hrad

hrad (masculine nominative singular)
hradu (feminine nominative singular)
hrad (neuter nominative singular)
hradanā (accusative masculine singular)
hradā (accusative feminine singular)
hrad (accusative neuter singular)
hradas (genitive masculine singular)
hradeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hradas (genitive neuter singular)
hradumē (dative masculine singular)
hradeʀē (dative feminine singular)
hradumē (dative neuter singular)
hradu (instrumental masculine singular)
hradeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hradu (instrumental neuter singular)
hradē (masculine nominative plural)
hradō (feminine nominative plural)
hradu (neuter nominative plural)
hradā (accusative masculine plural)
hradā (accusative feminine plural)
hradu (accusative neuter plural)
hradeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hradeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hradeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hradēm (dative masculine plural)
hradum (dative masculine plural)
hradēm (dative feminine plural)
hradum (dative feminine plural)
hradēm (dative neuter plural)
hradum (dative neuter plural)
hradēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hradum (instrumental masculine plural)
hradēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hradum (feminine instrumental plural)
hradēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hradum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hræd, hræþ
Middle English: rad, radde, rade, red, ræd (Early Middle English)
Scots: redd, red

Old Dutch: *rath, *rad

Middle Dutch: rat

Dutch: rad

⇒ Afrikaans: rats

Old High German: hrad

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *hradaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kret-.


lim

lim (nominative singular)
limu (nominative plural)
lim (accusative singular)
limu (accusative plural)
limas (genitive singular)
limō (genitive plural)
limē (dative singular)
limum (dative plural)
limu (instrumental singular)
limum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lim
Middle English: lyme, leme, lim, lime, lym, limæ, leome (Early Middle English)
English: limb
Scots: limb, lim
Yola: lemethès


alu

alu (nominative singular)
aluþi (nominative plural)
alu (accusative singular)
aluþi (accusative plural)
aluþi (genitive singular)
aluþō (genitive plural)
aluþi (dative singular)
aluþum (dative plural)
aluþi (instrumental singular)
aluþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ealu, alu, ealo
Middle English: ale, ail
English: ale
Geordie English: yel
Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll
⇒ Yola: aalhouse

Old Saxon: *alu, *alo

⇒ Old Saxon: alufat, alofat

Old Dutch: *alu, *alo

Middle Dutch: āle

Dutch: aal

⇒ Middle Dutch: godale, goedale

→ Old French: godale

Middle French: goudale, godaille

French: godaille

Old High German: *alu, elo

desc

⇒? Middle High German: alschaf (“drinkware”)

⇒ Old High German: *alufaz


nasi

nasi (nominative singular)
nasī (nominative plural)
nasi (accusative singular)
nasī (accusative plural)
nasī (genitive singular)
nassjō (genitive plural)
nasī (dative singular)
nasim (dative plural)
nassjum (dative plural)
nasī (instrumental singular)
nasim (instrumental plural)
nassjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *nasi

Middle Low German: nēse, nāse

Low German: Nese, Nees

→ East Central German: Neese (Berlin)

Plautdietsch: Näs

Old Dutch: *nesi

Middle Dutch: nese

Related to *nasu (“nose”), from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”).


krank

krank (masculine nominative singular)
kranku (feminine nominative singular)
krank (neuter nominative singular)
krankanā (accusative masculine singular)
krankā (accusative feminine singular)
krank (accusative neuter singular)
krankas (genitive masculine singular)
krankeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
krankas (genitive neuter singular)
krankumē (dative masculine singular)
krankeʀē (dative feminine singular)
krankumē (dative neuter singular)
kranku (instrumental masculine singular)
krankeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kranku (instrumental neuter singular)
krankē (masculine nominative plural)
krankō (feminine nominative plural)
kranku (neuter nominative plural)
krankā (accusative masculine plural)
krankā (accusative feminine plural)
kranku (accusative neuter plural)
krankeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
krankeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
krankeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
krankēm (dative masculine plural)
krankum (dative masculine plural)
krankēm (dative feminine plural)
krankum (dative feminine plural)
krankēm (dative neuter plural)
krankum (dative neuter plural)
krankēm (instrumental masculine plural)
krankum (instrumental masculine plural)
krankēm (feminine instrumental plural)
krankum (feminine instrumental plural)
krankēm (instrumental neuter plural)
krankum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *cranc

desctree

Middle English: cronk, cranke
English: crank
Scots: crank

Old Frisian: krank, kronk, krenk

North Frisian: cronc

Saterland Frisian: kroank

Old Saxon: *krank

Middle Low German: krank

Low German: krank

Old Dutch: *cranc

Middle Dutch: cranc
Dutch: krank
Afrikaans: krank
Limburgish: krank

Old High German: *krank, *chranch

Middle High German: krank, kranc

Cimbrian: krånkh

German: krank

Hunsrik: krank

Luxembourgish: krank

Vilamovian: kraonk

Yiddish: קראַנק (krank)


walu

walu (nominative singular)
walō (nominative plural)
walā (accusative singular)
walā (accusative plural)
walā (genitive singular)
walō (genitive plural)
walē (dative singular)
walōm (dative plural)
walum (dative plural)
walu (instrumental singular)
walōm (instrumental plural)
walum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: wala

Middle High German: wale

German: Wahl

→ Luxembourgish: Wal

Luxembourgish: Wiel (with umlaut after the verb)

Feminine varient of Proto-Germanic *walą.


mati

mati (nominative singular)
matī (nominative plural)
mati (accusative singular)
matī (accusative plural)
matī (genitive singular)
mattjō (genitive plural)
matī (dative singular)
matim (dative plural)
mattjum (dative plural)
matī (instrumental singular)
matim (instrumental plural)
mattjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mete, met, mett, mette
Middle English: mete, mæte, meet, meete, meate, mette, met
English: meat
Scots: mete, met, meit, mait
Yola: maate, met

Old Frisian: mete, meit, met
North Frisian: meet

Old Saxon: meti, mat

Middle Low German: met

Low German: met, Mett

→ German: Mett

Old Dutch: *mat, *meti

Middle Dutch: met

Dutch: met

Old High German: maz
Middle High German: maz


bini

bini (nominative singular)
binī (nominative plural)
bini (accusative singular)
binī (accusative plural)
binī (genitive singular)
binnjō (genitive plural)
binī (dative singular)
binim (dative plural)
binnjum (dative plural)
binī (instrumental singular)
binim (instrumental plural)
binnjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bini; bina, *bīna

desc

Middle Low German: bīne, bēne, bēn, beine

q

latter from a merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*bijō</i>

Old High German: bini; bīna (latter from a merger with *bijō)

Middle High German: bin, bine; bīn

Bavarian: Bein

German: Biene

Hunsrik: Bien

Rhine Franconian: Beene, Bie

Vilamovian: byn

Yiddish: בין (bin)

Fossilized from Proto-Germanic *biniz, genitive singular of *bijǭ (“bee”).


hati

hati (nominative singular)
hatī (nominative plural)
hati (accusative singular)
hatī (accusative plural)
hatī (genitive singular)
hattjō (genitive plural)
hatī (dative singular)
hatim (dative plural)
hattjum (dative plural)
hatī (instrumental singular)
hatim (instrumental plural)
hattjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hete
Middle English: hete, het; hate, ate, haate, hat, hatte (influenced by the verb)
English: hate
Scots: hate, hait, heit

Old Frisian: hat

West Frisian: haat

Old Saxon: *hat, heti

Middle Low German: hat, hāte

German Low German: Haat

Plautdietsch: Hot

Old Dutch: *hat

Middle Dutch: hat, hāte

Dutch: haat

Afrikaans: haat

Limburgish: haat

Old High German: haz

Middle High German: haz

German: Hass

Luxembourgish: Haass

Yiddish: האַס (has)

→ Vulgar Latin: *hatina

Old French: haine, haïne; haïnus, haïnos

Bourguignon: haine

Middle French: haine; haineux, haigneux

French: haine; haineux

→ Middle English: heinous, hainous

English: heinous


duli

duli (nominative singular)
dullju (nominative plural)
duli (accusative singular)
dullju (accusative plural)
dulljas (genitive singular)
dulljō (genitive plural)
dulljē (dative singular)
dulljum (dative plural)
dullju (instrumental singular)
dulljum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: tulli, duli

Middle High German: tülle

German: Tülle

→ Vulgar Latin: *dullia (see there for further descendants)


metan

metan (infinitive)
metannjas (genitive infinitive)
metannjē (dative infinitive)
metannju (infinitive instrumental)
metu (first-person present singular)
mat (first-person past singular)
mitiʀi (present second-person singular)
mātī (past second-person singular)
mitidi (present singular third-person)
mat (past singular third-person)
metum (first-person plural present)
mātum (first-person past plural)
mitid (plural present second-person)
mātud (past plural second-person)
metand (plural present third-person)
mātun (past plural third-person)
metē (first-person present singular)
mātī (first-person past singular)
metēs (present second-person singular)
metē (present singular third-person)
mātī (past singular third-person)
metēm (first-person plural present)
mātīm (first-person past plural)
metēþ (plural present second-person)
mātīd (past plural second-person)
metēn (plural present third-person)
mātīn (past plural third-person)
mit (present singular)
mitid (plural present)
metandī (participle present)
metan (participle past)

Old English: metan

Middle English: meten

Scots: mete, meit

English: mete

Old Frisian: meta

Saterland Frisian: meete

West Frisian: mjitte (>ôfmjitte)

Old Saxon: metan

Middle Low German: meten

Low German: meten

Old Dutch: metan
Middle Dutch: mēten
Dutch: meten
Limburgish: maete

Old High German: mezzan

Middle High German: mezzen

German: messen

Luxembourgish: miessen

Yiddish: מעסטן (mestn)


korb

korb (nominative singular)
korbō (nominative plural)
korbōs (nominative plural)
korb (accusative singular)
korbā (accusative plural)
korbas (genitive singular)
korbō (genitive plural)
korbē (dative singular)
korbum (dative plural)
korbu (instrumental singular)
korbum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: korf, kōr

desc

Saterland Frisian: Kúrig, Kuurich, Kouerch

West Frisian: koer

Old Saxon: *korf

Middle Low German: korf

German Low German:

Altmärkisch, East Frisian Low Saxon, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, Lippisch): Korf

Westphalian:

Dortmundisch: Koặrf

Ravensbergisch, Sauerländisch: Kuarf

Westmünsterländisch: Korw

Sauerländisch: Koarf (Niedersfeld), Kōerf (Wenden)

Plautdietsch: Korf

→ Middle English: corf (or from Middle Dutch)

English: corf

Scots: corffe, corf

→ Old Norse: kǫrf m, karfa f

Icelandic: korf m, karfa f

Faroese: kurv

Norwegian Nynorsk: korg, korv

→ Norwegian Bokmål: korg

Old Swedish: korgher

Swedish: korg

→ Finnish: kori

Old Danish: korgh, korf

Danish: kurv
Norwegian Bokmål: kurv

→ Old Saxon: fugalkorf

→ Old Saxon: korvilīn

Old Dutch: *korf

Middle Dutch: corf

desctree

Dutch: korf
Afrikaans: korf
Berbice Creole Dutch: korfu

Limburgish: korf

Old High German: korb, chorb, chorp m; (northwestern) corf

desc

Middle High German: korp, korb m, korbe, kürbe f; korf

Bavarian: Koab m, Kiabn, Kiam f

Mòcheno: khorb m

Central Franconian: Korv, Körv m

Hunsrik: Korreb m

Luxembourgish: Kuerf m

German: Korb m, (obsolete) Kürbe f

Vilamovian: kiüb m

→? Latin: corbis (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Baltic:

Latvian: kar̂ba

Lithuanian: kar̃bas

→? Proto-Slavic: *kȏrbъ (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Traditionally taken to be a borrowing of Latin corbis (“basket”), itself of uncertain origin, however, this is often refuted on phonological grounds and by the existence of multiple examples in Germanic that can easily be shown to have arisen via gradation from a common form. As such, it is alternatively suggested to be inherited from Proto-Germanic *kurbaz, a levelling of *krebô ~ *kurpaz (“basket”),. Furthermore, relation to the Latin term is uncertain, and it is possible, if not likely, that the Latin term is instead an early borrowing from the Germanic.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


gern

gern (masculine nominative singular)
gernu (feminine nominative singular)
gern (neuter nominative singular)
gernanā (accusative masculine singular)
gernā (accusative feminine singular)
gern (accusative neuter singular)
gernas (genitive masculine singular)
gerneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gernas (genitive neuter singular)
gernumē (dative masculine singular)
gerneʀē (dative feminine singular)
gernumē (dative neuter singular)
gernu (instrumental masculine singular)
gerneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gernu (instrumental neuter singular)
gernē (masculine nominative plural)
gernō (feminine nominative plural)
gernu (neuter nominative plural)
gernā (accusative masculine plural)
gernā (accusative feminine plural)
gernu (accusative neuter plural)
gerneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gerneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gerneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gernēm (dative masculine plural)
gernum (dative masculine plural)
gernēm (dative feminine plural)
gernum (dative feminine plural)
gernēm (dative neuter plural)
gernum (dative neuter plural)
gernēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gernum (instrumental masculine plural)
gernēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gernum (feminine instrumental plural)
gernēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gernum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: ġeorn
Middle English: ȝeorn, yern
English: yern (obsolete)

Old Saxon: gern

Old High German: gern, gerni
Middle High German: gern, gerne


puti

puti (nominative singular)
puttjō (nominative plural)
puttjōs (nominative plural)
puti (accusative singular)
puttjā (accusative plural)
puttjas (genitive singular)
puttjō (genitive plural)
puttjē (dative singular)
puttjum (dative plural)
puttju (instrumental singular)
puttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pytt
Middle English: pütte, pette, pytte, püt, pit
Scots: pytt, pitt
English: pit

Old Frisian: pett, pet

Saterland Frisian: Put

West Frisian: pet

Old Saxon: putti

Middle Low German: pütte

Low German: Pütt

→ German: Pütt

→ Old Norse: pyttr
Norwegian Nynorsk: pytt
Norwegian Bokmål: pytt

Old Dutch: *putti

Middle Dutch: putte, pitte

Dutch: put

West Flemish: pit

Old High German: pfuzzi
Middle High German: pfütze, putze, pütze, butze, bütze
German: Pfütze, Pütz
Luxembourgish: Pëtz


limpan

limpan (infinitive)
limpannjas (genitive infinitive)
limpannjē (dative infinitive)
limpannju (infinitive instrumental)
limpu (first-person present singular)
lamp (first-person past singular)
limpiʀi (present second-person singular)
lumpī (past second-person singular)
limpidi (present singular third-person)
lamp (past singular third-person)
limpum (first-person plural present)
lumpum (first-person past plural)
limpid (plural present second-person)
lumpud (past plural second-person)
limpand (plural present third-person)
lumpun (past plural third-person)
limpē (first-person present singular)
lumpī (first-person past singular)
limpēs (present second-person singular)
limpē (present singular third-person)
lumpī (past singular third-person)
limpēm (first-person plural present)
lumpīm (first-person past plural)
limpēþ (plural present second-person)
lumpīd (past plural second-person)
limpēn (plural present third-person)
lumpīn (past plural third-person)
limp (present singular)
limpid (plural present)
limpandī (participle present)
lumpan (participle past)

Old English: limpan

Middle English: lympen, limpen

Scots: limp

English: limp

Old Frisian: limpa

Old Saxon: limpan

Middle Low German: limpen

Low German: limpen, gelimpen

Old High German: limpfan, limphan

Middle High German: limpfen, limfen


daub

daub (masculine nominative singular)
daubu (feminine nominative singular)
daub (neuter nominative singular)
daubanā (accusative masculine singular)
daubā (accusative feminine singular)
daub (accusative neuter singular)
daubas (genitive masculine singular)
daubeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
daubas (genitive neuter singular)
daubumē (dative masculine singular)
daubeʀē (dative feminine singular)
daubumē (dative neuter singular)
daubu (instrumental masculine singular)
daubeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
daubu (instrumental neuter singular)
daubē (masculine nominative plural)
daubō (feminine nominative plural)
daubu (neuter nominative plural)
daubā (accusative masculine plural)
daubā (accusative feminine plural)
daubu (accusative neuter plural)
daubeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
daubeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
daubeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
daubēm (dative masculine plural)
daubum (dative masculine plural)
daubēm (dative feminine plural)
daubum (dative feminine plural)
daubēm (dative neuter plural)
daubum (dative neuter plural)
daubēm (instrumental masculine plural)
daubum (instrumental masculine plural)
daubēm (feminine instrumental plural)
daubum (feminine instrumental plural)
daubēm (instrumental neuter plural)
daubum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: dēaf
Middle English: deef, def
English: deaf
Scots: deef, deif, deaf

Old Frisian: dāf

Saterland Frisian: doof

Old Saxon: dōf

Middle Low German: dōf

Low German: doof

→ German: doof

→ West Frisian: dôf

Plautdietsch: doof

Old Dutch: *dōf

Middle Dutch: dôof
Dutch: doof
Afrikaans: doof
Berbice Creole Dutch: dofu
Negerhollands: doof
→ Papiamentu: dof
→ Sranan Tongo: dofu
Limburgish: douf

Old High German: toub, toup, (Central German) doub
Middle High German: toup; doup, douf
Central Franconian: dauv, doov, daaf
Luxembourgish: daf
Hunsrik: daab
German: taub
Yiddish: טויב (toyb)


aur

aur (nominative singular)
aurō (nominative plural)
aurōs (nominative plural)
aur (accusative singular)
aurā (accusative plural)
auras (genitive singular)
aurō (genitive plural)
aurē (dative singular)
aurum (dative plural)
auru (instrumental singular)
aurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēar, ær

Middle English: are


fangi

fangi (nominative singular)
fangī (nominative plural)
fangi (accusative singular)
fangī (accusative plural)
fangī (genitive singular)
fangijō (genitive plural)
fangī (dative singular)
fangim (dative plural)
fangijum (dative plural)
fangī (instrumental singular)
fangim (instrumental plural)
fangijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feng, fang

Middle English: feng, fenge

Old Frisian: fang, feng, fong

Saterland Frisian: Fang, Fangst

Old Saxon: *fang (in anafang)

Middle Low German: vank

Old Dutch: *fang

Middle Dutch: vanc

Dutch: vang

Old High German: *fang (in sweizfang)

Middle High German: vanc

German: Fang


kriti

kriti (nominative singular)
krittjō (nominative plural)
krittjōs (nominative plural)
kriti (accusative singular)
krittjā (accusative plural)
krittjas (genitive singular)
krittjō (genitive plural)
krittjē (dative singular)
krittjum (dative plural)
krittju (instrumental singular)
krittjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kriti

desc

Middle Low German: krēte, kreite, krēt, krīt

Old Dutch: *criti

Middle Dutch: crete

Dutch: kreet

Old High German: *kriz

Middle High German: kriz


drog

drog (nominative singular)
drogu (nominative plural)
drog (accusative singular)
drogu (accusative plural)
drogas (genitive singular)
drogō (genitive plural)
drogē (dative singular)
drogum (dative plural)
drogu (instrumental singular)
drogum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *droch

North Frisian: drōch

Saterland Frisian: Drog m

Old Saxon: *drog

Middle Low German: droch

Westphalian:

Suerländer-Märkisch: Drǫg

Old Dutch: *drog

Middle Dutch: droch

⇒ Dutch: drogreden

⇒ Dutch: droggrond

⇒ Dutch: droglicht

Old High German: *trug, *trog

Middle High German: truc, troc m

German: Trug


dani

dani (nominative singular)
dannju (nominative plural)
dani (accusative singular)
dannju (accusative plural)
dannjas (genitive singular)
dannjō (genitive plural)
dannjē (dative singular)
dannjum (dative plural)
dannju (instrumental singular)
dannjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: denn n; denu f

Middle English: den; dene

English: den; dean

Scots: den; dene, deyn

Old Frisian: dann

Saterland Frisian: Dan

Old Saxon: *danni, *denni

Middle Low German: danne, denne

Low German: Denn

Old Dutch: *denni

Middle Dutch: denne, den

Dutch: denne, den

Old High German: tenni n

Middle High German: tenne m or n or f

Alemannic German: Tenn

German: Tenne f

→ Medieval Latin: danea

Uncertain; presumably from Proto-Germanic *danją, possibly cognate with Sanskrit धन्वन् (dhánvan, “desert, dry land, beach”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰén-w-ō (“flat surface”). Perhaps also related to Proto-Indo-European *dʰénwr̥ (“arc; palm”) (whence Old High German tenar (“flat hand, palm”)); however, this is disputed.

cog

pasture for animals, morass; wallowing-hole, slitch


garu

garu (masculine nominative singular)
garu (feminine nominative singular)
garu (neuter nominative singular)
garwanā (accusative masculine singular)
garwā (accusative feminine singular)
garu (accusative neuter singular)
garwas (genitive masculine singular)
garweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
garwas (genitive neuter singular)
garumē (dative masculine singular)
garweʀē (dative feminine singular)
garumē (dative neuter singular)
garu (instrumental masculine singular)
garweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
garu (instrumental neuter singular)
garwē (masculine nominative plural)
garwō (feminine nominative plural)
garu (neuter nominative plural)
garwā (accusative masculine plural)
garwā (accusative feminine plural)
garu (accusative neuter plural)
garweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
garweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
garweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
garwēm (dative masculine plural)
garum (dative masculine plural)
garwēm (dative feminine plural)
garum (dative feminine plural)
garwēm (dative neuter plural)
garum (dative neuter plural)
garwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
garum (instrumental masculine plural)
garwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
garum (feminine instrumental plural)
garwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
garum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġearu, ġearo

Middle English: ȝare, yare

Scots: yare

English: yare, yar

Old Frisian: *gar, *jer

Saterland Frisian: goar

Old Saxon: garo, garu

Middle Low German: gāre, gār

German Low German: gaar

Old Dutch: garo

Middle Dutch: gāer

Dutch: gaar (“cooked, done”)

Afrikaans: gaar

Old High German: garo, karo

Middle High German: gare, gar

German: gar (“cooked, done”)

Luxembourgish: guer


magan

desctree

Old English: magan
Middle English: mowen (mostly from analogical *mugan)
English: may
Scots: mey, may, ma
Yola: mye, mey, mai, maa, ma, meigh

Old Frisian: muga
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: mei
Mooring: mooge
Saterland Frisian: muuge
West Frisian: meie

Old Saxon: mugan
Middle Low German: mogen, mögen
Low German: mögen, mägen
German Low German: mögen

Old Dutch: mugan
Middle Dutch: mōgen
Dutch: mogen
Afrikaans: mag
Limburgish: moge

Old High German: mugan
Middle High German: mugen, mogen, magen, megen, mügen, mögen
Alemannic German: möge
Bavarian: megn
Central Franconian: mugge
Cimbrian: mögan, möng (Luserna)
German: mögen
→ Central Franconian: müjje
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: meege
Yiddish: מעגן (megn)


talu

talu (nominative singular)
talō (nominative plural)
talā (accusative singular)
talā (accusative plural)
talā (genitive singular)
talō (genitive plural)
talē (dative singular)
talōm (dative plural)
talum (dative plural)
talu (instrumental singular)
talōm (instrumental plural)
talum (instrumental plural)

Old English: talu
Middle English: tale, tal, talle, taile, taille (chiefly Northern ME)
English: tale
Scots: tale
Yola: taale

Old Frisian: tale, tele

Saterland Frisian: Taal

West Frisian: taal

Old Saxon: tala

Middle Low German: tāle, tal

German Low German: Tahl, Tall

Old Dutch: *tala

Middle Dutch: tāle
Dutch: taal
Afrikaans: taal
West Flemish: toale

Old High German: zala
Middle High German: zale
German: Zahl
Hunsrik: Zaal
Luxembourgish: Zuel
Vilamovian: caoł
Yiddish: צאָל (tsol)


wesan

wesan (infinitive)
wesannjas (genitive infinitive)
wesannjē (dative infinitive)
wesannju (infinitive instrumental)
im (first-person present singular)
was (first-person past singular)
iʀ (present second-person singular)
wāʀī (past second-person singular)
isti (present singular third-person)
was (past singular third-person)
iʀum (first-person plural present)
wāʀum (first-person past plural)
iʀud (plural present second-person)
wāʀud (past plural second-person)
sindi (plural present third-person)
wāʀun (past plural third-person)
sijē (first-person present singular)
wāʀī (first-person past singular)
sijēs (present second-person singular)
sijē (present singular third-person)
wāʀī (past singular third-person)
sīm (first-person plural present)
wāʀīm (first-person past plural)
sīd (plural present second-person)
wāʀīd (past plural second-person)
sīn (plural present third-person)
wāʀīn (past plural third-person)
wes (present singular)
wisid (plural present)
wesandī (participle present)
weʀan (participle past)

Old English: wesan

desc

>? Middle English: wesen (“to tend flocks, pasture”)

desctree

Old Frisian: wēsa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: wees
Halligen: weese
Helgoland: wees
Mooring: weese
Saterland Frisian: weze
West Frisian: wêze

Old Saxon: wesan
Middle Low German: wēsen
Dutch Low Saxon: waen
German Low German: wesen, ween

Old Dutch: wesan, weson
Middle Dutch: wēsen
Dutch: wezen
Afrikaans: wees
Jersey Dutch: wêze
Negerhollands: wees, wis
Limburgish: waeze

Old High German: wesan

Middle High German: wësen


bregdan

bregdan (infinitive)
bregdannjas (genitive infinitive)
bregdannjē (dative infinitive)
bregdannju (infinitive instrumental)
bregdu (first-person present singular)
bragd (first-person past singular)
brigdiʀi (present second-person singular)
brugdī (past second-person singular)
brigdidi (present singular third-person)
bragd (past singular third-person)
bregdum (first-person plural present)
brugdum (first-person past plural)
brigdid (plural present second-person)
brugdud (past plural second-person)
bregdand (plural present third-person)
brugdun (past plural third-person)
bregdē (first-person present singular)
brugdī (first-person past singular)
bregdēs (present second-person singular)
bregdē (present singular third-person)
brugdī (past singular third-person)
bregdēm (first-person plural present)
brugdīm (first-person past plural)
bregdēþ (plural present second-person)
brugdīd (past plural second-person)
bregdēn (plural present third-person)
brugdīn (past plural third-person)
brigd (present singular)
brigdid (plural present)
bregdandī (participle present)
brogdan (participle past)

Old English: breġdan, brēdan

Middle English: breiden, breden

English: braid

Scots: breed, brade, braid, bray

Old Frisian: breida, brēda, brīda

North Frisian: brüjen

Saterland Frisian: braidje

West Frisian: breidzje

Old Saxon: bregdan

Middle Low German: breiden

Low German: breien, breiden

Old Dutch: *bregdan

Middle Dutch: breiden

Dutch: breien

Afrikaans: brei

Old High German: brettan

Middle High German: brëtten

German: bretten (obsolete)


bringan

bringan (infinitive)
bringannjas (genitive infinitive)
bringannjē (dative infinitive)
bringannju (infinitive instrumental)
bringu (first-person present singular)
brang (first-person past singular)
bringiʀi (present second-person singular)
brungī (past second-person singular)
bringidi (present singular third-person)
brang (past singular third-person)
bringum (first-person plural present)
brungum (first-person past plural)
bringid (plural present second-person)
brungud (past plural second-person)
bringand (plural present third-person)
brungun (past plural third-person)
bringē (first-person present singular)
brungī (first-person past singular)
bringēs (present second-person singular)
bringē (present singular third-person)
brungī (past singular third-person)
bringēm (first-person plural present)
brungīm (first-person past plural)
bringēþ (plural present second-person)
brungīd (past plural second-person)
bringēn (plural present third-person)
brungīn (past plural third-person)
bring (present singular)
bringid (plural present)
bringandī (participle present)
brungan (participle past)

Old English: bringan, brenġan
Middle English: bryngen
English: bring
Scots: bring

Old Frisian: brenga, bringa, branga, brendza
North Frisian:
Helgoland, Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: bring
Mooring: bränge
Saterland Frisian: brange
West Frisian: bringe

Old Saxon: brengian, brengan, bringan
Middle Low German: bringen, brengen
Low German: bringen, brängen
→ Danish: bringe
→ Norwegian: bringe, bringa
→ Swedish: bringa

Old Dutch: bringan
Middle Dutch: bringen
Dutch: brengen
Afrikaans: bring
Berbice Creole Dutch: bringgi
Negerhollands: breng, bring, briṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: brink
→? Sranan Tongo: bringi
Limburgish: bringe
West Flemish: bringen

Old High German: bringan
Middle High German: bringen
Alemannic German: bringe
Cimbrian: prengen
Central Franconian: brenge
Hunsrik: bringe
Luxembourgish: bréngen
German: bringen
Rhine Franconian: brenge, bringe
Frankfurterisch: [pʀiŋg̥ə], (older) [pʀeŋə]
Pennsylvania German: bringe
Vilamovian: brengia
Yiddish: ברענגען (brengen)


grindan

grindan (infinitive)
grindannjas (genitive infinitive)
grindannjē (dative infinitive)
grindannju (infinitive instrumental)
grindu (first-person present singular)
grand (first-person past singular)
grindiʀi (present second-person singular)
grundī (past second-person singular)
grindidi (present singular third-person)
grand (past singular third-person)
grindum (first-person plural present)
grundum (first-person past plural)
grindid (plural present second-person)
grundud (past plural second-person)
grindand (plural present third-person)
grundun (past plural third-person)
grindē (first-person present singular)
grundī (first-person past singular)
grindēs (present second-person singular)
grindē (present singular third-person)
grundī (past singular third-person)
grindēm (first-person plural present)
grundīm (first-person past plural)
grindēþ (plural present second-person)
grundīd (past plural second-person)
grindēn (plural present third-person)
grundīn (past plural third-person)
grind (present singular)
grindid (plural present)
grindandī (participle present)
grundan (participle past)

Old English: grindan
Middle English: grynden, grinden, grenden
English: grind
Scots: grynde, grynd, grind
Yola: grieend, griende

Old Frisian: *grinda

Saterland Frisian: gríende, griene

Old Saxon: *grindan

Middle Low German: grinden

Old Dutch: *grindan

Middle Dutch: grinden, grenden

Dutch: grinden


dragan

dragan (infinitive)
dragannjas (genitive infinitive)
dragannjē (dative infinitive)
dragannju (infinitive instrumental)
dragu (first-person present singular)
drōg (first-person past singular)
dragiʀi (present second-person singular)
drōgī (past second-person singular)
dragidi (present singular third-person)
drōg (past singular third-person)
dragum (first-person plural present)
drōgum (first-person past plural)
dragid (plural present second-person)
drōgud (past plural second-person)
dragand (plural present third-person)
drōgun (past plural third-person)
dragē (first-person present singular)
drōgī (first-person past singular)
dragēs (present second-person singular)
dragē (present singular third-person)
drōgī (past singular third-person)
dragēm (first-person plural present)
drōgīm (first-person past plural)
dragēþ (plural present second-person)
drōgīd (past plural second-person)
dragēn (plural present third-person)
drōgīn (past plural third-person)
drag (present singular)
dragid (plural present)
dragandī (participle present)
dragan (participle past)

Old English: dragan

Middle English: dragen, draȝen, drawen

Scots: draw

English: draw

Old Frisian: draga, drega

Saterland Frisian: drega, drein

Saterland Frisian: dreege

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: dreeg

Mooring: dreege

West Frisian: drage

Old Saxon: dragan

Middle Low German: dragen, dregen

Low German: dregen, dragen

Old Dutch: dragan
Middle Dutch: drāgen
Dutch: dragen
Limburgish: drage
Zealandic: draege

Old High German: tragan
Middle High German: tragen
Alemannic German: trage, traga, traa
Bavarian: drong, drång
Central Franconian: drage, draan, droon
Luxembourgish: droen
German: tragen
Yiddish: טראָגן (trogn)


rinnan

rinnan (infinitive)
rinnannjas (genitive infinitive)
rinnannjē (dative infinitive)
rinnannju (infinitive instrumental)
rinnu (first-person present singular)
rann (first-person past singular)
rinniʀi (present second-person singular)
runnī (past second-person singular)
rinnidi (present singular third-person)
rann (past singular third-person)
rinnum (first-person plural present)
runnum (first-person past plural)
rinnid (plural present second-person)
runnud (past plural second-person)
rinnand (plural present third-person)
runnun (past plural third-person)
rinnē (first-person present singular)
runnī (first-person past singular)
rinnēs (present second-person singular)
rinnē (present singular third-person)
runnī (past singular third-person)
rinnēm (first-person plural present)
runnīm (first-person past plural)
rinnēþ (plural present second-person)
runnīd (past plural second-person)
rinnēn (plural present third-person)
runnīn (past plural third-person)
rinn (present singular)
rinnid (plural present)
rinnandī (participle present)
runnan (participle past)

Old English: rinnan, irnan, iernan, yrnan
Middle English: rennen
English: run, rin
Scots: rin
Yola: rhin, rin

Old Frisian: renna, rinna, runna
Saterland Frisian: rinne
West Frisian: rinne

Old Saxon: rinnan
Middle Low German: rinnen
Low German:
German Low German: rönnen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: rinnen
Sauerländisch: rennen
Westmünsterländisch: rennen, rannen
Plautdietsch: ranen

Old Dutch: rinnan
Middle Dutch: rinnen
Dutch: rinnen (obsolete), rennen
Limburgish: rinne, rènne

Old High German: rinnan

Middle High German: rinnen
German: rinnen
Luxembourgish: rënnen


niþer

Old English: niþer, nyder
Middle English: nithere, nethere, nether
English: nether
Scots: nether, nedder

Old Frisian: nither, nether

West Frisian: near

Old Saxon: nithar

Middle Low German: nider

Low German: nedder

Old Dutch: nither
Middle Dutch: nēder
Dutch: neder
Afrikaans: neer

Old High German: nidar
Middle High German: nider, neider
German: nieder
Hunsrik: nitter
Luxembourgish: nidder
Vilamovian: nejder


geban

geban (infinitive)
gebannjas (genitive infinitive)
gebannjē (dative infinitive)
gebannju (infinitive instrumental)
gebu (first-person present singular)
gab (first-person past singular)
gibiʀi (present second-person singular)
gābī (past second-person singular)
gibidi (present singular third-person)
gab (past singular third-person)
gebum (first-person plural present)
gābum (first-person past plural)
gibid (plural present second-person)
gābud (past plural second-person)
geband (plural present third-person)
gābun (past plural third-person)
gebē (first-person present singular)
gābī (first-person past singular)
gebēs (present second-person singular)
gebē (present singular third-person)
gābī (past singular third-person)
gebēm (first-person plural present)
gābīm (first-person past plural)
gebēþ (plural present second-person)
gābīd (past plural second-person)
gebēn (plural present third-person)
gābīn (past plural third-person)
gib (present singular)
gibid (plural present)
gebandī (participle present)
geban (participle past)

Old English: ġiefan, ġifan — West Saxon, ġyfan — Late West Saxon, ġefan, ġeofan, ġiofan — Non-West Saxon
Middle English: yiven, ȝeven, ȝiven, yeven
English: yive
Yola: yie, ye, yive
⇒ Middle English: given, gifen, geven
English: give
Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
Yola: gee
 (influenced by Old Norse gefa)

Old Frisian: jeva
North Frisian: jiw
Föhr-Amrum: jiiw
Mooring: jeewe
West Frisian: jaan

Old Saxon: gevan, geƀan
Middle Low German: geven
Low German: geven, gewen, giäwen, giewen

Old Dutch: gevan
Middle Dutch: gēven
Dutch: geven
Afrikaans: gee
Javindo: heef
Jersey Dutch: xêve
Negerhollands: gie, gi, giev, gief
Skepi Creole Dutch: gef
Limburgish: gaeve

Old High German: geban
Middle High German: geben
Alemannic German: gë, gua, gää, gea
Bavarian: gebn
Cimbrian: gem, ghèban (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: jevve, jenn, gewe, gewwe, genn
Hunsrik: gewe
Luxembourgish: ginn
East Franconian: geb, gebe, gewe
German: geben
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: gewwe
Vilamovian: gaon, gann
Yiddish: געבן (gebn)


smiþ

smiþ (nominative singular)
smiþō (nominative plural)
smiþōs (nominative plural)
smiþ (accusative singular)
smiþā (accusative plural)
smiþas (genitive singular)
smiþō (genitive plural)
smiþē (dative singular)
smiþum (dative plural)
smiþu (instrumental singular)
smiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smiþ
Middle English: smyth
English: smith
Scots: smith, smyth

Old Frisian: smith, smeth, smid

Saterland Frisian: Smid

West Frisian: smid

Old Saxon: smith
Middle Low German: smit, smet, smede
German Low German: Smitt, Smidd, Smedd
Plautdietsch: Schmett

Old Dutch: *smith
Middle Dutch: smit
Dutch: smid
Afrikaans: smid
Negerhollands: smid
→ Munsee: shumát
→ Papiamentu: smet, smid
→ Sranan Tongo: smeti, smitti
→ Saramaccan: simítima
→ Unami: shëmìt, shmìt
Limburgish: smeid, smieëd

Old High German: smid
Middle High German: smit
Alemannic German: Schmid
Italian Walser: schméd, schmét, schmid, schmìd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: smit, smitt (Luserna)
Mòcheno: schmi'
Udinese: schmidt, schmit, sghmiid
German: Schmied
Hunsrik: Schmitt
Luxembourgish: Schmadd
Vilamovian: śmejt
Yiddish: שמיד (shmid)


naht

naht (nominative singular)
nahti (nominative plural)
nahtu (accusative singular)
nahti (accusative plural)
nahti (genitive singular)
nahtō (genitive plural)
nahti (dative singular)
nahtum (dative plural)
nahti (instrumental singular)
nahtum (instrumental plural)

some forms continue inflected <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*nahti</i>

Old English: niht, næht — Anglian, neaht, nieht, neht, nyht (some forms continue inflected *nahti)
Middle English: nyght, naht, night, nighte, niȝt, niht, nyghte, nyȝt, nyȝte, nyhte
English: night
Geordie English: neet
Scots: nicht, neicht
Yola: neeght, nieght, nyeght

Old Frisian: nacht
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: naacht
Mooring: nåcht
Saterland Frisian: Noacht
West Frisian: nacht

Old Saxon: naht
Middle Low German: nacht
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: nacht
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Natt
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Nacht f
Paderbornisch: Nacht f
Ravensbergisch: Nacht
Sauerländisch: Nacht
Westmünsterländisch: Nacht, Nach
Plautdietsch: Nacht

Old Dutch: naht
Middle Dutch: nacht
Dutch: nacht
Afrikaans: nag
Negerhollands: nacht, nagt
Limburgish: nach
West Flemish: nacht

Old High German: naht
Middle High German: nacht
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Nàcht
Swabian: Nachd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: nacht
Mòcheno: nòcht
German: Nacht
Pennsylvania German: Nacht
Hunsrik: Nacht, naacht
Luxembourgish: Nuecht, Nuet
Vilamovian: nocht, naocht
Yiddish: נאַכט (nakht)


spinnan

spinnan (infinitive)
spinnannjas (genitive infinitive)
spinnannjē (dative infinitive)
spinnannju (infinitive instrumental)
spinnu (first-person present singular)
spann (first-person past singular)
spinniʀi (present second-person singular)
spunnī (past second-person singular)
spinnidi (present singular third-person)
spann (past singular third-person)
spinnum (first-person plural present)
spunnum (first-person past plural)
spinnid (plural present second-person)
spunnud (past plural second-person)
spinnand (plural present third-person)
spunnun (past plural third-person)
spinnē (first-person present singular)
spunnī (first-person past singular)
spinnēs (present second-person singular)
spinnē (present singular third-person)
spunnī (past singular third-person)
spinnēm (first-person plural present)
spunnīm (first-person past plural)
spinnēþ (plural present second-person)
spunnīd (past plural second-person)
spinnēn (plural present third-person)
spunnīn (past plural third-person)
spinn (present singular)
spinnid (plural present)
spinnandī (participle present)
spunnan (participle past)

Old English: spinnan
Middle English: spinnen, spynnen, spynne, spinne, spynen, spenen, spynnyn, spyn
English: spin
Scots: spin

Old Frisian: spinna

Saterland Frisian: spinne

West Frisian: spinne

Old Saxon: *spinnan

Middle Low German: spinnen

German Low German: spinnen

Old Dutch: *spinnan
Middle Dutch: spinnen
Dutch: spinnen
Limburgish: spinne

Old High German: spinnan

Middle High German: spinnen

German: spinnen

Luxembourgish: spannen

Yiddish: שפּינען (shpinen)


stingan

stingan (infinitive)
stingannjas (genitive infinitive)
stingannjē (dative infinitive)
stingannju (infinitive instrumental)
stingu (first-person present singular)
stang (first-person past singular)
stingiʀi (present second-person singular)
stungī (past second-person singular)
stingidi (present singular third-person)
stang (past singular third-person)
stingum (first-person plural present)
stungum (first-person past plural)
stingid (plural present second-person)
stungud (past plural second-person)
stingand (plural present third-person)
stungun (past plural third-person)
stingē (first-person present singular)
stungī (first-person past singular)
stingēs (present second-person singular)
stingē (present singular third-person)
stungī (past singular third-person)
stingēm (first-person plural present)
stungīm (first-person past plural)
stingēþ (plural present second-person)
stungīd (past plural second-person)
stingēn (plural present third-person)
stungīn (past plural third-person)
sting (present singular)
stingid (plural present)
stingandī (participle present)
stungan (participle past)

Old English: stingan

Middle English: stingen

English: sting

Scots: sting

Old High German: stingan


mahti

mahti (nominative singular)
mahtī (nominative plural)
mahti (accusative singular)
mahtī (accusative plural)
mahtī (genitive singular)
mahtijō (genitive plural)
mahtī (dative singular)
mahtim (dative plural)
mahtijum (dative plural)
mahtī (instrumental singular)
mahtim (instrumental plural)
mahtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meaht, meht, mieht, miht

Middle English: miht, might

Scots: micht

English: might

Yola: mought

Old Frisian: mecht, macht

North Frisian: macht

Saterland Frisian: Macht

West Frisian: macht

Old Saxon: maht
Middle Low German: macht
German Low German: Macht
Dutch Low Saxon: macht
Plautdietsch: Macht
→ Norwegian: makt
→ Swedish: makt
→ Danish: magt
→ Gutnish: mäkt

Old Dutch: *maht

Middle Dutch: macht

Dutch: macht

Afrikaans: mag

Limburgish: mach

Old High German: maht

Middle High German: maht, macht

German: Macht

Luxembourgish: Muecht

Yiddish: מאַכט (makht)


stelan

stelan (infinitive)
stelannjas (genitive infinitive)
stelannjē (dative infinitive)
stelannju (infinitive instrumental)
stelu (first-person present singular)
stal (first-person past singular)
stiliʀi (present second-person singular)
stālī (past second-person singular)
stilidi (present singular third-person)
stal (past singular third-person)
stelum (first-person plural present)
stālum (first-person past plural)
stilid (plural present second-person)
stālud (past plural second-person)
steland (plural present third-person)
stālun (past plural third-person)
stelē (first-person present singular)
stālī (first-person past singular)
stelēs (present second-person singular)
stelē (present singular third-person)
stālī (past singular third-person)
stelēm (first-person plural present)
stālīm (first-person past plural)
stelēþ (plural present second-person)
stālīd (past plural second-person)
stelēn (plural present third-person)
stālīn (past plural third-person)
stil (present singular)
stilid (plural present)
stelandī (participle present)
stolan (participle past)

Old English: stelan
Middle English: stelen
English: steal

Old Frisian: stela
West Frisian: stelle

Old Saxon: stelan
Low German: stehlen

Old Dutch: *stelan
Middle Dutch: stēlen
Dutch: stelen
Afrikaans: steel
Limburgish: staele

Old High German: stelan

Middle High German: stelen, steln

Bavarian: stäihn, stöhln, stöhn

German: stehlen
→ Esperanto: ŝteli

Luxembourgish: stielen


pund

pund (nominative singular)
pundu (nominative plural)
pund (accusative singular)
pundu (accusative plural)
pundas (genitive singular)
pundō (genitive plural)
pundē (dative singular)
pundum (dative plural)
pundu (instrumental singular)
pundum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pund
Middle English: pund, punde, pounde, pound
English: pound
Northumbrian: pund
→ Middle Irish: punt
Irish: punt
Manx: punt
Scots: pund, poond

Old Frisian: pund

Saterland Frisian: Puund

West Frisian: pûn

Old Saxon: pund

Middle Low German: punt

German Low German: Pund

Old Dutch: punt

Middle Dutch: pont, pond

Dutch: pond

Old High German: pfunt
Middle High German: pfunt
German: Pfund
Yiddish: פֿונט (funt)


austr

head

*austr (comparative *austrōʀō, superlative *austrōst)

austrōʀō (comparative)
austrōst (superlative)

Old English: ēast
English: east

Old Frisian: āster

Old Saxon: ōstar

Old High German: ōstar

Middle High German: oster


austr

*austr (comparative *austrō, superlative *austrōst)

austrō (comparative)
austrōst (superlative)

desctree

Old English: ēast
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Old French: est
French: est (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: ōstar
Middle High German: ōster


austr

austr (nominative singular)
austru (nominative plural)
austr (accusative singular)
austru (accusative plural)
austras (genitive singular)
austrō (genitive plural)
austrē (dative singular)
austrum (dative plural)
austru (instrumental singular)
austrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēast m
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Cornish: est
Scots: eist, aist

Old Frisian: âsta n, âst

Saterland Frisian: Aaste m or n

West Frisian: east n

Old Saxon: *ōst

Middle Low German: ōst, ōste, oist n or f

Low German: Oost

Old Dutch: *ōst

Middle Dutch: oost

Dutch: oost

Afrikaans: oos

⇒ Dutch: oosten

⇒ Afrikaans: ooste

desc

Old High German: *ōst ?, ōstara, ōstra f

Middle High German: ōst m

German: Ost m

Hunsrik: Oste m


swimman

swimman (infinitive)
swimmannjas (genitive infinitive)
swimmannjē (dative infinitive)
swimmannju (infinitive instrumental)
swimmu (first-person present singular)
swamm (first-person past singular)
swimmiʀi (present second-person singular)
swummī (past second-person singular)
swimmidi (present singular third-person)
swamm (past singular third-person)
swimmum (first-person plural present)
swummum (first-person past plural)
swimmid (plural present second-person)
swummud (past plural second-person)
swimmand (plural present third-person)
swummun (past plural third-person)
swimmē (first-person present singular)
swummī (first-person past singular)
swimmēs (present second-person singular)
swimmē (present singular third-person)
swummī (past singular third-person)
swimmēm (first-person plural present)
swummīm (first-person past plural)
swimmēþ (plural present second-person)
swummīd (past plural second-person)
swimmēn (plural present third-person)
swummīn (past plural third-person)
swimm (present singular)
swimmid (plural present)
swimmandī (participle present)
swumman (participle past)

desctree

Old English: swimman
Middle English: swymmen, suymmyne, sweme, swemmen, swimmen, swyme, swymme, squim (Northern)
English: swim
Scots: sweem, soom

Old Frisian: swimma

Saterland Frisian: swimme

West Frisian: swimme

Old Saxon: swimman

Middle Low German: swemmen

Low German: swimmen, swemmen

Plautdietsch: schwamen

Old Dutch: *swimman
Middle Dutch: swemmen
Dutch: zwemmen
Limburgish: zwömme

Old High German: swimman

Middle High German: swimmen
Bavarian: schwimma
German: schwimmen
Luxembourgish: schwammen
Vilamovian: śwyma
Yiddish: שווימען (shvimen)


strang

strang (masculine nominative singular)
strangu (feminine nominative singular)
strang (neuter nominative singular)
stranganā (accusative masculine singular)
strangā (accusative feminine singular)
strang (accusative neuter singular)
strangas (genitive masculine singular)
strangeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
strangas (genitive neuter singular)
strangumē (dative masculine singular)
strangeʀē (dative feminine singular)
strangumē (dative neuter singular)
strangu (instrumental masculine singular)
strangeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
strangu (instrumental neuter singular)
strangē (masculine nominative plural)
strangō (feminine nominative plural)
strangu (neuter nominative plural)
strangā (accusative masculine plural)
strangā (accusative feminine plural)
strangu (accusative neuter plural)
strangeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
strangeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
strangeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
strangēm (dative masculine plural)
strangum (dative masculine plural)
strangēm (dative feminine plural)
strangum (dative feminine plural)
strangēm (dative neuter plural)
strangum (dative neuter plural)
strangēm (instrumental masculine plural)
strangum (instrumental masculine plural)
strangēm (feminine instrumental plural)
strangum (feminine instrumental plural)
strangēm (instrumental neuter plural)
strangum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: strang, strong
Middle English: strong, stronge, stronke, stron, strange, straunge
English: strong
Scots: strang
Yola: straung

Old Frisian: *strang, streng

Saterland Frisian: strang

West Frisian: string

Old Saxon: strang

Middle Low German: stranc, strenge

Low German: strenge

Old Dutch: *strang, *strank

desc

Middle Dutch: strange, stranc, strenge, streng

Dutch: streng

Afrikaans: streng

Limburgish: strang

desctree

Old High German: strangi, strengi, strang
Middle High German: strenge, strange
German: streng

From Proto-Germanic *strangaz, *strangijaz.


springan

springan (infinitive)
springannjas (genitive infinitive)
springannjē (dative infinitive)
springannju (infinitive instrumental)
springu (first-person present singular)
sprang (first-person past singular)
springiʀi (present second-person singular)
sprungī (past second-person singular)
springidi (present singular third-person)
sprang (past singular third-person)
springum (first-person plural present)
sprungum (first-person past plural)
springid (plural present second-person)
sprungud (past plural second-person)
springand (plural present third-person)
sprungun (past plural third-person)
springē (first-person present singular)
sprungī (first-person past singular)
springēs (present second-person singular)
springē (present singular third-person)
sprungī (past singular third-person)
springēm (first-person plural present)
sprungīm (first-person past plural)
springēþ (plural present second-person)
sprungīd (past plural second-person)
springēn (plural present third-person)
sprungīn (past plural third-person)
spring (present singular)
springid (plural present)
springandī (participle present)
sprungan (participle past)

Old English: springan
Middle English: spryngen
English: spring; sprink
Scots: spring

Old Frisian: springa

Saterland Frisian: springe

West Frisian: springe

Old Saxon: springan, sprengan
Middle Low German: springen
German Low German: springen

Old Dutch: *springan
Middle Dutch: springen
Dutch: springen
Afrikaans: spring
Berbice Creole Dutch: pringgi
Jersey Dutch: spring, springe, spränge
Negerhollands: spriṅ
Limburgish: springe

Old High German: springan

Middle High German: springen

Alemannic German: springe, schpringe

Cimbrian: springen

German: springen

Luxembourgish: sprangen

Pennsylvania German: schpringe

Yiddish: שפּרינגען (shpringen)

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *springaną.


swingan

swingan (infinitive)
swingannjas (genitive infinitive)
swingannjē (dative infinitive)
swingannju (infinitive instrumental)
swingu (first-person present singular)
swang (first-person past singular)
swingiʀi (present second-person singular)
swungī (past second-person singular)
swingidi (present singular third-person)
swang (past singular third-person)
swingum (first-person plural present)
swungum (first-person past plural)
swingid (plural present second-person)
swungud (past plural second-person)
swingand (plural present third-person)
swungun (past plural third-person)
swingē (first-person present singular)
swungī (first-person past singular)
swingēs (present second-person singular)
swingē (present singular third-person)
swungī (past singular third-person)
swingēm (first-person plural present)
swungīm (first-person past plural)
swingēþ (plural present second-person)
swungīd (past plural second-person)
swingēn (plural present third-person)
swungīn (past plural third-person)
swing (present singular)
swingid (plural present)
swingandī (participle present)
swungan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: swingan
Middle English: swyngen, swingen, swyng, swynge, swyngge, swyngyn, squynge, suing, swingan, swingæn, swingenn
English: swing
→ Dutch: swingen
→ Norman: souîndgi
Scots: swing, sweeng

Old Frisian: swinga

Old Saxon: swingan
Middle Low German: swingen
Low German: swingen
→ Danish: svinge

Old Dutch: *swingan

Middle Dutch: swingen
Limburgish: zwinge

Old High German: swingan

Middle High German: swingen

German: schwingen

From Proto-Germanic *swinganą (“to swing”).


fagr

fagr (masculine nominative singular)
fagru (feminine nominative singular)
fagr (neuter nominative singular)
fagranā (accusative masculine singular)
fagrā (accusative feminine singular)
fagr (accusative neuter singular)
fagras (genitive masculine singular)
fagreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
fagras (genitive neuter singular)
fagrumē (dative masculine singular)
fagreʀē (dative feminine singular)
fagrumē (dative neuter singular)
fagru (instrumental masculine singular)
fagreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fagru (instrumental neuter singular)
fagrē (masculine nominative plural)
fagrō (feminine nominative plural)
fagru (neuter nominative plural)
fagrā (accusative masculine plural)
fagrā (accusative feminine plural)
fagru (accusative neuter plural)
fagreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
fagreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
fagreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fagrēm (dative masculine plural)
fagrum (dative masculine plural)
fagrēm (dative feminine plural)
fagrum (dative feminine plural)
fagrēm (dative neuter plural)
fagrum (dative neuter plural)
fagrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
fagrum (instrumental masculine plural)
fagrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
fagrum (feminine instrumental plural)
fagrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
fagrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fæger, fæġer

desc

Middle English: fager, fæȝer, feir, fayer, fayr

Scots: fair, fayr, fare

English: fair

→ Dutch: fair

→ German: fair

desctree

Old Saxon: fagar
Middle Low German: fagher

Old Dutch: *fagar, *vagar (in placenames: vagara velda)

Old High German: fagar

Middle High German: fager, vager


tagl

tagl (nominative singular)
taglu (nominative plural)
tagl (accusative singular)
taglu (accusative plural)
taglas (genitive singular)
taglō (genitive plural)
taglē (dative singular)
taglum (dative plural)
taglu (instrumental singular)
taglum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tæġl, tæġel

Middle English: teil, tayl, tail

English: tail

Scots: tail, tale

Old Frisian: *teil

Saterland Frisian: Tail

West Frisian: teil

Old Saxon: *tagal

Middle Low German: tagel

Low German: Tagel

desc

Old Dutch: *tagal, *tegil, *teil (in toponyms)

Middle Dutch: tale, tael, *teil

Dutch: teil, taal (rare)

⇒ Dutch: oogtaal (“eyelash”)

West Flemish: teil

Old High German: zagal, zagel, zagil

Middle High German: zagel, zail, zeil

German: Zagel (dialectal)


þus

desctree

Old English: þus
Middle English: þus, thus, thuse, þos, þous, ðus, tus, tuss, þuss (Early Middle English)
English: thus
Scots: thus

Old Frisian: thus, dus

⇒ North Frisian: aldoz

West Frisian: dus

Old Saxon: *thus; thius

Middle Low German: düs; aldüs

⇒ Middle Low German: duslik, düslîk

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: düssolîk, düssolk, düsselk, dusselk, düssek, dūsolk, duselk, düsk

Old Dutch: thus

Middle Dutch: dus, dos

desctree

Dutch: dus
Afrikaans: dus
→ Indonesian: dus
→ Sranan Tongo: dùs
→ Caribbean Javanese: dhes

⇒ Middle Dutch: aldus

Old High German: dus


teran

teran (infinitive)
terannjas (genitive infinitive)
terannjē (dative infinitive)
terannju (infinitive instrumental)
teru (first-person present singular)
tar (first-person past singular)
tiriʀi (present second-person singular)
tārī (past second-person singular)
tiridi (present singular third-person)
tar (past singular third-person)
terum (first-person plural present)
tārum (first-person past plural)
tirid (plural present second-person)
tārud (past plural second-person)
terand (plural present third-person)
tārun (past plural third-person)
terē (first-person present singular)
tārī (first-person past singular)
terēs (present second-person singular)
terē (present singular third-person)
tārī (past singular third-person)
terēm (first-person plural present)
tārīm (first-person past plural)
terēþ (plural present second-person)
tārīd (past plural second-person)
terēn (plural present third-person)
tārīn (past plural third-person)
tir (present singular)
tirid (plural present)
terandī (participle present)
toran (participle past)

Old English: teran
Middle English: teren, teer, teere, tere, tern, teryn, teer
English: tear
Scots: tere, teir, tair

Old Frisian: tera

Saterland Frisian: teere

West Frisian: tarre

Old Saxon: teran
Middle Low German: teren (merged with Proto-West Germanic *tarjan)
German Low German: tehren
→ Old Norse: tæra
Danish: tære
Swedish: tära
Norwegian Bokmål: tære
Norwegian Nynorsk: tæra, tære
Icelandic: tæra

Old High German: zeran

q

Middle High German: zern, zeren (merged with Proto-West Germanic *tarjan, a strong participle Middle High German zerzorn is attested)

German: zehren

Luxembourgish: zieren


þorp

þorp (nominative singular)
þorpu (nominative plural)
þorp (accusative singular)
þorpu (accusative plural)
þorpas (genitive singular)
þorpō (genitive plural)
þorpē (dative singular)
þorpum (dative plural)
þorpu (instrumental singular)
þorpum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þorp, þrop
Middle English: thorp
English: thorp

Old Frisian: thorp, therp

North Frisian: torp, terp, Tarp

East Frisian: terp

Saterland Frisian: Täärp

West Frisian: terp
→ Dutch: terp

Old Saxon: thorp
Middle Low German: dorp
German Low German:
Low Prussian: Dörp, Dorp, Derp
Westphalian:
Münsterland: Duorp
Paderborn: Doärp
Sauerland: Duarp
Plautdietsch: Darp
→ German: -trop
→ West Frisian: doarp

Old Dutch: thorp
Middle Dutch: dorp
Dutch: dorp
Afrikaans: dorp
→ Fanagalo: dorop
→ Sotho: toropo
→ Tswana: toropo
→ Venda: ḓorobo
→ Xhosa: idolophu
→ Zulu: idolobha
Negerhollands: dorp
→ English: dorp
→ Papiamentu: dorp
→ Sranan Tongo: dorpu
Limburgish: dörp
→ Middle Scots: dorp, drop
Scots: dorp

Old High German: thorph, thorf, dorf; thorp (Central German)

Middle High German: dorf, dorp (northern Central German; receding)

Alemannic German: Dorf

Central Franconian: Dörp, Dorp, Dorf

German: Dorf

Luxembourgish: Duerf

Mòcheno: dorf

Vilamovian: diüf

Yiddish: דאָרף (dorf)

→ Vulgar Latin: *tropus, *troppus

Medieval Latin: troppus (see there for further descendants)


segl

segl (nominative singular)
seglu (nominative plural)
segl (accusative singular)
seglu (accusative plural)
seglas (genitive singular)
seglō (genitive plural)
seglē (dative singular)
seglum (dative plural)
seglu (instrumental singular)
seglum (instrumental plural)

Old English: seġl, seġel

desc

Middle English: seyl, seil, sayle, saile

Scots: sail, saill, sale

English: sail

→ Old Irish: séol

Irish: seol

Manx: shiaull

Scottish Gaelic: seòl

→ Proto-Brythonic: *huɨl

Breton: gouel

Welsh: hwyl

Old Frisian: seil

Saterland Frisian: Sail

West Frisian: seil

Old Saxon: segal, segel

Middle Low German: segel; segelstēn

Low German: Seil, Segel

Plautdietsch: Säajel

→ Icelandic: segulsteinn, segull

Old Dutch: segil

Middle Dutch: sēgel, seil

Dutch: zeil

Afrikaans: seil

desctree

Old High German: segal
Middle High German: sëgel
German: Segel
→ Luxembourgish: Seegel
→ Polish: żagiel


hungr

hungr (nominative singular)
hungrō (nominative plural)
hungrōs (nominative plural)
hungr (accusative singular)
hungrā (accusative plural)
hungras (genitive singular)
hungrō (genitive plural)
hungrē (dative singular)
hungrum (dative plural)
hungru (instrumental singular)
hungrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hungor
Middle English: hunger, hunngerr, hungor, hungær, hunguer, honguer, honger, hungre, hongre, hungere, hongur, hounger, hounguer, hungir, hungyr, hungur
English: hunger
Scots: hounger, hunger

Old Frisian: hunger

West Frisian: honger, hûnger

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Geehunger

Old Saxon: hungar
Middle Low German: hunger
German Low German: Hunger

Old Dutch: hunger

Middle Dutch: honger
Dutch: honger
Afrikaans: honger
Berbice Creole Dutch: hungru
Skepi Creole Dutch: hunger
→? Sranan Tongo: angri, hangri
→ Saramaccan: hángi, ángi
Limburgish: hónger

Old High German: hungar
Middle High German: hunger
Cimbrian: hungar, hummar (Luserna)
German: Hunger
Luxembourgish: Honger
Yiddish: הונגער (hunger)


sund

sund (masculine nominative singular)
sundu (feminine nominative singular)
sund (neuter nominative singular)
sundanā (accusative masculine singular)
sundā (accusative feminine singular)
sund (accusative neuter singular)
sundas (genitive masculine singular)
sundeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sundas (genitive neuter singular)
sundumē (dative masculine singular)
sundeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sundumē (dative neuter singular)
sundu (instrumental masculine singular)
sundeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sundu (instrumental neuter singular)
sundē (masculine nominative plural)
sundō (feminine nominative plural)
sundu (neuter nominative plural)
sundā (accusative masculine plural)
sundā (accusative feminine plural)
sundu (accusative neuter plural)
sundeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sundeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sundeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sundēm (dative masculine plural)
sundum (dative masculine plural)
sundēm (dative feminine plural)
sundum (dative feminine plural)
sundēm (dative neuter plural)
sundum (dative neuter plural)
sundēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sundum (instrumental masculine plural)
sundēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sundum (feminine instrumental plural)
sundēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sundum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *sund (with various prefixes)

Middle English: sund, sound

English: sound

Scots: sound, soun

Old Frisian: sund

North Frisian: suwn

Saterland Frisian: suund

West Frisian: sûnd, sûn

Old Saxon: *sund

Middle Low German: sunt

Low German: sund

→ Danish: sund

→ Faroese: sunnur

→ Swedish: sund

→ Norwegian Bokmål: sunn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sunn

Old Dutch: *sund

Middle Dutch: sunt, sont

Dutch: zond

Old High German: sunt

Middle High German: sunt


wegan

wegan (infinitive)
wegannjas (genitive infinitive)
wegannjē (dative infinitive)
wegannju (infinitive instrumental)
wegu (first-person present singular)
wag (first-person past singular)
wigiʀi (present second-person singular)
wāgī (past second-person singular)
wigidi (present singular third-person)
wag (past singular third-person)
wegum (first-person plural present)
wāgum (first-person past plural)
wigid (plural present second-person)
wāgud (past plural second-person)
wegand (plural present third-person)
wāgun (past plural third-person)
wegē (first-person present singular)
wāgī (first-person past singular)
wegēs (present second-person singular)
wegē (present singular third-person)
wāgī (past singular third-person)
wegēm (first-person plural present)
wāgīm (first-person past plural)
wegēþ (plural present second-person)
wāgīd (past plural second-person)
wegēn (plural present third-person)
wāgīn (past plural third-person)
wig (present singular)
wigid (plural present)
wegandī (participle present)
wegan (participle past)

Old English: wegan
Middle English: weien, weȝen, weghen
English: weigh
Scots: wey, wee

Old Frisian: wega, waga

Saterland Frisian: weege

West Frisian: weage, wage

Old Saxon: wegan
Middle Low German: wegen, wēgen, weigen
German Low German: wegen

Old Dutch: *wegan

Middle Dutch: wēgen
Dutch: wegen (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: waege

Old High German: wegan

Middle High German: wegen; wigen (north-western, from present singular)

Alemannic German: weigge

Cimbrian: béegan

German: wiegen, wägen

Luxembourgish: weien


bitr

bitr (masculine nominative singular)
bittru (feminine nominative singular)
bitr (neuter nominative singular)
bittranā (accusative masculine singular)
bittrā (accusative feminine singular)
bitr (accusative neuter singular)
bittras (genitive masculine singular)
bittreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
bittras (genitive neuter singular)
bittrumē (dative masculine singular)
bittreʀē (dative feminine singular)
bittrumē (dative neuter singular)
bittru (instrumental masculine singular)
bittreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
bittru (instrumental neuter singular)
bittrē (masculine nominative plural)
bittrō (feminine nominative plural)
bittru (neuter nominative plural)
bittrā (accusative masculine plural)
bittrā (accusative feminine plural)
bittru (accusative neuter plural)
bittreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
bittreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
bittreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
bittrēm (dative masculine plural)
bittrum (dative masculine plural)
bittrēm (dative feminine plural)
bittrum (dative feminine plural)
bittrēm (dative neuter plural)
bittrum (dative neuter plural)
bittrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
bittrum (instrumental masculine plural)
bittrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
bittrum (feminine instrumental plural)
bittrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
bittrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: biter, bitter

Middle English: bitter

Scots: bittir

English: bitter

Old Frisian: *bitter

Saterland Frisian: bitter

West Frisian: bitter

Old Saxon: bittar

Middle Low German: bitter

Low German: bitter

→ Danish: bitter

→ Swedish: bitter (partly)

→ Norwegian: bitter

Old Dutch: bitter

Middle Dutch: bitter

Dutch: bitter

Old High German: bittar, pittar

Middle High German: bitter, pitter

German: bitter

Luxembourgish: batter

Vilamovian: bytter

Yiddish: ביטער (biter)

From Proto-Germanic *bitraz. Equivalent to *bītan + *-r.


aldr

aldr (nominative singular)
aldru (nominative plural)
aldr (accusative singular)
aldru (accusative plural)
aldras (genitive singular)
aldrō (genitive plural)
aldrē (dative singular)
aldrum (dative plural)
aldru (instrumental singular)
aldrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ealdor, aldor, ealder
Middle English: alder
⇒ Old English: ealdorman
Middle English: alderman, aldermon
English: alderman

Old Frisian: alder

Saterland Frisian: Oaler

Old Saxon: aldar
Middle Low German: alder, older, ōlder
German Low German: Oller

Old Dutch: alder

Middle Dutch: ouder
Dutch: ouder

Old High German: altar
Middle High German: alter
Alemannic German: Altar
Bavarian: Ålter, Oiter
German: Alter
→ Luxembourgish: Alter
Yiddish: אַלטער (alter)


akr

akr (nominative singular)
akkrō (nominative plural)
akkrōs (nominative plural)
akr (accusative singular)
akkrā (accusative plural)
akkras (genitive singular)
akkrō (genitive plural)
akkrē (dative singular)
akkrum (dative plural)
akkru (instrumental singular)
akkrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æcer
Middle English: aker, acre
English: acre
→ Irish: acra
→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre
→ Malay: ekar
→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)
Scots: acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker
→? Scottish Gaelic: acaire
Yola: aager
→ Welsh: acer
Norman: acre

Old Frisian: ekker

Saterland Frisian: Äkker

West Frisian: eker, ikker

Old Saxon: akkar
Middle Low German: acker
Low German: Acker
Plautdietsch: Aka

Old Dutch: accar, ackar (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: acker

Dutch: akker
Afrikaans: akker
Negerhollands: akker
→ Min Nan: kah

Old High German: ackar
Middle High German: acker
Cimbrian: akhar
German: Acker
Luxembourgish: Aker
Yiddish: אַקער (aker)


aftar

Old English: æfter

Middle English: æfter, efter, after

Scots: efter

English: after

Old Frisian: efter, after

North Frisian: efter

Saterland Frisian: ätter

West Frisian: efter; after, achter

Old Saxon: aftar, after

desc

Middle Low German: after, achter, echter

Low German: achter, aster

German Low German: achter; ächter (Münsterländisch & Paderbornisch)

Old Dutch: after, aftir

Middle Dutch: after, affter, achter, echter

Dutch: achter; after (dialectal)

Afrikaans: agter

Old High German: after, aftar; ahter (northern)

Middle High German: after; *ahter, *achter

German: after; After

Luxembourgish: uechter (“throughout”)


koss

koss (nominative singular)
kossō (nominative plural)
kossōs (nominative plural)
koss (accusative singular)
kossā (accusative plural)
kossas (genitive singular)
kossō (genitive plural)
kossē (dative singular)
kossum (dative plural)
kossu (instrumental singular)
kossum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: coss, cos, *cus
Middle English: cos, cus, kis, kys, kysse, kesse
English: kiss
Scots: kis
Yola: kesse

Old Frisian: koss, kos

Old Saxon: kus, kuss, koss, kos
Middle Low German: kus, kuss
Plautdietsch: Kuss

Old Dutch: *cus, *cos

Middle Dutch: kos, kus

Dutch: kus
Afrikaans: kus
Berbice Creole Dutch: kosi
Negerhollands: kus

Old High German: kus, kos
Middle High German: kus, kos
Cimbrian: khüss (vowel influenced by verb)
German: Kuss
Hunsrik: Kuss
Luxembourgish: Kuss


ambaht

ambaht (nominative singular)
ambahtō (nominative plural)
ambahtōs (nominative plural)
ambaht (accusative singular)
ambahtā (accusative plural)
ambahtas (genitive singular)
ambahtō (genitive plural)
ambahtē (dative singular)
ambahtum (dative plural)
ambahtu (instrumental singular)
ambahtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ambiht, ambeht, ambeaht

Old Frisian: *ambaht

West Frisian: ambacht

Old Saxon: ambaht

Old Dutch: *ambaht

Middle Dutch: ambacht

Dutch: ambacht

Old High German: ambaht

⇒ Old High German: ambatāri

Middle High German: ambahtære


ebur

ebur (nominative singular)
eburō (nominative plural)
eburōs (nominative plural)
ebur (accusative singular)
eburā (accusative plural)
eburas (genitive singular)
eburō (genitive plural)
eburē (dative singular)
eburum (dative plural)
eburu (instrumental singular)
eburum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eofor, eafor, efor
Middle English: ēver

Old Saxon: ebur

Old Dutch: *evur

Middle Dutch: ēver

Dutch: ever

Old High German: ebur
Middle High German: ëber
German: Eber
Hunsrik: Ewert


hafr

hafr (nominative singular)
hafrō (nominative plural)
hafrōs (nominative plural)
hafr (accusative singular)
hafrā (accusative plural)
hafras (genitive singular)
hafrō (genitive plural)
hafrē (dative singular)
hafrum (dative plural)
hafru (instrumental singular)
hafrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæfer

Old Saxon: *havar

⇒ Middle Low German: hāverbuk, hāverbok

Old High German: *habar

Middle High German: *haber

desc

⇒ German: Habergeiß (“folkloric caprine demon”) (dialectal)


nagl

nagl (nominative singular)
naglō (nominative plural)
naglōs (nominative plural)
nagl (accusative singular)
naglā (accusative plural)
naglas (genitive singular)
naglō (genitive plural)
naglē (dative singular)
naglum (dative plural)
naglu (instrumental singular)
naglum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: næġl, næġel, neġl, neġel
Middle English: nayl, neil, nail, nayle, nayll, neyl, naylle
English: nail
Scots: nail, nale
Yola: niel

Old Frisian: neil, nīl

North Frisian:

Sylt: Nail

Saterland Frisian: Nail

West Frisian: neil

Old Saxon: nagal
Middle Low German: nāgel, nēgel
German Low German: Nagel
Plautdietsch: Noagel

Old Dutch: *nagal

Middle Dutch: nāgel
Dutch: nagel
Afrikaans: nael
Berbice Creole Dutch: nanggli
→ Caribbean Hindustani: nakkhun
→ Sranan Tongo: nangra
→ Aukan: nangaa
Limburgish: nagel

Old High German: nagal, negil
Middle High German: nagel, nail, nāl, negel, neil
Bavarian: Någl
Cimbrian: naaghel
Mòcheno: nagel
Central Franconian: Nohl, Nähl, Näl, Nääl, Nahl, Nagel
Hunsrik: Naaghel
Luxembourgish: Nol
German: Nagel
→ Russian: нагель (nagelʹ)
Alemannic German: Nagel
Yiddish: נאָגל (nogl), נאגיל (nogil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)


līn

līn (nominative singular)
līnu (nominative plural)
līn (accusative singular)
līnu (accusative plural)
līnas (genitive singular)
līnō (genitive plural)
līnē (dative singular)
līnum (dative plural)
līnu (instrumental singular)
līnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līn

Middle English: lin, line

English: line

Scots: line, lyne

Old Frisian: līn

Saterland Frisian: Lien

West Frisian: lyn

Old Saxon: līn

Middle Low German: lîn

German Low German: Lien

Old Dutch: *līn

Middle Dutch: lijn

Dutch: lijn

Old High German: līn

Middle High German: līn

German: Lein

Vilamovian: łȧjn


ast

ast (nominative singular)
astō (nominative plural)
astōs (nominative plural)
ast (accusative singular)
astā (accusative plural)
astas (genitive singular)
astō (genitive plural)
astē (dative singular)
astum (dative plural)
astu (instrumental singular)
astum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ast
Middle Low German: ast

Old Dutch: *ast

Middle Dutch: ast

Dutch: ast

Old High German: ast
Middle High German: ast
Cimbrian: ast
German: Ast
Luxembourgish: Aascht


salu

salu (masculine nominative singular)
salu (feminine nominative singular)
salu (neuter nominative singular)
salwanā (accusative masculine singular)
salwā (accusative feminine singular)
salu (accusative neuter singular)
salwas (genitive masculine singular)
salweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
salwas (genitive neuter singular)
salumē (dative masculine singular)
salweʀē (dative feminine singular)
salumē (dative neuter singular)
salu (instrumental masculine singular)
salweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
salu (instrumental neuter singular)
salwē (masculine nominative plural)
salwō (feminine nominative plural)
salu (neuter nominative plural)
salwā (accusative masculine plural)
salwā (accusative feminine plural)
salu (accusative neuter plural)
salweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
salweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
salweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
salwēm (dative masculine plural)
salum (dative masculine plural)
salwēm (dative feminine plural)
salum (dative feminine plural)
salwēm (dative neuter plural)
salum (dative neuter plural)
salwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
salum (instrumental masculine plural)
salwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
salum (feminine instrumental plural)
salwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
salum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: salu, sealu
Middle English: salwe, salow
English: sallow
Scots: chauve

Old Saxon: *salo

⇒ Old Saxon: *salowig, *saluwig

Middle Low German: salich

Old Dutch: *salu

Middle Dutch: salu, saluwe

Dutch: zaluw

Old High German: salo

Middle High German: sale, sal

German: sal, sahl (dialectal)

→ Vulgar Latin: *salvus, *sala

Old French: sale

Middle French: sale

French: sale

Norman: sale (Guernésiais), sale (Jèrriais)

Italian: salvo


sū

sū (nominative singular)
suwi (nominative plural)
sū (accusative singular)
suwi (accusative plural)
suwi (genitive singular)
sowō (genitive plural)
suwi (dative singular)
sūm (dative plural)
suwi (instrumental singular)
sūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: sū

Old Saxon: sū

Old High German: sū

Middle High German: sū

Alemannic German: Suu, Sou, Sau

desc

Central Franconian: Sau, Sou (spelling variant, chiefly used for Moselle Franconian dialects)

Hunsrik: Sau

German: Sau

Luxembourgish: Sau

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Sau

Vilamovian: zaoj


sahs

sahs (nominative singular)
sahsu (nominative plural)
sahs (accusative singular)
sahsu (accusative plural)
sahsas (genitive singular)
sahsō (genitive plural)
sahsē (dative singular)
sahsum (dative plural)
sahsu (instrumental singular)
sahsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: seax
Middle English: sax
English: sax; zax
Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)
→ English: seax (learned)

Old Frisian: sax

North Frisian: sax

Saterland Frisian: Soaks

Old Saxon: sahs

Middle Low German: sax, sachs, sass

Old Dutch: *sas

Middle Dutch: sas

Old High German: sahs

Middle High German: sahs

German: Sachs


ubil

head

*ubil (comparative *wirsiʀō, superlative *wirsist(ō))

wirsiʀō (comparative)
wirsist (superlative)
ubil (masculine nominative singular)
ubilu (feminine nominative singular)
ubil (neuter nominative singular)
ubilanā (accusative masculine singular)
ubilā (accusative feminine singular)
ubil (accusative neuter singular)
ubilas (genitive masculine singular)
ubileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
ubilas (genitive neuter singular)
ubilumē (dative masculine singular)
ubileʀē (dative feminine singular)
ubilumē (dative neuter singular)
ubilu (instrumental masculine singular)
ubileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
ubilu (instrumental neuter singular)
ubilē (masculine nominative plural)
ubilō (feminine nominative plural)
ubilu (neuter nominative plural)
ubilā (accusative masculine plural)
ubilā (accusative feminine plural)
ubilu (accusative neuter plural)
ubileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
ubileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
ubileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
ubilēm (dative masculine plural)
ubilum (dative masculine plural)
ubilēm (dative feminine plural)
ubilum (dative feminine plural)
ubilēm (dative neuter plural)
ubilum (dative neuter plural)
ubilēm (instrumental masculine plural)
ubilum (instrumental masculine plural)
ubilēm (feminine instrumental plural)
ubilum (feminine instrumental plural)
ubilēm (instrumental neuter plural)
ubilum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: yfel, efel, eofel
Middle English: yvel, uvel, evel
English: evil
Scots: evil, ewil

Old Frisian: evel

Saterland Frisian: eeuwel

West Frisian: evel

Old Saxon: uvil
Middle Low German: ovel
Plautdietsch: iebel
→ West Frisian: euvel

Old Dutch: uvil

Middle Dutch: evel, ovel, oevel

Dutch: euvel

Afrikaans: euwel

Old High German: ubil
Middle High German: übel, *üvel (West Central German)
German: übel
Luxembourgish: iwwel


obar

Old English: ofer

Middle English: over

Scots: ower

English: over

Northumbrian: ower

Old Frisian: over, uver

Saterland Frisian: uur

West Frisian: oer

Old Saxon: ovar

desc

Middle Low German: över, over, oever, aver

Low German: över

Old Dutch: over, ovir

Middle Dutch: ōver

Dutch: over

Afrikaans: oor

desctree

Old High German: obar, ubar
Middle High German: ober, over, uber
German: ober-
Yiddish: אייבער־ (eyber-)


strangi

strangi (nominative singular)
strangī (nominative plural)
strangi (accusative singular)
strangī (accusative plural)
strangī (genitive singular)
strangijō (genitive plural)
strangī (dative singular)
strangim (dative plural)
strangijum (dative plural)
strangī (instrumental singular)
strangim (instrumental plural)
strangijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: streng

Middle English: streng, string

Scots: string

English: string

→ Dutch: string

→ German: String

Old Frisian: *strang, *streng

i

Saterland Frisian: Strange (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

West Frisian: string

Old Saxon: *strang, *strengi

desc

Middle Low German: strank, strange, strenc

German Low German: Strenge

Old Dutch: *streng (in placename Strink)

Middle Dutch: strenc, strenge

Dutch: streng

Afrikaans: streng

Old High German: stranc, strang

Middle High German: strank, stranc, strange

German: Strang


naut

naut (nominative singular)
nautu (nominative plural)
naut (accusative singular)
nautu (accusative plural)
nautas (genitive singular)
nautō (genitive plural)
nautē (dative singular)
nautum (dative plural)
nautu (instrumental singular)
nautum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nēat

Middle English: net, nete, neet

Scots: neat, neit

English: neat

Old Frisian: nāt

North Frisian: nut, nuat, nuet, nyt

Old Saxon: *nōt; nōtil

Middle Low German: *nôt; nôthof

Old Dutch: nōt

Middle Dutch: noot

Dutch: noot, nootstal

Old High German: nōz

Middle High German: nōz

Bavarian: Noß

Alemannic German: Nooss


wini

wini (nominative singular)
winī (nominative plural)
wini (accusative singular)
winī (accusative plural)
winī (genitive singular)
winnjō (genitive plural)
winī (dative singular)
winim (dative plural)
winnjum (dative plural)
winī (instrumental singular)
winim (instrumental plural)
winnjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wine
Middle English: wine
⇒ English: (a component found in names – Baldwin, Godwin, Irwin, etc.)

Old Frisian: wine
North Frisian: wenn

Old Saxon: wini

Old High German: wini
Middle High German: wine, win


manag

manag (masculine nominative singular)
managu (feminine nominative singular)
manag (neuter nominative singular)
managanā (accusative masculine singular)
managā (accusative feminine singular)
manag (accusative neuter singular)
managas (genitive masculine singular)
manageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
managas (genitive neuter singular)
managumē (dative masculine singular)
manageʀē (dative feminine singular)
managumē (dative neuter singular)
managu (instrumental masculine singular)
manageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
managu (instrumental neuter singular)
managē (masculine nominative plural)
managō (feminine nominative plural)
managu (neuter nominative plural)
managā (accusative masculine plural)
managā (accusative feminine plural)
managu (accusative neuter plural)
manageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
manageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
manageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
managēm (dative masculine plural)
managum (dative masculine plural)
managēm (dative feminine plural)
managum (dative feminine plural)
managēm (dative neuter plural)
managum (dative neuter plural)
managēm (instrumental masculine plural)
managum (instrumental masculine plural)
managēm (feminine instrumental plural)
managum (feminine instrumental plural)
managēm (instrumental neuter plural)
managum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: maniġ, maneġ, moniġ, mæniġ
Middle English: mani, mane, magnie, maini, mainie, mange, manie, manige, maniȝ, many, meine, meni, menie, monei, moni, monie, moniȝ, mony, myny
English: many
Geordie English: mony
Scots: mony, monie
Yola: many

desc

Old Frisian: monech, manich, monich, manch

North Frisian: manag, manig, mäning

Saterland Frisian: manich, moonige, moonich

West Frisian: mannich

desctree

Old Saxon: manag, maneg
Middle Low German: mannich, mennich
Low German: männich
German Low German: männig, mennig, meng

Old Dutch: manag, *menig

Middle Dutch: mēneg, mānig, mēnig

Dutch: menig

Afrikaans: menig

Old High German: manag, manac
Middle High German: manec, manic, menic
Alemannic German: meng
Central Franconian: mannich, männich (older Ripuarian variant)
German: mannig (in compounds), manch
Luxembourgish: munch


eban

eban (nominative singular)
ebanō (nominative plural)
ebanōs (nominative plural)
eban (accusative singular)
ebanā (accusative plural)
ebanas (genitive singular)
ebanō (genitive plural)
ebanē (dative singular)
ebanum (dative plural)
ebanu (instrumental singular)
ebanum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *eban, evan

Middle Low German: *eben

→ Swedish: eben

→ Finnish: eeben

Old Dutch: *eban

Middle Dutch: ebeen

Dutch: ebben

Old High German: eban

ebenholt

Middle Low German: *ebenholt; Low German

→ Norwegian: ibenholt

→ Danish: ibenholt (confused with MLG îbenholt (“yew”))


reht

reht (masculine nominative singular)
rehtu (feminine nominative singular)
reht (neuter nominative singular)
rehtanā (accusative masculine singular)
rehtā (accusative feminine singular)
reht (accusative neuter singular)
rehtas (genitive masculine singular)
rehteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rehtas (genitive neuter singular)
rehtumē (dative masculine singular)
rehteʀē (dative feminine singular)
rehtumē (dative neuter singular)
rehtu (instrumental masculine singular)
rehteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rehtu (instrumental neuter singular)
rehtē (masculine nominative plural)
rehtō (feminine nominative plural)
rehtu (neuter nominative plural)
rehtā (accusative masculine plural)
rehtā (accusative feminine plural)
rehtu (accusative neuter plural)
rehteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rehteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rehteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rehtēm (dative masculine plural)
rehtum (dative masculine plural)
rehtēm (dative feminine plural)
rehtum (dative feminine plural)
rehtēm (dative neuter plural)
rehtum (dative neuter plural)
rehtēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rehtum (instrumental masculine plural)
rehtēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rehtum (feminine instrumental plural)
rehtēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rehtum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: riht, reht — Mercian, reht, reoht, reiht, ryht
Middle English: right, reȝt, riȝte, riȝt, ryȝt, ryght, righte, riht
English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit
Geordie English: reet
Scots: richt
Yola: reights (plural)

Old Frisian: riucht, riocht

Saterland Frisian: riucht, gjucht

West Frisian: rjocht

Old Saxon: reht
Middle Low German: recht, richt
Low German: recht

Old Dutch: reht
Middle Dutch: recht
Dutch: recht
Berbice Creole Dutch: rekti
Jersey Dutch: rääxt
Negerhollands: recht, rek, ret, tret, regt
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tret (dated)
→ Papiamentu: rècht
→ Saramaccan: leti
Limburgish: rèch

Old High German: reht
Middle High German: rëht
Alemannic German: Rëcht
Central Franconian: rääch, räht, räät (western Ripuarian, parts of western Moselle Franconian), reht, reet, reecht (other parts of Moselle Franconian), räächt (eastern Moselle Franconian)
German: recht, Recht
Hunsrik: richt
Luxembourgish: riets, riicht, Recht (influenced by German)
Vilamovian: racht
Yiddish: רעכט (rekht)


reht

reht (nominative singular)
rehtu (nominative plural)
reht (accusative singular)
rehtu (accusative plural)
rehtas (genitive singular)
rehtō (genitive plural)
rehtē (dative singular)
rehtum (dative plural)
rehtu (instrumental singular)
rehtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: riucht, riocht

Saterland Frisian: riucht, gjucht

West Frisian: rjocht


sehs

Old English: six, sex — Anglian, siex, syx, seox
Middle English: six, cex, sex, zix (Kent)
English: six
Sranan Tongo: siksi
Aukan: siksi
→ Wayana: siksi
Saramaccan: sigisi
Scots: sax, sex, six
Yola: zeese

Old Frisian: sex
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring and Wiedingharde: seeks
Helgoland: sös
Sylt: soks
Saterland Frisian: säks
West Frisian: seis

Old Saxon: sehs
Middle Low German: ses, sēs
Dutch Low Saxon: zes
German Low German: sess, söß, söss, soss
Plautdietsch: sass

Old Dutch: sehs, *ses

Middle Dutch: ses
Dutch: zes
Afrikaans: ses
Berbice Creole Dutch: sesi
Javindo: ses
Jersey Dutch: zääs
Negerhollands: ses, sees
Skepi Creole Dutch: ses
→ Trió: ses
Limburgish: zès
West Flemish: zèsse
Zealandic: zes

Old High German: sehs
Middle High German: sehs
Alemannic German: sächs, saks (Uri), säks (southern Bern, Graubünden), säksch (Valais), säks, säksch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zèkse, sèkse (Luserna)
Mòcheno: secks
Central Franconian: sechs, sähs (Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: sechs
Luxembourgish: sechs
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zachs
East Franconian:
German: sechs
Rhine Franconian: sechs
Frankfurterisch: [z̥εks]
Pennsylvania German: sechs
Yiddish: זעקס (zeks)


bī

Old English: bi, be
Middle English: by, be, bi
English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)
Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'
Yola: bee, bie, be, by

Old Frisian: bi, be

North Frisian: bi

Saterland Frisian: bie

West Frisian: by

Old Saxon: bi, bī

Middle Low German: bi

Low German: bi

→ Swedish: bi

Old Dutch: bī
Middle Dutch: bi
Dutch: bij
Limburgish: bie

Old High German: bī, pī

Middle High German: bī

Alemannic German: bii

German: bei

Vilamovian: by

Yiddish: בײַ (bay)

near, around [with accusative or dative]


magr

magr (masculine nominative singular)
magru (feminine nominative singular)
magr (neuter nominative singular)
magranā (accusative masculine singular)
magrā (accusative feminine singular)
magr (accusative neuter singular)
magras (genitive masculine singular)
magreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
magras (genitive neuter singular)
magrumē (dative masculine singular)
magreʀē (dative feminine singular)
magrumē (dative neuter singular)
magru (instrumental masculine singular)
magreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
magru (instrumental neuter singular)
magrē (masculine nominative plural)
magrō (feminine nominative plural)
magru (neuter nominative plural)
magrā (accusative masculine plural)
magrā (accusative feminine plural)
magru (accusative neuter plural)
magreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
magreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
magreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
magrēm (dative masculine plural)
magrum (dative masculine plural)
magrēm (dative feminine plural)
magrum (dative feminine plural)
magrēm (dative neuter plural)
magrum (dative neuter plural)
magrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
magrum (instrumental masculine plural)
magrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
magrum (feminine instrumental plural)
magrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
magrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mæġer

Old Frisian: *meger, *māger

Saterland Frisian: meger, meeger

West Frisian: meager

Old Saxon: *magar

Middle Low German: māger

German Low German: mager

Old Dutch: *magar

Middle Dutch: māger

Dutch: mager

Limburgish: mager

Old High German: magar

Middle High German: mager, meger

German: mager

Luxembourgish: moer

Yiddish: מאָגער (moger)

From Proto-Germanic *magraz, from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱrós (“tall, thin, lean, meager”).


fimf

desctree

Old English: fīf
Middle English: five, fife, fif, fyve, vif, vive
English: five
Scots: five, fif, fife, fyve
Yola: veeve

Old Frisian: fīf
North Frisian:
Most dialects: fiiw
Helgoland: fiuw
Sylt: fif
Saterland Frisian: fieuw
West Frisian: fiif

Old Saxon: fīf, fīvi
Middle Low German: vîf
German Low German: fiev
Plautdietsch: fief

Old Dutch: finf, vīf

Middle Dutch: vijf
Dutch: vijf
Afrikaans: vyf
Berbice Creole Dutch: faifu, fefu
Javindo: fijf
Jersey Dutch: vāif
Negerhollands: fyf, fev, veif
Skepi Creole Dutch: faif
Sranan Tongo: feifi
Aukan: feifi
→ Trió: peihpë
Limburgish: vief

Old High German: fimf
Middle High German: vinf, vünf
Alemannic German: foif, föif, füüf, fünf
Alsatian: fénef, fänef, feenef
Swabian: finf
Bavarian: finf
Cimbrian: vünve, bümbe (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vinf
Central Franconian: fönnef, fennef, fief
Hunsrik: finnef
East Central German: fönff
German: fünf
Luxembourgish: fënnef
Pennsylvania German: fimf
Vilamovian: fynf
Yiddish: פֿינף (finf)


furi

in meaning, the form from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*forē</i>

Old English: for, fore (in meaning, the form from *forē)
Middle English: for
English: for
Scots: for
Yola: vor, var

Old Frisian: fori, for

Saterland Frisian: foar, far

West Frisian: foar

Old Saxon: furi
Middle Low German:
Low German: för

Old Dutch: furi, fure

Middle Dutch: vuere, vuer

Dutch: veur (dialectal)

Afrikaans: vir

Old High German: furi
Middle High German: vür
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: büar
Mòcheno: ver
Central Franconian: für, vür (fully merged)
German: für
Luxembourgish: fir
Upper Saxon German: for
Yiddish: פֿאַר (far)


umbi

Old English: ymbe, ymb, embe, ymbi, imbe
Middle English: umbe, embe
Scots: umbe-

Old Frisian: umbe, ombe

Saterland Frisian: uum, ume

West Frisian: om

Old Saxon: umbi
Middle Low German: umme
Low German: üm, um
Plautdietsch: om

Old Dutch: umbe, umbi
Middle Dutch: omme, ombe, om
Dutch: om
Afrikaans: om
Limburgish: ómb, óm

Old High German: umbi
Middle High German: umbe, ump, ümbe, üm
Alemannic German: ume, umme
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: umme
Mòcheno: um
Central Franconian: öm, em
Luxembourgish: ëm
German: um, (umb, üm, ümb)
Yiddish: אום (um)


biginnan

biginnan (infinitive)
biginnannjas (genitive infinitive)
biginnannjē (dative infinitive)
biginnannju (infinitive instrumental)
biginnu (first-person present singular)
bigann (first-person past singular)
biginniʀi (present second-person singular)
bigunnī (past second-person singular)
biginnidi (present singular third-person)
bigann (past singular third-person)
biginnum (first-person plural present)
bigunnum (first-person past plural)
biginnid (plural present second-person)
bigunnud (past plural second-person)
biginnand (plural present third-person)
bigunnun (past plural third-person)
biginnē (first-person present singular)
bigunnī (first-person past singular)
biginnēs (present second-person singular)
biginnē (present singular third-person)
bigunnī (past singular third-person)
biginnēm (first-person plural present)
bigunnīm (first-person past plural)
biginnēþ (plural present second-person)
bigunnīd (past plural second-person)
biginnēn (plural present third-person)
bigunnīn (past plural third-person)
biginn (present singular)
biginnid (plural present)
biginnandī (participle present)
bigunnan (participle past)

Old English: beginnan

Middle English: beginnen

Scots: begin

English: begin

desc

Old Frisian: beginna, bejenna, bijenna, bigenna

North Frisian: begin

Saterland Frisian: beginne

West Frisian: begjinne

Old Saxon: biginnan

Middle Low German: beginnen

Low German: begünnen

→ Danish: begynde

→ Swedish: begynna

→ Norwegian: begynne

Old Dutch: biginnan

Middle Dutch: beginnen

Dutch: beginnen

Afrikaans: begin

Old High German: biginnan, piginnan

Middle High German: beginnen

German: beginnen

Yiddish: באַגינען (baginen)

From *bi- + *ginnan, the simplex verb is not attested but is derived from Proto-Germanic *ginnaną.


bergan

bergan (infinitive)
bergannjas (genitive infinitive)
bergannjē (dative infinitive)
bergannju (infinitive instrumental)
bergu (first-person present singular)
barg (first-person past singular)
birgiʀi (present second-person singular)
burgī (past second-person singular)
birgidi (present singular third-person)
barg (past singular third-person)
bergum (first-person plural present)
burgum (first-person past plural)
birgid (plural present second-person)
burgud (past plural second-person)
bergand (plural present third-person)
burgun (past plural third-person)
bergē (first-person present singular)
burgī (first-person past singular)
bergēs (present second-person singular)
bergē (present singular third-person)
burgī (past singular third-person)
bergēm (first-person plural present)
burgīm (first-person past plural)
bergēþ (plural present second-person)
burgīd (past plural second-person)
bergēn (plural present third-person)
burgīn (past plural third-person)
birg (present singular)
birgid (plural present)
bergandī (participle present)
borgan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: beorgan
Middle English: berwen, berȝen, bergen, berghen, beregen, berrȝhenn

Old Frisian: *berga; bergia

Saterland Frisian: bierge

West Frisian: bergje

Old Saxon: *bergan

Middle Low German: bergen, bargen

German Low German: bargen

→ Swedish: bärga (partly)

→? Finnish: pärjätä

Old Dutch: bergan
Middle Dutch: bergen
Dutch: bergen
Afrikaans: berg
Limburgish: bèrge

Old High German: bergan
Middle High German: bergen
German: bergen
Luxembourgish: biergen


karag

karag (masculine nominative singular)
karagu (feminine nominative singular)
karag (neuter nominative singular)
karaganā (accusative masculine singular)
karagā (accusative feminine singular)
karag (accusative neuter singular)
karagas (genitive masculine singular)
karageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
karagas (genitive neuter singular)
karagumē (dative masculine singular)
karageʀē (dative feminine singular)
karagumē (dative neuter singular)
karagu (instrumental masculine singular)
karageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
karagu (instrumental neuter singular)
karagē (masculine nominative plural)
karagō (feminine nominative plural)
karagu (neuter nominative plural)
karagā (accusative masculine plural)
karagā (accusative feminine plural)
karagu (accusative neuter plural)
karageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
karageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
karageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
karagēm (dative masculine plural)
karagum (dative masculine plural)
karagēm (dative feminine plural)
karagum (dative feminine plural)
karagēm (dative neuter plural)
karagum (dative neuter plural)
karagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
karagum (instrumental masculine plural)
karagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
karagum (feminine instrumental plural)
karagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
karagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ċeariġ, cariġ

Middle English: chary

English: chary

Old Saxon: karag (in compounds)

Middle Low German: karich, karch

→ Danish: karrig

→ Swedish: karg

→ Norwegian: karrig

Old Dutch: *carag

Middle Dutch: cārich

Dutch: karig

Afrikaans: karig

Old High German: karag, charag

Middle High German: karc

German: karg

Yiddish: קאַרג (karg)