augā

augā (nominative singular)
augōn (nominative plural)
augā (accusative singular)
augōn (accusative plural)
augini (genitive singular)
augan (genitive singular)
auganō (genitive plural)
augini (dative singular)
augan (dative singular)
augum (dative plural)
augini (instrumental singular)
augan (instrumental singular)
augum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ēaġe, ēge — Anglian
Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eein, eyen, eeen, een, ein (plural)

Old Frisian: āge, āg
North Frisian:
Most dialects: uug
Goesharde: uug, uuch
Halligen: uuch
Heligoland: Oog
Sylt: Oog
Saterland Frisian: Oge
West Frisian: each

Old Saxon: ōga
Middle Low German: ôge
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Oog
Westphalian:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Äuge
Lippisch: Auge, Äoge
Ravensbergisch: äuge (scientific), Auge
Sauerländisch: Äoge, Auge, Eyege, Ouge, Oue
Westmünsterländisch: Ooge, Oog
Plautdietsch: Uag

Old Dutch: ōga
Middle Dutch: ôge
Dutch: oog
Limburgish: oug

Old High German: ouga
Middle High German: ouge
Alemannic German: Aug
Swabian: Aug
Bavarian: Aug
Cimbrian:
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Ooch, Auch, Au
Hunsrik: Au
Kölsch: Ouch
Luxembourgish: A
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Ooche
Vilamovian: aojg
East Franconian:
German: Auge
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Aag
Pennsylvania German: Aag
Yiddish: אויג (oyg)


sangijan

sangijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sangijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sangijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sangijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sangiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sangidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sangisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sangidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sangidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sangiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sangidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sangidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sangijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sangidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sangiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sangidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sangijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sangidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sangijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sangidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sangijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sangidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sangijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sangidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sangijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sangidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sangijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sangidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sangijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sangidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sangi (class-1 present singular weak)
sangiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sangijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sangid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: senġan, senċġan, sænċġan
Middle English: sengen, senge, singe
English: singe
Scots: sing

desc

Old Frisian: sanga, senga, sandza, sendza

Saterland Frisian: soange

West Frisian: singe, sinzgje, sinzje

Old Saxon: *sengian

Middle Low German: sengen

German Low German: sengen

Old Dutch: *sengen

Middle Dutch: sengen

Dutch: zengen

Afrikaans: seng

Old High German: sengēn

Middle High German: sengen

German: sengen

From Proto-Indo-European *senk- (“to burn”).


herþ

herþ (nominative singular)
herþō (nominative plural)
herþōs (nominative plural)
herþ (accusative singular)
herþā (accusative plural)
herþas (genitive singular)
herþō (genitive plural)
herþē (dative singular)
herþum (dative plural)
herþu (instrumental singular)
herþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: heorþ
Middle English: herth, harthe, heorð, heorþ, herthe, hertþ, herþ
English: hearth
Scots: harth, hairth

Old Frisian: herth, hirth

Saterland Frisian: Herde, Heet, Häid

West Frisian: hurd

Old Saxon: herth

Middle Low German: herd, hērt

Low German: Heerd

→ Swedish: härd

→ Danish: herd

→ Norwegian: herd (rare)

Old Dutch: *herth

Middle Dutch: hert, heert, haert

Dutch: haard, heerd, (dialectal) herd

Old High German: herd
Middle High German: hert
Cimbrian: hèart
German: Herd
Luxembourgish: Häerd

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *herþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kérh₃-to-s, from *kerh₃- (“to burn; fire, heat”).


snakō

snakō (nominative singular)
snakan (nominative plural)
snakan (accusative singular)
snakan (accusative plural)
snakini (genitive singular)
snakan (genitive singular)
snakanō (genitive plural)
snakini (dative singular)
snakan (dative singular)
snakum (dative plural)
snakini (instrumental singular)
snakan (instrumental singular)
snakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snaca
Middle English: snake, snak, snaca (Early Middle English)
English: snake (see there for further descendants)
Scots: snake

Old Frisian: *snake

desc

>? Saterland Frisian: Snoake (“tall, thin woman”)

West Frisian: snaak

Old Saxon: *snako

Middle Low German: snake, snāke

German Low German: Snake, Snaak

Low German: snaak

→ Polabian: snok (“blindworm”)

Old Dutch: *snako

Middle Dutch: snake

Dutch: snaak

West Flemish: snake

Old High German: *snako

Middle High German: snake

German: Schnake

From *snakan (“to creep, crawl”) + *-ō (agent suffix). Alternatively from an original Proto-Germanic *snēgô ~ *snakkaz paradigm, making *snākō a parallel formation.


kaiju

kaiju (nominative singular)
kaijō (nominative plural)
kaijā (accusative singular)
kaijā (accusative plural)
kaijā (genitive singular)
kaijō (genitive plural)
kaijē (dative singular)
kaijōm (dative plural)
kaijum (dative plural)
kaiju (instrumental singular)
kaijōm (instrumental plural)
kaijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cǣġ f
Middle English: keye, kaye, keiȝe
English: key
Scots: key, kay

⇒ Old English: cǣġe

Old Frisian: kēi, kāi m

North Frisian: kay

Saterland Frisian: Koai

West Frisian: kaai

Unknown; possibly related to Middle Dutch kegghe (“wedge”), and perhaps further to Old Norse *kagi (“shrub, young tree”), possibly cognate with Lithuanian žagarĩ pl (“scrub, brushwood”), Lithuanian žãgaras (“withered branch”), suggestively from Proto-Indo-European *ǵegʰ-.


pagil

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

pagil (nominative singular)
pagilō (nominative plural)
pagilōs (nominative plural)
pagil (accusative singular)
pagilā (accusative plural)
pagilas (genitive singular)
pagilō (genitive plural)
pagilē (dative singular)
pagilum (dative plural)
pagilu (instrumental singular)
pagilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: pæġel
Middle English: payle, paiell, paille, payl
English: pail
Yola: pyle

Old Saxon: pegil

Middle Low German: pēgel

Low German: pegel

→ Danish: pægl

→ German: Pegel

Old Dutch: *pegil

Middle Dutch: pēgel, peil

Dutch: pegel, peil

Afrikaans: peil

desc

→ Late Latin: pagella (“a measure; measuring rod”)

From a pre-Germanic *bak-, most likely an early borrowing from an unknown language. Similar words are found in some other Indo-European languages, but the diverging phonology found across languages suggests a non-Indo-European origin.


madarā

madarā (nominative singular)
madarōn (nominative plural)
madarōn (accusative singular)
madarōn (accusative plural)
madarōn (genitive singular)
madarōnō (genitive plural)
madarōn (dative singular)
madarōm (dative plural)
madarum (dative plural)
madarōn (instrumental singular)
madarōm (instrumental plural)
madarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mædere, mædre, mæddre

desctree

Middle English: mader, madere, madur, madyr, madyre, maddir, madir, mædere
English: madder
Scots: mather, mader, madder, malder, maider (obsolete)
→ Irish: madra, madar

Old Saxon: *madara

Middle Low German: madre; māder m

desc

Old High German: matara, matra, matreia, matere, metere

Middle High German: matere


gōdōn

gōdōn (infinitive)
gōdōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gōdōnijē (dative infinitive)
gōdōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gōdō (first-person present singular)
gōdōdā (first-person past singular)
gōdōs (present second-person singular)
gōdōdēs (past second-person singular)
gōdōdōs (past second-person singular)
gōdōþ (present singular third-person)
gōdōdē (past singular third-person)
gōdōdā (past singular third-person)
gōdōm (first-person plural present)
gōdōdum (first-person past plural)
gōdōþ (plural present second-person)
gōdōdud (past plural second-person)
gōdōnþ (plural present third-person)
gōdōdun (past plural third-person)
gōdōdī (first-person past singular)
gōdōdī (past second-person singular)
gōdō (present singular third-person)
gōdōdī (past singular third-person)
gōdōdīm (first-person past plural)
gōdōdīd (past plural second-person)
gōdōn (plural present third-person)
gōdōdīn (past plural third-person)
gōdō (present singular)
gōdōþ (plural present)
gōdōndī (participle present)
gōdōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: gōdian
Middle English: godiȝen, goden
English: good
Scots: gude, guid

Old Saxon: *gōdōn

Middle Low German: guden

Old Dutch: *guodon

Middle Dutch: goeden

Dutch: goeden (obsolete)

Old High German: *guotōn

Middle High German: guoten, gūten

German: guten (obsolete)


gralljan

gralljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gralljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gralljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gralljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
grallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
graldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gralisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
graldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
graldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
graliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
graldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
graldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gralljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
graldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
graliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
graldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gralljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
graldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gralljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
graldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gralljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
graldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gralljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
graldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gralljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
graldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gralljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
graldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gralljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
graldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
grali (class-1 present singular weak)
graliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gralljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
grald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: griellan
Middle English: grillen, gryllen, grullen
English: grill
Scots: grill, girl

Old Frisian: *grella, *grilla

⇒ Saterland Frisian: fergrälje

⇒ West Frisian: fergrild

Old Saxon: *grellian

Middle Low German: grellen

German Low German: vergrellt

Low German: vergrellen

→ Swedish: gräla

Old Dutch: *grellen

Middle Dutch: grillen

>? Dutch: grillen

Old High German: *grellen

Middle High German: grellen

German: grellen

Unknown; presumably related to *grulljan (“to growl, act angrily”).


sālī

sālī (masculine nominative singular)
sāliju (feminine nominative singular)
sālī (neuter nominative singular)
sālijanā (accusative masculine singular)
sālijā (accusative feminine singular)
sālī (accusative neuter singular)
sālijas (genitive masculine singular)
sālijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sālijas (genitive neuter singular)
sālijumē (dative masculine singular)
sālijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sālijumē (dative neuter singular)
sāliju (instrumental masculine singular)
sālijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sāliju (instrumental neuter singular)
sālijē (masculine nominative plural)
sālijō (feminine nominative plural)
sāliju (neuter nominative plural)
sālijā (accusative masculine plural)
sālijā (accusative feminine plural)
sāliju (accusative neuter plural)
sālijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sālijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sālijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sālijēm (dative masculine plural)
sālijum (dative masculine plural)
sālijēm (dative feminine plural)
sālijum (dative feminine plural)
sālijēm (dative neuter plural)
sālijum (dative neuter plural)
sālijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sālijum (instrumental masculine plural)
sālijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sālijum (feminine instrumental plural)
sālijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sālijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sēl

Middle English: sele

English: seel

From Proto-Germanic *sēliz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


sāli

sāli (nominative singular)
sālī (nominative plural)
sāli (accusative singular)
sālī (accusative plural)
sālī (genitive singular)
sālijō (genitive plural)
sālī (dative singular)
sālim (dative plural)
sālijum (dative plural)
sālī (instrumental singular)
sālim (instrumental plural)
sālijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sǣl

Middle English: sele, sel

English: seel

Scots: seil, sele, seill, seyle

Substantivised from Proto-Germanic *sēliz.


besmō

besmō (nominative singular)
besman (nominative plural)
besman (accusative singular)
besman (accusative plural)
bismini (genitive singular)
besman (genitive singular)
besmanō (genitive plural)
bismini (dative singular)
besman (dative singular)
besmum (dative plural)
bismini (instrumental singular)
besman (instrumental singular)
besmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: besma, besema
Middle English: besme, beseme, besome, bisme, besm, besom, besowme, besum, besume, besumme, bysme (Late Middle English)
English: besom
Scots: besom, bisom
Yola: besom

Old Frisian: besma

Saterland Frisian: Bäisem

West Frisian: biezem, biezzem

Old Saxon: besmo

desc

Middle Low German: bessem, besseme, besme, bessen, bēsem, bēseme

German Low German: Besem, Bessem, Bessen

q

Dutch Low Saxon: bessem (Achterhoeks, Drents, Stellingwerfs, Twents), bessen (Drents)

Plautdietsch: Bassem

Old Dutch: *besemo

Middle Dutch: besem, bessem, besme

desctree

Dutch: bezem
Afrikaans: besem
Berbice Creole Dutch: besn, besum

Old High German: besamo, besemo, besmo, pesamo
Middle High German: bëseme, bësme
German: Besen
Luxembourgish: Biesem
Yiddish: בעזעם (bezem)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Germanic *besmô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰés-mō ~ *bʰs-m̥nés, from *bʰes- (“to rub, grind”) + *-mō, whence Ancient Greek ψάω (psáō, “to rub”), Sanskrit प्साति (psāti, “to chew”), or perhaps from earlier *bitsmô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéys-mō ~ *bʰis-m̥nés, from *bʰeydʰ- (“to split”) + *-mō.


hurnutu

hornutu (canonical feminine)
hurnutu (nominative singular)
hurnutō (nominative plural)
hurnutā (accusative singular)
hurnutā (accusative plural)
hurnutā (genitive singular)
hurnutō (genitive plural)
hurnutē (dative singular)
hurnutōm (dative plural)
hurnutum (dative plural)
hurnutu (instrumental singular)
hurnutōm (instrumental plural)
hurnutum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hyrnetu
Middle English: hernet
English: hornet
Scots: hornet

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: hoarnbij

Old Saxon: *horneta, hurnut

desc

Middle Low German: hornte, hornente, horntse

German Low German: Hörntje

German Low German: Hoornk

Old Dutch: *horneta

Middle Dutch: hornete, hornte, hornet

Dutch: hoorntje, hoorn, hoornaar

Old High German: hornaz, hornuz, hurniz

Middle High German: hornuz, horniz, harniz, harliz

German: Hornisse, Hornissel

From *hur(ʀ)n- (“hornet”) + *-ut (animal suffix) + *-u, from Proto-Germanic *hurzô ~ *hurzniz (“hornet”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱérh₂s-ō ~ *ḱr̥h₂s-nés (“hornet”), from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”) + *-s- + *-ō. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *śirˀšō (“hornet”), Latin crābrō (“hornet”).


winkōn

winkōn (infinitive)
winkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
winkōnijē (dative infinitive)
winkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
winkō (first-person present singular)
winkōdā (first-person past singular)
winkōs (present second-person singular)
winkōdēs (past second-person singular)
winkōdōs (past second-person singular)
winkōþ (present singular third-person)
winkōdē (past singular third-person)
winkōdā (past singular third-person)
winkōm (first-person plural present)
winkōdum (first-person past plural)
winkōþ (plural present second-person)
winkōdud (past plural second-person)
winkōnþ (plural present third-person)
winkōdun (past plural third-person)
winkōdī (first-person past singular)
winkōdī (past second-person singular)
winkō (present singular third-person)
winkōdī (past singular third-person)
winkōdīm (first-person past plural)
winkōdīd (past plural second-person)
winkōn (plural present third-person)
winkōdīn (past plural third-person)
winkō (present singular)
winkōþ (plural present)
winkōndī (participle present)
winkōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wincian
Middle English: wynken, wink, winke, wynk, wynke, wynkyn, winkin (Early Middle English)
English: wink
Scots: wink

Old Frisian: *winkia

Saterland Frisian: winkje

West Frisian: winkje

Old Saxon: winkōn

Middle Low German: winken

German Low German: winken

→ Danish: vinke

→ Swedish: vinka

→ Norwegian: vinke

Old Dutch: *winkon

>? Middle Dutch: winken

Dutch: winken (dialectal)

Afrikaans: wink

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Possibly from unattested *wenk + *-ōn, from Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend (over)”). Perhaps cognate with Lithuanian véngiu (“avoid”).


rindā

rindā (nominative singular)
rindōn (nominative plural)
rindōn (accusative singular)
rindōn (accusative plural)
rindōn (genitive singular)
rindōnō (genitive plural)
rindōn (dative singular)
rindōm (dative plural)
rindum (dative plural)
rindōn (instrumental singular)
rindōm (instrumental plural)
rindum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rinde

Middle English: rinde

English: rind

Scots: rynd, ryne

Old Saxon: *rinda

Middle Low German: rinde

Old Dutch: *rinda

Middle Dutch: rinde, runde, runne, run

Dutch: rinde, rin, run

Old High German: rinta, *rinda

Middle High German: rinte, rinde

German: Rinde


bodag

bodag (nominative singular)
bodagu (nominative plural)
bodag (accusative singular)
bodagu (accusative plural)
bodagas (genitive singular)
bodagō (genitive plural)
bodagē (dative singular)
bodagum (dative plural)
bodagu (instrumental singular)
bodagum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bodeġ, bodiġ

Middle English: bodiȝ, body

desc

Scots: body, bodie, boady, buddy, bothie

English: body

→ Dutch: body (leotard; body; substance)

→ German: Body (leotard, bodysuit)

Old High German: botah

Middle High German: botech, botich, potich, potech

Swabian: Bottich

From Proto-Germanic *budagą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, observe”).


hūfi

hūfi (nominative singular)
hūfijō (nominative plural)
hūfijā (accusative singular)
hūfijā (accusative plural)
hūfijā (genitive singular)
hūfijō (genitive plural)
hūfijē (dative singular)
hūfijōm (dative plural)
hūfijum (dative plural)
hūfiju (instrumental singular)
hūfijōm (instrumental plural)
hūfijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hȳf, hȳfe
Middle English: hyve, heve, hive, huive, huyve, hyfe, hyffe, hufe (Early Middle English)
English: hive
Scots: hyve
Yola: heeve

Old Frisian: hūve

Old Saxon: *hūfa

Middle Low German: hūve, hüwe

Old Dutch: *hūfa

Middle Dutch: hūve

Dutch: huif

From Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“round container, bowl”). Cognate with Latin cūpa (“barrel, vat, tun”).


knappō

knappō (nominative singular)
knappan (nominative plural)
knappan (accusative singular)
knappan (accusative plural)
knappini (genitive singular)
knappan (genitive singular)
knappanō (genitive plural)
knappini (dative singular)
knappan (dative singular)
knappum (dative plural)
knappini (instrumental singular)
knappan (instrumental singular)
knappum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cnapa
Middle English: knape, cnape, knappe, cnapa, cnapæ
English: knape
Scots: knape, knaip

⇒ Old English: cnæpling

Old Frisian: knapa, knappa, kneppa

West Frisian: knaap

Old Saxon: *knapo

Middle Low German: knāpe, *knappe

Low German: knape, knawe

→ Old Norse: knapi

Icelandic: knapi, knappi

Old Swedish: knapi

Swedish: knape

Danish: knabe

Old Dutch: *knapo

Middle Dutch: knape

Dutch: knaap

Afrikaans: knaap

Old High German: knappo
Middle High German: knappe
German: Knappe
Mòcheno: knòpp

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a substrate language.


wraiþiþu

wraiþiþu (nominative singular)
wraiþiþō (nominative plural)
wraiþiþā (accusative singular)
wraiþiþā (accusative plural)
wraiþiþā (genitive singular)
wraiþiþō (genitive plural)
wraiþiþē (dative singular)
wraiþiþōm (dative plural)
wraiþiþum (dative plural)
wraiþiþu (instrumental singular)
wraiþiþōm (instrumental plural)
wraiþiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrǣþþu, wrǣþþo
Middle English: wraththe, wræththe, wreththe
English: wrath
Scots: wraith, wreath, wrath

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: wreedte (possible new formation)

From *wraiþ (“very angry; hostile”) + *-iþu.


halftrijā

halftrijā (nominative singular)
halftrijōn (nominative plural)
halftrijōn (accusative singular)
halftrijōn (accusative plural)
halftrijōn (genitive singular)
halftrijōnō (genitive plural)
halftrijōn (dative singular)
halftrijōm (dative plural)
halftrijum (dative plural)
halftrijōn (instrumental singular)
halftrijōm (instrumental plural)
halftrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hælftre

Middle English: halter, helter, heltre, heltere, helfter, heltyr, haltre, haltur, heltrer
English: halter
Scots: helter, heltir, hilter

Old Frisian: *haltre, *heltre

Saterland Frisian: Halter

West Frisian: helter

desc

Old Saxon: halftra, halfdra, halfedra, halaftra

Middle Low German: haltere, halter, halfter, halchtere, helchter, holfter, hulfter

Low German: halfter, helchter, halter

German Low German: Halter

Old Dutch: halftra, heliftra, halster

Middle Dutch: haeltre, halchtere, haellechter, helfter, halster

Dutch: halfter, halfster, halster, helster

Old High German: halftra

Middle High German: halfter

German: Halfter

Alemannic German: Hälftere

Luxembourgish: Halter

From *halb (“half”) + *-þr (agental suffix) + *-jā.


jikil

jikil (nominative singular)
jikilō (nominative plural)
jikilōs (nominative plural)
jikil (accusative singular)
jikilā (accusative plural)
jikilas (genitive singular)
jikilō (genitive plural)
jikilē (dative singular)
jikilum (dative plural)
jikilu (instrumental singular)
jikilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ġiċel
Middle English: ikil, ykel, ykle, ychele, ikyl
English: ickle, eckle

Old Frisian: itsil, itzil, etzil

Old Saxon: *jukil

gl

Middle Low German: jȫkel, jekel, jokel, jöckel, jockel, jȫkele, jokele, jöckele, jockele, jukel, guckel m or f (merged with descendant of Old Saxon gikilla f)

Low German: (Dithmarscher) Jäkel

North Frisian: jöckel, jögel

desc

→ West Frisian: jûkel, (Schiermonnikoog) jokel

→ Dutch: jeukel (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *jekulaz. Rebuilt from *jekō (“piece of ice”) + *-il.


bunkō

bunkō (nominative singular)
bunkan (nominative plural)
bunkan (accusative singular)
bunkan (accusative plural)
bunkini (genitive singular)
bunkan (genitive singular)
bunkanō (genitive plural)
bunkini (dative singular)
bunkan (dative singular)
bunkum (dative plural)
bunkini (instrumental singular)
bunkan (instrumental singular)
bunkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *bunca; *bunċen (< *bunkkīn)

Middle English: bunche, bonche

English: bunch (partially)

⇒ Middle English: bunchy, bonchy

⇒ Middle English: bunchines (“bump, hump, hunch”)

English: bunchiness

Old Frisian: bunka

Saterland Frisian: Bunke

West Frisian: bonke, bonk

Old Saxon: *bunko

Middle Low German: bunke, bunk

German Low German: Bunk

Old Dutch: *bunko

Middle Dutch: buncke, bonke, bonck, bonc

Dutch: bonk

>? Old High German: bungo

Middle High German: bunge

German: Bunge


ābanþ

ābanþ (nominative singular)
ābanþi (nominative plural)
ābanþu (accusative singular)
ābanþi (accusative plural)
ābundi (genitive singular)
ābundō (genitive plural)
ābundi (dative singular)
ābundum (dative plural)
ābundi (instrumental singular)
ābundum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ǣfen, ēfen, ēfern
Middle English: even, evene, even, efen
English: even
Yola: e'en

desc

Old Frisian: ēvend, āvend, āiond, iound, iond

North Frisian: In

Saterland Frisian: Äivend, Eeuwend, Eeuend (Skäddel)

West Frisian: jûn

desctree

Old Saxon: āvand
Middle Low German: âvent
German Low German: Avend
Paderbornisch: Owend

Old Dutch: avont

Middle Dutch: avont, avent
Dutch: avond
Afrikaans: aand
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafn
Jersey Dutch: âvond
Negerhollands: avond, navont
Limburgish: aovendj

Old High German: āband
Middle High German: ābent
Alemannic German: Obad, Obid
Swabian: Obad
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aabend
Central Franconian: Oovend
Hunsrik: Ovend
Kölsch: Ovend
Luxembourgish: Owend
East Central German: Ohmd, Oomd
German: Abend
Rhine Franconian: Owed, Owend
Pennsylvania German: Owed
Vilamovian: ȫwyt
Yiddish: אָוונט (ovnt)
→ North Frisian: Oabend


balu

balu (masculine nominative singular)
balu (feminine nominative singular)
balu (neuter nominative singular)
balwanā (accusative masculine singular)
balwā (accusative feminine singular)
balu (accusative neuter singular)
balwas (genitive masculine singular)
balweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
balwas (genitive neuter singular)
balumē (dative masculine singular)
balweʀē (dative feminine singular)
balumē (dative neuter singular)
balu (instrumental masculine singular)
balweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
balu (instrumental neuter singular)
balwē (masculine nominative plural)
balwō (feminine nominative plural)
balu (neuter nominative plural)
balwā (accusative masculine plural)
balwā (accusative feminine plural)
balu (accusative neuter plural)
balweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
balweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
balweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
balwēm (dative masculine plural)
balum (dative masculine plural)
balwēm (dative feminine plural)
balum (dative feminine plural)
balwēm (dative neuter plural)
balum (dative neuter plural)
balwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
balum (instrumental masculine plural)
balwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
balum (feminine instrumental plural)
balwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
balum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: bealu

Old Frisian: *bale

West Frisian: bal

Old Saxon: *balu
Middle Low German: bal

Old Dutch: *balo

Middle Dutch: bal


balu

balu (nominative singular)
balu (nominative plural)
balu (accusative singular)
balu (accusative plural)
balwas (genitive singular)
balwō (genitive plural)
balwē (dative singular)
balum (dative plural)
balu (instrumental singular)
balum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bealu, balu, bealo
Middle English: bale, balu
English: bale (dated)

Old Saxon: balu, balo

Old High German: balo
Middle High German: bale
⇒ Middle High German: balheit


baumijā

baumijā (nominative singular)
baumijōn (nominative plural)
baumijōn (accusative singular)
baumijōn (accusative plural)
baumijōn (genitive singular)
baumijōnō (genitive plural)
baumijōn (dative singular)
baumijōm (dative plural)
baumijum (dative plural)
baumijōn (instrumental singular)
baumijōm (instrumental plural)
baumijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bīeme, bȳme, bīme, bēme
Middle English: beme, beeme, beame, beome, beume, bume
→ English: beme


wīpōn

wīpōn (infinitive)
wīpōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wīpōnijē (dative infinitive)
wīpōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wīpō (first-person present singular)
wīpōdā (first-person past singular)
wīpōs (present second-person singular)
wīpōdēs (past second-person singular)
wīpōdōs (past second-person singular)
wīpōþ (present singular third-person)
wīpōdē (past singular third-person)
wīpōdā (past singular third-person)
wīpōm (first-person plural present)
wīpōdum (first-person past plural)
wīpōþ (plural present second-person)
wīpōdud (past plural second-person)
wīpōnþ (plural present third-person)
wīpōdun (past plural third-person)
wīpōdī (first-person past singular)
wīpōdī (past second-person singular)
wīpō (present singular third-person)
wīpōdī (past singular third-person)
wīpōdīm (first-person past plural)
wīpōdīd (past plural second-person)
wīpōn (plural present third-person)
wīpōdīn (past plural third-person)
wīpō (present singular)
wīpōþ (plural present)
wīpōndī (participle present)
wīpōd (participle past)

Old English: wīpian
Middle English: wipen
English: wipe
Scots: wip, wepe, wype, wipe

Old Dutch: *wīpon

Middle Dutch: wipen

Old High German: *wīfon

Middle High German: wīfen (“to swing”)


anafalt

anafalt (nominative singular)
anafaltu (nominative plural)
anafalt (accusative singular)
anafaltu (accusative plural)
anafaltas (genitive singular)
anafaltō (genitive plural)
anafaltē (dative singular)
anafaltum (dative plural)
anafaltu (instrumental singular)
anafaltum (instrumental plural)

Old English: anfealt, anfilte, onfilti

Middle English: anvelt, andefeld, anefeld, anevelte, anfeeld, anfelde, anvyll, anvyld, anvylt, unfelde
English: anvil

Old Saxon: anfelt, anafelti

Middle Low German: anvelt

Low German: Anefilt, Anfilts, Ambolt

Plautdietsch: Aumbolt

Old Dutch: *anafelt

Middle Dutch: anevilt, aenbilt

Dutch: aanbeeld, aambeeld

Afrikaans: aambeeld

Limburgish: aveltj

Old High German: anafalz

Middle High German: anafalz, anavalz

Uncertain; possible calque of Latin incūs (“anvil”), from *ana- (“on, onto”) + *falt (“beaten”). Alternatively related to *bolt (“bolt”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”), or perhaps to *aflaz (“hearth, fireplace; forge”).


wantu

wantu (nominative singular)
wantiwi (nominative plural)
wantō (nominative plural)
wantu (accusative singular)
wantū (accusative plural)
wantō (genitive singular)
wantiwō (genitive plural)
wantiwi (dative singular)
wantō (dative singular)
wantum (dative plural)
wantu (instrumental singular)
wantum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *want, *wont

Saterland Frisian: Wonte

West Frisian: want

Old Saxon: *wantu

Middle Low German: *wante, *want

Low German: Want

⇒ Middle Low German: wanteke f

Old Dutch: *want

Middle Dutch: want, wante

Dutch: want

desctree

→ Medieval Latin: wantus, gantus, guantus
Old French: gant, gaunt
Middle French: gant
French: gant
⇒ Old French: gantelet, gauntlet
French: gauntlet, gantlet
→ Middle English: gauntelet, gantelet, gauntlet
English: gauntlet
Yola: gauntletès (plural)
→ Spanish: guantelete
Iberian:
Old Leonese: guante
Asturian: guante
Leonese: guante
Portuguese: guante
Spanish: guante
Italian: guanto
Old Occitan: gant, gaunt
Catalan: guant
Occitan: gant
Ladin: guant
Piedmontese: guant
Sicilian: nguantu
→ Old High German: wantus, guantus, vantus, wanta

From Proto-Germanic *wantuz (“glove, mitten”).


daugu

daugu (nominative singular)
daugō (nominative plural)
daugā (accusative singular)
daugā (accusative plural)
daugā (genitive singular)
daugō (genitive plural)
daugē (dative singular)
daugōm (dative plural)
daugum (dative plural)
daugu (instrumental singular)
daugōm (instrumental plural)
daugum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dēag, dēah, dēg
Middle English: dehe, deyȝ, deie, dy
English: dye

From *daugan (“to conceal, hide”) + *-u, literally “that which hides”.


daugul

daugul (masculine nominative singular)
daugulu (feminine nominative singular)
daugul (neuter nominative singular)
daugulanā (accusative masculine singular)
daugulā (accusative feminine singular)
daugul (accusative neuter singular)
daugulas (genitive masculine singular)
dauguleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
daugulas (genitive neuter singular)
daugulumē (dative masculine singular)
dauguleʀē (dative feminine singular)
daugulumē (dative neuter singular)
daugulu (instrumental masculine singular)
dauguleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
daugulu (instrumental neuter singular)
daugulē (masculine nominative plural)
daugulō (feminine nominative plural)
daugulu (neuter nominative plural)
daugulā (accusative masculine plural)
daugulā (accusative feminine plural)
daugulu (accusative neuter plural)
dauguleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
dauguleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
dauguleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
daugulēm (dative masculine plural)
daugulum (dative masculine plural)
daugulēm (dative feminine plural)
daugulum (dative feminine plural)
daugulēm (dative neuter plural)
daugulum (dative neuter plural)
daugulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
daugulum (instrumental masculine plural)
daugulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
daugulum (feminine instrumental plural)
daugulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
daugulum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: dēagol, dīegol, dīgol, dēogol
Middle English: diȝel

Old Frisian: dāgol

Old Saxon: dōgal

Old High German: dougal, tougal


klaiw

klaiw (nominative singular)
klaiwiʀu (nominative plural)
klaiw (accusative singular)
klaiwiʀu (accusative plural)
klaiwiʀi (genitive singular)
klaiwiʀō (genitive plural)
klaiwiʀi (dative singular)
klaiwiʀum (dative plural)
klaiwiʀi (instrumental singular)
klaiwiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: klē

Middle Low German: klê

Old Dutch: *klēo

Middle Dutch: clee

Dutch: klee (dialectal)

Limburgish: klee, kliè

Old High German: chlēo, klēo
Middle High German: klē
Central Franconian: Klee, Klie
Cimbrian: khlea
German: Klee
Luxembourgish: Kléi
Rhine Franconian: Klee, Kleje, Klie, Kläi
Vilamovian: kłej

Unknown; possibly from an original z-stem *klaiw ~ *klaiwiʀi, perhaps of substrate origin.


kafl

kafl (nominative singular)
kaflō (nominative plural)
kaflōs (nominative plural)
kafl (accusative singular)
kaflā (accusative plural)
kaflas (genitive singular)
kaflō (genitive plural)
kaflē (dative singular)
kaflum (dative plural)
kaflu (instrumental singular)
kaflum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeafl
Middle English: chavel, chevel, chaule, chawel, chavyl, chawil, chawyl, chavalle, chaul, chewil, chefle, chafle (Early Middle English), jawe, jawle (influenced by the syn. joue)
English: jowl, chavel
Scots: chowl, chow, chew
Yola: choule

Old Saxon: kafl

Middle Low German: kavel

Old Dutch: *kaval

Middle Dutch: cavel

Dutch: (Flemish) kavel


klaibrā

klaibrā (nominative singular)
klaibrōn (nominative plural)
klaibrōn (accusative singular)
klaibrōn (accusative plural)
klaibrōn (genitive singular)
klaibrōnō (genitive plural)
klaibrōn (dative singular)
klaibrōm (dative plural)
klaibrum (dative plural)
klaibrōn (instrumental singular)
klaibrōm (instrumental plural)
klaibrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clāfre, clǣfre (< *klaibrijā)

desc

Middle English: clafre, claver, clovere, clevre

Scots: claver, clavir, clever

English: clover

Old Frisian: *klāvere, *klēvere

Saterland Frisian: Kleeuwer

West Frisian: klaver

Old Saxon: *klēvera, klefe

Middle Low German: klêver, kleiver, klaver, kleve

Low German: Klever, Klewer, Kleeber, Klief, Kliev

German Low German: Klaver

→ Danish: kløver, klør

→ Russian: кле́вер (kléver)

→ Swedish: klöver

→ Norwegian: kløver

Old Dutch: *klēvara

q

Middle Dutch: clevere, clavere (only in coastal areas, so possibly a loan from Old Frisian)

Dutch: klêver (dialectal), klaver

Unknown; suggested to be from earlier *klaiwʀā, in which the sequence *-wʀ- developed into *-bʀ-, syncopated from an original z-stem *klaiw ~ *klaiwiʀi, whence a-stem *klaiw, perhaps of substrate origin.


sprāku

sprāku (nominative singular)
sprākiwi (nominative plural)
sprākō (nominative plural)
sprāku (accusative singular)
sprākū (accusative plural)
sprākō (genitive singular)
sprākiwō (genitive plural)
sprākiwi (dative singular)
sprākō (dative singular)
sprākum (dative plural)
sprāku (instrumental singular)
sprākum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sprǣċ, spǣċ
Middle English: speche, speke, spech, spetch, spæc, spæch, speeche
English: speech
Scots: spech, spek

desc

Old Frisian: *sprāke, sprēke, sprēze, sprētze

North Frisian: sprek

Saterland Frisian: Sproake (possibly borrowed)

West Frisian: spraak (possibly borrowed)

desctree

Old Saxon: sprāka
Middle Low German: sprâke
German Low German: Sprake, Spraak
→ Danish: sprog
→ Icelandic: sprok
→⇒ Faroese: spráka
→ Norwegian: språk
→ Old Swedish: sprak
Swedish: språk

Old Dutch: *sprāka

Middle Dutch: sprake

Dutch: spraak
Afrikaans: spraak

Old High German: sprāhha, sprācha

Middle High German: sprāche

Alemannic German: Sproch

Swabian: Schbroach

Bavarian: Sproch

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Sproch

Kölsch: Sprooch

Luxembourgish: Sprooch

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: Schprohch

Vilamovian: śpröch

East Franconian:

German: Sprache

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Schprooch

Pfälzisch: Sproch

Yiddish: שפּראַך (shprakh)

From *sprākī (“talkative; speaking”) + *-u.


biril

biril (nominative singular)
birilō (nominative plural)
birilōs (nominative plural)
biril (accusative singular)
birilā (accusative plural)
birilas (genitive singular)
birilō (genitive plural)
birilē (dative singular)
birilum (dative plural)
birilu (instrumental singular)
birilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *birl, *byrl

⇒ Old English: birla, byrla

Old Saxon: biril, birul

Old High German: biril, birul

Middle High German: *birel, *berel

Luxembourgish: Bierel, Bärel

From *beran (“to carry, bear”) + *il. Parallel construction with Old Norse berill (“vessel, barrel”).


bermō

bermō (nominative singular)
berman (nominative plural)
berman (accusative singular)
berman (accusative plural)
birmini (genitive singular)
berman (genitive singular)
bermanō (genitive plural)
birmini (dative singular)
berman (dative singular)
bermum (dative plural)
birmini (instrumental singular)
berman (instrumental singular)
bermum (instrumental plural)

Old English: beorma, beorm, bearm
Middle English: berme, barme, berm, barm, beorme
English: barm
Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm
Yola: barrm

Old Frisian: berma

Saterland Frisian: Bierme

West Frisian: berme

Old Saxon: *bermo, *berma

Middle Low German: berm, barm

German Low German: Barm, Bärme, Bärm

→ German: Bärme

→ Danish: bærme

→ Estonian: pärm

→ Swedish: bärma

→ Norwegian: bærme, berme

Old Dutch: *bermo; *berma

Middle Dutch: berme, berm, barme, barm

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *bermô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰér-mō ~ *bʰr̥-mnés, from *bʰer- (“to boil”) (compare with Latin fermentum (“fermentation; yeast”)) or *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil; to brew”), or perhaps from *gʷʰér-mō ~ *gʷʰr̥-mnés, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


maþlōn

maþlōn (infinitive)
maþlōnijas (genitive infinitive)
maþlōnijē (dative infinitive)
maþlōniju (infinitive instrumental)
maþlō (first-person present singular)
maþlōdā (first-person past singular)
maþlōs (present second-person singular)
maþlōdēs (past second-person singular)
maþlōdōs (past second-person singular)
maþlōþ (present singular third-person)
maþlōdē (past singular third-person)
maþlōdā (past singular third-person)
maþlōm (first-person plural present)
maþlōdum (first-person past plural)
maþlōþ (plural present second-person)
maþlōdud (past plural second-person)
maþlōnþ (plural present third-person)
maþlōdun (past plural third-person)
maþlōdī (first-person past singular)
maþlōdī (past second-person singular)
maþlō (present singular third-person)
maþlōdī (past singular third-person)
maþlōdīm (first-person past plural)
maþlōdīd (past plural second-person)
maþlōn (plural present third-person)
maþlōdīn (past plural third-person)
maþlō (present singular)
maþlōþ (plural present)
maþlōndī (participle present)
maþlōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: maþelian
Middle English: mathelen
Middle English: mathel

Old Saxon: mahlōn, mahlian

Old Dutch: malthōn
Middle Dutch: malden

Old High German: mahalōn


antisk

antisk (masculine nominative singular)
antisku (feminine nominative singular)
antisk (neuter nominative singular)
antiskanā (accusative masculine singular)
antiskā (accusative feminine singular)
antisk (accusative neuter singular)
antiskas (genitive masculine singular)
antiskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
antiskas (genitive neuter singular)
antiskumē (dative masculine singular)
antiskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
antiskumē (dative neuter singular)
antisku (instrumental masculine singular)
antiskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
antisku (instrumental neuter singular)
antiskē (masculine nominative plural)
antiskō (feminine nominative plural)
antisku (neuter nominative plural)
antiskā (accusative masculine plural)
antiskā (accusative feminine plural)
antisku (accusative neuter plural)
antiskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
antiskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
antiskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
antiskēm (dative masculine plural)
antiskum (dative masculine plural)
antiskēm (dative feminine plural)
antiskum (dative feminine plural)
antiskēm (dative neuter plural)
antiskum (dative neuter plural)
antiskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
antiskum (instrumental masculine plural)
antiskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
antiskum (feminine instrumental plural)
antiskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
antiskum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: entisċ

English: entish

Old Saxon: entisk


snaggjō

snaggjō (nominative singular)
snaggjan (nominative plural)
snaggjan (accusative singular)
snaggjan (accusative plural)
snaggjini (genitive singular)
snaggjan (genitive singular)
snaggjanō (genitive plural)
snaggjini (dative singular)
snaggjan (dative singular)
snaggjum (dative plural)
snaggjini (instrumental singular)
snaggjan (instrumental singular)
snaggjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *snecga, *snegga
Middle English: snegge
English: sneg, snag (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *sneggio

Middle Low German: snigge, snicke

German Low German: Snigg

Low German: snigge

Plautdietsch: Schnigj

→ Dutch: snigge

Old Dutch: *sneggo

Middle Dutch: snecke (eastern; doubtful)

Old High German: snecco, sneggo
Middle High German: snëgge, snëcke
Alemannic German: Schnägg
German: Schnecke
→ Dutch: snek
→ Swedish: snäcka
Yiddish: שנעק (shnek)

Likely from *snagōn (“to crawl, creep”) + *-jō (agent noun suffix), whence also *snagil (“snail”). Alternatively reconstructed as *sniggō, from *sniggōn + *-ō (agent noun suffix), iterative to *snīkan (“to crawl, creep”), or perhaps from *snegan + *-gō (animal suffix), from Proto-Germanic *sneganą (“to crawl, creep”).


snagil

snagil (nominative singular)
snagilō (nominative plural)
snagilōs (nominative plural)
snagil (accusative singular)
snagilā (accusative plural)
snagilas (genitive singular)
snagilō (genitive plural)
snagilē (dative singular)
snagilum (dative plural)
snagilu (instrumental singular)
snagilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sneġel, snæġl, snæġel, sneġl, snǣl, snēl
Middle English: snail, sneil, snayl, sneyl
English: snail
Scots: snail

Old Saxon: snegil

Middle Low German: snēgel

German Low German: Snagel, Snâel

Old High German: snegil

Middle High German: snëgel

German: Schnegel

Likely inherited from Proto-Germanic *snigilaz, whence Old Norse snigill (“snail”), but readjusted through *snagōn (“to crawl, creep”) + *-il (agent suffix), whence also *snaggjō (“snail”).

cat

Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-il (agent noun)


warjamōdā

warjamōdā (nominative singular)
warjamōdōn (nominative plural)
warjamōdōn (accusative singular)
warjamōdōn (accusative plural)
warjamōdōn (genitive singular)
warjamōdōnō (genitive plural)
warjamōdōn (dative singular)
warjamōdōm (dative plural)
warjamōdum (dative plural)
warjamōdōn (instrumental singular)
warjamōdōm (instrumental plural)
warjamōdum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: wermōd, wyrmōd, weremōd, wærmōd, wearmōd m

desctree

Middle English: wermode, wermot, warmot, weremod, wormode, wormote, wormet, wrmod, wurmode, woormood, wermod, wormod, wyrmwode, wormwode, wormewode, wermwod, wormwod, wurmewod
English: wormwood (< wormwode)
Scots: wormit (< wormet)
→ Irish: mormónta

Old Saxon: wermōda f

Middle Low German: wermode, wermede

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Wermutbier

East Frisian Low Saxon: Würmt

Westphalian:

Dortmunder: Weämaọ̆t, Weärmaọ̆t

Lippisch: Wärmken

Sauerländisch: Wiärmai, Wiermai (Balve), Wiärmaut (Brilon), Wȫrmane (Niedersfeld), Wērmaut (Elspe), Wiärmoi (Kirchhundem), Wirmoi (Selbecke)

Westmünsterländisch: Weermoot

Old Dutch: *wermuoda

Middle Dutch: wermoed, wermoet, warmôde

Dutch: weermoed

desc

Old High German: werimuota, wermuota, wormuota

Middle High German: wërmuote, wërmuote f or n

German: Wermut m or f

→ French: vermout

→ English: vermouth

→ Dutch: vermout

Unknown; possibly from *warjan (“to defend against”) + *mōd (“mind, sense”) for its alleged mental curative properties, or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)wer- (“to ache, fester”) due to its bitterness, compare Proto-Celtic *swerwos (“bitter”).


krāan

krāan (infinitive)
krāannjas (genitive infinitive)
krāannjē (dative infinitive)
krāannju (infinitive instrumental)
krāu (first-person present singular)
krē (first-person past singular)
krāiʀi (present second-person singular)
krēī (past second-person singular)
krāidi (present singular third-person)
krē (past singular third-person)
krāum (first-person plural present)
krēum (first-person past plural)
krāid (plural present second-person)
krēud (past plural second-person)
krāand (plural present third-person)
krēun (past plural third-person)
krāē (first-person present singular)
krēī (first-person past singular)
krāēs (present second-person singular)
krāē (present singular third-person)
krēī (past singular third-person)
krāēm (first-person plural present)
krēīm (first-person past plural)
krāēþ (plural present second-person)
krēīd (past plural second-person)
krāēn (plural present third-person)
krēīn (past plural third-person)
krā (present singular)
krāid (plural present)
krāandī (participle present)
krāan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: crāwan
Middle English: crawen, crowen
Scots: craw
English: crow

Old Saxon: krāian

Middle Low German: kreien

Old Dutch: crāien
Middle Dutch: crâyen
Dutch: kraaien

Old High German: krāen

Middle High German: kraen

German: krähen

Luxembourgish: kréien


frijadōm

frijadōm (nominative singular)
frijadōmō (nominative plural)
frijadōmōs (nominative plural)
frijadōm (accusative singular)
frijadōmā (accusative plural)
frijadōmas (genitive singular)
frijadōmō (genitive plural)
frijadōmē (dative singular)
frijadōmum (dative plural)
frijadōmu (instrumental singular)
frijadōmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēodōm, frīodōm, frȳdōm
Middle English: fredom, fredome, freedom, freedome, freodom
English: freedom
Scots: freedom

Old Frisian: frīdōm
North Frisian: fridoem
Saterland Frisian: Fräidum
West Frisian: frijdoem

Old Saxon: *frīdōm

Middle Low German: vrîdôm

German Low German: Freeidoom

Low German: fridom

→ Norwegian: fridom

Old Dutch: *frīduom

Middle Dutch: vrijdom

Dutch: vrijdom

Afrikaans: vrydom

Old High German: frītuom
Middle High German: vrītuom
German: Freitum (dialectal)


drānu

drānu (nominative singular)
drāniwi (nominative plural)
drānō (nominative plural)
drānu (accusative singular)
drānū (accusative plural)
drānō (genitive singular)
drāniwō (genitive plural)
drāniwi (dative singular)
drānō (dative singular)
drānum (dative plural)
drānu (instrumental singular)
drānum (instrumental plural)

Old English: drān, drǣn
Middle English: drane, drone
English: drone
Scots: dron

Old Frisian: *drāne

Saterland Frisian: Droane (alternatively from Middle Low German)

Old Saxon: drān

Middle Low German: drâne, dorne, drône

Low German: Drahn

→ Danish: drone

→ German: Drohne

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: drone

Norwegian Nynorsk: drone

Old Dutch: *drān, *drano, *darno

Middle Dutch: darne, dorne, drone

Dutch: dar

Limburgish: dreen


kāsī

kāsī (nominative singular)
kāsijō (nominative plural)
kāsijōs (nominative plural)
kāsī (accusative singular)
kāsijā (accusative plural)
kāsijas (genitive singular)
kāsijō (genitive plural)
kāsijē (dative singular)
kāsijum (dative plural)
kāsiju (instrumental singular)
kāsijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċīese, ċǣse, ċēse, ċȳse, cȳsa
Middle English: chese, cheese, chesse, cheys, chiese, chise, cæse, ceose, cuse, cyse (Early Middle English)
English: cheese (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cheese

Old Frisian: tzīse, *tzēse

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: sees

Helgoland: sīs, sīz

Mooring: säis

Wiedingharde: sees

East Frisian:

Harlingerland Frisian: tzise, tzyse

Saterland Frisian: Síes

Wangerooge Frisian: siiz

Wursten Frisian: zise, schieese

West Frisian: tsiis, tsjiis

Hindeloopen: sees

Schiermonnikoog: tjiis

Old Saxon: kāsi

Middle Low German: kêse

Dutch Low Saxon: keze

German Low German: Kees, Käes, Käse

Plautdietsch: Kjees

Old Dutch: *cāsi

Middle Dutch: câse, kese (eastern)
Dutch: kaas
Afrikaans: kaas
→ Sotho: kase
→ Tswana: kase
Berbice Creole Dutch: kasi
Jersey Dutch: kääs
Negerhollands: kaas, kaes
→ Aukan: kasi
→ Papiamentu: keshi (from the diminutive)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: kas
→ Sranan Tongo: kasi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kási
→ Saramaccan: kási
Limburgish: kieës, kees

Old High German: chāsi, kāsi
Middle High German: kæse
Alemannic German: Chääs, Chees, Chèès
Alsatian: Käs
Swabian: Kääs
Walser: cheisch, chesch, chiesch, chääs, chìŝch
Bavarian: Kas, Kaas
Cimbrian: kese, khes, khéeze
Mòcheno: kas
Udinese: ckaas, kase, khase
East Franconian: Kaas, Kees
German: Käse
Hunsrik: Kees
Kölsch: Kies
Luxembourgish: Kéis
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Käs
Palatine German: Kees
Pennsylvania German: Kaes
Vilamovian: kȳz
Yiddish: קעז (kez)


wankul

wankul (masculine nominative singular)
wankulu (feminine nominative singular)
wankul (neuter nominative singular)
wankulanā (accusative masculine singular)
wankulā (accusative feminine singular)
wankul (accusative neuter singular)
wankulas (genitive masculine singular)
wankuleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wankulas (genitive neuter singular)
wankulumē (dative masculine singular)
wankuleʀē (dative feminine singular)
wankulumē (dative neuter singular)
wankulu (instrumental masculine singular)
wankuleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wankulu (instrumental neuter singular)
wankulē (masculine nominative plural)
wankulō (feminine nominative plural)
wankulu (neuter nominative plural)
wankulā (accusative masculine plural)
wankulā (accusative feminine plural)
wankulu (accusative neuter plural)
wankuleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wankuleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wankuleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wankulēm (dative masculine plural)
wankulum (dative masculine plural)
wankulēm (dative feminine plural)
wankulum (dative feminine plural)
wankulēm (dative neuter plural)
wankulum (dative neuter plural)
wankulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wankulum (instrumental masculine plural)
wankulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wankulum (feminine instrumental plural)
wankulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wankulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wancol

Middle English: wankel

English: wankle, wanky, wonky

Scots: wankle

Old Frisian: wankel

Saterland Frisian: wonkel

⇒ Saterland Frisian: wonkelch

West Frisian: wankel

Old Saxon: wankul

Middle Low German: wankel

German Low German: wankel

Old Dutch: wankil (attested in uuankilheide)

Middle Dutch: wankel

Dutch: wankel

Old High German: wankal, wancal

Middle High German: wankel

German: wankel


taisilu

taisilu (nominative singular)
taisilō (nominative plural)
taisilā (accusative singular)
taisilā (accusative plural)
taisilā (genitive singular)
taisilō (genitive plural)
taisilē (dative singular)
taisilōm (dative plural)
taisilum (dative plural)
taisilu (instrumental singular)
taisilōm (instrumental plural)
taisilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tǣsel, tǣsl

Middle English: tasel, tasell, tasil, tasille, tasul, tasylle, tazel, tesel, tesell, tesle, tesyll
English: teasel, teazle, teasle, teazel, tazel
Scots: taisle, taissle, tassle

→ Old French: teizel

Old Frisian: *tēsel

Saterland Frisian: Tíesel, Tiesel

desc

Old High German: zeisala, zeisila f, zeisalo m

Middle High German: zeisel

German: Zeisel


skaidilu

skaidilu (nominative singular)
skaidilō (nominative plural)
skaidilā (accusative singular)
skaidilā (accusative plural)
skaidilā (genitive singular)
skaidilō (genitive plural)
skaidilē (dative singular)
skaidilōm (dative plural)
skaidilum (dative plural)
skaidilu (instrumental singular)
skaidilōm (instrumental plural)
skaidilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: sceithlo, scēthlo

Middle Low German: schēdele, scheidele

German Low German: Scheidel, Schaairel, Schäädel

→ Middle High German: schedel (possibly)

Alemannic German: Tschidele

German: Schädel

Old Dutch: *skeithila, skēthila

Middle Dutch: scedel, scheidel, schedele

Dutch: schedel
Afrikaans: skedel

Old High German: skeitila, sceitila

Middle High German: scheitele

German: Scheitel

→ German Low German: Scheitel

desctree

Yiddish: שייטל (sheytl)
→ English: sheitel


smanþī

smanþī (masculine nominative singular)
smanþiju (feminine nominative singular)
smanþī (neuter nominative singular)
smanþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
smanþijā (accusative feminine singular)
smanþī (accusative neuter singular)
smanþijas (genitive masculine singular)
smanþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
smanþijas (genitive neuter singular)
smanþijumē (dative masculine singular)
smanþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
smanþijumē (dative neuter singular)
smanþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
smanþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
smanþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
smanþijē (masculine nominative plural)
smanþijō (feminine nominative plural)
smanþiju (neuter nominative plural)
smanþijā (accusative masculine plural)
smanþijā (accusative feminine plural)
smanþiju (accusative neuter plural)
smanþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
smanþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
smanþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
smanþijēm (dative masculine plural)
smanþijum (dative masculine plural)
smanþijēm (dative feminine plural)
smanþijum (dative feminine plural)
smanþijēm (dative neuter plural)
smanþijum (dative neuter plural)
smanþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
smanþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
smanþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
smanþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
smanþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
smanþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: smēþe, smōþe, smōþ

Middle English: smethe, smothe, smoothe

English: smeeth, smooth

Scots: smuith

Old Frisian: *smēthe, *smōth

Saterland Frisian: smoud

⇒ Saterland Frisian: smoudig

desc

⇒ West Frisian: smedich, smeudich, smidich

Old Saxon: *smōthi; (*smanthi, possibly)

Middle Low German: smôde, smôdich, smoot, smööt; (smant)

German Low German: smödig, smööi, smüdig (?); (Smant)

(→ German: Schmand)

(Yiddish: שמאַנט (shmant))

Old Dutch: *smuothi

⇒ Old Dutch: *smuothig

Middle Dutch: smeudig

Dutch: smeuïg, smeudig

Of uncertain origin. Apparently originally a u-stem from Proto-Germanic *smanþuz.


hwerban

hwerban (infinitive)
hwerbannjas (genitive infinitive)
hwerbannjē (dative infinitive)
hwerbannju (infinitive instrumental)
hwerbu (first-person present singular)
hwarb (first-person past singular)
hwirbiʀi (present second-person singular)
hurbī (past second-person singular)
hwirbidi (present singular third-person)
hwarb (past singular third-person)
hwerbum (first-person plural present)
hurbum (first-person past plural)
hwirbid (plural present second-person)
hurbud (past plural second-person)
hwerband (plural present third-person)
hurbun (past plural third-person)
hwerbē (first-person present singular)
hurbī (first-person past singular)
hwerbēs (present second-person singular)
hwerbē (present singular third-person)
hurbī (past singular third-person)
hwerbēm (first-person plural present)
hurbīm (first-person past plural)
hwerbēþ (plural present second-person)
hurbīd (past plural second-person)
hwerbēn (plural present third-person)
hurbīn (past plural third-person)
hwirb (present singular)
hwirbid (plural present)
hwerbandī (participle present)
horban (participle past)

Old English: hweorfan

Middle English: wherven, wharven

English: wharve, wherve

Old Frisian: hwerva

Old Saxon: hwervan, hwerban

Middle Low German: warven, warben

desctree

Old Dutch: *wervan
Middle Dutch: werven
Dutch: werven
Limburgish: wèrve

Old High German: hwerban, werban

Middle High German: werben, werven

German: werben
→ Polish: werbować
→ Belarusian: вербава́ць (vjerbavácʹ, “to recruit; to enlist”)
→ Russian: вербова́ть (verbovátʹ, “to recruit; to enlist”)
→ Ukrainian: вербува́ти (verbuváty, “to recruit; to enlist”)


klimban

klimban (infinitive)
klimbannjas (genitive infinitive)
klimbannjē (dative infinitive)
klimbannju (infinitive instrumental)
klimbu (first-person present singular)
klamb (first-person past singular)
klimbiʀi (present second-person singular)
klumbī (past second-person singular)
klimbidi (present singular third-person)
klamb (past singular third-person)
klimbum (first-person plural present)
klumbum (first-person past plural)
klimbid (plural present second-person)
klumbud (past plural second-person)
klimband (plural present third-person)
klumbun (past plural third-person)
klimbē (first-person present singular)
klumbī (first-person past singular)
klimbēs (present second-person singular)
klimbē (present singular third-person)
klumbī (past singular third-person)
klimbēm (first-person plural present)
klumbīm (first-person past plural)
klimbēþ (plural present second-person)
klumbīd (past plural second-person)
klimbēn (plural present third-person)
klumbīn (past plural third-person)
klimb (present singular)
klimbid (plural present)
klimbandī (participle present)
klumban (participle past)

Old English: climban

Middle English: climben

Scots: clim, clym

English: climb

Old Frisian: *klimba

West Frisian: klimme

Old Saxon: klimban

Middle Low German: klimmen

German Low German: klimmen

Old Dutch: *climban
Middle Dutch: climmen
Dutch: klimmen
Limburgish: klumme, klömme

Old High German: klimban, chlimban

Middle High German: klimmen

German: klimmen

Luxembourgish: klammen


bilinnan

bilinnan (infinitive)
bilinnannjas (genitive infinitive)
bilinnannjē (dative infinitive)
bilinnannju (infinitive instrumental)
bilinnu (first-person present singular)
bilann (first-person past singular)
bilinniʀi (present second-person singular)
bilunnī (past second-person singular)
bilinnidi (present singular third-person)
bilann (past singular third-person)
bilinnum (first-person plural present)
bilunnum (first-person past plural)
bilinnid (plural present second-person)
bilunnud (past plural second-person)
bilinnand (plural present third-person)
bilunnun (past plural third-person)
bilinnē (first-person present singular)
bilunnī (first-person past singular)
bilinnēs (present second-person singular)
bilinnē (present singular third-person)
bilunnī (past singular third-person)
bilinnēm (first-person plural present)
bilunnīm (first-person past plural)
bilinnēþ (plural present second-person)
bilunnīd (past plural second-person)
bilinnēn (plural present third-person)
bilunnīn (past plural third-person)
bilinn (present singular)
bilinnid (plural present)
bilinnandī (participle present)
bilunnan (participle past)

Old English: blinnan
Middle English: blinnen
Scots: blin
English: blin

Old Saxon: bilinnan

Old High German: bilinnan


bifelhan

bifelhan (infinitive)
bifelhannjas (genitive infinitive)
bifelhannjē (dative infinitive)
bifelhannju (infinitive instrumental)
bifelhu (first-person present singular)
bifalh (first-person past singular)
bifilhiʀi (present second-person singular)
bifulgī (past second-person singular)
bifilhidi (present singular third-person)
bifalh (past singular third-person)
bifelhum (first-person plural present)
bifulgum (first-person past plural)
bifilhid (plural present second-person)
bifulgud (past plural second-person)
bifelhand (plural present third-person)
bifulgun (past plural third-person)
bifelhē (first-person present singular)
bifulgī (first-person past singular)
bifelhēs (present second-person singular)
bifelhē (present singular third-person)
bifulgī (past singular third-person)
bifelhēm (first-person plural present)
bifulgīm (first-person past plural)
bifelhēþ (plural present second-person)
bifulgīd (past plural second-person)
bifelhēn (plural present third-person)
bifulgīn (past plural third-person)
bifilh (present singular)
bifilhid (plural present)
bifelhandī (participle present)
bifolgan (participle past)

Old English: befēolan
Middle English: befelen

Old Frisian: bifela

North Frisian: befeljen

Old Saxon: bifelhan
Middle Low German: bevēlen
German Low German: befehlen

Old Dutch: bivelan

Middle Dutch: bevēlen
Dutch: bevelen
Afrikaans: beveel
Limburgish: bevaele

Old High German: bifelahan, befelhan

Middle High German: befelhen, bevelhen

German: befehlen


bigetan

bigetan (infinitive)
bigetannjas (genitive infinitive)
bigetannjē (dative infinitive)
bigetannju (infinitive instrumental)
bigetu (first-person present singular)
bigat (first-person past singular)
bigitiʀi (present second-person singular)
bigātī (past second-person singular)
bigitidi (present singular third-person)
bigat (past singular third-person)
bigetum (first-person plural present)
bigātum (first-person past plural)
bigitid (plural present second-person)
bigātud (past plural second-person)
bigetand (plural present third-person)
bigātun (past plural third-person)
bigetē (first-person present singular)
bigātī (first-person past singular)
bigetēs (present second-person singular)
bigetē (present singular third-person)
bigātī (past singular third-person)
bigetēm (first-person plural present)
bigātīm (first-person past plural)
bigetēþ (plural present second-person)
bigātīd (past plural second-person)
bigetēn (plural present third-person)
bigātīn (past plural third-person)
bigit (present singular)
bigitid (plural present)
bigetandī (participle present)
bigetan (participle past)

Old English: beġietan

English: beget (influenced by Old Norse geta (“to get, to guess”))

Old Saxon: bigetan

Old Dutch: *bigetan

Middle Dutch: begēten

Old High German: bigezzan

From Proto-Germanic *bigetaną. Equivalent to *bi- + *getan.


bibrekan

bibrekan (infinitive)
bibrekannjas (genitive infinitive)
bibrekannjē (dative infinitive)
bibrekannju (infinitive instrumental)
bibreku (first-person present singular)
bibrak (first-person past singular)
bibrikiʀi (present second-person singular)
bibrākī (past second-person singular)
bibrikidi (present singular third-person)
bibrak (past singular third-person)
bibrekum (first-person plural present)
bibrākum (first-person past plural)
bibrikid (plural present second-person)
bibrākud (past plural second-person)
bibrekand (plural present third-person)
bibrākun (past plural third-person)
bibrekē (first-person present singular)
bibrākī (first-person past singular)
bibrekēs (present second-person singular)
bibrekē (present singular third-person)
bibrākī (past singular third-person)
bibrekēm (first-person plural present)
bibrākīm (first-person past plural)
bibrekēþ (plural present second-person)
bibrākīd (past plural second-person)
bibrekēn (plural present third-person)
bibrākīn (past plural third-person)
bibrik (present singular)
bibrikid (plural present)
bibrekandī (participle present)
bibrokan (participle past)

Old English: bebrecan
Middle English: bibreken, bebreken
English: bebreak

Old Saxon: bibrekan
Middle Low German: bebreken
Low German: bebreken

Old High German: bibrehhan

Middle High German: bebrechen

German: bebrechen


bineman

bineman (infinitive)
binemannjas (genitive infinitive)
binemannjē (dative infinitive)
binemannju (infinitive instrumental)
binemu (first-person present singular)
binam (first-person past singular)
binimiʀi (present second-person singular)
bināmī (past second-person singular)
binimidi (present singular third-person)
binam (past singular third-person)
binemum (first-person plural present)
bināmum (first-person past plural)
binimid (plural present second-person)
bināmud (past plural second-person)
binemand (plural present third-person)
bināmun (past plural third-person)
binemē (first-person present singular)
bināmī (first-person past singular)
binemēs (present second-person singular)
binemē (present singular third-person)
bināmī (past singular third-person)
binemēm (first-person plural present)
bināmīm (first-person past plural)
binemēþ (plural present second-person)
bināmīd (past plural second-person)
binemēn (plural present third-person)
bināmīn (past plural third-person)
binim (present singular)
binimid (plural present)
binemandī (participle present)
binuman (participle past)

Old English: beniman
Middle English: benimen
English: benim

Old Frisian: binima
Saterland Frisian: benieme
West Frisian: benimme

Old Saxon: biniman, bineman
Middle Low German: benēmen
Low German: benehmen
German Low German: benehmen

Old Dutch: *bineman

Middle Dutch: benēmen
Dutch: benemen
Afrikaans: beneem
Limburgish: benumme

Old High German: bineman

Middle High German: benëmen

German: benehmen

From Proto-Germanic *binemaną. Equivalent to *bi- + *neman.


bihelan

bihelan (infinitive)
bihelannjas (genitive infinitive)
bihelannjē (dative infinitive)
bihelannju (infinitive instrumental)
bihelu (first-person present singular)
bihal (first-person past singular)
bihiliʀi (present second-person singular)
bihālī (past second-person singular)
bihilidi (present singular third-person)
bihal (past singular third-person)
bihelum (first-person plural present)
bihālum (first-person past plural)
bihilid (plural present second-person)
bihālud (past plural second-person)
biheland (plural present third-person)
bihālun (past plural third-person)
bihelē (first-person present singular)
bihālī (first-person past singular)
bihelēs (present second-person singular)
bihelē (present singular third-person)
bihālī (past singular third-person)
bihelēm (first-person plural present)
bihālīm (first-person past plural)
bihelēþ (plural present second-person)
bihālīd (past plural second-person)
bihelēn (plural present third-person)
bihālīn (past plural third-person)
bihil (present singular)
bihilid (plural present)
bihelandī (participle present)
biholan (participle past)

Old English: bihelan, behelan

Old Frisian: bihela

Old Saxon: bihelan, behelan

Old Dutch: bihelan
Middle Dutch: behêlen
Dutch: behelen


bihaldan

bihaldan (infinitive)
bihaldannjas (genitive infinitive)
bihaldannjē (dative infinitive)
bihaldannju (infinitive instrumental)
bihaldu (first-person present singular)
biheald (first-person past singular)
bihaldiʀi (present second-person singular)
bihealdī (past second-person singular)
bihaldidi (present singular third-person)
biheald (past singular third-person)
bihaldum (first-person plural present)
bihealdum (first-person past plural)
bihaldid (plural present second-person)
bihealdud (past plural second-person)
bihaldand (plural present third-person)
bihealdun (past plural third-person)
bihaldē (first-person present singular)
bihealdī (first-person past singular)
bihaldēs (present second-person singular)
bihaldē (present singular third-person)
bihealdī (past singular third-person)
bihaldēm (first-person plural present)
bihealdīm (first-person past plural)
bihaldēþ (plural present second-person)
bihealdīd (past plural second-person)
bihaldēn (plural present third-person)
bihealdīn (past plural third-person)
bihald (present singular)
bihaldid (plural present)
bihaldandī (participle present)
bihaldan (participle past)

Old English: behealdan, behaldan
Middle English: beholden
English: behold, beholden

Old Frisian: bihalda

Saterland Frisian: behoolde

West Frisian: behâlde

Old Saxon: bihaldan
Middle Low German: beholden
Plautdietsch: behoolen
German Low German: beholen, behollen
Bentheimisch, Dortmunder, Sauerländisch, East Frisian Low Saxon, Westmünsterländisch: behollen
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: behaulen
→ Norwegian: beholde
→ Swedish: behålla
→ Danish: beholde

Old Dutch: *bihaldan

Middle Dutch: behouden
Dutch: behouden
Afrikaans: behou, behoue
Negerhollands: behou, hou
Limburgish: behaaje

Old High German: bihaltan

Middle High German: behalten

German: behalten

Luxembourgish: behalen


obaet

obaet (nominative singular)
obaetu (nominative plural)
obaet (accusative singular)
obaetu (accusative plural)
obaetas (genitive singular)
obaetō (genitive plural)
obaetē (dative singular)
obaetum (dative plural)
obaetu (instrumental singular)
obaetum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ofett, ofet, ofæt, obet
Middle English: ovet, ofet, ofvet (Early Middle English)
English: ovest (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *ovet

West Frisian: oefte

Old Saxon: *ovet

Middle Low German: ōvet, āvet, ōft

German Low German: Aaft, Ooft

Old Dutch: ovit

Middle Dutch: ōvet, ooft

Dutch: ooft

Old High German: obaz, obez

Middle High German: obez, obz

Alemannic German: Obs

Swabian: Obschd

Bavarian: Obs, Obscht, Obst

Mòcheno: ouvest

desc

Central Franconian: Obs, Obst, Ofs, Ubst, Uebst, Uebscht, Ust

Kölsch: Obs

German: Obst, Obs (dialectal)

→ German Low German: Obst

Hunsrik: Oobst

Luxembourgish: Uebst

Pennsylvania German: Obscht

Rhine Franconian: Uebst

Palatine German: Obs, Oubs, Obscht, Oubscht

Yiddish: אויפּס (oyps), אויבס (oybs)

→? Proto-Slavic: *ovoťe

From Proto-Germanic *ubetą or *ubatją, from *uba- + *etaną (“to eat”) or *atjaną (“to cause to eat; to pasture, graze”), respectively, compare *fraetan (“to devour, consume”). Presumably related to Proto-Slavic *ovoťe (“fruit”).


kwalm

kwalm (nominative singular)
kwalmō (nominative plural)
kwalmōs (nominative plural)
kwalm (accusative singular)
kwalmā (accusative plural)
kwalmas (genitive singular)
kwalmō (genitive plural)
kwalmē (dative singular)
kwalmum (dative plural)
kwalmu (instrumental singular)
kwalmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwealm

Middle English: cwalm, qualm, quelm

Scots: qualm

English: qualm

Old Frisian: *kwalm

Saterland Frisian: Kwalm (possibly from Middle Low German)

Old Saxon: *kwalm, qualm

Middle Low German: quallem

Low German: kwalm

Dutch Low Saxon: kwaalm

→ Dutch: kwalm

→ Swedish: kvalm

→ Danish: kvalm, kvalme

Old High German: *kwalm, qualm

Middle High German: qualm

German: Qualm

From earlier *kwalmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷolH-mos, from *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce, stab; pain, injury, death”).


kapēn

kapēn (infinitive)
kapēnijas (genitive infinitive)
kapēnijē (dative infinitive)
kapēniju (infinitive instrumental)
kapē (first-person present singular)
kap?dā (first-person past singular)
kapēs (present second-person singular)
kap?dēs (past second-person singular)
kapēþ (present singular third-person)
kap?dē (past singular third-person)
kap?dā (past singular third-person)
kapēm (first-person plural present)
kap?dum (first-person past plural)
kapēþ (plural present second-person)
kap?dud (past plural second-person)
kapēnþ (plural present third-person)
kap?dun (past plural third-person)
kap?dī (first-person past singular)
kap?dī (past second-person singular)
kapē (present singular third-person)
kap?dī (past singular third-person)
kap?dīm (first-person past plural)
kap?dīd (past plural second-person)
kapēn (plural present third-person)
kap?dīn (past plural third-person)
kapē (present singular)
kapēþ (plural present)
kapēndī (participle present)
kap?d (participle past)

Old English: capian

Middle English: capen

English: cape

Old Frisian: *kapia

>? Saterland Frisian: kaapje (“to go courting, look for a wife”)

Old Saxon: kapen

Middle Low German: kāpen

desctree

Old Dutch: *capon
Middle Dutch: cāpen
⇒? Middle Dutch: cape (“lookout tower, beacon, lighthouse”)
Dutch: kaap
→ West Frisian: kaap

desc

Old High German: chaphēn, chapfēn, kapfēn

gl

gaffen influenced by non-related Middle High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmh">gaffen</i> (“to gape, gawk, stare”)

Middle High German: kapfen, kaffen, gaffen (gaffen influenced by non-related Middle High German gaffen (“to gape, gawk, stare”))

German: kapfen (obsolete)


muniwu

muniwu (nominative singular)
muniwō (nominative plural)
muniwā (accusative singular)
muniwā (accusative plural)
muniwā (genitive singular)
muniwō (genitive plural)
muniwē (dative singular)
muniwōm (dative plural)
muniwum (dative plural)
muniwu (instrumental singular)
muniwōm (instrumental plural)
muniwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mynu, myne

desctree

Middle English: menowe, menawe, menew, meney, menow, menwu
English: minnow, minny, minnie
Scots: mennon, minnon

Old Saxon: muniwa

Middle Low German: mone, möne, mȫne

→ Dutch: meun

→ West Frisian: meun, mûne

→ Saterland Frisian: Mööne

→ German: Möhn

desc

Old High German: muniwa, munuwa, munwa, munewa

Middle High German: münwe, *munne, *münne, *müne

German: Münne (< *münne)

Luxembourgish: Minn (< *müne)

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“small”).


spōdi

spōdi (nominative singular)
spōdī (nominative plural)
spōdi (accusative singular)
spōdī (accusative plural)
spōdī (genitive singular)
spōdijō (genitive plural)
spōdī (dative singular)
spōdim (dative plural)
spōdijum (dative plural)
spōdī (instrumental singular)
spōdim (instrumental plural)
spōdijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spēd
Middle English: spede
English: speed
→ Ternate: spit
Scots: sped, spede, speid

Old Saxon: *spōdi, spōd

Middle Low German: spôt, spoet

German Low German: Spood

Low German: spood

Old Dutch: *spuod

Middle Dutch: spoet
Dutch: spoed

Old High German: spuot

Middle High German: spuot (dying out)

q

German: Sput (rare and only under Low German influence)

From *spōan (“to succeed, prosper”) + *-þi.


wandarōn

wandarōn (infinitive)
wandarōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wandarōnijē (dative infinitive)
wandarōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wandarō (first-person present singular)
wandarōdā (first-person past singular)
wandarōs (present second-person singular)
wandarōdēs (past second-person singular)
wandarōdōs (past second-person singular)
wandarōþ (present singular third-person)
wandarōdē (past singular third-person)
wandarōdā (past singular third-person)
wandarōm (first-person plural present)
wandarōdum (first-person past plural)
wandarōþ (plural present second-person)
wandarōdud (past plural second-person)
wandarōnþ (plural present third-person)
wandarōdun (past plural third-person)
wandarōdī (first-person past singular)
wandarōdī (past second-person singular)
wandarō (present singular third-person)
wandarōdī (past singular third-person)
wandarōdīm (first-person past plural)
wandarōdīd (past plural second-person)
wandarōn (plural present third-person)
wandarōdīn (past plural third-person)
wandarō (present singular)
wandarōþ (plural present)
wandarōndī (participle present)
wandarōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wandrian
Middle English: wandrien, wondrien, wandren
English: wander
Scots: wander

Old Frisian: wandria, wondria

Saterland Frisian: wonderje

Old Saxon: *wandarōn

Middle Low German: wanderen

German Low German: wandern, wannern

→ Danish: vandre

→ Swedish: vandra

→ Norwegian: vandre

Old Dutch: *wandarōn

Middle Dutch: wanderen

Old High German: *wantarōn, *wandarōn

Middle High German: wanderen, wandern

German: wandern (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: wanderen

→ Polish: wędrować

From *wandōn (“to turn, change”) + *-rōn (frequentative suffix).

af

(frequentative) to waver, change, fluctuate


lanu

lanu (nominative singular)
lanō (nominative plural)
lanā (accusative singular)
lanā (accusative plural)
lanā (genitive singular)
lanō (genitive plural)
lanē (dative singular)
lanōm (dative plural)
lanum (dative plural)
lanu (instrumental singular)
lanōm (instrumental plural)
lanum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: lanu, lane, lone — weak
Middle English: lane, lone
English: lane (dialectal loan)
⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin
→ Middle Scots: lane
→ Welsh: lôn
Scots: lone, loan
Yola: laane
→ Irish: lána

Old Frisian: lana, lona, lane, lone

Saterland Frisian: Lone

West Frisian: leane, loane

Old Saxon: lana

desc

Middle Low German: lāne, lahne, lahn, lone

German Low German: Lane, Laan

Old Dutch: *lana

Middle Dutch: lāne

Dutch: laan

Afrikaans: laan


hopōn

hopōn (infinitive)
hopōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hopōnijē (dative infinitive)
hopōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hopō (first-person present singular)
hopōdā (first-person past singular)
hopōs (present second-person singular)
hopōdēs (past second-person singular)
hopōdōs (past second-person singular)
hopōþ (present singular third-person)
hopōdē (past singular third-person)
hopōdā (past singular third-person)
hopōm (first-person plural present)
hopōdum (first-person past plural)
hopōþ (plural present second-person)
hopōdud (past plural second-person)
hopōnþ (plural present third-person)
hopōdun (past plural third-person)
hopōdī (first-person past singular)
hopōdī (past second-person singular)
hopō (present singular third-person)
hopōdī (past singular third-person)
hopōdīm (first-person past plural)
hopōdīd (past plural second-person)
hopōn (plural present third-person)
hopōdīn (past plural third-person)
hopō (present singular)
hopōþ (plural present)
hopōndī (participle present)
hopōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: hopian
Middle English: hopen
English: hope
Scots: hope, hoip, houp

Old Frisian: hopia

Saterland Frisian: hoopje

West Frisian: hoopje

Old Saxon: hopōn

Middle Low German: hōpen, höpen

German Low German:

Ostfriesisch (East Frisian): hopen

Paderbornisch: hoäpen

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch, Sauerländisch: huapen

Sauerländisch: hoapen (Niedersfeld)

Sauerländisch: hōepen (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: hoppen

→ Faroese: hopa

→ Norwegian Bokmål: håpe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: håpa, håpe

→⇒ Elfdalian: oppas

→⇒ Swedish: hoppas

→ Danish: håbe

Old Dutch: hopon
Middle Dutch: hōpen
Dutch: hopen
Limburgish: haope

q

Old High German: *hoffōn (uncertain, at most northern; perhaps introduced by Anglo-Saxon missionaries)

Middle High German: hoffen (chiefly northern)

Cimbrian: hòffan

German: hoffen

Luxembourgish: hoffen

Vilamovian: höffa

Yiddish: האָפֿן (hofn)

Unknown; sometimes compared to Ancient Greek κύπτω (kúptō, “to bend forward, stoop”).


rekanōn

rekanōn (infinitive)
rekanōnijas (genitive infinitive)
rekanōnijē (dative infinitive)
rekanōniju (infinitive instrumental)
rekanō (first-person present singular)
rekanōdā (first-person past singular)
rekanōs (present second-person singular)
rekanōdēs (past second-person singular)
rekanōdōs (past second-person singular)
rekanōþ (present singular third-person)
rekanōdē (past singular third-person)
rekanōdā (past singular third-person)
rekanōm (first-person plural present)
rekanōdum (first-person past plural)
rekanōþ (plural present second-person)
rekanōdud (past plural second-person)
rekanōnþ (plural present third-person)
rekanōdun (past plural third-person)
rekanōdī (first-person past singular)
rekanōdī (past second-person singular)
rekanō (present singular third-person)
rekanōdī (past singular third-person)
rekanōdīm (first-person past plural)
rekanōdīd (past plural second-person)
rekanōn (plural present third-person)
rekanōdīn (past plural third-person)
rekanō (present singular)
rekanōþ (plural present)
rekanōndī (participle present)
rekanōd (participle past)

Old English: recenian, ġerecenian

desc

Middle English: rekenen, reknen, reckenen

Scots: rekkin, rakkin

English: reckon

Old Frisian: rekenia, reknia

Saterland Frisian: reekenje

West Frisian: rekkenje

Old Saxon: *rekenōn

Middle Low German: rēkenen

Low German: reken

→ Old Norse: reikna

Icelandic: reikna

Faroese: rokna

Norwegian Nynorsk: reikna, rekna

Elfdalian: rekken

Old Swedish: rǣkna, rēkna

Swedish: räkna

Old Danish: rēknæ

Danish: regne

Norwegian Bokmål: regne

Gutnish: räkne

Scanian: regna

Old Dutch: *rekenon

Middle Dutch: rēkenen

Dutch: rekenen

Afrikaans: reken

Old High German: rehhanōn

Middle High German: rechenen

German: rechnen

Hunsrik: rechne

Luxembourgish: rechnen

Yiddish: רעכענען (rekhenen)

From *rekan (“right, proper, straight”) + *-ōn. Compare *raku (“an unwinding, an account, tale, reasoning, explanation”).


wōstijan

wōstijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wōstijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wōstijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wōstijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wōstiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wōstidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wōstisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wōstidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōstidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōstiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wōstidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōstidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōstijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wōstidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wōstiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wōstidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wōstijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wōstidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wōstijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wōstidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wōstijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wōstidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wōstijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wōstidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wōstijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wōstidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wōstijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wōstidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wōstijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wōstidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wōsti (class-1 present singular weak)
wōstiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wōstijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wōstid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: wēstan, wœ̄stan
Middle English: westen

Old Saxon: wōstian

Middle Low German: wôsten, wȫsten

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: vorwôsten, vorwȫsten, vörwȫsten, vorwûsten

Low German: verwöösten, verwüsten

→ Saterland Frisian: ferwöistje

→ West Frisian: ferwoastje

⇒ West Frisian: ferwoastgje

Old Dutch: *wuosten

Middle Dutch: woesten

⇒? Dutch: verwoesten

Old High German: wuostjan, wuastjan, wuosten, wuasten

Middle High German: wuosten

German: wüsten

→ Old French: waster, guaster, gastir, gaster

Middle French: gaster

French: gâter

→ Middle English: wasten

English: waste

Scots: wast, waist, weist, weast (partially)

From *wōstī (“uninhabited, desolate, waste”) + *-jan.


bebru

bebru (nominative singular)
bibriwi (nominative plural)
bebrō (nominative plural)
bebru (accusative singular)
bebrū (accusative plural)
bebrō (genitive singular)
bibriwō (genitive plural)
bibriwi (dative singular)
bebrō (dative singular)
bebrum (dative plural)
bebru (instrumental singular)
bebrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: befer, beofor, byfor, bebr, bebir, beber, befor, beofer, beuer
Middle English: bever, beauver, beever, befer, beofer, beuver, bevere, bevre, bevyr, bevyre, bewer, byvre
English: beaver
Scots: bever, baiver
→ Irish: béabhar

Old Frisian: *bever

North Frisian: biiber (or from German?)

West Frisian: bever

Old Saxon: biƀar, biƀor

Middle Low German: bēver

Low German: Bever

Plautdietsch: Bieba (or from German?)

→ Faroese: bævur

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: bever

Norwegian Nynorsk: bever

→ Old Swedish: bæver

Swedish: bäver

→ Old Danish: biauær

Danish: bæver

→ Icelandic: bifur

→ Elfdalian: bäver

→ Gutnish: bävar

Old Dutch: *bevar
Middle Dutch: bēver
Dutch: bever
Afrikaans: bewer
Limburgish: baever

Old High German: bibar, bibur

Middle High German: biber

German: Biber

→ Luxembourgish: Biber

Hunsrik: Biver

Yiddish: ביבער (biber)

→ Old French: bievre (see there for further descendants)


smalljan

smalljan (class-1 infinitive weak)
smalljannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
smalljannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
smalljannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
smallju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaldā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smalisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaldēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaldōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smaliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaldē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smaldā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smalljum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaldum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smaliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaldud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smalljanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaldun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smalljē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
smaldī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
smalljēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
smaldī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
smalljē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
smaldī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
smalljēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
smaldīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
smalljēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
smaldīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
smalljēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
smaldīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
smali (class-1 present singular weak)
smaliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
smalljandī (class-1 participle present weak)
smald (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *smiellan, *smillan, *smyllan, *smællan, *smellan
Middle English: smellen, smele, smeallen, smillen, smullen
English: smell
Scots: smell
Yola: smele, smoll

Old Frisian: *smella, *smela

Saterland Frisian: smeele

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to burn, smoulder, smoke; tar, pitch”). Cognate with Lithuanian smilkyti (“to incense, fumigate”), Lithuanian smilkti (“to smudge, smolder, fume, reek”), Lithuanian smalkinti (“to fume”), Lithuanian smiltys (“fine sand, dust”), Russian смола́ (smolá, “resin, pitch, tar”), Middle Irish smál, smól, smúal (“fire, gleed, embers, ashes”).

cog

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) to glow, burn, smoulder


flaiski

flaiski (nominative singular)
flaiskī (nominative plural)
flaiski (accusative singular)
flaiskī (accusative plural)
flaiskī (genitive singular)
flaiskijō (genitive plural)
flaiskī (dative singular)
flaiskim (dative plural)
flaiskijum (dative plural)
flaiskī (instrumental singular)
flaiskim (instrumental plural)
flaiskijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flǣsċ
Middle English: flesh
English: flesh
Scots: flesch
Yola: vleash, vlesh

Old Frisian: flāsk, flēsk
North Frisian:
Mooring: flååsch
Saterland Frisian: Flaask
West Frisian: fleis

Old Saxon: flēsk
Middle Low German: vlêsk, vlêsch, vlês
German Low German:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Low Prussian: Sauerländisch (Olpe, Wenden): Fleisch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Fleesch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Fleesk
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Sauerländisch (Sündern, Balve, Eslohe, Attendorn, Drolshagen, Kirchhundem): Fläis
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Westmünsterländisch: Flees
East Westphalian (Ravensberg), Sauerländisch: Fläisk
East Westphalian: Floisk (Lippe)
Sauerländisch: Flääsk (Niedersfeld), Flais (Felbecke, Elspe)
Plautdietsch: Fleesch

Old Dutch: flēsc
Middle Dutch: vlêesch
Dutch: vlees
Afrikaans: vleis
Negerhollands: vleesch, fleis, vleis
→ West Frisian: fleis
Limburgish: vleisj

Old High German: fleisk
Middle High German: fleisch, fleis, vleisch
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Floisch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vlòas, blòas, vlaisch
Central Franconian: Fleesch, Fleisch, Flääsch
Hunsrik: Fleisch
Luxembourgish: Fleesch
German: Fleisch
Rhine Franconian: Flaasch, Flaisch, Fleesch
Pennsylvania German: Fleesch
Vilamovian: fłaś
Yiddish: פֿלייש (fleysh)


stillī

stillī (masculine nominative singular)
stilliju (feminine nominative singular)
stillī (neuter nominative singular)
stillijanā (accusative masculine singular)
stillijā (accusative feminine singular)
stillī (accusative neuter singular)
stillijas (genitive masculine singular)
stillijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
stillijas (genitive neuter singular)
stillijumē (dative masculine singular)
stillijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
stillijumē (dative neuter singular)
stilliju (instrumental masculine singular)
stillijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
stilliju (instrumental neuter singular)
stillijē (masculine nominative plural)
stillijō (feminine nominative plural)
stilliju (neuter nominative plural)
stillijā (accusative masculine plural)
stillijā (accusative feminine plural)
stilliju (accusative neuter plural)
stillijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
stillijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
stillijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
stillijēm (dative masculine plural)
stillijum (dative masculine plural)
stillijēm (dative feminine plural)
stillijum (dative feminine plural)
stillijēm (dative neuter plural)
stillijum (dative neuter plural)
stillijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
stillijum (instrumental masculine plural)
stillijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
stillijum (feminine instrumental plural)
stillijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
stillijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: stille
Middle English: stille
English: still
Scots: stil, still

Old Frisian: stille, still

Saterland Frisian: stil

West Frisian: stil

Old Saxon: stilli

Middle Low German: stille

Low German: still

→ Norwegian: stille

→ Swedish: stilla

→ Danish: stille

Old Dutch: stilli
Middle Dutch: stille
Dutch: stil
Afrikaans: stil

Old High German: stilli
Middle High German: stille
German: still
Luxembourgish: stëll
Vilamovian: śtył
Yiddish: שטיל (shtil)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)telH- (“to be silent; to be still”).


ailid

ailid (nominative singular)
ailidō (nominative plural)
ailidōs (nominative plural)
ailid (accusative singular)
ailidā (accusative plural)
ailidas (genitive singular)
ailidō (genitive plural)
ailidē (dative singular)
ailidum (dative plural)
ailidu (instrumental singular)
ailidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣled

Middle English: ēld

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: oaled

Cornish: oles

Welsh: aelwyd

Old Saxon: ēld


hōn

hōn (nominative singular)
hōnu (nominative plural)
hōn (accusative singular)
hōnu (accusative plural)
hōnas (genitive singular)
hōnō (genitive plural)
hōnē (dative singular)
hōnum (dative plural)
hōnu (instrumental singular)
hōnum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōn

Middle Low German: hōn

Low German: Hohn

Old Dutch: *hōn, *huon

Middle Dutch: hoen

desctree

Dutch: hoen
Afrikaans: hoender
Negerhollands: hoener, hundu, hunder, hun
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hundu (dated)

Old High German: huon

Middle High German: huon

Alemannic German: Hue

desc

Central Franconian: Hohn, Huhn (southern Moselle Franconian), Honn (Aachen)

Cimbrian: huun

German: Huhn

Luxembourgish: Hong

Yiddish: הון (hun)


spinþrijō

spinþrijō (nominative singular)
spinþrijan (nominative plural)
spinþrijan (accusative singular)
spinþrijan (accusative plural)
spinþrijini (genitive singular)
spinþrijan (genitive singular)
spinþrijanō (genitive plural)
spinþrijini (dative singular)
spinþrijan (dative singular)
spinþrijum (dative plural)
spinþrijini (instrumental singular)
spinþrijan (instrumental singular)
spinþrijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spīþra
Middle English: spiþre, spydyr, spider, spiþer
English: spider

From *spinnan (“to spin”) + *-þr + *-jō.


hwal

hwal (nominative singular)
hwalō (nominative plural)
hwalōs (nominative plural)
hwal (accusative singular)
hwalā (accusative plural)
hwalas (genitive singular)
hwalō (genitive plural)
hwalē (dative singular)
hwalum (dative plural)
hwalu (instrumental singular)
hwalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwæl
Middle English: whale, hwæl, qual, whal, swale, quall, quale, whaale, whalle, qwayll, wale, qwall, qwalle
English: whale
Scots: whaul

Old Saxon: hwal
Middle Low German: wal
Low German: Waal

Old Dutch: *wal

Middle Dutch: wal

Dutch: wal

Old High German: wal
Middle High German: wal
German: Wal
→ Estonian: vaal
→ Luxembourgish: Wal


hwelp

hwelp (nominative singular)
hwelpō (nominative plural)
hwelpōs (nominative plural)
hwelp (accusative singular)
hwelpā (accusative plural)
hwelpas (genitive singular)
hwelpō (genitive plural)
hwelpē (dative singular)
hwelpum (dative plural)
hwelpu (instrumental singular)
hwelpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwelp

Middle English: whelp

Scots: whalp, whaulp

English: whelp

Old Frisian: *hwelp

West Frisian: welp

Old Saxon: hwelp

Middle Low German: welp, welpe

German Low German: Welpe

→ German: Welpe, Welp

Old Dutch: welp

Middle Dutch: welp

Dutch: welp

desc

Old High German: hwelf, welpf, welph, welf

Middle High German: wëlp, wëlf

German: Welf


falþan

falþan (infinitive)
falþannjas (genitive infinitive)
falþannjē (dative infinitive)
falþannju (infinitive instrumental)
falþu (first-person present singular)
fealþ (first-person past singular)
falþiʀi (present second-person singular)
fealdī (past second-person singular)
falþidi (present singular third-person)
fealþ (past singular third-person)
falþum (first-person plural present)
fealdum (first-person past plural)
falþid (plural present second-person)
fealdud (past plural second-person)
falþand (plural present third-person)
fealdun (past plural third-person)
falþē (first-person present singular)
fealdī (first-person past singular)
falþēs (present second-person singular)
falþē (present singular third-person)
fealdī (past singular third-person)
falþēm (first-person plural present)
fealdīm (first-person past plural)
falþēþ (plural present second-person)
fealdīd (past plural second-person)
falþēn (plural present third-person)
fealdīn (past plural third-person)
falþ (present singular)
falþid (plural present)
falþandī (participle present)
faldan (participle past)

Old English: faldan, fealdan

gl

merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*faldōn</i>

Middle English: falden, folden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

Scots: fald, fauld

English: fold

Old Frisian: *falda

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: foolden (past participle/adjective)

West Frisian: fâlde (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

Old Saxon: faldan

Middle Low German: valden, volden, vōlden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

German Low German: folden, folgen, follen, folen

Plautdietsch: foljen

Old Dutch: *faldan

Middle Dutch: vouden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

Dutch: vouwen

Afrikaans: vou

desctree

Old High German: faldan
Middle High German: valden, valten (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
German: falten
Luxembourgish: falen


hār

hār (nominative singular)
hāru (nominative plural)
hār (accusative singular)
hāru (accusative plural)
hāras (genitive singular)
hārō (genitive plural)
hārē (dative singular)
hārum (dative plural)
hāru (instrumental singular)
hārum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣr, hēr
Middle English: her
English: hair
Scots: hair, hayr, hare
Yola: haar

Old Frisian: hēr
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hiar
Goesharde: heer, häär
Halligen: heer
Heligoland: Hear
Mooring: häär
Sylt: Hiir
Wiedingharde: heer
Saterland Frisian: Híer
West Frisian: hier

Old Saxon: hār

Middle Low German: hâr

German Low German: Hoor, Haar

Plautdietsch: Hoa

Old Dutch: hār
Middle Dutch: hâer
Dutch: haar

Old High German: hār
Middle High German: hār
Alemannic German: Härre
Swabian: Hoar
Walser: haar, hoar, hoor, hàre
Bavarian: hoor
Cimbrian: har, haar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hor
Central Franconian: Hoor
German: Haar
Luxembourgish: Hoer
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haar
Yiddish: האָר (hor)


furtu

furtu (nominative singular)
furtiwi (nominative plural)
fortō (nominative plural)
furtu (accusative singular)
furtū (accusative plural)
fortō (genitive singular)
furtiwō (genitive plural)
furtiwi (dative singular)
fortō (dative singular)
furtum (dative plural)
furtu (instrumental singular)
furtum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *furt

Middle Low German:

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Fort

Sauerländisch: Fuart

Old Dutch: *furt

Middle Dutch: vort

Dutch: vort

Old High German: furz

Middle High German: furz, vurz, vorz

Central Franconian:

Ripuarian: Fotz

German: Furz

Yiddish: פֿאָרץ (forts)

From Proto-Germanic *furtuz, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥d-ú-s, from *perd- (“to fart loudly”) + *-us.


Hrōþiland

Hrōþiland (nominative singular)
Hrōþiland (accusative singular)
Hrōþilandas (genitive singular)
Hrōþilandē (dative singular)
Hrōþilandu (instrumental singular)

Old Dutch: *Ruodlant

Middle Dutch: Roelant

Dutch: Roeland, Roel

Old High German: Hruotland, *Hrōdlant

Middle High German: Ruoland, Ruolant

German: Roland

desc

→ Medieval Latin: Hruodlandus, Hroudlandus [abt. 825. Vita Karoli Magni]

Old French: Rodlant, Roland

French: Roland

Italian: Orlando

From *hrōþi (“praise, fame”) + *land (“land”).

af

a male given name, equivalent to English Roland or Orlando


daili

daili (nominative singular)
dailī (nominative plural)
daili (accusative singular)
dailī (accusative plural)
dailī (genitive singular)
dailijō (genitive plural)
dailī (dative singular)
dailim (dative plural)
dailijum (dative plural)
dailī (instrumental singular)
dailim (instrumental plural)
dailijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dǣl

Middle English: dele

Scots: dele

English: deal

→ German: Deal

Old Frisian: dēl

North Frisian: deel

Saterland Frisian: Deel

West Frisian: diel

Old Saxon: dēl

Middle Low German: dēl, deil

German Low German: Deel

→ Norwegian: del

→ Old Swedish: del

Swedish: del

→ Danish: del

Old Dutch: deil

Old High German: teil

Middle High German: teil

Central Franconian: Dääl

German: Teil

Luxembourgish: Deel

Yiddish: טייל (teyl)


krūd

krūd (nominative singular)
krūdu (nominative plural)
krūd (accusative singular)
krūdu (accusative plural)
krūdas (genitive singular)
krūdō (genitive plural)
krūdē (dative singular)
krūdum (dative plural)
krūdu (instrumental singular)
krūdum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: krūd

Saterland Frisian: Kruud

West Frisian: bussekruud (second element)

Old Saxon: krūd

Middle Low German: krût, krûde

German Low German: Kruut

Plautdietsch: Krut

→ Old Norse: krydd

Icelandic: krydd

Faroese: krydd

Norwegian: krydder

Old Swedish: krydda f, krydde, kryde n

Swedish: krydda

→ Finnish: ryyti

Danish: krydderi

→ Danish: krudt (“gunpowder”)

→ Faroese: krút

→ Finnish: ruuti

Old Dutch: krūt

Middle Dutch: cruut, cruud (both variants used interchangeably)

Dutch: kruid, kruit (variants developed different meanings)

Afrikaans: kruid

Limburgish: kroed

Old High German: krūt, chrūt

Middle High German: krūt

desc

Alemannic German: Chruut, Chrut, Chruud, Krut (Alsatian), chrud, chrüt (Walser)

Alsatian: Krut

Walser: chrit (Valais), chrud, chrüt

Central Franconian: Krock, Krout

Kölsch: Kruck

German: Kraut

→ English: sauerkraut (second element)

Luxembourgish: Kraut

Yiddish: קרויט (kroyt)

Unknown; possibly:
* from *krūdan (“to press, push, crowd”), with the original meaning “crowding plant, weed”, compare Dutch krodde (“several small weeds”), perhaps from the related iterative *krūttōną (“to pack”),
* cognate with Ancient Greek βρῠ́ον (brúon, “tree-moss, etc.”), from βρύω (brúō, “to swell”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru (“skewer; spear”),
* or borrowed from a substrate language.