dōm

Old Saxon: *dōm

q

Middle Low German: dôm (all descendants may also be from Modern German)

Low German: Dom, Doom

→ Danish: dom

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dom

→ Swedish: dom

Old Dutch: duom

Middle Low German: doem

(⇒ Dutch: dom) (altered after Middle French)

Old High German: tuom

Middle High German: tuom

German: Thum (obsolete)

(⇒ German: Dom) (altered after Middle French and/or Low German)

Luxembourgish: Doum (possibly inherited)


kolamaisā

kolamaisā (nominative singular)
kolamaisōn (nominative plural)
kolamaisōn (accusative singular)
kolamaisōn (accusative plural)
kolamaisōn (genitive singular)
kolamaisōnō (genitive plural)
kolamaisōn (dative singular)
kolamaisōm (dative plural)
kolamaisum (dative plural)
kolamaisōn (instrumental singular)
kolamaisōm (instrumental plural)
kolamaisum (instrumental plural)

Old English: colmāse, cōlmāse

Middle English: collemase, colmose

English: coalmouse

Old Frisian: *kolemēse

Saterland Frisian: Koolmeeske

Old Saxon: *kolmēsa

Middle Low German: *kolemêse

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Kohlmeesch

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Kollmeese

Old Dutch: *kolmēsa

Middle Dutch: *kōlemêse

Dutch: koolmees

Old High German: *kolmeisa

Middle High German: kolemeise

German: Kohlmeise

From *kol (“coal”) + *maisā (“titmouse”).


sālīg

sālīg (masculine nominative singular)
sālīgu (feminine nominative singular)
sālīg (neuter nominative singular)
sālīganā (accusative masculine singular)
sālīgā (accusative feminine singular)
sālīg (accusative neuter singular)
sālīgas (genitive masculine singular)
sālīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
sālīgas (genitive neuter singular)
sālīgumē (dative masculine singular)
sālīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
sālīgumē (dative neuter singular)
sālīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
sālīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
sālīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
sālīgē (masculine nominative plural)
sālīgō (feminine nominative plural)
sālīgu (neuter nominative plural)
sālīgā (accusative masculine plural)
sālīgā (accusative feminine plural)
sālīgu (accusative neuter plural)
sālīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
sālīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
sālīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
sālīgēm (dative masculine plural)
sālīgum (dative masculine plural)
sālīgēm (dative feminine plural)
sālīgum (dative feminine plural)
sālīgēm (dative neuter plural)
sālīgum (dative neuter plural)
sālīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
sālīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
sālīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
sālīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
sālīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
sālīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: sǣliġ
Middle English: sēlī
English: silly, sely
Scots: seelie

Old Frisian: sēlich, sīlich

West Frisian: silich

Old Saxon: sālig

Middle Low German: sä̂lich

→ Danish: salig

→ Norwegian Bokmål: salig

→ Swedish: salig

Old Dutch: *sālig

Middle Dutch: salich

Dutch: zalig

Afrikaans: salig

→ West Frisian: salich

Limburgish: zieëlig, zaolig

Old High German: sālīg
Middle High German: sælic
German: selig
Luxembourgish: séileg
Silesian East Central German: salig (Gebirgsschlesisch); sälig; selig (Breslauisch)
⇒ Silesian East Central German: glücksälig (also Breslauisch)


attō

attō (nominative singular)
attan (nominative plural)
attan (accusative singular)
attan (accusative plural)
attini (genitive singular)
attan (genitive singular)
attanō (genitive plural)
attini (dative singular)
attan (dative singular)
attum (dative plural)
attini (instrumental singular)
attan (instrumental singular)
attum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ætta, *atta

Middle English: *dadde, *dadd

English: dad

Old Frisian: atta, aththa, atha, eththa
North Frisian: ate, aatj, taatje, tääte
West Frisian: heit

Old Saxon: *atto, *etto

desc

>? Middle Low German: ette (“local elder, hereditary male judge”)

Old Dutch: *atto, *etto

Middle Dutch: ette

Dutch: ette

desctree

Old High German: atto
Middle High German: atte
Alemannic German: Ätti, Ätte
Italian Walser: attu, àttu, attò
⇒ Alemannic German: Großätti, Großatt
Bavarian: Ätt
⇒? Cimbrian: tatta


forþbringan

forþbringan (infinitive)
forþbringannjas (genitive infinitive)
forþbringannjē (dative infinitive)
forþbringannju (infinitive instrumental)
forþbringu (first-person present singular)
forþbrang (first-person past singular)
forþbringiʀi (present second-person singular)
forþbrungī (past second-person singular)
forþbringidi (present singular third-person)
forþbrang (past singular third-person)
forþbringum (first-person plural present)
forþbrungum (first-person past plural)
forþbringid (plural present second-person)
forþbrungud (past plural second-person)
forþbringand (plural present third-person)
forþbrungun (past plural third-person)
forþbringē (first-person present singular)
forþbrungī (first-person past singular)
forþbringēs (present second-person singular)
forþbringē (present singular third-person)
forþbrungī (past singular third-person)
forþbringēm (first-person plural present)
forþbrungīm (first-person past plural)
forþbringēþ (plural present second-person)
forþbrungīd (past plural second-person)
forþbringēn (plural present third-person)
forþbrungīn (past plural third-person)
forþbring (present singular)
forþbringid (plural present)
forþbringandī (participle present)
forþbrungan (participle past)

Old English: forþbringan
Middle English: forthbringen
English: forthbring
Scots: furthbring

Old Frisian: *forthbringa

West Frisian: fuortbringe

Old Saxon: *forthbringan

Middle Low German: vōrtbringen

→? German: fortbringen

Old Dutch: forthbringan, fortbringan

Middle Dutch: vortbringen

Dutch: voortbrengen

Afrikaans: voortbring

foortbrengen

Middle Low German: vortbrengen, vōrtbrengen


solag

solag (masculine nominative singular)
solagu (feminine nominative singular)
solag (neuter nominative singular)
solaganā (accusative masculine singular)
solagā (accusative feminine singular)
solag (accusative neuter singular)
solagas (genitive masculine singular)
solageʀā (feminine genitive singular)
solagas (genitive neuter singular)
solagumē (dative masculine singular)
solageʀē (dative feminine singular)
solagumē (dative neuter singular)
solagu (instrumental masculine singular)
solageʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
solagu (instrumental neuter singular)
solagē (masculine nominative plural)
solagō (feminine nominative plural)
solagu (neuter nominative plural)
solagā (accusative masculine plural)
solagā (accusative feminine plural)
solagu (accusative neuter plural)
solageʀō (genitive masculine plural)
solageʀō (feminine genitive plural)
solageʀō (genitive neuter plural)
solagēm (dative masculine plural)
solagum (dative masculine plural)
solagēm (dative feminine plural)
solagum (dative feminine plural)
solagēm (dative neuter plural)
solagum (dative neuter plural)
solagēm (instrumental masculine plural)
solagum (instrumental masculine plural)
solagēm (feminine instrumental plural)
solagum (feminine instrumental plural)
solagēm (instrumental neuter plural)
solagum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *soleġ, *soliġ

Middle English: soly

Old Saxon: solag

Middle Low German: sōlich, sālich

Old High German: solag

Middle High German: *solec, *solic

German: solig, sölig


teun

teun (nominative singular)
teunu (nominative plural)
teun (accusative singular)
teunu (accusative plural)
teunas (genitive singular)
teunō (genitive plural)
teunē (dative singular)
teunum (dative plural)
teunu (instrumental singular)
teunum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tēon

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*teunō</i>

⇒? Old English: tēona, tēone (or from *teunō)

Middle English: tene

English: teen

Scots: tene, teyne

Old Saxon: *tion

⇒? Old Saxon: tiono (or from *teunō)

(North Sea Germanic) destruction, ruin, damage


-jan

-jan (class-1 infinitive weak)
-jannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
-jannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
-jannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
-ju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-idā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-isi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-idēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-idōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-iþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-idē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-idā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-jum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-idum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-iþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-idud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-janþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-idun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-jē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-idī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-jēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-idī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-jē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-idī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-jēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-idīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-jēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-idīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-jēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-idīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-i (class-1 present singular weak)
-iþ (class-1 plural present weak)
-jandī (class-1 participle present weak)
-id (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: -an (merged with strong verb ending), -ian (after r).

Middle English: -en, -ien

English: -y (only after r, as in ferry, herry, etc.)

Old Frisian: -a (merged with strong verb ending), -ia (after r)

Saterland Frisian: -e, -je

West Frisian: -e, -je

Old Saxon: -ian

Middle Low German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -en, -ien (after r)

Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -en, -ien (after r)

Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German: -en

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


þweran

þweran (infinitive)
þwerannjas (genitive infinitive)
þwerannjē (dative infinitive)
þwerannju (infinitive instrumental)
þweru (first-person present singular)
þwar (first-person past singular)
þwiriʀi (present second-person singular)
þwārī (past second-person singular)
þwiridi (present singular third-person)
þwar (past singular third-person)
þwerum (first-person plural present)
þwārum (first-person past plural)
þwirid (plural present second-person)
þwārud (past plural second-person)
þwerand (plural present third-person)
þwārun (past plural third-person)
þwerē (first-person present singular)
þwārī (first-person past singular)
þwerēs (present second-person singular)
þwerē (present singular third-person)
þwārī (past singular third-person)
þwerēm (first-person plural present)
þwārīm (first-person past plural)
þwerēþ (plural present second-person)
þwārīd (past plural second-person)
þwerēn (plural present third-person)
þwārīn (past plural third-person)
þwir (present singular)
þwirid (plural present)
þwerandī (participle present)
þworan (participle past)

Old English: þweran

Old Saxon: *thweran

Middle Low German: dwēren

Old High German: *dweran, *tweran

desc

Middle High German: dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn

German: zweren (obsolete)

Bavarian: zweren


waisund

waisund (nominative singular)
waisundō (nominative plural)
waisundōs (nominative plural)
waisund (accusative singular)
waisundā (accusative plural)
waisundas (genitive singular)
waisundō (genitive plural)
waisundē (dative singular)
waisundum (dative plural)
waisundu (instrumental singular)
waisundum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wāsend m, *wǣsend
English: weasand, wozzen (dialectal)

Old Frisian: wāsande

Old Saxon: wāsendi

Old High German: weisunt, weisant f

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *waisundaz, from *wais- + *-undaz (body part suffix), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to flow”) (compare Sanskrit वेषति (véṣati, “to flow”)). Possibly related to Norwegian veise (“rivulet; horsetail”).


samalōn

samalōn (infinitive)
samalōnijas (genitive infinitive)
samalōnijē (dative infinitive)
samalōniju (infinitive instrumental)
samalō (first-person present singular)
samalōdā (first-person past singular)
samalōs (present second-person singular)
samalōdēs (past second-person singular)
samalōdōs (past second-person singular)
samalōþ (present singular third-person)
samalōdē (past singular third-person)
samalōdā (past singular third-person)
samalōm (first-person plural present)
samalōdum (first-person past plural)
samalōþ (plural present second-person)
samalōdud (past plural second-person)
samalōnþ (plural present third-person)
samalōdun (past plural third-person)
samalōdī (first-person past singular)
samalōdī (past second-person singular)
samalō (present singular third-person)
samalōdī (past singular third-person)
samalōdīm (first-person past plural)
samalōdīd (past plural second-person)
samalōn (plural present third-person)
samalōdīn (past plural third-person)
samalō (present singular)
samalōþ (plural present)
samalōndī (participle present)
samalōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *samlia, *somlia

Saterland Frisian: sammelje

West Frisian: sammelje

Old Saxon: *samalōn

desc

Middle Low German: sāmelen, sammelen, sammeln

German Low German: sammeln

→ Norwegian: samle

→ Old Swedish: sambla

Swedish: samla

→ Danish: samle

Old Dutch: *samalon

Middle Dutch: sāmelen (attested in sāmelinghe)

q

through confluence with German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">sammeln</i>

Dutch: zamelen (through confluence with German sammeln)

Old High German: *samalōn

desc

Middle High German: samelen, samlen, sameln

Alemannic German:

Swabian: sammla

German: sammeln

Dissimilated from earlier *samnalōn, from *samnōn + *-lōn.


brōþerlaus

brōþerlaus (masculine nominative singular)
brōþerlausu (feminine nominative singular)
brōþerlaus (neuter nominative singular)
brōþerlausanā (accusative masculine singular)
brōþerlausā (accusative feminine singular)
brōþerlaus (accusative neuter singular)
brōþerlausas (genitive masculine singular)
brōþerlauseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
brōþerlausas (genitive neuter singular)
brōþerlausumē (dative masculine singular)
brōþerlauseʀē (dative feminine singular)
brōþerlausumē (dative neuter singular)
brōþerlausu (instrumental masculine singular)
brōþerlauseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
brōþerlausu (instrumental neuter singular)
brōþerlausē (masculine nominative plural)
brōþerlausō (feminine nominative plural)
brōþerlausu (neuter nominative plural)
brōþerlausā (accusative masculine plural)
brōþerlausā (accusative feminine plural)
brōþerlausu (accusative neuter plural)
brōþerlauseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
brōþerlauseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
brōþerlauseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
brōþerlausēm (dative masculine plural)
brōþerlausum (dative masculine plural)
brōþerlausēm (dative feminine plural)
brōþerlausum (dative feminine plural)
brōþerlausēm (dative neuter plural)
brōþerlausum (dative neuter plural)
brōþerlausēm (instrumental masculine plural)
brōþerlausum (instrumental masculine plural)
brōþerlausēm (feminine instrumental plural)
brōþerlausum (feminine instrumental plural)
brōþerlausēm (instrumental neuter plural)
brōþerlausum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: brōþorlēas

Middle English: brotherles

English: brotherless

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: broerleas

Old Dutch:

Dutch: broederloos

Old High German:

German: bruderlos

From *brōþer (“brother”) + *laus (“-less”).


faderlaus

faderlaus (masculine nominative singular)
faderlausu (feminine nominative singular)
faderlaus (neuter nominative singular)
faderlausanā (accusative masculine singular)
faderlausā (accusative feminine singular)
faderlaus (accusative neuter singular)
faderlausas (genitive masculine singular)
faderlauseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
faderlausas (genitive neuter singular)
faderlausumē (dative masculine singular)
faderlauseʀē (dative feminine singular)
faderlausumē (dative neuter singular)
faderlausu (instrumental masculine singular)
faderlauseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
faderlausu (instrumental neuter singular)
faderlausē (masculine nominative plural)
faderlausō (feminine nominative plural)
faderlausu (neuter nominative plural)
faderlausā (accusative masculine plural)
faderlausā (accusative feminine plural)
faderlausu (accusative neuter plural)
faderlauseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
faderlauseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
faderlauseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
faderlausēm (dative masculine plural)
faderlausum (dative masculine plural)
faderlausēm (dative feminine plural)
faderlausum (dative feminine plural)
faderlausēm (dative neuter plural)
faderlausum (dative neuter plural)
faderlausēm (instrumental masculine plural)
faderlausum (instrumental masculine plural)
faderlausēm (feminine instrumental plural)
faderlausum (feminine instrumental plural)
faderlausēm (instrumental neuter plural)
faderlausum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: fæderlēas, feadurlēas
Middle English: faderles, fadirles
English: fatherless

Old High German: faterlōs

Middle High German: vaterlōs

German: vaterlos

From *fader (“father”) + *-laus (“-less”).


dirkinōn

dirkinōn (infinitive)
dirkinōnijas (genitive infinitive)
dirkinōnijē (dative infinitive)
dirkinōniju (infinitive instrumental)
dirkinō (first-person present singular)
dirkinōdā (first-person past singular)
dirkinōs (present second-person singular)
dirkinōdēs (past second-person singular)
dirkinōdōs (past second-person singular)
dirkinōþ (present singular third-person)
dirkinōdē (past singular third-person)
dirkinōdā (past singular third-person)
dirkinōm (first-person plural present)
dirkinōdum (first-person past plural)
dirkinōþ (plural present second-person)
dirkinōdud (past plural second-person)
dirkinōnþ (plural present third-person)
dirkinōdun (past plural third-person)
dirkinōdī (first-person past singular)
dirkinōdī (past second-person singular)
dirkinō (present singular third-person)
dirkinōdī (past singular third-person)
dirkinōdīm (first-person past plural)
dirkinōdīd (past plural second-person)
dirkinōn (plural present third-person)
dirkinōdīn (past plural third-person)
dirkinō (present singular)
dirkinōþ (plural present)
dirkinōndī (participle present)
dirkinōd (participle past)

Old English: *diercnian, *deorcnian

Middle English: dirkenen, derkenen

English: darken

Scots: derken, durken

Old High German: terkanen, tarkenen


gailisōn

gailisōn (infinitive)
gailisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gailisōnijē (dative infinitive)
gailisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gailisō (first-person present singular)
gailisōdā (first-person past singular)
gailisōs (present second-person singular)
gailisōdēs (past second-person singular)
gailisōdōs (past second-person singular)
gailisōþ (present singular third-person)
gailisōdē (past singular third-person)
gailisōdā (past singular third-person)
gailisōm (first-person plural present)
gailisōdum (first-person past plural)
gailisōþ (plural present second-person)
gailisōdud (past plural second-person)
gailisōnþ (plural present third-person)
gailisōdun (past plural third-person)
gailisōdī (first-person past singular)
gailisōdī (past second-person singular)
gailisō (present singular third-person)
gailisōdī (past singular third-person)
gailisōdīm (first-person past plural)
gailisōdīd (past plural second-person)
gailisōn (plural present third-person)
gailisōdīn (past plural third-person)
gailisō (present singular)
gailisōþ (plural present)
gailisōndī (participle present)
gailisōd (participle past)

Old English: *gǣlsian

⇒ Old English: gǣlsa

Old High German: geilisōn

Middle High German: geilsen


smaltī

smaltī (nominative singular)
smaltiju (nominative plural)
smaltī (accusative singular)
smaltiju (accusative plural)
smaltijas (genitive singular)
smaltijō (genitive plural)
smaltijē (dative singular)
smaltijum (dative plural)
smaltiju (instrumental singular)
smaltijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *smelti

Middle Low German: smelte

Old Dutch: *smelti

Middle Dutch: smelte

Dutch: smelt

Old High German: smelzi

Middle High German: *smelze

German: Schmelze, Schmelz

⇒ Old High German: gismelzi

Middle High German: gesmelze

→ Medieval Latin: smaltum (see there for further descendants)

From *smeltan (“to melt; to smelt”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


furtijan

furtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
furtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
furtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
furtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
furtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
furtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
furtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
furtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
furtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
furtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
furtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
furtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
furtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
furtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
furtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
furtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
furtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
furtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
furtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
furtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
furtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
furtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
furtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
furtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
furtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
furtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
furti (class-1 present singular weak)
furtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
furtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
furtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *furtian

Middle Low German: vorten, vörten

German Low German:

Sauerländisch: fuarten

Westphalian: forten

Old Dutch: *furten

desctree

Middle Dutch: vorten, vurten
Dutch: vorten (obsolete)

Old High German: furzen

Middle High German: vurzen, vorzen

Cimbrian: vórtzan, bórtzan (Mezzaselva)

Central Franconian:

Ripuarian: fotze

German: furzen

Luxembourgish: fuerzen

→ Plautdietsch: forzen


gauwjamann

gauwjamann (nominative singular)
gauwjamanni (nominative plural)
gauwjamannu (accusative singular)
gauwjamanni (accusative plural)
gauwjamanni (genitive singular)
gauwjamannō (genitive plural)
gauwjamanni (dative singular)
gauwjamannum (dative plural)
gauwjamanni (instrumental singular)
gauwjamannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ġēamann
Middle English: ȝeman, yeman, yoman
English: yeoman

Old Frisian: gāmann, gāmonn

Old Dutch: *gawiman

q

or a corruption of Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">godeman</i> (“man of God”)

>? Middle Dutch: goyman (or a corruption of Middle Dutch godeman (“man of God”))


giskōn

giskōn (infinitive)
giskōnijas (genitive infinitive)
giskōnijē (dative infinitive)
giskōniju (infinitive instrumental)
giskō (first-person present singular)
giskōdā (first-person past singular)
giskōs (present second-person singular)
giskōdēs (past second-person singular)
giskōdōs (past second-person singular)
giskōþ (present singular third-person)
giskōdē (past singular third-person)
giskōdā (past singular third-person)
giskōm (first-person plural present)
giskōdum (first-person past plural)
giskōþ (plural present second-person)
giskōdud (past plural second-person)
giskōnþ (plural present third-person)
giskōdun (past plural third-person)
giskōdī (first-person past singular)
giskōdī (past second-person singular)
giskō (present singular third-person)
giskōdī (past singular third-person)
giskōdīm (first-person past plural)
giskōdīd (past plural second-person)
giskōn (plural present third-person)
giskōdīn (past plural third-person)
giskō (present singular)
giskōþ (plural present)
giskōndī (participle present)
giskōd (participle past)

Old English: ġeocsian, ġeoxian, ġiscian

desctree

Middle English: yexen, yoxen, ȝexin, ȝesken, ȝixin, ȝiske, ȝoxen, ȝosken, yiske
English: yex
Scots: ȝesk, ȝisk, yesk
Yola: yux

Old Saxon: *geskōn, *giskōn

desc

Middle Low German: gēschen, geschen, jeschen, gischen, jischen

Old Dutch: *giskon

Middle Dutch: gisscen, jesscen, yesscen, iesscen, isscen

Dutch: jesschen (obsolete)

Old High German: geskōn, *giskōn

Middle High German: geschen, gischen

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵeys- (“gaping, cracked”).


blaitijan

blaitijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
blaitijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
blaitijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
blaitijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
blaitiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
blaitidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
blaitisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
blaitidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blaitidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blaitiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
blaitidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blaitidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blaitijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
blaitidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
blaitiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
blaitidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
blaitijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
blaitidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
blaitijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
blaitidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
blaitijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
blaitidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
blaitijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
blaitidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
blaitijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
blaitidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
blaitijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
blaitidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
blaitijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
blaitidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
blaiti (class-1 present singular weak)
blaitiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
blaitijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
blaitid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: blātian (< *blaitōn)

Old High German:

Middle High German:

German: blaßen

→ Old French: blecier (see there for further descendants)

From *blait (“pale, discoloured”) + *-jan.


būkōn

būkōn (infinitive)
būkōnijas (genitive infinitive)
būkōnijē (dative infinitive)
būkōniju (infinitive instrumental)
būkō (first-person present singular)
būkōdā (first-person past singular)
būkōs (present second-person singular)
būkōdēs (past second-person singular)
būkōdōs (past second-person singular)
būkōþ (present singular third-person)
būkōdē (past singular third-person)
būkōdā (past singular third-person)
būkōm (first-person plural present)
būkōdum (first-person past plural)
būkōþ (plural present second-person)
būkōdud (past plural second-person)
būkōnþ (plural present third-person)
būkōdun (past plural third-person)
būkōdī (first-person past singular)
būkōdī (past second-person singular)
būkō (present singular third-person)
būkōdī (past singular third-person)
būkōdīm (first-person past plural)
būkōdīd (past plural second-person)
būkōn (plural present third-person)
būkōdīn (past plural third-person)
būkō (present singular)
būkōþ (plural present)
būkōndī (participle present)
būkōd (participle past)

Old Dutch: *būkōn (“to soak, wash”)

desc

Middle Dutch: bûken (“to wash in beech lye”)

→ Middle English: bouken (“to soak in a lye solution”)

English: buck

Old High German: *būkōn

Middle High German: būchen, biuchen (“to wash out with lye”) (late)

German: bauchen, bäuchen

→ Vulgar Latin: *būcō (“to soak, wash”)

Old French: buer [13th c., Sept Sages]
French: buer

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *būcāta (“laundry”, literally “soaked”)

Old French: buee [1190, J. Bod.]

Middle French: buée

French: buée

Norman:

Jersey Norman: buâie

Old Occitan: bugada

Catalan: bugada

→ Franco-Provençal:

Savoyard: boya

Italian: bucato

Unknown; possibly related to *bōku (“beech”), *bōkijā (“beech”), lye being commonly made from beech ash. Perhaps cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbaugjan, “to sweep”).

cog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


wunnjusam

wunnjusam (masculine nominative singular)
wunnjusamu (feminine nominative singular)
wunnjusam (neuter nominative singular)
wunnjusamanā (accusative masculine singular)
wunnjusamā (accusative feminine singular)
wunnjusam (accusative neuter singular)
wunnjusamas (genitive masculine singular)
wunnjusameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wunnjusamas (genitive neuter singular)
wunnjusamumē (dative masculine singular)
wunnjusameʀē (dative feminine singular)
wunnjusamumē (dative neuter singular)
wunnjusamu (instrumental masculine singular)
wunnjusameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wunnjusamu (instrumental neuter singular)
wunnjusamē (masculine nominative plural)
wunnjusamō (feminine nominative plural)
wunnjusamu (neuter nominative plural)
wunnjusamā (accusative masculine plural)
wunnjusamā (accusative feminine plural)
wunnjusamu (accusative neuter plural)
wunnjusameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wunnjusameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wunnjusameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wunnjusamēm (dative masculine plural)
wunnjusamum (dative masculine plural)
wunnjusamēm (dative feminine plural)
wunnjusamum (dative feminine plural)
wunnjusamēm (dative neuter plural)
wunnjusamum (dative neuter plural)
wunnjusamēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wunnjusamum (instrumental masculine plural)
wunnjusamēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wunnjusamum (feminine instrumental plural)
wunnjusamēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wunnjusamum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: wynsum
Middle English: wynsom, winsom, winsum, wunsum, wonsom, wonsome, wonsum
English: winsome
Scots: wunsome, winsome

Old Saxon: wunnisam, wunsam

Middle Low German: wunnesam, wunsam

Old High German: wunnisam

Middle High German: wunnesam, wünnesam

German: wonnesam


frijahaidu

frijahaidu (nominative singular)
frijahaidiwi (nominative plural)
frijahaidō (nominative plural)
frijahaidu (accusative singular)
frijahaidū (accusative plural)
frijahaidō (genitive singular)
frijahaidiwō (genitive plural)
frijahaidiwi (dative singular)
frijahaidō (dative singular)
frijahaidum (dative plural)
frijahaidu (instrumental singular)
frijahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old English:

Middle English:

English: freehood

Old Saxon: *frīhēd

Middle Low German: vrîheit

German Low German: Freeiheid

Old Dutch: frīheid

Middle Dutch: vriheit

Dutch: vrijheid

Old High German:

Middle High German:

German: Freiheit


nabu

nabu (nominative singular)
nabō (nominative plural)
nabā (accusative singular)
nabā (accusative plural)
nabā (genitive singular)
nabō (genitive plural)
nabē (dative singular)
nabōm (dative plural)
nabum (dative plural)
nabu (instrumental singular)
nabōm (instrumental plural)
nabum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nafu
Middle English: nave, nawe, naf, naff, naffe (Northern)
English: nave
Scots: naff

Old Frisian: *nave

West Frisian: nauwe

Old Saxon: nava

Middle Low German: nāve

Old Dutch: *nava

Middle Dutch: nāve

Dutch: naaf

Afrikaans: naaf

Old High German: naba

Middle High German: nabe

German: Nabe

Luxembourgish: Nuef


þrīstī

þrīstī (masculine nominative singular)
þrīstiju (feminine nominative singular)
þrīstī (neuter nominative singular)
þrīstijanā (accusative masculine singular)
þrīstijā (accusative feminine singular)
þrīstī (accusative neuter singular)
þrīstijas (genitive masculine singular)
þrīstijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þrīstijas (genitive neuter singular)
þrīstijumē (dative masculine singular)
þrīstijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
þrīstijumē (dative neuter singular)
þrīstiju (instrumental masculine singular)
þrīstijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þrīstiju (instrumental neuter singular)
þrīstijē (masculine nominative plural)
þrīstijō (feminine nominative plural)
þrīstiju (neuter nominative plural)
þrīstijā (accusative masculine plural)
þrīstijā (accusative feminine plural)
þrīstiju (accusative neuter plural)
þrīstijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þrīstijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þrīstijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þrīstijēm (dative masculine plural)
þrīstijum (dative masculine plural)
þrīstijēm (dative feminine plural)
þrīstijum (dative feminine plural)
þrīstijēm (dative neuter plural)
þrīstijum (dative neuter plural)
þrīstijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þrīstijum (instrumental masculine plural)
þrīstijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þrīstijum (feminine instrumental plural)
þrīstijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þrīstijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þrīste, þrīst

Middle English: thriste, thrist

Old Saxon: thrīsti, thrīst

Middle Low German: drîste, drîst

German Low German: driest

→ Dutch: driest

→ Saterland Frisian: driest

→ West Frisian: dryst

→ German: dreist

→ Old Swedish: drister, dristogher

Swedish: drist

⇒ Middle Low German: drîstich

→ Danish: dristig

Norwegian Bokmål: dristig

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dristig

→ Swedish: dristig

Old Dutch: *thrīsti

Middle Dutch: drijste

Dutch: drijst (archaic)

Unknown; suggested to perhaps be from *þrīsti (“pushiness”) + *-ī (adjective suffix), from earlier *þrinhsti, from *þringwan (“to press, push”) + *-þi. Cognacy to Latin trīstis (“sad, sorrowful”) is disputed, and a connection to *durstī (“bold, daring”) is tempting, but difficult to morphologically reconcile.


baum

baum (nominative singular)
baumō (nominative plural)
baumōs (nominative plural)
baum (accusative singular)
baumā (accusative plural)
baumas (genitive singular)
baumō (genitive plural)
baumē (dative singular)
baumum (dative plural)
baumu (instrumental singular)
baumum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēam, bēom
Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam

Old Frisian: bām, baem (Late Old Frisian)
North Frisian:
Most dialects: buum
Heligoland: Booam
Sylt: Boom
Saterland Frisian: Boom
West Frisian: beam

Old Saxon: bōm
Middle Low German: bôm
German Low German: Boom
Plautdietsch: Boom
→ Danish: bom
→ Finnish: puomi
→ Gutnish: bom
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bom
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bom
→ Swedish: bom

Old Dutch: bōm
Middle Dutch: bôom
Dutch: boom
Limburgish: boum

Old High German: boum, poum, paum
Middle High German: boum
Alemannic German: Baaum, Bum, Baim, Baum, Boum
Swabian: Boum, Boom
Walser: böim, baum, bem
Bavarian: Bam, paam, pame
Cimbrian: póom, puam, pome
Mòcheno: pa'm
Central Franconian: Boom, Baam, Baum, Boum
Hunsrik: Baam
Luxembourgish: Bam
Transylvanian Saxon: bum
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Baam
Upper Saxon German: Boom, Baam
Vilamovian: baojm, boum
East Franconian: Baam, Bääm
German: Baum
Rhine Franconian: Baam
Pennsylvania German: Baam
Palatine German: Baam
Yiddish: בוים (boym)


kweman

kweman (infinitive)
kwemannjas (genitive infinitive)
kwemannjē (dative infinitive)
kwemannju (infinitive instrumental)
kwemu (first-person present singular)
kwam (first-person past singular)
kwimiʀi (present second-person singular)
kwāmī (past second-person singular)
kwimidi (present singular third-person)
kwam (past singular third-person)
kwemum (first-person plural present)
kwāmum (first-person past plural)
kwimid (plural present second-person)
kwāmud (past plural second-person)
kwemand (plural present third-person)
kwāmun (past plural third-person)
kwemē (first-person present singular)
kwāmī (first-person past singular)
kwemēs (present second-person singular)
kwemē (present singular third-person)
kwāmī (past singular third-person)
kwemēm (first-person plural present)
kwāmīm (first-person past plural)
kwemēþ (plural present second-person)
kwāmīd (past plural second-person)
kwemēn (plural present third-person)
kwāmīn (past plural third-person)
kwim (present singular)
kwimid (plural present)
kwemandī (participle present)
kuman (participle past)

Old English: cuman
Middle English: comen, cumen
English: come, cum
Solombala English: комъ (kom)
Scots: cum
Yola: coome, come, cum

Old Frisian: koma

North Frisian:

Mooring: kaame

Föhr-Amrum: kem

Saterland Frisian: kume

West Frisian: komme

Old Saxon: kuman, queman, cuman
Middle Low German: kōmen, kommen, kamen
Low German: kamen
Dutch Low Saxon: kommen, kåmen
German Low German: komen
Plautdietsch: kome

Old Dutch: cuman
Middle Dutch: cōmen
Dutch: komen
Afrikaans: kom
Berbice Creole Dutch: kumu
Javindo: kom
Jersey Dutch: kôme
Negerhollands: kom
Skepi Creole Dutch: kum, com, come
Limburgish: kómme

Old High German: queman, chueman, kuman, cuman, chuman
Middle High German: quemen, kemen, kümen, kumen, komen
Alemannic German: choo, cho, cha
Italian Walser: cheemen, cheme, cho, chomu, chéeme
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khemmen, khèmman, ken
Mòcheno: kemmen
Udinese: ckeman, kèmmin, khemen
Central Franconian: komme, kumme (some Ripuarian dialects, including Kölsch), kun, kunn, konn (Ripuarian; some Moselle Franconian dialects; chiefly dated), kunn, kuun, konn, kumme, komme
Hunsrik: komme
German: kommen
Luxembourgish: kommen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kumme
Yiddish: קומען (kumen)


hildi

hildi (nominative singular)
hildī (nominative plural)
hildi (accusative singular)
hildī (accusative plural)
hildī (genitive singular)
hildijō (genitive plural)
hildī (dative singular)
hildim (dative plural)
hildijum (dative plural)
hildī (instrumental singular)
hildim (instrumental plural)
hildijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hild

Old Saxon: hild, hildi

desc

Old High German: hilt, hild, hilta, hiltia

q

a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*boudi</i> (“victory”)

→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic *boudi (“victory”))


strātu

strātu (nominative singular)
strātō (nominative plural)
strātā (accusative singular)
strātā (accusative plural)
strātā (genitive singular)
strātō (genitive plural)
strātē (dative singular)
strātōm (dative plural)
strātum (dative plural)
strātu (instrumental singular)
strātōm (instrumental plural)
strātum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: strǣt, strēt
Middle English: strete, stræt, strate, street, streete, stret
English: street
Scots: street, streit, stret
→ Breton: straed
→ Cornish: stret
→ Welsh: stryd
→ Old Irish: sráit (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Norse: stræti (see there for further descendants)

Old Frisian: strēte
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: struat
Mooring: stroote
Saterland Frisian: Sträite
West Frisian: strjitte

Old Saxon: strāta
Middle Low German: strâte
German Low German: Straat, Stroot

Old Dutch: strāta
Middle Dutch: strâte
Dutch: straat (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: sjtraot, straot

Old High German: strāza

Middle High German: strāze

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Schdrôs

Bavarian: Stråßn, Strossn

Apeltonerisch: Streoss

Mòcheno: stros

Upper Bavarian: Straß

Central Franconian: Stroß

Eifel: Strooß

Hunsrik: Stros

Luxembourgish: Strooss

German: Straße

Rhine Franconian: Schdrooß

Vilamovian: śtrös

Yiddish: שטראָז (shtroz)

Borrowed from Latin (via) strāta (“paved road”).


dūnā

dūnā (nominative singular)
dūnōn (nominative plural)
dūnōn (accusative singular)
dūnōn (accusative plural)
dūnōn (genitive singular)
dūnōnō (genitive plural)
dūnōn (dative singular)
dūnōm (dative plural)
dūnum (dative plural)
dūnōn (instrumental singular)
dūnōm (instrumental plural)
dūnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dūn f or m

Middle English: dune, doun

English: dune, down

Scots: doun, down

Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m

desc

Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m

German Low German: Düne, Düün

→ German: Düne

→ Swedish: dyn, dyne

→ Norwegian: dyne

→ Danish: dyne

Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?

Middle Dutch: dûne f or n

Dutch: duin f
Afrikaans: duin

gl

→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)

Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f

West Frisian: dún n

→ Old French: dune

Middle French: dune

French: dune

Old High German: *tūna, dūna f

Uncertain and disputed; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, pile, heap, mound”) (whence also Old Norse dúnn (“pile, heap, assembly”)), from Proto-Germanic base *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, excite, agitate, storm, be stormy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”). Unlike permanent hills, sand dunes are ever-shifting due to storms and wind, and are not optimal places to build fortifications.
Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which also developed the sense of "hill, fortified hill" in Brythonic; however phonology makes a borrowing from Brythonic untenable, as the vowel there shifted from ū to i giving Proto-Brythonic *din where Germanic still clearly has ū.

unk

disputed


pīpā

pīpā (nominative singular)
pīpōn (nominative plural)
pīpōn (accusative singular)
pīpōn (accusative plural)
pīpōn (genitive singular)
pīpōnō (genitive plural)
pīpōn (dative singular)
pīpōm (dative plural)
pīpum (dative plural)
pīpōn (instrumental singular)
pīpōm (instrumental plural)
pīpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pīpe

desctree

Middle English: pipe, pype
English: pipe (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pipe
Yola: peeps (plural)

Old Frisian: pīpe

Saterland Frisian: Piepe

West Frisian: piip

Old Saxon: *pīpa

Middle Low German: pîpe

Low German: piep

→ Old Norse: pípa

Icelandic: pípa

Faroese: pípa

Norwegian: pipe

Danish: pibe

Old Swedish: pipa

Swedish: pipa
→ Finnish: piippu
→ Ingrian: piippu

Old Dutch: *pīpa

Middle Dutch: pipe

Dutch: pijp
Afrikaans: pyp
Berbice Creole Dutch: pipa
Negerhollands: pipa, pipe
→ Virgin Islands Creole: pipa (dated)
→ Aukan: pipa
→ Caribbean Hindustani: pipá
→ Caribbean Javanese: pèp
→ Papiamentu: peip
→ Saramaccan: pípa
→ Sranan Tongo: peipi
→ Lokono: paipa
→ Kari'na: paipa

Old High German: phīfa, pfīfa

Middle High German: pfīfe

desc

Central Franconian: Pief, Peif (Moselle Franconian)

Cimbrian: faif (faifle)

German: Pfeife

→ English: fife

Luxembourgish: Päif

Vilamovian: fajf

Yiddish: פֿײַף (fayf)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *pīpa, from Latin pīpō (“to pip, peep”).


kubil

kubil (nominative singular)
kubilō (nominative plural)
kubilōs (nominative plural)
kubil (accusative singular)
kubilā (accusative plural)
kubilas (genitive singular)
kubilō (genitive plural)
kubilē (dative singular)
kubilum (dative plural)
kubilu (instrumental singular)
kubilum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kuvil

gl

gender possibly taken from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*kubilīn</i>

Middle Low German: kǖvel n (gender possibly taken from Proto-West Germanic *kubilīn)

Old High German: kubil

Middle High German: kubel, kübel

German: Kübel

→ Dutch: kubel

→ English: kibble

⇒ Old High German: kubilo

From Proto-Germanic *kub- (“to be vaulted, arch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve, arch, vault”) + *-il.


kneu

kneu (nominative singular)
kneu (nominative plural)
kneu (accusative singular)
kneu (accusative plural)
knewas (genitive singular)
knewō (genitive plural)
knewē (dative singular)
kneum (dative plural)
kneu (instrumental singular)
kneum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cnēow, cnēo
Middle English: kne, knewe, knee, knew, know, kneo, cneowe, cneo
English: knee
Scots: kne, kney, knie
Yola: konnee

Old Frisian: kniu, knī, knē

Saterland Frisian: Knie

⇒ Old Frisian: knībola, knēbolla

Saterland Frisian: Kniebel

West Frisian: knibbel

Old Saxon: knio, kneo, kniu
Middle Low German: knê
Low German:
German Low German: Kneei
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Knåi
Sauerländisch: Knai, Knoi, Knaue, Knī
Westmünsterländisch: Knee
Plautdietsch: Kjnee

Old Dutch: *cnio
Middle Dutch: cnie
Dutch: knie
Afrikaans: knie
Limburgish: kneen (plural reanalysed as singular)

Old High German: kneo, kniu, knio, chniu, chneo
Middle High German: knie
Alemannic German: Chnüüw
Cimbrian: khnia
German: Knie
Luxembourgish: Knéi
Vilamovian: kni
Yiddish: קני (kni)


kokur

kokur (nominative singular)
kokurō (nominative plural)
kokurōs (nominative plural)
kokur (accusative singular)
kokurā (accusative plural)
kokuras (genitive singular)
kokurō (genitive plural)
kokurē (dative singular)
kokurum (dative plural)
kokuru (instrumental singular)
kokurum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cocer, cocur
Middle English: coker, cuker, cokir, cocur, cokre, kokur, quequer, koker
English: cocker, cogger

Old Frisian: koker

North Frisian: koker

West Frisian: koker

Old Saxon: kokar, kokor

desc

Middle Low German: kȫker, koyker, kōker, kāker

→ Old Danish: kogher

Danish: kogger

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kogger

→ Swedish: koger

Old Dutch: *kokar

Middle Dutch: coker

Dutch: koker (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: kohhar, kochar

Middle High German: kocher

German: Köcher

desctree

→ Old French: quivre, cuivre, coivre, wirre
→ Middle English: quiver, quyver, qwyver, qwywere, qwyvere, whyver
English: quiver

From Medieval Latin cucurus, cucurum (“quiver”).

kochære

Old High German: kohhāri, kochāri, kohhari, kochari; Middle High German


þeu

þeu (nominative singular)
þewō (nominative plural)
þewōs (nominative plural)
þeu (accusative singular)
þewā (accusative plural)
þewas (genitive singular)
þewō (genitive plural)
þewē (dative singular)
þeum (dative plural)
þeu (instrumental singular)
þeum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þēow
Middle English: theow, thew
English: theow

From Proto-Germanic *þewaz (“servant, slave”).


þeu

þeu (masculine nominative singular)
þeu (feminine nominative singular)
þeu (neuter nominative singular)
þewanā (accusative masculine singular)
þewā (accusative feminine singular)
þeu (accusative neuter singular)
þewas (genitive masculine singular)
þeweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þewas (genitive neuter singular)
þeumē (dative masculine singular)
þeweʀē (dative feminine singular)
þeumē (dative neuter singular)
þeu (instrumental masculine singular)
þeweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þeu (instrumental neuter singular)
þewē (masculine nominative plural)
þewō (feminine nominative plural)
þeu (neuter nominative plural)
þewā (accusative masculine plural)
þewā (accusative feminine plural)
þeu (accusative neuter plural)
þeweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þeweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þeweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þewēm (dative masculine plural)
þeum (dative masculine plural)
þewēm (dative feminine plural)
þeum (dative feminine plural)
þewēm (dative neuter plural)
þeum (dative neuter plural)
þewēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þeum (instrumental masculine plural)
þewēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þeum (feminine instrumental plural)
þewēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þeum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þēow, þēo

Old High German: dio

From Proto-Germanic *þewaz (“servile, slavish”).


watarīg

watarīg (masculine nominative singular)
watarīgu (feminine nominative singular)
watarīg (neuter nominative singular)
watarīganā (accusative masculine singular)
watarīgā (accusative feminine singular)
watarīg (accusative neuter singular)
watarīgas (genitive masculine singular)
watarīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
watarīgas (genitive neuter singular)
watarīgumē (dative masculine singular)
watarīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
watarīgumē (dative neuter singular)
watarīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
watarīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
watarīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
watarīgē (masculine nominative plural)
watarīgō (feminine nominative plural)
watarīgu (neuter nominative plural)
watarīgā (accusative masculine plural)
watarīgā (accusative feminine plural)
watarīgu (accusative neuter plural)
watarīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
watarīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
watarīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
watarīgēm (dative masculine plural)
watarīgum (dative masculine plural)
watarīgēm (dative feminine plural)
watarīgum (dative feminine plural)
watarīgēm (dative neuter plural)
watarīgum (dative neuter plural)
watarīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
watarīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
watarīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
watarīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
watarīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
watarīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wætriġ, wæteriġ

desc

Middle English: watry, wattry, watirry, watery

English: watery

Scots: wattiry, watry, waterie

Old Frisian: *waterich, *weterich

Saterland Frisian: woaterch

West Frisian: wetterich

Old Saxon: *watarig

Middle Low German: waterich, wāterich

German Low German: waterig

Old Dutch: *watarig

Middle Dutch: waterich

Dutch: waterig

Afrikaans: waterig

Old High German: wazzarīg

Middle High German: wazzeric, wezzeric, wezric, wezzric

German: wässerig, wässrig


stigā

stigā (nominative singular)
stigōn (nominative plural)
stigōn (accusative singular)
stigōn (accusative plural)
stigōn (genitive singular)
stigōnō (genitive plural)
stigōn (dative singular)
stigōm (dative plural)
stigum (dative plural)
stigōn (instrumental singular)
stigōm (instrumental plural)
stigum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stiga

Middle Low German: stege, stēge

Old Dutch: *stiga, stega

Middle Dutch: stēge

Dutch: steeg
Afrikaans: steeg

Old High German: stega

Middle High German: stege

Alemannic German: Schtäge, Stäge

⇒ Old High German: stiega (byform with unexplained ablaut)

Middle High German: stiege, stieg

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: stiage

Mòcheno: stiag

German: Stiege

From Proto-Germanic *stigǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *stigʰ-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *stéyks.


spiht

spiht (nominative singular)
spihtō (nominative plural)
spihtōs (nominative plural)
spiht (accusative singular)
spihtā (accusative plural)
spihtas (genitive singular)
spihtō (genitive plural)
spihtē (dative singular)
spihtum (dative plural)
spihtu (instrumental singular)
spihtum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *spiht, *speoht
Middle English: speght (late)
English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Middle Scots: specht

Old Frisian: *spiāht

West Frisian: spjocht, spjucht

Saterland Frisian: Spächt

North Frisian: specht, spjucht

Old Saxon: speht

Middle Low German: specht

Dutch Low Saxon: specht, spechte

Plautdietsch: Specht

desc

→ English: speight, specht, spekt, spight

Old Dutch: *speht

Middle Dutch: specht

Dutch: specht

Old High German: speht

Middle High German: spëht, specht, speiht

German: Specht

Luxembourgish: Spiecht

→ Old French: espec, espoit, espois

Middle French: espec, especq

French: épeiche

→ Middle English: spek, spec, speke

⇒ Middle English: wod spek


tīkō

tīkō (nominative singular)
tīkan (nominative plural)
tīkan (accusative singular)
tīkan (accusative plural)
tīkini (genitive singular)
tīkan (genitive singular)
tīkanō (genitive plural)
tīkini (dative singular)
tīkan (dative singular)
tīkum (dative plural)
tīkini (instrumental singular)
tīkan (instrumental singular)
tīkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ticia (for *tiica, *tīcca, or *ticca)

Middle English: tyke, teke

English: tick, tyke (“sheep-tick”)

Scots: tick

→ Middle French: tique

French: tique

Old Frisian: *tīkke, *tīke

North Frisian: teg f

Saterland Frisian: Tieke

West Frisian: tyk

Old Saxon: *tiko, *tikko

Middle Low German: tēke, tecke f

German Low German: Tieke, Tiek

Old Dutch: *tiko, *tikko

q

Middle Dutch: tēke, thecke (late; possibly borrowed from Low German)

Dutch: teek; tijg (dialectal)

Old High German: *zehho, *zecko (attested as cecho, which could be either form)

Middle High German: zeche, zecke m or f

Alemannic German: Zëche

Central Franconian: Zeck, Zech, Zääch f

German: Zecke f

→ German Low German: Zecke

→ Italian: zecca

Possibly from Proto-Germanic an-stem paradigm *tīgô ~ *tikkaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *deigʰ-ō ~ *digʰ-nos, from Proto-Indo-European *deyǵʰ-, cognate with Middle Armenian տիզ (tiz, “tick”) and Middle Irish dega (“stag beetle”).


kagil

kagil (nominative singular)
kagilō (nominative plural)
kagilōs (nominative plural)
kagil (accusative singular)
kagilā (accusative plural)
kagilas (genitive singular)
kagilō (genitive plural)
kagilē (dative singular)
kagilum (dative plural)
kagilu (instrumental singular)
kagilum (instrumental plural)

>? Old Frisian: *keil, *kegel

Saterland Frisian: Kíegel (or borrowed from Low German)

West Frisian: kegel (or borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *kegil

Middle Low German: kēgel

German Low German: Kegel

→ Danish: kegle

→ Norwegian: kjegle

→ Swedish: kägel

Old Dutch: *kegel (attested in tonames)

desctree

Middle Dutch: kēgel
Dutch: kegel
Afrikaans: kegel
Limburgish: kieëgel
→ Middle English: keyle, kayle
English: kayles
Yola: keillès, keilès

Old High German: kegil

Middle High German: kegel

German: Kegel

Luxembourgish: Keel

→ Middle French: quille

French: quille


wunungu

From *wunēn (“to stay, dwell”) + *-ungu.


wunungu

wunungu (nominative singular)
wunungō (nominative plural)
wunungā (accusative singular)
wunungā (accusative plural)
wunungā (genitive singular)
wunungō (genitive plural)
wunungē (dative singular)
wunungōm (dative plural)
wunungum (dative plural)
wunungu (instrumental singular)
wunungōm (instrumental plural)
wunungum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wunung
Middle English: wununge, wunnunge, wuning, woning, wonyng
English: woning
Scots: wonnyng, wonyng, wonyn

Old Frisian: weninge, wenninge

Saterland Frisian: Woonenge

West Frisian: wenning

Old Saxon: *wununga, *wonunga

desc

Middle Low German: wonunge, wōnunge, wāninge

German Low German: Wohnung

→ Danish: våning

→ Swedish: våning

→ Norwegian: våning

Old Dutch: wonunga

Middle Dutch: woninge

Dutch: woning

desctree

Old High German: wonunga
Middle High German: wonunge
German: Wohnung


stirniju

stirniju (nominative singular)
stirnijō (nominative plural)
stirnijā (accusative singular)
stirnijā (accusative plural)
stirnijā (genitive singular)
stirnijō (genitive plural)
stirnijē (dative singular)
stirnijōm (dative plural)
stirnijum (dative plural)
stirniju (instrumental singular)
stirnijōm (instrumental plural)
stirnijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: steorn

Old Frisian: *stirne

Saterland Frisian: Stierne

Old Saxon: *stirna

Middle Low German: sterne, stērne

German Low German:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stīrne

Westmünsterländisch: Steerne, Sterne

Old Dutch: *stirna

Middle Dutch: sternne, stern

Dutch: sterre, ster (dialectal)

Old High German: stirna
Middle High German: stirne
German: Stirn
Luxembourgish: Stier
Yiddish: שטערן (shtern)

Uncertain; possibly from:
* Proto-Germanic *stirnijō, from Proto-Indo-European *ster(h₃)-no-m, from *sterh₃- (“to be broad, spread out”), cognate with Ancient Greek στέρνον (stérnon, “breast, chest”);
* or methatized from *striniju, from Proto-Germanic *strinijō, from Proto-Indo-European *sren-yeh₂, from *sren- (“side”), cognate with Latin frōns (“forehead”), Proto-Iranian *rā́nah (“side; hip”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *srḗˀnas (“hip”), and related to Old Norse strind (“side”).


gnuʀnōn

gnuʀnōn (infinitive)
gnuʀnōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gnuʀnōnijē (dative infinitive)
gnuʀnōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gnuʀnō (first-person present singular)
gnuʀnōdā (first-person past singular)
gnuʀnōs (present second-person singular)
gnuʀnōdēs (past second-person singular)
gnuʀnōdōs (past second-person singular)
gnuʀnōþ (present singular third-person)
gnuʀnōdē (past singular third-person)
gnuʀnōdā (past singular third-person)
gnuʀnōm (first-person plural present)
gnuʀnōdum (first-person past plural)
gnuʀnōþ (plural present second-person)
gnuʀnōdud (past plural second-person)
gnuʀnōnþ (plural present third-person)
gnuʀnōdun (past plural third-person)
gnuʀnōdī (first-person past singular)
gnuʀnōdī (past second-person singular)
gnuʀnō (present singular third-person)
gnuʀnōdī (past singular third-person)
gnuʀnōdīm (first-person past plural)
gnuʀnōdīd (past plural second-person)
gnuʀnōn (plural present third-person)
gnuʀnōdīn (past plural third-person)
gnuʀnō (present singular)
gnuʀnōþ (plural present)
gnuʀnōndī (participle present)
gnuʀnōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: gnornian, gnornan
Middle English: nornen, nurnen
English: norn

Old Saxon: gnornōn

From *gruʀn (“grief”) + *-ōn (whence Old English grorn, gnorn (“grief”)) or *gnuʀn (“sad”) + *-ōn (whence Old English gnorn (“sad”)), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrus-nó-s, from *gʰrews-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *grustь (“sadness”).


strau

strau (nominative singular)
strau (nominative plural)
strau (accusative singular)
strau (accusative plural)
strawas (genitive singular)
strawō (genitive plural)
strawē (dative singular)
straum (dative plural)
strau (instrumental singular)
straum (instrumental plural)

Old English: strēaw

Middle English: straw

English: straw

Scots: strae

Yola: strew, stre

Old Frisian: strē

Saterland Frisian: Sträi

West Frisian: strie

Old Saxon: strō

Middle Low German: strô

German Low German: Stroh

Plautdietsch: Stroo

Old Dutch: strō

Middle Dutch: strô

Dutch: stro

Old High German: strou, strō
Middle High German: strō
German: Stroh
Luxembourgish: Stréi
Vilamovian: śtruf
Yiddish: שטרוי (shtroy)


willjōn

willjōn (infinitive)
willjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
willjōnijē (dative infinitive)
willjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
willjō (first-person present singular)
willjōdā (first-person past singular)
willjōs (present second-person singular)
willjōdēs (past second-person singular)
willjōdōs (past second-person singular)
willjōþ (present singular third-person)
willjōdē (past singular third-person)
willjōdā (past singular third-person)
willjōm (first-person plural present)
willjōdum (first-person past plural)
willjōþ (plural present second-person)
willjōdud (past plural second-person)
willjōnþ (plural present third-person)
willjōdun (past plural third-person)
willjōdī (first-person past singular)
willjōdī (past second-person singular)
willjō (present singular third-person)
willjōdī (past singular third-person)
willjōdīm (first-person past plural)
willjōdīd (past plural second-person)
willjōn (plural present third-person)
willjōdīn (past plural third-person)
willjō (present singular)
willjōþ (plural present)
willjōndī (participle present)
willjōd (participle past)

Old English: willian
Middle English: willen (merged with descendant of willan)
English: will
Scots: will, wil
Yola: woul, wull, weel, will, ill, well

Old Saxon: *williōn

⇒ Old Saxon: giwilliōn

Middle Low German: willen (merged with descendant of willian)

German Low German: willen

Old Dutch: willon

Middle Dutch: willen (merged with descendant of willen)

Dutch: willen

Old High German: willeōn, willōn

Middle High German: willen

German: willen


paþ

paþ (nominative singular)
paþō (nominative plural)
paþōs (nominative plural)
paþ (accusative singular)
paþā (accusative plural)
paþas (genitive singular)
paþō (genitive plural)
paþē (dative singular)
paþum (dative plural)
paþu (instrumental singular)
paþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: pæþ m
Middle English: path, paath, paaþ, pathe, paththe, paþ, paþþe, pað, peþ (Early Middle English)
English: path
Scots: peth, paith

Old Frisian: path

Saterland Frisian: Paad, Pad (Skäddel)

West Frisian: paad

Old Saxon: path

Middle Low German: pat, pāt, paet

German Low German: Padd

Old Dutch: path

Middle Dutch: pat m or n

Dutch: pad n

Old High German: pfad, phad

Middle High German: pfat, pat, phat

German: Pfad m

Luxembourgish: Pad


skiti

skiti (nominative singular)
skitī (nominative plural)
skiti (accusative singular)
skitī (accusative plural)
skitī (genitive singular)
skittjō (genitive plural)
skitī (dative singular)
skitim (dative plural)
skittjum (dative plural)
skitī (instrumental singular)
skitim (instrumental plural)
skittjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċite
Middle English: schite, Schit, schute, schyt
English: shite, shit
Scots: schit, shit

⇒ Old English: sċitel, sċytel

Old Frisian: *skite

North Frisian: skitj

Saterland Frisian: Skiete; Skiet m

West Frisian: skyt

Old Saxon: *skiti

desc

Middle Low German: schite, schît, schîte, schete, schēte

German Low German: Schitte, Schiete, Schiet

→ German: Schitte; Schiet- (chiefly in Schietwetter)

→ Early Modern Danish: schijt

Danish: skidt

Norwegian Bokmål: skitt

Plautdietsch: Schiet

Old Dutch: *skiti, scite (attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: scite, schite, schete

Dutch: schijt, schit (dialectal)

Old High German: *skizi, *skizzi, *skīz

Middle High German: schīze, schīz

Alemannic German: Schiss

Swabian: Scheiß

Bavarian: Scheissa, Scheißn, Schaisn, Schaisa

Central Franconian: Schiss, Schess, Schass, Scheß, Schet

Hunsrik: Scheis

German: Schiss, Scheiße, Scheiß

→ Danish: scheisse

→ English: scheisse, Scheiss, Scheisse, Scheiße, scheiss, scheiße, shize

Luxembourgish: Schäiss

Pennsylvania German: Schiss

Rhine Franconian: Schiss

Palatine German: Schiss, Schisse

Vilamovian: śajs

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *skitiz, *skītaz.


þistil

þistil (nominative singular)
þistilō (nominative plural)
þistilōs (nominative plural)
þistil (accusative singular)
þistilā (accusative plural)
þistilas (genitive singular)
þistilō (genitive plural)
þistilē (dative singular)
þistilum (dative plural)
þistilu (instrumental singular)
þistilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þistel
Middle English: thistel, þistel, thystyl, þistil, thestel, thystylle, thystyll, þestel, thistill, þystel, þissle, thystul
English: thistle
Scots: thrissel

Old Saxon: thistil

Old Dutch: *thistil

Middle Dutch: distel

Dutch: distel

Afrikaans: distel

Old High German: distil, distila
Middle High German: distel
German: Distel
Luxembourgish: Dëschtel
Vilamovian: döstuł
Pennsylvania German: Dischdel


frōbru

frōbru (nominative singular)
frōbrō (nominative plural)
frōbrā (accusative singular)
frōbrā (accusative plural)
frōbrā (genitive singular)
frōbrō (genitive plural)
frōbrē (dative singular)
frōbrōm (dative plural)
frōbrum (dative plural)
frōbru (instrumental singular)
frōbrōm (instrumental plural)
frōbrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: frōfor
Middle English: frovre, frother
English: frover, frother

Old Saxon: frōvra, frōfra

Old High German: fluobara

Unknown; presumably from Proto-Germanic *frōbrō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *proH-bʰr-eh₂, from *proH- (“toward”) + *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-eh₂, or perhaps from *pro- (“toward”) + *op- (“to work, ability”) + *-rós.


siuni

siuni (nominative singular)
siunī (nominative plural)
siuni (accusative singular)
siunī (accusative plural)
siunī (genitive singular)
siunijō (genitive plural)
siunī (dative singular)
siunim (dative plural)
siunijum (dative plural)
siunī (instrumental singular)
siunim (instrumental plural)
siunijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sīen

Old Frisian: siōne, siūne

Old Saxon: siun

Old High German: siun


klammjan

klammjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
klammjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
klammjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
klammjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
klammju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
klamidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
klamisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
klamidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klamidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klamiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
klamidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klamidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klammjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
klamidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
klamiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
klamidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
klammjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
klamidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
klammjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
klamidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
klammjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
klamidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
klammjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
klamidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
klammjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
klamidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
klammjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
klamidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
klammjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
klamidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
klami (class-1 present singular weak)
klamiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
klammjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
klamid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: clemman, clæmman
Middle English: *clammen, *clemmen
English: clam, clem, claum, glaum (dialectal)
Scots: clem, clam, claum, glaum, glom
→ English: glom

Old Frisian: klemma

Saterland Frisian: klämme

West Frisian: klimme, klamme

⇒ West Frisian: klammerje

Old Saxon: *klemmian
Middle Low German: klemmen
German Low German: klemmen
→ Old Danish: klæme
Danish: klemme
→ Old Swedish: klæmma
Swedish: klämma
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: klemme
Norwegian Nynorsk: klemme, klemma

Old Dutch: *klemmen

Middle Dutch: clemmen
Dutch: klemmen
Afrikaans: klem
→ Papiamentu: klèm
Limburgish: klèmme

Old High German: klemmen

Middle High German: klemmen

Alemannic German: chlamme, chlëmme

Alsatian: klamme, klemme

Central Franconian: klemme

Hunsrik: klemme

German: klemmen

Luxembourgish: klemmen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: glemme

Yiddish: קלעם (klem)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *klamjaną, of unclear further etymology. If considering the material that formed clasps or clamps, namely wood or metal, then it can be derived from Proto-Indo-European *glembʰ- (“clasp; mass”), from *gel- (“form into a ball; ball”). In North Germanic all three phases of ablaut appear, klimp (“small lump”), klamp (“wooden or iron clamp”), and klump (“clump, clog”). Compare *klumpō.


bauknijan

bauknijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bauknijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bauknijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bauknijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
baukniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bauknidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bauknisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bauknidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bauknidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
baukniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bauknidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bauknidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bauknijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bauknidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
baukniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bauknidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bauknijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bauknidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bauknijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bauknidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bauknijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bauknidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bauknijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bauknidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bauknijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bauknidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bauknijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bauknidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bauknijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bauknidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
baukni (class-1 present singular weak)
baukniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bauknijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bauknid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: bīecnan

desctree

Middle English: bekenen, beckenen, bekenyn, beknen, beknyn, becnen, bæcnien, becnien, beknien (Early Middle English), beccyn, bekyn, bekken, bikken (reanalysed)
English: beckon; beck
Middle Scots: bekin

Old Saxon: bōknian

Old High German: bouhnen


bifurhtijan

bifurhtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
bifurhtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
bifurhtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
bifurhtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
bifurhtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bifurhtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bifurhtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bifurhtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bifurhtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bifurhtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bifurhtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bifurhtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bifurhtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bifurhtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bifurhtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bifurhtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bifurhtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bifurhtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bifurhtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
bifurhtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
bifurhtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
bifurhtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
bifurhtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
bifurhtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
bifurhtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
bifurhtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
bifurhtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
bifurhtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
bifurhtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
bifurhtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
bifurhti (class-1 present singular weak)
bifurhtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
bifurhtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
bifurhtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: befyrhtan

Middle English: befrighten

English: befright

Old Saxon: biforhtian

Middle Low German: bevrüchten

Old High German: biforhten

desc

Middle High German: befürhten, bevürhten

German: befürchten


wippōn

wippōn (infinitive)
wippōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wippōnijē (dative infinitive)
wippōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wippō (first-person present singular)
wippōdā (first-person past singular)
wippōs (present second-person singular)
wippōdēs (past second-person singular)
wippōdōs (past second-person singular)
wippōþ (present singular third-person)
wippōdē (past singular third-person)
wippōdā (past singular third-person)
wippōm (first-person plural present)
wippōdum (first-person past plural)
wippōþ (plural present second-person)
wippōdud (past plural second-person)
wippōnþ (plural present third-person)
wippōdun (past plural third-person)
wippōdī (first-person past singular)
wippōdī (past second-person singular)
wippō (present singular third-person)
wippōdī (past singular third-person)
wippōdīm (first-person past plural)
wippōdīd (past plural second-person)
wippōn (plural present third-person)
wippōdīn (past plural third-person)
wippō (present singular)
wippōþ (plural present)
wippōndī (participle present)
wippōd (participle past)

*wippil

Old Dutch: *wippil

Middle Dutch: wippel

Old High German: wipfil

Middle High German: wipfel, wiffel

German: Wipfel

Old Dutch: *wippon

Middle Dutch: wippen

Dutch: wippen

→ Middle English: wippen, whippen

English: whip

Old High German: wipfōn, wiphōn (“to rush, scurry, bob”)

Middle High German: wipfen (“bounce, hop, jump”)


kattā

kattā (nominative singular)
kattōn (nominative plural)
kattōn (accusative singular)
kattōn (accusative plural)
kattōn (genitive singular)
kattōnō (genitive plural)
kattōn (dative singular)
kattōm (dative plural)
kattum (dative plural)
kattōn (instrumental singular)
kattōm (instrumental plural)
kattum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: catte
Middle English: catte, katte

Old Frisian: katte

North Frisian: kaat, kåt

Saterland Frisian: Kat

West Frisian: kat

Old Saxon: katta
Middle Low German: katte
Dutch Low Saxon: katte
German Low German: Katt, Katte
Plautdietsch: Kautt, Kaut

Old Dutch: *katta (attested in placenames and to-names)

Middle Dutch: catte
Dutch: kat
Afrikaans: kat
→ Xhosa: ikati
→ Zulu: ikati
Jersey Dutch: kāt
Negerhollands: katje (from the Dutch diminutive)
Skepi Creole Dutch: kat
Limburgish: kat
West Flemish: katte

Old High German: *katta, kazza

Middle High German: katze
Alemannic German: Chatz, Chats, Chazz, Chaz, Kàtz (Alsatian), chatza, chatzu, chatzò, chàzzà (Walser)
Bavarian: ckozza, Katz
Cimbrian: katze, khatz, khatza
Mòcheno: kòtz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Katz
German: Katze
Luxembourgish: Kaz
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Katz
Yiddish: קאַץ (kats)

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


faihiþu

faihiþu (nominative singular)
faihiþō (nominative plural)
faihiþā (accusative singular)
faihiþā (accusative plural)
faihiþā (genitive singular)
faihiþō (genitive plural)
faihiþē (dative singular)
faihiþōm (dative plural)
faihiþum (dative plural)
faihiþu (instrumental singular)
faihiþōm (instrumental plural)
faihiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣhþ

Old Frisian: faithe, feithe

Saterland Frisian: Feede

West Frisian: fete (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *fēhitha

Middle Low German: vêde, veide

→ Danish: fejde

→ Swedish: fejd

→ Norwegian: feide

Old Dutch: *faitha

Middle Dutch: vede, vete

Dutch: vete

Afrikaans: vete

Old High German: faihida, fēhida

Middle High German: vēhede, vēde

German: Fehde

→ Medieval Latin: faida, faidia

Old French: faide, feide
→ Middle English: fede, fed, fedd, feide
English: feud
Scots: fede, feid

Italian: faida


garāfijō

garāfijō (nominative singular)
garāfijan (nominative plural)
garāfijan (accusative singular)
garāfijan (accusative plural)
garāfijini (genitive singular)
garāfijan (genitive singular)
garāfijanō (genitive plural)
garāfijini (dative singular)
garāfijan (dative singular)
garāfijum (dative plural)
garāfijini (instrumental singular)
garāfijan (instrumental singular)
garāfijum (instrumental plural)

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Boston
Brill
Brill Publishers
Leiden
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Old English: ġerēfa, groefa
Middle English: reve (via rēfa)
English: reeve

Old Frisian: greva

North Frisian: greve

Saterland Frisian: greve

West Frisian: greafa

Old Saxon: grāvio

Middle Low German: grēve, grāve

German Low German: gräve

Dutch Low Saxon: gråve

→ Old Norse: greifi, grefi

Icelandic: greifi

Faroese: greivi

desc

→ Middle English: greyve, grafe, grave, grayve, greȝȝfe (Ormulum)

→ Danish: greve

→ Swedish: greve

→ Norwegian Bokmål: greve

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: greve

desctree

Old Dutch: grāvo
Middle Dutch: grâve
Dutch: graaf
Afrikaans: graaf

Old High German: grāfio, grāfo, grāvo, grāvio, grāphio, krāvio
Middle High German: grâve
German: Graf

desc

→ Latin: grāfiō, garāfiō, grāffiō, grāviō

Unknown. Possibly related to Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gagrēfts, “decree, edict”), from unattested Proto-Germanic *grēfan (“to command, dictate”) of unknown origin, or perhaps from unattested *garāfan (“to seize”), from Proto-Germanic *ga-rēfaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁p- (“to seize, pluck”) or *h₁rep- (“to rip, snatch, tear, pinch”) + *-jō, related to *rafjaną (“to seize, take”), *rafsijaną (“to reproach, blame”), *rōf (“famous”).
Alternatively and most likely borrowed from Ancient Greek γραφεύς (grapheús, “scribe”) via Medieval Latin graphio, grafio, gravio, -gravius.

der

markgrêve

Old Saxon: *marcgrāvio; Middle Low German


laugiþu

laugiþu (nominative singular)
laugiþō (nominative plural)
laugiþā (accusative singular)
laugiþā (accusative plural)
laugiþā (genitive singular)
laugiþō (genitive plural)
laugiþē (dative singular)
laugiþōm (dative plural)
laugiþum (dative plural)
laugiþu (instrumental singular)
laugiþōm (instrumental plural)
laugiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: līeġetu f, līġet n

desctree

Middle English: leyt, lait, laite, layt, layte, leit, leite, leyte
English: lait (obsolete)


finþan

finþan (infinitive)
finþannjas (genitive infinitive)
finþannjē (dative infinitive)
finþannju (infinitive instrumental)
finþu (first-person present singular)
fanþ (first-person past singular)
finþiʀi (present second-person singular)
fundī (past second-person singular)
finþidi (present singular third-person)
fanþ (past singular third-person)
finþum (first-person plural present)
fundum (first-person past plural)
finþid (plural present second-person)
fundud (past plural second-person)
finþand (plural present third-person)
fundun (past plural third-person)
finþē (first-person present singular)
fundī (first-person past singular)
finþēs (present second-person singular)
finþē (present singular third-person)
fundī (past singular third-person)
finþēm (first-person plural present)
fundīm (first-person past plural)
finþēþ (plural present second-person)
fundīd (past plural second-person)
finþēn (plural present third-person)
fundīn (past plural third-person)
finþ (present singular)
finþid (plural present)
finþandī (participle present)
fundan (participle past)

Old English: findan

Middle English: finden

Scots: find, fynd

English: find

→ Welsh: ffeindio

Old Frisian: finda

Saterland Frisian: fiende

West Frisian: fine

Old Saxon: findan, fīthan

Middle Low German: vinden

Low German: finden, finnen

Plautdietsch: finje

Old Dutch: findan
Middle Dutch: vinden
Dutch: vinden
Limburgish: vinje

Old High German: findan
Middle High German: vinden
Alemannic German: fianda (Vorarlberg)
Bavarian: findn
Cimbrian: vènnan, bènnan, vennen, vintan
Mòcheno: vinnen
Central Franconian: fenge
German: finden
Luxembourgish: fannen
Yiddish: געפֿינען (gefinen)


sadul

sadul (nominative singular)
sadulō (nominative plural)
sadulōs (nominative plural)
sadul (accusative singular)
sadulā (accusative plural)
sadulas (genitive singular)
sadulō (genitive plural)
sadulē (dative singular)
sadulum (dative plural)
sadulu (instrumental singular)
sadulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sadol, sadel, sadul
Middle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle
English: saddle
→ Chichewa: sadulo
Scots: saddle, saidle

Old Frisian: sadel, sāl

Saterland Frisian: Soadel

West Frisian: seal

Old Saxon: sadul (in compounds)

Middle Low German: sadel

German Low German: Sadel

Plautdietsch: Sodel

Old Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: sādel

Dutch: zadel
Afrikaans: saal
Negerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal
→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel
→ Indonesian: sadel

Old High German: satul, satil

Middle High German: satel

German: Sattel

Luxembourgish: Suedel


wrōtil

wrōtil (nominative singular)
wrōtilō (nominative plural)
wrōtilōs (nominative plural)
wrōtil (accusative singular)
wrōtilā (accusative plural)
wrōtilas (genitive singular)
wrōtilō (genitive plural)
wrōtilē (dative singular)
wrōtilum (dative plural)
wrōtilu (instrumental singular)
wrōtilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wrōtel, wrōt

Middle English: wrot, wrotte

Old Saxon: *wrōtil, *wrōt

q

attested only in the sense of "<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">mole</i>"

Middle Low German: wrōte (attested only in the sense of "mole")

German Low German: Fröte, Frööt (from earlier wrote, wröte)

Old High German: *wruozil, *ruozil

Middle High German: rüezel, rüzzel

German: Rüssel

→ German Low German: Rüssel

→ Middle Low German: rȫsel

That which is used to root around, rooter, snout


wulbi

wulbi (nominative singular)
wulbijō (nominative plural)
wulbijā (accusative singular)
wulbijā (accusative plural)
wulbijā (genitive singular)
wulbijō (genitive plural)
wulbijē (dative singular)
wulbijōm (dative plural)
wulbijum (dative plural)
wulbiju (instrumental singular)
wulbijōm (instrumental plural)
wulbijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wylf

Old High German: wulpa

Middle High German: wülpe

German: Wülpe

From Proto-Germanic *wulbī, from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p-íh₂, an alteration of *wl̥kʷ-íh₂, ultimately derived from *wĺ̥kʷos. Compare Proto-Germanic *wulgī.


tarjan

tarjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
tarjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
tarjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
tarjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
tarju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tarisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
taridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
taridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tarjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tarjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tarjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
taridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
tarjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
taridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
tarjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
taridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
tarjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
taridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
tarjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
taridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
tarjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
taridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
tari (class-1 present singular weak)
tariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
tarjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
tarid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: tera

West Frisian: tarre

Old Saxon: terian

Middle Low German: tēren

German Low German: tehren

→ Old Norse: tæra

Icelandic: tæra

Norwegian Nynorsk: tæra

Swedish: tära

Danish: tære

Norwegian Bokmål: tære

Old Dutch: *teren

desctree

Middle Dutch: tēren, terren
Dutch: teren
Afrikaans: teer
Limburgish: taere

Old High German: zeren, zerren, zerien

Middle High German: zeren

German: zehren, zerren


wallan

wallan (infinitive)
wallannjas (genitive infinitive)
wallannjē (dative infinitive)
wallannju (infinitive instrumental)
wallu (first-person present singular)
weall (first-person past singular)
walliʀi (present second-person singular)
weallī (past second-person singular)
wallidi (present singular third-person)
weall (past singular third-person)
wallum (first-person plural present)
weallum (first-person past plural)
wallid (plural present second-person)
weallud (past plural second-person)
walland (plural present third-person)
weallun (past plural third-person)
wallē (first-person present singular)
weallī (first-person past singular)
wallēs (present second-person singular)
wallē (present singular third-person)
weallī (past singular third-person)
wallēm (first-person plural present)
weallīm (first-person past plural)
wallēþ (plural present second-person)
weallīd (past plural second-person)
wallēn (plural present third-person)
weallīn (past plural third-person)
wall (present singular)
wallid (plural present)
wallandī (participle present)
wallan (participle past)

Old English: wallan, weallan

Middle English: wallen

Scots: wall, wal

English: wall

Old Frisian: walla

(West Frisian: wâlje)

Old Saxon: wallan

Middle Low German: wallen

Old Dutch: wallan
Middle Dutch: wallen
Dutch: wallen

Old High German: wallan

Middle High German: wallen

German: wallen


hwattjastain

hwattjastain (nominative singular)
hwattjastainō (nominative plural)
hwattjastainōs (nominative plural)
hwattjastain (accusative singular)
hwattjastainā (accusative plural)
hwattjastainas (genitive singular)
hwattjastainō (genitive plural)
hwattjastainē (dative singular)
hwattjastainum (dative plural)
hwattjastainu (instrumental singular)
hwattjastainum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: huetistān, hwetestān, hwetstān

Middle English: whetstan, whetston, whestone

English: whetstone

Scots: whatstane

Old Frisian: *hwetstēn

Saterland Frisian: Wätsteen

West Frisian: wetstien

Old Saxon: *hwettistēn

Middle Low German: wettestên, wetstên

German Low German: Wettsteen

Plautdietsch: Watsteen

Old Dutch: *wettistēn

Middle Dutch: wetsteen

Dutch: wetsteen

Old High German: wezzistein

Middle High German: wetzestein, wetzstein

German: Wetzstein


þarm

þarm (nominative singular)
þarmō (nominative plural)
þarmōs (nominative plural)
þarm (accusative singular)
þarmā (accusative plural)
þarmas (genitive singular)
þarmō (genitive plural)
þarmē (dative singular)
þarmum (dative plural)
þarmu (instrumental singular)
þarmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þearm

Middle English: tharm, therm

English: tharm

Scots: thairm, tharm

Old Frisian: therm

North Frisian: teerm

Saterland Frisian: Tíerm

West Frisian: term

Old Saxon: tharm

Middle Low German: darm

German Low German:

Plautdietsch: Doarm

desctree

Old Dutch: *tharm
Middle Dutch: darm, dāerm, derm
Dutch: darm (dialectal derm)
Afrikaans: derm
→ English: derm
Limburgish: derm
West Flemish: derm

Old High German: darm

Middle High German: darm

German: Darm

Hunsrik: Daarem

Luxembourgish: Daarm

Vilamovian: diüem

Yiddish: דאַרם (darm)

→ English: derma


gantijan

gantijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gantijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gantijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gantijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
gantiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gantidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gantisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gantidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gantidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gantiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gantidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gantidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gantijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gantidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gantiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gantidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gantijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gantidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gantijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gantidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gantijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gantidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gantijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gantidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gantijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gantidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gantijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gantidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gantijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gantidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
ganti (class-1 present singular weak)
gantiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gantijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gantid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Dutch: *genten

Middle Dutch: genten

desc

Old High German: *genzen (wk 1a verb), genzēn (wk 3 verb)

Middle High German: genzen (wk 1 verb)

German: gänzen

⇒ Old High German: gigenzen (wk 1a verb)


aist

aist (nominative singular)
aistō (nominative plural)
aistōs (nominative plural)
aist (accusative singular)
aistā (accusative plural)
aistas (genitive singular)
aistō (genitive plural)
aistē (dative singular)
aistum (dative plural)
aistu (instrumental singular)
aistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āst

English: oast

Old Saxon: *ēsta

Middle Low German: eiste f

Old Dutch: *ēst

Middle Dutch: êest

Dutch: eest


aiʀīn

aiʀīn (masculine nominative singular)
aiʀīnu (feminine nominative singular)
aiʀīn (neuter nominative singular)
aiʀīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
aiʀīnā (accusative feminine singular)
aiʀīn (accusative neuter singular)
aiʀīnas (genitive masculine singular)
aiʀīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aiʀīnas (genitive neuter singular)
aiʀīnumē (dative masculine singular)
aiʀīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
aiʀīnumē (dative neuter singular)
aiʀīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
aiʀīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aiʀīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
aiʀīnē (masculine nominative plural)
aiʀīnō (feminine nominative plural)
aiʀīnu (neuter nominative plural)
aiʀīnā (accusative masculine plural)
aiʀīnā (accusative feminine plural)
aiʀīnu (accusative neuter plural)
aiʀīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aiʀīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aiʀīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aiʀīnēm (dative masculine plural)
aiʀīnum (dative masculine plural)
aiʀīnēm (dative feminine plural)
aiʀīnum (dative feminine plural)
aiʀīnēm (dative neuter plural)
aiʀīnum (dative neuter plural)
aiʀīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aiʀīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
aiʀīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aiʀīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
aiʀīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aiʀīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ǣren

Old High German: ērīn

German: ehern


aikilā

aikilā (nominative singular)
aikilōn (nominative plural)
aikilōn (accusative singular)
aikilōn (accusative plural)
aikilōn (genitive singular)
aikilōnō (genitive plural)
aikilōn (dative singular)
aikilōm (dative plural)
aikilum (dative plural)
aikilōn (instrumental singular)
aikilōm (instrumental plural)
aikilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *ēkele, *ēkel

Saterland Frisian: Äkkel

West Frisian: ikel

Old Saxon: *eikila

Middle Low German: eikel

German Low German:

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Ekkel

Sauerländisch: Aikel

Westmünsterländisch: Eekel

South Westphalian: Aëkel (Dortmund)

Old Dutch: *eikila

Middle Dutch: eikele

Dutch: eikel

Old High German: eihhila

Middle Low German: eichel

German: Eichel

From *aik (“oak”) + *-ilā (plant and animal suffix).


aiþī

aiþī (nominative singular)
aiþīn (accusative singular)
aiþīn (genitive singular)
aiþīn (dative singular)
aiþīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: *eidī

Middle High German: eide

⇒ Old High German: fuotareidī


aiþī

aiþī (masculine nominative singular)
aiþiju (feminine nominative singular)
aiþī (neuter nominative singular)
aiþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
aiþijā (accusative feminine singular)
aiþī (accusative neuter singular)
aiþijas (genitive masculine singular)
aiþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aiþijas (genitive neuter singular)
aiþijumē (dative masculine singular)
aiþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aiþijumē (dative neuter singular)
aiþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
aiþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aiþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
aiþijē (masculine nominative plural)
aiþijō (feminine nominative plural)
aiþiju (neuter nominative plural)
aiþijā (accusative masculine plural)
aiþijā (accusative feminine plural)
aiþiju (accusative neuter plural)
aiþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aiþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aiþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aiþijēm (dative masculine plural)
aiþijum (dative masculine plural)
aiþijēm (dative feminine plural)
aiþijum (dative feminine plural)
aiþijēm (dative neuter plural)
aiþijum (dative neuter plural)
aiþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aiþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
aiþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aiþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
aiþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aiþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: *ǣþe

⇒ Old English: cyningǣþe

From *aiþ (“oath”) + *-ī (adjective suffix).

(Anglo-Frisian Germanic) capable of taking an oath


dannā

dannā (nominative singular)
dannōn (nominative plural)
dannōn (accusative singular)
dannōn (accusative plural)
dannōn (genitive singular)
dannōnō (genitive plural)
dannōn (dative singular)
dannōm (dative plural)
dannum (dative plural)
dannōn (instrumental singular)
dannōm (instrumental plural)
dannum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: danna

Middle Low German: danne

Low German: Dann

Old Dutch: *danna

Middle Dutch: danne

Old High German: tanna

Middle High German: tanne

Alemannic German: Tanne

German: Tanne

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *dannǭ, from earlier *danwǭ, cognate with Hittite 𒄑𒋫𒈾𒀀𒌑 (^(GIŠ)ta-na-a-ú /tanau/, “a type of tree”), and perhaps Sanskrit धनु (dhanu, “bow”), धन्वन् (dhanvan, “bow”) and Proto-Celtic *tannos (“green oak”). Alternatively related to *dani (“woodland pasture”), or borrowed from a substrate language.


lahan

lahan (infinitive)
lahannjas (genitive infinitive)
lahannjē (dative infinitive)
lahannju (infinitive instrumental)
lahu (first-person present singular)
lōh (first-person past singular)
lahiʀi (present second-person singular)
lōgī (past second-person singular)
lahidi (present singular third-person)
lōh (past singular third-person)
lahum (first-person plural present)
lōgum (first-person past plural)
lahid (plural present second-person)
lōgud (past plural second-person)
lahand (plural present third-person)
lōgun (past plural third-person)
lahē (first-person present singular)
lōgī (first-person past singular)
lahēs (present second-person singular)
lahē (present singular third-person)
lōgī (past singular third-person)
lahēm (first-person plural present)
lōgīm (first-person past plural)
lahēþ (plural present second-person)
lōgīd (past plural second-person)
lahēn (plural present third-person)
lōgīn (past plural third-person)
lah (present singular)
lahid (plural present)
lahandī (participle present)
lagan (participle past)

Old English: lēan

Middle English: *lēen (attested in past tense lough)

Old Saxon: lahan

Old High German: lahan


skuldihaitijō

skuldihaitijō (nominative singular)
skuldihaitijan (nominative plural)
skuldihaitijan (accusative singular)
skuldihaitijan (accusative plural)
skuldihaitijini (genitive singular)
skuldihaitijan (genitive singular)
skuldihaitijanō (genitive plural)
skuldihaitijini (dative singular)
skuldihaitijan (dative singular)
skuldihaitijum (dative plural)
skuldihaitijini (instrumental singular)
skuldihaitijan (instrumental singular)
skuldihaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyldhǣta, sċuldhēta

Old Frisian: skeltāta, skelta, schelta

Old Saxon: skuldhētio

desc

Middle Low German: schulthete, schultete, schulte

Old Dutch: skolthēti

Middle Dutch: sculthete, schouthete, schouthet, scoutete, scoute, scout, scouthate, scoutate, schouteet, schoutate, schoutaet, schouthate, schoutete, schoutheit, schouteit schoutet, schoute, schout, scholte, schulte, scholtis, schoutent

desctree

Dutch: schout
Afrikaans: skout
Berbice Creole Dutch: skotu
Sranan Tongo: skowtu
Aukan: sikowtu
Saramaccan: sikooútu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: skoutu, skotu
→ Dutch: skotoe
→ Trió: sikoutu
→ Caribbean Javanese: sekaut, skaut
→ English: schout
→ Indonesian: sekaut
→ Javanese: sekaut

Old High German: sculdheizo
Middle High German: schultheize, schultheiz
German: Schulze, Schultheiß
→ Hungarian: soltész
→ Kashubian: szôłtës
→ Polish: sołtys
→ Romanian: șoltuz

Lombardic: schuldhais

desc

→ Medieval Latin: sculdasius, sculdachius

Italian: sculdascio

→ Latin: scultetus

→ Italian: scoltetto

From *skuldi (“tribute, debts, crime”) + *haitijō (“caller, leader”).


dohter

dohter (nominative singular)
dohtar (nominative plural)
dohtar (accusative singular)
dohtar (accusative plural)
dohtur (genitive singular)
dohtrō (genitive plural)
duhtri (dative singular)
dohtrum (dative plural)
duhtri (instrumental singular)
dohtrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dohtor, dohtur — Mercian, dohter — Northumbrian, dochtor, dæhter
Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere

Old Frisian: dochter
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring: doochter
Sylt: Daachter
Saterland Frisian: Dochter
West Frisian: dochter

Old Saxon: dohtar
Middle Low German: dochter
German Low German: Dochter

Old Dutch: dohter

Middle Dutch: dochter
Dutch: dochter
Afrikaans: dogter
Jersey Dutch: doxter
Negerhollands: dochter, dogter
Petjo: dohter
Limburgish: dóchter

Old High German: tohter
Middle High German: tohter
Alemannic German: Tochter
Italian Walser: techter, töchter, tachter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: tochtar, toustar, tochtar
Mòcheno: tochter
Udinese: tochter, touchter, toachtar
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Dochter
German: Tochter
Luxembourgish: Duechter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Dochder
Vilamovian: tohter
Yiddish: טאָכטער (tokhter)
→ Piedmontese: tota


apaldr

apaldr (nominative singular)
apaldrō (nominative plural)
apaldrōs (nominative plural)
apaldr (accusative singular)
apaldrā (accusative plural)
apaldras (genitive singular)
apaldrō (genitive plural)
apaldrē (dative singular)
apaldrum (dative plural)
apaldru (instrumental singular)
apaldrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: apuldur, apulder

Old Saxon: apalder

From Proto-Germanic *apaldraz. Equivalent to *apl (“apple, fruit”) + *-dr (tree suffix).


templ

templ (nominative singular)
templu (nominative plural)
templ (accusative singular)
templu (accusative plural)
templas (genitive singular)
templō (genitive plural)
templē (dative singular)
templum (dative plural)
templu (instrumental singular)
templum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tempel, templ, tempil
Middle English: tempel, temple
English: temple
Scots: tempil, tempill, temple

Old Saxon: tempal m

Middle Low German: tempel, temple

→ Danish: tempel

→ Swedish: tæmpel

Swedish: tempel

Old Dutch: *tempal

Middle Dutch: tempel n or m

Dutch: tempel m

Old High German: tempal

Middle High German: tempel n or m

German: Tempel m


augapl

augapl (nominative singular)
augapplō (nominative plural)
augapplōs (nominative plural)
augapl (accusative singular)
augapplā (accusative plural)
augapplas (genitive singular)
augapplō (genitive plural)
augapplē (dative singular)
augapplum (dative plural)
augapplu (instrumental singular)
augapplum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēagæppel
Middle English: ij appel
English: eye-apple
⇒ Middle English: appel of þe eyȝe, appel of the eie, appel of the yë
English: apple of the eye

Old Frisian: āgappel

Saterland Frisian: Oogappel

West Frisian: eachappel

Old Saxon: *ougaappul, *ougaappel

Middle Low German: ôgeappel

Low German: Oogappel

→ Danish: øjeæble (calque)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: øyeeple (calque)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: augeeple (calque)

Old Dutch: *ougappul

Middle Dutch: ogeappel

Dutch: oogappel

Afrikaans: oogappel

Old High German: ougapful, augaphul

Middle High German: ougapfel

German: Augapfel

From *augā (“eye”) + *apl (“apple, fruit”).


biwellan

biwellan (infinitive)
biwellannjas (genitive infinitive)
biwellannjē (dative infinitive)
biwellannju (infinitive instrumental)
biwellu (first-person present singular)
biwall (first-person past singular)
biwilliʀi (present second-person singular)
biwullī (past second-person singular)
biwillidi (present singular third-person)
biwall (past singular third-person)
biwellum (first-person plural present)
biwullum (first-person past plural)
biwillid (plural present second-person)
biwullud (past plural second-person)
biwelland (plural present third-person)
biwullun (past plural third-person)
biwellē (first-person present singular)
biwullī (first-person past singular)
biwellēs (present second-person singular)
biwellē (present singular third-person)
biwullī (past singular third-person)
biwellēm (first-person plural present)
biwullīm (first-person past plural)
biwellēþ (plural present second-person)
biwullīd (past plural second-person)
biwellēn (plural present third-person)
biwullīn (past plural third-person)
biwill (present singular)
biwillid (plural present)
biwellandī (participle present)
biwollan (participle past)

Old Frisian: biwella

Old Saxon: biwellan

Middle Low German: bewellen

Old Dutch: biwellan

Old High German: biwellan

Middle High German: bewëllen

From *bi- + *wellan (from Proto-Germanic *wellaną (“to well up, spring out, bubble forth”)).

af

from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wellaną</i> (“to well up, spring out, bubble forth”)