leudan

leudan (infinitive)
leudannjas (genitive infinitive)
leudannjē (dative infinitive)
leudannju (infinitive instrumental)
leudu (first-person present singular)
laud (first-person past singular)
liudiʀi (present second-person singular)
ludī (past second-person singular)
liudidi (present singular third-person)
laud (past singular third-person)
leudum (first-person plural present)
ludum (first-person past plural)
liudid (plural present second-person)
ludud (past plural second-person)
leudand (plural present third-person)
ludun (past plural third-person)
leudē (first-person present singular)
ludī (first-person past singular)
leudēs (present second-person singular)
leudē (present singular third-person)
ludī (past singular third-person)
leudēm (first-person plural present)
ludīm (first-person past plural)
leudēþ (plural present second-person)
ludīd (past plural second-person)
leudēn (plural present third-person)
ludīn (past plural third-person)
liud (present singular)
liudid (plural present)
leudandī (participle present)
lodan (participle past)

Old English: lēodan

Middle English: leoden

Old Saxon: liodan

Old High German: liotan


straum

straum (nominative singular)
straumō (nominative plural)
straumōs (nominative plural)
straum (accusative singular)
straumā (accusative plural)
straumas (genitive singular)
straumō (genitive plural)
straumē (dative singular)
straumum (dative plural)
straumu (instrumental singular)
straumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strēam

Middle English: strem, streem

Scots: strem, streme, streym, stream

English: stream

Old Frisian: strām

North Frisian: strum

Saterland Frisian: Stroom

West Frisian: stream

Old Saxon: strōm

Middle Low German: strōm

German Low German: Stroom

Low German: Stroom

Old Dutch: *strōm

desctree

Middle Dutch: strôom
Dutch: stroom
Afrikaans: stroom
Limburgish: stroum

Old High German: stroum, strōm

q

Middle High German: stroum, strām, strōm, strūm (partially merged with strām (“streak”) < *strēmaz)

German: Strom

→ German Low German: Strom

desc

→ Silesian: sztrům (“electrical current”)

Luxembourgish: Stroum

Yiddish: שטראָם (shtrom)


tahr

tahr (nominative singular)
tahhru (nominative plural)
tahr (accusative singular)
tahhru (accusative plural)
tahhras (genitive singular)
tahhrō (genitive plural)
tahhrē (dative singular)
tahhrum (dative plural)
tahhru (instrumental singular)
tahhrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tēar, tæhher, tǣr, teagor
Middle English: teer, teere, ter, tere, tær, tear (Early Middle English), tyer, tyear, tyar (Kent)
English: tear
Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir
Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir

Old Frisian: tār

Old High German: zahar, zahhar
Middle High German: zahar, zeher
Central Middle High German: zār ⇒ zære pl
German: Zähre sg
→ Italian: zacchera
→ Middle Low German: zâhē, zaahe


blokk

blokk (nominative singular)
blokku (nominative plural)
blokk (accusative singular)
blokku (accusative plural)
blokkas (genitive singular)
blokkō (genitive plural)
blokkē (dative singular)
blokkum (dative plural)
blokku (instrumental singular)
blokkum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: blok

Saterland Frisian: Blok

West Frisian: blok

Old Saxon: blok

Middle Low German: blok

German Low German: Block

→ Danish: blok

→ Faroese: blokkur

→ Norwegian: blokk

→ Swedish: block

Old Dutch: *bloc

Middle Dutch: bloc

Dutch: blok
Afrikaans: blok
Berbice Creole Dutch: bloko
→ Caribbean Javanese: blog
→ Indonesian: blok
→ Papiamentu: blòki, blokki (from the diminutive)

Limburgish: blok, blók

→ Old French: bloc

Middle French: bloc

French: bloc (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: blok

→ Middle English: blok

English: block (see there for further descendants)

Scots: block

Old High German: bloh, bloch (also piloch, biloh, from a merger with an unrelated word)

Middle High German: bloch

German: Block (see there for further descendants)


swerd

swerd (nominative singular)
swerdu (nominative plural)
swerd (accusative singular)
swerdu (accusative plural)
swerdas (genitive singular)
swerdō (genitive plural)
swerdē (dative singular)
swerdum (dative plural)
swerdu (instrumental singular)
swerdum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: sweord, suord, swyrd, swurd

Middle English: swerd, sword

English: sword

Scots: swuird, swerd, sword

Old Frisian: swerd

North Frisian: swird, Swiirt

Sylt: Swērt

Saterland Frisian: Swäid, Swid

West Frisian: swurd

Old Saxon: swerd

Middle Low German: swert

German Low German: Sweerd, Schweerd, Schwert

Plautdietsch: Schwieet

desctree

Old Dutch: swert, suert
Middle Dutch: swert
Dutch: zwaard
Afrikaans: swaard
Negerhollands: sweerd
Limburgish: zwerd
West Flemish: zwoard
Zealandic: zwaerd

Old High German: swert

Middle High German: swert

German: Schwert

Hunsrik: Schweert

Luxembourgish: Schwäert

Vilamovian: świert

Yiddish: שווערד (shverd)


fetur

fetur (nominative singular)
feturō (nominative plural)
feturōs (nominative plural)
fetur (accusative singular)
feturā (accusative plural)
feturas (genitive singular)
feturō (genitive plural)
feturē (dative singular)
feturum (dative plural)
feturu (instrumental singular)
feturum (instrumental plural)

Old English: feter f

Middle English: feter

English: fetter

Old Dutch: *feter m, *fetura f

Middle Dutch: vēter m, vētere f

Dutch: veter m

Old High German: fezzera f

Middle High German: fezzer

German: Fesser (obsolete)


þū

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: þū, ðū
Middle English: þou, thou, þu, thu, þoue, thoue, þowe, thowe, þouȝ, thouȝ, þue, ðhu, þeu, þeou, thugh, thogh, þo, tu, tou, towe, you
English: thou, tha (Yorkshire, Lancashire), thow, thu, du (Scotland)
Scots: thou, du, thoo
Yola: thou, th'

Old Frisian: thū
North Frisian:
Most dialects: dü
Halligen: du
Heligoland: di
Saterland Frisian: du
West Frisian: do, dû

Old Saxon: thū

Middle Low German: thu (earlier), du (later)

Low German: du, diu (Westphalian)

Old Dutch: thū, tu
Middle Dutch: du
Dutch: (obsolete) du, dou, douw
Limburgish: doe

Old High German: dū, thū, ᛞᚢ (du)
Middle High German: du
Alemannic German: du
Swabian: dau, d
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: du
Mòcheno: du
Central Franconian: du, dou
Hunsrik: du
Kölsch: do
German: du
Luxembourgish: du
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: du
Pennsylvania German: du
Yiddish: דו (du)


trampan

trampan (infinitive)
trampannjas (genitive infinitive)
trampannjē (dative infinitive)
trampannju (infinitive instrumental)
trampu (first-person present singular)
treamp (first-person past singular)
trampiʀi (present second-person singular)
treampī (past second-person singular)
trampidi (present singular third-person)
treamp (past singular third-person)
trampum (first-person plural present)
treampum (first-person past plural)
trampid (plural present second-person)
treampud (past plural second-person)
trampand (plural present third-person)
treampun (past plural third-person)
trampē (first-person present singular)
treampī (first-person past singular)
trampēs (present second-person singular)
trampē (present singular third-person)
treampī (past singular third-person)
trampēm (first-person plural present)
treampīm (first-person past plural)
trampēþ (plural present second-person)
treampīd (past plural second-person)
trampēn (plural present third-person)
treampīn (past plural third-person)
tramp (present singular)
trampid (plural present)
trampandī (participle present)
trampan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *trampan

Middle Low German: trampen

→ Middle High German: *trampen

German: trampen

→ Middle English: trampen

English: tramp

⇒ Middle High German: trampelen

German: trampeln

Old Dutch: *trampan

Middle Dutch: trampen

Dutch: trampen

From Proto-Germanic *trampaną, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *drem- (“to run”).


sagi

sagi (nominative singular)
saggjō (nominative plural)
saggjōs (nominative plural)
sagi (accusative singular)
saggjā (accusative plural)
saggjas (genitive singular)
saggjō (genitive plural)
saggjē (dative singular)
saggjum (dative plural)
saggju (instrumental singular)
saggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: seċġ

Middle English: segge

English: sedge

Scots: seg

Old Frisian: *sedz, *segg

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Säggäärs, Säächgäärs

West Frisian: sigge

Old Saxon: *seggi

Middle Low German: segge

German Low German: Segge, Segg

→ German: Segge

Old Dutch: *seggi

Middle Dutch: segge

Dutch: zegge


sagi

Old English: seċġ

Middle English: seg, sege, segge

English: segge, seg

Scots: seg

Old Frisian: siā

Old Saxon: segg

⇒ Old High German: beinseggo


ga-

desctree

Old English: ġe-
Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-
English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)

desc

Old Frisian: ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a-

Saterland Frisian: ge-

West Frisian: ge-

desctree

Old Saxon: gi-, i-, ge-, ga-
Middle Low German: ge-
Low German: ge-, e-, je-

Old Dutch: gi-, ge-
Middle Dutch: ghe-, ge-, (West-Flanders) i-, y-
Dutch: ge-
Afrikaans: ge-
West Flemish: ge-, e-

Old High German: gi-, ga-, ki-, ka-
Middle High German: ge-
Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)
Bavarian: g-
German: ge-
Luxembourgish: ge-
Vilamovian: gy-
Yiddish: גע־ (ge-)

used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfectivity

forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co-

forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process"

past participles
past participle#English

forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs


mūs

mūs (nominative singular)
mūsi (nominative plural)
mūsu (accusative singular)
mūsi (accusative plural)
mūsi (genitive singular)
mūsō (genitive plural)
mūsi (dative singular)
mūsum (dative plural)
mūsi (instrumental singular)
mūsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mūs
Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose

Old Frisian: mūs

North Frisian: müs

Saterland Frisian: Múus

West Frisian: mûs

Old Saxon: mūs
Middle Low German: mûs
Low German: Muus
Plautdietsch: Mus

Old Dutch: *mūs
Middle Dutch: muus
Dutch: muis
Afrikaans: muis
Jersey Dutch: mäus
Negerhollands: mischi, miśi, muśi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mus
→ Sranan Tongo: moismoisi
Limburgish: moes

Old High German: mūs
Middle High German: mūs
Alemannic German: Muus, Müss (Uri)
Central Franconian: Muus
Cimbrian: maus
German: Maus
Luxembourgish: Maus
Vilamovian: maojs
Yiddish: מויז (moyz)


fehu

fehu (nominative singular)
fehu (accusative singular)
fehō (genitive singular)
fihiwi (dative singular)
fehō (dative singular)
fehu (instrumental singular)

Old English: feoh, fioh, feh
Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)
English: fee
Scots: fe, fee, fiel

Old Frisian: fia

Saterland Frisian: Fäi

West Frisian: fee

Old Saxon: fehu, feho, feu
Middle Low German: vehe, veh, vê, vie
German Low German: Veeh, Veh, Veih n (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch)
Plautdietsch: Fee

Old Dutch: fē, fio, fiu

Middle Dutch: vêe
Dutch: vee
Afrikaans: vee
Negerhollands: vee
Limburgish: vieë, vieëch

Old High German: fihu
Middle High German: vihe, vëhe, vich, viech, vech, vie, vē
Alemannic German: Vëh
Swabian: Viech
Bavarian: Viech
Cimbrian: viighe, biighe (Mezzaselva)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Viech
German: Vieh; Viech (with distinction)
Luxembourgish: Véi
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Veh, Veih, Vieh
Palatine: Veh, Vieh, Viech
Yiddish: פֿיך (fikh)

→ Vulgar Latin: *feus

Old French: fieu (dated 11th-century) (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: feu

Catalan: feu

Occitan: fèu

Medieval Latin: fevum (dated 899, La Garde-Freinet, France)

Old French: fief m (dated 13th-century)

Middle French: fief

French: fief

→ Romanian: fief

→ English: fief

Old French: feffe, feoffe f

Middle French: fieffe

→ Middle English: feffe, feoffe

English: feoff

⇒ Medieval Latin: feudum, feodum (see there for further descendants)


traust

traust (masculine nominative singular)
traustu (feminine nominative singular)
traust (neuter nominative singular)
traustanā (accusative masculine singular)
traustā (accusative feminine singular)
traust (accusative neuter singular)
traustas (genitive masculine singular)
trausteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
traustas (genitive neuter singular)
traustumē (dative masculine singular)
trausteʀē (dative feminine singular)
traustumē (dative neuter singular)
traustu (instrumental masculine singular)
trausteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
traustu (instrumental neuter singular)
traustē (masculine nominative plural)
traustō (feminine nominative plural)
traustu (neuter nominative plural)
traustā (accusative masculine plural)
traustā (accusative feminine plural)
traustu (accusative neuter plural)
trausteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
trausteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
trausteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
traustēm (dative masculine plural)
traustum (dative masculine plural)
traustēm (dative feminine plural)
traustum (dative feminine plural)
traustēm (dative neuter plural)
traustum (dative neuter plural)
traustēm (instrumental masculine plural)
traustum (instrumental masculine plural)
traustēm (feminine instrumental plural)
traustum (feminine instrumental plural)
traustēm (instrumental neuter plural)
traustum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *trōst

⇒ Old Saxon: *gitrōst

Middle Low German: getrôst

Old High German: trōst

⇒ Old High German: gitrōst

Middle High German: getrost

German: getrost


traust

traust (nominative singular)
traustō (nominative plural)
traustōs (nominative plural)
traust (accusative singular)
traustā (accusative plural)
traustas (genitive singular)
traustō (genitive plural)
traustē (dative singular)
traustum (dative plural)
traustu (instrumental singular)
traustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *trēast

desc

Middle English: trest, tryst, trist, treyst, trayste (through confluence with Old Norse verb treysta)

Scots: trest, traist

English: tryst

Old Frisian: trāst

North Frisian: trast

Saterland Frisian: Traast

West Frisian: treast

Old Saxon: trōst; gitrōst

Middle Low German: trôst

German Low German: Troost

Old Dutch: trōst

Middle Dutch: trôost

Dutch: troost

Afrikaans: troos

Old High German: trōst

Middle High German: trōst

German: Trost

Hunsrik: Troost

Luxembourgish: Trouscht

→ Medieval Latin: trustis (see there for further descendants)


belgan

belgan (infinitive)
belgannjas (genitive infinitive)
belgannjē (dative infinitive)
belgannju (infinitive instrumental)
belgu (first-person present singular)
balg (first-person past singular)
bilgiʀi (present second-person singular)
bulgī (past second-person singular)
bilgidi (present singular third-person)
balg (past singular third-person)
belgum (first-person plural present)
bulgum (first-person past plural)
bilgid (plural present second-person)
bulgud (past plural second-person)
belgand (plural present third-person)
bulgun (past plural third-person)
belgē (first-person present singular)
bulgī (first-person past singular)
belgēs (present second-person singular)
belgē (present singular third-person)
bulgī (past singular third-person)
belgēm (first-person plural present)
bulgīm (first-person past plural)
belgēþ (plural present second-person)
bulgīd (past plural second-person)
belgēn (plural present third-person)
bulgīn (past plural third-person)
bilg (present singular)
bilgid (plural present)
belgandī (participle present)
bolgan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: belgan
Middle English: *belȝen, bellen
English: bell

Old Frisian: belga

Old Saxon: belgan
Middle Low German: belgen
Low German: belgen

Old Dutch: belgan
Middle Dutch: belgen
Dutch: belgen

Old High German: belgan

Middle High German: bëlgen


tehun

Old English: tīen, tēn — Mercian, tȳn — West Saxon, tēne, tēa, tīn
Middle English: ten, tene, tenne, tien
English: ten
Scots: ten
Yola: dhen

Old Frisian: tiān, tēne, tīne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tjiin
Helgoland: tain
Mooring: tin
Wiedingharde: tiin
Saterland Frisian: tjoon
West Frisian: tsien

Old Saxon: tehan
Middle Low German: tein, tēn, tīgen, tīn, tīen
Low German:
German Low German: teihn, tiehn
Hamburgisch: tein
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: tåijjen
Sauerländisch: tian, tain
Westmünsterländisch: tehn
Plautdietsch: tieen

Old Dutch: *tian, tēn

Middle Dutch: tien
Dutch: tien
Afrikaans: tien
Berbice Creole Dutch: tin
Jersey Dutch: tîn
Negerhollands: tien, tin
→ Aukan: tin
Limburgish: teen, tieën
Zealandic: tien

Old High German: zehan
Middle High German: zehen
Central Franconian: zehn
Cimbrian: sègane, zene (Luserna)
German: zehn
Luxembourgish: zéng
Yiddish: צען (tsen)


sebun

Old English: seofon, siofun, seofun — Mercian
Middle English: seven, ceven, seofen, seoven, sevene, sevyn, sewyn, zeven, zeve (Kent)
English: seven
Middle Scots: sevin, sewin
Scots: seiven, seeven
Yola: zeven

desc

Old Frisian: sigun, siugun, sogen, soven, saven, savn

North Frisian: soowen

Saterland Frisian: sogen

West Frisian: sân

Old Saxon: sivun

Middle Low German: sēven

Low German: sæwen, sæben, seben, seven

German Low German: sëwe, sëwen, sæwen, sæben, söven

Dutch Low Saxon: söben, söven, seben, seven

Plautdietsch: säwen

Old Dutch: sivon

Middle Dutch: seven

Dutch: zeven

Afrikaans: sewe

Limburgish: zeve

West Flemish: zēvne

desctree

Old High German: sibun
Middle High German: siben, siven, seben, suben, söben
Alemannic German: sibe, sibä, siebë, siibe
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zibane, sibane (Luserna)
Mòcheno: sim
Central Franconian: sibbe, sivve (Moselle Franconian, westernmost and easternmost Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: sieve
Luxembourgish: siwen
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zejwa
East Franconian:
German: sieben
Rhine Franconian: siewe, siwwe
Pennsylvania German: siwwe
Yiddish: זיבן (zibn)


plantu

plantu (nominative singular)
plantō (nominative plural)
plantā (accusative singular)
plantā (accusative plural)
plantā (genitive singular)
plantō (genitive plural)
plantē (dative singular)
plantōm (dative plural)
plantum (dative plural)
plantu (instrumental singular)
plantōm (instrumental plural)
plantum (instrumental plural)

Old English: plante
Middle English: plante
English: plant

Old Saxon: *planta

Middle Low German: plante, plant

German Low German: Plante

Old High German: pflanza
Middle High German: pflanze
German: Pflanze


fregnan

fregnan (infinitive)
fregnannjas (genitive infinitive)
fregnannjē (dative infinitive)
fregnannju (infinitive instrumental)
fregnu (first-person present singular)
fragn (first-person past singular)
frigniʀi (present second-person singular)
frugnī (past second-person singular)
frignidi (present singular third-person)
fragn (past singular third-person)
fregnum (first-person plural present)
frugnum (first-person past plural)
frignid (plural present second-person)
frugnud (past plural second-person)
fregnand (plural present third-person)
frugnun (past plural third-person)
fregnē (first-person present singular)
frugnī (first-person past singular)
fregnēs (present second-person singular)
fregnē (present singular third-person)
frugnī (past singular third-person)
fregnēm (first-person plural present)
frugnīm (first-person past plural)
fregnēþ (plural present second-person)
frugnīd (past plural second-person)
fregnēn (plural present third-person)
frugnīn (past plural third-person)
frign (present singular)
frignid (plural present)
fregnandī (participle present)
frognan (participle past)

Old English: friġnan, fræġnan, freġnan, frīnan, freġna — Northumbrian
Middle English: fraynen, frain, fraine, frainen, frayn, frayne, freinen, freyne, fræine, fræinien, vraini (Early Middle English), fraȝȝnenn (Ormulum)
English: frain
Scots: frain, frane, frayn, frayne

Old Saxon: fregnan

⇒ Old High German: gifrëgnan


makōn

makōn (infinitive)
makōnijas (genitive infinitive)
makōnijē (dative infinitive)
makōniju (infinitive instrumental)
makō (first-person present singular)
makōdā (first-person past singular)
makōs (present second-person singular)
makōdēs (past second-person singular)
makōdōs (past second-person singular)
makōþ (present singular third-person)
makōdē (past singular third-person)
makōdā (past singular third-person)
makōm (first-person plural present)
makōdum (first-person past plural)
makōþ (plural present second-person)
makōdud (past plural second-person)
makōnþ (plural present third-person)
makōdun (past plural third-person)
makōdī (first-person past singular)
makōdī (past second-person singular)
makō (present singular third-person)
makōdī (past singular third-person)
makōdīm (first-person past plural)
makōdīd (past plural second-person)
makōn (plural present third-person)
makōdīn (past plural third-person)
makō (present singular)
makōþ (plural present)
makōndī (participle present)
makōd (participle past)

Old English: macian
Middle English: maken, macke, mak, make, maki, makiȝe, makye, makyn, macen, machiæ, macian, makian, makie, makien, makiȝen, makyȝe (Early Middle English)
English: make
Geordie English: myek
Scots: mak
Yola: maake, maak

Old Frisian: makia
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: maage
Mooring: mååge
Sylt: maaki
Saterland Frisian: moakje
West Frisian: meitsje, mâke, maaikje

Old Saxon: makōn, makoian
Middle Low German: māken
Low German: maken
Plautdietsch: moaken
→ Old Norse: maka
Icelandic: maka
Faroese: maka
Norwegian Nynorsk: maka
Swedish: maka (makare)
Danish: mage
Norwegian Bokmål: make
→ German: (Makler)

Old Dutch: macon
Middle Dutch: māken
Dutch: maken
Afrikaans: maak
Javindo: maken
Jersey Dutch: māke
Negerhollands: mak, maak
Skepi Creole Dutch: mak
Limburgish: make
→ Picard Old French: makier, maquier
→ Middle French: maquier, macquiller
French: maquiller
→ Dutch: maquilleren
→ Spanish: maquillar
→ Portuguese: maquilhar, maquiar (Brazil)

Old High German: mahhōn
Middle High German: machen
Alemannic German: mache
Alsatian: màche (north), màcha (south)
Swabian: macha
Bavarian: macha
Cimbrian: machan
Mòcheno: mòchen
Central Franconian: maache
Hunsrik: mache
Luxembourgish: maachen
East Central German:
Lusatian: machn
Upper Saxon German: machn
Vilamovian: maha
German: machen
Rhine Franconian: mache, machng (?)
Pennsylvania German: mache
Yiddish: מאַכן (makhn)


sinu

sinu (nominative singular)
sinwō (nominative plural)
sinwā (accusative singular)
sinwā (accusative plural)
sinwā (genitive singular)
sinwō (genitive plural)
sinwē (dative singular)
sinwōm (dative plural)
sinum (dative plural)
sinu (instrumental singular)
sinwōm (instrumental plural)
sinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sinu, seno, senu, seono, seonu, sionu, synu
Middle English: synwe, senow, senewe, senowe, senue, senwe, synewe, synoghe, synow, synue, synuwe, synueu, senuwe, seonuwe, seonuwwe (Early Middle English), cynew, cynwe, sinewe, sinnu, syneou, synneu, synnew, synnou, synnow, zenewe (Late Middle English), syn (from Old Norse sin)
English: sinew
Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon

Old Frisian: sine, sini, sin

North Frisian: sine

Saterland Frisian: Siene

West Frisian: sine, senuw

Old Saxon: senewa, sinewa

Middle Low German: senuwe, sēne, senne

Low German:

German Low German: Sehne, Sehn

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Senne (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Siene (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: Sän

Old Dutch: *sena, *senewa

Middle Dutch: sēnewe, sēnuw, sēne

Dutch: zenuw, zeen

Afrikaans: senuwee

Old High German: senawa, sena

Middle High German: sënewe

German: Sehne

→ Luxembourgish: Seen


agisōn

agisōn (infinitive)
agisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
agisōnijē (dative infinitive)
agisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
agisō (first-person present singular)
agisōdā (first-person past singular)
agisōs (present second-person singular)
agisōdēs (past second-person singular)
agisōdōs (past second-person singular)
agisōþ (present singular third-person)
agisōdē (past singular third-person)
agisōdā (past singular third-person)
agisōm (first-person plural present)
agisōdum (first-person past plural)
agisōþ (plural present second-person)
agisōdud (past plural second-person)
agisōnþ (plural present third-person)
agisōdun (past plural third-person)
agisōdī (first-person past singular)
agisōdī (past second-person singular)
agisō (present singular third-person)
agisōdī (past singular third-person)
agisōdīm (first-person past plural)
agisōdīd (past plural second-person)
agisōn (plural present third-person)
agisōdīn (past plural third-person)
agisō (present singular)
agisōþ (plural present)
agisōndī (participle present)
agisōd (participle past)

Old English: eġsian

Middle English: eisien, *eien

English: ey (rare, Northern English, Scotland)

Old Dutch: *egison

Middle Dutch: eisen

Dutch: eisen (also ijzen)

Old High German: egison

Middle High German: eisen


liʀnōn

Old English: leornian, liornian
Middle English: lernen
English: learn
Scots: lerne, leirn, lairn

Old Frisian: lernia, lirnia; lerna, lirna

Old Saxon: *lernōn, līnōn
Middle Low German: lernen

Old Dutch: lernon
Middle Dutch: lēernen

Old High German: lernon (rare)

A fientive verb derived from Proto-Germanic *lizaną.


batist

batist (masculine nominative singular)
batistu (feminine nominative singular)
batist (neuter nominative singular)
batistanā (accusative masculine singular)
batistā (accusative feminine singular)
batist (accusative neuter singular)
batistas (genitive masculine singular)
batisteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
batistas (genitive neuter singular)
batistumē (dative masculine singular)
batisteʀē (dative feminine singular)
batistumē (dative neuter singular)
batistu (instrumental masculine singular)
batisteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
batistu (instrumental neuter singular)
batistē (masculine nominative plural)
batistō (feminine nominative plural)
batistu (neuter nominative plural)
batistā (accusative masculine plural)
batistā (accusative feminine plural)
batistu (accusative neuter plural)
batisteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
batisteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
batisteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
batistēm (dative masculine plural)
batistum (dative masculine plural)
batistēm (dative feminine plural)
batistum (dative feminine plural)
batistēm (dative neuter plural)
batistum (dative neuter plural)
batistēm (instrumental masculine plural)
batistum (instrumental masculine plural)
batistēm (feminine instrumental plural)
batistum (feminine instrumental plural)
batistēm (instrumental neuter plural)
batistum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: betest, betst, bezt, betast, betost
Middle English: beste, betst, bettst, bezst, best
English: best
Scots: best

Old Frisian: betsta, besta

Saterland Frisian: bääste

West Frisian: best

Old Saxon: betst, best

Middle Low German: best

German Low German: beste, best

Old Dutch: *betst

Middle Dutch: best
Dutch: best
Afrikaans: beste
Berbice Creole Dutch: besti
Negerhollands: bes, best
→? Sranan Tongo: besi
Limburgish: bès

Old High German: bezzisto
Middle High German: bezzist
Alemannic German: bescht
Central Franconian: beste
Cimbrian: peste, péste (Sette Comuni)
German: beste
Luxembourgish: beschte
Yiddish: בעסט (best)

superlative degree of *gōd (“good”): best


langatīn

langatīn (nominative singular)
langatīnō (nominative plural)
langatīnōs (nominative plural)
langatīn (accusative singular)
langatīnā (accusative plural)
langatīnas (genitive singular)
langatīnō (genitive plural)
langatīnē (dative singular)
langatīnum (dative plural)
langatīnu (instrumental singular)
langatīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lencten, lengten
Middle English: lenten, leinten, lentren, lente, leinte
English: Lent, Lenten
Scots: Lentrin, Lentern

Old Frisian: *lenten, *lente

West Frisian: linte

Old Saxon: lentin

Middle Low German: lenten, lente, linte

German Low German: Lent

Old Dutch: lentin

Middle Dutch: lentin, lenten

Dutch: lente
Afrikaans: lente
→ Papiamentu: lènte, lente

Old High German: lenzo, lengizin, lenzin, lenz
Middle High German: lenze
Alemannic German: Langssi, langsé (Formazza)
Bavarian: longas
Cimbrian: langaz, langhes, långez; lentz
Mòcheno: langes
German: Lenz

From *lang (“long”) + *tīn (“day”) from Proto-Germanic *tīnaz, so named because the days become longer again in spring.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


bōkijā

bōkijā (nominative singular)
bōkijōn (nominative plural)
bōkijōn (accusative singular)
bōkijōn (accusative plural)
bōkijōn (genitive singular)
bōkijōnō (genitive plural)
bōkijōn (dative singular)
bōkijōm (dative plural)
bōkijum (dative plural)
bōkijōn (instrumental singular)
bōkijōm (instrumental plural)
bōkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēċe
Middle English: beche
English: beech
Scots: beech

Old Frisian: bōk

Saterland Frisian: Bouke

West Frisian: boek, boeke (in compounds)

Old Saxon: bōkia

Middle Low German: böke

German Low German: Böke, Böök

Low German: Böke

→ Dutch: beuk
Afrikaans: beuk

Old Dutch: *buoka

Middle Dutch: boeke

Dutch: beuk
Afrikaans: beuk

Old High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha (weak n-stem)
Middle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)
Alemannic German: Buech
German: Buche, Büche
Luxembourgish: Bich
Vilamovian: bih́łiḱ

→ Proto-Slavic: *buky (see there for further descendants)


mattjuk

mattjuk (nominative singular)
mattjukō (nominative plural)
mattjukōs (nominative plural)
mattjuk (accusative singular)
mattjukā (accusative plural)
mattjukas (genitive singular)
mattjukō (genitive plural)
mattjukē (dative singular)
mattjukum (dative plural)
mattjuku (instrumental singular)
mattjukum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: mettoc, meottoc, mattuc, mættoc, mattoc

desctree

Middle English: mattok, mattock, mattoke, mattokke
English: mattock
Yola: mattoke

→? Vulgar Latin: *matteūca

Italian: mazzocca

Old French: maçugue, maçuge, maçüe

Middle French: massuë

French: massue

Romanian: măciucă

Old Galician-Portuguese: massuca

Portuguese: machuca

Venetian: mazuco

→? Lithuanian: matikkas (“mattock”)

→? Proto-Slavic: *motyka (“hoe”) (see there for further descendants)


felu

Old English: fela, feola, fiolu, feolu, feolo, fala, feola — Mercian
Middle English: fele, fale, feel, fel, feole, vele, feala, fela, felæ, feola, veole (Early Middle English)
English: fele (obsolete)
Middle Scots: fele (poetic)

Old Frisian: felo, fele, fel

East Frisian:

Wangerooge Frisian: fêl, feyhl

Wursten Frisian: vlia

West Frisian: fel

Old Saxon: filu, filo

Middle Low German: vele, vil

Low German: veel

Old Dutch: filo

Middle Dutch: vele

Dutch: veel

Old High German: filu, vilu, filo, fila, vili
Middle High German: vil, vile
Alemannic German: viel
Swabian: viel
Bavarian: vui, vei, vii
Cimbrian: vil, viil, biil (Sette Comuni)
Viennese: vü
German: viel
Luxembourgish: vill
Yiddish: פֿיל (fil)


sōl

sōl (nominative singular)
sōl (accusative singular)
sawili (genitive singular)
sawili (dative singular)
sawili (instrumental singular)

Old English: sōl ?

desc

⇒? Old English: siġel, sæġl, syġel, seġl n

⇒? Old English: sweġel, sweġl, swæġl n

Old Saxon: sōl f

From Proto-Germanic *sōl n (“sun”), possibly feminized from in an opposing gender pair with masculine *mānō (“moon”). See *sunnō.


Tīwas dag

Tīwas dag (nominative singular)
Tīwas dag (accusative singular)
Tīwas dagā (accusative plural)
Tīwas dagas (genitive singular)
Tīwas dagō (genitive plural)
Tīwas dagē (dative singular)
Tīwas dagum (dative plural)
Tīwas dagu (instrumental singular)
Tīwas dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tiwesdæġ
Middle English: Tewesday, Tiwesday, Tisday, Tisdæi, Tywysday, tiwesday, twesday
English: Tuesday
Scots: Tysday
Yola: Tusedei, tuesdei

Old Frisian: tīesdei

North Frisian: teisdai

Saterland Frisian: Täisdai

West Frisian: tiisdei

Old Saxon: *tiuwesdag

Old High German: ziestag, ciesdac
Middle High German: zīestac, zīstac
Alemannic German: Ziischtig, Zischtig, Zischdi
Italian Walser: tschischtag, zischtag, zischtog, zischtàg, zéischtag
Swabian: Zaischdich, Zischtig, Zeischdig
German: Ziestag

→ Old Norse: týsdagr, *tísdagr — Old East Norse (calque)
Icelandic: týsdagur (archaic)
Faroese: týsdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tysdag
Old Swedish: tīsdagher
Swedish: tisdag
Old Danish: tisdagh
Danish: tirsdag, tisdag
Norwegian Bokmål: tirsdag
Gutnish: teisdagar, teisdag
→ Finnish: tiistai

From *Tīwas (“Tiw's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Mārtis (“Tuesday”, literally “day of Mars”).


Þunras dag

Þunras dag (nominative singular)
Þunras dagō (nominative plural)
Þunras dagōs (nominative plural)
Þunras dag (accusative singular)
Þunras dagā (accusative plural)
Þunras dagas (genitive singular)
Þunras dagō (genitive plural)
Þunras dagē (dative singular)
Þunras dagum (dative plural)
Þunras dagu (instrumental singular)
Þunras dagum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: þunresdæġ, þurresdæġ, þursdæġ

Middle English: Thursday

English: Thursday

Scots: Fuirsday, Försday

Yola: Thorsdei

desctree

Old Frisian: thunresdei, thunresdī
North Frisian:
Föhr: tüürsdai
Saterland Frisian: Tuunsdai
West Frisian: tongersdei

Old Saxon: *thunaresdag

Middle Low German: *donersdach

Plautdietsch: Donnadach

Low German: Donnerdagg, Dunnersdag

Old Dutch: *thonarsdag

Middle Dutch: donresdach, donredach

Dutch: donderdag

Old High German: donarstag

Middle High German: donerstac

German: Donnerstag

→ Pennsylvania German: Dunnerschdaag

Luxembourgish: Donneschdeg

Vilamovian: dunyśtaog

→ Old Norse: þórsdagr (calque)
Icelandic: þórsdagur
Faroese: tórsdagur, hósdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: torsdag, tosdag
Old Swedish: þōrsdagher
Swedish: torsdag
Old Danish: thorsdagh
Danish: torsdag
Norwegian Bokmål: torsdag
Gutnish: torste, torstda, torsdagar
→ Finnish: torstai

From *Þunras (“Thor's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Iovis (“Thursday”, literally “day of Jupiter”).


Wōdanas dag

Wōdanas dag (nominative singular)
Wōdanas dag (accusative singular)
Wōdanas dagā (accusative plural)
Wōdanas dagas (genitive singular)
Wōdanas dagō (genitive plural)
Wōdanas dagē (dative singular)
Wōdanas dagum (dative plural)
Wōdanas dagu (instrumental singular)
Wōdanas dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wōdnesdæġ, *wēdnesdæġ
Middle English: Wednesday
English: Wednesday
→ Maori: Wenerei
Scots: Wadensday
Yola: Wennesdei

desc

Old Frisian: *wōdensdei, wedenesdei, wednesdei

North Frisian: weedensdai, weensdi

West Frisian: woansdei

desctree

Old Saxon: *wōdanesdag
Middle Low German: wōdensdach, gūdenesdach, gūdensdach, gunsdach, gudesdach, gūdenesdach, gūdenstach, gūnstach, kudensdach, wodenesdach, wodensdach, woensdach, wōnesdach, wōnsdach, wūnsdach
Low German: Goonsdag, Godenstag, Gonstag, Gaunstag, Gunstag
Dutch Low Saxon: woensdag, woonsdag, wonsdag
German Low German: Woonsdag
→ German: Wodenstag (archaic), Wotanstag (learned calque)

Old Dutch: *wuodansdag

Middle Dutch: woedensdag

Dutch: woensdag
Afrikaans: Woensdag
Jersey Dutch: Wônsdix
Negerhollands: wuensdag, woensdag
→ Lokono: wunsdakha, onsdakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: wonsartar

West Flemish: woensdag, oensdag

desc

Limburgish: goonsdig, goonsdag, wuensdag

Old High German: *wuotanstag

Middle High German: *wuotenstac

⇒ Middle High German: guotentac, guotemtac, *guotenstac (rare, regional)

Central Franconian: Jodesdaach (archaic)

desctree

→ Old Norse: óðinsdagr (calque)
Icelandic: óðinsdagur
Faroese: ónsdagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: onsdag
Old Swedish: ōþinsdagher
Swedish: onsdag
Old Danish: othænsdagh
Danish: onsdag
Norwegian Bokmål: onsdag
Gutnish: onsdag, onsdagar

From *Wōdanas (“Woden's, Odin's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin dīes Mercuriī (“Wednesday”, literally “day of Mercury”).
Modern English Wednesday doesn't continue the Old English wōdnesdæġ but rather unattested Old English *wēdnesdæġ, direct cognate to Old Frisian wednesdei and Middle Dutch wenesdach. All these umlauted (i-mutated) forms don't continue *Wōdanas dag but rather *Wōdinas dag, indicating a variation in the theonym in early West Germanic, *Wōdanaz vs. *Wōdinaz.


Mānini dag

Mānini dag (nominative singular)
Mānini dag (accusative singular)
Mānini dagā (accusative plural)
Mānini dagas (genitive singular)
Mānini dagō (genitive plural)
Mānini dagē (dative singular)
Mānini dagum (dative plural)
Mānini dagu (instrumental singular)
Mānini dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mōnandæg
Middle English: Monday
English: Monday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Monanday
Yola: Mondei

Old Frisian: mōnadei

North Frisian: mundai, moundi

Saterland Frisian: Moundai

West Frisian: moandei

Old Saxon: *mānundag

Middle Low German: mânendach

German Low German: Maandag, Moondag

Plautdietsch: Mondach

Old Dutch: *mānendag

Middle Dutch: mâendach
Dutch: maandag
Afrikaans: Maandag
Berbice Creole Dutch: mandaka
Jersey Dutch: Mândix
Negerhollands: maendag, maandag
Skepi Creole Dutch: móndak
→ Lokono: mandakha, mondakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: mundetar
→ Trió: mandi
Limburgish: maondig
West Flemish: moandag

desc

Old High German: mānitag, mānetag, māntag, mānintag

Middle High German: māntac, mæntac, māndac, mændac, mōntac, mēntac

Alemannic German: Määntig, Mändig, mäntag, Mäntig, meintog, méntag, miantag, mìntàg

Swabian: Mäntig, Medich, Medig

Bavarian: Monda

Cimbrian: matak, menta, méentag

Mòcheno: ma'ta

Central Franconian: Mondaach

Hunsrik: Montach

Kölsch: Mondach

Luxembourgish: Méindeg

East Franconian: Maadich

German: Montag

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Mundaag, Muundaag

Vilamovian: möntaog

Yiddish: מאָנטיק (montik)

desctree

→ Old Norse: mánadagr, mánudagr (calque)
Icelandic: mánadagur, mánudagur
Faroese: mánadagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: måndag
Old Swedish: mānadagher
Swedish: måndag
Old Danish: mandagh
Danish: mandag
Norwegian Bokmål: mandag
Gutnish: mandag, mandagar, måndagar
→ Finnish: maanantai
→ Lule Sami: mánnodahka
→ Northern Sami: mánnodat
→ Southern Sami: måanta

From *Mānini (“the Moon's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Lūnae (“Monday”, literally “day of the Moon”).


Frījā dag

Frījā dag (nominative singular)
Frījā dag (accusative singular)
Frījā dagā (accusative plural)
Frījā dagas (genitive singular)
Frījā dagō (genitive plural)
Frījā dagē (dative singular)
Frījā dagum (dative plural)
Frījā dagu (instrumental singular)
Frījā dagum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: frīġedæġ, frigdæg
Middle English: Friday
English: Friday
Tok Pisin: Fraide
→ Maori: Paraire
Scots: Friday
Yola: Vreedie, Vridei, vreedei

Old Frisian: frīadei, frīendei, frēdei, frēdī, frīgendei
North Frisian: freidai
Saterland Frisian: Fräindai
West Frisian: freed

Old Saxon: *frīadag, *frīgadag

desc

Middle Low German: vrīdach, vridach, vrigdach, vrigedach, vritdach, frigdach

German Low German: Freedag, Friedag

Plautdietsch: Friedach

desctree

→ Old Norse: frjádagr (< earlier *fríadagr)
Icelandic: frjádagur
Faroese: fríggjadagur
Middle Norwegian: fræigjadagr (akin to friggjardagr)
Norwegian: fredag; (dialectal) frei(d)dag, frædag
Elfdalian: frjådag
Old Swedish: frēadagher, frīadagher
Swedish: fredag
Danish: fredag
Norwegian Bokmål: fredag
Gutnish: fredagar, fredag, freda
→ Estonian: reede
→ Finnish: perjantai

Old Dutch: *frīadag

Middle Dutch: vrīdach, vriendach

Dutch: vrijdag
Afrikaans: Vrydag
Berbice Creole Dutch: fridaku
Jersey Dutch: Vrāidix
Negerhollands: vridag, vriedag
→ Lokono: fridakha, fredakha
→ Aukan: feeda
→ Mohegan-Pequot: beitar
→ Sranan Tongo: freida
→ Kari'na: freida
→ Trió: fredi

Old High German: frīatag, frījetag
Middle High German: vrītac
Alemannic German: Fritig
Italian Walser: fritog, frittag, vrittàg, vréitag
Swabian: Freidig, Fri'tig, Freidich
Bavarian: Freida
Carinthian: Freitog
Cimbrian: vraitag, braitag, vraita, fraitak
Mòcheno: vraita
Styrian: Freitog
Udinese: vraitach, vraiti
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Friedach
East Franconian:
Main-Franconian: Freidich
German: Freitag
Luxembourgish: Freideg
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Freidach
Pennsylvania German: Freidaag
Vilamovian: fretaog
Yiddish: פֿרײַטאָג (fraytog)

→? Livonian: brēḑig

From *Frījā (“Frigg's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Veneris (“Friday”, literally “day of Venus”).


Sunnōn dag

Sunnōn dag (nominative singular)
Sunnōn dag (accusative singular)
Sunnōn dagā (accusative plural)
Sunnōn dagas (genitive singular)
Sunnōn dagō (genitive plural)
Sunnōn dagē (dative singular)
Sunnōn dagum (dative plural)
Sunnōn dagu (instrumental singular)
Sunnōn dagum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: sunnadag

Middle Dutch: sondach, sonnendach

desctree

Dutch: zondag
Afrikaans: Sondag
→ Fwe: n-súndà
→ Shona: svondo
→ Sotho: Sontaha
→ Swazi: li-Sontfo
→ Venda: Swondaha
→ Xhosa: isonto
→ Zulu: iSonto
Berbice Creole Dutch: sondaka
Jersey Dutch: Zœndix
Negerhollands: sondag
→ Virgin Islands Creole: grossondag
Skepi Creole Dutch: sondak
→ Lokono: sondakha
→ Mohegan-Pequot: zunatar
→ Japanese: どんたく (dontaku)

Limburgish: zönjig, zóndig

Old English: sunnandæġ
Middle English: Sunnenday, Sonnendai, Sonneday, Sonenday, Sunneday, Sonday, sunnedei, zondai (Kent)
English: Sunday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Soneday, Sunday
Yola: Zindei

Old Frisian: sunnandei, sonnendei

North Frisian: söndai, saandi

Saterland Frisian: Sundai

West Frisian: snein

Old High German: sunnuntag
Middle High German: sunnentac, sunntac, sunnetac, suntac
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Sunntig, Sonndich
Walser: ŝchunnutog, sònntag, sunntag, sunnatag, ŝchuntàg
Bavarian: Sunnda, sunntach, suntach, sunti
Carinthian: Sunntog
Cimbrian: sunta, suntak, zùntag
Mòcheno: sunta
Styrian: Sunntog
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Sonndach
East Franconian: Sunndooch
Main-Franconian: Sundich
German: Sonntag
Luxembourgish: Sonndeg
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Sunndaag
Vilamovian: zuntaog
Yiddish: זונטיק (zuntik), זונטאָג (zuntog)

Old Saxon: sunnundag
Middle Low German: sunnedag
Dutch Low Saxon: zundag
German Low German: Sünndag
Plautdietsch: Sindach

→ Old Norse: sunnudagr, sunundægi
Icelandic: sunnudagur
Faroese: sunnudagur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sundag
Old Swedish: sunnodagher, synnodagher
Swedish: söndag
Danish: søndag
Norwegian Bokmål: søndag
Gutnish: sundag, sundagar, sunde, sund'
→ Finnish: sunnuntai

From *Sunnōn (“the Sun's”) + *dag (“day”), calque of Latin diēs Sōlis (“Sunday”, literally “day of the Sun”).


berkan

berkan (infinitive)
berkannjas (genitive infinitive)
berkannjē (dative infinitive)
berkannju (infinitive instrumental)
berku (first-person present singular)
bark (first-person past singular)
birkiʀi (present second-person singular)
burkī (past second-person singular)
birkidi (present singular third-person)
bark (past singular third-person)
berkum (first-person plural present)
burkum (first-person past plural)
birkid (plural present second-person)
burkud (past plural second-person)
berkand (plural present third-person)
burkun (past plural third-person)
berkē (first-person present singular)
burkī (first-person past singular)
berkēs (present second-person singular)
berkē (present singular third-person)
burkī (past singular third-person)
berkēm (first-person plural present)
burkīm (first-person past plural)
berkēþ (plural present second-person)
burkīd (past plural second-person)
berkēn (plural present third-person)
burkīn (past plural third-person)
birk (present singular)
birkid (plural present)
berkandī (participle present)
borkan (participle past)

Old English: beorcan, bercan

desctree

Middle English: berken, beerke, barken, beorken, borken, berke, barke, berkyn
English: bark
Scots: berk, bark

Unknown; suggested to be related to Icelandic berkja (“to boast”), Norwegian borka (“to boast”), and perhaps further to Ancient Greek φάρυγξ (phárunx, “pharynx”).


bidrog

bidrog (nominative singular)
bidrogu (nominative plural)
bidrog (accusative singular)
bidrogu (accusative plural)
bidrogas (genitive singular)
bidrogō (genitive plural)
bidrogē (dative singular)
bidrogum (dative plural)
bidrogu (instrumental singular)
bidrogum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bedroch

Saterland Frisian: Bedroach

West Frisian: bedroch

Old Saxon: bedrog

Middle Low German: bedroch, bedrêch

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bedräuch

Westmünsterländisch: Bedrugg

Plautdietsch: Bedrach

Old Dutch: *bidrog

Middle Dutch: bedroch

Dutch: bedrog

Old High German: bitrog, bitroc

Middle High German: betroc

i

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Trug</i>

German: Betrug (influenced by Trug)


fau

head

*fau (comparative *minniʀō, superlative *minnist)

minniʀō (comparative)
minnist (superlative)
fau (masculine nominative singular)
fau (feminine nominative singular)
fau (neuter nominative singular)
fawanā (accusative masculine singular)
fawā (accusative feminine singular)
fau (accusative neuter singular)
fawas (genitive masculine singular)
faweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
fawas (genitive neuter singular)
faumē (dative masculine singular)
faweʀē (dative feminine singular)
faumē (dative neuter singular)
fau (instrumental masculine singular)
faweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
fau (instrumental neuter singular)
fawē (masculine nominative plural)
fawō (feminine nominative plural)
fau (neuter nominative plural)
fawā (accusative masculine plural)
fawā (accusative feminine plural)
fau (accusative neuter plural)
faweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
fawēm (dative masculine plural)
faum (dative masculine plural)
fawēm (dative feminine plural)
faum (dative feminine plural)
fawēm (dative neuter plural)
faum (dative neuter plural)
fawēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faum (instrumental masculine plural)
fawēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faum (feminine instrumental plural)
fawēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fēaw, fēawa, fēawe, fēa
Middle English: fewe, feawe, feu
English: few
Scots: feu, fyow
Yola: vew

Old Frisian: fē

Old Saxon: faho, fā, fō

Old High German: fao, fō, fōh


spind

spind (nominative singular)
spindō (nominative plural)
spindōs (nominative plural)
spind (accusative singular)
spindā (accusative plural)
spindas (genitive singular)
spindō (genitive plural)
spindē (dative singular)
spindum (dative plural)
spindu (instrumental singular)
spindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spind

Old Saxon: spind

Middle Low German: spint

Old Dutch: *spind

Middle Dutch: spint

Dutch: spint

Old High German: spint

Middle High German: spint

German: Spint (archaic, dialectal)

→ Bavarian: Spind; Spund


airist(ō)

Old English: ǣrest, ǣrost, arest, ǣrust, ǣresta, arest, æræst — Mercian
Middle English: erest, erst, arst
English: erst
Scots: erst

Old Frisian: ērist

Old Dutch: ērist

Middle Dutch: erst, eerst

Dutch: eerst
Afrikaans: eers
Javindo: eerst
Jersey Dutch: êrst, ast
Negerhollands: eerste, eerst

West Flemish: erst

Old High German: ērist

German: erst

Yiddish: ערשט (ersht)

superlative degree of *airi (“early”): earliest, first


airist

airist (masculine nominative singular)
airistu (feminine nominative singular)
airist (neuter nominative singular)
airistanā (accusative masculine singular)
airistā (accusative feminine singular)
airist (accusative neuter singular)
airistas (genitive masculine singular)
airisteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
airistas (genitive neuter singular)
airistumē (dative masculine singular)
airisteʀē (dative feminine singular)
airistumē (dative neuter singular)
airistu (instrumental masculine singular)
airisteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
airistu (instrumental neuter singular)
airistē (masculine nominative plural)
airistō (feminine nominative plural)
airistu (neuter nominative plural)
airistā (accusative masculine plural)
airistā (accusative feminine plural)
airistu (accusative neuter plural)
airisteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
airisteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
airisteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
airistēm (dative masculine plural)
airistum (dative masculine plural)
airistēm (dative feminine plural)
airistum (dative feminine plural)
airistēm (dative neuter plural)
airistum (dative neuter plural)
airistēm (instrumental masculine plural)
airistum (instrumental masculine plural)
airistēm (feminine instrumental plural)
airistum (feminine instrumental plural)
airistēm (instrumental neuter plural)
airistum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ǣresta

Middle English: erste

English: erst

Scots: erest

Old Frisian: ērest, ārist, ērst, ārst, ērost
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iarst
Helgoland: iáárs
Mooring: jarst
Sylt: jest
Saterland Frisian: eerst
West Frisian: earst

Old Saxon: ērist

Old Dutch: *ērist

Middle Dutch: erste, eerste

Dutch: eerste

Afrikaans: eerste

West Flemish: erste

Old High German: ērist
Middle High German: ērest, ērst
Bavarian: easchde
Cimbrian: èerste, earst (Luserna)
German: erster
Luxembourgish: éischt
Yiddish: ערשט (ersht)

superlative degree of *airi (“early”): earliest; first, foremost


airi

head

*airi (comparative *airi, *airiʀō, superlative *airist(ō))

airi (comparative)
airiʀō (comparative)
airist (superlative)

desctree

Old English: ǣr
Middle English: er
English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear

Old Frisian: ēr

Saterland Frisian: eer, ädder

West Frisian: ier

⇒ West Frisian: eardat, ear't

Old Saxon: ēr

Middle Low German: êr

German Low German: ehr

⇒ German Low German: ehrdat

⇒ German Low German: ehrder

⇒ German Low German: ehrtieds

Old Dutch: ēr
Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Limburgish: ieër

Old High German: ēr

Middle High German: ēr, ē (loss of -r as in hie, dā)

German: eher, ehe, eh


anda-

Old English: and-, an-, ond-, on-

English: an-, and-, on-, un-

Old Frisian: *and-, und-, ant-

Saterland Frisian: änt-

West Frisian: unt-, ûnt, ûnd

Old Saxon: and-

Middle Low German: ent-

German Low German: ent-

Old Dutch: ant-

Middle Dutch: ont-, ant-

Dutch: ont-

Afrikaans: ont-

Old High German: ant-, anta-, int-

Middle High German: ent-, -int-, ant-

German: ent-, emp-


fra-

Old English: for-, fer-, fær-, fier-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-
English: for-
Scots: for-

Old Frisian: for-

Saterland Frisian: fer-

West Frisian: for-, fer-

Old Saxon: far-, fir-, for-
Middle Low German: vor-
Low German: for-, ver-

Old Dutch: far-, for-, fer-

Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-

Old High German: far-, fir-

Middle High German: ver-

German: ver-

Yiddish: פֿאַר־ (far-)

From Proto-Germanic *fra-, merging with *furi- and *firi-.

forms verbs with the sense of "away from" or "off of"

used as an intensifier for adjectives, indicating completeness or fullness


hwat

Old English: hwæt, huæt, huæd, huædd, huætd, huædt, hwet, wæt, whæt, hwat
Middle English: what, whad, whote, watte, wath, wad, qhat, whæt, whæht, waht, waet, wæht, weht, hweat (Southern West Mid)
English: what
Scots: what, whate, whit, whut, wha', quhat, quat, fat, faht, phat, fit, fut, fout, at
Yola: faade, fhaade, faad, fade, f'ad

Old Frisian: hwet

Saterland Frisian: wät

West Frisian: wat

Old Saxon: hwat

Middle Low German: wat

Low German: wat

Old Dutch: wat
Middle Dutch: wat
Afrikaans: wat
Dutch: wat
Limburgish: waat

Old High German: waz, whaz, hwaz, hwat
Middle High German: waz, wat
Alemannic German: waas, waa, was, wa (unstressed)
Central Franconian: wat
Cimbrian: bas, baz (Luserna)
Hunsrik: was
German: was
Luxembourgish: wat
Yiddish: וואָס (vos)


marku

marku (nominative singular)
markō (nominative plural)
markā (accusative singular)
markā (accusative plural)
markā (genitive singular)
markō (genitive plural)
markē (dative singular)
markōm (dative plural)
markum (dative plural)
marku (instrumental singular)
markōm (instrumental plural)
markum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mearc
Middle English: marke, merke, mark
English: mark
Scots: merk, mark

Old Frisian: merk

Saterland Frisian: Maak, Määrk

West Frisian: mark

Old Saxon: marka

Middle Low German: marke

German Low German: Mark

Old Dutch: *marka

Middle Dutch: marke

Dutch: mark

Old High German: marka

Middle High German: marke, march, marc

German: Mark

Suevic:

→ Galician: marco

→ Portuguese: marco

→ Medieval Latin: marca (see there for further descendants)


lūs

lūs (nominative singular)
lūsi (nominative plural)
lūsu (accusative singular)
lūsi (accusative plural)
lūsi (genitive singular)
lūsō (genitive plural)
lūsi (dative singular)
lūsum (dative plural)
lūsi (instrumental singular)
lūsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lūs

Middle English: lous, lows, lowse

Scots: louse, loose

English: louse

Old Frisian: *lūs

Saterland Frisian: Lúus

West Frisian: lûs

Old Saxon: *lūs

Middle Low German: lūs

Low German: Luus

Plautdietsch: Lus

Old Dutch: *lūs

Middle Dutch: luus, luys

Dutch: luis

Afrikaans: luis

Old High German: lūs

Middle High German: lūs

Cimbrian: laus

German: Laus

Hunsrik: Laus

Luxembourgish: Laus

Vilamovian: łaojs

Yiddish: לויז (loyz)


haug

haug (nominative singular)
haugō (nominative plural)
haugōs (nominative plural)
haug (accusative singular)
haugā (accusative plural)
haugas (genitive singular)
haugō (genitive plural)
haugē (dative singular)
haugum (dative plural)
haugu (instrumental singular)
haugum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hōg

Middle Low German: hôch, hö̂

German Low German: Hooch, Hööch

⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chil

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chillîn, hö̂chilîn

Old High German: houg (in compounds: steinenhoug, marchoug, etc.)

Middle High German: houc

⇒ Middle High German: hogil

⇒ German: Hügel

→ Old French: hoge (also possibly via Old Norse haugr)

⇒ Old French: ahoge, ahuge

→ Middle English: huge

Scots: huge, hudge

English: huge


brekan

brekan (infinitive)
brekannjas (genitive infinitive)
brekannjē (dative infinitive)
brekannju (infinitive instrumental)
breku (first-person present singular)
brak (first-person past singular)
brikiʀi (present second-person singular)
brākī (past second-person singular)
brikidi (present singular third-person)
brak (past singular third-person)
brekum (first-person plural present)
brākum (first-person past plural)
brikid (plural present second-person)
brākud (past plural second-person)
brekand (plural present third-person)
brākun (past plural third-person)
brekē (first-person present singular)
brākī (first-person past singular)
brekēs (present second-person singular)
brekē (present singular third-person)
brākī (past singular third-person)
brekēm (first-person plural present)
brākīm (first-person past plural)
brekēþ (plural present second-person)
brākīd (past plural second-person)
brekēn (plural present third-person)
brākīn (past plural third-person)
brik (present singular)
brikid (plural present)
brekandī (participle present)
brokan (participle past)

Old English: brecan

Middle English: breken

Scots: breke

English: break

desctree

Old Frisian: breka
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: breeg
Helgoland and Sylt: breek
Mooring: breege
Saterland Frisian: breke
West Frisian: brekke

Old Saxon: brekan

Middle Low German: breken

Low German: breken

→ Danish: brække

→ Norwegian Bokmål: brekke

→ Swedish: bräcka

Old Dutch: *brecan
Middle Dutch: brēken
Dutch: breken
Limburgish: braeke

Old High German: brehhan

Middle High German: brechen

German: brechen

Luxembourgish: briechen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: breche

Yiddish: ברעכן (brekhn)

→ Franco-Provençal: breyér

Bressan: brayë

Fribourgeois: brêyi

→ Old French: broiier (see there for further descendants)


sprekan

sprekan (infinitive)
sprekannjas (genitive infinitive)
sprekannjē (dative infinitive)
sprekannju (infinitive instrumental)
spreku (first-person present singular)
sprak (first-person past singular)
sprikiʀi (present second-person singular)
sprākī (past second-person singular)
sprikidi (present singular third-person)
sprak (past singular third-person)
sprekum (first-person plural present)
sprākum (first-person past plural)
sprikid (plural present second-person)
sprākud (past plural second-person)
sprekand (plural present third-person)
sprākun (past plural third-person)
sprekē (first-person present singular)
sprākī (first-person past singular)
sprekēs (present second-person singular)
sprekē (present singular third-person)
sprākī (past singular third-person)
sprekēm (first-person plural present)
sprākīm (first-person past plural)
sprekēþ (plural present second-person)
sprākīd (past plural second-person)
sprekēn (plural present third-person)
sprākīn (past plural third-person)
sprik (present singular)
sprikid (plural present)
sprekandī (participle present)
sprekan (participle past)

Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan
Middle English: speken
English: speak
Scots: speke, speik

Old Frisian: spreka
Saterland Frisian: spreke
West Frisian: sprekke

Old Saxon: sprekan
Middle Low German: sprēken
Low German: spreken
Plautdietsch: spräakjen

Old Dutch: sprecan
Middle Dutch: sprēken
Dutch: spreken
Limburgish: spraeke

Old High German: sprehhan, sprechan
Middle High German: sprëchen
Central Franconian: sjprèche
German: sprechen
→ Czech: šprechtit
→ Polish: szprechać
→ Serbo-Croatian: šprȅhati／шпре̏хати
→ Ukrainian: шпрехати (šprexaty)
Hunsrik: spreche
Luxembourgish: spriechen


watar

watar (nominative singular)
wataru (nominative plural)
watar (accusative singular)
wataru (accusative plural)
wataras (genitive singular)
watarō (genitive plural)
watarē (dative singular)
watarum (dative plural)
wataru (instrumental singular)
watarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæter
Middle English: water, watere, watir, waterre
English: water (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: watter, wetter
Scots: watter
Yola: waudher, wadher

Old Frisian: weter, water, wetir
North Frisian: weeter, woar, waer, waar
Föhr-Amrum: weeder
Mooring: wååder
Saterland Frisian: Woater
West Frisian: wetter

Old Saxon: watar
Middle Low German: wāter
Dutch Low Saxon: water (Drents, Twents)
Low German: Water
Plautdietsch: Wota

Old Dutch: watar, watir, uuatar, uuatir
Middle Dutch: wāter
Dutch: water
Afrikaans: water
Javindo: water
Negerhollands: watu, water, water, waeter
Petjo: watter
Skepi Creole Dutch: water
→? Sranan Tongo: watra
→ Aukan: wataa
→ Saramaccan: wáta
Limburgish: water
West Flemish: woater

Old High German: wazzar, wazar, wazzer, waszer
Middle High German: waȥȥer
Alemannic German: Wasser, Wâser
Alsatian: Wasser, Wâsser, Wàser
Italian Walser: wasser, wàsser
Bavarian: Wåsser, Wossa
Cimbrian: bassar, bazzar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Gottscheerish: boßər, bàsser
Mòcheno: bòsser
Udinese: bosser, bosar, bòsser
Central Franconian: Wasser, Waßer
Hunsrik: Wasser, waser
Transylvanian Saxon: Wåsser
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Woasser, Wosser, Wasser
Upper Saxon German: Wassor
German: Wasser
Unserdeutsch: Wasser
Luxembourgish: Waasser
Rhine Franconian: Wasser
Hessian: Wassä
Pennsylvania German: Wasser
Vilamovian: wosser, woser
Yiddish: וואַסער (vaser)


himil

himil (nominative singular)
himilō (nominative plural)
himilōs (nominative plural)
himil (accusative singular)
himilā (accusative plural)
himilas (genitive singular)
himilō (genitive plural)
himilē (dative singular)
himilum (dative plural)
himilu (instrumental singular)
himilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: himul

Saterland Frisian: Heemel

West Frisian: himel

Old Saxon: himil
Middle Low German: hemmel, hēmel
German Low German:
Ostfriesisch (East Frisian Low Saxon): Hemel, Himmel
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: Hiəmel
Lippisch, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Hemmel
Sauerländisch: Hiemel, Heämel (Wenden)
Westmünsterländisch: Himmel
Plautdietsch: Himmel
→ Norwegian: himmel
→ Old Swedish: himil
Swedish: himmel
→ Finnish: himmeli
→ Old Danish: *himæl
Danish: himmel
→ Gutnish: himmel

Old Dutch: himil
Middle Dutch: hēmel
Dutch: hemel
Afrikaans: hemel
Limburgish: hieëmel

Old High German: himil
Middle High German: himel
Swabian: Hemmel, Hemml, Himml
Bavarian: Himmi, Himml
Cimbrian: hümmel, hümbl (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Himmel, Hemmel
Hunsrik: Himmel
Luxembourgish: Himmel
Transylvanian Saxon: Hemmel
German: Himmel
Rhine Franconian: Himmel
Pennsylvania German: Himmel
Yiddish: הימל (himl)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from Proto-Germanic *himinaz with nasal dissimilation, perhaps under the influence of *sōwul ~ *sunnā (“sun”),
* from an older heteroclitic l/n-stem alongside Proto-Germanic *himinaz,
* cognate with Proto-Germanic *himinaz derived from a separate suffix.
Assuming a nasal dissimilation of Proto-Germanic *hemnaz to *hebnaz, doublet with *hebun.


skulan

Old English: sċulan, sċeolan
Middle English: schulen
English: shall, should
Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)
Yola: shell, shall, shul

Old Frisian: skela, skila

Saterland Frisian: skälle

West Frisian: sille

Old Saxon: skulan
Middle Low German: schȫlen, schöllen, schullen, sȫlen, scölen
Low German: schölen, sölen, schüllen, schöllen
German Low German: schölen, sölen, sallen

Old Dutch: sulan
Middle Dutch: sullen
Dutch: zullen
Afrikaans: sal
Jersey Dutch: zal
Negerhollands: sa, sal
Skepi Creole Dutch: sa
Limburgish: zölle, zólle

Old High German: skulan, sulan, scolan

desc

Middle High German: süln, suln, scholen, schulen, sollen, saln, soln

Alemannic German: solle

Bavarian: soin, solln

desctree

Central Franconian: solle
Hunsrik: solle
Luxembourgish: sollen

German: sollen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: solle

Yiddish: זאָלן (zoln)

From Proto-Germanic *skulaną. The change of sk to s observed in many languages is probably attributable to the word’s common appearance in unstressed position.


gangan

gangan (infinitive)
gangannjas (genitive infinitive)
gangannjē (dative infinitive)
gangannju (infinitive instrumental)
gangu (first-person present singular)
geang (first-person past singular)
gangiʀi (present second-person singular)
geangī (past second-person singular)
gangidi (present singular third-person)
geang (past singular third-person)
gangum (first-person plural present)
geangum (first-person past plural)
gangid (plural present second-person)
geangud (past plural second-person)
gangand (plural present third-person)
geangun (past plural third-person)
gangē (first-person present singular)
geangī (first-person past singular)
gangēs (present second-person singular)
gangē (present singular third-person)
geangī (past singular third-person)
gangēm (first-person plural present)
geangīm (first-person past plural)
gangēþ (plural present second-person)
geangīd (past plural second-person)
gangēn (plural present third-person)
geangīn (past plural third-person)
gang (present singular)
gangid (plural present)
gangandī (participle present)
gangan (participle past)

Old English: gangan, gongan, gancgan
Middle English: gangen, gongen
English: gang
Scots: gang

Old Frisian: ganga, gunga

Saterland Frisian: gunge (“in part”)

Old Saxon: gangan
Middle Low German: gangen

Old Dutch: *gangan

Middle Dutch: gangen (only in rhyme)

Old High German: gangan
Middle High German: gangen
Swabian: ganga
⇒ Central Franconian: jeng, jejange; jank (suppletive past forms and imperative of john)
⇒ German: ging, gegangen (suppletive past forms of gehen)


missa-

Old English: mis-
Middle English: mys-, mes-, mis-
English: mis-
Scots: mis-

Old Frisian: mis-

Saterland Frisian: mis-

West Frisian: mis-

Old Saxon: mis-

Middle Low German: mis-, misse-

German Low German: miss-

Old Dutch: mis-
Middle Dutch: mis-
Dutch: mis-
Afrikaans: mis-

Old High German: missa-, missi-

Middle High German: misse-

German: miss-, mis-

→ Vulgar Latin: *messa-

Old French: mes-

Middle French: mes-

French: més-, mé-

Occitan: mes-


faitid

faitid (masculine nominative singular)
faitidu (feminine nominative singular)
faitid (neuter nominative singular)
faitidanā (accusative masculine singular)
faitidā (accusative feminine singular)
faitid (accusative neuter singular)
faitidas (genitive masculine singular)
faitideʀā (feminine genitive singular)
faitidas (genitive neuter singular)
faitidumē (dative masculine singular)
faitideʀē (dative feminine singular)
faitidumē (dative neuter singular)
faitidu (instrumental masculine singular)
faitideʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
faitidu (instrumental neuter singular)
faitidē (masculine nominative plural)
faitidō (feminine nominative plural)
faitidu (neuter nominative plural)
faitidā (accusative masculine plural)
faitidā (accusative feminine plural)
faitidu (accusative neuter plural)
faitideʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faitideʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faitideʀō (genitive neuter plural)
faitidēm (dative masculine plural)
faitidum (dative masculine plural)
faitidēm (dative feminine plural)
faitidum (dative feminine plural)
faitidēm (dative neuter plural)
faitidum (dative neuter plural)
faitidēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faitidum (instrumental masculine plural)
faitidēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faitidum (feminine instrumental plural)
faitidēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faitidum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fǣtt
Middle English: fat, faat, fet, feet, vat, vet
English: fat
Sranan Tongo: fatu
Scots: fat

Old Frisian: fatt, fet

Saterland Frisian: fat

West Frisian: fet

Old Saxon: *fētid

Middle Low German: vet, vetten

→ German: fett

→ Yiddish: פֿעט (fet)

⇒ Old Saxon: *fētidian, *fēttian

Middle Low German: vetten

Old Dutch: *fētit, *fett

Middle Dutch: vet
Dutch: vet
Afrikaans: vet
Berbice Creole Dutch: fete
Negerhollands: vet, fet
→ Papiamentu: vèt
Limburgish: vèt

Old High German: feizit
Middle High German: veizt
Cimbrian: bòas
German: feist

⇒ Old High German: *feiziten, *feizten

Middle High German: veizten

German: feißten

⇒ Old High German: feizitī

Middle High German: veizte

German: Feiste

Yiddish: פֿעץ (fets)

Past participle of *faitijan (“to make fat”).


-mō

-mō (nominative singular)
-man (nominative plural)
-man (accusative singular)
-man (accusative plural)
-mini (genitive singular)
-man (genitive singular)
-manō (genitive plural)
-mini (dative singular)
-man (dative singular)
-mum (dative plural)
-mini (instrumental singular)
-man (instrumental singular)
-mum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: -ma

West Frisian: -me, -tme (literary)

Old Saxon: -mo

Old High German: -mo, -amo, -emo

From Proto-Germanic *-mô, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.

(rare) Forms abstract nouns from verbs, denoting a quality, state, or instrument.


blōdisōn

blōdisōn (infinitive)
blōdisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
blōdisōnijē (dative infinitive)
blōdisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
blōdisō (first-person present singular)
blōdisōdā (first-person past singular)
blōdisōs (present second-person singular)
blōdisōdēs (past second-person singular)
blōdisōdōs (past second-person singular)
blōdisōþ (present singular third-person)
blōdisōdē (past singular third-person)
blōdisōdā (past singular third-person)
blōdisōm (first-person plural present)
blōdisōdum (first-person past plural)
blōdisōþ (plural present second-person)
blōdisōdud (past plural second-person)
blōdisōnþ (plural present third-person)
blōdisōdun (past plural third-person)
blōdisōdī (first-person past singular)
blōdisōdī (past second-person singular)
blōdisō (present singular third-person)
blōdisōdī (past singular third-person)
blōdisōdīm (first-person past plural)
blōdisōdīd (past plural second-person)
blōdisōn (plural present third-person)
blōdisōdīn (past plural third-person)
blōdisō (present singular)
blōdisōþ (plural present)
blōdisōndī (participle present)
blōdisōd (participle past)

Old English: blēdsian, blētsian

Middle English: blessen

Scots: bles

English: bless

→ Old Norse: bletza, bleza

Icelandic: blessa


labōn

labōn (infinitive)
labōnijas (genitive infinitive)
labōnijē (dative infinitive)
labōniju (infinitive instrumental)
labō (first-person present singular)
labōdā (first-person past singular)
labōs (present second-person singular)
labōdēs (past second-person singular)
labōdōs (past second-person singular)
labōþ (present singular third-person)
labōdē (past singular third-person)
labōdā (past singular third-person)
labōm (first-person plural present)
labōdum (first-person past plural)
labōþ (plural present second-person)
labōdud (past plural second-person)
labōnþ (plural present third-person)
labōdun (past plural third-person)
labōdī (first-person past singular)
labōdī (past second-person singular)
labō (present singular third-person)
labōdī (past singular third-person)
labōdīm (first-person past plural)
labōdīd (past plural second-person)
labōn (plural present third-person)
labōdīn (past plural third-person)
labō (present singular)
labōþ (plural present)
labōndī (participle present)
labōd (participle past)

Old English: lafian
Middle English: lavien, laven
English: lave, lavish
Scots: lave

Old Frisian: *lavia

⇒ West Frisian: lauwgje

Old Saxon: lavōn, labōn
Middle Low German: lāven
German Low German: laven

Old Dutch: lavon
Middle Dutch: lāven
Dutch: laven
Afrikaans: laaf, lawe
→ West Frisian: laavje
Limburgish: lave

Old High German: labōn

Middle High German: laben

German: laben

Of uncertain and disputed origin.
Possibly from Latin lavō (“to wash, bathe”), though Latin v usually becomes f or w in West Germanic (e.g. *lafendulā, *pulwī, *wall), not b; also, the early West Germanic meanings are difficult to explain, as they do not convey the meaning of "wash" or "bathe". Old High German labōn exclusively means "to refresh, revitalize, invigorate, strengthen, provide sustenance". Not until Middle High German did laben additionally come to mean "wash, bathe with water" (in addition to the existing senses). Likewise, the earliest Old English meaning was "to pour", not "wash, bathe with water". Old Saxon lavōn only means "refresh", and Middle Low German lāven means "refresh, revitalise, provide with food and drink" and never "wash, bathe with water". Indeed, Low German laven today still signifies "refresh/replenish (oneself), feast". Middle and Modern Dutch also mean "refresh, slake one's thirst", not "wash". Only through sound-alike influence from Latin lavō and Old French laver does Middle and Modern English acquire the meaning "wash" or "bathe" (in addition to earlier senses).
Alternatively, perhaps related to Ancient Greek λωφάω (lōpháō, “to recover, rest”), itself of unknown origin.

entlaben

Old High German: *antlabōn; Middle High German

(transitive) to refresh or revitalise with food, drink, warmth, etc.

gelaben

Middle High German: gelaben (“to recover from, recuperate, become strong”)


fragetan

fragetan (infinitive)
fragetannjas (genitive infinitive)
fragetannjē (dative infinitive)
fragetannju (infinitive instrumental)
fragetu (first-person present singular)
fragat (first-person past singular)
fragitiʀi (present second-person singular)
fragātī (past second-person singular)
fragitidi (present singular third-person)
fragat (past singular third-person)
fragetum (first-person plural present)
fragātum (first-person past plural)
fragitid (plural present second-person)
fragātud (past plural second-person)
fragetand (plural present third-person)
fragātun (past plural third-person)
fragetē (first-person present singular)
fragātī (first-person past singular)
fragetēs (present second-person singular)
fragetē (present singular third-person)
fragātī (past singular third-person)
fragetēm (first-person plural present)
fragātīm (first-person past plural)
fragetēþ (plural present second-person)
fragātīd (past plural second-person)
fragetēn (plural present third-person)
fragātīn (past plural third-person)
fragit (present singular)
fragitid (plural present)
fragetandī (participle present)
fragetan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: forġietan, forġitan, forġytan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: forʒeten, forʒiten, forʒuten, forgeten, forgetten, forgitten (influenced by Old Norse geta)
English: forget, foryete
Scots: forget, forgit, forgett, foirgett, foryet, foryat, furyatt

Old Frisian: forieta, urieta
Saterland Frisian: ferjeete
West Frisian: ferjitte

Old Saxon: fargetan
Middle Low German: vorgēten
Low German:
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: vergät'n
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: vergeten
Northern Low Saxon: vergäten, vergeten
Eastphalian: vergetten
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: vegetten
Lippisch: vergätten
Sauerländisch: vergiäten
Westmünsterländisch: vergääten, vergetten
Plautdietsch: vejäten
Dutch Low Saxon:
Achterhoeks: vergaet'n
Drents: vergeetn
Gronings: vergaiten, vergett'n
Twents: vergett'n
→ Old Danish:
Danish: forgæde, forgætte
→ Old Swedish: forgæta
Swedish: förgäta

Old Dutch: fargetan
Middle Dutch: vergēten
Dutch: vergeten
Afrikaans: vergeet
Berbice Creole Dutch: frugete, furgete
Jersey Dutch: verxête
→? Aukan: fegeete
→? Kwinti: fregeti
→? Saramaccan: fèèketè
Limburgish: vergaete

Old High German: firgezzan, vergezzen

Middle High German: vergëzzen

desc

Cimbrian: vorghessan, borghessan (Mezzaselva)

German: vergessen

Luxembourgish: vergiessen

Yiddish: פֿאַרגעסן (fargesn)

to forget (i.e. to lose hold of in one's mind)


hramusō

hramusō (nominative singular)
hramusan (nominative plural)
hramusan (accusative singular)
hramusan (accusative plural)
hramusini (genitive singular)
hramusan (genitive singular)
hramusanō (genitive plural)
hramusini (dative singular)
hramusan (dative singular)
hramusum (dative plural)
hramusini (instrumental singular)
hramusan (instrumental singular)
hramusum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hramsa, hromsa, hramse, ramesa
Middle English: ramson, ramsoun, rameson, ramesen, rampson, rampsoun
English: ramson, buckrams, rams, ramps (dialectal)
Scots: ramps, ramsh

Old Saxon: *hramuso, *hremiso

Middle Low German: ramese, remese

→ Danish: rams (dialectal)

⇒ Danish: ramsløg

Norwegian Bokmål: ramsløk

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: ramslauk

→ Old Swedish: rams

Swedish: rams

⇒ Swedish: ramslök

Old Dutch: *ramuso

Middle Dutch: *ramese

Dutch: rams

Old High German: *hramuso, *ramuso,

Middle High German: *ramese

German: Rams

desc

Bavarian: Ramsel, Ramsenwurz, Ramschenwurz

From Proto-Germanic *hramusô, from Proto-Indo-European *krómus-ō ~ *kr̥mus-nés, from *kermus-, *kremus- (“wild garlic”). Cognate with Lithuanian kermùšė (“wild garlic”), Proto-Slavic *čermъša (“ramson”), Ancient Greek κρόμμυον (krómmuon, “onion”), Middle Irish crim (“garlic”).


ūt

head

*ūt (comparative *ūtiʀō, superlative *ūtist(ō))

desctree

Old English: ūt
Middle English: oute, out, ut, ute, uth, wt, uot
English: out
Geordie English: oot
Scots: out, oot
Yola: udh, uth, ut, out, outh

Old Frisian: ūt

Saterland Frisian: uut

West Frisian: út

Old Saxon: ūt
Middle Low German: ût
German Low German: uut
Low German: ut

Old Dutch: ūt
Middle Dutch: uut, ute
Dutch: uit
Afrikaans: uit
Berbice Creole Dutch: oiti
Jersey Dutch: äut
Negerhollands: ut, it, yt

Old High German: ūz
Middle High German: ūz
Alemannic German: us
Cimbrian: aus, auz (Luserna)
German: aus
Luxembourgish: aus
Yiddish: אויס (oys)


nistijan

nistijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
nistijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
nistijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
nistijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
nistiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nistidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nistisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nistidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nistidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nistiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nistidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nistidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nistijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nistidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nistiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nistidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nistijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nistidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nistijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nistidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nistijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nistidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nistijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nistidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nistijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nistidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nistijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nistidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nistijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nistidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nisti (class-1 present singular weak)
nistiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
nistijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
nistid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: nistan, nistian

Middle English: nisten, nesten

English: nest

Scots: nest

Old Frisian: *nistia, *nestia

Saterland Frisian: näästje

Old Saxon: *nistian

Middle Low German: nesten

German Low German: nüsten

Old Dutch: *nisten

Middle Dutch: nesten

Dutch: nesten

Old High German: nistian, nisten

Middle High German: nisten

German: nisten


dalk

dalk (nominative singular)
dalkō (nominative plural)
dalkōs (nominative plural)
dalk (accusative singular)
dalkā (accusative plural)
dalkas (genitive singular)
dalkō (genitive plural)
dalkē (dative singular)
dalkum (dative plural)
dalku (instrumental singular)
dalkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dalc, dolc
Middle English: dalk, dalke
English: dalk, (dialectal) dawk


leut

leut (masculine nominative singular)
leutu (feminine nominative singular)
leut (neuter nominative singular)
leutanā (accusative masculine singular)
leutā (accusative feminine singular)
leut (accusative neuter singular)
leutas (genitive masculine singular)
leuteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
leutas (genitive neuter singular)
leutumē (dative masculine singular)
leuteʀē (dative feminine singular)
leutumē (dative neuter singular)
leutu (instrumental masculine singular)
leuteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
leutu (instrumental neuter singular)
leutē (masculine nominative plural)
leutō (feminine nominative plural)
leutu (neuter nominative plural)
leutā (accusative masculine plural)
leutā (accusative feminine plural)
leutu (accusative neuter plural)
leuteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
leuteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
leuteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
leutēm (dative masculine plural)
leutum (dative masculine plural)
leutēm (dative feminine plural)
leutum (dative feminine plural)
leutēm (dative neuter plural)
leutum (dative neuter plural)
leutēm (instrumental masculine plural)
leutum (instrumental masculine plural)
leutēm (feminine instrumental plural)
leutum (feminine instrumental plural)
leutēm (instrumental neuter plural)
leutum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: liāt

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) deceitful, deceptive


jagōn

jagōn (infinitive)
jagōnijas (genitive infinitive)
jagōnijē (dative infinitive)
jagōniju (infinitive instrumental)
jagō (first-person present singular)
jagōdā (first-person past singular)
jagōs (present second-person singular)
jagōdēs (past second-person singular)
jagōdōs (past second-person singular)
jagōþ (present singular third-person)
jagōdē (past singular third-person)
jagōdā (past singular third-person)
jagōm (first-person plural present)
jagōdum (first-person past plural)
jagōþ (plural present second-person)
jagōdud (past plural second-person)
jagōnþ (plural present third-person)
jagōdun (past plural third-person)
jagōdī (first-person past singular)
jagōdī (past second-person singular)
jagō (present singular third-person)
jagōdī (past singular third-person)
jagōdīm (first-person past plural)
jagōdīd (past plural second-person)
jagōn (plural present third-person)
jagōdīn (past plural third-person)
jagō (present singular)
jagōþ (plural present)
jagōndī (participle present)
jagōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: jagia

Saterland Frisian: joagje

West Frisian: jeie

Old Saxon: *jagōn
Middle Low German: jāgen
Low German: jagen, jogen
German Low German: jagen
→ Old Norse: jaga
Faroese: jaga
Old Danish: jæge
Danish: jage
Swedish: jaga
Norwegian Bokmål: jage
Norwegian Nynorsk: jaga, jage
Gutnish: jage, jaga, jag'
→ Middle English: *yagen, *yawen
>? English: yaw
Scots: yaag
⇒ Scots: yaggle

Old Dutch: *jagon

Middle Dutch: jagen
Dutch: jagen
Afrikaans: jaag
Berbice Creole Dutch: jagi
Negerhollands: jaak, jaag, ak
→ Aukan: yaki
→ Kwinti: jagi
→ Papiamentu: yag, jaag
→ Saramaccan: jáka
→ Sranan Tongo: yagi, yagigwe, djaggi
→ Caribbean Javanese: yagi, ngyagi
Limburgish: jage
Zealandic: jaege

Old High German: jagōn
Middle High German: jagen
Alemannic German: jage
Cimbrian: jaagan
German: jagen
Hunsrik: jachte
Luxembourgish: joen
Yiddish: יאָגן (yogn)
>? Proto-Albanian: *jaxånj-
Albanian: gjuaj

Stem variant of Proto-Germanic *jakkōną, which possibly continues Pre-Germanic *Hyogʰneh₂- or *Hyh₂gʰneh₂-. If so, it could be connected with Sanskrit समीहते (samīhate, “to desire”).


fastu

fastu (nominative singular)
fastō (nominative plural)
fastā (accusative singular)
fastā (accusative plural)
fastā (genitive singular)
fastō (genitive plural)
fastē (dative singular)
fastōm (dative plural)
fastum (dative plural)
fastu (instrumental singular)
fastōm (instrumental plural)
fastum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: feste

Saterland Frisian: festa

Old Saxon: fasta

Middle Low German: vaste, vast

Old Dutch: *fasta

Middle Dutch: vaste

Old High German: fasta

Middle High German: vaste, faste

→ Proto-Slavic: *postъ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *fastō, *fastǭ. Equivalent to *fastēn (“to fast”) + *-u. Cognate with Old Norse fasta.


egalu

egalu (nominative singular)
egalō (nominative plural)
egalā (accusative singular)
egalā (accusative plural)
egalā (genitive singular)
egalō (genitive plural)
egalē (dative singular)
egalōm (dative plural)
egalum (dative plural)
egalu (instrumental singular)
egalōm (instrumental plural)
egalum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: egela

Middle Low German: ēgele, ēgel

Old Dutch: *egela

Middle Dutch: ēgele, ēchel

Dutch: echel

Old High German: egala

Middle High German: egel, egele

German: Egel


dungu

dungu (nominative singular)
dungō (nominative plural)
dungā (accusative singular)
dungā (accusative plural)
dungā (genitive singular)
dungō (genitive plural)
dungē (dative singular)
dungōm (dative plural)
dungum (dative plural)
dungu (instrumental singular)
dungōm (instrumental plural)
dungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dung, ding
Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung

Old Frisian: dung

North Frisian: dong

West Frisian: dong

Old Dutch: *dunga

Middle Dutch: donge

Dutch: dong

Old High German: tunga

Middle High German: tunge

From Proto-Germanic *dungō (“earth, dung”).


mahō

mahō (nominative singular)
mahan (nominative plural)
mahan (accusative singular)
mahan (accusative plural)
mahini (genitive singular)
mahan (genitive singular)
mahanō (genitive plural)
mahini (dative singular)
mahan (dative singular)
mahum (dative plural)
mahini (instrumental singular)
mahan (instrumental singular)
mahum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: māho

Middle Low German: mân

German Low German: Mahn, Maon

Old Dutch: *māho

Middle Dutch: maen, mane

Old High German: maho, mago
Middle High German: mahe, mahen, mān, magen, mage
Cimbrian: mago
German: Mohn
→ Estonian: moon
Swabian: mage
→ Estonian: magun
→ Latvian: magone
→ Lithuanian: aguona

From Proto-Germanic *mōhô ~ *makkaz ~ *magini.

Mohnsamen

Middle High German: magensāme, magesāme, mogesāme


warg

warg (nominative singular)
wargō (nominative plural)
wargōs (nominative plural)
warg (accusative singular)
wargā (accusative plural)
wargas (genitive singular)
wargō (genitive plural)
wargē (dative singular)
wargum (dative plural)
wargu (instrumental singular)
wargum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wearg, warg, werg, wearh
Middle English: wari, weri
→ Medieval Latin: wargus, vargus
→ English: wargus

Old Saxon: warg, warag

Old Dutch: *warg

Middle Dutch: werch, warch

Dutch: warg

Old High German: warg

Middle High German: warc


aik

aik (nominative singular)
aiki (nominative plural)
aiku (accusative singular)
aiki (accusative plural)
aiki (genitive singular)
aikō (genitive plural)
aiki (dative singular)
aikum (dative plural)
aiki (instrumental singular)
aikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āc, ǣċ, aac
Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik (south)

Old Frisian: ēk

North Frisian: ik

Saterland Frisian: Eeke

West Frisian: iik

Old Saxon: ēk
Middle Low German: êke, êk
Low German: Eek
Plautdietsch: Ieekj

Old Dutch: *eik, *ēk

Middle Dutch: eike, êke

Dutch: eik, eek

Afrikaans: eik

Old High German: eih
Middle High German: eich
Bavarian: Oach
Cimbrian: aicha
Central Franconian: Ääch, Eech, Eich
Hunsrik: Eich
Luxembourgish: Eech
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aach
East Franconian:
German: Eiche
Rhine Franconian: Ääch, Eech
Frankfurterisch: Aasch [aːʃ]


hinan

Old English: hinan

Old Saxon: hinan

Old Dutch: hinan

Middle Dutch: hēnen

Dutch: heen

Old High German: hinan


staur

staur (nominative singular)
staurō (nominative plural)
staurōs (nominative plural)
staur (accusative singular)
staurā (accusative plural)
stauras (genitive singular)
staurō (genitive plural)
staurē (dative singular)
staurum (dative plural)
stauru (instrumental singular)
staurum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *stōr

Middle Dutch: stoor


pāli

pāli (nominative singular)
pālī (nominative plural)
pāli (accusative singular)
pālī (accusative plural)
pālī (genitive singular)
pālijō (genitive plural)
pālī (dative singular)
pālim (dative plural)
pālijum (dative plural)
pālī (instrumental singular)
pālim (instrumental plural)
pālijum (instrumental plural)

i

Old English: pǣl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)

Old Frisian: pēl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)

North Frisian: pil

Saterland Frisian: Peel

Old Saxon: pāl (inflected as an i-stem)

Old High German: pfāl, phāl (inflected as an i-stem)


stiki

stiki (nominative singular)
stikī (nominative plural)
stiki (accusative singular)
stikī (accusative plural)
stikī (genitive singular)
stikkjō (genitive plural)
stikī (dative singular)
stikim (dative plural)
stikkjum (dative plural)
stikī (instrumental singular)
stikim (instrumental plural)
stikkjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: stiċe
Middle English: stiche, stecche, steche, sticche, sticke, stych, styche, styk
English: stitch
Scots: steek, stick

Old Frisian: steke, stek

Saterland Frisian: Stäk, Stääk

Old Saxon: stiki

desc

Middle Low German: stēke, stēk, stecke, stik

German Low German: Steek

Old Dutch: *stiki

Middle Dutch: stēke

Dutch: steek

Afrikaans: steek

Old High German: stih

Middle High German: stich

Alemannic German: Stich, Stuch

Central Franconian: Stech, Stöch, Stoch

Luxembourgish: Stach

German: Stich

→ Saterland Frisian: Stik


tribut

tribut (nominative singular)
tributō (nominative plural)
tributōs (nominative plural)
tribut (accusative singular)
tributā (accusative plural)
tributas (genitive singular)
tributō (genitive plural)
tributē (dative singular)
tributum (dative plural)
tributu (instrumental singular)
tributum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trifet, trifot

Old Frisian: tribūt, tribuet

Old High German: tribuz


anþar

anþar (masculine nominative singular)
anþaru (feminine nominative singular)
anþar (neuter nominative singular)
anþaranā (accusative masculine singular)
anþarā (accusative feminine singular)
anþar (accusative neuter singular)
anþaras (genitive masculine singular)
anþareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
anþaras (genitive neuter singular)
anþarumē (dative masculine singular)
anþareʀē (dative feminine singular)
anþarumē (dative neuter singular)
anþaru (instrumental masculine singular)
anþareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
anþaru (instrumental neuter singular)
anþarē (masculine nominative plural)
anþarō (feminine nominative plural)
anþaru (neuter nominative plural)
anþarā (accusative masculine plural)
anþarā (accusative feminine plural)
anþaru (accusative neuter plural)
anþareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
anþareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
anþareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
anþarēm (dative masculine plural)
anþarum (dative masculine plural)
anþarēm (dative feminine plural)
anþarum (dative feminine plural)
anþarēm (dative neuter plural)
anþarum (dative neuter plural)
anþarēm (instrumental masculine plural)
anþarum (instrumental masculine plural)
anþarēm (feminine instrumental plural)
anþarum (feminine instrumental plural)
anþarēm (instrumental neuter plural)
anþarum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ōþer; ander- (prefix)

Middle English: other

Scots: uther, ither

English: other

desctree

Old Frisian: ōther
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: öler
Hallig: öör
Helgoland: uur
Mooring: ouder
Sylt: üđer
Saterland Frisian: uur, our
West Frisian: oar

Old Saxon: ōthar, āther, āthar, andar

desc

Middle Low German: âr, ander, ender, enger

qualifier

Low German: anner (most dialects), ander (many southern dialects, Plautdietsch), anger (some southern dialects, some Low Prussian and Pomoranian dialects), Plautdietsch spellings: aunda, aundra

Old Dutch: andar, ander, *athar

Middle Dutch: ander, aer

Dutch: ander, aâr

Afrikaans: ander

West Flemish: aajer (French Flanders)

desctree

Old High German: andar
Middle High German: ander
Cimbrian: andar
German: anderer, ander
Hunsrik: anere
Luxembourgish: aner
Mòcheno: ònder
Yiddish: אַנדער (ander)


gamunan

Old English: ġemunan

From Proto-Germanic *gamunaną. Equivalent to *ga- + *munan.


kinnu

kinnu (nominative singular)
kinniwi (nominative plural)
kinnō (nominative plural)
kinnu (accusative singular)
kinnū (accusative plural)
kinnō (genitive singular)
kinniwō (genitive plural)
kinniwi (dative singular)
kinnō (dative singular)
kinnum (dative plural)
kinnu (instrumental singular)
kinnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċinn f, ċin, ċyn
Middle English: chyn, chin, chinne, chynne, shyne, schyn
English: chin
Scots: chin, chyn

Old Frisian: zin

Old Saxon: kinni n
Middle Low German: kinne, kin
Low German: Kinn
→ Old Frisian: kin, ken
West Frisian: kin

Old Dutch: kinni n

Middle Dutch: kinne
Dutch: kin
Afrikaans: kin
Negerhollands: kin
→ Papiamentu: kenchi, kinnetje, kintsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: kin
→ German: Kiene (dialectal)

Old High German: kinni n, chinni
Middle High German: kinne, kin
Alemannic German: Chimmi
German: Kinn
Luxembourgish: Kënn
Yiddish: קין (kin)

q

→? Old French: (“teeth (of a dog or baby)”) [1174, Lorraine, France] (alternatively from or influenced in meaning by chien (“dog”))

Anglo-Norman: quenne, quienne

Old French: quenne

Old Northern French: cane

Picard Old French: kenne


stautan

stautan (infinitive)
stautannjas (genitive infinitive)
stautannjē (dative infinitive)
stautannju (infinitive instrumental)
stautu (first-person present singular)
steōt (first-person past singular)
stautiʀi (present second-person singular)
steōtī (past second-person singular)
stautidi (present singular third-person)
steōt (past singular third-person)
stautum (first-person plural present)
steōtum (first-person past plural)
stautid (plural present second-person)
steōtud (past plural second-person)
stautand (plural present third-person)
steōtun (past plural third-person)
stautē (first-person present singular)
steōtī (first-person past singular)
stautēs (present second-person singular)
stautē (present singular third-person)
steōtī (past singular third-person)
stautēm (first-person plural present)
steōtīm (first-person past plural)
stautēþ (plural present second-person)
steōtīd (past plural second-person)
stautēn (plural present third-person)
steōtīn (past plural third-person)
staut (present singular)
stautid (plural present)
stautandī (participle present)
stautan (participle past)

Old English: *stēatan

Middle English: steten

Old Frisian: stēta

North Frisian: stiete

Saterland Frisian: stete, steete

West Frisian: stjitte

Old Saxon: stōtan

Middle Low German: stôten

German Low German: stöten

desctree

Old Dutch: stōtan
Middle Dutch: stôten
Dutch: stoten
Afrikaans: stoot
Limburgish: stoeate

Old High German: stōzan

Middle High German: stōzen

German: stoßen

Hunsrik: stose

Luxembourgish: stoussen

Polish: stosować


aiw

aiw (nominative singular)
aiwō (nominative plural)
aiwōs (nominative plural)
aiw (accusative singular)
aiwā (accusative plural)
aiwas (genitive singular)
aiwō (genitive plural)
aiwē (dative singular)
aiwum (dative plural)
aiwu (instrumental singular)
aiwum (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old English: āwa, ā (adverb)

Middle English: ō, ā

Old Frisian: ēwa; ēwe, ē

West Frisian: iuw

⇒ Old Frisian: ā (adverb)

Old Saxon: ēo, io, ēu, ē (also adverb)

Middle Low German: ê, ee, eje, ewe
German Low German: Ehe

Old Dutch: ēwa

Middle Dutch: êwe, êeu
Dutch: eeuw
Afrikaans: eeu
Limburgish: ieuw

⇒ Old Dutch: io (adverb)

Middle Dutch: ie

Old High German: ēwa, ēo, ēa

Middle High German: ēwe, ê
Alemannic German: Ee, E-e
German: Ehe

⇒ Old High German: io (adverb)

Middle High German: ie

German: je


aiw

Old English: ǣw m, ǣ f

Middle English: æ, e

Old Frisian: ēwe, ē m, ā f

Old Saxon: ēo m

Old Dutch: ēwa f

Old High German: ēwa f

Middle High German: ēwe f, ē f

Uncertain; probably from *aiw (“long time, age, eternity”), compare the semantics of cognates Latin iūs (“law”), Proto-Brythonic *jʉð (“judge”).


hunsl

hunsl (nominative singular)
hunslu (nominative plural)
hunsl (accusative singular)
hunslu (accusative plural)
hunslas (genitive singular)
hunslō (genitive plural)
hunslē (dative singular)
hunslum (dative plural)
hunslu (instrumental singular)
hunslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hūsl, hūsel

Middle English: howsil, housel, hoosyl, hosel, hosil, hosill, hosol, housil, housul, housyl, housyll, howsel, howsell, howsill, husel, husell, husul
English: housel (archaic)
Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)


witi

witi (nominative singular)
wittju (nominative plural)
witi (accusative singular)
wittju (accusative plural)
wittjas (genitive singular)
wittjō (genitive plural)
wittjē (dative singular)
wittjum (dative plural)
wittju (instrumental singular)
wittjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: witt

Middle English: witt, witte, wit, wyt

Scots: quyt, wit, wyt

English: wit

Old Frisian: witt, wit

Old Saxon: *witt, *wit (in compounds)

Middle Low German: wit, wite, wete

German Low German: Weet

Old Dutch: *witti

Middle Dutch: witte, wit, wet

Dutch: wit

Old High German: wizzi

Middle High German: witze

German: Witz
→ Bulgarian: виц (vic)
→ Danish: vits
→ Finnish: vitsi
→ Hungarian: vicc
→ Low German: Witz
→ Macedonian: виц (vic)
→ Norwegian: vits
→ Saterland Frisian: Wits
→ Serbo-Croatian: vic
→ Polish: wic
→ Silesian: wic
→ Slovene: vic
→ Swedish: vits
→ Ukrainian: віц (vic)

Hunsrik: Witz

Luxembourgish: Witz

Yiddish: וויץ (vits)


mawi

mawi (masculine nominative singular)
mauwju (feminine nominative singular)
mawi (neuter nominative singular)
mauwjanā (accusative masculine singular)
mauwjā (accusative feminine singular)
mawi (accusative neuter singular)
mauwjas (genitive masculine singular)
mauwjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mauwjas (genitive neuter singular)
mauwjumē (dative masculine singular)
mauwjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
mauwjumē (dative neuter singular)
mauwju (instrumental masculine singular)
mauwjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
mauwju (instrumental neuter singular)
mauwjē (masculine nominative plural)
mauwjō (feminine nominative plural)
mauwju (neuter nominative plural)
mauwjā (accusative masculine plural)
mauwjā (accusative feminine plural)
mauwju (accusative neuter plural)
mauwjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mauwjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mauwjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mauwjēm (dative masculine plural)
mauwjum (dative masculine plural)
mauwjēm (dative feminine plural)
mauwjum (dative feminine plural)
mauwjēm (dative neuter plural)
mauwjum (dative neuter plural)
mauwjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mauwjum (instrumental masculine plural)
mauwjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mauwjum (feminine instrumental plural)
mauwjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mauwjum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *mōi

Middle Low German: môie

Dutch Low Saxon:

Twents: mooi

German Low German:

Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch: mooi

Westmünsterländisch: mööi

→ Danish: moj

→ Norwegian: møy

→ Swedish: moj

Old Dutch: *mōi

Middle Dutch: môi, môie

Dutch: mooi
Afrikaans: mooi
Berbice Creole Dutch: moi
Jersey Dutch: mûi
Negerhollands: mooi, mooj, mui
Skepi Creole Dutch: moi, moye
→ Aukan: moi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: moi
→ Kwinti: moi
→ North Frisian: mooi
→ Saterland Frisian: mooi
→ Scots: moy
→ Saramaccan: moi
→ Sranan Tongo: moi
→ Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: moime
→ West Frisian: moai

⇒ Old Dutch: Moye (surname)

Unknown; presumably from Proto-Germanic *mawaz, *mawiz (“clean”) + *-ī (adjective suffix), possibly related to Proto-Slavic *mỳti (“to wash”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *myewh₁- (“to move about”).


hawi

hawi (nominative singular)
hauwju (nominative plural)
hawi (accusative singular)
hauwju (accusative plural)
hauwjas (genitive singular)
hauwjō (genitive plural)
hauwjē (dative singular)
hauwjum (dative plural)
hauwju (instrumental singular)
hauwjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hīeġ, hīġ, hēġ
Middle English: hey, heyȝ, heygh, hay, ay, heyn, hayn, hei, heiȝ, heigh, hai, hain
English: hay
Scots: hey
Yola: hye, hey

Old Frisian: hā, hē

North Frisian: hau

Saterland Frisian: Ho

West Frisian: hea

Old Saxon: hōi, hōgi

Middle Low German: höü, hoy, hey, hou

Low German: Hau

Dutch Low Saxon: heui

German Low German: Hei, Heu

Plautdietsch: Hei

Old Dutch: houwi, houwe

Middle Dutch: houwe, hoj, hoy

Dutch: hooi
Afrikaans: hooi
Jersey Dutch: hôi
→ Papiamentu: hoi

Limburgish: heuj

Old High German: hewi, houwi, hou
Middle High German: höuwe, houwe, höu
Alemannic German: Heuw
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: höobe
Mòcheno: hei
German: Heu
Hunsrik: Hei
Luxembourgish: Hee
Yiddish: היי (hey)
⇒ Middle High German: höuwet
Bavarian: Heiet
Cimbrian: höbiat (“July”), hubiot (Sette Comuni)
German: Heuet