unsar

unsar (masculine nominative singular)
unsaru (feminine nominative singular)
unsar (neuter nominative singular)
unsaranā (accusative masculine singular)
unsarā (accusative feminine singular)
unsar (accusative neuter singular)
unsaras (genitive masculine singular)
unsareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
unsaras (genitive neuter singular)
unsarumē (dative masculine singular)
unsareʀē (dative feminine singular)
unsarumē (dative neuter singular)
unsaru (instrumental masculine singular)
unsareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
unsaru (instrumental neuter singular)
unsarē (masculine nominative plural)
unsarō (feminine nominative plural)
unsaru (neuter nominative plural)
unsarā (accusative masculine plural)
unsarā (accusative feminine plural)
unsaru (accusative neuter plural)
unsareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
unsareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
unsareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
unsarēm (dative masculine plural)
unsarum (dative masculine plural)
unsarēm (dative feminine plural)
unsarum (dative feminine plural)
unsarēm (dative neuter plural)
unsarum (dative neuter plural)
unsarēm (instrumental masculine plural)
unsarum (instrumental masculine plural)
unsarēm (feminine instrumental plural)
unsarum (feminine instrumental plural)
unsarēm (instrumental neuter plural)
unsarum (instrumental neuter plural)
ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: ūser, ūre, ūr, usser

Middle English: oure

Scots: wir

English: our

Old Frisian: ūser, ūse

West Frisian: ús

Old Saxon: ūsa, ūse

Old Dutch: unsa

Middle Dutch: onse

Dutch: ons

Afrikaans: ons

Old High German: unsēr

Middle High German: unser

Alemannic German: öise, öisere, oisere

Cimbrian: ünsar

German: unser

Yiddish: אונדזער (undzer)


þan

Old Frisian: than

Saterland Frisian: dan, do

West Frisian: dan

Old Saxon: than

Middle Low German: dan

Old Dutch: than

Middle Dutch: dan

Dutch: dan (“then, than”)

Old High German: dan

Middle High German: dan

Cimbrian: dan

desc

German: dann (“then”), denn (“than, for”)

Hunsrik: dann

Luxembourgish: dann

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *þan, of disputed origin.


þiwi

þiwi (nominative singular)
þiuwjō (nominative plural)
þiuwjā (accusative singular)
þiuwjā (accusative plural)
þiuwjā (genitive singular)
þiuwjō (genitive plural)
þiuwjē (dative singular)
þiuwjōm (dative plural)
þiuwjum (dative plural)
þiuwju (instrumental singular)
þiuwjōm (instrumental plural)
þiuwjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thiwi, thiu, thiw

Old High German: *diwi, diu

Middle High German: diu, dū, deu, tiu


hlaiw

hlaiw (nominative singular)
hlaiwō (nominative plural)
hlaiwōs (nominative plural)
hlaiw (accusative singular)
hlaiwā (accusative plural)
hlaiwas (genitive singular)
hlaiwō (genitive plural)
hlaiwē (dative singular)
hlaiwum (dative plural)
hlaiwu (instrumental singular)
hlaiwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlēow, hlēo

Old Frisian: hlī

Old Saxon: hlēo

Old High German: hlēo, lēo

→ Proto-Slavic: *xlěvъ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *hlaiwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱloy-wo-s, from *ḱley- (“shelter, cover”).


hlaiw

hlaiw (nominative singular)
hlaiwu (nominative plural)
hlaiw (accusative singular)
hlaiwu (accusative plural)
hlaiwas (genitive singular)
hlaiwō (genitive plural)
hlaiwē (dative singular)
hlaiwum (dative plural)
hlaiwu (instrumental singular)
hlaiwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hlǣw, hlāw
Middle English: lawe, lowe
English: low, law, -low, -slow
Scots: law
⇒ English: Lewes (placename)

Old Saxon: hlēo

Old Dutch: *lēo (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: -lewe (in placenames), -leeuw (in placenames)

Old High German: hlēo, lēo


baþ

baþ (nominative singular)
baþu (nominative plural)
baþ (accusative singular)
baþu (accusative plural)
baþas (genitive singular)
baþō (genitive plural)
baþē (dative singular)
baþum (dative plural)
baþu (instrumental singular)
baþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæþ
Middle English: bath, baþ
English: bath
Scots: bath
→ Welsh: bàth

Old Frisian: beth

West Frisian: bad

Old Saxon: bath

Middle Low German: bad, bat

German Low German: Baad

Plautdietsch: Bod

Old Dutch: *bath

Middle Dutch: bat

Dutch: bad

Afrikaans: bad

Old High German: bad

Middle High German: bat

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Baad

Bavarian: Båd, Båod, Boud

Luxembourgish: Bad

German: Bad

Rhine Franconian: Bad

Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt]

Vilamovian: bod


dauþu

dauþu (nominative singular)
dauþiwi (nominative plural)
dauþō (nominative plural)
dauþu (accusative singular)
dauþū (accusative plural)
dauþō (genitive singular)
dauþiwō (genitive plural)
dauþiwi (dative singular)
dauþō (dative singular)
dauþum (dative plural)
dauþu (instrumental singular)
dauþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dēaþ, dǣð
Middle English: deeth, deð, dæð, dæþ, deth, deþ, deeþ, deþe, dethe
English: death
Scots: deith, daith

Old Frisian: dāth
Saterland Frisian: Dood
West Frisian: dead

Old Saxon: dōth

Middle Low German: dōt, dōd

German Low German: Dood

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Däut

Suerländer-Märkisch: Dôd

Westmünsterländisch: Dood

Plautdietsch: Doot

Old Dutch: dōt, dōth
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Berbice Creole Dutch: doto
Petjo: doot
Limburgish: doead

Old High German: tōd, dot, doth
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Daod, Dod
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dod
German: Tod
Luxembourgish: Doud
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

From Proto-Germanic *dauþuz. Equivalent to *dauwjan (“to die”) + *-þu.


alh

alh (nominative singular)
alhi (nominative plural)
alhu (accusative singular)
alhi (accusative plural)
alhi (genitive singular)
alhō (genitive plural)
alhi (dative singular)
alhum (dative plural)
alhi (instrumental singular)
alhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ealh, alh, alhn

Old Saxon: alah

Old Dutch: *al

Old High German: alah


haubid

haubid (nominative singular)
haubidu (nominative plural)
haubid (accusative singular)
haubidu (accusative plural)
haubidas (genitive singular)
haubidō (genitive plural)
haubidē (dative singular)
haubidum (dative plural)
haubidu (instrumental singular)
haubidum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōvid, hōƀid
Middle Low German: hovet, hövet, høvet, hoͤvet
German Low German: Höfd, Höft, Höwt, Hoovd, Höövd
Plautdietsch: Heeft
→ Saterland Frisian: Hööft

Old Dutch: hōvit
Middle Dutch: hôvet
Dutch: hoofd
Afrikaans: hoof
→ Indonesian: hop
Negerhollands: hoofd
Limburgish: houf-, höjdj- (compounds only)

Old High German: houbit, haupit
Middle High German: höubet, houbet, houpt
Alemannic German: Haupt
German: Haupt, Haubt, Häubt, Häupt, Heubt, Heupt
→ Plautdietsch: Haupt
Vilamovian: hiöt
Yiddish: הויפּט (hoypt)

From Proto-Germanic *haubidą, variant of *haubudą.


hlaib

hlaib (nominative singular)
hlaibō (nominative plural)
hlaibōs (nominative plural)
hlaib (accusative singular)
hlaibā (accusative plural)
hlaibas (genitive singular)
hlaibō (genitive plural)
hlaibē (dative singular)
hlaibum (dative plural)
hlaibu (instrumental singular)
hlaibum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlāf
Middle English: lof, lofe, loff, loof, looffe, love, hlaf, laf (Early Middle English)
English: loaf
→ Bengali: লোফ (lōph)
→ Marshallese: ļoob
→ Norwegian Bokmål: loff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: loff
→ Scottish Gaelic: lofa
Scots: laif

Old Frisian: hlēf

Saterland Frisian: luffe

North Frisian: liaf

Old Saxon: *hlēf; *hlēfa

(Middle Low German: klepe?)

Old High German: hleib, leib, leip; hlaiba, laiba

Middle High German: leip

Bavarian: Loab

Central Franconian: Laif (only Siegerland)

German: Laib

Rhine Franconian: Lääb, Laab

From Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz. May cognate with Polish chleb, Czech chléb, Serbo-Croatian hlȅb, Slovene hlẹ̑b.


taikn

taikn (nominative singular)
taiknu (nominative plural)
taikn (accusative singular)
taiknu (accusative plural)
taiknas (genitive singular)
taiknō (genitive plural)
taiknē (dative singular)
taiknum (dative plural)
taiknu (instrumental singular)
taiknum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tācn, tācen, tācon
Middle English: token, tokene, tokin, tokine, tokon, tokne, tocne, toquen, taken, takein, takin, takine (Northern), taken, takein, takin, takine, tacn, tacne, tacnæ, tockne (Early Middle English)
English: token
Scots: taiken
→ Old Norse: tákn
Icelandic: tákn

Old Frisian: tēken
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: teeken
Saterland Frisian: Teeken
West Frisian: teken

Old Saxon: tēken

Middle Low German: têken

German Low German: Teken

Plautdietsch: Tieekjen

Old Dutch: teikan, teikin, teican

Middle Dutch: têken, teiken
Dutch: teken
Afrikaans: teken, teiken
Berbice Creole Dutch: tegn
Negerhollands: teken
→ Indonesian: teken
Limburgish: teike

Old High German: zeihhan
Middle High German: zeichen
Alemannic German: Zäiche, Zäie
German: Zeichen
Luxembourgish: Zeechen
Yiddish: צייכן (tseykhn)

→ Friulian: tacolâ, tacon, taconâ


þauh

Old English: þēah, þēh

desc

Middle English: þah, thagh, thaugh, thogh, theigh

Scots: thoch (through confluence with Old Norse þó)

English: though (through confluence with Old Norse þó)

Old Frisian: thāch

Saterland Frisian: dach, daach

West Frisian: dôch, dochs

Old Saxon: thōh

Middle Low German: doch

Low German: doch

→ Old Danish: dogh

Danish: dog

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dog

→ Swedish: dock

Old Dutch: thoh

Middle Dutch: doch, toch

Dutch: doch, toch

Afrikaans: dog, tog

Old High German: thōh, dōh, doh

Middle High German: doch

Bavarian: do

German: doch

Luxembourgish: dach

Yiddish: דאָך (dokh)


þwahan

þwahan (infinitive)
þwahannjas (genitive infinitive)
þwahannjē (dative infinitive)
þwahannju (infinitive instrumental)
þwahu (first-person present singular)
þwōh (first-person past singular)
þwahiʀi (present second-person singular)
þwōgī (past second-person singular)
þwahidi (present singular third-person)
þwōh (past singular third-person)
þwahum (first-person plural present)
þwōgum (first-person past plural)
þwahid (plural present second-person)
þwōgud (past plural second-person)
þwahand (plural present third-person)
þwōgun (past plural third-person)
þwahē (first-person present singular)
þwōgī (first-person past singular)
þwahēs (present second-person singular)
þwahē (present singular third-person)
þwōgī (past singular third-person)
þwahēm (first-person plural present)
þwōgīm (first-person past plural)
þwahēþ (plural present second-person)
þwōgīd (past plural second-person)
þwahēn (plural present third-person)
þwōgīn (past plural third-person)
þwah (present singular)
þwahid (plural present)
þwahandī (participle present)
þwagan (participle past)

Old English: þwēan

Middle English: thwēn; athwean

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: sau (Amrum)

Old Saxon: thwahan

Middle Low German: dwân

Old Dutch: thwān
Middle Dutch: dwâen

Old High German: dwahan


skalk

skalk (nominative singular)
skalkō (nominative plural)
skalkōs (nominative plural)
skalk (accusative singular)
skalkā (accusative plural)
skalkas (genitive singular)
skalkō (genitive plural)
skalkē (dative singular)
skalkum (dative plural)
skalku (instrumental singular)
skalkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċealc
Middle English: schalk, scalk, schalke, schalkke, shalk
English: shalk
Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik

Old Frisian: skalk

(West Frisian: ontschalken)

Old Saxon: skalk

Middle Low German: schalk (in compounds: erseschalk, marschalk, etc.)

Old Dutch: scalc

Middle Dutch: scalc

Dutch: schalk (also in maarschalk)

Old High German: skalk, scalc, scalk
Middle High German: schalc
German: Schalk
Luxembourgish: Schallek
→ Italian: scalco (from Lombardic)

→ Vulgar Latin: scalcus (in compounds)

Medieval Latin: scalcius, scalciatus

Old French: escalque

→ Italian: scalco


airu

airu (nominative singular)
airō (nominative plural)
airā (accusative singular)
airā (accusative plural)
airā (genitive singular)
airō (genitive plural)
airē (dative singular)
airōm (dative plural)
airum (dative plural)
airu (instrumental singular)
airōm (instrumental plural)
airum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ār
Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air


airu

airu (nominative singular)
airiwi (nominative plural)
airō (nominative plural)
airu (accusative singular)
airū (accusative plural)
airō (genitive singular)
airiwō (genitive plural)
airiwi (dative singular)
airō (dative singular)
airum (dative plural)
airu (instrumental singular)
airum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ār

Old Saxon: ēr


etun

etun (nominative singular)
etunō (nominative plural)
etunōs (nominative plural)
etun (accusative singular)
etunā (accusative plural)
etunas (genitive singular)
etunō (genitive plural)
etunē (dative singular)
etunum (dative plural)
etunu (instrumental singular)
etunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eoten
Middle English: eten, eotend, eatant, yoten, geten
English: etten, ettin, eaton
Scots: etin, etyn, eattin, yetin

Old Saxon: *etun, *etinna

Middle Low German: eteninne


munþ

munþ (nominative singular)
munþō (nominative plural)
munþōs (nominative plural)
munþ (accusative singular)
munþā (accusative plural)
munþas (genitive singular)
munþō (genitive plural)
munþē (dative singular)
munþum (dative plural)
munþu (instrumental singular)
munþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mūþ
Middle English: mouth
English: mouth
Scots: mooth

Old Frisian: mūth; mund, mond

North Frisian: müd, müth, müss

Saterland Frisian: *Mund (in derivatives and compounds)

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: mundpaas (“bite-sized”)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: mundelk (“oral”)

West Frisian: mûn

→⇒ Middle Dutch: mûde, mûye f (“mouth (of a river)”)

Dutch: muide, mui

Old Saxon: mūth, mund

Middle Low German: munt, mont

German Low German: Mund

→ Scots: mund, mun

desctree

Old Dutch: munt
Middle Dutch: mont
Dutch: mond
Afrikaans: mond
Javindo: mon
Negerhollands: mond, mon, mun, mont
→ Virgin Islands Creole: mon, mout (dated)
Petjo: mon
Skepi Creole Dutch: mont
Limburgish: móndj

Old High German: mund

Middle High German: munt

German: Mund

Luxembourgish: Mond


silubr

silubr (nominative singular)
silubru (nominative plural)
silubr (accusative singular)
silubru (accusative plural)
silubras (genitive singular)
silubrō (genitive plural)
silubrē (dative singular)
silubrum (dative plural)
silubru (instrumental singular)
silubrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: seolfor, seolfer, seolofor, siolfor, siolufr, silofr, sylfor, sylfur — Mercian
Middle English: silver, selver, seolver, sulver, sylver
English: silver, ☽, ☾ (alchemy)
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva
Scots: silver, siller

Old Frisian: selover, selver

North Frisian: Salwer (Amrum)

Saterland Frisian: Sälver

West Frisian: sulver

Old Saxon: siluvar
Middle Low German: selver, sulver
German Low German: Sülver, Silver
Plautdietsch: Selwa

Old Dutch: silver

Middle Dutch: silver
Dutch: zilver
Afrikaans: silwer
Negerhollands: silver, zelva, selvu
Skepi Creole Dutch: solfer
→ Caribbean Javanese: silfer
→ Loup A: sinibat, chinebat, chinibat
→ Mahican: sehnpatt, senpett
→ Munsee: shulpul
→ Sranan Tongo: sorfu, solfru, sorfru
→ Saramaccan: sólófu, sóófu
→ Unami: silpël
Limburgish: zèlver

Old High German: silbar, silabar
Middle High German: silber
Bavarian: Süber, Suiber
Cimbrian: silbar
Mòcheno: silber
German: Silber
Kölsch: Seleve
Luxembourgish: Sëlwer
Pennsylvania German: Silwer
Vilamovian: zyłwer
Yiddish: זילבער (zilber)


haim

haim (nominative singular)
haimō (nominative plural)
haimōs (nominative plural)
haim (accusative singular)
haimā (accusative plural)
haimas (genitive singular)
haimō (genitive plural)
haimē (dative singular)
haimum (dative plural)
haimu (instrumental singular)
haimum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hām
Middle English: hom, hoom, home, hoome, whom, om, am, hame (Northern), ham (Early Middle English)
English: home, -ham (partially)
Geordie English: hyem
Scots: hame
Yola: hime, hyme, haime

Old Frisian: hām
North Frisian: hamm
Saterland Frisian: Heem
West Frisian: hiem

Old Saxon: hēm

Middle Low German: hēm, heim

German Low German: Heem, Heim

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Haim

East Westphalian: Håime (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)

Plautdietsch: Heim

Old Dutch: hēm
Middle Dutch: hêem
Dutch: heem, heim (possibly from German), -em, -hem, -gem (in placenames)
Afrikaans: heim
Limburgish: heim

Old High German: heim

Middle High German: heim

Alemannic German: Haa, Hai, Ham, Häi

Italian Walser: haim, heim, hemmu, hei

Bavarian:

desc

Cimbrian: hòam, huam (Tredici Comuni, Luserna)

Mòcheno: hoa'm

Udinese: hame, hama

German: Heim

Luxembourgish: Heem

Yiddish: היים (heym)

→ Old French: ham (see there for further descendants)


haldan

haldan (infinitive)
haldannjas (genitive infinitive)
haldannjē (dative infinitive)
haldannju (infinitive instrumental)
haldu (first-person present singular)
heald (first-person past singular)
haldiʀi (present second-person singular)
healdī (past second-person singular)
haldidi (present singular third-person)
heald (past singular third-person)
haldum (first-person plural present)
healdum (first-person past plural)
haldid (plural present second-person)
healdud (past plural second-person)
haldand (plural present third-person)
healdun (past plural third-person)
haldē (first-person present singular)
healdī (first-person past singular)
haldēs (present second-person singular)
haldē (present singular third-person)
healdī (past singular third-person)
haldēm (first-person plural present)
healdīm (first-person past plural)
haldēþ (plural present second-person)
healdīd (past plural second-person)
haldēn (plural present third-person)
healdīn (past plural third-person)
hald (present singular)
haldid (plural present)
haldandī (participle present)
haldan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: healdan, haldan — Anglian
Middle English: holden, halden, halde, halt
English: hold
Geordie English: ha'd
Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had
Yola: houle

Old Frisian: halda

Saterland Frisian: hoolde

West Frisian: hâlde

Old Saxon: haldan
Middle Low German: halden, hōlden
Low German: hallen (Paderbornisch); holen, holden, hollen, hooln
Plautdietsch: hoolen

Old Dutch: haldan
Middle Dutch: houden, halden, holden
Dutch: houden
Afrikaans: hou
Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
Negerhollands: hou, how
Skepi Creole Dutch: how, ow
→ Antillean Creole: béc aou (Martinique)
Limburgish: haaje

Old High German: haltan
Middle High German: halten
Bavarian: hoiten
Cimbrian: haltan, haltn (Luserna)
German: halten
Luxembourgish: halen
Yiddish: האַלטן (haltn)


undar

Old English: under
Middle English: under, vnder, onder
English: under
Scots: unner
Yola: unnere

Old Frisian: under

North Frisian: öner

Saterland Frisian: unner

West Frisian: ûnder

Old Saxon: undar
Middle Low German: under, ünder, ynder
Low German: ünner
Plautdietsch: unja

Old Dutch: under

Middle Dutch: onder

Dutch: onder
Afrikaans: onder
Berbice Creole Dutch: ondro
Negerhollands: onder, ondu, undu
→ Aukan: ondoo

Limburgish: ónger

Old High German: untar, undar, under
Middle High German: unter
German: unter
Hunsrik: unne
Luxembourgish: ënner
Yiddish: אונטער (unter)


maþl

maþl (nominative singular)
maþlu (nominative plural)
maþl (accusative singular)
maþlu (accusative plural)
maþlas (genitive singular)
maþlō (genitive plural)
maþlē (dative singular)
maþlum (dative plural)
maþlu (instrumental singular)
maþlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mæþel

Old Frisian: mēl (in derivatives)

Old Saxon: mahal

Middle Low German: mal

Frankish:

→ Late Latin: mallum

Old High German: mahal, māl

Middle High German: mahel, māl

German: Mahl (obsolete)


aftumist

aftumist (masculine nominative singular)
aftumistu (feminine nominative singular)
aftumist (neuter nominative singular)
aftumistanā (accusative masculine singular)
aftumistā (accusative feminine singular)
aftumist (accusative neuter singular)
aftumistas (genitive masculine singular)
aftumisteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aftumistas (genitive neuter singular)
aftumistumē (dative masculine singular)
aftumisteʀē (dative feminine singular)
aftumistumē (dative neuter singular)
aftumistu (instrumental masculine singular)
aftumisteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aftumistu (instrumental neuter singular)
aftumistē (masculine nominative plural)
aftumistō (feminine nominative plural)
aftumistu (neuter nominative plural)
aftumistā (accusative masculine plural)
aftumistā (accusative feminine plural)
aftumistu (accusative neuter plural)
aftumisteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aftumisteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aftumisteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aftumistēm (dative masculine plural)
aftumistum (dative masculine plural)
aftumistēm (dative feminine plural)
aftumistum (dative feminine plural)
aftumistēm (dative neuter plural)
aftumistum (dative neuter plural)
aftumistēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aftumistum (instrumental masculine plural)
aftumistēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aftumistum (feminine instrumental plural)
aftumistēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aftumistum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Old English: æftemest, æftemyst, æftemost

Middle English: aftemeste, eftemeste

English: aftermost

From Proto-Germanic *aftumistaz (“endmost, final”).


gakannjan

gakannjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gakannjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gakannjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gakannjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
gakannju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gakanidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gakanisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gakanidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gakanidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gakaniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gakanidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gakanidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gakannjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gakanidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gakaniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gakanidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gakannjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gakanidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gakannjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gakanidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gakannjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gakanidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gakannjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gakanidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gakannjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gakanidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gakannjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gakanidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gakannjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gakanidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gakani (class-1 present singular weak)
gakaniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gakannjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gakanid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ġecennan

Old High German: gikennen


kannjan

kannjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kannjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kannjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kannjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kannju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kanidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kanisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kanidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kanidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kaniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kanidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kanidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kannjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kanidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kaniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kanidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kannjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kanidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kannjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kanidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kannjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kanidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kannjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kanidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kannjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kanidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kannjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kanidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kannjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kanidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kani (class-1 present singular weak)
kaniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kannjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kanid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: cænnan, cennan, cynnan

Middle English: kennen

⇒ Old English: oncennan

→ Old Norse: kenna

Old Saxon: kennian

Old Dutch: *kennen


kunþ

kunþ (masculine nominative singular)
kunþu (feminine nominative singular)
kunþ (neuter nominative singular)
kunþanā (accusative masculine singular)
kunþā (accusative feminine singular)
kunþ (accusative neuter singular)
kunþas (genitive masculine singular)
kunþeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kunþas (genitive neuter singular)
kunþumē (dative masculine singular)
kunþeʀē (dative feminine singular)
kunþumē (dative neuter singular)
kunþu (instrumental masculine singular)
kunþeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kunþu (instrumental neuter singular)
kunþē (masculine nominative plural)
kunþō (feminine nominative plural)
kunþu (neuter nominative plural)
kunþā (accusative masculine plural)
kunþā (accusative feminine plural)
kunþu (accusative neuter plural)
kunþeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kunþeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kunþeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kunþēm (dative masculine plural)
kunþum (dative masculine plural)
kunþēm (dative feminine plural)
kunþum (dative feminine plural)
kunþēm (dative neuter plural)
kunþum (dative neuter plural)
kunþēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kunþum (instrumental masculine plural)
kunþēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kunþum (feminine instrumental plural)
kunþēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kunþum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: cūþ

Scots: couth

English: couth

Old Frisian: kūth

Saterland Frisian: cut

Old Saxon: kūth, *kunth

Middle Low German: kunt

desctree

Old Dutch: cunt
Middle Dutch: cont
Dutch: kond

Old High German: kund

Middle High German: kunt

German: kund


hiwi

hiwi (nominative singular)
hiuwju (nominative plural)
hiwi (accusative singular)
hiuwju (accusative plural)
hiuwjas (genitive singular)
hiuwjō (genitive plural)
hiuwjē (dative singular)
hiuwjum (dative plural)
hiuwju (instrumental singular)
hiuwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hīew, hīw

Middle English: hewe

Scots: hew, hu, hue

English: hue


luftu

luftu (nominative singular)
luftiwi (nominative plural)
loftō (nominative plural)
luftu (accusative singular)
luftū (accusative plural)
loftō (genitive singular)
luftiwō (genitive plural)
luftiwi (dative singular)
loftō (dative singular)
luftum (dative plural)
luftu (instrumental singular)
luftum (instrumental plural)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*lufti</i>

Old English: lyft (< *lufti)
Middle English: luft, lift
English: lift
Scots: luft, lift

Old Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft

Saterland Frisian: Luft

West Frisian: loft

Old Saxon: luft

Middle Low German: lucht

Low German: lucht, luft, Luft

East Frisian Low Saxon: Loft

Plautdietsch:

Volhynian: Lift

→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht

→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)

→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)

→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)

→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)

Old Dutch: *luft

Middle Dutch: lucht, locht

Dutch: lucht

→ West Frisian: lucht

Old High German: luft; luht (northern)

Middle High German: luft; lucht

German: Luft
→ English: luft
→ Czech: luft
→ Luxembourgish: Loft
→ Kashubian: lëft
→ Polish: luft
→ Silesian: luft

q

Central Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)

Hunsrik: Luft

Luxembourgish: Luucht, Lut

East Central German:

Lusatian: Luffd

Vilamovian: łöft

Pennsylvania German: Luft

Yiddish: לופֿט (luft)


lustu

lustu (nominative singular)
lustiwi (nominative plural)
lostō (nominative plural)
lustu (accusative singular)
lustū (accusative plural)
lostō (genitive singular)
lustiwō (genitive plural)
lustiwi (dative singular)
lostō (dative singular)
lustum (dative plural)
lustu (instrumental singular)
lustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lust

Middle English: lust

Scots: lust

English: lust

Old Frisian: lust

Saterland Frisian: Lust

West Frisian: lust

Old Saxon: lust

Middle Low German: lust, lüst, lyst

German Low German: Lüst

→ Old Norse: lyst

Icelandic: lyst

Norwegian: lyst

Danish: lyst

Faroese: lyst

Old Swedish: lyst

Swedish: lust

→ Estonian: lust

Old Dutch: *lust

desctree

Middle Dutch: lust
Dutch: lust
Afrikaans: lus
Negerhollands: lyst

Old High German: lust

Middle High German: lust

German: Lust

Luxembourgish: Loscht

From Proto-Germanic *lustuz. Equivalent to *laus (“loose, free”) + *-þu.


hauh

head

*hauh (comparative *hauhiʀō, superlative *hauhist)

hauhiʀō (comparative)
hauhist (superlative)
hauh (masculine nominative singular)
hauhu (feminine nominative singular)
hauh (neuter nominative singular)
hauhanā (accusative masculine singular)
hauhā (accusative feminine singular)
hauh (accusative neuter singular)
hauhas (genitive masculine singular)
hauheʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hauhas (genitive neuter singular)
hauhumē (dative masculine singular)
hauheʀē (dative feminine singular)
hauhumē (dative neuter singular)
hauhu (instrumental masculine singular)
hauheʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hauhu (instrumental neuter singular)
hauhē (masculine nominative plural)
hauhō (feminine nominative plural)
hauhu (neuter nominative plural)
hauhā (accusative masculine plural)
hauhā (accusative feminine plural)
hauhu (accusative neuter plural)
hauheʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hauheʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hauheʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hauhēm (dative masculine plural)
hauhum (dative masculine plural)
hauhēm (dative feminine plural)
hauhum (dative feminine plural)
hauhēm (dative neuter plural)
hauhum (dative neuter plural)
hauhēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hauhum (instrumental masculine plural)
hauhēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hauhum (feminine instrumental plural)
hauhēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hauhum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hēah
Middle English: heigh
English: high
Sranan Tongo: hei
→ German: high
Scots: heich
Yola: heigh, heighe, heegh, hia, hie
Scots: he-, hey-

Old Frisian: hāch, hāg
North Frisian: huuch (Föhr-Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: hoog
West Frisian: heech

Old Saxon: hōh
Middle Low German: hôch, hô
German Low German: hooch, hoog
Plautdietsch: hüag, huag

Old Dutch: hō, hōg

Middle Dutch: hôoch

Dutch: hoog
Afrikaans: hoog
Berbice Creole Dutch: hogo
Jersey Dutch: hôx
Negerhollands: hoog, hok
Skepi Creole Dutch: hug, oag

Old High German: hōh
Middle High German: hōch, hō
Alemannic German: hooch
Walser: hoch, hòch
Swabian: hauch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hoach, hòach (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: heach
Northern Bavarian: [hɔːu̯ɣ̊], (comparative) [ˈhɛi̯xɐ], (superlative) [ˈhɛi̯kst]
Central Franconian: huh, hiech, hieh (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: hogh
Luxembourgish: héich, héi
German: hoch
Rhine Franconian: houch, hauch, hoch, hok, houk, huch, huk
Frankfurterisch: [hoːx], (comparative) [heːʒ̥æ̆], (superlative) [he(ː)kst]
Pennsylvania German: hooch
Vilamovian: huch
Yiddish: הויך (hoykh)

q

conflated with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">altus</i>

→ Old French: haut (conflated with Latin altus) (see there for further descendants)


skaban

skaban (infinitive)
skabannjas (genitive infinitive)
skabannjē (dative infinitive)
skabannju (infinitive instrumental)
skabu (first-person present singular)
skōb (first-person past singular)
skabiʀi (present second-person singular)
skōbī (past second-person singular)
skabidi (present singular third-person)
skōb (past singular third-person)
skabum (first-person plural present)
skōbum (first-person past plural)
skabid (plural present second-person)
skōbud (past plural second-person)
skaband (plural present third-person)
skōbun (past plural third-person)
skabē (first-person present singular)
skōbī (first-person past singular)
skabēs (present second-person singular)
skabē (present singular third-person)
skōbī (past singular third-person)
skabēm (first-person plural present)
skōbīm (first-person past plural)
skabēþ (plural present second-person)
skōbīd (past plural second-person)
skabēn (plural present third-person)
skōbīn (past plural third-person)
skab (present singular)
skabid (plural present)
skabandī (participle present)
skaban (participle past)

Old English: sċafan, sċeafan

Middle English: schaven, shaven

English: shave

→ Welsh: siafio

through confluence with Norwegian <i class="Latn mention" lang="no">skave</i>

Scots: schave, schaif, schaiff; shaav (through confluence with Norwegian skave)

Old Frisian: *skava

Saterland Frisian: skoawje

West Frisian: skave

Old Saxon: skavan, skaƀan

Middle Low German: schāven

German Low German: schaven

Low German: schaven

Old Dutch: *scavan

desctree

Middle Dutch: schāven
Dutch: schaven
Limburgish: sjave

Old High German: skaban

Middle High German: schaben

German: schaben

Luxembourgish: schuewen (archaic)

Yiddish: שאָבן (shobn)


hallu

hallu (nominative singular)
hallō (nominative plural)
hallā (accusative singular)
hallā (accusative plural)
hallā (genitive singular)
hallō (genitive plural)
hallē (dative singular)
hallōm (dative plural)
hallum (dative plural)
hallu (instrumental singular)
hallōm (instrumental plural)
hallum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heall
Middle English: halle, hall, hal, hale, alle, hawle, haule
English: hall (see there for further descendants)
Scots: haw
Yola: haul

Old Frisian: *hall, *hell

Saterland Frisian: Halle

West Frisian: hille

Old Saxon: halla

Middle Low German: halle

German Low German: Hall

Low German: Hall

Old Dutch: *halla

Middle Dutch: halle

Dutch: hal

Old High German: halla

Middle High German: halle

German: Halle

Luxembourgish: Hal

→ Italian: alla

→ Medieval Latin: halla (see there for further descendants)


wintru

wintru (nominative singular)
wintriwi (nominative plural)
wintrō (nominative plural)
wintru (accusative singular)
wintrū (accusative plural)
wintrō (genitive singular)
wintriwō (genitive plural)
wintriwi (dative singular)
wintrō (dative singular)
wintrum (dative plural)
wintru (instrumental singular)
wintrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: winter
Middle English: winter, wintere, wintre, wynter
English: winter
Scots: winter
Yola: wonter

Old Frisian: winter

Saterland Frisian: Winter

West Frisian: winter

Old Saxon: wintar
Middle Low German: winter
Dutch Low Saxon: winter (Gronings)
German Low German: Winter
Plautdietsch: Winta

Old Dutch: winter
Middle Dutch: winter
Dutch: winter
Afrikaans: winter
Negerhollands: winter
→ Sranan Tongo: wenter
Limburgish: wintjer

Old High German: wintar

Middle High German: winter, winder

Alemannic German: Winter

Italian Walser: wénter, winter, wenter

Swabian: Wender

Bavarian: Winta

Cimbrian: bintar

Mòcheno: binter

Udinese: binter, bintar

desc

Central Franconian: Wenter, Wengter (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Wonter, Wönter (Eifel), Wonter, Wönter

Hunsrik: Winter

Luxembourgish: Wanter

German: Winter

East Central German:

Silesian East Central German: Winter

Vilamovian: wynter

Yiddish: ווינטער (vinter)


waldan

waldan (infinitive)
waldannjas (genitive infinitive)
waldannjē (dative infinitive)
waldannju (infinitive instrumental)
waldu (first-person present singular)
weald (first-person past singular)
waldiʀi (present second-person singular)
wealdī (past second-person singular)
waldidi (present singular third-person)
weald (past singular third-person)
waldum (first-person plural present)
wealdum (first-person past plural)
waldid (plural present second-person)
wealdud (past plural second-person)
waldand (plural present third-person)
wealdun (past plural third-person)
waldē (first-person present singular)
wealdī (first-person past singular)
waldēs (present second-person singular)
waldē (present singular third-person)
wealdī (past singular third-person)
waldēm (first-person plural present)
wealdīm (first-person past plural)
waldēþ (plural present second-person)
wealdīd (past plural second-person)
waldēn (plural present third-person)
wealdīn (past plural third-person)
wald (present singular)
waldid (plural present)
waldandī (participle present)
waldan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wealdan
Middle English: welden, weld, welde, weldon, wielde, wild, wilde, wold, wolde, wolden, weld, welde, weild, weilde, veild (northwest Midlands), weild, weilde, veild, wald, walde (Northern), walden, wælden (early southwest Midlands), wald, walde, wealde, wealden, uelden (Early Middle English)
English: wield, English: wald
Scots: wield, Scots: wald

Old Frisian: walda (weak verb)

Old Saxon: waldan
Middle Low German: wolden
Low German: wolden

Old Dutch: waldan
⇒ Middle Dutch: gewouden (strong verb)

Old High German: waltan

Middle High German: walten, walden

German: walten (weak verb)

→ Danish: valte


marisk

marisk (masculine nominative singular)
marisku (feminine nominative singular)
marisk (neuter nominative singular)
mariskanā (accusative masculine singular)
mariskā (accusative feminine singular)
marisk (accusative neuter singular)
mariskas (genitive masculine singular)
mariskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mariskas (genitive neuter singular)
mariskumē (dative masculine singular)
mariskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
mariskumē (dative neuter singular)
marisku (instrumental masculine singular)
mariskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
marisku (instrumental neuter singular)
mariskē (masculine nominative plural)
mariskō (feminine nominative plural)
marisku (neuter nominative plural)
mariskā (accusative masculine plural)
mariskā (accusative feminine plural)
marisku (accusative neuter plural)
mariskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mariskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mariskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mariskēm (dative masculine plural)
mariskum (dative masculine plural)
mariskēm (dative feminine plural)
mariskum (dative feminine plural)
mariskēm (dative neuter plural)
mariskum (dative neuter plural)
mariskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mariskum (instrumental masculine plural)
mariskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mariskum (feminine instrumental plural)
mariskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mariskum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mersċ, merisċ
Middle English: merssh, marsch, marsh, merche, mersch, mersh, mershe, merss, mersc
English: marsh
Scots: mersk, merse

Old Frisian: *marsk, mersk

Saterland Frisian: Marsk

West Frisian: mersk

Old Saxon: mersk

Middle Low German: mersch; marsch

→ Danish: marsk

→ German: Marsch

→ Norwegian: mersk

Old Dutch: *mersk

Middle Dutch: mersch

Dutch: meers

→ Gascon: maresc

→ Old French: mareis, maresc, marois
Norman: mathais (Jersey)
Middle French: marais
French: marais, marécage
→ Middle Dutch: marasch
Dutch: moeras
→ English: morass
→ Middle Low German: mōras
→ German: Morast
→ Middle English: mareys
English: marish

From *mari (“sea, lake”) + *-isk (“-ish”).


paidu

paidu (nominative singular)
paidō (nominative plural)
paidā (accusative singular)
paidā (accusative plural)
paidā (genitive singular)
paidō (genitive plural)
paidē (dative singular)
paidōm (dative plural)
paidum (dative plural)
paidu (instrumental singular)
paidōm (instrumental plural)
paidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pād
Middle English: *pod (attested in pod ware)
English: pod

Old Saxon: pēda

Middle Low German: *pêde

→ Old Swedish: padha

Swedish: pade (dialectal)

Lombardic: paita

→ Italian: patta
→ Danish: pat
→ Icelandic: patt
→ French: pat
→ German: Patt
→ Greek: πατ (pat)
→ Polish: pat
→ Serbo-Croatian: pat
→ Slovak: pat


ahu

ahu (nominative singular)
ahwō (nominative plural)
ahwā (accusative singular)
ahwā (accusative plural)
ahwā (genitive singular)
ahwō (genitive plural)
ahwē (dative singular)
ahwōm (dative plural)
ahum (dative plural)
ahu (instrumental singular)
ahwōm (instrumental plural)
ahum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēa, ǣ
Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo
⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)
Middle English: eddy
English: eddy

Old Frisian: ā, ē

North Frisian: ia

Saterland Frisian: Äi

West Frisian: ie

Old Saxon: aha, ā

Middle Low German: ahe, â

>? German Low German: Ehe (archaic)

Old Dutch: ā
Middle Dutch: â
Dutch: a, Aa

Old High German: aha

Middle High German: ahe

desc

German: Ach, Ache (obsolete or dialectal, chiefly in toponyms)


aukan

aukan (infinitive)
aukannjas (genitive infinitive)
aukannjē (dative infinitive)
aukannju (infinitive instrumental)
auku (first-person present singular)
eōk (first-person past singular)
aukiʀi (present second-person singular)
eōkī (past second-person singular)
aukidi (present singular third-person)
eōk (past singular third-person)
aukum (first-person plural present)
eōkum (first-person past plural)
aukid (plural present second-person)
eōkud (past plural second-person)
aukand (plural present third-person)
eōkun (past plural third-person)
aukē (first-person present singular)
eōkī (first-person past singular)
aukēs (present second-person singular)
aukē (present singular third-person)
eōkī (past singular third-person)
aukēm (first-person plural present)
eōkīm (first-person past plural)
aukēþ (plural present second-person)
eōkīd (past plural second-person)
aukēn (plural present third-person)
eōkīn (past plural third-person)
auk (present singular)
aukid (plural present)
aukandī (participle present)
aukan (participle past)

Old English: ēacan

Middle English: eken

Scots: eik

English: eke

Old Frisian: āka

Old Saxon: ōkan

Old Saxon: ôken

Old Dutch: *ōkan

Middle Dutch: ôken

Dutch: oken

Old High German: ouhhan, ouchan (in derivatives)


kiukīn

kiukīn (nominative singular)
kiukīnu (nominative plural)
kiukīn (accusative singular)
kiukīnu (accusative plural)
kiukīnas (genitive singular)
kiukīnō (genitive plural)
kiukīnē (dative singular)
kiukīnum (dative plural)
kiukīnu (instrumental singular)
kiukīnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċicen, ċiccen, ċycen, ċiacen
Middle English: chiken, chicoun, chike, cheke
English: chicken, chick
Scots: chikin, chekin, schik
Yola: chick, chicke

Old Frisian: *tsiūken

North Frisian: Schückling

Saterland Frisian: Sjuuken

Old Saxon: *kiukīn

Middle Low German: kǖken

German Low German: Küken

→ German: Küken

Old Dutch: *kiukīn

Middle Dutch: kuken, kieken, kiekin

Dutch: kuiken, kieken

Afrikaans: kuiken

Old High German: *kuhhīn, *kuchīn

Middle High German: kūchelīn

German: Küchlein (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *kiukīną, *kukkīną, from n-stem *keukô ~ *kukkaz (“rooster, chicken”) + *-īnaz (diminutive). Cognate with Old Norse kjúklingr (“chicken”).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


haggju

haggju (nominative singular)
haggjō (nominative plural)
haggjā (accusative singular)
haggjā (accusative plural)
haggjā (genitive singular)
haggjō (genitive plural)
haggjē (dative singular)
haggjōm (dative plural)
haggjum (dative plural)
haggju (instrumental singular)
haggjōm (instrumental plural)
haggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heċġ
Middle English: hegge, egge, eygge, heddge, hedge, heg, hege, hegg, heggg
English: hedge
Scots: hedge

Old Frisian: *hegg, *heg

Saterland Frisian: Hääge

i

West Frisian: hage (possibly from related Middle Low German hāge, hāch)

Old Saxon: *heggia; *heggi

Middle Low German: hegge, hēge, hoge

German Low German: Heeg, Hegg

Old Dutch: hegga

Middle Dutch: hegge

Dutch: heg

Afrikaans: heg

Old High German: hegga, *hekka

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hakkju</i>

Middle High German: hegge, hege, hecke (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hakkju)

desctree

German: Hecke
→ Icelandic: hekk
→ Swedish: häck
→ Danish: hæk

Luxembourgish: Heck

→ Medieval Latin: haga, haia

Old French: hoie, haie; age (dialectal)

Middle French: haye
French: haie

French: age m

From Proto-Germanic *hagjō, from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”).


hakkju

hakkju (nominative singular)
hakkjō (nominative plural)
hakkjā (accusative singular)
hakkjā (accusative plural)
hakkjā (genitive singular)
hakkjō (genitive plural)
hakkjē (dative singular)
hakkjōm (dative plural)
hakkjum (dative plural)
hakkju (instrumental singular)
hakkjōm (instrumental plural)
hakkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæċ f or m
Middle English: hacche, hach, hachche, hache, hak, hatche, hecche, heck, hek, hekke, hetche
English: hatch, heck
Scots: hatch, heck, haik

Old Frisian: *hek, *hekk n

Saterland Frisian: Häk

West Frisian: hek

Old Saxon: *hekkia; *hekki n

Middle Low German: hecke, heck f or n

German Low German: Heck

→ German: Heck

Old Dutch: *hekka

Middle Dutch: hecke

Dutch: hek

Old High German: *hehha, *hekka; *hehhi, *hekki n

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*haggju</i>

Middle High German: hecke f or n (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *haggju)

German: Hecke f


sterban

sterban (infinitive)
sterbannjas (genitive infinitive)
sterbannjē (dative infinitive)
sterbannju (infinitive instrumental)
sterbu (first-person present singular)
starb (first-person past singular)
stirbiʀi (present second-person singular)
sturbī (past second-person singular)
stirbidi (present singular third-person)
starb (past singular third-person)
sterbum (first-person plural present)
sturbum (first-person past plural)
stirbid (plural present second-person)
sturbud (past plural second-person)
sterband (plural present third-person)
sturbun (past plural third-person)
sterbē (first-person present singular)
sturbī (first-person past singular)
sterbēs (present second-person singular)
sterbē (present singular third-person)
sturbī (past singular third-person)
sterbēm (first-person plural present)
sturbīm (first-person past plural)
sterbēþ (plural present second-person)
sturbīd (past plural second-person)
sterbēn (plural present third-person)
sturbīn (past plural third-person)
stirb (present singular)
stirbid (plural present)
sterbandī (participle present)
storban (participle past)

desctree

Old English: steorfan
Middle English: sterven, sterve
English: starve
Scots: sterve

Old Frisian: sterva

Saterland Frisian: stíerve

West Frisian: stjerre

Old Saxon: stervan

Middle Low German: sterven, starven

Low German: staarven, starven

Plautdietsch: stoawen

Old Dutch: stervan
Middle Dutch: sterven
Dutch: sterven
Afrikaans: sterf, sterwe
Limburgish: stèrve

Old High German: sterban
Middle High German: sterben
Alemannic German: steerbe, sterbe
Bavarian: sterbn
German: sterben
Hunsrik: sterrve
Luxembourgish: stierwen
Yiddish: שטאַרבן (shtarbn)


erl

erl (nominative singular)
erlō (nominative plural)
erlōs (nominative plural)
erl (accusative singular)
erlā (accusative plural)
erlas (genitive singular)
erlō (genitive plural)
erlē (dative singular)
erlum (dative plural)
erlu (instrumental singular)
erlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorl
Middle English: erl, ærl, eerl, eorl, erle, eryl, ȝerle, ȝierl, yerl
English: earl
Scots: yerl, yarl (merged with Old Norse jarl)
Yola: earle

Old Saxon: erl


gasti

gasti (nominative singular)
gastī (nominative plural)
gasti (accusative singular)
gastī (accusative plural)
gastī (genitive singular)
gastijō (genitive plural)
gastī (dative singular)
gastim (dative plural)
gastijum (dative plural)
gastī (instrumental singular)
gastim (instrumental plural)
gastijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiest

Old Frisian: jest

Old Saxon: gast
Middle Low German: gast
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Gast
Sauerländisch: Gast
Westmünsterländisch: Gast
Plautdietsch: Gaust
→ Saterland Frisian: Gast
→ West Frisian: gast

Old Dutch: *gast

Middle Dutch: gast

Dutch: gast

Afrikaans: gas

Old High German: gast
Middle High German: gast
Bavarian: Gåst
German: Gast
→ Esperanto: gasto
Luxembourgish: Gaascht
Yiddish: גאַסט (gast)


wrekan

wrekan (infinitive)
wrekannjas (genitive infinitive)
wrekannjē (dative infinitive)
wrekannju (infinitive instrumental)
wreku (first-person present singular)
wrak (first-person past singular)
wrikiʀi (present second-person singular)
wrākī (past second-person singular)
wrikidi (present singular third-person)
wrak (past singular third-person)
wrekum (first-person plural present)
wrākum (first-person past plural)
wrikid (plural present second-person)
wrākud (past plural second-person)
wrekand (plural present third-person)
wrākun (past plural third-person)
wrekē (first-person present singular)
wrākī (first-person past singular)
wrekēs (present second-person singular)
wrekē (present singular third-person)
wrākī (past singular third-person)
wrekēm (first-person plural present)
wrākīm (first-person past plural)
wrekēþ (plural present second-person)
wrākīd (past plural second-person)
wrekēn (plural present third-person)
wrākīn (past plural third-person)
wrik (present singular)
wrikid (plural present)
wrekandī (participle present)
wrekan (participle past)

Old English: wrecan
Middle English: wreken
English: wreak
Scots: wreke, wrek, wreik

Old Frisian: wreka

West Frisian: wrekke

Old Saxon: wrekan

Middle Low German: wrēken

Old Dutch: *wrekan

Middle Dutch: wrēken

Dutch: wreken

Afrikaans: wreek

Old High German: rehhan, wrehhan

Middle High German: rechen

German: rächen

→ Luxembourgish: rächen


brinnan

brinnan (infinitive)
brinnannjas (genitive infinitive)
brinnannjē (dative infinitive)
brinnannju (infinitive instrumental)
brinnu (first-person present singular)
brann (first-person past singular)
brinniʀi (present second-person singular)
brunnī (past second-person singular)
brinnidi (present singular third-person)
brann (past singular third-person)
brinnum (first-person plural present)
brunnum (first-person past plural)
brinnid (plural present second-person)
brunnud (past plural second-person)
brinnand (plural present third-person)
brunnun (past plural third-person)
brinnē (first-person present singular)
brunnī (first-person past singular)
brinnēs (present second-person singular)
brinnē (present singular third-person)
brunnī (past singular third-person)
brinnēm (first-person plural present)
brunnīm (first-person past plural)
brinnēþ (plural present second-person)
brunnīd (past plural second-person)
brinnēn (plural present third-person)
brunnīn (past plural third-person)
brinn (present singular)
brinnid (plural present)
brinnandī (participle present)
brunnan (participle past)

Old English: biernan, byrnan, birnan, beornan
Middle English: bernen, bern, berne, birnen, brennen
English: burn
Scots: bern, brenn, bren, brend

Old Saxon: brinnan

desc

Middle Low German: bernen, barnen, burnen

German Low German: brannen

desctree

Old Dutch: brinnan
Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
Dutch: barnen
Limburgish: borre
⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
Dutch: branden
Limburgish: branje, brenje

Old High German: brinnan

Middle High German: brinnen

Alemannic German: brünne (dated)

Bavarian: brinna

Cimbrian: prönnan

German: brinnen (obsolete)


skeran

skeran (infinitive)
skerannjas (genitive infinitive)
skerannjē (dative infinitive)
skerannju (infinitive instrumental)
skeru (first-person present singular)
skar (first-person past singular)
skiriʀi (present second-person singular)
skārī (past second-person singular)
skiridi (present singular third-person)
skar (past singular third-person)
skerum (first-person plural present)
skārum (first-person past plural)
skirid (plural present second-person)
skārud (past plural second-person)
skerand (plural present third-person)
skārun (past plural third-person)
skerē (first-person present singular)
skārī (first-person past singular)
skerēs (present second-person singular)
skerē (present singular third-person)
skārī (past singular third-person)
skerēm (first-person plural present)
skārīm (first-person past plural)
skerēþ (plural present second-person)
skārīd (past plural second-person)
skerēn (plural present third-person)
skārīn (past plural third-person)
skir (present singular)
skirid (plural present)
skerandī (participle present)
skoran (participle past)

Old English: sċieran, sċeran, sċeoran, sċiran
Middle English: scheren, schæren, schere, scheryn, shere, sheren, ssere
English: shear
Scots: shear
Yola: shaure (preterite)

Old Frisian: skera
Saterland Frisian: schääre, skääre
West Frisian: skarre

Old Saxon: skeran, sceran
Middle Low German: scheren
Low German: scheren

Old Dutch: skeran
Middle Dutch: schēren
Dutch: scheren
Afrikaans: skeer
Berbice Creole Dutch: skeri
Negerhollands: skeer
Skepi Creole Dutch: skler, scar
→ Aukan: sikeli
→ Sranan Tongo: sker
→ Dutch: skeer
→ West Frisian: skeare
Limburgish: sjaere

Old High German: skeran

Middle High German: schërn

German: scheren

Hunsrik: scheere

Luxembourgish: schieren

Yiddish: שערן (shern)

⇒ Old High German: giskirri

Middle High German: geschirre

Alemannic German: Geschirr

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Gescherr

Luxembourgish: Geschier

German: Geschirr

→ Polish: szory

→ Russian: шоры (šory)

→ Old French: escirer

⇒ Old French: descirer

Middle French: deschirer
French: déchirer


raip

raip (nominative singular)
raipō (nominative plural)
raipōs (nominative plural)
raip (accusative singular)
raipā (accusative plural)
raipas (genitive singular)
raipō (genitive plural)
raipē (dative singular)
raipum (dative plural)
raipu (instrumental singular)
raipum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rāp
Middle English: rop, rap, rope, roop, roope
English: rope, roap, roape
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop
Scots: raip
→ Old French: rap

Old Frisian: rāp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: riap
Halligen: reep
Mooring: ruup
Wiedingharde: ruup
Saterland Frisian: Roop
West Frisian: reap

Old Saxon: *rēp

Middle Low German: rêp, reep

Low German: Reep

German Low German: Reep

→ German: Reep (chiefly in Reeper and Fallreep)

Old Dutch: rēp

Middle Dutch: rêep

Dutch: reep

Old High German: reif

Middle High German: reif

German: Reif, Reifen

Luxembourgish: Reef


drinkan

drinkan (infinitive)
drinkannjas (genitive infinitive)
drinkannjē (dative infinitive)
drinkannju (infinitive instrumental)
drinku (first-person present singular)
drank (first-person past singular)
drinkiʀi (present second-person singular)
drunkī (past second-person singular)
drinkidi (present singular third-person)
drank (past singular third-person)
drinkum (first-person plural present)
drunkum (first-person past plural)
drinkid (plural present second-person)
drunkud (past plural second-person)
drinkand (plural present third-person)
drunkun (past plural third-person)
drinkē (first-person present singular)
drunkī (first-person past singular)
drinkēs (present second-person singular)
drinkē (present singular third-person)
drunkī (past singular third-person)
drinkēm (first-person plural present)
drunkīm (first-person past plural)
drinkēþ (plural present second-person)
drunkīd (past plural second-person)
drinkēn (plural present third-person)
drunkīn (past plural third-person)
drink (present singular)
drinkid (plural present)
drinkandī (participle present)
drunkan (participle past)

Old English: drincan
Middle English: drinken, drynken
English: drink (see there for further descendants)
Scots: drink
Yola: drink

Old Frisian: drinka
North Frisian:
Föhr: drank
Hallig: drinke
Mooring: drainke
Saterland Frisian: drinke
West Frisian: drinke

Old Saxon: drinkan
Middle Low German: drinken
Low German: drinken

Old Dutch: drincan
Middle Dutch: drinken
Dutch: drinken
Afrikaans: drink
Berbice Creole Dutch: dronggi
Negerhollands: drink, dring, drin
→ Aukan: dingii
Limburgish: drinke

Old High German: trinkan
Middle High German: trinken
Alemannic German: trinke
Italian Walser: trenhu, trénge, tringhien, trinche
Bavarian: trinkn, dringa
Cimbrian: trinkhan, trinkan (Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: trinken
Udinese: trinkn, trinkhn, trinckn
Central Franconian: drenke, dronke, drönke (Eifel), drinke (Kölsch), drinke
Hunsrik: drinke
German: trinken
Luxembourgish: drénken
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: drinke
Vilamovian: trynkja
Yiddish: טרינקען (trinken)
→ Middle French: trinquer
French: trinquer
→ Galician: trincar
→ Italian: trincare
→ Sicilian: ntrincari
→ Spanish: trincar
→ Venetian: trincar, trincàr


askijō

askijō (nominative singular)
askijan (nominative plural)
askijan (accusative singular)
askijan (accusative plural)
askijini (genitive singular)
askijan (genitive singular)
askijanō (genitive plural)
askijini (dative singular)
askijan (dative singular)
askijum (dative plural)
askijini (instrumental singular)
askijan (instrumental singular)
askijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: asko

Middle Low German: asch f

→ Finnish: asikko

Old Dutch: *asko

Middle Dutch: asch

Old High German: asco
Middle High German: asche, esche
German: Äsche f
→ Italian: lasca f

From *askā (“ash, ashes”) + *-jō. Similar construction found in Middle English greylyng (“grayling”).


haistr

haistr (nominative singular)
haistrō (nominative plural)
haistrōs (nominative plural)
haistr (accusative singular)
haistrā (accusative plural)
haistras (genitive singular)
haistrō (genitive plural)
haistrē (dative singular)
haistrum (dative plural)
haistru (instrumental singular)
haistrum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *hēstar

Middle Low German: hēster, heister

desc

German Low German: Heester, Heister, Häister

→ Swedish: hestra, hester

Old Dutch: *hēster, *heister

Middle Dutch: heester

Dutch: heester

Old High German: *heistar

Middle High German: heister

German: Heister

→ Vulgar Latin: *hēstrus

Old French: hestre

Middle French: hestre

French: hêtre

Unknown; suggested to be from Proto-Germanic *haistraz, from unattested *haistaz (“cut, hewn”) + *-draz (tree suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd-tó-s, from *kh₂eyd- (“to cut, hew”) + *-tós.


twiʀn

twiʀn (nominative singular)
twiʀnō (nominative plural)
twiʀnōs (nominative plural)
twiʀn (accusative singular)
twiʀnā (accusative plural)
twiʀnas (genitive singular)
twiʀnō (genitive plural)
twiʀnē (dative singular)
twiʀnum (dative plural)
twiʀnu (instrumental singular)
twiʀnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: twīn, *twirn, *tweorn

desc

Middle English: twine, twyne, twin, twern, *twire, *twir

Scots: twyn, twine

English: twine, twire

Old Frisian: *twīn

Saterland Frisian: Twien

West Frisian: twyn

Old Saxon: *twirn

Middle Low German: twern, twerne, twērne

German Low German: Tweern, Tweernt

Old Dutch: *twīn, *twirn

Middle Dutch: twern, tweren, twaern, twijn

Dutch: tweern, twijn

Old High German: *zwirn

Middle High German: zwirn

German: Zwirn

Hunsrik: Zwern

Luxembourgish: Zwir

From Proto-Germanic *twiznaz, *twiznô (“twine”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwis-nó-s (“double”), from *dwís (“twice, in two”) + *-nós. Cognate with Old Norse tvinni (“twine”).


bifallan

bifallan (infinitive)
bifallannjas (genitive infinitive)
bifallannjē (dative infinitive)
bifallannju (infinitive instrumental)
bifallu (first-person present singular)
bifeall (first-person past singular)
bifalliʀi (present second-person singular)
bifeallī (past second-person singular)
bifallidi (present singular third-person)
bifeall (past singular third-person)
bifallum (first-person plural present)
bifeallum (first-person past plural)
bifallid (plural present second-person)
bifeallud (past plural second-person)
bifalland (plural present third-person)
bifeallun (past plural third-person)
bifallē (first-person present singular)
bifeallī (first-person past singular)
bifallēs (present second-person singular)
bifallē (present singular third-person)
bifeallī (past singular third-person)
bifallēm (first-person plural present)
bifeallīm (first-person past plural)
bifallēþ (plural present second-person)
bifeallīd (past plural second-person)
bifallēn (plural present third-person)
bifeallīn (past plural third-person)
bifall (present singular)
bifallid (plural present)
bifallandī (participle present)
bifallan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: befeallan
Middle English: bifallen, bivallen, bifeallen
English: befall
Scots: befaw

Old Frisian: bifalla

Saterland Frisian: bifale

West Frisian: befalle

Old Saxon: bifallan

Middle Low German: bevallen

German Low German: befallen

Old Dutch: *bifallan

Middle Dutch: bevallen

Dutch: bevallen

Afrikaans: beval

Old High German: bifallan

Middle High German: bevallen

German: befallen


hauwan

hauwan (infinitive)
hauwannjas (genitive infinitive)
hauwannjē (dative infinitive)
hauwannju (infinitive instrumental)
hauwu (first-person present singular)
heōw (first-person past singular)
hauwiʀi (present second-person singular)
heōwī (past second-person singular)
hauwidi (present singular third-person)
heōw (past singular third-person)
hauwum (first-person plural present)
heōwum (first-person past plural)
hauwid (plural present second-person)
heōwud (past plural second-person)
hauwand (plural present third-person)
heōwun (past plural third-person)
hauwē (first-person present singular)
heōwī (first-person past singular)
hauwēs (present second-person singular)
hauwē (present singular third-person)
heōwī (past singular third-person)
hauwēm (first-person plural present)
heōwīm (first-person past plural)
hauwēþ (plural present second-person)
heōwīd (past plural second-person)
hauwēn (plural present third-person)
heōwīn (past plural third-person)
hauw (present singular)
hauwid (plural present)
hauwandī (participle present)
hauwan (participle past)

Old English: hēawan
Middle English: hewen
English: hew
Scots: hew, hewe

Old Frisian: hāwa, hauwa, hōwa, houwa

North Frisian: hauen, houwen

Saterland Frisian: haue

West Frisian: houwe

Old Saxon: hauwan
Middle Low German: houwen, howen, hauwen
German Low German: hauen

Old Dutch: houwan
Middle Dutch: houwen
Dutch: houwen
Afrikaans: hou
Limburgish: houwe

Old High German: houwan
Middle High German: houwen
Cimbrian: hauan
German: hauen
Luxembourgish: haen


geldan

geldan (infinitive)
geldannjas (genitive infinitive)
geldannjē (dative infinitive)
geldannju (infinitive instrumental)
geldu (first-person present singular)
gald (first-person past singular)
gildiʀi (present second-person singular)
guldī (past second-person singular)
gildidi (present singular third-person)
gald (past singular third-person)
geldum (first-person plural present)
guldum (first-person past plural)
gildid (plural present second-person)
guldud (past plural second-person)
geldand (plural present third-person)
guldun (past plural third-person)
geldē (first-person present singular)
guldī (first-person past singular)
geldēs (present second-person singular)
geldē (present singular third-person)
guldī (past singular third-person)
geldēm (first-person plural present)
guldīm (first-person past plural)
geldēþ (plural present second-person)
guldīd (past plural second-person)
geldēn (plural present third-person)
guldīn (past plural third-person)
gild (present singular)
gildid (plural present)
geldandī (participle present)
goldan (participle past)

Old English: ġieldan, ġyldan, ġildan, ġeldan
Middle English: yielden, yelden
English: yield
Scots: yield

Old Frisian: ielda
North Frisian: jilde
Saterland Frisian: jeelde
West Frisian: jilde

Old Saxon: geldan
Middle Low German: gelden
Low German: gellen

Old Dutch: *geldan
Middle Dutch: gelden
Dutch: gelden
Limburgish: gèlje

Old High German: geltan
Middle High German: gëlten
Cimbrian: ghèltan
German: gelten
Luxembourgish: gëllen


lubi

lubi (nominative singular)
lubbju (nominative plural)
lubi (accusative singular)
lubbju (accusative plural)
lubbjas (genitive singular)
lubbjō (genitive plural)
lubbjē (dative singular)
lubbjum (dative plural)
lubbju (instrumental singular)
lubbjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lybb, lyb

Middle English: libbe

Scots: lib

English: lib

Old Saxon: *lubbi

Middle Low German: lubbe

⇒ German Low German: Lübbstick

Old Dutch: *lubbi

Middle Dutch: libbe, lebbe

desc

Old High German: lubbi, *lub, lupi, luppi

Middle High German: luppe, lüppe

German: Luppe, Lüppe


opan

opan (masculine nominative singular)
opanu (feminine nominative singular)
opan (neuter nominative singular)
opananā (accusative masculine singular)
opanā (accusative feminine singular)
opan (accusative neuter singular)
opanas (genitive masculine singular)
opaneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
opanas (genitive neuter singular)
opanumē (dative masculine singular)
opaneʀē (dative feminine singular)
opanumē (dative neuter singular)
opanu (instrumental masculine singular)
opaneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
opanu (instrumental neuter singular)
opanē (masculine nominative plural)
opanō (feminine nominative plural)
opanu (neuter nominative plural)
opanā (accusative masculine plural)
opanā (accusative feminine plural)
opanu (accusative neuter plural)
opaneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
opaneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
opaneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
opanēm (dative masculine plural)
opanum (dative masculine plural)
opanēm (dative feminine plural)
opanum (dative feminine plural)
opanēm (dative neuter plural)
opanum (dative neuter plural)
opanēm (instrumental masculine plural)
opanum (instrumental masculine plural)
opanēm (feminine instrumental plural)
opanum (feminine instrumental plural)
opanēm (instrumental neuter plural)
opanum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: open
Middle English: open, opyn, ope
Scots: appen, apen
English: open

Old Frisian: open, epen

Saterland Frisian: eepen

West Frisian: iepen

Old Saxon: opan, open
Middle Low German: open, apen
Low German: open, apen

Old Dutch: *opan

Middle Dutch: ōpen
Dutch: open
Afrikaans: oop
Negerhollands: open, hopo
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hopo
→? Aukan: obo
Limburgish: aop

Old High German: offan, ophan, ofan
Middle High German: offen
Alemannic German: offe
German: offen
Yiddish: אָפֿן (ofn)


werpan

werpan (infinitive)
werpannjas (genitive infinitive)
werpannjē (dative infinitive)
werpannju (infinitive instrumental)
werpu (first-person present singular)
warp (first-person past singular)
wirpiʀi (present second-person singular)
wurpī (past second-person singular)
wirpidi (present singular third-person)
warp (past singular third-person)
werpum (first-person plural present)
wurpum (first-person past plural)
wirpid (plural present second-person)
wurpud (past plural second-person)
werpand (plural present third-person)
wurpun (past plural third-person)
werpē (first-person present singular)
wurpī (first-person past singular)
werpēs (present second-person singular)
werpē (present singular third-person)
wurpī (past singular third-person)
werpēm (first-person plural present)
wurpīm (first-person past plural)
werpēþ (plural present second-person)
wurpīd (past plural second-person)
werpēn (plural present third-person)
wurpīn (past plural third-person)
wirp (present singular)
wirpid (plural present)
werpandī (participle present)
worpan (participle past)

Old English: weorpan, wurpan
Middle English: werpen
English: warp
Scots: warp

Old Frisian: werpa
North Frisian: werpe
West Frisian: werpe

Old Saxon: werpan
Middle Low German: werpen
Low German: warpen

Old Dutch: werpan
Middle Dutch: werpen
Dutch: werpen
Afrikaans: werp
Limburgish: wèrpe

Old High German: werfan, ƿerpan — Manuscript spelling
Middle High German: wërfen
German: werfen


friund

friund (nominative singular)
friundi (nominative plural)
friundu (accusative singular)
friundi (accusative plural)
friundi (genitive singular)
friundō (genitive plural)
friundi (dative singular)
friundum (dative plural)
friundi (instrumental singular)
friundum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēond, frīond — Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish
Middle English: frend, frende, freond, friend, vrend, freend, frond, frund, freind, freynde, vryend, frind
English: friend (see there for further descendants)
Scots: freend, frende, freynd, freind
Yola: vriene, friend
→ Welsh: ffrind

Old Frisian: friūnd
Saterland Frisian: Früünd, Fjund
West Frisian: freon

Old Saxon: friund
Middle Low German: vrint, vrünt, vrent
German Low German: Fründ, Frund, Frönd
Plautdietsch: Frint
→ Old Swedish: frynt, frynd
Swedish: frynt (obsolete)

Old Dutch: friunt
Middle Dutch: vrient
Dutch: vriend
Afrikaans: vriend
Berbice Creole Dutch: frindi
Javindo: friend
Jersey Dutch: vrînt
Negerhollands: vriend, vrient
Petjo: pring (archaic)
Limburgish: vröndj

Old High German: friunt
Middle High German: vriunt
Alemannic German: Fründ
Bavarian: Freind
Cimbrian: vròint, bròint (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: Frönd, Frend, Frind, Frönk, Fründ
Hunsrik: Freind, froynt
Luxembourgish: Frënd
German: Freund
Vilamovian: frajnd
Volhynian German: Freind
Yiddish: פֿרײַנד (fraynd)


Haþuwīg

Haþuwīg (nominative singular)
Haþuwīgi (nominative plural)
Haþuwīgu (accusative singular)
Haþuwīgi (accusative plural)
Haþuwīgi (genitive singular)
Haþuwīgō (genitive plural)
Haþuwīgi (dative singular)
Haþuwīgum (dative plural)
Haþuwīgi (instrumental singular)
Haþuwīgum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *Haduwīg

Middle Dutch: Hadewijch
Dutch: Hadewijch, Hadwijch

Old High German: Haduwīg, Hadwīg

German: Hedwig
→ English: Hedwig
→ French: Edwige
→ Polish: Jadwiga
→ Slovak: Hedviga


Mārīwīg

Mārīwīg (nominative singular)
Mārīwīg (accusative singular)
Mārīwīgas (genitive singular)
Mārīwīgē (dative singular)
Mārīwīgu (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Mārwīg

German: Marwig

→ Dutch: Marwijk

→ Latin: Meroveus, Merovius

French: Mérovée

→ English: Merovech

From *mārī (“famous”) + *wīg (“battle”).


wlātōn

wlātōn (infinitive)
wlātōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wlātōnijē (dative infinitive)
wlātōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wlātō (first-person present singular)
wlātōdā (first-person past singular)
wlātōs (present second-person singular)
wlātōdēs (past second-person singular)
wlātōdōs (past second-person singular)
wlātōþ (present singular third-person)
wlātōdē (past singular third-person)
wlātōdā (past singular third-person)
wlātōm (first-person plural present)
wlātōdum (first-person past plural)
wlātōþ (plural present second-person)
wlātōdud (past plural second-person)
wlātōnþ (plural present third-person)
wlātōdun (past plural third-person)
wlātōdī (first-person past singular)
wlātōdī (past second-person singular)
wlātō (present singular third-person)
wlātōdī (past singular third-person)
wlātōdīm (first-person past plural)
wlātōdīd (past plural second-person)
wlātōn (plural present third-person)
wlātōdīn (past plural third-person)
wlātō (present singular)
wlātōþ (plural present)
wlātōndī (participle present)
wlātōd (participle past)

Old English: wlǣtian, wlātian
Middle English: wlaten, wlatien
Scots: wlate

Old Saxon: *wlātōn

Middle Low German: wlâten

German Low German:

Münsterländisch: wlaten

(North Sea Germanic, intransitive) to loathe

(North Sea Germanic, transitive) to disgust


flaþō

flaþō (nominative singular)
flaþan (nominative plural)
flaþan (accusative singular)
flaþan (accusative plural)
flaþini (genitive singular)
flaþan (genitive singular)
flaþanō (genitive plural)
flaþini (dative singular)
flaþan (dative singular)
flaþum (dative plural)
flaþini (instrumental singular)
flaþan (instrumental singular)
flaþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *flaþa

Middle English: flathe

English: flathe, flath

⇒ Old English: flæþecomb, fleþecomb

Old Saxon: *flatho

Middle Low German: vlāde

>? German Low German: Flarr

→ Norwegian: flade (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *flatho, *flatha

Middle Dutch: vlāde m or f
Dutch: vla, vlade
Afrikaans: vla
Limburgish: vlaaj
→ Dutch: vlaai (or inherited)

Old High German: flado m, flada f
Middle High German: vlade
German: Flade, Fladen
Luxembourgish: Flued

→ Latin: fladō

Old French: flaon, flan

Middle French: flan

French: flan

→ Middle English: flaun, flawn

Scots: flann, flam

English: flawn, flan

→ Catalan: flam, flaó

→ Spanish: flan

Italian: fiadone

Occitan: flauzon

→ English: flathon

From Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”).


habuk

habuk (nominative singular)
habukō (nominative plural)
habukōs (nominative plural)
habuk (accusative singular)
habukā (accusative plural)
habukas (genitive singular)
habukō (genitive plural)
habukē (dative singular)
habukum (dative plural)
habuku (instrumental singular)
habukum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: hafuc, hafoc, heafoc, heafuc

desctree

Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka
Scots: hawk

→ Old Irish: sebac

Irish: seabhac

Manx: shawk

Scottish Gaelic: seabhag

Old Frisian: havek, hauk

North Frisian: hafk, häfk

Saterland Frisian: Hauk

West Frisian: hauk

Old Saxon: havuk, haƀuk

Middle Low German: hāvek, hāvik

German Low German: Haavke

Low German: Haavk, Havik, Haav, Hoovk

→ Polabian: ofkă

Old Dutch: *havuk, havek

Middle Dutch: hāvec, hāvic

Dutch: havik
Afrikaans: hawik

Old High German: habuch

Middle High German: habeh, habech

German: Habicht

Swabian: Hack


hreuwan

hreuwan (infinitive)
hreuwannjas (genitive infinitive)
hreuwannjē (dative infinitive)
hreuwannju (infinitive instrumental)
hreuwu (first-person present singular)
hrauw (first-person past singular)
hriuwiʀi (present second-person singular)
hruwī (past second-person singular)
hriuwidi (present singular third-person)
hrauw (past singular third-person)
hreuwum (first-person plural present)
hruwum (first-person past plural)
hriuwid (plural present second-person)
hruwud (past plural second-person)
hreuwand (plural present third-person)
hruwun (past plural third-person)
hreuwē (first-person present singular)
hruwī (first-person past singular)
hreuwēs (present second-person singular)
hreuwē (present singular third-person)
hruwī (past singular third-person)
hreuwēm (first-person plural present)
hruwīm (first-person past plural)
hreuwēþ (plural present second-person)
hruwīd (past plural second-person)
hreuwēn (plural present third-person)
hruwīn (past plural third-person)
hriuw (present singular)
hriuwid (plural present)
hreuwandī (participle present)
hrowan (participle past)

Old English: hrēowan
Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
English: rue
Scots: rew

Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa

West Frisian: rouwe

Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen

Old Dutch: *riuwan
Middle Dutch: rouwen
Dutch: rouwen
Afrikaans: rou
Limburgish: roewe

Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan

Middle High German: riuwen

Alemannic German: rüüwe

German: reuen


breuwan

breuwan (infinitive)
breuwannjas (genitive infinitive)
breuwannjē (dative infinitive)
breuwannju (infinitive instrumental)
breuwu (first-person present singular)
brauw (first-person past singular)
briuwiʀi (present second-person singular)
bruwī (past second-person singular)
briuwidi (present singular third-person)
brauw (past singular third-person)
breuwum (first-person plural present)
bruwum (first-person past plural)
briuwid (plural present second-person)
bruwud (past plural second-person)
breuwand (plural present third-person)
bruwun (past plural third-person)
breuwē (first-person present singular)
bruwī (first-person past singular)
breuwēs (present second-person singular)
breuwē (present singular third-person)
bruwī (past singular third-person)
breuwēm (first-person plural present)
bruwīm (first-person past plural)
breuwēþ (plural present second-person)
bruwīd (past plural second-person)
breuwēn (plural present third-person)
bruwīn (past plural third-person)
briuw (present singular)
briuwid (plural present)
breuwandī (participle present)
browan (participle past)

Old English: brēowan

Middle English: brewen

Scots: brew

English: brew

Old Frisian: briūwa

North Frisian: bruwen

West Frisian: brouwe

Saterland Frisian: bjoue

Old Saxon: briuwan, breuwan

Middle Low German: bruwen, brouwen

desc

Low German: bruen, bruggen, brauen, broen

Old Dutch: *breuwan, *briuwan

Middle Dutch: bruwen, brouwen

Dutch: brouwen

Afrikaans: brou

Old High German: briuwan

Middle High German: briuwen, brūwen

German: brauen

Luxembourgish: brauen


knedan

knedan (infinitive)
knedannjas (genitive infinitive)
knedannjē (dative infinitive)
knedannju (infinitive instrumental)
knedu (first-person present singular)
knad (first-person past singular)
knidiʀi (present second-person singular)
knādī (past second-person singular)
knididi (present singular third-person)
knad (past singular third-person)
knedum (first-person plural present)
knādum (first-person past plural)
knidid (plural present second-person)
knādud (past plural second-person)
knedand (plural present third-person)
knādun (past plural third-person)
knedē (first-person present singular)
knādī (first-person past singular)
knedēs (present second-person singular)
knedē (present singular third-person)
knādī (past singular third-person)
knedēm (first-person plural present)
knādīm (first-person past plural)
knedēþ (plural present second-person)
knādīd (past plural second-person)
knedēn (plural present third-person)
knādīn (past plural third-person)
knid (present singular)
knidid (plural present)
knedandī (participle present)
knedan (participle past)

Old English: cnedan

desctree

Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
English: knead
Scots: kned

Old Frisian: *kneda

Saterland Frisian: kneede

⇒ West Frisian: knetsje

Old Saxon: knedan

Middle Low German: knēden

German Low German: kneden

Old Dutch: *knedan

Middle Dutch: cnēden

Dutch: kneden

Afrikaans: knee

Old High German: knetan

Middle High German: kneten

German: kneten

Esperanto: knedi

Luxembourgish: knieden

Vilamovian: knāta

Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)

⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan


stekan

stekan (infinitive)
stekannjas (genitive infinitive)
stekannjē (dative infinitive)
stekannju (infinitive instrumental)
steku (first-person present singular)
stak (first-person past singular)
stikiʀi (present second-person singular)
stākī (past second-person singular)
stikidi (present singular third-person)
stak (past singular third-person)
stekum (first-person plural present)
stākum (first-person past plural)
stikid (plural present second-person)
stākud (past plural second-person)
stekand (plural present third-person)
stākun (past plural third-person)
stekē (first-person present singular)
stākī (first-person past singular)
stekēs (present second-person singular)
stekē (present singular third-person)
stākī (past singular third-person)
stekēm (first-person plural present)
stākīm (first-person past plural)
stekēþ (plural present second-person)
stākīd (past plural second-person)
stekēn (plural present third-person)
stākīn (past plural third-person)
stik (present singular)
stikid (plural present)
stekandī (participle present)
stokan (participle past)
stekan (infinitive)
stekannjas (genitive infinitive)
stekannjē (dative infinitive)
stekannju (infinitive instrumental)
steku (first-person present singular)
stak (first-person past singular)
stikiʀi (present second-person singular)
stākī (past second-person singular)
stikidi (present singular third-person)
stak (past singular third-person)
stekum (first-person plural present)
stākum (first-person past plural)
stikid (plural present second-person)
stākud (past plural second-person)
stekand (plural present third-person)
stākun (past plural third-person)
stekē (first-person present singular)
stākī (first-person past singular)
stekēs (present second-person singular)
stekē (present singular third-person)
stākī (past singular third-person)
stekēm (first-person plural present)
stākīm (first-person past plural)
stekēþ (plural present second-person)
stākīd (past plural second-person)
stekēn (plural present third-person)
stākīn (past plural third-person)
stik (present singular)
stikid (plural present)
stekandī (participle present)
stekan (participle past)

Old Frisian: steka (class 5)
West Frisian: stekke

Old Saxon: stekan

Middle Low German: stēken

German Low German: steken

Old Dutch: *stecan

Middle Dutch: steken

Dutch: steken

Afrikaans: steek

Old High German: stehhan, stechan
Middle High German: stechen
German: stechen
Luxembourgish: stiechen
Yiddish: שטעכן (shtekhn)


wahsan

wahsan (infinitive)
wahsannjas (genitive infinitive)
wahsannjē (dative infinitive)
wahsannju (infinitive instrumental)
wahsu (first-person present singular)
wōhs (first-person past singular)
wahsiʀi (present second-person singular)
wōhsī (past second-person singular)
wahsidi (present singular third-person)
wōhs (past singular third-person)
wahsum (first-person plural present)
wōhsum (first-person past plural)
wahsid (plural present second-person)
wōhsud (past plural second-person)
wahsand (plural present third-person)
wōhsun (past plural third-person)
wahsē (first-person present singular)
wōhsī (first-person past singular)
wahsēs (present second-person singular)
wahsē (present singular third-person)
wōhsī (past singular third-person)
wahsēm (first-person plural present)
wōhsīm (first-person past plural)
wahsēþ (plural present second-person)
wōhsīd (past plural second-person)
wahsēn (plural present third-person)
wōhsīn (past plural third-person)
wahs (present singular)
wahsid (plural present)
wahsandī (participle present)
wahsan (participle past)

Old English: weaxan

Middle English: waxen

Scots: wax

English: wax

Old Frisian: waxa

Saterland Frisian: wacsa, wacsen

West Frisian: waakse

Old Saxon: wahsan

Middle Low German: wassen

Low German: wassen

Old Dutch: wassan
Middle Dutch: wassen
Dutch: wassen
Afrikaans: was

Old High German: wahsan
Middle High German: wahsen
Central Franconian: wahße, wahsse, waße, waaße (alternative spellings), wase (Dutch-based spelling), wohße (some dialects of Moselle Franconian), wohße, wohsse, woße
Hunsrik: wachse
Cimbrian: baksan
German: wachsen
Luxembourgish: wuessen
Yiddish: וואַקסן (vaksn)


dwelan

dwelan (infinitive)
dwelannjas (genitive infinitive)
dwelannjē (dative infinitive)
dwelannju (infinitive instrumental)
dwelu (first-person present singular)
dwal (first-person past singular)
dwiliʀi (present second-person singular)
dwālī (past second-person singular)
dwilidi (present singular third-person)
dwal (past singular third-person)
dwelum (first-person plural present)
dwālum (first-person past plural)
dwilid (plural present second-person)
dwālud (past plural second-person)
dweland (plural present third-person)
dwālun (past plural third-person)
dwelē (first-person present singular)
dwālī (first-person past singular)
dwelēs (present second-person singular)
dwelē (present singular third-person)
dwālī (past singular third-person)
dwelēm (first-person plural present)
dwālīm (first-person past plural)
dwelēþ (plural present second-person)
dwālīd (past plural second-person)
dwelēn (plural present third-person)
dwālīn (past plural third-person)
dwil (present singular)
dwilid (plural present)
dwelandī (participle present)
dwolan (participle past)

Old English: *dwelan

⇒ Old English: ġedwolen

⇒ Old English: dwelian

Middle English: dwelen

Old Saxon: dwelan

desc

Middle Low German: dwelen, dwēlen, twelen

German Low German: dwelen

Old Dutch: dwelan

Middle Dutch: dwelen

Dutch: (obsolete) dwelen

>? Old High German: twelan

Middle High German: twelen, tweln


apl

apl (nominative singular)
applō (nominative plural)
applōs (nominative plural)
apl (accusative singular)
applā (accusative plural)
applas (genitive singular)
applō (genitive plural)
applē (dative singular)
applum (dative plural)
applu (instrumental singular)
applum (instrumental plural)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Alternative reconstruction of *applu (“apple”)


brahtm

brahtm (nominative singular)
brahtmō (nominative plural)
brahtmōs (nominative plural)
brahtm (accusative singular)
brahtmā (accusative plural)
brahtmas (genitive singular)
brahtmō (genitive plural)
brahtmē (dative singular)
brahtmum (dative plural)
brahtmu (instrumental singular)
brahtmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: breahtm, bearhtm, byrhtm

Old Saxon: brahtum

Probably related to *brekaną (“to break”) and *brahtaz (“cracking, snapping, noise”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to crash, break”).


kamb

kamb (nominative singular)
kambō (nominative plural)
kambōs (nominative plural)
kamb (accusative singular)
kambā (accusative plural)
kambas (genitive singular)
kambō (genitive plural)
kambē (dative singular)
kambum (dative plural)
kambu (instrumental singular)
kambum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: camb, comb
Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime

desc

Old Frisian: ᚳᚪᛒᚢ (kabu /kambu/), ᚳᚩᛒᚢ (kobu /kombu/)

North Frisian:

Föhr: kum

Hallig: kööm

Heligoland: Kum

Mooring: köm

Saterland Frisian: Koum m

West Frisian: kaem, kaam

desctree

Old Saxon: kamb, camb
Middle Low German: kam
German Low German: Kamm
Plautdietsch: Kaum

Old Dutch: *kamb

Middle Dutch: kamp, kamme, kam

Dutch: kam (see there for further descendants)

Limburgish: kamb, kamp

Old High German: kamb, camb, chamb

Middle High German: kamp, kam

Cimbrian: khamp

German: Kamm

Luxembourgish: Kamp

Yiddish: קאַם (kam)

From Proto-Germanic *kambaz.
Likely attested on the inscription of Erfurt-Frienstedt as ᚲᚨᛒᚨ (kaba /kamba/), with retained final vowel.


froggō

froggō (nominative singular)
froggan (nominative plural)
froggan (accusative singular)
froggan (accusative plural)
fruggini (genitive singular)
froggan (genitive singular)
frogganō (genitive plural)
fruggini (dative singular)
froggan (dative singular)
froggum (dative plural)
fruggini (instrumental singular)
froggan (instrumental singular)
froggum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frocga, frogga, froga
Middle English: frogge, vrogge, frugge
English: frog, frock (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: frog, froig
→ Welsh: broga

Old Saxon: *froggo, *fruggio

q

possibly conflated with Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">padde</i> (“toad”)

>? Middle Low German: pugge, pogge, poge (possibly conflated with Middle Low German padde (“toad”))

German Low German: Pogge, Pogg

→ Saterland Frisian: Poage

Old Dutch: *froggo

possibly conflated with Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">padde</i> (“toad”)

>? Middle Dutch: pogge, pog (possibly conflated with Middle Dutch padde (“toad”))

→ West Frisian: pogge, pôge

Cognate with Old Norse frauðr, frauki (“frog”), both perhaps from Proto-Germanic n-stem paradigm *fraugô ~ *frukkaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *prougʰ-ō ~ *prugʰ-nos, from Proto-Indo-European *prewgʰ- (“to leap”), possibly extended from *prew- (“to jump”).


purpurā

purpurā (nominative singular)
purpurōn (nominative plural)
purpurōn (accusative singular)
purpurōn (accusative plural)
purpurōn (genitive singular)
purpurōnō (genitive plural)
purpurōn (dative singular)
purpurōm (dative plural)
purpurum (dative plural)
purpurōn (instrumental singular)
purpurōm (instrumental plural)
purpurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: purple, purpure, purpl

Middle English: purpur, purpel, purple

English: purple

Old Saxon: *purpura

Middle Low German: purpur, purper

Old Dutch: *purpra

Middle Dutch: purper

desctree

Dutch: purper
Afrikaans: purper
→ Kari'na: popuru
→ Papiamentu: purpe (dated)

Old High German: purpura
Middle High German: purpur, purper
German: Purpur

Borrowed from Latin purpura (“purple”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌿𐍂𐌰 (paurpura, “purple”).


maisu

maisu (nominative singular)
maisō (nominative plural)
maisā (accusative singular)
maisā (accusative plural)
maisā (genitive singular)
maisō (genitive plural)
maisē (dative singular)
maisōm (dative plural)
maisum (dative plural)
maisu (instrumental singular)
maisōm (instrumental plural)
maisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mǣse (< *maisijā)

Middle English: mese, meise, mayse (also possibly from Old Norse)

English: mease

Scots: mese, maise

Old Saxon: *mēsa

Middle Low German: mêse, meise

Old Dutch: *mēsa

Middle Dutch: mese, meyse, miese

Dutch: mees

desc

Old High German: meisa (strong o-stem), meissa (weak n-stem)

Middle High German: meise (strong o-stem), meise (weak n-stem)

German: Meise (“carrying basket, satchel, backpack”)

→ Old French: meise, maise

Middle French: maise, mese, meze, mase, masse, meisse, meeze, meesse, moise, mose


maisā

maisā (nominative singular)
maisōn (nominative plural)
maisōn (accusative singular)
maisōn (accusative plural)
maisōn (genitive singular)
maisōnō (genitive plural)
maisōn (dative singular)
maisōm (dative plural)
maisum (dative plural)
maisōn (instrumental singular)
maisōm (instrumental plural)
maisum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: māse
Middle English: mose
⇒ Middle English: titmose
English: titmouse

Old Frisian: *māse, *mēse

⇒ Old Frisian: *mēske (diminutive)

Saterland Frisian: Meeske

West Frisian: mieske

Old Saxon: mēsa

Middle Low German: mêse, meise

Dutch Low Saxon: meesje

German Low German: Meesch

Altmärkisch, Low Prussian: Mêsk

Dortmunisch: Mêəseken

Low Prussian: Mêske, Möske, Mösk

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Mêse

East Westphalian (Lippisch), Westmünsterländisch: Meese

East Westphalian (Wedemarkisch): Meise

→ Norwegian: meis

→ Swedish: mes

→ Danish: mejse

Old Dutch: *mēsa

Middle Dutch: mese, meese

Dutch: mees

Old High German: meisa

Middle High German: meise

Bavarian: Meisn

German: Meise

Luxembourgish: Mees


tabulā

tabulā (nominative singular)
tabulōn (nominative plural)
tabulōn (accusative singular)
tabulōn (accusative plural)
tabulōn (genitive singular)
tabulōnō (genitive plural)
tabulōn (dative singular)
tabulōm (dative plural)
tabulum (dative plural)
tabulōn (instrumental singular)
tabulōm (instrumental plural)
tabulum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula

desctree

reinforced by Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">table</i>

Middle English: table, tabel, tabil, tabul, tabyl, tabyle, tabyll, tabulle, tabele, tabill (reinforced by Old French table)
English: table (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: tyeble
Scots: table
→ Welsh: tabl

Old Frisian: tefle
North Frisian: tafel

Old Saxon: *tabala, *tafla

desc

Middle Low German: tâfel, tâfele, taffle, tafle, taffel, taffele, tafle, tâvel, tavele

→ Danish: taffel

→ Estonian: tahvel

→ Norwegian: taffel

→ Swedish: taffel

⇒ Old Saxon: wehsitafla

desctree

Old Dutch: tavala
Middle Dutch: tâfele
Dutch: tafel
Afrikaans: tafel (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafl
Jersey Dutch: tâfel
Negerhollands: tafel, tavul, tawul, taul, taful, tavl, taefel
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tavul (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tafl
→ Aukan: tafaa
→ Saramaccan: táfu
→ Sranan Tongo: tafra
→ Lokono: tafolo
→ Caribbean Hindustani: tafrá
→ Caribbean Javanese: tafrah, taprah
→ Kari'na: tapara
→ Trió: tafra
Limburgish: taofel

desc

Old High German: tafala, tavala, tabela, tabula

Middle High German: tavel, tafel, tabele, tofel, davel, dafel

Cimbrian: tafl

Alemannic German: Taafele

desctree

German: Tafel
→ Kashubian: tôfla
→ Latvian: tāfele
→ Swedish: tavla

Hunsrik: Daafel

Yiddish: טאָוול (tovl)


straikōn

straikōn (infinitive)
straikōnijas (genitive infinitive)
straikōnijē (dative infinitive)
straikōniju (infinitive instrumental)
straikō (first-person present singular)
straikōdā (first-person past singular)
straikōs (present second-person singular)
straikōdēs (past second-person singular)
straikōdōs (past second-person singular)
straikōþ (present singular third-person)
straikōdē (past singular third-person)
straikōdā (past singular third-person)
straikōm (first-person plural present)
straikōdum (first-person past plural)
straikōþ (plural present second-person)
straikōdud (past plural second-person)
straikōnþ (plural present third-person)
straikōdun (past plural third-person)
straikōdī (first-person past singular)
straikōdī (past second-person singular)
straikō (present singular third-person)
straikōdī (past singular third-person)
straikōdīm (first-person past plural)
straikōdīd (past plural second-person)
straikōn (plural present third-person)
straikōdīn (past plural third-person)
straikō (present singular)
straikōþ (plural present)
straikōndī (participle present)
straikōd (participle past)

Old English: strācian
Middle English: stroken, stracien, straca, strake, stroke, strok
English: stroke
Scots: strake, straik, strak

Old Frisian: *strākia

Saterland Frisian: strookje

West Frisian: streakje

→ Middle Low German: strâken

German Low German: straken

⇒ German Low German: strakeln

Old Saxon: *strēkōn

desc

Middle Low German: strêken, streiken (“to brush, smooth, flatten, comb”)

gl

merger with Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">strîken</i> ?

>? German Low German: strieken (merger with Middle Low German strîken ?)

desc

⇒ German Low German: striekeln (“to stroke, caress”)

Old Dutch: *strēkon

Middle Dutch: streken

Dutch: streken, stroken (“to style one's hair in a peasantly manner”) (dialectal)

Old High German: streihhōn, streichōn

Middle High German: streichen

German: streichen (chiefly from *strīkaną)

⇒ Middle High German: streichelen, streicheln

German: streicheln


karēn

karēn (infinitive)
karēnijas (genitive infinitive)
karēnijē (dative infinitive)
karēniju (infinitive instrumental)
karē (first-person present singular)
kar?dā (first-person past singular)
karēs (present second-person singular)
kar?dēs (past second-person singular)
karēþ (present singular third-person)
kar?dē (past singular third-person)
kar?dā (past singular third-person)
karēm (first-person plural present)
kar?dum (first-person past plural)
karēþ (plural present second-person)
kar?dud (past plural second-person)
karēnþ (plural present third-person)
kar?dun (past plural third-person)
kar?dī (first-person past singular)
kar?dī (past second-person singular)
karē (present singular third-person)
kar?dī (past singular third-person)
kar?dīm (first-person past plural)
kar?dīd (past plural second-person)
karēn (plural present third-person)
kar?dīn (past plural third-person)
karē (present singular)
karēþ (plural present)
karēndī (participle present)
kar?d (participle past)

desctree

Old English: ċeorian, ċeoriġan, ċiorian, ċerian
Middle English: *cherren, *churren, *chirren
English: chirr, churr, jar

Old High German: karēn

Middle High German: karen, karn

German: karen (archaic)

Alemannic German: karen, kären


werran

werran (infinitive)
werrannjas (genitive infinitive)
werrannjē (dative infinitive)
werrannju (infinitive instrumental)
werru (first-person present singular)
warr (first-person past singular)
wirriʀi (present second-person singular)
wurrī (past second-person singular)
wirridi (present singular third-person)
warr (past singular third-person)
werrum (first-person plural present)
wurrum (first-person past plural)
wirrid (plural present second-person)
wurrud (past plural second-person)
werrand (plural present third-person)
wurrun (past plural third-person)
werrē (first-person present singular)
wurrī (first-person past singular)
werrēs (present second-person singular)
werrē (present singular third-person)
wurrī (past singular third-person)
werrēm (first-person plural present)
wurrīm (first-person past plural)
werrēþ (plural present second-person)
wurrīd (past plural second-person)
werrēn (plural present third-person)
wurrīn (past plural third-person)
wirr (present singular)
wirrid (plural present)
werrandī (participle present)
worran (participle past)

Old Saxon: werran

Middle Low German: werren

Old Dutch: *werran

Middle Dutch: werren, warren

Dutch: warren

Old High German: werran

Middle High German: wërren

German: wirren; verwirren

→ Swedish: virra; förvirra

→ Old French: guerrier, guerrer

→ Middle English: werren

English: war (verb)

Middle French: guerrer

From earlier *werʀan, from Proto-Germanic *werzaną.


derkōn

derkōn (infinitive)
derkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
derkōnijē (dative infinitive)
derkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
derkō (first-person present singular)
derkōdā (first-person past singular)
derkōs (present second-person singular)
derkōdēs (past second-person singular)
derkōdōs (past second-person singular)
derkōþ (present singular third-person)
derkōdē (past singular third-person)
derkōdā (past singular third-person)
derkōm (first-person plural present)
derkōdum (first-person past plural)
derkōþ (plural present second-person)
derkōdud (past plural second-person)
derkōnþ (plural present third-person)
derkōdun (past plural third-person)
derkōdī (first-person past singular)
derkōdī (past second-person singular)
derkō (present singular third-person)
derkōdī (past singular third-person)
derkōdīm (first-person past plural)
derkōdīd (past plural second-person)
derkōn (plural present third-person)
derkōdīn (past plural third-person)
derkō (present singular)
derkōþ (plural present)
derkōndī (participle present)
derkōd (participle past)

Old English: deorcian, dearcian

Middle English: derken, darken

English: dark

Scots: derk, dirk

desc

Old High German: *tarchōn, *terchōn, *derkōn

Middle High German: terken, derken