damm

damm (nominative singular)
dammō (nominative plural)
dammōs (nominative plural)
damm (accusative singular)
dammā (accusative plural)
dammas (genitive singular)
dammō (genitive plural)
dammē (dative singular)
dammum (dative plural)
dammu (instrumental singular)
dammum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *damm, *dam (in derivatives)

Middle English: damme, dam

Scots: dam

English: dam

Old Frisian: dam, dom

Saterland Frisian: Dom

West Frisian: dam

Old Saxon: *damm, *dam

Middle Low German: dam, damm

Low German: Damm

Plautdietsch: Daum

Old Dutch: *damm, dam (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: dam

Dutch: dam

Old High German: *tamm

Middle High German: tam, tamm

German: Damm, Tham

Hunsrik: Damm

Luxembourgish: Damm


biskop

biskop (nominative singular)
biskopō (nominative plural)
biskopōs (nominative plural)
biskop (accusative singular)
biskopā (accusative plural)
biskopas (genitive singular)
biskopō (genitive plural)
biskopē (dative singular)
biskopum (dative plural)
biskopu (instrumental singular)
biskopum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bisċop
Middle English: bischop, bisschop, bisshop, byschop, bishup, busshop, bushop, busschop, bysshop, bissop, biscop, bisscopp
English: bishop (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bishop
→ Old Norse: biskup
Icelandic: biskup
Faroese: biskupur
Norwegian Bokmål: biskop, bisp
Norwegian Nynorsk: biskop, bisp
Old Swedish: biskoper, biskuper
Swedish: biskop
→ Finnish: piispa
Danish: biskop

Old Frisian: biskop

Saterland Frisian: Biskop

West Frisian: biskop

Old Saxon: biskop

desc

Middle Low German: bischop, bischop, biscop

German Low German: Bischopp

Old Dutch: biskop

Middle Dutch: bischop

desctree

Dutch: bisschop
Afrikaans: biskop
→? Mahican: bishop
→ Malay: biskop
Indonesian: biskop
→ Sranan Tongo: biskop

Old High German: biscof, biskof
Middle High German: bischof
Cimbrian: bissof
German: Bischof
Vilamovian: bisküp
Yiddish: בישאָף (bishof)

From Late Latin biscopus, ebiscopus, episcopus.


lort

lort (masculine nominative singular)
lortu (feminine nominative singular)
lort (neuter nominative singular)
lortanā (accusative masculine singular)
lortā (accusative feminine singular)
lort (accusative neuter singular)
lortas (genitive masculine singular)
lorteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
lortas (genitive neuter singular)
lortumē (dative masculine singular)
lorteʀē (dative feminine singular)
lortumē (dative neuter singular)
lortu (instrumental masculine singular)
lorteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
lortu (instrumental neuter singular)
lortē (masculine nominative plural)
lortō (feminine nominative plural)
lortu (neuter nominative plural)
lortā (accusative masculine plural)
lortā (accusative feminine plural)
lortu (accusative neuter plural)
lorteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lorteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lorteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
lortēm (dative masculine plural)
lortum (dative masculine plural)
lortēm (dative feminine plural)
lortum (dative feminine plural)
lortēm (dative neuter plural)
lortum (dative neuter plural)
lortēm (instrumental masculine plural)
lortum (instrumental masculine plural)
lortēm (feminine instrumental plural)
lortum (feminine instrumental plural)
lortēm (instrumental neuter plural)
lortum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lort, lyrt

Old Dutch: *lort

Middle Dutch: loorts

Old High German: *lorz, *lurz

Middle High German: lorz, lërz, lurz

German: lurz (dialectal)

→? Late Latin: lurdus, lordus (see there for further descendants)

→? Vulgar Latin: *lurtius, *lortius

Old French: lorche, lourche

Middle French: lorche

French: lourche

→ Middle English: lorche

English: lurch

→ Italian: lurcio

From Proto-Germanic *lurtaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lerd- (“crooked”). Cognate with Greek λορδός (lordós, “bent backward”), Proto-Celtic *lordskākos (“lame-footed”), and perhaps Old Norse lortr (“excrement, feces”).

lert

clubfoot; underhanded; Old High German lerzfuot, attested once; Middle High German lerz ()


kuning

kuning (nominative singular)
kuningō (nominative plural)
kuningōs (nominative plural)
kuning (accusative singular)
kuningā (accusative plural)
kuningas (genitive singular)
kuningō (genitive plural)
kuningē (dative singular)
kuningum (dative plural)
kuningu (instrumental singular)
kuningum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyning, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kining, kuning, cyncg, cyngc, kyningc, kung — Northumbrian
Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
English: king (see there for further descendants)
Scots: keeng, king
Yola: kinge, king
→ English: cyning (learned)

Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
North Frisian: köning, könning, käning
Saterland Frisian: Kening
West Frisian: kening

Old Saxon: kuning
Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
Plautdietsch: Kjennich
→ Latgalian: kieneņš
→ Latvian: ķēniņš
→ Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig
→ West Frisian: keuning

Old Dutch: cuninc
Middle Dutch: cōninc
Dutch: koning
Afrikaans: koning
Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
→ Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
→ Sranan Tongo: kownu
→ Lokono: kónoe
→ Aukan: konu
→ Kari'na: konu
Limburgish: keuning

Old High German: kuning, cuning, chuninc, chuning, khuninc
Middle High German: künic, künec
Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
Cimbrian: khuuneg
German: König
Luxembourgish: Kinnek
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Keenich
Vilamovian: kyng
Yiddish: קיניג (kinig), קעניג (kenig)


cedr

cedr (nominative singular)
cedrō (nominative plural)
cedrōs (nominative plural)
cedr (accusative singular)
cedrā (accusative plural)
cedras (genitive singular)
cedrō (genitive plural)
cedrē (dative singular)
cedrum (dative plural)
cedru (instrumental singular)
cedrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeder, ċedar
Middle English: cedre (attested 1175 as cedrus (plural); merged with Old French cedre)
English: cedar
Scots: ceder, cedir

Old Frisian: *zeder, *seder

Saterland Frisian: Tseder

West Frisian: seder

Old Saxon: *zeder, *zeduar, *zedwer

desc

Middle Low German: sêder, sedder, ceder, cedder, sêdere, sêdewer, sêdwer, cedewer, tzedwer, seduer

Plautdietsch: Zeeda

Old Dutch: *ceder

Middle Dutch: cēder

desctree

Dutch: ceder
Afrikaans: seder
→ Sranan Tongo: sedre, redisedre
→ Aukan: sédé
→ Saramaccan: sedu

Old High German: *zēdar, *cēdar

desc

Middle High German: zēder, cēder, cēdar m

German: Zeder f


helan

helan (infinitive)
helannjas (genitive infinitive)
helannjē (dative infinitive)
helannju (infinitive instrumental)
helu (first-person present singular)
hal (first-person past singular)
hiliʀi (present second-person singular)
hālī (past second-person singular)
hilidi (present singular third-person)
hal (past singular third-person)
helum (first-person plural present)
hālum (first-person past plural)
hilid (plural present second-person)
hālud (past plural second-person)
heland (plural present third-person)
hālun (past plural third-person)
helē (first-person present singular)
hālī (first-person past singular)
helēs (present second-person singular)
helē (present singular third-person)
hālī (past singular third-person)
helēm (first-person plural present)
hālīm (first-person past plural)
helēþ (plural present second-person)
hālīd (past plural second-person)
helēn (plural present third-person)
hālīn (past plural third-person)
hil (present singular)
hilid (plural present)
helandī (participle present)
holan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: helan, hœ̄lan
Middle English: helen, helien (merger with helian)
English: hele, heel
Scots: heil

Old Frisian: hela

West Frisian: hele

Old Saxon: helan

Old Dutch: *helan
Middle Dutch: hēlen
Dutch: helen

Old High German: helan

Middle High German: heln

German: hehlen

→ Swedish: häla, hälare


kō

kō (nominative singular)
kōi (nominative plural)
kō (accusative singular)
kōi (accusative plural)
kūi (genitive singular)
kūō (genitive plural)
kūi (dative singular)
kūm (dative plural)
kūi (instrumental singular)
kūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: cū
Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow

Old Frisian: kū

North Frisian: ko, kø, kü

Sylt: Kü

Saterland Frisian: Ku

West Frisian: ko

Old Saxon: kō

desc

Middle Low German: kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku

German Low German: Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh

Plautdietsch: Koo

desctree

Old Dutch: cuo
Middle Dutch: coe
Dutch: koe (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: ków
West Flemish: koe

Old High German: kuo
Middle High German: kuo
Alemannic German: Chue
Alsatian: Küeh
Walser: Chua
Bavarian: Kuah
Cimbrian: khua
Mòcheno: kua
Central Franconian: Koh, Kuh
Hunsrik: Kuh
Luxembourgish: Kou
East Franconian: Kou, Kua, Kuu
German: Kuh
Pennsylvania German: Kuh
Vilamovian: kü
Yiddish: קו (ku)


hupi

hupi (nominative singular)
hupī (nominative plural)
hupi (accusative singular)
hupī (accusative plural)
hupī (genitive singular)
huppjō (genitive plural)
hupī (dative singular)
hupim (dative plural)
huppjum (dative plural)
hupī (instrumental singular)
hupim (instrumental plural)
huppjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hype
Middle English: hippe, hip
English: hip
Scots: hip

Old Frisian: *hepe, *hope

Saterland Frisian: Hepe

West Frisian: heupe, heup

Old Saxon: *hupi, *hup

q

the main form was <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">hüf</i>; from High German?

Middle Low German: hüp, hüf, hüfte (the main form was hüf; from High German?)

German Low German: Hüft

Plautdietsch: Hoft

→ Swedish: höft

→ Danish: hofte

→ Elfdalian: öft

→ Gutnish: höft, höift

→ Old Norse: huppr (in combination)

Icelandic: huppur

Faroese: huppur

Norwegian: hupp

desctree

Old Dutch: *hupi
Middle Dutch: hope, huepe
Dutch: heup
Afrikaans: heup
Negerhollands: hep, heep

Old High German: huf

Middle High German: huf, huft

Cimbrian: huff

⇒ Middle High German: hüfte pl

German: Hüfte

Luxembourgish: Hëft


daru

daru (nominative singular)
darō (nominative plural)
darā (accusative singular)
darā (accusative plural)
darā (genitive singular)
darō (genitive plural)
darē (dative singular)
darōm (dative plural)
darum (dative plural)
daru (instrumental singular)
darōm (instrumental plural)
darum (instrumental plural)

Old English: daru, dæru

>? Old Dutch: *dara

q

Middle Dutch: dāre (possibly derived from Middle Dutch dāren < Proto-West Germanic *darōn)

Old High German: tara


kalk

kalk (nominative singular)
kalkō (nominative plural)
kalkōs (nominative plural)
kalk (accusative singular)
kalkā (accusative plural)
kalkas (genitive singular)
kalkō (genitive plural)
kalkē (dative singular)
kalkum (dative plural)
kalku (instrumental singular)
kalkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċealc, cealk
Middle English: chalk, calke, chalke, schalk, schalke
English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk
Scots: cauk, cawk

Old Frisian: kalk

North Frisian:

Halligen: kalk

Sylt: Kualk

Saterland Frisian: Koolk

West Frisian: kalk

Old Saxon: kalk, calc
Middle Low German: kalk, kallik
Low German: Kalk
Plautdietsch: Kaulkj
→ Latvian: kaļķis
→ Scandinavian:
Icelandic: kalk
Faroese: kálk
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalk
Norwegian Bokmål: kalk
→ Lule Sami: kálkka (or from Swedish)
→ Southern Sami: kaalhke (or from Swedish)
Old Danish: kalk
Danish: kalk
Old Swedish: kalker
Swedish: kalk
→ Finnish: kalkki
→ Inari Sami: kalkkâ
→ Skolt Sami: kalkk
→ Northern Sami: kálka

Old Dutch: *kalk

Middle Dutch: calc

Dutch: kalk
Afrikaans: kalk
Negerhollands: kalk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kalk (dated)
→ Indonesian: kalk
→ Japanese: カルキ (karuki)
→ Papiamentu: karkó, kalki
→ Sranan Tongo: karki

Limburgish: kalk

Old High German: kalk, calc, calch, calck, chalc, chalch, chalh, kalck
Middle High German: kalc
Alemannic German: Chalch
Bavarian: Koich
Cimbrian: khalch
Hianzisch: Koli
Tyrol Bavarian: Kchoich
Central Franconian: Kallek, Kallik
Hunsrik: Kallik
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Kallich
Silesian: Koilk
Vilamovian: kiöelk
East Franconian: Kallich, Kollich
German: Kalk
Luxembourgish: Kallek
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Kalch, Kalsch
Palatine German: Kalk, Kalik
Pennsylvania German: Kallick, Kalk
Yiddish: קאַלכ (kalkh)

Borrowed from Latin calcem, accusative of calx (“lime”).


swester

swester (nominative singular)
swestar (nominative plural)
swestar (accusative singular)
swestar (accusative plural)
swestur (genitive singular)
swestrō (genitive plural)
swistri (dative singular)
swestrum (dative plural)
swistri (instrumental singular)
swestrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sweostor, swustor — Mercian, swester, suoester, soester — Northumbrian, swuster — West Saxon, swæstar, swestar, swystor, swystar — Anglian, sweoster, swystar, swyster
Middle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)
English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)
Scots: sister, syster
Yola: zister

Old Frisian: swester

Saterland Frisian: Suster

West Frisian: suster

Old Saxon: *swestar, *sustar

desc

Middle Low German: süster, suster, syster, söster

German Low German: Süster

Old Dutch: *swestar, *sustar

Middle Dutch: suster

Dutch: zuster

desctree

Old High German: swester
Middle High German: swëster, suster, süster
Alemannic German: Schwöschter
Italian Walser: schweschter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: sbestar, sbéstar, sbeistar
Mòcheno: schbester
Udinese: schbeschter, schbeister, sghbeistar
Central Franconian: Sester, Söster (obsolete)
German: Schwester
→ Central Franconian: Schwester
→ Luxembourgish: Schwëster
Hunsrik: Schwesder
Luxembourgish: Sëschter (archaic)
Pennsylvania German: Schweschder
Vilamovian: syster
Yiddish: שוועסטער (shvester)


igil

igil (nominative singular)
igilō (nominative plural)
igilōs (nominative plural)
igil (accusative singular)
igilā (accusative plural)
igilas (genitive singular)
igilō (genitive plural)
igilē (dative singular)
igilum (dative plural)
igilu (instrumental singular)
igilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: iġil, iġl, īl

Middle English: ile

Old Frisian: igel

West Frisian: ychel

Old Saxon: igil

Old Dutch: *igil
Middle Dutch: ēgel
Dutch: egel

Old High German: igil

Middle High German: igil

German: Igel

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: [iʒ̥l̩]

Vilamovian: ejggl


laik

laik (nominative singular)
laikō (nominative plural)
laikōs (nominative plural)
laik (accusative singular)
laikā (accusative plural)
laikas (genitive singular)
laikō (genitive plural)
laikē (dative singular)
laikum (dative plural)
laiku (instrumental singular)
laikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lāc n or f

Middle English: lake, lak, lac

English: lake

Old High German: leih

Middle High German: leich

German: Laich (“spawn”)

→ German: Leich ("song", learned borrowing)

→ Old French: lai

French: lai

→ Middle English: lay

English: lay


senap

senap (nominative singular)
senapō (nominative plural)
senapōs (nominative plural)
senap (accusative singular)
senapā (accusative plural)
senapas (genitive singular)
senapō (genitive plural)
senapē (dative singular)
senapum (dative plural)
senapu (instrumental singular)
senapum (instrumental plural)

Old English: senep, senap, senop
Middle English: senep

Old Saxon: *senap

desc

Middle Low German: sennep, sennip, senp, semp, senep, sēnap, sēnep, sānip

German Low German: Semp

→ Danish: sennep

→ Estonian: sinep

→ Norwegian: sennep

→ Swedish: senap

→ Finnish: sinappi

→ Faroese: sinoppur, sinnopur

→ Icelandic: sinnep

Old Dutch: *senap

Middle Dutch: senep, sennep

Dutch: zennep (dialectal)

Old High German: senaf

Middle High German: sënef, sënif, sënf

German: Senf

→ Macedonian: сенф (senf)

→ Serbo-Croatian: sȅnf

Yiddish: זענעפֿט (zeneft)

Borrowed from Latin sināpi. Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃 (sinapis).


tord

tord (nominative singular)
tordu (nominative plural)
tord (accusative singular)
tordu (accusative plural)
tordas (genitive singular)
tordō (genitive plural)
tordē (dative singular)
tordum (dative plural)
tordu (instrumental singular)
tordum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tord
Middle English: tord, toord, torde
English: turd
Scots: tuird

Old Dutch: *tord, *tort

Middle Dutch: torde, torte, tort, toort

Dutch: tort

Old High German: zort

Middle High German: *zort, zurch, zürch

desc

German: (dialectal) Zort, (archaic) Zürch


hagan

hagan (infinitive)
hagannjas (genitive infinitive)
hagannjē (dative infinitive)
hagannju (infinitive instrumental)
hagu (first-person present singular)
hōg (first-person past singular)
hagiʀi (present second-person singular)
hōgī (past second-person singular)
hagidi (present singular third-person)
hōg (past singular third-person)
hagum (first-person plural present)
hōgum (first-person past plural)
hagid (plural present second-person)
hōgud (past plural second-person)
hagand (plural present third-person)
hōgun (past plural third-person)
hagē (first-person present singular)
hōgī (first-person past singular)
hagēs (present second-person singular)
hagē (present singular third-person)
hōgī (past singular third-person)
hagēm (first-person plural present)
hōgīm (first-person past plural)
hagēþ (plural present second-person)
hōgīd (past plural second-person)
hagēn (plural present third-person)
hōgīn (past plural third-person)
hag (present singular)
hagid (plural present)
hagandī (participle present)
hagan (participle past)

Old Saxon: hagan

Old High German: hagan


haltijan

haltijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
haltijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
haltijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
haltijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
haltiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
haltidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
haltisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
haltidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haltidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haltiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
haltidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haltidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haltijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
haltidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
haltiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
haltidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
haltijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
haltidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
haltijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
haltidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
haltijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
haltidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haltijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
haltidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haltijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
haltidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
haltijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
haltidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
haltijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
haltidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
halti (class-1 present singular weak)
haltiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
haltijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
haltid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old High German: *helzen

Middle High German: helzen

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *haltijaną. Equivalent to *halt (“lame”) + *-jan.


laikan

laikan (infinitive)
laikannjas (genitive infinitive)
laikannjē (dative infinitive)
laikannju (infinitive instrumental)
laiku (first-person present singular)
lēk (first-person past singular)
laikiʀi (present second-person singular)
lēkī (past second-person singular)
laikidi (present singular third-person)
lēk (past singular third-person)
laikum (first-person plural present)
lēkum (first-person past plural)
laikid (plural present second-person)
lēkud (past plural second-person)
laikand (plural present third-person)
lēkun (past plural third-person)
laikē (first-person present singular)
lēkī (first-person past singular)
laikēs (present second-person singular)
laikē (present singular third-person)
lēkī (past singular third-person)
laikēm (first-person plural present)
lēkīm (first-person past plural)
laikēþ (plural present second-person)
lēkīd (past plural second-person)
laikēn (plural present third-person)
lēkīn (past plural third-person)
laik (present singular)
laikid (plural present)
laikandī (participle present)
laikan (participle past)

Old English: lācan

Middle English: laken

English: lake, laak (dialectal)

>? Old High German: *leihhan

Middle High German: leichen

German: laichen


malan

malan (infinitive)
malannjas (genitive infinitive)
malannjē (dative infinitive)
malannju (infinitive instrumental)
malu (first-person present singular)
mōl (first-person past singular)
maliʀi (present second-person singular)
mōlī (past second-person singular)
malidi (present singular third-person)
mōl (past singular third-person)
malum (first-person plural present)
mōlum (first-person past plural)
malid (plural present second-person)
mōlud (past plural second-person)
maland (plural present third-person)
mōlun (past plural third-person)
malē (first-person present singular)
mōlī (first-person past singular)
malēs (present second-person singular)
malē (present singular third-person)
mōlī (past singular third-person)
malēm (first-person plural present)
mōlīm (first-person past plural)
malēþ (plural present second-person)
mōlīd (past plural second-person)
malēn (plural present third-person)
mōlīn (past plural third-person)
mal (present singular)
malid (plural present)
malandī (participle present)
malan (participle past)

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: mealle

desctree

Old Saxon: malan
Middle Low German: malen
Low German: mahlen

Old Dutch: *malan

Middle Dutch: mālen
Dutch: malen
Afrikaans: maal
Berbice Creole Dutch: mali
Negerhollands: maal
Limburgish: male

Old High German: malan

Middle High German: malen, maln

Bavarian: måhln, moihn

German: mahlen

Luxembourgish: muelen

Mòcheno: moln


laskijan

laskijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
laskijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
laskijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
laskijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
laskiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laskidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laskisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laskidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laskidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laskiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laskidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laskidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laskijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laskidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laskiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laskidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laskijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laskidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laskijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laskidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laskijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laskidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laskijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laskidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laskijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laskidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laskijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laskidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laskijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laskidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laski (class-1 present singular weak)
laskiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
laskijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
laskid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *leska

q

>? West Frisian: leskje (uncertain, the second class weak inflection would be secondary)

Old Saxon: leskian

Middle Low German: leschen

→ Norwegian Bokmål: leske

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: leske, leska

Old Dutch: lesken

Middle Dutch: lesschen

Dutch: lessen

Afrikaans: les

Old High German: lesken

Middle High German: leschen

German: löschen


rugi

rugi (nominative singular)
rugī (nominative plural)
rugi (accusative singular)
rugī (accusative plural)
rugī (genitive singular)
ruggjō (genitive plural)
rugī (dative singular)
rugim (dative plural)
ruggjum (dative plural)
rugī (instrumental singular)
rugim (instrumental plural)
ruggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ryġe, ryġi — early
Middle English: rye, rie, reye, reyghe, reyhe, ruye
English: rye
Scots: ry
Yola: ree
→? Old Welsh: ryc
Welsh: rhyg

ruġern

*rugaʀani (“rye-harvest month”) (+ *aʀani (“harvest”))


herut

herut (nominative singular)
herutō (nominative plural)
herutōs (nominative plural)
herut (accusative singular)
herutā (accusative plural)
herutas (genitive singular)
herutō (genitive plural)
herutē (dative singular)
herutum (dative plural)
herutu (instrumental singular)
herutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorot, heorut, heort
Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
English: hart
Scots: hert

Old Frisian: hert

Saterland Frisian: Hart

West Frisian: hart

Old Saxon: hirut, hirot

Middle Low German: herte, harte

⇒ German Low German: Hartbuck

Old Dutch: hirut
Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
Dutch: hert
Afrikaans: hert
Limburgish: hèrtj

Old High German: hiruz, hirz
Middle High German: hirz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hirsch
Mòcheno: hirsch
German: Hirsch
→ Luxembourgish: Hirsch
→ North Frisian: hirsk
→ Plautdietsch: Hersch
→ Saterland Frisian: Hirsk
Luxembourgish: Hierz (archaic)
Yiddish: הירש (hirsh)


lapan

lapan (infinitive)
lapannjas (genitive infinitive)
lapannjē (dative infinitive)
lapannju (infinitive instrumental)
lapu (first-person present singular)
lōp (first-person past singular)
lapiʀi (present second-person singular)
lōpī (past second-person singular)
lapidi (present singular third-person)
lōp (past singular third-person)
lapum (first-person plural present)
lōpum (first-person past plural)
lapid (plural present second-person)
lōpud (past plural second-person)
lapand (plural present third-person)
lōpun (past plural third-person)
lapē (first-person present singular)
lōpī (first-person past singular)
lapēs (present second-person singular)
lapē (present singular third-person)
lōpī (past singular third-person)
lapēm (first-person plural present)
lōpīm (first-person past plural)
lapēþ (plural present second-person)
lōpīd (past plural second-person)
lapēn (plural present third-person)
lōpīn (past plural third-person)
lap (present singular)
lapid (plural present)
lapandī (participle present)
lapan (participle past)

Old High German: laffan

Middle High German: laffen

Alemannic German: laffen


slak

slak (masculine nominative singular)
slaku (feminine nominative singular)
slak (neuter nominative singular)
slakanā (accusative masculine singular)
slakā (accusative feminine singular)
slak (accusative neuter singular)
slakas (genitive masculine singular)
slakeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
slakas (genitive neuter singular)
slakumē (dative masculine singular)
slakeʀē (dative feminine singular)
slakumē (dative neuter singular)
slaku (instrumental masculine singular)
slakeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
slaku (instrumental neuter singular)
slakē (masculine nominative plural)
slakō (feminine nominative plural)
slaku (neuter nominative plural)
slakā (accusative masculine plural)
slakā (accusative feminine plural)
slaku (accusative neuter plural)
slakeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
slakeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
slakeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
slakēm (dative masculine plural)
slakum (dative masculine plural)
slakēm (dative feminine plural)
slakum (dative feminine plural)
slakēm (dative neuter plural)
slakum (dative neuter plural)
slakēm (instrumental masculine plural)
slakum (instrumental masculine plural)
slakēm (feminine instrumental plural)
slakum (feminine instrumental plural)
slakēm (instrumental neuter plural)
slakum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: slæc, sleac, slec
Middle English: slak
English: slack
Scots: slak

Old Saxon: slak (“slack, cowardly”)

Middle Low German: slak

Low German: slak

→ German: schlack (partially)

Middle Dutch: slac (“slack, loose, slow”)

Old High German: slach (“slack, loose, slow”)

Middle High German: slach

German: schlack, schlach


fat

fat (nominative singular)
fatu (nominative plural)
fat (accusative singular)
fatu (accusative plural)
fatas (genitive singular)
fatō (genitive plural)
fatē (dative singular)
fatum (dative plural)
fatu (instrumental singular)
fatum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæt

Middle English: fat, fet, vat, vet

Scots: fat, vat, vautt

English: fat, vat

Old Frisian: fet

Saterland Frisian: Fät

West Frisian: fet

Old Saxon: fat

Middle Low German: vat

German Low German: Fatt

Low German: Vat

Old Dutch: fat, vat

Middle Dutch: vat

Dutch: vat, vaat

Old High German: faz

Middle High German: vaz, vas

Cimbrian: vass, bass (Mezzaselva)

German: Fass

Luxembourgish: Faass


arci-

Old English: arċe-, ærċe-, erċe-
Middle English: arche-
English: arch-

Old Frisian: erze-, arse-

West Frisian: aarts-

Old Saxon: erci-

Middle High German: erse-, ertze-

Old Dutch: arci-

Middle Dutch: aerts-, erts-

Dutch: aarts-

Old High German: erzi-, arzi-

Middle High German: erze-, erz-

German: erz-


hlid

hlid (nominative singular)
hlidu (nominative plural)
hlid (accusative singular)
hlidu (accusative plural)
hlidas (genitive singular)
hlidō (genitive plural)
hlidē (dative singular)
hlidum (dative plural)
hlidu (instrumental singular)
hlidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlid
Middle English: lid
English: lid

Old Frisian: *hlid

Saterland Frisian: Lid

Old Dutch: *lid

Middle Dutch: lit (rare)

Dutch: lid (rare)

Old High German: hlit


halh

halh (nominative singular)
halhō (nominative plural)
halhōs (nominative plural)
halh (accusative singular)
halhā (accusative plural)
halhas (genitive singular)
halhō (genitive plural)
halhē (dative singular)
halhum (dative plural)
halhu (instrumental singular)
halhum (instrumental plural)

Old English: healh, halh
⇒ Middle English: hale, hal (from dative hēale, but with short vowel of the nominative levelled in)
English: hale (dialectal)
Northern Middle English: *halgh, *halch (attested in placenames)
English: haugh
Scots: hauch, haugh

Old Frisian: *halch

North Frisian:

desc

Hallig: *håolig (in Håolige-weerw, Håolige-leeg)

Probably inherited from Proto-Germanic *halhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱólkos, from *ḱel-.

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) a depression or elevation, an area of land that differs in elevation from what it surrounds.


seld

seld (masculine nominative singular)
seldu (feminine nominative singular)
seld (neuter nominative singular)
seldanā (accusative masculine singular)
seldā (accusative feminine singular)
seld (accusative neuter singular)
seldas (genitive masculine singular)
seldeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
seldas (genitive neuter singular)
seldumē (dative masculine singular)
seldeʀē (dative feminine singular)
seldumē (dative neuter singular)
seldu (instrumental masculine singular)
seldeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
seldu (instrumental neuter singular)
seldē (masculine nominative plural)
seldō (feminine nominative plural)
seldu (neuter nominative plural)
seldā (accusative masculine plural)
seldā (accusative feminine plural)
seldu (accusative neuter plural)
seldeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
seldeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
seldeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
seldēm (dative masculine plural)
seldum (dative masculine plural)
seldēm (dative feminine plural)
seldum (dative feminine plural)
seldēm (dative neuter plural)
seldum (dative neuter plural)
seldēm (instrumental masculine plural)
seldum (instrumental masculine plural)
seldēm (feminine instrumental plural)
seldum (feminine instrumental plural)
seldēm (instrumental neuter plural)
seldum (instrumental neuter plural)


awi

awi (nominative singular)
awī (nominative plural)
awi (accusative singular)
awī (accusative plural)
awī (genitive singular)
auwjō (genitive plural)
awī (dative singular)
awim (dative plural)
auwjum (dative plural)
awī (instrumental singular)
awim (instrumental plural)
auwjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: eowu
Middle English: ewe, awe, eu, ouwe, yeue, yowe
English: ewe
Scots: yowe, yhow
Yola: yowe

Old Frisian: ei, ey

Saterland Frisian: oye, Oue

West Frisian: ei

Old Saxon: ewi, ewwi
Middle Low German: ewe
Low German: Eev, Öwwe
German Low German: Öi, Ei

Old Dutch: *ōi, *ouwi, *ouw

Middle Dutch: ou, ooi

Dutch: ooi
Afrikaans: ooi

Old High German: awi, au, ou, ouwi

Middle High German: ouwe

Alemannic German: Au

Cimbrian: öbe

German: Aue


awi

head

*awi (comparative *awi, superlative *awist)

Probably from Proto-Germanic *awiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éw-is, from *h₂ew- (“to perceive”) + *-is. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see; eye”).

der

awizoraht

*awitorht (+ *torht (“bright, clear”)); Old High German


sinnan

sinnan (infinitive)
sinnannjas (genitive infinitive)
sinnannjē (dative infinitive)
sinnannju (infinitive instrumental)
sinnu (first-person present singular)
sann (first-person past singular)
sinniʀi (present second-person singular)
sunnī (past second-person singular)
sinnidi (present singular third-person)
sann (past singular third-person)
sinnum (first-person plural present)
sunnum (first-person past plural)
sinnid (plural present second-person)
sunnud (past plural second-person)
sinnand (plural present third-person)
sunnun (past plural third-person)
sinnē (first-person present singular)
sunnī (first-person past singular)
sinnēs (present second-person singular)
sinnē (present singular third-person)
sunnī (past singular third-person)
sinnēm (first-person plural present)
sunnīm (first-person past plural)
sinnēþ (plural present second-person)
sunnīd (past plural second-person)
sinnēn (plural present third-person)
sunnīn (past plural third-person)
sinn (present singular)
sinnid (plural present)
sinnandī (participle present)
sunnan (participle past)

Old English: sinnan

Old Frisian: sinna

Saterland Frisian: sinne

West Frisian: sinne

Old Saxon: *sinnan

Middle Low German: sinnen

German Low German: sinnen

→ Old Norse: sinna

Icelandic: sinna

Faroese: sinna

Swedish: sinna

Old Danish: sinde

Old Dutch: *sinnan

Middle Dutch: sinnen

Dutch: zinnen

Old High German: sinnan

Middle High German: sinnen

German: sinnen

→⇒ Old French: *sener (in asener, forsener)

Middle French: assener, forcener

(French: assener, forcener)

→ Italian: senno, assennare

to consider, think about; aim, plan, plot


bandi

bandi (nominative singular)
bandijō (nominative plural)
bandijā (accusative singular)
bandijā (accusative plural)
bandijā (genitive singular)
bandijō (genitive plural)
bandijē (dative singular)
bandijōm (dative plural)
bandijum (dative plural)
bandiju (instrumental singular)
bandijōm (instrumental plural)
bandijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bænd, bend

Middle English: band, bend

Scots: band, bend

English: band, bond, bend


sibi

sibi (nominative singular)
sibī (nominative plural)
sibi (accusative singular)
sibī (accusative plural)
sibī (genitive singular)
sibbjō (genitive plural)
sibī (dative singular)
sibim (dative plural)
sibbjum (dative plural)
sibī (instrumental singular)
sibim (instrumental plural)
sibbjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sife, sibi
Middle English: sive, ceve, cive, cyve, sife, syfe, syffe, syve
English: sieve
Scots: sieve, siffe, syffe, sif, syf

Old Frisian: *sif, *siōf, *siōfe

Saterland Frisian: Sieuwe

West Frisian: sjouwe, souwe, sou

Old Saxon: *sifi, sif

Middle Low German: sēve, sēf, sif

German Low German: Seve, Seev

Low German: Seve

Old Dutch: sif

Middle Dutch: sef, seve, seef

Dutch: zeef

Old High German: sib, sipf, siph
Middle High German: sib, sip; (West Central German) sif
German: Sieb, Sip
Luxembourgish: Siff

From Proto-Indo-European *seyp-, *seybʰ- (“to sieve”).


skerp

skerp (nominative singular)
skerpu (nominative plural)
skerp (accusative singular)
skerpu (accusative plural)
skerpas (genitive singular)
skerpō (genitive plural)
skerpē (dative singular)
skerpum (dative plural)
skerpu (instrumental singular)
skerpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċeorp

→ Medieval Latin: scerpa

→ Old High German: scirpa

From *skerpan. Compare Old Norse skreppa (“backpack, scrip”).


tain

tain (nominative singular)
tainō (nominative plural)
tainōs (nominative plural)
tain (accusative singular)
tainā (accusative plural)
tainas (genitive singular)
tainō (genitive plural)
tainē (dative singular)
tainum (dative plural)
tainu (instrumental singular)
tainum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tān

Middle English: *tan

English: tan (“twig, small switch”)

⇒ Old English: misteltān

desc

Middle English: mistelta, mistilte, mistelto, mystiltyne, mystilltyn, mystyldene

Scots: misseldeu, messeldeu

English: mistletoe

Old Frisian: *tēn

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Täinelse (“garden fence woven from willow rods”)

West Frisian: tien

Old Saxon: tēn

Middle Low German: tên

Old Dutch: *tēn

Middle Dutch: têne

Dutch: teen

Limburgish: tieën

Old High German: zein

Middle High German: zein

German: Zein, Zain


sorgu

sorgu (nominative singular)
sorgō (nominative plural)
sorgā (accusative singular)
sorgā (accusative plural)
sorgā (genitive singular)
sorgō (genitive plural)
sorgē (dative singular)
sorgōm (dative plural)
sorgum (dative plural)
sorgu (instrumental singular)
sorgōm (instrumental plural)
sorgum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sorg, sorh
Middle English: sorȝe, sorwe, sorow
English: sorrow
Scots: sorow

Old Frisian: sorge

Saterland Frisian: Suurge, Sourge

West Frisian: soarch

Old Saxon: sorga
Middle Low German: sorge
Low German: Sorge, Soarge, Suarge, Suare, Sōerje (all Westphalian)
Plautdietsch: Sorj

Old Dutch: sorga
Middle Dutch: sorge, zorge, soorge
Dutch: zorg
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sorgu
→ Indonesian: rawat (semantic loan)

Old High German: sworga, sorga

Middle High German: sorge

German: Sorge

Luxembourgish: Suerg

Yiddish: זאָרג (zorg)


sarki

sarki (nominative singular)
sarkī (nominative plural)
sarki (accusative singular)
sarkī (accusative plural)
sarkī (genitive singular)
sarkijō (genitive plural)
sarkī (dative singular)
sarkim (dative plural)
sarkijum (dative plural)
sarkī (instrumental singular)
sarkim (instrumental plural)
sarkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sierċe, serċ, syrċ, syriċ, serċe, syrċe, sirċe
Middle English: serk, serke, sark (through the Anglian variant)
Scots: serk, sark
English: sark

Old Frisian: *serk

North Frisian: serk, särk


mundu

mundu (nominative singular)
mundō (nominative plural)
mundā (accusative singular)
mundā (accusative plural)
mundā (genitive singular)
mundō (genitive plural)
mundē (dative singular)
mundōm (dative plural)
mundum (dative plural)
mundu (instrumental singular)
mundōm (instrumental plural)
mundum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mund
Middle English: mund, mound
English: mound, mund

desc

Old Frisian: mund (“guardian, guardianship”)

Old Saxon: mund (“hand”)

Middle Low German: munt

⇒ German Low German: Vörmundskupp

Old Dutch: *mund

Middle Dutch: mond

Dutch: mond (obsolete)

Old High German: munt (“hand, protection”)

Middle High German: munt

German: Mund, Munt (“legal power of protection”)


hagu

hagu (nominative singular)
hagiwi (nominative plural)
hagō (nominative plural)
hagu (accusative singular)
hagū (accusative plural)
hagō (genitive singular)
hagiwō (genitive plural)
hagiwi (dative singular)
hagō (dative singular)
hagum (dative plural)
hagu (instrumental singular)
hagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæg; ġehæg

Middle English: heie, heh, hegh, heygh

English: hay

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*(ga)hagi</i>

Old English: hege (< *(ga)hagi)
Middle English: heye (influenced by Old English hæg, ġehæg and Old French haie)
English: hay

Old Saxon: *hag

Middle Low German: hach, hāch

Old High German: hag

Middle High German: hac

German: Hag

⇒ Old High German: gahagi

Middle High German: gehege

German: Gehege


turtur

turtur (nominative singular)
turturō (nominative plural)
turturōs (nominative plural)
turtur (accusative singular)
turturā (accusative plural)
turturas (genitive singular)
turturō (genitive plural)
turturē (dative singular)
turturum (dative plural)
turturu (instrumental singular)
turturum (instrumental plural)

Old English: turtur

Old High German: turtur

Borrowed from Latin turtur (“turtledove”).


nuti

nuti (masculine nominative singular)
nuttju (feminine nominative singular)
nuti (neuter nominative singular)
nuttjanā (accusative masculine singular)
nuttjā (accusative feminine singular)
nuti (accusative neuter singular)
nuttjas (genitive masculine singular)
nuttjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
nuttjas (genitive neuter singular)
nuttjumē (dative masculine singular)
nuttjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
nuttjumē (dative neuter singular)
nuttju (instrumental masculine singular)
nuttjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
nuttju (instrumental neuter singular)
nuttjē (masculine nominative plural)
nuttjō (feminine nominative plural)
nuttju (neuter nominative plural)
nuttjā (accusative masculine plural)
nuttjā (accusative feminine plural)
nuttju (accusative neuter plural)
nuttjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
nuttjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
nuttjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
nuttjēm (dative masculine plural)
nuttjum (dative masculine plural)
nuttjēm (dative feminine plural)
nuttjum (dative feminine plural)
nuttjēm (dative neuter plural)
nuttjum (dative neuter plural)
nuttjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
nuttjum (instrumental masculine plural)
nuttjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
nuttjum (feminine instrumental plural)
nuttjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
nuttjum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: nytt

Middle English: nūt

English: nait

Old Frisian: nette

Old Saxon: nutti

Old High German: nuzzi

German: nütze, nutze


jit

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: ġit

Middle English: ȝit

Old Frisian: *it, *jit

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: jat

Sylt: at

Old Saxon: git

Old Dutch: *git, *it

Bergish: et, get, git, it

Old High German: *iz

Middle High German: ëz

Bavarian: es

Yiddish: עץ (ets) (Poylish)


sihti

sihti (nominative singular)
sihtī (nominative plural)
sihti (accusative singular)
sihtī (accusative plural)
sihtī (genitive singular)
sihtijō (genitive plural)
sihtī (dative singular)
sihtim (dative plural)
sihtijum (dative plural)
sihtī (instrumental singular)
sihtim (instrumental plural)
sihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sihþ, siht
Middle English: siȝht, siȝt, siht
English: sight
Scots: sicht

Old Frisian: *sicht

Saterland Frisian: Sicht

West Frisian: sicht

Old Saxon: *sihti

Middle Low German: sichte, sicht

German Low German: Sicht

→ Danish: sigte; sigt

→ Icelandic: sigti

→ Faroese: sikti

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sikte

→ Swedish: sikte; sikt

desc

→ Finnish: sihti (“shifter, sieve, sight”)

Old Dutch: *siht

Middle Dutch: sicht n

Dutch: zicht n

Old High German: siht

Middle High German: siht

desctree

German: Sicht
→ Danish: sigt
→ Norwegian: sikt
→ Swedish: sikt

Hunsrik: Sicht

Luxembourgish: Siicht

Pennsylvania German: Sicht


tredan

tredan (infinitive)
tredannjas (genitive infinitive)
tredannjē (dative infinitive)
tredannju (infinitive instrumental)
tredu (first-person present singular)
trad (first-person past singular)
tridiʀi (present second-person singular)
trādī (past second-person singular)
trididi (present singular third-person)
trad (past singular third-person)
tredum (first-person plural present)
trādum (first-person past plural)
tridid (plural present second-person)
trādud (past plural second-person)
tredand (plural present third-person)
trādun (past plural third-person)
tredē (first-person present singular)
trādī (first-person past singular)
tredēs (present second-person singular)
tredē (present singular third-person)
trādī (past singular third-person)
tredēm (first-person plural present)
trādīm (first-person past plural)
tredēþ (plural present second-person)
trādīd (past plural second-person)
tredēn (plural present third-person)
trādīn (past plural third-person)
trid (present singular)
tridid (plural present)
tredandī (participle present)
tredan (participle past)

Old English: tredan

Middle English: treden

Scots: trad, tred

English: tread

Old Frisian: treda

Saterland Frisian: treede

West Frisian: trêdzje

Old Saxon: *tredan

Middle Low German: trēden

Low German: treden

→ Swedish: träda

→ Danish: træde

→ Faroese: træða, treða

Old Dutch: tredan
Middle Dutch: trēden
Dutch: treden
Afrikaans: tree
Limburgish: traeje

Old High German: tretan

Middle High German: treten

desc

Central Franconian: tredde, träde, treade

Bavarian: tretn

Hunsrik: trede

Luxembourgish: trieden

German: treten

⇒ German: Trotte

→ Medieval Latin: trottō, trotō

Old French: trotter, troter

French: trotter

→ English: trot

Italian: trottare

Spanish: trotar

Portuguese: trotar

Occitan: trotar


lusti

lusti (nominative singular)
lustī (nominative plural)
lusti (accusative singular)
lustī (accusative plural)
lustī (genitive singular)
lustijō (genitive plural)
lustī (dative singular)
lustim (dative plural)
lustijum (dative plural)
lustī (instrumental singular)
lustim (instrumental plural)
lustijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lest


kaisar

kaisar (nominative singular)
kaisarō (nominative plural)
kaisarōs (nominative plural)
kaisar (accusative singular)
kaisarā (accusative plural)
kaisaras (genitive singular)
kaisarō (genitive plural)
kaisarē (dative singular)
kaisarum (dative plural)
kaisaru (instrumental singular)
kaisarum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser
Middle English: casere, kasere, caser, casare, kasar (Northern)
Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard

Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser

Saterland Frisian: Kaiser

West Frisian: keizer

Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari

Middle Low German: *keisere

Plautdietsch: Kjeisa

→ Old Norse: keisari
Icelandic: keisari
Faroese: keisari
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: keiser
Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar
Old Swedish: keysar, keysare
Swedish: kejsare
→ Finnish: keisari
Danish: kejser
Gutnish: kaisare

Old Dutch: keiser
Middle Dutch: keiser
Dutch: keizer

Old High German: keisar
Middle High German: keiser
German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser (obsolete)
→ Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
→ Upper Sorbian: kejžor
Luxembourgish: Keeser
Yiddish: קייסער (keyser)
→ Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
→ Scots: Kaiser


fagan

fagan (masculine nominative singular)
faganu (feminine nominative singular)
fagan (neuter nominative singular)
fagananā (accusative masculine singular)
faganā (accusative feminine singular)
fagan (accusative neuter singular)
faganas (genitive masculine singular)
faganeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
faganas (genitive neuter singular)
faganumē (dative masculine singular)
faganeʀē (dative feminine singular)
faganumē (dative neuter singular)
faganu (instrumental masculine singular)
faganeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
faganu (instrumental neuter singular)
faganē (masculine nominative plural)
faganō (feminine nominative plural)
faganu (neuter nominative plural)
faganā (accusative masculine plural)
faganā (accusative feminine plural)
faganu (accusative neuter plural)
faganeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faganeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faganeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
faganēm (dative masculine plural)
faganum (dative masculine plural)
faganēm (dative feminine plural)
faganum (dative feminine plural)
faganēm (dative neuter plural)
faganum (dative neuter plural)
faganēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faganum (instrumental masculine plural)
faganēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faganum (feminine instrumental plural)
faganēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faganum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fæġen
Middle English: fain
English: fain
Scots: fain

Old Saxon: fagan, fagin

Old High German: fagin


treman

treman (infinitive)
tremannjas (genitive infinitive)
tremannjē (dative infinitive)
tremannju (infinitive instrumental)
tremu (first-person present singular)
tram (first-person past singular)
trimiʀi (present second-person singular)
trāmī (past second-person singular)
trimidi (present singular third-person)
tram (past singular third-person)
tremum (first-person plural present)
trāmum (first-person past plural)
trimid (plural present second-person)
trāmud (past plural second-person)
tremand (plural present third-person)
trāmun (past plural third-person)
tremē (first-person present singular)
trāmī (first-person past singular)
tremēs (present second-person singular)
tremē (present singular third-person)
trāmī (past singular third-person)
tremēm (first-person plural present)
trāmīm (first-person past plural)
tremēþ (plural present second-person)
trāmīd (past plural second-person)
tremēn (plural present third-person)
trāmīn (past plural third-person)
trim (present singular)
trimid (plural present)
tremandī (participle present)
truman (participle past)

Old High German: *treman

Middle High German: tremen


pipar

pipar (nominative singular)
piparu (nominative plural)
pipar (accusative singular)
piparu (accusative plural)
piparas (genitive singular)
piparō (genitive plural)
piparē (dative singular)
piparum (dative plural)
piparu (instrumental singular)
piparum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pipor, piper
Middle English: peper
English: pepper (see there for further descendants)
Scots: peper, pepar, pepir
Yola: pipper

Old Frisian: piper

North Frisian: pöber

Saterland Frisian: Pieper

West Frisian: piper

Old Saxon: *pipar

desc

Middle Low German: pēper, pepper, pipper, pöpper

German Low German: Peper

desctree

→ Old Norse: piparr
Icelandic: pipar
Faroese: pipar
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: pepar
Old Swedish: pipar, pepar
Swedish: peppar
→ Finnish: pippuri
→ Northern Sami: bihppor
→ Kildin Sami: пеһпарь (pjehpar’)
Old Danish: pipær
Danish: peber
Elfdalian: pipär
→ Estonian: pipar
→ Latvian: pipars

Old Dutch: *pipar, *pepar

Middle Dutch: peper

Dutch: peper
Afrikaans: peper
Negerhollands: pepper
→ Aukan: pepee
→ Munsee: piipel
→ Papiamentu: peper
→ Saramaccan: pepè
→ Unami: pèpël

Limburgish: paeper

Old High German: pfeffar
Middle High German: pfeffer
Cimbrian: fèffar
German: Pfeffer
Hunsrik: Peffer
Luxembourgish: Peffer
Pennsylvania German: Peffer
Yiddish: פֿעפֿער (fefer)


steur

steur (nominative singular)
steurō (nominative plural)
steurōs (nominative plural)
steur (accusative singular)
steurā (accusative plural)
steuras (genitive singular)
steurō (genitive plural)
steurē (dative singular)
steurum (dative plural)
steuru (instrumental singular)
steurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stēor
Middle English: steer
English: steer
Middle Scots: ster, stere, steir
Scots: steer

Old Frisian: stiār

Old Saxon: *stior, stier

Middle Low German: stēr

Old Dutch: stier
Middle Dutch: stier
Dutch: stier
Afrikaans: stier

Old High German: stior

Middle High German: stier

Alemannic German: Stier

German: Stier

Luxembourgish: Stéier


anad

anad (nominative singular)
anadi (nominative plural)
anadu (accusative singular)
anadi (accusative plural)
anadi (genitive singular)
anadō (genitive plural)
anadi (dative singular)
anadum (dative plural)
anadi (instrumental singular)
anadum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ened, enid, æned, ænid
Middle English: ende, enede, hende, henede, heynd
Scots: ennet, annet, annot
English: ende, ennet, annet, annot

Old Frisian: *ened, *aned

Saterland Frisian: Oante, Oande

West Frisian: ein

Old Saxon: anud
Middle Low German: aned, ēnde
German Low German: Aant
Plautdietsch: Ent

Old Dutch: ened

Middle Dutch: ent, eent, eynt

Dutch: eend
Afrikaans: eend
Jersey Dutch: êntśe (from the diminutive)

Old High German: anut, aneta, enita

Middle High German: anet, ant, ente

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Ent

Luxembourgish: Int

Rhine Franconian: Ent, Int

Frankfurterisch: IPA [ent]

German: Ente

Alemannic German: Ant, Anete

Vilamovian: ant


baug

baug (nominative singular)
baugō (nominative plural)
baugōs (nominative plural)
baug (accusative singular)
baugā (accusative plural)
baugas (genitive singular)
baugō (genitive plural)
baugē (dative singular)
baugum (dative plural)
baugu (instrumental singular)
baugum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēag, bēah

Middle English: beh, beghe, bie, by

Scots: bee, bei, beye

English: bee

Old Frisian: bāg, bāch

Old Saxon: *bōg, *bāg, *bōh

Middle Low German: bōch, būch

→ Late Latin: baga

Old French: bage

desc

→ Middle English: bage, bagge, badge, bagy; bageard

Scots: bagie, badgie, bawgy

English: badge; badger

→ Medieval Latin: bagea, bagia

Old Dutch: bōg

⇒ Middle Dutch: bogel, buegel

Dutch: beugel

→ Vulgar Latin: *baucus

Old Occitan: bauc

Old French: bo, bou

⇒ Norman: bouaille

→ Anglo-Norman: boie

Old High German: baug, boug, paug, pauc, pouc

Middle High German: bouc

German: Baug, Bauk

Yiddish: בייגל (beygl)

→ English: bagel

Lombardic: *baug m, *bauga f

→ Medieval Latin: bauca

Italian: boga, bova

→ French: bogue


bihag

bihag (nominative singular)
bihagō (nominative plural)
bihagōs (nominative plural)
bihag (accusative singular)
bihagā (accusative plural)
bihagas (genitive singular)
bihagō (genitive plural)
bihagē (dative singular)
bihagum (dative plural)
bihagu (instrumental singular)
bihagum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *bihag

Middle Low German: behach m or n

→ Danish: behag

→ Swedish: behag

Old Dutch: *bihag

Middle Dutch: behaech n

Dutch: behaag

→ West Frisian: behaach

Old High German: *bihag

Middle High German: behac m

German: Behag (archaic)


gawi

gawi (nominative singular)
gauwju (nominative plural)
gawi (accusative singular)
gauwju (accusative plural)
gauwjas (genitive singular)
gauwjō (genitive plural)
gauwjē (dative singular)
gauwjum (dative plural)
gauwju (instrumental singular)
gauwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ġē

Old Frisian: gā

West Frisian: gea, goa

Old Saxon: gō, gā

Middle Low German: gō

German Low German: Gohe

Old Dutch: gō

Middle Dutch: gou, gau, gō (nom.sg.), gooy (gen.sg.)

Dutch: gouw

Old High German: gawi, gewi, gowi

desctree

Middle High German: göu, göuwe, gou, geu, gäw
German: Gau

From Proto-Germanic *gawją. Equivalent to *ga- + *auwju.


straik

straik (nominative singular)
straikō (nominative plural)
straikōs (nominative plural)
straik (accusative singular)
straikā (accusative plural)
straikas (genitive singular)
straikō (genitive plural)
straikē (dative singular)
straikum (dative plural)
straiku (instrumental singular)
straikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strāc

Middle English: stroke, strok, strake, strak, strook, strooke
English: stroke
Scots: strake, straik, strak
Yola: stroke

Old Frisian: *strāk, *strēk

Saterland Frisian: Stríek

West Frisian: streek

Old Saxon: *strēk

q

Middle Low German: strêk (possible merger with descendant of *striki)

German Low German: Streek

Old Dutch: *strēk, *streik

Middle Dutch: strêec, *streic (possible merger with descendant of *striki)

>? Dutch: streek (at most partially)

Limburgish: streik, sjtreik (semantically also continues *striki)

Old High German: *streih

Middle High German: streich

German: Streich

Luxembourgish: Streech

From Proto-Germanic *straikaz, from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“stroke”).


snidi

snidi (nominative singular)
snidī (nominative plural)
snidi (accusative singular)
snidī (accusative plural)
snidī (genitive singular)
sniddjō (genitive plural)
snidī (dative singular)
snidim (dative plural)
sniddjum (dative plural)
snidī (instrumental singular)
snidim (instrumental plural)
sniddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snide, snid

Middle English: snid

Scots: snid, sned (noun and verb)

desc

Old Frisian: snide, snithe, snid, snith, snei, snethe, snede

Saterland Frisian: Sniede, Snied

West Frisian: snije

Old Saxon: *snidi, *snid

Middle Low German: snēde, snit, snedde

German Low German: Snee

Old Dutch: *snidi, *snid

Middle Dutch: snēde

Dutch: snee

Old High German: snit

Middle High German: snit

Cimbrian: snit

German: Schnitt

Hunsrik: Schnitt

Yiddish: שניט (shnit)

From earlier Proto-Germanic *snidiz, from Proto-Indo-European *sneyt- (“to cut”).


ters

ters (nominative singular)
tersō (nominative plural)
tersōs (nominative plural)
ters (accusative singular)
tersā (accusative plural)
tersas (genitive singular)
tersō (genitive plural)
tersē (dative singular)
tersum (dative plural)
tersu (instrumental singular)
tersum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: teors
Middle English: ters, tars, tarse, tearse, terce
English: tarse
Scots: tars, ters

Old Saxon: *ters

Middle Low German: tērs

→ Norwegian: ters

Old Dutch: *ters

Middle Dutch: *ters, teers

Dutch: teers, teerts, taarts

Old High German: zers

Middle High German: zërs

German: Zers

Unknown; suggested to be related to *teran (“to tear, tug at”), from *der- (“to split”).


aduk

aduk (nominative singular)
adukō (nominative plural)
adukōs (nominative plural)
aduk (accusative singular)
adukā (accusative plural)
adukas (genitive singular)
adukō (genitive plural)
adukē (dative singular)
adukum (dative plural)
aduku (instrumental singular)
adukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: atih

Old Saxon: aduk, adik

desc

Middle Low German: adik, adek, adeke, adech, adich, attich, attik

German Low German: Åk

Old Dutch: *aduk

Middle Dutch: adic, adec

Dutch: hadik, adik

Old High German: atuh m, atihho, aticho m

Middle High German: atech, atich

German: Attich

Unknown; possibly borrowed from Late Latin educus, odecus, odicus (“dwarf elder”), contaminated from Latin ebulum by Gaulish odocos (“dwarf elder”), or perhaps metathesized from Latin actē (“dwarf elder”).


blas

blas (masculine nominative singular)
blasu (feminine nominative singular)
blas (neuter nominative singular)
blasanā (accusative masculine singular)
blasā (accusative feminine singular)
blas (accusative neuter singular)
blasas (genitive masculine singular)
blaseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blasas (genitive neuter singular)
blasumē (dative masculine singular)
blaseʀē (dative feminine singular)
blasumē (dative neuter singular)
blasu (instrumental masculine singular)
blaseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blasu (instrumental neuter singular)
blasē (masculine nominative plural)
blasō (feminine nominative plural)
blasu (neuter nominative plural)
blasā (accusative masculine plural)
blasā (accusative feminine plural)
blasu (accusative neuter plural)
blaseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blaseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blaseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blasēm (dative masculine plural)
blasum (dative masculine plural)
blasēm (dative feminine plural)
blasum (dative feminine plural)
blasēm (dative neuter plural)
blasum (dative neuter plural)
blasēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blasum (instrumental masculine plural)
blasēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blasum (feminine instrumental plural)
blasēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blasum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: blas

⇒ Middle Low German: vorblassen, vörblassen, vörblessen

Old High German: blas

Middle High German: blas

German: blass, blaß (superseded)


dili

dili (nominative singular)
dilljō (nominative plural)
dilljā (accusative singular)
dilljā (accusative plural)
dilljā (genitive singular)
dilljō (genitive plural)
dilljē (dative singular)
dilljōm (dative plural)
dilljum (dative plural)
dillju (instrumental singular)
dilljōm (instrumental plural)
dilljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dile, dyle

desctree

Middle English: dile, dyle, dille, dylle
English: dill

Old Frisian: *dille

West Frisian: dille

Old Saxon: dilli

Middle Low German: del, dell, dille

German Low German:

North Low German: Dille

Märkisch: Dull

Westphalian: Dill

Plautdietsch: Dell

Old Dutch: *dilli

Middle Dutch: dille, dile

Dutch: dille
Afrikaans: dil
→ Indonesian: dil
Negerhollands: dil

Old High German: tilli, tilla

desc

Middle High German: tille, tülle, tüll m

desctree

German: Dill m, Dille f (Austrian German), Till m (obsolete)
→ Kashubian: dil
→ Latvian: dilles
→ Romansch: dil
→ Lower Sorbian: dyla

Luxembourgish: Dëll


-uk

-uk (nominative singular)
-ukō (nominative plural)
-ukōs (nominative plural)
-uk (accusative singular)
-ukā (accusative plural)
-ukas (genitive singular)
-ukō (genitive plural)
-ukē (dative singular)
-ukum (dative plural)
-uku (instrumental singular)
-ukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -oc, -uc
Middle English: -ok, -oc, -ock, -oq, -og, -uc, -uk, -uck, -ek, -ak, -ke, -k (rare), -ek
English: -ock
Scots: -ock, -ockie
Yola: -ok, -uck, -ick

Old Saxon: *-uk, *-ik

Middle Low German: -ek, -k

German Low German: -k

Old Dutch: -ok, -k

Middle Dutch: -oc, -c

Dutch: -k (fossilised)

Old High German: -uh, -ih

Middle High German: -ech, -ch

German: -ich


laugi

laugi (nominative singular)
laugī (nominative plural)
laugi (accusative singular)
laugī (accusative plural)
laugī (genitive singular)
laugijō (genitive plural)
laugī (dative singular)
laugim (dative plural)
laugijum (dative plural)
laugī (instrumental singular)
laugim (instrumental plural)
laugijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līg, līeg, lēg

Middle English: lye, lei, lyȝ

Old Frisian: lōga (< *laugô)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: laeye

Dutch: laai

Old High German: loug


lauk

lauk (nominative singular)
laukō (nominative plural)
laukōs (nominative plural)
lauk (accusative singular)
laukā (accusative plural)
laukas (genitive singular)
laukō (genitive plural)
laukē (dative singular)
laukum (dative plural)
lauku (instrumental singular)
laukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēac, *lǣc, lāec, lēc — Anglian
Middle English: lek, leek, leeke, leke, leyke
English: leek
→ Maori: riki
Scots: leke, leik

Old Frisian: *lāk

Saterland Frisian: Look

West Frisian: lak, lok (possibly from Middle Dutch)

Old Saxon: lōk

Middle Low German: lōk

Low German: Look

Plautdietsch: Luak

Old Dutch: *lōk

Middle Dutch: look

Dutch: look

West Flemish: look

Old High German: louh

Middle High German: loch

Alemannic German: Làuich

German: Lauch


talt

talt (masculine nominative singular)
taltu (feminine nominative singular)
talt (neuter nominative singular)
taltanā (accusative masculine singular)
taltā (accusative feminine singular)
talt (accusative neuter singular)
taltas (genitive masculine singular)
talteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
taltas (genitive neuter singular)
taltumē (dative masculine singular)
talteʀē (dative feminine singular)
taltumē (dative neuter singular)
taltu (instrumental masculine singular)
talteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
taltu (instrumental neuter singular)
taltē (masculine nominative plural)
taltō (feminine nominative plural)
taltu (neuter nominative plural)
taltā (accusative masculine plural)
taltā (accusative feminine plural)
taltu (accusative neuter plural)
talteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
talteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
talteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
taltēm (dative masculine plural)
taltum (dative masculine plural)
taltēm (dative feminine plural)
taltum (dative feminine plural)
taltēm (dative neuter plural)
taltum (dative neuter plural)
taltēm (instrumental masculine plural)
taltum (instrumental masculine plural)
taltēm (feminine instrumental plural)
taltum (feminine instrumental plural)
taltēm (instrumental neuter plural)
taltum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: tealt
Middle English: tealt, talt

Old Frisian: *talt

North Frisian: talt, tolt

From Proto-Indo-European *del- (“to wobble, sway”).


dauw

dauw (nominative singular)
dauwu (nominative plural)
dauw (accusative singular)
dauwu (accusative plural)
dauwas (genitive singular)
dauwō (genitive plural)
dauwē (dative singular)
dauwum (dative plural)
dauwu (instrumental singular)
dauwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dēaw m or n
Middle English: dew, deau, deaw, deew, deu, dewe, dewȝ, dieuȝ, dæw (Ormulum)
English: dew
Scots: dew, deow, dyow
Yola: dhew

Old Frisian: dāw n

North Frisian: dauw

Saterland Frisian: Dau

West Frisian: dau

Old Saxon: *dau

desc

Middle Low German: dow, douwe, dawe, dau

Low German: Dau

Plautdietsch: Deiw

Old Dutch: *dau, *dou

Middle Dutch: dau

desctree

Dutch: dauw
Afrikaans: dou
Berbice Creole Dutch: dau
Negerhollands: douw, dou
→ Papiamentu: dauw (dated)
Sranan Tongo: dow

Old High German: tou n or m

Middle High German: tou, tau

German: Tau

Hunsrik: Daa

Luxembourgish: Da

Yiddish: טוי (toy)


funs

funs (masculine nominative singular)
funsu (feminine nominative singular)
funs (neuter nominative singular)
funsanā (accusative masculine singular)
funsā (accusative feminine singular)
funs (accusative neuter singular)
funsas (genitive masculine singular)
funseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
funsas (genitive neuter singular)
funsumē (dative masculine singular)
funseʀē (dative feminine singular)
funsumē (dative neuter singular)
funsu (instrumental masculine singular)
funseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
funsu (instrumental neuter singular)
funsē (masculine nominative plural)
funsō (feminine nominative plural)
funsu (neuter nominative plural)
funsā (accusative masculine plural)
funsā (accusative feminine plural)
funsu (accusative neuter plural)
funseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
funseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
funseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
funsēm (dative masculine plural)
funsum (dative masculine plural)
funsēm (dative feminine plural)
funsum (dative feminine plural)
funsēm (dative neuter plural)
funsum (dative neuter plural)
funsēm (instrumental masculine plural)
funsum (instrumental masculine plural)
funsēm (feminine instrumental plural)
funsum (feminine instrumental plural)
funsēm (instrumental neuter plural)
funsum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fūs
Middle English: fous, fus, fuus, vous, wous

Old Saxon: fūs

Old High German: funs

Middle High German: ?

Central Franconian: Fonz (perhaps in part)


ork

ork (nominative singular)
orkō (nominative plural)
orkōs (nominative plural)
ork (accusative singular)
orkā (accusative plural)
orkas (genitive singular)
orkō (genitive plural)
orkē (dative singular)
orkum (dative plural)
orku (instrumental singular)
orkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: orc

Old Saxon: ork

Borrowed from Latin orca (“butt, tun”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌿𐍃 (aurkjus, “jug”).


gauk

gauk (nominative singular)
gaukō (nominative plural)
gaukōs (nominative plural)
gauk (accusative singular)
gaukā (accusative plural)
gaukas (genitive singular)
gaukō (genitive plural)
gaukē (dative singular)
gaukum (dative plural)
gauku (instrumental singular)
gaukum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġēac, ġǣc, ġēc
Middle English: ȝek, yek, yeke, ȝeac, ȝeke

Old Saxon: *gōk

Middle Low German: gôk

German Low German: Göök

Old Dutch: *gouk, *gōk

Middle Dutch: *gook, gooch

Old High German: gouh, kouch

Middle High German: gouch

German: Gauch


-r

-r (masculine nominative singular)
-ru (feminine nominative singular)
-r (neuter nominative singular)
-ranā (accusative masculine singular)
-rā (accusative feminine singular)
-r (accusative neuter singular)
-ras (genitive masculine singular)
-reʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-ras (genitive neuter singular)
-rumē (dative masculine singular)
-reʀē (dative feminine singular)
-rumē (dative neuter singular)
-ru (instrumental masculine singular)
-reʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-ru (instrumental neuter singular)
-rē (masculine nominative plural)
-rō (feminine nominative plural)
-ru (neuter nominative plural)
-rā (accusative masculine plural)
-rā (accusative feminine plural)
-ru (accusative neuter plural)
-reʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-reʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-reʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-rēm (dative masculine plural)
-rum (dative masculine plural)
-rēm (dative feminine plural)
-rum (dative feminine plural)
-rēm (dative neuter plural)
-rum (dative neuter plural)
-rēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-rum (instrumental masculine plural)
-rēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-rum (feminine instrumental plural)
-rēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-rum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -or, -er

Old Saxon: -ar

Old High German: -ar

Forms adjectives from verb, indicating a tendency or causation to do the verb.


hursti

hursti (nominative singular)
hurstī (nominative plural)
hursti (accusative singular)
hurstī (accusative plural)
hurstī (genitive singular)
hurstijō (genitive plural)
hurstī (dative singular)
hurstim (dative plural)
hurstijum (dative plural)
hurstī (instrumental singular)
hurstim (instrumental plural)
hurstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyrst
Middle English: hirste, hurst, hurste
English: hurst (mostly in placenames; obsolete hirst)
Scots: hirst, hist

Old Saxon: hurst

Middle Low German: horst

German Low German: Horst

Old Dutch: *hurst

Middle Dutch: horst

Dutch: horst

Old High German: hurst m or f

Middle High German: hurst, hürste f

German: Horst m; Hurst m or f (archaic)

From Proto-Germanic *hurstiz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥s-ti-s, from *kʷres-. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *kʷresnom (“tree, wood”).


treu

treu (nominative singular)
treu (nominative plural)
treu (accusative singular)
treu (accusative plural)
trewas (genitive singular)
trewō (genitive plural)
trewē (dative singular)
treum (dative plural)
treu (instrumental singular)
treum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trēow

Middle English: tre, treo

English: tree

Scots: tree

Old Frisian: trē

North Frisian: tre, trä

Old Saxon: trio, treo

Old Dutch: *trio, *treo

Middle Dutch: tree, tere

Dutch: teer (mostly in compounds, like appelteer and elzenteer)

Old High German: *tra

⇒ Old High German: affoltra, affultra

Middle High German: affalter, apfalter

German: Affolter

Bavarian: Affalter


kopr

kopr (nominative singular)
koppru (nominative plural)
kopr (accusative singular)
koppru (accusative plural)
koppras (genitive singular)
kopprō (genitive plural)
kopprē (dative singular)
kopprum (dative plural)
koppru (instrumental singular)
kopprum (instrumental plural)

Old English: copor
Middle English: coper
English: copper
→ Maori: kapa
→ Shona: kopa
Scots: coper, copper
→ Cornish: kober
→ Irish: copar
→ Manx: cobbyr
→ Scottish Gaelic: copar
→ Welsh: copor
→ Old Norse: koparr
Icelandic: kopar
Faroese: kopar
Norwegian Nynorsk: kopar
Old Danish: kopær
Danish: kobber
Norwegian Bokmål: kobber
Old Swedish: koppar, kopar
Swedish: koppar
→ Finnish: kupari

Old Frisian: koper, kuper

Saterland Frisian: Koper

West Frisian: koper

Old Saxon: kopar, coper

desc

Middle Low German: kōper, kopper, kapper

German Low German: Kopper

Old Dutch: *kopar

Middle Dutch: coper

desctree

Dutch: koper
Afrikaans: koper
Negerhollands: koper, kopu
→ Lokono: koporo
→ Papiamentu: koper
→ Sranan Tongo: kopro
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kopro
→ Caribbean Javanese: kopro
→ Kari'na: kopolo
→ Saramaccan: koopo

Limburgish: koper, kaoper

desc

Old High German: kupfar, *kuffar, koffar

Middle High German: kupfer, cuffer

German: Kupfer

Luxembourgish: Koffer

Mòcheno: kupfer

Vilamovian: köpfer, köpper

Yiddish: קופּער (kuper)

→ Kashubian: kòper

→ Lower Sorbian: kupor


galan

galan (infinitive)
galannjas (genitive infinitive)
galannjē (dative infinitive)
galannju (infinitive instrumental)
galu (first-person present singular)
gōl (first-person past singular)
galiʀi (present second-person singular)
gōlī (past second-person singular)
galidi (present singular third-person)
gōl (past singular third-person)
galum (first-person plural present)
gōlum (first-person past plural)
galid (plural present second-person)
gōlud (past plural second-person)
galand (plural present third-person)
gōlun (past plural third-person)
galē (first-person present singular)
gōlī (first-person past singular)
galēs (present second-person singular)
galē (present singular third-person)
gōlī (past singular third-person)
galēm (first-person plural present)
gōlīm (first-person past plural)
galēþ (plural present second-person)
gōlīd (past plural second-person)
galēn (plural present third-person)
gōlīn (past plural third-person)
gal (present singular)
galid (plural present)
galandī (participle present)
galan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: galan
Middle English: galen
English: gale
Scots: gale

Old Saxon: galan

Old Dutch: *galan

Middle Dutch: gālen

Old High German: galan, kalan

>? Middle High German: golen, goln

German: golen

⇒ Middle High German: begalen

desc

⇒? Old High German: galt (“(of cows) not milch, infertile”, past participle) (from the belief that sterile or un-milch cows are bewitched)

Middle High German: galt

Alemannic German: galt (“(of cows) not milch”)

Swabian: gall (“(of sheep) not pregnant”)

Bavarian:

Carinthian: galt (“(of cows) infertile or pregnant (therefore not milch)”)

Cimbrian: galt (“(of cows) not milch; (of cows and human women) infertile”)

⇒ Tyrolean: galt (“unfarmed land”)

>? German: gelt (“(of non-human animals) infertile”)

⇒ Middle High German: galte (“one-year-old calf”)

Alemannic German: Galti (“two-year-old cow that has not yet become pregnant”)


duni

duni (nominative singular)
dunī (nominative plural)
duni (accusative singular)
dunī (accusative plural)
dunī (genitive singular)
dunnjō (genitive plural)
dunī (dative singular)
dunim (dative plural)
dunnjum (dative plural)
dunī (instrumental singular)
dunim (instrumental plural)
dunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dyne, dyn

Middle English: dune, dyne, dene, dine, dyn

Scots: dyn, din

English: dun, din

Old Saxon: *duni

Middle Low German: done, döne, don

Old Dutch: *duni

Middle Dutch: dōne, dōon, duene

Dutch: deun

⇒ Afrikaans: deuntjie

Old High German: tuni, (Central German) *duni

q

merged with a borrowing from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">tonus</i>

Middle High German: tōn, dōn, dōne, dœne (merged with a borrowing from Latin tonus)

German: Ton


kokk

kokk (nominative singular)
kokkō (nominative plural)
kokkōs (nominative plural)
kokk (accusative singular)
kokkā (accusative plural)
kokkas (genitive singular)
kokkō (genitive plural)
kokkē (dative singular)
kokkum (dative plural)
kokku (instrumental singular)
kokkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cocc, coc
Middle English: cok, cocke, cock, kok, coke, cooke, cokke
English: cock
Scots: cock, cok
Yola: cuck

Old Dutch: *cocc

Middle Dutch: cocke

Dutch: kok

→ Late Latin: coccus

Old French: coc (see there for further descendants)


sangu

sangu (nominative singular)
sangwō (nominative plural)
sangwōs (nominative plural)
sangu (accusative singular)
sangwā (accusative plural)
sangwas (genitive singular)
sangwō (genitive plural)
sangwē (dative singular)
sangum (dative plural)
sangu (instrumental singular)
sangum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sang, song

Middle English: sang, song

Scots: sang, song

English: song

→ Dutch: song

→ German: Song

Yola: zong

Old Frisian: sang, song

Saterland Frisian: Soang

West Frisian: sang

Old Saxon: sang

Middle Low German: sank

Low German: Sang, Gesang

Plautdietsch: Jesank

Old Dutch: *sang

Middle Dutch: sanc

Dutch: zang

Afrikaans: sang

Limburgish: zaank

Old High German: sang; *gisang, kisanch

Middle High German: sanc; gesanc

German: Sang; Gesang

Yiddish: זאַנג (zang)

From Proto-Germanic *sangwaz, related to *singwan.


spil

spil (nominative singular)
spilō (nominative plural)
spilōs (nominative plural)
spil (accusative singular)
spilā (accusative plural)
spilas (genitive singular)
spilō (genitive plural)
spilē (dative singular)
spilum (dative plural)
spilu (instrumental singular)
spilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *spil

desc

Middle English: spil, spyl, spile, spille, spele

Old Saxon: spil

Middle Low German: spil, spel

→ Icelandic: spil

→ Norwegian: spill, spell, spel

→ Old Swedish: spil

Swedish: spel

→ Finnish: pila

→ Danish: spil

→ Finnish: peli

Old Dutch: *spil

Middle Dutch: spil, spel

Dutch: spel
Afrikaans: spel

Old High German: spil

Lombardic: spill

Middle High German: spiel

desctree

German: Spiel
→ Czech: špílec
→ English: spiel
→ Macedonian: шпил (špil)
→ Serbo-Croatian: špil, шпил

Luxembourgish: Spill

Yiddish: שפּיל (shpil)
→ English: spiel

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Unknown; sometimes compared to Latvian spîlêt (“to pinch, clamp”), though semantically unconvincing.


-g

-g (masculine nominative singular)
-gu (feminine nominative singular)
-g (neuter nominative singular)
-ganā (accusative masculine singular)
-gā (accusative feminine singular)
-g (accusative neuter singular)
-gas (genitive masculine singular)
-geʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-gas (genitive neuter singular)
-gumē (dative masculine singular)
-geʀē (dative feminine singular)
-gumē (dative neuter singular)
-gu (instrumental masculine singular)
-geʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-gu (instrumental neuter singular)
-gē (masculine nominative plural)
-gō (feminine nominative plural)
-gu (neuter nominative plural)
-gā (accusative masculine plural)
-gā (accusative feminine plural)
-gu (accusative neuter plural)
-geʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-geʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-geʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-gēm (dative masculine plural)
-gum (dative masculine plural)
-gēm (dative feminine plural)
-gum (dative feminine plural)
-gēm (dative neuter plural)
-gum (dative neuter plural)
-gēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-gum (instrumental masculine plural)
-gēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-gum (feminine instrumental plural)
-gēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-gum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -iġ, -iċ, -eġ
Middle English: -iȝ, -i, -y, -ich
English: -y, -ey, -ie
Scots: -ie

Old Frisian: -ich

Saterland Frisian: -ich

West Frisian: -ich

Old Saxon: -ag, -ig
Middle Low German: -ig, -ich
German Low German: -ig

Old Dutch: *-ag, -ig

Middle Dutch: -ich, -ech
Dutch: -ig

Old High German: -ag, -ig, -īg

Middle High German: -ig

German: -ig, -ich

Yiddish: ־יק (-ik), ־יג (-ig)

Luxembourgish: -eg

Forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of being, having, or doing.


sidu

sidu (nominative singular)
sidiwi (nominative plural)
sidō (nominative plural)
sidu (accusative singular)
sidū (accusative plural)
sidō (genitive singular)
sidiwō (genitive plural)
sidiwi (dative singular)
sidō (dative singular)
sidum (dative plural)
sidu (instrumental singular)
sidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sidu, seodu

Middle English: side

Old Frisian: side

North Frisian: side, sede

Saterland Frisian: Sidde

West Frisian: sede

Old Saxon: sidu

Middle Low German: side

Old Dutch: sido

Middle Dutch: sēde

Dutch: zede

Afrikaans: sede

Old High German: situ

Middle High German: site

German: Sitte

Luxembourgish: Sitt


swamm

swamm (nominative singular)
swammō (nominative plural)
swammōs (nominative plural)
swamm (accusative singular)
swammā (accusative plural)
swammas (genitive singular)
swammō (genitive plural)
swammē (dative singular)
swammum (dative plural)
swammu (instrumental singular)
swammum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swamm

Middle English: swam

(Scots: swaam)

(English: swamp)

Old Frisian: *swam, *swom

Saterland Frisian: Swom, Swam

West Frisian: swam

Old Saxon: swamm, swam

Middle Low German: swam

German Low German: Swamm

Old Dutch: *swamm

Middle Dutch: swamme, swam

Dutch: zwam

Afrikaans: swam

Old High German: swamb, swam, swamp

Middle High German: swam, swamme, swamp

Bavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl

German: Schwamm

Luxembourgish: Schwamp

desc

Yiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)


falis

falis (nominative singular)
falisō (nominative plural)
falisōs (nominative plural)
falis (accusative singular)
falisā (accusative plural)
falisas (genitive singular)
falisō (genitive plural)
falisē (dative singular)
falisum (dative plural)
falisu (instrumental singular)
falisum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: felis

Middle Low German: vels

Old Dutch: *felis

Middle Dutch: vels

Dutch: vels

Old High German: felis, fels, feliso

Middle High German: vels, velse

German: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)

Hunsrik: Fels

Luxembourgish: Fiels

→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa

Old French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise

Middle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise

French: falaise (see there for further descendants)

→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia

Italian: falesa, falesia


tuhti

tuhti (nominative singular)
tuhtī (nominative plural)
tuhti (accusative singular)
tuhtī (accusative plural)
tuhtī (genitive singular)
tuhtijō (genitive plural)
tuhtī (dative singular)
tuhtim (dative plural)
tuhtijum (dative plural)
tuhtī (instrumental singular)
tuhtim (instrumental plural)
tuhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tyht; tohte

Middle English: tuht, tiȝt, tyht

>? Scots: ticht (noun)

⇒ Middle English: tuhtle

>? Scots: tichle, tuckle

Old Frisian: tuchte, tucht, tochte, tocht

Saterland Frisian: Tucht

West Frisian: tocht

Old Saxon: tuht

Middle Low German: tucht

German Low German: Tucht, Tocht

→ Old Norse: tykt

Icelandic: tykt

Danish: tugt

Norwegian: tukt

Old Swedish: tukt, tokt

Swedish: tukt

Old Dutch: *tuht

Middle Dutch: tocht, tucht

Dutch: tocht, tucht

Afrikaans: tug

→ Danish: togt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tokt

Old High German: zuht

Middle High German: zuht

German: Zucht

From Proto-Germanic *tuhtiz, from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, lead”), equivalent to *teuhan + *-þi.

der

teaching, training, instruction, discipline


agil

agil (nominative singular)
agilō (nominative plural)
agilōs (nominative plural)
agil (accusative singular)
agilā (accusative plural)
agilas (genitive singular)
agilō (genitive plural)
agilē (dative singular)
agilum (dative plural)
agilu (instrumental singular)
agilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: eġl f

Middle English: eile

Old High German: ahil

German: Achel f (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *agilaz, from *h₂eḱ-il-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp, pointy”) + *-ilós, the suffix equivalent to *-il.


striki

striki (nominative singular)
strikī (nominative plural)
striki (accusative singular)
strikī (accusative plural)
strikī (genitive singular)
strikkjō (genitive plural)
strikī (dative singular)
strikim (dative plural)
strikkjum (dative plural)
strikī (instrumental singular)
strikim (instrumental plural)
strikkjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strica

Middle English: streke

English: streak

Scots: strik, straik

Old Frisian: strike

North Frisian: strijck

Saterland Frisian: Striek

West Frisian: streek

Old Saxon: *striki

Middle Low German: streke

Low German: streek

→ Danish: streg

→ Swedish: streck

→ Icelandic: stryk, strykr

Old Dutch: *striki

desctree

Middle Dutch: strēke
Dutch: streek
Afrikaans: streek

Old High German: strih

Middle High German: strich

German: Strich
→ Russian: штрих (štrix)

Luxembourgish: Stréch, Strach


getan

getan (infinitive)
getannjas (genitive infinitive)
getannjē (dative infinitive)
getannju (infinitive instrumental)
getu (first-person present singular)
gat (first-person past singular)
gitiʀi (present second-person singular)
gātī (past second-person singular)
gitidi (present singular third-person)
gat (past singular third-person)
getum (first-person plural present)
gātum (first-person past plural)
gitid (plural present second-person)
gātud (past plural second-person)
getand (plural present third-person)
gātun (past plural third-person)
getē (first-person present singular)
gātī (first-person past singular)
getēs (present second-person singular)
getē (present singular third-person)
gātī (past singular third-person)
getēm (first-person plural present)
gātīm (first-person past plural)
getēþ (plural present second-person)
gātīd (past plural second-person)
getēn (plural present third-person)
gātīn (past plural third-person)
git (present singular)
gitid (plural present)
getandī (participle present)
getan (participle past)

Old English: ġetan, ġietan

Middle English: ȝeten, yeten

English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete)

Scots: ȝet, yet, yat

q

via past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">yoten</i>

⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *jeta

⇒ Old Frisian: urjeta

Old High German: gezan, gezzan

Middle High German: gezzen


gail

gail (masculine nominative singular)
gailu (feminine nominative singular)
gail (neuter nominative singular)
gailanā (accusative masculine singular)
gailā (accusative feminine singular)
gail (accusative neuter singular)
gailas (genitive masculine singular)
gaileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gailas (genitive neuter singular)
gailumē (dative masculine singular)
gaileʀē (dative feminine singular)
gailumē (dative neuter singular)
gailu (instrumental masculine singular)
gaileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gailu (instrumental neuter singular)
gailē (masculine nominative plural)
gailō (feminine nominative plural)
gailu (neuter nominative plural)
gailā (accusative masculine plural)
gailā (accusative feminine plural)
gailu (accusative neuter plural)
gaileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gaileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gaileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gailēm (dative masculine plural)
gailum (dative masculine plural)
gailēm (dative feminine plural)
gailum (dative feminine plural)
gailēm (dative neuter plural)
gailum (dative neuter plural)
gailēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gailum (instrumental masculine plural)
gailēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gailum (feminine instrumental plural)
gailēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gailum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: gāl
Middle English: gal, gol
English: gole (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *gāl, *gēl

qualifier

Saterland Frisian: gail (perhaps borrowed from Low German or German)

West Frisian: geil (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: gēl

Middle Low German: geil

German Low German: geil

Old Dutch: *gēl, *geil

Middle Dutch: geel, gheil

Dutch: geil

Afrikaans: geil

Old High German: geil, keil

Middle High German: geil

German: geil

→ Danish: geil


laur

laur (nominative singular)
laurō (nominative plural)
laurōs (nominative plural)
laur (accusative singular)
laurā (accusative plural)
lauras (genitive singular)
laurō (genitive plural)
laurē (dative singular)
laurum (dative plural)
lauru (instrumental singular)
laurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: laur, lauwer, lawer

Borrowed from Latin laurus (“laurel tree”).


baut

baut (nominative singular)
bautu (nominative plural)
baut (accusative singular)
bautu (accusative plural)
bautas (genitive singular)
bautō (genitive plural)
bautē (dative singular)
bautum (dative plural)
bautu (instrumental singular)
bautum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bēat
Middle English: bete

Old High German: *bōz

Middle High German: bōz, boz n or m

German: Boss m

⇒ Old High German: anabōz

Middle High German: anebōz, anbōz

German: Amboß, Amboss

gebōz

Old High German: *gibōz; Middle High German


draum

draum (nominative singular)
draumō (nominative plural)
draumōs (nominative plural)
draum (accusative singular)
draumā (accusative plural)
draumas (genitive singular)
draumō (genitive plural)
draumē (dative singular)
draumum (dative plural)
draumu (instrumental singular)
draumum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: drēam, drīm, drēm, *drīem, drām
Middle English: drem, dreme, dreem, dreeme, dream, dræm (Early Middle English)
English: dream
Scots: dreme

Old Frisian: drām
North Frisian: drom
Saterland Frisian: Droom
West Frisian: dream

Old Saxon: drōm
Middle Low German: drōm
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dräum(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Lippisch: Draum
Sauerländisch: Dräom, Draum, Dreyem, Droum, Drōem
Westmünsterländisch: Droom
Plautdietsch: Droom

Old Dutch: *drōm

Middle Dutch: drôom
Dutch: droom
Limburgish: droum

Old High German: troum

Middle High German: troum

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Draam

German: Traum

→ Hunsrik: Draum

Luxembourgish: Dram

Yiddish: טרוים (troym)


daud

daud (masculine nominative singular)
daudu (feminine nominative singular)
daud (neuter nominative singular)
daudanā (accusative masculine singular)
daudā (accusative feminine singular)
daud (accusative neuter singular)
daudas (genitive masculine singular)
daudeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
daudas (genitive neuter singular)
daudumē (dative masculine singular)
daudeʀē (dative feminine singular)
daudumē (dative neuter singular)
daudu (instrumental masculine singular)
daudeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
daudu (instrumental neuter singular)
daudē (masculine nominative plural)
daudō (feminine nominative plural)
daudu (neuter nominative plural)
daudā (accusative masculine plural)
daudā (accusative feminine plural)
daudu (accusative neuter plural)
daudeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
daudeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
daudeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
daudēm (dative masculine plural)
daudum (dative masculine plural)
daudēm (dative feminine plural)
daudum (dative feminine plural)
daudēm (dative neuter plural)
daudum (dative neuter plural)
daudēm (instrumental masculine plural)
daudum (instrumental masculine plural)
daudēm (feminine instrumental plural)
daudum (feminine instrumental plural)
daudēm (instrumental neuter plural)
daudum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: dēad
Middle English: ded, deed
Scots: dede, deed, deid
English: dead
Yola: deed

Old Frisian: dād

North Frisian: ded

West Frisian: dead, dea

Saterland Frisian: dood

Old Saxon: dōd

Middle Low German: dōt

Low German: dood

Plautdietsch: doot

Old Dutch: dōt
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Berbice Creole Dutch: doto
Petjo: doot
Limburgish: doead

Old High German: tōt
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: daod, dod
Bavarian: doud
Cimbrian: tòat
Central Franconian: dut, dot
Hunsrik: dot
Luxembourgish: dout
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: duud
Upper Saxon German:
East Franconian:
German: tot
Rhine Franconian: dut, dot
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)


broþ

broþ (nominative singular)
broþu (nominative plural)
broþ (accusative singular)
broþu (accusative plural)
broþas (genitive singular)
broþō (genitive plural)
broþē (dative singular)
broþum (dative plural)
broþu (instrumental singular)
broþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: broþ
Middle English: broth
English: broth
→ Scottish Gaelic: brot
Scots: broth

Old Saxon: broth

Middle Low German: brot

Old High German: brod, prod

Middle High German: brod

Cimbrian: bröode

German: Brod

Luxembourgish: Britt

→ Late Latin: brodium (see there for further descendants)

→ Vulgar Latin: *brodum (“broth, stew”)

desc

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *brodiculāre (“to jumble together”)

Anglo-Norman: broiller

→ Middle English: broilen

English: broil

Scots: brulyie


stift

stift (nominative singular)
stiftō (nominative plural)
stiftōs (nominative plural)
stift (accusative singular)
stiftā (accusative plural)
stiftas (genitive singular)
stiftō (genitive plural)
stiftē (dative singular)
stiftum (dative plural)
stiftu (instrumental singular)
stiftum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stift

Middle Low German: stift, sticht

German Low German: Stift

→ Danish: stift

→ Swedish: stift

Old High German: stift, steft

Middle High German: stift, stëft

German: Stift

→ Esperanto: stifto

→ Polish: sztyft

Hunsrik: Stift

→ Middle Dutch: stifte

Dutch: stift

→ Papiamentu: steft

From Proto-Germanic *stiftaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“stiff”).


gamet

gamet (nominative singular)
gametu (nominative plural)
gamet (accusative singular)
gametu (accusative plural)
gametas (genitive singular)
gametō (genitive plural)
gametē (dative singular)
gametum (dative plural)
gametu (instrumental singular)
gametum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġemet
Middle English: ȝemet, imet

Old Saxon: gimet

Old Dutch: gimet

Middle Dutch: gemet

Dutch: gemet

Old High German: gimez

Middle High German: *gemez

>? German: Gemäß


gamet

gamet (masculine nominative singular)
gametu (feminine nominative singular)
gamet (neuter nominative singular)
gametanā (accusative masculine singular)
gametā (accusative feminine singular)
gamet (accusative neuter singular)
gametas (genitive masculine singular)
gameteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gametas (genitive neuter singular)
gametumē (dative masculine singular)
gameteʀē (dative feminine singular)
gametumē (dative neuter singular)
gametu (instrumental masculine singular)
gameteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gametu (instrumental neuter singular)
gametē (masculine nominative plural)
gametō (feminine nominative plural)
gametu (neuter nominative plural)
gametā (accusative masculine plural)
gametā (accusative feminine plural)
gametu (accusative neuter plural)
gameteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gameteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gameteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gametēm (dative masculine plural)
gametum (dative masculine plural)
gametēm (dative feminine plural)
gametum (dative feminine plural)
gametēm (dative neuter plural)
gametum (dative neuter plural)
gametēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gametum (instrumental masculine plural)
gametēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gametum (feminine instrumental plural)
gametēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gametum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġemet

>? Old Frisian: met

Old Saxon: *gimet

⇒ Old Saxon: ungimet

Old High German: gimez

⇒ Old High German: ubargimez

⇒ Old High German: ungimez

Middle High German: *ungemez

>? German: ungemäß


afl

afl (nominative singular)
aflu (nominative plural)
afl (accusative singular)
aflu (accusative plural)
aflas (genitive singular)
aflō (genitive plural)
aflē (dative singular)
aflum (dative plural)
aflu (instrumental singular)
aflum (instrumental plural)

Old English: afol, abal
Middle English: afel

Old Frisian: evel

Old Saxon: aval

Old High German: *abal, *afal (in derivatives)

Middle High German: afel


drepan

drepan (infinitive)
drepannjas (genitive infinitive)
drepannjē (dative infinitive)
drepannju (infinitive instrumental)
drepu (first-person present singular)
drap (first-person past singular)
dripiʀi (present second-person singular)
drāpī (past second-person singular)
dripidi (present singular third-person)
drap (past singular third-person)
drepum (first-person plural present)
drāpum (first-person past plural)
dripid (plural present second-person)
drāpud (past plural second-person)
drepand (plural present third-person)
drāpun (past plural third-person)
drepē (first-person present singular)
drāpī (first-person past singular)
drepēs (present second-person singular)
drepē (present singular third-person)
drāpī (past singular third-person)
drepēm (first-person plural present)
drāpīm (first-person past plural)
drepēþ (plural present second-person)
drāpīd (past plural second-person)
drepēn (plural present third-person)
drāpīn (past plural third-person)
drip (present singular)
dripid (plural present)
drepandī (participle present)
drepan (participle past)

Old English: drepan
Middle English: drepen, drepe, drep
>? English: drib, drub
>? Scots: drib, drub

Old Saxon: drepan

Middle Low German: drēpen

German Low German: drapen, dropen

Low German: drapen, drepen

Old Dutch: drepan
Middle Dutch: drēpen
Limburgish: draepe

Old High German: treffan

Middle High German: treffen

→ Czech: trefit

German: treffen
→ Danish: træffe
→ Esperanto: trafi
→ Luxembourgish: treffen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: treffe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: treffe
→ Polish: trefić
→ Silesian: trefić
→ Swedish: träffa

→ Middle Dutch: treffen

Dutch: treffen

Afrikaans: tref

→ Polish: trafić

→ Serbo-Croatian: trefiti

→ Slovak: trafiť

Yiddish: טרעפֿן (trefn)


kastell

kastell (nominative singular)
kastellō (nominative plural)
kastellōs (nominative plural)
kastell (accusative singular)
kastellā (accusative plural)
kastellas (genitive singular)
kastellō (genitive plural)
kastellē (dative singular)
kastellum (dative plural)
kastellu (instrumental singular)
kastellum (instrumental plural)

Old English: castel, castell, cæstel, ċeastel
Middle English: castel (reinforced by Old French)
English: castle
→ Tongan: kāsolo
Scots: castle
→ Scottish Gaelic: caisteal

Old Saxon: kastel

desc

Middle Low German: kastêl, castêl, casteyl, kastel, kastell, kastelle

German Low German: Kasteel, Kastell

→ Danish: kastel

→ Esperanto: kastelo

Ido: kastelo

→ Icelandic: kastali

→ Swedish: kastell

Old Dutch: *kastel

desctree

Middle Dutch: casteel (reinforced by Old French)
Dutch: kasteel
Afrikaans: kasteel
Negerhollands: kastell
→ Mahican: găstēnik
→ Malay: kastil
Indonesian: kastel, kastil
→ Papiamentu: kastel
→ West Frisian: kastiel
Limburgish: kestieël
West Flemish: kastêel, kastjil
→ Middle High German: kastēl
German: Kastell (partially)

Old High German: kastel

Middle High German: kastel, kastēl

Cimbrian: khastel

German: Kastell (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Czech: kostel

Czech: kostel

→ Polish: kościół (see there for further descendants)

→ Slovak: kostol