laiþijan

laiþijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
laiþijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
laiþijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
laiþijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
laiþiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laiþidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laiþisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laiþidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laiþidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laiþiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laiþidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laiþidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laiþijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laiþidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laiþiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laiþidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laiþijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laiþidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laiþijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laiþidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laiþijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laiþidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laiþijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laiþidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laiþijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laiþidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laiþijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laiþidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laiþijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laiþidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laiþi (class-1 present singular weak)
laiþiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
laiþijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
laiþid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: lēthian

Middle Low German: lêden, leiden

Old Dutch: *lēthen

Middle Dutch: leden, leeden, leiden

Old High German: leiden

Middle High German: leiden

German: leiden

From Proto-Germanic *laiþijaną. From *laiþ (“hateful, lothesome”) + *-jan.


treuwu

treuwu (nominative singular)
treuwō (nominative plural)
treuwā (accusative singular)
treuwā (accusative plural)
treuwā (genitive singular)
treuwō (genitive plural)
treuwē (dative singular)
treuwōm (dative plural)
treuwum (dative plural)
treuwu (instrumental singular)
treuwōm (instrumental plural)
treuwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: trēow, trȳw

Middle English: trewe, truw, tru

Scots: trew, trewe

English: true

Old Frisian: triōwe, triūwe, trouwe

Saterland Frisian: Trjoue, Tjoue

West Frisian: trou

Old Saxon: treuwa

Middle Low German: truwe, trouwe

German Low German: Troo

Low German: Troue

→ Old Norse: trú

Icelandic: trú

Faroese: trúgv

Norwegian Nynorsk: tru

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tru

Swedish: tro

Danish: tro

Norwegian Bokmål: tro

Old Dutch: triuwa

Middle Dutch: trouwe, trūwe

Dutch: trouw

Afrikaans: trou

Old High German: triuwa, trūwa, trūa

Middle High German: triuwe

German: Treue

Luxembourgish: Trei

→ Vulgar Latin: *trewa

Old French: triwe, trive, trieve

Middle French: trieve

French: trêve

Occitan: treva, trev

Medieval Latin: trewa


idiwītijan

idiwītijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
idiwītijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
idiwītijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
idiwītijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
idiwītiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
idiwītidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
idiwītisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
idiwītidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
idiwītidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
idiwītiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
idiwītidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
idiwītidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
idiwītijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
idiwītidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
idiwītiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
idiwītidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
idiwītijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
idiwītidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
idiwītijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
idiwītidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
idiwītijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
idiwītidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
idiwītijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
idiwītidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
idiwītijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
idiwītidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
idiwītijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
idiwītidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
idiwītijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
idiwītidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
idiwīti (class-1 present singular weak)
idiwītiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
idiwītijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
idiwītid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: edwītan

Old High German: itawīzen

Middle High German: itewīzen, itwīzen

From Proto-Germanic *idiwītijaną. Equivalent to *idiwīt (“a shame; an insult”) + *-jan.


idiwīt

idiwīt (nominative singular)
idiwītu (nominative plural)
idiwīt (accusative singular)
idiwītu (accusative plural)
idiwītas (genitive singular)
idiwītō (genitive plural)
idiwītē (dative singular)
idiwītum (dative plural)
idiwītu (instrumental singular)
idiwītum (instrumental plural)

Old English: edwīt

Old Dutch: edwīt

Old High German: itwīz, itawīz

desc

Middle High German: itwīz, itewīz, itewīze


fralusti

fralusti (nominative singular)
fralustī (nominative plural)
fralusti (accusative singular)
fralustī (accusative plural)
fralustī (genitive singular)
fralustijō (genitive plural)
fralustī (dative singular)
fralustim (dative plural)
fralustijum (dative plural)
fralustī (instrumental singular)
fralustim (instrumental plural)
fralustijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: farlust

Middle Low German: vorlust

Old High German: firlust

Middle High German: verlust

German: Verlust

Yiddish: פֿאַרלוסט (farlust)

From Proto-Germanic *fralustiz. Equivalent to *fra- + *lusti.


hwātan

hwātan (infinitive)
hwātannjas (genitive infinitive)
hwātannjē (dative infinitive)
hwātannju (infinitive instrumental)
hwātu (first-person present singular)
hwēt (first-person past singular)
hwātiʀi (present second-person singular)
hwētī (past second-person singular)
hwātidi (present singular third-person)
hwēt (past singular third-person)
hwātum (first-person plural present)
hwētum (first-person past plural)
hwātid (plural present second-person)
hwētud (past plural second-person)
hwātand (plural present third-person)
hwētun (past plural third-person)
hwātē (first-person present singular)
hwētī (first-person past singular)
hwātēs (present second-person singular)
hwātē (present singular third-person)
hwētī (past singular third-person)
hwātēm (first-person plural present)
hwētīm (first-person past plural)
hwātēþ (plural present second-person)
hwētīd (past plural second-person)
hwātēn (plural present third-person)
hwētīn (past plural third-person)
hwāt (present singular)
hwātid (plural present)
hwātandī (participle present)
hwātan (participle past)

Old English: *hwǣtan

⇒ Old English: āhwǣtan

Old High German: wāzan


frahwātan

frahwātan (infinitive)
frahwātannjas (genitive infinitive)
frahwātannjē (dative infinitive)
frahwātannju (infinitive instrumental)
frahwātu (first-person present singular)
frahwēt (first-person past singular)
frahwātiʀi (present second-person singular)
frahwētī (past second-person singular)
frahwātidi (present singular third-person)
frahwēt (past singular third-person)
frahwātum (first-person plural present)
frahwētum (first-person past plural)
frahwātid (plural present second-person)
frahwētud (past plural second-person)
frahwātand (plural present third-person)
frahwētun (past plural third-person)
frahwātē (first-person present singular)
frahwētī (first-person past singular)
frahwātēs (present second-person singular)
frahwātē (present singular third-person)
frahwētī (past singular third-person)
frahwātēm (first-person plural present)
frahwētīm (first-person past plural)
frahwātēþ (plural present second-person)
frahwētīd (past plural second-person)
frahwātēn (plural present third-person)
frahwētīn (past plural third-person)
frahwāt (present singular)
frahwātid (plural present)
frahwātandī (participle present)
frahwātan (participle past)

Old Saxon: farhwātan

Middle Low German: vorwāten

desctree

Old Dutch: farwātan
Middle Dutch: verwâten
Dutch: verwaten

Old High German: firwāzan

Middle High German: verwāzen


wellan

wellan (infinitive)
wellannjas (genitive infinitive)
wellannjē (dative infinitive)
wellannju (infinitive instrumental)
wellu (first-person present singular)
wall (first-person past singular)
williʀi (present second-person singular)
wullī (past second-person singular)
willidi (present singular third-person)
wall (past singular third-person)
wellum (first-person plural present)
wullum (first-person past plural)
willid (plural present second-person)
wullud (past plural second-person)
welland (plural present third-person)
wullun (past plural third-person)
wellē (first-person present singular)
wullī (first-person past singular)
wellēs (present second-person singular)
wellē (present singular third-person)
wullī (past singular third-person)
wellēm (first-person plural present)
wullīm (first-person past plural)
wellēþ (plural present second-person)
wullīd (past plural second-person)
wellēn (plural present third-person)
wullīn (past plural third-person)
will (present singular)
willid (plural present)
wellandī (participle present)
wollan (participle past)

Old High German: wellan


wallijan

wallijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wallijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wallijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wallijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
walliju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wallidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wallisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wallidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wallidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
walliþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wallidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wallidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wallijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wallidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
walliþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wallidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wallijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wallidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wallijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wallidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wallijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wallidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wallijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wallidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wallijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wallidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wallijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wallidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wallijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wallidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
walli (class-1 present singular weak)
walliþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wallijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wallid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wiellan, willan

Middle English: wellen
English: well
Scots: well, wall

Old Saxon: *wellian

Middle Low German: wellen

Old Dutch: *wellen

Middle Dutch: wellen

Dutch: wellen

Afrikaans: wel

Old High German: wellen

Middle High German: wellen

German: wellen


wallijan

Old Saxon: wellian

Old High German: *wellen

⇒ Old High German: umbiwellen


spīkārī

spīkārī (nominative singular)
spīkārijō (nominative plural)
spīkārijōs (nominative plural)
spīkārī (accusative singular)
spīkārijā (accusative plural)
spīkārijas (genitive singular)
spīkārijō (genitive plural)
spīkārijē (dative singular)
spīkārijum (dative plural)
spīkāriju (instrumental singular)
spīkārijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: spīkāri

Middle Low German: spīker, spīkere

Old Dutch: *spīkere

Middle Dutch: spiker

Dutch: spijker

Old High German: spīhhāri

Middle High German: spīcher

German: Speicher

Borrowed from Late Latin spīcārium, from spīca (“ear of grain”).


snaidijan

snaidijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
snaidijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
snaidijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
snaidijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
snaidiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
snaididā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
snaidisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
snaididēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snaididōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snaidiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
snaididē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snaididā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snaidijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
snaididum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
snaidiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
snaididud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
snaidijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
snaididun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
snaidijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
snaididī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
snaidijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
snaididī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
snaidijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
snaididī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
snaidijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
snaididīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
snaidijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
snaididīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
snaidijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
snaididīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
snaidi (class-1 present singular weak)
snaidiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
snaidijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
snaidid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: snædan

⇒ Middle English: tosneden

Old Saxon: *snēdian

Middle Low German: snêden

Old High German: sneiten

Middle High German: sneiten


dreug

dreug (masculine nominative singular)
dreugu (feminine nominative singular)
dreug (neuter nominative singular)
dreuganā (accusative masculine singular)
dreugā (accusative feminine singular)
dreug (accusative neuter singular)
dreugas (genitive masculine singular)
dreugeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
dreugas (genitive neuter singular)
dreugumē (dative masculine singular)
dreugeʀē (dative feminine singular)
dreugumē (dative neuter singular)
dreugu (instrumental masculine singular)
dreugeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
dreugu (instrumental neuter singular)
dreugē (masculine nominative plural)
dreugō (feminine nominative plural)
dreugu (neuter nominative plural)
dreugā (accusative masculine plural)
dreugā (accusative feminine plural)
dreugu (accusative neuter plural)
dreugeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
dreugeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
dreugeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
dreugēm (dative masculine plural)
dreugum (dative masculine plural)
dreugēm (dative feminine plural)
dreugum (dative feminine plural)
dreugēm (dative neuter plural)
dreugum (dative neuter plural)
dreugēm (instrumental masculine plural)
dreugum (instrumental masculine plural)
dreugēm (feminine instrumental plural)
dreugum (feminine instrumental plural)
dreugēm (instrumental neuter plural)
dreugum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *drēog

Middle English: dregh, dreȝ, dryȝ

English: dree, dreigh

Scots: dreich

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: dreg

West Frisian: dreech


lēwō

lēwō (nominative singular)
lēwan (nominative plural)
lēwan (accusative singular)
lēwan (accusative plural)
lēwini (genitive singular)
lēwan (genitive singular)
lēwanō (genitive plural)
lēwini (dative singular)
lēwan (dative singular)
lēum (dative plural)
lēwini (instrumental singular)
lēwan (instrumental singular)
lēum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēo

Old Frisian: *lēwa, *lēu, *lāwa, *lāu

North Frisian: lau, lööw

Saterland Frisian: Leeuwe

West Frisian: liuw

desc

Old Saxon: *lewo, *lēwo, *lēo, *lāwo, *lāo

Middle Low German: löuwe, lowe, lou, löe, louwe, lauwe, lewe, leuwe

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Lau

Plautdietsch: Leiw

Westphalian:

q

Sauerländisch: Loiwe, Loibe (Brilon), Löwe (Niedersfeld, Bestwig, Felbecke, Wenden), Löüwe (Attendorn, Drolshagen, Olpe)

East Westphalian: Löwen (Lippe), Lȫwe (Ravensberg)

→ Danish: løve
→ Greenlandic: løveq

→ Estonian: lõvi

→ Faroese: leyva, løva

→ Latgalian: ļovs

→ Latvian: lauva
→ Livonian: louv

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: løve

Old Dutch: lēwo

desctree

Middle Dutch: lêwe
Dutch: leeuw
Afrikaans: leeu
Negerhollands: leeuw
→ Papiamentu: leeuw (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: lew
Limburgish: lieëf, liew
West Flemish: lêeuw

Old High German: lewo, lēo

Middle High German: lewe, lebe, löuwe

Alemannic German: Leew, Löi

Bavarian:

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Leeb

Luxembourgish: Léiw

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German:

Vilamovian: ływ

East Franconian:

German: Löwe

Rhine Franconian: Leeb

Frankfurterisch: [leːp]

Pennsylvania German: Leeb

Yiddish: לייב (leyb)

Kölsch: Löv [ɫœf]

Borrowed from Latin leō (“lion”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (laiwa, “lion”).


sahsō

sahsō (nominative singular)
sahsan (nominative plural)
sahsan (accusative singular)
sahsan (accusative plural)
sahsini (genitive singular)
sahsan (genitive singular)
sahsanō (genitive plural)
sahsini (dative singular)
sahsan (dative singular)
sahsum (dative plural)
sahsini (instrumental singular)
sahsan (instrumental singular)
sahsum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *Seaxa (attested in plural Seaxan)

Middle English: Saxe, Sax; Saxon (partially)

Scots: Saxon

English: Saxon

Old Saxon: Sahso

Middle Low German: sasse

German Low German: Sasse

Dutch Low Saxon: Sakse

→ Estonian: saks

→ Finnish: Saksa, saksa

Old Dutch: *sasso

Middle Dutch: sassen pl

Old High German: Sahso

Middle High German: Sahse

German: Sachse

→ Old Norse: Saxi, Saxar (plural)

→ Latin: Saxō
Old French: saisoigne, sesne
Anglo-Norman: sessoun
→ Old French: Saxon (semi-learned)
→ Middle English: Saxoun
English: Saxon (partially)
→ Proto-Brythonic: *Sėɨs
Middle Breton: Saus
Breton: Saoz
Cumbric:
→ English: Pennersax
Middle Cornish: *Seys (attested in personal name)
Cornish: Sows
Middle Welsh: Seis
Welsh: Sais
→ Middle Irish: Saxa
→ Old Irish: Saxain
Middle Irish: Saxain
Irish: Sacsain, Sasana
Manx: Sostyn
Scottish Gaelic: Sasainn


wahsti

wahsti (nominative singular)
wahstī (nominative plural)
wahsti (accusative singular)
wahstī (accusative plural)
wahstī (genitive singular)
wahstijō (genitive plural)
wahstī (dative singular)
wahstim (dative plural)
wahstijum (dative plural)
wahstī (instrumental singular)
wahstim (instrumental plural)
wahstijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: wehst

Old High German: wahst

Middle High German: wahst


haitijō

haitijō (nominative singular)
haitijan (nominative plural)
haitijan (accusative singular)
haitijan (accusative plural)
haitijini (genitive singular)
haitijan (genitive singular)
haitijanō (genitive plural)
haitijini (dative singular)
haitijan (dative singular)
haitijum (dative plural)
haitijini (instrumental singular)
haitijan (instrumental singular)
haitijum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: -heizo

⇒ Old High German: antheizo

⇒ Old High German: heimaheizo

⇒ Old High German: heriheizo

⇒ Old High German: urheizo

From Proto-Germanic *haitijô. Equivalent to *haitan (“to call, order”) + *-jō.


haitijan

haitijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
haitijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
haitijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
haitijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
haitiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
haitidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
haitisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
haitidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haitidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haitiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
haitidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haitidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haitijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
haitidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
haitiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
haitidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
haitijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
haitidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
haitijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
haitidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
haitijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
haitidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haitijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
haitidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haitijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
haitidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
haitijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
haitidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
haitijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
haitidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
haiti (class-1 present singular weak)
haitiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
haitijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
haitid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hǣtan

Middle English: hēten

English: heat

Old Saxon: hētian

q

Middle Low German: hêten, heiten (conflated with the descendant of *haitēn)

Old Dutch: *hēten

Middle Dutch: hêten (conflated with the descendant of *haitēn)

Dutch: heten

desctree

Old High German: heizen
Middle High German: heizen
German: heizen
Yiddish: הייצן (heytsn)
Polish: hajcować

From Proto-Germanic *haitijaną. Equivalent to *hait (“hot”) + *-jan.


skuldi

skuldi (nominative singular)
skuldī (nominative plural)
skuldi (accusative singular)
skuldī (accusative plural)
skuldī (genitive singular)
skuldijō (genitive plural)
skuldī (dative singular)
skuldim (dative plural)
skuldijum (dative plural)
skuldī (instrumental singular)
skuldim (instrumental plural)
skuldijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyld, sċyldu

Middle English: schuld, shild

English: shild

Old Frisian: skeld

North Frisian: schild

Saterland Frisian: Skeeld

Old Saxon: *skuld, sculd

Middle Low German: schuld, schülde

German Low German: Schuld, Schüld

Old Dutch: skult

Middle Dutch: scult, scout

Dutch: schuld

Afrikaans: skuld

desc

Old High German: *skuld, sculd, scult, sculda, sculta

Middle High German: schult, schulde

German: Schuld

→ Esperanto: ŝuldo

Luxembourgish: Schold

Yiddish: שולד (shuld)


andaward

andaward (masculine nominative singular)
andawardu (feminine nominative singular)
andaward (neuter nominative singular)
andawardanā (accusative masculine singular)
andawardā (accusative feminine singular)
andaward (accusative neuter singular)
andawardas (genitive masculine singular)
andawardeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
andawardas (genitive neuter singular)
andawardumē (dative masculine singular)
andawardeʀē (dative feminine singular)
andawardumē (dative neuter singular)
andawardu (instrumental masculine singular)
andawardeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
andawardu (instrumental neuter singular)
andawardē (masculine nominative plural)
andawardō (feminine nominative plural)
andawardu (neuter nominative plural)
andawardā (accusative masculine plural)
andawardā (accusative feminine plural)
andawardu (accusative neuter plural)
andawardeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
andawardeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
andawardeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
andawardēm (dative masculine plural)
andawardum (dative masculine plural)
andawardēm (dative feminine plural)
andawardum (dative feminine plural)
andawardēm (dative neuter plural)
andawardum (dative neuter plural)
andawardēm (instrumental masculine plural)
andawardum (instrumental masculine plural)
andawardēm (feminine instrumental plural)
andawardum (feminine instrumental plural)
andawardēm (instrumental neuter plural)
andawardum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: andweard, andward, andwerd, andwurd, andwyrd
Middle English: andweard, aundward, anwerd

Old Saxon: andward

Old High German: antwart

From Proto-Germanic *andawardaz. Equivalent to *anda- + *ward (“toward”).


hakid

hakid (nominative singular)
hakidō (nominative plural)
hakidōs (nominative plural)
hakid (accusative singular)
hakidā (accusative plural)
hakidas (genitive singular)
hakidō (genitive plural)
hakidē (dative singular)
hakidum (dative plural)
hakidu (instrumental singular)
hakidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hæċid, hæċed, hacod

Middle English: haket

English: haked (dialectal)

Old Saxon: hakth

Middle Low German: hēket, hēked

German Low German: Hecht

Plautdietsch: Häakj

Old Dutch: *hekit

Middle Dutch: heket, heect, eect, heict

Old High German: hehhit

Middle High German: hechet, hecht

German: Hecht

Luxembourgish: Hiecht

→ Medieval Latin: hakedus


warnu

warnu (nominative singular)
warnō (nominative plural)
warnā (accusative singular)
warnā (accusative plural)
warnā (genitive singular)
warnō (genitive plural)
warnē (dative singular)
warnōm (dative plural)
warnum (dative plural)
warnu (instrumental singular)
warnōm (instrumental plural)
warnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wearn

Middle English: warne


wargiþu

wargiþu (nominative singular)
wargiþō (nominative plural)
wargiþā (accusative singular)
wargiþā (accusative plural)
wargiþā (genitive singular)
wargiþō (genitive plural)
wargiþē (dative singular)
wargiþōm (dative plural)
wargiþum (dative plural)
wargiþu (instrumental singular)
wargiþōm (instrumental plural)
wargiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiergþu, wyrgþu


wernēn

wernēn (infinitive)
wernēnijas (genitive infinitive)
wernēnijē (dative infinitive)
wernēniju (infinitive instrumental)
wernē (first-person present singular)
wern?dā (first-person past singular)
wernēs (present second-person singular)
wern?dēs (past second-person singular)
wernēþ (present singular third-person)
wern?dē (past singular third-person)
wern?dā (past singular third-person)
wernēm (first-person plural present)
wern?dum (first-person past plural)
wernēþ (plural present second-person)
wern?dud (past plural second-person)
wernēnþ (plural present third-person)
wern?dun (past plural third-person)
wern?dī (first-person past singular)
wern?dī (past second-person singular)
wernē (present singular third-person)
wern?dī (past singular third-person)
wern?dīm (first-person past plural)
wern?dīd (past plural second-person)
wernēn (plural present third-person)
wern?dīn (past plural third-person)
wernē (present singular)
wernēþ (plural present)
wernēndī (participle present)
wern?d (participle past)

Old English: weornian

Old Dutch: wernon
Middle Dutch: wernen

Old High German: wernēn


hwarbijan

hwarbijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hwarbijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hwarbijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hwarbijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hwarbiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hwarbidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hwarbisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hwarbidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hwarbidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hwarbiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hwarbidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hwarbidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hwarbijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hwarbidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hwarbiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hwarbidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hwarbijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hwarbidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hwarbijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hwarbidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hwarbijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hwarbidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hwarbijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hwarbidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hwarbijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hwarbidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hwarbijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hwarbidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hwarbijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hwarbidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hwarbi (class-1 present singular weak)
hwarbiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hwarbijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hwarbid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hwierfan

Old Saxon: hwerbian

Old High German: werban


frawardijan

frawardijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
frawardijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
frawardijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
frawardijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
frawardiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
frawardidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
frawardisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
frawardidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
frawardidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
frawardiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
frawardidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frawardidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frawardijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
frawardidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
frawardiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
frawardidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
frawardijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
frawardidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
frawardijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
frawardidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
frawardijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
frawardidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
frawardijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
frawardidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frawardijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
frawardidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
frawardijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
frawardidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
frawardijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
frawardidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
frawardi (class-1 present singular weak)
frawardiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
frawardijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
frawardid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: forwierdan

Old Dutch: farwerden
Middle Dutch: verwerden

Old High German: farwerten

From Proto-Germanic *frawardijaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *wardijan.


wargijan

wargijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wargijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wargijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wargijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wargiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wargidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wargisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wargidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wargidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wargiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wargidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wargidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wargijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wargidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wargiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wargidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wargijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wargidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wargijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wargidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wargijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wargidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wargijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wargidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wargijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wargidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wargijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wargidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wargijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wargidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wargi (class-1 present singular weak)
wargiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wargijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wargid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wierġan, werġian, wirġean

desc

Middle English: werȝen, werien, warien, warrien

English: warry

Old Saxon: wargian

⇒ Old High German: furwergen

From Proto-Germanic *wargijaną. Equivalent to *warg (“outlaw, criminal”) + *-jan.


wakr

wakr (masculine nominative singular)
wakkru (feminine nominative singular)
wakr (neuter nominative singular)
wakkranā (accusative masculine singular)
wakkrā (accusative feminine singular)
wakr (accusative neuter singular)
wakkras (genitive masculine singular)
wakkreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wakkras (genitive neuter singular)
wakkrumē (dative masculine singular)
wakkreʀē (dative feminine singular)
wakkrumē (dative neuter singular)
wakkru (instrumental masculine singular)
wakkreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wakkru (instrumental neuter singular)
wakkrē (masculine nominative plural)
wakkrō (feminine nominative plural)
wakkru (neuter nominative plural)
wakkrā (accusative masculine plural)
wakkrā (accusative feminine plural)
wakkru (accusative neuter plural)
wakkreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wakkreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wakkreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wakkrēm (dative masculine plural)
wakkrum (dative masculine plural)
wakkrēm (dative feminine plural)
wakkrum (dative feminine plural)
wakkrēm (dative neuter plural)
wakkrum (dative neuter plural)
wakkrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wakkrum (instrumental masculine plural)
wakkrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wakkrum (feminine instrumental plural)
wakkrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wakkrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: waccor, wacor

Middle English: wakyr

Scots: wakir

English: waker (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *wakker, *wekker

West Frisian: wekker

Old Saxon: *wakkar

Middle Low German: wacker

German Low German: wacker

Old Dutch: *wakkar

Middle Dutch: wacker

Dutch: wakker

Afrikaans: wakker

Old High German: wachar, wakar, wackar

Middle High German: wacker

German: wacker

From Proto-Germanic *wakraz. Equivalent to *wakkjan, *wakan (“to wake, be awake”) + *-r.


bargijan

bargijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bargijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bargijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bargijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bargiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bargidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bargisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bargidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bargidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bargiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bargidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bargidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bargijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bargidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bargiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bargidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bargijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bargidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bargijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bargidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bargijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bargidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bargijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bargidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bargijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bargidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bargijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bargidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bargijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bargidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bargi (class-1 present singular weak)
bargiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bargijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bargid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: biergan, berġan — Anglian, birġan, byrġan — Late West Saxon, beorġan, berian, byriġan
Middle English: büriȝen

Old High German: *bergen

⇒ Old High German: bergita (“cake”)


frawerþan

frawerþan (infinitive)
frawerþannjas (genitive infinitive)
frawerþannjē (dative infinitive)
frawerþannju (infinitive instrumental)
frawerþu (first-person present singular)
frawarþ (first-person past singular)
frawirþiʀi (present second-person singular)
frawurdī (past second-person singular)
frawirþidi (present singular third-person)
frawarþ (past singular third-person)
frawerþum (first-person plural present)
frawurdum (first-person past plural)
frawirþid (plural present second-person)
frawurdud (past plural second-person)
frawerþand (plural present third-person)
frawurdun (past plural third-person)
frawerþē (first-person present singular)
frawurdī (first-person past singular)
frawerþēs (present second-person singular)
frawerþē (present singular third-person)
frawurdī (past singular third-person)
frawerþēm (first-person plural present)
frawurdīm (first-person past plural)
frawerþēþ (plural present second-person)
frawurdīd (past plural second-person)
frawerþēn (plural present third-person)
frawurdīn (past plural third-person)
frawirþ (present singular)
frawirþid (plural present)
frawerþandī (participle present)
frawordan (participle past)

Old English: forweorþan

Middle English: forworthen

Scots: forworth

English: forworth

Old Frisian: urwertha

Old Saxon: farwerthan

Old Dutch: *farwerthan

Middle Dutch: verwerden

Dutch: verworden

Old High German: firwerdan

From Proto-Germanic *frawerþaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *werþan.


harstijan

harstijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
harstijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
harstijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
harstijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
harstiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
harstidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
harstisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
harstidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
harstidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
harstiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
harstidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
harstidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
harstijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
harstidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
harstiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
harstidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
harstijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
harstidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
harstijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
harstidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
harstijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
harstidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
harstijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
harstidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
harstijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
harstidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
harstijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
harstidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
harstijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
harstidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
harsti (class-1 present singular weak)
harstiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
harstijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
harstid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hierstan, hyrstan

Middle English: hirsten

Old Saxon: *herstian

Middle Low German: harsten

Old Dutch: *hersten

Middle Dutch: hersten, harsten

Dutch: harsten

Old High German: hersten

Middle High German: hersten

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“to burn”), perhaps cognate with Lithuanian kar̃šti (“to become hot”), Latvian kar̂st (“to become hot; to hurt”), and related to *herþ (“hearth”), hyrr (“fire”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”).


hardijan

hardijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hardijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hardijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hardijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hardiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hardidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hardisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hardidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hardidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hardiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hardidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hardidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hardijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hardidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hardiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hardidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hardijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hardidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hardijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hardidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hardijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hardidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hardijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hardidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hardijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hardidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hardijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hardidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hardijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hardidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hardi (class-1 present singular weak)
hardiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hardijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hardid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: hierdan, herdan, hyrdan, hirdan
Middle English: herden, harden (merged with descendant of Old English heardian)
English: hard (obsolete)

Old Frisian: herda

Old Dutch: *herden

Middle Dutch: herden, harden

Dutch: harden

Afrikaans: hard

Old High German: herten

Middle High German: herten

German: härten

→ Old French: hardir

French: hardi

→ English: hardy

From Proto-Germanic *hardijaną. Equivalent to *hard(ī) (“hard”) + *-jan.


darnī

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

darnī (masculine nominative singular)
darniju (feminine nominative singular)
darnī (neuter nominative singular)
darnijanā (accusative masculine singular)
darnijā (accusative feminine singular)
darnī (accusative neuter singular)
darnijas (genitive masculine singular)
darnijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
darnijas (genitive neuter singular)
darnijumē (dative masculine singular)
darnijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
darnijumē (dative neuter singular)
darniju (instrumental masculine singular)
darnijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
darniju (instrumental neuter singular)
darnijē (masculine nominative plural)
darnijō (feminine nominative plural)
darniju (neuter nominative plural)
darnijā (accusative masculine plural)
darnijā (accusative feminine plural)
darniju (accusative neuter plural)
darnijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
darnijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
darnijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
darnijēm (dative masculine plural)
darnijum (dative masculine plural)
darnijēm (dative feminine plural)
darnijum (dative feminine plural)
darnijēm (dative neuter plural)
darnijum (dative neuter plural)
darnijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
darnijum (instrumental masculine plural)
darnijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
darnijum (feminine instrumental plural)
darnijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
darnijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: dierne, derne, dyrne
Middle English: derne, darne, durne
English: dern, dearn, darn
Scots: dern, darn

Old Frisian: *dern

⇒ Old Frisian: dernfiā

⇒ Old Frisian: dernlendenge

⇒ Old Frisian: dernsōne

Old Saxon: derni

Old High German: tarni

→ Old French: *terne

Middle French: terne

French: terne

Unknown; suggested to be related to *derk (“dirty, dark”) and perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).


gaʀdi

gaʀdi (nominative singular)
gaʀdijō (nominative plural)
gaʀdijā (accusative singular)
gaʀdijā (accusative plural)
gaʀdijā (genitive singular)
gaʀdijō (genitive plural)
gaʀdijē (dative singular)
gaʀdijōm (dative plural)
gaʀdijum (dative plural)
gaʀdiju (instrumental singular)
gaʀdijōm (instrumental plural)
gaʀdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġierd, ġird, ġyrd

Middle English: ȝerde, yerde, yarde

English: yard

Scots: ȝerde, yerd, yeird, yeard, yaird

gl

>? Old English: ġeard (possibly dissimilated in gender from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀd m)

Old Frisian: jerde

North Frisian: jord, joard

Saterland Frisian: Jädde, Jäd

Old Saxon: gerdia

Middle Low German: gērde

Old Dutch: *gerda

Middle Dutch: gerde, garde, gāerde

Dutch: garde

Old High German: gerta, gartea

Middle High German: gerte

German: Gerte

From Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, goad”). Compare *gaʀd (“goad”).


warnijan

warnijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
warnijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
warnijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
warnijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
warniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
warnidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
warnisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
warnidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
warnidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
warniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
warnidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
warnidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
warnijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
warnidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
warniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
warnidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
warnijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
warnidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
warnijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
warnidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
warnijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
warnidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
warnijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
warnidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
warnijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
warnidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
warnijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
warnidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
warnijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
warnidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
warni (class-1 present singular weak)
warniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
warnijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
warnid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: wiernan, weornan, wirnan, wyrnan
Middle English: wernen, warn, warne, werne, worne, wurne, wærnen, wearne, wearnen, weorne (Early Middle English) (through the Anglian form)

Old Frisian: werna

Old Saxon: wernian

Old Dutch: *wernen

Middle Dutch: wernen

Old High German: wernen

→ Vulgar Latin: *guarnīre

⇒ *guarnēscere

Asturian: guarnecer

Galician: gornecer

Portuguese: guarnecer

Spanish: guarnecer

Old French: guarnir
Middle French: garnir, guarnir
French: garnir (see there for further descendants)
→⇒ Middle English: garnysshen
English: garnish
Scots: gairnish

Italian: guarnire

Old Leonese:

Asturian: guarnir

Old Occitan:

Catalan: guarnir

Old Galician-Portuguese: guarnir

Galician: gornir

Portuguese: guarnir

Old Spanish:

Spanish: guarnir

From *warnu (“refusal, denial”) + *-jan.


darnijan

darnijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
darnijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
darnijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
darnijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
darniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
darnidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
darnisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
darnidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
darnidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
darniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
darnidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
darnidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
darnijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
darnidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
darniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
darnidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
darnijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
darnidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
darnijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
darnidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
darnijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
darnidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
darnijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
darnidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
darnijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
darnidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
darnijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
darnidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
darnijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
darnidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
darni (class-1 present singular weak)
darniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
darnijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
darnid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: diernan, dyrnan

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">*dearnian</i>

Middle English: dærnen, dernen (merged with descendant of Old English *dearnian)

English: darn, dern

Scots: dern, darn

Old Saxon: dernian

Old Dutch: *dernen

Middle Dutch: dernen

Old High German: tarnen, *ternen

Middle High German: ternen

→ Old French: ternir

Middle French: ternir

French: ternir

→ Middle English: ternysshen

English: tarnish

Old English: *dearnianMiddle English: dærnen

dernenEnglish: darnScots: dern

merged with descendant of Old English diernan


skarpijan

skarpijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skarpijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skarpijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skarpijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skarpiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skarpidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skarpisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skarpidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skarpidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skarpiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skarpidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skarpidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skarpijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skarpidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skarpiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skarpidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skarpijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skarpidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skarpijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skarpidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skarpijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skarpidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skarpijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skarpidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skarpijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skarpidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skarpijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skarpidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skarpijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skarpidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skarpi (class-1 present singular weak)
skarpiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skarpijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skarpid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: sċierpan
Middle English: scerpen, scharpen (merged with descendant of Old English sċearpian)
English: sharp
Scots: scherp, scharp

Old Saxon: skerpian

Middle Low German: scherpen, scharpen

German Low German: scharpen

Old Dutch: skerpen
Middle Dutch: scherpen
Dutch: scherpen
Limburgish: sjèrpe

Old High German: *skarpfen, *skerpfen

Middle High German: scherpfen, scherfen

German: schärfen

desc

⇒ Old High German: giskarpfen, *giskerpfen, giserpfen


hard(ī)

head

*hard(ī) (comparative *hardiʀō, superlative *hardist)

hard (canonical)
hardiʀō (comparative)
hardist (superlative)
ī (romanization)
hard (masculine nominative singular)
hardu (feminine nominative singular)
hard (neuter nominative singular)
hardanā (accusative masculine singular)
hardā (accusative feminine singular)
hard (accusative neuter singular)
hardas (genitive masculine singular)
hardeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hardas (genitive neuter singular)
hardumē (dative masculine singular)
hardeʀē (dative feminine singular)
hardumē (dative neuter singular)
hardu (instrumental masculine singular)
hardeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hardu (instrumental neuter singular)
hardē (masculine nominative plural)
hardō (feminine nominative plural)
hardu (neuter nominative plural)
hardā (accusative masculine plural)
hardā (accusative feminine plural)
hardu (accusative neuter plural)
hardeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hardeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hardeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hardēm (dative masculine plural)
hardum (dative masculine plural)
hardēm (dative feminine plural)
hardum (dative feminine plural)
hardēm (dative neuter plural)
hardum (dative neuter plural)
hardēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hardum (instrumental masculine plural)
hardēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hardum (feminine instrumental plural)
hardēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hardum (instrumental neuter plural)
hardī (masculine nominative singular)
hardiju (feminine nominative singular)
hardī (neuter nominative singular)
hardijanā (accusative masculine singular)
hardijā (accusative feminine singular)
hardī (accusative neuter singular)
hardijas (genitive masculine singular)
hardijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hardijas (genitive neuter singular)
hardijumē (dative masculine singular)
hardijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
hardijumē (dative neuter singular)
hardiju (instrumental masculine singular)
hardijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hardiju (instrumental neuter singular)
hardijē (masculine nominative plural)
hardijō (feminine nominative plural)
hardiju (neuter nominative plural)
hardijā (accusative masculine plural)
hardijā (accusative feminine plural)
hardiju (accusative neuter plural)
hardijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hardijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hardijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hardijēm (dative masculine plural)
hardijum (dative masculine plural)
hardijēm (dative feminine plural)
hardijum (dative feminine plural)
hardijēm (dative neuter plural)
hardijum (dative neuter plural)
hardijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hardijum (instrumental masculine plural)
hardijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hardijum (feminine instrumental plural)
hardijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hardijum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: heard
Middle English: hard
English: hard
→ Finnish: haarti
→ Spanish: hard
Scots: hard, haird

Old Frisian: herde, herd

Saterland Frisian: hart

West Frisian: hurd

Old Saxon: hard
Middle Low German: hart, hārde
Low German: hard, hart

Old Dutch: hart
Middle Dutch: hart
Dutch: hard
Jersey Dutch: hārd
Negerhollands: hart
Skepi Creole Dutch: hardt

Old High German: hart
Middle High German: hart, herte
Alemannic German: hert
Swabian: hirrt
Bavarian: hoat
Central Franconian: haat
German: hart
Luxembourgish: haart
Yiddish: האַרט (hart)

From Proto-Germanic *harduz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


treuwēn

treuwēn (infinitive)
treuwēnijas (genitive infinitive)
treuwēnijē (dative infinitive)
treuwēniju (infinitive instrumental)
treuwē (first-person present singular)
treuw?dā (first-person past singular)
treuwēs (present second-person singular)
treuw?dēs (past second-person singular)
treuwēþ (present singular third-person)
treuw?dē (past singular third-person)
treuw?dā (past singular third-person)
treuwēm (first-person plural present)
treuw?dum (first-person past plural)
treuwēþ (plural present second-person)
treuw?dud (past plural second-person)
treuwēnþ (plural present third-person)
treuw?dun (past plural third-person)
treuw?dī (first-person past singular)
treuw?dī (past second-person singular)
treuwē (present singular third-person)
treuw?dī (past singular third-person)
treuw?dīm (first-person past plural)
treuw?dīd (past plural second-person)
treuwēn (plural present third-person)
treuw?dīn (past plural third-person)
treuwē (present singular)
treuwēþ (plural present)
treuwēndī (participle present)
treuw?d (participle past)

desc

Old English: trēowian, trīewian, trȳwian

Middle English: trewen, trowen (partially)

English: trow

Scots: trew, trow

Old Frisian: trōwia, trouwia

West Frisian: trouwe, trouje

Old Dutch: *triuwon

Middle Dutch: truwen, trouwen

Dutch: trouwen

Old Saxon: treuwōn

Middle Low German: trûwen, trouwen

Old High German: triuwēn, triuwōn

Middle High German: triuwen, trouwen, trawen, trōwen, tröuwen

German: trauen

From *triuwī (“true, faithful”) + *-ēn and *treuwu (“fidelity, pledge”) + *-ēn.


gaʀd

gaʀd (nominative singular)
gaʀdō (nominative plural)
gaʀdōs (nominative plural)
gaʀd (accusative singular)
gaʀdā (accusative plural)
gaʀdas (genitive singular)
gaʀdō (genitive plural)
gaʀdē (dative singular)
gaʀdum (dative plural)
gaʀdu (instrumental singular)
gaʀdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeard f

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġierd</i>

Middle English: ȝearde, ȝard (merged with descendant of Old English ġierd)

English: yard

Scots: yaird

Old Saxon: gard m or f

Middle Low German: gart f

Old Dutch: *gard

Middle Dutch: gart, gāert m

Dutch: gard

Old High German: gart m

Middle High German: gart

German: Gart


aiþastab

aiþastab (nominative singular)
aiþastabō (nominative plural)
aiþastabōs (nominative plural)
aiþastab (accusative singular)
aiþastabā (accusative plural)
aiþastabas (genitive singular)
aiþastabō (genitive plural)
aiþastabē (dative singular)
aiþastabum (dative plural)
aiþastabu (instrumental singular)
aiþastabum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āþstæf

Old Saxon: ēdstaf, ēthstaf

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: eitstevere, ētstēvære, ētstēvære, ētstēver, eitstēver (+ *-ārī)

Old High German: *eidstap, eidstab

Middle High German: eitstap


gailēn

gailēn (infinitive)
gailēnijas (genitive infinitive)
gailēnijē (dative infinitive)
gailēniju (infinitive instrumental)
gailē (first-person present singular)
gail?dā (first-person past singular)
gailēs (present second-person singular)
gail?dēs (past second-person singular)
gailēþ (present singular third-person)
gail?dē (past singular third-person)
gail?dā (past singular third-person)
gailēm (first-person plural present)
gail?dum (first-person past plural)
gailēþ (plural present second-person)
gail?dud (past plural second-person)
gailēnþ (plural present third-person)
gail?dun (past plural third-person)
gail?dī (first-person past singular)
gail?dī (past second-person singular)
gailē (present singular third-person)
gail?dī (past singular third-person)
gail?dīm (first-person past plural)
gail?dīd (past plural second-person)
gailēn (plural present third-person)
gail?dīn (past plural third-person)
gailē (present singular)
gailēþ (plural present)
gailēndī (participle present)
gail?d (participle past)

Old Saxon: *gēlon

Middle Low German: gêilen

Old High German: geilēn

Middle High German: geilen

German: geilen


skarjan

skarjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skarjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skarjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skarjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skarju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skaridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skarisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skaridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skaridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skaridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skaridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skarjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skaridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skaridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skarjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skaridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skarjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skaridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skarjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skaridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skarjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skaridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skarjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skaridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skarjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skaridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skarjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skaridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skari (class-1 present singular weak)
skariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skarjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skarid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sċirian, sċyrian

Old Saxon: skerian

Middle Low German: schēren

Old Dutch: *skerien

Middle Dutch: schēren

Dutch: scheren (obsolete)

Old High German: skerien

Middle High German: scheren


bifalþan

bifalþan (infinitive)
bifalþannjas (genitive infinitive)
bifalþannjē (dative infinitive)
bifalþannju (infinitive instrumental)
bifalþu (first-person present singular)
bifealþ (first-person past singular)
bifalþiʀi (present second-person singular)
bifealdī (past second-person singular)
bifalþidi (present singular third-person)
bifealþ (past singular third-person)
bifalþum (first-person plural present)
bifealdum (first-person past plural)
bifalþid (plural present second-person)
bifealdud (past plural second-person)
bifalþand (plural present third-person)
bifealdun (past plural third-person)
bifalþē (first-person present singular)
bifealdī (first-person past singular)
bifalþēs (present second-person singular)
bifalþē (present singular third-person)
bifealdī (past singular third-person)
bifalþēm (first-person plural present)
bifealdīm (first-person past plural)
bifalþēþ (plural present second-person)
bifealdīd (past plural second-person)
bifalþēn (plural present third-person)
bifealdīn (past plural third-person)
bifalþ (present singular)
bifalþid (plural present)
bifalþandī (participle present)
bifaldan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: befealdan
Middle English: *befalden, *befolden
English: befold
⇒ Middle English: bifolden, bevealde, bifolde (past participle/adjective)

Old High German: bifaldan, bifaltan

Middle High German: befalten, bevalten


hauhijan

hauhijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hauhijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hauhijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hauhijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hauhiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hauhidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hauhisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hauhidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hauhidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hauhiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hauhidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hauhidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hauhijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hauhidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hauhiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hauhidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hauhijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hauhidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hauhijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hauhidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hauhijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hauhidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hauhijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hauhidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hauhijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hauhidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hauhijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hauhidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hauhijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hauhidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hauhi (class-1 present singular weak)
hauhiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hauhijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hauhid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hēan

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġehēgan</i>

Middle English: heien (conflated with ġehēgan)
English: high
Yola: heech

Old Frisian: heia

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: hȫgen (backformed to the adjective)

Old Dutch: *hōen

Middle Dutch: hogen (backformed to the adjective)

Dutch: hogen

Old High German: hōhen

Middle High German: höhen

German: höhen

From Proto-Germanic *hauhijaną. Equivalent to *hauh (“high”) + *-jan.


daupijan

daupijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
daupijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
daupijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
daupijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
daupiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daupidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
daupisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daupidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daupidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daupiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daupidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daupidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daupijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daupidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
daupiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daupidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
daupijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daupidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
daupijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daupidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
daupijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daupidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daupijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daupidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daupijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daupidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
daupijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daupidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
daupijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daupidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
daupi (class-1 present singular weak)
daupiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
daupijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
daupid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: dīepan

Middle English: depen

Scots: depe

Old Frisian: dēpa

Old Saxon: dōpian

Middle Low German: dȫpen

Low German: döpen

→ Saterland Frisian: dööpe

Old Dutch: dōpen
Middle Dutch: dôpen
Dutch: dopen
Afrikaans: doop
Limburgish: duipe, deupe

Old High German: toufen; (Central German) *doufen

desc

Middle High German: toufen, töufen, döufen

Central Franconian: däufe, dööfe, deefe, dääfe, daafe

Hunsrik: daafe

Luxembourgish: deefen

German: taufen


hauhiþu

hauhiþu (nominative singular)
hauhiþō (nominative plural)
hauhiþā (accusative singular)
hauhiþā (accusative plural)
hauhiþā (genitive singular)
hauhiþō (genitive plural)
hauhiþē (dative singular)
hauhiþōm (dative plural)
hauhiþum (dative plural)
hauhiþu (instrumental singular)
hauhiþōm (instrumental plural)
hauhiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hīehþu, hīehþo, hēhþo, hēahþu

Middle English: heiȝþe, heighte

English: heighth, height

Scots: hecht, haicht

Old Frisian: *hēchte, *hāchte

Saterland Frisian: Höchte, Hööchte

West Frisian: hichte

Old Saxon: *hōhitha

Middle Low German: hö̂gede, hö̂chte

German Low German: Höchte, Höcht

Old Dutch: *hōgitha, *hōgida

Middle Dutch: hôgede

Dutch: hoogte

Afrikaans: hoogte

Limburgish: huuegdje

Old High German: hōhida

Middle High German: hœhede, hœhte

Luxembourgish: Héicht

From Proto-Germanic *hauhiþō. Equivalent to *hauh (“high”) + *-iþu (abstract noun suffix).


skīru

skīru (nominative singular)
skīrō (nominative plural)
skīrā (accusative singular)
skīrā (accusative plural)
skīrā (genitive singular)
skīrō (genitive plural)
skīrē (dative singular)
skīrōm (dative plural)
skīrum (dative plural)
skīru (instrumental singular)
skīrōm (instrumental plural)
skīrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċīr
Middle English: shire, shiere, chire, ssire, schire, schyre
English: shire
→ Icelandic: skíri
Scots: shire

desc

Old High German: skīra, scīra, skiera, sciera

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


skirmi

skirmi (nominative singular)
skirmī (nominative plural)
skirmi (accusative singular)
skirmī (accusative plural)
skirmī (genitive singular)
skirmijō (genitive plural)
skirmī (dative singular)
skirmim (dative plural)
skirmijum (dative plural)
skirmī (instrumental singular)
skirmim (instrumental plural)
skirmijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *skirm, *skerm

Middle Low German: scherm, scharm

German Low German: Schirm

→ Danish: skærm

→ Icelandic: skermur

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjerm

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjerm

→ Swedish: skärm

Old Dutch: skirm

Middle Dutch: scherm

Dutch: scherm

Afrikaans: skerm

Old High German: scirm, skirm, scerm, skerm

Middle High German: schirm, scherm

desctree

German: Schirm
→? Finnish: sermi
→ Russian: ширма (širma)

Hunsrik: Scherrem

Yiddish: שירעם (shirem)

→ Old French: escran, escren, escrein (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Italian: schermo


nāmijan

nāmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
nāmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
nāmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
nāmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
nāmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nāmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nāmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nāmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nāmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nāmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nāmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nāmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nāmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nāmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nāmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nāmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nāmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nāmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nāmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
nāmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
nāmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
nāmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
nāmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
nāmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
nāmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
nāmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
nāmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
nāmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
nāmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
nāmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
nāmi (class-1 present singular weak)
nāmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
nāmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
nāmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *nǣman

⇒ Old English: ġenǣman

⇒ Old English: fornǣman

From *nāmī (“taking; takeable”) + *-jan.


uʀneman

uʀneman (infinitive)
uʀnemannjas (genitive infinitive)
uʀnemannjē (dative infinitive)
uʀnemannju (infinitive instrumental)
uʀnemu (first-person present singular)
uʀnam (first-person past singular)
uʀnimiʀi (present second-person singular)
uʀnāmī (past second-person singular)
uʀnimidi (present singular third-person)
uʀnam (past singular third-person)
uʀnemum (first-person plural present)
uʀnāmum (first-person past plural)
uʀnimid (plural present second-person)
uʀnāmud (past plural second-person)
uʀnemand (plural present third-person)
uʀnāmun (past plural third-person)
uʀnemē (first-person present singular)
uʀnāmī (first-person past singular)
uʀnemēs (present second-person singular)
uʀnemē (present singular third-person)
uʀnāmī (past singular third-person)
uʀnemēm (first-person plural present)
uʀnāmīm (first-person past plural)
uʀnemēþ (plural present second-person)
uʀnāmīd (past plural second-person)
uʀnemēn (plural present third-person)
uʀnāmīn (past plural third-person)
uʀnim (present singular)
uʀnimid (plural present)
uʀnemandī (participle present)
uʀnuman (participle past)

Old English: āniman, ānyman

Middle English: ānimen (attested only in the past participle)

Old High German: irneman

Middle High German: ernëmen

From Proto-Germanic *uznemaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- + *neman.


numþi

numþi (nominative singular)
numþī (nominative plural)
numþi (accusative singular)
numþī (accusative plural)
numþī (genitive singular)
numþijō (genitive plural)
numþī (dative singular)
numþim (dative plural)
numþijum (dative plural)
numþī (instrumental singular)
numþim (instrumental plural)
numþijum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: numft

Middle High German: numft

(German: Vernunft)


abaneman

abaneman (infinitive)
abanemannjas (genitive infinitive)
abanemannjē (dative infinitive)
abanemannju (infinitive instrumental)
abanemu (first-person present singular)
abanam (first-person past singular)
abanimiʀi (present second-person singular)
abanāmī (past second-person singular)
abanimidi (present singular third-person)
abanam (past singular third-person)
abanemum (first-person plural present)
abanāmum (first-person past plural)
abanimid (plural present second-person)
abanāmud (past plural second-person)
abanemand (plural present third-person)
abanāmun (past plural third-person)
abanemē (first-person present singular)
abanāmī (first-person past singular)
abanemēs (present second-person singular)
abanemē (present singular third-person)
abanāmī (past singular third-person)
abanemēm (first-person plural present)
abanāmīm (first-person past plural)
abanemēþ (plural present second-person)
abanāmīd (past plural second-person)
abanemēn (plural present third-person)
abanāmīn (past plural third-person)
abanim (present singular)
abanimid (plural present)
abanemandī (participle present)
abanuman (participle past)

Old Dutch: *avaneman

Middle Dutch: avenemen, afnemen

Dutch: afnemen

Old High German: abaneman

desc

Middle High German: abenemen, abnemen, abe nemen

German: abnehmen

From Proto-Germanic *abanemaną. Equivalent to *aba- + *neman.


ganāmī

ganāmī (masculine nominative singular)
ganāmiju (feminine nominative singular)
ganāmī (neuter nominative singular)
ganāmijanā (accusative masculine singular)
ganāmijā (accusative feminine singular)
ganāmī (accusative neuter singular)
ganāmijas (genitive masculine singular)
ganāmijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
ganāmijas (genitive neuter singular)
ganāmijumē (dative masculine singular)
ganāmijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
ganāmijumē (dative neuter singular)
ganāmiju (instrumental masculine singular)
ganāmijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
ganāmiju (instrumental neuter singular)
ganāmijē (masculine nominative plural)
ganāmijō (feminine nominative plural)
ganāmiju (neuter nominative plural)
ganāmijā (accusative masculine plural)
ganāmijā (accusative feminine plural)
ganāmiju (accusative neuter plural)
ganāmijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
ganāmijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
ganāmijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
ganāmijēm (dative masculine plural)
ganāmijum (dative masculine plural)
ganāmijēm (dative feminine plural)
ganāmijum (dative feminine plural)
ganāmijēm (dative neuter plural)
ganāmijum (dative neuter plural)
ganāmijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
ganāmijum (instrumental masculine plural)
ganāmijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
ganāmijum (feminine instrumental plural)
ganāmijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
ganāmijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *genāmi

Middle Low German: genāme, nēme

⇒ Middle Low German: annāme, annēme

Old Dutch: *genāmi, *genēmi

Middle Dutch: genāme, genēme

⇒ Middle Dutch: aenghenaem

Dutch: aangenaam

Old High German: gināmi

Middle High German: genǣme

German: genehm

⇒ German: angenehm


ganeman

ganeman (infinitive)
ganemannjas (genitive infinitive)
ganemannjē (dative infinitive)
ganemannju (infinitive instrumental)
ganemu (first-person present singular)
ganam (first-person past singular)
ganimiʀi (present second-person singular)
ganāmī (past second-person singular)
ganimidi (present singular third-person)
ganam (past singular third-person)
ganemum (first-person plural present)
ganāmum (first-person past plural)
ganimid (plural present second-person)
ganāmud (past plural second-person)
ganemand (plural present third-person)
ganāmun (past plural third-person)
ganemē (first-person present singular)
ganāmī (first-person past singular)
ganemēs (present second-person singular)
ganemē (present singular third-person)
ganāmī (past singular third-person)
ganemēm (first-person plural present)
ganāmīm (first-person past plural)
ganemēþ (plural present second-person)
ganāmīd (past plural second-person)
ganemēn (plural present third-person)
ganāmīn (past plural third-person)
ganim (present singular)
ganimid (plural present)
ganemandī (participle present)
ganuman (participle past)

Old English: ġeniman

Old Saxon: giniman

Old Dutch: *gineman

Middle Dutch: genēmen

Old High German: gineman

Middle High German: genemen

From Proto-Germanic *ganemaną. Equivalent to *ga- + *neman.


franeman

franeman (infinitive)
franemannjas (genitive infinitive)
franemannjē (dative infinitive)
franemannju (infinitive instrumental)
franemu (first-person present singular)
franam (first-person past singular)
franimiʀi (present second-person singular)
franāmī (past second-person singular)
franimidi (present singular third-person)
franam (past singular third-person)
franemum (first-person plural present)
franāmum (first-person past plural)
franimid (plural present second-person)
franāmud (past plural second-person)
franemand (plural present third-person)
franāmun (past plural third-person)
franemē (first-person present singular)
franāmī (first-person past singular)
franemēs (present second-person singular)
franemē (present singular third-person)
franāmī (past singular third-person)
franemēm (first-person plural present)
franāmīm (first-person past plural)
franemēþ (plural present second-person)
franāmīd (past plural second-person)
franemēn (plural present third-person)
franāmīn (past plural third-person)
franim (present singular)
franimid (plural present)
franemandī (participle present)
franuman (participle past)

Old English: forniman

Middle English: fornimen

Old Saxon: farniman

Middle Low German: vornemen

→ Danish: fornemme

→ Norwegian: fornemme

Old Dutch: *farneman

Middle Dutch: vernēmen

Dutch: vernemen

Afrikaans: verneem

Old High German: firneman

Middle High German: vernemen

German: vernehmen

From Proto-Germanic *franemaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *neman.


rīpiþu

rīpiþu (nominative singular)
rīpiþō (nominative plural)
rīpiþā (accusative singular)
rīpiþā (accusative plural)
rīpiþā (genitive singular)
rīpiþō (genitive plural)
rīpiþē (dative singular)
rīpiþōm (dative plural)
rīpiþum (dative plural)
rīpiþu (instrumental singular)
rīpiþōm (instrumental plural)
rīpiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rīpþ

Old Dutch: rīpitha


rīpu

rīpu (nominative singular)
rīpō (nominative plural)
rīpā (accusative singular)
rīpā (accusative plural)
rīpā (genitive singular)
rīpō (genitive plural)
rīpē (dative singular)
rīpōm (dative plural)
rīpum (dative plural)
rīpu (instrumental singular)
rīpōm (instrumental plural)
rīpum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *rīpe

Saterland Frisian: rip, ripe

West Frisian: ryp

Old Dutch: *rīp

Middle Dutch: *rip

Dutch: rijp

Old High German: *rīfa

Middle High German: rīf


rīpēn

rīpēn (infinitive)
rīpēnijas (genitive infinitive)
rīpēnijē (dative infinitive)
rīpēniju (infinitive instrumental)
rīpē (first-person present singular)
rīp?dā (first-person past singular)
rīpēs (present second-person singular)
rīp?dēs (past second-person singular)
rīpēþ (present singular third-person)
rīp?dē (past singular third-person)
rīp?dā (past singular third-person)
rīpēm (first-person plural present)
rīp?dum (first-person past plural)
rīpēþ (plural present second-person)
rīp?dud (past plural second-person)
rīpēnþ (plural present third-person)
rīp?dun (past plural third-person)
rīp?dī (first-person past singular)
rīp?dī (past second-person singular)
rīpē (present singular third-person)
rīp?dī (past singular third-person)
rīp?dīm (first-person past plural)
rīp?dīd (past plural second-person)
rīpēn (plural present third-person)
rīp?dīn (past plural third-person)
rīpē (present singular)
rīpēþ (plural present)
rīpēndī (participle present)
rīp?d (participle past)

Old English: rīpian

Middle English: ripen

English: ripe

Old Frisian: *rīpia

West Frisian: rypje

Old Saxon: rīpon

Middle Low German: rīpen

desctree

Old Dutch: *rīpon
Middle Dutch: ripen
Dutch: rijpen

Old High German: rīfēn

Middle High German: rīfen

German: reifen


nāmī

nāmī (masculine nominative singular)
nāmiju (feminine nominative singular)
nāmī (neuter nominative singular)
nāmijanā (accusative masculine singular)
nāmijā (accusative feminine singular)
nāmī (accusative neuter singular)
nāmijas (genitive masculine singular)
nāmijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
nāmijas (genitive neuter singular)
nāmijumē (dative masculine singular)
nāmijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
nāmijumē (dative neuter singular)
nāmiju (instrumental masculine singular)
nāmijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
nāmiju (instrumental neuter singular)
nāmijē (masculine nominative plural)
nāmijō (feminine nominative plural)
nāmiju (neuter nominative plural)
nāmijā (accusative masculine plural)
nāmijā (accusative feminine plural)
nāmiju (accusative neuter plural)
nāmijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
nāmijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
nāmijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
nāmijēm (dative masculine plural)
nāmijum (dative masculine plural)
nāmijēm (dative feminine plural)
nāmijum (dative feminine plural)
nāmijēm (dative neuter plural)
nāmijum (dative neuter plural)
nāmijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
nāmijum (instrumental masculine plural)
nāmijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
nāmijum (feminine instrumental plural)
nāmijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
nāmijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Saxon: *nāmi, *nēmi

Old High German: nāmi

From Proto-Germanic *nēmiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


stautōn

stautōn (infinitive)
stautōnijas (genitive infinitive)
stautōnijē (dative infinitive)
stautōniju (infinitive instrumental)
stautō (first-person present singular)
stautōdā (first-person past singular)
stautōs (present second-person singular)
stautōdēs (past second-person singular)
stautōdōs (past second-person singular)
stautōþ (present singular third-person)
stautōdē (past singular third-person)
stautōdā (past singular third-person)
stautōm (first-person plural present)
stautōdum (first-person past plural)
stautōþ (plural present second-person)
stautōdud (past plural second-person)
stautōnþ (plural present third-person)
stautōdun (past plural third-person)
stautōdī (first-person past singular)
stautōdī (past second-person singular)
stautō (present singular third-person)
stautōdī (past singular third-person)
stautōdīm (first-person past plural)
stautōdīd (past plural second-person)
stautōn (plural present third-person)
stautōdīn (past plural third-person)
stautō (present singular)
stautōþ (plural present)
stautōndī (participle present)
stautōd (participle past)

Old High German: *stōzōn

Middle High German: *stōzen

German: stoßen

From Proto-Germanic *stautōną. Equivalent to *stauti (“a push”) + *-ōn.


stauti

stauti (nominative singular)
stautī (nominative plural)
stauti (accusative singular)
stautī (accusative plural)
stautī (genitive singular)
stautijō (genitive plural)
stautī (dative singular)
stautim (dative plural)
stautijum (dative plural)
stautī (instrumental singular)
stautim (instrumental plural)
stautijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: stêt

Old Saxon: *stōt

Middle Low German: stôt

Old Dutch: *stōt

Middle Dutch: stôot

Dutch: stoot

Afrikaans: stoot

Old High German: stōz

Middle High German: stōz

German: Stoß


stillēn

stillēn (infinitive)
stillēnijas (genitive infinitive)
stillēnijē (dative infinitive)
stillēniju (infinitive instrumental)
stillē (first-person present singular)
still?dā (first-person past singular)
stillēs (present second-person singular)
still?dēs (past second-person singular)
stillēþ (present singular third-person)
still?dē (past singular third-person)
still?dā (past singular third-person)
stillēm (first-person plural present)
still?dum (first-person past plural)
stillēþ (plural present second-person)
still?dud (past plural second-person)
stillēnþ (plural present third-person)
still?dun (past plural third-person)
still?dī (first-person past singular)
still?dī (past second-person singular)
stillē (present singular third-person)
still?dī (past singular third-person)
still?dīm (first-person past plural)
still?dīd (past plural second-person)
stillēn (plural present third-person)
still?dīn (past plural third-person)
stillē (present singular)
stillēþ (plural present)
stillēndī (participle present)
still?d (participle past)

Old English: *stillian

Middle English: stillen

Old Saxon: stillon

Middle Low German: stillen

Old Dutch: *stillon

Middle Dutch: stillen

Dutch: stillen

Afrikaans: stil

Old High German: stillēn

Middle High German: stillen

German: stillen

(intransitive) to become quiet, calm down


waiþu

waiþu (nominative singular)
waiþō (nominative plural)
waiþā (accusative singular)
waiþā (accusative plural)
waiþā (genitive singular)
waiþō (genitive plural)
waiþē (dative singular)
waiþōm (dative plural)
waiþum (dative plural)
waiþu (instrumental singular)
waiþōm (instrumental plural)
waiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wāþ

Middle English: wathe, waith, wayth

English: wathe

Scots: waith

Old Frisian: *wāth, *wēth

Saterland Frisian: Weede

West Frisian: weide

Old Saxon: *weitha

Middle Low German: weide

German Low German: Weide, Weid

Old Dutch: weitha

Middle Dutch: weide

Dutch: weide, wei

Afrikaans: weide, wei

West Flemish: wede, wee

Old High German: weida

Middle High German: weide

Alemannic German: weidu

German: Weide


-ōn

-ōn (infinitive)
-ōnijas (genitive infinitive)
-ōnijē (dative infinitive)
-ōniju (infinitive instrumental)
-ō (first-person present singular)
-ōdā (first-person past singular)
-ōs (present second-person singular)
-ōdēs (past second-person singular)
-ōdōs (past second-person singular)
-ōþ (present singular third-person)
-ōdē (past singular third-person)
-ōdā (past singular third-person)
-ōm (first-person plural present)
-ōdum (first-person past plural)
-ōþ (plural present second-person)
-ōdud (past plural second-person)
-ōnþ (plural present third-person)
-ōdun (past plural third-person)
-ōdī (first-person past singular)
-ōdī (past second-person singular)
-ō (present singular third-person)
-ōdī (past singular third-person)
-ōdīm (first-person past plural)
-ōdīd (past plural second-person)
-ōn (plural present third-person)
-ōdīn (past plural third-person)
-ō (present singular)
-ōþ (plural present)
-ōndī (participle present)
-ōd (participle past)

Old English: -ian

Middle English: -ien, -en

Scots: -e (obsolete)

English: -en, -e (obsolete)

Old Frisian: -ia

North Frisian: -je

Saterland Frisian: -je

West Frisian: -je

Old Saxon: -ōn, -oian
Middle Low German: -en
Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -on

Middle Dutch: -en

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -ōn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


-ēn

-ēn (infinitive)
-ēnijas (genitive infinitive)
-ēnijē (dative infinitive)
-ēniju (infinitive instrumental)
-ē (first-person present singular)
-?dā (first-person past singular)
-ēs (present second-person singular)
-?dēs (past second-person singular)
-ēþ (present singular third-person)
-?dē (past singular third-person)
-?dā (past singular third-person)
-ēm (first-person plural present)
-?dum (first-person past plural)
-ēþ (plural present second-person)
-?dud (past plural second-person)
-ēnþ (plural present third-person)
-?dun (past plural third-person)
-?dī (first-person past singular)
-?dī (past second-person singular)
-ē (present singular third-person)
-?dī (past singular third-person)
-?dīm (first-person past plural)
-?dīd (past plural second-person)
-ēn (plural present third-person)
-?dīn (past plural third-person)
-ē (present singular)
-ēþ (plural present)
-ēndī (participle present)
-?d (participle past)

q

Old English: -ian (in a few cases; preceded by a palatalised consonant or non-backed æ)

Old High German: -ēn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en

From Proto-Germanic *-āną, by extending the suffix alternant -ai- throughout all forms, analogous to the second weak class.

Creates stative or factitive verbs from adjectives.


-ōjan

desctree

Old English: -ian
Middle English: -ien, -en (merged with all other verbs)
English: -en, -e (obsolete)
Scots: -e (obsolete)

Old Frisian: -ia

North Frisian: -je

Saterland Frisian: -je

West Frisian: -je

Old Saxon: -oian

Middle Low German: -en

German Low German: -en

Dutch Low Saxon: -en

Plautdietsch: -en

Reanalysed from *-ōn based on the first and third class of weak verbs.

(North Sea Germanic) Alternative form of *-ōn


gatal

gatal (nominative singular)
gatalu (nominative plural)
gatal (accusative singular)
gatalu (accusative plural)
gatalas (genitive singular)
gatalō (genitive plural)
gatalē (dative singular)
gatalum (dative plural)
gatalu (instrumental singular)
gatalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġetæl

Old Saxon: gital

Old Dutch: *getal

Middle Dutch: getal

Dutch: getal


laiwarikā

laiwarikā (nominative singular)
laiwarikōn (nominative plural)
laiwarikōn (accusative singular)
laiwarikōn (accusative plural)
laiwarikōn (genitive singular)
laiwarikōnō (genitive plural)
laiwarikōn (dative singular)
laiwarikōm (dative plural)
laiwarikum (dative plural)
laiwarikōn (instrumental singular)
laiwarikōm (instrumental plural)
laiwarikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāwriċe, lāferċe
Middle English: larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok
English: lark, laverock, lavrock
Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok
Yola: lereke, lerock

desc

Old Frisian: *lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze

North Frisian: lāsk (<? *laiwaʀikā)

Saterland Frisian: Läiverke, Leeuwerke (Skäddel)

West Frisian: ljurk, lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts

Old Saxon: lēwerka

Middle Low German: lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke

German Low German: Leverke, Leverk

Old Dutch: *leiwerka, *lēwerka

Middle Dutch: lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick

Dutch: leeuwerik

⇒ Afrikaans: lewerkie

→ West Frisian: ljurk

desctree

Old High German: lērihha
Middle High German: lērche, lërche, lērhe
German: Lerche
Luxembourgish: Léierchen

q

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: *laverca (← Suevic *lawerka or Visigothic *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉 (*laiwarkō))

Galician: laverca

Portuguese: laverca


bandijan

bandijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bandijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bandijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bandijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bandiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bandidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bandisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bandidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bandidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bandiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bandidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bandidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bandijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bandidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bandiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bandidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bandijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bandidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bandijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bandidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bandijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bandidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bandijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bandidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bandijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bandidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bandijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bandidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bandijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bandidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bandi (class-1 present singular weak)
bandiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bandijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bandid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: bendan

Middle English: benden

English: bend

Scots: bend

Old Saxon: *bendian

Middle Low German: benden

Old High German: *benten

Middle High German: benden

→ Old French: bender, bander

Middle French: bander

French: bander

→ Occitan: bendar

→ Italian: bendare, bandare

→ Spanish: vendar, bandar

→ Portuguese: vendar, bandar


-skapi

-skapi (nominative singular)
-skapī (nominative plural)
-skapi (accusative singular)
-skapī (accusative plural)
-skapī (genitive singular)
-skappjō (genitive plural)
-skapī (dative singular)
-skapim (dative plural)
-skappjum (dative plural)
-skapī (instrumental singular)
-skapim (instrumental plural)
-skappjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -sċiepe

Middle English: -schippe, -shipe

English: -ship

Scots: -schip

Old Frisian: -skipe, -skip

Saterland Frisian: -skup

West Frisian: -skip

Old Saxon: -skepi

i

Middle Low German: -skap (likely under influence of the surrounding languages), unstressed forms: -skop, -skup

German Low German: -schop

East Frisian: -skupp

Münsterländisch: -schopp

Paderbornisch: -skop, -skopp

Old Dutch: -skap

Middle Dutch: -schap

Dutch: -schap

Afrikaans: -skap

Old High German: -skaf, -skaft

Middle High German: -schaft

German: -schaft

Yiddish: ־שאַפֿט (-shaft)

Forms nouns denoting state, originally meaning "shaping, condition".


morhā

morhā (nominative singular)
morhōn (nominative plural)
morhōn (accusative singular)
morhōn (accusative plural)
morhōn (genitive singular)
morhōnō (genitive plural)
morhōn (dative singular)
morhōm (dative plural)
morhum (dative plural)
morhōn (instrumental singular)
morhōm (instrumental plural)
morhum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: more
Middle English: more, moore, morre
English: more (dialectal)
→ Welsh: moron

Old Saxon: morha

Middle Low German: more, mȫre

⇒ German Low German: Mohrenkopp

→⇒ Swedish: morot

Old Dutch: *mora

Middle Dutch: mōre

Limburgish: moer

Old High German: morha, moraha

Middle High German: morhe, morche

German: Möhre

⇒ German: Mohrrübe

Luxembourgish: Muert

Yiddish: מייער (meyer)


lubu

lubu (nominative singular)
lobō (nominative plural)
lobā (accusative singular)
lobā (accusative plural)
lobā (genitive singular)
lobō (genitive plural)
lubē (dative singular)
lobōm (dative plural)
lubum (dative plural)
lubu (instrumental singular)
lobōm (instrumental plural)
lubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lufu, lufe
Middle English: love
English: love
Scots: luve, lufe
Yola: loove

Old Frisian: luve

Old Saxon: luva

⇒ Old Saxon: luvig, lubig (“willing”)

Old High German: luba


-ārī

-ārī (nominative singular)
-ārijō (nominative plural)
-ārijōs (nominative plural)
-ārī (accusative singular)
-ārijā (accusative plural)
-ārijas (genitive singular)
-ārijō (genitive plural)
-ārijē (dative singular)
-ārijum (dative plural)
-āriju (instrumental singular)
-ārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ere, -re
Middle English: -er
English: -er
Scots: -ar

Old Frisian: -ere

Saterland Frisian: -er

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: -āri
Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
Low German: -er

Old Dutch: *-āri, -ere

Middle Dutch: -ere
Dutch: -er, -aar
Afrikaans: -er
Limburgish: -er

Old High German: -āri, -ari, -eri
Middle High German: -ære, -er
Alemannic German: -er
Bavarian: -er
Cimbrian: -ar
German: -er
Luxembourgish: -er
Yiddish: ־ער (-er)

-er; creates agent nouns from other nouns.


-iþu

-iþu (nominative singular)
-iþō (nominative plural)
-iþā (accusative singular)
-iþā (accusative plural)
-iþā (genitive singular)
-iþō (genitive plural)
-iþē (dative singular)
-iþōm (dative plural)
-iþum (dative plural)
-iþu (instrumental singular)
-iþōm (instrumental plural)
-iþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to
Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (following fricatives)
English: -th, -t
Scots: -th, -t

Old Frisian: -ithe, -te

Saterland Frisian: -te

West Frisian: -te

Old Saxon: -itha

Middle Low German: -ede, -de, -te

Low German: -de, -te

→ German: -te

Old Dutch: -itha

Middle Dutch: -ede, -de, -te
Dutch: -te, -de

Old High German: -ida
Middle High German: -ede
German: -de (rare, not productive)
Luxembourgish: -t

Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns.


lobasam

lobasam (masculine nominative singular)
lobasamu (feminine nominative singular)
lobasam (neuter nominative singular)
lobasamanā (accusative masculine singular)
lobasamā (accusative feminine singular)
lobasam (accusative neuter singular)
lobasamas (genitive masculine singular)
lobasameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
lobasamas (genitive neuter singular)
lobasamumē (dative masculine singular)
lobasameʀē (dative feminine singular)
lobasamumē (dative neuter singular)
lobasamu (instrumental masculine singular)
lobasameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
lobasamu (instrumental neuter singular)
lobasamē (masculine nominative plural)
lobasamō (feminine nominative plural)
lobasamu (neuter nominative plural)
lobasamā (accusative masculine plural)
lobasamā (accusative feminine plural)
lobasamu (accusative neuter plural)
lobasameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
lobasameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
lobasameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
lobasamēm (dative masculine plural)
lobasamum (dative masculine plural)
lobasamēm (dative feminine plural)
lobasamum (dative feminine plural)
lobasamēm (dative neuter plural)
lobasamum (dative neuter plural)
lobasamēm (instrumental masculine plural)
lobasamum (instrumental masculine plural)
lobasamēm (feminine instrumental plural)
lobasamum (feminine instrumental plural)
lobasamēm (instrumental neuter plural)
lobasamum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: lofsum

Old Dutch: *lovasam

Middle Dutch: lōvesam

Dutch: lofzaam

Old High German: lobasam, lobosam

Middle High German: lobesam


ganuhti

ganuhti (nominative singular)
ganuhtī (nominative plural)
ganuhti (accusative singular)
ganuhtī (accusative plural)
ganuhtī (genitive singular)
ganuhtijō (genitive plural)
ganuhtī (dative singular)
ganuhtim (dative plural)
ganuhtijum (dative plural)
ganuhtī (instrumental singular)
ganuhtim (instrumental plural)
ganuhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġenyht

Old Saxon: ginuht

Middle Low German: genuchte, genöchte

Old Dutch: ginuhti (reformed as īn-stem)

Middle Dutch: genuchte, genochte

Dutch: genucht

Old High German: ginuht

Middle High German: genuht