warki

warki (nominative singular)
warkī (nominative plural)
warki (accusative singular)
warkī (accusative plural)
warkī (genitive singular)
warkijō (genitive plural)
warkī (dative singular)
warkim (dative plural)
warkijum (dative plural)
warkī (instrumental singular)
warkim (instrumental plural)
warkijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: wærc, werc, weorc, wræc, wærċ

Middle English: werk, warch

Scots: wark, wrak

English: wark

gl

conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*werk</i>

Old Saxon: werk n (“pain”) (conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *werk)


wurdi

wurdi (nominative singular)
wurdī (nominative plural)
wurdi (accusative singular)
wurdī (accusative plural)
wurdī (genitive singular)
wurdijō (genitive plural)
wurdī (dative singular)
wurdim (dative plural)
wurdijum (dative plural)
wurdī (instrumental singular)
wurdim (instrumental plural)
wurdijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wyrd, *werd — Kentish, weord
Middle English: werde, weerde, weird, werd, werede, werid, wierde, wired, wird, wirde, wired, wirid, word, wyerde, wyrde
English: werd, weard (obsolete)
Middle Scots: weird, werd
Scots: weird
→ English: weird
→ English: wyrd

Old Frisian: werd, werde

Old Saxon: wurd

Old High German: wurt
Middle High German: wurt


āl

āl (nominative singular)
ālō (nominative plural)
ālōs (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
ālā (accusative plural)
ālas (genitive singular)
ālō (genitive plural)
ālē (dative singular)
ālum (dative plural)
ālu (instrumental singular)
ālum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣl
Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale

Old Frisian: ēl

Saterland Frisian: Äil

West Frisian: iel

Old Saxon: āl

Middle Low German: âl, êl

German Low German: Aal

Old Dutch: āl, ael (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: ael

Dutch: aal

Afrikaans: aal

Old High German: āl

Middle High German: āl

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Ool

Luxembourgish: Éil

German: Aal

Rhine Franconian: Ool (West Palatine)


landamarku

landamarku (nominative singular)
landamarkō (nominative plural)
landamarkā (accusative singular)
landamarkā (accusative plural)
landamarkā (genitive singular)
landamarkō (genitive plural)
landamarkē (dative singular)
landamarkōm (dative plural)
landamarkum (dative plural)
landamarku (instrumental singular)
landamarkōm (instrumental plural)
landamarkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: landmearc
Middle English: *landmark, *londmark
English: landmark
Scots: landmark

Old Saxon: *landamarka, *landmarka

desc

Middle Low German: lannemarke, lantmarke

Old High German: lantmarka, lantmarca

Middle High German: lantmarke, lantmarc

German: Landmark


stainijā

stainijā (nominative singular)
stainijōn (nominative plural)
stainijōn (accusative singular)
stainijōn (accusative plural)
stainijōn (genitive singular)
stainijōnō (genitive plural)
stainijōn (dative singular)
stainijōm (dative plural)
stainijum (dative plural)
stainijōn (instrumental singular)
stainijōm (instrumental plural)
stainijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stǣne; stǣna

Middle English: stene

English: stean

Old High German: steina, steinna

From *stain (“stone”) + *-jā. Compare Proto-Samic *stāńćō (“crucible”), a borrowing from unattested Norse cognate.


hrustijan

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

hrustijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hrustijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hrustijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hrustijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hrustiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrustidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrustisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrustidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrustidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrustiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrustidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrustidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrustijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrustidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrustiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrustidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrustijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrustidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrustijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrustidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrustijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrustidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrustijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrustidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrustijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrustidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrustijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrustidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrustijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrustidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrusti (class-1 present singular weak)
hrustiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hrustijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hrustid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hyrstan

Old Dutch: *rusten

Middle Dutch: rusten

Dutch: rusten

Old High German: hrusten

Middle High German: rüsten

German: rüsten


dodr

dodr (nominative singular)
dodrō (nominative plural)
dodrōs (nominative plural)
dodr (accusative singular)
dodrā (accusative plural)
dodras (genitive singular)
dodrō (genitive plural)
dodrē (dative singular)
dodrum (dative plural)
dodru (instrumental singular)
dodrum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *doder

Saterland Frisian: Doder

Old Saxon: *dodor

Middle Low German: dôder, dodder

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Döder, Dödder, Dort

→ Icelandic: doðra

→ Norwegian: dådre

→ Swedish: dodra, doddra, dådra

→ Danish: dodder, dudder

Old Dutch: *doder

Middle Dutch: *dôder

Dutch: dodder (or < Low German)

→ Middle English: doder, dodyr [1265] (or < Low German)

English: dodder

Old High German: totir

Middle High German: toter, tother

German: Dotter

Unknown; possibly either related to:
* *dodrō (“egg yolk”), due to their yellow or orange stems, perhaps both from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₂ut-ró-s, from *dʰuh₂-tó-s (“yellow”) (whence Tocharian B [Term?] (tute, “yellow”)), from *dʰewh₂- (“smoke”) (whence also *dusnaz (“brownish, yellow”)),
* or Proto-Germanic *duttaz (“tuft”) and possibly Latvian duža (“tuft”), presumably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰudʰ-yéh₂.
North Germanic forms are perhaps instead inherited from unattested Old Norse *doðra, from Proto-Germanic *dudrǭ.


dodrō

dodrō (nominative singular)
dodran (nominative plural)
dodran (accusative singular)
dodran (accusative plural)
dudrini (genitive singular)
dodran (genitive singular)
dodranō (genitive plural)
dudrini (dative singular)
dodran (dative singular)
dodrum (dative plural)
dudrini (instrumental singular)
dodran (instrumental singular)
dodrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dydra

⇒ Old English: *dydring, dydrin

West Frisian: djerre, djirre

Old Saxon: dodro

Middle Low German: doder, dodder, dȫder, dōdder; dodel, dōdel, dȫdel

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Dodder

Westphalian:

Dortmundisch: Dɔ̄ə, Dɔ̄əer

Lippisch: Dödderk

Ravensbergisch: Duaer

Sauerländisch: Duater, Dotter (Niedersfeld, Bestwig, Felbecke), Dōeter (Wenden)

→ Icelandic: döddur

Old Dutch: *dodro

Middle Dutch: dōdre, dōder

Dutch: dooier

Afrikaans: dooier

Limburgish: daore

desctree

Old High German: totoro, tuter
Middle High German: toter, tuter
German: Dotter
Luxembourgish: Dueder

Unknown; possibly related to *dodr (“dodder”), see there.


hreud

hreud (nominative singular)
hreudu (nominative plural)
hreud (accusative singular)
hreudu (accusative plural)
hreudas (genitive singular)
hreudō (genitive plural)
hreudē (dative singular)
hreudum (dative plural)
hreudu (instrumental singular)
hreudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrēod
Middle English: red, red, reed, reede, reod, reede, rode, rued
English: reed
Scots: reed

Old Frisian: hriād, hreid

Saterland Frisian: Räit

West Frisian: reid

Old Saxon: hriod

Middle Low German: rêt, reit, riet

German Low German: Reet

Old Dutch: *riod, ried, riet

Middle Dutch: riet

Dutch: riet

Old High German: hriot, riot

Middle High German: riet

German: Ried

Unknown. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *krew- (“to shake, wave around”), referring to its movement in the wind, in which case related to Old English hrēaþemūs (“bat”), Tocharian A kru (“reed”), Tocharian B kärwats, Lithuanian krutéti (“to move”).


mātu

mātu (nominative singular)
mātō (nominative plural)
mātā (accusative singular)
mātā (accusative plural)
mātā (genitive singular)
mātō (genitive plural)
mātē (dative singular)
mātōm (dative plural)
mātum (dative plural)
mātu (instrumental singular)
mātōm (instrumental plural)
mātum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mēte

Saterland Frisian: Mäite

West Frisian: mjitte

Old Saxon: *māta

Middle Low German: mâte, mât

German Low German: Maat n

Old Dutch: *māta

Middle Dutch: mâte

Dutch: maat

Limburgish: maot

Old High German: māza

Middle High German: māz

German: Maß

Hunsrik: Mos

Luxembourgish: Mooss

Yiddish: מאָס (mos)


andarādan

andarādan (infinitive)
andarādannjas (genitive infinitive)
andarādannjē (dative infinitive)
andarādannju (infinitive instrumental)
andarādu (first-person present singular)
andarēd (first-person past singular)
andarādiʀi (present second-person singular)
andarēdī (past second-person singular)
andarādidi (present singular third-person)
andarēd (past singular third-person)
andarādum (first-person plural present)
andarēdum (first-person past plural)
andarādid (plural present second-person)
andarēdud (past plural second-person)
andarādand (plural present third-person)
andarēdun (past plural third-person)
andarādē (first-person present singular)
andarēdī (first-person past singular)
andarādēs (present second-person singular)
andarādē (present singular third-person)
andarēdī (past singular third-person)
andarādēm (first-person plural present)
andarēdīm (first-person past plural)
andarādēþ (plural present second-person)
andarēdīd (past plural second-person)
andarādēn (plural present third-person)
andarēdīn (past plural third-person)
andarād (present singular)
andarādid (plural present)
andarādandī (participle present)
andarādan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: ondrǣdan, ādrǣdan, drǣdan
Middle English: adreden, dreden
English: adread, dread
Scots: dreid, dreed

Old Frisian: ondrēda

desc

Old Saxon: andrādan, andrēdan, antdrādan, ondrādan, anddrādan

Old Dutch: andrādan

Old High German: intrātan

Middle High German: entrāten


wārahaidu

wārahaidu (nominative singular)
wārahaidiwi (nominative plural)
wārahaidō (nominative plural)
wārahaidu (accusative singular)
wārahaidū (accusative plural)
wārahaidō (genitive singular)
wārahaidiwō (genitive plural)
wārahaidiwi (dative singular)
wārahaidō (dative singular)
wārahaidum (dative plural)
wārahaidu (instrumental singular)
wārahaidum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: wērhēd, wērd, wīrd

Saterland Frisian: Weerhaid

West Frisian: wierheid

Old Saxon: wārhēd

Middle Low German: wârhêt, wârheit

German Low German: Wahrheid

Old Dutch: wārheid, wārheit, wārheide

Middle Dutch: waerhede

desctree

Dutch: waarheid
Afrikaans: waarheid
Negerhollands: waarheit, waerheit

Old High German: wārheit

Middle High German: wārheit, wōrheit

German: Wahrheit


sturjan

sturjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sturjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sturjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sturjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sturju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sturidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sturjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sturidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sturjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sturidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sturjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sturidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sturjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sturidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sturjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sturidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sturi (class-1 present singular weak)
sturiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sturjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sturid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: styrian, stirian
Middle English: stiren
English: stir
→ Welsh: ystwyrian

Old Saxon: sturian

Middle Low German: stü̂ren

Low German: sturen

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *sturjaną, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)twr̥H-yé-ti, from *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate, propel”).


daʀēn

daʀēn (infinitive)
daʀēnijas (genitive infinitive)
daʀēnijē (dative infinitive)
daʀēniju (infinitive instrumental)
daʀē (first-person present singular)
daʀ?dā (first-person past singular)
daʀēs (present second-person singular)
daʀ?dēs (past second-person singular)
daʀēþ (present singular third-person)
daʀ?dē (past singular third-person)
daʀ?dā (past singular third-person)
daʀēm (first-person plural present)
daʀ?dum (first-person past plural)
daʀēþ (plural present second-person)
daʀ?dud (past plural second-person)
daʀēnþ (plural present third-person)
daʀ?dun (past plural third-person)
daʀ?dī (first-person past singular)
daʀ?dī (past second-person singular)
daʀē (present singular third-person)
daʀ?dī (past singular third-person)
daʀ?dīm (first-person past plural)
daʀ?dīd (past plural second-person)
daʀēn (plural present third-person)
daʀ?dīn (past plural third-person)
daʀē (present singular)
daʀēþ (plural present)
daʀēndī (participle present)
daʀ?d (participle past)

Old English: darian
Middle English: daren
English: dare

Middle English: daren


drūrēn

drūrēn (infinitive)
drūrēnijas (genitive infinitive)
drūrēnijē (dative infinitive)
drūrēniju (infinitive instrumental)
drūrē (first-person present singular)
drūr?dā (first-person past singular)
drūrēs (present second-person singular)
drūr?dēs (past second-person singular)
drūrēþ (present singular third-person)
drūr?dē (past singular third-person)
drūr?dā (past singular third-person)
drūrēm (first-person plural present)
drūr?dum (first-person past plural)
drūrēþ (plural present second-person)
drūr?dud (past plural second-person)
drūrēnþ (plural present third-person)
drūr?dun (past plural third-person)
drūr?dī (first-person past singular)
drūr?dī (past second-person singular)
drūrē (present singular third-person)
drūr?dī (past singular third-person)
drūr?dīm (first-person past plural)
drūr?dīd (past plural second-person)
drūrēn (plural present third-person)
drūr?dīn (past plural third-person)
drūrē (present singular)
drūrēþ (plural present)
drūrēndī (participle present)
drūr?d (participle past)

Old High German: trūrēn

Middle High German: trūren

German: trauern

→ Middle Low German: trūren, troren

→ Middle Dutch: truren, truren

Dutch: treuren

Uncertain,
* Could be related to *dreusan (“to fall”). With the semantic development "to fall" > "to lower one's head" > "to mourn".
* Possibly an alternative form of *dūrēn.


dūrēn

dūrēn (infinitive)
dūrēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dūrēnijē (dative infinitive)
dūrēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dūrē (first-person present singular)
dūr?dā (first-person past singular)
dūrēs (present second-person singular)
dūr?dēs (past second-person singular)
dūrēþ (present singular third-person)
dūr?dē (past singular third-person)
dūr?dā (past singular third-person)
dūrēm (first-person plural present)
dūr?dum (first-person past plural)
dūrēþ (plural present second-person)
dūr?dud (past plural second-person)
dūrēnþ (plural present third-person)
dūr?dun (past plural third-person)
dūr?dī (first-person past singular)
dūr?dī (past second-person singular)
dūrē (present singular third-person)
dūr?dī (past singular third-person)
dūr?dīm (first-person past plural)
dūr?dīd (past plural second-person)
dūrēn (plural present third-person)
dūr?dīn (past plural third-person)
dūrē (present singular)
dūrēþ (plural present)
dūrēndī (participle present)
dūr?d (participle past)

Old English:

Middle English: douren

Old High German:

⇒ Middle High German: betūren

German: bedauern

Could be related to *diurī (“dear, precious”). Possibly an alternative form of *drūrēn.


skuti

skuti (nominative singular)
skutī (nominative plural)
skuti (accusative singular)
skutī (accusative plural)
skutī (genitive singular)
skuttjō (genitive plural)
skutī (dative singular)
skutim (dative plural)
skuttjum (dative plural)
skutī (instrumental singular)
skutim (instrumental plural)
skuttjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċyte
Middle English: schute

Old Frisian: skete, skette

Saterland Frisian: Sköät

Old Dutch: *skuti

Middle Dutch: schote

Dutch: scheut

Afrikaans: skeut

Old High German: scuz, skuz

Middle High German: schuz

German: Schuss, Schuß (superseded spelling)
→ English: schuss
→ French: schuss
→ Kashubian: sus
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȕs

Luxembourgish: Schoss


middjahrif

middjahhrif (nominative singular)
middjahhrifiʀu (nominative plural)
middjahhrif (accusative singular)
middjahhrifiʀu (accusative plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (genitive singular)
middjahhrifiʀō (genitive plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (dative singular)
middjahhrifiʀum (dative plural)
middjahhrifiʀi (instrumental singular)
middjahhrifiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: midhrif, midrif

desc

Middle English: midref, mydrif, mydref, midrif

English: midriff

Old Frisian: midrof

Middle Dutch: *midref

Middle Dutch: middelrijf

Dutch: middenrif, (archaic) middelrif

From *midi (“middle, mid”) + *hrif (“body, torso”).


hrutt

hrutt (nominative singular)
hrottō (nominative plural)
hrottōs (nominative plural)
hrutt (accusative singular)
hrottā (accusative plural)
hrottas (genitive singular)
hrottō (genitive plural)
hruttē (dative singular)
hruttum (dative plural)
hruttu (instrumental singular)
hruttum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrot

Old High German: roz, hroz

German: Rotz

From *hruttōn (“to snore, roar”), from Proto-Germanic *hruttōną (“to snore, roar”).


hōkīn

hōkīn (nominative singular)
hōkīnu (nominative plural)
hōkīn (accusative singular)
hōkīnu (accusative plural)
hōkīnas (genitive singular)
hōkīnō (genitive plural)
hōkīnē (dative singular)
hōkīnum (dative plural)
hōkīnu (instrumental singular)
hōkīnum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēċen

Old Saxon: *hōkīn

desc

Middle Low German: hȫken, hôcken, hoiken, hoyken, huken

Old Dutch: *hōkīn

Middle Dutch: hoekijn

From *hōk (“buck, goat”) + *-īn (diminutive ending). According to Kroonen, borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Possibly cognate with Proto-Slavic *kozà (e.g. Russian коза́ (kozá, “goat”), Serbo-Croatian ко̀за (“goat”) and Old Church Slavonic коза (koza, “goat”)), however common Indo-European inheritance is impossible due to the absence of application of Winter's law in the Slavic forms. Compare also Albanian kedh (“kid”).


middjahriþrī

middjahhriþrī (nominative singular)
middjahhriþriju (nominative plural)
middjahhriþrī (accusative singular)
middjahhriþriju (accusative plural)
middjahhriþrijas (genitive singular)
middjahhriþrijō (genitive plural)
middjahhriþrijē (dative singular)
middjahhriþrijum (dative plural)
middjahhriþriju (instrumental singular)
middjahhriþrijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: midhriþere

Old Frisian: midrith, midrhether

Metathesized from earlier Proto-Germanic *middjahirþrī, perhaps under the influence of *middjahrif (“midrif”), from *midi (“middle, mid”) + *herþr (“intestines; chest”) + *-ī.


firrisōn

firrisōn (infinitive)
firrisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
firrisōnijē (dative infinitive)
firrisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
firrisō (first-person present singular)
firrisōdā (first-person past singular)
firrisōs (present second-person singular)
firrisōdēs (past second-person singular)
firrisōdōs (past second-person singular)
firrisōþ (present singular third-person)
firrisōdē (past singular third-person)
firrisōdā (past singular third-person)
firrisōm (first-person plural present)
firrisōdum (first-person past plural)
firrisōþ (plural present second-person)
firrisōdud (past plural second-person)
firrisōnþ (plural present third-person)
firrisōdun (past plural third-person)
firrisōdī (first-person past singular)
firrisōdī (past second-person singular)
firrisō (present singular third-person)
firrisōdī (past singular third-person)
firrisōdīm (first-person past plural)
firrisōdīd (past plural second-person)
firrisōn (plural present third-person)
firrisōdīn (past plural third-person)
firrisō (present singular)
firrisōþ (plural present)
firrisōndī (participle present)
firrisōd (participle past)

Old English: firsian

From *ferrai, *ferrô (“far, distant”) + *-isōn.


aʀanimānōþ

aʀanimānōþ (nominative singular)
aʀanimānōþi (nominative plural)
aʀanimānōþu (accusative singular)
aʀanimānōþi (accusative plural)
aʀanimānōþi (genitive singular)
aʀanimānōþō (genitive plural)
aʀanimānōþi (dative singular)
aʀanimānōþum (dative plural)
aʀanimānōþi (instrumental singular)
aʀanimānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: aranmānuth

Old Dutch: aranmānōth

Old High German: aranmānōd

From *aʀani (“harvest”) + *mānōþ (“month”).

eighth month of Continental Germanic calendar, corresponding to roughly August.


hailagamānōþ

hailagamānōþ (nominative singular)
hailagamānōþi (nominative plural)
hailagamānōþu (accusative singular)
hailagamānōþi (accusative plural)
hailagamānōþi (genitive singular)
hailagamānōþō (genitive plural)
hailagamānōþi (dative singular)
hailagamānōþum (dative plural)
hailagamānōþi (instrumental singular)
hailagamānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hāligmōnaþ (“September”)

Old Saxon: hēlagmānuth (“September”)

Old Dutch: heilmānōth (“December”)

desc

Old High German: hailagmānod (“December”) heilīgmānōd, heilīgenmānōd

German: Heiligmonat (obsolete)

From *hailag (“holy”) + *mānōþ (“month”).

month of the Germanic calendar, correspondence varies.


dursti

dursti (nominative singular)
durstī (nominative plural)
dursti (accusative singular)
durstī (accusative plural)
durstī (genitive singular)
durstijō (genitive plural)
durstī (dative singular)
durstim (dative plural)
durstijum (dative plural)
durstī (instrumental singular)
durstim (instrumental plural)
durstijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dyrst

Middle English: durst

Old High German: *turst

Middle High German: turst

German: Durst (archaic)

⇒ Old High German: *urturst

⇒ Old High German: foraurturst


unhiurijalīk

unhiurijalīk (masculine nominative singular)
unhiurijalīku (feminine nominative singular)
unhiurijalīk (neuter nominative singular)
unhiurijalīkanā (accusative masculine singular)
unhiurijalīkā (accusative feminine singular)
unhiurijalīk (accusative neuter singular)
unhiurijalīkas (genitive masculine singular)
unhiurijalīkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
unhiurijalīkas (genitive neuter singular)
unhiurijalīkumē (dative masculine singular)
unhiurijalīkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
unhiurijalīkumē (dative neuter singular)
unhiurijalīku (instrumental masculine singular)
unhiurijalīkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
unhiurijalīku (instrumental neuter singular)
unhiurijalīkē (masculine nominative plural)
unhiurijalīkō (feminine nominative plural)
unhiurijalīku (neuter nominative plural)
unhiurijalīkā (accusative masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkā (accusative feminine plural)
unhiurijalīku (accusative neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
unhiurijalīkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (dative masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkum (dative masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (dative feminine plural)
unhiurijalīkum (dative feminine plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (dative neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkum (dative neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkum (instrumental masculine plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
unhiurijalīkum (feminine instrumental plural)
unhiurijalīkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
unhiurijalīkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: unhīrlīċ

Middle English: unhērlī, unherly

Old Saxon: unhiurlīk

Old High German: unhiurlīh

From *un- + *hiurijalīk (“friendly”, from Proto-Germanic *hiurijalīkaz).

affix

from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hiurijalīkaz</i>


wakan

wakan (infinitive)
wakannjas (genitive infinitive)
wakannjē (dative infinitive)
wakannju (infinitive instrumental)
waku (first-person present singular)
wōk (first-person past singular)
wakiʀi (present second-person singular)
wōkī (past second-person singular)
wakidi (present singular third-person)
wōk (past singular third-person)
wakum (first-person plural present)
wōkum (first-person past plural)
wakid (plural present second-person)
wōkud (past plural second-person)
wakand (plural present third-person)
wōkun (past plural third-person)
wakē (first-person present singular)
wōkī (first-person past singular)
wakēs (present second-person singular)
wakē (present singular third-person)
wōkī (past singular third-person)
wakēm (first-person plural present)
wōkīm (first-person past plural)
wakēþ (plural present second-person)
wōkīd (past plural second-person)
wakēn (plural present third-person)
wōkīn (past plural third-person)
wak (present singular)
wakid (plural present)
wakandī (participle present)
wakan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: wacan
Middle English: waken
English: wake
Scots: wake


hoppō

hoppō (nominative singular)
hoppan (nominative plural)
hoppan (accusative singular)
hoppan (accusative plural)
huppini (genitive singular)
hoppan (genitive singular)
hoppanō (genitive plural)
huppini (dative singular)
hoppan (dative singular)
hoppum (dative plural)
huppini (instrumental singular)
hoppan (instrumental singular)
hoppum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hoppo

Middle Low German: hoppe, hoppen

German Low German: Hoppen

Old Dutch: *hoppo

Middle Dutch: hoppe

Dutch: hop

→ Middle English: hoppe, hope, hoope

English: hop

Old High German: hopfo

Middle High German: hopfe

German: Hopfen

→ Medieval Latin: hupa


twīflōn

twīflōn (infinitive)
twīflōnijas (genitive infinitive)
twīflōnijē (dative infinitive)
twīflōniju (infinitive instrumental)
twīflō (first-person present singular)
twīflōdā (first-person past singular)
twīflōs (present second-person singular)
twīflōdēs (past second-person singular)
twīflōdōs (past second-person singular)
twīflōþ (present singular third-person)
twīflōdē (past singular third-person)
twīflōdā (past singular third-person)
twīflōm (first-person plural present)
twīflōdum (first-person past plural)
twīflōþ (plural present second-person)
twīflōdud (past plural second-person)
twīflōnþ (plural present third-person)
twīflōdun (past plural third-person)
twīflōdī (first-person past singular)
twīflōdī (past second-person singular)
twīflō (present singular third-person)
twīflōdī (past singular third-person)
twīflōdīm (first-person past plural)
twīflōdīd (past plural second-person)
twīflōn (plural present third-person)
twīflōdīn (past plural third-person)
twīflō (present singular)
twīflōþ (plural present)
twīflōndī (participle present)
twīflōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *twīflia

West Frisian: twivelje

Old Saxon: twīflōn

Middle Low German: twivelen (merged with descendant of *twīflijan)

Low German: twiefeln

Old High German: zwīfalōn, zwīvalōn

Middle High German: zwīveln (merged with descendant of *twīflijan)

German: zweifeln


frafal(i)

frafal (canonical)
i (romanization)
frafal (masculine nominative singular)
frafalu (feminine nominative singular)
frafal (neuter nominative singular)
frafalanā (accusative masculine singular)
frafalā (accusative feminine singular)
frafal (accusative neuter singular)
frafalas (genitive masculine singular)
frafaleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
frafalas (genitive neuter singular)
frafalumē (dative masculine singular)
frafaleʀē (dative feminine singular)
frafalumē (dative neuter singular)
frafalu (instrumental masculine singular)
frafaleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
frafalu (instrumental neuter singular)
frafalē (masculine nominative plural)
frafalō (feminine nominative plural)
frafalu (neuter nominative plural)
frafalā (accusative masculine plural)
frafalā (accusative feminine plural)
frafalu (accusative neuter plural)
frafaleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
frafaleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
frafaleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
frafalēm (dative masculine plural)
frafalum (dative masculine plural)
frafalēm (dative feminine plural)
frafalum (dative feminine plural)
frafalēm (dative neuter plural)
frafalum (dative neuter plural)
frafalēm (instrumental masculine plural)
frafalum (instrumental masculine plural)
frafalēm (feminine instrumental plural)
frafalum (feminine instrumental plural)
frafalēm (instrumental neuter plural)
frafalum (instrumental neuter plural)
frafali (masculine nominative singular)
frafallju (feminine nominative singular)
frafali (neuter nominative singular)
frafalljanā (accusative masculine singular)
frafalljā (accusative feminine singular)
frafali (accusative neuter singular)
frafalljas (genitive masculine singular)
frafalljeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
frafalljas (genitive neuter singular)
frafalljumē (dative masculine singular)
frafalljeʀē (dative feminine singular)
frafalljumē (dative neuter singular)
frafallju (instrumental masculine singular)
frafalljeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
frafallju (instrumental neuter singular)
frafalljē (masculine nominative plural)
frafalljō (feminine nominative plural)
frafallju (neuter nominative plural)
frafalljā (accusative masculine plural)
frafalljā (accusative feminine plural)
frafallju (accusative neuter plural)
frafalljeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
frafalljeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
frafalljeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
frafalljēm (dative masculine plural)
frafalljum (dative masculine plural)
frafalljēm (dative feminine plural)
frafalljum (dative feminine plural)
frafalljēm (dative neuter plural)
frafalljum (dative neuter plural)
frafalljēm (instrumental masculine plural)
frafalljum (instrumental masculine plural)
frafalljēm (feminine instrumental plural)
frafalljum (feminine instrumental plural)
frafalljēm (instrumental neuter plural)
frafalljum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: fræfel, fræfele, fræfeli, *frefel, frævol
>? Scots: frewall

Old Frisian: frevel

Saterland Frisian: friewel

Old Saxon: frabol, fravol

desc

Middle Low German: vrêvel, vrevel, frêvel, wrevel, vreffel

Old Dutch: *fravali

Middle Dutch: vrevel

Dutch: wrevel (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: frafali, fravali

Middle High German: vrevel, vrävel, vrevele, vrabel, vrebel

German: frevel, frebels

→ Medieval Latin: frafalius, farfalius (“empty, trifling, worthless, frivolous”)

Uncertain; possibly from *fra- (“fully”) + *fali (“evil, cruel”), or alternatively from *fra- + *afl (“strength, power”) + *-ī.

frevellich

Old Saxon: *fravillīk; Middle Low German

vrevellich

Old High German: frafallīh, fravallīh; Middle High German


waigrōn

waigrōn (infinitive)
waigrōnijas (genitive infinitive)
waigrōnijē (dative infinitive)
waigrōniju (infinitive instrumental)
waigrō (first-person present singular)
waigrōdā (first-person past singular)
waigrōs (present second-person singular)
waigrōdēs (past second-person singular)
waigrōdōs (past second-person singular)
waigrōþ (present singular third-person)
waigrōdē (past singular third-person)
waigrōdā (past singular third-person)
waigrōm (first-person plural present)
waigrōdum (first-person past plural)
waigrōþ (plural present second-person)
waigrōdud (past plural second-person)
waigrōnþ (plural present third-person)
waigrōdun (past plural third-person)
waigrōdī (first-person past singular)
waigrōdī (past second-person singular)
waigrō (present singular third-person)
waigrōdī (past singular third-person)
waigrōdīm (first-person past plural)
waigrōdīd (past plural second-person)
waigrōn (plural present third-person)
waigrōdīn (past plural third-person)
waigrō (present singular)
waigrōþ (plural present)
waigrōndī (participle present)
waigrōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: weigeria

desctree

Old Dutch: *weigaron
Middle Dutch: weigeren, wēgeren
Dutch: weigeren
Afrikaans: weier
Negerhollands: weiger

Old High German: weigerōn, weigarōn

Middle High German: weigeren

German: weigern


waigr

waigr (masculine nominative singular)
waigru (feminine nominative singular)
waigr (neuter nominative singular)
waigranā (accusative masculine singular)
waigrā (accusative feminine singular)
waigr (accusative neuter singular)
waigras (genitive masculine singular)
waigreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
waigras (genitive neuter singular)
waigrumē (dative masculine singular)
waigreʀē (dative feminine singular)
waigrumē (dative neuter singular)
waigru (instrumental masculine singular)
waigreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
waigru (instrumental neuter singular)
waigrē (masculine nominative plural)
waigrō (feminine nominative plural)
waigru (neuter nominative plural)
waigrā (accusative masculine plural)
waigrā (accusative feminine plural)
waigru (accusative neuter plural)
waigreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
waigreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
waigreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
waigrēm (dative masculine plural)
waigrum (dative masculine plural)
waigrēm (dative feminine plural)
waigrum (dative feminine plural)
waigrēm (dative neuter plural)
waigrum (dative neuter plural)
waigrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
waigrum (instrumental masculine plural)
waigrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
waigrum (feminine instrumental plural)
waigrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
waigrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Dutch: *wēger

Middle Dutch: weiger, wêger

Dutch: weiger (dialectal)

Old High German: weigar

German: weiger

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *waigraz, from Proto-Indo-European *woyk-ró-s, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome, defeat”).


frankō

frankō (nominative singular)
frankan (nominative plural)
frankan (accusative singular)
frankan (accusative plural)
frankini (genitive singular)
frankan (genitive singular)
frankanō (genitive plural)
frankini (dative singular)
frankan (dative singular)
frankum (dative plural)
frankini (instrumental singular)
frankan (instrumental singular)
frankum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: franca (“spear, javelin”), Franca (“Frank”)

Old English: Francan (“Franks”, plural)

Middle English: Franken (plural)

English: Frank (partially)

Old Saxon: *Franko

Middle Low German: Vranke

German Low German: Franke

Plautdietsch: Fraunk

Old Dutch: *Franko

Middle Dutch: Vranke

Dutch: Frank

Old High German: Franko

Middle High German: Franke

German: Franke

→ Latin: francus, Franci

Old French: franc

→ Middle English: *Frank (partially)

English: Frank

→ Middle English: Franci

→ Latin: Francia

Old French: France

French: France

→ English: France


kūtijō

kūtijō (nominative singular)
kūtijan (nominative plural)
kūtijan (accusative singular)
kūtijan (accusative plural)
kūtijini (genitive singular)
kūtijan (genitive singular)
kūtijanō (genitive plural)
kūtijini (dative singular)
kūtijan (dative singular)
kūtijum (dative plural)
kūtijini (instrumental singular)
kūtijan (instrumental singular)
kūtijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cȳta
Middle English: kyte, kete, kijt, kite, kute, kuyte
English: kite
Scots: kyt, kyte
→ Welsh: cud

>? Old High German: *kūzo

Middle High German: kūze

Derived from Proto-Germanic *kūts (“bird of prey”) and ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


marik

marik (nominative singular)
marikō (nominative plural)
marikōs (nominative plural)
marik (accusative singular)
marikā (accusative plural)
marikas (genitive singular)
marikō (genitive plural)
marikē (dative singular)
marikum (dative plural)
mariku (instrumental singular)
marikum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mereċe, merċe
Middle English: marche
English: march
→ Old Norse: merki
Danish: mærke
Norwegian: merke
Swedish: märke

Old Saxon: *merik, *merk

Middle Low German: merk

→ Dutch: merk

→ German: Merk

→ Knaanic: מֵירק (merk)

Old High German: merk, merc

→ Polish: marek

Unknown; possibly from *mari (“sea, lake”) + *-k or perhaps related to *morhā (“wild carrot”).


farjan

farjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
farjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
farjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
farjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
farju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
faridā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
farisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
faridēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
faridōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
fariþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
faridē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
faridā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
faridum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
fariþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
faridud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
farjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
faridun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
farjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
faridī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
farjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
faridī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
farjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
faridī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
farjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
faridīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
farjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
faridīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
farjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
faridīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
fari (class-1 present singular weak)
fariþ (class-1 plural present weak)
farjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
farid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ferian

Middle English: ferien

Scots: fery, ferry

English: ferry

Old Frisian: feria

Old Saxon: ferian

(Middle Low German: varen)

Old Dutch: *ferien

Middle Dutch: veren

Dutch: veren

Old High German: ferian, ferren

Middle High German: verren, vern


fiuhtijā

fiuhtijā (nominative singular)
fiuhtijōn (nominative plural)
fiuhtijōn (accusative singular)
fiuhtijōn (accusative plural)
fiuhtijōn (genitive singular)
fiuhtijōnō (genitive plural)
fiuhtijōn (dative singular)
fiuhtijōm (dative plural)
fiuhtijum (dative plural)
fiuhtijōn (instrumental singular)
fiuhtijōm (instrumental plural)
fiuhtijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fiuhtia

Middle Low German: *füchte

German Low German: Fücht

Plautdietsch: Fijcht

Old High German: fiuhta

Middle High German: viehte

Cimbrian: vòichta, bòichta, vaücht

German: Fichte

Luxembourgish: Fiicht

From Proto-Germanic *fiuhtijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *péwḱ-t-ih₂, from *pewḱ- (“pine”).


unmann

unmann (nominative singular)
unmanni (nominative plural)
unmannu (accusative singular)
unmanni (accusative plural)
unmanni (genitive singular)
unmannō (genitive plural)
unmanni (dative singular)
unmannum (dative plural)
unmanni (instrumental singular)
unmannum (instrumental plural)

Old English: unmann
Middle English: unman

Old Saxon: *unmann

Middle Low German: unman, umman

desc

→? Old Norse: úmannan (“wretch, laughing-stock”)

Icelandic: úmannan

Old High German: *unmann

Middle High German: unman

German: Unmann


raihō

raihō (nominative singular)
raihan (nominative plural)
raihan (accusative singular)
raihan (accusative plural)
raihini (genitive singular)
raihan (genitive singular)
raihanō (genitive plural)
raihini (dative singular)
raihan (dative singular)
raihum (dative plural)
raihini (instrumental singular)
raihan (instrumental singular)
raihum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)

desctree

Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae

Old Frisian: *rāha, *rē, *rā

>? Saterland Frisian: Räi n (possibly via Middle Low German)

West Frisian: ree

Old Saxon: rēho m; *rēh n

Middle Low German: rē n

German Low German: Reh

Plautdietsch: Ree

Old Dutch: reio m

Middle Dutch: ree, re

Dutch: ree
Afrikaans: ree

Limburgish: rieë

Old High German: rēho m; rēh n (reiga, rēia f)

Middle High German: rēch n, rē n

German: Reh

Hunsrik: Reh

Luxembourgish: Réi

Mòcheno: reach


wōd

wōd (masculine nominative singular)
wōdu (feminine nominative singular)
wōd (neuter nominative singular)
wōdanā (accusative masculine singular)
wōdā (accusative feminine singular)
wōd (accusative neuter singular)
wōdas (genitive masculine singular)
wōdeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wōdas (genitive neuter singular)
wōdumē (dative masculine singular)
wōdeʀē (dative feminine singular)
wōdumē (dative neuter singular)
wōdu (instrumental masculine singular)
wōdeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wōdu (instrumental neuter singular)
wōdē (masculine nominative plural)
wōdō (feminine nominative plural)
wōdu (neuter nominative plural)
wōdā (accusative masculine plural)
wōdā (accusative feminine plural)
wōdu (accusative neuter plural)
wōdeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wōdeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wōdeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wōdēm (dative masculine plural)
wōdum (dative masculine plural)
wōdēm (dative feminine plural)
wōdum (dative feminine plural)
wōdēm (dative neuter plural)
wōdum (dative neuter plural)
wōdēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wōdum (instrumental masculine plural)
wōdēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wōdum (feminine instrumental plural)
wōdēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wōdum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wōd

Middle English: wod, wode, wood

Scots: wod, wode, wud, wude, wuid

English: wode, wood

Old Dutch: *wōd, *wuod, *wuot

Middle Dutch: woet, woede, woed

Dutch: woede

Old High German: wuot

Middle High German: wuot

German: Wut

From Proto-Germanic *wōdaz (“excited, frenzied, furious”).


wōd

wōd (nominative singular)
wōdō (nominative plural)
wōdōs (nominative plural)
wōd (accusative singular)
wōdā (accusative plural)
wōdas (genitive singular)
wōdō (genitive plural)
wōdē (dative singular)
wōdum (dative plural)
wōdu (instrumental singular)
wōdum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōd

Middle English: wod, wode

Old Saxon: *wōd

Middle Low German: wôt

German Low German: Wut (possibly borrowed from High German)

Old High German: wuot

Middle High German: wuot

German: Wut


tigā

tigā (nominative singular)
tigōn (nominative plural)
tigōn (accusative singular)
tigōn (accusative plural)
tigōn (genitive singular)
tigōnō (genitive plural)
tigōn (dative singular)
tigōm (dative plural)
tigum (dative plural)
tigōn (instrumental singular)
tigōm (instrumental plural)
tigum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: ziga

Middle High German: zige, zege

German: Ziege

→ English: ziege

→ Silesian: ciga

Yiddish: ציג (tsig)

desc

→ Middle Low German: sēge, zēge, czēge, schēge, tzēge, tsegge, siege, ziege

German Low German: Zeeg

→ Saterland Frisian: Säge

→ Middle Dutch: sege, tzege, zege

Dutch: zeeg

Since Lidén usually connected with Old Armenian տիկ (tik, “wineskin”) and derived from Proto-Indo-European *déyk-s ~ *digʰ-é-s (“goat”), but this is uncertain. See the Armenian word for more. Compare also Old Norse tík (“female dog, bitch”).


sarwijan

sarwijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sarwijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sarwijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sarwijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sarwiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sarwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sarwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sarwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sarwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sarwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sarwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sarwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sarwijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sarwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sarwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sarwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sarwijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sarwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sarwijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sarwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sarwijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sarwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sarwijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sarwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sarwijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sarwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sarwijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sarwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sarwijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sarwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sarwi (class-1 present singular weak)
sarwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sarwijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sarwid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: sierwan, sirwan, syrwan, serwan, sirwian, sirewan
Middle English: sirwen

Old Frisian: sera, sara

Old High German: sarawen

Middle High German: serwen

From *saru (“equipment, armour”) + *-jan.


druhtin

druhtin (nominative singular)
druhtinō (nominative plural)
druhtinōs (nominative plural)
druhtin (accusative singular)
druhtinā (accusative plural)
druhtinas (genitive singular)
druhtinō (genitive plural)
druhtinē (dative singular)
druhtinum (dative plural)
druhtinu (instrumental singular)
druhtinum (instrumental plural)

Old English: dryhten, drihten

Middle English: drihten, drihte

Scots: drichtin, drichtine

English: drightin, drighten, dright

Old Frisian: drochten

Old Saxon: druhtin, drohtin

Old Dutch: druhtin

Middle Dutch: drochtijn

Dutch: drochten

Old High German: truhtin, trohtin

desc

Middle High German: trohtīn, trehtīn, trehten

German: Trechtein (obsolete)


mangōn

mangōn (infinitive)
mangōnijas (genitive infinitive)
mangōnijē (dative infinitive)
mangōniju (infinitive instrumental)
mangō (first-person present singular)
mangōdā (first-person past singular)
mangōs (present second-person singular)
mangōdēs (past second-person singular)
mangōdōs (past second-person singular)
mangōþ (present singular third-person)
mangōdē (past singular third-person)
mangōdā (past singular third-person)
mangōm (first-person plural present)
mangōdum (first-person past plural)
mangōþ (plural present second-person)
mangōdud (past plural second-person)
mangōnþ (plural present third-person)
mangōdun (past plural third-person)
mangōdī (first-person past singular)
mangōdī (past second-person singular)
mangō (present singular third-person)
mangōdī (past singular third-person)
mangōdīm (first-person past plural)
mangōdīd (past plural second-person)
mangōn (plural present third-person)
mangōdīn (past plural third-person)
mangō (present singular)
mangōþ (plural present)
mangōndī (participle present)
mangōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: mangian
Middle English: mongen, mangen

Old Saxon: mangōn, *mangian

Middle Low German: mangen, mengen

→ Dutch: mengen (archaic)

→ German: mengen (archaic)

→ Old Norse: manga
Icelandic: manga
Swedish: många

From *mangārī (“merchant, dealer, monger”) + *-ōn.


minnjōn

minnjōn (infinitive)
minnjōnijas (genitive infinitive)
minnjōnijē (dative infinitive)
minnjōniju (infinitive instrumental)
minnjō (first-person present singular)
minnjōdā (first-person past singular)
minnjōs (present second-person singular)
minnjōdēs (past second-person singular)
minnjōdōs (past second-person singular)
minnjōþ (present singular third-person)
minnjōdē (past singular third-person)
minnjōdā (past singular third-person)
minnjōm (first-person plural present)
minnjōdum (first-person past plural)
minnjōþ (plural present second-person)
minnjōdud (past plural second-person)
minnjōnþ (plural present third-person)
minnjōdun (past plural third-person)
minnjōdī (first-person past singular)
minnjōdī (past second-person singular)
minnjō (present singular third-person)
minnjōdī (past singular third-person)
minnjōdīm (first-person past plural)
minnjōdīd (past plural second-person)
minnjōn (plural present third-person)
minnjōdīn (past plural third-person)
minnjō (present singular)
minnjōþ (plural present)
minnjōndī (participle present)
minnjōd (participle past)

Old English: *minnian

Middle English: minnen

Old Frisian: minnia

Old Saxon: minniōn, minnōn

Middle Low German: minnen

Old Dutch: minnon

Middle Dutch: minnen

Dutch: minnen

Old High German: minneōn, minnōn

Middle High German: minnen

German: minnen

From *mini (“love, remembrance”) + *-ōn.


galiuhtijan

galiuhtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
galiuhtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
galiuhtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
galiuhtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
galiuhtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
galiuhtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
galiuhtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
galiuhtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galiuhtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galiuhtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
galiuhtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galiuhtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galiuhtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
galiuhtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
galiuhtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
galiuhtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
galiuhtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
galiuhtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
galiuhtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
galiuhtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
galiuhtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
galiuhtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
galiuhtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
galiuhtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
galiuhtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
galiuhtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
galiuhtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
galiuhtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
galiuhtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
galiuhtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
galiuhti (class-1 present singular weak)
galiuhtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
galiuhtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
galiuhtid (class-1 participle past weak)

desc

Old English: gelīhtan, gelīehtan, gelȳhtan, gelēhtan, gelēohtan

Old Saxon: giliuhtian

⇒ Middle Low German: geluchete, geluchte

Old High German: giliuhten


Aþalburg

Aþalburg (nominative singular)
Aþalburg (accusative singular)
Aþalburgas (genitive singular)
Aþalburgē (dative singular)
Aþalburgu (instrumental singular)

Old English: Æþelburg, Æþelburh

Old High German: Adalburg

From *aþal (“noble”) + *burg (“stronghold”).


Audaburg

Audaburg (nominative singular)
Audaburgi (nominative plural)
Audaburgu (accusative singular)
Audaburgi (accusative plural)
Audaburgi (genitive singular)
Audaburgō (genitive plural)
Audaburgi (dative singular)
Audaburgum (dative plural)
Audaburgi (instrumental singular)
Audaburgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: Ēadburg, Ēadburh

Middle English: Edburgh

→ Medieval Latin: Eadburga

Old Dutch: *Ōdburg

→ Medieval Latin: Odburga

Old High German: Ōtburg, Ōtpurc, Autburg

→ Medieval Latin: Otburgis, Otburga

From *aud (“rich”) + *burg (“stronghold”).


rōbijā

rōbijā (nominative singular)
rōbijōn (nominative plural)
rōbijōn (accusative singular)
rōbijōn (accusative plural)
rōbijōn (genitive singular)
rōbijōnō (genitive plural)
rōbijōn (dative singular)
rōbijōm (dative plural)
rōbijum (dative plural)
rōbijōn (instrumental singular)
rōbijōm (instrumental plural)
rōbijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *rōvia

Middle Low German: rö̂ve

Low German: Rööv

→? Swedish: rova

→? Danish: roe, (dialectal) rove

Old Dutch: *ruova

Middle Dutch: rôve, roeve

Dutch: reuf (dialectal)

Old High German: ruoba, ruoppa

Middle High German: rüebe, ruobe

Alemannic German: Rueb

⇒ Alemannic German: Rüebli

Bavarian: Ruam, Ruab

Mòcheno: ruab

German: Rübe

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *rōbijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)rāp-yéh₂, from *(s)rā́ps (“turnip”).


binut

binut (nominative singular)
binutō (nominative plural)
binutōs (nominative plural)
binut (accusative singular)
binutā (accusative plural)
binutas (genitive singular)
binutō (genitive plural)
binutē (dative singular)
binutum (dative plural)
binutu (instrumental singular)
binutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bionot, beonot, beonet (used in toponyms and anthroponyms)

Middle English: benet, bent

English: bent

Scots: bent, bynt

Old Frisian: *binut

Saterland Frisian: Bjunt

West Frisian: bjint, biünte, bjont, also pluraletantum bjinten, binten

Old Saxon: binut (used in toponyms)

⇒ Old Saxon: binutīn, binitīn (“made of bentgrass”, adjective)

Old Dutch: bint, bent (in toponyms)

Middle Dutch: bent

Dutch: bent, bunt

Old High German: binuʒ m, biniʒ m, binuʒʒa f

Middle High German: bineʒ m, binʒ f, binʒe f or m, binʒen n

German: Binze, Bintze f or m, now Binse f

⇒ Old High German: binuzzīn (adjective)

Middle High German: binezīn

German: binsen

Unknown. Probably a pre-Indo-European substrate word.


uʀlausijan

uʀlausijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
uʀlausijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
uʀlausijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
uʀlausijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
uʀlausiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀlausidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀlausisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀlausidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀlausidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀlausiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀlausidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀlausidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀlausijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀlausidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀlausiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀlausidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀlausijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀlausidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀlausijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
uʀlausidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
uʀlausijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
uʀlausidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
uʀlausijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
uʀlausidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
uʀlausijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
uʀlausidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
uʀlausijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
uʀlausidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
uʀlausijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
uʀlausidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
uʀlausi (class-1 present singular weak)
uʀlausiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
uʀlausijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
uʀlausid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: ālīesan, ālēsan — Anglian, ālīsan, ālȳsan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: alesen

Old Frisian: urlēsa

Old Saxon: *arlōsian, ālōsian, alōsian

Middle Low German: erlȫsen

Low German: erlöösen

Old Dutch: irlōsen

Middle Dutch: erlosen

Old High German: irlōsen

Middle High German: erlœsen

German: erlösen

From Proto-Germanic *uzlausijaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- (“up, out”) + *lausijan (“to release, set free”).


wiþrasakō

wiþrasakō (nominative singular)
wiþrasakan (nominative plural)
wiþrasakan (accusative singular)
wiþrasakan (accusative plural)
wiþrasakini (genitive singular)
wiþrasakan (genitive singular)
wiþrasakanō (genitive plural)
wiþrasakini (dative singular)
wiþrasakan (dative singular)
wiþrasakum (dative plural)
wiþrasakini (instrumental singular)
wiþrasakan (instrumental singular)
wiþrasakum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wiþersaca, wiðersaca — edh spelling
Middle English: withersake
English: withersake

Old Frisian: witherseka, withirsaka

Old Saxon: witharsako

Middle Low German: weddersake

Old Dutch: withersako, withersacco

Old High German: widarsahho, widarsacho

Middle High German: widersache

German: Widersacher (with the "-r" from -er)

From *wiþr (“against”) + *sakō, derived form *sakan (“to quarrel, to argue, to debate”).


wullu

wullu (nominative singular)
wollō (nominative plural)
wollā (accusative singular)
wollā (accusative plural)
wollā (genitive singular)
wollō (genitive plural)
wullē (dative singular)
wollōm (dative plural)
wullum (dative plural)
wullu (instrumental singular)
wollōm (instrumental plural)
wullum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wull

Middle English: wulle, woule, wolle

desc

Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo

English: wool

Old Frisian: wulle, wolle, ulle, ul

Saterland Frisian: Wulle

West Frisian: wolle, wol

Old Saxon: wulla

Middle Low German: wulle

German Low German: Wulle, Wull

Low German: Wulle

Old Dutch: *wulla, *wolla

Middle Dutch: wolle

Dutch: wol

Afrikaans: wol

→ Indonesian: wol

Old High German: wolla

Middle High German: wolle

Cimbrian: bòlla

German: Wolle

Hunsrik: Woll

Luxembourgish: Woll

Pennsylvania German: Woll

Vilamovian: wuuł

Yiddish: וואָל (vol)


slāpan

slāpan (infinitive)
slāpannjas (genitive infinitive)
slāpannjē (dative infinitive)
slāpannju (infinitive instrumental)
slāpu (first-person present singular)
slēp (first-person past singular)
slāpiʀi (present second-person singular)
slēpī (past second-person singular)
slāpidi (present singular third-person)
slēp (past singular third-person)
slāpum (first-person plural present)
slēpum (first-person past plural)
slāpid (plural present second-person)
slēpud (past plural second-person)
slāpand (plural present third-person)
slēpun (past plural third-person)
slāpē (first-person present singular)
slēpī (first-person past singular)
slāpēs (present second-person singular)
slāpē (present singular third-person)
slēpī (past singular third-person)
slāpēm (first-person plural present)
slēpīm (first-person past plural)
slāpēþ (plural present second-person)
slēpīd (past plural second-person)
slāpēn (plural present third-person)
slēpīn (past plural third-person)
slāp (present singular)
slāpid (plural present)
slāpandī (participle present)
slāpan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: slǣpan, slēpan, slāpan
Middle English: slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe
English: sleep
Sranan Tongo: sribi
Scots: sleep, sleip, slepe

Old Frisian: slēpa

North Frisian: sliepe

Saterland Frisian: släipe

West Frisian: sliepe

Old Saxon: slāpan
Middle Low German: slâpen
German Low German: slapen
Low German: slapen

Old Dutch: slāpan
Middle Dutch: slâpen
Dutch: slapen
Afrikaans: slaap
Negerhollands: slaap, slap, slaep
Skepi Creole Dutch: slapi, slappe
Limburgish: slaope
Zealandic: slaepe

Old High German: slāfan
Middle High German: slāfen
Alemannic German: schlaaffe, schlooffe
Badisch: schlofe
Italian Walser: schloafe, schloafen, schlofe, schlàfu, schlaafä
Bavarian:
Central Bavarian: schloffa
Cimbrian: slaafan, slafan, slavan
Mòcheno: schloven
South Tyrolean: schlofn, sghlofn
Central Franconian: schlofe
Hunsrik: schlofe
Luxembourgish: schlofen
German: schlafen
Rhine Franconian: schlofe
Pennsylvania German: schlofe
Yiddish: שלאָפֿן (shlofn)


fą̄han

fą̄han (infinitive)
fą̄hannjas (genitive infinitive)
fą̄hannjē (dative infinitive)
fą̄hannju (infinitive instrumental)
fą̄hu (first-person present singular)
feang (first-person past singular)
fą̄hiʀi (present second-person singular)
feangī (past second-person singular)
fą̄hidi (present singular third-person)
feang (past singular third-person)
fą̄hum (first-person plural present)
feangum (first-person past plural)
fą̄hid (plural present second-person)
feangud (past plural second-person)
fą̄hand (plural present third-person)
feangun (past plural third-person)
fą̄hē (first-person present singular)
feangī (first-person past singular)
fą̄hēs (present second-person singular)
fą̄hē (present singular third-person)
feangī (past singular third-person)
fą̄hēm (first-person plural present)
feangīm (first-person past plural)
fą̄hēþ (plural present second-person)
feangīd (past plural second-person)
fą̄hēn (plural present third-person)
feangīn (past plural third-person)
fą̄h (present singular)
fą̄hid (plural present)
fą̄handī (participle present)
fangan (participle past)

Old English: fōn
Middle English: fon, fangen
Scots: fang
English: fang

Old Frisian: fā
Saterland Frisian: fange
West Frisian: fange

Old Saxon: fāhan
Low German: fangen

Old Dutch: fān
Middle Dutch: vâen
Dutch: vangen
Afrikaans: vang
Berbice Creole Dutch: fanggi
Negerhollands: vang, faṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: fank
→ Aukan: fanga
→ Sranan Tongo: fanga
→ Caribbean Javanese: fangah, mangah
Limburgish: vange

Old High German: fāhan

Middle High German: vāhen, vān

Alemannic German: faa, faahe

Bavarian: fångan, fånga

Cimbrian: vangan, bangan (Mezzaselva)

German: fangen, (obsolete) fahen

Luxembourgish: fänken


willjan

Old English: willan, wyllan
Middle English: willen, wil, wille, wilen, welin, wole, wolle, willian, wullen (early southwest Midlands)
English: will
Scots: will, wil
Yola: woul, wull, weel, will, ill, well

Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle

Old Saxon: willian
Middle Low German: willen, wellen
Low German: wüllen

Old Dutch: willen
Middle Dutch: willen
Dutch: willen
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wel
Skepi Creole Dutch: wel, well, will
Limburgish: wille

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*waljaną</i>

Old High German: wellen, willen, wollen, wollen (conflated with *waljaną)
Middle High German: wellen, wollen
Alemannic German: welle, wella, wölla
Swabian: wella
Bavarian: woian
Apetlonerisch: walln
Cimbrian: bölln, béllan (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: welle
German: wollen
Luxembourgish: wëllen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: wolle
Yiddish: וועלן (veln)


aiʀ

aiʀ (nominative singular)
aiʀu (nominative plural)
aiʀ (accusative singular)
aiʀu (accusative plural)
aiʀas (genitive singular)
aiʀō (genitive plural)
aiʀē (dative singular)
aiʀum (dative plural)
aiʀu (instrumental singular)
aiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ār
Middle English: ore (merged with ōra)
English: ore
Scots: ure, uir

Old Frisian: *ār, ēr

Saterland Frisian: Oare, Orre

Old Saxon: ēr

Middle Low German: ēr

Old Dutch: *ēr

Middle Dutch: êer

Dutch: eer

Old High German: ēr

Middle High German: er

Alemannic German: Eer

⇒ Alemannic German: eerig

⇒ Old High German: ērīn

Middle High German: ērīn

German: ehern


grōnī

grōnī (masculine nominative singular)
grōniju (feminine nominative singular)
grōnī (neuter nominative singular)
grōnijanā (accusative masculine singular)
grōnijā (accusative feminine singular)
grōnī (accusative neuter singular)
grōnijas (genitive masculine singular)
grōnijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
grōnijas (genitive neuter singular)
grōnijumē (dative masculine singular)
grōnijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
grōnijumē (dative neuter singular)
grōniju (instrumental masculine singular)
grōnijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
grōniju (instrumental neuter singular)
grōnijē (masculine nominative plural)
grōnijō (feminine nominative plural)
grōniju (neuter nominative plural)
grōnijā (accusative masculine plural)
grōnijā (accusative feminine plural)
grōniju (accusative neuter plural)
grōnijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
grōnijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
grōnijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
grōnijēm (dative masculine plural)
grōnijum (dative masculine plural)
grōnijēm (dative feminine plural)
grōnijum (dative feminine plural)
grōnijēm (dative neuter plural)
grōnijum (dative neuter plural)
grōnijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
grōnijum (instrumental masculine plural)
grōnijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
grōnijum (feminine instrumental plural)
grōnijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
grōnijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: grēne
Middle English: grene, greene
English: green (see there for further descendants)
Scots: green
Yola: green

Old Frisian: grēne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: green
Saterland Frisian: gräin
West Frisian: grien

Old Saxon: grōni
Middle Low German: grōne, gröne
Low German: grön, gröön, green
Plautdietsch: jreen
→ Polabian: grönĕ

Old Dutch: gruoni
Middle Dutch: groene
Dutch: groen
Afrikaans: groen
Berbice Creole Dutch: grun
Negerhollands: groen, grun
Skepi Creole Dutch: gruin
Sranan Tongo: grun
Aukan: guun
Saramaccan: guúun
Limburgish: greun, gruuen
West Flemish: groene

Old High German: gruoni
Middle High German: grüene
Alemannic German: grüen
Swabian: grea, grien
Walser: geriénts, grien, gréén, grün
Bavarian: grian, grea
Apeltonerisch: gria
Cimbrian: gruan, grümma, grüun
Mòcheno: grea'
Central Franconian: jrön, green, grien
Hunsrik: grien
Luxembourgish: gréng
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: grin
East Franconian:
German: grün
Rhine Franconian: grie, grien, griene
Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀĩː]
Pennsylvania German: grie
Yiddish: גרין (grin)

From Proto-Germanic *grōniz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


hauhī

hauhī (nominative singular)
hauhīn (accusative singular)
hauhīn (genitive singular)
hauhīn (dative singular)
hauhīn (instrumental singular)

Old Saxon: hōhi

Middle Low German: höge, höe

Old High German: hōhī
Middle High German: hœhe, hōhe, hō
Alemannic German: Hechi, Höchi, Hööchi
Swabian: Hea, Hee
Bavarian:
Austrian: He
German: Höhe, Höh
Yiddish: הייך (heykh)

From Proto-Germanic *hauhį̄. Equivalent to *hauh (“high”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


gebu

gebu (nominative singular)
gebō (nominative plural)
gebā (accusative singular)
gebā (accusative plural)
gebā (genitive singular)
gebō (genitive plural)
gebē (dative singular)
gebōm (dative plural)
gebum (dative plural)
gebu (instrumental singular)
gebōm (instrumental plural)
gebum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiefu, ġifu, ġyfu

Middle English: gife (early), ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve

Old Frisian: jef, jeve

Old Saxon: geva

Old Dutch: geva

Middle Dutch: geve

Dutch: geef

Old High German: geba

From Proto-Germanic *gebō. Equivalent to *geban (“to give”) + *-u.


blīþisi

blīþisi (nominative singular)
blīþissjō (nominative plural)
blīþissjā (accusative singular)
blīþissjā (accusative plural)
blīþissjā (genitive singular)
blīþissjō (genitive plural)
blīþissjē (dative singular)
blīþissjōm (dative plural)
blīþissjum (dative plural)
blīþissju (instrumental singular)
blīþissjōm (instrumental plural)
blīþissjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: blīþs, blīds, bliss

Middle English: bliss

English: bliss

Old Saxon: blīthsia, blīdsea, blizza


gumō

gumō (nominative singular)
guman (nominative plural)
guman (accusative singular)
guman (accusative plural)
gumini (genitive singular)
guman (genitive singular)
gumanō (genitive plural)
gumini (dative singular)
guman (dative singular)
gumum (dative plural)
gumini (instrumental singular)
guman (instrumental singular)
gumum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: guma
Middle English: gome, gom, gomme, gone, goom, goome, gume
English: gome
Scots: gome

Old Frisian: goma

Old Saxon: gumo, gomo

Old Dutch: *gomo

Middle Dutch: gome

Old High German: gomo
Middle High German: gome


wītī

wītī (nominative singular)
wītiju (nominative plural)
wītī (accusative singular)
wītiju (accusative plural)
wītijas (genitive singular)
wītijō (genitive plural)
wītijē (dative singular)
wītijum (dative plural)
wītiju (instrumental singular)
wītijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīte

Middle English: wite

English: wite, wyte

Scots: wyte

→ Latin: wīta

Old Frisian: wīte

Old Saxon: wīti

Middle Low German: wīte

Dutch: wijte

Old High German: wīzi, wīzzi

Middle High German: wīze


gaidu

gaidu (nominative singular)
gaidu (nominative plural)
gaidu (accusative singular)
gaidu (accusative plural)
gaidwas (genitive singular)
gaidwō (genitive plural)
gaidwē (dative singular)
gaidum (dative plural)
gaidu (instrumental singular)
gaidum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gād, gǣd

⇒ Old English: *ǣgǣde

Middle English: ægæde, ægede, egede

Old Frisian: gād

Old Saxon: gēdia, gēdea

⇒ Lombardic: *faragaidu, *farageita

→⇒ Latin: farigaidus

desc

⇒ Old High German: fārigaidus (“without descendants”)


hēr

desctree

Old English: hēr
Middle English: her, here, heer
English: here
Scots: her, here

Old Frisian: hīr

Saterland Frisian: hier

West Frisian: hjir

Old Saxon: hēr, hīr

Middle Low German: hêr, hîr, hîre

Low German: hier

Plautdietsch: hia, häa

Old Dutch: *hiar, hier, hiera

Middle Dutch: hier
Dutch: hier, her
Afrikaans: hier
Limburgish: hier; hie, heej (influenced by High German)

Old High German: hia, hiar

Middle High German: hie

Alemannic German: hie

Bavarian: hia

Cimbrian: hia

Central Franconian: hee, hie

German: hie

Luxembourgish: hei

Middle High German: hier

German: hier


þār

Old English: þǣr, þār, þēr

desc

Middle English: ther, there, that, thare, thore

Scots: that, thare, thair, thaire

English: there

Old Frisian: thēr, dēr

Saterland Frisian: deer

West Frisian: der

desctree

Old Saxon: thār, thar
Middle Low German: dār
Low German: dor

Old Dutch: thār
Middle Dutch: dâer
Dutch: daar, d'r, er
Limburgish: daer, dao

Old High German: dār

Middle High German: dār, dā

German: dar-, da

Luxembourgish: do

From Proto-Germanic *þar, with irregular lengthening, possibly due to influence of *hēr.


arbī

arbī (nominative singular)
arbiju (nominative plural)
arbī (accusative singular)
arbiju (accusative plural)
arbijas (genitive singular)
arbijō (genitive plural)
arbijē (dative singular)
arbijum (dative plural)
arbiju (instrumental singular)
arbijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ierfe, yrfe, irfe, erfe, ærfe
Middle English: erve, erfe, erf, irve, yrfe (through the Anglian equivalent)
English: erf
Scots: arff, airf

Old Frisian: erve

Saterland Frisian: Ierwe, Äärwe

Old Saxon: ervi

Low German: Arf

Old Dutch: ervi

Middle Dutch: erve
Dutch: erf
Afrikaans: erf
→ English: erf
Negerhollands: erfe
Petjo: erf

Old High German: erbi
Middle High German: erbe
German: Erbe
Luxembourgish: Ierwen


hwār

Old English: hwǣr, huœ̄r — Northumbrian, hwār, hwēr, hwīer, wēr, wār
Middle English: wher, where, wheir, whare, were, qwere
English: where, quhair, quhar, quher, quhere (obsolete)
Scots: whaur

Old Frisian: hwēr

Saterland Frisian: wier

West Frisian: wêr

Old Saxon: hwār, hwar
Middle Low German: wār, wōr
German Low German: waar
Low German: wor

Old Dutch: war, wara

Middle Dutch: waer, war
Dutch: waar
Afrikaans: waar
Javindo: waar
Jersey Dutch: wääir
Negerhollands: waar, wa
Petjo: waar
Skepi Creole Dutch: war

Old High German: hwār, wār

Middle High German: wār, wā, wō

Alemannic German: warr

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: bo, ba (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: bou

German: wo

Hunsrik: wo

Luxembourgish: wou

From Proto-Germanic *hwar, with irregular lengthening, possibly due to influence of *hēr.


akusi

akusi (nominative singular)
akusī (nominative plural)
akusi (accusative singular)
akusī (accusative plural)
akusī (genitive singular)
akusijō (genitive plural)
akusī (dative singular)
akusim (dative plural)
akusijum (dative plural)
akusī (instrumental singular)
akusim (instrumental plural)
akusijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: æx, æces, acas, eax
Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe, æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix

Old Frisian: axa

Saterland Frisian: Äkse

Old Saxon: akus
Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
Westphalian:
Märkisch: Akes
Plautdietsch: Akjs

Old Dutch: *akus, *acus

Middle Dutch: aex

Dutch: aks, akst

Old High German: ackis, ackus

Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt

German: Axt

Luxembourgish: Aaxt


friþu

friþu (nominative singular)
friþiwi (nominative plural)
friþō (nominative plural)
friþu (accusative singular)
friþū (accusative plural)
friþō (genitive singular)
friþiwō (genitive plural)
friþiwi (dative singular)
friþō (dative singular)
friþum (dative plural)
friþu (instrumental singular)
friþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: friþ, friþu
Middle English: frith, ffryth, firth, freth, freþ, frið, friþ, friþþ, fryth, fryþ
English: frith
⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + es or 's)

Old Frisian: fretho

Saterland Frisian: Free

West Frisian: frede

Old Saxon: frithu
Middle Low German: vrēde
Low German:
German Low German: Freed
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Frää, Frääden, Frääde, Frääne, Freeden (Westmünsterländisch)
Münsterländisch: Friäde, Friäden; tefriäden
East Westphalian: Friae (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: Fräd

Old Dutch: frithu
Middle Dutch: vrēde
Dutch: vrede
Afrikaans: vrede
Negerhollands: vreed, vrede, vreede
Sranan Tongo: vrede, freide
Limburgish: vrieëd

Old High German: fridu
Middle High German: vride, vrit
Cimbrian: friide
German: Friede, Frieden
Luxembourgish: Fridden
Yiddish: פֿרידן (fridn)

→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *exfridō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *friþuz. Equivalent to *frī (“free”) + *-þu.


blīþī

blīþī (masculine nominative singular)
blīþiju (feminine nominative singular)
blīþī (neuter nominative singular)
blīþijanā (accusative masculine singular)
blīþijā (accusative feminine singular)
blīþī (accusative neuter singular)
blīþijas (genitive masculine singular)
blīþijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blīþijas (genitive neuter singular)
blīþijumē (dative masculine singular)
blīþijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
blīþijumē (dative neuter singular)
blīþiju (instrumental masculine singular)
blīþijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blīþiju (instrumental neuter singular)
blīþijē (masculine nominative plural)
blīþijō (feminine nominative plural)
blīþiju (neuter nominative plural)
blīþijā (accusative masculine plural)
blīþijā (accusative feminine plural)
blīþiju (accusative neuter plural)
blīþijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blīþijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blīþijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blīþijēm (dative masculine plural)
blīþijum (dative masculine plural)
blīþijēm (dative feminine plural)
blīþijum (dative feminine plural)
blīþijēm (dative neuter plural)
blīþijum (dative neuter plural)
blīþijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blīþijum (instrumental masculine plural)
blīþijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blīþijum (feminine instrumental plural)
blīþijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blīþijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: blīþe

Middle English: blith, blyth, blithe

Scots: blithe, blythe, blide

English: blithe

Old Frisian: *blīthe, *blīth, *blīd (in compounds)

North Frisian: blid

Saterland Frisian: bliede

West Frisian: bliid

Old Saxon: blīthi

Middle Low German: blîde

Low German: blide, blyde

Old Dutch: *blīthi
Middle Dutch: blide
Dutch: blij
Afrikaans: bly

Old High German: blīdi, plīdi

Middle High German: blīde

German: blid, blied (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *blīþiz + *-ī (adjective suffix).


hirdī

hirdī (nominative singular)
hirdijō (nominative plural)
hirdijōs (nominative plural)
hirdī (accusative singular)
hirdijā (accusative plural)
hirdijas (genitive singular)
hirdijō (genitive plural)
hirdijē (dative singular)
hirdijum (dative plural)
hirdiju (instrumental singular)
hirdijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hierde, hyrde, hiorde, hirde, heorde
Middle English: herde
English: herd
Scots: herd, hird

Old Frisian: *herde, *hirde

East Frisian: höid

Old Saxon: hirdi, herdi
Middle Low German: herde, hirde
German Low German: Heier
Plautdietsch: Hoad

Old Dutch: *hirdi

Middle Dutch: herde

Old High German: hirti, hirt
Middle High German: hirte, hirt
Cimbrian: hiart
German: Hirte, Hirt (both are roughly equally common)
Luxembourgish: Hiert


irʀī

irʀī (masculine nominative singular)
irʀiju (feminine nominative singular)
irʀī (neuter nominative singular)
irʀijanā (accusative masculine singular)
irʀijā (accusative feminine singular)
irʀī (accusative neuter singular)
irʀijas (genitive masculine singular)
irʀijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
irʀijas (genitive neuter singular)
irʀijumē (dative masculine singular)
irʀijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
irʀijumē (dative neuter singular)
irʀiju (instrumental masculine singular)
irʀijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
irʀiju (instrumental neuter singular)
irʀijē (masculine nominative plural)
irʀijō (feminine nominative plural)
irʀiju (neuter nominative plural)
irʀijā (accusative masculine plural)
irʀijā (accusative feminine plural)
irʀiju (accusative neuter plural)
irʀijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
irʀijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
irʀijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
irʀijēm (dative masculine plural)
irʀijum (dative masculine plural)
irʀijēm (dative feminine plural)
irʀijum (dative feminine plural)
irʀijēm (dative neuter plural)
irʀijum (dative neuter plural)
irʀijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
irʀijum (instrumental masculine plural)
irʀijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
irʀijum (feminine instrumental plural)
irʀijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
irʀijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: eorre, ierre, yrre

Middle English: eorre, erre, irre

Old Frisian: irre, īre

Saterland Frisian: íer

Old Saxon: *erri, irri

Middle Low German: erre, irre

Old Dutch: *erri, *irri

Middle Dutch: erre, irre, arre

Dutch: ar

Old High German: *erri, irri

Middle High German: ërre, irre

German: irre


fōt

fōt (nominative singular)
fōti (nominative plural)
fōtu (accusative singular)
fōti (accusative plural)
fōti (genitive singular)
fōtō (genitive plural)
fōti (dative singular)
fōtum (dative plural)
fōti (instrumental singular)
fōtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fōt
Middle English: fot, fod, foȝt, foit, foot, foote, fote, fout, fut, vot
English: foot (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute
Yola: voote

Old Frisian: fōt

North Frisian: fötj, fut, Fut

Saterland Frisian: Fout

West Frisian: foet

Old Saxon: fōt
Middle Low German: vôt
Low German:
German Low German: Voot
Hamburgisch: Foot
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Féut m
Ravensbergisch: Feot
Westmünsterländisch: Foot
Märkisch: Faut
Plautdietsch: Foot

Old Dutch: fuot
Middle Dutch: voet
Dutch: voet
Limburgish: voot

Old High German: fuoz
Middle High German: fuoz, vuoz
Alemannic German: Fuas
Bavarian: Fuaß
Cimbrian: vuus, buus, vuaz
Gottscheerish: vúəs
Mòcheno: vuas
Central Franconian: Foß, Fuß
Hunsrik: Fus
Kölsch: Fooß
Luxembourgish: Fouss
German: Fuß
Rhine Franconian: Fuss, Fuß
Frankfurterisch: Fuß – [fuːs], (older) [fois]
Pennsylvania German: Fuuss
Swabian: Fuaß
Vilamovian: füs
Yiddish: פֿוס (fus)


feuwar

Old English: fēower, fēowor, fēowur — West Saxon
Middle English: four, fore, feour, fower, fowwre, foure, fowr, vour
English: four
Geordie English: fower
Scots: fower
Yola: vour, voure, vowre

Old Frisian: fiūwer
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fjauer
Goesharde: fjauer
Helgoland: schtjuur
Mooring: fjouer
Sylt: fjuur
Wiedingharde: fjauer
Saterland Frisian: fjauer
West Frisian: fjouwer

Old Saxon: fiuwar, fiwar, fior
Middle Low German: vêr
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: vier, veer
German Low German: veer (Hamburgisch)
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: veer
East Westphalian: veier (Paderbornisch), fåir' (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: vea

Old Dutch: *fiuwar (found in toponym Viuwarflet now called Viervliet), *fior, fier

Middle Dutch: vier

Dutch: vier

Afrikaans: vier

Old High German: fior
Middle High German: vier
Alemannic German: vier
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: viare
Mòcheno: viar
Central Franconian: vier
Hunsrik: fier
German: vier
Luxembourgish: véier
Pennsylvania German: vier
Vilamovian: fiyr
Yiddish: פֿיר (fir)

From earlier *fewwār, from Proto-Germanic *fedwōr.


þrīʀ

Old English: þrī, þrīe, þrȳ, þrēo
Middle English: thre, threo, thri, thrie, þre, þreo
English: three
Scots: three, threi, shrei, hrei
Yola: dhree, dhrie, dree

Old Frisian: thrē, thriā

North Frisian: tri

Saterland Frisian: träi

West Frisian: trije

Old Saxon: thrīe

Middle Low German: drê

German Low German: dree

Low German: drei, dree

Plautdietsch: dree

Old Dutch: thri, *thrie

Middle Dutch: dri m, drie f

Dutch: drie, drij (dialectal)

Afrikaans: drie

Old High German: drī
Middle High German: drî
Alemannic German: drüü, drü
Bavarian: drei
Cimbrian: drai
Mòcheno: drai
Central Franconian: drei, dreij
Hunsrik: drei
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: dreie
German: drei
Luxembourgish: dräi
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: drei
Vilamovian: draj
Yiddish: דרײַ (dray)


andī

andī (nominative singular)
andijō (nominative plural)
andijōs (nominative plural)
andī (accusative singular)
andijā (accusative plural)
andijas (genitive singular)
andijō (genitive plural)
andijē (dative singular)
andijum (dative plural)
andiju (instrumental singular)
andijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ende
Middle English: ende, eend, eende, end, eynde, ȝend, hende, yende, ynde
English: end
Scots: end, ende, hend
Yola: een, eene

Old Frisian: ende, enda

Saterland Frisian: Eende, Eend

West Frisian: ein

Old Saxon: endi

Middle Low German: ende

Dutch Low Saxon: ende

German Low German: End, Enne, Enn

Plautdietsch: Enj

Old Dutch: endi
Middle Dutch: ende
Dutch: einde
Limburgish: ènj

Old High German: enti
Middle High German: ende
Alemannic German: Endi, End
Central Franconian: Enk
Hunsrik: Enn
Luxembourgish: Enn
Cimbrian: énte
German: Ende
Rhine Franconian: End, Enn, Enne, Inn
Frankfurterisch: [ent]; [en] (older)
Pennsylvania German: End
Vilamovian: end


twai-

Old English: twēġen m, twā f, tū, twā n

desc

Middle English: twei, tweine, two, twa, tu

English: twain, two, tway (obsolete)

Solombala English: ту (tu)

Scots: twa, twae

Yola: twye

Old Frisian: twēne, twā

North Frisian: tou

Saterland Frisian: twäin, two

West Frisian: twa

Old Saxon: twēne, twēna m, twō, twā f, twē n

Middle Low German: twê, twî

German Low German: twee

Plautdietsch: twee

Old Dutch: twēne m, twē

Middle Dutch: twee, twe

Dutch: twee

Afrikaans: twee

desctree

Old High German: zwēne m
Middle High German: zwêne m, zwô f, zwei n
Alemannic German: zwei, zwe, zwo, zwöi, zwee, zwa, zwoi, zwea, zwuo
Bavarian: zwoa, zwo
Cimbrian:
Luserna: zboa
Sette Comuni: sbéen m or n, sbòa f
Mòcheno: zboa
Central Franconian: zwei, zwien (archaic masculine form), zwo, zwu (archaic feminine form)
Hunsrik: zweu
Luxembourgish: zwéin m, zwou f, zwee n
East Franconian: zwej
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: zwee
German: zwei, (rarer) zwo, (obsolete) zween
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: zwee
Pennsylvania German: zwee
Vilamovian: cwē
Yiddish: צוויי (tsvey)


maiþm

maiþm (nominative singular)
maiþmō (nominative plural)
maiþmōs (nominative plural)
maiþm (accusative singular)
maiþmā (accusative plural)
maiþmas (genitive singular)
maiþmō (genitive plural)
maiþmē (dative singular)
maiþmum (dative plural)
maiþmu (instrumental singular)
maiþmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: māþum, māþm

Middle English: mathem, madme

→ English: mathum, mathom

Old Saxon: mēthom, mēþom

Old High German: *meidam

Middle High German: meidem, meiden


mārī

mārī (masculine nominative singular)
māriju (feminine nominative singular)
mārī (neuter nominative singular)
mārijanā (accusative masculine singular)
mārijā (accusative feminine singular)
mārī (accusative neuter singular)
mārijas (genitive masculine singular)
mārijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mārijas (genitive neuter singular)
mārijumē (dative masculine singular)
mārijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
mārijumē (dative neuter singular)
māriju (instrumental masculine singular)
mārijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
māriju (instrumental neuter singular)
mārijē (masculine nominative plural)
mārijō (feminine nominative plural)
māriju (neuter nominative plural)
mārijā (accusative masculine plural)
mārijā (accusative feminine plural)
māriju (accusative neuter plural)
mārijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mārijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mārijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mārijēm (dative masculine plural)
mārijum (dative masculine plural)
mārijēm (dative feminine plural)
mārijum (dative feminine plural)
mārijēm (dative neuter plural)
mārijum (dative neuter plural)
mārijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mārijum (instrumental masculine plural)
mārijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mārijum (feminine instrumental plural)
mārijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mārijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mǣre

Middle English: mere

English: mere (partially)

Old Frisian: mēre

Old Saxon: māri

Old Dutch: māri
Middle Dutch: mâre

Old High German: māri

Middle High German: mære

Alemannic German: määr


mārī

mārī (nominative singular)
māriju (nominative plural)
mārī (accusative singular)
māriju (accusative plural)
mārijas (genitive singular)
mārijō (genitive plural)
mārijē (dative singular)
mārijum (dative plural)
māriju (instrumental singular)
mārijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣre

Old Frisian: mēre

Old Saxon: māri

Old Dutch: māri

Middle Dutch: mâre

Dutch: mare

Old High German: māri

Middle High German: mære

Alemannic German: Määri

German: Mär, Märchen

From Proto-Germanic *mēriją, related to Etymology 1 above.


mārī

mārī (nominative singular)
mārīn (accusative singular)
mārīn (genitive singular)
mārīn (dative singular)
mārīn (instrumental singular)

Old High German: mārī

Middle High German: mære

German: Märe

From Proto-Germanic *mērį̄. Equivalent to *mārī (“famous”) + *-ī (abstract noun suffix).


hwīt

hwīt (masculine nominative singular)
hwītu (feminine nominative singular)
hwīt (neuter nominative singular)
hwītanā (accusative masculine singular)
hwītā (accusative feminine singular)
hwīt (accusative neuter singular)
hwītas (genitive masculine singular)
hwīteʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hwītas (genitive neuter singular)
hwītumē (dative masculine singular)
hwīteʀē (dative feminine singular)
hwītumē (dative neuter singular)
hwītu (instrumental masculine singular)
hwīteʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hwītu (instrumental neuter singular)
hwītē (masculine nominative plural)
hwītō (feminine nominative plural)
hwītu (neuter nominative plural)
hwītā (accusative masculine plural)
hwītā (accusative feminine plural)
hwītu (accusative neuter plural)
hwīteʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hwīteʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hwīteʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hwītēm (dative masculine plural)
hwītum (dative masculine plural)
hwītēm (dative feminine plural)
hwītum (dative feminine plural)
hwītēm (dative neuter plural)
hwītum (dative neuter plural)
hwītēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hwītum (instrumental masculine plural)
hwītēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hwītum (feminine instrumental plural)
hwītēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hwītum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: hwīt
Middle English: whit, hwit, white, whyte, whitt, whytt, whyt, whiȝt, qwyght, ȝwijt, wyghte, whiyt, whijt
English: white (see there for further descendants)
Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white
Yola: whit

Old Frisian: hwīt, wīt

North Frisian: wit, witj

Saterland Frisian: wiet

West Frisian: wyt

Old Saxon: hwīt
Middle Low German: wit
German Low German: witt
Low German: witt
Plautdietsch: witt

Old Dutch: wīt

Middle Dutch: wit

Dutch: wit

Afrikaans: wit

Limburgish: wiet

Old High German: wīz
Middle High German: wīz, wīs
Alemannic German: wiiss
Italian Walser: wiss, wéiss
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baiz, baizz, bais
Mòcheno: bais
Udinese: bais, baiss
Central Franconian: wieß
Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: wies
German: weiß
Luxembourgish: wäiss
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: weiss
Vilamovian: wȧjs
Yiddish: ווײַס (vays)


kwalu

kwalu (nominative singular)
kwalō (nominative plural)
kwalā (accusative singular)
kwalā (accusative plural)
kwalā (genitive singular)
kwalō (genitive plural)
kwalē (dative singular)
kwalōm (dative plural)
kwalum (dative plural)
kwalu (instrumental singular)
kwalōm (instrumental plural)
kwalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwalu
Middle English: qual


kwālu

kwālu (nominative singular)
kwālō (nominative plural)
kwālā (accusative singular)
kwālā (accusative plural)
kwālā (genitive singular)
kwālō (genitive plural)
kwālē (dative singular)
kwālōm (dative plural)
kwālum (dative plural)
kwālu (instrumental singular)
kwālōm (instrumental plural)
kwālum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: quāla

Old Dutch: *kwāla

Middle Dutch: quâle

Dutch: kwaal

Afrikaans: kwaal

Old High German: quāla

Middle High German: quāle

German: Qual


kwernu

kwernu (nominative singular)
kwirniwi (nominative plural)
kwernō (nominative plural)
kwernu (accusative singular)
kwernū (accusative plural)
kwernō (genitive singular)
kwirniwō (genitive plural)
kwirniwi (dative singular)
kwernō (dative singular)
kwernum (dative plural)
kwernu (instrumental singular)
kwernum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kwern, quern

Middle Low German: quern

Old Dutch: *kwern

Middle Dutch: querne

Dutch: kweern

desc

Old High German: kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn

Middle High German: kurn, kürn


hwōstō

hwōstō (nominative singular)
hwōstan (nominative plural)
hwōstan (accusative singular)
hwōstan (accusative plural)
hwōstini (genitive singular)
hwōstan (genitive singular)
hwōstanō (genitive plural)
hwōstini (dative singular)
hwōstan (dative singular)
hwōstum (dative plural)
hwōstini (instrumental singular)
hwōstan (instrumental singular)
hwōstum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwōsta

Middle English: host

English: whoost, hoost

Old Saxon: *hwōsto

Middle Low German: hôste

Old Dutch: *huosto

Middle Dutch: hoeste

Dutch: hoest

Afrikaans: hoes

Old High German: huosto

Middle High German: huoste

German: Husten

→ Yiddish: הוסט (hust)


kwainōn

kwainōn (infinitive)
kwainōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kwainōnijē (dative infinitive)
kwainōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kwainō (first-person present singular)
kwainōdā (first-person past singular)
kwainōs (present second-person singular)
kwainōdēs (past second-person singular)
kwainōdōs (past second-person singular)
kwainōþ (present singular third-person)
kwainōdē (past singular third-person)
kwainōdā (past singular third-person)
kwainōm (first-person plural present)
kwainōdum (first-person past plural)
kwainōþ (plural present second-person)
kwainōdud (past plural second-person)
kwainōnþ (plural present third-person)
kwainōdun (past plural third-person)
kwainōdī (first-person past singular)
kwainōdī (past second-person singular)
kwainō (present singular third-person)
kwainōdī (past singular third-person)
kwainōdīm (first-person past plural)
kwainōdīd (past plural second-person)
kwainōn (plural present third-person)
kwainōdīn (past plural third-person)
kwainō (present singular)
kwainōþ (plural present)
kwainōndī (participle present)
kwainōd (participle past)

Old English: cwānian

gl

merged with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">kveina</i>

Middle English: quanen, quainen (merged with Old Norse kveina)


hrissjan

hrissjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
hrissjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
hrissjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
hrissjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
hrissju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrisidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrisisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrisidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrisidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrisiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrisidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrisidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrissjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrisidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrisiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrisidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrissjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrisidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrissjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
hrisidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
hrissjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
hrisidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
hrissjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
hrisidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
hrissjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
hrisidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
hrissjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
hrisidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
hrissjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
hrisidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
hrisi (class-1 present singular weak)
hrisiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
hrissjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
hrisid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: hrissan; hrisian, hrysian

Middle English: resien, rusien, resen

Old Saxon: hrissian

Middle Low German: rissen


skaþþjan

skaþþjan (infinitive)
skaþþjannjas (genitive infinitive)
skaþþjannjē (dative infinitive)
skaþþjannju (infinitive instrumental)
skaþþju (first-person present singular)
skōþ (first-person past singular)
skaþiʀi (present second-person singular)
skōdī (past second-person singular)
skaþidi (present singular third-person)
skōþ (past singular third-person)
skaþþjum (first-person plural present)
skōdum (first-person past plural)
skaþid (plural present second-person)
skōdud (past plural second-person)
skaþþjand (plural present third-person)
skōdun (past plural third-person)
skaþþjē (first-person present singular)
skōdī (first-person past singular)
skaþþjēs (present second-person singular)
skaþþjē (present singular third-person)
skōdī (past singular third-person)
skaþþjēm (first-person plural present)
skōdīm (first-person past plural)
skaþþjēþ (plural present second-person)
skōdīd (past plural second-person)
skaþþjēn (plural present third-person)
skōdīn (past plural third-person)
skaþi (present singular)
skaþid (plural present)
skaþþjandī (participle present)
skadan (participle past)

Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan

Middle English: sceþþen

From Proto-Germanic *skaþjaną. Equivalent to *skaþō (“damage, destruction”) + *-jan.


sibbju

sibbju (nominative singular)
sibbjō (nominative plural)
sibbjā (accusative singular)
sibbjā (accusative plural)
sibbjā (genitive singular)
sibbjō (genitive plural)
sibbjē (dative singular)
sibbjōm (dative plural)
sibbjum (dative plural)
sibbju (instrumental singular)
sibbjōm (instrumental plural)
sibbjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sibb
Middle English: sibbe, sib
English: sib
Scots: sib
→ Norn: sib (?)

Old Frisian: sibbe

West Frisian: sibbe

Old Saxon: sibbia

Middle Low German: sibbe

Old Dutch: *sibba

Middle Dutch: sibbe

Dutch: sibbe (possibly a loanword from Frisian)

Old High German: sippea, sibba, sippa

Middle High German: sippe

German: Sippe


kwenā

kwenā (nominative singular)
kwenōn (nominative plural)
kwenōn (accusative singular)
kwenōn (accusative plural)
kwenōn (genitive singular)
kwenōnō (genitive plural)
kwenōn (dative singular)
kwenōm (dative plural)
kwenum (dative plural)
kwenōn (instrumental singular)
kwenōm (instrumental plural)
kwenum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwene

Middle English: quene

Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin

English: quean

Old Saxon: quena

gl

merged with Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">quān</i>

Middle Low German: quēne, quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quān)

Low German: Quene

→ German: Queene

Old Dutch: *quena

Middle Dutch: quene, kone

Dutch: kween

Afrikaans: kween

Old High German: chuuena, quena

desc

Middle High German: kone, kan, kun, quëne

German: Kone (obsolete)


wakkjan

wakkjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
wakkjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
wakkjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
wakkjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
wakkju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wakidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wakisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wakidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wakidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wakiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wakidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wakidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wakkjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wakidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wakiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wakidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wakkjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wakidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
wakkjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
wakidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
wakkjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
wakidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
wakkjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
wakidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
wakkjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
wakidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
wakkjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
wakidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
wakkjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
wakidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
waki (class-1 present singular weak)
wakiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
wakkjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
wakid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: wæċċan, weċċan

Middle English: wecchen

English: watch

Old Saxon: wekkian

Middle Low German: wekken

Old Dutch: *wecken

Middle Dutch: wecken

Dutch: wekken

Afrikaans: wek

Old High German: wecchen

Middle High German: wecken

German: wecken


buggjan

buggjan (infinitive)
buggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
buggjannjē (dative infinitive)
buggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
buggju (first-person present singular)
bohtā (first-person past singular)
bugisi (present second-person singular)
bohtēs (past second-person singular)
bohtōs (past second-person singular)
bugiþi (present singular third-person)
bohtē (past singular third-person)
bohtā (past singular third-person)
buggjum (first-person plural present)
bohtum (first-person past plural)
bugiþ (plural present second-person)
bohtud (past plural second-person)
buggjanþ (plural present third-person)
bohtun (past plural third-person)
buggjē (first-person present singular)
bohtī (first-person past singular)
buggjēs (present second-person singular)
bohtī (past second-person singular)
buggjē (present singular third-person)
bohtī (past singular third-person)
buggjēm (first-person plural present)
bohtīm (first-person past plural)
buggjēþ (plural present second-person)
bohtīd (past plural second-person)
buggjēn (plural present third-person)
bohtīn (past plural third-person)
bugi (present singular)
bugiþ (plural present)
buggjandī (participle present)
boht (participle past)

desctree

Old English: byċġan, biċġan
Middle English: byen, bien, biggen, buggen
English: buy
Scots: by
Yola: bidge

Old Saxon: buggian, buggean

Old High German: *buggen

⇒ Old High German: bugidi

⇒ Old High German: bugihaft