wą̄h

wą̄h (masculine nominative singular)
wą̄hu (feminine nominative singular)
wą̄h (neuter nominative singular)
wą̄hanā (accusative masculine singular)
wą̄hā (accusative feminine singular)
wą̄h (accusative neuter singular)
wą̄has (genitive masculine singular)
wą̄heʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wą̄has (genitive neuter singular)
wą̄humē (dative masculine singular)
wą̄heʀē (dative feminine singular)
wą̄humē (dative neuter singular)
wą̄hu (instrumental masculine singular)
wą̄heʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wą̄hu (instrumental neuter singular)
wą̄hē (masculine nominative plural)
wą̄hō (feminine nominative plural)
wą̄hu (neuter nominative plural)
wą̄hā (accusative masculine plural)
wą̄hā (accusative feminine plural)
wą̄hu (accusative neuter plural)
wą̄heʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wą̄heʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wą̄heʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wą̄hēm (dative masculine plural)
wą̄hum (dative masculine plural)
wą̄hēm (dative feminine plural)
wą̄hum (dative feminine plural)
wą̄hēm (dative neuter plural)
wą̄hum (dative neuter plural)
wą̄hēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wą̄hum (instrumental masculine plural)
wą̄hēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wą̄hum (feminine instrumental plural)
wą̄hēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wą̄hum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: wōh, wōg
Middle English: wough, wouȝh
English: wough


hansu

hansu (nominative singular)
hansō (nominative plural)
hansā (accusative singular)
hansā (accusative plural)
hansā (genitive singular)
hansō (genitive plural)
hansē (dative singular)
hansōm (dative plural)
hansum (dative plural)
hansu (instrumental singular)
hansōm (instrumental plural)
hansum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōs

Old Saxon: hansa, *hensa

Middle Low German: hanse, hense (> hensich)

(→ Old Frisian: hensoch)

→ Latin: hansa
→ Old English: *hanse, *hans
⇒ Old English: *hanshūs
→ Medieval Latin: hanshus (Anglo-Latin)
→ English: Hanse
→ French: Hanse

→ English: Hansa

Old Dutch: *hansa, *hensa

Middle Dutch: hanse, hense

Dutch: hanze

Old High German: hansa

Middle High German: hanse, hans

German: Hanse

→ English: Hanse

→ Old French: hanse

Middle French: hanse, hanze

French: hanse

→ Middle English: hanse

English: hanse


slāp

slāp (nominative singular)
slāpō (nominative plural)
slāpōs (nominative plural)
slāp (accusative singular)
slāpā (accusative plural)
slāpas (genitive singular)
slāpō (genitive plural)
slāpē (dative singular)
slāpum (dative plural)
slāpu (instrumental singular)
slāpum (instrumental plural)

Old English: slǣp

Middle English: slepe

English: sleep

Scots: slepe, sleip

Old Frisian: slēp

Saterland Frisian: Släip

West Frisian: sliep

Old Saxon: slāp

Middle Low German:

q

Low German: Slaap, Slap, Schlop (dative: Schlope; Westphalian: Sauerländisch, Paderbornisch)

Old Dutch: *slāp

Middle Dutch: slâep

Dutch: slaap

Afrikaans: slaap

Old High German: slāf

Middle High German: slāf

German: Schlaf

Hunsrik: Schlof

Luxembourgish: Schlof

Pennsylvania German: Schlof

Vilamovian: śłöf

Yiddish: שלאָף (shlof)


amslā

amslā (nominative singular)
amslōn (nominative plural)
amslōn (accusative singular)
amslōn (accusative plural)
amslōn (genitive singular)
amslōnō (genitive plural)
amslōn (dative singular)
amslōm (dative plural)
amslum (dative plural)
amslōn (instrumental singular)
amslōm (instrumental plural)
amslum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ōsle, ōslae — early
Middle English: osel, osele, osul, osulle, osyll
English: oozel, ousel, ouzel (dialectal)
Scots: osil

Old Saxon: amsla
Middle Low German: amsel, amelse
German Low German: Amsel
Plautdietsch: Aumsel
→ English: amzel

Old High German: amsala, amsla, amasla, amusla, amisla
Middle High German: amsel
German: Amsel

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems- (“blackbird”), cognate with Latin merula (“blackbird, wrasse”), Proto-Celtic *mesalkā (“blackbird”); particularly, it could reflect an s-stem with a diminutive suffix *-lā. The irregular correspondences and limited distribution of the word, however, may be more easily explained as separate borrowings from a substrate source.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


þą̄hā

þą̄hā (nominative singular)
þą̄hōn (nominative plural)
þą̄hōn (accusative singular)
þą̄hōn (accusative plural)
þą̄hōn (genitive singular)
þą̄hōnō (genitive plural)
þą̄hōn (dative singular)
þą̄hōm (dative plural)
þą̄hum (dative plural)
þą̄hōn (instrumental singular)
þą̄hōm (instrumental plural)
þą̄hum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þō

Old High German: dāha


þrą̄h

þrą̄h (masculine nominative singular)
þrą̄hu (feminine nominative singular)
þrą̄h (neuter nominative singular)
þrą̄hanā (accusative masculine singular)
þrą̄hā (accusative feminine singular)
þrą̄h (accusative neuter singular)
þrą̄has (genitive masculine singular)
þrą̄heʀā (feminine genitive singular)
þrą̄has (genitive neuter singular)
þrą̄humē (dative masculine singular)
þrą̄heʀē (dative feminine singular)
þrą̄humē (dative neuter singular)
þrą̄hu (instrumental masculine singular)
þrą̄heʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
þrą̄hu (instrumental neuter singular)
þrą̄hē (masculine nominative plural)
þrą̄hō (feminine nominative plural)
þrą̄hu (neuter nominative plural)
þrą̄hā (accusative masculine plural)
þrą̄hā (accusative feminine plural)
þrą̄hu (accusative neuter plural)
þrą̄heʀō (genitive masculine plural)
þrą̄heʀō (feminine genitive plural)
þrą̄heʀō (genitive neuter plural)
þrą̄hēm (dative masculine plural)
þrą̄hum (dative masculine plural)
þrą̄hēm (dative feminine plural)
þrą̄hum (dative feminine plural)
þrą̄hēm (dative neuter plural)
þrą̄hum (dative neuter plural)
þrą̄hēm (instrumental masculine plural)
þrą̄hum (instrumental masculine plural)
þrą̄hēm (feminine instrumental plural)
þrą̄hum (feminine instrumental plural)
þrą̄hēm (instrumental neuter plural)
þrą̄hum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þrōh


gawihtī

gawihtī (nominative singular)
gawihtiju (nominative plural)
gawihtī (accusative singular)
gawihtiju (accusative plural)
gawihtijas (genitive singular)
gawihtijō (genitive plural)
gawihtijē (dative singular)
gawihtijum (dative plural)
gawihtiju (instrumental singular)
gawihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gewiht, gewihte
Middle English: ȝewihte, ȝewiht, iwichte, ȝewyht

Old Saxon: giwihti

Middle Low German: gewichte, wichte

Old Dutch: *giwihti

Middle Dutch: gewichte

Dutch: gewicht

Old High German: giwihti

Middle High German: gewichte

German: Gewicht

Hunsrik: Gewicht

Luxembourgish: Gewiicht

Vilamovian: gywycht

From *ga- + *wihti (“weight”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


ą̄htu

ą̄htu (nominative singular)
ą̄htō (nominative plural)
ą̄htā (accusative singular)
ą̄htā (accusative plural)
ą̄htā (genitive singular)
ą̄htō (genitive plural)
ą̄htē (dative singular)
ą̄htōm (dative plural)
ą̄htum (dative plural)
ą̄htu (instrumental singular)
ą̄htōm (instrumental plural)
ą̄htum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōht

Old Frisian: achte, acht

Old Saxon: *āhta, ōht

Middle Low German: achte

Low German: Acht

→ Norwegian Bokmål: akt

Old Dutch: *āhta

Middle Dutch: achte

Dutch: acht

Old High German: āhta

Middle High German: āhte, ǣhte

German: Acht


hą̄h

hą̄h (nominative singular)
hą̄hō (nominative plural)
hą̄hōs (nominative plural)
hą̄h (accusative singular)
hą̄hā (accusative plural)
hą̄has (genitive singular)
hą̄hō (genitive plural)
hą̄hē (dative singular)
hą̄hum (dative plural)
hą̄hu (instrumental singular)
hą̄hum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hōh, hō, hōg
Middle English: hough, ho, hoche, hogh, hoȝ, hokke, hoo, houȝ, houe, howe, howghe, howh
English: hough, hoff, hock
Scots: hoch, houch
⇒ Yola: houghany


gahwaþar

gahwaþar (masculine nominative singular)
gahwaþaru (feminine nominative singular)
gahwaþar (neuter nominative singular)
gahwaþaranā (accusative masculine singular)
gahwaþarā (accusative feminine singular)
gahwaþar (accusative neuter singular)
gahwaþaras (genitive masculine singular)
gahwaþareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gahwaþaras (genitive neuter singular)
gahwaþarumē (dative masculine singular)
gahwaþareʀē (dative feminine singular)
gahwaþarumē (dative neuter singular)
gahwaþaru (instrumental masculine singular)
gahwaþareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gahwaþaru (instrumental neuter singular)
gahwaþarē (masculine nominative plural)
gahwaþarō (feminine nominative plural)
gahwaþaru (neuter nominative plural)
gahwaþarā (accusative masculine plural)
gahwaþarā (accusative feminine plural)
gahwaþaru (accusative neuter plural)
gahwaþareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gahwaþareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gahwaþareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gahwaþarēm (dative masculine plural)
gahwaþarum (dative masculine plural)
gahwaþarēm (dative feminine plural)
gahwaþarum (dative feminine plural)
gahwaþarēm (dative neuter plural)
gahwaþarum (dative neuter plural)
gahwaþarēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gahwaþarum (instrumental masculine plural)
gahwaþarēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gahwaþarum (feminine instrumental plural)
gahwaþarēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gahwaþarum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġehwæþer

Old Frisian: jāhweder?

Old Saxon: gihwēthar

Old High German: giwedar


wāni

wāni (nominative singular)
wānī (nominative plural)
wāni (accusative singular)
wānī (accusative plural)
wānī (genitive singular)
wānijō (genitive plural)
wānī (dative singular)
wānim (dative plural)
wānijum (dative plural)
wānī (instrumental singular)
wānim (instrumental plural)
wānijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēn
Middle English: wene, wen
English: ween
Scots: wen, wene

Old Frisian: wēn

Old Saxon: wān

Old Dutch: wān

Middle Dutch: wâen
Dutch: waan
Afrikaans: waan
Limburgish: waan

Old High German: wān

Middle High German: wān

German: Wahn

Luxembourgish: Woun


laubijan

laubijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
laubijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
laubijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
laubijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
laubiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laubidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laubisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laubidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laubidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laubiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laubidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laubidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laubijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laubidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laubiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laubidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laubijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laubidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laubijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
laubidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laubijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
laubidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laubijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
laubidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laubijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
laubidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laubijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
laubidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laubijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
laubidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laubi (class-1 present singular weak)
laubiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
laubijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
laubid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: līefan, lȳfan

Middle English: leven

Scots: leve, lefe

English: leave

Old Frisian: lēva

North Frisian: leauwjen

Saterland Frisian: leeuwe; loowje, lööwje

West Frisian: leauwe (?)

Old Saxon: lōvian

Middle Low German: lôven, lö̂ven

German Low German: löven

Old Dutch: *lōven

Middle Dutch: lôven

Dutch: loven (to believe, dialectal)

Old High German: *louben

Middle High German: louben

German: lauben


wānijan

wānijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wānijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wānijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wānijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wāniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wānidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wānisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wānidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wānidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wāniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wānidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wānidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wānijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wānidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wāniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wānidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wānijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wānidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wānijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wānidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wānijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wānidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wānijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wānidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wānijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wānidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wānijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wānidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wānijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wānidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wāni (class-1 present singular weak)
wāniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wānijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wānid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wǣnan, wēnan

Middle English: wenen

Scots: wen, wene, ween

English: ween

Old Frisian: wēna

Old Saxon: wānian

Middle Low German: wânen

Old Dutch: wānen
Middle Dutch: wânen
Dutch: wanen

Old High German: wānen

Middle High German: wænen

German: wähnen

From Proto-Germanic *wēnijaną. Equivalent to *wāni (“hope, expectation”) + *-jan.


klawiþō

klawiþō (nominative singular)
klawiþan (nominative plural)
klawiþan (accusative singular)
klawiþan (accusative plural)
klawiþini (genitive singular)
klawiþan (genitive singular)
klawiþanō (genitive plural)
klawiþini (dative singular)
klawiþan (dative singular)
klawiþum (dative plural)
klawiþini (instrumental singular)
klawiþan (instrumental singular)
klawiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cleweþa

Old High German: klouwida


stōr

stōr (masculine nominative singular)
stōru (feminine nominative singular)
stōr (neuter nominative singular)
stōranā (accusative masculine singular)
stōrā (accusative feminine singular)
stōr (accusative neuter singular)
stōras (genitive masculine singular)
stōreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
stōras (genitive neuter singular)
stōrumē (dative masculine singular)
stōreʀē (dative feminine singular)
stōrumē (dative neuter singular)
stōru (instrumental masculine singular)
stōreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
stōru (instrumental neuter singular)
stōrē (masculine nominative plural)
stōrō (feminine nominative plural)
stōru (neuter nominative plural)
stōrā (accusative masculine plural)
stōrā (accusative feminine plural)
stōru (accusative neuter plural)
stōreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
stōreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
stōreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
stōrēm (dative masculine plural)
stōrum (dative masculine plural)
stōrēm (dative feminine plural)
stōrum (dative feminine plural)
stōrēm (dative neuter plural)
stōrum (dative neuter plural)
stōrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
stōrum (instrumental masculine plural)
stōrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
stōrum (feminine instrumental plural)
stōrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
stōrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: stōr

Middle English: store, stoor, stour; (stur?)

desc

Scots: stour, stoure, sture, stoor, stoar

English: stoor, stour

Old Frisian: stōr

Saterland Frisian: stor

West Frisian: stoer

Old Saxon: stōri

Old High German: stūr, stūri, stiuri


stīf

stīf (masculine nominative singular)
stīfu (feminine nominative singular)
stīf (neuter nominative singular)
stīfanā (accusative masculine singular)
stīfā (accusative feminine singular)
stīf (accusative neuter singular)
stīfas (genitive masculine singular)
stīfeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
stīfas (genitive neuter singular)
stīfumē (dative masculine singular)
stīfeʀē (dative feminine singular)
stīfumē (dative neuter singular)
stīfu (instrumental masculine singular)
stīfeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
stīfu (instrumental neuter singular)
stīfē (masculine nominative plural)
stīfō (feminine nominative plural)
stīfu (neuter nominative plural)
stīfā (accusative masculine plural)
stīfā (accusative feminine plural)
stīfu (accusative neuter plural)
stīfeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
stīfeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
stīfeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
stīfēm (dative masculine plural)
stīfum (dative masculine plural)
stīfēm (dative feminine plural)
stīfum (dative feminine plural)
stīfēm (dative neuter plural)
stīfum (dative neuter plural)
stīfēm (instrumental masculine plural)
stīfum (instrumental masculine plural)
stīfēm (feminine instrumental plural)
stīfum (feminine instrumental plural)
stīfēm (instrumental neuter plural)
stīfum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: stīf

Middle English: stīf

English: stiff

Scots: stif, stiff, steif

Old Frisian: stīf, stēf

Saterland Frisian: stieuw

West Frisian: stiif

Old Saxon: *stīf

Middle Low German: stīf

Low German: stief

Plautdietsch: stiew

→ Danish: stiv

→ Swedish: styv

→ Norwegian: stiv

→ Norn: stiv

→ Icelandic: stífur

→ Elfdalian: styv

→ Gutnish: steivar, steivur

Old Dutch: *stīf

Middle Dutch: stijf

Dutch: stijf

Afrikaans: styf

Limburgish: sjtief

Old High German: *stīf

Middle High German: stīf

German: steif

Hunsrik: steif

Luxembourgish: steif


rāmēn

rāmēn (infinitive)
rāmēnijas (genitive infinitive)
rāmēnijē (dative infinitive)
rāmēniju (infinitive instrumental)
rāmē (first-person present singular)
rām?dā (first-person past singular)
rāmēs (present second-person singular)
rām?dēs (past second-person singular)
rāmēþ (present singular third-person)
rām?dē (past singular third-person)
rām?dā (past singular third-person)
rāmēm (first-person plural present)
rām?dum (first-person past plural)
rāmēþ (plural present second-person)
rām?dud (past plural second-person)
rāmēnþ (plural present third-person)
rām?dun (past plural third-person)
rām?dī (first-person past singular)
rām?dī (past second-person singular)
rāmē (present singular third-person)
rām?dī (past singular third-person)
rām?dīm (first-person past plural)
rām?dīd (past plural second-person)
rāmēn (plural present third-person)
rām?dīn (past plural third-person)
rāmē (present singular)
rāmēþ (plural present)
rāmēndī (participle present)
rām?d (participle past)

Old English: rōmian, rōmiġan

Old Frisian: ramia, remia, rammia

North Frisian: rame

West Frisian: raamje, rame

desctree

Old Saxon: rōmon
Middle Low German: râmen (“to aim for, seek to meet”)
German Low German: råmen (“to overwhelm, conquer; to meet, encounter”) (also < OS *ramon (“to overwhelm”) ⇐ PWG *ramm (“overwhelming”))
→ Danish: ramme

Old Dutch: *rāmon
Middle Dutch: râmen
Dutch: ramen
Afrikaans: raam

Old High German: rāmēn, rāmōn

Middle High German: rāmen, ræmen

German: rahmen, rähmen (archaic)


hą̄hasinu

hą̄hasinu (nominative singular)
hą̄hasinwō (nominative plural)
hą̄hasinwā (accusative singular)
hą̄hasinwā (accusative plural)
hą̄hasinwā (genitive singular)
hą̄hasinwō (genitive plural)
hą̄hasinwē (dative singular)
hą̄hasinwōm (dative plural)
hą̄hasinum (dative plural)
hą̄hasinu (instrumental singular)
hą̄hasinwōm (instrumental plural)
hą̄hasinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōhsinu, hōhsino
Middle English: hokschyne, *hoxene (often remodelled after schyne "shin")
English: huxen, huckson, huxon, huckshin, hucksheen (influenced by shin) (dialectal, obsolete)

Old Frisian: hōxene, hōxne

Old Dutch: *hāhsena, *hāssena

Middle Dutch: hâesen, hâesene

Dutch: haas
→ Indonesian: has

Limburgish: haos

Old High German: hāhsina, hāhsna

desc

Middle High German: hahsen, hæhsen, hehsen pl

Bavarian: Haxn

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Haxa

German: Hachse, Hechse, Haxe

Luxembourgish: Héiss

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Hees, Hess

Pennsylvania German: Heese

Vilamovian: haoks

From Proto-Germanic *hanhasinwō. Equivalent to *hą̄h + *sinu.


spānu

spānu (nominative singular)
spāniwi (nominative plural)
spānō (nominative plural)
spānu (accusative singular)
spānū (accusative plural)
spānō (genitive singular)
spāniwō (genitive plural)
spāniwi (dative singular)
spānō (dative singular)
spānum (dative plural)
spānu (instrumental singular)
spānum (instrumental plural)

Old English: spōn

desctree

Middle English: spone, spon, sponne, spoon, spoun, spoune, spun, spune
English: spoon
Geordie English: spuin, speun
Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune
Yola: spone

Old Frisian: *spōn
North Frisian:
Sylt: spuun
Wiedingharde: spoon
Saterland Frisian: Spoune
West Frisian: spoen, spoan

Old Saxon: *spān, *spōn

Middle Low German: spân, spôn

Low German: spoon

German Low German: Spoon

Old Dutch: *spān

Middle Dutch: spâen, spon
Dutch: spaan
→ West Frisian: spaan
Limburgish: spoon

Old High German: spān; spanna (“spoon”)

Middle High German: spān

Alemannic German: Spään

German: Span

Luxembourgish: Spoun


hą̄hilō

hą̄hilō (nominative singular)
hą̄hilan (nominative plural)
hą̄hilan (accusative singular)
hą̄hilan (accusative plural)
hą̄hilini (genitive singular)
hą̄hilan (genitive singular)
hą̄hilanō (genitive plural)
hą̄hilini (dative singular)
hą̄hilan (dative singular)
hą̄hilum (dative plural)
hą̄hilini (instrumental singular)
hą̄hilan (instrumental singular)
hą̄hilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēla
Middle English: hele, heele, heyle, heyll, hiele, hile
English: heel
Scots: heel
Yola: heel

Old Frisian: hēla
North Frisian: (Föhr-Amrum) haiel, hael, häile, hajel, hägel
West Frisian: hyl

Old Saxon: *hāhilo, *hēhilo, *hēlo

Middle Low German: *hêle, *hiele

German Low German: Hiel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Dutch: *hālo, *hēlo m, *hēla f

Middle Dutch: hiele, hiel m or f (perhaps a borrowing from Frisian)

Dutch: hiel m

From *hą̄hil + *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *hanhilaz. Equivalent to *hą̄h (“heel, sole”) + *-il (diminutive suffix) + *-ō.


gawar

gawar (masculine nominative singular)
gawaru (feminine nominative singular)
gawar (neuter nominative singular)
gawaranā (accusative masculine singular)
gawarā (accusative feminine singular)
gawar (accusative neuter singular)
gawaras (genitive masculine singular)
gawareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gawaras (genitive neuter singular)
gawarumē (dative masculine singular)
gawareʀē (dative feminine singular)
gawarumē (dative neuter singular)
gawaru (instrumental masculine singular)
gawareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gawaru (instrumental neuter singular)
gawarē (masculine nominative plural)
gawarō (feminine nominative plural)
gawaru (neuter nominative plural)
gawarā (accusative masculine plural)
gawarā (accusative feminine plural)
gawaru (accusative neuter plural)
gawareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gawareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gawareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gawarēm (dative masculine plural)
gawarum (dative masculine plural)
gawarēm (dative feminine plural)
gawarum (dative feminine plural)
gawarēm (dative neuter plural)
gawarum (dative neuter plural)
gawarēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gawarum (instrumental masculine plural)
gawarēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gawarum (feminine instrumental plural)
gawarēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gawarum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: ġewær

desc

Middle English: ȝewær, iwær, iwar, ywar, iware, aware

Scots: awar, awaur, avar

English: aware

Old Saxon: giwar

Middle Low German: gewār

German Low German: gewahr

Old Dutch: giwar

Middle Dutch: gewar, gewāre, gewāer

Dutch: gewaar

Old High German: giwar

Middle High German: gewar

German: gewahr


galaub

galaub (masculine nominative singular)
galaubu (feminine nominative singular)
galaub (neuter nominative singular)
galaubanā (accusative masculine singular)
galaubā (accusative feminine singular)
galaub (accusative neuter singular)
galaubas (genitive masculine singular)
galaubeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
galaubas (genitive neuter singular)
galaubumē (dative masculine singular)
galaubeʀē (dative feminine singular)
galaubumē (dative neuter singular)
galaubu (instrumental masculine singular)
galaubeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
galaubu (instrumental neuter singular)
galaubē (masculine nominative plural)
galaubō (feminine nominative plural)
galaubu (neuter nominative plural)
galaubā (accusative masculine plural)
galaubā (accusative feminine plural)
galaubu (accusative neuter plural)
galaubeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
galaubeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
galaubeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
galaubēm (dative masculine plural)
galaubum (dative masculine plural)
galaubēm (dative feminine plural)
galaubum (dative feminine plural)
galaubēm (dative neuter plural)
galaubum (dative neuter plural)
galaubēm (instrumental masculine plural)
galaubum (instrumental masculine plural)
galaubēm (feminine instrumental plural)
galaubum (feminine instrumental plural)
galaubēm (instrumental neuter plural)
galaubum (instrumental neuter plural)

⇒ Old English: unġelēaf

Old High German: giloub

From Proto-Germanic *galaubaz. Equivalent to *ga- + *laub.


kweþan

kweþan (infinitive)
kweþannjas (genitive infinitive)
kweþannjē (dative infinitive)
kweþannju (infinitive instrumental)
kweþu (first-person present singular)
kwaþ (first-person past singular)
kwiþiʀi (present second-person singular)
kwādī (past second-person singular)
kwiþidi (present singular third-person)
kwaþ (past singular third-person)
kweþum (first-person plural present)
kwādum (first-person past plural)
kwiþid (plural present second-person)
kwādud (past plural second-person)
kweþand (plural present third-person)
kwādun (past plural third-person)
kweþē (first-person present singular)
kwādī (first-person past singular)
kweþēs (present second-person singular)
kweþē (present singular third-person)
kwādī (past singular third-person)
kweþēm (first-person plural present)
kwādīm (first-person past plural)
kweþēþ (plural present second-person)
kwādīd (past plural second-person)
kweþēn (plural present third-person)
kwādīn (past plural third-person)
kwiþ (present singular)
kwiþid (plural present)
kweþandī (participle present)
kwedan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: cweþan, cweðan — edh spelling, cwoða — Northumbrian
Middle English: quethen, cwethen, cweþen, cweðen, queðen, qwethyn, qweþe, queþen, quethe, queþe, queden, cwæthen
English: quethe (obsolete except in past tense quoth)
Scots: quethe (noun)
Yola: co, quo

Old Frisian: quetha

Saterland Frisian: kwede

Old Saxon: quethan, queþan, queðan
Middle Low German: queden

Old Dutch: quethan

Old High German: quedan

Middle High German: quëden

Cimbrian: khödan


knāan

knāan (infinitive)
knāannjas (genitive infinitive)
knāannjē (dative infinitive)
knāannju (infinitive instrumental)
knāu (first-person present singular)
knē (first-person past singular)
knāiʀi (present second-person singular)
knēī (past second-person singular)
knāidi (present singular third-person)
knē (past singular third-person)
knāum (first-person plural present)
knēum (first-person past plural)
knāid (plural present second-person)
knēud (past plural second-person)
knāand (plural present third-person)
knēun (past plural third-person)
knāē (first-person present singular)
knēī (first-person past singular)
knāēs (present second-person singular)
knāē (present singular third-person)
knēī (past singular third-person)
knāēm (first-person plural present)
knēīm (first-person past plural)
knāēþ (plural present second-person)
knēīd (past plural second-person)
knāēn (plural present third-person)
knēīn (past plural third-person)
knā (present singular)
knāid (plural present)
knāandī (participle present)
knāan (participle past)

Old English: cnāwan

Middle English: knawen, knowen

Scots: knaw

English: know

Yola: knou, knouwe

Old Saxon: knāian

desc

Old High German: knājan, knāen, knāan, chnāan, chnāhan


unsti

unsti (nominative singular)
unstī (nominative plural)
unsti (accusative singular)
unstī (accusative plural)
unstī (genitive singular)
unstijō (genitive plural)
unstī (dative singular)
unstim (dative plural)
unstijum (dative plural)
unstī (instrumental singular)
unstim (instrumental plural)
unstijum (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old Frisian: gunst

North Frisian: gunst, ginst

Old Saxon: unst

→ Swedish: ynnest

→ Danish: yndest

⇒ Old Dutch: *gunst

Middle Dutch: gonst, gunst

Dutch: gunst

Afrikaans: guns

Old High German: unst

Middle High German: unst

⇒ Middle High German: gunst

German: Gunst

Luxembourgish: Gonscht

From Proto-Germanic *undiz, remodelled by analogy with other nouns in *-sti.


unsti

Old English: ȳst

Old Saxon: ūst

Old High German: unst (in glosses)


klāu

klāu (nominative singular)
klāwō (nominative plural)
klāwā (accusative singular)
klāwā (accusative plural)
klāwā (genitive singular)
klāwō (genitive plural)
klāwē (dative singular)
klāwōm (dative plural)
klāum (dative plural)
klāu (instrumental singular)
klāwōm (instrumental plural)
klāum (instrumental plural)

Old English: clēa, clāwu

Old Frisian: klē, klēwe

Old Saxon: clāwa

Middle Low German: klauwe

Old Dutch: clāwa, *clā

Middle Dutch: clauwe, cla

Dutch: klauw

Afrikaans: klou

Old High German: klāwa

Middle High German: klāwe

German: Klaue

Luxembourgish: Klo


magaþ

magaþ (nominative singular)
magaþi (nominative plural)
magaþu (accusative singular)
magaþi (accusative plural)
magaþi (genitive singular)
magaþō (genitive plural)
magaþi (dative singular)
magaþum (dative plural)
magaþi (instrumental singular)
magaþum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mæġeþ, mæġþ
Middle English: mæið, meið, maið, maȝþ
English: maid
Scots: maid

Old Frisian: megith, megeth, mageth

Saterland Frisian: Moagd

West Frisian: maegd; (> meide, meidzje)

Old Saxon: magath

desc

Middle Low German: māget, mait, meit, meyt

German Low German: Maid

desctree

Old Dutch: magith
Middle Dutch: māget, meit
Dutch: maagd, meid

Old High German: magad
Middle High German: maget, magt, mait
German: Magd, Maid
Luxembourgish: Mod
Yiddish: מויד (moyd), מאַד (mad)


skūr

skūr (nominative singular)
skūrō (nominative plural)
skūrōs (nominative plural)
skūr (accusative singular)
skūrā (accusative plural)
skūras (genitive singular)
skūrō (genitive plural)
skūrē (dative singular)
skūrum (dative plural)
skūru (instrumental singular)
skūrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċūr, sċēor
Middle English: schour, schoure, schowre, schoure, shour, shoure, shower, showre, scur, shur (Early Middle English)
English: shower
Scots: shour, shouer, shoor, shooer

Old Frisian: *skūr, schur

Saterland Frisian: Skuur

West Frisian: skuor

Old Saxon: skūr

Middle Low German: schūr

Low Saxon: Schuur

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Schuur (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: Schiur (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: Schua

Old Dutch: *scūr

Middle Dutch: schure, schuur

Dutch: schoer

Old High German: scūr
Middle High German: schūre, schūr, schoure, schour
German: Schauer

From Proto-Germanic *skūraz; cf. *skūrō.


brannijan

brannijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
brannijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
brannijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
brannijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
branniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
brannidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
brannisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
brannidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brannidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
branniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
brannidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brannidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brannijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
brannidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
branniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
brannidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
brannijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
brannidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
brannijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
brannidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
brannijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
brannidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
brannijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
brannidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
brannijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
brannidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
brannijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
brannidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
brannijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
brannidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
branni (class-1 present singular weak)
branniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
brannijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
brannid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: bærnan, *brænnan

Middle English: brennen

English: bren

Scots: brenn, bren, brend

Old Frisian: berna, barna

⇒ Saterland Frisian: baanje, baddenje

West Frisian: baarne, barne, brâne

Old Saxon: brennian
Middle Low German: bernen
Low German: brennen, brannen

Old Dutch: brennen
Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
Dutch: barnen
Limburgish: borre
⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
Dutch: branden
Limburgish: branje, brenje

Old High German: brennen
Middle High German: brennen
Bavarian: brenna
German: brennen
Luxembourgish: brennen
Yiddish: ברענען (brenen)


lāwijan

lāwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lāwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lāwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lāwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lāwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lāwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lāwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lāwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lāwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lāwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lāwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lāwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lāwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lāwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lāwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lāwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lāwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lāwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lāwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lāwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lāwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lāwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lāwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lāwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lāwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lāwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lāwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lāwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lāwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lāwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lāwi (class-1 present singular weak)
lāwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lāwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lāwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: lǣwan

⇒ Old English: lǣwede

Middle English: lewede, lewed

Scots: lawit, lewit, lewd

English: lewd

⇒ Old English: belǣwan

Middle English: belewen

⇒ Old English: lǣwa

⇒ Middle English: lewe (adjective)

Old High German: *lāwen, *lāen

⇒ Old High German: firlāwen, firlāen

⇒ Old High German: gilāwen, gilāen


wiþr

Old English: wiþer

Middle English: wither

English: wither

Scots: wither, quither

Old Frisian: wither

Saterland Frisian: wieder, wier

West Frisian: wider, weer

Old Saxon: withar

Middle Low German: weder, wedder

Low German: wedder

Old Dutch: wither

Middle Dutch: wēder, wēer

Dutch: weder, weer

Afrikaans: weer

Old High German: widar

Middle High German: wider

German: wider, wieder

Hunsrik: witter


hwaþar

hwaþar (masculine nominative singular)
hwaþaru (feminine nominative singular)
hwaþar (neuter nominative singular)
hwaþaranā (accusative masculine singular)
hwaþarā (accusative feminine singular)
hwaþar (accusative neuter singular)
hwaþaras (genitive masculine singular)
hwaþareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hwaþaras (genitive neuter singular)
hwaþarumē (dative masculine singular)
hwaþareʀē (dative feminine singular)
hwaþarumē (dative neuter singular)
hwaþaru (instrumental masculine singular)
hwaþareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hwaþaru (instrumental neuter singular)
hwaþarē (masculine nominative plural)
hwaþarō (feminine nominative plural)
hwaþaru (neuter nominative plural)
hwaþarā (accusative masculine plural)
hwaþarā (accusative feminine plural)
hwaþaru (accusative neuter plural)
hwaþareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hwaþareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hwaþareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hwaþarēm (dative masculine plural)
hwaþarum (dative masculine plural)
hwaþarēm (dative feminine plural)
hwaþarum (dative feminine plural)
hwaþarēm (dative neuter plural)
hwaþarum (dative neuter plural)
hwaþarēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hwaþarum (instrumental masculine plural)
hwaþarēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hwaþarum (feminine instrumental plural)
hwaþarēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hwaþarum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hwæþer
Middle English: whether
Scots: quhether, quhither, whedder
English: whether

⇒ Old English: ǣġhwæþer, ǣġþer, āðer
Middle English: either, æȝþer, ethir, eiþer, outher
English: either
Scots: aither

Old Frisian: hweder

Old Saxon: hwēthar

Old Dutch: *wether

Middle Dutch: weder
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Limburgish: wieër

Old High German: wedar
Middle High German: weder
Alemannic German: weder
Cimbrian: bèdar
German: weder


þauwjan

þauwjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þauwjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þauwjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þauwjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þauwju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þawidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þawisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þawidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þawidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þawiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þawidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þawidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þauwjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þawidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þawiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þawidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þauwjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þawidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þauwjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þawidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þauwjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þawidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þauwjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þawidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þauwjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þawidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þauwjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þawidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þauwjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þawidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þawi (class-1 present singular weak)
þawiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þauwjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þawid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: þawian
Middle English: thawen, thowen
English: thaw
Scots: thow

Old Frisian: *thēia

West Frisian: teie

Old Saxon: *thouwian, thōian

Middle Low German: douwen, dôien, deyen

German Low German: deien

Old Dutch: *thōien

Middle Dutch: dôyen

Dutch: dooien

Old High German: thouwen

Middle High German: douwen

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*dawwāną</i>

⇒ Middle High German: touwen (merged with *dawwāną)

German: tauen

⇒ Old High German: firthouwen

Middle High German: verdouwen

German: verdauen


warōn

warōn (infinitive)
warōnijas (genitive infinitive)
warōnijē (dative infinitive)
warōniju (infinitive instrumental)
warō (first-person present singular)
warōdā (first-person past singular)
warōs (present second-person singular)
warōdēs (past second-person singular)
warōdōs (past second-person singular)
warōþ (present singular third-person)
warōdē (past singular third-person)
warōdā (past singular third-person)
warōm (first-person plural present)
warōdum (first-person past plural)
warōþ (plural present second-person)
warōdud (past plural second-person)
warōnþ (plural present third-person)
warōdun (past plural third-person)
warōdī (first-person past singular)
warōdī (past second-person singular)
warō (present singular third-person)
warōdī (past singular third-person)
warōdīm (first-person past plural)
warōdīd (past plural second-person)
warōn (plural present third-person)
warōdīn (past plural third-person)
warō (present singular)
warōþ (plural present)
warōndī (participle present)
warōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: warian
Middle English: warien, waren
Scots: war, ware
English: ware

Old Frisian: waria, weria

Saterland Frisian: woarje

West Frisian: warje

Old Saxon: warōn
Middle Low German: wāren
German Low German: wahren

Old Dutch: *waron

Middle Dutch: wāren

Old High German: warōn
Middle High German: waren, warn
German: wahren
→ Slovene: varati (dialectal)
→ Serbo-Croatian: varati

→ Vulgar Latin: *warāre

Old French: warer, garer

Middle French: guerrer, garrer

French: garer; garage

→ Dutch: garage

→ English: garage

→ Portuguese: garagem

Occitan: guarer, garar


keuwan

keuwan (infinitive)
keuwannjas (genitive infinitive)
keuwannjē (dative infinitive)
keuwannju (infinitive instrumental)
keuwu (first-person present singular)
kauw (first-person past singular)
kiuwiʀi (present second-person singular)
kuwī (past second-person singular)
kiuwidi (present singular third-person)
kauw (past singular third-person)
keuwum (first-person plural present)
kuwum (first-person past plural)
kiuwid (plural present second-person)
kuwud (past plural second-person)
keuwand (plural present third-person)
kuwun (past plural third-person)
keuwē (first-person present singular)
kuwī (first-person past singular)
keuwēs (present second-person singular)
keuwē (present singular third-person)
kuwī (past singular third-person)
keuwēm (first-person plural present)
kuwīm (first-person past plural)
keuwēþ (plural present second-person)
kuwīd (past plural second-person)
keuwēn (plural present third-person)
kuwīn (past plural third-person)
kiuw (present singular)
kiuwid (plural present)
keuwandī (participle present)
kowan (participle past)

Old English: ċēowan
Middle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn (Ormulum)
English: chew
→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae
Scots: chow, chaw

Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja

West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie

Saterland Frisian: kauje

Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan

Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen

Low German: käwwen

Old Dutch: *kiuwan
Middle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen

Old High German: kiuwan

desc

Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen

Alemannic German: chüüwe

Bavarian: kuin

Cimbrian: khòjan

German: kauen

Hunsrik: kaue

Pennsylvania German: kaue

kauen

Middle Low German: kowen, kouwen, kauwen, kauen

kouwen

Old High German: *kouwōn; Middle High German


tą̄h(ī)

tą̄h (canonical)
ī (romanization)
tą̄h (masculine nominative singular)
tą̄hu (feminine nominative singular)
tą̄h (neuter nominative singular)
tą̄hanā (accusative masculine singular)
tą̄hā (accusative feminine singular)
tą̄h (accusative neuter singular)
tą̄has (genitive masculine singular)
tą̄heʀā (feminine genitive singular)
tą̄has (genitive neuter singular)
tą̄humē (dative masculine singular)
tą̄heʀē (dative feminine singular)
tą̄humē (dative neuter singular)
tą̄hu (instrumental masculine singular)
tą̄heʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
tą̄hu (instrumental neuter singular)
tą̄hē (masculine nominative plural)
tą̄hō (feminine nominative plural)
tą̄hu (neuter nominative plural)
tą̄hā (accusative masculine plural)
tą̄hā (accusative feminine plural)
tą̄hu (accusative neuter plural)
tą̄heʀō (genitive masculine plural)
tą̄heʀō (feminine genitive plural)
tą̄heʀō (genitive neuter plural)
tą̄hēm (dative masculine plural)
tą̄hum (dative masculine plural)
tą̄hēm (dative feminine plural)
tą̄hum (dative feminine plural)
tą̄hēm (dative neuter plural)
tą̄hum (dative neuter plural)
tą̄hēm (instrumental masculine plural)
tą̄hum (instrumental masculine plural)
tą̄hēm (feminine instrumental plural)
tą̄hum (feminine instrumental plural)
tą̄hēm (instrumental neuter plural)
tą̄hum (instrumental neuter plural)
tą̄hī (masculine nominative singular)
tą̄hiju (feminine nominative singular)
tą̄hī (neuter nominative singular)
tą̄hijanā (accusative masculine singular)
tą̄hijā (accusative feminine singular)
tą̄hī (accusative neuter singular)
tą̄hijas (genitive masculine singular)
tą̄hijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
tą̄hijas (genitive neuter singular)
tą̄hijumē (dative masculine singular)
tą̄hijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
tą̄hijumē (dative neuter singular)
tą̄hiju (instrumental masculine singular)
tą̄hijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
tą̄hiju (instrumental neuter singular)
tą̄hijē (masculine nominative plural)
tą̄hijō (feminine nominative plural)
tą̄hiju (neuter nominative plural)
tą̄hijā (accusative masculine plural)
tą̄hijā (accusative feminine plural)
tą̄hiju (accusative neuter plural)
tą̄hijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
tą̄hijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
tą̄hijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
tą̄hijēm (dative masculine plural)
tą̄hijum (dative masculine plural)
tą̄hijēm (dative feminine plural)
tą̄hijum (dative feminine plural)
tą̄hijēm (dative neuter plural)
tą̄hijum (dative neuter plural)
tą̄hijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
tą̄hijum (instrumental masculine plural)
tą̄hijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
tą̄hijum (feminine instrumental plural)
tą̄hijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
tą̄hijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: tōh

Middle English: toȝ, tou, towgh, tough

Scots: teuch

English: tough

→ Swedish: tuff

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tøff

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tøff

desctree

Old Frisian: *tāi
North Frisian: toi
Saterland Frisian: toai
West Frisian: taai

Old Saxon: *tāh, *tāhi

Middle Low German: tā, taie, tēge, teie

Low German: taa, taë, tage, taag

German Low German: taai

Old Dutch: *tāi

Middle Dutch: tâie, tây, tâey

Dutch: taai

Afrikaans: taai

Old High German: zāh, zāhi

desc

Middle High German: zāch, zǣhe, zǣh, zǣch

German: zähe, zäh

Bavarian: zach (pronounced [tsaːx])

Luxembourgish: zéi

From Proto-Germanic *tanhuz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


blāan

blāan (infinitive)
blāannjas (genitive infinitive)
blāannjē (dative infinitive)
blāannju (infinitive instrumental)
blāu (first-person present singular)
blē (first-person past singular)
blāiʀi (present second-person singular)
blēī (past second-person singular)
blāidi (present singular third-person)
blē (past singular third-person)
blāum (first-person plural present)
blēum (first-person past plural)
blāid (plural present second-person)
blēud (past plural second-person)
blāand (plural present third-person)
blēun (past plural third-person)
blāē (first-person present singular)
blēī (first-person past singular)
blāēs (present second-person singular)
blāē (present singular third-person)
blēī (past singular third-person)
blāēm (first-person plural present)
blēīm (first-person past plural)
blāēþ (plural present second-person)
blēīd (past plural second-person)
blāēn (plural present third-person)
blēīn (past plural third-person)
blā (present singular)
blāid (plural present)
blāandī (participle present)
blāan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: blāwan
Middle English: blowen, blouen, blow, blowe, blowyn, blawe (Northern or Kent), blawen, bloawen (Early Middle English)
English: blow
Geordie English: blaw
Scots: blaw
Yola: blay

Old Frisian: blā, blīa

North Frisian: bleie

Old Saxon: blāian

(Middle Low German: blêen)

Old Dutch: *blāien

Middle Dutch: blâyen
Dutch: blaaien (obsolete)

Old High German: blāhan, plāhan, blājan

Middle High German: blǣjen, blǣwen

German: blähen

⇒ Cimbrian: inpléenanzich


managī

managī (nominative singular)
managīn (accusative singular)
managīn (genitive singular)
managīn (dative singular)
managīn (instrumental singular)

desc

Old English: maneġu, maniġu, meniġu, meniġeo, menġu

Middle English: manye, *menye

Scots: monie

English: many

Old Frisian: menī, menie, mene

Old Saxon: menegī, menigī

desctree

Old High German: managī, managīn, manegī, menigī, manakī, menikī
Middle High German: menege, mengi, menige
German: Menge
Rhine Franconian: Meng, Menge
Palatine German: Meng
Pennsylvania German: Meng
Vilamovian: meń
Yiddish: מענגע (menge)

From Proto-Germanic *managį̄. Equivalent to *manag (“many”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


þrāan

þrāan (infinitive)
þrāannjas (genitive infinitive)
þrāannjē (dative infinitive)
þrāannju (infinitive instrumental)
þrāu (first-person present singular)
þrē (first-person past singular)
þrāiʀi (present second-person singular)
þrēī (past second-person singular)
þrāidi (present singular third-person)
þrē (past singular third-person)
þrāum (first-person plural present)
þrēum (first-person past plural)
þrāid (plural present second-person)
þrēud (past plural second-person)
þrāand (plural present third-person)
þrēun (past plural third-person)
þrāē (first-person present singular)
þrēī (first-person past singular)
þrāēs (present second-person singular)
þrāē (present singular third-person)
þrēī (past singular third-person)
þrāēm (first-person plural present)
þrēīm (first-person past plural)
þrāēþ (plural present second-person)
þrēīd (past plural second-person)
þrāēn (plural present third-person)
þrēīn (past plural third-person)
þrā (present singular)
þrāid (plural present)
þrāandī (participle present)
þrāan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: þrāwan
Middle English: throwen, thrawen, thorwen
English: throw
Northumbrian: thraa
Scots: thraw
Yola: drowe, draugh

Old Frisian: thrāia

North Frisian: treie

West Frisian: draaie, triuwe

Old Saxon: thrāian
Middle Low German: dreien, dreyen, drêgen, dreigen
German Low German: dreihen
Low German: draien, dreien
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dreie
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dreie
→ Swedish: dreja
→ Danish: dreje

Old Dutch: thrāien
Middle Dutch: drâyen
Dutch: draaien
Limburgish: drejje, dreie

Old High German: drāen
Middle High German: dræjen, dræn
Bavarian: drahn
Cimbrian: dréenan
Central Franconian: driehe, drähe, drähne
Hunsrik: drehe
Luxembourgish: dréien, dréinen
German: drehen
Yiddish: דרייען (dreyen)


balþ

balþ (masculine nominative singular)
balþu (feminine nominative singular)
balþ (neuter nominative singular)
balþanā (accusative masculine singular)
balþā (accusative feminine singular)
balþ (accusative neuter singular)
balþas (genitive masculine singular)
balþeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
balþas (genitive neuter singular)
balþumē (dative masculine singular)
balþeʀē (dative feminine singular)
balþumē (dative neuter singular)
balþu (instrumental masculine singular)
balþeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
balþu (instrumental neuter singular)
balþē (masculine nominative plural)
balþō (feminine nominative plural)
balþu (neuter nominative plural)
balþā (accusative masculine plural)
balþā (accusative feminine plural)
balþu (accusative neuter plural)
balþeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
balþeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
balþeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
balþēm (dative masculine plural)
balþum (dative masculine plural)
balþēm (dative feminine plural)
balþum (dative feminine plural)
balþēm (dative neuter plural)
balþum (dative neuter plural)
balþēm (instrumental masculine plural)
balþum (instrumental masculine plural)
balþēm (feminine instrumental plural)
balþum (feminine instrumental plural)
balþēm (instrumental neuter plural)
balþum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: beald, bald
Middle English: bolde, bold, boold, bald, beald
English: bold, bawd
Scots: bald, bauld, baul, bawl, beld

Old Frisian: bald

⇒ Old Frisian: balde (adverb)

Saterland Frisian: boalde

Old Saxon: bald
Middle Low German: bald, bold, balt, bolt
German Low German: bold, boll

Old Dutch: bald

Middle Dutch: bout

Dutch: boud

Afrikaans: boud

Old High German: bald, pald
Middle High German: balt
German: (obsolete) bald
Bavarian: bald

⇒ Old High German: baldo (adverb)

Middle High German: balde, palde

Bavarian: båld, boid

German: bald

→ Old French: baud (see there for further descendants)


wilþī

wilþī (masculine nominative singular)
wilþiju (feminine nominative singular)
wilþī (neuter nominative singular)
wilþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
wilþijā (accusative feminine singular)
wilþī (accusative neuter singular)
wilþijas (genitive masculine singular)
wilþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wilþijas (genitive neuter singular)
wilþijumē (dative masculine singular)
wilþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
wilþijumē (dative neuter singular)
wilþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
wilþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wilþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
wilþijē (masculine nominative plural)
wilþijō (feminine nominative plural)
wilþiju (neuter nominative plural)
wilþijā (accusative masculine plural)
wilþijā (accusative feminine plural)
wilþiju (accusative neuter plural)
wilþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wilþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wilþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wilþijēm (dative masculine plural)
wilþijum (dative masculine plural)
wilþijēm (dative feminine plural)
wilþijum (dative feminine plural)
wilþijēm (dative neuter plural)
wilþijum (dative neuter plural)
wilþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wilþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
wilþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wilþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
wilþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wilþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wilde
Middle English: wild, wilde, wielde, wille, will
English: wild
Scots: wylde, wild, wile

Old Frisian: wilde

Saterland Frisian: wíeld, wüüld

West Frisian: wyld

Old Saxon: wildi
Middle Low German: wilde, wilt
Low German: wild
Plautdietsch: wilt
→ Danish: vild
→ Swedish: vild

Old Dutch: wildi
Middle Dutch: wilde, wilt
Dutch: wild
Afrikaans: wild
Berbice Creole Dutch: weldri
Jersey Dutch: wäld
Negerhollands: wild, weeld, welt, willit, wil
Limburgish: wildj

Old High German: wildi
Middle High German: wilde
Central Franconian: weld, well (chiefly Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: wild
Luxembourgish: wëll
Bavarian: wüd, wuid, wüld
Cimbrian: bill
German: wild
Vilamovian: wyłd
Yiddish: ווילד (vild)


wāan

wāan (infinitive)
wāannjas (genitive infinitive)
wāannjē (dative infinitive)
wāannju (infinitive instrumental)
wāu (first-person present singular)
wē (first-person past singular)
wāiʀi (present second-person singular)
wēī (past second-person singular)
wāidi (present singular third-person)
wē (past singular third-person)
wāum (first-person plural present)
wēum (first-person past plural)
wāid (plural present second-person)
wēud (past plural second-person)
wāand (plural present third-person)
wēun (past plural third-person)
wāē (first-person present singular)
wēī (first-person past singular)
wāēs (present second-person singular)
wāē (present singular third-person)
wēī (past singular third-person)
wāēm (first-person plural present)
wēīm (first-person past plural)
wāēþ (plural present second-person)
wēīd (past plural second-person)
wāēn (plural present third-person)
wēīn (past plural third-person)
wā (present singular)
wāid (plural present)
wāandī (participle present)
wāan (participle past)

Old English: wāwan

Old Frisian: wēia, wāia

West Frisian: waaie

Old Saxon: wāian

Middle Low German: weien

Low German: weihn

Old Dutch: wāien
Middle Dutch: wâyen
Dutch: waaien
Limburgish: wèjje

Old High German: wāen, wāhen

Middle High German: wæjen

German: wehen


lappjan

lappjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lappjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lappjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lappjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lappju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lapidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lapisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lapidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lapidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lapiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lapidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lapidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lappjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lapidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lapiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lapidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lappjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lapidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lappjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lapidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lappjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lapidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lappjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lapidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lappjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lapidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lappjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lapidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lappjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lapidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lapi (class-1 present singular weak)
lapiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lappjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lapid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: leppan

⇒ Old High German: gilepfen


wāru

wāru (nominative singular)
wārō (nominative plural)
wārā (accusative singular)
wārā (accusative plural)
wārā (genitive singular)
wārō (genitive plural)
wārē (dative singular)
wārōm (dative plural)
wārum (dative plural)
wāru (instrumental singular)
wārōm (instrumental plural)
wārum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣr

Middle English: were, ware

Old Saxon: *wāra; wār

Middle Low German: wâre

Old Dutch: *wāra

Middle Dutch: wâre, waer

Dutch: waar

Old High German: wāra

Middle High German: wāre

German: Wahre (archaic)


langī

langī (nominative singular)
langīn (accusative singular)
langīn (genitive singular)
langīn (dative singular)
langīn (instrumental singular)

Old English: lenġu

Middle English: lēnge, lengh, længe

Old Frisian: lentze

Old High German: lengī
Middle High German: lenge
Alemannic German: Längi
Alsatian: Länga
Swabian: Läng
Bavarian: Läng, Leng
Central Franconian: Läng, Leng
Hunsrik: Leng
German: Länge
Rhine Franconian: Läng, Leng
Palatine German: Läng
Pennsylvania German: Leng
Vilamovian: łeń
Yiddish: לענג (leng)

From Proto-Germanic *langį̄. Equivalent to *lang (“long”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


ardōn

ardōn (infinitive)
ardōnijas (genitive infinitive)
ardōnijē (dative infinitive)
ardōniju (infinitive instrumental)
ardō (first-person present singular)
ardōdā (first-person past singular)
ardōs (present second-person singular)
ardōdēs (past second-person singular)
ardōdōs (past second-person singular)
ardōþ (present singular third-person)
ardōdē (past singular third-person)
ardōdā (past singular third-person)
ardōm (first-person plural present)
ardōdum (first-person past plural)
ardōþ (plural present second-person)
ardōdud (past plural second-person)
ardōnþ (plural present third-person)
ardōdun (past plural third-person)
ardōdī (first-person past singular)
ardōdī (past second-person singular)
ardō (present singular third-person)
ardōdī (past singular third-person)
ardōdīm (first-person past plural)
ardōdīd (past plural second-person)
ardōn (plural present third-person)
ardōdīn (past plural third-person)
ardō (present singular)
ardōþ (plural present)
ardōndī (participle present)
ardōd (participle past)

Old English: eardian

Old Saxon: ardon

Old Dutch: ardon

Old High German: artōn


niuhsijan

niuhsijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
niuhsijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
niuhsijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
niuhsijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
niuhsiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
niuhsidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
niuhsisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
niuhsidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
niuhsidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
niuhsiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
niuhsidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
niuhsidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
niuhsijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
niuhsidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
niuhsiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
niuhsidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
niuhsijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
niuhsidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
niuhsijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
niuhsidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
niuhsijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
niuhsidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
niuhsijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
niuhsidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
niuhsijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
niuhsidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
niuhsijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
niuhsidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
niuhsijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
niuhsidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
niuhsi (class-1 present singular weak)
niuhsiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
niuhsijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
niuhsid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: nēosan

Old Saxon: niusian

Old High German: niusen


wār

wār (masculine nominative singular)
wāru (feminine nominative singular)
wār (neuter nominative singular)
wāranā (accusative masculine singular)
wārā (accusative feminine singular)
wār (accusative neuter singular)
wāras (genitive masculine singular)
wāreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wāras (genitive neuter singular)
wārumē (dative masculine singular)
wāreʀē (dative feminine singular)
wārumē (dative neuter singular)
wāru (instrumental masculine singular)
wāreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wāru (instrumental neuter singular)
wārē (masculine nominative plural)
wārō (feminine nominative plural)
wāru (neuter nominative plural)
wārā (accusative masculine plural)
wārā (accusative feminine plural)
wāru (accusative neuter plural)
wāreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wāreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wāreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wārēm (dative masculine plural)
wārum (dative masculine plural)
wārēm (dative feminine plural)
wārum (dative feminine plural)
wārēm (dative neuter plural)
wārum (dative neuter plural)
wārēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wārum (instrumental masculine plural)
wārēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wārum (feminine instrumental plural)
wārēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wārum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wǣr

Old Frisian: wēr

North Frisian: wer

Saterland Frisian: weer

West Frisian: wier

Old Saxon: wār; *wāri

Middle Low German: wâr

German Low German: wahr

Old Dutch: wār; *wāri

Middle Dutch: waer

Dutch: waar

desctree

Old High German: wār
Middle High German: wār
Cimbrian: baar
German: wahr
Hunsrik: woher
Luxembourgish: wouer
Yiddish: וואָר (vor)


þį̄hslu

þį̄hslu (nominative singular)
þį̄hslō (nominative plural)
þį̄hslā (accusative singular)
þį̄hslā (accusative plural)
þį̄hslā (genitive singular)
þį̄hslō (genitive plural)
þį̄hslē (dative singular)
þį̄hslōm (dative plural)
þį̄hslum (dative plural)
þį̄hslu (instrumental singular)
þį̄hslōm (instrumental plural)
þį̄hslum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þīxl, þīsl

Old Frisian: *thīxl, *thixl

West Frisian: tiksel

desc

Old Saxon: thīsla, thīhsla, thīhsala, thessalia, thesla

Middle Low German: dîhsele, dîsle, dîsel, dîstel, dîssel

German Low German: Dießel

→ Saterland Frisian: Diesel

Old Dutch: *thīhsala

Middle Dutch: diesele, dissel

Dutch: dissel

West Flemish: dijsel

Old High German: dīhsala, dīhsila

Middle High German: dīhsele, dīhsel, dīsle

German: Deichsel


slutil

slutil (nominative singular)
slutilō (nominative plural)
slutilōs (nominative plural)
slutil (accusative singular)
slutilā (accusative plural)
slutilas (genitive singular)
slutilō (genitive plural)
slutilē (dative singular)
slutilum (dative plural)
slutilu (instrumental singular)
slutilum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sletel, slotel

West Frisian: slotel

Old Saxon: slutil

Middle Low German: slȫtel, slȫttel

German Low German: Slötel

Old Dutch: *slutil

desctree

Middle Dutch: slōtel, sluetel
Dutch: sleutel
Afrikaans: sleutel
Berbice Creole Dutch: slotro, slutro
Negerhollands: sleuter, sleetel
→ Lokono: shilotoro
→ Aukan: sooto
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
→ Sranan Tongo: sroto, slotto
→ Caribbean Javanese: sroto
→ Trió: soroto
→ Warao: sidyotóre, sidiotore
Limburgish: släötel
West Flemish: sloter

Old High German: sluzzil
Middle High German: slüzzel
Bavarian: Schlissl
Cimbrian: slüssel
German: Schlüssel
Hunsrik: Schlissel
Luxembourgish: Schlëssel
Vilamovian: śłysuł
Yiddish: שליסל (shlisl)


laub

laub (nominative singular)
laubu (nominative plural)
laub (accusative singular)
laubu (accusative plural)
laubas (genitive singular)
laubō (genitive plural)
laubē (dative singular)
laubum (dative plural)
laubu (instrumental singular)
laubum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēaf

Middle English: leef, lefe, leve, lewe
English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip
Scots: leaf, lefe, leif
Yola: laafe

Old Frisian: lāf

North Frisian: lof, luf

Saterland Frisian: Loof, Loouw, Looch

West Frisian: leaf

Old Saxon: lōf

Middle Low German: lôf

German Low German: Loov

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Läuf

Westmünsterländisch: Loof

Plautdietsch: Loof

Old Dutch: lōf

Middle Dutch: lôof
Dutch: loof
Afrikaans: lof
Limburgish: louf

Old High German: loub

German: Laub


garwijan

garwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
garwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
garwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
garwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
garwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
garwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
garwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
garwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
garwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
garwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
garwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
garwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
garwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
garwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
garwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
garwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
garwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
garwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
garwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
garwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
garwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
garwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
garwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
garwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
garwi (class-1 present singular weak)
garwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
garwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
garwid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ġierwan, ġyrwan — Late West Saxon
⇒ Middle English: bigeored

Old Saxon: gerwian
Middle Low German: gerwen
→ Danish: garve
→ Norwegian Bokmål: garve
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: garve, garva
→ Swedish: garva

Old Dutch: gerwen
Middle Dutch: gerwen, geerwen, geruwen, gaerwen
Dutch: gerven

Old High German: garwen, garawen
Middle High German: gerwen, garwen, gerben
German: gerben
Luxembourgish: gierwen

From Proto-Germanic *garwijaną. Equivalent to *garu (“ready”) + *-jan.


draumijan

draumijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
draumijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
draumijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
draumijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
draumiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
draumidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
draumisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
draumidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
draumidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
draumiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
draumidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
draumidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
draumijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
draumidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
draumiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
draumidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
draumijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
draumidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
draumijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
draumidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
draumijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
draumidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
draumijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
draumidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
draumijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
draumidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
draumijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
draumidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
draumijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
draumidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
draumi (class-1 present singular weak)
draumiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
draumijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
draumid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: drīeman, drēman, drȳman
Middle English: dremen, dreme, dreomen, dreamen (Early Middle English)
English: dream

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: dreme, drööme

West Frisian: dreame

Old Saxon: *drōmen

Middle Low German: drö̂men

Low German: drömen

Old Dutch: *drōmen

Middle Dutch: drômen

Dutch: dromen

Limburgish: druime, droume

Old High German: troumen, (Central German) *droumen

desc

Middle High German: troumen, tröumen, dröumen

Bavarian: trama

Cimbrian: tröoman, truamen

Central Franconian: drööme, dreeme

Luxembourgish: dreemen

German: träumen

Yiddish: טרוימען (troymen)

From Proto-Germanic *draumijaną. Equivalent to *draum (“dream”) + *-jan.


gaumijan

gaumijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
gaumijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
gaumijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
gaumijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
gaumiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gaumidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gaumisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gaumidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaumidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaumiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gaumidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaumidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaumijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gaumidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gaumiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gaumidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gaumijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gaumidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gaumijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
gaumidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
gaumijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
gaumidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
gaumijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
gaumidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
gaumijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
gaumidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
gaumijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
gaumidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
gaumijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
gaumidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
gaumi (class-1 present singular weak)
gaumiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
gaumijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
gaumid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ġīeman, ġīman, ġȳman

Middle English: ȝemen, yemen

English: yeme (obsolete)

Old Saxon: gōmian

Middle Low German: gômen, gȫmen

Old Dutch: *gōmen

Middle Dutch: gômen

Dutch: gomen (obsolete)

Old High German: goumen

Middle High German: goumen

Alemannic German: gaume

From Proto-Germanic *gaumijaną. Equivalent to *gaum (“heedance, attention”) + *-jan.


hlinēn

hlinēn (infinitive)
hlinēnijas (genitive infinitive)
hlinēnijē (dative infinitive)
hlinēniju (infinitive instrumental)
hlinē (first-person present singular)
hlin?dā (first-person past singular)
hlinēs (present second-person singular)
hlin?dēs (past second-person singular)
hlinēþ (present singular third-person)
hlin?dē (past singular third-person)
hlin?dā (past singular third-person)
hlinēm (first-person plural present)
hlin?dum (first-person past plural)
hlinēþ (plural present second-person)
hlin?dud (past plural second-person)
hlinēnþ (plural present third-person)
hlin?dun (past plural third-person)
hlin?dī (first-person past singular)
hlin?dī (past second-person singular)
hlinē (present singular third-person)
hlin?dī (past singular third-person)
hlin?dīm (first-person past plural)
hlin?dīd (past plural second-person)
hlinēn (plural present third-person)
hlin?dīn (past plural third-person)
hlinē (present singular)
hlinēþ (plural present)
hlinēndī (participle present)
hlin?d (participle past)

Old English: hleonian, hlinian

Middle English: leonien, lenen

Scots: lene, leyn

English: lean

Old Frisian: *hlinia

Saterland Frisian: lienje

West Frisian: lynje

Old Saxon: hlinōn

Middle Low German: lēnen

German Low German: lehnen

desctree

Old Dutch: *linon
Middle Dutch: lēnen
Dutch: leunen
Afrikaans: leun
Negerhollands: lee
→ West Frisian: leune
→ Papiamentu: lèn, len, lènt, leun, leen

Old High German: hlinēn, linēn

Middle High German: lënen, linen

German: lehnen


aiþ

aiþ (nominative singular)
aiþō (nominative plural)
aiþōs (nominative plural)
aiþ (accusative singular)
aiþā (accusative plural)
aiþas (genitive singular)
aiþō (genitive plural)
aiþē (dative singular)
aiþum (dative plural)
aiþu (instrumental singular)
aiþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: āþ
Middle English: oth, ooth, ath
English: oath
Scots: aith
Yola: oathès (plural)

Old Frisian: ēth, āth

North Frisian: ith, iss

Saterland Frisian: Eed

West Frisian: eed

Old Saxon: ēth
Middle Low German: êt
German Low German: Eed
Plautdietsch: Eit

Old Dutch: *ēth

Middle Dutch: êet

Dutch: eed

Afrikaans: eed

Old High German: eid
Middle High German: eit
German: Eid
Luxembourgish: Eed
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ait]
⇒ Lombardic: *aido (“oath-helper”) (attested as aidos pl (“oath-helpers”))


sleutan

sleutan (infinitive)
sleutannjas (genitive infinitive)
sleutannjē (dative infinitive)
sleutannju (infinitive instrumental)
sleutu (first-person present singular)
slaut (first-person past singular)
sliutiʀi (present second-person singular)
slutī (past second-person singular)
sliutidi (present singular third-person)
slaut (past singular third-person)
sleutum (first-person plural present)
slutum (first-person past plural)
sliutid (plural present second-person)
slutud (past plural second-person)
sleutand (plural present third-person)
slutun (past plural third-person)
sleutē (first-person present singular)
slutī (first-person past singular)
sleutēs (present second-person singular)
sleutē (present singular third-person)
slutī (past singular third-person)
sleutēm (first-person plural present)
slutīm (first-person past plural)
sleutēþ (plural present second-person)
slutīd (past plural second-person)
sleutēn (plural present third-person)
slutīn (past plural third-person)
sliut (present singular)
sliutid (plural present)
sleutandī (participle present)
slotan (participle past)

Old Frisian: slūta

Saterland Frisian: sluute

West Frisian: slute

Old Saxon: slūtan (in combination)

Middle Low German: slûten

German Low German: sluten

→ Danish: slutte

Norwegian Bokmål: slutte

→ Swedish: sluta

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: slutte, slutta

Old Dutch: *slūtan
Middle Dutch: sluten
Dutch: sluiten
Afrikaans: sluit
Berbice Creole Dutch: slokti
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
Limburgish: sloete

Old High German: sliozan

Middle High German: sliezen

German: schließen

Luxembourgish: schléissen

Yiddish: שליסן (shlisn)

Unknown; suggested to possibly be from a metathesized s-mobile form of Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w-, and cognate with Latin claudō (“to close”).


wursti

wursti (nominative singular)
wurstī (nominative plural)
wursti (accusative singular)
wurstī (accusative plural)
wurstī (genitive singular)
wurstijō (genitive plural)
wurstī (dative singular)
wurstim (dative plural)
wurstijum (dative plural)
wurstī (instrumental singular)
wurstim (instrumental plural)
wurstijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wurst, *worst

West Frisian: woarst

Old Saxon: worst

Middle Low German: worst

Low German:

German Low German:

Plautdietsch: Worscht

→ Estonian: vorst

Old Dutch: *wurst, *worst

Middle Dutch: worst
Dutch: worst
Afrikaans: wors
→ English: wors
Jersey Dutch: wârst
→ Papiamentu: wòrs
→ Russian: ворса (vorsa)
→ Sranan Tongo: worst
Limburgish: wósj

Old High German: wurst

Middle High German: wurst

Alemannic German: Wurscht

Swabian: Wurscht

Sathmar Swabian: Wurscht

Bavarian: Wurscht, Wuascht

desc

Central Franconian: Woosch, Wuersch, Wuerscht, Wuuscht, Woscht, Woeësj, Wursch

Luxembourgish: Wuuscht (archaic), Wurscht (influenced by German)

Hunsrik: Worst

East Central German: Wurscht

Vilamovian: wiyśt

East Franconian: Woschd

Vogtländisch: Wurschd

desctree

German: Wurst
→ English: wurst
→ French: wurst
→ German Low German: Wust
→ Greater Polish: worszta
→ Kashubian: wòrzta
→ Saterland Frisian: Wust

Rhine Franconian: Wurscht, Worscht

Pennsylvania German:

Yiddish: וווּרשט (vursht)

Uncertain; possibly related to Proto-Germanic *werþaną, which would derive it from Indo-European *wr̥t(s)-tis, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”). In this case the original meaning would have been "something twisted". Alternatively from *wr̥s-tis, from the root *wers- (“to mix up”), which would make it "something mixed up, something mangled".


rīdan

rīdan (infinitive)
rīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīdannjē (dative infinitive)
rīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīdu (first-person present singular)
raid (first-person past singular)
rīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
ridī (past second-person singular)
rīdidi (present singular third-person)
raid (past singular third-person)
rīdum (first-person plural present)
ridum (first-person past plural)
rīdid (plural present second-person)
ridud (past plural second-person)
rīdand (plural present third-person)
ridun (past plural third-person)
rīdē (first-person present singular)
ridī (first-person past singular)
rīdēs (present second-person singular)
rīdē (present singular third-person)
ridī (past singular third-person)
rīdēm (first-person plural present)
ridīm (first-person past plural)
rīdēþ (plural present second-person)
ridīd (past plural second-person)
rīdēn (plural present third-person)
ridīn (past plural third-person)
rīd (present singular)
rīdid (plural present)
rīdandī (participle present)
ridan (participle past)

Old English: rīdan

Middle English: riden, ryden

Scots: ryde, ride

English: ride

Old Frisian: rīda

North Frisian: ride

Saterland Frisian: riede

West Frisian: ride

Old Saxon: rīdan

Middle Low German: riden

Low German: rieden

Plautdietsch: rieden

Old Dutch: rīdan
Middle Dutch: riden
Dutch: rijden
Limburgish: rieje

Old High German: rītan

Middle High German: rīten

German: reiten

Hunsrik: reide

Luxembourgish: reiden


snīwan

snīwan (infinitive)
snīwannjas (genitive infinitive)
snīwannjē (dative infinitive)
snīwannju (infinitive instrumental)
snīwu (first-person present singular)
snaiw (first-person past singular)
snīwiʀi (present second-person singular)
sniwī (past second-person singular)
snīwidi (present singular third-person)
snaiw (past singular third-person)
snīwum (first-person plural present)
sniwum (first-person past plural)
snīwid (plural present second-person)
sniwud (past plural second-person)
snīwand (plural present third-person)
sniwun (past plural third-person)
snīwē (first-person present singular)
sniwī (first-person past singular)
snīwēs (present second-person singular)
snīwē (present singular third-person)
sniwī (past singular third-person)
snīwēm (first-person plural present)
sniwīm (first-person past plural)
snīwēþ (plural present second-person)
sniwīd (past plural second-person)
snīwēn (plural present third-person)
sniwīn (past plural third-person)
snīw (present singular)
snīwid (plural present)
snīwandī (participle present)
sniwan (participle past)

Old English: snīwan
Middle English: snewen, sneuwen, snew, snewe, sniwe
English: snew

Old Frisian: *snīa

West Frisian: snije

Old Saxon: *snīwan
Middle Low German: snîen
Low German: snien
Plautdietsch: schnieen

Old Dutch: *snīwan
Middle Dutch: snuwen
Dutch: snuwen
Limburgish: snieë, snieëje

Old High German: snīwan

Middle High German: snīen, snīwen

Bavarian: schneibn

Cimbrian: snaiban, snaim (Luserna)

German: schneien

Luxembourgish: schneien

Yiddish: שנייען (shneyen)


lausijan

lausijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
lausijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
lausijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
lausijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
lausiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lausidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lausisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lausidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lausidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lausiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lausidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lausidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lausijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lausidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lausiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lausidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lausijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lausidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lausijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lausidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lausijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lausidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lausijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lausidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lausijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lausidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lausijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lausidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
lausijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lausidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lausi (class-1 present singular weak)
lausiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
lausijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lausid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: līesan

Middle English: lesen

Scots: leese, lease

English: leese, lease

Old Frisian: lēsa

Saterland Frisian: leze

Old Saxon: lōsian

desc

Middle Low German: lôsen, lö̂sen, loesen, loysen, lössen

German Low German: lösen

Old Dutch: lōsen

Middle Dutch: lôsen

Dutch: lozen

desctree

Old High German: lōsen, lossan
Middle High German: losen
German: lösen
Luxembourgish: léisen
Yiddish: לייזן (leyzn)

From Proto-Germanic *lausijaną. Equivalent to *laus (“lose, free”) + *-jan.


taihā

taihā (nominative singular)
taihōn (nominative plural)
taihōn (accusative singular)
taihōn (accusative plural)
taihōn (genitive singular)
taihōnō (genitive plural)
taihōn (dative singular)
taihōm (dative plural)
taihum (dative plural)
taihōn (instrumental singular)
taihōm (instrumental plural)
taihum (instrumental plural)

Old English: tā, tāhe (Mercian)

Middle English: ta, to

Scots: ta, tae

English: toe

Old Frisian: tāne (originally a plural?)

Saterland Frisian: Tone

West Frisian: tean

Old Saxon: *tēha

Middle Low German: tē

Low German: Tehn, Töhn, Teuhn

Old Dutch: *tēa

Middle Dutch: tee

q

Dutch: teen (plural reanalysed as singular), toon (dialectal, also a plural reanalysed as singular)

Afrikaans: toon

Old High German: zēha

desctree

Middle High German: zēhe, zē
Alemannic German: Zeewe
Bavarian: Zächa
Central Franconian: Zieh
German: Zehe, Zeh
Luxembourgish: Zéif
Pennsylvania German: Zehe, Zeh


daudijan

daudijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
daudijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
daudijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
daudijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
daudiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daudidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
daudisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daudidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daudidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daudiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daudidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daudidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daudijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daudidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
daudiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daudidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
daudijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daudidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
daudijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
daudidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
daudijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
daudidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
daudijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
daudidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
daudijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
daudidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
daudijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
daudidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
daudijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
daudidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
daudi (class-1 present singular weak)
daudiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
daudijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
daudid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: dīedan, dȳdan
Middle English: deden, deaden

Old Frisian: dēda

Old Saxon: *dōdian

Middle Low German: dôden

Old Dutch: *dōden

Middle Dutch: dôden
Dutch: doden
Afrikaans: dood
Negerhollands: dood
Limburgish: doeaje

Old High German: tōten

Middle High German: tōten

Alemannic German: tööde, töde

Cimbrian: töatan

German: töten

From Proto-Germanic *daudijaną. Equivalent to *daud (“dead”) + *-jan.


sehtō

sehtō (masculine nominative singular)
sehtā (feminine nominative singular)
sehtā (neuter nominative singular)
sehtan (accusative masculine singular)
sehtōn (accusative feminine singular)
sehtā (accusative neuter singular)
sihtini (genitive masculine singular)
sehtan (genitive masculine singular)
sehtōn (feminine genitive singular)
sihtini (genitive neuter singular)
sehtan (genitive neuter singular)
sihtini (dative masculine singular)
sehtan (dative masculine singular)
sehtōn (dative feminine singular)
sihtini (dative neuter singular)
sehtan (dative neuter singular)
sihtini (instrumental masculine singular)
sehtan (instrumental masculine singular)
sehtōn (feminine instrumental singular)
sihtini (instrumental neuter singular)
sehtan (instrumental neuter singular)
sehtan (masculine nominative plural)
sehtōn (feminine nominative plural)
sehtōn (neuter nominative plural)
sehtan (accusative masculine plural)
sehtōn (accusative feminine plural)
sehtōn (accusative neuter plural)
sehtanō (genitive masculine plural)
sehtōnō (feminine genitive plural)
sehtanō (genitive neuter plural)
sehtum (dative masculine plural)
sehtōm (dative feminine plural)
sehtum (dative feminine plural)
sehtum (dative neuter plural)
sehtum (instrumental masculine plural)
sehtōm (feminine instrumental plural)
sehtum (feminine instrumental plural)
sehtum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: sixta, siexta, syxta, sihsta, sexta, sesta
Middle English: sixte
English: sixth
Scots: saxt, sext, sixt

Old Frisian: sexta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: seekst
Helgoland: sös
Saterland Frisian: säkste
West Frisian: sechste

Old Saxon: sehsto

Middle Low German: seste, sēste, söste

German Low German: sessde, sessd

Old Dutch: *sesto

Middle Dutch: seste, sesde (Limburgish)
Dutch: zesde
Afrikaans: sesde
Negerhollands: sesde
→ Kwinti: zesde
Limburgish: zèsdje

Old High German: sehto, sehsto

Middle High German: sehte, sehste

Cimbrian: zèkste

German: sechste

Yiddish: זעקסט (zekst)

From Proto-Germanic *sehtô. Alternative *sehstō under the infleuence of *sehs (“six”).


drīban

drīban (infinitive)
drībannjas (genitive infinitive)
drībannjē (dative infinitive)
drībannju (infinitive instrumental)
drību (first-person present singular)
draib (first-person past singular)
drībiʀi (present second-person singular)
dribī (past second-person singular)
drībidi (present singular third-person)
draib (past singular third-person)
drībum (first-person plural present)
dribum (first-person past plural)
drībid (plural present second-person)
dribud (past plural second-person)
drīband (plural present third-person)
dribun (past plural third-person)
drībē (first-person present singular)
dribī (first-person past singular)
drībēs (present second-person singular)
drībē (present singular third-person)
dribī (past singular third-person)
drībēm (first-person plural present)
dribīm (first-person past plural)
drībēþ (plural present second-person)
dribīd (past plural second-person)
drībēn (plural present third-person)
dribīn (past plural third-person)
drīb (present singular)
drībid (plural present)
drībandī (participle present)
driban (participle past)

Old English: drīfan
Middle English: driven, drifen, drifven
English: drive
Scots: dryve
Yola: dhreeve, dhrive, dreeve, drieve, drive

Old Frisian: drīva
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: driiw
Mooring: driwe
Sylt: driiv
Wiedingharde: driwwe
Saterland Frisian: drieuwe
West Frisian: driuwe

Old Saxon: drīvan, drīƀan
Middle Low German: driven
Low German: drieven

Old Dutch: drīvan
Middle Dutch: driven
Dutch: drijven
Afrikaans: dryf, drywe
Papiamentu: drif
Limburgish: drieve

Old High German: trīban

Middle High German: trīben

Alemannic German: triibe

Bavarian: dreibm, dreim

Central Franconian: drieve, dreive

Hunsrik: dreive

Luxembourgish: dreiwen

German: treiben

Yiddish: טרײַבן (traybn)


gabulu

gabulu (nominative singular)
gabulō (nominative plural)
gabulā (accusative singular)
gabulā (accusative plural)
gabulā (genitive singular)
gabulō (genitive plural)
gabulē (dative singular)
gabulōm (dative plural)
gabulum (dative plural)
gabulu (instrumental singular)
gabulōm (instrumental plural)
gabulum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gafol, ġeafel, ġeafle

Old Saxon: gavala, gafila

Middle Low German: gaffel, gaffele

Low German: Gavel, Gaffel

→ German: Gaffel (“gaff”)

Plautdietsch: Gaufel

→ Danish: gaffel
→ Faroese: gaffil
→ Icelandic: gaffall

→ Elfdalian: gaffel

→ Gutnish: gaffel, gafful

→ Norwegian: gaffel

→ Swedish: gaffel

→ Finnish: kahveli

Old Dutch: *gavala, *gafila

Middle Dutch: gavele, gaffele

Dutch: gavel, gaffel

Afrikaans: gaffel

Limburgish: gaffel

→ Middle English: gaffolle

English: gaffle

Old High German: gabala, (northern) *gaffala (in mistgaffela)

desc

Middle High German: gabele, gabel, gaffel(e)

Alemannic German: Gable

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: gabala, gabl (Luserna)

Mòcheno: gabel

Central Franconian: Jaffel, Gaffel, Gawel

Hunsrik: Gawel, Gauel

Luxembourgish: Gafel

→ German: Gaffel (“kind of guild”)

desctree

German: Gabel
→ German Low German: Gabel
→ Kashubian: gafle
→ North Frisian: goobel

Rhine Franconian: Gawwel

Pennsylvania German: Gawwel

Yiddish: גאָפּל (gopl)

Likely borrowed from Gaulish gabalos, gablos, from Proto-Celtic *gablā (“fork, something forked”) (i.e. a road or branch).


raidu

raidu (nominative singular)
raidō (nominative plural)
raidā (accusative singular)
raidā (accusative plural)
raidā (genitive singular)
raidō (genitive plural)
raidē (dative singular)
raidōm (dative plural)
raidum (dative plural)
raidu (instrumental singular)
raidōm (instrumental plural)
raidum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: rād
Middle English: rode, rade, rod, rood, roode
English: road
Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd
→ Old French: *rade
Middle French: rade
French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada

Old Frisian: *rēd

West Frisian: reed

Old Saxon: *rēda

>? Middle Low German: rêde, reide

→ German: Reede

Old Dutch: rēda

>? Middle Dutch: rêde

Dutch: rede

Old High German: reita

Middle High German: reite


dauwjan

dauwjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dauwjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dauwjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dauwjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dauwju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dawidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dawisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dawidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dawidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dawiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dawidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dawidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dauwjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dawidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dawiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dawidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dauwjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dawidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dauwjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dawidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dauwjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dawidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dauwjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dawidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dauwjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dawidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dauwjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dawidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dauwjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dawidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dawi (class-1 present singular weak)
dawiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dauwjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dawid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: *dīeġan
Middle English: deyen, deȝen, dien, deien, digen, degen, deghen, deȝen
English: die
→ Vietnamese: đai
Geordie English: dee
Scots: de, dee, dey
Yola: dee

Old Frisian: deia, deja

Old Saxon: dōian

Middle Low German: doeien

Low German: döen

Old Dutch: *douwen, *dōien

Middle Dutch: douwen, dôyen

Old High German: touwen, tewen

Middle High German: touwen, töuwen


snaiw

snaiw (nominative singular)
snaiwō (nominative plural)
snaiwōs (nominative plural)
snaiw (accusative singular)
snaiwā (accusative plural)
snaiwas (genitive singular)
snaiwō (genitive plural)
snaiwē (dative singular)
snaiwum (dative plural)
snaiwu (instrumental singular)
snaiwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: snāw
Middle English: snow, snaw, snowe, snawe, snowȝ, snoȝ, snogh, snou
English: snow
Scots: snaw
Yola: sneow, sneew, snowe, snow

Old Frisian: snē

North Frisian: snä

Saterland Frisian: Snee

West Frisian: snie

Old Saxon: snēo, snēu
Middle Low German: snê
German Low German: Snei, Snee, Sneei
Plautdietsch: Schnee

Old Dutch: snēo
Middle Dutch: snêe
Dutch: sneeuw
Afrikaans: sneeu
Negerhollands: sneew
→ Papiamentu: sneu, sneeuw
→ Sranan Tongo: snew
Limburgish: snieë

Old High German: snēo
Middle High German: snē
Alemannic German: Schnee
Swabian: Schnéa, Schnéé
Italian Walser: schnee, schnei, schnia, schné, schnìj
Bavarian: Schnää, Schnèj, schnea, sghneab
Cimbrian: snea, snèa
Mòcheno: schnea
Central Franconian: Schnie
Hunsrik: Schnee
German: Schnee
Luxembourgish: Schnéi
Rhine Franconian: Schnäi, Schnee, Schnei, Schnie
Pennsylvania German: Schnee
Vilamovian: śnej
Yiddish: שניי (shney)


arbaiþi

arbaiþi (nominative singular)
arbaiþī (nominative plural)
arbaiþi (accusative singular)
arbaiþī (accusative plural)
arbidī (genitive singular)
arbidijō (genitive plural)
arbidī (dative singular)
arbidim (dative plural)
arbidijum (dative plural)
arbidī (instrumental singular)
arbidim (instrumental plural)
arbidijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
Middle English: arveð

Old Frisian: arbēd

Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid

West Frisian: arbeid

Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
→ Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
→ Faroese: arbeiði
→ Norwegian: arbeid
→ Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
Swedish: arbete
→ Danish: arbejde

Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit

Middle Dutch: arbeit

Dutch: arbeid
Afrikaans: arbeid

Limburgish: arbeid

Old High German: arbeit, arabeit

desc

Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: òrbet

Hunsrik: Aarvet

Upper Saxon German: Orbeid

desctree

German: Arbeit
→ Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
→ Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)

Luxembourgish: Aarbecht

Rhine Franconian:

Hessian: Abeit

Pennsylvania German: Arewet

Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)

From Proto-Germanic *arbaiþiz, *arbaidiz.


sān(ō)

Old English: sōna

Middle English: sone

desc

Scots: sone, sune, schone, schune, seun, suin

English: soon

Old Frisian: sān, sōn

North Frisian: san

Old Saxon: sān, sāna, sāno, sāne

Middle Low German: sân

Old Dutch: *sān

desctree

Middle Dutch: sâen
Dutch: zaan
Limburgish: zaon

Old High German: sān

Middle High German: sān, son

From Proto-Germanic *sēna, *sēnô (“immediately, soon, then”), from *sa (demonstrative pronoun), from Proto-Indo-European *só (demonstrative pronoun). Compare also Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 (suns, “immediately, soon”), from Proto-Germanic *suniz (“soon”).


dwergan

dwergan (infinitive)
dwergannjas (genitive infinitive)
dwergannjē (dative infinitive)
dwergannju (infinitive instrumental)
dwergu (first-person present singular)
dwarg (first-person past singular)
dwirgiʀi (present second-person singular)
dwurgī (past second-person singular)
dwirgidi (present singular third-person)
dwarg (past singular third-person)
dwergum (first-person plural present)
dwurgum (first-person past plural)
dwirgid (plural present second-person)
dwurgud (past plural second-person)
dwergand (plural present third-person)
dwurgun (past plural third-person)
dwergē (first-person present singular)
dwurgī (first-person past singular)
dwergēs (present second-person singular)
dwergē (present singular third-person)
dwurgī (past singular third-person)
dwergēm (first-person plural present)
dwurgīm (first-person past plural)
dwergēþ (plural present second-person)
dwurgīd (past plural second-person)
dwergēn (plural present third-person)
dwurgīn (past plural third-person)
dwirg (present singular)
dwirgid (plural present)
dwergandī (participle present)
dworgan (participle past)

Old High German: *twergen

Middle High German: zwergen