þriddjō

þriddjō (masculine nominative singular)
þriddjā (feminine nominative singular)
þriddjā (neuter nominative singular)
þriddjan (accusative masculine singular)
þriddjōn (accusative feminine singular)
þriddjā (accusative neuter singular)
þriddini (genitive masculine singular)
þriddjan (genitive masculine singular)
þriddjōn (feminine genitive singular)
þriddini (genitive neuter singular)
þriddjan (genitive neuter singular)
þriddini (dative masculine singular)
þriddjan (dative masculine singular)
þriddjōn (dative feminine singular)
þriddini (dative neuter singular)
þriddjan (dative neuter singular)
þriddini (instrumental masculine singular)
þriddjan (instrumental masculine singular)
þriddjōn (feminine instrumental singular)
þriddini (instrumental neuter singular)
þriddjan (instrumental neuter singular)
þriddjan (masculine nominative plural)
þriddjōn (feminine nominative plural)
þriddjōn (neuter nominative plural)
þriddjan (accusative masculine plural)
þriddjōn (accusative feminine plural)
þriddjōn (accusative neuter plural)
þriddjanō (genitive masculine plural)
þriddjōnō (feminine genitive plural)
þriddjanō (genitive neuter plural)
þriddjum (dative masculine plural)
þriddjōm (dative feminine plural)
þriddjum (dative feminine plural)
þriddjum (dative neuter plural)
þriddjum (instrumental masculine plural)
þriddjōm (feminine instrumental plural)
þriddjum (feminine instrumental plural)
þriddjum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: þridda, þridde
Middle English: thridde, thrid
English: third
Scots: thrid

Old Frisian: thredda

Saterland Frisian: trääde

West Frisian: tredde

Old Saxon: thriddio

Middle Low German: dridde, derde, dirde

German Low German: drüdde, dörde, darde, dard

Old Dutch: *thriddo

Middle Dutch: dridde, derde

Dutch: derde

Afrikaans: derde

Old High German: dritto

desc

Middle High German: dritte, drite, tritte

German: dritte


biddjan

biddjan (infinitive)
biddjannjas (genitive infinitive)
biddjannjē (dative infinitive)
biddjannju (infinitive instrumental)
biddju (first-person present singular)
bad (first-person past singular)
bidiʀi (present second-person singular)
bādī (past second-person singular)
bididi (present singular third-person)
bad (past singular third-person)
biddjum (first-person plural present)
bādum (first-person past plural)
bidid (plural present second-person)
bādud (past plural second-person)
biddjand (plural present third-person)
bādun (past plural third-person)
biddjē (first-person present singular)
bādī (first-person past singular)
biddjēs (present second-person singular)
biddjē (present singular third-person)
bādī (past singular third-person)
biddjēm (first-person plural present)
bādīm (first-person past plural)
biddjēþ (plural present second-person)
bādīd (past plural second-person)
biddjēn (plural present third-person)
bādīn (past plural third-person)
bidi (present singular)
bidid (plural present)
biddjandī (participle present)
bedan (participle past)

desctree

Old English: biddan
Middle English: bidden
English: bid
Scots: bid

Old Frisian: bidda
Saterland Frisian: bidje
West Frisian: bidde

Old Saxon: biddian
Middle Low German: bidden
Low German: bidden
Plautdietsch: beeden, bedden

Old Dutch: bidden
Middle Dutch: bidden
Dutch: bidden
Afrikaans: bid
Negerhollands: bed, bet, bit
Limburgish: baeje

Old High German: bitten
Middle High German: bitten
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pittan
Mòcheno: pitten
German: bitten
Yiddish: ביטן (bitn)


gōd

head

*gōd (comparative *batiʀō, superlative *batist)

batiʀō (comparative)
batist (superlative)
gōd (masculine nominative singular)
gōdu (feminine nominative singular)
gōd (neuter nominative singular)
gōdanā (accusative masculine singular)
gōdā (accusative feminine singular)
gōd (accusative neuter singular)
gōdas (genitive masculine singular)
gōdeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
gōdas (genitive neuter singular)
gōdumē (dative masculine singular)
gōdeʀē (dative feminine singular)
gōdumē (dative neuter singular)
gōdu (instrumental masculine singular)
gōdeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
gōdu (instrumental neuter singular)
gōdē (masculine nominative plural)
gōdō (feminine nominative plural)
gōdu (neuter nominative plural)
gōdā (accusative masculine plural)
gōdā (accusative feminine plural)
gōdu (accusative neuter plural)
gōdeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
gōdeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
gōdeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
gōdēm (dative masculine plural)
gōdum (dative masculine plural)
gōdēm (dative feminine plural)
gōdum (dative feminine plural)
gōdēm (dative neuter plural)
gōdum (dative neuter plural)
gōdēm (instrumental masculine plural)
gōdum (instrumental masculine plural)
gōdēm (feminine instrumental plural)
gōdum (feminine instrumental plural)
gōdēm (instrumental neuter plural)
gōdum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: gōd

desctree

Middle English: good
English: good
Solombala English: гудъ (gud)
Scots: guid
Yola: gooude, gude, gayde

Old Frisian: gōd
North Frisian: gud, gödj, gur
Saterland Frisian: goud
West Frisian: goed

Old Saxon: gōd

Middle Low German: gôt, gût

German Low German: good

Dutch Low Saxon: good

Old Dutch: guot
Middle Dutch: goet
Dutch: goed
Afrikaans: goed
Javindo: goet
Jersey Dutch: xût
Negerhollands: goed, goei, goeie, got, gu, gue, guet
Skepi Creole Dutch: gut
Limburgish: good
Zealandic: goed

Old High German: guot
Middle High German: guot
Alemannic German: guet
Alsatian: güet (north), güat (south)
Swabian: guat
Bavarian: guad, guat
Cimbrian: guut, guat (Luserna)
Mòcheno: guat
Central Franconian: jot, got, gut
Hunsrik: gud
Kölsch: joot
Luxembourgish: gutt
Transylvanian Saxon: geat, gäd
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: gutt (inflected gud-)
⇒ Silesian East Central German: Gudes (as in nischt Gudes, viel Gudes)
Upper Saxon German: gudd
Vilamovian: güt
German: gut
Yiddish: גוט (gut)


hlahhjan

hlahhjan (infinitive)
hlahhjannjas (genitive infinitive)
hlahhjannjē (dative infinitive)
hlahhjannju (infinitive instrumental)
hlahhju (first-person present singular)
hlōh (first-person past singular)
hlahiʀi (present second-person singular)
hlōgī (past second-person singular)
hlahidi (present singular third-person)
hlōh (past singular third-person)
hlahhjum (first-person plural present)
hlōgum (first-person past plural)
hlahid (plural present second-person)
hlōgud (past plural second-person)
hlahhjand (plural present third-person)
hlōgun (past plural third-person)
hlahhjē (first-person present singular)
hlōgī (first-person past singular)
hlahhjēs (present second-person singular)
hlahhjē (present singular third-person)
hlōgī (past singular third-person)
hlahhjēm (first-person plural present)
hlōgīm (first-person past plural)
hlahhjēþ (plural present second-person)
hlōgīd (past plural second-person)
hlahhjēn (plural present third-person)
hlōgīn (past plural third-person)
hlahi (present singular)
hlahid (plural present)
hlahhjandī (participle present)
hlagan (participle past)

Old English: hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
Middle English: laughen
English: laugh
Scots: lauch
Yola: leeigh, leigh

Old Saxon: hlahhian, hlahan
Middle Low German: lachen
Low German: lachen
Plautdietsch: lachen

Old Dutch: *lahhen, *lahhan

Middle Dutch: lachen
Dutch: lachen
Afrikaans: lag
Berbice Creole Dutch: laki
Javindo: lach, lag, lah
Negerhollands: lach, lak
Petjo: lahen
Limburgish: lache

Old High German: hlahhan, hlahhēn

Middle High German: lachen

Alemannic German: lache

Cimbrian: lachan

German: lachen

Luxembourgish: laachen

Yiddish: לאַכן (lakhn)


laggjan

laggjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
laggjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
laggjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
laggjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
laggju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lagidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
lagisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lagidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lagidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
lagiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lagidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
lagidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laggjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lagidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
lagiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lagidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laggjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lagidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
laggjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
lagidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
laggjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
lagidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
laggjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
lagidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
laggjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
lagidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
laggjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
lagidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
laggjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
lagidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
lagi (class-1 present singular weak)
lagiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
laggjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
lagid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: leċġan
Middle English: leyen, leyn, leygen, layn, leggen, leghen, lecchen
English: lay
Scots: lay
Yola: laaye, laay

Old Frisian: ledza, lega, leia, lidza

Saterland Frisian: ledsa, lääse

West Frisian: lizze

Old Saxon: leggian
Middle Low German: leggen
German Low German: leggen
Plautdietsch: lajen

Old Dutch: leggen
Middle Dutch: leggen
Dutch: leggen
Afrikaans: lê
Berbice Creole Dutch: lek
Negerhollands: lee, leggen
Skepi Creole Dutch: lek
Limburgish: lègke

Old High German: legen, leggen

Middle High German: legen, lecken

Bavarian: leng

Cimbrian: leng

Central Franconian: läje

East Central German: lejen

German: legen

Luxembourgish: leeën

Vilamovian: łen

Yiddish: לייגן (leygn)

→ Old French: laiier (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Occitan: laihar, laiar

→ Old Italian: lagare


hwarbōn

hwarbōn (infinitive)
hwarbōnijas (genitive infinitive)
hwarbōnijē (dative infinitive)
hwarbōniju (infinitive instrumental)
hwarbō (first-person present singular)
hwarbōdā (first-person past singular)
hwarbōs (present second-person singular)
hwarbōdēs (past second-person singular)
hwarbōdōs (past second-person singular)
hwarbōþ (present singular third-person)
hwarbōdē (past singular third-person)
hwarbōdā (past singular third-person)
hwarbōm (first-person plural present)
hwarbōdum (first-person past plural)
hwarbōþ (plural present second-person)
hwarbōdud (past plural second-person)
hwarbōnþ (plural present third-person)
hwarbōdun (past plural third-person)
hwarbōdī (first-person past singular)
hwarbōdī (past second-person singular)
hwarbō (present singular third-person)
hwarbōdī (past singular third-person)
hwarbōdīm (first-person past plural)
hwarbōdīd (past plural second-person)
hwarbōn (plural present third-person)
hwarbōdīn (past plural third-person)
hwarbō (present singular)
hwarbōþ (plural present)
hwarbōndī (participle present)
hwarbōd (participle past)

Old English: hwearfian

Middle English: wharven

English: wharve

Scots: wharve

Old Saxon: hwarvōn

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hwerban</i>

Middle Low German: warven (strong verb) (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hwerban)

German Low German: warven (strong verb)

Old Dutch: *warvon

desc

Middle Dutch: warven, waerven (strong verb) (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hwerban)

Old High German: warbōn


sattjan

sattjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sattjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sattjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sattjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sattju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sattā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
satisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sattēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sattōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
satiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sattē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sattā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sattjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sattum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
satiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sattud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sattjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sattun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sattjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sattī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sattjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sattī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sattjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sattī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sattjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sattīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sattjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sattīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sattjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sattīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sati (class-1 present singular weak)
satiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sattjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
satt (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: settan
Middle English: setten, cetten, settan, settæn, sætten, seit, sette, sete, zetten, zete (Kent)
English: set
Scots: sett, set
Yola: zet, set

Old Frisian: setta

Saterland Frisian: sätte

West Frisian: sette

Old Saxon: settian
Middle Low German: setten
German Low German: setten

Old Dutch: setten

Middle Dutch: setten
Dutch: zetten
Afrikaans: sit
Berbice Creole Dutch: sete
Negerhollands: set, sit
Limburgish: zètte

Old High German: sezzen

Middle High German: setzen

Central Franconian: setze

Bavarian: setzn

Cimbrian: zètzan

German: setzen

Luxembourgish: setzen

Pennsylvania German: setze

Yiddish: זעצן (zetsn)


brunnjā

brunnjā (nominative singular)
brunnjōn (nominative plural)
brunnjōn (accusative singular)
brunnjōn (accusative plural)
brunnjōn (genitive singular)
brunnjōnō (genitive plural)
brunnjōn (dative singular)
brunnjōm (dative plural)
brunnjum (dative plural)
brunnjōn (instrumental singular)
brunnjōm (instrumental plural)
brunnjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: byrne
Middle English: burne

Old Saxon: brunnia

Old High German: brunnja, brunna

German: Brünne

→ Early Medieval Latin: brunia

Old French: bronie
French: broigne


sittjan

sittjan (infinitive)
sittjannjas (genitive infinitive)
sittjannjē (dative infinitive)
sittjannju (infinitive instrumental)
sittju (first-person present singular)
sat (first-person past singular)
sitiʀi (present second-person singular)
sātī (past second-person singular)
sitidi (present singular third-person)
sat (past singular third-person)
sittjum (first-person plural present)
sātum (first-person past plural)
sitid (plural present second-person)
sātud (past plural second-person)
sittjand (plural present third-person)
sātun (past plural third-person)
sittjē (first-person present singular)
sātī (first-person past singular)
sittjēs (present second-person singular)
sittjē (present singular third-person)
sātī (past singular third-person)
sittjēm (first-person plural present)
sātīm (first-person past plural)
sittjēþ (plural present second-person)
sātīd (past plural second-person)
sittjēn (plural present third-person)
sātīn (past plural third-person)
siti (present singular)
sitid (plural present)
sittjandī (participle present)
setan (participle past)

Old English: sittan
Middle English: sitten, zitten, zitte (Kent)
English: sit
Scots: sit
Yola: zit

Old Frisian: sitta

West Frisian: sitte

Old Saxon: sittian

Low German: sitten

Old Dutch: sitten

Middle Dutch: sitten

Dutch: zitten

Afrikaans: sit

Old High German: sizzen, sitten
Middle High German: sitzen
Alemannic German:
Swabian: sitza
Central Franconian: setze
Cimbrian: zètzan (suppletive; some conjugations)
German: sitzen
Luxembourgish: sëtzen
Yiddish: זיצן (zitsn)


snotr

snotr (masculine nominative singular)
snottru (feminine nominative singular)
snotr (neuter nominative singular)
snottranā (accusative masculine singular)
snottrā (accusative feminine singular)
snotr (accusative neuter singular)
snottras (genitive masculine singular)
snottreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
snottras (genitive neuter singular)
snottrumē (dative masculine singular)
snottreʀē (dative feminine singular)
snottrumē (dative neuter singular)
snottru (instrumental masculine singular)
snottreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
snottru (instrumental neuter singular)
snottrē (masculine nominative plural)
snottrō (feminine nominative plural)
snottru (neuter nominative plural)
snottrā (accusative masculine plural)
snottrā (accusative feminine plural)
snottru (accusative neuter plural)
snottreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
snottreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
snottreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
snottrēm (dative masculine plural)
snottrum (dative masculine plural)
snottrēm (dative feminine plural)
snottrum (dative feminine plural)
snottrēm (dative neuter plural)
snottrum (dative neuter plural)
snottrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
snottrum (instrumental masculine plural)
snottrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
snottrum (feminine instrumental plural)
snottrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
snottrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: snotor, snottor, snoter

Middle English: snoter

desc

⇒? Saterland Frisian: snotterch (“brilliant, super-smart”)

Old High German: snottar, snotar


haʀjan

haʀjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
haʀjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
haʀjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
haʀjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
haʀju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
haʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
haʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
haʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
haʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haʀjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
haʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
haʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
haʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
haʀjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
haʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
haʀjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
haʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
haʀjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
haʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
haʀjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
haʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
haʀjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
haʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
haʀjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
haʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
haʀjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
haʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
haʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
haʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
haʀjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
haʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: herian

Middle English: herien, heryen

English: herry

⇒ Middle English: hersen

Old English: hyrian

Old Saxon: *herian

Middle Low German: hēren

Old High German: heren


waʀjan

waʀjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
waʀjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
waʀjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
waʀjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
waʀju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
waʀidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
waʀisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
waʀidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
waʀidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
waʀiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
waʀidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
waʀidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
waʀjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
waʀidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
waʀiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
waʀidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
waʀjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
waʀidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
waʀjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
waʀidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
waʀjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
waʀidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
waʀjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
waʀidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
waʀjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
waʀidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
waʀjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
waʀidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
waʀjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
waʀidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
waʀi (class-1 present singular weak)
waʀiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
waʀjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
waʀid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: werian

Middle English: werien, weren

Scots: were, weir

English: wear

Old Saxon: werian

Old High German: werian, werien, werren


fiskōþu

fiskōþu (nominative singular)
fiskōþiwi (nominative plural)
fiskōþō (nominative plural)
fiskōþu (accusative singular)
fiskōþū (accusative plural)
fiskōþō (genitive singular)
fiskōþiwō (genitive plural)
fiskōþiwi (dative singular)
fiskōþō (dative singular)
fiskōþum (dative plural)
fiskōþu (instrumental singular)
fiskōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: fiscoþ


frammjan

frammjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
frammjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
frammjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
frammjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
frammju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
framidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
framisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
framidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
framiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
framidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
framidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frammjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
framidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
framiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
framidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
frammjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
framidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
frammjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
framidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
frammjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
framidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
frammjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
framidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
frammjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
framidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
frammjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
framidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
frammjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
framidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
frami (class-1 present singular weak)
framiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
frammjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
framid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: fremman
Middle English: fremmen
English: frame
→ Dutch: frame
→ German: framen
Scots: frame

Old Frisian: frema, fremma

Old Saxon: fremmian

Old Dutch: fremmen
Middle Dutch: vrēmen

Old High German: fremmen


hlūtr

hlūtr (masculine nominative singular)
hlūttru (feminine nominative singular)
hlūtr (neuter nominative singular)
hlūttranā (accusative masculine singular)
hlūttrā (accusative feminine singular)
hlūtr (accusative neuter singular)
hlūttras (genitive masculine singular)
hlūttreʀā (feminine genitive singular)
hlūttras (genitive neuter singular)
hlūttrumē (dative masculine singular)
hlūttreʀē (dative feminine singular)
hlūttrumē (dative neuter singular)
hlūttru (instrumental masculine singular)
hlūttreʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
hlūttru (instrumental neuter singular)
hlūttrē (masculine nominative plural)
hlūttrō (feminine nominative plural)
hlūttru (neuter nominative plural)
hlūttrā (accusative masculine plural)
hlūttrā (accusative feminine plural)
hlūttru (accusative neuter plural)
hlūttreʀō (genitive masculine plural)
hlūttreʀō (feminine genitive plural)
hlūttreʀō (genitive neuter plural)
hlūttrēm (dative masculine plural)
hlūttrum (dative masculine plural)
hlūttrēm (dative feminine plural)
hlūttrum (dative feminine plural)
hlūttrēm (dative neuter plural)
hlūttrum (dative neuter plural)
hlūttrēm (instrumental masculine plural)
hlūttrum (instrumental masculine plural)
hlūttrēm (feminine instrumental plural)
hlūttrum (feminine instrumental plural)
hlūttrēm (instrumental neuter plural)
hlūttrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: hlūtor

Middle English: lutter

Old Frisian: hlutter

Old Saxon: hluttar

Old Dutch: luttira (plural)

Middle Dutch: luter (Middle and Modern Dutch louter is via High German)

Dutch: luyter (early modern)

Old High German: hlūtar

Middle High German: lūter

German: lauter

→ Dutch: louter

Afrikaans: louter


þannjan

þannjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
þannjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
þannjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
þannjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
þannju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þanidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þanisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þanidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þanidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þaniþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þanidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þanidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þannjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þanidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þaniþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þanidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þannjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þanidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þannjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
þanidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
þannjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
þanidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
þannjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
þanidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
þannjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
þanidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
þannjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
þanidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
þannjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
þanidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
þani (class-1 present singular weak)
þaniþ (class-1 plural present weak)
þannjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
þanid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: þennan

Middle English: thinnen

Old Frisian: *thenna, *thena

Saterland Frisian: diene; deenje

Old Saxon: thennian

Middle Low German: dennen, dēnen

Old Dutch: thennen
Middle Dutch: dēnen

desc

Old High German: thenen, thennen, denen, dennen

Middle High German: denen, dennen

German: dehnen

→ Luxembourgish: deenen


siuwjan

siuwjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
siuwjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
siuwjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
siuwjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
siuwju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
siwidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
siwisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
siwidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siwidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siwiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
siwidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siwidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siuwjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
siwidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
siwiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
siwidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
siuwjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
siwidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
siuwjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
siwidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
siuwjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
siwidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
siuwjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
siwidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
siuwjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
siwidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
siuwjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
siwidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
siuwjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
siwidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
siwi (class-1 present singular weak)
siwiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
siuwjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
siwid (class-1 participle past weak)

desctree

Old English: siwian, seowian, sēowan
Middle English: sewen, seowen, sowen
English: sew
→ Akolet: sewim
Scots: sew

Old Frisian: sīa

North Frisian: saie, seie, siie, sei

Saterland Frisian: säie

Old Saxon: siuwian

Middle Low German: suwen

Old High German: siuwen

Middle High German: siuwen


skappjan

skappjan (infinitive)
skappjannjas (genitive infinitive)
skappjannjē (dative infinitive)
skappjannju (infinitive instrumental)
skappju (first-person present singular)
skōp (first-person past singular)
skapiʀi (present second-person singular)
skōpī (past second-person singular)
skapidi (present singular third-person)
skōp (past singular third-person)
skappjum (first-person plural present)
skōpum (first-person past plural)
skapid (plural present second-person)
skōpud (past plural second-person)
skappjand (plural present third-person)
skōpun (past plural third-person)
skappjē (first-person present singular)
skōpī (first-person past singular)
skappjēs (present second-person singular)
skappjē (present singular third-person)
skōpī (past singular third-person)
skappjēm (first-person plural present)
skōpīm (first-person past plural)
skappjēþ (plural present second-person)
skōpīd (past plural second-person)
skappjēn (plural present third-person)
skōpīn (past plural third-person)
skapi (present singular)
skapid (plural present)
skappjandī (participle present)
skapan (participle past)

Old English: sċieppan, sċyppan, sċippan
Middle English: scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen
English: shape
Scots: schape, schaipe

Old Frisian: skeppa

Saterland Frisian: skäppe, schäppe

West Frisian: skeppe

Old Saxon: skeppian

Middle Low German: scheppen

Low German: schapen

Old Dutch: skeppen
Middle Dutch: scheppen
Dutch: scheppen
Afrikaans: skep
Limburgish: sjape

desc

Old High German: scafan, skaffan, scaphan, skepfen, scephen

Middle High German: schaffen, schepfen

Alemannic German: schaffe

Swabian: schaffa

German: schöpfen (archaic), schaffen

→ Low German: schaffen

→ Dutch: schaffen

Afrikaans: skaf

→ Saterland Frisian: skafje, schafje

→ Danish: skaffe

→ Faroese: skaffa

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skaffe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skaffe, skaffa

→ Swedish: skaffa

Luxembourgish: schafen

Yiddish: שעפּן (shepn)


skappjan

skappjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
skappjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
skappjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
skappjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
skappju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skapidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skapisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skapidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skapidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skapiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skapidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skapidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skappjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skapidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skapiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skapidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skappjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skapidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skappjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
skapidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
skappjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
skapidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
skappjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
skapidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
skappjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
skapidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
skappjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
skapidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
skappjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
skapidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
skapi (class-1 present singular weak)
skapiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
skappjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
skapid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old Frisian: *skeppa

West Frisian: skeppe

⇒ Old Frisian: skeppene (a scoop)

Old Saxon: skeppian

Middle Low German: scheppen

German Low German: scheppen

Old Dutch: skeppen

Middle Dutch: scheppen

Dutch: scheppen

Afrikaans: skep

Old High German: skepfen, scephen

Middle High German: schepfen

German: schöpfen

From *skap (“hollow object, barrel, cup”) + *-jan.


galīkō

Old Saxon: gilīko, gelīce

Middle Low German: gelīk, gelīke

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: gelike, geliken, gelijc

Old High German: gilīhho

desc

Middle High German: gelīch, gelīche, glīch, glīche

From Proto-Germanic *galīkô. Equivalent to *galīk + *-ō. Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉 (galeikō).


alljan

alljan (nominative singular)
alljanu (nominative plural)
alljan (accusative singular)
alljanu (accusative plural)
alljanas (genitive singular)
alljanō (genitive plural)
alljanē (dative singular)
alljanum (dative plural)
alljanu (instrumental singular)
alljanum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ellen

Middle English: ellen

English: ellen, elne

Old Saxon: ellian

Middle Low German: ellen, ellent

Old High German: ellan

Middle High German: ellen


hallju

hallju (nominative singular)
halljō (nominative plural)
halljā (accusative singular)
halljā (accusative plural)
halljā (genitive singular)
halljō (genitive plural)
halljē (dative singular)
halljōm (dative plural)
halljum (dative plural)
hallju (instrumental singular)
halljōm (instrumental plural)
halljum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hell, hel
Middle English: helle, hel, hell, hælle
English: hell, Hell
Scots: hell, Hell

Old Frisian: helle, hille

North Frisian: helle, hille, hel

Saterland Frisian: Hälle

West Frisian: hel

Old Saxon: hel, hellja, hellia
Middle Low German: helle
German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Helle
Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
Plautdietsch: Hal

Old Dutch: hella

Middle Dutch: helle
Dutch: hel
Afrikaans: hel
Limburgish: hel

Old High German: hellia, hella

Middle High German: helle

Alemannic German: Hell

Cimbrian: hélla

German: Helle, Hölle

Luxembourgish: Häll

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Hell


auwju

auwju (nominative singular)
auwjō (nominative plural)
auwjā (accusative singular)
auwjā (accusative plural)
auwjā (genitive singular)
auwjō (genitive plural)
auwjē (dative singular)
auwjōm (dative plural)
auwjum (dative plural)
auwju (instrumental singular)
auwjōm (instrumental plural)
auwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: īeġ
Middle English: ei, i, ie
English: ey

Old Frisian: ā

Saterland Frisian: Äi

Old Saxon: ōia

Middle Low German: ouwe, ou, ow, ō (in compounds)

Low German: Oie

Old Dutch: ōi, *owe

Middle Dutch: ooy, ouwe

Dutch: Ooij

⇒ ooibos, landouw

Old High German: ouwa

Middle High German: ouwe

German: Au, Aue

Luxembourgish: A


strauwjan

strauwjan (class-1 infinitive weak)
strauwjannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
strauwjannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
strauwjannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
strauwju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strawidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strawisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strawidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strawidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strawiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strawidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strawidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strauwjum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strawidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strawiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strawidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strauwjanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strawidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strauwjē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
strawidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
strauwjēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
strawidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
strauwjē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
strawidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
strauwjēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
strawidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
strauwjēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
strawidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
strauwjēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
strawidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
strawi (class-1 present singular weak)
strawiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
strauwjandī (class-1 participle present weak)
strawid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: strēawian, strēowian, strēwian
Middle English: strewen, streuen
English: strew, strow, straw (dialectal)
Scots: straw

Old Frisian: strēwa

North Frisian: strijen

West Frisian: streauwe

Old Saxon: streuwian, strōian
Middle Low German: strōen, strōuwen

Old Dutch: *strōien

Middle Dutch: strôyen

Dutch: strooien
Afrikaans: strooi
Negerhollands: strui, strooj
→ Papiamentu: stroi, strooi
→ West Frisian: struie

Limburgish: struie

Old High German: strewen, strouwen

desc

Middle High German: streuwen, ströuwen, strouwen

Alemannic German: streuwe

Central Franconian: streue, streie, strähe, straaie

Luxembourgish: streeën

German: streuen


ahaʀ

ahaʀ (nominative singular)
ahiʀu (nominative plural)
ahaʀ (accusative singular)
ahiʀu (accusative plural)
ahiʀi (genitive singular)
ahiʀō (genitive plural)
ahiʀi (dative singular)
ahiʀum (dative plural)
ahiʀi (instrumental singular)
ahiʀum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ēar, æhher — Northumbrian
Middle English: eere, ear, ere, er, ȝer, eyre
English: ear
Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)

Old Frisian: *ēr

Saterland Frisian: Iere

West Frisian: ier

Old Saxon: ahar, ahir, ehir
Middle Low German: ār
Low German: Ohr
Plautdietsch: Oa

Old Dutch: *ār

Middle Dutch: aer
Dutch: aar
Afrikaans: aar

Old High German: ahir, ahar, ehir
Middle High German: eher, äher
Alemannic German: Äli
Central Franconian: Ohr, Öhr, Ähr, Ähjer, Iehr
Luxembourgish: Éi
German: Ähre
Vilamovian: yjer

From Proto-Germanic *ahaz. The final -z, which should have been lost in Proto-West Germanic, was reintroduced on the basis of the inflected forms.


aitr

aitr (nominative singular)
aittru (nominative plural)
aitr (accusative singular)
aittru (accusative plural)
aittras (genitive singular)
aittrō (genitive plural)
aittrē (dative singular)
aittrum (dative plural)
aittru (instrumental singular)
aittrum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ātor
Middle English: atter, attere, attir, attre, atture, attyr, attyre, atterr (Ormulum)
English: atter
Scots: atter, etter

Old Frisian: āter, ater, ātter, atter

Saterland Frisian: Atter

West Frisian: etter

Old Saxon: ēttor, ēttar; eitir

Middle Low German: etter

German Low German: Etter, Atter

Old Dutch: *ētar, *ēttar; eitir

Middle Dutch: etter, atter

Dutch: etter, atter

Old High German: eitar, eittar
Middle High German: eiter
German: Eiter
Luxembourgish: Eeter


liggjan

liggjan (infinitive)
liggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
liggjannjē (dative infinitive)
liggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
liggju (first-person present singular)
lag (first-person past singular)
ligiʀi (present second-person singular)
lāgī (past second-person singular)
ligidi (present singular third-person)
lag (past singular third-person)
liggjum (first-person plural present)
lāgum (first-person past plural)
ligid (plural present second-person)
lāgud (past plural second-person)
liggjand (plural present third-person)
lāgun (past plural third-person)
liggjē (first-person present singular)
lāgī (first-person past singular)
liggjēs (present second-person singular)
liggjē (present singular third-person)
lāgī (past singular third-person)
liggjēm (first-person plural present)
lāgīm (first-person past plural)
liggjēþ (plural present second-person)
lāgīd (past plural second-person)
liggjēn (plural present third-person)
lāgīn (past plural third-person)
ligi (present singular)
ligid (plural present)
liggjandī (participle present)
legan (participle past)

Old English: liċġan
Middle English: lien
English: lie, lig
Scots: lie
Yola: lee, lidge

Old Frisian: lidzia

q

merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ofs">ledza</i>

West Frisian: lizze (merger with ledza)

desctree

Old Saxon: liggian
Dutch Low Saxon: liggen
German Low German: liggen

Old Dutch: liggen
Middle Dutch: liggen
Dutch: liggen
Afrikaans: lê (merger with leggen)
Jersey Dutch: lixxe
Negerhollands: lee, lei, lej
→ Papiamentu: lèg
Limburgish: ligke

Old High German: ligan, liggan

Middle High German: ligen, licken

Alemannic German: ligge

Central Franconian: lijje

German: liegen

Luxembourgish: leien

Yiddish: ליגן (lign)


salbōn

salbōn (infinitive)
salbōnijas (genitive infinitive)
salbōnijē (dative infinitive)
salbōniju (infinitive instrumental)
salbō (first-person present singular)
salbōdā (first-person past singular)
salbōs (present second-person singular)
salbōdēs (past second-person singular)
salbōdōs (past second-person singular)
salbōþ (present singular third-person)
salbōdē (past singular third-person)
salbōdā (past singular third-person)
salbōm (first-person plural present)
salbōdum (first-person past plural)
salbōþ (plural present second-person)
salbōdud (past plural second-person)
salbōnþ (plural present third-person)
salbōdun (past plural third-person)
salbōdī (first-person past singular)
salbōdī (past second-person singular)
salbō (present singular third-person)
salbōdī (past singular third-person)
salbōdīm (first-person past plural)
salbōdīd (past plural second-person)
salbōn (plural present third-person)
salbōdīn (past plural third-person)
salbō (present singular)
salbōþ (plural present)
salbōndī (participle present)
salbōd (participle past)

Old English: sealfian

Middle English: salven
English: salve

Old Frisian: salwia

Old Saxon: salbon

Old Dutch: salvon
Middle Dutch: salven

Old High German: salbon

Middle High German: salben

German: salben

Luxembourgish: sallefen, salewen

From Proto-Germanic *salbōną. Equivalent to *salbu (“salve, ointment”) + *-ōn.


gliwi

gliwi (nominative singular)
gliuwju (nominative plural)
gliwi (accusative singular)
gliuwju (accusative plural)
gliuwjas (genitive singular)
gliuwjō (genitive plural)
gliuwjē (dative singular)
gliuwjum (dative plural)
gliuwju (instrumental singular)
gliuwjum (instrumental plural)

Old English: gleo, glēow, glīw, glīġ
Middle English: gle, gleu, glewe
English: glee
Scots: gle. glee, glie
Scots: glewe, glew (poetic)


huggjan

huggjan (infinitive)
huggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
huggjannjē (dative infinitive)
huggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
huggju (first-person present singular)
hogdā (first-person past singular)
hogēs (present second-person singular)
hogdēs (past second-person singular)
hogdōs (past second-person singular)
hogēþ (present singular third-person)
hogdē (past singular third-person)
hogdā (past singular third-person)
huggjum (first-person plural present)
hugdum (first-person past plural)
hogēþ (plural present second-person)
hugdud (past plural second-person)
huggjanþ (plural present third-person)
hugdun (past plural third-person)
huggjē (first-person present singular)
hugdī (first-person past singular)
huggjēs (present second-person singular)
hugdī (past second-person singular)
huggjē (present singular third-person)
hugdī (past singular third-person)
huggjēm (first-person plural present)
hugdīm (first-person past plural)
huggjēþ (plural present second-person)
hugdīd (past plural second-person)
huggjēn (plural present third-person)
hugdīn (past plural third-person)
hogē (present singular)
hogēþ (plural present)
huggjandī (participle present)
hogd (participle past)

Old English: hyċġan

Middle English: huyen, hoyen

Scots: huik

Old Saxon: huggian

desc

Middle Low German: hugen, hogen, hügen, hȫgen

Low German: högen

desctree

Old Dutch: *huggen
Middle Dutch: hōgen, huegen
Dutch: heugen

Old High German: bihuggen, gihuggen


hwaitī

hwaitī (nominative singular)
hwaitijō (nominative plural)
hwaitijōs (nominative plural)
hwaitī (accusative singular)
hwaitijā (accusative plural)
hwaitijas (genitive singular)
hwaitijō (genitive plural)
hwaitijē (dative singular)
hwaitijum (dative plural)
hwaitiju (instrumental singular)
hwaitijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: hwǣte
Middle English: whete, ȝwete, huete, weete, wete, wheete, whet, whette, wheyte, wheytt, whiett, whyte, quete, quheyt, qwet, qwhete (Northern), hwæte, hweate, hwete, whæte (Early Middle English)
English: wheat
Middle Scots: quhete
Scots: white, wheat, wheyt
Yola: whet

Old Frisian: hwēte, wēt

Saterland Frisian: Weete

West Frisian: weet

Old Saxon: hwēti

Middle Low German: wête, weite

desc

German Low German: Weet, Weite, Weit, Weten

Old Dutch: *wēt, *weit

Middle Dutch: weet, weit

Dutch: weit

Limburgish: weit

desctree

Old High German: weizi, hwaizi
Middle High German: weize
Alemannic German: Weisse
Cimbrian: bòotze
German: Weizen
Hunsrik: Weize
Luxembourgish: Weess
Pennsylvania German: Weeze
Vilamovian: waas
Yiddish: ווייץ (veyts)


dōmijan

dōmijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
dōmijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
dōmijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
dōmijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
dōmiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dōmidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dōmisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dōmidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dōmidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dōmiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dōmidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dōmidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dōmijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dōmidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dōmiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dōmidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dōmijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dōmidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dōmijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
dōmidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
dōmijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
dōmidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
dōmijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
dōmidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
dōmijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
dōmidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
dōmijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
dōmidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
dōmijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
dōmidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
dōmi (class-1 present singular weak)
dōmiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
dōmijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
dōmid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: dēman, dœ̄man — Anglian
Middle English: demen
English: deem
Scots: deme

Old Frisian: dēma

North Frisian: dema

Old Saxon: dōmian

Middle Low German: dōmen

Old Dutch: duomen
Middle Dutch: doemen
Dutch: doemen

desc

Old High German: tuomjan, tuommen, tuomen

Middle High German: tüemen

From Proto-Germanic *dōmijaną. Equivalent to *dōm (“judgement”) + *-jan.


þrau

þrau (nominative singular)
þrawō (nominative plural)
þrawā (accusative singular)
þrawā (accusative plural)
þrawā (genitive singular)
þrawō (genitive plural)
þrawē (dative singular)
þrawōm (dative plural)
þraum (dative plural)
þrau (instrumental singular)
þrawōm (instrumental plural)
þraum (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrēa

English: throw, throe

Old Saxon: *thrā

Old Saxon: thrāwerk (“pain”)

Old High German: drawa, drowa, drōa

Middle High German: drowe, drouwe, drō


skūwō

skūō (nominative singular)
skūan (nominative plural)
skūan (accusative singular)
skūan (accusative plural)
skūini (genitive singular)
skūan (genitive singular)
skūanō (genitive plural)
skūini (dative singular)
skūan (dative singular)
skūm (dative plural)
skūini (instrumental singular)
skūan (instrumental singular)
skūm (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċūwa, sċūa

Old High German: skūwo, skūo


tungā

tungā (nominative singular)
tungōn (nominative plural)
tungōn (accusative singular)
tungōn (accusative plural)
tungōn (genitive singular)
tungōnō (genitive plural)
tungōn (dative singular)
tungōm (dative plural)
tungum (dative plural)
tungōn (instrumental singular)
tungōm (instrumental plural)
tungum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tunge
Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong

Old Frisian: tunge
North Frisian: tonge, tunge
Saterland Frisian: Tunge
West Frisian: tonge

Old Saxon: tunga, tunge
Middle Low German: tunge
German Low German: Tunge
Plautdietsch: Tung

Old Dutch: tunga
Middle Dutch: tonge
Dutch: tong
Afrikaans: tong
Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
→ Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
→? Sranan Tongo: tongo
→ Aukan: tongo
→ Kwinti: tongo
→ Saramaccan: tongò
Limburgish: tóng

Old High German: zunga
Middle High German: zunge
Alemannic German: Zunge
Central Franconian: Zong
Cimbrian: zung
German: Zunge
Luxembourgish: Zong
Vilamovian: cung
Yiddish: צונג (tsung)


sandijan

sandijan (class-1 infinitive weak)
sandijannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
sandijannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
sandijannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
sandiju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sandidā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sandisi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sandidēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sandidōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sandiþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sandidē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sandidā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sandijum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sandidum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sandiþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sandidud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sandijanþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sandidun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sandijē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
sandidī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
sandijēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
sandidī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
sandijē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
sandidī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
sandijēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
sandidīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
sandijēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
sandidīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
sandijēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
sandidīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
sandi (class-1 present singular weak)
sandiþ (class-1 plural present weak)
sandijandī (class-1 participle present weak)
sandid (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: sendan

Middle English: senden

Scots: send

English: send

→ Esperanto: sendi

Old Frisian: senda

Saterland Frisian: seende

West Frisian: seine

Old Saxon: sendian

Middle Low German: senden

Low German: senden, sengen, sennen

Old Dutch: senden
Middle Dutch: senden
Dutch: zenden
Limburgish: zènje

Old High German: sendan, senten

Middle High German: senden

German: senden

Luxembourgish: senden


batēn

batēn (infinitive)
batēnijas (genitive infinitive)
batēnijē (dative infinitive)
batēniju (infinitive instrumental)
batē (first-person present singular)
bat?dā (first-person past singular)
batēs (present second-person singular)
bat?dēs (past second-person singular)
batēþ (present singular third-person)
bat?dē (past singular third-person)
bat?dā (past singular third-person)
batēm (first-person plural present)
bat?dum (first-person past plural)
batēþ (plural present second-person)
bat?dud (past plural second-person)
batēnþ (plural present third-person)
bat?dun (past plural third-person)
bat?dī (first-person past singular)
bat?dī (past second-person singular)
batē (present singular third-person)
bat?dī (past singular third-person)
bat?dīm (first-person past plural)
bat?dīd (past plural second-person)
batēn (plural present third-person)
bat?dīn (past plural third-person)
batē (present singular)
batēþ (plural present)
batēndī (participle present)
bat?d (participle past)

Old English: batian

Middle English: *baten

Scots: bat

⇒ Middle English: batful, badful

English: batful

⇒ Old English: *batol

Middle English: *batel

English: batell, battle

Scots: baittle, bettle

Old Frisian: batia

Saterland Frisian: baatje

West Frisian: bate, baatsje

Old Saxon: *batōn

Middle Low German: baten

Low German: batten

→ Danish: batte, både

→ Swedish: båta

Old Dutch: *baton
Middle Dutch: bāten
Dutch: baten
Afrikaans: baat

Old High German: bazzēn

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *batāną. Equivalent to *bat (“good”) + *-ēn.


namō

namō (nominative singular)
naman (nominative plural)
naman (accusative singular)
naman (accusative plural)
namini (genitive singular)
naman (genitive singular)
namanō (genitive plural)
namini (dative singular)
naman (dative singular)
namum (dative plural)
namini (instrumental singular)
naman (instrumental singular)
namum (instrumental plural)

Old English: nama, noma
Middle English: name, nome
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, naume, name

Old Frisian: nama, noma

North Frisian: nom

(Mooring): noome

(Föhr-Amrum): nööm

Saterland Frisian: Nome

West Frisian: namme

Old Saxon: namo

Middle Low German: nāme, nōme, nām

German Low German: Naam

Plautdietsch: Nomen

Old Dutch: namo
Middle Dutch: nāme
Dutch: naam
Limburgish: naam, naom

Old High German: namo
Middle High German: name
Alemannic German: Naame
Italian Walser: namä, noame, nomu, nàmund
Bavarian: Nama, Nam, Nåm
Cimbrian: nåm, name, naamo
Mòcheno: nu'm
Udinese: nome, nòmm, nome, nomat
German: Name, Namen
Luxembourgish: Numm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Naame
Yiddish: נאָמען (nomen)


þolēn

þolēn (infinitive)
þolēnijas (genitive infinitive)
þolēnijē (dative infinitive)
þolēniju (infinitive instrumental)
þolē (first-person present singular)
þol?dā (first-person past singular)
þolēs (present second-person singular)
þol?dēs (past second-person singular)
þolēþ (present singular third-person)
þol?dē (past singular third-person)
þol?dā (past singular third-person)
þolēm (first-person plural present)
þol?dum (first-person past plural)
þolēþ (plural present second-person)
þol?dud (past plural second-person)
þolēnþ (plural present third-person)
þol?dun (past plural third-person)
þol?dī (first-person past singular)
þol?dī (past second-person singular)
þolē (present singular third-person)
þol?dī (past singular third-person)
þol?dīm (first-person past plural)
þol?dīd (past plural second-person)
þolēn (plural present third-person)
þol?dīn (past plural third-person)
þolē (present singular)
þolēþ (plural present)
þolēndī (participle present)
þol?d (participle past)

Old English: þolian
Middle English: þolien
Scots: thole
English: thole

Old Frisian: tholia

Old Saxon: tholōn, tholoian, tholian
Middle Low German: dōlen
⇒ Middle Low German: dulden, dülden
German Low German: dülden

Old Dutch: tholon
Middle Dutch: dōlen

Old High German: dolēn, dolōn
Middle High German: doln
Alemannic German: tole
German: dolen
Luxembourgish: dëllen
⇒ Old High German: dulten
Middle High German: dulden
German: dulden


dagēn

dagēn (infinitive)
dagēnijas (genitive infinitive)
dagēnijē (dative infinitive)
dagēniju (infinitive instrumental)
dagē (first-person present singular)
dag?dā (first-person past singular)
dagēs (present second-person singular)
dag?dēs (past second-person singular)
dagēþ (present singular third-person)
dag?dē (past singular third-person)
dag?dā (past singular third-person)
dagēm (first-person plural present)
dag?dum (first-person past plural)
dagēþ (plural present second-person)
dag?dud (past plural second-person)
dagēnþ (plural present third-person)
dag?dun (past plural third-person)
dag?dī (first-person past singular)
dag?dī (past second-person singular)
dagē (present singular third-person)
dag?dī (past singular third-person)
dag?dīm (first-person past plural)
dag?dīd (past plural second-person)
dagēn (plural present third-person)
dag?dīn (past plural third-person)
dagē (present singular)
dagēþ (plural present)
dagēndī (participle present)
dag?d (participle past)

Old English: dagian, dagiġan

Middle English: daȝiȝen, dawen

English: daw

Scots: daw

Old Frisian: *dagia

West Frisian: daagje

Old Saxon: *dagon

Middle Low German: dagen, dāgen

German Low German: dagen

Old Dutch: *dagon
Middle Dutch: dāgen
Dutch: dagen
Limburgish: dage

Old High German: tagēn

Middle High German: tagen

German: tagen

From Proto-Germanic *dagāną. Equivalent to *dag (“day”) + *-ēn.


hertā

hertā (nominative singular)
hertōn (nominative plural)
hertā (accusative singular)
hertōn (accusative plural)
hirtini (genitive singular)
hertan (genitive singular)
hertanō (genitive plural)
hirtini (dative singular)
hertan (dative singular)
hertum (dative plural)
hirtini (instrumental singular)
hertan (instrumental singular)
hertum (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorte, herte — Northumbrian, hearte, hiorte
Middle English: herte, hart, harte, heorte, hert, hertt, hirte, huerte, heortæ, heorrte, herrte, hierte, horte, hurte (Early Middle English)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart

Old Frisian: herte
Saterland Frisian: Haat
West Frisian: hert

Old Saxon: herta, herte
Middle Low German: herte, harte
Low German: Hart, Hiärt
German Low German: Hart
Plautdietsch: Hoat

Old Dutch: herta
Middle Dutch: herte, harte
Dutch: hart
Afrikaans: hart
Limburgish: hert
West Flemish: erte

Old High German: herza
Middle High German: hërze, hërz
Alemannic German: Härz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hèrtz, hèertze (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hèrz
Central Franconian: Hätz, Hetz (variant spelling), Hatz (Ripuarian), Herz (Ripuarian variant), Hearz (Moselle Franconian variant), Häerz
Hunsrik: Herz
German: Herz
Luxembourgish: Häerz
Silesian East Central German: Herze / Härze (Breslauisch) / Harze n
⇒ Silesian East Central German: / harzlich
Vilamovian: haoc
Yiddish: האַרץ (harts)


anabeudan

anabeudan (infinitive)
anabeudannjas (genitive infinitive)
anabeudannjē (dative infinitive)
anabeudannju (infinitive instrumental)
anabeudu (first-person present singular)
anabaud (first-person past singular)
anabiudiʀi (present second-person singular)
anabudī (past second-person singular)
anabiudidi (present singular third-person)
anabaud (past singular third-person)
anabeudum (first-person plural present)
anabudum (first-person past plural)
anabiudid (plural present second-person)
anabudud (past plural second-person)
anabeudand (plural present third-person)
anabudun (past plural third-person)
anabeudē (first-person present singular)
anabudī (first-person past singular)
anabeudēs (present second-person singular)
anabeudē (present singular third-person)
anabudī (past singular third-person)
anabeudēm (first-person plural present)
anabudīm (first-person past plural)
anabeudēþ (plural present second-person)
anabudīd (past plural second-person)
anabeudēn (plural present third-person)
anabudīn (past plural third-person)
anabiud (present singular)
anabiudid (plural present)
anabeudandī (participle present)
anabodan (participle past)

Old English: onbēodan

Old Saxon: anbiodan

From Proto-Germanic *anabeudaną. Equivalent to *ana- + *beudan.

(North Sea Germanic) to command, order, instruct


hatēn

hatēn (infinitive)
hatēnijas (genitive infinitive)
hatēnijē (dative infinitive)
hatēniju (infinitive instrumental)
hatē (first-person present singular)
hat?dā (first-person past singular)
hatēs (present second-person singular)
hat?dēs (past second-person singular)
hatēþ (present singular third-person)
hat?dē (past singular third-person)
hat?dā (past singular third-person)
hatēm (first-person plural present)
hat?dum (first-person past plural)
hatēþ (plural present second-person)
hat?dud (past plural second-person)
hatēnþ (plural present third-person)
hat?dun (past plural third-person)
hat?dī (first-person past singular)
hat?dī (past second-person singular)
hatē (present singular third-person)
hat?dī (past singular third-person)
hat?dīm (first-person past plural)
hat?dīd (past plural second-person)
hatēn (plural present third-person)
hat?dīn (past plural third-person)
hatē (present singular)
hatēþ (plural present)
hatēndī (participle present)
hat?d (participle past)

Old English: hatian
Middle English: hatien, haten
English: hate
Scots: hate

Old Frisian: hatia

Saterland Frisian: haatje, hoatje; hasje

West Frisian: haetjen; haatsje

Old Saxon: hatōn
Middle Low German: hāten
German Low German: haten

Old Dutch: haton
Middle Dutch: hāten
Dutch: haten
Afrikaans: haat
Negerhollands: hat
Limburgish: hate

Old High German: hazzōn, hazzēn
Middle High German: hazzen
Cimbrian: haazan
German: hassen
→ Plautdietsch: hassen, haussen
Luxembourgish: haassen
Yiddish: האַסן (hasn)

From Proto-Germanic *hatāną. Equivalent to *hati (“hate”) + *-ēn.


sōkijan

sōkijan (infinitive)
sōkijannjas (genitive infinitive)
sōkijannjē (dative infinitive)
sōkijannju (infinitive instrumental)
sōkiju (first-person present singular)
sōhtā (first-person past singular)
sōkisi (present second-person singular)
sōhtēs (past second-person singular)
sōhtōs (past second-person singular)
sōkiþi (present singular third-person)
sōhtē (past singular third-person)
sōhtā (past singular third-person)
sōkijum (first-person plural present)
sōhtum (first-person past plural)
sōkiþ (plural present second-person)
sōhtud (past plural second-person)
sōkijanþ (plural present third-person)
sōhtun (past plural third-person)
sōkijē (first-person present singular)
sōhtī (first-person past singular)
sōkijēs (present second-person singular)
sōhtī (past second-person singular)
sōkijē (present singular third-person)
sōhtī (past singular third-person)
sōkijēm (first-person plural present)
sōhtīm (first-person past plural)
sōkijēþ (plural present second-person)
sōhtīd (past plural second-person)
sōkijēn (plural present third-person)
sōhtīn (past plural third-person)
sōki (present singular)
sōkiþ (plural present)
sōkijandī (participle present)
sōht (participle past)

Old English: sēċan, sœ̄ċan, sēċean
Middle English: seken
English: seek, seech (Lancashire and other dialects)
Scots: seek
Yola: zeek

Old Frisian: sēka
Saterland Frisian: säike
West Frisian: sykje

Old Saxon: sōkian
Middle Low German: sö̂ken
Low German: sooken, söken, seuken, säuken (see there for further descendants)

Old Dutch: suoken
Middle Dutch: soeken
Dutch: zoeken
Afrikaans: soek
Berbice Creole Dutch: suku
Javindo: soeken
Negerhollands: soek, suk
Skepi Creole Dutch: sook
→ Aukan: suku
→ Kwinti: suku
→ Saramaccan: súku
→ Sranan Tongo: suku
Limburgish: zeuke

Old High German: suohhen, suochen
Middle High German: suochen, süechen
Alemannic German: sueche, süeche (Uri)
Alsatian: süacha
Bavarian: suacha, suachn
Cimbrian: züuchan
Central Franconian: seeche, sieche, suche (Moselle Franconian); söke (Ripuarian, a Low Franconian relict)
Hunsrik: suche
Luxembourgish: sichen
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
East Franconian:
German: suchen
Rhine Franconian: suche
Frankfurterisch: [suɣ̥ə]
Yiddish: זוכן (zukhn)


wakēn

wakēn (infinitive)
wakēnijas (genitive infinitive)
wakēnijē (dative infinitive)
wakēniju (infinitive instrumental)
wakē (first-person present singular)
wak?dā (first-person past singular)
wakēs (present second-person singular)
wak?dēs (past second-person singular)
wakēþ (present singular third-person)
wak?dē (past singular third-person)
wak?dā (past singular third-person)
wakēm (first-person plural present)
wak?dum (first-person past plural)
wakēþ (plural present second-person)
wak?dud (past plural second-person)
wakēnþ (plural present third-person)
wak?dun (past plural third-person)
wak?dī (first-person past singular)
wak?dī (past second-person singular)
wakē (present singular third-person)
wak?dī (past singular third-person)
wak?dīm (first-person past plural)
wak?dīd (past plural second-person)
wakēn (plural present third-person)
wak?dīn (past plural third-person)
wakē (present singular)
wakēþ (plural present)
wakēndī (participle present)
wak?d (participle past)

Old English: wacian

Middle English: wakien, waken

Scots: wauk, walk, wak, wake

English: wake

Old Frisian: wakia

Old Saxon: wakōn

Middle Low German: waken

Plautdietsch: wakjen

Old Dutch: wacon
Middle Dutch: wāken
Dutch: waken
Limburgish: wake

Old High German: wahhēn
Middle High German: wachēn
Cimbrian: bachan
German: wachen
Luxembourgish: waachen
Yiddish: וואַכן (vakhn)

From Proto-Germanic *wakāną. Equivalent to *wakan (“to wake”) + *-ēn.


glauw

glauw (masculine nominative singular)
glauwu (feminine nominative singular)
glauw (neuter nominative singular)
glauwanā (accusative masculine singular)
glauwā (accusative feminine singular)
glauw (accusative neuter singular)
glauwas (genitive masculine singular)
glauweʀā (feminine genitive singular)
glauwas (genitive neuter singular)
glauwumē (dative masculine singular)
glauweʀē (dative feminine singular)
glauwumē (dative neuter singular)
glauwu (instrumental masculine singular)
glauweʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
glauwu (instrumental neuter singular)
glauwē (masculine nominative plural)
glauwō (feminine nominative plural)
glauwu (neuter nominative plural)
glauwā (accusative masculine plural)
glauwā (accusative feminine plural)
glauwu (accusative neuter plural)
glauweʀō (genitive masculine plural)
glauweʀō (feminine genitive plural)
glauweʀō (genitive neuter plural)
glauwēm (dative masculine plural)
glauwum (dative masculine plural)
glauwēm (dative feminine plural)
glauwum (dative feminine plural)
glauwēm (dative neuter plural)
glauwum (dative neuter plural)
glauwēm (instrumental masculine plural)
glauwum (instrumental masculine plural)
glauwēm (feminine instrumental plural)
glauwum (feminine instrumental plural)
glauwēm (instrumental neuter plural)
glauwum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: glēaw

Middle English: gleaw, glæu, gleu, glew

Old Saxon: glau

Old Dutch: *glao

Dutch: glouw, glooi (dialectal)

Old High German: glou, glau, klau

Middle High German: *glou (in glouheit)

German: glau (dialectal)


giwēn

giwēn (infinitive)
giwēnijas (genitive infinitive)
giwēnijē (dative infinitive)
giwēniju (infinitive instrumental)
giwē (first-person present singular)
giw?dā (first-person past singular)
giwēs (present second-person singular)
giw?dēs (past second-person singular)
giwēþ (present singular third-person)
giw?dē (past singular third-person)
giw?dā (past singular third-person)
giwēm (first-person plural present)
giw?dum (first-person past plural)
giwēþ (plural present second-person)
giw?dud (past plural second-person)
giwēnþ (plural present third-person)
giw?dun (past plural third-person)
giw?dī (first-person past singular)
giw?dī (past second-person singular)
giwē (present singular third-person)
giw?dī (past singular third-person)
giw?dīm (first-person past plural)
giw?dīd (past plural second-person)
giwēn (plural present third-person)
giw?dīn (past plural third-person)
giwē (present singular)
giwēþ (plural present)
giwēndī (participle present)
giw?d (participle past)

Old English: ġiwian

Old Saxon: *giwōn

gl

merger with descendant of Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*giwōn</i> (“to yawn”)

Middle Low German: giwen, gēwen, geuwen, gaeuwen (“to yawn, gape" also "to intensely desire”) (merger with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *giwōn (“to yawn”))

Old High German: *giwēn

gl

merger with descendant of Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">gewōn</i> (“to yawn, open one's mouth widely”)

>? Middle High German: giwen, gewen (“to gape”) (merger with descendant of Old High German gewōn (“to yawn, open one's mouth widely”))

desc

German: geuen, gäuen (“to yawn", also "to gape, stand with mouth wide open”)

⇒ Old High German: anagiwēn (“to desire eagerly, strive after greedily”)

From Proto-Germanic *gi-, *gī- (“to yawn, gape”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-, from *ǵʰeh₂- (“to yawn, gape”).

gaeuwen

merger with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *giwēn


bleuwan

bleuwan (infinitive)
bleuwannjas (genitive infinitive)
bleuwannjē (dative infinitive)
bleuwannju (infinitive instrumental)
bleuwu (first-person present singular)
blauw (first-person past singular)
bliuwiʀi (present second-person singular)
bluwī (past second-person singular)
bliuwidi (present singular third-person)
blauw (past singular third-person)
bleuwum (first-person plural present)
bluwum (first-person past plural)
bliuwid (plural present second-person)
bluwud (past plural second-person)
bleuwand (plural present third-person)
bluwun (past plural third-person)
bleuwē (first-person present singular)
bluwī (first-person past singular)
bleuwēs (present second-person singular)
bleuwē (present singular third-person)
bluwī (past singular third-person)
bleuwēm (first-person plural present)
bluwīm (first-person past plural)
bleuwēþ (plural present second-person)
bluwīd (past plural second-person)
bleuwēn (plural present third-person)
bluwīn (past plural third-person)
bliuw (present singular)
bliuwid (plural present)
bleuwandī (participle present)
blowan (participle past)

Old Saxon: bliuwan

Middle Low German: blǖwen, bluwen

→ Middle English: blēwe, northern and East Midlands blowe, blaw

Scots: blaw

English: blow

desctree

Old Dutch: *bliuwan
Middle Dutch: blouwen
Dutch: blouwen

Old High German: bliuwan

desc

Middle High German: bliuwen, blūwen, blouwen, bliugen, pliuwen, pliugen

German: bleuen, bläuen


sorgēn

sorgēn (infinitive)
sorgēnijas (genitive infinitive)
sorgēnijē (dative infinitive)
sorgēniju (infinitive instrumental)
sorgē (first-person present singular)
sorg?dā (first-person past singular)
sorgēs (present second-person singular)
sorg?dēs (past second-person singular)
sorgēþ (present singular third-person)
sorg?dē (past singular third-person)
sorg?dā (past singular third-person)
sorgēm (first-person plural present)
sorg?dum (first-person past plural)
sorgēþ (plural present second-person)
sorg?dud (past plural second-person)
sorgēnþ (plural present third-person)
sorg?dun (past plural third-person)
sorg?dī (first-person past singular)
sorg?dī (past second-person singular)
sorgē (present singular third-person)
sorg?dī (past singular third-person)
sorg?dīm (first-person past plural)
sorg?dīd (past plural second-person)
sorgēn (plural present third-person)
sorg?dīn (past plural third-person)
sorgē (present singular)
sorgēþ (plural present)
sorgēndī (participle present)
sorg?d (participle past)

desctree

Old English: sorgian
Middle English: sorȝen, serȝhen, sorwen, serwen
English: sorrow
Scots: sorow, sorrow

Old Frisian: sorgia

desc

Saterland Frisian: súurgje, sourgje (Strukelje)

West Frisian: soargje

Old Saxon: sorgōn

Middle Low German: sorgen, sörgen

German Low German: sörgen

desctree

Old Dutch: sorgon
Middle Dutch: sorgen
Dutch: zorgen
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
→ Aukan: solugu
→ Papiamentu: sòru
→ Saramaccan: solúgu
→ Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Javanese: sorgu, nyoru, nyorgoni
→ Kari'na: sorukuma
Limburgish: zórge, zörge

desc

Old High German: sorgēn, sworgōn, sorgōn

Middle High German: sorgen

German: sorgen

→ Esperanto: zorgi

Yiddish: זאָרגן (zorgn)

Luxembourgish: suergen

From Proto-Germanic *surgāną. Equivalent to *sorgu (“worry, sorrow”) + *-ēn.


libbjan

libbjan (infinitive)
libbjannjas (genitive infinitive)
libbjannjē (dative infinitive)
libbjannju (infinitive instrumental)
libbju (first-person present singular)
libdā (first-person past singular)
libēs (present second-person singular)
libdēs (past second-person singular)
libdōs (past second-person singular)
libēþ (present singular third-person)
libdē (past singular third-person)
libdā (past singular third-person)
libbjum (first-person plural present)
libdum (first-person past plural)
libēþ (plural present second-person)
libdud (past plural second-person)
libbjanþ (plural present third-person)
libdun (past plural third-person)
libbjē (first-person present singular)
libdī (first-person past singular)
libbjēs (present second-person singular)
libdī (past second-person singular)
libbjē (present singular third-person)
libdī (past singular third-person)
libbjēm (first-person plural present)
libdīm (first-person past plural)
libbjēþ (plural present second-person)
libdīd (past plural second-person)
libbjēn (plural present third-person)
libdīn (past plural third-person)
libē (present singular)
libēþ (plural present)
libbjandī (participle present)
libd (participle past)

desctree

Old English: libban, lifian — Anglian
Middle English: lyven, leeve, lefe, leve, leven, libbe, libben, lifen, live, liven, lybbe, lyve, libbæn, libbenn, livie, livien, luvien
English: live
Scots: leeve
Yola: live

Old Frisian: leva

Saterland Frisian: líeuwje

West Frisian: libje

Old Saxon: libbian
Middle Low German: leven
German Low German: lęven, lewen, lewe (in other dialects, including Low Prussian)

Old Dutch: libben
Middle Dutch: leven
Dutch: leven
Afrikaans: leef, lewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
Jersey Dutch: lêve
Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
Limburgish: laeve

Old High German: lebēn
Middle High German: lëben
Alemannic German: lëëbe
Alsatian: lawe
Swabian: läba
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lem
Mòcheno: lem
German: leben
Luxembourgish: liewen
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לעבן (lebn)


bibēn

bibēn (infinitive)
bibēnijas (genitive infinitive)
bibēnijē (dative infinitive)
bibēniju (infinitive instrumental)
bibē (first-person present singular)
bib?dā (first-person past singular)
bibēs (present second-person singular)
bib?dēs (past second-person singular)
bibēþ (present singular third-person)
bib?dē (past singular third-person)
bib?dā (past singular third-person)
bibēm (first-person plural present)
bib?dum (first-person past plural)
bibēþ (plural present second-person)
bib?dud (past plural second-person)
bibēnþ (plural present third-person)
bib?dun (past plural third-person)
bib?dī (first-person past singular)
bib?dī (past second-person singular)
bibē (present singular third-person)
bib?dī (past singular third-person)
bib?dīm (first-person past plural)
bib?dīd (past plural second-person)
bibēn (plural present third-person)
bib?dīn (past plural third-person)
bibē (present singular)
bibēþ (plural present)
bibēndī (participle present)
bib?d (participle past)

Old English: bifian, biofian, beofian
Middle English: bivien, beovien
English: bive
⇒ Middle English: biveren, bevere, beveren
English: bever, bibber (Irish)
Scots: bever, baiver, baver, bevver
Yola: bebber

Old Frisian: bivia

North Frisian: bevern

Saterland Frisian: bieuwje

West Frisian: beevje

Old Saxon: bivon
Middle Low German: bēven
German Low German: beven
⇒ Middle Low German: *bibberen
German Low German: bibbern
→ German: bibbern

Old Dutch: *bevon
Middle Dutch: bēven
Dutch: beven
Afrikaans: bewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: befu
Negerhollands: beev, beeven
→ Aukan: beifi
→ Sranan Tongo: beifi

Old High German: bibēn
Middle High German: biben
Cimbrian: böoban
German: beben (influenced by Middle Low German beven)
Luxembourgish: biewen


saggjan

saggjan (infinitive)
saggjannjas (genitive infinitive)
saggjannjē (dative infinitive)
saggjannju (infinitive instrumental)
saggju (first-person present singular)
sagdā (first-person past singular)
sagēs (present second-person singular)
sagdēs (past second-person singular)
sagdōs (past second-person singular)
sagēþ (present singular third-person)
sagdē (past singular third-person)
sagdā (past singular third-person)
saggjum (first-person plural present)
sagdum (first-person past plural)
sagēþ (plural present second-person)
sagdud (past plural second-person)
saggjanþ (plural present third-person)
sagdun (past plural third-person)
saggjē (first-person present singular)
sagdī (first-person past singular)
saggjēs (present second-person singular)
sagdī (past second-person singular)
saggjē (present singular third-person)
sagdī (past singular third-person)
saggjēm (first-person plural present)
sagdīm (first-person past plural)
saggjēþ (plural present second-person)
sagdīd (past plural second-person)
saggjēn (plural present third-person)
sagdīn (past plural third-person)
sagē (present singular)
sagēþ (plural present)
saggjandī (participle present)
sagd (participle past)

Old English: seċġan

Middle English: seggen, seyen, sayen

Scots: say, sa

English: say

Old Frisian: sedza, sidza

North Frisian: seja, siie

West Frisian: sizze

Old Saxon: seggian

Middle Low German: seggen

Low German: seggen

Old Dutch: seggen
Middle Dutch: seggen
Dutch: zeggen
Afrikaans: sê
Javindo: seg, seggen, sèè
Jersey Dutch: sääxxe
Petjo: sehhen
Limburgish: zègke

Old High German: sagen
Middle High German: sagen
Alemannic German: säge
Alsatian: soeje (near Fränkisch areas, in Northern Alsace), sawe (Central), sàge (South)
Swabian:
Sathmar Swabian: sage
Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége
Bavarian: sogn, sång
Central Franconian: sage
German: sagen
Luxembourgish: soen
Vilamovian: ziön
Yiddish: זאָגן (zogn)


mānōþ

mānōþ (nominative singular)
mānōþi (nominative plural)
mānōþu (accusative singular)
mānōþi (accusative plural)
mānōþi (genitive singular)
mānōþō (genitive plural)
mānōþi (dative singular)
mānōþum (dative plural)
mānōþi (instrumental singular)
mānōþum (instrumental plural)

Old English: mōnaþ, mōnað — edh spelling
Middle English: moneth, month, monþ, moneþ, monæþ
English: month
Scots: moneth

Old Frisian: mōnath

North Frisian: muunt

Saterland Frisian: Mound

West Frisian: moanne

Old Saxon: mānuth
Middle Low German: mānet, mānt
Low German: Maand (Northern Germany), Maond (Westphalia)
Plautdietsch: Moonat

Old Dutch: *mānoth

Middle Dutch: mānet, maent

Dutch: maand
Afrikaans: maand
Jersey Dutch: mânt, mônt, mönt
Negerhollands: maent, maand

Old High German: mānōd

Middle High German: mānōt

Cimbrian: maanont

German: Monat

→ Yiddish: מאָנאַט (monat)

Luxembourgish: Mount


dōn

dōn (infinitive)
dōnijas (genitive infinitive)
dōnijē (dative infinitive)
dōniju (infinitive instrumental)
dōmi (first-person present singular)
dedā (first-person past singular)
dōsi (present second-person singular)
dedēs (past second-person singular)
dōþi (present singular third-person)
dedē (past singular third-person)
dōm (first-person plural present)
dādum (first-person past plural)
dōþ (plural present second-person)
dādud (past plural second-person)
dōnþi (plural present third-person)
dādun (past plural third-person)
dō (first-person present singular)
dādī (first-person past singular)
dōs (present second-person singular)
dādī (past second-person singular)
dō (present singular third-person)
dādī (past singular third-person)
dādīm (first-person past plural)
dādīd (past plural second-person)
dōn (plural present third-person)
dādīn (past plural third-person)
dō (present singular)
dōþ (plural present)
dōndī (participle present)
dān (participle past)

Old English: dōn
Middle English: don, donne, doyn, do, doon
English: do
Geordie English: de, dee, div
Scots: dae, dee (Doric)
Yola: doone, deen

Old Frisian: dwā, dwān, duān, duā, dūa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: du
Mooring: düünj
Saterland Frisian: dwo
West Frisian: dwaan

Old Saxon: dōn, doan, dūan, duon
Middle Low German: dôn
Low German: deoen (Paderbornisch), dohn (Münsterländisch); doon

Old Dutch: duon
Middle Dutch: doen
Dutch: doen
Afrikaans: doen
Berbice Creole Dutch: dun
Jersey Dutch: dûn, dûne
Negerhollands: doe, du, due
Skepi Creole Dutch: doon
→? Aukan: du
Limburgish: doon

Old High German: tuon, duon, duan
Middle High German: tuon
Alemannic German: tue, due, tuä
Swabian: dua, doa
Bavarian: doa
Cimbrian: tüan, tüunan (Sette Comuni)
Northern Bavarian: [d̥o͡u]
Viennese: tuan
Central Franconian: donn, don, dun
Hunsrik: dun
Kölsch: dunn
Luxembourgish: doen, dinn, dunn
German: tun
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [d̥ũː]
Pennsylvania German: duh
Yiddish: טאָן (ton)


beudan

beudan (infinitive)
beudannjas (genitive infinitive)
beudannjē (dative infinitive)
beudannju (infinitive instrumental)
beudu (first-person present singular)
baud (first-person past singular)
biudiʀi (present second-person singular)
budī (past second-person singular)
biudidi (present singular third-person)
baud (past singular third-person)
beudum (first-person plural present)
budum (first-person past plural)
biudid (plural present second-person)
budud (past plural second-person)
beudand (plural present third-person)
budun (past plural third-person)
beudē (first-person present singular)
budī (first-person past singular)
beudēs (present second-person singular)
beudē (present singular third-person)
budī (past singular third-person)
beudēm (first-person plural present)
budīm (first-person past plural)
beudēþ (plural present second-person)
budīd (past plural second-person)
beudēn (plural present third-person)
budīn (past plural third-person)
biud (present singular)
biudid (plural present)
beudandī (participle present)
bodan (participle past)

Old English: bēodan

Middle English: beden

Scots: bede

English: bid, bede

Old Frisian: biāda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bad
Halligen: biide
Mooring: biidje
Saterland Frisian: biada, bjoode
West Frisian: biede

Old Saxon: biodan

Middle Low German: bēden

Low German: beden

Old Dutch: biedan
Middle Dutch: bieden
Dutch: bieden
Limburgish: beje, bijje

Old High German: biotan

Middle High German: bieten

German: bieten

Luxembourgish: bidden


snīþan

snīþan (infinitive)
snīþannjas (genitive infinitive)
snīþannjē (dative infinitive)
snīþannju (infinitive instrumental)
snīþu (first-person present singular)
snaiþ (first-person past singular)
snīþiʀi (present second-person singular)
snidī (past second-person singular)
snīþidi (present singular third-person)
snaiþ (past singular third-person)
snīþum (first-person plural present)
snidum (first-person past plural)
snīþid (plural present second-person)
snidud (past plural second-person)
snīþand (plural present third-person)
snidun (past plural third-person)
snīþē (first-person present singular)
snidī (first-person past singular)
snīþēs (present second-person singular)
snīþē (present singular third-person)
snidī (past singular third-person)
snīþēm (first-person plural present)
snidīm (first-person past plural)
snīþēþ (plural present second-person)
snidīd (past plural second-person)
snīþēn (plural present third-person)
snidīn (past plural third-person)
snīþ (present singular)
snīþid (plural present)
snīþandī (participle present)
snidan (participle past)

Old English: snīþan

Middle English: snithen

English: snithe

⇒ English: snide

Old Frisian: snītha

Saterland Frisian: sniede

West Frisian: snije

Old Saxon: snīthan

Middle Low German: snîden

German Low German: snieden

Low German: snieden

Old Dutch: snīthan
Middle Dutch: sniden
Dutch: snijden
Afrikaans: sny
Limburgish: snieje

Old High German: snīdan

Middle High German: snīden

German: schneiden

Luxembourgish: schneiden

Yiddish: שנײַדן (shnaydn)


rīkī

rīkī (masculine nominative singular)
rīkiju (feminine nominative singular)
rīkī (neuter nominative singular)
rīkijanā (accusative masculine singular)
rīkijā (accusative feminine singular)
rīkī (accusative neuter singular)
rīkijas (genitive masculine singular)
rīkijeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
rīkijas (genitive neuter singular)
rīkijumē (dative masculine singular)
rīkijeʀē (dative feminine singular)
rīkijumē (dative neuter singular)
rīkiju (instrumental masculine singular)
rīkijeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
rīkiju (instrumental neuter singular)
rīkijē (masculine nominative plural)
rīkijō (feminine nominative plural)
rīkiju (neuter nominative plural)
rīkijā (accusative masculine plural)
rīkijā (accusative feminine plural)
rīkiju (accusative neuter plural)
rīkijeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
rīkijeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
rīkijeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
rīkijēm (dative masculine plural)
rīkijum (dative masculine plural)
rīkijēm (dative feminine plural)
rīkijum (dative feminine plural)
rīkijēm (dative neuter plural)
rīkijum (dative neuter plural)
rīkijēm (instrumental masculine plural)
rīkijum (instrumental masculine plural)
rīkijēm (feminine instrumental plural)
rīkijum (feminine instrumental plural)
rīkijēm (instrumental neuter plural)
rīkijum (instrumental neuter plural)

Old English: rīċe
Middle English: riche, rech, reche, rich, ruche, rych, ryche, reke, rik, rike (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)
English: rich
Scots: rich
Yola: reeche

Old Frisian: rīke

North Frisian: rijck

Saterland Frisian: riek

West Frisian: ryk

Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîk, rîke, rîch
German Low German: riek
Low German: rik, rike
Plautdietsch: rikj

Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk
Limburgish: riek

Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: rīche
Alemannic German: riich
Central Franconian: rich, riech, reich
Luxembourgish: räich
German: reich
Yiddish: רײַך (raykh)
→ Italian: ricco
→ Sicilian: riccu

→ Vulgar Latin: *rīcius, *rīcus

Old French: riche (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: ric (see there for further descendants)


rīkī

rīkī (nominative singular)
rīkiju (nominative plural)
rīkī (accusative singular)
rīkiju (accusative plural)
rīkijas (genitive singular)
rīkijō (genitive plural)
rīkijē (dative singular)
rīkijum (dative plural)
rīkiju (instrumental singular)
rīkijum (instrumental plural)

Old English: rīce
Middle English: riche, ryche, rik, rike, ryk (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)

Old Frisian: rīke

Saterland Frisian: Riek

West Frisian: ryk

Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîch, ricke, rijke, rîk, rîke
Low German: riek
Plautdietsch: Rikj

Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk

Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: riche
Bavarian: Reich
German: Reich
→ English: Reich
→ Polish: Reich
→ Russian: рейх (rejx)
Luxembourgish: Räich
→ Polish: rzesza
→ Czech: říše
→ Slovak: ríša


sparēn

sparēn (infinitive)
sparēnijas (genitive infinitive)
sparēnijē (dative infinitive)
sparēniju (infinitive instrumental)
sparē (first-person present singular)
spar?dā (first-person past singular)
sparēs (present second-person singular)
spar?dēs (past second-person singular)
sparēþ (present singular third-person)
spar?dē (past singular third-person)
spar?dā (past singular third-person)
sparēm (first-person plural present)
spar?dum (first-person past plural)
sparēþ (plural present second-person)
spar?dud (past plural second-person)
sparēnþ (plural present third-person)
spar?dun (past plural third-person)
spar?dī (first-person past singular)
spar?dī (past second-person singular)
sparē (present singular third-person)
spar?dī (past singular third-person)
spar?dīm (first-person past plural)
spar?dīd (past plural second-person)
sparēn (plural present third-person)
spar?dīn (past plural third-person)
sparē (present singular)
sparēþ (plural present)
sparēndī (participle present)
spar?d (participle past)

Old English: sparian

Middle English: sparien, sparen

Scots: spar, spair

English: spare

Old Frisian: sparia, spara

Saterland Frisian: spoarje

West Frisian: sparje

Old Saxon: sparōn

Middle Low German: sparen

German Low German: sparen

Old Dutch: *sparon
Middle Dutch: spāren
Dutch: sparen
Afrikaans: spaar
Negerhollands: spaar, spaer
→ Caribbean Javanese: separ, nyepar
→ Papiamentu: spar, spaar

Old High German: sparēn, sparōn

Middle High German: sparn

German: sparen

Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)

Esperanto: ŝpari

Luxembourgish: spueren

→ Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare

Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià

Neapolitan: sparagnà

Sicilian: sparagnari

Padanian:

Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier

Lombard: spargnar, sparmir

Piedmontese: spargné

Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franc-Comtois: éparmaî

Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar

Valdôtain: éparmir

Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer

⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer

desc

Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner

French: épargner

Walloon: spârgnî

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: esparnhar

From Proto-Germanic *sparāną. Equivalent to *spar (“sparing, frugal”) + *-ēn.


swā

Old English: swā

Middle English: swa, swo, so

Scots: swa, sa, swae, sae

English: so

Old Frisian: sā

Saterland Frisian: so

West Frisian: sa

Old Saxon: sō

Middle Low German: swê, swî, swô

Low German: so

desctree

Old Dutch: sō
Middle Dutch: sô
Dutch: zo
Limburgish: zoe, zoea

Old High German: sō

Middle High German: sō

Central Franconian: su, so

Luxembourgish: sou

German: so


swā

Old English: swā

Middle English: so, swo

English: so

Old Frisian: sā

West Frisian: sa

Old Saxon: sō

Middle Low German: swê, swô

Low German: so

Old Dutch: sō

Middle Dutch: so

Dutch: zo

Old High German: sō

German: so


ahtō

Old English: eahta, æhta — Anglian, ehta — West Saxon, ahta
Middle English: eighte, eight, eiȝt, eiȝte, eyȝt, ahte, eahte, ehhte, ehte (Early Middle English), aghte, aucht, aughte (Northern)
English: eight
Sranan Tongo: aiti
Scots: echt, aucht
Yola: ayght, aught

Old Frisian: achta, echta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt and Wiedingharde: aacht
Helgoland: ach
Mooring: oocht
Saterland Frisian: oachte, oacht, oage, oa (in expressions)
West Frisian: acht

Old Saxon: ahto
Middle Low German: achte, acht
German Low German: acht

Old Dutch: ahto

Middle Dutch: achte, acht
Dutch: acht
Afrikaans: agt, ag
Berbice Creole Dutch: akti
Jersey Dutch: āxt
Negerhollands: acht, agt, ak
Skepi Creole Dutch: akt
→ Sranan Tongo: acht
Limburgish: ach
Zealandic: acht

Old High German: ahto
Middle High German: ahte
Alemannic German: acht, ocht, àcht
Swabian: achd
Bavarian: achde
Cimbrian: achte
Mòcheno: òcht
Central Franconian: aach, aacht (Moselle Franconian), ach (Limburgan Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: acht
Luxembourgish: aacht
East Central German: achte
Vilamovian: aocht
East Franconian:
German: acht
Rhine Franconian: acht
Frankfurterisch: [ɑxt], [ɔxt], [axt]
Pennsylvania German: acht, achde
Yiddish: אַכט (akht)
Zipser German: åcht, acht


aij

aij (nominative singular)
aijiʀu (nominative plural)
aij (accusative singular)
aijiʀu (accusative plural)
aijiʀi (genitive singular)
aijiʀō (genitive plural)
aijiʀi (dative singular)
aijiʀum (dative plural)
aijiʀi (instrumental singular)
aijiʀum (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣġ
Middle English: ey
English: ey (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)
English: Cockney

Old Frisian: *ei, *ai

Saterland Frisian: Oai

West Frisian: aei, aai

Old Saxon: ei, eig, egg
Middle Low German: ei, egg, eig
Low German:
German Low German: Ei
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Egg
Märkisch: Ägg
Ravensbergisch: Åich
Sauerländisch: Ai
Westmünsterländisch: Äi
Plautdietsch: Ei

Old Dutch: *ei

Middle Dutch: ei
Dutch: ei
Afrikaans: eier
Berbice Creole Dutch: airi
Jersey Dutch: āi
Negerhollands: ee, eiu, eyu, eju
Limburgish: ei

Old High German: ei
Middle High German: ei
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Oi
Bavarian: Oa
Mòcheno: oi
Central Franconian: Ei, Ää, Aai
Hunsrik: Eu
Luxembourgish: Ee
German: Ei
Vilamovian: e
Yiddish: איי (ey)


niwi

head

*niwi (comparative *niwiʀō, superlative *niwist)

niwiʀō (comparative)
niwist (superlative)
niwi (masculine nominative singular)
niuwju (feminine nominative singular)
niwi (neuter nominative singular)
niuwjanā (accusative masculine singular)
niuwjā (accusative feminine singular)
niwi (accusative neuter singular)
niuwjas (genitive masculine singular)
niuwjeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
niuwjas (genitive neuter singular)
niuwjumē (dative masculine singular)
niuwjeʀē (dative feminine singular)
niuwjumē (dative neuter singular)
niuwju (instrumental masculine singular)
niuwjeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
niuwju (instrumental neuter singular)
niuwjē (masculine nominative plural)
niuwjō (feminine nominative plural)
niuwju (neuter nominative plural)
niuwjā (accusative masculine plural)
niuwjā (accusative feminine plural)
niuwju (accusative neuter plural)
niuwjeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
niuwjeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
niuwjeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
niuwjēm (dative masculine plural)
niuwjum (dative masculine plural)
niuwjēm (dative feminine plural)
niuwjum (dative feminine plural)
niuwjēm (dative neuter plural)
niuwjum (dative neuter plural)
niuwjēm (instrumental masculine plural)
niuwjum (instrumental masculine plural)
niuwjēm (feminine instrumental plural)
niuwjum (feminine instrumental plural)
niuwjēm (instrumental neuter plural)
niuwjum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: nīewe, nīwe, nēowe, nīowe
Middle English: newe, new, neue
English: new
Scots: new

Old Frisian: nīe

North Frisian: nei

Saterland Frisian: näi

West Frisian: nij

Old Saxon: niuwi
Middle Low German: nîe, nîge, nü̂we
Dutch Low Saxon: nij
German Low German: nü, nüe, nii, nee, neei
Plautdietsch: nie

Old Dutch: niuwi
Middle Dutch: niewe, neuwe, newe, niwe, nuwe, niew
Dutch: nieuw
Afrikaans: nuwe, nuut
Javindo: nuwe
Jersey Dutch: njuew
Negerhollands: nieuw, niw
Limburgish: nuuj

Old High German: niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi
Middle High German: niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe
Alemannic German: nüüw, nöi, nüü
Alsatian: nèi
Swabian: nei
Italian Walser: niw, niww, nu
Bavarian: nei, neich
Cimbrian: nòjar, nauk, naüge
Gottscheerish: nai
Hianzisch: neich
Mòcheno: nai
Udinese: naie, naje, noi
Central Franconian: nei, neu
Hunsrik: nei
Kölsch: neu
Transylvanian Saxon: na
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: neu
Upper Saxon German: nei
Erzgebirgisch: nei
East Franconian: nei, neu
German: neu
Luxembourgish: nei
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: nei, neu
Palatine German: nau, nei, neu
Pennsylvania German: nei
Vilamovian: noj
Yiddish: נײַ (nay)
Zipser German: nai, neu


werþan

werþan (infinitive)
werþannjas (genitive infinitive)
werþannjē (dative infinitive)
werþannju (infinitive instrumental)
werþu (first-person present singular)
warþ (first-person past singular)
wirþiʀi (present second-person singular)
wurdī (past second-person singular)
wirþidi (present singular third-person)
warþ (past singular third-person)
werþum (first-person plural present)
wurdum (first-person past plural)
wirþid (plural present second-person)
wurdud (past plural second-person)
werþand (plural present third-person)
wurdun (past plural third-person)
werþē (first-person present singular)
wurdī (first-person past singular)
werþēs (present second-person singular)
werþē (present singular third-person)
wurdī (past singular third-person)
werþēm (first-person plural present)
wurdīm (first-person past plural)
werþēþ (plural present second-person)
wurdīd (past plural second-person)
werþēn (plural present third-person)
wurdīn (past plural third-person)
wirþ (present singular)
wirþid (plural present)
werþandī (participle present)
wordan (participle past)

Old English: weorþan, wearþan — Anglian, weorðan — edh spelling, wurþan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: werthen
Scots: worth
English: worth, word (dialectal)

Old Frisian: wertha
North Frisian:
Mooring: wårde
Föhr-Amrum: wurd
Saterland Frisian: wäide
West Frisian: wurde

Old Saxon: werthan
Middle Low German: warden
Low German: warrn
German Low German: werden, worden

Old Dutch: werthan
Middle Dutch: werden
Dutch: worden
Afrikaans: word
Negerhollands: word
Petjo: worden
Limburgish: waere

Old High German: werdan, ƿerdan — Manuscript spelling
Middle High German: werden
Alemannic German: wërde
Swabian: werra
Central Franconian: wääde, wääre (Moselle Franconian, but in limited use)
German: werden
Luxembourgish: wäerten
Pennsylvania German: waerre
Yiddish: ווערן (vern)


habbjan

habbjan (infinitive)
habbjannjas (genitive infinitive)
habbjannjē (dative infinitive)
habbjannju (infinitive instrumental)
habbju (first-person present singular)
habdā (first-person past singular)
habēs (present second-person singular)
habdēs (past second-person singular)
habdōs (past second-person singular)
habēþ (present singular third-person)
habdē (past singular third-person)
habdā (past singular third-person)
habbjum (first-person plural present)
habdum (first-person past plural)
habēþ (plural present second-person)
habdud (past plural second-person)
habbjanþ (plural present third-person)
habdun (past plural third-person)
habbjē (first-person present singular)
habdī (first-person past singular)
habbjēs (present second-person singular)
habdī (past second-person singular)
habbjē (present singular third-person)
habdī (past singular third-person)
habbjēm (first-person plural present)
habdīm (first-person past plural)
habbjēþ (plural present second-person)
habdīd (past plural second-person)
habbjēn (plural present third-person)
habdīn (past plural third-person)
habē (present singular)
habēþ (plural present)
habbjandī (participle present)
habd (participle past)

Old English: habban
Middle English: haven, have, haav, haf, hafe, haben, habben, heven, hawe, han, haan, ha
English: have (-'ve, -a)
Scots: hae, ha, hiv, have, hawe (-a)
Yola: ha, have

Old Frisian: hebba, habba
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: haa
Hallig, Mooring: heewe
Helgoland: hoa
Saterland Frisian: häbe
West Frisian: hawwe

Old Saxon: hebbian, heffian
Middle Low German: hebben
Low German:
German Low German: hebben, hewwen
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: häbben, hävven
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: häwwen, häbben
Sauerländisch: hewwen, häbben, hänn, hann
Westmünsterländisch: häbben
Plautdietsch: haben

Old Dutch: hebben
Middle Dutch: hebben
Dutch: hebben
Afrikaans: hê
Berbice Creole Dutch: ha, habu
Javindo: geef
Jersey Dutch: hävve, häbbe
Negerhollands: ha, a, hab
Limburgish: höbbe

Old High German: habēn
Middle High German: haben, hān
Alemannic German: haa, ha, heen, hoh, hä, häbä, hè
Swabian: hau
Bavarian: hoom
Cimbrian: haban, hen, håm
Mòcheno: hom
Northern Bavarian: [hɔm]
Central Franconian: hann
Hunsrik: hon
Kölsch: han
Luxembourgish: hunn
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: hamm
Upper Saxon German: ham, hom
Vilamovian: hon
East Franconian:
German: haben
Berlinerisch: ham
Ruhrpöttisch: habn
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [havə]; [hɑvə], [hɔvə] (older)
Palatine German: hann, hawwe, hunn
Pennsylvania German: hawwe
Upper Hessian: hu, hunn
Yiddish: האָבן (hobn)