nāþlu

nāþlu (nominative singular)
nāþlō (nominative plural)
nāþlā (accusative singular)
nāþlā (accusative plural)
nāþlā (genitive singular)
nāþlō (genitive plural)
nāþlē (dative singular)
nāþlōm (dative plural)
nāþlum (dative plural)
nāþlu (instrumental singular)
nāþlōm (instrumental plural)
nāþlum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nǣdl

Middle English: nedle

English: needle

Scots: nedil, neidil

Old Frisian: nēdle, nēlde

Saterland Frisian: Näddele

West Frisian: niddel, nuddel, nille, nulle

Old Saxon: nāthla

Middle Low German: nâdel, nâtele, nâtel, nâtle, nâlde (not found in most areas, rare elsewhere)

Low German: Nodel, Nadel (likely to be loaned from or influenced by German)

Plautdietsch: Notel

Old Dutch: nālda

Middle Dutch: naelde

Dutch: naald

Afrikaans: naald

Old High German: nādala, nālda

Middle High German: nādele, nālde

German: Nadel

Luxembourgish: Nol (< nālde)

q

Yiddish: נאָדל (nodl); נודיל (nudil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)


bōsm

bōsm (nominative singular)
bōsmō (nominative plural)
bōsmōs (nominative plural)
bōsm (accusative singular)
bōsmā (accusative plural)
bōsmas (genitive singular)
bōsmō (genitive plural)
bōsmē (dative singular)
bōsmum (dative plural)
bōsmu (instrumental singular)
bōsmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bōsm, bōsum
Middle English: bosom, bosum, bosem
English: bosom
Scots: bosum, bosome

Old Frisian: bōsm, bōsem

→ Saterland Frisian: Bossem

West Frisian: boeseme, boezem, buozzem

Old Saxon: bōsom

Middle Low German: bôsem, bôseme

Dutch Low Saxon: bussem

Old Dutch: *buosum, *buosom

Middle Dutch: boesem

Dutch: boezem

Afrikaans: boesem

Limburgish: bozem

Old High German: buosum, buosam

Middle High German: buosem, buosen

Cimbrian: pusum

German: Busen

Yiddish: בוזעם (buzem)


faþm

faþm (nominative singular)
faþmō (nominative plural)
faþmōs (nominative plural)
faþm (accusative singular)
faþmā (accusative plural)
faþmas (genitive singular)
faþmō (genitive plural)
faþmē (dative singular)
faþmum (dative plural)
faþmu (instrumental singular)
faþmum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæþm

Middle English: fathome, fadome

Scots: faddom

English: fathom

Old Frisian: fethem, fethm

Saterland Frisian: Fäidem, Fäden

West Frisian: fiem

Old Saxon: fathm

Middle Low German: vādem

German Low German: Faam

Low German: fadem, faem

Old Dutch: *fatham

Middle Dutch: vādem, vāem (late)

Dutch: vadem, vaam

Afrikaans: vadem, vaam

desc

Limburgish: vaam (“thread”), vadem (“fathom”)

Old High German: fadam, fadum

Middle High German: vadem, vaden

Central Franconian: Faddem, Foadem, Fodem, Fadem, Farem

Luxembourgish: Fuedem

Cimbrian: vaadom, baadom (Mezzaselva)

German: Faden


fōdr

fōdr (nominative singular)
fōdru (nominative plural)
fōdr (accusative singular)
fōdru (accusative plural)
fōdras (genitive singular)
fōdrō (genitive plural)
fōdrē (dative singular)
fōdrum (dative plural)
fōdru (instrumental singular)
fōdrum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: fōdor
Middle English: fodder, foddre, fodre, foder, fodyr, foddur, voddur
English: fodder
Scots: foder, fodder, fother, fothir

Old Frisian: fōder

North Frisian: Fođer, fooder

Saterland Frisian: Fodder

West Frisian: foer

Old Saxon: *fōdar

Middle Low German: vōder

Old Dutch: *fuodar

Dutch: voeder, voer

Afrikaans: voer

Limburgish: voder, voor

Old High German: fuotar
Middle High German: vuoter
Cimbrian: fuutar
German: Futter
Luxembourgish: Fudder

→ Old French: fuerre (see there for further descendants)


fōdr

Old English: fōdor

Old Dutch: *fuodar

Middle Dutch: voeder

Dutch: voer

Old High German: fuotar

Middle High German: vuoter

German: Futter

→ Polish: futro

Luxembourgish: Fudder

→ Venetian: fódro

→? Cimbrian: fòdara

→ Italian: fodero


rōþr

rōþr (nominative singular)
rōþru (nominative plural)
rōþr (accusative singular)
rōþru (accusative plural)
rōþras (genitive singular)
rōþrō (genitive plural)
rōþrē (dative singular)
rōþrum (dative plural)
rōþru (instrumental singular)
rōþrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōþor
Middle English: rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer
English: rudder, rother
Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder

Old Frisian: rōther, rōder

Saterland Frisian: Ruur

West Frisian: roer

Old Saxon: *rōthar

Middle Low German: rôder

German Low German: Roor

→ Danish: ror

→ Faroese: róður

→ Norwegian: ror

→ Old Swedish: rodher

Swedish: roder

Old Dutch: *ruother

Middle Dutch: roeder

Dutch: roer
Afrikaans: roer
→ Russian: руль (rulʹ)
→ Armenian: ռուլ (ṙul)
→ Azerbaijani: rul
→ Georgian: რული (ruli)
→ Kazakh: рөл (röl)
→ Persian: رل (rol)

Old High German: ruodar, ruoder

Middle High German: ruoder

German: Ruder

Luxembourgish: Rudder

Yiddish: רודער (ruder)

From Proto-Germanic *rōþrą. Equivalent to *rōan (“to row”) + *-þr.


raih

raih (nominative singular)
raihu (nominative plural)
raih (accusative singular)
raihu (accusative plural)
raihas (genitive singular)
raihō (genitive plural)
raihē (dative singular)
raihum (dative plural)
raihu (instrumental singular)
raihum (instrumental plural)


gastīgan

gastīgan (infinitive)
gastīgannjas (genitive infinitive)
gastīgannjē (dative infinitive)
gastīgannju (infinitive instrumental)
gastīgu (first-person present singular)
gastaig (first-person past singular)
gastīgiʀi (present second-person singular)
gastigī (past second-person singular)
gastīgidi (present singular third-person)
gastaig (past singular third-person)
gastīgum (first-person plural present)
gastigum (first-person past plural)
gastīgid (plural present second-person)
gastigud (past plural second-person)
gastīgand (plural present third-person)
gastigun (past plural third-person)
gastīgē (first-person present singular)
gastigī (first-person past singular)
gastīgēs (present second-person singular)
gastīgē (present singular third-person)
gastigī (past singular third-person)
gastīgēm (first-person plural present)
gastigīm (first-person past plural)
gastīgēþ (plural present second-person)
gastigīd (past plural second-person)
gastīgēn (plural present third-person)
gastigīn (past plural third-person)
gastīg (present singular)
gastīgid (plural present)
gastīgandī (participle present)
gastigan (participle past)

Old English: ġestīgan

Old Saxon: gistīgan

Old Dutch: gistīgan

Old High German: gistīgan

Middle High German: gestīgen

From Proto-Germanic *gastīganą. Equivalent to *ga- + *stīgan.


garihtijan

garihtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
garihtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
garihtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
garihtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
garihtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
garihtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
garihtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
garihtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garihtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garihtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
garihtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garihtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garihtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
garihtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
garihtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
garihtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
garihtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
garihtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
garihtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
garihtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
garihtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
garihtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
garihtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
garihtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
garihtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
garihtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
garihtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
garihtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
garihtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
garihtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
garihti (class-1 present singular weak)
garihtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
garihtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
garihtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: ġerihtan
Middle English: ȝerihten, iriȝten, arighten
English: aright

Old Saxon: girihtian

Old Dutch: girihten

Middle Dutch: gerechten

Dutch: gerechten

Old High German: girihten

From Proto-Germanic *garihtijaną. Equivalent to *ga- + *rihtijan.


rihtijan

rihtijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
rihtijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
rihtijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
rihtijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
rihtiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rihtidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rihtisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rihtidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rihtidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rihtiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rihtidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rihtidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rihtijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rihtidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rihtiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rihtidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rihtijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rihtidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rihtijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
rihtidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
rihtijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
rihtidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
rihtijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
rihtidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
rihtijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
rihtidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
rihtijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
rihtidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
rihtijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
rihtidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
rihti (class-1 present singular weak)
rihtiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
rihtijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
rihtid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: rihtan, rehtan, ryhtan

desc

Middle English: riȝten, righten, reghten

English: right

Old Frisian: riuchta

Old Saxon: rihtian

Old Dutch: *rihten

Middle Dutch: richten

Dutch: richten

Afrikaans: rig

Limburgish: richte

Old High German: rihten

Middle High German: richten

German: richten

Luxembourgish: riichten

From Proto-Germanic *rihtijaną. Equivalent to *reht (“straight”) + *-jan.


stīgan

stīgan (infinitive)
stīgannjas (genitive infinitive)
stīgannjē (dative infinitive)
stīgannju (infinitive instrumental)
stīgu (first-person present singular)
staig (first-person past singular)
stīgiʀi (present second-person singular)
stigī (past second-person singular)
stīgidi (present singular third-person)
staig (past singular third-person)
stīgum (first-person plural present)
stigum (first-person past plural)
stīgid (plural present second-person)
stigud (past plural second-person)
stīgand (plural present third-person)
stigun (past plural third-person)
stīgē (first-person present singular)
stigī (first-person past singular)
stīgēs (present second-person singular)
stīgē (present singular third-person)
stigī (past singular third-person)
stīgēm (first-person plural present)
stigīm (first-person past plural)
stīgēþ (plural present second-person)
stigīd (past plural second-person)
stīgēn (plural present third-person)
stigīn (past plural third-person)
stīg (present singular)
stīgid (plural present)
stīgandī (participle present)
stigan (participle past)

Old English: stīgan

Middle English: stighen, stien

Scots: styan

English: sty

Old Frisian: stīga

Saterland Frisian: stiege

West Frisian: stige

Old Saxon: stīgan

Middle Low German: stîgen

German Low German: stiegen

desctree

Old Dutch: stīgan
Middle Dutch: stigen
Dutch: stijgen
Limburgish: stiege

Old High German: stīgan

Middle High German: stīgen

German: steigen

Hunsrik: steie

Luxembourgish: steigen

Yiddish: שטײַגן (shtaygn)


wihti

wihti (nominative singular)
wihtī (nominative plural)
wihti (accusative singular)
wihtī (accusative plural)
wihtī (genitive singular)
wihtijō (genitive plural)
wihtī (dative singular)
wihtim (dative plural)
wihtijum (dative plural)
wihtī (instrumental singular)
wihtim (instrumental plural)
wihtijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiht
Middle English: wight, wiȝt
English: wight, whit
Scots: wicht, wycht

Old Frisian: *wet (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: nit

Old Saxon: wiht
Middle Low German: wicht, wucht
German Low German: Wicht
Dutch Low Saxon: wicht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wicht
Sauerländisch: Weyht
Westmünsterländisch: Wicht

Old Dutch: wiht

Middle Dutch: wicht

Dutch: wicht

Afrikaans: wig

Old High German: wiht

Middle High German: wicht

German: Wicht


wihti

Old English: wihte

Old English: wiht
Middle English: weght, weghte, weighte, weihte, weit, wighte
English: weight
Scots: wecht, weicht
Yola: waaight

Old Frisian: wicht, wichte

North Frisian: wecht

Saterland Frisian: Wächte

Old Saxon: *wiht, *wihti

Middle Low German: wicht, wichte

Low German: Wicht, Wucht

→ German: Wucht

Plautdietsch: Wicht

→ Danish: vægt

Norwegian: vekt

→ German: Wicht

→ Swedish: vikt

Old Dutch: *wiht

Middle Dutch: wicht, wichte

Dutch: wicht

Old High German: *wihti

Middle High German: wiht


snīkan

snīkan (infinitive)
snīkannjas (genitive infinitive)
snīkannjē (dative infinitive)
snīkannju (infinitive instrumental)
snīku (first-person present singular)
snaik (first-person past singular)
snīkiʀi (present second-person singular)
snikī (past second-person singular)
snīkidi (present singular third-person)
snaik (past singular third-person)
snīkum (first-person plural present)
snikum (first-person past plural)
snīkid (plural present second-person)
snikud (past plural second-person)
snīkand (plural present third-person)
snikun (past plural third-person)
snīkē (first-person present singular)
snikī (first-person past singular)
snīkēs (present second-person singular)
snīkē (present singular third-person)
snikī (past singular third-person)
snīkēm (first-person plural present)
snikīm (first-person past plural)
snīkēþ (plural present second-person)
snikīd (past plural second-person)
snīkēn (plural present third-person)
snikīn (past plural third-person)
snīk (present singular)
snīkid (plural present)
snīkandī (participle present)
snikan (participle past)

Old English: snīcan
Middle English: sniken
>? English: sneak, snitch
>? Scots: sneke, sneak


hnītan

hnītan (infinitive)
hnītannjas (genitive infinitive)
hnītannjē (dative infinitive)
hnītannju (infinitive instrumental)
hnītu (first-person present singular)
hnait (first-person past singular)
hnītiʀi (present second-person singular)
hnitī (past second-person singular)
hnītidi (present singular third-person)
hnait (past singular third-person)
hnītum (first-person plural present)
hnitum (first-person past plural)
hnītid (plural present second-person)
hnitud (past plural second-person)
hnītand (plural present third-person)
hnitun (past plural third-person)
hnītē (first-person present singular)
hnitī (first-person past singular)
hnītēs (present second-person singular)
hnītē (present singular third-person)
hnitī (past singular third-person)
hnītēm (first-person plural present)
hnitīm (first-person past plural)
hnītēþ (plural present second-person)
hnitīd (past plural second-person)
hnītēn (plural present third-person)
hnitīn (past plural third-person)
hnīt (present singular)
hnītid (plural present)
hnītandī (participle present)
hnitan (participle past)

Old English: hnītan
Middle English: *niten, *nyten
Scots: noit, knoit, note
→ English: note

Old Frisian: *hnīta

⇒ West Frisian: nytsje

Old Saxon: *hnītan
Middle Low German: nîten
German Low German: nieten
→ German: nieten
→ Danish: nitte
⇒ Old Saxon: ofhnītan

Old Dutch: *nītan
Middle Dutch: *niten
Dutch: nijten (dialectal)


fradrīban

fradrīban (infinitive)
fradrībannjas (genitive infinitive)
fradrībannjē (dative infinitive)
fradrībannju (infinitive instrumental)
fradrību (first-person present singular)
fradraib (first-person past singular)
fradrībiʀi (present second-person singular)
fradribī (past second-person singular)
fradrībidi (present singular third-person)
fradraib (past singular third-person)
fradrībum (first-person plural present)
fradribum (first-person past plural)
fradrībid (plural present second-person)
fradribud (past plural second-person)
fradrīband (plural present third-person)
fradribun (past plural third-person)
fradrībē (first-person present singular)
fradribī (first-person past singular)
fradrībēs (present second-person singular)
fradrībē (present singular third-person)
fradribī (past singular third-person)
fradrībēm (first-person plural present)
fradribīm (first-person past plural)
fradrībēþ (plural present second-person)
fradribīd (past plural second-person)
fradrībēn (plural present third-person)
fradribīn (past plural third-person)
fradrīb (present singular)
fradrībid (plural present)
fradrībandī (participle present)
fradriban (participle past)

Old English: fordrīfan

Middle English: fordriven

English: fordrive

Old Frisian: fordrīva

Saterland Frisian: ferdrieuwe

West Frisian: ferdriuwe

Old Saxon: fardrīvan

Middle Low German: vordriven

German Low German: verdrieven

Dutch Low Saxon: verdrieven

→ Old Danish: fordriffue

→ Danish: fordrive

→ Old Swedish: fordriva

Swedish: fördriva

→ Elfdalian: fedraiva

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fordrive

Norwegian Nynorsk: fordriva, fordrive

Old Dutch: fardrīvan

Middle Dutch: verdriven

Dutch: verdrijven

Afrikaans: verdryf

Limburgish: verdrieve

Old High German: fartrīban

Middle High German: vertrīben

German: vertreiben

Alemannic German: vertriibe

From Proto-Germanic *fradrībaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *drīban.


strīban

strīban (infinitive)
strībannjas (genitive infinitive)
strībannjē (dative infinitive)
strībannju (infinitive instrumental)
strību (first-person present singular)
straib (first-person past singular)
strībiʀi (present second-person singular)
stribī (past second-person singular)
strībidi (present singular third-person)
straib (past singular third-person)
strībum (first-person plural present)
stribum (first-person past plural)
strībid (plural present second-person)
stribud (past plural second-person)
strīband (plural present third-person)
stribun (past plural third-person)
strībē (first-person present singular)
stribī (first-person past singular)
strībēs (present second-person singular)
strībē (present singular third-person)
stribī (past singular third-person)
strībēm (first-person plural present)
stribīm (first-person past plural)
strībēþ (plural present second-person)
stribīd (past plural second-person)
strībēn (plural present third-person)
stribīn (past plural third-person)
strīb (present singular)
strībid (plural present)
strībandī (participle present)
striban (participle past)

Old Dutch: *strīvan
Middle Dutch: *striven
Dutch: strijven

Old High German: *strīban

Middle High German: strīben

→ Old French: estriver
French: étriver
→ Middle English: striven, strive, striwen, strife, striffe
English: strive
Yola: streu (preterite)


glīman

glīman (infinitive)
glīmannjas (genitive infinitive)
glīmannjē (dative infinitive)
glīmannju (infinitive instrumental)
glīmu (first-person present singular)
glaim (first-person past singular)
glīmiʀi (present second-person singular)
glimī (past second-person singular)
glīmidi (present singular third-person)
glaim (past singular third-person)
glīmum (first-person plural present)
glimum (first-person past plural)
glīmid (plural present second-person)
glimud (past plural second-person)
glīmand (plural present third-person)
glimun (past plural third-person)
glīmē (first-person present singular)
glimī (first-person past singular)
glīmēs (present second-person singular)
glīmē (present singular third-person)
glimī (past singular third-person)
glīmēm (first-person plural present)
glimīm (first-person past plural)
glīmēþ (plural present second-person)
glimīd (past plural second-person)
glīmēn (plural present third-person)
glimīn (past plural third-person)
glīm (present singular)
glīmid (plural present)
glīmandī (participle present)
gliman (participle past)

Old High German: *glīman

Middle High German: glīmen


fīsan

fīsan (infinitive)
fīsannjas (genitive infinitive)
fīsannjē (dative infinitive)
fīsannju (infinitive instrumental)
fīsu (first-person present singular)
fais (first-person past singular)
fīsiʀi (present second-person singular)
fiʀī (past second-person singular)
fīsidi (present singular third-person)
fais (past singular third-person)
fīsum (first-person plural present)
fiʀum (first-person past plural)
fīsid (plural present second-person)
fiʀud (past plural second-person)
fīsand (plural present third-person)
fiʀun (past plural third-person)
fīsē (first-person present singular)
fiʀī (first-person past singular)
fīsēs (present second-person singular)
fīsē (present singular third-person)
fiʀī (past singular third-person)
fīsēm (first-person plural present)
fiʀīm (first-person past plural)
fīsēþ (plural present second-person)
fiʀīd (past plural second-person)
fīsēn (plural present third-person)
fiʀīn (past plural third-person)
fīs (present singular)
fīsid (plural present)
fīsandī (participle present)
fiʀan (participle past)

Old High German: *fīsan

Middle High German: vīsen


gīnan

gīnan (infinitive)
gīnannjas (genitive infinitive)
gīnannjē (dative infinitive)
gīnannju (infinitive instrumental)
gīnu (first-person present singular)
gain (first-person past singular)
gīniʀi (present second-person singular)
ginī (past second-person singular)
gīnidi (present singular third-person)
gain (past singular third-person)
gīnum (first-person plural present)
ginum (first-person past plural)
gīnid (plural present second-person)
ginud (past plural second-person)
gīnand (plural present third-person)
ginun (past plural third-person)
gīnē (first-person present singular)
ginī (first-person past singular)
gīnēs (present second-person singular)
gīnē (present singular third-person)
ginī (past singular third-person)
gīnēm (first-person plural present)
ginīm (first-person past plural)
gīnēþ (plural present second-person)
ginīd (past plural second-person)
gīnēn (plural present third-person)
ginīn (past plural third-person)
gīn (present singular)
gīnid (plural present)
gīnandī (participle present)
ginan (participle past)

Old English: ġīnan

Old Saxon: gīnan


hnīpan

hnīpan (infinitive)
hnīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
hnīpannjē (dative infinitive)
hnīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
hnīpu (first-person present singular)
hnaip (first-person past singular)
hnīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
hnipī (past second-person singular)
hnīpidi (present singular third-person)
hnaip (past singular third-person)
hnīpum (first-person plural present)
hnipum (first-person past plural)
hnīpid (plural present second-person)
hnipud (past plural second-person)
hnīpand (plural present third-person)
hnipun (past plural third-person)
hnīpē (first-person present singular)
hnipī (first-person past singular)
hnīpēs (present second-person singular)
hnīpē (present singular third-person)
hnipī (past singular third-person)
hnīpēm (first-person plural present)
hnipīm (first-person past plural)
hnīpēþ (plural present second-person)
hnipīd (past plural second-person)
hnīpēn (plural present third-person)
hnipīn (past plural third-person)
hnīp (present singular)
hnīpid (plural present)
hnīpandī (participle present)
hnipan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *hnīpan

Middle Low German: nîpen

Old Dutch: *nīpen

Middle Dutch: nipen

Dutch: nijpen


glītan

glītan (infinitive)
glītannjas (genitive infinitive)
glītannjē (dative infinitive)
glītannju (infinitive instrumental)
glītu (first-person present singular)
glait (first-person past singular)
glītiʀi (present second-person singular)
glitī (past second-person singular)
glītidi (present singular third-person)
glait (past singular third-person)
glītum (first-person plural present)
glitum (first-person past plural)
glītid (plural present second-person)
glitud (past plural second-person)
glītand (plural present third-person)
glitun (past plural third-person)
glītē (first-person present singular)
glitī (first-person past singular)
glītēs (present second-person singular)
glītē (present singular third-person)
glitī (past singular third-person)
glītēm (first-person plural present)
glitīm (first-person past plural)
glītēþ (plural present second-person)
glitīd (past plural second-person)
glītēn (plural present third-person)
glitīn (past plural third-person)
glīt (present singular)
glītid (plural present)
glītandī (participle present)
glitan (participle past)

Old Saxon: glītan

Old High German: glīzan

German: gleißen


krīskan

krīskan (infinitive)
krīskannjas (genitive infinitive)
krīskannjē (dative infinitive)
krīskannju (infinitive instrumental)
krīsku (first-person present singular)
kraisk (first-person past singular)
krīskiʀi (present second-person singular)
kriskī (past second-person singular)
krīskidi (present singular third-person)
kraisk (past singular third-person)
krīskum (first-person plural present)
kriskum (first-person past plural)
krīskid (plural present second-person)
kriskud (past plural second-person)
krīskand (plural present third-person)
kriskun (past plural third-person)
krīskē (first-person present singular)
kriskī (first-person past singular)
krīskēs (present second-person singular)
krīskē (present singular third-person)
kriskī (past singular third-person)
krīskēm (first-person plural present)
kriskīm (first-person past plural)
krīskēþ (plural present second-person)
kriskīd (past plural second-person)
krīskēn (plural present third-person)
kriskīn (past plural third-person)
krīsk (present singular)
krīskid (plural present)
krīskandī (participle present)
kriskan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *krīskan

desc

Middle Low German: krîschen, krissen, krisken, kreisen, krêsen

desctree

Old Dutch: *crīscan
Middle Dutch: criscen, crischen
Dutch: krijsen
Afrikaans: krys
West Frisian: krieze
⇒ West Frisian: kryskje
Limburgish: kriesje, kriese

→ Old French: crincier

Middle French: crincier

French: crincer

⇒ Old French: recrincier

⇒ Old French: crinçon

Old High German: *krīskan

Middle High German: krīschen

German: kreischen (weak, probably through merger with the causative < MHG kreischen)

Central Franconian: kriesche, kreische

Luxembourgish: kräischen

Hunsrik: kreische


drītan

drītan (infinitive)
drītannjas (genitive infinitive)
drītannjē (dative infinitive)
drītannju (infinitive instrumental)
drītu (first-person present singular)
drait (first-person past singular)
drītiʀi (present second-person singular)
dritī (past second-person singular)
drītidi (present singular third-person)
drait (past singular third-person)
drītum (first-person plural present)
dritum (first-person past plural)
drītid (plural present second-person)
dritud (past plural second-person)
drītand (plural present third-person)
dritun (past plural third-person)
drītē (first-person present singular)
dritī (first-person past singular)
drītēs (present second-person singular)
drītē (present singular third-person)
dritī (past singular third-person)
drītēm (first-person plural present)
dritīm (first-person past plural)
drītēþ (plural present second-person)
dritīd (past plural second-person)
drītēn (plural present third-person)
dritīn (past plural third-person)
drīt (present singular)
drītid (plural present)
drītandī (participle present)
dritan (participle past)

Old English: drītan

Middle English: driten

Scots: drite

English: drite

Old Frisian: drīta

Old Saxon: *drītan

Middle Low German: drîten

Low German: drieten

Old Dutch: *drītan
Middle Dutch: driten
Dutch: drijten

Old High German: trīzan; *drīzan

Central Franconian: drieße


slīkan

slīkan (infinitive)
slīkannjas (genitive infinitive)
slīkannjē (dative infinitive)
slīkannju (infinitive instrumental)
slīku (first-person present singular)
slaik (first-person past singular)
slīkiʀi (present second-person singular)
slikī (past second-person singular)
slīkidi (present singular third-person)
slaik (past singular third-person)
slīkum (first-person plural present)
slikum (first-person past plural)
slīkid (plural present second-person)
slikud (past plural second-person)
slīkand (plural present third-person)
slikun (past plural third-person)
slīkē (first-person present singular)
slikī (first-person past singular)
slīkēs (present second-person singular)
slīkē (present singular third-person)
slikī (past singular third-person)
slīkēm (first-person plural present)
slikīm (first-person past plural)
slīkēþ (plural present second-person)
slikīd (past plural second-person)
slīkēn (plural present third-person)
slikīn (past plural third-person)
slīk (present singular)
slīkid (plural present)
slīkandī (participle present)
slikan (participle past)

Old English: *slīcan
Middle English: sliken
English: slike

Old Frisian: *slīka

Saterland Frisian: slieke

Old Saxon: *slīkan

Middle Low German: slîken

German Low German: slieken

Plautdietsch: schlijken

Old High German: slīhhan

Middle High German: slīchen

German: schleichen

Luxembourgish: schläichen


spīwan

spīwan (infinitive)
spīwannjas (genitive infinitive)
spīwannjē (dative infinitive)
spīwannju (infinitive instrumental)
spīwu (first-person present singular)
spaiw (first-person past singular)
spīwiʀi (present second-person singular)
spiwī (past second-person singular)
spīwidi (present singular third-person)
spaiw (past singular third-person)
spīwum (first-person plural present)
spiwum (first-person past plural)
spīwid (plural present second-person)
spiwud (past plural second-person)
spīwand (plural present third-person)
spiwun (past plural third-person)
spīwē (first-person present singular)
spiwī (first-person past singular)
spīwēs (present second-person singular)
spīwē (present singular third-person)
spiwī (past singular third-person)
spīwēm (first-person plural present)
spiwīm (first-person past plural)
spīwēþ (plural present second-person)
spiwīd (past plural second-person)
spīwēn (plural present third-person)
spiwīn (past plural third-person)
spīw (present singular)
spīwid (plural present)
spīwandī (participle present)
spiwan (participle past)

Old English: spīwan
Middle English: spewen, speouwen, spew, spewe, spiewen, spiwan, spue, spuen, spuwe
English: spew
Scots: spew

Old Frisian: spīa

Saterland Frisian: späie

West Frisian: spije

Old Saxon: spīwan
Middle Low German: spîgen, spîen, spiggen
Low German: spiien, speen
Plautdietsch: spieen

Old Dutch: *spīwan
Middle Dutch: spuwen
Dutch: spuwen, spouwen, spuien, spugen
Afrikaans: spu, spuug, spoeg
Limburgish: spieje

Old High German: spīwan

Middle High German: spīen

Alemannic German: spiiwe

German: speien

Yiddish: שפּײַען (shpayen)


dīkan

dīkan (infinitive)
dīkannjas (genitive infinitive)
dīkannjē (dative infinitive)
dīkannju (infinitive instrumental)
dīku (first-person present singular)
daik (first-person past singular)
dīkiʀi (present second-person singular)
dikī (past second-person singular)
dīkidi (present singular third-person)
daik (past singular third-person)
dīkum (first-person plural present)
dikum (first-person past plural)
dīkid (plural present second-person)
dikud (past plural second-person)
dīkand (plural present third-person)
dikun (past plural third-person)
dīkē (first-person present singular)
dikī (first-person past singular)
dīkēs (present second-person singular)
dīkē (present singular third-person)
dikī (past singular third-person)
dīkēm (first-person plural present)
dikīm (first-person past plural)
dīkēþ (plural present second-person)
dikīd (past plural second-person)
dīkēn (plural present third-person)
dikīn (past plural third-person)
dīk (present singular)
dīkid (plural present)
dīkandī (participle present)
dikan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *dīkan

Middle Low German: dîken

Old Dutch: *dīcan

Middle Dutch: diken

Old High German: *tīhhan

Middle High German: tīchen


grīnan

grīnan (infinitive)
grīnannjas (genitive infinitive)
grīnannjē (dative infinitive)
grīnannju (infinitive instrumental)
grīnu (first-person present singular)
grain (first-person past singular)
grīniʀi (present second-person singular)
grinī (past second-person singular)
grīnidi (present singular third-person)
grain (past singular third-person)
grīnum (first-person plural present)
grinum (first-person past plural)
grīnid (plural present second-person)
grinud (past plural second-person)
grīnand (plural present third-person)
grinun (past plural third-person)
grīnē (first-person present singular)
grinī (first-person past singular)
grīnēs (present second-person singular)
grīnē (present singular third-person)
grinī (past singular third-person)
grīnēm (first-person plural present)
grinīm (first-person past plural)
grīnēþ (plural present second-person)
grinīd (past plural second-person)
grīnēn (plural present third-person)
grinīn (past plural third-person)
grīn (present singular)
grīnid (plural present)
grīnandī (participle present)
grinan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *grīnan

Middle Low German: grînen

German Low German: grienen

→ German: grienen

→ Dutch: grienen

Old Dutch: *grīnan

Middle Dutch: grinen

Dutch: grijnen (obsolete)

Limburgish: griene

Old High German: grīnan

Middle High German: grīnen

Alemannic German: griine

German: greinen

Luxembourgish: gréngen


mīþan

mīþan (infinitive)
mīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
mīþannjē (dative infinitive)
mīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
mīþu (first-person present singular)
maiþ (first-person past singular)
mīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
midī (past second-person singular)
mīþidi (present singular third-person)
maiþ (past singular third-person)
mīþum (first-person plural present)
midum (first-person past plural)
mīþid (plural present second-person)
midud (past plural second-person)
mīþand (plural present third-person)
midun (past plural third-person)
mīþē (first-person present singular)
midī (first-person past singular)
mīþēs (present second-person singular)
mīþē (present singular third-person)
midī (past singular third-person)
mīþēm (first-person plural present)
midīm (first-person past plural)
mīþēþ (plural present second-person)
midīd (past plural second-person)
mīþēn (plural present third-person)
midīn (past plural third-person)
mīþ (present singular)
mīþid (plural present)
mīþandī (participle present)
midan (participle past)

Old English: mīþan
Middle English: mithen

Old Frisian: mītha (in combination)

Saterland Frisian: miede

West Frisian: mije

Old Saxon: mīthan

Middle Low German: mīden

Old Dutch: mīthan
Middle Dutch: miden
Dutch: mijden
Limburgish: mieje

Old High German: mīdan

Middle High German: mīden

German: meiden

Luxembourgish: meiden


hrīnan

hrīnan (infinitive)
hrīnannjas (genitive infinitive)
hrīnannjē (dative infinitive)
hrīnannju (infinitive instrumental)
hrīnu (first-person present singular)
hrain (first-person past singular)
hrīniʀi (present second-person singular)
hrinī (past second-person singular)
hrīnidi (present singular third-person)
hrain (past singular third-person)
hrīnum (first-person plural present)
hrinum (first-person past plural)
hrīnid (plural present second-person)
hrinud (past plural second-person)
hrīnand (plural present third-person)
hrinun (past plural third-person)
hrīnē (first-person present singular)
hrinī (first-person past singular)
hrīnēs (present second-person singular)
hrīnē (present singular third-person)
hrinī (past singular third-person)
hrīnēm (first-person plural present)
hrinīm (first-person past plural)
hrīnēþ (plural present second-person)
hrinīd (past plural second-person)
hrīnēn (plural present third-person)
hrinīn (past plural third-person)
hrīn (present singular)
hrīnid (plural present)
hrīnandī (participle present)
hrinan (participle past)

Old English: hrīnan

Middle English: rinen

Scots: rin

English: rine

Old Saxon: hrīnan

Old Dutch: *rīnan
Middle Dutch: rinen

Old High German: hrīnan, rīnan


swīþan

swīþan (infinitive)
swīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
swīþannjē (dative infinitive)
swīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
swīþu (first-person present singular)
swaiþ (first-person past singular)
swīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
swidī (past second-person singular)
swīþidi (present singular third-person)
swaiþ (past singular third-person)
swīþum (first-person plural present)
swidum (first-person past plural)
swīþid (plural present second-person)
swidud (past plural second-person)
swīþand (plural present third-person)
swidun (past plural third-person)
swīþē (first-person present singular)
swidī (first-person past singular)
swīþēs (present second-person singular)
swīþē (present singular third-person)
swidī (past singular third-person)
swīþēm (first-person plural present)
swidīm (first-person past plural)
swīþēþ (plural present second-person)
swidīd (past plural second-person)
swīþēn (plural present third-person)
swidīn (past plural third-person)
swīþ (present singular)
swīþid (plural present)
swīþandī (participle present)
swidan (participle past)

Old High German: swīdan


klīban

klīban (infinitive)
klībannjas (genitive infinitive)
klībannjē (dative infinitive)
klībannju (infinitive instrumental)
klību (first-person present singular)
klaib (first-person past singular)
klībiʀi (present second-person singular)
klibī (past second-person singular)
klībidi (present singular third-person)
klaib (past singular third-person)
klībum (first-person plural present)
klibum (first-person past plural)
klībid (plural present second-person)
klibud (past plural second-person)
klīband (plural present third-person)
klibun (past plural third-person)
klībē (first-person present singular)
klibī (first-person past singular)
klībēs (present second-person singular)
klībē (present singular third-person)
klibī (past singular third-person)
klībēm (first-person plural present)
klibīm (first-person past plural)
klībēþ (plural present second-person)
klibīd (past plural second-person)
klībēn (plural present third-person)
klibīn (past plural third-person)
klīb (present singular)
klībid (plural present)
klībandī (participle present)
kliban (participle past)

Old English: clīfan

Middle English: cleven (conflated with *klibēn)

English: cleave

Scots: cleve, cleif

gl

merged with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">klífa</i>

Middle English: cliven, clyven (merged with Old Norse klífa)

English: clive

Old Frisian: klīva

⇒ West Frisian: kleve (weak verb)

Old Saxon: *klīban, *klīvan

Middle Low German: klîven

German Low German: klieven

desctree

Old Dutch: *clīvan
Middle Dutch: cliven
Dutch: klijven

Old High German: klīban

Middle High German: klīben

German: kleiben (archaic)


sīgan

sīgan (infinitive)
sīgannjas (genitive infinitive)
sīgannjē (dative infinitive)
sīgannju (infinitive instrumental)
sīgu (first-person present singular)
saig (first-person past singular)
sīgiʀi (present second-person singular)
sigī (past second-person singular)
sīgidi (present singular third-person)
saig (past singular third-person)
sīgum (first-person plural present)
sigum (first-person past plural)
sīgid (plural present second-person)
sigud (past plural second-person)
sīgand (plural present third-person)
sigun (past plural third-person)
sīgē (first-person present singular)
sigī (first-person past singular)
sīgēs (present second-person singular)
sīgē (present singular third-person)
sigī (past singular third-person)
sīgēm (first-person plural present)
sigīm (first-person past plural)
sīgēþ (plural present second-person)
sigīd (past plural second-person)
sīgēn (plural present third-person)
sigīn (past plural third-person)
sīg (present singular)
sīgid (plural present)
sīgandī (participle present)
sigan (participle past)

Old English: sīġan

Middle English: sien

English: sie, sye

Old Frisian: sīga

North Frisian: siuken

West Frisian: sige

Old Saxon: sīgan

Middle Low German: sîgen

Old Dutch: *sīgan
Middle Dutch: sigen
Dutch: zijgen
Limburgish: ziege

Old High German: sīgan

Middle High German: sīgen

German: seigen


skrīþan

skrīþan (infinitive)
skrīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
skrīþannjē (dative infinitive)
skrīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
skrīþu (first-person present singular)
skraiþ (first-person past singular)
skrīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
skridī (past second-person singular)
skrīþidi (present singular third-person)
skraiþ (past singular third-person)
skrīþum (first-person plural present)
skridum (first-person past plural)
skrīþid (plural present second-person)
skridud (past plural second-person)
skrīþand (plural present third-person)
skridun (past plural third-person)
skrīþē (first-person present singular)
skridī (first-person past singular)
skrīþēs (present second-person singular)
skrīþē (present singular third-person)
skridī (past singular third-person)
skrīþēm (first-person plural present)
skridīm (first-person past plural)
skrīþēþ (plural present second-person)
skridīd (past plural second-person)
skrīþēn (plural present third-person)
skridīn (past plural third-person)
skrīþ (present singular)
skrīþid (plural present)
skrīþandī (participle present)
skridan (participle past)

Old English: sċrīþan

→ English: shrithe (revived)

Old Frisian: *skrītha, skrīda

Old Saxon: scrīthan, skrīdan

Middle Low German: schrîden

Low German: schrieden

Old Dutch: *scrīthan
Middle Dutch: schriden
Dutch: schrijden

Old High German: skrītan, scrītan

Middle High German: schrīten

German: schreiten


rīsan

rīsan (infinitive)
rīsannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīsannjē (dative infinitive)
rīsannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīsu (first-person present singular)
rais (first-person past singular)
rīsiʀi (present second-person singular)
riʀī (past second-person singular)
rīsidi (present singular third-person)
rais (past singular third-person)
rīsum (first-person plural present)
riʀum (first-person past plural)
rīsid (plural present second-person)
riʀud (past plural second-person)
rīsand (plural present third-person)
riʀun (past plural third-person)
rīsē (first-person present singular)
riʀī (first-person past singular)
rīsēs (present second-person singular)
rīsē (present singular third-person)
riʀī (past singular third-person)
rīsēm (first-person plural present)
riʀīm (first-person past plural)
rīsēþ (plural present second-person)
riʀīd (past plural second-person)
rīsēn (plural present third-person)
riʀīn (past plural third-person)
rīs (present singular)
rīsid (plural present)
rīsandī (participle present)
riʀan (participle past)

Old English: rīsan

Middle English: risen

Scots: rise

English: rise

Old Frisian: rīsa

Saterland Frisian: risa

Saterland Frisian: riese

West Frisian: rize

Old Saxon: rīsan

Middle Low German: rîsen

German Low German: riesen

Low German: risen

Old Dutch: *rīsan
Middle Dutch: risen
Dutch: rijzen
Limburgish: rieze

Old High German: rīsan

Middle High German: rīsen

German: reisen


kīkan

kīkan (infinitive)
kīkannjas (genitive infinitive)
kīkannjē (dative infinitive)
kīkannju (infinitive instrumental)
kīku (first-person present singular)
kaik (first-person past singular)
kīkiʀi (present second-person singular)
kikī (past second-person singular)
kīkidi (present singular third-person)
kaik (past singular third-person)
kīkum (first-person plural present)
kikum (first-person past plural)
kīkid (plural present second-person)
kikud (past plural second-person)
kīkand (plural present third-person)
kikun (past plural third-person)
kīkē (first-person present singular)
kikī (first-person past singular)
kīkēs (present second-person singular)
kīkē (present singular third-person)
kikī (past singular third-person)
kīkēm (first-person plural present)
kikīm (first-person past plural)
kīkēþ (plural present second-person)
kikīd (past plural second-person)
kīkēn (plural present third-person)
kikīn (past plural third-person)
kīk (present singular)
kīkid (plural present)
kīkandī (participle present)
kikan (participle past)

⇒ Old Frisian: *kīkia

West Frisian: kytse

Saterland Frisian: kiekje

Old Saxon: kīkan

Middle Low German: kîken

Low German: kieken

→ Dutch: kieken

Plautdietsch: kjikjen

→ Middle English: kiken, keken, kyken

Scots: keek

English: keek

→ German: kieken

→ Icelandic: kíkja

→ Faroese: kika

→ Norn: kika

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kikke

→ Swedish: kika

→ Finnish: tsiigata

→ Danish: kigge, kikke, kige (dialect)

→ Gutnish: keike, keik', keika

Old Dutch: *kīcan

Middle Dutch: kiken

Dutch: kijken

Afrikaans: kyk


wītan

wītan (infinitive)
wītannjas (genitive infinitive)
wītannjē (dative infinitive)
wītannju (infinitive instrumental)
wītu (first-person present singular)
wait (first-person past singular)
wītiʀi (present second-person singular)
witī (past second-person singular)
wītidi (present singular third-person)
wait (past singular third-person)
wītum (first-person plural present)
witum (first-person past plural)
wītid (plural present second-person)
witud (past plural second-person)
wītand (plural present third-person)
witun (past plural third-person)
wītē (first-person present singular)
witī (first-person past singular)
wītēs (present second-person singular)
wītē (present singular third-person)
witī (past singular third-person)
wītēm (first-person plural present)
witīm (first-person past plural)
wītēþ (plural present second-person)
witīd (past plural second-person)
wītēn (plural present third-person)
witīn (past plural third-person)
wīt (present singular)
wītid (plural present)
wītandī (participle present)
witan (participle past)

Old English: wītan

Middle English: wīten, wyten

Scots: wyte

English: wite

Old Frisian: wīta

Saterland Frisian: wiete

Old Saxon: wītan

Middle Low German: wīten

Old Dutch: wītan

Middle Dutch: witen
Dutch: wijten
Afrikaans: wyt
Limburgish: wiete

Old High German: wīzan, wīzzan

Middle High German: wīzen

German: weisen

→ German Low German: wiesen

→ Old French: *guider, guier (also possibly from Gothic)

Middle French: guider

French: guider

→ Middle English: guiden, giden, gyden; guien, gien, gyen

English: guide; guy

→ Occitan: guidar, guizar

→ Italian: guidare

→ Spanish: guiar

→ Portuguese: guiar


biskīnan

biskīnan (infinitive)
biskīnannjas (genitive infinitive)
biskīnannjē (dative infinitive)
biskīnannju (infinitive instrumental)
biskīnu (first-person present singular)
biskain (first-person past singular)
biskīniʀi (present second-person singular)
biskinī (past second-person singular)
biskīnidi (present singular third-person)
biskain (past singular third-person)
biskīnum (first-person plural present)
biskinum (first-person past plural)
biskīnid (plural present second-person)
biskinud (past plural second-person)
biskīnand (plural present third-person)
biskinun (past plural third-person)
biskīnē (first-person present singular)
biskinī (first-person past singular)
biskīnēs (present second-person singular)
biskīnē (present singular third-person)
biskinī (past singular third-person)
biskīnēm (first-person plural present)
biskinīm (first-person past plural)
biskīnēþ (plural present second-person)
biskinīd (past plural second-person)
biskīnēn (plural present third-person)
biskinīn (past plural third-person)
biskīn (present singular)
biskīnid (plural present)
biskīnandī (participle present)
biskinan (participle past)

Old English: besċīnan

Middle English: beschinen, beshinen

English: beshine

Old Frisian: biskīna

Saterland Frisian: beskiene

West Frisian: beskine

Old Saxon: *biskīnan

Middle Low German: beschînen

German Low German: beschienen

Plautdietsch: beschienen

Old Dutch: *biskīnan

Middle Dutch: beschinen

Dutch: beschijnen

Old High German: biskīnan

Middle High German: beschīnen

German: bescheinen

From Proto-Germanic *biskīnaną. Equivalent to *bi- + *skīnan.


skītan

skītan (infinitive)
skītannjas (genitive infinitive)
skītannjē (dative infinitive)
skītannju (infinitive instrumental)
skītu (first-person present singular)
skait (first-person past singular)
skītiʀi (present second-person singular)
skitī (past second-person singular)
skītidi (present singular third-person)
skait (past singular third-person)
skītum (first-person plural present)
skitum (first-person past plural)
skītid (plural present second-person)
skitud (past plural second-person)
skītand (plural present third-person)
skitun (past plural third-person)
skītē (first-person present singular)
skitī (first-person past singular)
skītēs (present second-person singular)
skītē (present singular third-person)
skitī (past singular third-person)
skītēm (first-person plural present)
skitīm (first-person past plural)
skītēþ (plural present second-person)
skitīd (past plural second-person)
skītēn (plural present third-person)
skitīn (past plural third-person)
skīt (present singular)
skītid (plural present)
skītandī (participle present)
skitan (participle past)

Old English: sċītan
Middle English: schiten, schite, schyte, schytyn, shyte, shytyn
English: shit, shite
Scots: shit

Old Frisian: skīta

Saterland Frisian: skiete

West Frisian: skite

Old Saxon: skītan
Middle Low German: schīten
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: schieten
Plautdietsch: schieten

Old Dutch: *skītan
Middle Dutch: schiten
Dutch: schijten
Limburgish: sjiete

Old High German: skīzan

Middle High German: schīzen

German: scheißen

Hunsrik: scheise

Luxembourgish: schäissen


swīban

swīban (infinitive)
swībannjas (genitive infinitive)
swībannjē (dative infinitive)
swībannju (infinitive instrumental)
swību (first-person present singular)
swaib (first-person past singular)
swībiʀi (present second-person singular)
swibī (past second-person singular)
swībidi (present singular third-person)
swaib (past singular third-person)
swībum (first-person plural present)
swibum (first-person past plural)
swībid (plural present second-person)
swibud (past plural second-person)
swīband (plural present third-person)
swibun (past plural third-person)
swībē (first-person present singular)
swibī (first-person past singular)
swībēs (present second-person singular)
swībē (present singular third-person)
swibī (past singular third-person)
swībēm (first-person plural present)
swibīm (first-person past plural)
swībēþ (plural present second-person)
swibīd (past plural second-person)
swībēn (plural present third-person)
swibīn (past plural third-person)
swīb (present singular)
swībid (plural present)
swībandī (participle present)
swiban (participle past)

Old English: swīfan
Middle English: swiven
English: swive
⇒ Middle English: swift
English: swift

Old Frisian: swīva


sprīþan

sprīþan (infinitive)
sprīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
sprīþannjē (dative infinitive)
sprīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
sprīþu (first-person present singular)
spraiþ (first-person past singular)
sprīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
spridī (past second-person singular)
sprīþidi (present singular third-person)
spraiþ (past singular third-person)
sprīþum (first-person plural present)
spridum (first-person past plural)
sprīþid (plural present second-person)
spridud (past plural second-person)
sprīþand (plural present third-person)
spridun (past plural third-person)
sprīþē (first-person present singular)
spridī (first-person past singular)
sprīþēs (present second-person singular)
sprīþē (present singular third-person)
spridī (past singular third-person)
sprīþēm (first-person plural present)
spridīm (first-person past plural)
sprīþēþ (plural present second-person)
spridīd (past plural second-person)
sprīþēn (plural present third-person)
spridīn (past plural third-person)
sprīþ (present singular)
sprīþid (plural present)
sprīþandī (participle present)
spridan (participle past)

Old High German: *sprīdan, sprīzan (influenced by *sprittōn)

Middle High German: sprīden, sprīten


uʀbīdan

uʀbīdan (infinitive)
uʀbīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
uʀbīdannjē (dative infinitive)
uʀbīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
uʀbīdu (first-person present singular)
uʀbaid (first-person past singular)
uʀbīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
uʀbidī (past second-person singular)
uʀbīdidi (present singular third-person)
uʀbaid (past singular third-person)
uʀbīdum (first-person plural present)
uʀbidum (first-person past plural)
uʀbīdid (plural present second-person)
uʀbidud (past plural second-person)
uʀbīdand (plural present third-person)
uʀbidun (past plural third-person)
uʀbīdē (first-person present singular)
uʀbidī (first-person past singular)
uʀbīdēs (present second-person singular)
uʀbīdē (present singular third-person)
uʀbidī (past singular third-person)
uʀbīdēm (first-person plural present)
uʀbidīm (first-person past plural)
uʀbīdēþ (plural present second-person)
uʀbidīd (past plural second-person)
uʀbīdēn (plural present third-person)
uʀbidīn (past plural third-person)
uʀbīd (present singular)
uʀbīdid (plural present)
uʀbīdandī (participle present)
uʀbidan (participle past)

Old English: ābīdan
Middle English: abyden, abiden
English: abide
Scots: abyde, abide

Old High German: irbītan

Middle High German: irbīten, erbīten

From Proto-Germanic *uzbīdaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- + *bīdan.


splītan

splītan (infinitive)
splītannjas (genitive infinitive)
splītannjē (dative infinitive)
splītannju (infinitive instrumental)
splītu (first-person present singular)
splait (first-person past singular)
splītiʀi (present second-person singular)
splitī (past second-person singular)
splītidi (present singular third-person)
splait (past singular third-person)
splītum (first-person plural present)
splitum (first-person past plural)
splītid (plural present second-person)
splitud (past plural second-person)
splītand (plural present third-person)
splitun (past plural third-person)
splītē (first-person present singular)
splitī (first-person past singular)
splītēs (present second-person singular)
splītē (present singular third-person)
splitī (past singular third-person)
splītēm (first-person plural present)
splitīm (first-person past plural)
splītēþ (plural present second-person)
splitīd (past plural second-person)
splītēn (plural present third-person)
splitīn (past plural third-person)
splīt (present singular)
splītid (plural present)
splītandī (participle present)
splitan (participle past)

Old Frisian: splīta

Saterland Frisian: spliete

West Frisian: splite

Old Saxon: *splītan

Middle Low German: splîten

Low German: splieten

Old Dutch: splītan

Middle Dutch: spliten

Dutch: splijten

Afrikaans: splyt

→? English: split

Limburgish: spliete

Old High German: splīzan

Middle High German: splīzen

German: spleißen


smītan

smītan (infinitive)
smītannjas (genitive infinitive)
smītannjē (dative infinitive)
smītannju (infinitive instrumental)
smītu (first-person present singular)
smait (first-person past singular)
smītiʀi (present second-person singular)
smitī (past second-person singular)
smītidi (present singular third-person)
smait (past singular third-person)
smītum (first-person plural present)
smitum (first-person past plural)
smītid (plural present second-person)
smitud (past plural second-person)
smītand (plural present third-person)
smitun (past plural third-person)
smītē (first-person present singular)
smitī (first-person past singular)
smītēs (present second-person singular)
smītē (present singular third-person)
smitī (past singular third-person)
smītēm (first-person plural present)
smitīm (first-person past plural)
smītēþ (plural present second-person)
smitīd (past plural second-person)
smītēn (plural present third-person)
smitīn (past plural third-person)
smīt (present singular)
smītid (plural present)
smītandī (participle present)
smitan (participle past)

Old English: smītan

Middle English: smiten

Scots: smite, smyte

English: smite

Old Frisian: smīta

Saterland Frisian: smita

Saterland Frisian: smiete

West Frisian: smite

Old Saxon: smītan

Middle Low German: smîten

Low German: smieten

Old Dutch: *smītan
Middle Dutch: smiten
Dutch: smijten
Afrikaans: smyt
Limburgish: smiete

Old High German: smīzan

Middle High German: smīzen

German: schmeißen

Hunsrik: schmeise

Luxembourgish: schmäissen


swīkwan

swīkwan (infinitive)
swīkwannjas (genitive infinitive)
swīkwannjē (dative infinitive)
swīkwannju (infinitive instrumental)
swīku (first-person present singular)
swaikw (first-person past singular)
swīkwiʀi (present second-person singular)
swikwī (past second-person singular)
swīkwidi (present singular third-person)
swaikw (past singular third-person)
swīkum (first-person plural present)
swikum (first-person past plural)
swīkwid (plural present second-person)
swikud (past plural second-person)
swīkwand (plural present third-person)
swikun (past plural third-person)
swīkwē (first-person present singular)
swikwī (first-person past singular)
swīkwēs (present second-person singular)
swīkwē (present singular third-person)
swikwī (past singular third-person)
swīkwēm (first-person plural present)
swikwīm (first-person past plural)
swīkwēþ (plural present second-person)
swikwīd (past plural second-person)
swīkwēn (plural present third-person)
swikwīn (past plural third-person)
swīkw (present singular)
swīkwid (plural present)
swīkwandī (participle present)
swikwan (participle past)

Old English: swīcan

Middle English: swiken

Scots: swike, swyk

English: swike

Old Frisian: swīka

Old Saxon: swīkan

Middle Low German: swīken

Old Dutch: *swīcan
Middle Dutch: swiken
Dutch: zwijken
Limburgish: zwieke

Old High German: swīhhan, swīchan

Middle High German: swīchen


pīpan

pīpan (infinitive)
pīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
pīpannjē (dative infinitive)
pīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
pīpu (first-person present singular)
paip (first-person past singular)
pīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
pipī (past second-person singular)
pīpidi (present singular third-person)
paip (past singular third-person)
pīpum (first-person plural present)
pipum (first-person past plural)
pīpid (plural present second-person)
pipud (past plural second-person)
pīpand (plural present third-person)
pipun (past plural third-person)
pīpē (first-person present singular)
pipī (first-person past singular)
pīpēs (present second-person singular)
pīpē (present singular third-person)
pipī (past singular third-person)
pīpēm (first-person plural present)
pipīm (first-person past plural)
pīpēþ (plural present second-person)
pipīd (past plural second-person)
pīpēn (plural present third-person)
pipīn (past plural third-person)
pīp (present singular)
pīpid (plural present)
pīpandī (participle present)
pipan (participle past)

Old Saxon: *pīpan

Middle Low German: pîpen

Low German: piepen

→ German: piepen

Old Dutch: *pīpan
Middle Dutch: pipen
Dutch: pijpen, piepen
Limburgish: piepe

Old High German: *phīfan

Middle High German: pfīfen

Alemannic German: pfife

Bavarian: pfeifn, pfeifa

Cimbrian: faifan

Central Franconian: piefe, peife

Luxembourgish: päifen

East Central German: feifen

German: pfeifen

Rhine Franconian: poife, peife, piefe

Yiddish: פֿײַפֿן (fayfn)

→ Catalan: pifiar

→ Italian: piffero
→ English: piffero

→ Spanish: pifiar

⇒ Spanish: pifia (noun) (back-formation)
→ Portuguese: pífio

To peep, chirp, or squeak (like a bird or rodent)

To talk in a high-pitched or squeaky voice.


uʀrīsan

uʀrīsan (infinitive)
uʀrīsannjas (genitive infinitive)
uʀrīsannjē (dative infinitive)
uʀrīsannju (infinitive instrumental)
uʀrīsu (first-person present singular)
uʀrais (first-person past singular)
uʀrīsiʀi (present second-person singular)
uʀriʀī (past second-person singular)
uʀrīsidi (present singular third-person)
uʀrais (past singular third-person)
uʀrīsum (first-person plural present)
uʀriʀum (first-person past plural)
uʀrīsid (plural present second-person)
uʀriʀud (past plural second-person)
uʀrīsand (plural present third-person)
uʀriʀun (past plural third-person)
uʀrīsē (first-person present singular)
uʀriʀī (first-person past singular)
uʀrīsēs (present second-person singular)
uʀrīsē (present singular third-person)
uʀriʀī (past singular third-person)
uʀrīsēm (first-person plural present)
uʀriʀīm (first-person past plural)
uʀrīsēþ (plural present second-person)
uʀriʀīd (past plural second-person)
uʀrīsēn (plural present third-person)
uʀriʀīn (past plural third-person)
uʀrīs (present singular)
uʀrīsid (plural present)
uʀrīsandī (participle present)
uʀriʀan (participle past)

Old English: ārīsan

Middle English: arisen

Scots: arise, aryse

English: arise

Old Saxon: *arīsan

Middle Low German: errīsen

Old Dutch: *irrīsan

Middle Dutch: errisen

Old High German: irrīsan, arrīsan

From Proto-Germanic *uzrīsaną. Equivalent to *uʀ- + *rīsan.


strīdan

strīdan (infinitive)
strīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
strīdannjē (dative infinitive)
strīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
strīdu (first-person present singular)
straid (first-person past singular)
strīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
stridī (past second-person singular)
strīdidi (present singular third-person)
straid (past singular third-person)
strīdum (first-person plural present)
stridum (first-person past plural)
strīdid (plural present second-person)
stridud (past plural second-person)
strīdand (plural present third-person)
stridun (past plural third-person)
strīdē (first-person present singular)
stridī (first-person past singular)
strīdēs (present second-person singular)
strīdē (present singular third-person)
stridī (past singular third-person)
strīdēm (first-person plural present)
stridīm (first-person past plural)
strīdēþ (plural present second-person)
stridīd (past plural second-person)
strīdēn (plural present third-person)
stridīn (past plural third-person)
strīd (present singular)
strīdid (plural present)
strīdandī (participle present)
stridan (participle past)

Old English: strīdan

Middle English: strīden

English: stride

Scots: stryde, stride

Old Frisian: strīda

Saterland Frisian: striedje

West Frisian: stride, strijde

Old Saxon: strīdan

Middle Low German: strîden

German Low German: strieden

Old Dutch: *strīdan
Middle Dutch: striden
Dutch: strijden
Afrikaans: stry
Limburgish: strieje

Old High German: strītan

Middle High German: strīten

German: streiten

Luxembourgish: streiden


frawītan

frawītan (infinitive)
frawītannjas (genitive infinitive)
frawītannjē (dative infinitive)
frawītannju (infinitive instrumental)
frawītu (first-person present singular)
frawait (first-person past singular)
frawītiʀi (present second-person singular)
frawitī (past second-person singular)
frawītidi (present singular third-person)
frawait (past singular third-person)
frawītum (first-person plural present)
frawitum (first-person past plural)
frawītid (plural present second-person)
frawitud (past plural second-person)
frawītand (plural present third-person)
frawitun (past plural third-person)
frawītē (first-person present singular)
frawitī (first-person past singular)
frawītēs (present second-person singular)
frawītē (present singular third-person)
frawitī (past singular third-person)
frawītēm (first-person plural present)
frawitīm (first-person past plural)
frawītēþ (plural present second-person)
frawitīd (past plural second-person)
frawītēn (plural present third-person)
frawitīn (past plural third-person)
frawīt (present singular)
frawītid (plural present)
frawītandī (participle present)
frawitan (participle past)

Old Frisian: forwīta

Saterland Frisian: ferwiete

Old Saxon: *farwītan

Middle Low German: vorwîten

German Low German: verwieten

Old Dutch: farwītan

Middle Dutch: verwiten

Dutch: verwijten

Old High German: firwīzan

Middle High German: verwīzen

German: verweisen (partially)

From Proto-Germanic *frawītaną. Equivalent to *fra- + *wītan.


rīman

rīman (infinitive)
rīmannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīmannjē (dative infinitive)
rīmannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīmu (first-person present singular)
raim (first-person past singular)
rīmiʀi (present second-person singular)
rimī (past second-person singular)
rīmidi (present singular third-person)
raim (past singular third-person)
rīmum (first-person plural present)
rimum (first-person past plural)
rīmid (plural present second-person)
rimud (past plural second-person)
rīmand (plural present third-person)
rimun (past plural third-person)
rīmē (first-person present singular)
rimī (first-person past singular)
rīmēs (present second-person singular)
rīmē (present singular third-person)
rimī (past singular third-person)
rīmēm (first-person plural present)
rimīm (first-person past plural)
rīmēþ (plural present second-person)
rimīd (past plural second-person)
rīmēn (plural present third-person)
rimīn (past plural third-person)
rīm (present singular)
rīmid (plural present)
rīmandī (participle present)
riman (participle past)

Old English: rīman

Middle English: rimen

English: rime, rhyme

Scots: rime, rhyme

Old Frisian: *rīma

⇒ Saterland Frisian: riemje

West Frisian: rime, rymje

Old Saxon: *rīman

Middle Low German: rîmen

German Low German: riemen

Old Dutch: *rīman

Middle Dutch: rimen

Dutch: rijmen

→ Vulgar Latin: *rīmāre

Old French: rimer

Middle French: rimer

French: rimer

Old High German: *rīman

Middle High German: reimen

German: reimen

Luxembourgish: reimen


knīpan

knīpan (infinitive)
knīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
knīpannjē (dative infinitive)
knīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
knīpu (first-person present singular)
knaip (first-person past singular)
knīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
knipī (past second-person singular)
knīpidi (present singular third-person)
knaip (past singular third-person)
knīpum (first-person plural present)
knipum (first-person past plural)
knīpid (plural present second-person)
knipud (past plural second-person)
knīpand (plural present third-person)
knipun (past plural third-person)
knīpē (first-person present singular)
knipī (first-person past singular)
knīpēs (present second-person singular)
knīpē (present singular third-person)
knipī (past singular third-person)
knīpēm (first-person plural present)
knipīm (first-person past plural)
knīpēþ (plural present second-person)
knipīd (past plural second-person)
knīpēn (plural present third-person)
knipīn (past plural third-person)
knīp (present singular)
knīpid (plural present)
knīpandī (participle present)
knipan (participle past)

Old Frisian: *knīpa

Saterland Frisian: kniepe

West Frisian: knipe

⇒ West Frisian: knypje

Old Saxon: *knīpan

Middle Low German: knîpen

German Low German: kniepen

→ German: kniepen

→ German: kneipen

→ Yiddish: קנײַפּן (knaypn)

→ Swedish: knipa

Old Dutch: *cnīpan

Middle Dutch: knîpen

Dutch: knijpen

Afrikaans: knyp

Limburgish: kniepe

→? Central Franconian: kniepe, kneipe

Luxembourgish: knäipen

desc

→? Middle English: *knipen, *knippen, nippen

English: nip, knipe (dialectal)

Scots: knipe, knip, nipe, nip

>? Old High German: *knīfan

Middle High German: knīfen

German: kneifen


bilīban

bilīban (infinitive)
bilībannjas (genitive infinitive)
bilībannjē (dative infinitive)
bilībannju (infinitive instrumental)
bilību (first-person present singular)
bilaib (first-person past singular)
bilībiʀi (present second-person singular)
bilibī (past second-person singular)
bilībidi (present singular third-person)
bilaib (past singular third-person)
bilībum (first-person plural present)
bilibum (first-person past plural)
bilībid (plural present second-person)
bilibud (past plural second-person)
bilīband (plural present third-person)
bilibun (past plural third-person)
bilībē (first-person present singular)
bilibī (first-person past singular)
bilībēs (present second-person singular)
bilībē (present singular third-person)
bilibī (past singular third-person)
bilībēm (first-person plural present)
bilibīm (first-person past plural)
bilībēþ (plural present second-person)
bilibīd (past plural second-person)
bilībēn (plural present third-person)
bilibīn (past plural third-person)
bilīb (present singular)
bilībid (plural present)
bilībandī (participle present)
biliban (participle past)

desctree

Old English: belīfan
Middle English: beliven
English: belive, blive, belave
Scots: beleve, beleif

Old Frisian: bilīva, blīva

North Frisian: bliwe, bliiw bläwe

Saterland Frisian: blieuwe

West Frisian: bliuwe

Old Saxon: bilīvan, bilīƀan, bilīvian, bilīƀian
Middle Low German: blîven
Low German: blieven
Plautdietsch: bliewen
→ Faroese: blíva
→ Icelandic: blífa
→ Norwegian: blive, bli
→ Swedish: bliva, bli
→ Danish: blive

Old Dutch: blīvan
Middle Dutch: bliven
Dutch: blijven
Afrikaans: bly
Javindo: belijf
Jersey Dutch: blāive
Negerhollands: bliev, blief, bli
Limburgish: blieve
Zealandic: bluve

Old High German: bilīban

Middle High German: belīben, blīben

Alemannic German: bliibe

Cimbrian: bolàiban

Central Franconian:

Kölsch: blieve

Hunsrik: bleive

Luxembourgish: bleiwen

German: bleiben

Vilamovian: błajn

Yiddish: בלײַבן (blaybn)


wrīþan

wrīþan (infinitive)
wrīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
wrīþannjē (dative infinitive)
wrīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
wrīþu (first-person present singular)
wraiþ (first-person past singular)
wrīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
wridī (past second-person singular)
wrīþidi (present singular third-person)
wraiþ (past singular third-person)
wrīþum (first-person plural present)
wridum (first-person past plural)
wrīþid (plural present second-person)
wridud (past plural second-person)
wrīþand (plural present third-person)
wridun (past plural third-person)
wrīþē (first-person present singular)
wridī (first-person past singular)
wrīþēs (present second-person singular)
wrīþē (present singular third-person)
wridī (past singular third-person)
wrīþēm (first-person plural present)
wridīm (first-person past plural)
wrīþēþ (plural present second-person)
wridīd (past plural second-person)
wrīþēn (plural present third-person)
wridīn (past plural third-person)
wrīþ (present singular)
wrīþid (plural present)
wrīþandī (participle present)
wridan (participle past)

Old English: wrīþan

Middle English: writhen, wrythen

Scots: wryth, writhe

English: writhe

Old Dutch: *wrīthan

Middle Dutch: writen (with -t- by influence of an iterative *writtōną)

Old High German: wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan (Lombardic)

Middle High German: rīden

German: reiden; (wrideln)

→ Old French: rider

Middle French: rider

French: rider

→ Italian: riddare


rīpan

rīpan (infinitive)
rīpannjas (genitive infinitive)
rīpannjē (dative infinitive)
rīpannju (infinitive instrumental)
rīpu (first-person present singular)
raip (first-person past singular)
rīpiʀi (present second-person singular)
ripī (past second-person singular)
rīpidi (present singular third-person)
raip (past singular third-person)
rīpum (first-person plural present)
ripum (first-person past plural)
rīpid (plural present second-person)
ripud (past plural second-person)
rīpand (plural present third-person)
ripun (past plural third-person)
rīpē (first-person present singular)
ripī (first-person past singular)
rīpēs (present second-person singular)
rīpē (present singular third-person)
ripī (past singular third-person)
rīpēm (first-person plural present)
ripīm (first-person past plural)
rīpēþ (plural present second-person)
ripīd (past plural second-person)
rīpēn (plural present third-person)
ripīn (past plural third-person)
rīp (present singular)
rīpid (plural present)
rīpandī (participle present)
ripan (participle past)

Old English: rīpan

Middle English: ripen


wlītan

wlītan (infinitive)
wlītannjas (genitive infinitive)
wlītannjē (dative infinitive)
wlītannju (infinitive instrumental)
wlītu (first-person present singular)
wlait (first-person past singular)
wlītiʀi (present second-person singular)
wlitī (past second-person singular)
wlītidi (present singular third-person)
wlait (past singular third-person)
wlītum (first-person plural present)
wlitum (first-person past plural)
wlītid (plural present second-person)
wlitud (past plural second-person)
wlītand (plural present third-person)
wlitun (past plural third-person)
wlītē (first-person present singular)
wlitī (first-person past singular)
wlītēs (present second-person singular)
wlītē (present singular third-person)
wlitī (past singular third-person)
wlītēm (first-person plural present)
wlitīm (first-person past plural)
wlītēþ (plural present second-person)
wlitīd (past plural second-person)
wlītēn (plural present third-person)
wlitīn (past plural third-person)
wlīt (present singular)
wlītid (plural present)
wlītandī (participle present)
wlitan (participle past)

Old English: wlītan

→ English: wlite (revived)


slīdan

slīdan (infinitive)
slīdannjas (genitive infinitive)
slīdannjē (dative infinitive)
slīdannju (infinitive instrumental)
slīdu (first-person present singular)
slaid (first-person past singular)
slīdiʀi (present second-person singular)
slidī (past second-person singular)
slīdidi (present singular third-person)
slaid (past singular third-person)
slīdum (first-person plural present)
slidum (first-person past plural)
slīdid (plural present second-person)
slidud (past plural second-person)
slīdand (plural present third-person)
slidun (past plural third-person)
slīdē (first-person present singular)
slidī (first-person past singular)
slīdēs (present second-person singular)
slīdē (present singular third-person)
slidī (past singular third-person)
slīdēm (first-person plural present)
slidīm (first-person past plural)
slīdēþ (plural present second-person)
slidīd (past plural second-person)
slīdēn (plural present third-person)
slidīn (past plural third-person)
slīd (present singular)
slīdid (plural present)
slīdandī (participle present)
slidan (participle past)

Old English: slīdan
Middle English: sliden, slyden, slydyn, slijden, slidyn, slithen, slide, slyde
English: slide
→ Japanese: スライド (suraido)
Scots: slide

Old Saxon: *slīdan

Middle Low German: slīden

Old Dutch: *slīdan

⇒ Old Dutch: bislīdan

Old High German: slītan

Middle High German: slīten


sīhwan

sīhwan (infinitive)
sīhwannjas (genitive infinitive)
sīhwannjē (dative infinitive)
sīhwannju (infinitive instrumental)
sīhu (first-person present singular)
saihw (first-person past singular)
sīhwiʀi (present second-person singular)
siwī (past second-person singular)
sīhwidi (present singular third-person)
saihw (past singular third-person)
sīhum (first-person plural present)
sigum (first-person past plural)
sīhwid (plural present second-person)
sigud (past plural second-person)
sīhwand (plural present third-person)
sigun (past plural third-person)
sīhwē (first-person present singular)
siwī (first-person past singular)
sīhwēs (present second-person singular)
sīhwē (present singular third-person)
siwī (past singular third-person)
sīhwēm (first-person plural present)
siwīm (first-person past plural)
sīhwēþ (plural present second-person)
siwīd (past plural second-person)
sīhwēn (plural present third-person)
siwīn (past plural third-person)
sīhw (present singular)
sīhwid (plural present)
sīhwandī (participle present)
siwan (participle past)

Old English: sīon, sēon

i

Middle English: sihen, sien (merged with sīġan < Proto-Germanic *sīganą)

Scots: sye

English: sie

Old Frisian: sīa

Old Saxon: *sīhan

Middle Low German: sîen

German Low German: sejen

desctree

Old Dutch: *sīan
Middle Dutch: siën
Dutch: zien
Afrikaans: sien
Javindo: sien, siet
Jersey Dutch: zîn, zîne
Limburgish: zeen

Old High German: sīhan

Middle High German: sīhen

German: seihen

Bavarian: siachen (southern dialect)


wīgan

wīgan (infinitive)
wīgannjas (genitive infinitive)
wīgannjē (dative infinitive)
wīgannju (infinitive instrumental)
wīgu (first-person present singular)
waig (first-person past singular)
wīgiʀi (present second-person singular)
wigī (past second-person singular)
wīgidi (present singular third-person)
waig (past singular third-person)
wīgum (first-person plural present)
wigum (first-person past plural)
wīgid (plural present second-person)
wigud (past plural second-person)
wīgand (plural present third-person)
wigun (past plural third-person)
wīgē (first-person present singular)
wigī (first-person past singular)
wīgēs (present second-person singular)
wīgē (present singular third-person)
wigī (past singular third-person)
wīgēm (first-person plural present)
wigīm (first-person past plural)
wīgēþ (plural present second-person)
wigīd (past plural second-person)
wīgēn (plural present third-person)
wigīn (past plural third-person)
wīg (present singular)
wīgid (plural present)
wīgandī (participle present)
wigan (participle past)

Old English: wīgan

Old Dutch: *wigan

Middle Dutch: wigen

Dutch: wijgen

Old High German: wīgan

From Proto-Germanic *wiganą, with the present-tense vowel analogically modified.


strīkan

strīkan (infinitive)
strīkannjas (genitive infinitive)
strīkannjē (dative infinitive)
strīkannju (infinitive instrumental)
strīku (first-person present singular)
straik (first-person past singular)
strīkiʀi (present second-person singular)
strikī (past second-person singular)
strīkidi (present singular third-person)
straik (past singular third-person)
strīkum (first-person plural present)
strikum (first-person past plural)
strīkid (plural present second-person)
strikud (past plural second-person)
strīkand (plural present third-person)
strikun (past plural third-person)
strīkē (first-person present singular)
strikī (first-person past singular)
strīkēs (present second-person singular)
strīkē (present singular third-person)
strikī (past singular third-person)
strīkēm (first-person plural present)
strikīm (first-person past plural)
strīkēþ (plural present second-person)
strikīd (past plural second-person)
strīkēn (plural present third-person)
strikīn (past plural third-person)
strīk (present singular)
strīkid (plural present)
strīkandī (participle present)
strikan (participle past)

Old English: strīcan

Middle English: striken

Scots: strik, stryke, strike

English: strike

→ Esperanto: striko

Ido: striko

→ German: streiken, Streik

Old Frisian: strīka

Saterland Frisian: strieke

Old Saxon: strīkan

Middle Low German: strîken

Low German: strieken

Old Dutch: *strīcan
Middle Dutch: striken
Dutch: strijken
Afrikaans: stryk
Limburgish: strieke
→ Middle French: estriquer
French: étriquer

Old High German: strīhhan

Middle High German: strīchen

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: streiche

Luxembourgish: sträichen

German: streichen

desc

Rhine Franconian: streiche, streische, striche, stroiche, stroische


wrīban

wrīban (infinitive)
wrībannjas (genitive infinitive)
wrībannjē (dative infinitive)
wrībannju (infinitive instrumental)
wrību (first-person present singular)
wraib (first-person past singular)
wrībiʀi (present second-person singular)
wribī (past second-person singular)
wrībidi (present singular third-person)
wraib (past singular third-person)
wrībum (first-person plural present)
wribum (first-person past plural)
wrībid (plural present second-person)
wribud (past plural second-person)
wrīband (plural present third-person)
wribun (past plural third-person)
wrībē (first-person present singular)
wribī (first-person past singular)
wrībēs (present second-person singular)
wrībē (present singular third-person)
wribī (past singular third-person)
wrībēm (first-person plural present)
wribīm (first-person past plural)
wrībēþ (plural present second-person)
wribīd (past plural second-person)
wrībēn (plural present third-person)
wribīn (past plural third-person)
wrīb (present singular)
wrībid (plural present)
wrībandī (participle present)
wriban (participle past)

Old Frisian: *wrīva

Saterland Frisian: wrieuwe

West Frisian: wriuwe

Old Saxon: wrīvan

Middle Low German: wrîven, rîven

Dutch Low Saxon:

Twents: frieuwen

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: riwen

East Frisian: rieven

Mecklenburgisch, Pommerellisch, Northern Low Saxon (Bremisch): wriwen

Schleswig-Holsteinisch: wriewen

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, East Westphalian (Lippe), Westmünsterländisch: riewen

Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch: friewen

q

Sauerländisch: reywen, reyben (Brilon, Wenden), rǖben (Niedersfeld), rīen (Finnentrop, Attendorn, Kirchhundem, Olpe), ruiwen (Meschede)

East Westphalian: rüiwen (Lippe), wruiben (Ravensberg), rieben (Wedemark)

Westmünsterländisch: frieben

desctree

Old Dutch: *wrīvan
Middle Dutch: wrîven
Dutch: wrijven
Afrikaans: vryf, vrywe
Limburgish: wrieve

Old High German: rīban, *rīvan, *wrīvan

Middle High German: rīben

Alemannic German: riibe

desc

Central Franconian: rieve, frieve, reive

Hunsrik: reive

Luxembourgish: reiwen

German: reiben

→ Old French: riper

Middle French: riper, ripper

French: riper

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wreyp- / *wrīp-, from a labial extension of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn”), whence Ancient Greek ῥίπτω (rhíptō, “to throw, cast”).


krīgan

krīgan (infinitive)
krīgannjas (genitive infinitive)
krīgannjē (dative infinitive)
krīgannju (infinitive instrumental)
krīgu (first-person present singular)
kraig (first-person past singular)
krīgiʀi (present second-person singular)
krigī (past second-person singular)
krīgidi (present singular third-person)
kraig (past singular third-person)
krīgum (first-person plural present)
krigum (first-person past plural)
krīgid (plural present second-person)
krigud (past plural second-person)
krīgand (plural present third-person)
krigun (past plural third-person)
krīgē (first-person present singular)
krigī (first-person past singular)
krīgēs (present second-person singular)
krīgē (present singular third-person)
krigī (past singular third-person)
krīgēm (first-person plural present)
krigīm (first-person past plural)
krīgēþ (plural present second-person)
krigīd (past plural second-person)
krīgēn (plural present third-person)
krigīn (past plural third-person)
krīg (present singular)
krīgid (plural present)
krīgandī (participle present)
krigan (participle past)

Old Frisian: krīga, krīa; (krīgia)

Saterland Frisian: kriege

West Frisian: krije

Old Saxon: *krīgan

Middle Low German: krîgen

German Low German: kriegen

desctree

Old Dutch: *crīgan
Middle Dutch: crigen
Dutch: krijgen
Afrikaans: kry
Limburgish: kriege

Old High German: *krīgan; *krīgēn

Middle High German: krīgen (northern); kriegen (?)

Central Franconian: krijje

German: kriegen (?)

Yiddish: קריגן (krign)

From Proto-Germanic *krīganą, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷrih₂-gʰo-, a suffixed extended form of *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”), see also Latin gravis, Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús), Sanskrit गुरु (gurú).


slīban

slīban (infinitive)
slībannjas (genitive infinitive)
slībannjē (dative infinitive)
slībannju (infinitive instrumental)
slību (first-person present singular)
slaib (first-person past singular)
slībiʀi (present second-person singular)
slibī (past second-person singular)
slībidi (present singular third-person)
slaib (past singular third-person)
slībum (first-person plural present)
slibum (first-person past plural)
slībid (plural present second-person)
slibud (past plural second-person)
slīband (plural present third-person)
slibun (past plural third-person)
slībē (first-person present singular)
slibī (first-person past singular)
slībēs (present second-person singular)
slībē (present singular third-person)
slibī (past singular third-person)
slībēm (first-person plural present)
slibīm (first-person past plural)
slībēþ (plural present second-person)
slibīd (past plural second-person)
slībēn (plural present third-person)
slibīn (past plural third-person)
slīb (present singular)
slībid (plural present)
slībandī (participle present)
sliban (participle past)

Old English: slīfan
Middle English: sliven; slivere, sliver
Scots: slive; scleeberie, slaiver, sliver
English: slive (obsolete); sliver

Old Saxon: *slīvan

desc

>? Middle Low German: slîven (“to ladle out, spoon in, ingest”)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“smooth, slick; sticky, slimy”), the same source as *slīm (“slime”) and *līm (“glue”). For the semantics, compare Proto-West Germanic *slīpan (“to whet, sharpen”), Old High German slīman (“to make smooth”), Proto-Celtic *limāti (“to polish, sharpen”), and Latin līma (“carpenter's file”), from the same root.


greutan

greutan (infinitive)
greutannjas (genitive infinitive)
greutannjē (dative infinitive)
greutannju (infinitive instrumental)
greutu (first-person present singular)
graut (first-person past singular)
griutiʀi (present second-person singular)
grutī (past second-person singular)
griutidi (present singular third-person)
graut (past singular third-person)
greutum (first-person plural present)
grutum (first-person past plural)
griutid (plural present second-person)
grutud (past plural second-person)
greutand (plural present third-person)
grutun (past plural third-person)
greutē (first-person present singular)
grutī (first-person past singular)
greutēs (present second-person singular)
greutē (present singular third-person)
grutī (past singular third-person)
greutēm (first-person plural present)
grutīm (first-person past plural)
greutēþ (plural present second-person)
grutīd (past plural second-person)
greutēn (plural present third-person)
grutīn (past plural third-person)
griut (present singular)
griutid (plural present)
greutandī (participle present)
grotan (participle past)

Old High German: *griozan

Middle High German: griezen


breutan

breutan (infinitive)
breutannjas (genitive infinitive)
breutannjē (dative infinitive)
breutannju (infinitive instrumental)
breutu (first-person present singular)
braut (first-person past singular)
briutiʀi (present second-person singular)
brutī (past second-person singular)
briutidi (present singular third-person)
braut (past singular third-person)
breutum (first-person plural present)
brutum (first-person past plural)
briutid (plural present second-person)
brutud (past plural second-person)
breutand (plural present third-person)
brutun (past plural third-person)
breutē (first-person present singular)
brutī (first-person past singular)
breutēs (present second-person singular)
breutē (present singular third-person)
brutī (past singular third-person)
breutēm (first-person plural present)
brutīm (first-person past plural)
breutēþ (plural present second-person)
brutīd (past plural second-person)
breutēn (plural present third-person)
brutīn (past plural third-person)
briut (present singular)
briutid (plural present)
breutandī (participle present)
brotan (participle past)

Old English: brēotan

Middle English: breten

Old High German: *briozan

Middle High German: briezen


dūban

dūban (infinitive)
dūbannjas (genitive infinitive)
dūbannjē (dative infinitive)
dūbannju (infinitive instrumental)
dūbu (first-person present singular)
daub (first-person past singular)
dūbiʀi (present second-person singular)
dubī (past second-person singular)
dūbidi (present singular third-person)
daub (past singular third-person)
dūbum (first-person plural present)
dubum (first-person past plural)
dūbid (plural present second-person)
dubud (past plural second-person)
dūband (plural present third-person)
dubun (past plural third-person)
dūbē (first-person present singular)
dubī (first-person past singular)
dūbēs (present second-person singular)
dūbē (present singular third-person)
dubī (past singular third-person)
dūbēm (first-person plural present)
dubīm (first-person past plural)
dūbēþ (plural present second-person)
dubīd (past plural second-person)
dūbēn (plural present third-person)
dubīn (past plural third-person)
dūb (present singular)
dūbid (plural present)
dūbandī (participle present)
doban (participle past)

Old English: dūfan

Middle English: duven, diven (merger with Old English dyfan and Proto-Germanic *dūbijaną)

English: dive

⇒ Old Dutch: *bidūvan

Middle Dutch: beduven

⇒ Dutch: bedoven


dreusan

dreusan (infinitive)
dreusannjas (genitive infinitive)
dreusannjē (dative infinitive)
dreusannju (infinitive instrumental)
dreusu (first-person present singular)
draus (first-person past singular)
driusiʀi (present second-person singular)
druʀī (past second-person singular)
driusidi (present singular third-person)
draus (past singular third-person)
dreusum (first-person plural present)
druʀum (first-person past plural)
driusid (plural present second-person)
druʀud (past plural second-person)
dreusand (plural present third-person)
druʀun (past plural third-person)
dreusē (first-person present singular)
druʀī (first-person past singular)
dreusēs (present second-person singular)
dreusē (present singular third-person)
druʀī (past singular third-person)
dreusēm (first-person plural present)
druʀīm (first-person past plural)
dreusēþ (plural present second-person)
druʀīd (past plural second-person)
dreusēn (plural present third-person)
druʀīn (past plural third-person)
drius (present singular)
driusid (plural present)
dreusandī (participle present)
droʀan (participle past)

Old English: drēosan

Middle English: drēsen

English: drowse

Old Saxon: driosan

Middle Low German: *drusen

Low German: drusen, drusken

Old Dutch: *driosan

⇒ Middle Dutch: druschen, druyschen

Dutch: druisen

Afrikaans: druis


fneusan

fneusan (infinitive)
fneusannjas (genitive infinitive)
fneusannjē (dative infinitive)
fneusannju (infinitive instrumental)
fneusu (first-person present singular)
fnaus (first-person past singular)
fniusiʀi (present second-person singular)
fnuʀī (past second-person singular)
fniusidi (present singular third-person)
fnaus (past singular third-person)
fneusum (first-person plural present)
fnuʀum (first-person past plural)
fniusid (plural present second-person)
fnuʀud (past plural second-person)
fneusand (plural present third-person)
fnuʀun (past plural third-person)
fneusē (first-person present singular)
fnuʀī (first-person past singular)
fneusēs (present second-person singular)
fneusē (present singular third-person)
fnuʀī (past singular third-person)
fneusēm (first-person plural present)
fnuʀīm (first-person past plural)
fneusēþ (plural present second-person)
fnuʀīd (past plural second-person)
fneusēn (plural present third-person)
fnuʀīn (past plural third-person)
fnius (present singular)
fniusid (plural present)
fneusandī (participle present)
fnoʀan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: fnēosan
Middle English: snesen, fnesen, fnese, sniesen, snese
English: sneeze
Scots: sneeze, sneesh

Old Dutch: *fniesan
Middle Dutch: fniesen
Dutch: fniezen

Old High German: *fniosan, *fnūsan

desc

Middle High German: phnūsen, pfnūsen, *snūsen, phūsen

German: pfnausen (archaic)

⇒ Middle High German: snūsen n (noun)


brāþm

brāþm (nominative singular)
brāþmō (nominative plural)
brāþmōs (nominative plural)
brāþm (accusative singular)
brāþmā (accusative plural)
brāþmas (genitive singular)
brāþmō (genitive plural)
brāþmē (dative singular)
brāþmum (dative plural)
brāþmu (instrumental singular)
brāþmum (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *brātham

Middle Low German: brādem

>? Low German: Bradden

Old High German: brādam

Middle High German: brādem

German: Brodem

Suevic:

→ Galician: brétema (“fog, mist”)


fleutan

fleutan (infinitive)
fleutannjas (genitive infinitive)
fleutannjē (dative infinitive)
fleutannju (infinitive instrumental)
fleutu (first-person present singular)
flaut (first-person past singular)
fliutiʀi (present second-person singular)
flutī (past second-person singular)
fliutidi (present singular third-person)
flaut (past singular third-person)
fleutum (first-person plural present)
flutum (first-person past plural)
fliutid (plural present second-person)
flutud (past plural second-person)
fleutand (plural present third-person)
flutun (past plural third-person)
fleutē (first-person present singular)
flutī (first-person past singular)
fleutēs (present second-person singular)
fleutē (present singular third-person)
flutī (past singular third-person)
fleutēm (first-person plural present)
flutīm (first-person past plural)
fleutēþ (plural present second-person)
flutīd (past plural second-person)
fleutēn (plural present third-person)
flutīn (past plural third-person)
fliut (present singular)
fliutid (plural present)
fleutandī (participle present)
flotan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: flēotan
Middle English: fleten, fleoten, flete, fleetyn, fleete
English: fleet
Scots: fleet

Old Frisian: fliāta

Saterland Frisian: fljoote

Old Saxon: fliotan

Middle Low German: vlêten

Low German: flieten

Old Dutch: flietan
Middle Dutch: vlieten
Dutch: vlieten

Old High German: fliozan

Middle High German: vliezen

German: fließen

Luxembourgish: fléissen

Yiddish: פֿליסן (flisn)


forē

Old English: fore

Middle English: fore
Scots: fore
English: fore

Old Frisian: fora, fore

Old Saxon: fora, for, fore, fur, far
German Low German: för, vär, veer, ver (Low Prussian), vör, vœr

Old Dutch: fora, fore

Middle Dutch: vōre, vor, vōor
Dutch: voor
Afrikaans: voor
Berbice Creole Dutch: foro
Javindo: foor
Negerhollands: voor, fo, for
Jersey Dutch: för, f'r
→ Virgin Islands Creole: voor (dated)
Petjo: voor, foor
Skepi Creole Dutch: foo, fou
Limburgish: veur

Old High German: fora, for, fore
Middle Low German: vor, vore
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vóar, bóar (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vour
Central Franconian: vür
German: vor


brāþi

brāþi (nominative singular)
brāþī (nominative plural)
brāþi (accusative singular)
brāþī (accusative plural)
brāþī (genitive singular)
brāþijō (genitive plural)
brāþī (dative singular)
brāþim (dative plural)
brāþijum (dative plural)
brāþī (instrumental singular)
brāþim (instrumental plural)
brāþijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣþ
Middle English: breeth, breað, braþe, breth, breith
English: breath
Scots: breth, brethe, breith

From *brāan (“to smoke, fume; to smell”) + *-þi.


furibeudan

furibeudan (infinitive)
furibeudannjas (genitive infinitive)
furibeudannjē (dative infinitive)
furibeudannju (infinitive instrumental)
furibeudu (first-person present singular)
furibaud (first-person past singular)
furibiudiʀi (present second-person singular)
furibudī (past second-person singular)
furibiudidi (present singular third-person)
furibaud (past singular third-person)
furibeudum (first-person plural present)
furibudum (first-person past plural)
furibiudid (plural present second-person)
furibudud (past plural second-person)
furibeudand (plural present third-person)
furibudun (past plural third-person)
furibeudē (first-person present singular)
furibudī (first-person past singular)
furibeudēs (present second-person singular)
furibeudē (present singular third-person)
furibudī (past singular third-person)
furibeudēm (first-person plural present)
furibudīm (first-person past plural)
furibeudēþ (plural present second-person)
furibudīd (past plural second-person)
furibeudēn (plural present third-person)
furibudīn (past plural third-person)
furibiud (present singular)
furibiudid (plural present)
furibeudandī (participle present)
furibodan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: forbēodan
Middle English: forbeoden, forbeden, vorbeoden, verbeode, forboden, forbuden, forbiden, forbidden
English: forbid
Scots: forbede, forbeid, forbid, forbyd

Old Frisian: forbiada

Old Saxon: farbiodan

desc

Middle Low German: vörbēden, vorbēden, vorbeeden, vorbeyden, vorbeiden, vorbīden, verbēden

Low German: vorbeden, verbeden

desctree

→ Old Swedish: forbiuþa (or perhaps from Old English)
Swedish: förbjuda
→ Elfdalian: febiuoða

Old Dutch: *farbiodan

Middle Dutch: verbieden
Dutch: verbieden
Afrikaans: verbied
Limburgish: verbijje

Old High German: firbiotan, furibiotan

Middle High German: verbieten

Cimbrian: borpòotan

German: verbieten

Luxembourgish: verbidden

From Proto-Germanic *furibeudaną. Equivalent to *furi- + *beudan.


leugan

leugan (infinitive)
leugannjas (genitive infinitive)
leugannjē (dative infinitive)
leugannju (infinitive instrumental)
leugu (first-person present singular)
laug (first-person past singular)
liugiʀi (present second-person singular)
lugī (past second-person singular)
liugidi (present singular third-person)
laug (past singular third-person)
leugum (first-person plural present)
lugum (first-person past plural)
liugid (plural present second-person)
lugud (past plural second-person)
leugand (plural present third-person)
lugun (past plural third-person)
leugē (first-person present singular)
lugī (first-person past singular)
leugēs (present second-person singular)
leugē (present singular third-person)
lugī (past singular third-person)
leugēm (first-person plural present)
lugīm (first-person past plural)
leugēþ (plural present second-person)
lugīd (past plural second-person)
leugēn (plural present third-person)
lugīn (past plural third-person)
liug (present singular)
liugid (plural present)
leugandī (participle present)
logan (participle past)

Old English: lēogan
Middle English: lien
English: lie
Scots: lee

Old Frisian: liāga

Saterland Frisian: ljooge

West Frisian: lige

Old Saxon: liogan
Middle Low German: lēgen, leigen
Low German: legen, lögen

Old Dutch: liegan
Middle Dutch: liegen
Dutch: liegen
Limburgish: lege

Old High German: liogan

Middle High German: liegen, liugen

German: lügen

Central Franconian: leeje, lieje, lüjje

Luxembourgish: léien

Bavarian: liagn, liang

Yiddish: לײַגן (laygn)


dreugan

dreugan (infinitive)
dreugannjas (genitive infinitive)
dreugannjē (dative infinitive)
dreugannju (infinitive instrumental)
dreugu (first-person present singular)
draug (first-person past singular)
driugiʀi (present second-person singular)
drugī (past second-person singular)
driugidi (present singular third-person)
draug (past singular third-person)
dreugum (first-person plural present)
drugum (first-person past plural)
driugid (plural present second-person)
drugud (past plural second-person)
dreugand (plural present third-person)
drugun (past plural third-person)
dreugē (first-person present singular)
drugī (first-person past singular)
dreugēs (present second-person singular)
dreugē (present singular third-person)
drugī (past singular third-person)
dreugēm (first-person plural present)
drugīm (first-person past plural)
dreugēþ (plural present second-person)
drugīd (past plural second-person)
dreugēn (plural present third-person)
drugīn (past plural third-person)
driug (present singular)
driugid (plural present)
dreugandī (participle present)
drogan (participle past)

Old Frisian: driāga

Saterland Frisian: drjooge

Old Saxon: driogan

desc

Middle Low German: drêgen, drȫgen, drogen

German Low German: dregen

desctree

Old Dutch: *driegan
Middle Dutch: driegen
Dutch: bedriegen

Old High German: triogan

Middle High German: triegen, trūgen

German: trügen

From Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to mislead”).


dreugan

Old English: drēogan

desc

Middle English: dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen

Scots: dre, drie, drey, dree

English: dree, drudge

From Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to serve”).


āþm

āþm (nominative singular)
āþmō (nominative plural)
āþmōs (nominative plural)
āþm (accusative singular)
āþmā (accusative plural)
āþmas (genitive singular)
āþmō (genitive plural)
āþmē (dative singular)
āþmum (dative plural)
āþmu (instrumental singular)
āþmum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ǣþm, ǣðm, ēþm, ēðm
Middle English: ethem

Old Saxon: āthom, āthum

desc

Middle Low German: âdem, âtem, âtmen, âdam

German Low German: Aam

Old Dutch: *āthom; *āththem

Middle Dutch: âdem; âessem, âsem

Dutch: adem; asem

Afrikaans: asem

Limburgish: aom, aosem

desctree

Old High German: ātum, ātam, ātem, ātim, ādum, ādom, ādem, hātam
Middle High German: ātem, ādem, āten
Bavarian: Åtem
Cimbrian: aatom
German: Atem, Odem (influenced by Low German)
Hunsrik: Ochtem
Yiddish: אָטעם (otem)