mann

mann (nominative singular)
manni (nominative plural)
mannu (accusative singular)
manni (accusative plural)
manni (genitive singular)
mannō (genitive plural)
manni (dative singular)
mannum (dative plural)
manni (instrumental singular)
mannum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mann, ᛗ (m), man, monn, mon, manna
Middle English: man, manne, mæn, mon, monne
English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)
Scots: man
Yola: man

Old Frisian: man, mon

North Frisian: maan

Saterland Frisian: Mon

West Frisian: man

Old Saxon: mann
Middle Low German: man
German Low German: Mann
Plautdietsch: Maun

Old Dutch: man
Middle Dutch: man
Dutch: man
Limburgish: man
Zealandic: man

Old High German: man
Middle High German: man
Alemannic German: ma, mà, Maa, Mann, Mànn, mo, ma'
Swabian: Ma, Mâ, Mô, Mâo, Mâu
Bavarian: mon, ma'
Cimbrian: man, mann, månn
Mòcheno: mònn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Mann
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Moan
German: Mann, man
Luxembourgish: Mann
Transylvanian Saxon: Mouen, Mäun
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mann
Yiddish: מאַן (man)


ik

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: iċ, ih, ich — Northumbrian, iċċ
Southern Middle English: ich
English: ich (obsolete since 19th century)
Yola: ich (revived)
Northern Middle English: ik
Scots: ik (rare)
Later Middle English: I
English: I
Scots: A, I

Old Frisian: ik
North Frisian: ick, ik
Saterland Frisian: iek
West Frisian: ik

Old Saxon: ik
Middle Low German: ik, ek
German Low German: ik

Old Dutch: ik, ic
Middle Dutch: ic
Dutch: ik
Afrikaans: ek
Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
Jersey Dutch: äk
Petjo: ik
Skepi Creole Dutch: ek

Old High German: ih
Middle High German: ich, ig
Alemannic German: ich, ig, i
Sensler: [iː]
Swabian: i
Sathmar Swabian: i
Bavarian: i
Cimbrian: ich (Setti Comuni); i (Luserna)
Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i (unstressed); iχχe (emphatic)
Mòcheno: i
Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech
Hunsrückisch: äijsch
Hunsrik: ich [ɪç]
Britten: [æɪ̯ʃ], [ɪʃ]
Kölsch: ich
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: iech
Silesian East Central German: iech
Upper Saxon German: isch, ische
East Franconian: i, iech
German: ich
Luxembourgish: ech
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: aisch
Pennsylvania German: ich [ɪç]
Vilamovian: ych
Yiddish: איך (ikh), ich
→ Limburgish: ich, iech, ik, iich (Eupen), ech (Southeast Limburgish)


hund

hund (nominative singular)
hundō (nominative plural)
hundōs (nominative plural)
hund (accusative singular)
hundā (accusative plural)
hundas (genitive singular)
hundō (genitive plural)
hundē (dative singular)
hundum (dative plural)
hundu (instrumental singular)
hundum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hund
Middle English: hound, hund, honde
English: hound
Scots: hoond

Old Frisian: hund
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hünj
Helgoland: Hin
Mooring: hün
Saterland Frisian: Húund
West Frisian: hûn

Old Saxon: hund
Middle Low German: hund
Low German:
German Low German:
East Frisian: Hund
Hamburgisch: Hond
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Hund
Westmünsterländisch: Hund
Plautdietsch: Hunt
→ Estonian: hunt

Old Dutch: hund

Middle Dutch: hont
Dutch: hond
Afrikaans: hond
Berbice Creole Dutch: hondo
Jersey Dutch: hônt
Negerhollands: hond, hon, hont, hun
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hont (dated)
Limburgish: hóndj

Old High German: hunt
Middle High German: hunt
Alemannic German: Hund
Alsatian: Hund
Swabian: Hond
Walser: hun, hund, hunn, hònn
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hunt
Mòcheno: hunt
Udinese: hunt
Central Franconian: Hond, Honk (most dialects of Ripuarian), Hongk (Aachen), Hunk (Kölsch), Honk
Hunsrik: Hund
Kölsch: Hunk, Hungk
German: Hund
→ Esperanto: hundo
Ido: hundo
Luxembourgish: Hond
Vilamovian: hund
Yiddish: הונט (hunt)


port

port (nominative singular)
portō (nominative plural)
portōs (nominative plural)
port (accusative singular)
portā (accusative plural)
portas (genitive singular)
portō (genitive plural)
portē (dative singular)
portum (dative plural)
portu (instrumental singular)
portum (instrumental plural)

Old English: port
Middle English: port
English: port
Scots: port

Old Saxon: *port

Middle Low German: porte

Old Dutch: *port

Middle Dutch: port, poert, pord

Old High German: *pfort

Middle High German: port

Borrowed from Latin portus (“harbor, haven”).


wall

wall (nominative singular)
wallō (nominative plural)
wallōs (nominative plural)
wall (accusative singular)
wallā (accusative plural)
wallas (genitive singular)
wallō (genitive plural)
wallē (dative singular)
wallum (dative plural)
wallu (instrumental singular)
wallum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weall, wall, weal, wal
Middle English: wal, wale, walle, waule
English: wall
Scots: wa, waa, waw
Yola: wul, vall
→ Middle Irish: *balla
Irish: balla
Manx: boalley
Scottish Gaelic: balla
→ Welsh: gwal, wal

Old Frisian: wall, wal

North Frisian: wal

Saterland Frisian: Waal

West Frisian: wal

Old Saxon: wal, wall

Middle Low German: wal

→ Danish: vold

→ Norwegian: voll

→ Old Swedish: valder

Swedish: vall
→ Finnish: valli

Old Dutch: *wal

Middle Dutch: wal

Dutch: wal

Old High German: wal

Middle High German: wal

German: Wall

Rhine Franconian: Waal

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


word

word (nominative singular)
wordu (nominative plural)
word (accusative singular)
wordu (accusative plural)
wordas (genitive singular)
wordō (genitive plural)
wordē (dative singular)
wordum (dative plural)
wordu (instrumental singular)
wordum (instrumental plural)

Old English: word

Middle English: word, wurd, weord

Scots: wird, wourd

English: word

Old Frisian: word, werd, wird

North Frisian:

Föhr: wurd

Helgoland: Wür

Mooring: uurd

desc

Saterland Frisian: Woud, Wud (Strukelje)

West Frisian: wurd

Old Saxon: word

Middle Low German: wort

German Low German: Woord

Old Dutch: wort

Middle Dutch: wort

Dutch: woord

Afrikaans: woord

Limburgish: waord

desctree

Old High German: wort
Middle High German: wort
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Wort
Italian Walser: wort, wourd, wuart, wòrt, wört
Swabian: Wort
Bavarian: Wort, Wurt
Cimbrian: bóart, bort (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: bourt
Udinese: boart, bort, bört
Central Franconian: Woot, Wort (Moselle Franconian; some dialects of Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Wort
German: Wort
Luxembourgish: Wuert
Vilamovian: wiüt
Yiddish: וואָרט (vort)


star

star (masculine nominative singular)
staru (feminine nominative singular)
star (neuter nominative singular)
staranā (accusative masculine singular)
starā (accusative feminine singular)
star (accusative neuter singular)
staras (genitive masculine singular)
stareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
staras (genitive neuter singular)
starumē (dative masculine singular)
stareʀē (dative feminine singular)
starumē (dative neuter singular)
staru (instrumental masculine singular)
stareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
staru (instrumental neuter singular)
starē (masculine nominative plural)
starō (feminine nominative plural)
staru (neuter nominative plural)
starā (accusative masculine plural)
starā (accusative feminine plural)
staru (accusative neuter plural)
stareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
stareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
stareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
starēm (dative masculine plural)
starum (dative masculine plural)
starēm (dative feminine plural)
starum (dative feminine plural)
starēm (dative neuter plural)
starum (dative neuter plural)
starēm (instrumental masculine plural)
starum (instrumental masculine plural)
starēm (feminine instrumental plural)
starum (feminine instrumental plural)
starēm (instrumental neuter plural)
starum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *star

Middle Low German: star

Old Dutch: *star

Middle Dutch: *star

Dutch: star

Old High German: *star

Middle High German: star

German: starr


war

war (masculine nominative singular)
waru (feminine nominative singular)
war (neuter nominative singular)
waranā (accusative masculine singular)
warā (accusative feminine singular)
war (accusative neuter singular)
waras (genitive masculine singular)
wareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
waras (genitive neuter singular)
warumē (dative masculine singular)
wareʀē (dative feminine singular)
warumē (dative neuter singular)
waru (instrumental masculine singular)
wareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
waru (instrumental neuter singular)
warē (masculine nominative plural)
warō (feminine nominative plural)
waru (neuter nominative plural)
warā (accusative masculine plural)
warā (accusative feminine plural)
waru (accusative neuter plural)
wareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
warēm (dative masculine plural)
warum (dative masculine plural)
warēm (dative feminine plural)
warum (dative feminine plural)
warēm (dative neuter plural)
warum (dative neuter plural)
warēm (instrumental masculine plural)
warum (instrumental masculine plural)
warēm (feminine instrumental plural)
warum (feminine instrumental plural)
warēm (instrumental neuter plural)
warum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wær

Middle English: war, ware

English: ware

Old Frisian: war, ware

⇒ West Frisian: warskôgje

Old Saxon: war

Old Dutch: *war

Middle Dutch: waer (in compounds: waerschuwen, ontware, ontwaer, etc.)

Old High German: war


ask

ask (nominative singular)
askō (nominative plural)
askōs (nominative plural)
ask (accusative singular)
askā (accusative plural)
askas (genitive singular)
askō (genitive plural)
askē (dative singular)
askum (dative plural)
asku (instrumental singular)
askum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æsċ
Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh
→ English: æsc (learned)

Old Frisian: ask

West Frisian: esk

Old Saxon: ask
Middle Low German: esk
Plautdietsch: Asch

Old Dutch: *ask

Middle Dutch: esk

Dutch: es

Old High German: asc
Middle High German: asche, esche
Cimbrian: ess
German: Esche
Luxembourgish: Esch
Yiddish: אַשבוים (ashboym)
⇒? German: Essen (see there for further descendants)


it

Old Saxon: it
Middle Low German: it
Low German: et, it
Plautdietsch: et

Old Dutch: it

Middle Dutch: it, et

Old High German: iz
Middle High German: ëz
Alemannic German: es
Bavarian: es
Cimbrian: es, 'z (Luserna), is, 's
Mòcheno: s
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: es
German: es
Luxembourgish: et
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: es
Yiddish: עס (es)


lob

lob (nominative singular)
lobu (nominative plural)
lob (accusative singular)
lobu (accusative plural)
lobas (genitive singular)
lobō (genitive plural)
lobē (dative singular)
lobum (dative plural)
lobu (instrumental singular)
lobum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lof

Middle English: lof, lofe

Scots: lofe

English: lofe, loff

Old Frisian: lof

North Frisian: lof

West Frisian: lof

Old Saxon: lof

Old Dutch: lof

Middle Dutch: lof

Dutch: lof

Old High German: lob

German: Lob

Luxembourgish: Luef


bakan

bakan (infinitive)
bakannjas (genitive infinitive)
bakannjē (dative infinitive)
bakannju (infinitive instrumental)
baku (first-person present singular)
bōk (first-person past singular)
bakiʀi (present second-person singular)
bōkī (past second-person singular)
bakidi (present singular third-person)
bōk (past singular third-person)
bakum (first-person plural present)
bōkum (first-person past plural)
bakid (plural present second-person)
bōkud (past plural second-person)
bakand (plural present third-person)
bōkun (past plural third-person)
bakē (first-person present singular)
bōkī (first-person past singular)
bakēs (present second-person singular)
bakē (present singular third-person)
bōkī (past singular third-person)
bakēm (first-person plural present)
bōkīm (first-person past plural)
bakēþ (plural present second-person)
bōkīd (past plural second-person)
bakēn (plural present third-person)
bōkīn (past plural third-person)
bak (present singular)
bakid (plural present)
bakandī (participle present)
bakan (participle past)

Old English: bacan
Middle English: baken, bakyn, bake, bakenn
English: bake
Scots: bake
→ Irish: bácáil

Old Frisian: *baka, *bakka

North Frisian:

Amrum, Feer: baag

Hoolmer, Mooring, Ockholm: bååge

Langenhorn, Hoorninger, Wiedingharder: baage

Sylt: baak

Saterland Frisian: boake

West Frisian: bakke

Old Saxon: bakkan
Middle Low German: backen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: backen
Sauerländisch: backen
Westmünsterländisch: backen
Plautdietsch: baken

Old Dutch: *bakan, *bakkan

Middle Dutch: baken, backen

Dutch: bakken

→ Sranan Tongo: baka

Old High German: bahhan, backan

Middle High German: bachen, backen

Bavarian: båchn

German: backen, (early, dialectal) bachen

Luxembourgish: baken

Yiddish: באַקן (bakn)


fall

fall (nominative singular)
fallō (nominative plural)
fallōs (nominative plural)
fall (accusative singular)
fallā (accusative plural)
fallas (genitive singular)
fallō (genitive plural)
fallē (dative singular)
fallum (dative plural)
fallu (instrumental singular)
fallum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feall

Middle English: falle

English: fall

Old Frisian: fal

North Frisian: fal

Saterland Frisian: Fal, Faal

West Frisian: fal

Old Saxon: fal

Middle Low German: val

German Low German: Fall

Old Dutch: *fal

Middle Dutch: val

Dutch: val

Old High German: fal

Middle High German: val

German: Fall


warm

warm (masculine nominative singular)
warmu (feminine nominative singular)
warm (neuter nominative singular)
warmanā (accusative masculine singular)
warmā (accusative feminine singular)
warm (accusative neuter singular)
warmas (genitive masculine singular)
warmeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
warmas (genitive neuter singular)
warmumē (dative masculine singular)
warmeʀē (dative feminine singular)
warmumē (dative neuter singular)
warmu (instrumental masculine singular)
warmeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
warmu (instrumental neuter singular)
warmē (masculine nominative plural)
warmō (feminine nominative plural)
warmu (neuter nominative plural)
warmā (accusative masculine plural)
warmā (accusative feminine plural)
warmu (accusative neuter plural)
warmeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
warmeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
warmeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
warmēm (dative masculine plural)
warmum (dative masculine plural)
warmēm (dative feminine plural)
warmum (dative feminine plural)
warmēm (dative neuter plural)
warmum (dative neuter plural)
warmēm (instrumental masculine plural)
warmum (instrumental masculine plural)
warmēm (feminine instrumental plural)
warmum (feminine instrumental plural)
warmēm (instrumental neuter plural)
warmum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wearm
Middle English: warm, warme, werm, wearm
Scots: wairm
English: warm

Old Frisian: warm

Saterland Frisian: woorm

West Frisian: waarm

Old Saxon: warm
Middle Low German: warm
Low German: warm
German Low German: warm

Old Dutch: *warm

Middle Dutch: warm
Dutch: warm
Afrikaans: warm
Limburgish: werm
West Flemish: werm

Old High German: warm
Middle High German: warm
Alemannic German: warm
Italian Walser: warm, woare, woarm, wore, wérme
Bavarian: borm
Cimbrian: barm
Mòcheno: bòrm
Udinese: borm, borbm, boarm
Viennese: wårm
Central Franconian: wärm, warm
Hunsrik: waarem
German: warm
Luxembourgish: waarm
Yiddish: וואַרעם (varem)


sol

sol (nominative singular)
solu (nominative plural)
sol (accusative singular)
solu (accusative plural)
solas (genitive singular)
solō (genitive plural)
solē (dative singular)
solum (dative plural)
solu (instrumental singular)
solum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sol

Middle English: sol

English: sole, soal, soil

Scots: sole, soil, sulȝe, suilȝe

⇒ Old English: sol (adj)

Middle English: sol (adj)

gl

⇒ Old English: solu f (back-formation from the neuter plural of sol)

⇒ Old English: *solwiġ (adj)

Middle English: solwy (adj)

Old Frisian: sol

West Frisian: soal

Old Saxon: *sol

desc

Middle Low German: sol, sōl, sāl n, sōle, sāle, sȫle f

German Low German: Söle, Sööl f

→ Danish: søle

→ Norwegian: søle, saula, søyla

Old Dutch: *sol

Middle Dutch: sol

Dutch: zol

Old High German: sol, sul m or n

Middle High German: sol, söl m or n, sol, sul f

German: Sol m or n, Sole f (obsolete)

q

altered after <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">suhlen</i>

⇒ German: Suhle f (altered after suhlen)

⇒ Old High German: gisol (< Proto-West Germanic *gasol)

Middle High German: gesol


kind

kind (nominative singular)
kindu (nominative plural)
kind (accusative singular)
kindu (accusative plural)
kindas (genitive singular)
kindō (genitive plural)
kindē (dative singular)
kindum (dative plural)
kindu (instrumental singular)
kindum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kind

desctree

Old Saxon: kind
Middle Low German: kind, kint, kynd
Dutch Low Saxon: kind, kiend, keend
German Low German: Kind
→ Old Frisian: kind
West Frisian: kyn

Old Dutch: kint
Middle Dutch: kint
Dutch: kind
Afrikaans: kind
Jersey Dutch: känt
Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte
Limburgish: kindj

Old High German: kind, kint, chind

Middle High German: kind, kint

Alemannic German: Chind

Swabian: Kend

Vorarlbergerisch: Kiand

Walser: Chend

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: khinn

Viennese: Kind

Central Franconian: Kend, Kenk

Eifelisch: King, Kond, Könd

Hunsrik: Kind

Kölsch: Kind

Luxembourgish: Kand

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: [kʰɪnt]

Vilamovian: kynd

German: Kind

→? Italian: citto

desc

Rhine Franconian: Kind, Kend, Keend, Kenn, Kinn

Frankfurterisch: [kʰint]

Pennsylvania German: Kind

Yiddish: קינד (kind)


gans

gans (nominative singular)
gansi (nominative plural)
gansu (accusative singular)
gansi (accusative plural)
gansi (genitive singular)
gansō (genitive plural)
gansi (dative singular)
gansum (dative plural)
gansi (instrumental singular)
gansum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: gōs
Middle English: goos, goce, gos, gose, gosse
English: goose
Scots: guse

Old Frisian: *gōs
North Frisian:
Most dialects: gus
Sylt: Guus
Wiedingharde: goos
Saterland Frisian: Gous
West Frisian: goes

Old Saxon: *gās, *gōs

Middle Low German: gās, gōs, gūs

Low German: Goos

⇒ Middle Low German: *gösel

Low German: Gössel

→ German: Gössel

Old Dutch: *gans, *gōs

Middle Dutch: gans, goes

Dutch: gans
Afrikaans: gans
→ Xhosa: urhanisi
→ Zulu: ihansi
Jersey Dutch: xânz
Negerhollands: gans
→ Lokono: kansa
→ Caribbean Hindustani: hans
→ Papiamentu: gans (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: gansi
→ Aukan: gansi
→ Saramaccan: gánsi

Old High German: gans, kans

Middle High German: gans, gas

Alemannic German: Gaas, Gants (Uri)

German: Gans

Luxembourgish: Gäns, Gaus

Vilamovian: gaons

Yiddish: גאַנדז (gandz)


teman

teman (infinitive)
temannjas (genitive infinitive)
temannjē (dative infinitive)
temannju (infinitive instrumental)
temu (first-person present singular)
tam (first-person past singular)
timiʀi (present second-person singular)
tāmī (past second-person singular)
timidi (present singular third-person)
tam (past singular third-person)
temum (first-person plural present)
tāmum (first-person past plural)
timid (plural present second-person)
tāmud (past plural second-person)
temand (plural present third-person)
tāmun (past plural third-person)
temē (first-person present singular)
tāmī (first-person past singular)
temēs (present second-person singular)
temē (present singular third-person)
tāmī (past singular third-person)
temēm (first-person plural present)
tāmīm (first-person past plural)
temēþ (plural present second-person)
tāmīd (past plural second-person)
temēn (plural present third-person)
tāmīn (past plural third-person)
tim (present singular)
timid (plural present)
temandī (participle present)
tuman (participle past)

Old English: *teman; (temian); *tēme, *tȳme (in luftȳme, wiþertȳme)

Middle English: temen; *betemen

English: teem; beteem

Old Frisian: tima; timia

Saterland Frisian: täämelk

West Frisian: tiemje; betame, betamje

Old Saxon: teman

Middle Low German: temen; tēmelik, tâmelik

Low German: temen, tamen

Old Dutch: teman
Middle Dutch: tēmen

Old High German: zeman
Middle High German: zëmen; gezëmen
German: ziemen; geziemen; ziemlich


al

al (nominative singular)
alō (nominative plural)
alōs (nominative plural)
al (accusative singular)
alā (accusative plural)
alas (genitive singular)
alō (genitive plural)
alē (dative singular)
alum (dative plural)
alu (instrumental singular)
alum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æl, eal
Middle English: alle, al
English: awl (merged with descendant of Old English awel)
Scots: awl


tin

tin (nominative singular)
tinu (nominative plural)
tin (accusative singular)
tinu (accusative plural)
tinas (genitive singular)
tinō (genitive plural)
tinē (dative singular)
tinum (dative plural)
tinu (instrumental singular)
tinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tin
Middle English: tyn, tin, tyne, tynne
English: tin
→ Atong (India): tin
→ Iban: tin
→ Indonesian: tin
→ Norman: tinne
Tok Pisin: tin
Scots: tin

Old Frisian: tinn

Saterland Frisian: Tin

West Frisian: tin

Old Saxon: tin

Middle Low German: tin, ten

German Low German: Tinn

Old Dutch: *tin

Middle Dutch: tin, ten

Dutch: tin

Afrikaans: tin

Old High German: zin

Middle High German: zin

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Zinn

German: Zinn

→ Czech: cín

→ Polish: cyna

→ Slovak: cín

Luxembourgish: Zënn


ail

ail (nominative singular)
ailu (nominative plural)
ail (accusative singular)
ailu (accusative plural)
ailas (genitive singular)
ailō (genitive plural)
ailē (dative singular)
ailum (dative plural)
ailu (instrumental singular)
ailum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āl


arm

arm (nominative singular)
armō (nominative plural)
armōs (nominative plural)
arm (accusative singular)
armā (accusative plural)
armas (genitive singular)
armō (genitive plural)
armē (dative singular)
armum (dative plural)
armu (instrumental singular)
armum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earm, arm — Anglian
Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: airm
Yola: arrm

Old Frisian: erm
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iarem
Halligen: eerm
Heligoland: iaarem
Mooring: ärm
Saterland Frisian: Íerm, Äirm (Strukelje)
West Frisian: earm

Old Saxon: arm
Middle Low German: arm
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Arm
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Ārm
Lippisch: Arm
Sauerländisch: Ārm, Ārem, Oarm
Westmünsterländisch: Arm
Plautdietsch: Oam, Oarm

Old Dutch: arm
Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Javindo: arrem
Negerhollands: arm, erm
Limburgish: erm

Old High German: arm, aram, arma
Middle High German: arm, arn
Alemannic German: Aare, Arm, Are, Arme
Bavarian: Oarm
Cimbrian: arm
Central Franconian: Ärm, Arm, Orm (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Aarem
German: Arm
Luxembourgish: Aarm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Aarm
Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)


arm

head

*arm (comparative *armōʀō, superlative *armōst)

armōʀō (comparative)
armōst (superlative)
arm (masculine nominative singular)
armu (feminine nominative singular)
arm (neuter nominative singular)
armanā (accusative masculine singular)
armā (accusative feminine singular)
arm (accusative neuter singular)
armas (genitive masculine singular)
armeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
armas (genitive neuter singular)
armumē (dative masculine singular)
armeʀē (dative feminine singular)
armumē (dative neuter singular)
armu (instrumental masculine singular)
armeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
armu (instrumental neuter singular)
armē (masculine nominative plural)
armō (feminine nominative plural)
armu (neuter nominative plural)
armā (accusative masculine plural)
armā (accusative feminine plural)
armu (accusative neuter plural)
armeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
armeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
armeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
armēm (dative masculine plural)
armum (dative masculine plural)
armēm (dative feminine plural)
armum (dative feminine plural)
armēm (dative neuter plural)
armum (dative neuter plural)
armēm (instrumental masculine plural)
armum (instrumental masculine plural)
armēm (feminine instrumental plural)
armum (feminine instrumental plural)
armēm (instrumental neuter plural)
armum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: earm
Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: arm

Old Frisian: erm
Saterland Frisian: äärm
West Frisian: earm

Old Saxon: *arm

Middle Low German: arm

German Low German: arm

Plautdietsch: oam, oarm

Old Dutch: arm
Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Berbice Creole Dutch: arum
Jersey Dutch: arm
Negerhollands: aerm
Petjo: arm
Limburgish: erm

Old High German: arm
Middle High German: arm
Cimbrian: arm
German: arm
Luxembourgish: aarm
Plautdietsch: aarem
Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)


swan

swan (nominative singular)
swanō (nominative plural)
swanōs (nominative plural)
swan (accusative singular)
swanā (accusative plural)
swanas (genitive singular)
swanō (genitive plural)
swanē (dative singular)
swanum (dative plural)
swanu (instrumental singular)
swanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swan, swon

Middle English: swan

Scots: swan

English: swan

Old Frisian: *swan

Saterland Frisian: Swoan, Swonne, Swoon

West Frisian: swan

Old Saxon: swan

Middle Low German: swan, swane

Low German: Swaan, Swoon, swan, swane

Plautdietsch: Schwon

→ Norwegian: svane

→ Danish: svane

Old Dutch: *swan

Middle Dutch: swan, swāne

Dutch: zwaan

Afrikaans: swaan

Limburgish: zwaan

Old High German: swan

Middle High German: swan

German: Schwan

→ Lower Sorbian: šwon

→ Luxembourgish: Schwan

Hunsrik: Schwaan

Luxembourgish: Schwunn (archaic)

Yiddish: שוואַן (shvan)


god

god (nominative singular)
godu (nominative plural)
god (accusative singular)
godu (accusative plural)
godas (genitive singular)
godō (genitive plural)
godē (dative singular)
godum (dative plural)
godu (instrumental singular)
godum (instrumental plural)

Old English: god

Middle English: god

Scots: god, God

English: god, God

Yola: gud, Gud

Old Frisian: god
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: God
Saterland Frisian: God
West Frisian: god, God

Old Saxon: god

Middle Low German: gad, god

Low German: Gott

Plautdietsch: Gott

Old Dutch: got
Middle Dutch: got
Dutch: god, God
Afrikaans: god, God
Limburgish: gód, Gód

Old High German: got, cot
Middle High German: got
Alemannic German: Gott
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: Gott
Mòcheno: Gott
Central Franconian: Jott
German: Gott
Luxembourgish: Gott
Yiddish: גאָט (got)


braid

braid (masculine nominative singular)
braidu (feminine nominative singular)
braid (neuter nominative singular)
braidanā (accusative masculine singular)
braidā (accusative feminine singular)
braid (accusative neuter singular)
braidas (genitive masculine singular)
braideʀā (feminine genitive singular)
braidas (genitive neuter singular)
braidumē (dative masculine singular)
braideʀē (dative feminine singular)
braidumē (dative neuter singular)
braidu (instrumental masculine singular)
braideʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
braidu (instrumental neuter singular)
braidē (masculine nominative plural)
braidō (feminine nominative plural)
braidu (neuter nominative plural)
braidā (accusative masculine plural)
braidā (accusative feminine plural)
braidu (accusative neuter plural)
braideʀō (genitive masculine plural)
braideʀō (feminine genitive plural)
braideʀō (genitive neuter plural)
braidēm (dative masculine plural)
braidum (dative masculine plural)
braidēm (dative feminine plural)
braidum (dative feminine plural)
braidēm (dative neuter plural)
braidum (dative neuter plural)
braidēm (instrumental masculine plural)
braidum (instrumental masculine plural)
braidēm (feminine instrumental plural)
braidum (feminine instrumental plural)
braidēm (instrumental neuter plural)
braidum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: brād
Middle English: brood, brod, brode
English: broad
Scots: braid
Yola: brode

Old Frisian: brēd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: briad
Goesharde: briid
Halligen: briad
Mooring: briidj
Sylt: breer
Wiedingharde: briidj
Saterland Frisian: breed
West Frisian: brie

Old Saxon: brēd
Middle Low German: *brêd
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: breet
Low Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch): breed
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: braẹ̆t
Sauerländisch: bräit, brait (Elpe, Felbecke, Finnentrop, Attendorn, Elspe), brǟt (Niedersfeld)
East Westphalian: breit (Lippe)
Eastphalian: breit (Wedemark)

Old Dutch: *brēd, *breid, *brēt
Middle Dutch: brêet
Dutch: breed
Afrikaans: breed
Berbice Creole Dutch: brete
Negerhollands: breed
→ Caribbean Javanese: bradi (via Sranan Tongo)
→ West Frisian: breed
Limburgish: breid
Zealandic: breêd

Old High German: breit
Middle High German: breit
Bavarian: brad, broad
Central Franconian: breet
German: breit
Hunsrik: breid
Luxembourgish: breet
Vilamovian: braat
Yiddish: ברייט (breyt)


bed

bed (nominative singular)
bedu (nominative plural)
bed (accusative singular)
bedu (accusative plural)
bedas (genitive singular)
bedō (genitive plural)
bedē (dative singular)
bedum (dative plural)
bedu (instrumental singular)
bedum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bed

q

through confluence with descendants of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġebed</i>

Middle English: bed, bede (through confluence with descendants of Old English ġebed)

English: bead

Scots: bede, beid

Old High German: *bet

Middle High German: bët, bëte

German: Bet


felt

felt (nominative singular)
feltu (nominative plural)
felt (accusative singular)
feltu (accusative plural)
feltas (genitive singular)
feltō (genitive plural)
feltē (dative singular)
feltum (dative plural)
feltu (instrumental singular)
feltum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: felt
Middle English: felt, felte, feltte, feelte
English: felt
Scots: felt

Old Frisian: *filt

Saterland Frisian: Filt

West Frisian: filt

Old Saxon: filt

Middle Low German: vilt

German Low German: Filt

Plautdietsch: Filt

→ Danish: filt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: filt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: filt

→ Swedish: filt (“blanket”)
→ Finnish: viltti

Old Dutch: *filt

Middle Dutch: vilt
Dutch: vilt

Old High German: filz

Middle High German: vilz

German: Filz
→ Saterland Frisian: Fils
→ Hungarian: filc
→ Serbo-Croatian: fȉlc

→ Latin: filtrum (see there for further descendants)

Derived from Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, hide”).
An alternative theory derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *peld- (“something beaten or compressed; felt”), from *pel- (“to beat; push; move; drive”).


fell

fell (nominative singular)
fellu (nominative plural)
fell (accusative singular)
fellu (accusative plural)
fellas (genitive singular)
fellō (genitive plural)
fellē (dative singular)
fellum (dative plural)
fellu (instrumental singular)
fellum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fell

Middle English: felle, fell

Scots: fell

English: fell

Old Frisian: fel

West Frisian: fel

Old Saxon: fel

Middle Low German: vel

Old Dutch: fel

Middle Dutch: vel

Dutch: vel

Afrikaans: vel

Jersey Dutch: vääl

Negerhollands: vel, fel

→ Indonesian: pel

Old High German: fel

Middle High German: vël

German: Fell


all

all (masculine nominative singular)
allu (feminine nominative singular)
all (neuter nominative singular)
allanā (accusative masculine singular)
allā (accusative feminine singular)
all (accusative neuter singular)
allas (genitive masculine singular)
alleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
allas (genitive neuter singular)
allumē (dative masculine singular)
alleʀē (dative feminine singular)
allumē (dative neuter singular)
allu (instrumental masculine singular)
alleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
allu (instrumental neuter singular)
allē (masculine nominative plural)
allō (feminine nominative plural)
allu (neuter nominative plural)
allā (accusative masculine plural)
allā (accusative feminine plural)
allu (accusative neuter plural)
alleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
alleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
alleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
allēm (dative masculine plural)
allum (dative masculine plural)
allēm (dative feminine plural)
allum (dative feminine plural)
allēm (dative neuter plural)
allum (dative neuter plural)
allēm (instrumental masculine plural)
allum (instrumental masculine plural)
allēm (feminine instrumental plural)
allum (feminine instrumental plural)
allēm (instrumental neuter plural)
allum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: eall, æal, all — Anglian, æall, eal, eæll
Middle English: all, al
English: all
Geordie English: a'
Scots: a', a, aw, aa, aal (Shetland)
Yola: aul, aal, all, al

Old Frisian: all

Saterland Frisian: al, aal

West Frisian: al

Old Saxon: al, all
Middle Low German: al, alle
German Low German: all, alle (Münsterländisch; Sauerländisch), olle (Paderbornisch)

Old Dutch: al, ol
Middle Dutch: al
Dutch: al
Afrikaans: al
Limburgish: al

Old High German: al
Middle High German: al
Alemannic German: älli
German: all
Luxembourgish: all
Yiddish: אַלע (ale)


hair

head

*hair (comparative *hairiʀō, superlative *hairist)

hairiʀō (comparative)
hairist (superlative)
hair (masculine nominative singular)
hairu (feminine nominative singular)
hair (neuter nominative singular)
hairanā (accusative masculine singular)
hairā (accusative feminine singular)
hair (accusative neuter singular)
hairas (genitive masculine singular)
haireʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hairas (genitive neuter singular)
hairumē (dative masculine singular)
haireʀē (dative feminine singular)
hairumē (dative neuter singular)
hairu (instrumental masculine singular)
haireʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hairu (instrumental neuter singular)
hairē (masculine nominative plural)
hairō (feminine nominative plural)
hairu (neuter nominative plural)
hairā (accusative masculine plural)
hairā (accusative feminine plural)
hairu (accusative neuter plural)
haireʀō (genitive masculine plural)
haireʀō (feminine genitive plural)
haireʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hairēm (dative masculine plural)
hairum (dative masculine plural)
hairēm (dative feminine plural)
hairum (dative feminine plural)
hairēm (dative neuter plural)
hairum (dative neuter plural)
hairēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hairum (instrumental masculine plural)
hairēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hairum (feminine instrumental plural)
hairēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hairum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hār
Middle English: hor
English: hoar
Scots: hare, hair

Old Frisian: hār

Old Dutch: hēr

Middle Dutch: heer

⇒ Middle Dutch: herlic

Dutch: heerlijk

Old High German: hēr
Middle High German: hēr
German: hehr


spell

spell (nominative singular)
spellu (nominative plural)
spell (accusative singular)
spellu (accusative plural)
spellas (genitive singular)
spellō (genitive plural)
spellē (dative singular)
spellum (dative plural)
spellu (instrumental singular)
spellum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spell, spel
Middle English: spell, spel
English: spell

Old Saxon: spel

Old Dutch: spel

Middle Dutch: spel

Old High German: spel


smelt

smelt (nominative singular)
smeltō (nominative plural)
smeltōs (nominative plural)
smelt (accusative singular)
smeltā (accusative plural)
smeltas (genitive singular)
smeltō (genitive plural)
smeltē (dative singular)
smeltum (dative plural)
smeltu (instrumental singular)
smeltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smelt, smylt

Middle English: smelt, smelte, smelth
English: smelt
Scots: smelt

Old Dutch: *smelt

Middle Dutch: *smelt

West Flemish: smelt


stork

stork (nominative singular)
storkō (nominative plural)
storkōs (nominative plural)
stork (accusative singular)
storkā (accusative plural)
storkas (genitive singular)
storkō (genitive plural)
storkē (dative singular)
storkum (dative plural)
storku (instrumental singular)
storkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: storc

Middle English: stork

Scots: stork

English: stork

Old Frisian: *stork

Saterland Frisian: Stoark

Old Saxon: *stork

Middle Low German: stork

German Low German: Störk, Stoork, Stürk

Old Dutch: *stork

Middle Dutch: storke, storc, sturc

Dutch: stork

q

Old High German: storah, storh, *stork (irregular -h- possibly generalized from svarabhakti form)

Middle High German: storch, storc

German: Storch, (obsolete) Stork

→ Hunsrik: Storrich

→ Luxembourgish: Storch

Luxembourgish: (dated) Stuerk

→ Latvian: stārķis

→ Lithuanian: starkus


stab

stab (nominative singular)
stabō (nominative plural)
stabōs (nominative plural)
stab (accusative singular)
stabā (accusative plural)
stabas (genitive singular)
stabō (genitive plural)
stabē (dative singular)
stabum (dative plural)
stabu (instrumental singular)
stabum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stæf

Middle English: staf

Scots: staf, staff

English: staff, stave (from the inflected forms)

Old Frisian: staf, stef

Saterland Frisian: Stäf

West Frisian: stêf

Old Saxon: staf

Middle Low German: staf

German Low German: Staff, Staav (from the inflected forms)

Old Dutch: *staf

Middle Dutch: staf

Dutch: staf, staaf (from the inflected forms)

Old High German: stab, stap

Middle High German: stab, stap

German: Stab

→ Czech: štáb

→ Danish: stab

→ Esperanto: stabo

→ Hungarian: stáb

→ Macedonian: штаб (štab)

→ Polish: sztab

→ Russian: штаб (štab)

→ Serbo-Croatian: štab (“headquarters”)

→ Swedish: stab

Luxembourgish: Staf


sap

sap (nominative singular)
sapu (nominative plural)
sap (accusative singular)
sapu (accusative plural)
sapas (genitive singular)
sapō (genitive plural)
sapē (dative singular)
sapum (dative plural)
sapu (instrumental singular)
sapum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sæp

Middle English: sap

English: sap

Scots: sap, sop

Old Frisian: *sep, *sap

Saterland Frisian: Sap

West Frisian: sappe, sop

Old Saxon: sap

Middle Low German: sap

German Low German: Sapp

Low German: Sap

Old Dutch: *sap

Middle Dutch: sap

Dutch: sap

Old High German: saf

Middle High German: saf, saft

Bavarian: Såft

German: Saft

→ Danish: saft

→ Norwegian Bokmål: saft

→ Swedish: saft

Luxembourgish: Saaft

Yiddish: זאַפֿט (zaft)

→ Middle Low German: saft

German Low German: Saft

From Proto-Indo-European *sab-, *sap-; see also Welsh syb-wydd (“fir”), Latin sapa (“must, new wine”), Russian со́пли (sópli, “snivel”), Old Armenian համ (ham, “taste”), Avestan 𐬬𐬌-𐬱𐬁𐬞𐬀 (vi-šāpa, “having poisonous juices”), Sanskrit सबर् (sabar, “juice, nectar”)).


halm

halm (nominative singular)
halmō (nominative plural)
halmōs (nominative plural)
halm (accusative singular)
halmā (accusative plural)
halmas (genitive singular)
halmō (genitive plural)
halmē (dative singular)
halmum (dative plural)
halmu (instrumental singular)
halmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: healm n, halm

Middle English: healm, halm, helm, holm

English: halm, haulm

Scots: haulm

Old Frisian: *halm

Saterland Frisian: Hoolm

West Frisian: haal

Old Saxon: halm

Middle Low German: halm

German Low German: Halm

Old Dutch: *halm

Middle Dutch: halm

Dutch: halm

Afrikaans: halm

Old High German: halm

Middle High German: halm, halme, helm

German: Halm

Luxembourgish: Hallem


wind

wind (nominative singular)
windō (nominative plural)
windōs (nominative plural)
wind (accusative singular)
windā (accusative plural)
windas (genitive singular)
windō (genitive plural)
windē (dative singular)
windum (dative plural)
windu (instrumental singular)
windum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wind
Middle English: wynd, wend, wende, wind, winde, wynde
English: wind
Scots: wind, win
Yola: weend, wyeene

Old Frisian: wind

Saterland Frisian: Wíend

West Frisian: wyn

Old Saxon: wind

Middle Low German: wint

German Low German: Wind

Plautdietsch: Wint

Old Dutch: wint

Middle Dutch: wint
Dutch: wind
Afrikaans: wind
Berbice Creole Dutch: wende
Negerhollands: wind, win, wen
Skepi Creole Dutch: went
→ Aukan: winta
→ Sranan Tongo: winti
Limburgish: windj

Old High German: wint
Middle High German: wint
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: winn, wend, wénn, wind
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bint
Mòcheno: bint
Udinese: bint
Viennese: Wind
German: Wind
Luxembourgish: Wand
Vilamovian: wynt
Yiddish: ווינט (vint)


wal

wal (nominative singular)
walō (nominative plural)
walōs (nominative plural)
wal (accusative singular)
walā (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walō (genitive plural)
walē (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)
walu (instrumental singular)
walum (instrumental plural)
wal (nominative singular)
walu (nominative plural)
wal (accusative singular)
walu (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walō (genitive plural)
walē (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)
walu (instrumental singular)
walum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæl n

Middle English: wæl, wal, wel

⇒ Old Saxon: waldād

Old High German: wal m or n

Middle High German: wal m or n

German: Wal (primarily in compounds)


full

full (masculine nominative singular)
fullu (feminine nominative singular)
full (neuter nominative singular)
follanā (accusative masculine singular)
follā (accusative feminine singular)
full (accusative neuter singular)
follas (genitive masculine singular)
fulleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
follas (genitive neuter singular)
fullumē (dative masculine singular)
fulleʀē (dative feminine singular)
fullumē (dative neuter singular)
fullu (instrumental masculine singular)
fulleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fullu (instrumental neuter singular)
fullē (masculine nominative plural)
follō (feminine nominative plural)
fullu (neuter nominative plural)
follā (accusative masculine plural)
follā (accusative feminine plural)
fullu (accusative neuter plural)
fulleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
fulleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
fulleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fullēm (dative masculine plural)
fullum (dative masculine plural)
fullēm (dative feminine plural)
fullum (dative feminine plural)
fullēm (dative neuter plural)
fullum (dative neuter plural)
fullēm (instrumental masculine plural)
fullum (instrumental masculine plural)
fullēm (feminine instrumental plural)
fullum (feminine instrumental plural)
fullēm (instrumental neuter plural)
fullum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: full, ful
Middle English: ful, fol, full, vol, vul
English: full
Scots: fou, full
Yola: vull

Old Frisian: full

Saterland Frisian: ful

West Frisian: fol

Old Saxon: ful, full

Middle Low German: vul

Low German: vull

Old Dutch: *full

Middle Dutch: vol

Dutch: vol

Afrikaans: vol

Old High German: foll
Middle High German: vol, voll
Alemannic German: vole, voll
Bavarian: voi, vui
Cimbrian: vòll, bòll (Mezzaselva)
Hunsrik: foll
Luxembourgish: voll
German: voll
Vilamovian: fułł
Yiddish: פֿול (ful)


salt

salt (masculine nominative singular)
saltu (feminine nominative singular)
salt (neuter nominative singular)
saltanā (accusative masculine singular)
saltā (accusative feminine singular)
salt (accusative neuter singular)
saltas (genitive masculine singular)
salteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
saltas (genitive neuter singular)
saltumē (dative masculine singular)
salteʀē (dative feminine singular)
saltumē (dative neuter singular)
saltu (instrumental masculine singular)
salteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
saltu (instrumental neuter singular)
saltē (masculine nominative plural)
saltō (feminine nominative plural)
saltu (neuter nominative plural)
saltā (accusative masculine plural)
saltā (accusative feminine plural)
saltu (accusative neuter plural)
salteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
salteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
salteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
saltēm (dative masculine plural)
saltum (dative masculine plural)
saltēm (dative feminine plural)
saltum (dative feminine plural)
saltēm (dative neuter plural)
saltum (dative neuter plural)
saltēm (instrumental masculine plural)
saltum (instrumental masculine plural)
saltēm (feminine instrumental plural)
saltum (feminine instrumental plural)
saltēm (instrumental neuter plural)
saltum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sealt

Middle English: salt

English: salt

Scots: salt

Old Frisian: salt

West Frisian: sâlt

Old Saxon: salt

Middle Low German: salt, solt

German Low German: solt

Old Dutch: *salt

Middle Dutch: sout

Dutch: zout

Afrikaans: sout

Old High German: *salz

Middle High German: salz


salt

salt (nominative singular)
saltu (nominative plural)
salt (accusative singular)
saltu (accusative plural)
saltas (genitive singular)
saltō (genitive plural)
saltē (dative singular)
saltum (dative plural)
saltu (instrumental singular)
saltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sealt
Middle English: salt
English: salt
Scots: sawt, salt, saut
Yola: zall

Old Frisian: salt
North Frisian: saalt
Saterland Frisian: Soalt, Saalt (Skäddel, Strukelje)
West Frisian: sâlt

Old Saxon: salt

Middle Low German: salt, solt

German Low German: Solt

Plautdietsch: Solt

Old Dutch: *salt
Middle Dutch: sout
Dutch: zout (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zaat

Old High German: salz

Middle High German: salz

Alemannic German: Sàlz (Alsatian)

Bavarian: Sålz, Soiz

Cimbrian: saltz

Mòcheno: sòlz

German: Salz

Luxembourgish: Salz

Vilamovian: zaołc

Yiddish: זאַלץ (zalts)


mark

mark (nominative singular)
marku (nominative plural)
mark (accusative singular)
marku (accusative plural)
markas (genitive singular)
markō (genitive plural)
markē (dative singular)
markum (dative plural)
marku (instrumental singular)
markum (instrumental plural)

Old English: marc
Middle English: mark
English: mark
Scots: mark, merk
→ Irish: marg

Old Frisian: merk

Saterland Frisian: Määrk

West Frisian: merk

Old Saxon: mark, merk

Middle Low German: mark

German Low German: Mark

Old Dutch: marc

Middle Dutch: marc, marc

Dutch: merk

Afrikaans: merk

Old High German: marc n

Middle High German: marc, marche, marke (chiefly f, influenced by *marku)

German: Mark f
→ Yiddish: מאַרק (mark)

→ Luxembourgish: Mark

→ Medieval Latin: marcus (see there for further descendants)


hart

hart (nominative singular)
hartu (nominative plural)
hart (accusative singular)
hartu (accusative plural)
hartas (genitive singular)
hartō (genitive plural)
hartē (dative singular)
hartum (dative plural)
hartu (instrumental singular)
hartum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hart

Middle Low German: hart, hars

Old High German: harz

Middle High German: harz

German: Harz

→ Middle Dutch: hars, harst

Dutch: hars

Afrikaans: hars

→ Swedish: harts


fast

fast (masculine nominative singular)
fastu (feminine nominative singular)
fast (neuter nominative singular)
fastanā (accusative masculine singular)
fastā (accusative feminine singular)
fast (accusative neuter singular)
fastas (genitive masculine singular)
fasteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
fastas (genitive neuter singular)
fastumē (dative masculine singular)
fasteʀē (dative feminine singular)
fastumē (dative neuter singular)
fastu (instrumental masculine singular)
fasteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fastu (instrumental neuter singular)
fastē (masculine nominative plural)
fastō (feminine nominative plural)
fastu (neuter nominative plural)
fastā (accusative masculine plural)
fastā (accusative feminine plural)
fastu (accusative neuter plural)
fasteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
fasteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
fasteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fastēm (dative masculine plural)
fastum (dative masculine plural)
fastēm (dative feminine plural)
fastum (dative feminine plural)
fastēm (dative neuter plural)
fastum (dative neuter plural)
fastēm (instrumental masculine plural)
fastum (instrumental masculine plural)
fastēm (feminine instrumental plural)
fastum (feminine instrumental plural)
fastēm (instrumental neuter plural)
fastum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fæst

Middle English: fæst, fest, fast

Scots: fest, fast

English: fast

Old Frisian: fest

Saterland Frisian: fääst

West Frisian: fêst

Old Saxon: fast

Middle Low German: fast, vast

Low German: fast

Old Dutch: fast

Middle Dutch: vast

Dutch: vast

Afrikaans: vas

Old High German: fast

Middle High German: fast, vast

Central Franconian: fass, fast

From Proto-Germanic *fastuz (“secure, firm, fixed”).


un-

desctree

Old English: un-, on-
Middle English: un-
Scots: un-
English: un-

Old Frisian: un-

North Frisian: ün-

Saterland Frisian: uun-

West Frisian: ûn-, on-

Old Saxon: un-

Low German: on-, un-

Old Dutch: un-

Middle Dutch: on-
Dutch: on-
Afrikaans: on-
Limburgish: ón-

Old High German: un-
Middle High German: un-
Alemannic German: o-, u-
German: un-
Luxembourgish: un-
Yiddish: אומ־ (um-)


dag

dag (nominative singular)
dagō (nominative plural)
dagōs (nominative plural)
dag (accusative singular)
dagā (accusative plural)
dagas (genitive singular)
dagō (genitive plural)
dagē (dative singular)
dagum (dative plural)
dagu (instrumental singular)
dagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dæġ
Middle English: day
English: day
Scots: day
Yola: die, dei, dey, daie

Old Frisian: dei, dī
North Frisian: däi
Föhr-Amrum: dai
Saterland Frisian: Dai
West Frisian: dei

Old Saxon: dag
Middle Low German: dach
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: dag
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dag
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Dag
Ravensbergisch: Dach
Sauerländisch: Dag, Dāg
Westmünsterländisch: Dagg
Plautdietsch: Dach

Old Dutch: dag
Middle Dutch: dach
Dutch: dag
Afrikaans: dag
Berbice Creole Dutch: daka
Jersey Dutch: dâx
Negerhollands: dag, dak
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dak (archaic)
Petjo: dah
Skepi Creole Dutch: dak, dagka
→ Saramaccan: dáka
Limburgish: daag
West Flemish: dag
Zealandic: dag

Old High German: tag, tac, tak, dac, *dag — northern
Middle High German: tac, tag, dach
Alemannic German: Tag
Alsatian: Dàà (north), Dàj (center), Dàg (south)
Italian Walser: tag, tog, tàg
Swabian: Dag
Bavarian: Da, Dåg, Doch
Cimbrian: tak, ta, tag, tage
Mòcheno: ta
Udinese: tach, ti
Central Franconian: Daach
Hunsrik: Daagh, taach (Wiesemann spelling system)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dag
German: Tag
Esperanto: tago
Luxembourgish: Dag, Do
Rhine Franconian: Tach
Pennsylvania German: Daag
Transylvanian Saxon: Dåch
Vilamovian: taog
Yiddish: טאָג (tog)


dal

dal (nominative singular)
dalu (nominative plural)
dal (accusative singular)
dalu (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalō (genitive plural)
dalē (dative singular)
dalum (dative plural)
dalu (instrumental singular)
dalum (instrumental plural)
dal (nominative singular)
dalō (nominative plural)
dalōs (nominative plural)
dal (accusative singular)
dalā (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalō (genitive plural)
dalē (dative singular)
dalum (dative plural)
dalu (instrumental singular)
dalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dæl n

Middle English: dale, dæle, deale
English: dale
Scots: dale, daal

Old Frisian: *dal, del n

North Frisian: dal, dalle, dol

Saterland Frisian: Doal

West Frisian: delle (<? *dalljā)

Old Saxon: dal n
Middle Low German: dal
Low German: dal, daal
German Low German: Daal

Old Dutch: dal n
Middle Dutch: dal
Dutch: dal
Afrikaans: dal
Limburgish: daal

Old High German: tal m or n
Middle High German: tal
Alemannic German: Tall
German: Tal
Hunsrik: Daal
Luxembourgish: Dall
Mòcheno: tol
Pennsylvania German: Daal
Yiddish: טאָל (tol)

→? Middle Welsh: dol


laus

laus (masculine nominative singular)
lausu (feminine nominative singular)
laus (neuter nominative singular)
lausanā (accusative masculine singular)
lausā (accusative feminine singular)
laus (accusative neuter singular)
lausas (genitive masculine singular)
lauseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
lausas (genitive neuter singular)
lausumē (dative masculine singular)
lauseʀē (dative feminine singular)
lausumē (dative neuter singular)
lausu (instrumental masculine singular)
lauseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
lausu (instrumental neuter singular)
lausē (masculine nominative plural)
lausō (feminine nominative plural)
lausu (neuter nominative plural)
lausā (accusative masculine plural)
lausā (accusative feminine plural)
lausu (accusative neuter plural)
lauseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lauseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lauseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
lausēm (dative masculine plural)
lausum (dative masculine plural)
lausēm (dative feminine plural)
lausum (dative feminine plural)
lausēm (dative neuter plural)
lausum (dative neuter plural)
lausēm (instrumental masculine plural)
lausum (instrumental masculine plural)
lausēm (feminine instrumental plural)
lausum (feminine instrumental plural)
lausēm (instrumental neuter plural)
lausum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lēas

Middle English: leas, lees, les

Old Frisian: *lās (in compounds)

North Frisian: lus, luas

Saterland Frisian: loos

West Frisian: loas

Old Saxon: lōs

Middle Low German: lōs

Plautdietsch: looss

Old Dutch: *lōs

Middle Dutch: loos

Dutch: loos

Afrikaans: los

Old High German: lōs, -laos (once)

Middle High German: lōs

German: los


pik

pik (nominative singular)
piku (nominative plural)
pik (accusative singular)
piku (accusative plural)
pikas (genitive singular)
pikō (genitive plural)
pikē (dative singular)
pikum (dative plural)
piku (instrumental singular)
pikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: piċ, pic
Middle English: pik, pikk, pike, pikke, pich, piche, picche
English: pitch
→ Galician: piche
→ Portuguese: piche
Scots: pick
→ Middle Irish: pic, picc
Irish: pic

Old Frisian: pik

Saterland Frisian: Pik

West Frisian: pik

Old Saxon: pik

Middle Low German: pik, pek

German Low German: Pick

→? Latvian: piķis

→? Lithuanian: pìkis

→ Old Norse: bik

Icelandic: bik

Swedish: beck

Old Dutch: pek

Middle Dutch: pec

Dutch: pek, pik (see there for further descendants)

Afrikaans: pik

Old High German: peh, beh; *pfich, *phich

Middle High German: pëch, bëch; phich (hapax, possibly a hypercorrection)

German: Pech (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Pech


das

das (masculine nominative singular)
dasu (feminine nominative singular)
das (neuter nominative singular)
dasanā (accusative masculine singular)
dasā (accusative feminine singular)
das (accusative neuter singular)
dasas (genitive masculine singular)
daseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
dasas (genitive neuter singular)
dasumē (dative masculine singular)
daseʀē (dative feminine singular)
dasumē (dative neuter singular)
dasu (instrumental masculine singular)
daseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
dasu (instrumental neuter singular)
dasē (masculine nominative plural)
dasō (feminine nominative plural)
dasu (neuter nominative plural)
dasā (accusative masculine plural)
dasā (accusative feminine plural)
dasu (accusative neuter plural)
daseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
daseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
daseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
dasēm (dative masculine plural)
dasum (dative masculine plural)
dasēm (dative feminine plural)
dasum (dative feminine plural)
dasēm (dative neuter plural)
dasum (dative neuter plural)
dasēm (instrumental masculine plural)
dasum (instrumental masculine plural)
dasēm (feminine instrumental plural)
dasum (feminine instrumental plural)
dasēm (instrumental neuter plural)
dasum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: daes

Dutch: daas

From the same ultimate source as *dwēsaz (“stupid, foolish”).


gras

gras (nominative singular)
grasu (nominative plural)
gras (accusative singular)
grasu (accusative plural)
grasas (genitive singular)
grasō (genitive plural)
grasē (dative singular)
grasum (dative plural)
grasu (instrumental singular)
grasum (instrumental plural)

Old English: græs, gærs
Middle English: gras, grasse, gresse, gres, gers, grece, græs, grace, gars, grys, grisse, grese
English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas
Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs

Old Frisian: gers, gres
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: gäärs
Sylt: Gērs
Saterland Frisian: Gäärs
West Frisian: gers, gjers (Wood), jers

Old Saxon: gras
Middle Low German: gras
Dutch Low Saxon: gras
German Low German: Gras
Plautdietsch: Grauss

Old Dutch: *gras

Middle Dutch: gras, gars, gers
Dutch: gras
Afrikaans: gras
Berbice Creole Dutch: grasa
Jersey Dutch: x'rās, grās
Negerhollands: graas, gras
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Saramaccan: gaási
Limburgish: graas
West Flemish: ges, gas
Zealandic: gos

Old High German: gras

Middle High German: gras

Alemannic German: Gras

Italian Walser: gras, gros

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: gras, grass

Mòcheno: gros

Udinese: gròs, gros, groos

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Graas

Luxembourgish: Gras

East Central German:

Vilamovian: gros

East Franconian:

German: Gras

Rhine Franconian: Gras

Frankfurterisch: [kʀɑːs], (older) [kʀɔːs]

Pennsylvania German: Graas

Yiddish: גראָז (groz)


bolt

bolt (nominative singular)
boltō (nominative plural)
boltōs (nominative plural)
bolt (accusative singular)
boltā (accusative plural)
boltas (genitive singular)
boltō (genitive plural)
boltē (dative singular)
boltum (dative plural)
boltu (instrumental singular)
boltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bolt
Middle English: bolt
English: bolt
→ Irish: bolta
→ Japanese: ボルト (boruto)
→ Maltese: bolt
→ Russian: болт (bolt)
→ Azerbaijani: bolt
→ Ingrian: boltta
→ Scottish Gaelic: bolta
→ Welsh: bollt

Old Frisian: bolt

West Frisian: bout

Old Saxon: bolt

Middle Low German: bolte

German Low German: Bolt (Baltic)

→ Estonian: polt

→ Danish: bolt

→ Faroese: boltur

→ Latvian: bulta

→ Middle Norwegian: boltr
Norwegian: bolt

→ Swedish: bult
→ Finnish: pultti

Old Dutch: *bolt

Middle Dutch: bout

Dutch: bout
Afrikaans: bout
Berbice Creole Dutch: bauta
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bowtu
→ Indonesian: baut
→ Papiamentu: bout
→ Sranan Tongo: bowtu (shank)
→ Sranan Tongo: bowtu (bolt)

Old High German: bolz

Middle High German: bolz

German: Bolz, Bolzen


mast

mast (nominative singular)
mastō (nominative plural)
mastōs (nominative plural)
mast (accusative singular)
mastā (accusative plural)
mastas (genitive singular)
mastō (genitive plural)
mastē (dative singular)
mastum (dative plural)
mastu (instrumental singular)
mastum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mæst
Middle English: mast
English: mast
Scots: mast

Old Frisian: *mast, *mest

Saterland Frisian: Mäst

West Frisian: mêst

Old Saxon: *mast

Middle Low German: mast

German Low German: Mast

Old Dutch: *mast

Middle Dutch: mast

Dutch: mast

Old High German: mast

Middle High German: mast

German: Mast

→ Esperanto: masto

→ Ido: masto

→ Medieval Latin: mastus (see there for further descendants)


must

must (nominative singular)
mostō (nominative plural)
mostōs (nominative plural)
must (accusative singular)
mostā (accusative plural)
mostas (genitive singular)
mostō (genitive plural)
mustē (dative singular)
mustum (dative plural)
mustu (instrumental singular)
mustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: must

Middle English: must

English: must

Old Saxon: *most, *must

Middle Low German: most, must

German Low German: Most

→ Danish: most

→ Norwegian Bokmål: most

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: most

→ Swedish: must

Old Dutch: *most

Middle Dutch: most

Dutch: most

Old High German: most, must

Middle High German: most

German: Most

→ Old Czech:

Czech: mošt

→ Polish: moszcz


sail

sail (nominative singular)
sailu (nominative plural)
sail (accusative singular)
sailu (accusative plural)
sailas (genitive singular)
sailō (genitive plural)
sailē (dative singular)
sailum (dative plural)
sailu (instrumental singular)
sailum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāl
Middle English: sal, sole, soole
Scots: sale, saill, saile, seill, seale
English: sole

Old Frisian: sēl, sēle

Saterland Frisian: Seel

West Frisian: seel

Old Saxon: sēl

Middle Low German: sêl, seil

German Low German: Seel

Old Dutch: *sēl

Middle Dutch: sêel

Dutch: zeel

Old High German: seil

Middle High German: seil

German: Seil

Luxembourgish: Seel


-ist

-ist (masculine nominative singular)
-istu (feminine nominative singular)
-ist (neuter nominative singular)
-istanā (accusative masculine singular)
-istā (accusative feminine singular)
-ist (accusative neuter singular)
-istas (genitive masculine singular)
-isteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-istas (genitive neuter singular)
-istumē (dative masculine singular)
-isteʀē (dative feminine singular)
-istumē (dative neuter singular)
-istu (instrumental masculine singular)
-isteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-istu (instrumental neuter singular)
-istē (masculine nominative plural)
-istō (feminine nominative plural)
-istu (neuter nominative plural)
-istā (accusative masculine plural)
-istā (accusative feminine plural)
-istu (accusative neuter plural)
-isteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-isteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-isteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-istēm (dative masculine plural)
-istum (dative masculine plural)
-istēm (dative feminine plural)
-istum (dative feminine plural)
-istēm (dative neuter plural)
-istum (dative neuter plural)
-istēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-istum (instrumental masculine plural)
-istēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-istum (feminine instrumental plural)
-istēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-istum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -est

Middle English: -est

English: -est

Scots: -est

Old Frisian: -st

Saterland Frisian: -st

West Frisian: -st

Old Saxon: -ist

Middle Low German: -est

German Low German: -st

Old Dutch: -ist

Middle Dutch: -st
Dutch: -st

Old High German: -ist

Middle High German: -est

German: -st


ars

ars (nominative singular)
arsō (nominative plural)
arsōs (nominative plural)
ars (accusative singular)
arsā (accusative plural)
arsas (genitive singular)
arsō (genitive plural)
arsē (dative singular)
arsum (dative plural)
arsu (instrumental singular)
arsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ears, ærs
Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse

Old Frisian: ers

Saterland Frisian: Iers

West Frisian: ears

Old Saxon: ars
Middle Low German: ars
Dutch Low Saxon: ars, ors
German Low German: Aars
⇒ by rebracketing:
Dutch Low Saxon: nors, mors
German Low German: Maars, Moors, Narsch, Närsch, Närs
Plautdietsch: Noasch

Old Dutch: *ars
Middle Dutch: āers
Dutch: aars
Afrikaans: aars

Old High German: ars
Middle High German: ars
Bavarian: Oasch
Cimbrian: aars
German: Arsch
Hunsrik: Aarsch
Luxembourgish: Aasch
Pennsylvania German: Aarsch


blad

blad (nominative singular)
bladu (nominative plural)
blad (accusative singular)
bladu (accusative plural)
bladas (genitive singular)
bladō (genitive plural)
bladē (dative singular)
bladum (dative plural)
bladu (instrumental singular)
bladum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blæd
Middle English: blad, blade
Scots: blad, blaud, blaid
English: blade

Old Frisian: bled
North Frisian:
Föhr: bleed
Hallig: blää
Saterland Frisian: Blääd
West Frisian: bled

Old Saxon: blad
Middle Low German: blat
Low German: Blatt
Plautdietsch: Blaut

Old Dutch: *blat

Middle Dutch: blat
Dutch: blad
Afrikaans: blad (“page”), blaar (“leaf”)
Limburgish: blaad

Old High German: blat
Middle High German: blat
Alemannic German: Blatt
Swabian:
Central Franconian: Blatt, Blat
Hunsrik: Blaat
Luxembourgish: Blat
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: błot
East Franconian:
German: Blatt
Rhine Franconian: Blaat, Blatt
Pennsylvania German: Blatt
Yiddish: בלאַט (blat)


glad

glad (masculine nominative singular)
gladu (feminine nominative singular)
glad (neuter nominative singular)
gladanā (accusative masculine singular)
gladā (accusative feminine singular)
glad (accusative neuter singular)
gladas (genitive masculine singular)
gladeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gladas (genitive neuter singular)
gladumē (dative masculine singular)
gladeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gladumē (dative neuter singular)
gladu (instrumental masculine singular)
gladeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gladu (instrumental neuter singular)
gladē (masculine nominative plural)
gladō (feminine nominative plural)
gladu (neuter nominative plural)
gladā (accusative masculine plural)
gladā (accusative feminine plural)
gladu (accusative neuter plural)
gladeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gladeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gladeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gladēm (dative masculine plural)
gladum (dative masculine plural)
gladēm (dative feminine plural)
gladum (dative feminine plural)
gladēm (dative neuter plural)
gladum (dative neuter plural)
gladēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gladum (instrumental masculine plural)
gladēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gladum (feminine instrumental plural)
gladēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gladum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: glæd
Middle English: glad, glade, gladde, glaid, gled
English: glad
Scots: gled, glaid
Yola: glaude
⇒ Middle English: glade, glode, glede
English: glade
Yola: gladès

Old Frisian: gled

Saterland Frisian: glääd

West Frisian: glêd

Old Saxon: glad

Middle Low German: glad, glat

Low German: glad, glatt

Plautdietsch: glaut

Old Dutch: *glad, *glat

Middle Dutch: glat

Dutch: glad

Afrikaans: glad

Old High German: glat
Middle High German: glat
German: glatt
→ Danish: glat
→ Swedish: glatt
→ Norwegian: glatt
→ Esperanto: glata
Ido: glata
Luxembourgish: glat
Vilamovian: głōt
Yiddish: גלאַט (glat)
→ English: glatt


ob

Old English: ob-, of-

>? Old English: ufe-, ofe-

Old Saxon: of

>? Middle Low German: uf

Old Dutch: of

Old High German: ob, oba

Middle High German: ob, obe

German: ob


agi

agi (nominative singular)
agī (nominative plural)
agi (accusative singular)
agī (accusative plural)
agī (genitive singular)
aggjō (genitive plural)
agī (dative singular)
agim (dative plural)
aggjum (dative plural)
agī (instrumental singular)
agim (instrumental plural)
aggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eġe, æġe, eiġe
Middle English: eye, eie, eȝe, eȝȝe, eyȝe, eiȝe
English: ey (obsolete)


sum

sum (masculine nominative singular)
sumu (feminine nominative singular)
sum (neuter nominative singular)
sumanā (accusative masculine singular)
sumā (accusative feminine singular)
sum (accusative neuter singular)
sumas (genitive masculine singular)
sumeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sumas (genitive neuter singular)
sumumē (dative masculine singular)
sumeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sumumē (dative neuter singular)
sumu (instrumental masculine singular)
sumeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sumu (instrumental neuter singular)
sumē (masculine nominative plural)
sumō (feminine nominative plural)
sumu (neuter nominative plural)
sumā (accusative masculine plural)
sumā (accusative feminine plural)
sumu (accusative neuter plural)
sumeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sumeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sumeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sumēm (dative masculine plural)
sumum (dative masculine plural)
sumēm (dative feminine plural)
sumum (dative feminine plural)
sumēm (dative neuter plural)
sumum (dative neuter plural)
sumēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sumum (instrumental masculine plural)
sumēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sumum (feminine instrumental plural)
sumēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sumum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sum
Middle English: som, somme, summe, zome (Kent)
English: some
Scots: sum, some
Yola: zim, zum

Old Frisian: sum

North Frisian: som, sam, säm

West Frisian: sume, sum

Old Saxon: sum
Middle Low German: som
Low German: sum

Old Dutch: sum

Middle Dutch: som
Dutch: som, saom (dialectal)
Limburgish: zóm

Old High German: sum

Middle High German: sum


berg

berg (nominative singular)
bergō (nominative plural)
bergōs (nominative plural)
berg (accusative singular)
bergā (accusative plural)
bergas (genitive singular)
bergō (genitive plural)
bergē (dative singular)
bergum (dative plural)
bergu (instrumental singular)
bergum (instrumental plural)

Old English: beorg, beorh, berg
Middle English: bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw
English: barrow; bargh (Northern England)
Scots: burrae
Middle English: berȝe, beryhe, berye (via beorge (genitive))
English: berry

Old Frisian: berch

North Frisian: beerg

Saterland Frisian: Bíerig

West Frisian: berch

Old Saxon: berg, berag
Middle Low German: berch
German Low German: Barg
Plautdietsch: Boajch

Old Dutch: berg
Middle Dutch: berch
Dutch: berg
Afrikaans: berg
→ English: berg
Berbice Creole Dutch: berki
Jersey Dutch: bêrix
Negerhollands: berg, bergi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: berg, bergi
→ Aukan: beligi
→ Sranan Tongo: bergi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bérgi
Limburgish: berg

Old High German: berg
Middle High German: bërc
Alemannic German: Bäärg, Bärg, Bèèrg, Bërg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pèrge
Mòcheno: pèrg
Central Franconian: Berch
Eifel: Bersch
Hunsrik: Berrich
East Central German: Barg (Erzgebirgisch)
German: Berg
Luxembourgish: Bierg
Pennsylvania German: Barig
Yiddish: באַרג (barg)


horn

horn (nominative singular)
hornu (nominative plural)
horn (accusative singular)
hornu (accusative plural)
hornas (genitive singular)
hornō (genitive plural)
hornē (dative singular)
hornum (dative plural)
hornu (instrumental singular)
hornum (instrumental plural)

Old English: horn
Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn

Old Frisian: horn

North Frisian: horn

Saterland Frisian: Houden, (Strukelje) Hudden

West Frisian: hoarn

Old Saxon: horn

Middle Low German: horen, hōrn

Dutch Low Saxon: horn

German Low German: Hoorn

Plautdietsch: Huarn

Old Dutch: *horn (attested in plural horni)

Middle Dutch: horn, horen

Dutch: hoorn
Afrikaans: horing
Berbice Creole Dutch: hurun, hurunu, hornu
Negerhollands: horn

Old High German: horn
Middle High German: horn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Horn
Luxembourgish: Har
Cimbrian: hòrn
German: Horn
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [hɔɐ̯n]
Yiddish: האָרן (horn)


land

land (nominative singular)
landu (nominative plural)
land (accusative singular)
landu (accusative plural)
landas (genitive singular)
landō (genitive plural)
landē (dative singular)
landum (dative plural)
landu (instrumental singular)
landum (instrumental plural)

Old English: land, lond, lænd
Middle English: lond
English: land
Scots: laund, land
Yola: lhoan, lone

Old Frisian: land, lond

North Frisian:

Fohr: lun

Hallig: löön

Heligoland: Lun

Mooring: lönj

Saterland Frisian: Lound

West Frisian: lân

Old Saxon: land
Middle Low German: lant
Dutch Low Saxon: laand
German Low German: Land
Plautdietsch: Launt

Old Dutch: lant
Middle Dutch: lant
Dutch: land
Afrikaans: land
Berbice Creole Dutch: alanda, landi
Negerhollands: land, lant, lan
Skepi Creole Dutch: land, lantta
→ Sranan Tongo: lanti (see there for further descendants)
>? Javanese: ꦭꦤ꧀ (lan)
Limburgish: landj
Zealandic: land

Old High German: lant
Middle High German: lant
Alemannic German: Land, Lånd
Swabian: Lahnd
Bavarian: Lånd
Cimbrian: lant, lånt (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Land, Lannt
Hunsrik: Land
Luxembourgish: Land
German: Land (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Lond
Pennsylvania German: Land, Lond
Vilamovian: łaond
Yiddish: לאַנד (land)


nō

nō (nominative singular)
nōō (nominative plural)
nōōs (nominative plural)
nō (accusative singular)
nōā (accusative plural)
nōas (genitive singular)
nōō (genitive plural)
nōē (dative singular)
nōm (dative plural)
nō (instrumental singular)
nōm (instrumental plural)

Old English: *nō, *nōw

⇒ Old English: nōwend


wit

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: wit

Middle English: wit

Old Frisian: wit

North Frisian: wat

Old Saxon: wit


weg

weg (nominative singular)
wegō (nominative plural)
wegōs (nominative plural)
weg (accusative singular)
wegā (accusative plural)
wegas (genitive singular)
wegō (genitive plural)
wegē (dative singular)
wegum (dative plural)
wegu (instrumental singular)
wegum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weġ

Middle English: wæi, wei, wai, wey, way

Scots: wey

English: way

Old Frisian: wei

North Frisian: wey

Saterland Frisian: Wai

West Frisian: wei

Old Saxon: weg

Middle Low German: wech

Dutch Low Saxon: weg

German Low German: Weg

Plautdietsch: Wajch

Old Dutch: weg
Middle Dutch: wech
Dutch: weg
Afrikaans: weg
Limburgish: waeg

Old High German: weg, wec
Middle High German: wec
Alemannic German: Wäg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bèg, bege (Luserna)
Mòcheno: be
Central Franconian: Wääch
Luxembourgish: Wee (from dative and plural)
Hunsrik: Wegh
German: Weg
Pennsylvania German: Weg
Yiddish: וועג (veg)


manu

manu (nominative singular)
manō (nominative plural)
manā (accusative singular)
manā (accusative plural)
manā (genitive singular)
manō (genitive plural)
manē (dative singular)
manōm (dative plural)
manum (dative plural)
manu (instrumental singular)
manōm (instrumental plural)
manum (instrumental plural)

Old English: manu

Middle English: mane

Scots: mane

English: mane

Old Frisian: *mane; mana, mona

North Frisian: man

Saterland Frisian: Moone

West Frisian: moannen, moanjes

Old Saxon: *mana

Middle Low German: māne, man

German Low German: Mahn

Old Dutch: *mana

Middle Dutch: māne

Dutch: maan

⇒ Afrikaans: maanhaar

Limburgish: maan

Old High German: mana

Middle High German: man, mane

German: Mähne

Luxembourgish: Munn


sik

Old Frisian: sik (likely borrowed)

Saterland Frisian: sik

Old Saxon: sik

Old Dutch: sich, sig (only in Limburgish)

Middle Dutch: sich, sic, sik (spread to other eastern dialects)

q

Dutch: zich (standardized, likely reinforced by German sich)

Afrikaans: sig (rare, obsolete)

Limburgish: zich

desctree

Old High German: sih
Middle High German: sich
Bavarian: si, sich
Cimbrian: zich
Central Franconian: sich, sech
Hunsrik: sich
Luxembourgish: sech
East Central German: sich
Zipser German: ßich
German: sich
Yiddish: זיך (zikh)
→ Middle Dutch: sich
→ Dutch: zich
→ Middle Low German: sik, sek (adapted to native mik, dik)
Low German: sik, sick (variant spelling), sük, sück (East Frisian, northern Emsland), sek, seck (Eastphalian, East Prussian), sich (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)

himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself


lamb

lamb (nominative singular)
lambiʀu (nominative plural)
lamb (accusative singular)
lambiʀu (accusative plural)
lambiʀi (genitive singular)
lambiʀō (genitive plural)
lambiʀi (dative singular)
lambiʀum (dative plural)
lambiʀi (instrumental singular)
lambiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lamb, lomb

Middle English: lamb, lam

Scots: lam, lamb

English: lamb

Yola: lhawmb

Old Frisian: lamb, lam

North Frisian:

Föhr: lum

Hallig: lööm

Heligoland: Lum

Mooring: löm

Saterland Frisian: Loum

West Frisian: laam

Old Saxon: lamb

Middle Low German: lamp, lam

Low German: Lamm

Plautdietsch: Laum

Old Dutch: *lamb (possibly also in placename lampanesse)

Middle Dutch: lamp, lam

Dutch: lam

Afrikaans: lam

Limburgish: laam

Old High German: lamb
Middle High German: lamp, lam
Cimbrian: lamp
German: Lamm
Luxembourgish: Lamm
Vilamovian: łamm
Yiddish: לאַם (lam)


mos

mos (nominative singular)
mosu (nominative plural)
mos (accusative singular)
mosu (accusative plural)
mosas (genitive singular)
mosō (genitive plural)
mosē (dative singular)
mosum (dative plural)
mosu (instrumental singular)
mosum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mos

Middle English: mos, mosse

Scots: mos

English: moss

Old Frisian: *mos

Saterland Frisian: Moas

West Frisian: moas

Old Saxon: mos

Middle Low German: mos

German Low German: Moss

Old Dutch: *mos

Middle Dutch: mos

Dutch: mos

gl

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*mosu</i>

→ Old French: mosse, mousseron (< *mosu)

French: mousse, mousseron

→ English: mousse, mushroom

desctree

Old High German: mos
Middle High German: mos
German: Moos
Hunsrik: Moos
Luxembourgish: Moos


walk

walk (nominative singular)
walku (nominative plural)
walk (accusative singular)
walku (accusative plural)
walkas (genitive singular)
walkō (genitive plural)
walkē (dative singular)
walkum (dative plural)
walku (instrumental singular)
walkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wealc, ġewealc

Middle English: walk, walc, walke
English: walk
Scots: walk

Old Dutch: *walk

Middle Dutch: walc

Old High German: *walc

Middle High German: walc

German: Walk (obsolete)


barn

barn (nominative singular)
barnu (nominative plural)
barn (accusative singular)
barnu (accusative plural)
barnas (genitive singular)
barnō (genitive plural)
barnē (dative singular)
barnum (dative plural)
barnu (instrumental singular)
barnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bearn, bern
Middle English: barn
English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn

Old Frisian: barn, bern

North Frisian: bjarn

desc

Saterland Frisian: Bäiden, Bidden (Strukelje)

West Frisian: barn, bern

Old Saxon: barn

Old Dutch: *barn

Middle Dutch: baren

Old High German: barn, parn

Middle High German: barn


dung

dung (nominative singular)
dungi (nominative plural)
dungu (accusative singular)
dungi (accusative plural)
dungi (genitive singular)
dungō (genitive plural)
dungi (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)
dungi (instrumental singular)
dungum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dung, ding
Middle English: donge, dung, dunge
→ Anglo-Norman: donjun (semantic loan)

Old Saxon: dung
Middle Low German: dunk, dunc

Old High German: tung
Middle High German: tunc
German: Tunk

From Proto-Germanic *dungz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéngʰ-s ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-és, from *dʰengʰ- (“to cover, hide, conceal”) + *-s.


bord

bord (nominative singular)
bordu (nominative plural)
bord (accusative singular)
bordu (accusative plural)
bordas (genitive singular)
bordō (genitive plural)
bordē (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)
bordu (instrumental singular)
bordum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bord
→ Cornish: bord
Middle English: bord
English: board
Scots: buird
Yola: borde
→ Old Irish: bord
Middle Irish: bord
Irish: bord
Manx: boayrd
Scottish Gaelic: bòrd
→ Middle Welsh: bort
Welsh: bord
→ Middle Welsh: bwrð
Welsh: bwrdd

Old Frisian: bord

Saterland Frisian: Boud

West Frisian: board

Old Saxon: bord

Middle Low German: bōrt

German Low German: Boord

Old Dutch: *bort
Middle Dutch: bort
Dutch: bord
Afrikaans: bord

Old High German: bort

Middle High German: bort

German: Bord

→ Medieval Latin: bordum (see there for further descendants)


lok

lok (nominative singular)
loku (nominative plural)
lok (accusative singular)
loku (accusative plural)
lokas (genitive singular)
lokō (genitive plural)
lokē (dative singular)
lokum (dative plural)
loku (instrumental singular)
lokum (instrumental plural)

Old English: loc
Middle English: lok, loc, lock, loke
English: lock
Scots: lock
Yola: lauckès (plural)
→ Anglo-Norman: loc
⇒ Anglo-Norman: loquet
Middle French: loquet
French: loquet
→ English: locket
→ Italian: lucchetto
→ Lombard: lochet
→ Portuguese: aloquete
→ Middle English: locket
English: locket

Old Frisian: lok

Old Saxon: *lok

Middle Low German: lok

German Low German: Lock

Old Dutch: *lok

Middle Dutch: loc

Dutch: lok

Old High German: loh

Middle High German: loch

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: loch, lòch (Sette Comuni)

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Loch

Luxembourgish: Lach

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German:

Vilamovian: łöch

East Franconian:

German: Loch
→ Czech: loch
→ Dutch: loch
→ Polish: loch

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: Loch

Pennsylvania German: Loch

Yiddish: לאָך (lokh)


malt

malt (nominative singular)
maltu (nominative plural)
malt (accusative singular)
maltu (accusative plural)
maltas (genitive singular)
maltō (genitive plural)
maltē (dative singular)
maltum (dative plural)
maltu (instrumental singular)
maltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mealt, malt
Middle English: malt, malte, maltt, mault, maulte
English: malt
Scots: maut
Yola: mault

Old Frisian: malt

Saterland Frisian: Moalt

Old Saxon: malt

Middle Low German: malt, molt

German Low German: Molt

Old Dutch: malt

Middle Dutch: malt, mout

Dutch: mout
→ West Frisian: mout

Old High German: malz

Middle High German: malz

German: Malz

Luxembourgish: Malz

→ Proto-Slavic: *molto (see there for further descendants)


sad

sad (masculine nominative singular)
sadu (feminine nominative singular)
sad (neuter nominative singular)
sadanā (accusative masculine singular)
sadā (accusative feminine singular)
sad (accusative neuter singular)
sadas (genitive masculine singular)
sadeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sadas (genitive neuter singular)
sadumē (dative masculine singular)
sadeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sadumē (dative neuter singular)
sadu (instrumental masculine singular)
sadeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sadu (instrumental neuter singular)
sadē (masculine nominative plural)
sadō (feminine nominative plural)
sadu (neuter nominative plural)
sadā (accusative masculine plural)
sadā (accusative feminine plural)
sadu (accusative neuter plural)
sadeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sadeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sadeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sadēm (dative masculine plural)
sadum (dative masculine plural)
sadēm (dative feminine plural)
sadum (dative feminine plural)
sadēm (dative neuter plural)
sadum (dative neuter plural)
sadēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sadum (instrumental masculine plural)
sadēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sadum (feminine instrumental plural)
sadēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sadum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sæd

Middle English: sad, saad, sadd, zed, sæd, sead, sed (Early Middle English)
English: sad
Scots: sad

Old Frisian: sed

Saterland Frisian: sääd

West Frisian: sêd

Old Saxon: sad

Middle Low German: sat

German Low German: satt

Old Dutch: sad, sat

Middle Dutch: sat

Dutch: zat (with unetymological -t)

Afrikaans: sat

Old High German: sat
Middle High German: sat
German: satt
Luxembourgish: sat
Yiddish: זאַט (zat)

From Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate, satisfy”).


ward

ward (nominative singular)
wardō (nominative plural)
wardōs (nominative plural)
ward (accusative singular)
wardā (accusative plural)
wardas (genitive singular)
wardō (genitive plural)
wardē (dative singular)
wardum (dative plural)
wardu (instrumental singular)
wardum (instrumental plural)

Old English: weard

Middle English: ward

Scots: ward

English: ward

⇒ Old Frisian: warder

Old Saxon: ward

Middle Low German: wart, wārt (in compounds)

Old High German: wart

Middle High German: wart

German: Wart


þing

þing (nominative singular)
þingu (nominative plural)
þing (accusative singular)
þingu (accusative plural)
þingas (genitive singular)
þingō (genitive plural)
þingē (dative singular)
þingum (dative plural)
þingu (instrumental singular)
þingum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þing, þinċġ, þinġċ
Middle English: thing, thinge, thyng
English: thing
Scots: thing, ting, hing
Yola: dhing

Old Frisian: thing

Saterland Frisian: Ding

West Frisian: ting, ding

Old Saxon: thing
Middle Low German: dinc, dink, tink
German Low German: Ding
Plautdietsch: Dinkj

Old Dutch: thinc
Middle Dutch: dinc
Dutch: ding
Afrikaans: ding
Berbice Creole Dutch: dinggi
Jersey Dutch: däng
Limburgish: dink, ding

Old High German: ding, dinc, dink, thing
Middle High German: dinc
Cimbrian: ding
German: Ding
Luxembourgish: Déngen
Pennsylvania German: Ding


stain

stain (nominative singular)
stainō (nominative plural)
stainōs (nominative plural)
stain (accusative singular)
stainā (accusative plural)
stainas (genitive singular)
stainō (genitive plural)
stainē (dative singular)
stainum (dative plural)
stainu (instrumental singular)
stainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stān
Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
English: stone (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: styen
Scots: stane
Yola: sthoan
→ Anglo-Norman: ston

Old Frisian: stēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: stian
Goesharde: stiin
Halligen: stian
Heligoland: Stean
Mooring: stiinj
Sylt: Stiin
Wiedingharde: stiin
Saterland Frisian: Steen
West Frisian: stien

Old Saxon: stēn
Middle Low German: stên, stein
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Steen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stëin
Lippisch: Steun
Sauerländisch: Stäin, Stoin, Stǟn, Stain, Steyn
Westmünsterländisch: Steen
Plautdietsch: Steen

Old Dutch: stēn
Middle Dutch: stêen
Dutch: steen
Afrikaans: steen
→ Sotho: setene
→ Southern Ndebele: isitina
→ Zulu: isitini
Fanagalo: stin
Berbice Creole Dutch: ten
Negerhollands: steen, stin, sten
→ Virgin Islands Creole: sten (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: stene, stenna
→ Papiamentu: stenchi (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: stein

Old High German: stein
Middle High German: stein
Alemannic German: Steei
Swabian: Schdoi, Schdoa
Bavarian: Staa, Stan, Stoa, Stoan, Stuan
Central Franconian: Stään, Steen, Stein
Hunsrik: Steen, xtayn
Transylvanian Saxon: Stien
German: Stein
Luxembourgish: Steen
Vilamovian: śtan
Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)


hail

hail (masculine nominative singular)
hailu (feminine nominative singular)
hail (neuter nominative singular)
hailanā (accusative masculine singular)
hailā (accusative feminine singular)
hail (accusative neuter singular)
hailas (genitive masculine singular)
haileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hailas (genitive neuter singular)
hailumē (dative masculine singular)
haileʀē (dative feminine singular)
hailumē (dative neuter singular)
hailu (instrumental masculine singular)
haileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hailu (instrumental neuter singular)
hailē (masculine nominative plural)
hailō (feminine nominative plural)
hailu (neuter nominative plural)
hailā (accusative masculine plural)
hailā (accusative feminine plural)
hailu (accusative neuter plural)
haileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
haileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
haileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hailēm (dative masculine plural)
hailum (dative masculine plural)
hailēm (dative feminine plural)
hailum (dative feminine plural)
hailēm (dative neuter plural)
hailum (dative neuter plural)
hailēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hailum (instrumental masculine plural)
hailēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hailum (feminine instrumental plural)
hailēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hailum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hāl, hǣl
Middle English: hole
English: whole
Scots: hole, holl
Yola: haoleghey
Northern Middle English: hal
Geordie English: hyel
Scots: hale

Old Frisian: hēl

Saterland Frisian: heel

West Frisian: hiel

Old Saxon: hēl

Middle Low German: hêl, heil

Low German: hel, heel, heil

Old Dutch: *hēl, heil

Middle Dutch: hêel
Dutch: heel
Afrikaans: heel

Old High German: heil
Middle High German: heil
German: heil


hail

hail (nominative singular)
hailiʀu (nominative plural)
hail (accusative singular)
hailiʀu (accusative plural)
hailiʀi (genitive singular)
hailiʀō (genitive plural)
hailiʀi (dative singular)
hailiʀum (dative plural)
hailiʀi (instrumental singular)
hailiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣl

Old Saxon: hēl

Middle Low German: heil

Old Dutch: *heil

Middle Dutch: heil

Dutch: heil

Afrikaans: heil

Old High German: heil

Middle High German: heil

German: Heil


hol

hol (masculine nominative singular)
holu (feminine nominative singular)
hol (neuter nominative singular)
holanā (accusative masculine singular)
holā (accusative feminine singular)
hol (accusative neuter singular)
holas (genitive masculine singular)
holeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
holas (genitive neuter singular)
holumē (dative masculine singular)
holeʀē (dative feminine singular)
holumē (dative neuter singular)
holu (instrumental masculine singular)
holeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
holu (instrumental neuter singular)
holē (masculine nominative plural)
holō (feminine nominative plural)
holu (neuter nominative plural)
holā (accusative masculine plural)
holā (accusative feminine plural)
holu (accusative neuter plural)
holeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
holeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
holeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
holēm (dative masculine plural)
holum (dative masculine plural)
holēm (dative feminine plural)
holum (dative feminine plural)
holēm (dative neuter plural)
holum (dative neuter plural)
holēm (instrumental masculine plural)
holum (instrumental masculine plural)
holēm (feminine instrumental plural)
holum (feminine instrumental plural)
holēm (instrumental neuter plural)
holum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hol

Middle English: hol, hole, holle, halle
English: hole
Scots: holl, how, howe
Yola: hel

Old Frisian: hol

Saterland Frisian: hol

West Frisian: hol

Old Saxon: hol

Middle Low German: hol

German Low German: holl

Old Dutch: *hol

Middle Dutch: hol

Dutch: hol

Old High German: hol
Middle High German: hol
Alemannic German: hol
German: hohl
Luxembourgish: huel


hol

hol (nominative singular)
holu (nominative plural)
hol (accusative singular)
holu (accusative plural)
holas (genitive singular)
holō (genitive plural)
holē (dative singular)
holum (dative plural)
holu (instrumental singular)
holum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hol

Middle English: hol, hole, hool

Scots: hol, holl, hole

English: hole

Old Frisian: hol

North Frisian: hol

Old Saxon: *hol

Middle Low German: hol

Low German: Holl

Old Dutch: *hol

Middle Dutch: hol

Dutch: hol

Old High German: hol

Middle High German: hol

→ Walloon: hol (possibly from Norse)

q

unless from Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">hol</i>

→? Norman: houle (unless from Old Norse hol)

Middle French: houle

French: houle


hring

hring (nominative singular)
hringō (nominative plural)
hringōs (nominative plural)
hring (accusative singular)
hringā (accusative plural)
hringas (genitive singular)
hringō (genitive plural)
hringē (dative singular)
hringum (dative plural)
hringu (instrumental singular)
hringum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hring, hrincg, hrinċġ, ring
Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
English: ring
Scots: ring
Yola: ring
→ Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)

Old Frisian: hring

North Frisian: Ring, Rink

Saterland Frisian: Ring

West Frisian: ring

Old Saxon: hring
Middle Low German: rinc, rink, ring
German Low German: Ring
Low German: rink
Plautdietsch: Rinkj

Old Dutch: rinc
Middle Dutch: rinc
Dutch: ring
Afrikaans: ring
Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
→? Aukan: linga
→ Indonesian: ring
→ Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: rink

Old High German: ring, hring
Middle High German: rinc, ring
German: Ring
Luxembourgish: Rank
Yiddish: רינג (ring)

desc

→ Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: renge, range (“sword-belt”)

Middle French: renge

→ Middle English: renge, raunge

From Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring, circle”).


hring

Old English: hring

Middle English: *ring

English: ring

From Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ringing sound”).


biti

biti (nominative singular)
bitī (nominative plural)
biti (accusative singular)
bitī (accusative plural)
bitī (genitive singular)
bittjō (genitive plural)
bitī (dative singular)
bitim (dative plural)
bittjum (dative plural)
bitī (instrumental singular)
bitim (instrumental plural)
bittjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bite
Middle English: bitte, bite (merged with descendant of Old English bita)
Scots: bit
English: bit

Old Frisian: biti, bite

Saterland Frisian: Biet

West Frisian: bit

Old Saxon: biti

desc

Middle Low German: bēte, bēt, bette, bitte

German Low German: Beet, Biet

Old Dutch: *biti

desctree

Middle Dutch: bete
Dutch: beet
Limburgish: beet

Old High German: biz

Middle High German: biz

Alemannic German: Bitz

German: Biss

Luxembourgish: Bëss

Yiddish: ביס (bis)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”).


wai

desctree

Old English: wā, wei, wǣ
Middle English: wa, wo, woo
English: woe
Scots: wa, wae

Old Frisian: wach, *wē

West Frisian: wee, wea

Old Saxon: wah, wē

Middle Low German: wach, wê

Old Dutch: *wē

Middle Dutch: wee

Dutch: wee

Old High German: wah, wa, wē

Middle High German: wāch, wē

Cimbrian: bèa

German: weh, Weh, wehe, Wehe

Yiddish: וויי (vey)

→ English: vey

→ Vulgar Latin: *wai, *guai

Catalan: guai

Emilian: ouais (Modenese)

Old French: gway, gwai, guai, way, wai

Middle French: vé, vee (merger with or from Latin vae)

French: vé (dialectical, Montbéliard)

Italian: guai

Piedmontese: guaj

Portuguese: guai (obsolete)

Old Spanish: guay

Spanish: guay, guais (plural)

Ladino: guay, uay

Sicilian: vai


regn

regn (nominative singular)
regnō (nominative plural)
regnōs (nominative plural)
regn (accusative singular)
regnā (accusative plural)
regnas (genitive singular)
regnō (genitive plural)
regnē (dative singular)
regnum (dative plural)
regnu (instrumental singular)
regnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: reġn, rēn, reġen
Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren, ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne

Old Frisian: rein

Saterland Frisian: Rien

West Frisian: rein

Old Saxon: regan, regin

Middle Low German: rēgen

German Low German: Regen

Plautdietsch: Räajen

→ Transylvanian Saxon: Reen

Old Dutch: regan
Middle Dutch: rēgen
Dutch: regen
Afrikaans: reën
Negerhollands: regen, regn, rign, regon
Skepi Creole Dutch: regen, ragin
Limburgish: raenger
West Flemish: rin, rein

Old High German: regan, regin
Middle High German: rëgen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Raga
Italian Walser: regu, räge, rägä
Swabian: Räaga
Bavarian: Regn
Cimbrian: réego, regan, reng
Mòcheno: reng
Udinese: regn, rein
Central Franconian: Rään
Hunsrik: Rehn
Luxembourgish: Reen
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: reeng [ˈɣeːŋ]
Vilamovian: raan
German: Regen
Rhine Franconian: Raje, Raane, Räje, Rääche, Rään, Rääne, Rääsche, Reche, Ree, Reen, Reesche, Reje, Resche, Riin
Frankfurterisch: Rääsche [ʀɛːʒ̥ə]
Pennsylvania German: Regge
Yiddish: רעגן (regn)


brand

brand (nominative singular)
brandō (nominative plural)
brandōs (nominative plural)
brand (accusative singular)
brandā (accusative plural)
brandas (genitive singular)
brandō (genitive plural)
brandē (dative singular)
brandum (dative plural)
brandu (instrumental singular)
brandum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brand, brond
Middle English: brand, brond
English: brand
Scots: brand

Old Frisian: brand, brond

Saterland Frisian: Bround

West Frisian: brân

Old Saxon: brand

Middle Low German: brant

German Low German: Brand

Old Dutch: *brand

Middle Dutch: brant
Dutch: brand
Afrikaans: brand
Limburgish: brandj

Old High German: brant

Middle High German: brant

German: Brand

Luxembourgish: Brand

→ Vulgar Latin: *brandus (see there for further descendants)


tam

tam (masculine nominative singular)
tamu (feminine nominative singular)
tam (neuter nominative singular)
tamanā (accusative masculine singular)
tamā (accusative feminine singular)
tam (accusative neuter singular)
tamas (genitive masculine singular)
tameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
tamas (genitive neuter singular)
tamumē (dative masculine singular)
tameʀē (dative feminine singular)
tamumē (dative neuter singular)
tamu (instrumental masculine singular)
tameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
tamu (instrumental neuter singular)
tamē (masculine nominative plural)
tamō (feminine nominative plural)
tamu (neuter nominative plural)
tamā (accusative masculine plural)
tamā (accusative feminine plural)
tamu (accusative neuter plural)
tameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
tameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
tameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
tamēm (dative masculine plural)
tamum (dative masculine plural)
tamēm (dative feminine plural)
tamum (dative feminine plural)
tamēm (dative neuter plural)
tamum (dative neuter plural)
tamēm (instrumental masculine plural)
tamum (instrumental masculine plural)
tamēm (feminine instrumental plural)
tamum (feminine instrumental plural)
tamēm (instrumental neuter plural)
tamum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: tam, tom
Middle English: tame, tam, tom, tome (early Southwest and Southwest Midlands)
English: tame
Scots: tame

Old Frisian: tam, tom (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: tom

West Frisian: tam

Old Saxon: tam

Middle Low German: tam

Low German: tamm, tahm

Old Dutch: *tam

Middle Dutch: tam

Dutch: tam
Afrikaans: tam
Negerhollands: teem

Old High German: zam
Middle High German: zam
Alemannic German: zam
German: zahm
Hunsrik: zaam
Luxembourgish: zam


busk

busk (nominative singular)
boskō (nominative plural)
boskōs (nominative plural)
busk (accusative singular)
boskā (accusative plural)
boskas (genitive singular)
boskō (genitive plural)
buskē (dative singular)
buskum (dative plural)
busku (instrumental singular)
buskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bysċ, busċ

Middle English: bush

English: bush

Scots: bus

Old Frisian: bosk

Saterland Frisian: Busk

West Frisian: bosk

Old Saxon: busk

Middle Low German: busk, busch

Low German: Busk, Busch

Old Dutch: *busc
Middle Dutch: bosch
Dutch: bos

Old High German: busk
Middle High German: busch, bosch
German: Busch

→ Latin: boscus (see there for further descendants)