frawurkijan

frawurkijan (infinitive)
frawurkijannjas (genitive infinitive)
frawurkijannjē (dative infinitive)
frawurkijannju (infinitive instrumental)
frawurkiju (first-person present singular)
fraworhtā (first-person past singular)
frawurkisi (present second-person singular)
fraworhtēs (past second-person singular)
fraworhtōs (past second-person singular)
frawurkiþi (present singular third-person)
fraworhtē (past singular third-person)
fraworhtā (past singular third-person)
frawurkijum (first-person plural present)
fraworhtum (first-person past plural)
frawurkiþ (plural present second-person)
fraworhtud (past plural second-person)
frawurkijanþ (plural present third-person)
fraworhtun (past plural third-person)
frawurkijē (first-person present singular)
fraworhtī (first-person past singular)
frawurkijēs (present second-person singular)
fraworhtī (past second-person singular)
frawurkijē (present singular third-person)
fraworhtī (past singular third-person)
frawurkijēm (first-person plural present)
fraworhtīm (first-person past plural)
frawurkijēþ (plural present second-person)
fraworhtīd (past plural second-person)
frawurkijēn (plural present third-person)
fraworhtīn (past plural third-person)
frawurki (present singular)
frawurkiþ (plural present)
frawurkijandī (participle present)
fraworht (participle past)

Old English: forwyrcan

Middle English: forwurchen

English: forwork

Old Saxon: farwirkian

Old High German: firwurken

From Proto-Germanic *frawurkijaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *wurkijan.


hrōp

hrōp (nominative singular)
hrōpō (nominative plural)
hrōpōs (nominative plural)
hrōp (accusative singular)
hrōpā (accusative plural)
hrōpas (genitive singular)
hrōpō (genitive plural)
hrōpē (dative singular)
hrōpum (dative plural)
hrōpu (instrumental singular)
hrōpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrōp
Middle English: rop

Old Dutch: *ruop

Middle Dutch: roep

Dutch: roep

Old High German: ruof

Middle High German: ruof

German: Ruf

Hunsrik: Ruf


mōsijan

mōsijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
mōsijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
mōsijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
mōsijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
mōsiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mōsidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mōsisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mōsidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōsidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōsiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mōsidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōsidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōsijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mōsidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mōsiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mōsidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mōsijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mōsidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mōsijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
mōsidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
mōsijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
mōsidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
mōsijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
mōsidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
mōsijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
mōsidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
mōsijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
mōsidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
mōsijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
mōsidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
mōsi (class-1 present singular weak)
mōsiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
mōsijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
mōsid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: mēsan

Old Saxon: *mōsian

>? Middle Low German: môsen, mö̂sen ("to gather or harvest vegetables")

desc

German Low German: mösen (“to mash, crush, knead”)

Old High German: muosen

Middle High German: muosen

German: musen (“to eat or make mush/porridge”) (archaic)

From *mōs (“wet food, mush, porridge”) + *-jan.


nahtmarā

nahtmarā (nominative singular)
nahtmarōn (nominative plural)
nahtmarōn (accusative singular)
nahtmarōn (accusative plural)
nahtmarōn (genitive singular)
nahtmarōnō (genitive plural)
nahtmarōn (dative singular)
nahtmarōm (dative plural)
nahtmarum (dative plural)
nahtmarōn (instrumental singular)
nahtmarōm (instrumental plural)
nahtmarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *nihtmare

desctree

Middle English: night-mare, nytmare, niȝt-mare, niȝthe-mare
English: nightmare
Scots: nichtmare, nichtmeer

Old Frisian: *nachtmare

West Frisian: nachtmerje

Old Saxon: *nahtmara

Middle Low German: nachtmār

Old Dutch: *nahtmara

desc

Middle Dutch: nachtmāre, nachtmērië, nachtmēre

Dutch: nachtmare, nachtmerrie

Afrikaans: nagmerrie

Old High German: *nahtmara

Middle High German: nahtmare

German: Nachtmahr


bītan

bītan (infinitive)
bītannjas (genitive infinitive)
bītannjē (dative infinitive)
bītannju (infinitive instrumental)
bītu (first-person present singular)
bait (first-person past singular)
bītiʀi (present second-person singular)
bitī (past second-person singular)
bītidi (present singular third-person)
bait (past singular third-person)
bītum (first-person plural present)
bitum (first-person past plural)
bītid (plural present second-person)
bitud (past plural second-person)
bītand (plural present third-person)
bitun (past plural third-person)
bītē (first-person present singular)
bitī (first-person past singular)
bītēs (present second-person singular)
bītē (present singular third-person)
bitī (past singular third-person)
bītēm (first-person plural present)
bitīm (first-person past plural)
bītēþ (plural present second-person)
bitīd (past plural second-person)
bītēn (plural present third-person)
bitīn (past plural third-person)
bīt (present singular)
bītid (plural present)
bītandī (participle present)
bitan (participle past)

Old English: bītan

Middle English: biten

English: bite

Scots: bite

Old Frisian: bīta

Saterland Frisian: biete

West Frisian: bite

Old Saxon: bītan

Middle Low German: bîten

Low German: bieten

desctree

Old Dutch: *bītan
Middle Dutch: biten
Dutch: bijten
Afrikaans: byt
Berbice Creole Dutch: biti
Skepi Creole Dutch: bet, bit
→? Sranan Tongo: beti
Limburgish: biete

Old High German: bīzan

Middle High German: bīzen

German: beißen

Hunsrik: beise

Luxembourgish: bäissen

Rhine Franconian: beiße

Vilamovian: bȧjsa

Yiddish: בײַסן (baysn)


hrōpan

hrōpan (infinitive)
hrōpannjas (genitive infinitive)
hrōpannjē (dative infinitive)
hrōpannju (infinitive instrumental)
hrōpu (first-person present singular)
hreōp (first-person past singular)
hrōpiʀi (present second-person singular)
hreōpī (past second-person singular)
hrōpidi (present singular third-person)
hreōp (past singular third-person)
hrōpum (first-person plural present)
hreōpum (first-person past plural)
hrōpid (plural present second-person)
hreōpud (past plural second-person)
hrōpand (plural present third-person)
hreōpun (past plural third-person)
hrōpē (first-person present singular)
hreōpī (first-person past singular)
hrōpēs (present second-person singular)
hrōpē (present singular third-person)
hreōpī (past singular third-person)
hrōpēm (first-person plural present)
hreōpīm (first-person past plural)
hrōpēþ (plural present second-person)
hreōpīd (past plural second-person)
hrōpēn (plural present third-person)
hreōpīn (past plural third-person)
hrōp (present singular)
hrōpid (plural present)
hrōpandī (participle present)
hrōpan (participle past)

Old English: hrōpan
Middle English: ropen, rope, roupe, rupe
English: roop, roup
Scots: roup; croup
→ English: croup
→ Dutch: kroep
→ French: croup

Old Frisian: hrōpa

Saterland Frisian: ropa

Saterland Frisian: roupe

West Frisian: roppe

Old Saxon: hrōpan

Middle Low German: rôpen

German Low German: ropen

Old Dutch: ruopan
Middle Dutch: roepen
Dutch: roepen (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: rope

Old High German: ruofan, hruofan
Middle High German: ruofen
Bavarian: ruafn
Central Franconian: rofe
German: rufen
Luxembourgish: ruffen
Yiddish: רופֿן (rufn)


aggju

aggju (nominative singular)
aggjō (nominative plural)
aggjā (accusative singular)
aggjā (accusative plural)
aggjā (genitive singular)
aggjō (genitive plural)
aggjē (dative singular)
aggjōm (dative plural)
aggjum (dative plural)
aggju (instrumental singular)
aggjōm (instrumental plural)
aggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eċġ
Middle English: egge
English: edge
Scots: ege, egge

Old Frisian: egg, eg, egge

Saterland Frisian: Ägge

West Frisian: igge

Old Saxon: eggia
Middle Low German: egge, egke, ecke
German Low German: Eck
Plautdietsch: Agj, Akj

Old Dutch: *egga

Middle Dutch: egge

Dutch: egge, eg

Old High German: egga, ecka

Middle High German: egge, ecke

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Eck

Luxembourgish: Eck

East Central German:

Vilamovian: ekk

German: Ecke

Rhine Franconian: Eck

Yiddish: עק (ek)


saipā

saipā (nominative singular)
saipōn (nominative plural)
saipōn (accusative singular)
saipōn (accusative plural)
saipōn (genitive singular)
saipōnō (genitive plural)
saipōn (dative singular)
saipōm (dative plural)
saipum (dative plural)
saipōn (instrumental singular)
saipōm (instrumental plural)
saipum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāpe
Middle English: sope, sape
English: soap (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saip, sape
→ Middle Irish: sóp
→ Old Norse: sápa
Icelandic: sápa
Faroese: sápa
Norwegian: såpa, såpe
→ Danish: såpe
Norwegian Bokmål: såpe
Old Swedish: sāpa
Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa

Old Frisian: *sēpe

Saterland Frisian: Seepe

West Frisian: sjippe

Old Saxon: *sēpa

Middle Low German: sēpe, seipe

German Low German: Seep

desc

Dutch Low Saxon: ziepe, zaip, zaipe, zeeip, zepe, zeip, ziep, zaibe, zeep

→ Estonian: seep

desctree

→ Danish: sæbe
Norwegian Bokmål: sæbe, sæpe, sepe

→ Latvian: ziepes

Old Dutch: *sēpa, *seipa

Middle Dutch: sêpe, seipe

Dutch: zeep
Afrikaans: seep (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: sepu
Skepi Creole Dutch: sepu
→ Akawaio: seepoo, sawana
→ Pemon: seepoo, sawana
→ Lokono: sêpo

Limburgish: zeip

Old High German: seipfa, seiffa, seifa

Middle High German: seife

desc

Alemannic German: Seif, Seife, Seifi, Seipfe, Soapfe

Swabian: Soif

Bavarian: Saf, Soaffa, Soaf

Central Franconian: Seef, Sääf, Seif

Hunsrik: Seif

Luxembourgish: Seef

East Central German:

Vilamovian: zaof

East Franconian: Saafe

German: Seife

Rhine Franconian: Saaf, Saaif, Sääf, Sääif, Seef

Frankfurterisch: [saːf]

Pennsylvania German: Seef

Yiddish: זייף (zeyf)


aiʀu

aiʀu (nominative singular)
aiʀō (nominative plural)
aiʀā (accusative singular)
aiʀā (accusative plural)
aiʀā (genitive singular)
aiʀō (genitive plural)
aiʀē (dative singular)
aiʀōm (dative plural)
aiʀum (dative plural)
aiʀu (instrumental singular)
aiʀōm (instrumental plural)
aiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ār, āre
Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)

Old Frisian: ēre, ēr
Saterland Frisian: Eere
West Frisian: eare

Old Saxon: ēra
Middle Low German: ēre
→ Old Norse: æra
Danish: ære
Icelandic: æra
Faroese: æra
Norwegian Nynorsk: ære
Norwegian Bokmål: ære
Swedish: ära

Old Dutch: ēra
Middle Dutch: êre
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Negerhollands: eer
Limburgish: ieër

Old High German: ēra

Middle High German: ēre

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Eher

Luxembourgish: Éier

German: Ehre

Rhine Franconian: Ehr, Ihr

Vilamovian: ere


marā

marā (nominative singular)
marōn (nominative plural)
marōn (accusative singular)
marōn (accusative plural)
marōn (genitive singular)
marōnō (genitive plural)
marōn (dative singular)
marōm (dative plural)
marum (dative plural)
marōn (instrumental singular)
marōm (instrumental plural)
marum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mare

Middle English: mare

Scots: mare, mair

English: mare

Old Saxon: *mara

Middle Low German: māre, mar m

Old Dutch: *mara

Middle Dutch: māre

Dutch: mare, maar

Old High German: mara

Middle High German: mare, mar

German: Mahr


saiwalu

saiwalu (nominative singular)
saiwalō (nominative plural)
saiwalā (accusative singular)
saiwalā (accusative plural)
saiwalā (genitive singular)
saiwalō (genitive plural)
saiwalē (dative singular)
saiwalōm (dative plural)
saiwalum (dative plural)
saiwalu (instrumental singular)
saiwalōm (instrumental plural)
saiwalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sāwol, sāwel, sāwal, sāul, sawl, sōwhul, sawul
Middle English: soule, saul, saule, souel, soul, soull, soulle, sowel, sowele, sowle, sowll, sowyl, sauele, sawlæ, sawle, sæule (Early Middle English), sauel, saull, saulle, sawel, sawele, sawell, sawil, sawle (Northern), zaule (Kent)
English: soul (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saul
→ Old Norse: sála, sál
Icelandic: sál
Faroese: sál
Norwegian Nynorsk: sål
Old Gutnish: selu

Old Frisian: sēla

North Frisian: siel, sial

Saterland Frisian: Seele

West Frisian: siel

Old Saxon: sēola
Middle Low German: sêle
Low German:
German Low German: Seel
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Siäle, Säile, Saile, Sǟle
Westmünsterländisch: Seele, Sääle
Plautdietsch: Seel
→ Old Norse:
Norwegian: sjel
Old Swedish: siæl, sial
Swedish: själ
Danish: sjæl

Old Dutch: sēla
Middle Dutch: siele
Dutch: ziel
Afrikaans: siel
Limburgish: zeel

Old High German: sēla

Middle High German: sēle

Alemannic German: Seel

Central Franconian: Siel

German: Seele

Luxembourgish: Séil

Vilamovian: zejł


lapil

lapil (nominative singular)
lapilō (nominative plural)
lapilōs (nominative plural)
lapil (accusative singular)
lapilā (accusative plural)
lapilas (genitive singular)
lapilō (genitive plural)
lapilē (dative singular)
lapilum (dative plural)
lapilu (instrumental singular)
lapilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lepel, leppel

Saterland Frisian: Lääpel

West Frisian: leppel

Old Saxon: lepil

Middle Low German: lēpel, leppel

Low German: Lepel

Plautdietsch: Läpel

→? Norn: lepel

Old Dutch: *lepil

Middle Dutch: lēpel
Dutch: lepel
Afrikaans: lepel
Berbice Creole Dutch: leple
Jersey Dutch: lêpel
Negerhollands: leepel, leppu
Skepi Creole Dutch: lepel
→ Lokono: lepele
Limburgish: laepel

Limburgish: laepel

Old High German: lepfil, leffil

Middle High German: leffel

desc

Alemannic German: Leffel, Läffel, Löffel

Bavarian: Leffl

Cimbrian: löffl

Mòcheno: leffl

Central Franconian: Läffel, Läfel

Hunsrik: Leffel

Luxembourgish: Läffel

German: Löffel

Rhine Franconian: Leffel, Lewwel

Frankfurterisch: [lev̥l̩]

Pennsylvania German: Leffel

Vilamovian: łefuł

Yiddish: לעפֿל (lefl)

From *lappjan (“to provide food”) + *-il.


hrōmi

hrōmi (nominative singular)
hrōmī (nominative plural)
hrōmi (accusative singular)
hrōmī (accusative plural)
hrōmī (genitive singular)
hrōmijō (genitive plural)
hrōmī (dative singular)
hrōmim (dative plural)
hrōmijum (dative plural)
hrōmī (instrumental singular)
hrōmim (instrumental plural)
hrōmijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hrōm

Middle Low German: hrōm

Old Dutch: *ruom

Middle Dutch: roem

Dutch: roem

Afrikaans: roem

Old High German: ruom, hruom

Middle High German: ruom

German: Ruhm


þeudu

þeudu (nominative singular)
þeudō (nominative plural)
þeudā (accusative singular)
þeudā (accusative plural)
þeudā (genitive singular)
þeudō (genitive plural)
þeudē (dative singular)
þeudōm (dative plural)
þeudum (dative plural)
þeudu (instrumental singular)
þeudōm (instrumental plural)
þeudum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þēod, þīod, ðēod, ðīod, ðēad, ðīed
Middle English: thede, þeode, þeod, þede, theode, thed
Scots: thede, theid

Old Frisian: thiād

Old Saxon: thīod, thioda
Middle Low German: dêt, deit

Old Dutch: thiat

Middle Dutch: diet

Dutch: diet

Old High German: diota, diot

Middle High German: diet

German: Diet


baunu

baunu (nominative singular)
baunō (nominative plural)
baunā (accusative singular)
baunā (accusative plural)
baunā (genitive singular)
baunō (genitive plural)
baunē (dative singular)
baunōm (dative plural)
baunum (dative plural)
baunu (instrumental singular)
baunōm (instrumental plural)
baunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēan, bīen
Middle English: bene, beane, beene, beyn, ben, bean
English: bean
Scots: bein, bene
Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)

Old Frisian: bāne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: buan
Saterland Frisian: Boone
West Frisian: bean, beane, beanne

Old Saxon: bōna
Middle Low German: bône
German Low German: Bohn
Plautdietsch: Boon

Old Dutch: *bōna
Middle Dutch: bône
Dutch: boon
Afrikaans: boon
→ Xhosa: imbotyi (from the diminutive)
Berbice Creole Dutch: bono
Negerhollands: bontśi, boontje, boonschi (from the diminutive)
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bontsi (archaic)
→ Caribbean Javanese: bontyis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Indonesian: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Petjo: bontjies, boontjies
→ Javanese: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Papiamentu: bonchi, boontsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: bonki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bongki
Limburgish: boean

Old High German: bōna
Middle High German: bōne
Alemannic German: Bone
Central Franconian: Bunn, Buhn, Bohn
Hunsrik: Bohn
Luxembourgish: Boun
German: Bohne
Rhine Franconian: Bohn
Frankfurterisch: [b̥õːn]
Pennsylvania German: Bohn, Buhn


teunō

teunō (nominative singular)
teunan (nominative plural)
teunan (accusative singular)
teunan (accusative plural)
tiunini (genitive singular)
teunan (genitive singular)
teunanō (genitive plural)
tiunini (dative singular)
teunan (dative singular)
teunum (dative plural)
tiunini (instrumental singular)
teunan (instrumental singular)
teunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tēona, tēone

Middle English: tene

English: teen

Scots: tene, teyne

Old Saxon: tiona


breust

breust (nominative singular)
breustu (nominative plural)
breust (accusative singular)
breustu (accusative plural)
breustas (genitive singular)
breustō (genitive plural)
breustē (dative singular)
breustum (dative plural)
breustu (instrumental singular)
breustum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brēost
Middle English: brest, breste, breost, breist, brost, brust, brist, breast, bryest
English: brest, breast
Scots: brest, breist, breest

Old Frisian: briāst, brast

Old Saxon: breost, briost, brust


hlahtr

hlahtr (nominative singular)
hlahtrō (nominative plural)
hlahtrōs (nominative plural)
hlahtr (accusative singular)
hlahtrā (accusative plural)
hlahtras (genitive singular)
hlahtrō (genitive plural)
hlahtrē (dative singular)
hlahtrum (dative plural)
hlahtru (instrumental singular)
hlahtrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hleahtor

desc

Middle English: laughter, laghter, laȝter

Scots: lachter, lauchter

English: laughter

Old Saxon: *hlahtar

Middle Low German: lachter

Old High German: lahtar, hlahtar

Middle High German: lahter, gelehter

German: Gelächter


gafehan

gafehan (infinitive)
gafehannjas (genitive infinitive)
gafehannjē (dative infinitive)
gafehannju (infinitive instrumental)
gafehu (first-person present singular)
gafah (first-person past singular)
gafihiʀi (present second-person singular)
gafāgī (past second-person singular)
gafihidi (present singular third-person)
gafah (past singular third-person)
gafehum (first-person plural present)
gafāgum (first-person past plural)
gafihid (plural present second-person)
gafāgud (past plural second-person)
gafehand (plural present third-person)
gafāgun (past plural third-person)
gafehē (first-person present singular)
gafāgī (first-person past singular)
gafehēs (present second-person singular)
gafehē (present singular third-person)
gafāgī (past singular third-person)
gafehēm (first-person plural present)
gafāgīm (first-person past plural)
gafehēþ (plural present second-person)
gafāgīd (past plural second-person)
gafehēn (plural present third-person)
gafāgīn (past plural third-person)
gafih (present singular)
gafihid (plural present)
gafehandī (participle present)
gafegan (participle past)

Old English: ġefēon, ġefeohan

Old High German: gifehan


tīhan

tīhan (infinitive)
tīhannjas (genitive infinitive)
tīhannjē (dative infinitive)
tīhannju (infinitive instrumental)
tīhu (first-person present singular)
taih (first-person past singular)
tīhiʀi (present second-person singular)
tigī (past second-person singular)
tīhidi (present singular third-person)
taih (past singular third-person)
tīhum (first-person plural present)
tigum (first-person past plural)
tīhid (plural present second-person)
tigud (past plural second-person)
tīhand (plural present third-person)
tigun (past plural third-person)
tīhē (first-person present singular)
tigī (first-person past singular)
tīhēs (present second-person singular)
tīhē (present singular third-person)
tigī (past singular third-person)
tīhēm (first-person plural present)
tigīm (first-person past plural)
tīhēþ (plural present second-person)
tigīd (past plural second-person)
tīhēn (plural present third-person)
tigīn (past plural third-person)
tīh (present singular)
tīhid (plural present)
tīhandī (participle present)
tigan (participle past)

Old English: tēon

Middle English: tēn

⇒ Old Saxon: aftīhan

desctree

Old Dutch: *tīan
Middle Dutch: tiën
Dutch: tijgen, aantijgen
Afrikaans: aantyg

Old High German: zīhan

Middle High German: zīhen

German: zeihen


keul

keul (nominative singular)
keulō (nominative plural)
keulōs (nominative plural)
keul (accusative singular)
keulā (accusative plural)
keulas (genitive singular)
keulō (genitive plural)
keulē (dative singular)
keulum (dative plural)
keulu (instrumental singular)
keulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċēol

desc

>? Middle English: chiel, kele, keel (“small shipping vessel, lighter”) (possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch; displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Frisian: *kiāl, *tziāl

West Frisian: tjalk, tsjalk

→ Dutch: tjalk

Old Saxon: kiol

Middle Low German: kêl, kîl

German Low German: Kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Dutch: *kiol

Middle Dutch: kiel

Dutch: kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old High German: kiol, chiol

Middle High German: kiel

German: Kiel (obsolete, displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)


kruppil

kruppil (masculine nominative singular)
kruppilu (feminine nominative singular)
kruppil (neuter nominative singular)
kruppilanā (accusative masculine singular)
kruppilā (accusative feminine singular)
kruppil (accusative neuter singular)
kruppilas (genitive masculine singular)
kruppileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kruppilas (genitive neuter singular)
kruppilumē (dative masculine singular)
kruppileʀē (dative feminine singular)
kruppilumē (dative neuter singular)
kruppilu (instrumental masculine singular)
kruppileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kruppilu (instrumental neuter singular)
kruppilē (masculine nominative plural)
kruppilō (feminine nominative plural)
kruppilu (neuter nominative plural)
kruppilā (accusative masculine plural)
kruppilā (accusative feminine plural)
kruppilu (accusative neuter plural)
kruppileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kruppileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kruppileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kruppilēm (dative masculine plural)
kruppilum (dative masculine plural)
kruppilēm (dative feminine plural)
kruppilum (dative feminine plural)
kruppilēm (dative neuter plural)
kruppilum (dative neuter plural)
kruppilēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kruppilum (instrumental masculine plural)
kruppilēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kruppilum (feminine instrumental plural)
kruppilēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kruppilum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: crypel
Middle English: crüpel, crepel, cripel
English: cripple, (dialectal) creeple
Scots: crepill, cripill, crippill, crupple

Old Frisian: kreppel

North Frisian: krebel, krabel

Saterland Frisian: Kreepel

West Frisian: krepel

Old Saxon: *krupil, krupel

Middle Low German: kropel, krepel

Low German: Kröpel

Old Dutch: crupil

Middle Dutch: cropel, cruepel

Dutch: kreupel

Old High German: krupil, kruppel

desc

Middle High German: krupel, kruppel, krüpel, krüppel

German: Krüppel

→ Slovak: kripel

Luxembourgish: Krëppel

From *kroppōn (“to crawl, crouch”) + *-il.


þeub

þeub (nominative singular)
þeubō (nominative plural)
þeubōs (nominative plural)
þeub (accusative singular)
þeubā (accusative plural)
þeubas (genitive singular)
þeubō (genitive plural)
þeubē (dative singular)
þeubum (dative plural)
þeubu (instrumental singular)
þeubum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þēof
Middle English: thef, theef, theff, thyef, þef, þeef, þief, þyef, þeof, thefe
English: thief
Scots: thef, theif, thief

Old Frisian: thiāf, tiēf
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tiif
Saterland Frisian: Tjoof
West Frisian: tsjeaf

Old Saxon: thiof
Middle Low German: dêf, dief
German Low German: Deef, Deev, Deew, Deiw
Plautdietsch: Deef, Deiw
→ Saterland Frisian: Däif

Old Dutch: *thiof

Middle Dutch: dief
Dutch: dief
Afrikaans: dief
Limburgish: deef

Old High German: diob

Middle High German: diup, diep

Cimbrian: diip

German: Dieb

Luxembourgish: Déif

Pennsylvania German: Dieb

Vilamovian: dīb


seuk

seuk (masculine nominative singular)
seuku (feminine nominative singular)
seuk (neuter nominative singular)
seukanā (accusative masculine singular)
seukā (accusative feminine singular)
seuk (accusative neuter singular)
seukas (genitive masculine singular)
seukeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
seukas (genitive neuter singular)
seukumē (dative masculine singular)
seukeʀē (dative feminine singular)
seukumē (dative neuter singular)
seuku (instrumental masculine singular)
seukeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
seuku (instrumental neuter singular)
seukē (masculine nominative plural)
seukō (feminine nominative plural)
seuku (neuter nominative plural)
seukā (accusative masculine plural)
seukā (accusative feminine plural)
seuku (accusative neuter plural)
seukeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
seukeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
seukeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
seukēm (dative masculine plural)
seukum (dative masculine plural)
seukēm (dative feminine plural)
seukum (dative feminine plural)
seukēm (dative neuter plural)
seukum (dative neuter plural)
seukēm (instrumental masculine plural)
seukum (instrumental masculine plural)
seukēm (feminine instrumental plural)
seukum (feminine instrumental plural)
seukēm (instrumental neuter plural)
seukum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sēoc, sēc
Middle English: sik
English: sick
→? Navajo: sxih
Scots: seek, seeck
Yola: zeek

Old Frisian: siāk

North Frisian: sük

Saterland Frisian: säik, süük

West Frisian: siik

Old Saxon: siok
Middle Low German: sêk, sîk, sǖk
German Low German: seek, süük

Old Dutch: *siok

Middle Dutch: siek

Dutch: ziek

Afrikaans: siek

Old High German: sioh, siuh
Middle High German: siech
Alemannic German: siech
German: siech


þį̄han

Old English: þīon, þēon, ġeþingan

Middle English: theen

Scots: thee, the

English: thee

Old Frisian: thīgia

Saterland Frisian: tiegje

West Frisian: dije

Old Saxon: thīhan

Middle Low German: dîen, dîgen

Low German: deen

German Low German: dejen

→ Saterland Frisian: däie

Old Dutch: thīan
Middle Dutch: diën
Dutch: dijen

Old High German: thīhan, dīhan

Middle High German: dīhen

German: gedeihen, gediegen

Luxembourgish: gedeien

Yiddish: געדײַען (gedayen)


hwass

hwass (masculine nominative singular)
hwassu (feminine nominative singular)
hwass (neuter nominative singular)
hwassanā (accusative masculine singular)
hwassā (accusative feminine singular)
hwass (accusative neuter singular)
hwassas (genitive masculine singular)
hwasseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hwassas (genitive neuter singular)
hwassumē (dative masculine singular)
hwasseʀē (dative feminine singular)
hwassumē (dative neuter singular)
hwassu (instrumental masculine singular)
hwasseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hwassu (instrumental neuter singular)
hwassē (masculine nominative plural)
hwassō (feminine nominative plural)
hwassu (neuter nominative plural)
hwassā (accusative masculine plural)
hwassā (accusative feminine plural)
hwassu (accusative neuter plural)
hwasseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hwasseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hwasseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hwassēm (dative masculine plural)
hwassum (dative masculine plural)
hwassēm (dative feminine plural)
hwassum (dative feminine plural)
hwassēm (dative neuter plural)
hwassum (dative neuter plural)
hwassēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hwassum (instrumental masculine plural)
hwassēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hwassum (feminine instrumental plural)
hwassēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hwassum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hwæs

Old Saxon: hwass

Old High German: was


flahs

flahs (nominative singular)
flahsu (nominative plural)
flahs (accusative singular)
flahsu (accusative plural)
flahsas (genitive singular)
flahsō (genitive plural)
flahsē (dative singular)
flahsum (dative plural)
flahsu (instrumental singular)
flahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fleax, flæx, flex
Middle English: flax, fflex, flaxe, flex, flexe, vlex
English: flax

Old Frisian: flax

Saterland Frisian: Floaks

West Frisian: flaaks

Old Saxon: flahs

Middle Low German: flas, vlas

German Low German: Flass

Low German: Flass

Plautdietsch: Flauss

Old Dutch: flahs, flas

Middle Dutch: vlas

Dutch: vlas

Afrikaans: vlas

Old High German: flahs
Middle High German: vlahs
German: Flachs
Luxembourgish: Fluess
Rhine Franconian: Flaas, Flas, Flachs
Vilamovian: fłaoks


ahslu

ahslu (nominative singular)
ahslō (nominative plural)
ahslā (accusative singular)
ahslā (accusative plural)
ahslā (genitive singular)
ahslō (genitive plural)
ahslē (dative singular)
ahslōm (dative plural)
ahslum (dative plural)
ahslu (instrumental singular)
ahslōm (instrumental plural)
ahslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eaxl, eaxel, esl
Middle English: axel, axle, eaxle, æxle, exle
English: axle (obsolete)
Scots: aixle, exle

Old Frisian: axle, axele

Saterland Frisian: ascle

→? Middle Dutch: ocsele (see lemma)

Dutch: oksel

Afrikaans: oksel

Old Dutch: *assala

Middle Dutch: assele

Dutch: assel

Old High German: ahsala

Middle High German: ahsel

Cimbrian: aksela, aksala, aksl, aksel

German: Achsel

Vilamovian: aochsuł

Yiddish: אַקסל (aksl)


leuþ

leuþ (nominative singular)
leuþu (nominative plural)
leuþ (accusative singular)
leuþu (accusative plural)
leuþas (genitive singular)
leuþō (genitive plural)
leuþē (dative singular)
leuþum (dative plural)
leuþu (instrumental singular)
leuþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēoþ

Middle English: leoþ, leod, lede

Scots: leed, lede

English: leed (dialectal); lidden (dialectal, archaic)

Old Frisian: *liāth

Saterland Frisian: Läid

West Frisian: liet

Old Saxon: lioth

Middle Low German: *lēt, *liet

German Low German: Leed, Lied

Old Dutch: *lioth

Middle Dutch: liet, lijt

Dutch: lied

Afrikaans: lied

Negerhollands: liederen (from the plural)

Old High German: liod

Middle High German: liet

German: Lied

→ English: lied

→ Finnish: lied

→ French: lied

→ Romanian: lied

Hunsrik: Lied

Luxembourgish: Lidd

Vilamovian: łid

Yiddish: ליד (lid)


hrau

hrau (masculine nominative singular)
hrau (feminine nominative singular)
hrau (neuter nominative singular)
hrawanā (accusative masculine singular)
hrawā (accusative feminine singular)
hrau (accusative neuter singular)
hrawas (genitive masculine singular)
hraweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hrawas (genitive neuter singular)
hraumē (dative masculine singular)
hraweʀē (dative feminine singular)
hraumē (dative neuter singular)
hrau (instrumental masculine singular)
hraweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hrau (instrumental neuter singular)
hrawē (masculine nominative plural)
hrawō (feminine nominative plural)
hrau (neuter nominative plural)
hrawā (accusative masculine plural)
hrawā (accusative feminine plural)
hrau (accusative neuter plural)
hraweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hraweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hraweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hrawēm (dative masculine plural)
hraum (dative masculine plural)
hrawēm (dative feminine plural)
hraum (dative feminine plural)
hrawēm (dative neuter plural)
hraum (dative neuter plural)
hrawēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hraum (instrumental masculine plural)
hrawēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hraum (feminine instrumental plural)
hrawēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hraum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hrēaw, hrǣw
Middle English: rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe
English: raw
Scots: raw

Old Frisian: *hrā, *hrē

Saterland Frisian: räi

West Frisian: rau

Old Saxon: hrāo

Middle Low German: rō

Old Dutch: *rao, *rō

Middle Dutch: roo, rou, raeu

Dutch: rauw

Afrikaans: rou

Old High German: rō, hrō, rao, rāo
Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā
Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh
Luxembourgish: réi
German: roh
Yiddish: רוי (roy)

From Proto-Germanic *hrawaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.


gaskehan

gaskehan (infinitive)
gaskehannjas (genitive infinitive)
gaskehannjē (dative infinitive)
gaskehannju (infinitive instrumental)
gaskehu (first-person present singular)
gaskah (first-person past singular)
gaskihiʀi (present second-person singular)
gaskāgī (past second-person singular)
gaskihidi (present singular third-person)
gaskah (past singular third-person)
gaskehum (first-person plural present)
gaskāgum (first-person past plural)
gaskihid (plural present second-person)
gaskāgud (past plural second-person)
gaskehand (plural present third-person)
gaskāgun (past plural third-person)
gaskehē (first-person present singular)
gaskāgī (first-person past singular)
gaskehēs (present second-person singular)
gaskehē (present singular third-person)
gaskāgī (past singular third-person)
gaskehēm (first-person plural present)
gaskāgīm (first-person past plural)
gaskehēþ (plural present second-person)
gaskāgīd (past plural second-person)
gaskehēn (plural present third-person)
gaskāgīn (past plural third-person)
gaskih (present singular)
gaskihid (plural present)
gaskehandī (participle present)
gaskegan (participle past)

Old English: ġesċēon
Middle English: scen, sen

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: geskjo

Old Dutch: *giskian

Middle Dutch: geschien
Dutch: geschieden
Afrikaans: geskied
Limburgish: gesjeeje

Old High German: gascehan, giskehan

desc

Middle High German: geschehen, geschēn, geschegen

Alemannic German: geschëhe

Cimbrian: gaségan

German: geschehen

Luxembourgish: geschéien

Yiddish: געשען (geshen)


geutan

geutan (infinitive)
geutannjas (genitive infinitive)
geutannjē (dative infinitive)
geutannju (infinitive instrumental)
geutu (first-person present singular)
gaut (first-person past singular)
giutiʀi (present second-person singular)
gutī (past second-person singular)
giutidi (present singular third-person)
gaut (past singular third-person)
geutum (first-person plural present)
gutum (first-person past plural)
giutid (plural present second-person)
gutud (past plural second-person)
geutand (plural present third-person)
gutun (past plural third-person)
geutē (first-person present singular)
gutī (first-person past singular)
geutēs (present second-person singular)
geutē (present singular third-person)
gutī (past singular third-person)
geutēm (first-person plural present)
gutīm (first-person past plural)
geutēþ (plural present second-person)
gutīd (past plural second-person)
geutēn (plural present third-person)
gutīn (past plural third-person)
giut (present singular)
giutid (plural present)
geutandī (participle present)
gotan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: ġēotan
Middle English: yeten
English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete), yeet
Scots: ȝet, yet, yat
⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)
English: gut

Old Frisian: jāta

Saterland Frisian: joote

West Frisian: jitte

Old Saxon: giotan
Middle Low German: gêten
German Low German: geten

Old Dutch: gietan
Middle Dutch: gieten
Dutch: gieten
Afrikaans: giet
Limburgish: gete

Old High German: giozan
Middle High German: giezen
German: gießen
→ French: gueuse, guise (“pig iron”)
→ Italian: ghisa (“cast iron”)
→ Cimbrian: ghiiza
Luxembourgish: géissen
Yiddish: גיסן (gisn)


hanapi

hanapi (nominative singular)
hanapī (nominative plural)
hanapi (accusative singular)
hanapī (accusative plural)
hanapī (genitive singular)
hanapijō (genitive plural)
hanapī (dative singular)
hanapim (dative plural)
hanapijum (dative plural)
hanapī (instrumental singular)
hanapim (instrumental plural)
hanapijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: henep, hænep
Middle English: hanep, henep, henepe, henpe, hempe, hemp
English: hemp
Scots: hemp, hempt

desc

Old Frisian: *hanep, *hānp, *henep, *henp

Saterland Frisian: Hoamp

West Frisian: himp

Old Saxon: hanap, hanup

Middle Low German: hennep, hennip, hēnep, henp

German Low German: Hämp

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Hannop (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Hamp (Ravensberger)

Old Dutch: *hanap, *henep

Middle Dutch: hannep, hennep, hanep, hennip

Dutch: hennep
Afrikaans: hennep

Old High German: hanaf, hanif

Middle High German: hanef, hanif, hanf

Alemannic German: Hamf

German: Hanf

→ Luxembourgish: Hanf

→ Low German: Hanf, Hannef

Luxembourgish: Hunnef (dated)

Yiddish: האַנף (hanf)


deup

deup (masculine nominative singular)
deupu (feminine nominative singular)
deup (neuter nominative singular)
deupanā (accusative masculine singular)
deupā (accusative feminine singular)
deup (accusative neuter singular)
deupas (genitive masculine singular)
deupeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
deupas (genitive neuter singular)
deupumē (dative masculine singular)
deupeʀē (dative feminine singular)
deupumē (dative neuter singular)
deupu (instrumental masculine singular)
deupeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
deupu (instrumental neuter singular)
deupē (masculine nominative plural)
deupō (feminine nominative plural)
deupu (neuter nominative plural)
deupā (accusative masculine plural)
deupā (accusative feminine plural)
deupu (accusative neuter plural)
deupeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
deupeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
deupeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
deupēm (dative masculine plural)
deupum (dative masculine plural)
deupēm (dative feminine plural)
deupum (dative feminine plural)
deupēm (dative neuter plural)
deupum (dative neuter plural)
deupēm (instrumental masculine plural)
deupum (instrumental masculine plural)
deupēm (feminine instrumental plural)
deupum (feminine instrumental plural)
deupēm (instrumental neuter plural)
deupum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: dēop
Middle English: depe, deep, deepe, deop, dep, deope
English: deep
Scots: depe, deep, deip

Old Frisian: diāp

North Frisian: diip, jip

Saterland Frisian: djoop

West Frisian: djip

Old Saxon: diop
Middle Low German: dêp
Low German: deep
German Low German: deep
Plautdietsch: deep

Old Dutch: *diop, deop, diep

Middle Dutch: diep

Dutch: diep
Afrikaans: diep
Berbice Creole Dutch: dipu
Negerhollands: diep, dip
→? Sranan Tongo: dipi
→ Caribbean Javanese: dipi

Limburgish: deep

Old High German: tiof, tiuf
Middle High German: tiuf, tief
Alemannic German: tüüf
German: tief
Mòcheno: tiaf
Yiddish: טיף (tif)


deuʀ

deuʀ (nominative singular)
deuʀu (nominative plural)
deuʀ (accusative singular)
deuʀu (accusative plural)
deuʀas (genitive singular)
deuʀō (genitive plural)
deuʀē (dative singular)
deuʀum (dative plural)
deuʀu (instrumental singular)
deuʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dīor, dēor

desc

Middle English: deor, deure, dure, dier, dere

Scots: dere, deir

English: deer

Old Frisian: diār, diēr

North Frisian: dier

North Frisian: Diirt (Sylt)

i

Saterland Frisian: Diert (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

West Frisian: djier (obsolete), dier

desctree

Old Saxon: dior
Middle Low German: dēr, dēre, dērt, deirt, dêrd
Dutch Low Saxon: diert
German Low German: Deer, Deert, Dird, Dairt, Duert, Diert, Dirt, Dier

Old Dutch: dier
Middle Dutch: dier
Dutch: dier

Old High German: tior
Middle High German: tier
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Tier
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dier
Kölsch: Deer, Dier
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dier
German: Tier
→ Plautdietsch: Tier, Tiea
Luxembourgish: Déier
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Déier


swōtī

swōtī (masculine nominative singular)
swōtiju (feminine nominative singular)
swōtī (neuter nominative singular)
swōtijanā (accusative masculine singular)
swōtijā (accusative feminine singular)
swōtī (accusative neuter singular)
swōtijas (genitive masculine singular)
swōtijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
swōtijas (genitive neuter singular)
swōtijumē (dative masculine singular)
swōtijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
swōtijumē (dative neuter singular)
swōtiju (instrumental masculine singular)
swōtijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
swōtiju (instrumental neuter singular)
swōtijē (masculine nominative plural)
swōtijō (feminine nominative plural)
swōtiju (neuter nominative plural)
swōtijā (accusative masculine plural)
swōtijā (accusative feminine plural)
swōtiju (accusative neuter plural)
swōtijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
swōtijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
swōtijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
swōtijēm (dative masculine plural)
swōtijum (dative masculine plural)
swōtijēm (dative feminine plural)
swōtijum (dative feminine plural)
swōtijēm (dative neuter plural)
swōtijum (dative neuter plural)
swōtijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
swōtijum (instrumental masculine plural)
swōtijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
swōtijum (feminine instrumental plural)
swōtijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
swōtijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: swēte, swōt

desc

Middle English: swete, sweete, swoote, soote

Scots: swet, sweit, sweet

English: sweet

→ Zulu: uswidi

→ Swazi: liswidi

Old Frisian: swēte

North Frisian: sweete

Saterland Frisian: swäit

West Frisian: swiet

Old Saxon: swōti

Middle Low German: sôte, sö̂te, sûte

Low German: sööt

Plautdietsch: seet

desctree

Old Dutch: suoti
Middle Dutch: soete
Dutch: zoet
Afrikaans: soet
Limburgish: zeut

Old High German: suozi, swuozi
Middle High German: süeze
Alemannic German: süeß
Bavarian: siaß
Central Franconian: söß, seß, sieß
Luxembourgish: séiss
German: süß
Vilamovian: ziss
Yiddish: זיס (zis)

From Proto-Germanic *swōtuz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


sparwō

sparwō (nominative singular)
sparwan (nominative plural)
sparwan (accusative singular)
sparwan (accusative plural)
sparwini (genitive singular)
sparwan (genitive singular)
sparwanō (genitive plural)
sparwini (dative singular)
sparwan (dative singular)
sparwum (dative plural)
sparwini (instrumental singular)
sparwan (instrumental singular)
sparwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spearwa

desc

Middle English: sparwe, sparuwe, sparowe, sparewe, speruwe, sparu, sparow

Scots: sparrowe, sparow

English: sparrow

→ Manx: sparroo

Old Saxon: *sparo; *sperling

Middle Low German: sperlink

desctree

Old High German: sparo
Middle High German: sparwe, spare, spar
Alemannic German: Spar
⇒ Middle High German: spaz, spatze (diminutive)
Alemannic German: Spatz, Schpatz
Bavarian: Spåtz
German: Spatz
→ Luxembourgish: Spatz
⇒ Old High German: sperilig
Middle High German: sperlinc
German: Sperling
Yiddish: שפּערל (shperl)


durʀan

durʀan (infinitive)
durʀannjas (genitive infinitive)
durʀannjē (dative infinitive)
durʀannju (infinitive instrumental)
dars (first-person present singular)
darʀ (first-person present singular)
dorstā (first-person past singular)
darst (present second-person singular)
dorstēs (past second-person singular)
dars (present singular third-person)
darʀ (present singular third-person)
dorstē (past singular third-person)
durʀum (first-person plural present)
durstum (first-person past plural)
durʀud (plural present second-person)
durstud (past plural second-person)
durʀun (plural present third-person)
durstun (past plural third-person)
durʀī (first-person present singular)
durstī (first-person past singular)
durʀī (present second-person singular)
durstī (past second-person singular)
durʀī (present singular third-person)
durstī (past singular third-person)
durʀīm (first-person plural present)
durstīm (first-person past plural)
durʀīd (plural present second-person)
durstīd (past plural second-person)
durʀīn (plural present third-person)
durstīn (past plural third-person)
durʀandī (participle present)
dorst (participle past)

Old English: durran

Middle English: durren

Scots: daur

English: dare

Old Saxon: durran

i

Low German: dören (sometimes merged with dörven, from *þurbaną)

Old Dutch: *durran

Middle Dutch: dorren, durren

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*þurbaną</i>

Dutch: durven (merged with *þurbaną)

Afrikaans: durf

Limburgish: derre, dórre

Old High German: turran

Middle High German: turren

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: töoran

semantically identical to <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-cfr">dürve</i>

Central Franconian: dusche (semantically identical to dürve)

German: thüren, türen (obsolete)

Yiddish: טאָרן (torn)

türre

Old High German: *turri; Middle High German


wīh

wīh (masculine nominative singular)
wīhu (feminine nominative singular)
wīh (neuter nominative singular)
wīhanā (accusative masculine singular)
wīhā (accusative feminine singular)
wīh (accusative neuter singular)
wīhas (genitive masculine singular)
wīheʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wīhas (genitive neuter singular)
wīhumē (dative masculine singular)
wīheʀē (dative feminine singular)
wīhumē (dative neuter singular)
wīhu (instrumental masculine singular)
wīheʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wīhu (instrumental neuter singular)
wīhē (masculine nominative plural)
wīhō (feminine nominative plural)
wīhu (neuter nominative plural)
wīhā (accusative masculine plural)
wīhā (accusative feminine plural)
wīhu (accusative neuter plural)
wīheʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wīheʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wīheʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wīhēm (dative masculine plural)
wīhum (dative masculine plural)
wīhēm (dative feminine plural)
wīhum (dative feminine plural)
wīhēm (dative neuter plural)
wīhum (dative neuter plural)
wīhēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wīhum (instrumental masculine plural)
wīhēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wīhum (feminine instrumental plural)
wīhēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wīhum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *wēoh (in compounds)

Middle English: weoh

Old Frisian: *wī (in compounds)

Old Saxon: *wīh (in compounds)

Old Dutch: *wī (in compounds)

Old High German: wīh

Middle High German: wīch

German: weih (in compounds)


wīh

wīh (nominative singular)
wīhu (nominative plural)
wīh (accusative singular)
wīhu (accusative plural)
wīhas (genitive singular)
wīhō (genitive plural)
wīhē (dative singular)
wīhum (dative plural)
wīhu (instrumental singular)
wīhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēoh, wīh

Old Saxon: wīh m

Middle Low German: wīe, wige

Old High German: wīh m

From Proto-Germanic *wīhą, cognate with Old Norse vé (“sanctuary, holy place”).


reumō

reumō (nominative singular)
reuman (nominative plural)
reuman (accusative singular)
reuman (accusative plural)
riumini (genitive singular)
reuman (genitive singular)
reumanō (genitive plural)
riumini (dative singular)
reuman (dative singular)
reumum (dative plural)
riumini (instrumental singular)
reuman (instrumental singular)
reumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rēoma

Middle English: reme, ryme, rym, rim

Scots: rimme, rimb, ryme, rim

English: rymme, rimme, rim

Old Saxon: reomo, riomo

Middle Low German: rême

German Low German:

East Frisian: Reem

Low Prussian, Westphalian (East Westphalian: Lippisch): Reumen

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch: Reem

East Westphalian: Raim (Wedemarkisch)

q

Sauerländisch: Raime, Roimen (Elpe, Meschede, Schmallenberg, Elspe, Kirchhundem, Selbecke), Rauemen (Niedersfeld), Riemen (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: Reemen

→ Danish: rem

→ Old Swedish: rem, reem

Swedish: rem

Old Dutch: *riomo

Middle Dutch: rieme, riem

Dutch: riem

Afrikaans: riem

→ English: riem, reim

Old High German: riomo

Middle High German: rieme

German: Riemen

Hunsrik: Rieme

Luxembourgish: Rimm

Unknown. Possibly sharing the same base as Proto-Germanic *raipaz (“cord, cable, strap”). Compare also Old Norse reim (“thong”).

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


farh

farh (nominative singular)
farhō (nominative plural)
farhōs (nominative plural)
farh (accusative singular)
farhā (accusative plural)
farhas (genitive singular)
farhō (genitive plural)
farhē (dative singular)
farhum (dative plural)
farhu (instrumental singular)
farhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fearh
Middle English: *farow, *fargh (attested only in plural form faren)
English: farrow
Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry
Yola: farragh

Old Frisian: *farch

Saterland Frisian: Faarich

Old Saxon: for, *farh

Middle Low German: var, vare, vôr, ferch, verk

⇒ Old Saxon: *farkīn (diminutive)

Middle Low German: verken, varken

Low German: Farken

Old Dutch: *far, *fare

⇒ Old Dutch: farkīn, ferkīn (diminutive)

Middle Dutch: verkin, varekin, varkin

Dutch: varken
Afrikaans: vark
Jersey Dutch: vārk
Negerhollands: varki, fergi, farki, ferkikin, verken
Skepi Creole Dutch: fark

Old High German: farah
Middle High German: varch
⇒ Old High German: farhīli, farheli (diminutive)
Middle High German: verkel, verhel
Alemannic German: Färli
German: Ferkel
Luxembourgish: Fierkel


ahsu

ahsu (nominative singular)
ahsō (nominative plural)
ahsā (accusative singular)
ahsā (accusative plural)
ahsā (genitive singular)
ahsō (genitive plural)
ahsē (dative singular)
ahsōm (dative plural)
ahsum (dative plural)
ahsu (instrumental singular)
ahsōm (instrumental plural)
ahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eax

Old Frisian: *ax

West Frisian: as

Old Saxon: ahsa

Old Dutch: *assa

Middle Dutch: asse

Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Negerhollands: az
→ Indonesian: as
→ Papiamentu: as (dated)

Old High German: ahsa

Middle High German: ahse

Alemannic German: Uechs

German: Achse

→ Norwegian Bokmål: akse

Luxembourgish: Achs


feurþō

feurþō (masculine nominative singular)
feurþā (feminine nominative singular)
feurþā (neuter nominative singular)
feurþan (accusative masculine singular)
feurþōn (accusative feminine singular)
feurþā (accusative neuter singular)
fiurþini (genitive masculine singular)
feurþan (genitive masculine singular)
feurþōn (feminine genitive singular)
fiurþini (genitive neuter singular)
feurþan (genitive neuter singular)
fiurþini (dative masculine singular)
feurþan (dative masculine singular)
feurþōn (dative feminine singular)
fiurþini (dative neuter singular)
feurþan (dative neuter singular)
fiurþini (instrumental masculine singular)
feurþan (instrumental masculine singular)
feurþōn (feminine instrumental singular)
fiurþini (instrumental neuter singular)
feurþan (instrumental neuter singular)
feurþan (masculine nominative plural)
feurþōn (feminine nominative plural)
feurþōn (neuter nominative plural)
feurþan (accusative masculine plural)
feurþōn (accusative feminine plural)
feurþōn (accusative neuter plural)
feurþanō (genitive masculine plural)
feurþōnō (feminine genitive plural)
feurþanō (genitive neuter plural)
feurþum (dative masculine plural)
feurþōm (dative feminine plural)
feurþum (dative feminine plural)
feurþum (dative neuter plural)
feurþum (instrumental masculine plural)
feurþōm (feminine instrumental plural)
feurþum (feminine instrumental plural)
feurþum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fēorþa, fēorða, fēowerþa
Middle English: feorþe, veorðe, feorðe, forðe, ferthe, fourthe, ferþe, fourþe, feurþe, fourte, ferth, fferth, fourth, fourt, verþe, firþe, firthe, fuyrthe, feorþe, veorðe, feorðe, forðe, IIIIᵗʰ
English: fourth
Scots: fourt
Yola: vourthe

Old Frisian: fiārda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fjuard
Helgoland: fear
Sylt: fjåårt
Saterland Frisian: fjädde, fjoode
West Frisian: fjirde

Old Saxon: fiortho

Middle Low German: vêrde

Dutch Low Saxon: veerte

German Low German: feerde, feerd

Old Dutch: *fiortho

Middle Dutch: vierde
Dutch: vierde
Afrikaans: vierde
Negerhollands: veerde, vierde, firrde
Limburgish: veerdje

Old High German: fiordo

Middle High German: vierde, vierte

Cimbrian: viarte

German: vierte

Luxembourgish: véiert

Yiddish: פֿערט (fert)

From Proto-Germanic *fedurþô, with -d- removed by analogy with *feuwar.


warnōn

warnōn (infinitive)
warnōnijas (genitive infinitive)
warnōnijē (dative infinitive)
warnōniju (infinitive instrumental)
warnō (first-person present singular)
warnōdā (first-person past singular)
warnōs (present second-person singular)
warnōdēs (past second-person singular)
warnōdōs (past second-person singular)
warnōþ (present singular third-person)
warnōdē (past singular third-person)
warnōdā (past singular third-person)
warnōm (first-person plural present)
warnōdum (first-person past plural)
warnōþ (plural present second-person)
warnōdud (past plural second-person)
warnōnþ (plural present third-person)
warnōdun (past plural third-person)
warnōdī (first-person past singular)
warnōdī (past second-person singular)
warnō (present singular third-person)
warnōdī (past singular third-person)
warnōdīm (first-person past plural)
warnōdīd (past plural second-person)
warnōn (plural present third-person)
warnōdīn (past plural third-person)
warnō (present singular)
warnōþ (plural present)
warnōndī (participle present)
warnōd (participle past)

Old English: warnian, wearnian

Middle English: warnien, warnen

Scots: wairn

English: warn

Old Frisian: wernia, warna

Old Saxon: *warnōn

Middle Low German: warnen

German Low German: warnen

Old Dutch: *warnon
Middle Dutch: wāernen
Dutch: waarnen (obsolete)
Limburgish: warne

Old High German: warnōn

Middle High German: warnen

German: warnen


skehan

skehan (infinitive)
skehannjas (genitive infinitive)
skehannjē (dative infinitive)
skehannju (infinitive instrumental)
skehu (first-person present singular)
skah (first-person past singular)
skihiʀi (present second-person singular)
skāgī (past second-person singular)
skihidi (present singular third-person)
skah (past singular third-person)
skehum (first-person plural present)
skāgum (first-person past plural)
skihid (plural present second-person)
skāgud (past plural second-person)
skehand (plural present third-person)
skāgun (past plural third-person)
skehē (first-person present singular)
skāgī (first-person past singular)
skehēs (present second-person singular)
skehē (present singular third-person)
skāgī (past singular third-person)
skehēm (first-person plural present)
skāgīm (first-person past plural)
skehēþ (plural present second-person)
skāgīd (past plural second-person)
skehēn (plural present third-person)
skāgīn (past plural third-person)
skih (present singular)
skihid (plural present)
skehandī (participle present)
skegan (participle past)

Old English: sċēon
Middle English: sen

Old Frisian: skiā, schiā

North Frisian: skie

Old Saxon: skehan

Middle Low German: schēn

Low German: schehn

→ Danish: ske
Norwegian Bokmål: skje
→ Icelandic: ske
→ Faroese: ske
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skje; (dialectal) ski

→ Old Swedish: ske

Swedish: ske

Old Dutch: *skian

Middle Dutch: schien
Limburgish: sjeeje, sji-jje

Old High German: skehan, scehan

Middle High German: schëhen

German: geschehen


lį̄ht

lį̄ht (masculine nominative singular)
lį̄htu (feminine nominative singular)
lį̄ht (neuter nominative singular)
lį̄htanā (accusative masculine singular)
lį̄htā (accusative feminine singular)
lį̄ht (accusative neuter singular)
lį̄htas (genitive masculine singular)
lį̄hteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
lį̄htas (genitive neuter singular)
lį̄htumē (dative masculine singular)
lį̄hteʀē (dative feminine singular)
lį̄htumē (dative neuter singular)
lį̄htu (instrumental masculine singular)
lį̄hteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
lį̄htu (instrumental neuter singular)
lį̄htē (masculine nominative plural)
lį̄htō (feminine nominative plural)
lį̄htu (neuter nominative plural)
lį̄htā (accusative masculine plural)
lį̄htā (accusative feminine plural)
lį̄htu (accusative neuter plural)
lį̄hteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lį̄hteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lį̄hteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
lį̄htēm (dative masculine plural)
lį̄htum (dative masculine plural)
lį̄htēm (dative feminine plural)
lį̄htum (dative feminine plural)
lį̄htēm (dative neuter plural)
lį̄htum (dative neuter plural)
lį̄htēm (instrumental masculine plural)
lį̄htum (instrumental masculine plural)
lį̄htēm (feminine instrumental plural)
lį̄htum (feminine instrumental plural)
lį̄htēm (instrumental neuter plural)
lį̄htum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lēoht
Middle English: liȝt, lyghte
English: light
Scots: licht

Old Frisian: licht

West Frisian: licht

Old Saxon: līht
Middle Low German: licht
Low German: licht

Old Dutch: *līht

Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lich, leech

Old High German: līht, līhti
Middle High German: līht
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: leicht
Luxembourgish: liicht
East Central German:
Vilamovian: łajcht
German: leicht
Rhine Franconian: läicht, leicht, licht
Frankfurterisch: [laiʃt]
Pennsylvania German: leicht
Yiddish: לײַכט (laykht)


teuhan

teuhan (infinitive)
teuhannjas (genitive infinitive)
teuhannjē (dative infinitive)
teuhannju (infinitive instrumental)
teuhu (first-person present singular)
tauh (first-person past singular)
tiuhiʀi (present second-person singular)
tugī (past second-person singular)
tiuhidi (present singular third-person)
tauh (past singular third-person)
teuhum (first-person plural present)
tugum (first-person past plural)
tiuhid (plural present second-person)
tugud (past plural second-person)
teuhand (plural present third-person)
tugun (past plural third-person)
teuhē (first-person present singular)
tugī (first-person past singular)
teuhēs (present second-person singular)
teuhē (present singular third-person)
tugī (past singular third-person)
teuhēm (first-person plural present)
tugīm (first-person past plural)
teuhēþ (plural present second-person)
tugīd (past plural second-person)
teuhēn (plural present third-person)
tugīn (past plural third-person)
tiuh (present singular)
tiuhid (plural present)
teuhandī (participle present)
togan (participle past)

Old English: tēon, tīon
Middle English: teen
English: tee

Old Frisian: tiān

Saterland Frisian: tja

West Frisian: tsjen

Old Saxon: tiohan
Middle Low German: tên
Low German: tehen, tehn, teen

Old Dutch: tian
Middle Dutch: tiën
Dutch: tijgen

Old High German: ziohan

Middle High German: ziehen
Alemannic German: zieh, züha
Bavarian: zahn, zaan, ziagen
Viennese: ziagn
German: ziehen
Hunsrik: ziehe
Luxembourgish: zéien
Yiddish: ציִען (tsien)


leuht

leuht (masculine nominative singular)
leuhtu (feminine nominative singular)
leuht (neuter nominative singular)
leuhtanā (accusative masculine singular)
leuhtā (accusative feminine singular)
leuht (accusative neuter singular)
leuhtas (genitive masculine singular)
leuhteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
leuhtas (genitive neuter singular)
leuhtumē (dative masculine singular)
leuhteʀē (dative feminine singular)
leuhtumē (dative neuter singular)
leuhtu (instrumental masculine singular)
leuhteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
leuhtu (instrumental neuter singular)
leuhtē (masculine nominative plural)
leuhtō (feminine nominative plural)
leuhtu (neuter nominative plural)
leuhtā (accusative masculine plural)
leuhtā (accusative feminine plural)
leuhtu (accusative neuter plural)
leuhteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
leuhteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
leuhteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
leuhtēm (dative masculine plural)
leuhtum (dative masculine plural)
leuhtēm (dative feminine plural)
leuhtum (dative feminine plural)
leuhtēm (dative neuter plural)
leuhtum (dative neuter plural)
leuhtēm (instrumental masculine plural)
leuhtum (instrumental masculine plural)
leuhtēm (feminine instrumental plural)
leuhtum (feminine instrumental plural)
leuhtēm (instrumental neuter plural)
leuhtum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lēoht, lēht — Anglian, līht
Middle English: leoht, liht, light
English: light
Scots: licht

Old Frisian: liācht

Saterland Frisian: ljoacht

West Frisian: ljocht

Old Saxon: lioht

Middle Low German: licht

Low German:

German Low German: licht

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: lecht, lech (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: lecht (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: leicht

Old Dutch: lieht

Old High German: lioht

Middle High German: liecht, licht

German: licht

Bavarian: liacht


leuht

leuht (nominative singular)
leuhtu (nominative plural)
leuht (accusative singular)
leuhtu (accusative plural)
leuhtas (genitive singular)
leuhtō (genitive plural)
leuhtē (dative singular)
leuhtum (dative plural)
leuhtu (instrumental singular)
leuhtum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: liācht

Saterland Frisian: Ljoacht, Lucht

West Frisian: ljocht

Old Saxon: lioht
Middle Low German: licht, lucht
Low German:
German Low German: Licht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Lecht
Lippisch: Lecht, Lucht
Sauerländisch: Lecht, Licht
Westmünsterländisch: Lecht, Lech
Plautdietsch: Licht

Old Dutch: lieht

Middle Dutch: licht

Dutch: licht

Afrikaans: lig

Limburgish: lèch

Old High German: lioht

Middle High German: liecht, licht

Alemannic German: Liecht (north Alsatian), Liacht (south Alsatian)

Bavarian: Liacht

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Licht

Kölsch: Leesch

Luxembourgish: Liicht

East Central German:

Vilamovian: łicht

East Franconian: Lieacht

German: Licht

Rhine Franconian: Licht, Liecht, Lischt

Frankfurterisch: [liʃt]

Pennsylvania German: Licht

Yiddish: ליכט (likht)


līhwan

līhwan (infinitive)
līhwannjas (genitive infinitive)
līhwannjē (dative infinitive)
līhwannju (infinitive instrumental)
līhu (first-person present singular)
laihw (first-person past singular)
līhwiʀi (present second-person singular)
liwī (past second-person singular)
līhwidi (present singular third-person)
laihw (past singular third-person)
līhum (first-person plural present)
ligum (first-person past plural)
līhwid (plural present second-person)
ligud (past plural second-person)
līhwand (plural present third-person)
ligun (past plural third-person)
līhwē (first-person present singular)
liwī (first-person past singular)
līhwēs (present second-person singular)
līhwē (present singular third-person)
liwī (past singular third-person)
līhwēm (first-person plural present)
liwīm (first-person past plural)
līhwēþ (plural present second-person)
liwīd (past plural second-person)
līhwēn (plural present third-person)
liwīn (past plural third-person)
līhw (present singular)
līhwid (plural present)
līhwandī (participle present)
liwan (participle past)

Old English: lēon

Old Frisian: līa

Old Saxon: līhan

Old Dutch: līan
Middle Dutch: liën

Old High German: līhan

Middle High German: līhen

German: leihen

Yiddish: לײַען (layen)


wlaku

wlaku (masculine nominative singular)
wlaku (feminine nominative singular)
wlaku (neuter nominative singular)
wlakwanā (accusative masculine singular)
wlakwā (accusative feminine singular)
wlaku (accusative neuter singular)
wlakwas (genitive masculine singular)
wlakweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wlakwas (genitive neuter singular)
wlakumē (dative masculine singular)
wlakweʀē (dative feminine singular)
wlakumē (dative neuter singular)
wlaku (instrumental masculine singular)
wlakweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wlaku (instrumental neuter singular)
wlakwē (masculine nominative plural)
wlakwō (feminine nominative plural)
wlaku (neuter nominative plural)
wlakwā (accusative masculine plural)
wlakwā (accusative feminine plural)
wlaku (accusative neuter plural)
wlakweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wlakweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wlakweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wlakwēm (dative masculine plural)
wlakum (dative masculine plural)
wlakwēm (dative feminine plural)
wlakum (dative feminine plural)
wlakwēm (dative neuter plural)
wlakum (dative neuter plural)
wlakwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wlakum (instrumental masculine plural)
wlakwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wlakum (feminine instrumental plural)
wlakwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wlakum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wlacu, wlæc

Middle English: wlak, wlach

Early Scots: *wlach, *walch, *walgh

Scots: wallachie, wauch

Old Saxon: *wlak

Middle Low German: wlak, wlack


gawahwan

gawahwan (infinitive)
gawahwannjas (genitive infinitive)
gawahwannjē (dative infinitive)
gawahwannju (infinitive instrumental)
gawahu (first-person present singular)
gawōhw (first-person past singular)
gawahwiʀi (present second-person singular)
gawōwī (past second-person singular)
gawahwidi (present singular third-person)
gawōhw (past singular third-person)
gawahum (first-person plural present)
gawōgum (first-person past plural)
gawahwid (plural present second-person)
gawōgud (past plural second-person)
gawahwand (plural present third-person)
gawōgun (past plural third-person)
gawahwē (first-person present singular)
gawōwī (first-person past singular)
gawahwēs (present second-person singular)
gawahwē (present singular third-person)
gawōwī (past singular third-person)
gawahwēm (first-person plural present)
gawōwīm (first-person past plural)
gawahwēþ (plural present second-person)
gawōwīd (past plural second-person)
gawahwēn (plural present third-person)
gawōwīn (past plural third-person)
gawahw (present singular)
gawahwid (plural present)
gawahwandī (participle present)
gawawan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *giwahan

Middle Low German: *gewahen, gewagen; (wāgen (without prefix) < *wahwaną)

Old Dutch: *giwān

Middle Dutch: gewāgen

Dutch: gewagen

Afrikaans: gewaag

Old High German: giwahan, giwahanen

Middle High German: gewahen, gewähenen

German: gewähnen; erwähnen (with a different prefix)

→ Saterland Frisian: ärwääne


hangist

hangist (nominative singular)
hangistō (nominative plural)
hangistōs (nominative plural)
hangist (accusative singular)
hangistā (accusative plural)
hangistas (genitive singular)
hangistō (genitive plural)
hangistē (dative singular)
hangistum (dative plural)
hangistu (instrumental singular)
hangistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hengest, hengst
⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman
English: henchman
→ Scots: hanchman
Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

desc

Old Frisian: hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst

North Frisian: hingst

Saterland Frisian: Houngst, Hoangst

West Frisian: hynst

⇒ West Frisian: hynder

Old Saxon: hengist

Middle Low German: hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst

German Low German: Hingst

→ Danish: hingst

→ Lower Sorbian: hengist

→ Norwegian: hingst

→ Old Swedish: hingist

Swedish: hingst

Old Dutch: hengist

Middle Dutch: hengest, hinxt, henxt

Dutch: hengst
Afrikaans: hings

Old High German: hengist

Middle High German: hengest, hengst

Alemannic German: Hengscht

German: Hengst

Luxembourgish: Hengscht

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Hengscht


sinkwan

sinkwan (infinitive)
sinkwannjas (genitive infinitive)
sinkwannjē (dative infinitive)
sinkwannju (infinitive instrumental)
sinku (first-person present singular)
sankw (first-person past singular)
sinkwiʀi (present second-person singular)
sunkī (past second-person singular)
sinkwidi (present singular third-person)
sankw (past singular third-person)
sinkum (first-person plural present)
sunkum (first-person past plural)
sinkwid (plural present second-person)
sunkud (past plural second-person)
sinkwand (plural present third-person)
sunkun (past plural third-person)
sinkwē (first-person present singular)
sunkī (first-person past singular)
sinkwēs (present second-person singular)
sinkwē (present singular third-person)
sunkī (past singular third-person)
sinkwēm (first-person plural present)
sunkīm (first-person past plural)
sinkwēþ (plural present second-person)
sunkīd (past plural second-person)
sinkwēn (plural present third-person)
sunkīn (past plural third-person)
sinkw (present singular)
sinkwid (plural present)
sinkwandī (participle present)
sunkan (participle past)

Old English: sincan

Middle English: synken

English: sink

Scots: sink

Old Frisian: sinka

West Frisian: sinke

Old Saxon: sinkan

Low German: sinken

desctree

Old Dutch: *sincan
Middle Dutch: sinken
Dutch: zinken
Limburgish: zinke

Old High German: sinkan

Middle High German: sinken

German: sinken

Luxembourgish: sénken

Yiddish: זינקען (zinken)


lingwan

lingwan (infinitive)
lingwannjas (genitive infinitive)
lingwannjē (dative infinitive)
lingwannju (infinitive instrumental)
lingu (first-person present singular)
langw (first-person past singular)
lingwiʀi (present second-person singular)
lungī (past second-person singular)
lingwidi (present singular third-person)
langw (past singular third-person)
lingum (first-person plural present)
lungum (first-person past plural)
lingwid (plural present second-person)
lungud (past plural second-person)
lingwand (plural present third-person)
lungun (past plural third-person)
lingwē (first-person present singular)
lungī (first-person past singular)
lingwēs (present second-person singular)
lingwē (present singular third-person)
lungī (past singular third-person)
lingwēm (first-person plural present)
lungīm (first-person past plural)
lingwēþ (plural present second-person)
lungīd (past plural second-person)
lingwēn (plural present third-person)
lungīn (past plural third-person)
lingw (present singular)
lingwid (plural present)
lingwandī (participle present)
lungan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *lingan

Middle Low German: lingen

German Low German: lingen

Old High German: lingan

Middle High German: lingen

German: lingen

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *galingwan

Old Saxon: *gilingan

Middle Low German: gelingen

Old Dutch: *gilingan

Middle Dutch: gelingen

Dutch: gelingen

Old High German: gilingan

Middle High German: gelingen

German: gelingen

Luxembourgish: geléngen

Yiddish: געלינגען (gelingen)


þurban

Old English: þurfan
Middle English: tharen
English: thair (dialectal)
Scots: thair

Old Saxon: thurvan, thurƀan
Middle Low German: dürven, dörven, dröven
Low German: dörven, dröven, dröffen

Old Dutch: thurvan
Middle Dutch: dorven
Dutch: durven (conflated in meaning with dorren)
Afrikaans: durf
Javindo: durref
Negerhollands: derv, dėfo
→ Papiamentu: dùrf
Limburgish: dörve

q

Old High German: durfan (f by backformation, this f is generally fortis as if from Germanic *p)

Middle High German: durfen, dürfen

Alemannic German: törfe

desc

Central Franconian: dürve, durfe, dearfe

Luxembourgish: däerfen, duerfen, dierfen

German: dürfen
→ Ido: darfar

Yiddish: דאַרפֿן (darfn)


stinkwan

stinkwan (infinitive)
stinkwannjas (genitive infinitive)
stinkwannjē (dative infinitive)
stinkwannju (infinitive instrumental)
stinku (first-person present singular)
stankw (first-person past singular)
stinkwiʀi (present second-person singular)
stunkī (past second-person singular)
stinkwidi (present singular third-person)
stankw (past singular third-person)
stinkum (first-person plural present)
stunkum (first-person past plural)
stinkwid (plural present second-person)
stunkud (past plural second-person)
stinkwand (plural present third-person)
stunkun (past plural third-person)
stinkwē (first-person present singular)
stunkī (first-person past singular)
stinkwēs (present second-person singular)
stinkwē (present singular third-person)
stunkī (past singular third-person)
stinkwēm (first-person plural present)
stunkīm (first-person past plural)
stinkwēþ (plural present second-person)
stunkīd (past plural second-person)
stinkwēn (plural present third-person)
stunkīn (past plural third-person)
stinkw (present singular)
stinkwid (plural present)
stinkwandī (participle present)
stunkan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: stincan
Middle English: stynken, stynkkyn, stenke, styngke, stynke, stinken
Scots: stink
English: stink

Old Frisian: *stiunka

Saterland Frisian: stjunke

West Frisian: stjonke

Old Saxon: stinkan

Middle Low German: stinken

Low German: stinken

→ Danish: stinke

→ Swedish: stinka

→ Norwegian: stinke

Old Dutch: stincan
Middle Dutch: stinken
Dutch: stinken
Afrikaans: stink
Negerhollands: stink
→ Sranan Tongo: tingi
→ Saramaccan: tíngi
Limburgish: stinke

Old High German: stinkan, stinchan

Middle High German: stinken

German: stinken

Yiddish: שטינקען (shtinken)


sehwan

sehwan (infinitive)
sehwannjas (genitive infinitive)
sehwannjē (dative infinitive)
sehwannju (infinitive instrumental)
sehu (first-person present singular)
sahw (first-person past singular)
sihwiʀi (present second-person singular)
sāwī (past second-person singular)
sihwidi (present singular third-person)
sahw (past singular third-person)
sehum (first-person plural present)
sāgum (first-person past plural)
sihwid (plural present second-person)
sāgud (past plural second-person)
sehwand (plural present third-person)
sāgun (past plural third-person)
sehwē (first-person present singular)
sāwī (first-person past singular)
sehwēs (present second-person singular)
sehwē (present singular third-person)
sāwī (past singular third-person)
sehwēm (first-person plural present)
sāwīm (first-person past plural)
sehwēþ (plural present second-person)
sāwīd (past plural second-person)
sehwēn (plural present third-person)
sāwīn (past plural third-person)
sihw (present singular)
sihwid (plural present)
sehwandī (participle present)
sewan (participle past)

Old English: sēon
Middle English: seen, sein, sien, seon, son, suen (chiefly early and West), zi (Kent)
English: see
Scots: se, sie, see
Yola: zee, zey, zie, ze, sau

Old Frisian: siā

Saterland Frisian: sjo

West Frisian: sjen

Old Saxon: sehan
Middle Low German: sēn
Low German: sehn

Old Dutch: sian
Middle Dutch: sien
Dutch: zien
Afrikaans: sien
Javindo: sien, siet
Jersey Dutch: zîn, zîne
Limburgish: zeen

Old High German: sehan
Middle High German: sëhen; sēn (chiefly East Central); sien (West Central)
Bavarian: segn
Central Franconian: sehn, senn, siehn, sinn
Hunsrik: sihn
German: sehen
Mòcheno: sechen
Pennsylvania German: sehne
Vilamovian: zaon
Yiddish: זען (zen)


singwan

singwan (infinitive)
singwannjas (genitive infinitive)
singwannjē (dative infinitive)
singwannju (infinitive instrumental)
singu (first-person present singular)
sangw (first-person past singular)
singwiʀi (present second-person singular)
sungī (past second-person singular)
singwidi (present singular third-person)
sangw (past singular third-person)
singum (first-person plural present)
sungum (first-person past plural)
singwid (plural present second-person)
sungud (past plural second-person)
singwand (plural present third-person)
sungun (past plural third-person)
singwē (first-person present singular)
sungī (first-person past singular)
singwēs (present second-person singular)
singwē (present singular third-person)
sungī (past singular third-person)
singwēm (first-person plural present)
sungīm (first-person past plural)
singwēþ (plural present second-person)
sungīd (past plural second-person)
singwēn (plural present third-person)
sungīn (past plural third-person)
singw (present singular)
singwid (plural present)
singwandī (participle present)
sungan (participle past)

Old English: singan
Middle English: singen, cingen, cinggen, singgen, singe, synge, syngen, cyngyn, cynggyn, zinge (Kent)
English: sing
Scots: sing
Yola: zing

Old Frisian: singa, siunga, sionga

North Frisian: schong

Saterland Frisian: sjunge

West Frisian: sjonge

Old Saxon: singan
Middle Low German: singen
Low German: singen
Plautdietsch: sinjen

Old Dutch: singan
Middle Dutch: singen
Dutch: zingen
Afrikaans: sing
Berbice Creole Dutch: singgi
Jersey Dutch: sänge
Negerhollands: sing, siṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: singi
→ Caribbean Javanese: singi
Limburgish: zinge

Old High German: singan
Middle High German: singen
Alemannic German:
Swabian:
Sathmar Swabian: singe
Bavarian: singa
Cimbrian: singen
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: singe
German: singen
Luxembourgish: sangen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: singe
Yiddish: זינגען (zingen)


kahhattjan

kahhattjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
kahhattjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
kahhattjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
kahhattjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
kahhattju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kahhattā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kahhatisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kahhattēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kahhattōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kahhatiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kahhattē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kahhattā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kahhattjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kahhattum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kahhatiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kahhattud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kahhattjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kahhattun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kahhattjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
kahhattī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
kahhattjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
kahhattī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
kahhattjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
kahhattī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
kahhattjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
kahhattīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
kahhattjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
kahhattīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
kahhattjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
kahhattīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
kahhati (class-1 present singular weak)
kahhatiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
kahhattjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
kahhatt (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ċeahhettan

Old High German: kahhazzen

Middle Low German: kachezen

Likely onomatopoeic, seemingly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʰa kʰa (“ha ha”), compare Old Church Slavonic хохотати (xoxotati), Latin cachinno, Ancient Greek καχάζω (kakházō), καγχάξω (kankháxō), Old Armenian խախանք (xaxankʻ), Sanskrit कखति (kakhati), कक्खति (kakkhati).


kwiku

kwiku (masculine nominative singular)
kwiku (feminine nominative singular)
kwiku (neuter nominative singular)
kwikwanā (accusative masculine singular)
kwikwā (accusative feminine singular)
kwiku (accusative neuter singular)
kwikwas (genitive masculine singular)
kwikweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kwikwas (genitive neuter singular)
kwikumē (dative masculine singular)
kwikweʀē (dative feminine singular)
kwikumē (dative neuter singular)
kwiku (instrumental masculine singular)
kwikweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kwiku (instrumental neuter singular)
kwikwē (masculine nominative plural)
kwikwō (feminine nominative plural)
kwiku (neuter nominative plural)
kwikwā (accusative masculine plural)
kwikwā (accusative feminine plural)
kwiku (accusative neuter plural)
kwikweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kwikweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kwikweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kwikwēm (dative masculine plural)
kwikum (dative masculine plural)
kwikwēm (dative feminine plural)
kwikum (dative feminine plural)
kwikwēm (dative neuter plural)
kwikum (dative neuter plural)
kwikwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kwikum (instrumental masculine plural)
kwikwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kwikum (feminine instrumental plural)
kwikwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kwikum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: cwic, cuc, cucu, cwicu, cwuc, cwucu
Middle English: quyk, quic, quicke, quik, quike, quikke, quycke, quyke, quykke, qwicke, qwik, qwyck, qwyk, qwyke, cwic, cwich, cwick, cwuc (Early Middle English), qwhyke, weke, whik, whike, whikk, whyk, whyke, whykke (Northern)
English: quick (dialectal wick)
→ Ido: quik
Scots: quick, queek

Old Frisian: quik

North Frisian: quick, queck

Saterland Frisian: kwik

West Frisian: kwik, kwyk

Old Saxon: quik

Middle Low German: *quik (in derivatives and compounds: e.g. quikpenninc, quikstērt, quiksilver)

German Low German: quick

→ German: quick (chiefly in quicklebendig)

Old Dutch: quic

Middle Dutch: quic

Dutch: kwik, kwiek

Old High German: quic, quec, chëch

Middle High German: quëc, këc

German: keck; (qu- in Quecksilber, erquicken)

→ Danish: kæk

→ Dutch: kek

→ Norwegian: kjekk

→ Swedish: käck


ehw

ehw (nominative singular)
ehwō (nominative plural)
ehwōs (nominative plural)
ehw (accusative singular)
ehwā (accusative plural)
ehwas (genitive singular)
ehwō (genitive plural)
ehwē (dative singular)
ehwum (dative plural)
ehwu (instrumental singular)
ehwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eoh

Old Saxon: ehu-, eo- (in compounds)

Old High German: ehu- (in compounds)


ankwō

ankwō (nominative singular)
ankwan (nominative plural)
ankwan (accusative singular)
ankwan (accusative plural)
ankwini (genitive singular)
ankwan (genitive singular)
ankwanō (genitive plural)
ankwini (dative singular)
ankwan (dative singular)
ankwum (dative plural)
ankwini (instrumental singular)
ankwan (instrumental singular)
ankwum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *anko

Middle Low German: anke

Old High German: ancho, anco
Middle High German: anke
Alemannic German: Anke


nakwō

nakwō (nominative singular)
nakwan (nominative plural)
nakwan (accusative singular)
nakwan (accusative plural)
nakwini (genitive singular)
nakwan (genitive singular)
nakwanō (genitive plural)
nakwini (dative singular)
nakwan (dative singular)
nakwum (dative plural)
nakwini (instrumental singular)
nakwan (instrumental singular)
nakwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: naca

Old Frisian: *naka, âke, âk

West Frisian: aek, aak

Old Saxon: nako

German Low German: Âken

Old Dutch: *nako

Middle Dutch: naecke, aecke

Dutch: aak

Old High German: nahho

Middle High German: nache

German: Nachen

Luxembourgish: Naachen


rīþ

rīþ (nominative singular)
rīþō (nominative plural)
rīþōs (nominative plural)
rīþ (accusative singular)
rīþā (accusative plural)
rīþas (genitive singular)
rīþō (genitive plural)
rīþē (dative singular)
rīþum (dative plural)
rīþu (instrumental singular)
rīþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rīþ

Middle English: rīth

English: rith

Old Frisian: rīd

⇒ Old Frisian: mēderīd

Old Saxon: *rīth

desc

Middle Low German: rīde, rîe, rige, rhyde, rüde

→ German: Riede

Old Dutch: rīth

Middle Dutch: rijt

Dutch: rijt (dialectal)


harpā

harpā (nominative singular)
harpōn (nominative plural)
harpōn (accusative singular)
harpōn (accusative plural)
harpōn (genitive singular)
harpōnō (genitive plural)
harpōn (dative singular)
harpōm (dative plural)
harpum (dative plural)
harpōn (instrumental singular)
harpōm (instrumental plural)
harpum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hearpe
Middle English: harpe
English: harp
Scots: harpe, herp, hairp

Old Frisian: *herpe

West Frisian: harpe, harp

Old Saxon: harpa

Middle Low German: harpe

Low German: Harp

Plautdietsch: Hoap

Old Dutch: *harpa

Middle Dutch: harpe, herpe

Dutch: harp

Afrikaans: harp

Old High German: harfa, *harpha

Middle High German: harfe, harpfe

Bavarian: Harpfn

German: Harfe, Harpfe

→ Saterland Frisian: Harfe

Luxembourgish: Harf

→ Kashubian: harfa

→ Old Polish: arfa (see there for further descendants)

Rhine Franconian: Haf, Harf

Pennsylvania German: Harf

→ Czech: harfa

→ Russian: а́рфа (árfa) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: hȃrfa, ха̑рфа

→ Slovak: harfa

→ Slovene: harfa

→ Ukrainian: а́рфа (árfa)

→ Late Latin: harpa (see there for further descendants)


smeru

smeru (nominative singular)
smeru (nominative plural)
smeru (accusative singular)
smeru (accusative plural)
smerwas (genitive singular)
smerwō (genitive plural)
smerwē (dative singular)
smerum (dative plural)
smeru (instrumental singular)
smerum (instrumental plural)

Old English: smeoru

Middle English: smer, smere

English: smear

Scots: smergh

Old Frisian: smere

Saterland Frisian: Smeer

West Frisian: smoar

Old Saxon: smero

Middle Low German: smēr, smör

(German Low German: Smeer)

Old Dutch: smero

Middle Dutch: smere, smer

Dutch: smeer
Afrikaans: smeer
→ Caribbean Javanese: semir
→ Indonesian: semir
→ Papiamentu: smeer (dated)

Old High German: smero
Middle High German: smër
Alemannic German: Schmër
German: Schmer
→ Polish: smar
→ Carpathian Rusyn: смар (smar)


herdu

herdu (nominative singular)
herdō (nominative plural)
herdā (accusative singular)
herdā (accusative plural)
herdā (genitive singular)
herdō (genitive plural)
herdē (dative singular)
herdōm (dative plural)
herdum (dative plural)
herdu (instrumental singular)
herdōm (instrumental plural)
herdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heord, hierd

Middle English: heorde, herde, heerde

English: herd

Scots: hird, herd

Old Frisian: *herde; (herdere)

(West Frisian: harder, hoeder)

Old Saxon: herda

Middle Low German: hērde, hirde

German Low German: Heerde

Old Dutch: *herda

desc

Middle Dutch: herde, harde, hāerde, hēerde, hirde

Old High German: herta

Middle High German: hërt

German: Herde

Luxembourgish: Häerd

→ Old French: herde

Middle French: harde

French: harde


nak(k)wad

nakwad (masculine nominative singular)
nakkwad (masculine nominative singular)
nakwadu (feminine nominative singular)
nakkwadu (feminine nominative singular)
nakwad (neuter nominative singular)
nakkwad (neuter nominative singular)
nakwadanā (accusative masculine singular)
nakkwadanā (accusative masculine singular)
nakwadā (accusative feminine singular)
nakkwadā (accusative feminine singular)
nakwad (accusative neuter singular)
nakkwad (accusative neuter singular)
nakwadas (genitive masculine singular)
nakkwadas (genitive masculine singular)
nakwadeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
nakkwadeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
nakwadas (genitive neuter singular)
nakkwadas (genitive neuter singular)
nakwadumē (dative masculine singular)
nakkwadumē (dative masculine singular)
nakwadeʀē (dative feminine singular)
nakkwadeʀē (dative feminine singular)
nakwadumē (dative neuter singular)
nakkwadumē (dative neuter singular)
nakwadu (instrumental masculine singular)
nakkwadu (instrumental masculine singular)
nakwadeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
nakkwadeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
nakwadu (instrumental neuter singular)
nakkwadu (instrumental neuter singular)
nakwadē (masculine nominative plural)
nakkwadē (masculine nominative plural)
nakwadō (feminine nominative plural)
nakkwadō (feminine nominative plural)
nakwadu (neuter nominative plural)
nakkwadu (neuter nominative plural)
nakwadā (accusative masculine plural)
nakkwadā (accusative masculine plural)
nakwadā (accusative feminine plural)
nakkwadā (accusative feminine plural)
nakwadu (accusative neuter plural)
nakkwadu (accusative neuter plural)
nakwadeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
nakkwadeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
nakwadeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
nakkwadeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
nakwadeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
nakkwadeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
nakwadēm (dative masculine plural)
nakkwadēm (dative masculine plural)
nakwadum (dative masculine plural)
nakkwadum (dative masculine plural)
nakwadēm (dative feminine plural)
nakkwadēm (dative feminine plural)
nakwadum (dative feminine plural)
nakkwadum (dative feminine plural)
nakwadēm (dative neuter plural)
nakkwadēm (dative neuter plural)
nakwadum (dative neuter plural)
nakkwadum (dative neuter plural)
nakwadēm (instrumental masculine plural)
nakkwadēm (instrumental masculine plural)
nakwadum (instrumental masculine plural)
nakkwadum (instrumental masculine plural)
nakwadēm (feminine instrumental plural)
nakkwadēm (feminine instrumental plural)
nakwadum (feminine instrumental plural)
nakkwadum (feminine instrumental plural)
nakwadēm (instrumental neuter plural)
nakkwadēm (instrumental neuter plural)
nakwadum (instrumental neuter plural)
nakkwadum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: nacod

Middle English: naked, nakit

Scots: nakit, naikit, nakkit

English: naked

Old Frisian: nakad, naked

Saterland Frisian: noakend

West Frisian: neaken

Old Saxon: *nakod

Middle Low German: naket

Low German: naakd, naked

Old Dutch: nakot

Middle Dutch: naket, naect

Dutch: naakt

Old High German: nackot, nachot

Middle High German: nacket

German: nackt (variants: nackend, nackert, nackicht, nackig)


berht

berht (masculine nominative singular)
berhtu (feminine nominative singular)
berht (neuter nominative singular)
berhtanā (accusative masculine singular)
berhtā (accusative feminine singular)
berht (accusative neuter singular)
berhtas (genitive masculine singular)
berhteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
berhtas (genitive neuter singular)
berhtumē (dative masculine singular)
berhteʀē (dative feminine singular)
berhtumē (dative neuter singular)
berhtu (instrumental masculine singular)
berhteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
berhtu (instrumental neuter singular)
berhtē (masculine nominative plural)
berhtō (feminine nominative plural)
berhtu (neuter nominative plural)
berhtā (accusative masculine plural)
berhtā (accusative feminine plural)
berhtu (accusative neuter plural)
berhteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
berhteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
berhteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
berhtēm (dative masculine plural)
berhtum (dative masculine plural)
berhtēm (dative feminine plural)
berhtum (dative feminine plural)
berhtēm (dative neuter plural)
berhtum (dative neuter plural)
berhtēm (instrumental masculine plural)
berhtum (instrumental masculine plural)
berhtēm (feminine instrumental plural)
berhtum (feminine instrumental plural)
berhtēm (instrumental neuter plural)
berhtum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: beorht, berht — Mercian, bryht, byrht
Middle English: briht, briȝt, bright
English: bright
→ Icelandic: bræt
Geordie English: breet
Scots: bricht

Old Saxon: berht, beraht

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: brecht m (“shine, brightness, glory”, noun)

Old Dutch: *berht

⇒ Old Dutch: filoberht (“very bright”)

⇒ Middle Dutch: onbrecht, ombrecht (“unclear”)

⇒ Middle Dutch: Brecht, Brechta, Bert, Berte (personal names)

Dutch: Brecht, Bert

Old High German: beraht, peraht

⇒ Old High German: giberaht

Middle High German: gebërht

Middle High German: bërht

⇒ German: Bert, Bert-, -bert, -brecht (in personal names)


birkijā

birkijā (nominative singular)
birkijōn (nominative plural)
birkijōn (accusative singular)
birkijōn (accusative plural)
birkijōn (genitive singular)
birkijōnō (genitive plural)
birkijōn (dative singular)
birkijōm (dative plural)
birkijum (dative plural)
birkijōn (instrumental singular)
birkijōm (instrumental plural)
birkijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bierċe, birċe, birċiae — early
Middle English: birche, byrche, birch, birk, byrke, birke, breche
English: birch
Northumbrian: birk
Scots: birk

Old Frisian: birk

West Frisian: bjirk

Old Saxon: birka, berka

Middle Low German: berke, barke

Low German: Bark

Plautdietsch: Boakj

Old Dutch: *berka (attested in Berclar)

Middle Dutch: berke
Dutch: berk
Afrikaans: berk
Limburgish: bèrk

Old High German: birihha, birka, bircha

Middle High German: birke (< birka, bircha)

German: Birke

Luxembourgish: Bierk

From Proto-Germanic *birkijǭ. Equivalent to *berku + *-jā (agent suffix).


sankwijan

sankwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sankwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sankwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sankwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sankwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sankwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sankwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sankwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sankwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sankwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sankwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sankwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sankwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sankwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sankwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sankwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sankwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sankwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sankwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sankwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sankwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sankwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sankwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sankwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sankwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sankwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sankwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sankwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sankwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sankwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sankwi (class-1 present singular weak)
sankwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sankwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sankwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sencan

Old Frisian: senka, senza

Old Saxon: senkian

Middle Low German: senken

Old Dutch: senken

Middle Dutch: senken

q

obsolete, only attested as <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">sencken</i>

Dutch: *zenken (obsolete, only attested as sencken)

Old High German: senken

Middle High German: senken

German: senken

Luxembourgish: senken


smirwijan

smirwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
smirwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
smirwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
smirwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
smirwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smirwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smirwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smirwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smirwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smirwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smirwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smirwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smirwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smirwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smirwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smirwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smirwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smirwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smirwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smirwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smirwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smirwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smirwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smirwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smirwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smirwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smirwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smirwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smirwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smirwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smirwi (class-1 present singular weak)
smirwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
smirwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
smirwid (class-1 participle past weak)

desc

Old English: smirwan, smierwan, smyrian, smerian

Middle English: smerien, smeren

English: smear

Scots: smere, smeir

Old Frisian: *smera

Saterland Frisian: smeere

Old Saxon: *smirwian, *smirian

Middle Low German: smeren

Low German: smeren

Old Dutch: *smirwen, *smiren

Middle Dutch: smeren

desctree

Dutch: smeren
Afrikaans: smeer
Negerhollands: smeer
→ Indonesian: semir
→ Papiamentu: smer

Old High German: smirwen

Middle High German: smirwen

Alemannic German: schmirre

German: schmieren

→ Polish: szmira

Hunsrik: schmeere

Luxembourgish: schmieren

Yiddish: שמיר (shmir)
→ English: shmear

From Proto-Germanic *smirwijaną. Equivalent to *smeru (“grease, butter, fat”) + *-jan.


wīkwan

wīkwan (infinitive)
wīkwannjas (genitive infinitive)
wīkwannjē (dative infinitive)
wīkwannju (infinitive instrumental)
wīku (first-person present singular)
waikw (first-person past singular)
wīkwiʀi (present second-person singular)
wikwī (past second-person singular)
wīkwidi (present singular third-person)
waikw (past singular third-person)
wīkum (first-person plural present)
wikum (first-person past plural)
wīkwid (plural present second-person)
wikud (past plural second-person)
wīkwand (plural present third-person)
wikun (past plural third-person)
wīkwē (first-person present singular)
wikwī (first-person past singular)
wīkwēs (present second-person singular)
wīkwē (present singular third-person)
wikwī (past singular third-person)
wīkwēm (first-person plural present)
wikwīm (first-person past plural)
wīkwēþ (plural present second-person)
wikwīd (past plural second-person)
wīkwēn (plural present third-person)
wikwīn (past plural third-person)
wīkw (present singular)
wīkwid (plural present)
wīkwandī (participle present)
wikwan (participle past)

Old English: wīcan

Middle English: wiken

English: wick (“to strike aslant”)

Scots: wick

Old Frisian: wīka

Saterland Frisian: wieke

West Frisian: wike, wyke

Old Saxon: wīkan

Middle Low German: wîken

German Low German: wieken

Old Dutch: *wīcan
Middle Dutch: wiken
Dutch: wijken
Afrikaans: wyk
Limburgish: wieke

Old High German: wīhhan

Middle High German: wīchen

Cimbrian: baichan

German: weichen