attjan

attjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
attjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
attjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
attjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
attju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
attā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
atisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
attēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
attōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
atiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
attē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
attā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
attjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
attum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
atiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
attud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
attjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
attun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
attjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
attī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
attjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
attī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
attjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
attī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
attjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
attīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
attjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
attīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
attjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
attīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ati (class-1 present singular weak)
atiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
attjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
att (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: ettan
Middle English: etten, eten (merged with Old English etan)

Old Frisian: etta

⇒? West Frisian: ettjen, eattjen

Old Saxon: *ettian

Middle Low German: etten

German Low German: etten

Old Dutch: *etten

Middle Dutch: etten

Dutch: etten

Old High German: *azzen, ezzen

Middle High German: atzen, etzen

Alemannic German: etze

Cimbrian: etzan

German: ätzen, etzen
→ German Low German: ätzen
→ Danish: ætse
→ Finnish: etsata
→ Dutch: etsen
→ English: etch


fraetan

fraetan (infinitive)
fraetannjas (genitive infinitive)
fraetannjē (dative infinitive)
fraetannju (infinitive instrumental)
fraetu (first-person present singular)
frat (first-person past singular)
fraitiʀi (present second-person singular)
frātī (past second-person singular)
fraitidi (present singular third-person)
frat (past singular third-person)
fraetum (first-person plural present)
frātum (first-person past plural)
fraitid (plural present second-person)
frātud (past plural second-person)
fraetand (plural present third-person)
frātun (past plural third-person)
fraetē (first-person present singular)
frātī (first-person past singular)
fraetēs (present second-person singular)
fraetē (present singular third-person)
frātī (past singular third-person)
fraetēm (first-person plural present)
frātīm (first-person past plural)
fraetēþ (plural present second-person)
frātīd (past plural second-person)
fraetēn (plural present third-person)
frātīn (past plural third-person)
frait (present singular)
fraitid (plural present)
fraetandī (participle present)
fraetan (participle past)

Old English: fretan
Middle English: freten, ffrete, frete, fretyn, vreten, freoten
English: fret
Scots: frete, freet

Old Frisian: freta

Saterland Frisian: freete

West Frisian: frette

Old Saxon: fretan
Middle Low German: vrēten
German Low German: freten, friätten
→ Swedish: fräta

Old Dutch: *fretan

Middle Dutch: vrēten
Dutch: vreten
Afrikaans: vreet
Limburgish: vraete

Old High German: frezzan, firezzan

Middle High German: vrezzen

Cimbrian: vrèssan, brèssan, vrèzzan

German: fressen
→ English: fress (or from Yiddish)
→ Polish: frasować

Luxembourgish: friessen

Vilamovian: fraosa

Yiddish: פֿרעסן (fresn)
→ English: fress (or from German)

From Proto-Germanic *fraetaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *etan (“to eat”).


kraftijan

kraftijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kraftijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kraftijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kraftijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kraftiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kraftidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kraftisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kraftidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kraftidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kraftiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kraftidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kraftidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kraftijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kraftidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kraftiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kraftidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kraftijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kraftidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kraftijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kraftidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kraftijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kraftidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kraftijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kraftidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kraftijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kraftidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kraftijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kraftidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kraftijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kraftidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
krafti (class-1 present singular weak)
kraftiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kraftijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kraftid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cræftan

Middle English: craften, creften

English: craft

Old Frisian: krefta

Old Saxon: *kreftian

Middle Low German: kreften

Old High German: kreften

Middle High German: kreften

German: kräften


strūbijan

strūbijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strūbijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strūbijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strūbijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strūbiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strūbidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strūbisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strūbidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūbidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūbiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strūbidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūbidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūbijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strūbidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strūbiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strūbidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strūbijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strūbidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strūbijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strūbidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strūbijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strūbidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strūbijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strūbidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strūbijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strūbidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strūbijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strūbidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strūbijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strūbidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strūbi (class-1 present singular weak)
strūbiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strūbijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strūbid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: strūvian

Middle Low German: struven

Old Dutch: *strūven

Middle Dutch: struven

Dutch: struiven

Old High German: strūben

Middle High German: strūben

German: sträuben


striunijan

striunijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
striunijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
striunijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
striunijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
striuniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
striunidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
striunisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
striunidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
striunidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
striuniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
striunidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
striunidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
striunijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
striunidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
striuniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
striunidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
striunijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
striunidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
striunijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
striunidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
striunijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
striunidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
striunijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
striunidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
striunijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
striunidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
striunijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
striunidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
striunijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
striunidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
striuni (class-1 present singular weak)
striuniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
striunijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
striunid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: strīenan, strēonan

Middle English: strenen

English: strain (obsolete)

Old Frisian: *striūna

West Frisian: strune

Old Saxon: striunian

Old Dutch: *striunen

Middle Dutch: strunen

Dutch: struinen

Old High German: striunen

Middle High German: striunen

German: streunen

Likely from *streun (“profit, business”) + *-jan.


brūnijan

brūnijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
brūnijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
brūnijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
brūnijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
brūniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
brūnidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
brūnisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
brūnidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brūnidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brūniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
brūnidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brūnidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brūnijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
brūnidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
brūniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
brūnidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
brūnijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
brūnidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
brūnijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
brūnidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
brūnijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
brūnidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brūnijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
brūnidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brūnijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
brūnidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
brūnijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
brūnidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
brūnijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
brūnidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
brūni (class-1 present singular weak)
brūniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
brūnijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
brūnid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: brȳnan

Old Dutch: *brūnen

Middle Dutch: brunen

Dutch: bruinen

Old High German: brūnen

Middle High German: briunen

German: bräunen

→ Old French: brunir, burnir
→ Italian: brunire
Middle French: brunir
French: brunir
→ Middle English: burnysshen, burnischen
English: burnish

→ Old Occitan: brunir

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: bronir

Portuguese: brunir

→ Old Spanish:

Spanish: bruñir


sūrijan

sūrijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sūrijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sūrijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sūrijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sūriju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūrisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūriþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūrijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūriþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūrijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūrijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūrijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūrijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūrijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūrijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūrijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūri (class-1 present singular weak)
sūriþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sūrijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sūrid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *sūrian

Middle Low German: sǖren

Old Dutch: *sūren

Middle Dutch: suren (merged with the descendant of *sūrēn)

Dutch: zuren

Old High German: *sūren

⇒ Old High German: gisūren

Middle High German: siuren

German: säuern


kurtijan

kurtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kurtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kurtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kurtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kurtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kurtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kurtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kurtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kurtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kurtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kurtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kurtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kurtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kurtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kurtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kurtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kurtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kurtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kurtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kurtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kurtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kurtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kurtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kurtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kurtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kurtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kurtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kurtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kurtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kurtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kurti (class-1 present singular weak)
kurtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kurtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kurtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cyrtan

Old Frisian: kerta, kirta, kurta, korta; (kortia)

(Saterland Frisian: kuutje)

West Frisian: kerte

Old Saxon: *kurtian

desc

Middle Low German: korten, kürten, körten, karten

German Low German: körten

Old Dutch: *kurten

Middle Dutch: curten, corten

Dutch: korten

Afrikaans: kort

Old High German: kurzen

Middle High German: kurzen, kürzen

German: kürzen


skurtijan

skurtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skurtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skurtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skurtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skurtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skurtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skurtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skurtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skurtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skurtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skurtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skurtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skurtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skurtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skurtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skurtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skurtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skurtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skurtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skurtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skurtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skurtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skurtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skurtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skurti (class-1 present singular weak)
skurtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skurtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skurtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *scyrtan

Middle English: scirten

⇒ Old English: gescyrtan

Old Frisian: skerta

Old Saxon: *skurtian

Middle Low German: schörten

Old High German: *skurzen

Middle High German: schürzen

>? German: schürzen


skurpijan

skurpijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skurpijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skurpijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skurpijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skurpiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skurpidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skurpisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skurpidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurpidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurpiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skurpidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurpidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurpijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skurpidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skurpiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skurpidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skurpijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skurpidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skurpijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skurpidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skurpijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skurpidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skurpijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skurpidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skurpijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skurpidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skurpijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skurpidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skurpijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skurpidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skurpi (class-1 present singular weak)
skurpiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skurpijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skurpid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: skurpian

Old Dutch: *skurpen

Middle Dutch: schorpen, schurpen

Dutch: schorpen, schurpen (dialectal)

>? Dutch: schulpen (to cut wood)

Old High German: skurfen, skurpfen

Middle High German: schürfen, schürpfen

German: schürfen

A zero-grade derivation from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerb-, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Closely related to *skarp (“sharp”).


brūn

brūn (masculine nominative singular)
brūnu (feminine nominative singular)
brūn (neuter nominative singular)
brūnanā (accusative masculine singular)
brūnā (accusative feminine singular)
brūn (accusative neuter singular)
brūnas (genitive masculine singular)
brūneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
brūnas (genitive neuter singular)
brūnumē (dative masculine singular)
brūneʀē (dative feminine singular)
brūnumē (dative neuter singular)
brūnu (instrumental masculine singular)
brūneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
brūnu (instrumental neuter singular)
brūnē (masculine nominative plural)
brūnō (feminine nominative plural)
brūnu (neuter nominative plural)
brūnā (accusative masculine plural)
brūnā (accusative feminine plural)
brūnu (accusative neuter plural)
brūneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
brūneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
brūneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
brūnēm (dative masculine plural)
brūnum (dative masculine plural)
brūnēm (dative feminine plural)
brūnum (dative feminine plural)
brūnēm (dative neuter plural)
brūnum (dative neuter plural)
brūnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
brūnum (instrumental masculine plural)
brūnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
brūnum (feminine instrumental plural)
brūnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
brūnum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: brūn
Middle English: broun, broyn, brown, brun, bruyn
English: brown
Bislama: braon
Tok Pisin: braun
→ Welsh: brown
→ Tongan: palauni
Geordie English: broon
Scots: broon, broun

Old Frisian: brūn

East Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: bruun

→ Latvian: brūns

West Frisian: brún

Old Saxon: brūn

Middle Low German: brûn

Dutch Low Saxon: brun, broen, bruun

German Low German: bruun, brun

Plautdietsch: brun

→ Estonian: pruun

→ Latgalian: bryuns

→ Latvian: brūns

Old Dutch: *brūn

Middle Dutch: bruun
Dutch: bruin
Afrikaans: bruin
Negerhollands: bruun, brin, bryen
→ Papiamentu: brùin, brein, bruin
→ Sranan Tongo: broin
Limburgish: broen
West Flemish: bruun
→ English: bruin
→ Latvian: brūns

Old High German: brūn

Middle High German: brūn

Alemannic German: bruun

Swabian:

Bavarian:

Central Franconian: brong, brung, broun

Hunsrik: braun

Luxembourgish: brong

East Central German:

Vilamovian: braojn

East Franconian:

German: braun

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: brau

Yiddish: ברוין (broyn)

→ Late Latin: brūnus

→ Dalmatian: broin

→ Italian: bruno

→ Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: brun

Portuguese: bruno

→ Old Spanish:

Spanish: bruno

⇒ Medieval Latin: brunneus
→ English: brunneous

→ Old French: brun
Middle French: brun
French: brun
→ Breton: brun
Louisiana Creole: brun
→ Romanian: brun
Norman: breun, brun (Jersey)
→ Galician: brun (archaic)


kussīn

kussīn (nominative singular)
kussīnu (nominative plural)
kussīn (accusative singular)
kussīnu (accusative plural)
kussīnas (genitive singular)
kussīnō (genitive plural)
kussīnē (dative singular)
kussīnum (dative plural)
kussīnu (instrumental singular)
kussīnum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kessen

Saterland Frisian: Käsen

West Frisian: kessen

Old Saxon: kussīn, cussīn
Middle Low German: küssen, kuzen, cyssen, kößen
German Low German: Küssen
Plautdietsch: Kjessen

Old Dutch: *kussīn

Middle Dutch: cussin, cussine, cuossen (partially from Old French)

Dutch: kussen
Afrikaans: kussing
Negerhollands: kissintje, kisintśi (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: kusinchi, koesientje, bunsinchi (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: kunsu
→ Aukan: kunsu
→ Kari'na: kunsu
→ Saramaccan: kúnsu

Limburgish: kösse

Old High German: kussīn, chuissīn, chusse, chussī, cussen, cussī, cussīe, cussīn, kssīn, kuszīn
Middle High German: küssen, küssein, küsse
Alemannic German: Chüssi
Alsatian: Kissi, Kisse
Swabian: Kissa
Bavarian: Kissn
Central Franconian: Kösse, Kössem, Küsse
Hunsrik: Kisse
German: Kissen (obsolete Küssen)
Luxembourgish: Këssen
Rhine Franconian: Kisse, Kesse
Palatine German: Kisse, Kesse
Pennsylvania German: Kisse
Yiddish: קישן (kishn)

Borrowed from Late Latin cussīnus, cosīnus, coxīnus (“cushion, pillow”).

(Continental West Germanic) cushion, pillow


gahrustī

gahhrustī (masculine nominative singular)
gahhrustiju (feminine nominative singular)
gahhrustī (neuter nominative singular)
gahhrustijanā (accusative masculine singular)
gahhrustijā (accusative feminine singular)
gahhrustī (accusative neuter singular)
gahhrustijas (genitive masculine singular)
gahhrustijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gahhrustijas (genitive neuter singular)
gahhrustijumē (dative masculine singular)
gahhrustijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gahhrustijumē (dative neuter singular)
gahhrustiju (instrumental masculine singular)
gahhrustijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gahhrustiju (instrumental neuter singular)
gahhrustijē (masculine nominative plural)
gahhrustijō (feminine nominative plural)
gahhrustiju (neuter nominative plural)
gahhrustijā (accusative masculine plural)
gahhrustijā (accusative feminine plural)
gahhrustiju (accusative neuter plural)
gahhrustijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gahhrustijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gahhrustijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gahhrustijēm (dative masculine plural)
gahhrustijum (dative masculine plural)
gahhrustijēm (dative feminine plural)
gahhrustijum (dative feminine plural)
gahhrustijēm (dative neuter plural)
gahhrustijum (dative neuter plural)
gahhrustijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gahhrustijum (instrumental masculine plural)
gahhrustijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gahhrustijum (feminine instrumental plural)
gahhrustijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gahhrustijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: gehyrste

Middle English: irust

Old High German: gihrusti, girusti

Middle High German: gerüste

desc

Cimbrian: gerüsta, garüst (Sette Comuni)

German: Gerüst

From *ga- + *hrusti (“adornment”) + *-ī (adjective suffix).


haubidakussīn

haubidakussīn (nominative singular)
haubidakussīnu (nominative plural)
haubidakussīn (accusative singular)
haubidakussīnu (accusative plural)
haubidakussīnas (genitive singular)
haubidakussīnō (genitive plural)
haubidakussīnē (dative singular)
haubidakussīnum (dative plural)
haubidakussīnu (instrumental singular)
haubidakussīnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōvidkussīn

desc

Middle Low German: hȫvetküssen, hȫvetkissen, houftküssen

Old Dutch: *hōvitkussīn

Middle Dutch: hovetkussen

Dutch: hoofdkussen

Old High German: houbitkussīn

Middle High German: houbetküssen, houptküssen

From *haubid (“head”) + *kussīn (“cushion”).


kaupō

kaupō (nominative singular)
kaupan (nominative plural)
kaupan (accusative singular)
kaupan (accusative plural)
kaupini (genitive singular)
kaupan (genitive singular)
kaupanō (genitive plural)
kaupini (dative singular)
kaupan (dative singular)
kaupum (dative plural)
kaupini (instrumental singular)
kaupan (instrumental singular)
kaupum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċīepa

desctree

Old High German: koufo
Middle High German: koufe


haubidapulwī

haubidapulwī (nominative singular)
haubidapulwīn (accusative singular)
haubidapulwīn (genitive singular)
haubidapulwīn (dative singular)
haubidapulwīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: hōvidpuli

desc

Middle Low German: hȫvetpōl, hovetpōl, hȫvetpȫl, hȫftpȫl

Old Dutch: *hōvitpuluwī

Middle Dutch: hovetpoluwe, hovetpeulwe, hooftpelu

Dutch: hoofdpeluw

Old High German: houbitpfuluwīn, houbitphuluwīn, houbitpfuluwī, houbitphuluwī, houbitpfuluwi, houbitphuluwi, houbitpfuliwi, houbitphuliwi

Middle High German: houbetpfulwe, houbetphulwe

German: Hauptpfühl

From *haubid (“head”) + *pulwī (“cushion”).


kaupijan

kaupijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kaupijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kaupijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kaupijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kaupiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kaupidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kaupisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kaupidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaupidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaupiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kaupidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kaupidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kaupijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kaupidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kaupiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kaupidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kaupijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kaupidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kaupijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kaupidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kaupijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kaupidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaupijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kaupidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kaupijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kaupidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kaupijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kaupidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kaupijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kaupidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kaupi (class-1 present singular weak)
kaupiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kaupijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kaupid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ċīepan, ċȳpan

Middle English: chepen (merged with descendant of *kaupōn)

Scots: chepe, cheip

English: cheap

desctree

Old Saxon: kōpian
Middle Low German: kö̂pen
Low German: köpen

Old Dutch: cōpen
Middle Dutch: côpen
Dutch: kopen
Afrikaans: koop
Berbice Creole Dutch: kopu
Negerhollands: koop, kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kop
Limburgish: koupe

Old High German: koufen

Old High German: koufen, keufen

German: käufen

From Proto-Germanic *kaupijaną. Equivalent to *kaupō (“merchant, innkeeper”) + *-jan.


kaupamann

kaupamann (nominative singular)
kaupamanni (nominative plural)
kaupamannu (accusative singular)
kaupamanni (accusative plural)
kaupamanni (genitive singular)
kaupamannō (genitive plural)
kaupamanni (dative singular)
kaupamannum (dative plural)
kaupamanni (instrumental singular)
kaupamannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēapmann, ċēapman, cȳpman, cȳpeman
Middle English: chapman, capman, chepman, chipman, schapman, schipman, shapmann, chapmon, chæpmon, chepmon (Early Middle English), chappmann (Ormulum)
English: chapman
⇒ English: chap
Pennsylvania German: Tschaepp (“guy”)
Scots: chapman

Old Frisian: kāpmann, kāpmonn

Saterland Frisian: Koopmon

West Frisian: keapman

Old Saxon: kōpman

Middle Low German: kôpman

German Low German: Koopmann

Plautdietsch: Koopmaun

→ Swedish: köpman

→ Danish: købmand

→ Gutnish: kaupman

Old Dutch: kōpman

Middle Dutch: koopman

Dutch: koopman

Afrikaans: koopman

Old High German: koufman

Middle High German: koufman

German: Kaufmann

Hunsrik: Kaafmann

Vilamovian: kaojfmaon

Yiddish: קויפֿמאַן (koyfman)


mangārī

mangārī (nominative singular)
mangārijō (nominative plural)
mangārijōs (nominative plural)
mangārī (accusative singular)
mangārijā (accusative plural)
mangārijas (genitive singular)
mangārijō (genitive plural)
mangārijē (dative singular)
mangārijum (dative plural)
mangāriju (instrumental singular)
mangārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mangere
Middle English: mongere
English: monger

Old Saxon: *mangāri

desc

Middle Low German: mengäre, menger, manger, mangäre

desctree

→ Old Norse: mangari
Old Swedish: mangare

Old Dutch: *mangāri

Middle Dutch: manghere, menghere

Dutch: manger, menger

desc

Old High German: mangāri, mengāri, mangari

Middle High German: mangäre, mengäre, manger, menger

German: Manger

From Latin mangō (“dealer, monger”) + *-ārī.

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


mangalōn

mangalōn (infinitive)
mangalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mangalōnijē (dative infinitive)
mangalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mangalō (first-person present singular)
mangalōdā (first-person past singular)
mangalōs (present second-person singular)
mangalōdēs (past second-person singular)
mangalōdōs (past second-person singular)
mangalōþ (present singular third-person)
mangalōdē (past singular third-person)
mangalōdā (past singular third-person)
mangalōm (first-person plural present)
mangalōdum (first-person past plural)
mangalōþ (plural present second-person)
mangalōdud (past plural second-person)
mangalōnþ (plural present third-person)
mangalōdun (past plural third-person)
mangalōdī (first-person past singular)
mangalōdī (past second-person singular)
mangalō (present singular third-person)
mangalōdī (past singular third-person)
mangalōdīm (first-person past plural)
mangalōdīd (past plural second-person)
mangalōn (plural present third-person)
mangalōdīn (past plural third-person)
mangalō (present singular)
mangalōþ (plural present)
mangalōndī (participle present)
mangalōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *mangalōn

Middle Low German: mangelen

German Low German: mangeln

→ Old Swedish: mångel

Swedish: mångla

Old Dutch: *mangalon

Middle Dutch: mangelen

Dutch: mangelen (archaic)

Old High German: *mangalōn

Middle High German: mangelen

Alemannic German: mangeln, mänkeln

Bavarian: mänkeln

From *mangōn + *-lōn (frequentive suffix).


mangalōn

Old Saxon: *mangalōn

Middle Low German: mangelen

Old Dutch: *mangalōn

Middle Dutch: mangelen

Dutch: mangelen

Old High German: mangalōn, mangolōn

Middle High German: mangelen, mangeln, manglen

German: mangeln

Borrowed from Latin *mancāre (“to lack”) + *-lōn (frequentive suffix).


kastinnju

kastinnju (nominative singular)
kastinnjō (nominative plural)
kastinnjā (accusative singular)
kastinnjā (accusative plural)
kastinnjā (genitive singular)
kastinnjō (genitive plural)
kastinnjē (dative singular)
kastinnjōm (dative plural)
kastinnjum (dative plural)
kastinnju (instrumental singular)
kastinnjōm (instrumental plural)
kastinnjum (instrumental plural)


flaugijan

flaugijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
flaugijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
flaugijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
flaugijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
flaugiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
flaugidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
flaugisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
flaugidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
flaugidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
flaugiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
flaugidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
flaugidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
flaugijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
flaugidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
flaugiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
flaugidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
flaugijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
flaugidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
flaugijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
flaugidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
flaugijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
flaugidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
flaugijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
flaugidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
flaugijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
flaugidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
flaugijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
flaugidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
flaugijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
flaugidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
flaugi (class-1 present singular weak)
flaugiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
flaugijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
flaugid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Dutch: *flōgen

Middle Dutch: vlôgen

Old High German: *flougen

Middle High German: vlougen, flougen


uʀflaugijan

uʀflaugijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
uʀflaugijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
uʀflaugijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
uʀflaugijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
uʀflaugiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀflaugidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀflaugisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀflaugidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀflaugiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀflaugidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀflaugijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀflaugidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀflaugijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀflaugidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀflaugijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀflaugijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀflaugijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀflaugidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀflaugijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀflaugidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀflaugijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀflaugidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀflaugi (class-1 present singular weak)
uʀflaugiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
uʀflaugijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
uʀflaugid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: āflīegan

Old Dutch: irflōgen

Old High German: irflougen

Middle High German: erflougen

⇒ Old High German: framirflougen


krumbijan

krumbijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
krumbijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
krumbijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
krumbijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
krumbiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
krumbidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
krumbisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
krumbidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krumbidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krumbiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
krumbidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krumbidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krumbijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
krumbidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
krumbiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
krumbidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
krumbijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
krumbidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
krumbijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
krumbidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
krumbijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
krumbidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
krumbijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
krumbidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
krumbijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
krumbidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
krumbijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
krumbidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
krumbijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
krumbidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
krumbi (class-1 present singular weak)
krumbiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
krumbijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
krumbid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *krumbian

Middle Low German: krümmen, krummen

Old Dutch: *crumben

Middle Dutch: crommen, crummen

Dutch: krommen

Limburgish: krómpe

⇒ Old Dutch: anacrumben

Old High German: krumben

Middle High German: krümben, krümmen

German: krümmen


arhu

arhu (nominative singular)
arhwō (nominative plural)
arhwā (accusative singular)
arhwā (accusative plural)
arhwā (genitive singular)
arhwō (genitive plural)
arhwē (dative singular)
arhwōm (dative plural)
arhum (dative plural)
arhu (instrumental singular)
arhwōm (instrumental plural)
arhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earh, arwe, arewe

desc

Middle English: arwe, arewe, arowe, arow

Scots: arowe, arow

English: arrow


atgaiʀ

atgaiʀ (nominative singular)
atgaiʀō (nominative plural)
atgaiʀōs (nominative plural)
atgaiʀ (accusative singular)
atgaiʀā (accusative plural)
atgaiʀas (genitive singular)
atgaiʀō (genitive plural)
atgaiʀē (dative singular)
atgaiʀum (dative plural)
atgaiʀu (instrumental singular)
atgaiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ætgār, ætegār, ategār m; ætgǣre, ætgēre n (< *atgaiʀī)

Middle English: hategar

→ English: atgar

Old Frisian: etgēr

Old High German: *atigēr, azgēr, azigēr

Middle High German: atigēr, azigēr

From Proto-Germanic *atgaizaz; equivalent to *at + *gaiʀ.


hārijā

hārijā (nominative singular)
hārijōn (nominative plural)
hārijōn (accusative singular)
hārijōn (accusative plural)
hārijōn (genitive singular)
hārijōnō (genitive plural)
hārijōn (dative singular)
hārijōm (dative plural)
hārijum (dative plural)
hārijōn (instrumental singular)
hārijōm (instrumental plural)
hārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣre, hēre

Middle English: here

Old Saxon: hāria, hāra

Middle Low German: hâre

Old Dutch: hāra, hēra

Old High German: hāra, hārra

Middle High German: hare, hære

→ Old French: haire

Middle French: haire

French: haire

From Proto-Germanic *hērijǭ, equivalent to *hār + *-jā.


naiwwiht

naiwwiht (nominative singular)
naiwwihtu (nominative plural)
naiwwiht (accusative singular)
naiwwihtu (accusative plural)
naiwwihtas (genitive singular)
naiwwihtō (genitive plural)
naiwwihtē (dative singular)
naiwwihtum (dative plural)
naiwwihtu (instrumental singular)
naiwwihtum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: nāwiht, nāht, nāuht, nāwuht, nōht, nōwiht
Middle English: nought, noght, nouȝt, noȝt
⇒ Middle English: not, nat, note, notte, nate, nut
English: not
Geordie English: nut
Scots: nat (obsolete)
Yola: nat

Old Frisian: nāwet, nōwet, nāut, nāt

Saterland Frisian: nit

West Frisian: neat

Old Saxon: neowiht, niowiht, nieht

desc

Middle Low German: nichit, nǖwet, nicht, niet, nêt

German Low German: nich, neet

Old Dutch: niewiht, nuwieht, niuweht

desctree

Middle Dutch: niet, nicht, niewet
Dutch: niet (see there for further descendants)
Jersey Dutch: nît
Limburgish: neet

desc

Old High German: niowiht, niwiht, nieht, niht

Middle High German: niuweht, nieweht, neweht, niuwet, niwit, niwet, nūwet, nūwit, niuht, neuht, neut, nieht, niet, niut, nīt, nit, newiht, nichit, niwiht, niuwiht, niwet, niwit, niht

Bavarian: net

Central Franconian: net

Hunsrik: net

Kölsch: nit

Luxembourgish: net

German: nicht

Pennsylvania German: net

From *naiw + *wiht (from Proto-Germanic *wihtą).


liʀnēn

liʀnēn (infinitive)
liʀnēnijas (genitive infinitive)
liʀnēnijē (dative infinitive)
liʀnēniju (infinitive instrumental)
liʀnē (first-person present singular)
liʀn?dā (first-person past singular)
liʀnēs (present second-person singular)
liʀn?dēs (past second-person singular)
liʀnēþ (present singular third-person)
liʀn?dē (past singular third-person)
liʀn?dā (past singular third-person)
liʀnēm (first-person plural present)
liʀn?dum (first-person past plural)
liʀnēþ (plural present second-person)
liʀn?dud (past plural second-person)
liʀnēnþ (plural present third-person)
liʀn?dun (past plural third-person)
liʀn?dī (first-person past singular)
liʀn?dī (past second-person singular)
liʀnē (present singular third-person)
liʀn?dī (past singular third-person)
liʀn?dīm (first-person past plural)
liʀn?dīd (past plural second-person)
liʀnēn (plural present third-person)
liʀn?dīn (past plural third-person)
liʀnē (present singular)
liʀnēþ (plural present)
liʀnēndī (participle present)
liʀn?d (participle past)

desctree

Old High German: lernēn, lirnēn
Middle High German: lernen
Alemannic German: lërne, leernen, lérne
Bavarian: learnan
Cimbrian: liirnan, lirnan, lirnen
Mòcheno: learnen
German: lernen
Yiddish: לערנען (lernen)

Elbe Germanic form of *liʀnōn (“to learn”)


laisu

laisu (nominative singular)
laisō (nominative plural)
laisā (accusative singular)
laisā (accusative plural)
laisā (genitive singular)
laisō (genitive plural)
laisē (dative singular)
laisōm (dative plural)
laisum (dative plural)
laisu (instrumental singular)
laisōm (instrumental plural)
laisum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *lēs

Middle Dutch: lêes

Old High German: leisa

Middle High German: leise

German: Leise

⇒ German: Geleise, Gleise


bukkō

bokkō (nominative singular)
bokkan (nominative plural)
bokkan (accusative singular)
bokkan (accusative plural)
bukkini (genitive singular)
bokkan (genitive singular)
bokkanō (genitive plural)
bukkini (dative singular)
bokkan (dative singular)
bukkum (dative plural)
bukkini (instrumental singular)
bokkan (instrumental singular)
bukkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bucca

Middle English: bukke

English: buck

Scots: buk, buke, buik


krassjō

krassjō (nominative singular)
krassjan (nominative plural)
krassjan (accusative singular)
krassjan (accusative plural)
krassjini (genitive singular)
krassjan (genitive singular)
krassjanō (genitive plural)
krassjini (dative singular)
krassjan (dative singular)
krassjum (dative plural)
krassjini (instrumental singular)
krassjan (instrumental singular)
krassjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cressa

Middle English: cresse

English: cress

Old Saxon: *kressio, *kresso, krisso

⇒ Old Saxon: wildikresso

→ Old French: kerson

Middle French: cresson

French: cresson

Old High German: krasso, kresso

Middle High German: kresse m

→ Medieval Latin: crissinus


krassjā

krassjā (nominative singular)
krassjōn (nominative plural)
krassjōn (accusative singular)
krassjōn (accusative plural)
krassjōn (genitive singular)
krassjōnō (genitive plural)
krassjōn (dative singular)
krassjōm (dative plural)
krassjum (dative plural)
krassjōn (instrumental singular)
krassjōm (instrumental plural)
krassjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cærse, cerse

desc

Middle English: carse, crasse, kerse, cars

Scots: kerse, carse

Old Frisian: *kresse, *kerse

Saterland Frisian: Krässe

West Frisian: kers

Old Saxon: *kressia, *kersia

Middle Low German: kerse, kertze, kērse, karse f

Old Dutch: *kressa, *kersa

Middle Dutch: kerse, kersse

Dutch: kers

Old High German: kressa

Middle High German: kresse f

German: Kresse f

From Proto-Germanic *krasjǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”).


sunnōnskīn

sunnōnskīn (nominative singular)
sunnōnskīnō (nominative plural)
sunnōnskīnōs (nominative plural)
sunnōnskīn (accusative singular)
sunnōnskīnā (accusative plural)
sunnōnskīnas (genitive singular)
sunnōnskīnō (genitive plural)
sunnōnskīnē (dative singular)
sunnōnskīnum (dative plural)
sunnōnskīnu (instrumental singular)
sunnōnskīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sunnsċīn

Middle English: sunnesine

English: sunshine

Old Frisian: sunnanskīn

West Frisian: sinneskyn

Old Saxon: sunnonskīn

desc

Middle Low German: sunnenschîn, sonnenschîn

Old Dutch: *sunnonskīn

Middle Dutch: sonneschijn, sonnenschijn

Dutch: zonneschijn

Afrikaans: sonskyn

Old High German: *sunnunskīn

Middle High German: sunnenschīn, sunneschīn

German: Sonnenschein

From *sunnā (“sun”) + *skīn. Paralleled in North Germanic, such as Icelandic sólskin, Danish solskin.


agislīk

agislīk (masculine nominative singular)
agislīku (feminine nominative singular)
agislīk (neuter nominative singular)
agislīkanā (accusative masculine singular)
agislīkā (accusative feminine singular)
agislīk (accusative neuter singular)
agislīkas (genitive masculine singular)
agislīkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
agislīkas (genitive neuter singular)
agislīkumē (dative masculine singular)
agislīkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
agislīkumē (dative neuter singular)
agislīku (instrumental masculine singular)
agislīkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
agislīku (instrumental neuter singular)
agislīkē (masculine nominative plural)
agislīkō (feminine nominative plural)
agislīku (neuter nominative plural)
agislīkā (accusative masculine plural)
agislīkā (accusative feminine plural)
agislīku (accusative neuter plural)
agislīkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
agislīkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
agislīkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
agislīkēm (dative masculine plural)
agislīkum (dative masculine plural)
agislīkēm (dative feminine plural)
agislīkum (dative feminine plural)
agislīkēm (dative neuter plural)
agislīkum (dative neuter plural)
agislīkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
agislīkum (instrumental masculine plural)
agislīkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
agislīkum (feminine instrumental plural)
agislīkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
agislīkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: eġeslīċ

Old Saxon: egislīk, eislīk

Middle Low German: eislīk, eisk

Old Dutch: egislīc

Middle Dutch: eiselijc

q

reinterpreted as deriving from <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">ijs</i> (“ice”)

Dutch: ijselijk (reinterpreted as deriving from ijs (“ice”))

Old High German: egislīh

Middle High German: egeslich, eislich

From Proto-Germanic *agislīkaz. Equivalent to *agi + *-līk, but the stem-final -s of the first word is not retained in the standalone form.


aiʀulīk

aiʀulīk (masculine nominative singular)
aiʀulīku (feminine nominative singular)
aiʀulīk (neuter nominative singular)
aiʀulīkanā (accusative masculine singular)
aiʀulīkā (accusative feminine singular)
aiʀulīk (accusative neuter singular)
aiʀulīkas (genitive masculine singular)
aiʀulīkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aiʀulīkas (genitive neuter singular)
aiʀulīkumē (dative masculine singular)
aiʀulīkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aiʀulīkumē (dative neuter singular)
aiʀulīku (instrumental masculine singular)
aiʀulīkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aiʀulīku (instrumental neuter singular)
aiʀulīkē (masculine nominative plural)
aiʀulīkō (feminine nominative plural)
aiʀulīku (neuter nominative plural)
aiʀulīkā (accusative masculine plural)
aiʀulīkā (accusative feminine plural)
aiʀulīku (accusative neuter plural)
aiʀulīkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aiʀulīkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aiʀulīkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aiʀulīkēm (dative masculine plural)
aiʀulīkum (dative masculine plural)
aiʀulīkēm (dative feminine plural)
aiʀulīkum (dative feminine plural)
aiʀulīkēm (dative neuter plural)
aiʀulīkum (dative neuter plural)
aiʀulīkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aiʀulīkum (instrumental masculine plural)
aiʀulīkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aiʀulīkum (feminine instrumental plural)
aiʀulīkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aiʀulīkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ārlīċ

Old Frisian: ērlik

Old Saxon: *ērlīk

Middle Low German: êrlik

Low German: ehrlik

→ Danish: ærlig

→ Swedish: ärlig

Old Dutch: ērlīc

Middle Dutch: êerlijc

Dutch: eerlijk

Limburgish: ieërlik

Old High German: ērlīh

Middle High German: ērlich

German: ehrlich

Luxembourgish: éierlech


þiggjan

þiggjan (infinitive)
þiggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
þiggjannjē (dative infinitive)
þiggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
þiggju (first-person present singular)
þag (first-person past singular)
þigiʀi (present second-person singular)
þāgī (past second-person singular)
þigidi (present singular third-person)
þag (past singular third-person)
þiggjum (first-person plural present)
þāgum (first-person past plural)
þigid (plural present second-person)
þāgud (past plural second-person)
þiggjand (plural present third-person)
þāgun (past plural third-person)
þiggjē (first-person present singular)
þāgī (first-person past singular)
þiggjēs (present second-person singular)
þiggjē (present singular third-person)
þāgī (past singular third-person)
þiggjēm (first-person plural present)
þāgīm (first-person past plural)
þiggjēþ (plural present second-person)
þāgīd (past plural second-person)
þiggjēn (plural present third-person)
þāgīn (past plural third-person)
þigi (present singular)
þigid (plural present)
þiggjandī (participle present)
þegan (participle past)

Old English: þiċġan

Middle English: thiggen

Scots: thig

English: thig (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thiggian

Old Dutch: thiggen

desc

Old High German: *thicken, *thiggen, diggen

Middle High German: digen, diegen

German: digen (obsolete)


skīn

skīn (nominative singular)
skīnō (nominative plural)
skīnōs (nominative plural)
skīn (accusative singular)
skīnā (accusative plural)
skīnas (genitive singular)
skīnō (genitive plural)
skīnē (dative singular)
skīnum (dative plural)
skīnu (instrumental singular)
skīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċīn

Middle English: shīn

English: shine

Scots: schine, schyne

Old Frisian: skīn

Saterland Frisian: Skien

West Frisian: skyn

Old Saxon: skīn

Middle Low German: schîn

German Low German: Schien

Old Dutch: *skīn

Middle Dutch: scijn, schine, schijn

Dutch: schijn

Old High German: skīn

Middle High German: schīn

German: Schein


bisīgōn

bisīgōn (infinitive)
bisīgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bisīgōnijē (dative infinitive)
bisīgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bisīgō (first-person present singular)
bisīgōdā (first-person past singular)
bisīgōs (present second-person singular)
bisīgōdēs (past second-person singular)
bisīgōdōs (past second-person singular)
bisīgōþ (present singular third-person)
bisīgōdē (past singular third-person)
bisīgōdā (past singular third-person)
bisīgōm (first-person plural present)
bisīgōdum (first-person past plural)
bisīgōþ (plural present second-person)
bisīgōdud (past plural second-person)
bisīgōnþ (plural present third-person)
bisīgōdun (past plural third-person)
bisīgōdī (first-person past singular)
bisīgōdī (past second-person singular)
bisīgō (present singular third-person)
bisīgōdī (past singular third-person)
bisīgōdīm (first-person past plural)
bisīgōdīd (past plural second-person)
bisīgōn (plural present third-person)
bisīgōdīn (past plural third-person)
bisīgō (present singular)
bisīgōþ (plural present)
bisīgōndī (participle present)
bisīgōd (participle past)

Old English: bisgian, bysgian; bisigan

Middle English: bisien, bisyen, bysien, besien, busien

English: busy

Scots: besy, bissy

Old Frisian: bisigia, bisgia

West Frisian: beuzigje, biizgje

Old Saxon: *bisigōn

Middle Low German: bēsigen

Old Dutch: *bisigon

Middle Dutch: bēsigen

Dutch: bezigen

Old High German: *bisīgōn (Langobardic)

→ Vulgar Latin: *bisigāre

Lombard: bizigà (Brescia)

Lombard: sbisegar (Trentino)

Venetian: bisegar


frāgu

frāgu (nominative singular)
frāgō (nominative plural)
frāgā (accusative singular)
frāgā (accusative plural)
frāgā (genitive singular)
frāgō (genitive plural)
frāgē (dative singular)
frāgōm (dative plural)
frāgum (dative plural)
frāgu (instrumental singular)
frāgōm (instrumental plural)
frāgum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frēge

Saterland Frisian: Fräige

Old Saxon: *frāga

desctree

Middle Low German: vrâge
→ Saterland Frisian: Froage
→ Swedish: fråga

Old Dutch: *frāga

Middle Dutch: vrâge
Dutch: vraag
Afrikaans: vraag
Negerhollands: vraag

Old High German: frāga
Middle High German: vrāge
Bavarian: Fråg
German: Frage
→ Yiddish: פֿראַגע (frage)
Hunsrik: Froh
Luxembourgish: Fro
Vilamovian: frög


pālu

pālu (nominative singular)
pāliwi (nominative plural)
pālō (nominative plural)
pālu (accusative singular)
pālū (accusative plural)
pālō (genitive singular)
pāliwō (genitive plural)
pāliwi (dative singular)
pālō (dative singular)
pālum (dative plural)
pālu (instrumental singular)
pālum (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pāl
Old English: pāl
Middle English: pole, pol, poll, pall, paal
English: pole
Scots: pale, pall
Yola: pulmere
Old Frisian: pāl
North Frisian: pul
West Frisian: peal, poal
Old Saxon: pāl
Middle Low German: pâl
German Low German: Pahl
Old Dutch: pāl
Middle Dutch: pale, pael
Dutch: paal
Old High German: pfāl, phāl
Middle High German: phāl, pfāl
German: Pfahl
Luxembourgish: Poul
Vilamovian: föł

Proto-West Germanic: *pāli
Old English: pǣl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)
Old Frisian: pēl (shows i-mutation but inflected as an a-stem)
North Frisian: pil
Saterland Frisian: Peel
Old Saxon: pāl (inflected as an i-stem)
Old High German: pfāl, phāl (inflected as an i-stem)


ūtneman

ūtneman (infinitive)
ūtnemannjas (genitive infinitive)
ūtnemannjē (dative infinitive)
ūtnemannju (infinitive instrumental)
ūtnemu (first-person present singular)
ūtnam (first-person past singular)
ūtnimiʀi (present second-person singular)
ūtnāmī (past second-person singular)
ūtnimidi (present singular third-person)
ūtnam (past singular third-person)
ūtnemum (first-person plural present)
ūtnāmum (first-person past plural)
ūtnimid (plural present second-person)
ūtnāmud (past plural second-person)
ūtnemand (plural present third-person)
ūtnāmun (past plural third-person)
ūtnemē (first-person present singular)
ūtnāmī (first-person past singular)
ūtnemēs (present second-person singular)
ūtnemē (present singular third-person)
ūtnāmī (past singular third-person)
ūtnemēm (first-person plural present)
ūtnāmīm (first-person past plural)
ūtnemēþ (plural present second-person)
ūtnāmīd (past plural second-person)
ūtnemēn (plural present third-person)
ūtnāmīn (past plural third-person)
ūtnim (present singular)
ūtnimid (plural present)
ūtnemandī (participle present)
ūtnuman (participle past)

Old English: *ūtniman

Middle English: outnimen

Old Frisian: ūtnima

Saterland Frisian: uutnieme

West Frisian: útnimme

Old Saxon: *ūtneman

Middle Low German: ûtnēmen

German Low German: utnehmen

Old Dutch: *ūtneman

Middle Dutch: *uutnēmen

Dutch: uitnemen

Old High German: ūzneman

Middle High German: ūznemen

German: ausnehmen


frāgēn

frāgēn (infinitive)
frāgēnijas (genitive infinitive)
frāgēnijē (dative infinitive)
frāgēniju (infinitive instrumental)
frāgē (first-person present singular)
frāg?dā (first-person past singular)
frāgēs (present second-person singular)
frāg?dēs (past second-person singular)
frāgēþ (present singular third-person)
frāg?dē (past singular third-person)
frāg?dā (past singular third-person)
frāgēm (first-person plural present)
frāg?dum (first-person past plural)
frāgēþ (plural present second-person)
frāg?dud (past plural second-person)
frāgēnþ (plural present third-person)
frāg?dun (past plural third-person)
frāg?dī (first-person past singular)
frāg?dī (past second-person singular)
frāgē (present singular third-person)
frāg?dī (past singular third-person)
frāg?dīm (first-person past plural)
frāg?dīd (past plural second-person)
frāgēn (plural present third-person)
frāg?dīn (past plural third-person)
frāgē (present singular)
frāgēþ (plural present)
frāgēndī (participle present)
frāg?d (participle past)

Old English: *frāgian

⇒ Old English: ġefrāgian

Old Frisian: frēgia
North Frisian:
Hallig: freege
Helgoland: froage
Föhr-Amrum: fraage
Mooring: frååge
Sylt: fraagi
Saterland: fräigje
West Frisian: freegje

Old Saxon: frāgōn

Middle Low German: vrâgen

German Low German: fragen

→ Swedish: fråga

Old Dutch: frāgon
Middle Dutch: vrâgen
Dutch: vragen
Limburgish: vraoge

Old High German: frāgēn, frāgōn

Middle High German: vrāgen

German: fragen


erþapplu

erþapplu (nominative singular)
erþappliwi (nominative plural)
erþapplō (nominative plural)
erþapplu (accusative singular)
erþapplū (accusative plural)
erþapplō (genitive singular)
erþappliwō (genitive plural)
erþappliwi (dative singular)
erþapplō (dative singular)
erþapplum (dative plural)
erþapplu (instrumental singular)
erþapplum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorþæppel

Old Frisian: *erthappel, *irthappel

desc

West Frisian: ierdappel, ierappel, ierpel, jirpel

Old Saxon: *erthappul, *erthappel

Middle Low German: ērdeappel, ērtappel, ērdappel

→ Danish: jordæble (calque)

→ Swedish: jordäpple (calque) (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *erthappel

Middle Dutch: *āerdappel

desctree

Dutch: aardappel (dialectal eerdappel, erpel)
Afrikaans: aartappel
→ Xhosa: itapile
Berbice Creole Dutch: adaplu
→ Ambonese Malay: artapel
→ Icelandic: jarðepli
→ Kristang: atapal, artapal
→ Malayalam: അടുതാപ്പ് (aṭutāppŭ)
→ Sinhalese: අර්තාපල් (artāpal)
→ Tamil: அர்த்தாப்பு (arttāppu)

Limburgish: aerdappel, aerpel

Old High German: erdapful, erdaphul

desc

Middle High German: ertapfel, erdapfel, ertöpfel, erdöpfel, ertaphel

Alemannic German: Härdöpfel

Central Franconian: Äädappel, Ääpel

Moselle Franconian: Erdappel, Erpel

German: Erdapfel

→ English: earthapple (calque)

Luxembourgish: Äerdapel, Äerpel, Ierpel (dialectal)

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Aerdabbel


biūtan

From *bi- (unstressed variant of *bī) + *ūtan, the accusative of *ūtō (“outside”).

af

unstressed variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*bī</i>


biūtan

(with accusative) out of, apart from, besides


biūtan

Old English: būtan, būton

desc

Middle English: buten, bouten, boute, bute, butte, botte, but, bot

English: but

Scots: but

Old Frisian: būta, bota

Saterland Frisian: buute

West Frisian: bûte, bûten

Old Saxon: biūtan, būtan, botan

Middle Low German: bûten

German Low German: buten

Old Dutch: *biūtan, *būtan

Middle Dutch: bûten

Dutch: buiten

Old High German: biūzan, būzan

Middle High German: būzen

German: baußen (obsolete); bußen, baußen (Hessian dialectal)

Luxembourgish: baussen


failī

failī (masculine nominative singular)
failiju (feminine nominative singular)
failī (neuter nominative singular)
failijanā (accusative masculine singular)
failijā (accusative feminine singular)
failī (accusative neuter singular)
failijas (genitive masculine singular)
failijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
failijas (genitive neuter singular)
failijumē (dative masculine singular)
failijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
failijumē (dative neuter singular)
failiju (instrumental masculine singular)
failijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
failiju (instrumental neuter singular)
failijē (masculine nominative plural)
failijō (feminine nominative plural)
failiju (neuter nominative plural)
failijā (accusative masculine plural)
failijā (accusative feminine plural)
failiju (accusative neuter plural)
failijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
failijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
failijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
failijēm (dative masculine plural)
failijum (dative masculine plural)
failijēm (dative feminine plural)
failijum (dative feminine plural)
failijēm (dative neuter plural)
failijum (dative neuter plural)
failijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
failijum (instrumental masculine plural)
failijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
failijum (feminine instrumental plural)
failijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
failijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fǣle
Middle English: fele, feele, fell, felle, feale (Early Middle English)
English: feal
Scots: feal, feel, feil

Old Frisian: fēle

West Frisian: feil

Old Saxon: *fēli

Middle Low German: vêle, veile

Old Dutch: *feili, *fēli

Middle Dutch: veile

Dutch: veil

Old High German: feili

Middle High German: veile, veil

German: feil


þį̄ht(ī)

þį̄ht (canonical)
ī (romanization)
þį̄ht (masculine nominative singular)
þį̄htu (feminine nominative singular)
þį̄ht (neuter nominative singular)
þį̄htanā (accusative masculine singular)
þį̄htā (accusative feminine singular)
þį̄ht (accusative neuter singular)
þį̄htas (genitive masculine singular)
þį̄hteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þį̄htas (genitive neuter singular)
þį̄htumē (dative masculine singular)
þį̄hteʀē (dative feminine singular)
þį̄htumē (dative neuter singular)
þį̄htu (instrumental masculine singular)
þį̄hteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þį̄htu (instrumental neuter singular)
þį̄htē (masculine nominative plural)
þį̄htō (feminine nominative plural)
þį̄htu (neuter nominative plural)
þį̄htā (accusative masculine plural)
þį̄htā (accusative feminine plural)
þį̄htu (accusative neuter plural)
þį̄hteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þį̄hteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þį̄hteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þį̄htēm (dative masculine plural)
þį̄htum (dative masculine plural)
þį̄htēm (dative feminine plural)
þį̄htum (dative feminine plural)
þį̄htēm (dative neuter plural)
þį̄htum (dative neuter plural)
þį̄htēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þį̄htum (instrumental masculine plural)
þį̄htēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þį̄htum (feminine instrumental plural)
þį̄htēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þį̄htum (instrumental neuter plural)
þį̄htī (masculine nominative singular)
þį̄htiju (feminine nominative singular)
þį̄htī (neuter nominative singular)
þį̄htijanā (accusative masculine singular)
þį̄htijā (accusative feminine singular)
þį̄htī (accusative neuter singular)
þį̄htijas (genitive masculine singular)
þį̄htijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þį̄htijas (genitive neuter singular)
þį̄htijumē (dative masculine singular)
þį̄htijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
þį̄htijumē (dative neuter singular)
þį̄htiju (instrumental masculine singular)
þį̄htijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þį̄htiju (instrumental neuter singular)
þį̄htijē (masculine nominative plural)
þį̄htijō (feminine nominative plural)
þį̄htiju (neuter nominative plural)
þį̄htijā (accusative masculine plural)
þį̄htijā (accusative feminine plural)
þį̄htiju (accusative neuter plural)
þį̄htijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þį̄htijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þį̄htijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þį̄htijēm (dative masculine plural)
þį̄htijum (dative masculine plural)
þį̄htijēm (dative feminine plural)
þį̄htijum (dative feminine plural)
þį̄htijēm (dative neuter plural)
þį̄htijum (dative neuter plural)
þį̄htijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þį̄htijum (instrumental masculine plural)
þį̄htijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þį̄htijum (feminine instrumental plural)
þį̄htijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þį̄htijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *þīht, *þiht (in combination: meteþiht)

Middle English: thiht, thight

Scots: ticht

English: tight

→ Danish: tight

→ Norwegian: teit

→ Swedish: tajt, tight

English: tights

→ German: Tight

→ Danish: tights

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tights

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tights

→ Swedish: tajts, tights

Old Frisian: *thīcht

Saterland Frisian: ticht

West Frisian: ticht

Old Saxon: *thīht, *thīhti

Middle Low German: dicht, dichte

German Low German: dicht

Old Dutch: *thīhti, *thīht

Middle Dutch: dichte, dicht

Dutch: dicht

Old High German: dīhti

Middle High German: dīchte, gedīhte

German: dicht; deicht (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *þinhtaz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


framainijan

framainijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
framainijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
framainijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
framainijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
framainiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
framainidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
framainisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
framainidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framainidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framainiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
framainidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
framainidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
framainijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
framainidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
framainiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
framainidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
framainijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
framainidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
framainijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
framainidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
framainijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
framainidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framainijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
framainidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
framainijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
framainidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
framainijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
framainidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
framainijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
framainidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
framaini (class-1 present singular weak)
framainiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
framainijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
framainid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Dutch: *farmēnen

Middle Dutch: vermênen

Old High German: firmeinen

Middle High German: vermeinen

German: vermeinen (“schlecht machen”) (obsolete)

From *fra- + *mainijan, from Proto-Germanic *mainijaną (“to demean, to defile”).


liuhsijan

liuhsijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
liuhsijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
liuhsijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
liuhsijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
liuhsiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
liuhsidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
liuhsisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
liuhsidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
liuhsidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
liuhsiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
liuhsidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
liuhsidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
liuhsijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
liuhsidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
liuhsiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
liuhsidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
liuhsijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
liuhsidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
liuhsijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
liuhsidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
liuhsijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
liuhsidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
liuhsijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
liuhsidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
liuhsijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
liuhsidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
liuhsijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
liuhsidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
liuhsijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
liuhsidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
liuhsi (class-1 present singular weak)
liuhsiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
liuhsijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
liuhsid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: līxan, līexan


mainijan

mainijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
mainijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
mainijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
mainijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
mainiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mainidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mainisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mainidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mainidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mainiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mainidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mainidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mainijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mainidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mainiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mainidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mainijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mainidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mainijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mainidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mainijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mainidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mainijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mainidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mainijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mainidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mainijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mainidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mainijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mainidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
maini (class-1 present singular weak)
mainiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
mainijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
mainid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: mǣnan

Middle English: menen

Scots: mene, mein

English: mean

Old Frisian: mēna

Saterland Frisian: meene

West Frisian: miene

Old Saxon: mēnian

Middle Low German: mênen, meinen

German Low German: menen

→ Old Norse: meina

Icelandic: meina

Faroese: meina

Norwegian Nynorsk: meina

→ Norwegian Bokmål: meine

Danish: mene

Norwegian Bokmål: mene

Swedish: mena

Gutnish: maine

desctree

Old Dutch: mēnen
Middle Dutch: mênen
Dutch: menen
Afrikaans: meen
Limburgish: meine

Old High German: meinen

Middle High German: meinen

German: meinen

Hunsrik: menne

Yiddish: מיינען (meynen)


ruddjan

ruddjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
ruddjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
ruddjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
ruddjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
ruddju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
ruddā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rudisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
ruddēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ruddōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rudiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
ruddē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ruddā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ruddjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
ruddum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rudiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
ruddud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
ruddjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
ruddun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ruddjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
ruddī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
ruddjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
ruddī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
ruddjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
ruddī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
ruddjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
ruddīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
ruddjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
ruddīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
ruddjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
ruddīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rudi (class-1 present singular weak)
rudiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
ruddjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
rudd (class-1 participle past weak)

⇒ Old English: aryddan

⇒ Old English: ġeryddan

Middle English: ridden

English: rid

From Proto-Germanic *rudjaną, equivalent to *rud (“a clearing”) + *-jan.


ropattjan

ropattjan (infinitive)
ropattjannjas (genitive infinitive)
ropattjannjē (dative infinitive)
ropattjannju (infinitive instrumental)
ropattju (first-person present singular)
ropattā (first-person past singular)
ropatisi (present second-person singular)
ropattēs (past second-person singular)
ropattōs (past second-person singular)
ropatiþi (present singular third-person)
ropattē (past singular third-person)
ropattā (past singular third-person)
ropattjum (first-person plural present)
ropattum (first-person past plural)
ropatiþ (plural present second-person)
ropattud (past plural second-person)
ropattjanþ (plural present third-person)
ropattun (past plural third-person)
ropattjē (first-person present singular)
ropattī (first-person past singular)
ropattjēs (present second-person singular)
ropattī (past second-person singular)
ropattjē (present singular third-person)
ropattī (past singular third-person)
ropattjēm (first-person plural present)
ropattīm (first-person past plural)
ropattjēþ (plural present second-person)
ropattīd (past plural second-person)
ropattjēn (plural present third-person)
ropattīn (past plural third-person)
ropati (present singular)
ropatiþ (plural present)
ropattjandī (participle present)
ropatt (participle past)

Old Saxon: *ropettian

Middle Low German: ropsen (influenced by Middle High German)

Old High German: ropfezzen, roffezzen

Middle High German: roffezen, rofzen

From Proto-Germanic *rupatjaną. Equivalent to *rupōn + *-attjan.


raudō

raudō (nominative singular)
raudan (nominative plural)
raudan (accusative singular)
raudan (accusative plural)
raudini (genitive singular)
raudan (genitive singular)
raudanō (genitive plural)
raudini (dative singular)
raudan (dative singular)
raudum (dative plural)
raudini (instrumental singular)
raudan (instrumental singular)
raudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēada
Middle English: rede
English: reed, read
Scots: reid, reed

Old Frisian: *rād, *rāda

North Frisian: ruad (Föhr-Amrum)

West Frisian: rêd

Old Dutch: *rōdo

Middle Dutch: *rôde

Dutch: rood, ro, rooi (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *rōdo

Middle Low German: *rôde

German Low German: Rode, Roon

→ Danish: roden (obsolete)

→ German: Roden (regional)

Compare dialectal Swedish rudda (“abomasum”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrawtás (“intestines”) (whence Persian روده (rude, “intestines”), Kamkata-viri řu (“intestines”)).


þingijan

þingijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þingijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þingijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þingijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þingiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þingidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þingisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þingidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þingidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þingiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þingidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þingidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þingijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þingidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þingiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þingidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þingijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þingidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þingijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þingidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þingijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þingidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þingijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þingidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þingijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þingidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þingijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þingidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þingijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þingidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þingi (class-1 present singular weak)
þingiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þingijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þingid (class-1 participle past weak)

⇒ Old Saxon: giþingian

⇒ Old Dutch: giþingen

Old High German: dingen

Middle High German: dingen


þingijan

Old English: þingan

q

likely conflated with the descendant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*þingōn</i>

Middle English: thingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingōn)

⇒ Old Saxon: farthingian

Old High German: dingen

Middle High German: dingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingōn)

German: dingen

From *þing (“meeting, case, matter”) + *-jan.


sūlijan

sūlijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sūlijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sūlijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sūlijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sūliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūlidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūlisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūlidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūlidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūlidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūlidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūlijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūlidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūlidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūlijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūlidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūlijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sūlidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sūlijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sūlidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sūlijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sūlidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sūlijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sūlidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sūlijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sūlidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sūlijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sūlidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sūli (class-1 present singular weak)
sūliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sūlijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sūlid (class-1 participle past weak)

attested as <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">gisūlit</i> (“made of boards”)

Old High German: *sūlen (attested as gisūlit (“made of boards”))

desc

Middle High German: sūlen, *siulen (“to prop, support”)

⇒ Middle High German: undersiulen

German: untersäulen

From Proto-Germanic *sūlijaną. Equivalent to *sūli (“beam, pillar”) + *-jan.


þingōn

þingōn (infinitive)
þingōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þingōnijē (dative infinitive)
þingōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þingō (first-person present singular)
þingōdā (first-person past singular)
þingōs (present second-person singular)
þingōdēs (past second-person singular)
þingōdōs (past second-person singular)
þingōþ (present singular third-person)
þingōdē (past singular third-person)
þingōdā (past singular third-person)
þingōm (first-person plural present)
þingōdum (first-person past plural)
þingōþ (plural present second-person)
þingōdud (past plural second-person)
þingōnþ (plural present third-person)
þingōdun (past plural third-person)
þingōdī (first-person past singular)
þingōdī (past second-person singular)
þingō (present singular third-person)
þingōdī (past singular third-person)
þingōdīm (first-person past plural)
þingōdīd (past plural second-person)
þingōn (plural present third-person)
þingōdīn (past plural third-person)
þingō (present singular)
þingōþ (plural present)
þingōndī (participle present)
þingōd (participle past)

Old English: þingian

q

likely conflated with the descendant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*þingijan</i>

Middle English: thingien, thingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingijan)

English: thing

Old Frisian: thingia

Saterland Frisian: tingje

West Frisian: tingje

Old Saxon: thingōn

Middle Low German: dingen

German Low German: dingen

desctree

Old Dutch: *thingon
Middle Dutch: dingen
Dutch: dingen
Afrikaans: ding

Old High German: dingōn

Middle High German: dingen (likely conflated with the descendant of *þingijan)

German: dingen

→ Esperanto: dungi

From Proto-Germanic *þingōną, equivalent to *þing (“meeting, case, matter”) + *-ōn.


bidulljan

bidulljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bidulljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bidulljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bidulljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bidullju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
biduldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bidulisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
biduldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
biduldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
biduliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
biduldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
biduldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bidulljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
biduldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
biduliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
biduldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bidulljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
biduldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bidulljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
biduldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bidulljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
biduldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bidulljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
biduldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bidulljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
biduldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bidulljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
biduldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bidulljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
biduldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
biduli (class-1 present singular weak)
biduliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bidulljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
biduld (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: bitullen

From Proto-Germanic *duljaną (“to mislead”) prefixed with *bi-.


saigijan

saigijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
saigijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
saigijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
saigijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
saigiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saigidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
saigisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saigidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saigidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saigiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saigidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saigidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saigijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saigidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
saigiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saigidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
saigijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saigidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
saigijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
saigidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
saigijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
saigidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
saigijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
saigidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
saigijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
saigidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
saigijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
saigidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
saigijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
saigidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
saigi (class-1 present singular weak)
saigiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
saigijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
saigid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sǣgan
Middle English: seien

Old Saxon: sēgian

Old Dutch: *seigen, *sēgen

Middle Dutch: seigen

Old High German: seigen

Middle High German: seigen


wabbjan

wabbjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wabbjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wabbjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wabbjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wabbju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wabidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wabisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wabidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wabidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wabiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wabidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wabidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wabbjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wabidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wabiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wabidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wabbjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wabidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wabbjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wabidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wabbjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wabidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wabbjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wabidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wabbjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wabidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wabbjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wabidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wabbjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wabidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wabi (class-1 present singular weak)
wabiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wabbjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wabid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: webbian

Middle English: webben, webbe, webbon, webbyne
English: web
Scots: wab

From Proto-Germanic *wabjaną. The causative to *weban (“to weave”).


bōsmijan

bōsmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bōsmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bōsmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bōsmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bōsmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bōsmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bōsmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bōsmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōsmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōsmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bōsmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōsmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōsmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bōsmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bōsmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bōsmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bōsmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bōsmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bōsmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bōsmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bōsmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bōsmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bōsmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bōsmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bōsmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bōsmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bōsmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bōsmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bōsmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bōsmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bōsmi (class-1 present singular weak)
bōsmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bōsmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bōsmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: bœ̄sman

Old Saxon: bōsmian

Old High German: buosmen

Middle High German: buosmen


kalkijan

kalkijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kalkijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kalkijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kalkijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kalkiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kalkidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kalkisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kalkidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kalkidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kalkiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kalkidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kalkidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kalkijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kalkidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kalkiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kalkidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kalkijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kalkidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kalkijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kalkidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kalkijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kalkidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kalkijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kalkidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kalkijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kalkidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kalkijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kalkidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kalkijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kalkidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kalki (class-1 present singular weak)
kalkiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kalkijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kalkid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cielcan

Old Saxon: kelkian

Middle Low German: kelken

Old High German: kelken, kalken

Middle High German: kelken

German: kälken


murþijan

murþijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
murþijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
murþijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
murþijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
murþiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
murþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
murþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
murþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
murþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
murþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
murþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
murþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
murþijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
murþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
murþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
murþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
murþijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
murþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
murþijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
murþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
murþijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
murþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
murþijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
murþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
murþijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
murþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
murþijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
murþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
murþijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
murþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
murþi (class-1 present singular weak)
murþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
murþijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
murþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: murden, (readaptated to the noun) morden

desc

Middle High German: mürden, mörden, morden

German: morden

From Proto-Germanic *murþijaną, equivalent to *morþ (“death, murder”) + *-jan.


nastijan

nastijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
nastijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
nastijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
nastijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
nastiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nastidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nastisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nastidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nastidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nastiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nastidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nastidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nastijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nastidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nastiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nastidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nastijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nastidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nastijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nastidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nastijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nastidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nastijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nastidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nastijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nastidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nastijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nastidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nastijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nastidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nasti (class-1 present singular weak)
nastiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
nastijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
nastid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: nestan

Old High German: *nesten

Middle High German: nesten


morþōn

morþōn (infinitive)
morþōnijas (genitive infinitive)
morþōnijē (dative infinitive)
morþōniju (infinitive instrumental)
morþō (first-person present singular)
morþōdā (first-person past singular)
morþōs (present second-person singular)
morþōdēs (past second-person singular)
morþōdōs (past second-person singular)
morþōþ (present singular third-person)
morþōdē (past singular third-person)
morþōdā (past singular third-person)
morþōm (first-person plural present)
morþōdum (first-person past plural)
morþōþ (plural present second-person)
morþōdud (past plural second-person)
morþōnþ (plural present third-person)
morþōdun (past plural third-person)
morþōdī (first-person past singular)
morþōdī (past second-person singular)
morþō (present singular third-person)
morþōdī (past singular third-person)
morþōdīm (first-person past plural)
morþōdīd (past plural second-person)
morþōn (plural present third-person)
morþōdīn (past plural third-person)
morþō (present singular)
morþōþ (plural present)
morþōndī (participle present)
morþōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: morthia

West Frisian: moardzje

Old Saxon: *morthon

Middle Low German: morden, mōrden

German Low German: moorden, moren, murrtjen

Old Dutch: *morthon

Middle Dutch: morden, moorden

Dutch: moorden

>? Old High German: *mordōn

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*murþijaną</i> with readaptation

Middle High German: morden (or from *murþijaną with readaptation)

German: morden


dwalmijan

dwalmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dwalmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dwalmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dwalmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dwalmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dwalmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dwalmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dwalmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwalmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwalmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dwalmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwalmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwalmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dwalmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dwalmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dwalmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dwalmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dwalmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dwalmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dwalmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dwalmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dwalmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dwalmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dwalmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dwalmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dwalmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dwalmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dwalmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dwalmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dwalmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dwalmi (class-1 present singular weak)
dwalmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dwalmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dwalmid (class-1 participle past weak)

⇒ Old English: fordwielman

Old Frisian: *dwelma

West Frisian: dwelme, dwelmje

Old Dutch: *dwelmen

Middle Dutch: dwelmen

⇒ Middle Dutch: bedwelmen

Dutch: bedwelmen

From *dwalm (“confusion, bewilderment”) + *-jan. Compare also 𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌼𐍉𐌽 (dwalmōn, “to be mad”).