iuwar

iuwar (masculine nominative singular)
iuwaru (feminine nominative singular)
iuwar (neuter nominative singular)
iuwaranā (accusative masculine singular)
iuwarā (accusative feminine singular)
iuwar (accusative neuter singular)
iuwaras (genitive masculine singular)
iuwareʀā (feminine genitive singular)
iuwaras (genitive neuter singular)
iuwarumē (dative masculine singular)
iuwareʀē (dative feminine singular)
iuwarumē (dative neuter singular)
iuwaru (instrumental masculine singular)
iuwareʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
iuwaru (instrumental neuter singular)
iuwarē (masculine nominative plural)
iuwarō (feminine nominative plural)
iuwaru (neuter nominative plural)
iuwarā (accusative masculine plural)
iuwarā (accusative feminine plural)
iuwaru (accusative neuter plural)
iuwareʀō (genitive masculine plural)
iuwareʀō (feminine genitive plural)
iuwareʀō (genitive neuter plural)
iuwarēm (dative masculine plural)
iuwarum (dative masculine plural)
iuwarēm (dative feminine plural)
iuwarum (dative feminine plural)
iuwarēm (dative neuter plural)
iuwarum (dative neuter plural)
iuwarēm (instrumental masculine plural)
iuwarum (instrumental masculine plural)
iuwarēm (feminine instrumental plural)
iuwarum (feminine instrumental plural)
iuwarēm (instrumental neuter plural)
iuwarum (instrumental neuter plural)
ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: ēower, īower
Middle English: your, youre, yowr, yowre, ȝour, ȝoure, yowyr, yowur, yor, yur, yure, yeur, yhure, yhour, yhoure, ȝowyr, ȝowur, ȝor, ȝore, ȝur, ȝure, ȝiore, ȝhour, ȝhoure, ȝaure, ȝiure, ȝiwer, ȝeur, ȝeure, ȝeuer, ȝeuwer, ȝewer, ȝewere, gur, gure, giur, giure, giuor, giuer, giuwer, giwer, ihore, ihoire, iure, eour, eoure, eouer, eouwer, eouwere, eower, eowwer, eore, eur, eure, euwer, euwere, our, oure, or, ore, ouer, ouwer, ouwere, ower, owur, hour, æure
English: your (ya, yer, yo)
Scots: your (yer)
Yola: yer, ye

Old Frisian: jūwe

West Frisian: jim

Old Saxon: īuwar, gīuwar, euwar

Middle Low German: juwe

Old Dutch: iuwa, *juwa

Middle Dutch: uwe, juwe, jouwe

Dutch: uw, jouw

Afrikaans: jou

Old High German: iuwar
Middle High German: iuwer
Alemannic German: öie
Cimbrian: ôar
German: euer
Luxembourgish: är
Yiddish: אײַער (ayer)

From earlier *iwwar, from Proto-Germanic *izweraz.


brestan

brestan (infinitive)
brestannjas (genitive infinitive)
brestannjē (dative infinitive)
brestannju (infinitive instrumental)
brestu (first-person present singular)
brast (first-person past singular)
bristiʀi (present second-person singular)
brustī (past second-person singular)
bristidi (present singular third-person)
brast (past singular third-person)
brestum (first-person plural present)
brustum (first-person past plural)
bristid (plural present second-person)
brustud (past plural second-person)
brestand (plural present third-person)
brustun (past plural third-person)
brestē (first-person present singular)
brustī (first-person past singular)
brestēs (present second-person singular)
brestē (present singular third-person)
brustī (past singular third-person)
brestēm (first-person plural present)
brustīm (first-person past plural)
brestēþ (plural present second-person)
brustīd (past plural second-person)
brestēn (plural present third-person)
brustīn (past plural third-person)
brist (present singular)
bristid (plural present)
brestandī (participle present)
brostan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: berstan
Middle English: bresten, bersten
English: burst, bust
Scots: brist, bryst

Old Frisian: bersta

North Frisian: baast (Föhr-Amrum)

Saterland Frisian: bäärste

West Frisian: barste, boarste

Old Saxon: *brestan

desc

Middle Low German: bersten, barsten, borsten

German Low German: barsten, basten

desctree

Old Dutch: brestan
Middle Dutch: bersten, barsten
Dutch: barsten, bersten
Afrikaans: bars

desc

Old High German: *brestan, prestan, *bristan

Middle High German: brësten, bresten

German: bresten, bersten

Luxembourgish: baschten

→ Old French: brisier, briser; debrisier

Middle French: briser; debriser

French: briser; débris

→ English: debris

→ Middle Dutch: *brisen; briselen

Dutch: verbrijzelen

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *brestaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰres- (“to burst, break, crack, split, separate”).


fehtan

fehtan (infinitive)
fehtannjas (genitive infinitive)
fehtannjē (dative infinitive)
fehtannju (infinitive instrumental)
fehtu (first-person present singular)
faht (first-person past singular)
fihtiʀi (present second-person singular)
fuhtī (past second-person singular)
fihtidi (present singular third-person)
faht (past singular third-person)
fehtum (first-person plural present)
fuhtum (first-person past plural)
fihtid (plural present second-person)
fuhtud (past plural second-person)
fehtand (plural present third-person)
fuhtun (past plural third-person)
fehtē (first-person present singular)
fuhtī (first-person past singular)
fehtēs (present second-person singular)
fehtē (present singular third-person)
fuhtī (past singular third-person)
fehtēm (first-person plural present)
fuhtīm (first-person past plural)
fehtēþ (plural present second-person)
fuhtīd (past plural second-person)
fehtēn (plural present third-person)
fuhtīn (past plural third-person)
fiht (present singular)
fihtid (plural present)
fehtandī (participle present)
fohtan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: feohtan
Middle English: fighten, fehten, feghten, feighten, fihhtenn, fiȝten
Scots: fecht, ficht
English: fight

Old Frisian: fiuchta, fiuhta

Saterland Frisian: fjuchte

West Frisian: fjochtsje, fjuchte

Old Saxon: fehtan
Middle Low German: vechten
Low German: fechten
→ Danish: fægte
→ Norwegian: fekte
→ Saterland Frisian: fächtje
→ Swedish: fäkta

Old Dutch: fehtan
Middle Dutch: vechten
Dutch: vechten
Afrikaans: veg
Berbice Creole Dutch: purkaru
Negerhollands: vekkete, fegete, figiti, fikiti
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fikiti (dated)
Limburgish: vechte
West Flemish: vichten

Old High German: fehtan
Middle High German: vëhten
Alemannic German: fëchte
German: fechten
→ Russian: фехтовать (fextovatʹ)


fallan

fallan (infinitive)
fallannjas (genitive infinitive)
fallannjē (dative infinitive)
fallannju (infinitive instrumental)
fallu (first-person present singular)
feall (first-person past singular)
falliʀi (present second-person singular)
feallī (past second-person singular)
fallidi (present singular third-person)
feall (past singular third-person)
fallum (first-person plural present)
feallum (first-person past plural)
fallid (plural present second-person)
feallud (past plural second-person)
falland (plural present third-person)
feallun (past plural third-person)
fallē (first-person present singular)
feallī (first-person past singular)
fallēs (present second-person singular)
fallē (present singular third-person)
feallī (past singular third-person)
fallēm (first-person plural present)
feallīm (first-person past plural)
fallēþ (plural present second-person)
feallīd (past plural second-person)
fallēn (plural present third-person)
feallīn (past plural third-person)
fall (present singular)
fallid (plural present)
fallandī (participle present)
fallan (participle past)

Old English: feallan

Middle English: fallen

English: fall

Scots: fall, faw

Old Frisian: falla

North Frisian:

Föhr-Amrum: faal

Saterland Frisian: faale

West Frisian: falle

Old Saxon: fallan

Middle Low German: vallen

Low German: fallen

Old Dutch: fallan
Middle Dutch: vallen
Dutch: vallen
Limburgish: valle

Old High German: fallan
Middle High German: vallen
Bavarian: foin
Cimbrian: vallan, ballan (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: falle
Luxembourgish: falen
German: fallen
Yiddish: פֿאַלן (faln)


liudi

liudi (nominative singular)
liudī (nominative plural)
liudi (accusative singular)
liudī (accusative plural)
liudī (genitive singular)
liudijō (genitive plural)
liudī (dative singular)
liudim (dative plural)
liudijum (dative plural)
liudī (instrumental singular)
liudim (instrumental plural)
liudijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lēod, lēode m

Middle English: leod, leode, led, lede

English: leod, lede

Scots: lede, leid, luid

Old Frisian: liōd, liūde, liōde m

Saterland Frisian: ljode

Saterland Frisian: Ljuude

West Frisian: lie, lju, ljuwe

Old Saxon: liud, liudi (m)

Middle Low German: lüde, luede, luide

Low German: lüüd, lüüt

desc

German Low German: Lühde pl, Lühd pl, Lüüde pl, Lüüd pl, Lüü pl

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Luie pl

desctree

Old Dutch: liut
Middle Dutch: liede
Dutch: lieden

→ Medieval Latin: leodēs, leudēs

→ French: leude

→ English: leud

Old High German: liut (m, f, n), liuti

Middle High German: liut

Alemannic German: Lüüte

desc

Central Franconian: Löck, Lück (Kölsch, northernmost Ripuarian), Lüü (western Ripuarian), Lie (Siegerland), Leit (other Moselle Franconian)

German: Leute pl

Hunsrik: Leit

Luxembourgish: Leit

Vilamovian: łaojt


farn

farn (nominative singular)
farnō (nominative plural)
farnōs (nominative plural)
farn (accusative singular)
farnā (accusative plural)
farnas (genitive singular)
farnō (genitive plural)
farnē (dative singular)
farnum (dative plural)
farnu (instrumental singular)
farnum (instrumental plural)
farn (nominative singular)
farnu (nominative plural)
farn (accusative singular)
farnu (accusative plural)
farnas (genitive singular)
farnō (genitive plural)
farnē (dative singular)
farnum (dative plural)
farnu (instrumental singular)
farnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fearn
Middle English: fern, vern, fearn, farn, varn, firn
English: fern
Scots: farne, fairn
Yola: vearne, fearn

Old Frisian: *farn

Saterland Frisian: Foone

West Frisian: fear

Old Saxon: farn
Middle Low German: varn, varne, varen
German Low German: Farn

Old Dutch: farn

Middle Dutch: varen

Dutch: varen, varem

Afrikaans: varing

Old High German: farn, faran, faram
Middle High German: varn, varm, farn, farm
German: Farn, Farm
Luxembourgish: Far

Etymonline's sources (such as Watkins) derive this word from Proto-Indo-European *pornóm (“feather”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to traverse; go across”). However, Kroonen instead reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *p(t)erH-, a root whose morphology is subject to heated debate. See there for more.
In any case, cognate to Latvian papartis, Proto-Celtic *ɸratis, Sanskrit पर्ण (parṇa), and Proto-Slavic *paportь.


wakul

wakul (masculine nominative singular)
wakulu (feminine nominative singular)
wakul (neuter nominative singular)
wakulanā (accusative masculine singular)
wakulā (accusative feminine singular)
wakul (accusative neuter singular)
wakulas (genitive masculine singular)
wakuleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wakulas (genitive neuter singular)
wakulumē (dative masculine singular)
wakuleʀē (dative feminine singular)
wakulumē (dative neuter singular)
wakulu (instrumental masculine singular)
wakuleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wakulu (instrumental neuter singular)
wakulē (masculine nominative plural)
wakulō (feminine nominative plural)
wakulu (neuter nominative plural)
wakulā (accusative masculine plural)
wakulā (accusative feminine plural)
wakulu (accusative neuter plural)
wakuleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wakuleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wakuleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wakulēm (dative masculine plural)
wakulum (dative masculine plural)
wakulēm (dative feminine plural)
wakulum (dative feminine plural)
wakulēm (dative neuter plural)
wakulum (dative neuter plural)
wakulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wakulum (instrumental masculine plural)
wakulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wakulum (feminine instrumental plural)
wakulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wakulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wacol

Old High German: wahhal


nati

nati (nominative singular)
nattju (nominative plural)
nati (accusative singular)
nattju (accusative plural)
nattjas (genitive singular)
nattjō (genitive plural)
nattjē (dative singular)
nattjum (dative plural)
nattju (instrumental singular)
nattjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nett, net

Middle English: nett

Scots: net

English: net

Old Frisian: nette, nitte

North Frisian: net

Saterland Frisian: Nät

West Frisian: net

Old Saxon: net, nett, netti

Middle Low German: nette, net

Low German: Nett

Old Dutch: *net, *netti

Middle Dutch: net, nette

Dutch: net

desctree

Old High German: nezzi
Middle High German: netze
German: Netz
Luxembourgish: Netz
Yiddish: נעץ (nets)


slahan

slahan (infinitive)
slahannjas (genitive infinitive)
slahannjē (dative infinitive)
slahannju (infinitive instrumental)
slahu (first-person present singular)
slōh (first-person past singular)
slahiʀi (present second-person singular)
slōgī (past second-person singular)
slahidi (present singular third-person)
slōh (past singular third-person)
slahum (first-person plural present)
slōgum (first-person past plural)
slahid (plural present second-person)
slōgud (past plural second-person)
slahand (plural present third-person)
slōgun (past plural third-person)
slahē (first-person present singular)
slōgī (first-person past singular)
slahēs (present second-person singular)
slahē (present singular third-person)
slōgī (past singular third-person)
slahēm (first-person plural present)
slōgīm (first-person past plural)
slahēþ (plural present second-person)
slōgīd (past plural second-person)
slahēn (plural present third-person)
slōgīn (past plural third-person)
slah (present singular)
slahid (plural present)
slahandī (participle present)
slagan (participle past)

Old English: slēan, sla, slan, slæan — Mercian, sla, slæ — Northumbrian
Middle English: sleen, slayn
Scots: slay
English: slay

Old Frisian: slā

Saterland Frisian: slo

West Frisian: slaan

Old Saxon: slahan
Middle Low German: slān
Low German: slaan
German Low German: slaan

Old Dutch: slān
Middle Dutch: slâen
Dutch: slaan, slagen
Afrikaans: slaan, slaag
Limburgish: slaon

Old High German: slahan
Middle High German: slahen
Alemannic German: schlaa
Central Franconian: schlon
German: schlagen
Hunsrik: schlaan
Luxembourgish: schloen


fingr

fingr (nominative singular)
fingrō (nominative plural)
fingrōs (nominative plural)
fingr (accusative singular)
fingrā (accusative plural)
fingras (genitive singular)
fingrō (genitive plural)
fingrē (dative singular)
fingrum (dative plural)
fingru (instrumental singular)
fingrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: finger
Middle English: fynger, finger, vinger, fyngir, fyngur, fyngyr, fiyngir, ffynger
English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga
Scots: finger
Yola: vinger

Old Frisian: finger

Saterland Frisian: Finger

West Frisian: finger

Old Saxon: fingar

Middle Low German: vinger

Low German: Finger

Plautdietsch: Finja

Old Dutch: fingar
Middle Dutch: vinger
Dutch: vinger
Afrikaans: vinger
Berbice Creole Dutch: finggri
Negerhollands: vinger, fiṅgu, finger
→? Aukan: finga
→? Caribbean Hindustani: ungri
→? Sranan Tongo: finga
→ Saramaccan: fingá
Limburgish: vinger, vènger

Old High German: fingar
Middle High German: vinger
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Fengr
Bavarian: Finga
Cimbrian: vingar, bingar (Mezzaselva)
German: Finger
Luxembourgish: Fanger
Vilamovian: fyngier
Yiddish: פֿינגער (finger)


stumm

stumm (masculine nominative singular)
stummu (feminine nominative singular)
stumm (neuter nominative singular)
stummanā (accusative masculine singular)
stummā (accusative feminine singular)
stumm (accusative neuter singular)
stummas (genitive masculine singular)
stummeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
stummas (genitive neuter singular)
stummumē (dative masculine singular)
stummeʀē (dative feminine singular)
stummumē (dative neuter singular)
stummu (instrumental masculine singular)
stummeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
stummu (instrumental neuter singular)
stummē (masculine nominative plural)
stummō (feminine nominative plural)
stummu (neuter nominative plural)
stummā (accusative masculine plural)
stummā (accusative feminine plural)
stummu (accusative neuter plural)
stummeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
stummeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
stummeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
stummēm (dative masculine plural)
stummum (dative masculine plural)
stummēm (dative feminine plural)
stummum (dative feminine plural)
stummēm (dative neuter plural)
stummum (dative neuter plural)
stummēm (instrumental masculine plural)
stummum (instrumental masculine plural)
stummēm (feminine instrumental plural)
stummum (feminine instrumental plural)
stummēm (instrumental neuter plural)
stummum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Frisian: stumm, stum

North Frisian: stomm, stamm

Saterland Frisian: stum

West Frisian: stom

Old Saxon: stumm, stum

Middle Low German: stum

Low German: stumm

Plautdietsch: stomm

→ Swedish: stum

Old Dutch: *stumm

Middle Dutch: stomm, stom

Dutch: stom
Berbice Creole Dutch: stom
Negerhollands: stom
→ English: stum, stoom
→ Papiamentu: stom (dated)

West Flemish: stum

Old High German: stumm, stumb, stum

Middle High German: stum

German: stumm

Luxembourgish: stomm

Yiddish: שטום (shtum)

→ English: shtum


wambu

wambu (nominative singular)
wambō (nominative plural)
wambā (accusative singular)
wambā (accusative plural)
wambā (genitive singular)
wambō (genitive plural)
wambē (dative singular)
wambōm (dative plural)
wambum (dative plural)
wambu (instrumental singular)
wambōm (instrumental plural)
wambum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wamb, womb
Middle English: wombe, wambe, womb, wame, woombe, wome, uombe, wompe, wamb
English: womb
Geordie English: wyem
Scots: wame, wam

Old Frisian: wamme, womme

Old Saxon: wamba

Middle Low German: wamme

German Low German: Wamme

Frankish: *wamba

Old Dutch: *wamba, *wamma

Middle Dutch: wamme, wam

Dutch: wam

→ Medieval Latin: wambāsium, wambōsium

Old French: wambais, gambais; wambison, gambison, gambeison

→ Middle English: gambeson, gambison

English: gambeson, gambison

desc

→ Middle Low German: wambois, wambōs, wambūs, wambes, wammes, wams

→ Middle Dutch: wambaes, wambeis, wambois, wambuus, wammes

Dutch: wambuis, wammes

→ Middle High German: wambeis

German: Wams

→ Saterland Frisian: Wams

→ Medieval Latin: gambesōnem

→ Occitan: gambais

→ Old Spanish: gambax

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: canbas

desctree

Old High German: wamba
Middle High German: wambe, wampe, wamme
German: Wamme, Wampe
→ Saterland Frisian: Wampe
Bavarian: Wampn

From Proto-Germanic *wambō. Cognate with Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (wamba) and Old Norse vǫmb.


gaman

gaman (nominative singular)
gamanu (nominative plural)
gaman (accusative singular)
gamanu (accusative plural)
gamanas (genitive singular)
gamanō (genitive plural)
gamanē (dative singular)
gamanum (dative plural)
gamanu (instrumental singular)
gamanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gamen, gomen
Middle English: game, gamen, gemen, gomen, gome, gammen, gaume, gamme, gamin, gomin, gomyn, gomun, gam, geme
English: game (see there for further descendants); (dialectal gam)
⇒ Fingallian: gamshoge
Scots: gemme, gem, gyem, game
Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume

Old Frisian: game, gome

>? West Frisian: gammen

Old Saxon: gaman

⇒ Middle Low German: gamel

German Low German: Gammel

Old Dutch: *gaman

Middle Dutch: game, gāme

⇒ Middle Dutch: gemelijc

Dutch: gemelijk

Old High German: gaman

Middle High German: gamen, gamel, game

German: Gammel (dialectal)


ana-

Old English: an-, on-

Middle English: on-

English: on-, an-, a-

Old Frisian: an-

Saterland Frisian: an-

West Frisian: oan-

Old Saxon: ana-

Middle Low German: ane-

German Low German: an-

Old Dutch: ana-

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: aan-

Old High German: ana-

Middle High German:

German: an-

Forming verbs and adjectives from participles and nouns, with various senses of on, upon, to, there, thither.

in, into; prefix used to intensify an action or to denote origin or initiation


blaik

blaik (masculine nominative singular)
blaiku (feminine nominative singular)
blaik (neuter nominative singular)
blaikanā (accusative masculine singular)
blaikā (accusative feminine singular)
blaik (accusative neuter singular)
blaikas (genitive masculine singular)
blaikeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
blaikas (genitive neuter singular)
blaikumē (dative masculine singular)
blaikeʀē (dative feminine singular)
blaikumē (dative neuter singular)
blaiku (instrumental masculine singular)
blaikeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
blaiku (instrumental neuter singular)
blaikē (masculine nominative plural)
blaikō (feminine nominative plural)
blaiku (neuter nominative plural)
blaikā (accusative masculine plural)
blaikā (accusative feminine plural)
blaiku (accusative neuter plural)
blaikeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
blaikeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
blaikeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
blaikēm (dative masculine plural)
blaikum (dative masculine plural)
blaikēm (dative feminine plural)
blaikum (dative feminine plural)
blaikēm (dative neuter plural)
blaikum (dative neuter plural)
blaikēm (instrumental masculine plural)
blaikum (instrumental masculine plural)
blaikēm (feminine instrumental plural)
blaikum (feminine instrumental plural)
blaikēm (instrumental neuter plural)
blaikum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: blāc, blǣc, blǣċ

desc

Middle English: blac, blak, bleke, bleche

English: blake, bleak, bleach

Old Saxon: blēk

Middle Low German: blek, bleik

Low German: bleek, blek, bleik

Old Dutch: *blēc

desctree

Middle Dutch: blêec
Dutch: bleek
Afrikaans: bleek
Limburgish: bleik

Old High German: bleih, blaih

Middle High German: bleich

German: bleich

Luxembourgish: bleech

Yiddish: בלייך (bleykh)

→ Italian: biacca (from Lombardic)


sin-

Old English: sin-, sine-

Old Frisian: sin-

Old Saxon: sin-

Old Dutch: sino-

Middle Dutch: sine-, sin-

Dutch: zene-

Old High German: sin-

From Proto-Germanic *sin-, from Proto-Indo-European *sem-.


munik

munik (nominative singular)
munikō (nominative plural)
munikōs (nominative plural)
munik (accusative singular)
munikā (accusative plural)
munikas (genitive singular)
munikō (genitive plural)
munikē (dative singular)
munikum (dative plural)
muniku (instrumental singular)
munikum (instrumental plural)

Old English: munuc, munec
Middle English: monk, monke
English: monk
Scots: monk, munk, mounk
→ Old Norse: munkr
Danish: munk
Icelandic: munkur
Faroese: munkur
Norwegian: munk
Old Swedish: munker, munk
Swedish: munk
→ Finnish: munkki
→ Estonian: munk
→ Latvian: mūks
→ Võro: muuk

desc

Old Frisian: munek, monink, munik, monik, *mūnits

West Frisian: muonts

Old Saxon: *monik, *munik

Middle Low German: mȫnik, mȫnek, mȫnnik, mȫnnek, mȫnk, mȫnnink

Old Dutch: *monik, *munik

Middle Dutch: mōnic, mȫnic, munic, monc, munc, monnic, moenc

Dutch: monnik
Afrikaans: monnik

Limburgish: munnik

Old High German: munih

Middle High German: munich, munch, münch, münech, münich

Alemannic German: Mönch

German: Mönch

→ Luxembourgish: Mënch

Luxembourgish: Minnech

Vilamovian: mynich

→ Old Church Slavonic: мънихъ (mŭnixŭ)

→ Old Czech: mnich (see there for further descendants)

→ Slovene: mních, menih

müneche

Old High German: munihho, municho; Middle High German


panning

panning (nominative singular)
panningō (nominative plural)
panningōs (nominative plural)
panning (accusative singular)
panningā (accusative plural)
panningas (genitive singular)
panningō (genitive plural)
panningē (dative singular)
panningum (dative plural)
panningu (instrumental singular)
panningum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ
Middle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening
English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)
Scots: penny
→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)
Irish: pingin
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: penique

Old Frisian: panning, penning, pennig

Saterland Frisian: Pännich

West Frisian: pinning

Old Saxon: penning, pennig

Middle Low German: pennink

German Low German: Penning, Penn

Old Dutch: *penning

Middle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig

Dutch: penning

Limburgish: penning

desc

Old High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning

Middle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc

Central Franconian: Penning, Pennek

Luxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)

German: Pfennig

→ English: pfennig

→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg


sī

gem-decl-adj-table

*iʀ (irregular)

iʀ (masculine nominative singular)
sī (masculine nominative plural)
siu (masculine nominative plural)
siju (masculine nominative plural)
sī (feminine nominative singular)
siu (feminine nominative singular)
siju (feminine nominative singular)
sī (feminine nominative plural)
siu (feminine nominative plural)
siju (feminine nominative plural)
it (neuter nominative singular)
sī (neuter nominative plural)
siu (neuter nominative plural)
siju (neuter nominative plural)
inā (accusative masculine singular)
sī (accusative masculine plural)
siu (accusative masculine plural)
siju (accusative masculine plural)
sī (accusative feminine singular)
siu (accusative feminine singular)
siju (accusative feminine singular)
sī (accusative feminine plural)
siu (accusative feminine plural)
siju (accusative feminine plural)
it (accusative neuter singular)
sī (accusative neuter plural)
siu (accusative neuter plural)
siju (accusative neuter plural)
es (genitive masculine singular)
eʀō (genitive masculine plural)
eʀu (feminine genitive singular)
eʀō (feminine genitive plural)
es (genitive neuter singular)
eʀō (genitive neuter plural)
imai? (dative masculine singular)
im (dative masculine plural)
eʀu(i?) (dative feminine singular)
im (dative feminine plural)
imai? (dative neuter singular)
im (dative neuter plural)

Old Frisian: *sie

West Frisian: sy, sij, se

desctree

Old Saxon: sia, sie
Middle Low German: sê, su, sia
Dutch Low Saxon: zee
German Low German: se
Plautdietsch: see

Old Dutch: siu, sia
Middle Dutch: si, sie, soe, so
Dutch: zij
Afrikaans: sy
Limburgish: zie

Old High German: siu, si

Middle High German: siu, si

Alemannic German: si

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: zi, si (Luserna), ze

Mòcheno: si

German: sie

Hunsrik: sie

Luxembourgish: si

Yiddish: זי (zi)

From Proto-Germanic *sī; see Proto-Germanic *iz.


graban

graban (infinitive)
grabannjas (genitive infinitive)
grabannjē (dative infinitive)
grabannju (infinitive instrumental)
grabu (first-person present singular)
grōb (first-person past singular)
grabiʀi (present second-person singular)
grōbī (past second-person singular)
grabidi (present singular third-person)
grōb (past singular third-person)
grabum (first-person plural present)
grōbum (first-person past plural)
grabid (plural present second-person)
grōbud (past plural second-person)
graband (plural present third-person)
grōbun (past plural third-person)
grabē (first-person present singular)
grōbī (first-person past singular)
grabēs (present second-person singular)
grabē (present singular third-person)
grōbī (past singular third-person)
grabēm (first-person plural present)
grōbīm (first-person past plural)
grabēþ (plural present second-person)
grōbīd (past plural second-person)
grabēn (plural present third-person)
grōbīn (past plural third-person)
grab (present singular)
grabid (plural present)
grabandī (participle present)
graban (participle past)

Old English: grafan
Middle English: graven, grafe, grave, gravyn
English: grave (obsolete)
⇒ English: engrave
Scots: grave

Old Frisian: greva

Saterland Frisian: greeuwe

Old Saxon: gravan
Middle Low German: graven, grāven
German Low German: graven
→ West Frisian: grave

Old Dutch: gravan
Middle Dutch: grāven
Dutch: graven
Afrikaans: graaf
Jersey Dutch: xrâve
Negerhollands: graav, graev
Limburgish: grave

Old High German: graban

Middle High German: graben

German: graben

Luxembourgish: gruewen

Yiddish: גראָבן (grobn)

→ Vulgar Latin: *grabō (“to engrave”) (see there for further descendants)


massing

massing (nominative singular)
massingō (nominative plural)
massingōs (nominative plural)
massing (accusative singular)
massingā (accusative plural)
massingas (genitive singular)
massingō (genitive plural)
massingē (dative singular)
massingum (dative plural)
massingu (instrumental singular)
massingum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mæsling, mæslen, mæstling (altered by -ling, intrusive -t-)
Middle English: mestling, maslyn, mastelyn, mastling, meslin
English: maslin

Old Saxon: messing, missing, missinc

desc

Middle Low German: messinc, missink, missinc

→ Latvian: misiņš

→ Lithuanian: misingis, misingas, misinè

→ Old Norse: messing, massing, mersing

Danish: messing

Faroese: messing

Icelandic: messing

Norwegian: messing

Swedish: mässing
→ Estonian: messing

Old Dutch: messink

Middle Dutch: messinc, missinc, messanc, messinge

Dutch: messing
→ West Frisian: messing

Old High German: messing, messinc

Middle High German: messinc, mezzinc, missinc

German: Messing (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *mosędzь (see there for further descendants)


brust

brust (nominative singular)
brusti (nominative plural)
brustu (accusative singular)
brusti (accusative plural)
brusti (genitive singular)
brostō (genitive plural)
brusti (dative singular)
brustum (dative plural)
brusti (instrumental singular)
brustum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: brust, burst, borst

North Frisian: borst

Saterland Frisian: Brust

West Frisian: boarst

Old Saxon: brust

Middle Low German: brust, bruste, borst

German Low German: Borst, Bost

Plautdietsch: Brost

Old Dutch: *brust

Middle Dutch: borst

Dutch: borst

Old High German: brust

Middle High German: brust

German: Brust

Hunsrik: Brust

Luxembourgish: Broscht

Vilamovian: brust

Yiddish: ברוסט (brust)


jā

Old English: ġēa, iā; ġē

Middle English: ȝea, ye, ya

Scots: ya, yea, ay, aye, yo

English: ya, yea, yo

Old Frisian: jē, gē; jā, jē, jō

Saterland Frisian: ja, jee

West Frisian: ja

Old Saxon: jā, giā; ge, gi, gie, gia

Middle Low German: ja, jâ

German Low German: ja

Old Dutch: jā

Middle Dutch: jâ

Dutch: ja

Afrikaans: ja

Limburgish: jao

Old High German: jā; joh, ioh

Middle High German: ja, jā; joch

Alemannic German: ja, jaa, jòò, jä

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: ja

Viennese: jå

German: ja (standard); jo, joa (informal); joch (dialectal)

Polish: jo

Luxembourgish: jo

Yiddish: יאָ (yo)


dekan

dekan (nominative singular)
dekanō (nominative plural)
dekanōs (nominative plural)
dekan (accusative singular)
dekanā (accusative plural)
dekanas (genitive singular)
dekanō (genitive plural)
dekanē (dative singular)
dekanum (dative plural)
dekanu (instrumental singular)
dekanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: decan

Old Frisian: deken

West Frisian: deken

Old Saxon: *dekan

Middle Low German: dēken

Low German: Diäken (Münsterland)

Old Dutch: *dekan

Middle Dutch: dēken

Dutch: deken

Old High German: tehhan, tehhant

q

Middle High German: techen, techent, techant, techān (all also with d-, Central German and/or latinized)

Alemannic German: Techet, Teche, Deche

Central Franconian: Deche, Dääche

Luxembourgish: Dechen

German: Dechant


pulver

pulver (nominative singular)
pulveru (nominative plural)
pulver (accusative singular)
pulveru (accusative plural)
pulveras (genitive singular)
pulverō (genitive plural)
pulverē (dative singular)
pulverum (dative plural)
pulveru (instrumental singular)
pulverum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *pulver

desc

Middle Low German: pulver, pulfer, pulffer, polver

→ Danish: pulver

→ Norwegian: pulver

→ Swedish: pulver (see there for further descendants)

→ Faroese: pulvur

Old Dutch: *pulver

Middle Dutch: pulver

Dutch: pulver

Old High German: pulver

Middle High German: pulver, pulfer, bulver

Bavarian: Puiver, Pulver

German: Pulver

Hunsrik: Pulver

Mòcheno: pulver

Yiddish: פּולווער (pulver)

From Latin pulverum, genitive plural of pulvis (“dust, powder”).


porr

porr (nominative singular)
porru (nominative plural)
porr (accusative singular)
porru (accusative plural)
porras (genitive singular)
porrō (genitive plural)
porrē (dative singular)
porrum (dative plural)
porru (instrumental singular)
porrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: porr
>? Middle English: porre (possibly reborrowed from Latin)

Old Saxon: porro m

Middle Low German: por

⇒ Old Saxon: *porruk (diminutive)

Middle Low German: pork m

→ Old Norse: porri

Old Dutch: *porr, *por

Middle Dutch: por, *pore, poor, puer m

Dutch: poor

Limburgish: poor

Old High German: pforro, phorro m

desc

Middle High German: pforre, phorre, pfarre


strunt

strunt (nominative singular)
struntō (nominative plural)
struntōs (nominative plural)
strunt (accusative singular)
struntā (accusative plural)
struntas (genitive singular)
struntō (genitive plural)
struntē (dative singular)
struntum (dative plural)
struntu (instrumental singular)
struntum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: strunt

Saterland Frisian: Strunt

West Frisian: stront

Old Saxon: *strunt

Middle Low German: strunt, stront

German Low German: Strunt

→ Swedish: strunt

→ Scots: strunt (also possibly from Dutch)

→ English: strunt

Old Dutch: *strunt

Middle Dutch: stront

Dutch: stront

Afrikaans: stront

Old High German: *strunz

Middle High German: *strunz

German: Strunz (in surnames)

→ Middle Low German: struns

→ Italian: stronzo

⇒ Italian: stronzolo

→ Sicilian: strunzu

→ Late Latin: struntus

Old French: estront

Middle French: étront

French: étron

Unknown. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“stiff, rigid”). If so, then related to Proto-West Germanic *strunk (“stump”).


mudi

mudi (nominative singular)
muddjō (nominative plural)
muddjōs (nominative plural)
mudi (accusative singular)
muddjā (accusative plural)
muddjas (genitive singular)
muddjō (genitive plural)
muddjē (dative singular)
muddjum (dative plural)
muddju (instrumental singular)
muddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mydd

Old Saxon: muddi

Middle High German: müdde

German Low German: Müdde

Old High German: mutti

Middle High German: mütte, mut, , mutte, , müt, , mut

German: Mütt


sali

sali (nominative singular)
salī (nominative plural)
sali (accusative singular)
salī (accusative plural)
salī (genitive singular)
salljō (genitive plural)
salī (dative singular)
salim (dative plural)
salljum (dative plural)
salī (instrumental singular)
salim (instrumental plural)
salljum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sele; salor (< *salr)

Middle English: sele; sal, sale, *saler

Scots: salur, saller, sellar

Old Frisian: *sele

Saterland Frisian: Selscop, Sälskup

West Frisian: seale

Old Saxon: seli, *sali

Middle Low German: sel, sal, sāl

German Low German: Saal

Old Dutch: *sali, *seli

Middle Dutch: sāle, sāel

Dutch: zaal

Afrikaans: saal

Old High German: sali

Middle High German: sal

German: Saal

→ Russian: зал (zal)

Hunsrik: Saal

Luxembourgish: Sall

→ Asturian: sala

→ Catalan: sala

→ Italian: sala, ⇒ salone

→ Middle French: salon

French: salon

→ English: salon, saloon

→ Dutch: saloon

→ Dutch: salon

→ Galician: saa, sáa

→ Occitan: sala

→ Portuguese: sala

→ Spanish: sala

→ Old French: sale

Middle French: salle

French: salle


risi

risi (nominative singular)
risī (nominative plural)
risi (accusative singular)
risī (accusative plural)
risī (genitive singular)
rissjō (genitive plural)
risī (dative singular)
risim (dative plural)
rissjum (dative plural)
risī (instrumental singular)
risim (instrumental plural)
rissjum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *rise

Saterland Frisian: Riese

West Frisian: reis

Old Saxon: *risi, *wrisi

Middle Low German: rêse

German Low German:

Bentheimisch: Ries

Westmünsterländisch: Riese

⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīk (“giant”, adj)

desc

⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīko (“gigantic”, adverb)

Old Dutch: *risi

Middle Dutch: rêse, rôse, ruese

desctree

Dutch: reus
Afrikaans: reus
→ West Frisian: reus

Old High German: risi

Middle High German: rise

German: Riese

Luxembourgish: Ris

wrisio

>? *wrisijō (“giant”) (+ *-ijō); Old Saxon

wrisil

>? *wrisil (“giant, hero”) (+ *-il); Old Saxon

wrisil

>? *wrisil (“giant, hero”) (+ *-il); Old Dutch


kald

head

*kald (comparative *kaldiʀō, superlative *kaldist)

kaldiʀō (comparative)
kaldist (superlative)
kald (masculine nominative singular)
kaldu (feminine nominative singular)
kald (neuter nominative singular)
kaldanā (accusative masculine singular)
kaldā (accusative feminine singular)
kald (accusative neuter singular)
kaldas (genitive masculine singular)
kaldeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
kaldas (genitive neuter singular)
kaldumē (dative masculine singular)
kaldeʀē (dative feminine singular)
kaldumē (dative neuter singular)
kaldu (instrumental masculine singular)
kaldeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
kaldu (instrumental neuter singular)
kaldē (masculine nominative plural)
kaldō (feminine nominative plural)
kaldu (neuter nominative plural)
kaldā (accusative masculine plural)
kaldā (accusative feminine plural)
kaldu (accusative neuter plural)
kaldeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
kaldeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
kaldeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
kaldēm (dative masculine plural)
kaldum (dative masculine plural)
kaldēm (dative feminine plural)
kaldum (dative feminine plural)
kaldēm (dative neuter plural)
kaldum (dative neuter plural)
kaldēm (instrumental masculine plural)
kaldum (instrumental masculine plural)
kaldēm (feminine instrumental plural)
kaldum (feminine instrumental plural)
kaldēm (instrumental neuter plural)
kaldum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: ċeald, cald — Anglian
Middle English: cold, cald, cheld, cheald, chald
English: cold
Geordie English: cawd, cauld
Scots: cald, cauld
Yola: coale, khoal, cole

Old Frisian: kald

Saterland Frisian: koold

West Frisian: kâld

Old Saxon: kald
Middle Low German: kold, kolt
Low German:
German Low German: kold, kol, kolt, koolt, koold
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: käult
Lippisch: kault
Sauerländisch: kàld
Westmünsterländisch: kold
Plautdietsch: kolt

Old Dutch: kalt, *kald, *kold (in toponyms)

Middle Dutch: cout, calt
Dutch: koud
Afrikaans: koud
Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu
Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou
Skepi Creole Dutch: kout
→ Kwinti: kowru
→ Saramaccan: koto
Limburgish: kaad
West Flemish: koed, kod

Old High German: kalt
Middle High German: kalt
Alemannic German: chalt
Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte
Bavarian: ckolt, koid
Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt
Central Franconian: kalt
German: kalt
Luxembourgish: kal
Pennsylvania German: kalt
Vilamovian: kāłt
Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)


kald

kald (nominative singular)
kaldu (nominative plural)
kald (accusative singular)
kaldu (accusative plural)
kaldas (genitive singular)
kaldō (genitive plural)
kaldē (dative singular)
kaldum (dative plural)
kaldu (instrumental singular)
kaldum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeald, cald

Middle English: cold, cald, chald

English: cold

Scots: cald

Old Saxon: *kald

Middle Low German: kalde, kōlde, kulde

Old Dutch: *kald, *kalt

desc

Middle Dutch: colde, calde, coude, couwe, cout

Dutch: koud

Old High German: *kalt

Middle High German: kalt, kalte, kalde

German: Kalte


karu

karu (nominative singular)
karō (nominative plural)
karā (accusative singular)
karā (accusative plural)
karā (genitive singular)
karō (genitive plural)
karē (dative singular)
karōm (dative plural)
karum (dative plural)
karu (instrumental singular)
karōm (instrumental plural)
karum (instrumental plural)

Old English: caru, ċearu

Middle English: care

Scots: care, cair

English: care

Old Frisian: kara

Old Saxon: kara

Old Dutch: *cara

Middle Dutch: cāre

Old High German: chara, kara

Middle High German: kar

⇒ Middle High German: karvrītac (“Good Friday”)

Cimbrian: Kalbraitag

German: Karfreitag

Luxembourgish: Karfreideg

⇒ Cimbrian: kartag


gān

desctree

Old English: gān
Middle English: gon, gan, ga, goo, goon, go
English: go
Geordie English: gan
Middle Scots: go, goe, gone
Scots: gan, gae, ga, gang
Yola: goe, gow, go, goeth (influnced by Irish silent -th)

Old Frisian: gān
Saterland Frisian: geen (simple past, past participle of gunge)
West Frisian: gean

Old Saxon: gān
Middle Low German: gân
Dutch Low Saxon: gan, gaon
German Low German: gahn
Plautdietsch: gone

Old Dutch: gān
Middle Dutch: gâen
Dutch: gaan
Afrikaans: gaan
Javindo: ha, haat
Jersey Dutch: xân, xâne
Petjo: gaan, haan
Limburgish: gaon

Old High German: gān, gēn

Middle High German: gān, gēn, kēn

desc

Alemannic German: gaa, gan, ge, gi, goo, gu

Swabian: gau, geha

Bavarian: geh, gea, gean, gian

Cimbrian: gian, ghéenan (Sette Comuni)

Northern Bavarian: [ɡ̊ɛi]

Central Franconian: giehn, gohn (northeastern Moselle Franconian), john, jonn (Ripuarian)

Hunsrik: gehn, keen

Luxembourgish: goen

East Central German: gii, giin (Erzgebirgisch)

Upper Saxon German:

Vilamovian: gejn

East Franconian:

German: gehen

Rhine Franconian: geh, gehe, gäh, gähe, gäj, gäje, gih, gihe, gej, geje

Frankfurterisch: [g̥ε̃ː]

Pennsylvania German: geh

Yiddish: גיין (geyn)


tūn

tūn (nominative singular)
tūnō (nominative plural)
tūnōs (nominative plural)
tūn (accusative singular)
tūnā (accusative plural)
tūnas (genitive singular)
tūnō (genitive plural)
tūnē (dative singular)
tūnum (dative plural)
tūnu (instrumental singular)
tūnum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)
Middle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune
English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)
→ Chichewa: tawuni
→ Jersey Dutch: tāun
→ Pennsylvania German: Taun
→ Japanese: タウン (taun)
Geordie English: toon
Scots: toun, tone, toon, town
Yola: teoune, teoun

Old Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)

Saterland Frisian: Tuun

West Frisian: tún

Old Saxon: tūn (“fence”)

Middle Low German: tûn

German Low German: Tuun

Low German: Tuun

Old Dutch: tūn (“garden”)

Middle Dutch: tuun

Dutch: tuin
Afrikaans: tuin
Berbice Creole Dutch: tun
Skepi Creole Dutch: tun

Limburgish: toen

West Flemish: tuun

Zealandic: tuun

Old High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)
Middle High German: zūn, zoun
German: Zaun
Luxembourgish: Zonk
Vilamovian: caojn

desc

→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)


kākā

kākā (nominative singular)
kākōn (nominative plural)
kākōn (accusative singular)
kākōn (accusative plural)
kākōn (genitive singular)
kākōnō (genitive plural)
kākōn (dative singular)
kākōm (dative plural)
kākum (dative plural)
kākōn (instrumental singular)
kākōm (instrumental plural)
kākum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċēace, ċēce — Anglian
Middle English: cheke, cheek, cheeke, cheoke, chieke, chike, choke, chooke, chyke (merged with ċēoce)
English: cheek; choke
Scots: cheek

Old Saxon: *kāka

Middle Low German: kake, kāke

Old Dutch: *kāka

Middle Dutch: kâke, câke, kâk, caec

Dutch: kaak


raud

raud (masculine nominative singular)
raudu (feminine nominative singular)
raud (neuter nominative singular)
raudanā (accusative masculine singular)
raudā (accusative feminine singular)
raud (accusative neuter singular)
raudas (genitive masculine singular)
raudeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
raudas (genitive neuter singular)
raudumē (dative masculine singular)
raudeʀē (dative feminine singular)
raudumē (dative neuter singular)
raudu (instrumental masculine singular)
raudeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
raudu (instrumental neuter singular)
raudē (masculine nominative plural)
raudō (feminine nominative plural)
raudu (neuter nominative plural)
raudā (accusative masculine plural)
raudā (accusative feminine plural)
raudu (accusative neuter plural)
raudeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
raudeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
raudeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
raudēm (dative masculine plural)
raudum (dative masculine plural)
raudēm (dative feminine plural)
raudum (dative feminine plural)
raudēm (dative neuter plural)
raudum (dative neuter plural)
raudēm (instrumental masculine plural)
raudum (instrumental masculine plural)
raudēm (feminine instrumental plural)
raudum (feminine instrumental plural)
raudēm (instrumental neuter plural)
raudum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: rēad
Middle English: red, redde, reed, read, ræd
English: red
Scots: rede, reid
Yola: reed

Old Frisian: rād
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: ruad
Goesharde: ruud
Halligen: ruad
Heligoland: rooad
Mooring: rüüdj
Sylt: ruar
Wiedingharde: ruuid
Saterland Frisian: rood
West Frisian: read

Old Saxon: rōd
Middle Low German: rōt
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: rod
Westphalian
Sauerländisch: räod, raud, reyet, rout, rōet
Westmünsterländisch: root
Plautdietsch: root

Old Dutch: rōt
Middle Dutch: rôot
Dutch: rood
Afrikaans: rooi
Jersey Dutch: rôi
Negerhollands: rooi, ro, roo, rood
Skepi Creole Dutch: aro
Limburgish: roead

Old High German: rōt
Middle High German: rōt
Alemannic German: rot, rout, ruat, ròt, röts (Italian Walser)
Central Franconian: rut, rot
Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: roeëd
German: rot
Hunsrik: rod
Luxembourgish: rout
Mòcheno: roat
Pennsylvania German: rot
Vilamovian: rut
Yiddish: רויט (royt)


kamp

kamp (nominative singular)
kampō (nominative plural)
kampōs (nominative plural)
kamp (accusative singular)
kampā (accusative plural)
kampas (genitive singular)
kampō (genitive plural)
kampē (dative singular)
kampum (dative plural)
kampu (instrumental singular)
kampum (instrumental plural)

Old English: camp
Middle English: kampe, komp, comp
English: camp (see there for further descendants)
Scots: camp

Old Frisian: komp

North Frisian: kåmp

Saterland Frisian: Kamp, Komp

West Frisian: kamp

Old Saxon: *kamp

Middle Low German: kamp

German Low German: Kamp

→ Danish: kamp

→ German: Kamp

→ Norwegian: kamp

→ Swedish: kamp

Old Dutch: *camp

Middle Dutch: camp

Dutch: kamp

Old High German: kampf

Middle High German: kampf

Bavarian: Kåmpf

German: Kampf

Yiddish: קאַמף (kamf)


beud

beud (nominative singular)
beudō (nominative plural)
beudōs (nominative plural)
beud (accusative singular)
beudā (accusative plural)
beudas (genitive singular)
beudō (genitive plural)
beudē (dative singular)
beudum (dative plural)
beudu (instrumental singular)
beudum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bēod
Middle English: beod, bied

Old Saxon: biod

Old High German: piot, biot

Middle High German: biet

Alemannic German: Biet n

Bavarian: Biete f

desc

→ Late Latin: beodus, beodis, beudus, beotus, obeodus, ibodus


kunnan

desctree

Old English: cunnan
Middle English: cunnen, can, canne, conne, connen, cun, cunne, kanne
English: can, con, cun, could, cunning, canny
Scots: can, cun, cunning
Yola: canna, cou

Old Frisian: kunna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: kön
Hallig: kune
Helgoland: kan
Mooring: koone
Sylt: ken
Saterland Frisian: konne
West Frisian: kinne

Old Saxon: kunnan
Middle Low German: künnen, kynnen, kunnen, konnen, können, kȫnen, konen
Low German: könen
Plautdietsch: kjanen

Old Dutch: cunnan
Middle Dutch: connen
Dutch: kunnen
Afrikaans: kan (from inflected form kan)
Berbice Creole Dutch: kan (from inflected form kan)
Javindo: ken
Negerhollands: kan, ka (from inflected form kan)
Petjo: kan, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: can (from inflected form kan)
Limburgish: kónne
West Flemish: keunn

Old High German: kunnan

Middle High German: kunnen, künnen

Alemannic German: chöne, chönne (Uri)

Swabian: kenna

Sathmar Swabian: kenne

desc

Central Franconian: kenne, känne (variant spelling)

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: kènn

Upper Saxon German: gönn

German: können

Luxembourgish: kënnen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: kenne

Vilamovian: kenna

Yiddish: קענען (kenen)


laku

laku (nominative singular)
lakō (nominative plural)
lakā (accusative singular)
lakā (accusative plural)
lakā (genitive singular)
lakō (genitive plural)
lakē (dative singular)
lakōm (dative plural)
lakum (dative plural)
laku (instrumental singular)
lakōm (instrumental plural)
lakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lacu

Middle English: lake

Scots: lake

English: lake

gl

replacing native Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">lai</i>

→? Old French: lac (replacing native Old French lai)

Middle French: lac

French: lac

Old Frisian: *lake

perhaps merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*lagu</i>

>? Saterland Frisian: Loge (“brine”) (perhaps merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *lagu)

Old Saxon: laca (in placenames)

Middle Low German: lāke

German Low German: Lake, Laak

→ German: Lake

Old Dutch: *laka

Middle Dutch: lāke

Dutch: laak

Old High German: lacha, *lahha

Middle High German: lache

German: Lache, Lacke (Austria)

Luxembourgish: Laach

→ Vulgar Latin: *lacca

Italian: lacca

q

merged with descendant of Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">laqueus</i> (“knot, noose, snare, trap”)

>? Old Occitan: lac, laz, latz (“pit, trench, pitfall”) (merged with descendant of Latin laqueus (“knot, noose, snare, trap”))


wiss

wiss (masculine nominative singular)
wissu (feminine nominative singular)
wiss (neuter nominative singular)
wissanā (accusative masculine singular)
wissā (accusative feminine singular)
wiss (accusative neuter singular)
wissas (genitive masculine singular)
wisseʀā (feminine genitive singular)
wissas (genitive neuter singular)
wissumē (dative masculine singular)
wisseʀē (dative feminine singular)
wissumē (dative neuter singular)
wissu (instrumental masculine singular)
wisseʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
wissu (instrumental neuter singular)
wissē (masculine nominative plural)
wissō (feminine nominative plural)
wissu (neuter nominative plural)
wissā (accusative masculine plural)
wissā (accusative feminine plural)
wissu (accusative neuter plural)
wisseʀō (genitive masculine plural)
wisseʀō (feminine genitive plural)
wisseʀō (genitive neuter plural)
wissēm (dative masculine plural)
wissum (dative masculine plural)
wissēm (dative feminine plural)
wissum (dative feminine plural)
wissēm (dative neuter plural)
wissum (dative neuter plural)
wissēm (instrumental masculine plural)
wissum (instrumental masculine plural)
wissēm (feminine instrumental plural)
wissum (feminine instrumental plural)
wissēm (instrumental neuter plural)
wissum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: wiss

Old Frisian: *wiss, *wis

Saterland Frisian: wisse

West Frisian: wis

Old Saxon: wiss, wis

Old Dutch: *wiss

Middle Dutch: wis

Dutch: wis


agu

agu (nominative singular)
agō (nominative plural)
agā (accusative singular)
agā (accusative plural)
agā (genitive singular)
agō (genitive plural)
agē (dative singular)
agōm (dative plural)
agum (dative plural)
agu (instrumental singular)
agōm (instrumental plural)
agum (instrumental plural)

Old English: agu

Old Frisian: *age

⇒ Old Frisian: *agke (diminutive)

West Frisian: akke

Old High German: aga

Middle High German: age (glossed once)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Germanic *agō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱ-éh₂, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *-éh₂; however, the variant *ag-ad- ~ *ag-at- perhaps points to a substrate borrowing, compare *magu (“boy”), *magaþ (“girl”).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


skot

skot (nominative singular)
skotu (nominative plural)
skot (accusative singular)
skotu (accusative plural)
skotas (genitive singular)
skotō (genitive plural)
skotē (dative singular)
skotum (dative plural)
skotu (instrumental singular)
skotum (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċot

Middle English: shot

Scots: schot, schote, schoit

English: shot

Old Frisian: skot

Saterland Frisian: Skoat

West Frisian: skot

Old Saxon: skot

Middle Low German: schot

German Low German: Schott

Old Dutch: *skot

Middle Dutch: schot, scot

Dutch: schot

Afrikaans: skot

Old High German: scoz

Middle High German: schoz

German: Schoss

Yiddish: שאָס (shos)

→ Old French: escoz, escot

Middle French: escot

French: écot


morgin

murgin (nominative singular)
murginō (nominative plural)
murginōs (nominative plural)
murgin (accusative singular)
murginā (accusative plural)
murginas (genitive singular)
murginō (genitive plural)
murginē (dative singular)
murginum (dative plural)
murginu (instrumental singular)
murginum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: morgen, margen — Mercian, merġen, mergen, meriġen, merien, myrġen
Middle English: morwe, morȝen, morwen, morn
English: morrow; morn
Scots: morrow, morra; morn

Old Frisian: morgen, mergen, morn, mern

North Frisian: miern

Saterland Frisian: Mäiden

West Frisian: moarn

Old Saxon: morgan
Middle Low German: morgen
German Low German: Mörgen
German Low German: Morgen, Morrn
Dutch Low Saxon: morgen, morren

Old Dutch: morgan, *margan, *mergin

desc

Middle Dutch: morgen, morghen, margen, marghen, mergen

Dutch: morgen

desctree

Old High German: morgan
Middle High German: morgen, morn
Alemannic German: moorn, moore (Glarus, Uri, Unterwalden), mooru (Valais), moore
Alsatian: Müggen
Swabian: Morga, Moriga
Walser: morge
Bavarian: Morgen, Muagn, Muang
Cimbrian: mòrng, morgan, mòrgont
Mòcheno: morng
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meuend
Luxembourgish: Mueren, Moien
German: Morgen
→ English: morgen
→ Polish: morga, mórg
Hessian: Mojje
Vilamovian: miügia
Yiddish: מאָרגן (morgn)


teru

teru (nominative singular)
teru (nominative plural)
teru (accusative singular)
teru (accusative plural)
terwas (genitive singular)
terwō (genitive plural)
terwē (dative singular)
terum (dative plural)
teru (instrumental singular)
terum (instrumental plural)

Old English: teoru

Middle English: ter, terr, tarr

English: tar

Scots: terr, ter, tar

Old Frisian: tere

North Frisian: tjär

Saterland Frisian: Taar

West Frisian: tarre, tar

Old Saxon: *tero

Middle Low German: tēre, tēr

→ German: Teer

q

→ Rhine Franconian: Zeer (northern Hessian; likely borrowed and adapted)

Old Dutch: *tero

Middle Dutch: terre, teer, tar

Dutch: teer

Afrikaans: teer


magu

magu (nominative singular)
magiwi (nominative plural)
magō (nominative plural)
magu (accusative singular)
magū (accusative plural)
magō (genitive singular)
magiwō (genitive plural)
magiwi (dative singular)
magō (dative singular)
magum (dative plural)
magu (instrumental singular)
magum (instrumental plural)

Old English: magu, mago

Old Frisian: *mago, mage

Old Saxon: magu

Old High German: *mago

⇒ Old High German: *magozogo, magazogo

Middle High German: magezoge


kran

kran (nominative singular)
kranō (nominative plural)
kranōs (nominative plural)
kran (accusative singular)
kranā (accusative plural)
kranas (genitive singular)
kranō (genitive plural)
kranē (dative singular)
kranum (dative plural)
kranu (instrumental singular)
kranum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cran
Middle English: crane, krane, cranne, craane, crone, craune
English: crane (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cran
Yola: kraanberry, kraaneberry

Old Frisian: *kran, *kron

Saterland Frisian: Kroan

Old Saxon: kran

Old High German: *kran

Middle High German: kran

German: Kran (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Kran

From Proto-Germanic *kranaz, a variant of *kranô.


boran

boran (masculine nominative singular)
boranu (feminine nominative singular)
boran (neuter nominative singular)
borananā (accusative masculine singular)
boranā (accusative feminine singular)
boran (accusative neuter singular)
boranas (genitive masculine singular)
boraneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
boranas (genitive neuter singular)
boranumē (dative masculine singular)
boraneʀē (dative feminine singular)
boranumē (dative neuter singular)
boranu (instrumental masculine singular)
boraneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
boranu (instrumental neuter singular)
boranē (masculine nominative plural)
boranō (feminine nominative plural)
boranu (neuter nominative plural)
boranā (accusative masculine plural)
boranā (accusative feminine plural)
boranu (accusative neuter plural)
boraneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
boraneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
boraneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
boranēm (dative masculine plural)
boranum (dative masculine plural)
boranēm (dative feminine plural)
boranum (dative feminine plural)
boranēm (dative neuter plural)
boranum (dative neuter plural)
boranēm (instrumental masculine plural)
boranum (instrumental masculine plural)
boranēm (feminine instrumental plural)
boranum (feminine instrumental plural)
boranēm (instrumental neuter plural)
boranum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: boren

Old Saxon: boran

German Low German: boren

Old English: ġeborenMiddle English: born


mikil

mikil (masculine nominative singular)
mikilu (feminine nominative singular)
mikil (neuter nominative singular)
mikilanā (accusative masculine singular)
mikilā (accusative feminine singular)
mikil (accusative neuter singular)
mikilas (genitive masculine singular)
mikileʀā (feminine genitive singular)
mikilas (genitive neuter singular)
mikilumē (dative masculine singular)
mikileʀē (dative feminine singular)
mikilumē (dative neuter singular)
mikilu (instrumental masculine singular)
mikileʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
mikilu (instrumental neuter singular)
mikilē (masculine nominative plural)
mikilō (feminine nominative plural)
mikilu (neuter nominative plural)
mikilā (accusative masculine plural)
mikilā (accusative feminine plural)
mikilu (accusative neuter plural)
mikileʀō (genitive masculine plural)
mikileʀō (feminine genitive plural)
mikileʀō (genitive neuter plural)
mikilēm (dative masculine plural)
mikilum (dative masculine plural)
mikilēm (dative feminine plural)
mikilum (dative feminine plural)
mikilēm (dative neuter plural)
mikilum (dative neuter plural)
mikilēm (instrumental masculine plural)
mikilum (instrumental masculine plural)
mikilēm (feminine instrumental plural)
mikilum (feminine instrumental plural)
mikilēm (instrumental neuter plural)
mikilum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: miċel, myċel, micil
Middle English: muchel, michel, mickle, mikel, mochel, mochell, mukel, muche (apocopated form)
English: much
Geordie English: mickle, muckle
Scots: mickle, mikil, mekil, mukill, muckle
Yola: mucha, muche, much

Old Saxon: mikil
Middle Low German: mēkel, mikel, michel
⇒ Middle Low German: Mēkelenborch
German Low German: Mękelnborg
→ German: Mecklenburg, Meklenburg , Meckelnburg, Mekelnburg, Meckelenburg

Old Dutch: mikil
Middle Dutch: mēkel
Dutch: mekel (archaic)

Old High German: mihhil

Middle High German: michel

German: michel

→ Middle Low German: michel


-isk

-isk (masculine nominative singular)
-isku (feminine nominative singular)
-isk (neuter nominative singular)
-iskanā (accusative masculine singular)
-iskā (accusative feminine singular)
-isk (accusative neuter singular)
-iskas (genitive masculine singular)
-iskeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-iskas (genitive neuter singular)
-iskumē (dative masculine singular)
-iskeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-iskumē (dative neuter singular)
-isku (instrumental masculine singular)
-iskeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-isku (instrumental neuter singular)
-iskē (masculine nominative plural)
-iskō (feminine nominative plural)
-isku (neuter nominative plural)
-iskā (accusative masculine plural)
-iskā (accusative feminine plural)
-isku (accusative neuter plural)
-iskeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-iskeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-iskeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-iskēm (dative masculine plural)
-iskum (dative masculine plural)
-iskēm (dative feminine plural)
-iskum (dative feminine plural)
-iskēm (dative neuter plural)
-iskum (dative neuter plural)
-iskēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-iskum (instrumental masculine plural)
-iskēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-iskum (feminine instrumental plural)
-iskēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-iskum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: -isċ, -isċe
Middle English: -ish, -isch
Scots: -is, -ish
English: -ish

Old Frisian: -isk

Saterland Frisian: -sk, -isk

West Frisian: -sk

Old Saxon: -isk, -isc

Low German: -isch, -isk

Plautdietsch: -isch

Old Dutch: *-isk, *-sk

Middle Dutch: -sc, -sch

Dutch: -s

Old High German: -isc
German: -isch, -sch
→ Dutch: -isch
Luxembourgish: -esch
Vilamovian: -yś
Yiddish: ־יש (-ish)

→ Late Latin: -iscus (see there for further descendants)

English: -esque


forþ

Old English: forþ, forð
Middle English: forth, vorð, furth, feorð, forh, fort, ford
English: forth
Scots: furth

Old Frisian: forth

Saterland Frisian: fout

West Frisian: fuort

Old Saxon: forth, forð
Middle Low German: fort, vort
German Low German: foort
→ Danish: fort
→ Norwegian: fort
→ Swedish: fort

Old Dutch: forth

Middle Dutch: vort, voort

Dutch: voort

Jersey Dutch: vôrt

Old High German: forth

Middle High German: vort

Cimbrian: vort

German: fort


badi

badi (nominative singular)
baddju (nominative plural)
badi (accusative singular)
baddju (accusative plural)
baddjas (genitive singular)
baddjō (genitive plural)
baddjē (dative singular)
baddjum (dative plural)
baddju (instrumental singular)
baddjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: bedd, bed, bædd
Middle English: bedde, bed
English: bed
Scots: bede, bed

Old Frisian: bedd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: baad
Helgoland: Baad
Mooring: beed
Saterland Frisian: Bääd
West Frisian: bêd

Old Saxon: bed, bedd, beddi
Middle Low German: bedde
Low German: Bett
Dutch Low Saxon: bedde
German Low German: Bedd
Plautdietsch: Bad, Bed
→ Icelandic: beddi

Old Dutch: beddi

Middle Dutch: bedde
Dutch: bed
Afrikaans: bed
Berbice Creole Dutch: bedi
Negerhollands: bet, bedi, bere, bedde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bedi (archaic)
Skepi Creole Dutch: bede
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèt
→? Mohegan-Pequot: beed
→ Papiamentu: bèt, bèchi, bèrchi, bed
→ Saramaccan: bédi
→? Sranan Tongo: bedi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bedi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèḍi
→ Kari'na: bedi
Limburgish: bèd
→ French: bedde (“matress”) (dialectal)

Old High German: betti, beti

Middle High German: bette, bete, bet

Alemannic German: Bett

Swabian: Bedd

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: pett

German: Bett (“bed”), Beet (“flowerbed”)

→ Danish: bed

Norwegian Bokmål: bed

Luxembourgish: Bett

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Bett

Vilamovian: bet


listi

listi (nominative singular)
listī (nominative plural)
listi (accusative singular)
listī (accusative plural)
listī (genitive singular)
listijō (genitive plural)
listī (dative singular)
listim (dative plural)
listijum (dative plural)
listī (instrumental singular)
listim (instrumental plural)
listijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: list

Middle English: liste

English: list

Scots: list

Old Frisian: list, lest

Saterland Frisian: List

West Frisian: list

Old Saxon: list

Middle Low German: list

German Low German: List

Low German: list

Old Dutch: list

Middle Dutch: list

Dutch: list

Old High German: list

Middle High German: list

German: List


grimman

grimman (infinitive)
grimmannjas (genitive infinitive)
grimmannjē (dative infinitive)
grimmannju (infinitive instrumental)
grimmu (first-person present singular)
gramm (first-person past singular)
grimmiʀi (present second-person singular)
grummī (past second-person singular)
grimmidi (present singular third-person)
gramm (past singular third-person)
grimmum (first-person plural present)
grummum (first-person past plural)
grimmid (plural present second-person)
grummud (past plural second-person)
grimmand (plural present third-person)
grummun (past plural third-person)
grimmē (first-person present singular)
grummī (first-person past singular)
grimmēs (present second-person singular)
grimmē (present singular third-person)
grummī (past singular third-person)
grimmēm (first-person plural present)
grummīm (first-person past plural)
grimmēþ (plural present second-person)
grummīd (past plural second-person)
grimmēn (plural present third-person)
grummīn (past plural third-person)
grimm (present singular)
grimmid (plural present)
grimmandī (participle present)
grumman (participle past)

Old English: grimman

Old Saxon: grimman

Old Dutch: *grimman

Middle Dutch: grimmen

Old High German: *grimman

Middle High German: grimmen


kalan

kalan (infinitive)
kalannjas (genitive infinitive)
kalannjē (dative infinitive)
kalannju (infinitive instrumental)
kalu (first-person present singular)
kōl (first-person past singular)
kaliʀi (present second-person singular)
kōlī (past second-person singular)
kalidi (present singular third-person)
kōl (past singular third-person)
kalum (first-person plural present)
kōlum (first-person past plural)
kalid (plural present second-person)
kōlud (past plural second-person)
kaland (plural present third-person)
kōlun (past plural third-person)
kalē (first-person present singular)
kōlī (first-person past singular)
kalēs (present second-person singular)
kalē (present singular third-person)
kōlī (past singular third-person)
kalēm (first-person plural present)
kōlīm (first-person past plural)
kalēþ (plural present second-person)
kōlīd (past plural second-person)
kalēn (plural present third-person)
kōlīn (past plural third-person)
kal (present singular)
kalid (plural present)
kalandī (participle present)
kalan (participle past)

Old English: calan

Middle English: calen


fani

fani (nominative singular)
fannju (nominative plural)
fani (accusative singular)
fannju (accusative plural)
fannjas (genitive singular)
fannjō (genitive plural)
fannjē (dative singular)
fannjum (dative plural)
fannju (instrumental singular)
fannjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fenn, fen, fænn, fæn, feon, fien
Middle English: fen, fenne, ven
English: fen
Scots: fen
Yola: ven

Old Frisian: fene, fenne, fane

North Frisian: fenn

Saterland Frisian: Foan

West Frisian: fean

Old Saxon: feni, fenni

Middle Low German: venne, vēn, ven

German Low German: Fenne

Old Dutch: *feni
Middle Dutch: vēne
Dutch: veen
Middle Dutch: venne
Dutch: ven

Old High German: fenni

Middle High German: venne (rare, northern)

German: Fenn, Venn (chiefly based on Low German)

→ Old French: *fagne

Walloon: fanie, fagne

→ French: fagne


albi

albi (nominative singular)
albī (nominative plural)
albi (accusative singular)
albī (accusative plural)
albī (genitive singular)
albijō (genitive plural)
albī (dative singular)
albim (dative plural)
albijum (dative plural)
albī (instrumental singular)
albim (instrumental plural)
albijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ielf, ælf, ylf
Middle English: elf, elfe, helfe
English: elf (see there for further descendants)
Scots: elf
Yola: elf

Old Frisian: *alf, *elf

West Frisian: alve

Old Saxon: alf

Middle Low German: alf

Old Dutch: *alf

Middle Dutch: alf

Dutch: alf

Old High German: alb, alp

German: Alb, Alp


munit

munit (nominative singular)
munitō (nominative plural)
munitōs (nominative plural)
munit (accusative singular)
munitā (accusative plural)
munitas (genitive singular)
munitō (genitive plural)
munitē (dative singular)
munitum (dative plural)
munitu (instrumental singular)
munitum (instrumental plural)
munit (nominative singular)
munitu (nominative plural)
munit (accusative singular)
munitu (accusative plural)
munitas (genitive singular)
munitō (genitive plural)
munitē (dative singular)
munitum (dative plural)
munitu (instrumental singular)
munitum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mynet n
Middle English: mynt, munet
English: mint
→ Old Norse: mynt
Old Danish: mynt
Danish: mønt
Icelandic: mynt
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: mynt
Norwegian Nynorsk: mynt
Old Swedish: mynt
Swedish: mynt
→ Finnish: myntti

Old Frisian: mente f

Old Saxon: munita f

Old Dutch: munita f

Middle Dutch: munte

Dutch: munt

Old High German: muniz m, munizza f

German: Münze

→ Slovak: minca


haitan

haitan (infinitive)
haitannjas (genitive infinitive)
haitannjē (dative infinitive)
haitannju (infinitive instrumental)
haitu (first-person present singular)
hēt (first-person past singular)
haitiʀi (present second-person singular)
hētī (past second-person singular)
haitidi (present singular third-person)
hēt (past singular third-person)
haitum (first-person plural present)
hētum (first-person past plural)
haitid (plural present second-person)
hētud (past plural second-person)
haitand (plural present third-person)
hētun (past plural third-person)
haitē (first-person present singular)
hētī (first-person past singular)
haitēs (present second-person singular)
haitē (present singular third-person)
hētī (past singular third-person)
haitēm (first-person plural present)
hētīm (first-person past plural)
haitēþ (plural present second-person)
hētīd (past plural second-person)
haitēn (plural present third-person)
hētīn (past plural third-person)
hait (present singular)
haitid (plural present)
haitandī (participle present)
haitan (participle past)

Old English: hātan
Middle English: hoten, hoaten, haten
English: hote, hight
Scots: hate, hait

Old Frisian: hēta

Saterland Frisian: hete

West Frisian: hjitte

Old Saxon: hētan
Middle Low German: hêten, hêiten
German Low German: heiten, heten

Old Dutch: hētan
Middle Dutch: hêten
Dutch: heten
Afrikaans: heet
Negerhollands: hiet
Limburgish: heite

Old High German: heizzan, heizan
Middle High German: heizen
Bavarian: hoazn
Cimbrian: hoazan
Mòcheno: hoasn
German: heißen
Luxembourgish: heeschen (fully merged with *aiskōn)
Yiddish: הייסן (heysn)

→ Vulgar Latin: *haitō

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *subhaitō

Old French: sohaidier
Middle French: souhaiter
French: souhaiter


rekan

rekan (infinitive)
rekannjas (genitive infinitive)
rekannjē (dative infinitive)
rekannju (infinitive instrumental)
reku (first-person present singular)
rak (first-person past singular)
rikiʀi (present second-person singular)
rākī (past second-person singular)
rikidi (present singular third-person)
rak (past singular third-person)
rekum (first-person plural present)
rākum (first-person past plural)
rikid (plural present second-person)
rākud (past plural second-person)
rekand (plural present third-person)
rākun (past plural third-person)
rekē (first-person present singular)
rākī (first-person past singular)
rekēs (present second-person singular)
rekē (present singular third-person)
rākī (past singular third-person)
rekēm (first-person plural present)
rākīm (first-person past plural)
rekēþ (plural present second-person)
rākīd (past plural second-person)
rekēn (plural present third-person)
rākīn (past plural third-person)
rik (present singular)
rikid (plural present)
rekandī (participle present)
rekan (participle past)

Old English: recan

Middle English: reken

English: reke (dialectal)

Scots: reke, reik

Old Frisian: reka

Old Saxon: *rekan

Middle Low German: rēken

German Low German: reken

Old Dutch: *recan

Middle Dutch: rēken, reecken

Dutch: reken

Old High German: rehhan

Middle High German: rechen

Cimbrian: rechan

German: rechen


rekan

rekan (masculine nominative singular)
rekanu (feminine nominative singular)
rekan (neuter nominative singular)
rekananā (accusative masculine singular)
rekanā (accusative feminine singular)
rekan (accusative neuter singular)
rekanas (genitive masculine singular)
rekaneʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rekanas (genitive neuter singular)
rekanumē (dative masculine singular)
rekaneʀē (dative feminine singular)
rekanumē (dative neuter singular)
rekanu (instrumental masculine singular)
rekaneʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rekanu (instrumental neuter singular)
rekanē (masculine nominative plural)
rekanō (feminine nominative plural)
rekanu (neuter nominative plural)
rekanā (accusative masculine plural)
rekanā (accusative feminine plural)
rekanu (accusative neuter plural)
rekaneʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rekaneʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rekaneʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rekanēm (dative masculine plural)
rekanum (dative masculine plural)
rekanēm (dative feminine plural)
rekanum (dative feminine plural)
rekanēm (dative neuter plural)
rekanum (dative neuter plural)
rekanēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rekanum (instrumental masculine plural)
rekanēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rekanum (feminine instrumental plural)
rekanēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rekanum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: recen, recon, ricen

Middle English: reken

Old Frisian: rekon

Old Saxon: *rekan

desc

Middle Low German: rēken (“adequate, neat, accurate, appropriate”)

Perhaps equivalent to the past participle of *rekan (“to rake, straighten up, arrange”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”).


taru

taru (nominative singular)
tarwō (nominative plural)
tarwā (accusative singular)
tarwā (accusative plural)
tarwā (genitive singular)
tarwō (genitive plural)
tarwē (dative singular)
tarwōm (dative plural)
tarum (dative plural)
taru (instrumental singular)
tarwōm (instrumental plural)
tarum (instrumental plural)

Old English: *taru

q

Middle English: tare (or possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch or Low German)

English: tare

Scots: tare, tere, teer

Old Saxon: *tarwa

Middle Low German: tarwe, terwe

German Low German:

Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch: Tarwe

Old Dutch: *tarwa

Middle Dutch: tarwe, taerwe, teerwe

Dutch: tarwe, terwe, terve, terf (dialectal)

⇒ Dutch: tarwemeel

Afrikaans: tarwe

⇒ Old Dutch: Tarwedic (toponym)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *tarwō, from Proto-Indo-European *dér(H)-uh₂ ~ *dr̥(H)-wéh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *der(H)- (“to tear, crack”). Cognate with Lithuanian dirvà (“field”), Russian дере́вня (derévnja, “village, thorp”), Ancient Greek δάρατος (dáratos, “bread”), Sanskrit दूर्वा (dū́rvā, “panic grass, millet”), Welsh drewg (“darnel”).


munan

Old English: munan

Middle English: monen

Old Saxon: munan

Old High German: munan


pinti

pinti (nominative singular)
pintī (nominative plural)
pinti (accusative singular)
pintī (accusative plural)
pintī (genitive singular)
pintijō (genitive plural)
pintī (dative singular)
pintim (dative plural)
pintijum (dative plural)
pintī (instrumental singular)
pintim (instrumental plural)
pintijum (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: pint

North Frisian: pint

Old Saxon: *pint

Middle Low German: pint, pitte, pit

German Low German: Pint

→? West Frisian: pyt

→ Middle High German: pint

→ Swedish: pitt, pit (dialectal)

→ Danish: pint

⇒? Middle Low German: pāpenpint

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: rȫdenpint, reunpint

West Flemish: pint (“spike, peak”)

Uncertain. Possibly related to Old Irish benn, bend (“point, peak, prong”), which postulates an Indo-European root *bendʰ- (“to project, protrude, jut; peak”), and thus a pre-Germanic *bendʰno-. Alternatively, perhaps connected with Latin pēnis (“tail, penis”). Compare also Proto-Germanic *faslaz (“offspring”), whence Old English fæsl, Old High German fasal, Old Norse fösull.


awal

awal (nominative singular)
awalō (nominative plural)
awalōs (nominative plural)
awal (accusative singular)
awalā (accusative plural)
awalas (genitive singular)
awalō (genitive plural)
awalē (dative singular)
awalum (dative plural)
awalu (instrumental singular)
awalum (instrumental plural)

Old English: awel


laist

laist (nominative singular)
laistō (nominative plural)
laistōs (nominative plural)
laist (accusative singular)
laistā (accusative plural)
laistas (genitive singular)
laistō (genitive plural)
laistē (dative singular)
laistum (dative plural)
laistu (instrumental singular)
laistum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lāst

Middle English: last

English: last

Scots: last

Old Frisian: *lāst, *lēst

Saterland Frisian: Läist

West Frisian: least

Old Saxon: *lēst

Middle Low German: lêst, leist

Old Dutch: *lēst

Middle Dutch: lêest

Dutch: leest

Afrikaans: lees

Old High German: leist

Middle High German: leist

German: Leisten


hugi

hugi (nominative singular)
hugī (nominative plural)
hugi (accusative singular)
hugī (accusative plural)
hugī (genitive singular)
huggjō (genitive plural)
hugī (dative singular)
hugim (dative plural)
huggjum (dative plural)
hugī (instrumental singular)
hugim (instrumental plural)
huggjum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hyġe, hiġe
Middle English: hige, huȝe, huiȝe, hiȝe, huie, hiȝ, hie

Old Frisian: hei
North Frisian: huwggje

Old Saxon: hugi

Middle Low German: hoge, höge

Low German: Höög

Old Dutch: *hugi

Middle Dutch: hōge, huege

Dutch: heug
→ West Frisian: heuch

Old High German: *hugi

Middle High German: huge, hoge, hüge


derk

derk (masculine nominative singular)
derku (feminine nominative singular)
derk (neuter nominative singular)
derkanā (accusative masculine singular)
derkā (accusative feminine singular)
derk (accusative neuter singular)
derkas (genitive masculine singular)
derkeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
derkas (genitive neuter singular)
derkumē (dative masculine singular)
derkeʀē (dative feminine singular)
derkumē (dative neuter singular)
derku (instrumental masculine singular)
derkeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
derku (instrumental neuter singular)
derkē (masculine nominative plural)
derkō (feminine nominative plural)
derku (neuter nominative plural)
derkā (accusative masculine plural)
derkā (accusative feminine plural)
derku (accusative neuter plural)
derkeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
derkeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
derkeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
derkēm (dative masculine plural)
derkum (dative masculine plural)
derkēm (dative feminine plural)
derkum (dative feminine plural)
derkēm (dative neuter plural)
derkum (dative neuter plural)
derkēm (instrumental masculine plural)
derkum (instrumental masculine plural)
derkēm (feminine instrumental plural)
derkum (feminine instrumental plural)
derkēm (instrumental neuter plural)
derkum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: deorc, dearc
Middle English: derk, dearc, dork, durk
English: dark
Scots: derk
Yola: dhourk, durk

desc

Old High German: *tarch, *terch, *terk, *derk (in derivatives)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *derkaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg-o-s, from *dʰerg- (“to dim, darken”). Perhaps cognate with Tocharian A tärkär, Tocharian B tarkär (“cloud”), Old Irish derg (“red”), and possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic *dárˀgāˀ (“bad weather”).


akarn

desctree

Old English: æcern
Middle English: acorn
English: acorn
Scots: aicorn

Old Frisian: *akern

Saterland Frisian: Äkkene

West Frisian: aker

Old Saxon: *akeran
Middle Low German: ākeren, ackeren, ēkeren, eckeren
German Low German: Ecker
Low German: eckeren

Old Dutch: *akeran

Middle Dutch: aecker, aker

Dutch: aker

Afrikaans: akker

Old High German: *akeran, *ekerin

desc

Middle High German: ackeran, eckeren, eckern, ecker

German: Ackeran, Ecker

→? Old French: aigrun

Middle French: aigrun, aigrin, egrun

French: aigrin, égrain


handu

handu (nominative singular)
handiwi (nominative plural)
handō (nominative plural)
handu (accusative singular)
handū (accusative plural)
handō (genitive singular)
handiwō (genitive plural)
handiwi (dative singular)
handō (dative singular)
handum (dative plural)
handu (instrumental singular)
handum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hand, hond
Middle English: hond, hand
English: hand
Scots: hand, haund
Yola: hoane

Old Frisian: hond, hand
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hun
Hallig: höön
Heligoland: Hun
Mooring: hönj
North Goesharde: houn
Saterland Frisian: Hounde
West Frisian: hân

Old Saxon: hand
Middle Low German: hant
German Low German: Hand
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Hand
Lippisch: Hand
Ravensbergisch: Hand
Plautdietsch: Haunt

Old Dutch: hant
Middle Dutch: hant
Dutch: hand
Limburgish: handj
Zealandic: and

Old High German: hant
Middle High German: hant
Bavarian: Hånd
Cimbrian: hant
Mòcheno: hònt
German: Hand
Hunsrik: Hand
Luxembourgish: Hand
Vilamovian: haond
Yiddish: האַנט (hant)


markat

markat (nominative singular)
markatō (nominative plural)
markatōs (nominative plural)
markat (accusative singular)
markatā (accusative plural)
markatas (genitive singular)
markatō (genitive plural)
markatē (dative singular)
markatum (dative plural)
markatu (instrumental singular)
markatum (instrumental plural)

Old English: market n

Middle English: market, marcat, markat, marked, marketh, markete, markett, markette, markyth, mercatt, merket, merketh, merkett (Late Middle English) (reinforced by Old Norse and Old French)
English: market (see there for further descendants)
Middle Scots: market, mercat
Scots: market
Yola: maarkeet, markeat

Old Frisian: merkad, merked, marked

West Frisian: mereke

Old Saxon: markat

desc

Middle Low German: market, markt, mark, merket

desctree

→ Old Norse: markaðr
Icelandic: markaður
Faroese: marknaður
Norwegian Nynorsk: marknad
Swedish: marknad
Danish: marked
Norwegian Bokmål: marked
→ Welsh: marchnad

Old Dutch: *markat

Middle Dutch: market, marct

Dutch: markt
Afrikaans: mark
Negerhollands: markt, market

Old High German: marchat, markat, marcat
Middle High German: market, markt, mart, merket, merk
Alemannic German: Märcht
Bavarian: Morkt
Central Franconian: Maat, Mart (less common)
German: Markt
Luxembourgish: Maart
Yiddish: מאַרק (mark)

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin marcatus, from Late Latin marcātus, from Latin mercātus.


sakan

sakan (infinitive)
sakannjas (genitive infinitive)
sakannjē (dative infinitive)
sakannju (infinitive instrumental)
saku (first-person present singular)
sōk (first-person past singular)
sakiʀi (present second-person singular)
sōkī (past second-person singular)
sakidi (present singular third-person)
sōk (past singular third-person)
sakum (first-person plural present)
sōkum (first-person past plural)
sakid (plural present second-person)
sōkud (past plural second-person)
sakand (plural present third-person)
sōkun (past plural third-person)
sakē (first-person present singular)
sōkī (first-person past singular)
sakēs (present second-person singular)
sakē (present singular third-person)
sōkī (past singular third-person)
sakēm (first-person plural present)
sōkīm (first-person past plural)
sakēþ (plural present second-person)
sōkīd (past plural second-person)
sakēn (plural present third-person)
sōkīn (past plural third-person)
sak (present singular)
sakid (plural present)
sakandī (participle present)
sakan (participle past)

Old English: sacan

Old Saxon: sakan

Old Dutch: *sacan

Middle Dutch: sāken

Old High German: sahhan


kauli

kauli (nominative singular)
kaulī (nominative plural)
kauli (accusative singular)
kaulī (accusative plural)
kaulī (genitive singular)
kaulijō (genitive plural)
kaulī (dative singular)
kaulim (dative plural)
kaulijum (dative plural)
kaulī (instrumental singular)
kaulim (instrumental plural)
kaulijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: cāwel, cāwl, cāul, cāl
Middle English: col, coul, coyl, cal, kal (Northern)
English: cole, kale, kail
Scots: cale, caill, kail
Yola: kaayle, Coolpeach
→ Irish: cál
→ Old Norse: kál
Icelandic: kál
Faroese: kál
Norwegian: kål
Old Danish: kaal
Danish: kål
Old Swedish: kāl
Swedish: kål
→ Finnish: kaali
Elfdalian: ką̊l
→ Scottish Gaelic: càl

Old Frisian: *kāl (likely borrowed)

Saterland Frisian: Kool

West Frisian: koal

Old Saxon: kōli, kōl

desc

Middle Low German: kôl, koel, koil, kohl, kohel

German Low German:

Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (South Westphalian): Kaol

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Koal (Grafschaft)

Sauerländisch (Assinghausen, Eslohe, Felbecke), East Westphalian (Lipp): Kaul

Sauerländisch: Käol, Keyel (Niedersfeld), Koul (Attendorn, Drolshagen), Köel (Wenden)

Westmünsterländisch: Kool

East Westphalian: Käul (Ravensberg)

Old Dutch: *kōli, *kōl

Middle Dutch: cole, col

Dutch: kool

Afrikaans: kool

Old High German: kōli, kōl m, kōla f

Middle High German: kōl, koele, koel

Bavarian: Keel, Kel

→ Hungarian: kel

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кељ

Latin script: kelj

→ Slovak: kel

German: Kohl

Borrowed from Latin caulis, caulus (“stalk, stem; cabbage”).


futi

futi (nominative singular)
futī (nominative plural)
futi (accusative singular)
futī (accusative plural)
futī (genitive singular)
futtjō (genitive plural)
futī (dative singular)
futim (dative plural)
futtjum (dative plural)
futī (instrumental singular)
futim (instrumental plural)
futtjum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *fut

Middle Low German: vut, vot, fut

→ Dutch: vot

→ Middle High German: vut, fut

Central Franconian: Fott

German: Fut


linnan

linnan (infinitive)
linnannjas (genitive infinitive)
linnannjē (dative infinitive)
linnannju (infinitive instrumental)
linnu (first-person present singular)
lann (first-person past singular)
linniʀi (present second-person singular)
lunnī (past second-person singular)
linnidi (present singular third-person)
lann (past singular third-person)
linnum (first-person plural present)
lunnum (first-person past plural)
linnid (plural present second-person)
lunnud (past plural second-person)
linnand (plural present third-person)
lunnun (past plural third-person)
linnē (first-person present singular)
lunnī (first-person past singular)
linnēs (present second-person singular)
linnē (present singular third-person)
lunnī (past singular third-person)
linnēm (first-person plural present)
lunnīm (first-person past plural)
linnēþ (plural present second-person)
lunnīd (past plural second-person)
linnēn (plural present third-person)
lunnīn (past plural third-person)
linn (present singular)
linnid (plural present)
linnandī (participle present)
lunnan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: linnan
Middle English: linnen, linne, lyn, lyne, lynne
English: lin (obsolete)
Scots: lin

Old Frisian: lenda


-laus

-laus (nominative singular)
-lausō (nominative plural)
-lausōs (nominative plural)
-laus (accusative singular)
-lausā (accusative plural)
-lausas (genitive singular)
-lausō (genitive plural)
-lausē (dative singular)
-lausum (dative plural)
-lausu (instrumental singular)
-lausum (instrumental plural)

Old English: -lēas
Middle English: -les, -las, -lasse, -læs, -leas, -lease, -leæs, -lese, -lesse, -lez, -lies, -liese, -lis, -lise, -lyas, -lyese
English: -less
Scots: -less

Old Frisian: -lās

Saterland Frisian: -loos

West Frisian: -leas

Old Saxon: -lōs

Middle Low German: -lōs

Plautdietsch: -looss

Old Dutch: -lōs

Middle Dutch: -loos

Dutch: -loos

Afrikaans: -loos

Old High German: -lōs

Middle High German: -lōs

German: -los


limu

limu (nominative singular)
limiwi (nominative plural)
limō (nominative plural)
limu (accusative singular)
limū (accusative plural)
limō (genitive singular)
limiwō (genitive plural)
limiwi (dative singular)
limō (dative singular)
limum (dative plural)
limu (instrumental singular)
limum (instrumental plural)

Old English: lim, lym n

Middle English: lyme, lim

Scots: lim, lym

English: limb

Old Saxon: *limu, *lim

Middle Low German: lem n (“limb”) (possibly borrowed from Scandinavian)

Old Dutch: *limu

desc

Middle Dutch: lēme (“fishbone, stubble of flax”)

Dutch: leem (“pine needle”)

⇒ Old Dutch: druhtlimig


maitan

maitan (infinitive)
maitannjas (genitive infinitive)
maitannjē (dative infinitive)
maitannju (infinitive instrumental)
maitu (first-person present singular)
mēt (first-person past singular)
maitiʀi (present second-person singular)
mētī (past second-person singular)
maitidi (present singular third-person)
mēt (past singular third-person)
maitum (first-person plural present)
mētum (first-person past plural)
maitid (plural present second-person)
mētud (past plural second-person)
maitand (plural present third-person)
mētun (past plural third-person)
maitē (first-person present singular)
mētī (first-person past singular)
maitēs (present second-person singular)
maitē (present singular third-person)
mētī (past singular third-person)
maitēm (first-person plural present)
mētīm (first-person past plural)
maitēþ (plural present second-person)
mētīd (past plural second-person)
maitēn (plural present third-person)
mētīn (past plural third-person)
mait (present singular)
maitid (plural present)
maitandī (participle present)
maitan (participle past)

(Old English: mǣded, mǣdd, ġemǣded, ġemǣdd (ppt; adj))

(Middle English: madd, medd, mad, med)

(Scots: madde, mad)

(English: mad)

Old High German: meizan

Middle High German: meizen


heru

heru (nominative singular)
hiriwi (nominative plural)
herō (nominative plural)
heru (accusative singular)
herū (accusative plural)
herō (genitive singular)
hiriwō (genitive plural)
hiriwi (dative singular)
herō (dative singular)
herum (dative plural)
heru (instrumental singular)
herum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heoru

Old Saxon: *heru (in compounds)

⇒ Old Saxon: heruband

⇒ Old Saxon: herudrōrag (adjective)

⇒ Old Saxon: herugrimm, herugrim (adjective)

⇒ Old Saxon: herusēl

⇒ Old Saxon: heruthrumm, heruthrum


topp

topp (nominative singular)
toppō (nominative plural)
toppōs (nominative plural)
topp (accusative singular)
toppā (accusative plural)
toppas (genitive singular)
toppō (genitive plural)
toppē (dative singular)
toppum (dative plural)
toppu (instrumental singular)
toppum (instrumental plural)

Old English: top, topp; toppa

desctree

Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop
English: top
→ French: top
→ German: Top
→ Vietnamese: tốp
Scots: tap

Old Frisian: topp, top

North Frisian: top, tap, tup

Saterland Frisian: Top

West Frisian: top; toppe

Old Saxon: *top

Middle Low German: top

Low German: Topp

→ German: Topp

Old Dutch: *topp, *top

Middle Dutch: top, topp

Dutch: top

Old High German: zoph
Middle Low German: zopf
Cimbrian: sòpf
German: Zopf
Hunsrik: Zopp
Luxembourgish: Zapp
Vilamovian: cöp
Yiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)
→ Italian: zuffa

→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“summit, crest, tuft of hair”).


-ul

-ul (masculine nominative singular)
-ulu (feminine nominative singular)
-ul (neuter nominative singular)
-ulanā (accusative masculine singular)
-ulā (accusative feminine singular)
-ul (accusative neuter singular)
-ulas (genitive masculine singular)
-uleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-ulas (genitive neuter singular)
-ulumē (dative masculine singular)
-uleʀē (dative feminine singular)
-ulumē (dative neuter singular)
-ulu (instrumental masculine singular)
-uleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-ulu (instrumental neuter singular)
-ulē (masculine nominative plural)
-ulō (feminine nominative plural)
-ulu (neuter nominative plural)
-ulā (accusative masculine plural)
-ulā (accusative feminine plural)
-ulu (accusative neuter plural)
-uleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-uleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-uleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-ulēm (dative masculine plural)
-ulum (dative masculine plural)
-ulēm (dative feminine plural)
-ulum (dative feminine plural)
-ulēm (dative neuter plural)
-ulum (dative neuter plural)
-ulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-ulum (instrumental masculine plural)
-ulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-ulum (feminine instrumental plural)
-ulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-ulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or proneness to do the verb.


skatt

skatt (nominative singular)
skattō (nominative plural)
skattōs (nominative plural)
skatt (accusative singular)
skattā (accusative plural)
skattas (genitive singular)
skattō (genitive plural)
skattē (dative singular)
skattum (dative plural)
skattu (instrumental singular)
skattum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sċeatt
Middle English: schat, sat, schet, scet
→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta
→ English: sceat

Old Frisian: skett, skat, sket, schet

Saterland Frisian: Skät

West Frisian: skat

Old Saxon: skat
Middle Low German: schat
German Low German: Schatt

Old Dutch: skat

Middle Dutch: schat
Dutch: schat
Afrikaans: skat
Limburgish: sjat

Old High German: skaz, scaz
Middle High German: schaz, schatz
German: Schatz (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Schatz

→ Old French: escat


hland

hland (nominative singular)
hlandu (nominative plural)
hland (accusative singular)
hlandu (accusative plural)
hlandas (genitive singular)
hlandō (genitive plural)
hlandē (dative singular)
hlandum (dative plural)
hlandu (instrumental singular)
hlandum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hland, hlond

Middle English: *land

Scots: lint

English: land, lant

Old Dutch: *land

Middle Dutch: lant


strak

strak (masculine nominative singular)
straku (feminine nominative singular)
strak (neuter nominative singular)
strakanā (accusative masculine singular)
strakā (accusative feminine singular)
strak (accusative neuter singular)
strakas (genitive masculine singular)
strakeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
strakas (genitive neuter singular)
strakumē (dative masculine singular)
strakeʀē (dative feminine singular)
strakumē (dative neuter singular)
straku (instrumental masculine singular)
strakeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
straku (instrumental neuter singular)
strakē (masculine nominative plural)
strakō (feminine nominative plural)
straku (neuter nominative plural)
strakā (accusative masculine plural)
strakā (accusative feminine plural)
straku (accusative neuter plural)
strakeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
strakeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
strakeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
strakēm (dative masculine plural)
strakum (dative masculine plural)
strakēm (dative feminine plural)
strakum (dative feminine plural)
strakēm (dative neuter plural)
strakum (dative neuter plural)
strakēm (instrumental masculine plural)
strakum (instrumental masculine plural)
strakēm (feminine instrumental plural)
strakum (feminine instrumental plural)
strakēm (instrumental neuter plural)
strakum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: stræc, strec

Middle English: *strak, streke, strik

Scots: strack

Old Frisian: *strak

Saterland Frisian: strak

West Frisian: strak

Old Saxon: *strak

Middle Low German: strak

Low German: strack

Old Dutch: *strac

Middle Dutch: strac

Dutch: strak

Limburgish: strak

Old High German: *strak (in framstrac)

Middle High German: strac

German: strack

→ Italian: stracco

From Proto-Germanic *strakaz, *strakkaz.


stokk

stokk (nominative singular)
stokkō (nominative plural)
stokkōs (nominative plural)
stokk (accusative singular)
stokkā (accusative plural)
stokkas (genitive singular)
stokkō (genitive plural)
stokkē (dative singular)
stokkum (dative plural)
stokku (instrumental singular)
stokkum (instrumental plural)

Old English: stocc

Middle English: stokke, stocke, stok

Scots: stok

English: stock

Old Frisian: stokk, stok

Saterland Frisian: Stok

West Frisian: stoak

Old Saxon: stokk

Middle Low German: stok

German Low German: Stock

Old Dutch: *stoc

Middle Dutch: stoc

Dutch: stok

Old High German: stoc

Middle High German: stoc

Central Franconian: Stock

German: Stock

Luxembourgish: Stack

→ Old French: estoc

Middle French: estoc, estot

French: étau; estoc

→ Italian: stocco

→ Portuguese: estoco, estocar

→ Sicilian: stoccu, stuccari


katil

katil (nominative singular)
katilō (nominative plural)
katilōs (nominative plural)
katil (accusative singular)
katilā (accusative plural)
katilas (genitive singular)
katilō (genitive plural)
katilē (dative singular)
katilum (dative plural)
katilu (instrumental singular)
katilum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċietel, ċietil, ċytel, ċitel, ċetel
Middle English: ketel, chetel, chetill, chetyle, chitel, ketell, ketil, ketyl, ketylle (conflated with Old Norse ketill)
English: kettle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kettle, kittle

Old Frisian: tsietel, zetel, szetel, sthitil, ketel, tsetel
North Frisian:
Förh-Amrum: sedel
Sylt: Serel
Saterland Frisian: Seetel
West Frisian: tsjettel

Old Saxon: ketil

Middle Low German: kētel, kettel

Plautdietsch: Kjätel

Old Dutch: *ketil

Middle Dutch: ketel

Dutch: ketel
Afrikaans: ketel
Berbice Creole Dutch: ketle
Jersey Dutch: kêtel
Negerhollands: keetel, kitl
→ Caribbean Javanese: kètèl
→ Indonesian: ketel
→ Papiamentu: ketel
→ Sranan Tongo: ketre
→ Saramaccan: ketè

Old High German: kezzil, chezzil
Middle High German: kezzel
Cimbrian: khéssel
German: Kessel
Hunsrik: Kessel
Luxembourgish: Kessel
Pennsylvania German: Kessel
Vilamovian: kesuł
Yiddish: קעסל (kesl)


fak

fak (nominative singular)
faku (nominative plural)
fak (accusative singular)
faku (accusative plural)
fakas (genitive singular)
fakō (genitive plural)
fakē (dative singular)
fakum (dative plural)
faku (instrumental singular)
fakum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæc, fec

Middle English: fæc, fec

English: fack

Scots: faik, feck, fauk

Old Frisian: fak, fek

Saterland Frisian: Fäk

West Frisian: fek

Old Saxon: fac, fak

Middle Low German: vak

German Low German: Fack

→ Danish: fag

→ Icelandic: fag

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fag

Norwegian Nynorsk: fag

→ Swedish: fack

Old Dutch: *fak

Middle Dutch: vac

Dutch: vak
Afrikaans: vak
→ Indonesian: vak

Old High German: fah
Middle High German: vach
German: Fach
→ English: Fach
→ Esperanto: fako
→ Kashubian: fach
→ Luxembourgish: Fach
→ Polish: fach
Yiddish: פֿאַך (fakh)

Presumably from Proto-Germanic *faką, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fix, fasten”), with the intermediatory meaning of “fixed divisions”, compare Latin pāgus (“division, district”).


neman

neman (infinitive)
nemannjas (genitive infinitive)
nemannjē (dative infinitive)
nemannju (infinitive instrumental)
nemu (first-person present singular)
nam (first-person past singular)
nimiʀi (present second-person singular)
nāmī (past second-person singular)
nimidi (present singular third-person)
nam (past singular third-person)
nemum (first-person plural present)
nāmum (first-person past plural)
nimid (plural present second-person)
nāmud (past plural second-person)
nemand (plural present third-person)
nāmun (past plural third-person)
nemē (first-person present singular)
nāmī (first-person past singular)
nemēs (present second-person singular)
nemē (present singular third-person)
nāmī (past singular third-person)
nemēm (first-person plural present)
nāmīm (first-person past plural)
nemēþ (plural present second-person)
nāmīd (past plural second-person)
nemēn (plural present third-person)
nāmīn (past plural third-person)
nim (present singular)
nimid (plural present)
nemandī (participle present)
numan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: niman
Middle English: nimen, nymen
English: nim; numb (from past participle)
Scots: nim

Old Frisian: nima, nema
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: nem
Mooring: naame
Saterland Frisian: níeme
West Frisian: nimme

Old Saxon: niman, neman
Middle Low German: nemen
Low German: nehmen

Old Dutch: neman
Middle Dutch: nēmen
Dutch: nemen
Afrikaans: neem
Jersey Dutch: nême
Negerhollands: neem
Skepi Creole Dutch: nemek, name
Limburgish: naeme, nömme

Old High German: neman
Middle High German: nëmen
Alemannic German: nää, nee, nèè, nä, në
Central Franconian: nemme
Hunsrik: nemme
Cimbrian: nemmen
German: nehmen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: nemme
Vilamovian: naoma
Yiddish: נעמען (nemen)