)
aiskōm (dative plural)
aiskum (dative plural)
aisku (instrumental singular)
aiskōm (instrumental plural)
aiskum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: āske

West Frisian: eask

Old Saxon: *ēska

Middle Low German: êsche, eische

→ Old Swedish: æskia

Swedish: äska

→ Old Danish: æske

Danish: æske

Old High German: eiska

Middle High German: eische

From *aiskōn (“to claim, demand”) + *-u.


þimstr

þimstr (masculine nominative singular)
þimstru (feminine nominative singular)
þimstr (neuter nominative singular)
þimstranā (accusative masculine singular)
þimstrā (accusative feminine singular)
þimstr (accusative neuter singular)
þimstras (genitive masculine singular)
þimstreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þimstras (genitive neuter singular)
þimstrumē (dative masculine singular)
þimstreʀē (dative feminine singular)
þimstrumē (dative neuter singular)
þimstru (instrumental masculine singular)
þimstreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þimstru (instrumental neuter singular)
þimstrē (masculine nominative plural)
þimstrō (feminine nominative plural)
þimstru (neuter nominative plural)
þimstrā (accusative masculine plural)
þimstrā (accusative feminine plural)
þimstru (accusative neuter plural)
þimstreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þimstreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þimstreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þimstrēm (dative masculine plural)
þimstrum (dative masculine plural)
þimstrēm (dative feminine plural)
þimstrum (dative feminine plural)
þimstrēm (dative neuter plural)
þimstrum (dative neuter plural)
þimstrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þimstrum (instrumental masculine plural)
þimstrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þimstrum (feminine instrumental plural)
þimstrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þimstrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *finistar, *thinstar

gl

Middle Low German: vinster, dinster, *dienster (attested in Middle Low German dinsternisse, diensternisse)

q

>? Middle Low German: dûnster (possibly conflated with unattested *dûster < *þiustrī)

Old Dutch: odt, *thimster, *finistar

desc

Middle Dutch: demster, deemster, vinster

Dutch: deemster

Old High German: thinstar, dinstar, finistir, finstar

Middle High German: vinster, dinster, dunster

German: finster

Yiddish: פֿינצטער (fintster)

From Proto-Germanic *þimstraz, from Proto-Indo-European *témH-s-ro-s, from *temH- (“dark”). Cognate with Sanskrit तमिस्र (tamisra, “dark”), Latin tenebrae (“darkness”), Lithuanian tamsa (“darkness”). Perhaps related to *þiustrī (“dark, gloomy”).


falgu

falgu (nominative singular)
falgō (nominative plural)
falgā (accusative singular)
falgā (accusative plural)
falgā (genitive singular)
falgō (genitive plural)
falgē (dative singular)
falgōm (dative plural)
falgum (dative plural)
falgu (instrumental singular)
falgōm (instrumental plural)
falgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fealg, fealh, felg
Middle English: falwe, falow, falugh, falghe
English: fallow
Scots: fauch
Yola: falloo

Old Frisian: fallach

North Frisian: falig

Saterland Frisian: falge

West Frisian: felling

Old Dutch: *falh

Middle Dutch: *valch, valge

Dutch: valg, valge

Old High German: felga

Middle High German: velge

German: Felge (dialectal)

Uncertain; from Proto-Germanic *falgō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *polḱ-éh₂ (“arable land”), perhaps cognate with Gaulish *olcā (“arable land”) (whence French ouche).


badu

badu (nominative singular)
badwō (nominative plural)
badwā (accusative singular)
badwā (accusative plural)
badwā (genitive singular)
badwō (genitive plural)
badwē (dative singular)
badwōm (dative plural)
badum (dative plural)
badu (instrumental singular)
badwōm (instrumental plural)
badum (instrumental plural)

Old English: badu, beado, beadu

⇒ Old English: *beaduhōc

⇒ Middle English: *bedhok, bedocke

English: beadhook, beedhook, bidhook

Old Saxon: badu (in compounds and personal names)

Old High German: badu, batu, pato (in personal names)


ōfer

ōfer (nominative singular)
ōferō (nominative plural)
ōferōs (nominative plural)
ōfer (accusative singular)
ōferā (accusative plural)
ōferas (genitive singular)
ōferō (genitive plural)
ōferē (dative singular)
ōferum (dative plural)
ōferu (instrumental singular)
ōferum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōfer, ōfor, ōbr

Middle English: over

English: over

Scots: offer

Old Frisian: ōvera, ōvere

North Frisian: over

Saterland Frisian: Ouger n

West Frisian: ouwer

Old Saxon: *ovar

desc

Middle Low German: över, oever, oyver, auver

Low German: Över

Old Dutch: *uovar, *ōvar

desctree

Middle Dutch: oever
Dutch: oever
Afrikaans: oewer
Limburgish: euver

Old High German: *uofar

Middle High German: uover, uober

German: Ufer

From Proto-Germanic *ōferaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁-per-o-s, from *h₂éh₁ (“to, at”) + *per- (“beyond, across”) + *-os, (whence Ancient Greek πέρας (péras, “end, boundary”)) + *-os. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἤπειρος (ḗpeiros, “mainland”), and possibly Old Armenian ափն (apʻn, “edge; shore”).


gerstu

gerstu (nominative singular)
gerstō (nominative plural)
gerstā (accusative singular)
gerstā (accusative plural)
gerstā (genitive singular)
gerstō (genitive plural)
gerstē (dative singular)
gerstōm (dative plural)
gerstum (dative plural)
gerstu (instrumental singular)
gerstōm (instrumental plural)
gerstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)

desctree

Middle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost
English: gorse
Yola: goss, gorr

Old Frisian: *jerste

Saterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste

Old Saxon: gersta

Middle Low German: gerste

German Low German: Garste, Garst

Plautdietsch: Joascht

Old Dutch: *gersta

Middle Dutch: gerste

Dutch: gerst
Afrikaans: gars
→ Xhosa: írhási
→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)

Old High German: gersta

Middle High German: gerste

Alemannic German: Geerste

Bavarian: Geaschtn

Cimbrian: ghéersta

Mòcheno: gerst

Central Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht

Luxembourgish: Geescht

German: Gerste

Yiddish: גערשט (gersht)


harwōn

harwōn (infinitive)
harwōnijas (genitive infinitive)
harwōnijē (dative infinitive)
harwōniju (infinitive instrumental)
harwō (first-person present singular)
harwōdā (first-person past singular)
harwōs (present second-person singular)
harwōdēs (past second-person singular)
harwōdōs (past second-person singular)
harwōþ (present singular third-person)
harwōdē (past singular third-person)
harwōdā (past singular third-person)
harwōm (first-person plural present)
harwōdum (first-person past plural)
harwōþ (plural present second-person)
harwōdud (past plural second-person)
harwōnþ (plural present third-person)
harwōdun (past plural third-person)
harwōdī (first-person past singular)
harwōdī (past second-person singular)
harwō (present singular third-person)
harwōdī (past singular third-person)
harwōdīm (first-person past plural)
harwōdīd (past plural second-person)
harwōn (plural present third-person)
harwōdīn (past plural third-person)
harwō (present singular)
harwōþ (plural present)
harwōndī (participle present)
harwōd (participle past)

gl

Old Frisian: *harja (likely a borrowing from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)

Saterland Frisian: hoarje

West Frisian: harje

Old Saxon: *harwōn

Middle Low German: haren, harwen

German Low German: haaren

Old Dutch: *harwon

Middle Dutch: haren

Dutch: haren


snarkōn

snarkōn (infinitive)
snarkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
snarkōnijē (dative infinitive)
snarkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
snarkō (first-person present singular)
snarkōdā (first-person past singular)
snarkōs (present second-person singular)
snarkōdēs (past second-person singular)
snarkōdōs (past second-person singular)
snarkōþ (present singular third-person)
snarkōdē (past singular third-person)
snarkōdā (past singular third-person)
snarkōm (first-person plural present)
snarkōdum (first-person past plural)
snarkōþ (plural present second-person)
snarkōdud (past plural second-person)
snarkōnþ (plural present third-person)
snarkōdun (past plural third-person)
snarkōdī (first-person past singular)
snarkōdī (past second-person singular)
snarkō (present singular third-person)
snarkōdī (past singular third-person)
snarkōdīm (first-person past plural)
snarkōdīd (past plural second-person)
snarkōn (plural present third-person)
snarkōdīn (past plural third-person)
snarkō (present singular)
snarkōþ (plural present)
snarkōndī (participle present)
snarkōd (participle past)

Old English: *snearcian, *sniercian

Middle English: *snerken, *snarken

English: snark (likely borrowed from Low German)

Scots: snark (likely borrowed from Low German)

Old Frisian: *snarkia

>? North Frisian: snarke (perhaps a borrowing from Low German or Danish)

Old Saxon: *snarkōn

Middle Low German: snarken

German Low German:

Low Prussian: schnarken

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: schnarken (Drolshagen, Kirchhundem, Olpe), schnareken (Selbecke)

→ Danish: snarke

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: snarka, snarke

→ Old Swedish: snarka

Swedish: snarka

Old Dutch: *snerkon (< *snarrikōn)

Middle Dutch: snerken

Dutch: snerken

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: snerka

→ Old Swedish: snærka

Swedish: snärka (dialectal)

Old High German: *snarhōn

Middle High German: snarchen

German: schnarchen

desc

⇒ Middle High German: snarchelen, snarcheln

German: schnarcheln

⇒ Old High German: gisnarhōn

Uncertain; possibly metathesized from Proto-Indo-European *srengʰ-, cognate with Lithuanian snarglýs (“snot”), Old Irish srennaid (“to snore”), Ancient Greek ῥέγκω (rhénkō, “to snore”), Sanskrit शृङ्खाणिका (śṛṅkhāṇikā, “snot”).
Alternatively, perhaps from earlier *snarrukōn, equivalent to *snarrōn (“to buzz, drone, snarl”) + *-ukōn.


kranuk

kranuk (nominative singular)
kranukō (nominative plural)
kranukōs (nominative plural)
kranuk (accusative singular)
kranukā (accusative plural)
kranukas (genitive singular)
kranukō (genitive plural)
kranukē (dative singular)
kranukum (dative plural)
kranuku (instrumental singular)
kranukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cranoc, cornuc

Old Saxon: *kranuk, *kranik

Middle Low German: krānek, krānk

German Low German: Kraank

Plautdietsch: Kraunkje

Old Dutch: *cranuk

Middle Dutch: *cranek

⇒? Middle Dutch: cranekin, cranekijn

Dutch: kraantje

desc

Old High German: chranuh, chranih, kranuh, kranih

Middle High German: kranech, kranch, kranc, krenech, krenich, krench

German: Kranich

→ Saterland Frisian: Kranich

From *kranō or *kran (“crane”) + *-uk (diminutive suffix).


habbjō

habbjō (nominative singular)
habbjan (nominative plural)
habbjan (accusative singular)
habbjan (accusative plural)
habbjini (genitive singular)
habbjan (genitive singular)
habbjanō (genitive plural)
habbjini (dative singular)
habbjan (dative singular)
habbjum (dative plural)
habbjini (instrumental singular)
habbjan (instrumental singular)
habbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæf, hæfe, hefe

Old Saxon: *hebbio, *heffio

Middle Low German: hebben, heffen

Old Dutch: *hebbo, *heffo, *hevo

Middle Dutch: heffe, hēve

Dutch: hef

desctree

Old High German: hevo, heffa, heffe, hephe, heve, heffen, hefun, hephen
Middle High German: heve, hefe; hebe, hefe; hepfen
Bavarian: Hefn, Hepfa, Hepfn
Alemannic German: Hebi
German: Hefe
Hunsrik: Heb
Luxembourgish: Hief
Yiddish: הייוון (heyvn)


welag

welag (masculine nominative singular)
welagu (feminine nominative singular)
welag (neuter nominative singular)
welaganā (accusative masculine singular)
welagā (accusative feminine singular)
welag (accusative neuter singular)
welagas (genitive masculine singular)
welageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
welagas (genitive neuter singular)
welagumē (dative masculine singular)
welageʀē (dative feminine singular)
welagumē (dative neuter singular)
welagu (instrumental masculine singular)
welageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
welagu (instrumental neuter singular)
welagē (masculine nominative plural)
welagō (feminine nominative plural)
welagu (neuter nominative plural)
welagā (accusative masculine plural)
welagā (accusative feminine plural)
welagu (accusative neuter plural)
welageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
welageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
welageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
welagēm (dative masculine plural)
welagum (dative masculine plural)
welagēm (dative feminine plural)
welagum (dative feminine plural)
welagēm (dative neuter plural)
welagum (dative neuter plural)
welagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
welagum (instrumental masculine plural)
welagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
welagum (feminine instrumental plural)
welagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
welagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: weleġ, weliġ

Middle English: wely, weli, welig, weliȝ, weoli (Early Middle English)
English: wealy (obsolete)

Old Frisian: *welich

Saterland Frisian: weelich

Old Saxon: welag

Middle Low German: welich

Low German: welig, wehlig, wählig

→ Danish: vælig

→ German: wählig

Old Dutch: *welag

Middle Dutch: welich

Dutch: welig

Old High German: welag


weud

weud (nominative singular)
weudu (nominative plural)
weud (accusative singular)
weudu (accusative plural)
weudas (genitive singular)
weudō (genitive plural)
weudē (dative singular)
weudum (dative plural)
weudu (instrumental singular)
weudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēod

Middle English: weod, weed

English: weed

→ Dutch: wiet

Scots: wed, weed

Old Frisian: *wiūd

Saterland Frisian: wiud (obsolete), Jood

West Frisian: wjûd

Old Saxon: wiod

Middle Low German: wêt

German Low German: Weed

Low German: woden, woen

Old Dutch: *wiod, *wiot

Middle Dutch: wiod, wied, wiet

Dutch: wied

Old High German: wiota

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *wi-wdʰ-o-m, an archaic reduplicated noun formation of *wedʰ- (“to wind; bend; entangle; tie”). Note however that this pattern is extremely rare: *bebruz and *hwehwlą are the only reduplicated nouns that are positively reconstructed for Proto-Germanic proper (but see *gaukaz for another hypothetically potential example; and in West Germanic there is *weukā (“wisp, wick”) among a few others).


waliþu

waliþu (nominative singular)
waliþō (nominative plural)
waliþā (accusative singular)
waliþā (accusative plural)
waliþā (genitive singular)
waliþō (genitive plural)
waliþē (dative singular)
waliþōm (dative plural)
waliþum (dative plural)
waliþu (instrumental singular)
waliþōm (instrumental plural)
waliþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *welþu, *welþ

Middle English: welthe, weelþe, wellthe, welt, welth, welþ, welþe, weolþe, wilthe, welðe, welðhe (Early Middle English)
English: wealth
Scots: walth

Old Saxon: *welitha, *welida

Middle Low German: welede, welde

Low German: Weelde

Old Dutch: *welitha, *welida

Middle Dutch: welde, weelde

Dutch: weelde

Old High German: welitha, welida

>? Middle High German: welede, welde

From *walō (“wealth; well-being”) + *-iþu.

the condition of being well, well-being, happiness


werageld

werageld (nominative singular)
werageldō (nominative plural)
werageldōs (nominative plural)
werageld (accusative singular)
werageldā (accusative plural)
werageldas (genitive singular)
werageldō (genitive plural)
werageldē (dative singular)
werageldum (dative plural)
werageldu (instrumental singular)
werageldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weregeld, wergild

desc

Middle English: wergeld, weregelt, wergelt

English: wergeld

Scots: weregilt, wargeld, warȝeld

Old Frisian: werjeld

Old Saxon: *werigeld

Middle Low German: *wêregelt, *wergelt

Low German: Wergeld

Old Dutch: *werigelt

Middle Dutch: weregelt

Dutch: weergeld

Lombardic: wergild

Old High German: werigelt

Middle High German: wërgëlt

German: Wergeld

→ French: wergeld, weregild, wergild

→ Old French: were

→ Spanish: wergild

→ Medieval Latin: werigeldum, weregildum, wergeldus (see there for further descendants)


furi-

desctree

Old English: for-, fer-, fær-, fier-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-
English: for-
Scots: for-

Old Frisian: for-

Old Saxon: far-

Middle Low German: ver-

Old Dutch: far-

Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-

Old High German: fir-, far-, for-

From Proto-Germanic *furi-. Corresponds to the preposition and adverb *furi (“for, in front”).


bisīg

bisīg (masculine nominative singular)
bisīgu (feminine nominative singular)
bisīg (neuter nominative singular)
bisīganā (accusative masculine singular)
bisīgā (accusative feminine singular)
bisīg (accusative neuter singular)
bisīgas (genitive masculine singular)
bisīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bisīgas (genitive neuter singular)
bisīgumē (dative masculine singular)
bisīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
bisīgumē (dative neuter singular)
bisīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
bisīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bisīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
bisīgē (masculine nominative plural)
bisīgō (feminine nominative plural)
bisīgu (neuter nominative plural)
bisīgā (accusative masculine plural)
bisīgā (accusative feminine plural)
bisīgu (accusative neuter plural)
bisīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bisīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bisīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bisīgēm (dative masculine plural)
bisīgum (dative masculine plural)
bisīgēm (dative feminine plural)
bisīgum (dative feminine plural)
bisīgēm (dative neuter plural)
bisīgum (dative neuter plural)
bisīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bisīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
bisīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bisīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
bisīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bisīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: bisiġ, besiġ, bysiġ
Middle English: bisy, bysy, bisie, bysie, bisi, bysi, bysye, bisiȝ, besi, besy, besie, besye, busy, busi, busie
English: busy
Scots: bissy, besy, bussie

Old Frisian: *bisich

Saterland Frisian: biesich

West Frisian: bezich, beuzich

Old Saxon: *bisig

Middle Low German: besich

German Low German: besig, bäsig

Low German: besig

Old Dutch: *bisig

Middle Dutch: besich, beisich, besech
Dutch: bezig
Afrikaans: besig
Jersey Dutch: bääzix
Negerhollands: beesig
→ Papiamentu: bezig
→ Sranan Tongo: beisig
Limburgish: bezig
West Flemish: bezig
Zealandic: bezig

Old High German: bisīg (Langobardic)


smauki

smauki (nominative singular)
smaukī (nominative plural)
smauki (accusative singular)
smaukī (accusative plural)
smaukī (genitive singular)
smaukijō (genitive plural)
smaukī (dative singular)
smaukim (dative plural)
smaukijum (dative plural)
smaukī (instrumental singular)
smaukim (instrumental plural)
smaukijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smīec, smēc, smīeċ, smēċ

Middle English: smec, smech, smeke

Scots: smeek

English: smeek, smeech

Old Saxon: *smōk

Middle Low German: smôk

German Low German: Smook

→ Saterland Frisian: smokje

→ Danish: smøg

Old Dutch: *smouk, *smōk

Middle Dutch: smooc

Dutch: smook

→ West Frisian: smoke

Old High German: *smouh

Middle High German: smouch

German: Schmauch

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg- (“to smoke, reek”).


uʀdailī

uʀdailī (nominative singular)
uʀdailiju (nominative plural)
uʀdailī (accusative singular)
uʀdailiju (accusative plural)
uʀdailijas (genitive singular)
uʀdailijō (genitive plural)
uʀdailijē (dative singular)
uʀdailijum (dative plural)
uʀdailiju (instrumental singular)
uʀdailijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ordāl, ordāle, ordēl, *ordǣl, ordǣle
→ Medieval Latin: ordālium (< Old English ordāle)
Old French: ordeil, ordel
→ English: ordalium
⇒ New Latin: ordālia (plural)
→ French: ordalie
→ Italian: ordalia
→ Romanian: ordalie
→ Portuguese: ordália
→ Spanish: ordalía
→? Middle English: ordel, ordal (possibly directly inherited from Old English)
English: ordeal
Scots: ordeil

Old Frisian: urdēl, ordēl

Saterland Frisian: Uurdeel

West Frisian: oardiel

Old Saxon: urdēli, urdeili

desc

Middle Low German: ōrdêle, ōrdeile, ōrdêl, ōrdeil

German Low German: Oordeel

Old Dutch: urdeile

Middle Dutch: ordeel

Dutch: oordeel

Afrikaans: oordeel

Old High German: urteili, urteila, urteil

Middle High German: urteile, urteil

German: Urteil

→ Luxembourgish: Urteel

→ Polish: ortel

From *uʀdailijan (“to mete out”), from *uʀ- + *dailijan (“to deal out, divide”).

pre

something handed or meted out; allotment, share


persik

pirsik (nominative singular)
pirsikō (nominative plural)
pirsikōs (nominative plural)
pirsik (accusative singular)
pirsikā (accusative plural)
pirsikas (genitive singular)
pirsikō (genitive plural)
pirsikē (dative singular)
pirsikum (dative plural)
pirsiku (instrumental singular)
pirsikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: persoc, persic
Middle English: persogʒe

Old Saxon: *persik, *persika

desc

Middle Low German: persik, pêrsik, persek, persike

Low German:

Altmärkisch: Përsch

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Peersick, Peersken, Peerseken, Persik

East Westphalian: Päsken (Ravensberg)

South Westphalian: Päärske, Päärseke (Dortmund)

→ Old Danish: persic

→ Danish: fersken

→ Faroese: ferska

→ Greenlandic: ferskeni

→ Icelandic: ferskja

→ Norwegian: fersken

→ Swedish: persika
→ Finnish: persikka

Old Dutch: *persika

Middle Dutch: persike, perseke

desctree

Dutch: perzik
Afrikaans: perske
→ Phuthi: iperekisi
Jersey Dutch: pierkes
→ Mahican: péněgěsak
→ Indonesian: persik
→ Munsee: piilkush (from a dialectal form)
→ Unami: pilkësh (from a dialectal form)
→ West Frisian: perzik

desc

Old High German: pfersih, phersih, phirsih, persih

desctree

Middle High German: pfersich
Alemannic German: Fërsich
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Persch
Transylvanian Saxon: Piërsch
German: Pfirsich
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Pasching
Yiddish: פֿערשקע (fershke)

perzikboom

Middle Dutch: persekeboom, persikeboom, persicboom, persecboom

Pfirsichbaum

Middle High German: pfersichboum, pfersichpoum, phersichboum


unþa-

Old English: oþ-, ūþ-

Middle English: oth-

Old Frisian: und-, ond-, and-

Saterland Frisian: und-

West Frisian: ûnt-

Old Saxon: and-

Middle Low German: ent-, unt-

German Low German: ent-

Old Dutch: ant-

Middle Dutch: ont-

Dutch: ont-

Old High German: unt-, int-

Middle High German: ent-

German: ent-


bōkīn

bōkīn (masculine nominative singular)
bōkīnu (feminine nominative singular)
bōkīn (neuter nominative singular)
bōkīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
bōkīnā (accusative feminine singular)
bōkīn (accusative neuter singular)
bōkīnas (genitive masculine singular)
bōkīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bōkīnas (genitive neuter singular)
bōkīnumē (dative masculine singular)
bōkīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
bōkīnumē (dative neuter singular)
bōkīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
bōkīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bōkīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
bōkīnē (masculine nominative plural)
bōkīnō (feminine nominative plural)
bōkīnu (neuter nominative plural)
bōkīnā (accusative masculine plural)
bōkīnā (accusative feminine plural)
bōkīnu (accusative neuter plural)
bōkīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bōkīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bōkīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bōkīnēm (dative masculine plural)
bōkīnum (dative masculine plural)
bōkīnēm (dative feminine plural)
bōkīnum (dative feminine plural)
bōkīnēm (dative neuter plural)
bōkīnum (dative neuter plural)
bōkīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bōkīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
bōkīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bōkīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
bōkīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bōkīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: bēċen

Middle English: bechen, bechene, becen, beechen
English: beechen

>? Dutch: beuken (possible recent formation)

Old High German: buohhīn

Middle High German: büechīn

German: büchen, buchen

From *bōku (“beech”) or *bōkijā (“beech”) + *-īn.


mōdrīn

mōdrīn (masculine nominative singular)
mōdrīnu (feminine nominative singular)
mōdrīn (neuter nominative singular)
mōdrīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
mōdrīnā (accusative feminine singular)
mōdrīn (accusative neuter singular)
mōdrīnas (genitive masculine singular)
mōdrīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mōdrīnas (genitive neuter singular)
mōdrīnumē (dative masculine singular)
mōdrīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
mōdrīnumē (dative neuter singular)
mōdrīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
mōdrīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
mōdrīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
mōdrīnē (masculine nominative plural)
mōdrīnō (feminine nominative plural)
mōdrīnu (neuter nominative plural)
mōdrīnā (accusative masculine plural)
mōdrīnā (accusative feminine plural)
mōdrīnu (accusative neuter plural)
mōdrīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mōdrīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mōdrīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mōdrīnēm (dative masculine plural)
mōdrīnum (dative masculine plural)
mōdrīnēm (dative feminine plural)
mōdrīnum (dative feminine plural)
mōdrīnēm (dative neuter plural)
mōdrīnum (dative neuter plural)
mōdrīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mōdrīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
mōdrīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mōdrīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
mōdrīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mōdrīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mēderen, mēdren

From *mōder (“mother”) + *īn (adjective suffix).

af

motherly, maternal, of or pertaining to a mother


rōf

rōf (masculine nominative singular)
rōfu (feminine nominative singular)
rōf (neuter nominative singular)
rōfanā (accusative masculine singular)
rōfā (accusative feminine singular)
rōf (accusative neuter singular)
rōfas (genitive masculine singular)
rōfeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rōfas (genitive neuter singular)
rōfumē (dative masculine singular)
rōfeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rōfumē (dative neuter singular)
rōfu (instrumental masculine singular)
rōfeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rōfu (instrumental neuter singular)
rōfē (masculine nominative plural)
rōfō (feminine nominative plural)
rōfu (neuter nominative plural)
rōfā (accusative masculine plural)
rōfā (accusative feminine plural)
rōfu (accusative neuter plural)
rōfeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rōfeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rōfeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rōfēm (dative masculine plural)
rōfum (dative masculine plural)
rōfēm (dative feminine plural)
rōfum (dative feminine plural)
rōfēm (dative neuter plural)
rōfum (dative neuter plural)
rōfēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rōfum (instrumental masculine plural)
rōfēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rōfum (feminine instrumental plural)
rōfēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rōfum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: rōf

Old Saxon: rōf

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rep- (“to seize, pluck”).


hnaskwōn

hnaskwōn (infinitive)
hnaskwōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hnaskwōnijē (dative infinitive)
hnaskwōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hnaskwō (first-person present singular)
hnaskwōdā (first-person past singular)
hnaskwōs (present second-person singular)
hnaskwōdēs (past second-person singular)
hnaskwōdōs (past second-person singular)
hnaskwōþ (present singular third-person)
hnaskwōdē (past singular third-person)
hnaskwōdā (past singular third-person)
hnaskwōm (first-person plural present)
hnaskwōdum (first-person past plural)
hnaskwōþ (plural present second-person)
hnaskwōdud (past plural second-person)
hnaskwōnþ (plural present third-person)
hnaskwōdun (past plural third-person)
hnaskwōdī (first-person past singular)
hnaskwōdī (past second-person singular)
hnaskwō (present singular third-person)
hnaskwōdī (past singular third-person)
hnaskwōdīm (first-person past plural)
hnaskwōdīd (past plural second-person)
hnaskwōn (plural present third-person)
hnaskwōdīn (past plural third-person)
hnaskwō (present singular)
hnaskwōþ (plural present)
hnaskwōndī (participle present)
hnaskwōd (participle past)

Old English: hnesċian

Middle English: neschen, nesshen

English: nesh

Old High German: *naskōn, nascōn

Middle High German: naschen, neschen

German: naschen

Yiddish: נאַשן (nashn)
→ English: nosh

From *hnaskwī (“soft, weak, tender”) + *-ōn.


karru

karru (nominative singular)
karrō (nominative plural)
karrā (accusative singular)
karrā (accusative plural)
karrā (genitive singular)
karrō (genitive plural)
karrē (dative singular)
karrōm (dative plural)
karrum (dative plural)
karru (instrumental singular)
karrōm (instrumental plural)
karrum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *karra

Middle Dutch: carre

Old Saxon: *karra

desc

Middle Low German: kâre, kare, kahre, kār, kär, kârde, karde, karre, kârn, kârne, karne

German Low German: Karre

Old High German: karra, garra, karren f

Middle High German: karre

German: Karren m, Karre f

Borrowed from Latin carra, carrus (“wagon”). Doublet of *hross (“horse”).


frasakan

frasakan (infinitive)
frasakannjas (genitive infinitive)
frasakannjē (dative infinitive)
frasakannju (infinitive instrumental)
frasaku (first-person present singular)
frasōk (first-person past singular)
frasakiʀi (present second-person singular)
frasōkī (past second-person singular)
frasakidi (present singular third-person)
frasōk (past singular third-person)
frasakum (first-person plural present)
frasōkum (first-person past plural)
frasakid (plural present second-person)
frasōkud (past plural second-person)
frasakand (plural present third-person)
frasōkun (past plural third-person)
frasakē (first-person present singular)
frasōkī (first-person past singular)
frasakēs (present second-person singular)
frasakē (present singular third-person)
frasōkī (past singular third-person)
frasakēm (first-person plural present)
frasōkīm (first-person past plural)
frasakēþ (plural present second-person)
frasōkīd (past plural second-person)
frasakēn (plural present third-person)
frasōkīn (past plural third-person)
frasak (present singular)
frasakid (plural present)
frasakandī (participle present)
frasakan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: forsacan
Middle English: forsaken
English: forsake
Scots: forsake, forsaik

Old Frisian: forsaka

Saterland Frisian: ferseeke

West Frisian: fersaakje

Old Saxon: farsakan

Middle Low German: vorsaken

→ Danish: forsage

→ Swedish: försaka

→ Norwegian: forsake

Old Dutch: farsacan

Middle Dutch: versāken
Dutch: verzaken
Afrikaans: versaak

Old High German: firsahhan, forsahhan
Middle High German: versachen


bōn

bōn (masculine nominative singular)
bōnu (feminine nominative singular)
bōn (neuter nominative singular)
bōnanā (accusative masculine singular)
bōnā (accusative feminine singular)
bōn (accusative neuter singular)
bōnas (genitive masculine singular)
bōneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bōnas (genitive neuter singular)
bōnumē (dative masculine singular)
bōneʀē (dative feminine singular)
bōnumē (dative neuter singular)
bōnu (instrumental masculine singular)
bōneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bōnu (instrumental neuter singular)
bōnē (masculine nominative plural)
bōnō (feminine nominative plural)
bōnu (neuter nominative plural)
bōnā (accusative masculine plural)
bōnā (accusative feminine plural)
bōnu (accusative neuter plural)
bōneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bōneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bōneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bōnēm (dative masculine plural)
bōnum (dative masculine plural)
bōnēm (dative feminine plural)
bōnum (dative feminine plural)
bōnēm (dative neuter plural)
bōnum (dative neuter plural)
bōnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bōnum (instrumental masculine plural)
bōnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bōnum (feminine instrumental plural)
bōnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bōnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Dutch: *bōn

q

>? Middle Dutch: boen (alternatively borrowed from Old French bon (“good”))

Dutch: boen

From Proto-Germanic *bōnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-nó-s, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *bānos (“white”).

der

Brill Publishers
Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal


blait

blait (masculine nominative singular)
blaitu (feminine nominative singular)
blait (neuter nominative singular)
blaitanā (accusative masculine singular)
blaitā (accusative feminine singular)
blait (accusative neuter singular)
blaitas (genitive masculine singular)
blaiteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blaitas (genitive neuter singular)
blaitumē (dative masculine singular)
blaiteʀē (dative feminine singular)
blaitumē (dative neuter singular)
blaitu (instrumental masculine singular)
blaiteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blaitu (instrumental neuter singular)
blaitē (masculine nominative plural)
blaitō (feminine nominative plural)
blaitu (neuter nominative plural)
blaitā (accusative masculine plural)
blaitā (accusative feminine plural)
blaitu (accusative neuter plural)
blaiteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blaiteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blaiteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blaitēm (dative masculine plural)
blaitum (dative masculine plural)
blaitēm (dative feminine plural)
blaitum (dative feminine plural)
blaitēm (dative neuter plural)
blaitum (dative neuter plural)
blaitēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blaitum (instrumental masculine plural)
blaitēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blaitum (feminine instrumental plural)
blaitēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blaitum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: blāt
Middle English: *blat, *blate, *blot, *blote
>? Scots: blate, blait

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *blaitaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰloyd-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyd-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *blědъ (“pale”), Albanian blehurë (“pale”).


bōnijan

bōnijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bōnijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bōnijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bōnijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bōniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bōnidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bōnisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bōnidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōnidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bōnidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōnidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōnijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bōnidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bōniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bōnidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bōnijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bōnidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bōnijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bōnidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bōnijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bōnidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōnijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bōnidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōnijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bōnidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bōnijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bōnidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bōnijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bōnidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bōni (class-1 present singular weak)
bōniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bōnijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bōnid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *bēna

West Frisian: biene, bjinne, binzgje

Old Saxon: *bōnian

Middle Low German: bōnen

Low German: bonen

→ Danish: bone

→ Norwegian: bone

→ Swedish: bona

→ German: bohnen

→ German: bohnern

Old Dutch: *buonen

Middle Dutch: boenen

Dutch: boenen

⇒ Afrikaans: boener

Old High German: *buonen

Middle High German: büenen


kesul

kesul (nominative singular)
kesulō (nominative plural)
kesulōs (nominative plural)
kesul (accusative singular)
kesulā (accusative plural)
kesulas (genitive singular)
kesulō (genitive plural)
kesulē (dative singular)
kesulum (dative plural)
kesulu (instrumental singular)
kesulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeosol
Middle English: chesil, chesel, chisel
English: chisel, chesil, chissel, chessil
Scots: keezel

Old Saxon: *kesal

desc

Middle Low German: kēserlinc, kesserling, kēselinc, kīserlinc

Old Dutch: *kesal

Middle Dutch: kesel, keisel, kijsel

Dutch: keizel

Old High German: chisil, kisil

Middle High German: kisel

German: Kiesel

Luxembourgish: Kisel

→ Middle Dutch: kiezel

Dutch: kiezel

→ Swedish: kisel


fōþr

fōþr (nominative singular)
fōþru (nominative plural)
fōþr (accusative singular)
fōþru (accusative plural)
fōþras (genitive singular)
fōþrō (genitive plural)
fōþrē (dative singular)
fōþrum (dative plural)
fōþru (instrumental singular)
fōþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fōþer

desctree

Middle English: fother, foður, fothir, fothyr, futher, fodyr, fooder, foþer, foþere, foðer, voðer, ffoder
English: fother
Scots: fother

Old Dutch: *fuothar

Middle Dutch: voeder
Dutch: voeder, voer
Afrikaans: voer
Limburgish: voder, voor

Old High German: fuodar

Middle High German: vuoder

German: Fuder

Luxembourgish: Fudder

Likely dissimilated from earlier *fōrþr, from *fōrijan (“to lead; to bring”) + *-þr, perhaps influenced by similar sounding formations, compare *fōdr (“fodder”).


smokōn

smokōn (infinitive)
smokōnijas (genitive infinitive)
smokōnijē (dative infinitive)
smokōniju (infinitive instrumental)
smokō (first-person present singular)
smokōdā (first-person past singular)
smokōs (present second-person singular)
smokōdēs (past second-person singular)
smokōdōs (past second-person singular)
smokōþ (present singular third-person)
smokōdē (past singular third-person)
smokōdā (past singular third-person)
smokōm (first-person plural present)
smokōdum (first-person past plural)
smokōþ (plural present second-person)
smokōdud (past plural second-person)
smokōnþ (plural present third-person)
smokōdun (past plural third-person)
smokōdī (first-person past singular)
smokōdī (past second-person singular)
smokō (present singular third-person)
smokōdī (past singular third-person)
smokōdīm (first-person past plural)
smokōdīd (past plural second-person)
smokōn (plural present third-person)
smokōdīn (past plural third-person)
smokō (present singular)
smokōþ (plural present)
smokōndī (participle present)
smokōd (participle past)

Old English: smocian

Middle English: smoken

English: smoke

Scots: smoke

Old Frisian: *smokia

Saterland Frisian: smookje

West Frisian: smoke (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *smukōn, *smokōn

(Middle Low German: smōken, smoken ?)

(Low German: smöken, smoken)

Old Dutch: *smukōn, *smokōn

Middle Dutch: smōken

Dutch: smoken

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg- (“to smoke”).