manþilōn

manþilōn (infinitive)
manþilōnijas (genitive infinitive)
manþilōnijē (dative infinitive)
manþilōniju (infinitive instrumental)
manþilō (first-person present singular)
manþilōdā (first-person past singular)
manþilōs (present second-person singular)
manþilōdēs (past second-person singular)
manþilōdōs (past second-person singular)
manþilōþ (present singular third-person)
manþilōdē (past singular third-person)
manþilōdā (past singular third-person)
manþilōm (first-person plural present)
manþilōdum (first-person past plural)
manþilōþ (plural present second-person)
manþilōdud (past plural second-person)
manþilōnþ (plural present third-person)
manþilōdun (past plural third-person)
manþilōdī (first-person past singular)
manþilōdī (past second-person singular)
manþilō (present singular third-person)
manþilōdī (past singular third-person)
manþilōdīm (first-person past plural)
manþilōdīd (past plural second-person)
manþilōn (plural present third-person)
manþilōdīn (past plural third-person)
manþilō (present singular)
manþilōþ (plural present)
manþilōndī (participle present)
manþilōd (participle past)

Old Dutch: mendilon

Old High German: mendilōn

From *manþijan (“to be glad, rejoice”) + *-lōn.


aliþeudu

aliþeudu (nominative singular)
aliþeudō (nominative plural)
aliþeudā (accusative singular)
aliþeudā (accusative plural)
aliþeudā (genitive singular)
aliþeudō (genitive plural)
aliþeudē (dative singular)
aliþeudōm (dative plural)
aliþeudum (dative plural)
aliþeudu (instrumental singular)
aliþeudōm (instrumental plural)
aliþeudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: elþēod

Old Saxon: elithioda

Old High German: elidiota


aliþeudig

aliþiudig (masculine nominative singular)
aliþiudigu (feminine nominative singular)
aliþiudig (neuter nominative singular)
aliþiudiganā (accusative masculine singular)
aliþiudigā (accusative feminine singular)
aliþiudig (accusative neuter singular)
aliþiudigas (genitive masculine singular)
aliþiudigeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aliþiudigas (genitive neuter singular)
aliþiudigumē (dative masculine singular)
aliþiudigeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aliþiudigumē (dative neuter singular)
aliþiudigu (instrumental masculine singular)
aliþiudigeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aliþiudigu (instrumental neuter singular)
aliþiudigē (masculine nominative plural)
aliþiudigō (feminine nominative plural)
aliþiudigu (neuter nominative plural)
aliþiudigā (accusative masculine plural)
aliþiudigā (accusative feminine plural)
aliþiudigu (accusative neuter plural)
aliþiudigeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aliþiudigeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aliþiudigeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aliþiudigēm (dative masculine plural)
aliþiudigum (dative masculine plural)
aliþiudigēm (dative feminine plural)
aliþiudigum (dative feminine plural)
aliþiudigēm (dative neuter plural)
aliþiudigum (dative neuter plural)
aliþiudigēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aliþiudigum (instrumental masculine plural)
aliþiudigēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aliþiudigum (feminine instrumental plural)
aliþiudigēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aliþiudigum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Old English: ælþēodiġ, ælþīodiġ, elþēodiġ

Old Saxon: elithiodig

Old High German: elidiotīg, elidiutīg


handulungu

handulungu (nominative singular)
handulungō (nominative plural)
handulungā (accusative singular)
handulungā (accusative plural)
handulungā (genitive singular)
handulungō (genitive plural)
handulungē (dative singular)
handulungōm (dative plural)
handulungum (dative plural)
handulungu (instrumental singular)
handulungōm (instrumental plural)
handulungum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: handlung
Middle English: handelinge, hondelyng
English: handling
Scots: handlin

Old Frisian: handlinge

Saterland Frisian: Hondelenge

desc

West Frisian: handeling, hâneling, hânling, hanneling

Old Saxon: *handlunga

Middle Low German: handelinge

Old Dutch: *handalunga

Middle Dutch: handelinge

Dutch: handeling

Afrikaans: handeling

Old High German: hantalunga

Middle High German: handelunge

German: Handlung


klaitā

klaitā (nominative singular)
klaitōn (nominative plural)
klaitōn (accusative singular)
klaitōn (accusative plural)
klaitōn (genitive singular)
klaitōnō (genitive plural)
klaitōn (dative singular)
klaitōm (dative plural)
klaitum (dative plural)
klaitōn (instrumental singular)
klaitōm (instrumental plural)
klaitum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: clāte
Middle English: clate, clote, clotte
English: clote
⇒ English: clotbur

Old Frisian: *klāte

→? Middle Low German: klatte

German Low German: Klatte, Klatt

Old Saxon: *klēta

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: klêteken, kletteken

From Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y- (“to stick”).

der

Old English: *clǣteMiddle English: clete


klībā

klībā (nominative singular)
klībōn (nominative plural)
klībōn (accusative singular)
klībōn (accusative plural)
klībōn (genitive singular)
klībōnō (genitive plural)
klībōn (dative singular)
klībōm (dative plural)
klībum (dative plural)
klībōn (instrumental singular)
klībōm (instrumental plural)
klībum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: clīfe
Middle English: *clive (attested in garclive)
English: clive

Old Frisian: *klīve

Saterland Frisian: Klíef

Old Saxon: klīva

Middle Low German: klîve

Old Dutch: *klīva

Middle Dutch: klijve, kleve

Dutch: klijf

→ West Frisian: kleef

Old High German: klība

Middle High German: klībe

German: Kleibe (archaic)

From Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick, smear”).


unskarp

unskarp (masculine nominative singular)
unskarpu (feminine nominative singular)
unskarp (neuter nominative singular)
unskarpanā (accusative masculine singular)
unskarpā (accusative feminine singular)
unskarp (accusative neuter singular)
unskarpas (genitive masculine singular)
unskarpeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
unskarpas (genitive neuter singular)
unskarpumē (dative masculine singular)
unskarpeʀē (dative feminine singular)
unskarpumē (dative neuter singular)
unskarpu (instrumental masculine singular)
unskarpeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
unskarpu (instrumental neuter singular)
unskarpē (masculine nominative plural)
unskarpō (feminine nominative plural)
unskarpu (neuter nominative plural)
unskarpā (accusative masculine plural)
unskarpā (accusative feminine plural)
unskarpu (accusative neuter plural)
unskarpeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
unskarpeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
unskarpeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
unskarpēm (dative masculine plural)
unskarpum (dative masculine plural)
unskarpēm (dative feminine plural)
unskarpum (dative feminine plural)
unskarpēm (dative neuter plural)
unskarpum (dative neuter plural)
unskarpēm (instrumental masculine plural)
unskarpum (instrumental masculine plural)
unskarpēm (feminine instrumental plural)
unskarpum (feminine instrumental plural)
unskarpēm (instrumental neuter plural)
unskarpum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: unsċearp
Middle English: *unscharp
English: unsharp

Old Frisian: *unskerp

Saterland Frisian: uunskäärp

West Frisian: ûnskerp

Old Saxon: *unskarp

Middle Low German: *unscharp, *unscherp

German Low German: unscharp

Old Dutch: *unskarp, *unskerp

Middle Dutch: onscarp, onscerp

Dutch: onscherp

Old High German: *unskarf

Middle High German: *unscharf

German: unscharf

From Proto-Germanic *unskarpaz, equivalent to *un- + *skarp.


unfriþu

unfriþu (nominative singular)
unfriþiwi (nominative plural)
unfriþō (nominative plural)
unfriþu (accusative singular)
unfriþū (accusative plural)
unfriþō (genitive singular)
unfriþiwō (genitive plural)
unfriþiwi (dative singular)
unfriþō (dative singular)
unfriþum (dative plural)
unfriþu (instrumental singular)
unfriþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: unfriþ
Middle English: unfrith, unfrit, unfriðe
English: unfrith

Old Frisian: unfretho

West Frisian: ûnfrede

Old Saxon: *unfrithu

Middle Low German: unvrēde

Old Dutch: *unfrithu

Middle Dutch: onvrēde

Dutch: onvrede
Negerhollands: onvred, onvrede

Old High German: unfridu

Middle High German: unvride

German: Unfriede

From Proto-Germanic *unfriþuz. By surface analysis, *un- + *friþu.

absence of peace: strife, unease, hostility


skarpōn

skarpōn (infinitive)
skarpōnijas (genitive infinitive)
skarpōnijē (dative infinitive)
skarpōniju (infinitive instrumental)
skarpō (first-person present singular)
skarpōdā (first-person past singular)
skarpōs (present second-person singular)
skarpōdēs (past second-person singular)
skarpōdōs (past second-person singular)
skarpōþ (present singular third-person)
skarpōdē (past singular third-person)
skarpōdā (past singular third-person)
skarpōm (first-person plural present)
skarpōdum (first-person past plural)
skarpōþ (plural present second-person)
skarpōdud (past plural second-person)
skarpōnþ (plural present third-person)
skarpōdun (past plural third-person)
skarpōdī (first-person past singular)
skarpōdī (past second-person singular)
skarpō (present singular third-person)
skarpōdī (past singular third-person)
skarpōdīm (first-person past plural)
skarpōdīd (past plural second-person)
skarpōn (plural present third-person)
skarpōdīn (past plural third-person)
skarpō (present singular)
skarpōþ (plural present)
skarpōndī (participle present)
skarpōd (participle past)

Old English: sċearpian
Middle English: scharpen (merged with descendant of Old English sċierpan)
English: sharp
Scots: scharp

Old Frisian: *skarpia, *skerpia

Saterland Frisian: skäärpje

West Frisian: skerpje

Old Saxon: *skarpōn

Middle Low German: scharpen

German Low German: scharpen

Old Dutch: *skarpon

Middle Dutch: scharpen


brūdilīk

brūdilīk (masculine nominative singular)
brūdilīku (feminine nominative singular)
brūdilīk (neuter nominative singular)
brūdilīkanā (accusative masculine singular)
brūdilīkā (accusative feminine singular)
brūdilīk (accusative neuter singular)
brūdilīkas (genitive masculine singular)
brūdilīkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
brūdilīkas (genitive neuter singular)
brūdilīkumē (dative masculine singular)
brūdilīkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
brūdilīkumē (dative neuter singular)
brūdilīku (instrumental masculine singular)
brūdilīkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
brūdilīku (instrumental neuter singular)
brūdilīkē (masculine nominative plural)
brūdilīkō (feminine nominative plural)
brūdilīku (neuter nominative plural)
brūdilīkā (accusative masculine plural)
brūdilīkā (accusative feminine plural)
brūdilīku (accusative neuter plural)
brūdilīkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
brūdilīkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
brūdilīkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
brūdilīkēm (dative masculine plural)
brūdilīkum (dative masculine plural)
brūdilīkēm (dative feminine plural)
brūdilīkum (dative feminine plural)
brūdilīkēm (dative neuter plural)
brūdilīkum (dative neuter plural)
brūdilīkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
brūdilīkum (instrumental masculine plural)
brūdilīkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
brūdilīkum (feminine instrumental plural)
brūdilīkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
brūdilīkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: brȳdelīċ, brȳdlīċ

Middle English: *bridelich, *bridely

English: bridely

Old Frisian: brēdelik, breidelik

Old Dutch: *brūdilīk, *brūtlīk

Middle Dutch: *brudelijk, *bruutlik

Dutch: bruidelijk

Old High German: brūtlīh

desc

Middle High German: brūtlich, briutlich, prūtlich, broutlich

German: bräutlich


brotōn

brotōn (infinitive)
brotōnijas (genitive infinitive)
brotōnijē (dative infinitive)
brotōniju (infinitive instrumental)
brotō (first-person present singular)
brotōdā (first-person past singular)
brotōs (present second-person singular)
brotōdēs (past second-person singular)
brotōdōs (past second-person singular)
brotōþ (present singular third-person)
brotōdē (past singular third-person)
brotōdā (past singular third-person)
brotōm (first-person plural present)
brotōdum (first-person past plural)
brotōþ (plural present second-person)
brotōdud (past plural second-person)
brotōnþ (plural present third-person)
brotōdun (past plural third-person)
brotōdī (first-person past singular)
brotōdī (past second-person singular)
brotō (present singular third-person)
brotōdī (past singular third-person)
brotōdīm (first-person past plural)
brotōdīd (past plural second-person)
brotōn (plural present third-person)
brotōdīn (past plural third-person)
brotō (present singular)
brotōþ (plural present)
brotōndī (participle present)
brotōd (participle past)

Old English: *brotian

desctree

⇒ Old English: *brotul
Middle English: brotel
English: brottle, bruttle, brattle (dialectal)

Old High German: *brozzōn

Middle High German: brozzen

German: brossen

→? Vulgar Latin: *brotāre

Catalan: brotar

Galician: brotar

Old Occitan: brotar

>? Portuguese: brotar

Spanish: brotar

Possibly from *brot + *-ōn. Alternatively, Kroonen suggest an iterative origin.
If the loanwords in Romance didn't come from Frankish but from Gothic, as suggested by Holthausen, then the verb likely goes back to Proto-Germanic *brutōną.


uppakwellan

uppakwellan (infinitive)
uppakwellannjas (genitive infinitive)
uppakwellannjē (dative infinitive)
uppakwellannju (infinitive instrumental)
uppakwellu (first-person present singular)
uppakwall (first-person past singular)
uppakwilliʀi (present second-person singular)
uppakullī (past second-person singular)
uppakwillidi (present singular third-person)
uppakwall (past singular third-person)
uppakwellum (first-person plural present)
uppakullum (first-person past plural)
uppakwillid (plural present second-person)
uppakullud (past plural second-person)
uppakwelland (plural present third-person)
uppakullun (past plural third-person)
uppakwellē (first-person present singular)
uppakullī (first-person past singular)
uppakwellēs (present second-person singular)
uppakwellē (present singular third-person)
uppakullī (past singular third-person)
uppakwellēm (first-person plural present)
uppakullīm (first-person past plural)
uppakwellēþ (plural present second-person)
uppakullīd (past plural second-person)
uppakwellēn (plural present third-person)
uppakullīn (past plural third-person)
uppakwill (present singular)
uppakwillid (plural present)
uppakwellandī (participle present)
uppakollan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *upwellan

Middle Low German: *upquellen

German Low German: upquellen

Old High German: *ūfwellan

Middle High German: ūfquellen

German: aufquellen

upquellinge

Old Saxon: *upwellunga; Middle Low German


kwellungu

kwellungu (nominative singular)
kwellungō (nominative plural)
kwellungā (accusative singular)
kwellungā (accusative plural)
kwellungā (genitive singular)
kwellungō (genitive plural)
kwellungē (dative singular)
kwellungōm (dative plural)
kwellungum (dative plural)
kwellungu (instrumental singular)
kwellungōm (instrumental plural)
kwellungum (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *quellunga

Middle Dutch: quellinge

Old High German: *kwellunga

Middle High German: quëllunge

German: Quellung

From *kwellan (“to well up, swell up”) + *-ungu.


kroggō

kroggō (nominative singular)
kroggan (nominative plural)
kroggan (accusative singular)
kroggan (accusative plural)
kruggini (genitive singular)
kroggan (genitive singular)
krogganō (genitive plural)
kruggini (dative singular)
kroggan (dative singular)
kroggum (dative plural)
kruggini (instrumental singular)
kroggan (instrumental singular)
kroggum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crohha, crocca

desctree

Middle English: crokke, crok
English: crock
Scots: crock, croak
Yola: kruck

Old Frisian: krocha

Old Dutch: *krohho, *krohha

Middle Dutch: croche, cruche m or f

Old High German: krucha f

⇒ Old High German: krugula


krōgu

krōgu (nominative singular)
krōgiwi (nominative plural)
krōgō (nominative plural)
krōgu (accusative singular)
krōgū (accusative plural)
krōgō (genitive singular)
krōgiwō (genitive plural)
krōgiwi (dative singular)
krōgō (dative singular)
krōgum (dative plural)
krōgu (instrumental singular)
krōgum (instrumental plural)

Old English: crōg
Middle English: croh, crohe, crohhe, crochȝe
English: croh
Fingallian: croge

Old Saxon: *krōg, *krōh

desc

Middle Low German: krôch, kroech, krouch, kroich, krûch

German Low German: Kroog

Old Dutch: *kruog, *krōg

Middle Dutch: croech f

Dutch: kroeg f (“stone pot or jug”)

Old High German: kruog

Middle High German: kruoc

German: Krug

⇒ Middle High German: krüegelīn n

German: Krüglein

container, vessel (e.g. pot, jar, pitcher, flagon, etc.)


sprekl

sprekl (nominative singular)
sprekklu (nominative plural)
sprekl (accusative singular)
sprekklu (accusative plural)
sprekklas (genitive singular)
sprekklō (genitive plural)
sprekklē (dative singular)
sprekklum (dative plural)
sprekklu (instrumental singular)
sprekklum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sprecel
Middle English: *sprekel, sprekle
English: spreckle
Scots: spreckel, spreckle

Old High German: *sprekkil, *spreckil

desc

Middle High German: spreckel, sprëckel n

German: Spreckel m

Alemannic German: Šprägel, Šprigel


krūkā

krūkā (nominative singular)
krūkōn (nominative plural)
krūkōn (accusative singular)
krūkōn (accusative plural)
krūkōn (genitive singular)
krūkōnō (genitive plural)
krūkōn (dative singular)
krūkōm (dative plural)
krūkum (dative plural)
krūkōn (instrumental singular)
krūkōm (instrumental plural)
krūkum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: crūce
Middle English: crouke

Old Frisian: *krūke

Saterland Frisian: Kruke

West Frisian: krûk f or m

Old Saxon: krūka

desc

Middle Low German: krûke, kruike, krucke, krukke

Low German: Kruke, Kruuk

→ German: Kruke

→ Old Norse: krukka

Icelandic: krukka

Norwegian Nynorsk: krukke

Norwegian Bokmål: krukke

Swedish: kruka

→ Finnish: ruukku

Danish: krukke

→ Middle English: kruk

Yola: kruck

⇒ Middle Low German: krü̂kel n

Old Dutch: *krūka

Middle Dutch: cruke, cruyke, cruuc

Dutch: kruik

Afrikaans: kruik

Old High German: krūhha

Middle High German: krūche

German: Krauche

→ Vulgar Latin: *cruca

Old French: cruche

Middle French: cruche

French: cruche

Old Occitan: cruga

Uncertain. Related to Proto-West Germanic *krōgu, *krog, and *kroggō


grūwēn

grūwēn (infinitive)
grūwēnijas (genitive infinitive)
grūwēnijē (dative infinitive)
grūwēniju (infinitive instrumental)
grūwē (first-person present singular)
grūw?dā (first-person past singular)
grūwēs (present second-person singular)
grūw?dēs (past second-person singular)
grūwēþ (present singular third-person)
grūw?dē (past singular third-person)
grūw?dā (past singular third-person)
grūwēm (first-person plural present)
grūw?dum (first-person past plural)
grūwēþ (plural present second-person)
grūw?dud (past plural second-person)
grūwēnþ (plural present third-person)
grūw?dun (past plural third-person)
grūw?dī (first-person past singular)
grūw?dī (past second-person singular)
grūwē (present singular third-person)
grūw?dī (past singular third-person)
grūw?dīm (first-person past plural)
grūw?dīd (past plural second-person)
grūwēn (plural present third-person)
grūw?dīn (past plural third-person)
grūwē (present singular)
grūwēþ (plural present)
grūwēndī (participle present)
grūw?d (participle past)

Old Frisian: *grūwia

West Frisian: grouje, grouwe

Old Saxon: *grūwōn

Middle Low German: grūwen, grouwen, growen

→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue

→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue, grua

→ Swedish: gruva

→ Danish: grue

desctree

Old Dutch: *grūwon
Middle Dutch: gruwen, grouwen
Dutch: gruwen
→ Middle English: gruen
English: grue

Old High German: grūēn

Middle High German: grūen, grūwen

German: grauen

Unclear, perhaps ultimately an imitative derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”), or instead from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke, grind”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


krūsā

krūsā (nominative singular)
krūsōn (nominative plural)
krūsōn (accusative singular)
krūsōn (accusative plural)
krūsōn (genitive singular)
krūsōnō (genitive plural)
krūsōn (dative singular)
krūsōm (dative plural)
krūsum (dative plural)
krūsōn (instrumental singular)
krūsōm (instrumental plural)
krūsum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: crūse
Middle English: cruse, crouse, croos
English: cruse, cruise, cruze

Old Frisian: *krōs, *krūs m or f or n (possibly from Middle Low German)

Saterland Frisian: Krous, Kruus n

West Frisian: kroes m or f

Old Saxon: *krōs, *krūs m or n

desc

Middle Low German: krôs, kroes, krois, kroys, krůs, krues, krûs m or n

German Low German: Kroos m

gl

→ Old Norse: krús f (alternatively possibly from Old English)

Icelandic: krús f

Norwegian Nynorsk: krus f

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: krus n

→ Norwegian Bokmål: krus n

→ Swedish: krus n

→ Danish: krus n

→ Faroese: krúss n

Old Dutch: *krōso m

desc

Middle Dutch: croese, crose, crouse, creuse, croesen m

Dutch: kroes

→ Caribbean Javanese: krus

Old High German: krūsa

Middle High German: krūse

German: Krause


laibēn

laibēn (infinitive)
laibēnijas (genitive infinitive)
laibēnijē (dative infinitive)
laibēniju (infinitive instrumental)
laibē (first-person present singular)
laib?dā (first-person past singular)
laibēs (present second-person singular)
laib?dēs (past second-person singular)
laibēþ (present singular third-person)
laib?dē (past singular third-person)
laib?dā (past singular third-person)
laibēm (first-person plural present)
laib?dum (first-person past plural)
laibēþ (plural present second-person)
laib?dud (past plural second-person)
laibēnþ (plural present third-person)
laib?dun (past plural third-person)
laib?dī (first-person past singular)
laib?dī (past second-person singular)
laibē (present singular third-person)
laib?dī (past singular third-person)
laib?dīm (first-person past plural)
laib?dīd (past plural second-person)
laibēn (plural present third-person)
laib?dīn (past plural third-person)
laibē (present singular)
laibēþ (plural present)
laibēndī (participle present)
laib?d (participle past)

Old Saxon: lēvōn

Old High German: leibēn

A stative verb seemingly based on the causative verb *laibijan (“to leave behind”).


fuirēn

fuirēn (infinitive)
fuirēnijas (genitive infinitive)
fuirēnijē (dative infinitive)
fuirēniju (infinitive instrumental)
fuirē (first-person present singular)
fuir?dā (first-person past singular)
fuirēs (present second-person singular)
fuir?dēs (past second-person singular)
fuirēþ (present singular third-person)
fuir?dē (past singular third-person)
fuir?dā (past singular third-person)
fuirēm (first-person plural present)
fuir?dum (first-person past plural)
fuirēþ (plural present second-person)
fuir?dud (past plural second-person)
fuirēnþ (plural present third-person)
fuir?dun (past plural third-person)
fuir?dī (first-person past singular)
fuir?dī (past second-person singular)
fuirē (present singular third-person)
fuir?dī (past singular third-person)
fuir?dīm (first-person past plural)
fuir?dīd (past plural second-person)
fuirēn (plural present third-person)
fuir?dīn (past plural third-person)
fuirē (present singular)
fuirēþ (plural present)
fuirēndī (participle present)
fuir?d (participle past)

Old English: fȳrian

Middle English: firen

English: fire

Old Frisian: *fioria

West Frisian: fjurje, fjoerje

Old Saxon: *fiurōn

Middle Low German: vǖren

desctree

Old Dutch: *fuiron
Middle Dutch: vuren, vieren
Dutch: vuren

Old High German: fiurēn

desc

Middle High German: viuren, viuweren, fiuren, fiuweren

German: feuern


wiþrareht

wiþrareht (nominative singular)
wiþrarehtu (nominative plural)
wiþrareht (accusative singular)
wiþrarehtu (accusative plural)
wiþrarehtas (genitive singular)
wiþrarehtō (genitive plural)
wiþrarehtē (dative singular)
wiþrarehtum (dative plural)
wiþrarehtu (instrumental singular)
wiþrarehtum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiþerriht

Old Frisian: witherriucht

Old Dutch: *witharreht, *witherreht

Middle Dutch: *wederrecht

Dutch: wederrecht

⇒ Middle Dutch: wederrechten

Dutch: wederrechten

⇒ Middle Dutch: wederrechtinge

Dutch: wederrechting

(law) reparation, compensation, recompense


wegōn

wegōn (infinitive)
wegōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wegōnijē (dative infinitive)
wegōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wegō (first-person present singular)
wegōdā (first-person past singular)
wegōs (present second-person singular)
wegōdēs (past second-person singular)
wegōdōs (past second-person singular)
wegōþ (present singular third-person)
wegōdē (past singular third-person)
wegōdā (past singular third-person)
wegōm (first-person plural present)
wegōdum (first-person past plural)
wegōþ (plural present second-person)
wegōdud (past plural second-person)
wegōnþ (plural present third-person)
wegōdun (past plural third-person)
wegōdī (first-person past singular)
wegōdī (past second-person singular)
wegō (present singular third-person)
wegōdī (past singular third-person)
wegōdīm (first-person past plural)
wegōdīd (past plural second-person)
wegōn (plural present third-person)
wegōdīn (past plural third-person)
wegō (present singular)
wegōþ (plural present)
wegōndī (participle present)
wegōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: wegia

West Frisian: weegje, wege

Old Saxon: *wegōn

Middle Low German: wēgen

desctree

Old Dutch: *wegon
Middle Dutch: wēgen
Dutch: wegen (obsolete)

Old High German: wegōn, wegēn

Middle High German: wegen


wiþrōn

wiþrōn (infinitive)
wiþrōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wiþrōnijē (dative infinitive)
wiþrōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wiþrō (first-person present singular)
wiþrōdā (first-person past singular)
wiþrōs (present second-person singular)
wiþrōdēs (past second-person singular)
wiþrōdōs (past second-person singular)
wiþrōþ (present singular third-person)
wiþrōdē (past singular third-person)
wiþrōdā (past singular third-person)
wiþrōm (first-person plural present)
wiþrōdum (first-person past plural)
wiþrōþ (plural present second-person)
wiþrōdud (past plural second-person)
wiþrōnþ (plural present third-person)
wiþrōdun (past plural third-person)
wiþrōdī (first-person past singular)
wiþrōdī (past second-person singular)
wiþrō (present singular third-person)
wiþrōdī (past singular third-person)
wiþrōdīm (first-person past plural)
wiþrōdīd (past plural second-person)
wiþrōn (plural present third-person)
wiþrōdīn (past plural third-person)
wiþrō (present singular)
wiþrōþ (plural present)
wiþrōndī (participle present)
wiþrōd (participle past)

Old English: wiþerian
Middle English: witheren
English: wither

Old Saxon: *witharōn

Middle Low German: wedderen

Old Dutch: *witheron
Middle Dutch: wēderen
>? Dutch: weren (possibly merged with the descendant of *warjan (“to ward off”))

Old High German: widarōn

Middle High German: wideren, widern


tālōn

tālōn (infinitive)
tālōnijas (genitive infinitive)
tālōnijē (dative infinitive)
tālōniju (infinitive instrumental)
tālō (first-person present singular)
tālōdā (first-person past singular)
tālōs (present second-person singular)
tālōdēs (past second-person singular)
tālōdōs (past second-person singular)
tālōþ (present singular third-person)
tālōdē (past singular third-person)
tālōdā (past singular third-person)
tālōm (first-person plural present)
tālōdum (first-person past plural)
tālōþ (plural present second-person)
tālōdud (past plural second-person)
tālōnþ (plural present third-person)
tālōdun (past plural third-person)
tālōdī (first-person past singular)
tālōdī (past second-person singular)
tālō (present singular third-person)
tālōdī (past singular third-person)
tālōdīm (first-person past plural)
tālōdīd (past plural second-person)
tālōn (plural present third-person)
tālōdīn (past plural third-person)
tālō (present singular)
tālōþ (plural present)
tālōndī (participle present)
tālōd (participle past)

Old High German: zālōn, zālēn

→ Old French: taler

French: taler

→ Old Spanish: talar

Spanish: talar

→ Portuguese: talar

From *tālu (“damage, plundering”) + *-ōn.


hūk

hūk (nominative singular)
hūkō (nominative plural)
hūkōs (nominative plural)
hūk (accusative singular)
hūkā (accusative plural)
hūkas (genitive singular)
hūkō (genitive plural)
hūkē (dative singular)
hūkum (dative plural)
hūku (instrumental singular)
hūkum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hūk

Middle Low German: hûk, hûke

Old High German: hūh


braidēn

braidēn (infinitive)
braidēnijas (genitive infinitive)
braidēnijē (dative infinitive)
braidēniju (infinitive instrumental)
braidē (first-person present singular)
braid?dā (first-person past singular)
braidēs (present second-person singular)
braid?dēs (past second-person singular)
braidēþ (present singular third-person)
braid?dē (past singular third-person)
braid?dā (past singular third-person)
braidēm (first-person plural present)
braid?dum (first-person past plural)
braidēþ (plural present second-person)
braid?dud (past plural second-person)
braidēnþ (plural present third-person)
braid?dun (past plural third-person)
braid?dī (first-person past singular)
braid?dī (past second-person singular)
braidē (present singular third-person)
braid?dī (past singular third-person)
braid?dīm (first-person past plural)
braid?dīd (past plural second-person)
braidēn (plural present third-person)
braid?dīn (past plural third-person)
braidē (present singular)
braidēþ (plural present)
braidēndī (participle present)
braid?d (participle past)

Old Dutch: *brēdon
Middle Dutch: brêden, breiden
Dutch: breden, breiden

Old High German: breitēn

Middle High German: breiten

German: breiten


mahtilīk

mahtilīk (masculine nominative singular)
mahtilīku (feminine nominative singular)
mahtilīk (neuter nominative singular)
mahtilīkanā (accusative masculine singular)
mahtilīkā (accusative feminine singular)
mahtilīk (accusative neuter singular)
mahtilīkas (genitive masculine singular)
mahtilīkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mahtilīkas (genitive neuter singular)
mahtilīkumē (dative masculine singular)
mahtilīkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
mahtilīkumē (dative neuter singular)
mahtilīku (instrumental masculine singular)
mahtilīkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
mahtilīku (instrumental neuter singular)
mahtilīkē (masculine nominative plural)
mahtilīkō (feminine nominative plural)
mahtilīku (neuter nominative plural)
mahtilīkā (accusative masculine plural)
mahtilīkā (accusative feminine plural)
mahtilīku (accusative neuter plural)
mahtilīkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mahtilīkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mahtilīkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mahtilīkēm (dative masculine plural)
mahtilīkum (dative masculine plural)
mahtilīkēm (dative feminine plural)
mahtilīkum (dative feminine plural)
mahtilīkēm (dative neuter plural)
mahtilīkum (dative neuter plural)
mahtilīkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mahtilīkum (instrumental masculine plural)
mahtilīkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mahtilīkum (feminine instrumental plural)
mahtilīkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mahtilīkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: mihtelīċ
Middle English: mightly, myȝtly
English: mightly

Old Saxon: *mehtilīk

Middle Low German: mechtlîk

Old Dutch: *mahtilīk, *mahtulīk

Middle Dutch: machtelijc

Dutch: machtelijk

Old High German: mahtlīh

desc

Middle High German: *mahtlīch, *mehtlīch

German: mächtlich

⇒ Middle High German: unmahtlīch

From Proto-Germanic *mahtilīkaz, variant of *mahtulīkaz, equivalent to *mahti + *-līk.


bidrinkan

bidrinkan (infinitive)
bidrinkannjas (genitive infinitive)
bidrinkannjē (dative infinitive)
bidrinkannju (infinitive instrumental)
bidrinku (first-person present singular)
bidrank (first-person past singular)
bidrinkiʀi (present second-person singular)
bidrunkī (past second-person singular)
bidrinkidi (present singular third-person)
bidrank (past singular third-person)
bidrinkum (first-person plural present)
bidrunkum (first-person past plural)
bidrinkid (plural present second-person)
bidrunkud (past plural second-person)
bidrinkand (plural present third-person)
bidrunkun (past plural third-person)
bidrinkē (first-person present singular)
bidrunkī (first-person past singular)
bidrinkēs (present second-person singular)
bidrinkē (present singular third-person)
bidrunkī (past singular third-person)
bidrinkēm (first-person plural present)
bidrunkīm (first-person past plural)
bidrinkēþ (plural present second-person)
bidrunkīd (past plural second-person)
bidrinkēn (plural present third-person)
bidrunkīn (past plural third-person)
bidrink (present singular)
bidrinkid (plural present)
bidrinkandī (participle present)
bidrunkan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: bedrincan
Middle English: *bedrinken (only found as Middle English bidrenkt (“completely drenched, drenched all over”))
English: bedrink

Old Frisian: *bidrinka

Saterland Frisian: bidrinke

West Frisian: bedrinke

Old Saxon: *bidrinkan

Middle Low German: bedrinken

German Low German: bedrinken

Old Dutch: *bidrinkan

gl

only found as Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">bedrenken</i>

Middle Dutch: *bedrinken (only found as Middle Dutch bedrenken)

Dutch: bedrinken

Old High German: *bitrinkan

Middle High German: betrinken

German: betrinken


wunsk

wunsk (nominative singular)
wunskō (nominative plural)
wunskōs (nominative plural)
wunsk (accusative singular)
wunskā (accusative plural)
wunskas (genitive singular)
wunskō (genitive plural)
wunskē (dative singular)
wunskum (dative plural)
wunsku (instrumental singular)
wunskum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wūsc

Old Saxon: *wunsk

Middle Low German: wunsch

Old Dutch: *wunsk

Middle Dutch: wonsch wensch

Dutch: wens

Old High German: wunsk

Middle High German: wunsch

German: Wunsch

From Proto-Germanic *wunskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”).


þunnijan

þunnijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þunnijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þunnijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þunnijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þunniju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þunnidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þunnisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þunnidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þunnidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þunniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þunnidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þunnidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þunnijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þunnidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þunniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þunnidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þunnijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þunnidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þunnijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þunnidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þunnijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þunnidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þunnijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þunnidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þunnijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þunnidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þunnijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þunnidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þunnijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þunnidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þunni (class-1 present singular weak)
þunniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þunnijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þunnid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Saxon: *thunnen (could be from *þunnijōn instead)

Middle Low German: dünnen

Old Dutch: *thunnen (could be from *þunnijōn instead)

Middle Dutch: dunnen

Dutch: dunnen

Old High German: *dunnen

Middle High German: dünnen

German: dünnen

⇒ Old High German: gidunnen

⇒ Old High German: irdunnen

From Proto-Germanic *þunnijaną. Equivalent to *þunnī (“thin”) + *-jan.


braidōn

braidōn (infinitive)
braidōnijas (genitive infinitive)
braidōnijē (dative infinitive)
braidōniju (infinitive instrumental)
braidō (first-person present singular)
braidōdā (first-person past singular)
braidōs (present second-person singular)
braidōdēs (past second-person singular)
braidōdōs (past second-person singular)
braidōþ (present singular third-person)
braidōdē (past singular third-person)
braidōdā (past singular third-person)
braidōm (first-person plural present)
braidōdum (first-person past plural)
braidōþ (plural present second-person)
braidōdud (past plural second-person)
braidōnþ (plural present third-person)
braidōdun (past plural third-person)
braidōdī (first-person past singular)
braidōdī (past second-person singular)
braidō (present singular third-person)
braidōdī (past singular third-person)
braidōdīm (first-person past plural)
braidōdīd (past plural second-person)
braidōn (plural present third-person)
braidōdīn (past plural third-person)
braidō (present singular)
braidōþ (plural present)
braidōndī (participle present)
braidōd (participle past)

Old English: *brādian

Middle English: braden, broden

Old Frisian: *brēdia

West Frisian: *breedzje

⇒ West Frisian: ferbreedzje

Old Saxon: *brēdōn

Middle Low German: brêden

Old High German: *breitōn

Middle High German: breiten

German: breiten

⇒ Old High German: wītbreitōn

⇒ Old High German: giwītbreitōn


þunnēn

þunnēn (infinitive)
þunnēnijas (genitive infinitive)
þunnēnijē (dative infinitive)
þunnēniju (infinitive instrumental)
þunnē (first-person present singular)
þunn?dā (first-person past singular)
þunnēs (present second-person singular)
þunn?dēs (past second-person singular)
þunnēþ (present singular third-person)
þunn?dē (past singular third-person)
þunn?dā (past singular third-person)
þunnēm (first-person plural present)
þunn?dum (first-person past plural)
þunnēþ (plural present second-person)
þunn?dud (past plural second-person)
þunnēnþ (plural present third-person)
þunn?dun (past plural third-person)
þunn?dī (first-person past singular)
þunn?dī (past second-person singular)
þunnē (present singular third-person)
þunn?dī (past singular third-person)
þunn?dīm (first-person past plural)
þunn?dīd (past plural second-person)
þunnēn (plural present third-person)
þunn?dīn (past plural third-person)
þunnē (present singular)
þunnēþ (plural present)
þunnēndī (participle present)
þunn?d (participle past)

Old English: þynnian

Middle English: thinnen

English: thin

Old Saxon: *thunnon

Middle Low German: dunnen, dünnen

desctree

Old Dutch: *thunnon
Middle Dutch: dunnen, donnen
Dutch: dunnen

Old High German: dunnēn

Middle High German: dunnen, dünnen

German: dünnen


þunnijōn

þunnijōn (infinitive)
þunnijōnijas (genitive infinitive)
þunnijōnijē (dative infinitive)
þunnijōniju (infinitive instrumental)
þunnijō (first-person present singular)
þunnijōdā (first-person past singular)
þunnijōs (present second-person singular)
þunnijōdēs (past second-person singular)
þunnijōdōs (past second-person singular)
þunnijōþ (present singular third-person)
þunnijōdē (past singular third-person)
þunnijōdā (past singular third-person)
þunnijōm (first-person plural present)
þunnijōdum (first-person past plural)
þunnijōþ (plural present second-person)
þunnijōdud (past plural second-person)
þunnijōnþ (plural present third-person)
þunnijōdun (past plural third-person)
þunnijōdī (first-person past singular)
þunnijōdī (past second-person singular)
þunnijō (present singular third-person)
þunnijōdī (past singular third-person)
þunnijōdīm (first-person past plural)
þunnijōdīd (past plural second-person)
þunnijōn (plural present third-person)
þunnijōdīn (past plural third-person)
þunnijō (present singular)
þunnijōþ (plural present)
þunnijōndī (participle present)
þunnijōd (participle past)

Old English: þynnian

Middle English: thinnen

English: thin

Old Frisian: *thinnia

West Frisian: tinje

Old Saxon: *thunnōn (could be from *þunnijan instead)

Middle Low German: dünnen


drōbēn

drōbēn (infinitive)
drōbēnijas (genitive infinitive)
drōbēnijē (dative infinitive)
drōbēniju (infinitive instrumental)
drōbē (first-person present singular)
drōb?dā (first-person past singular)
drōbēs (present second-person singular)
drōb?dēs (past second-person singular)
drōbēþ (present singular third-person)
drōb?dē (past singular third-person)
drōb?dā (past singular third-person)
drōbēm (first-person plural present)
drōb?dum (first-person past plural)
drōbēþ (plural present second-person)
drōb?dud (past plural second-person)
drōbēnþ (plural present third-person)
drōb?dun (past plural third-person)
drōb?dī (first-person past singular)
drōb?dī (past second-person singular)
drōbē (present singular third-person)
drōb?dī (past singular third-person)
drōb?dīm (first-person past plural)
drōb?dīd (past plural second-person)
drōbēn (plural present third-person)
drōb?dīn (past plural third-person)
drōbē (present singular)
drōbēþ (plural present)
drōbēndī (participle present)
drōb?d (participle past)

Old English: *drōfian

Middle English: droven

Old Saxon: *drōvōn

Middle Low German: drōven

Old Dutch: *druovon

Middle Dutch: droeven

Dutch: droeven

Old High German: truobēn, truobōn

Middle High German: truoben


kraftīg

kraftīg (masculine nominative singular)
kraftīgu (feminine nominative singular)
kraftīg (neuter nominative singular)
kraftīganā (accusative masculine singular)
kraftīgā (accusative feminine singular)
kraftīg (accusative neuter singular)
kraftīgas (genitive masculine singular)
kraftīgeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kraftīgas (genitive neuter singular)
kraftīgumē (dative masculine singular)
kraftīgeʀē (dative feminine singular)
kraftīgumē (dative neuter singular)
kraftīgu (instrumental masculine singular)
kraftīgeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kraftīgu (instrumental neuter singular)
kraftīgē (masculine nominative plural)
kraftīgō (feminine nominative plural)
kraftīgu (neuter nominative plural)
kraftīgā (accusative masculine plural)
kraftīgā (accusative feminine plural)
kraftīgu (accusative neuter plural)
kraftīgeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kraftīgeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kraftīgeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kraftīgēm (dative masculine plural)
kraftīgum (dative masculine plural)
kraftīgēm (dative feminine plural)
kraftīgum (dative feminine plural)
kraftīgēm (dative neuter plural)
kraftīgum (dative neuter plural)
kraftīgēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kraftīgum (instrumental masculine plural)
kraftīgēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kraftīgum (feminine instrumental plural)
kraftīgēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kraftīgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: cræfteg, cræftiġ
Middle English: craftiȝ, crefti, crafti, crefty, crafty
English: crafty
Scots: crafty

Old Frisian: kreftich

Saterland Frisian: kräftich, krääftig

West Frisian: krêftich

Old Saxon: kraftag, kraftig

desc

Middle Low German: kraftich, kreftich, krachtich, krechtich

German Low German: krachtig, kräftig

Old Dutch: *kraftig, krahtig, kreftig, creftig

Middle Dutch: crachtig

Dutch: krachtig

Old High German: kreftīg, *kreftag

Middle High German: kreftic, kreftec

German: kräftig

From Proto-Germanic *kraftugaz, equivalent to *kraftu + *-g. Cognate with Old Norse krǫptugr.


dunkalēn

dunkalēn (infinitive)
dunkalēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dunkalēnijē (dative infinitive)
dunkalēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dunkalē (first-person present singular)
dunkal?dā (first-person past singular)
dunkalēs (present second-person singular)
dunkal?dēs (past second-person singular)
dunkalēþ (present singular third-person)
dunkal?dē (past singular third-person)
dunkal?dā (past singular third-person)
dunkalēm (first-person plural present)
dunkal?dum (first-person past plural)
dunkalēþ (plural present second-person)
dunkal?dud (past plural second-person)
dunkalēnþ (plural present third-person)
dunkal?dun (past plural third-person)
dunkal?dī (first-person past singular)
dunkal?dī (past second-person singular)
dunkalē (present singular third-person)
dunkal?dī (past singular third-person)
dunkal?dīm (first-person past plural)
dunkal?dīd (past plural second-person)
dunkalēn (plural present third-person)
dunkal?dīn (past plural third-person)
dunkalē (present singular)
dunkalēþ (plural present)
dunkalēndī (participle present)
dunkal?d (participle past)

desctree

Old Dutch: *duncalon
Middle Dutch: donkelen

Old High German: tunkalēn

Middle High German: tunkelen, dunkelen

German: dunkeln


strūbēn

strūbēn (infinitive)
strūbēnijas (genitive infinitive)
strūbēnijē (dative infinitive)
strūbēniju (infinitive instrumental)
strūbē (first-person present singular)
strūb?dā (first-person past singular)
strūbēs (present second-person singular)
strūb?dēs (past second-person singular)
strūbēþ (present singular third-person)
strūb?dē (past singular third-person)
strūb?dā (past singular third-person)
strūbēm (first-person plural present)
strūb?dum (first-person past plural)
strūbēþ (plural present second-person)
strūb?dud (past plural second-person)
strūbēnþ (plural present third-person)
strūb?dun (past plural third-person)
strūb?dī (first-person past singular)
strūb?dī (past second-person singular)
strūbē (present singular third-person)
strūb?dī (past singular third-person)
strūb?dīm (first-person past plural)
strūb?dīd (past plural second-person)
strūbēn (plural present third-person)
strūb?dīn (past plural third-person)
strūbē (present singular)
strūbēþ (plural present)
strūbēndī (participle present)
strūb?d (participle past)

Old Dutch: *strūvon

Middle Dutch: struven

⇒ Dutch: opstruiven

⇒ Dutch: struivelen

Old High German: strūbēn

Middle High German: strūben


bisōn

bisōn (infinitive)
bisōnijas (genitive infinitive)
bisōnijē (dative infinitive)
bisōniju (infinitive instrumental)
bisō (first-person present singular)
bisōdā (first-person past singular)
bisōs (present second-person singular)
bisōdēs (past second-person singular)
bisōdōs (past second-person singular)
bisōþ (present singular third-person)
bisōdē (past singular third-person)
bisōdā (past singular third-person)
bisōm (first-person plural present)
bisōdum (first-person past plural)
bisōþ (plural present second-person)
bisōdud (past plural second-person)
bisōnþ (plural present third-person)
bisōdun (past plural third-person)
bisōdī (first-person past singular)
bisōdī (past second-person singular)
bisō (present singular third-person)
bisōdī (past singular third-person)
bisōdīm (first-person past plural)
bisōdīd (past plural second-person)
bisōn (plural present third-person)
bisōdīn (past plural third-person)
bisō (present singular)
bisōþ (plural present)
bisōndī (participle present)
bisōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *bisōn

Middle Low German: bēsen

→? Old Swedish: bisa (could be inherited instead)

Swedish: besa

Old Dutch: *bison

Middle Dutch: bisen, bissen

desc

Dutch: bissen, biesen, biezen, bijsen, bijzen

Old High German: bisōn

Middle High German: bisen

German: biesen

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear, be afraid”).


wallōn

wallōn (infinitive)
wallōnijas (genitive infinitive)
wallōnijē (dative infinitive)
wallōniju (infinitive instrumental)
wallō (first-person present singular)
wallōdā (first-person past singular)
wallōs (present second-person singular)
wallōdēs (past second-person singular)
wallōdōs (past second-person singular)
wallōþ (present singular third-person)
wallōdē (past singular third-person)
wallōdā (past singular third-person)
wallōm (first-person plural present)
wallōdum (first-person past plural)
wallōþ (plural present second-person)
wallōdud (past plural second-person)
wallōnþ (plural present third-person)
wallōdun (past plural third-person)
wallōdī (first-person past singular)
wallōdī (past second-person singular)
wallō (present singular third-person)
wallōdī (past singular third-person)
wallōdīm (first-person past plural)
wallōdīd (past plural second-person)
wallōn (plural present third-person)
wallōdīn (past plural third-person)
wallō (present singular)
wallōþ (plural present)
wallōndī (participle present)
wallōd (participle past)

Old English: weallian

Old Saxon: *wallōn

Middle Low German: wallen, wālen

Old Dutch: *wallon

Middle Dutch: wallen, wālen

Dutch: wallen (obsolete)

Old High German: wallōn

Middle High German: wallen, walen

German: wallen


aþulijōn

aþulijōn (infinitive)
aþulijōnijas (genitive infinitive)
aþulijōnijē (dative infinitive)
aþulijōniju (infinitive instrumental)
aþulijō (first-person present singular)
aþulijōdā (first-person past singular)
aþulijōs (present second-person singular)
aþulijōdēs (past second-person singular)
aþulijōdōs (past second-person singular)
aþulijōþ (present singular third-person)
aþulijōdē (past singular third-person)
aþulijōdā (past singular third-person)
aþulijōm (first-person plural present)
aþulijōdum (first-person past plural)
aþulijōþ (plural present second-person)
aþulijōdud (past plural second-person)
aþulijōnþ (plural present third-person)
aþulijōdun (past plural third-person)
aþulijōdī (first-person past singular)
aþulijōdī (past second-person singular)
aþulijō (present singular third-person)
aþulijōdī (past singular third-person)
aþulijōdīm (first-person past plural)
aþulijōdīd (past plural second-person)
aþulijōn (plural present third-person)
aþulijōdīn (past plural third-person)
aþulijō (present singular)
aþulijōþ (plural present)
aþulijōndī (participle present)
aþulijōd (participle past)

Old English: æþelian

Old Saxon: *ethiliōn, *athalōn

Middle Low German: ēdelen, ādelen

Old Dutch: *ethelon, *athalon

Middle Dutch: ēdelen, *ādelen

Dutch: edelen, adelen

Limburgish: aedele

Old High German: *ediliōn, *adalōn

desc

Middle High German: edelen, edeln, adelen, adeln

German: adeln


skauwārī

skauwārī (nominative singular)
skauwārijō (nominative plural)
skauwārijōs (nominative plural)
skauwārī (accusative singular)
skauwārijā (accusative plural)
skauwārijas (genitive singular)
skauwārijō (genitive plural)
skauwārijē (dative singular)
skauwārijum (dative plural)
skauwāriju (instrumental singular)
skauwārijum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċēawere
Middle English: schewere, schawere, showre
English: shower

Old Frisian: skāwere

Saterland Frisian: Skauer

West Frisian: skôger

Old Saxon: *skauwāri, *skōwāri

desc

Middle Low German: schouwære, schouwer, schower

German Low German: Schauer

Old Dutch: *scouwāri, *scōwāri

Middle Dutch: scouwer, schouwer

Dutch: schouwer

Old High German: skouwāri, scouwāri

Middle High German: schouwære, schouwer

German: Schauer


dadō

dadō (nominative singular)
dadan (nominative plural)
dadan (accusative singular)
dadan (accusative plural)
dadini (genitive singular)
dadan (genitive singular)
dadanō (genitive plural)
dadini (dative singular)
dadan (dative singular)
dadum (dative plural)
dadini (instrumental singular)
dadan (instrumental singular)
dadum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dada

Middle English: *dade, *dadde

English: dad

Early Scots: dade

⇒ Scots: dady, daddy, daidie

Old High German: *tato

Middle High German: tate

German: Tate

Bavarian: tatte

Cimbrian: tatta


bisingwan

bisingwan (infinitive)
bisingwannjas (genitive infinitive)
bisingwannjē (dative infinitive)
bisingwannju (infinitive instrumental)
bisingu (first-person present singular)
bisangw (first-person past singular)
bisingwiʀi (present second-person singular)
bisungī (past second-person singular)
bisingwidi (present singular third-person)
bisangw (past singular third-person)
bisingum (first-person plural present)
bisungum (first-person past plural)
bisingwid (plural present second-person)
bisungud (past plural second-person)
bisingwand (plural present third-person)
bisungun (past plural third-person)
bisingwē (first-person present singular)
bisungī (first-person past singular)
bisingwēs (present second-person singular)
bisingwē (present singular third-person)
bisungī (past singular third-person)
bisingwēm (first-person plural present)
bisungīm (first-person past plural)
bisingwēþ (plural present second-person)
bisungīd (past plural second-person)
bisingwēn (plural present third-person)
bisungīn (past plural third-person)
bisingw (present singular)
bisingwid (plural present)
bisingwandī (participle present)
bisungan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: besingan
Middle English: besingen
English: besing

Old Frisian: bisinga, bisiunga

Saterland Frisian: besjunge

West Frisian: besjonge

Old Saxon: *bisingan

Middle Low German: besingen, bezingen

German Low German: besingen

→ Danish: besynge

→ Swedish: besjunga

→ Norwegian Bokmål: besynge

Old Dutch: *bisingan

Middle Dutch: besingen

Dutch: bezingen

Old High German: bisingan

Middle High German: besingen

German: besingen


kijō

kijō (nominative singular)
kijan (nominative plural)
kijan (accusative singular)
kijan (accusative plural)
kijini (genitive singular)
kijan (genitive singular)
kijanō (genitive plural)
kijini (dative singular)
kijan (dative singular)
kijum (dative plural)
kijini (instrumental singular)
kijan (instrumental singular)
kijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ċīa m, ċīe f

Old Saxon: kio

Old High German: kio

Unknown. Perhaps related to Proto-West Germanic *keuwā.


keuwā

keuwā (nominative singular)
keuwōn (nominative plural)
keuwōn (accusative singular)
keuwōn (accusative plural)
keuwōn (genitive singular)
keuwōnō (genitive plural)
keuwōn (dative singular)
keuwōm (dative plural)
keuwum (dative plural)
keuwōn (instrumental singular)
keuwōm (instrumental plural)
keuwum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ċēowe
>? Middle English: *chewe, *chowe, jowe (possibly; possibly influenced or merged with Old French joue)
English: chaw, jaw
Scots: jow
>? Scots: chow

Old Frisian: *kiāwe, *kiōwe, *kiūwe

desc

Saterland Frisian: Kiuwe, Keeuwe, Käuwe (“jaw, chin”) (alternatively from Low German)

West Frisian: kiuw (“gill; jaw, jawbone”) (alternatively from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *kiowa, *kiuwa

Middle Low German: kêwe, keiwe, kiwe

Old Dutch: *kiowa, *kiuwa, *kūwa

Middle Dutch: kieuwe, cauwe, cawe, cuwe, couwe

Dutch: kieuw, kuw, (obsolete) kauw

Old High German: kiuwa, kewa, kouwa

Middle High German: kiwe, kiuwe, kewe, kouwe

German: Keu, Käu (dialectal)


rāwēn

rāwēn (infinitive)
rāwēnijas (genitive infinitive)
rāwēnijē (dative infinitive)
rāwēniju (infinitive instrumental)
rāwē (first-person present singular)
rāw?dā (first-person past singular)
rāwēs (present second-person singular)
rāw?dēs (past second-person singular)
rāwēþ (present singular third-person)
rāw?dē (past singular third-person)
rāw?dā (past singular third-person)
rāwēm (first-person plural present)
rāw?dum (first-person past plural)
rāwēþ (plural present second-person)
rāw?dud (past plural second-person)
rāwēnþ (plural present third-person)
rāw?dun (past plural third-person)
rāw?dī (first-person past singular)
rāw?dī (past second-person singular)
rāwē (present singular third-person)
rāw?dī (past singular third-person)
rāw?dīm (first-person past plural)
rāw?dīd (past plural second-person)
rāwēn (plural present third-person)
rāw?dīn (past plural third-person)
rāwē (present singular)
rāwēþ (plural present)
rāwēndī (participle present)
rāw?d (participle past)

Old Saxon: *rāwōn

Middle Low German: rawen, rauwen, rouwen

Old Dutch: *rāwon

Middle Dutch: rauwen, rouwen

Old High German: rāwēn, rāwōn

Middle High German: rāwen, rouwen

From *rāwu (“rest, repose”) + *-ēn. Compare also *rōēn from *rōu (“rest”), which features a different ablaut grade.


rōēn

rōēn (infinitive)
rōēnijas (genitive infinitive)
rōēnijē (dative infinitive)
rōēniju (infinitive instrumental)
rōē (first-person present singular)
rō?dā (first-person past singular)
rōēs (present second-person singular)
rō?dēs (past second-person singular)
rōēþ (present singular third-person)
rō?dē (past singular third-person)
rō?dā (past singular third-person)
rōēm (first-person plural present)
rō?dum (first-person past plural)
rōēþ (plural present second-person)
rō?dud (past plural second-person)
rōēnþ (plural present third-person)
rō?dun (past plural third-person)
rō?dī (first-person past singular)
rō?dī (past second-person singular)
rōē (present singular third-person)
rō?dī (past singular third-person)
rō?dīm (first-person past plural)
rō?dīd (past plural second-person)
rōēn (plural present third-person)
rō?dīn (past plural third-person)
rōē (present singular)
rōēþ (plural present)
rōēndī (participle present)
rō?d (participle past)

Old Saxon: *rōwōn

Middle Low German: rouwen, rôwen, rūwen, rūgen, ruggen, rūen, rūn

desctree

Old Dutch: ruowon
Middle Dutch: rouwen, ruwen

Old High German: ruowēn

desc

Middle High German: ruowen, ruon, ruoen, ruogen, rouwen

German: ruhen

From *rōu (“rest, repose”) + *-ēn. Compare also *rāwēn from *rāwu (“rest”), which features a different ablaut grade.


gakauw

gakauw (nominative singular)
gakauwu (nominative plural)
gakauw (accusative singular)
gakauwu (accusative plural)
gakauwas (genitive singular)
gakauwō (genitive plural)
gakauwē (dative singular)
gakauwum (dative plural)
gakauwu (instrumental singular)
gakauwum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *ġeċēaw
Middle English: icheu
English: chew

Old Dutch: *gikouw

Middle Dutch: *gekouw, *gekauw

Dutch: gekauw

→ West Frisian: gekau

⇒? Old High German: gikouwarōn


drinkō

drinkō (nominative singular)
drinkan (nominative plural)
drinkan (accusative singular)
drinkan (accusative plural)
drinkini (genitive singular)
drinkan (genitive singular)
drinkanō (genitive plural)
drinkini (dative singular)
drinkan (dative singular)
drinkum (dative plural)
drinkini (instrumental singular)
drinkan (instrumental singular)
drinkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *drinca

⇒ Old English: ġedrinca

Old High German: *trinco, *trinko

⇒ Old High German: wīntrinco, wīntrinko


frateran

frateran (infinitive)
fraterannjas (genitive infinitive)
fraterannjē (dative infinitive)
fraterannju (infinitive instrumental)
frateru (first-person present singular)
fratar (first-person past singular)
fratiriʀi (present second-person singular)
fratārī (past second-person singular)
fratiridi (present singular third-person)
fratar (past singular third-person)
fraterum (first-person plural present)
fratārum (first-person past plural)
fratirid (plural present second-person)
fratārud (past plural second-person)
fraterand (plural present third-person)
fratārun (past plural third-person)
fraterē (first-person present singular)
fratārī (first-person past singular)
fraterēs (present second-person singular)
fraterē (present singular third-person)
fratārī (past singular third-person)
fraterēm (first-person plural present)
fratārīm (first-person past plural)
fraterēþ (plural present second-person)
fratārīd (past plural second-person)
fraterēn (plural present third-person)
fratārīn (past plural third-person)
fratir (present singular)
fratirid (plural present)
fraterandī (participle present)
fratoran (participle past)

Old English: *forteran

Middle English: forteren (possibly a new creation)

English: fortear

Old High German: firzeran
Middle High German: verzeren, verzern, vorzern, ferzeren, forzern
German: verzehren


frawrekan

frawrekan (infinitive)
frawrekannjas (genitive infinitive)
frawrekannjē (dative infinitive)
frawrekannju (infinitive instrumental)
frawreku (first-person present singular)
frawrak (first-person past singular)
frawrikiʀi (present second-person singular)
frawrākī (past second-person singular)
frawrikidi (present singular third-person)
frawrak (past singular third-person)
frawrekum (first-person plural present)
frawrākum (first-person past plural)
frawrikid (plural present second-person)
frawrākud (past plural second-person)
frawrekand (plural present third-person)
frawrākun (past plural third-person)
frawrekē (first-person present singular)
frawrākī (first-person past singular)
frawrekēs (present second-person singular)
frawrekē (present singular third-person)
frawrākī (past singular third-person)
frawrekēm (first-person plural present)
frawrākīm (first-person past plural)
frawrekēþ (plural present second-person)
frawrākīd (past plural second-person)
frawrekēn (plural present third-person)
frawrākīn (past plural third-person)
frawrik (present singular)
frawrikid (plural present)
frawrekandī (participle present)
frawrekan (participle past)

Old English: forwrecan

Old Saxon: *farwrekan

Middle Low German: vörwrēken, vorwrēken

Old Dutch: *farwrekan

Middle Dutch: verwrēken

Dutch: verwreken

Old High German: *firrehhan

Middle High German: verrechen

From Proto-Germanic *frawrekaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *wrekan.


frawrōgijan

frawrōgijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
frawrōgijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
frawrōgijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
frawrōgijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
frawrōgiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
frawrōgidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
frawrōgisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
frawrōgidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
frawrōgidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
frawrōgiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
frawrōgidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frawrōgidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frawrōgijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
frawrōgidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
frawrōgiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
frawrōgidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
frawrōgijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
frawrōgidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
frawrōgijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
frawrōgidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
frawrōgijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
frawrōgidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
frawrōgijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
frawrōgidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frawrōgijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
frawrōgidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
frawrōgijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
frawrōgidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
frawrōgijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
frawrōgidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
frawrōgi (class-1 present singular weak)
frawrōgiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
frawrōgijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
frawrōgid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: forwrēgan

Middle English: forwreyen

Old Saxon: *farwrōgian

Middle Low German: vörwrȫgen, vorwrȫgen

Old High German: firruogen

Middle High German: verrüegen

From Proto-Germanic *frawrōgijaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *wrōgijan.


frawerpan

frawerpan (infinitive)
frawerpannjas (genitive infinitive)
frawerpannjē (dative infinitive)
frawerpannju (infinitive instrumental)
frawerpu (first-person present singular)
frawarp (first-person past singular)
frawirpiʀi (present second-person singular)
frawurpī (past second-person singular)
frawirpidi (present singular third-person)
frawarp (past singular third-person)
frawerpum (first-person plural present)
frawurpum (first-person past plural)
frawirpid (plural present second-person)
frawurpud (past plural second-person)
frawerpand (plural present third-person)
frawurpun (past plural third-person)
frawerpē (first-person present singular)
frawurpī (first-person past singular)
frawerpēs (present second-person singular)
frawerpē (present singular third-person)
frawurpī (past singular third-person)
frawerpēm (first-person plural present)
frawurpīm (first-person past plural)
frawerpēþ (plural present second-person)
frawurpīd (past plural second-person)
frawerpēn (plural present third-person)
frawurpīn (past plural third-person)
frawirp (present singular)
frawirpid (plural present)
frawerpandī (participle present)
fraworpan (participle past)

Old English: forweorpan
Middle English: forwerpen
English: forwerp

Old Saxon: farwerpan

Middle Low German: vörwerpen, vorwerpen

Old Dutch: farwerpan
Middle Dutch: verwerpen
Dutch: verwerpen

Old High German: firwerfan

Middle High German: verwerfen

German: verwerfen

From Proto-Germanic *frawerpaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *werpan.


fratredan

fratredan (infinitive)
fratredannjas (genitive infinitive)
fratredannjē (dative infinitive)
fratredannju (infinitive instrumental)
fratredu (first-person present singular)
fratrad (first-person past singular)
fratridiʀi (present second-person singular)
fratrādī (past second-person singular)
fratrididi (present singular third-person)
fratrad (past singular third-person)
fratredum (first-person plural present)
fratrādum (first-person past plural)
fratridid (plural present second-person)
fratrādud (past plural second-person)
fratredand (plural present third-person)
fratrādun (past plural third-person)
fratredē (first-person present singular)
fratrādī (first-person past singular)
fratredēs (present second-person singular)
fratredē (present singular third-person)
fratrādī (past singular third-person)
fratredēm (first-person plural present)
fratrādīm (first-person past plural)
fratredēþ (plural present second-person)
fratrādīd (past plural second-person)
fratredēn (plural present third-person)
fratrādīn (past plural third-person)
fratrid (present singular)
fratridid (plural present)
fratredandī (participle present)
fratredan (participle past)

Old English: fortredan
Middle English: fortreden
English: fortread

Old Frisian: *fortreda

West Frisian: fertrêdzje

Old Saxon: *fartredan

Middle Low German: vörtreden, vortreden

Old Dutch: *fartredan

Middle Dutch: vertreden

Dutch: vertreden

Old High German: firtretan

Middle High German: vertreten

German: vertreten

From Proto-Germanic *fratrudaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *tredan.


swōtinassī

swōtinassī (nominative singular)
swōtinassīn (accusative singular)
swōtinassīn (genitive singular)
swōtinassīn (dative singular)
swōtinassīn (instrumental singular)
swōtinassī (nominative singular)
swōtinassiju (nominative plural)
swōtinassī (accusative singular)
swōtinassiju (accusative plural)
swōtinassijas (genitive singular)
swōtinassijō (genitive plural)
swōtinassijē (dative singular)
swōtinassijum (dative plural)
swōtinassiju (instrumental singular)
swōtinassijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: swētnes, swētnys, suoetnis, suœ̄tnis
Middle English: swetnesse, swetnes
English: sweetness
Scots: swetenes, swetnes, sweitnes, sweitness

gl

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*swōtunassī</i>

Old English: swōtnes (< *swōtunassī)

Middle English: swotnesse, sotenesse

Old Frisian: *swētenis

West Frisian: swietens

Old Saxon: *swōtinessi, *swōtinussi

desc

Middle Low German: sö̂tenisse, sö̂tnisse, suͤtnisse, suͤtenisse, suotnisse, suotenisse

Old Dutch: *suotinessi

Middle Dutch: soetenesse, soetenisse, zoetenisse

Dutch: zoetenis

Old High German: swuoznassī, swuoznassi, swuoznissi, suoznassī, suoznessī, suoznassi, suoznessi, suoznissi


hreub

hreub (masculine nominative singular)
hreubu (feminine nominative singular)
hreub (neuter nominative singular)
hreubanā (accusative masculine singular)
hreubā (accusative feminine singular)
hreub (accusative neuter singular)
hreubas (genitive masculine singular)
hreubeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hreubas (genitive neuter singular)
hreubumē (dative masculine singular)
hreubeʀē (dative feminine singular)
hreubumē (dative neuter singular)
hreubu (instrumental masculine singular)
hreubeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hreubu (instrumental neuter singular)
hreubē (masculine nominative plural)
hreubō (feminine nominative plural)
hreubu (neuter nominative plural)
hreubā (accusative masculine plural)
hreubā (accusative feminine plural)
hreubu (accusative neuter plural)
hreubeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hreubeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hreubeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hreubēm (dative masculine plural)
hreubum (dative masculine plural)
hreubēm (dative feminine plural)
hreubum (dative feminine plural)
hreubēm (dative neuter plural)
hreubum (dative neuter plural)
hreubēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hreubum (instrumental masculine plural)
hreubēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hreubum (feminine instrumental plural)
hreubēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hreubum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hrēof

Middle English: ref

English: reef

Scots: reif

Old High German: hriob, riob


sūrijō

sūrijō (nominative singular)
sūrijan (nominative plural)
sūrijan (accusative singular)
sūrijan (accusative plural)
sūrijini (genitive singular)
sūrijan (genitive singular)
sūrijanō (genitive plural)
sūrijini (dative singular)
sūrijan (dative singular)
sūrijum (dative plural)
sūrijini (instrumental singular)
sūrijan (instrumental singular)
sūrijum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: sūrio

Middle Low German: sûre

Old High German: sūrio, sūrro


gadrib

gadrib (nominative singular)
gadribu (nominative plural)
gadrib (accusative singular)
gadribu (accusative plural)
gadribas (genitive singular)
gadribō (genitive plural)
gadribē (dative singular)
gadribum (dative plural)
gadribu (instrumental singular)
gadribum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġedrif

Old High German: *gitrib

Middle High German: getrip

⇒ Old High German: anagitrib m

From *ga- + *drib, the latter from Proto-Germanic *dribą.


taigōn

taigōn (infinitive)
taigōnijas (genitive infinitive)
taigōnijē (dative infinitive)
taigōniju (infinitive instrumental)
taigō (first-person present singular)
taigōdā (first-person past singular)
taigōs (present second-person singular)
taigōdēs (past second-person singular)
taigōdōs (past second-person singular)
taigōþ (present singular third-person)
taigōdē (past singular third-person)
taigōdā (past singular third-person)
taigōm (first-person plural present)
taigōdum (first-person past plural)
taigōþ (plural present second-person)
taigōdud (past plural second-person)
taigōnþ (plural present third-person)
taigōdun (past plural third-person)
taigōdī (first-person past singular)
taigōdī (past second-person singular)
taigō (present singular third-person)
taigōdī (past singular third-person)
taigōdīm (first-person past plural)
taigōdīd (past plural second-person)
taigōn (plural present third-person)
taigōdīn (past plural third-person)
taigō (present singular)
taigōþ (plural present)
taigōndī (participle present)
taigōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: tāia

⇒ Old Frisian: intāia

Old High German: zeigōn, zeigēn

Middle High German: zeigen

German: zeigen

Alemannic German: zeixxu

Possibly from *taigā (“determination, designation”) + *-ōn. Kroonen suggests an iterative origin; if so it's inherited from Proto-Germanic *taikōną ~ *taigōną.


frō(ī)

frō (canonical)
ī (romanization)
frō (masculine nominative singular)
frō (feminine nominative singular)
frō (neuter nominative singular)
frōanā (accusative masculine singular)
frōā (accusative feminine singular)
frō (accusative neuter singular)
frōas (genitive masculine singular)
frōeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
frōas (genitive neuter singular)
frōmē (dative masculine singular)
frōeʀē (dative feminine singular)
frōmē (dative neuter singular)
frō (instrumental masculine singular)
frōeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
frō (instrumental neuter singular)
frōē (masculine nominative plural)
frōō (feminine nominative plural)
frō (neuter nominative plural)
frōā (accusative masculine plural)
frōā (accusative feminine plural)
frō (accusative neuter plural)
frōeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
frōeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
frōeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
frōēm (dative masculine plural)
frōm (dative masculine plural)
frōēm (dative feminine plural)
frōm (dative feminine plural)
frōēm (dative neuter plural)
frōm (dative neuter plural)
frōēm (instrumental masculine plural)
frōm (instrumental masculine plural)
frōēm (feminine instrumental plural)
frōm (feminine instrumental plural)
frōēm (instrumental neuter plural)
frōm (instrumental neuter plural)
frōī (masculine nominative singular)
frōiju (feminine nominative singular)
frōī (neuter nominative singular)
frōijanā (accusative masculine singular)
frōijā (accusative feminine singular)
frōī (accusative neuter singular)
frōijas (genitive masculine singular)
frōijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
frōijas (genitive neuter singular)
frōijumē (dative masculine singular)
frōijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
frōijumē (dative neuter singular)
frōiju (instrumental masculine singular)
frōijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
frōiju (instrumental neuter singular)
frōijē (masculine nominative plural)
frōijō (feminine nominative plural)
frōiju (neuter nominative plural)
frōijā (accusative masculine plural)
frōijā (accusative feminine plural)
frōiju (accusative neuter plural)
frōijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
frōijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
frōijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
frōijēm (dative masculine plural)
frōijum (dative masculine plural)
frōijēm (dative feminine plural)
frōijum (dative feminine plural)
frōijēm (dative neuter plural)
frōijum (dative neuter plural)
frōijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
frōijum (instrumental masculine plural)
frōijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
frōijum (feminine instrumental plural)
frōijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
frōijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: *frōw, *frōwi

⇒ Saterland Frisian: fröier

Old Saxon: *frōw, *frōwi

Middle Low German: vrô

German Low German: froi

Old Dutch: *fruoi

Middle Dutch: vroe
Dutch: vroeg

desctree

Old High German: fruoi
Middle High German: vrüe, vruoge, vruoje, vrüeje, vruo, fruo
Bavarian: fria
Central Franconian: freh, frieh, fröh, frööch
Hunsrik: frih
Luxembourgish: fréi
German: früh
Rhine Franconian: frieh


psalterī

psaltirī (nominative singular)
psaltirijō (nominative plural)
psaltirijōs (nominative plural)
psaltirī (accusative singular)
psaltirijā (accusative plural)
psaltirijas (genitive singular)
psaltirijō (genitive plural)
psaltirijē (dative singular)
psaltirijum (dative plural)
psaltiriju (instrumental singular)
psaltirijum (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: psalter, salter, saltere, sealtere

Middle English: psalter, salter, sæalter, saltere (partially from Old French saltier)

English: psalter

Old Saxon: *psaltari, *saltari

Middle Low German: salter, solter

→ Old Norse: saltari

Swedish: psaltare (see there for further descendants)

Old Danish: saltæræ

Danish: salter

Old Dutch: psaltere, psaltare

Middle Dutch: selter, psalter, pselter

Old High German: psalteri, psaltāri, psaltari, saltāri, saltari, salteri

Middle High German: saltære, salter, saltāre, selter

German: Psalter

→ German Low German: Psalter

→ Polish: psałterz

Borrowed from Latin psalterium (“lute, psaltery”).


marigreutō

marigreutō (nominative singular)
marigreutan (nominative plural)
marigreutan (accusative singular)
marigreutan (accusative plural)
marigriutini (genitive singular)
marigreutan (genitive singular)
marigreutanō (genitive plural)
marigriutini (dative singular)
marigreutan (dative singular)
marigreutum (dative plural)
marigriutini (instrumental singular)
marigreutan (instrumental singular)
marigreutum (instrumental plural)

Old English: meregrēot, meregrot n, meregrota f

Old Saxon: merigriota, merigrīta f

Middle Low German: margarīte, margarite

Old Dutch: *merigrioto

Middle Dutch: margriete, mergriete, magriete, maergriete, margrite

Old High German: merigriozo, merigrioz m, *merigrioza f

Middle High German: margarieze, margarīte f, margarit m

Borrowed from Late Latin margarita, modified by folk-etymological from *mari (“sea”) + *greutō (“sand, dust”). Parallel borrowing with Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 (marikreitus, “pearl”).


predigōn

predigōn (infinitive)
predigōnijas (genitive infinitive)
predigōnijē (dative infinitive)
predigōniju (infinitive instrumental)
predigō (first-person present singular)
predigōdā (first-person past singular)
predigōs (present second-person singular)
predigōdēs (past second-person singular)
predigōdōs (past second-person singular)
predigōþ (present singular third-person)
predigōdē (past singular third-person)
predigōdā (past singular third-person)
predigōm (first-person plural present)
predigōdum (first-person past plural)
predigōþ (plural present second-person)
predigōdud (past plural second-person)
predigōnþ (plural present third-person)
predigōdun (past plural third-person)
predigōdī (first-person past singular)
predigōdī (past second-person singular)
predigō (present singular third-person)
predigōdī (past singular third-person)
predigōdīm (first-person past plural)
predigōdīd (past plural second-person)
predigōn (plural present third-person)
predigōdīn (past plural third-person)
predigō (present singular)
predigōþ (plural present)
predigōndī (participle present)
predigōd (participle past)

Old English: predician

Old Frisian: predikia

Saterland Frisian: preetje

West Frisian: preekje

Old Saxon: *predigōn

desc

Middle Low German: prēdigen, prēdiken, prēdeken, prēddeken, prēdegen, preddiken, preddeken, preddegen, preddigen, predeken, prēken

German Low German: preken

→ Old Norse: prēdika

Danish: prædike

Icelandic: prédika

Norwegian Nynorsk: preika

Swedish: predika

desctree

Old Dutch: predicon
Middle Dutch: prēdiken
Dutch: prediken, preken
Afrikaans: predik, preek
Limburgish: praedike, praeke

Old High German: predigōn

desc

Middle High German: predigen, predien, predingen, prēgen, pridigen

German: predigen

Luxembourgish: priedegen

Borrowed from Latin praedicō (“to proclaim, preach”).


swaimōn

swaimōn (infinitive)
swaimōnijas (genitive infinitive)
swaimōnijē (dative infinitive)
swaimōniju (infinitive instrumental)
swaimō (first-person present singular)
swaimōdā (first-person past singular)
swaimōs (present second-person singular)
swaimōdēs (past second-person singular)
swaimōdōs (past second-person singular)
swaimōþ (present singular third-person)
swaimōdē (past singular third-person)
swaimōdā (past singular third-person)
swaimōm (first-person plural present)
swaimōdum (first-person past plural)
swaimōþ (plural present second-person)
swaimōdud (past plural second-person)
swaimōnþ (plural present third-person)
swaimōdun (past plural third-person)
swaimōdī (first-person past singular)
swaimōdī (past second-person singular)
swaimō (present singular third-person)
swaimōdī (past singular third-person)
swaimōdīm (first-person past plural)
swaimōdīd (past plural second-person)
swaimōn (plural present third-person)
swaimōdīn (past plural third-person)
swaimō (present singular)
swaimōþ (plural present)
swaimōndī (participle present)
swaimōd (participle past)

>? Old English: swāmian (to get dark)

Old Saxon: *swēmōn

Middle Low German: swêmen, sweimen

Old Dutch: *sweimon, *swēmon

Middle Dutch: sweimen, *swêmen

Dutch: zwemen

Old High German: *sweimōn

Middle High German: sweimen

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *swaimōną.


hlāwēn

hlāwēn (infinitive)
hlāwēnijas (genitive infinitive)
hlāwēnijē (dative infinitive)
hlāwēniju (infinitive instrumental)
hlāwē (first-person present singular)
hlāw?dā (first-person past singular)
hlāwēs (present second-person singular)
hlāw?dēs (past second-person singular)
hlāwēþ (present singular third-person)
hlāw?dē (past singular third-person)
hlāw?dā (past singular third-person)
hlāwēm (first-person plural present)
hlāw?dum (first-person past plural)
hlāwēþ (plural present second-person)
hlāw?dud (past plural second-person)
hlāwēnþ (plural present third-person)
hlāw?dun (past plural third-person)
hlāw?dī (first-person past singular)
hlāw?dī (past second-person singular)
hlāwē (present singular third-person)
hlāw?dī (past singular third-person)
hlāw?dīm (first-person past plural)
hlāw?dīd (past plural second-person)
hlāwēn (plural present third-person)
hlāw?dīn (past plural third-person)
hlāwē (present singular)
hlāwēþ (plural present)
hlāwēndī (participle present)
hlāw?d (participle past)

q

Old English: hlēowan (merged with a class 1 weak verb *hlāwijan)

Middle English: lewen, leuen

Old Saxon: *hlāwōn

Middle Low German: lauwen

desctree

Old Dutch: *lāwon
Middle Dutch: lauwen, laeuwen, lawen
Dutch: lauwen

Old High German: lāwēn

Middle High German: lāwen


leuhtalaus

Old English: lēohtlēas
Middle English: lightles
English: lightless

Old Frisian: *liāchtlās

West Frisian: ljochtleas

Old Dutch: *liohtalōs, *liehtelōs

Middle Dutch: *lichteloos

Dutch: lichtloos

Old High German: *liohtalōs

Middle High German: liehtelōs, liehtlōs

German: lichtlos


kakulōn

kakulōn (infinitive)
kakulōnijas (genitive infinitive)
kakulōnijē (dative infinitive)
kakulōniju (infinitive instrumental)
kakulō (first-person present singular)
kakulōdā (first-person past singular)
kakulōs (present second-person singular)
kakulōdēs (past second-person singular)
kakulōdōs (past second-person singular)
kakulōþ (present singular third-person)
kakulōdē (past singular third-person)
kakulōdā (past singular third-person)
kakulōm (first-person plural present)
kakulōdum (first-person past plural)
kakulōþ (plural present second-person)
kakulōdud (past plural second-person)
kakulōnþ (plural present third-person)
kakulōdun (past plural third-person)
kakulōdī (first-person past singular)
kakulōdī (past second-person singular)
kakulō (present singular third-person)
kakulōdī (past singular third-person)
kakulōdīm (first-person past plural)
kakulōdīd (past plural second-person)
kakulōn (plural present third-person)
kakulōdīn (past plural third-person)
kakulō (present singular)
kakulōþ (plural present)
kakulōndī (participle present)
kakulōd (participle past)

Old English: *caclian, *cæclian

desc

Middle English: cakelen, caclen, *kekelen

English: cackle, keckle

Early Scots: kekil, kekkill

Scots: caickle, keckle

Old Frisian: *kakelia, *kākelia

Saterland Frisian: koakelje

West Frisian: keakelje

Old Saxon: *kakulōn

Middle Low German: kakelen, kākelen, kāklen

German Low German: kakeln

→? German: gackeln

→ Danish: kagle

→ Swedish: kackla

→ Norwegian: kakle

Old Dutch: *kakulon, *kekilon

Middle Dutch: cakelen, kekelen

Dutch: kakelen, kekelen

Afrikaans: kekkel

Perhaps imitative, or from *kakōn (“to scold, rebuke, shame, deride”) + *-ulōn.


aliraʀd

aliraʀd (masculine nominative singular)
aliraʀdu (feminine nominative singular)
aliraʀd (neuter nominative singular)
aliraʀdanā (accusative masculine singular)
aliraʀdā (accusative feminine singular)
aliraʀd (accusative neuter singular)
aliraʀdas (genitive masculine singular)
aliraʀdeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
aliraʀdas (genitive neuter singular)
aliraʀdumē (dative masculine singular)
aliraʀdeʀē (dative feminine singular)
aliraʀdumē (dative neuter singular)
aliraʀdu (instrumental masculine singular)
aliraʀdeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
aliraʀdu (instrumental neuter singular)
aliraʀdē (masculine nominative plural)
aliraʀdō (feminine nominative plural)
aliraʀdu (neuter nominative plural)
aliraʀdā (accusative masculine plural)
aliraʀdā (accusative feminine plural)
aliraʀdu (accusative neuter plural)
aliraʀdeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
aliraʀdeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
aliraʀdeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
aliraʀdēm (dative masculine plural)
aliraʀdum (dative masculine plural)
aliraʀdēm (dative feminine plural)
aliraʀdum (dative feminine plural)
aliraʀdēm (dative neuter plural)
aliraʀdum (dative neuter plural)
aliraʀdēm (instrumental masculine plural)
aliraʀdum (instrumental masculine plural)
aliraʀdēm (feminine instrumental plural)
aliraʀdum (feminine instrumental plural)
aliraʀdēm (instrumental neuter plural)
aliraʀdum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: elreord

Old High German: elirart

speaking a different or foreign language


rām

rām (nominative singular)
rāmō (nominative plural)
rāmōs (nominative plural)
rām (accusative singular)
rāmā (accusative plural)
rāmas (genitive singular)
rāmō (genitive plural)
rāmē (dative singular)
rāmum (dative plural)
rāmu (instrumental singular)
rāmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *rōm

Middle Low German: râm, räm, râme

Old Dutch: *rām

Middle Dutch: raem

Dutch: raam

Old High German: rām

Middle High German: rām

From Proto-Germanic *rēmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁-mó-s, from *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to arrange”) + *-mós.


lustīgōn

lustīgōn (infinitive)
lustīgōnijas (genitive infinitive)
lustīgōnijē (dative infinitive)
lustīgōniju (infinitive instrumental)
lustīgō (first-person present singular)
lustīgōdā (first-person past singular)
lustīgōs (present second-person singular)
lustīgōdēs (past second-person singular)
lustīgōdōs (past second-person singular)
lustīgōþ (present singular third-person)
lustīgōdē (past singular third-person)
lustīgōdā (past singular third-person)
lustīgōm (first-person plural present)
lustīgōdum (first-person past plural)
lustīgōþ (plural present second-person)
lustīgōdud (past plural second-person)
lustīgōnþ (plural present third-person)
lustīgōdun (past plural third-person)
lustīgōdī (first-person past singular)
lustīgōdī (past second-person singular)
lustīgō (present singular third-person)
lustīgōdī (past singular third-person)
lustīgōdīm (first-person past plural)
lustīgōdīd (past plural second-person)
lustīgōn (plural present third-person)
lustīgōdīn (past plural third-person)
lustīgō (present singular)
lustīgōþ (plural present)
lustīgōndī (participle present)
lustīgōd (participle past)

Old Saxon: *lustigōn

Middle Low German: lüstigen

Old Dutch: *lustigon

Middle Dutch: lustigen

⇒ Middle Dutch: verlustigen

Dutch: verlustigen

Old High German: *lustigōn

Middle High German: lustigen

⇒ Old High German: gilustigōn


swakōn

swakōn (infinitive)
swakōnijas (genitive infinitive)
swakōnijē (dative infinitive)
swakōniju (infinitive instrumental)
swakō (first-person present singular)
swakōdā (first-person past singular)
swakōs (present second-person singular)
swakōdēs (past second-person singular)
swakōdōs (past second-person singular)
swakōþ (present singular third-person)
swakōdē (past singular third-person)
swakōdā (past singular third-person)
swakōm (first-person plural present)
swakōdum (first-person past plural)
swakōþ (plural present second-person)
swakōdud (past plural second-person)
swakōnþ (plural present third-person)
swakōdun (past plural third-person)
swakōdī (first-person past singular)
swakōdī (past second-person singular)
swakō (present singular third-person)
swakōdī (past singular third-person)
swakōdīm (first-person past plural)
swakōdīd (past plural second-person)
swakōn (plural present third-person)
swakōdīn (past plural third-person)
swakō (present singular)
swakōþ (plural present)
swakōndī (participle present)
swakōd (participle past)

Old Frisian: *swakia

West Frisian: swakje

Old Saxon: *swakōn

Middle Low German: swāken, swacken

Old Dutch: *swakon

Middle Dutch: swāken, swacken

Dutch: zwakken, zwaken

Old High German: swahhōn

Middle High German: swachen


rammijan

rammijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
rammijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
rammijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
rammijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
rammiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rammidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rammisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rammidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rammidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rammiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rammidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rammidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rammijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rammidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rammiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rammidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rammijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rammidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rammijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rammidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rammijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rammidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rammijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rammidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rammijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rammidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rammijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rammidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rammijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rammidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rammi (class-1 present singular weak)
rammiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
rammijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
rammid (class-1 participle past weak)

⇒? Old English: remian

⇒? Old Frisian: remia

⇒? Old English: remian

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *ramīōn, *ramijōn


rakud

rakud (nominative singular)
rakudō (nominative plural)
rakudōs (nominative plural)
rakud (accusative singular)
rakudā (accusative plural)
rakudas (genitive singular)
rakudō (genitive plural)
rakudē (dative singular)
rakudum (dative plural)
rakudu (instrumental singular)
rakudum (instrumental plural)

gl

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*rakid</i>

Old English: ræċed, reċed, reċyd (< *rakid)

Old Saxon: rakud, rakod

Old High German: rahhat, rachat


framī

framī (nominative singular)
framīn (accusative singular)
framīn (genitive singular)
framīn (dative singular)
framīn (instrumental singular)

desctree

Old English: fremu
Middle English: freme

Old Frisian: fremo, freme


managafaldōn

managafaldōn (infinitive)
managafaldōnijas (genitive infinitive)
managafaldōnijē (dative infinitive)
managafaldōniju (infinitive instrumental)
managafaldō (first-person present singular)
managafaldōdā (first-person past singular)
managafaldōs (present second-person singular)
managafaldōdēs (past second-person singular)
managafaldōdōs (past second-person singular)
managafaldōþ (present singular third-person)
managafaldōdē (past singular third-person)
managafaldōdā (past singular third-person)
managafaldōm (first-person plural present)
managafaldōdum (first-person past plural)
managafaldōþ (plural present second-person)
managafaldōdud (past plural second-person)
managafaldōnþ (plural present third-person)
managafaldōdun (past plural third-person)
managafaldōdī (first-person past singular)
managafaldōdī (past second-person singular)
managafaldō (present singular third-person)
managafaldōdī (past singular third-person)
managafaldōdīm (first-person past plural)
managafaldōdīd (past plural second-person)
managafaldōn (plural present third-person)
managafaldōdīn (past plural third-person)
managafaldō (present singular)
managafaldōþ (plural present)
managafaldōndī (participle present)
managafaldōd (participle past)

Old English: manigfealdian

Middle English: manifolden

English: manifold

Old Frisian: monichfaldia, manichfaldia

Old Saxon: managfaldōn

Middle Low German: mannichvōlden

Old Dutch: manigfaldon

Middle Dutch: menichvouden

Old High German: managfaltōn

desc

Middle High German: manicvalten, manecvalten, manicfalten


hundīn

hundīn (masculine nominative singular)
hundīnu (feminine nominative singular)
hundīn (neuter nominative singular)
hundīnanā (accusative masculine singular)
hundīnā (accusative feminine singular)
hundīn (accusative neuter singular)
hundīnas (genitive masculine singular)
hundīneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hundīnas (genitive neuter singular)
hundīnumē (dative masculine singular)
hundīneʀē (dative feminine singular)
hundīnumē (dative neuter singular)
hundīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
hundīneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hundīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
hundīnē (masculine nominative plural)
hundīnō (feminine nominative plural)
hundīnu (neuter nominative plural)
hundīnā (accusative masculine plural)
hundīnā (accusative feminine plural)
hundīnu (accusative neuter plural)
hundīneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hundīneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hundīneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hundīnēm (dative masculine plural)
hundīnum (dative masculine plural)
hundīnēm (dative feminine plural)
hundīnum (dative feminine plural)
hundīnēm (dative neuter plural)
hundīnum (dative neuter plural)
hundīnēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hundīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
hundīnēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hundīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
hundīnēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hundīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hunden

Middle English: hounden

Old Saxon: *hundīn

Middle Low German: hünden

Old Dutch: *hundīn

Middle Dutch: hondijn

⇒ Dutch: honden-

Old High German: huntīn

Middle High German: hundīn, hündīn

From Proto-Germanic *hundīnaz, equivalent to *hund + *-īn.


gagōdōn

gagōdōn (infinitive)
gagōdōnijas (genitive infinitive)
gagōdōnijē (dative infinitive)
gagōdōniju (infinitive instrumental)
gagōdō (first-person present singular)
gagōdōdā (first-person past singular)
gagōdōs (present second-person singular)
gagōdōdēs (past second-person singular)
gagōdōdōs (past second-person singular)
gagōdōþ (present singular third-person)
gagōdōdē (past singular third-person)
gagōdōdā (past singular third-person)
gagōdōm (first-person plural present)
gagōdōdum (first-person past plural)
gagōdōþ (plural present second-person)
gagōdōdud (past plural second-person)
gagōdōnþ (plural present third-person)
gagōdōdun (past plural third-person)
gagōdōdī (first-person past singular)
gagōdōdī (past second-person singular)
gagōdō (present singular third-person)
gagōdōdī (past singular third-person)
gagōdōdīm (first-person past plural)
gagōdōdīd (past plural second-person)
gagōdōn (plural present third-person)
gagōdōdīn (past plural third-person)
gagōdō (present singular)
gagōdōþ (plural present)
gagōdōndī (participle present)
gagōdōd (participle past)

Old English: ġegōdian

Middle English: ȝegoden, igoden

Old Saxon: *gigōdōn

Middle Low German: *gegö̂den, *gegüden

gl

⇒? Middle Low German: gegö̂det, gegüdet (also possibly the past participle of Middle Low German gö̂den, güden)

Old Dutch: *giguodon

Middle Dutch: gegoeden

Old High German: *giguotōn

Middle High German: geguoten

to do good, be beneficial; bestow goods on


brastl

brastl (nominative singular)
brastlō (nominative plural)
brastlōs (nominative plural)
brastl (accusative singular)
brastlā (accusative plural)
brastlas (genitive singular)
brastlō (genitive plural)
brastlē (dative singular)
brastlum (dative plural)
brastlu (instrumental singular)
brastlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brastl

Old High German: *brastal

Middle High German: brastel


gabrastl

gabrastl (nominative singular)
gabrastlu (nominative plural)
gabrastl (accusative singular)
gabrastlu (accusative plural)
gabrastlas (genitive singular)
gabrastlō (genitive plural)
gabrastlē (dative singular)
gabrastlum (dative plural)
gabrastlu (instrumental singular)
gabrastlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġebrastl

Old High German: *gibrastal

desc

Middle High German: *gebrastel, gebraste, *geprastel

German: Geprassel


brastulōn

brastulōn (infinitive)
brastulōnijas (genitive infinitive)
brastulōnijē (dative infinitive)
brastulōniju (infinitive instrumental)
brastulō (first-person present singular)
brastulōdā (first-person past singular)
brastulōs (present second-person singular)
brastulōdēs (past second-person singular)
brastulōdōs (past second-person singular)
brastulōþ (present singular third-person)
brastulōdē (past singular third-person)
brastulōdā (past singular third-person)
brastulōm (first-person plural present)
brastulōdum (first-person past plural)
brastulōþ (plural present second-person)
brastulōdud (past plural second-person)
brastulōnþ (plural present third-person)
brastulōdun (past plural third-person)
brastulōdī (first-person past singular)
brastulōdī (past second-person singular)
brastulō (present singular third-person)
brastulōdī (past singular third-person)
brastulōdīm (first-person past plural)
brastulōdīd (past plural second-person)
brastulōn (plural present third-person)
brastulōdīn (past plural third-person)
brastulō (present singular)
brastulōþ (plural present)
brastulōndī (participle present)
brastulōd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: brastlian
Middle English: brastlien

Old High German: *brastlōn, *brastalōn

desc

Middle High German: brastelen, brasteln, brasseln, brazzellen, brazzeln, brüschelen, brüscheln, prasteln

German: brasteln, bratzeln, prasseln

→ Middle Low German: prasselen


gupā

gopā (nominative singular)
gopōn (nominative plural)
gopōn (accusative singular)
gopōn (accusative plural)
gopōn (genitive singular)
gopōnō (genitive plural)
gopōn (dative singular)
gopōm (dative plural)
gupum (dative plural)
gopōn (instrumental singular)
gopōm (instrumental plural)
gupum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gupe

Old Saxon: *gopa

Middle Low German: gōpe

Old Dutch: *gopa

Middle Dutch: gope

Old High German: goffa, *guffa

Old High German: goffe, guffe

German: Goffe

Bavarian: Goffe


strīpō

strīpō (nominative singular)
strīpan (nominative plural)
strīpan (accusative singular)
strīpan (accusative plural)
strīpini (genitive singular)
strīpan (genitive singular)
strīpanō (genitive plural)
strīpini (dative singular)
strīpan (dative singular)
strīpum (dative plural)
strīpini (instrumental singular)
strīpan (instrumental singular)
strīpum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *strīpa, *strīpe

Saterland Frisian: Striepe m

West Frisian: stripe m or f

Old Saxon: *strīpo, *strīpa

Middle Low German: strîpe f, strîpen m

German Low German: Striepe, Striep

→ Middle English: stripe, strype

English: stripe

Scots: stripe

Old Dutch: strīpa

Middle Dutch: stripe f or m

Dutch: strijp

Old High German: *strīfo

Middle High German: strīfe

German: Streifen

From Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“to spread”).


duk(k)ēn

dukēn (infinitive)
dukkēn (infinitive)
dukēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dukkēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dukēnijē (dative infinitive)
dukkēnijē (dative infinitive)
dukēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dukkēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dukē (first-person present singular)
dukkē (first-person present singular)
duk?dā (first-person past singular)
dukk?dā (first-person past singular)
dukēs (present second-person singular)
dukkēs (present second-person singular)
duk?dēs (past second-person singular)
dukk?dēs (past second-person singular)
dukēþ (present singular third-person)
dukkēþ (present singular third-person)
duk?dē (past singular third-person)
dukk?dē (past singular third-person)
duk?dā (past singular third-person)
dukk?dā (past singular third-person)
dukēm (first-person plural present)
dukkēm (first-person plural present)
duk?dum (first-person past plural)
dukk?dum (first-person past plural)
dukēþ (plural present second-person)
dukkēþ (plural present second-person)
duk?dud (past plural second-person)
dukk?dud (past plural second-person)
dukēnþ (plural present third-person)
dukkēnþ (plural present third-person)
duk?dun (past plural third-person)
dukk?dun (past plural third-person)
duk?dī (first-person past singular)
dukk?dī (first-person past singular)
duk?dī (past second-person singular)
dukk?dī (past second-person singular)
dukē (present singular third-person)
dukkē (present singular third-person)
duk?dī (past singular third-person)
dukk?dī (past singular third-person)
duk?dīm (first-person past plural)
dukk?dīm (first-person past plural)
duk?dīd (past plural second-person)
dukk?dīd (past plural second-person)
dukēn (plural present third-person)
dukkēn (plural present third-person)
duk?dīn (past plural third-person)
dukk?dīn (past plural third-person)
dukē (present singular)
dukkē (present singular)
dukēþ (plural present)
dukkēþ (plural present)
dukēndī (participle present)
dukkēndī (participle present)
duk?d (participle past)
dukk?d (participle past)

Old English: *ducian

Middle English: ducken

English: duck

Old Frisian: *dukia

Saterland Frisian: dukje, duukje

West Frisian: dûkje

Old Dutch: *dukkon

Middle Dutch: ducken

Dutch: dukken

Old High German: *tuckēn, *tuckōn

Middle High German: tucken, *ducken

German: ducken


spīking

spīking (nominative singular)
spīkingō (nominative plural)
spīkingōs (nominative plural)
spīking (accusative singular)
spīkingā (accusative plural)
spīkingas (genitive singular)
spīkingō (genitive plural)
spīkingē (dative singular)
spīkingum (dative plural)
spīkingu (instrumental singular)
spīkingum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spīcing
Middle English: spikyng, spykyng
English: spiking (dialectal)
Scots: spyking, spikyn

Old Dutch: *spīking

Middle Dutch: spîkinc

Dutch: spijking (archaic)

From *spīku + *-ing (diminutive suffix).