te

Ugric

Hungarian: ti

Proto-Permic: *ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *tij

Western Samic:

Northern Sami: dii

Eastern Samic:

Akkala Sami: тий (tij)

Kildin Sami: тыйй (tyjj)

Proto-Mordvinic: *tiń

Erzya: тынь (tiń)

Moksha: тинь (ťiń)

Proto-Finnic: *tek, *töö (see there for further descendants)


mi

Ugric:

Mansi:

⇒ Northern Mansi: ма̄ныр (mānyr)

Hungarian: mi

Permic

Komi-Zyrian: мый (myj)

Udmurt: ма (ma)

Proto-Mordvinic: *me-, *meźə

desc

Erzya: мезе (meźe), мее (meje), мень (meń)

Moksha: мезе (meźe)

Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: mii

Southern Sami: mij

Lule Sami: mij

Proto-Finnic: *mi

A relation has been suggested with Proto-Indo-European *mo- (interrogative stem), whence derived Hittite maši- (“how many”) and Tocharian A mänt (“how”).


to

Samoyedic

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: таʼ (tā)

Ugric

Hungarian: túl, tova

Proto-Mordvinic: *to-, *tu-

desc

Erzya: тона (tona), тов (tov), тува (tuva)

Proto-Samic: *tuotë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *too (see there for further descendants)


pata

Proto-Finnic: *pata (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: под (pod)

Western Mari: [script needed] (pat)

Proto-Samoyedic: *patǝ̑-

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: [script needed] (pāda-, “to put in a pot”)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (pot-, “to put in a pot”)

Ugric:

Hungarian: fazék

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (put)

Northern Khanty: пут (put)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (püt)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: пӯт (pūt) (Sosva)

Western Mansi: пут (put)

Sometimes compared with Indo-European words (such as Lithuanian púodas).


were

Ugric:

Hungarian: vér

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: вы̄гыр (wȳgyr) (Sosva), выйыр (wyjyr) (Upper Lozva)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (wür)

Proto-Khanty: *wir

Northern Khanty: вўр (wŭr) (Kazym), вур (wur) (Shuryshkar)

Eastern Khanty: вәр (wər) (Surgut), вӛр (wjər) (Vakh), вяр (wjar) (Vasyugan)

Proto-Permic: *vir (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *wü̆r (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ver (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *vërë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *veri (see there for further descendants)

Found only within the traditional Finno-Ugric languages; contrast Proto-Samoyedic *këm. Neither word can be explicitly shown to be an innovation, however.


ke

Samoyedic:

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ся (sya)

Ugric:

Hungarian: ki

Proto-Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: кин (kin)

Komi-Zyrian: кин (kin) (dialectal)

Udmurt: кин (kin)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ki, *kijə

Erzya: кие (kije), ки (ki)

Moksha: кие (kije)

Proto-Mari:

Eastern Mari: кӧ (kö), кӱ (kü)

Western Mari: кӱ (kü)

Proto-Samic: *kea

Western Samic:

Southern Sami: gie

Pite Sami: gie

Lule Sami:

Northern Sami: gii

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: kii

Skolt Sami: ǩii

Akkala Sami: к̌ӣ (ǩī), кӣ (kī)

Kildin Sami: ке̄ (kie)

Ter Sami: ке̄ (kie)

Proto-Finnic: *ken (see there for further descendants)


me

Samoyedic:

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: [script needed] (mańeʔ)

Nganasan: [script needed] (mêŋ)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: ме (mje)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ми̇

Upper Ob: мээ

Koibal: ме (me)

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ма̄н (mān)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (mäŋ)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (mĕŋ)

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (muŋ)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (mŏŋ)

Hungarian: mi

Proto-Permic: *mi (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: ме (me)

Western Mari: мӓ (mä)

Proto-Mordvinic: *miń

Erzya: минь (miń)

Moksha: минь (miń)

Proto-Samic: *mij (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *mek (see there for further descendants)


kopa

Proto-Samoyedic: *kopå

Nganasan: [script needed] (kuhu)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: [script needed] (χoba)

Proto-Permic: *ku (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *kŭwə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kuvə

Erzya: куво (kuvo)

Proto-Finnic: *kopa (see there for further descendants)


ola

Ugric:

Hungarian: áll

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ӯлысь (ūlysʹ)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ulə

Erzya: уло (ulo)

Moksha: ула (ula)

⇒ Proto-Samic: *oalōl (see there for further descendants)


kolme

Ugric:

Hungarian: három

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: хӯрум (hūrum)

Ugric:

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: ӄөԓәм (ḳøłəm)

Northern Khanty: хөԓәм (høłəm) (Kazym), хутум (hutum) (Middle Ob)

Southern Khanty: хутәм (hutəm)

Proto-Permic: *kwiń (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *kŭm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kolmə

Erzya: колмо (kolmo)

Moksha: колма (kolma)

Proto-Samic: *kolmë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kolmi (see there for further descendants)

One of the few words found in all languages of the traditional Finno-Ugric group, but absent from Samoyedic (contrast Proto-Samoyedic *nakur).


neljä

Ugric:

Hungarian: négy

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: нила (nila)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: њӑԓ (njăł)

Eastern Khanty: њәԓә (njəłə)

Proto-Permic: *ńöľ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *nĭl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ńiľə

Erzya: ниле (ńiľe)

Moksha: ниле (ńiľe)

Proto-Samic: *nealjē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *neljä (see there for further descendants)


kesä

Proto-Mordvinic: *kizə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *keasē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kesä (see there for further descendants)

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₁es-, although EVE considers this theory uncertain.


minä

Proto-Samoyedic: *məntä

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: мань (mań)

Nganasan: мәнә (mənə)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Ket: ман (man)

Narym: мат

Kamassian: ман (man)

Koibal: мон (mon)

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ам (am)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (äm)

Hungarian: én

Proto-Permic: *mɛn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *mĭńə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *mon

Erzya: мон (mon)

Moksha: мон (mon)

Proto-Samic: *monë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *minä (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared to Proto-Yukaghir *mət (compare Southern Yukaghir мэт (met)) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁mene (genitive singular of *éǵh₂).


jalka

Ugric:

Hungarian: gyalog

Proto-Mari: *jål (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *jalgə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *juolkē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *jalka (see there for further descendants)


kura

Proto-Samoyedic: *kərå

Nganasan: [script needed] (кәру)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: [script needed] (χøra)

Ugric:

Proto-Khanty *kŏr

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (kŏr)

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (χŏr)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (χŏr)

Proto-Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: [script needed] (ki̮ri̮še̮n)

Udmurt: кырыж (kyryž)

Proto-Finnic: *kura (see there for further descendants)


ilma

Ugric:

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: иләм (iləm), еԓәм (jełəm)

Southern Khanty: итәм (itəm)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (jēləm) (Upper Lozva)

Proto-Permic: *jɛn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *ëlmē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *ilma (see there for further descendants)


kala

Proto-Samoyedic: *kålä (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: hal

Proto-Khanty: *kūl

Eastern Khanty: ӄуԓ (ḳuł) (Surgut)

Northern Khanty: хўԓ (hŭł)

Southern Khanty: хуть (hut’)

Proto-Mansi: *kūl

Eastern Mansi: хул (hul)

Northern Mansi: хӯл (hūl)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (kōl)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (kul)

Proto-Mari: *kol (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kalə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *kuolē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kala (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos.


luka

Ugric:

Proto-Mansi: *låw

Northern Mansi: лов (low)

Proto-Mari: *lŭw

Eastern Mari: лу (lu)

Western Mari: лу (lu)

Proto-Samic: *lokē (see there for further descendants)


tora

Probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰāráya-.


tora

Samoyedic

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: тароць (tarocʹ°)

Ugric

Hungarian: dorgál

Mordvinic

Erzya: тюремс (ťuŕems)

Proto-Samic: *toarō, *toarōtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *tora (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *torudak

Finnish: torua


kama

Proto-Samoyedic: *kämə

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: сяв (syaw°)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ка́мья (“tench; bittern; scale”)

Upper Ob: каам

Ugric

Hungarian: hámoz

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *kamara (see there for further descendants)


joke

Samoyedic

Enets:

Forest Enets: дёха

Tundra Enets: дяха

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: яха (yaxa)

Ugric

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: я̄ (â̄)

Hungarian: jó (archaic, used only in place names)

Proto-Permic: *ju (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Mordvinic:

>? Erzya: Йов (Jov, “the Moksha river”)

Proto-Finnic: *joki (see there for further descendants)

Likely a doublet *juka, from which some of the descendants may also rather derive.


para

Proto-Permic: *bur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *parə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *puorē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *paras (see there for further descendants)


ikä

Ugric:

Hungarian: év

Proto-Mari:

Eastern Mari: ий (ij)

Western Mari: и (i)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ijə

Erzya: ие (ije)

Moksha: ий (ij, dialectal)

Proto-Samic: *jëkē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *ikä (see there for further descendants)


e-

Ugric

Hungarian: e, ez

Mordvinic

⇒ Proto-Mordvinic: *e-

Erzya: эте (eťe), истя (isťa)

Moksha: эса (esa), эста (esta), эмбе (embe)

Finnic

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-tta</i>

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *että (with *-tta) (see there for further descendants)

Estonian: et

Finnish: että

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-nci</i>

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *enci (with *-nci) (see there for further descendants)

Finnish: ensi

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-lla</i>

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *ellä (with *-lla)

Finnish: ellä


e-

Proto-Permic: *ɔ- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *e-, *i-, *a-

Erzya: эзь (eź), иля (iľa), а (a), апак (apak)

Moksha: изь (iź), тят (ťat), аф (af), аш (aš), апак (apak)

Proto-Samic: *i-

Western Samic:

Southern Sami: ij

Ume Sami: ij

Pite Sami: ij

Lule Sami: ij

Northern Sami: ii

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: ij

Skolt Sami: ij

Akkala Sami: ий (ij)

Proto-Finnic: *e- (see there for further descendants)

table
Sometimes compared to Proto-Yukaghir *əl-, Proto-Mongolic *ese and Proto-Tungusic *e-.


pere

Proto-Samoyedic: *pir

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: пир’’ (pyir’’)

Ugric:

Hungarian: bőr


-n

Mari:

Eastern Mari: -н (-n)

Proto-Mordvinic: *-ń

Erzya: -нь (-ń)

Moksha: -нь (-ń)

Proto-Samic: *-n

Proto-Finnic: *-n

of; forms the genitive case, indicating possession or relationship


-na

Ugric:

Hungarian: -n (superessive)

Proto-Mordvinic: *-nə, *-ńə

desc

Erzya: -нэ (-ne), -на (-na), -не (-ńe), -ня (-ńa) (temporalis)

Proto-Samic: *-nē (essive)

Proto-Finnic: *-na (essive)

Proto-Mordvinic: *-sə

Erzya: -со (-so) (inessive)

Moksha: -са (-sa) (inessive)

Proto-Samic: *-snē (inessive)

Proto-Finnic: *-ssa (inessive)

at, in; forms the locative case, indicating being in a place


-ta

Samoyedic:

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: [script needed] (-d)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: [script needed] (-č)

Proto-Mordvinic: *-də (ablative), *-stə (elative), *-ldə

-льде (-ľďe)

Erzya: -до (-do) / -де (-ďe), -сто (-sto) / стэ (ste), -лдо (-ldo) / -льде (-ľďe)

Moksha: -да (-da), -ста (-sta), -лда (-lda)

Proto-Samic: *-tē (partitive)

Proto-Finnic: *-ta/*-da (partitive), *-sta (elative), *-lta (ablative)

from; forms the ablative case, indicating motion away from


-ta

Ugric:

q

>? Northern Khanty: -ты (-ty) (e.g. вўрты (wŭrty, “red”) (Shuryshkar) from вўр (wŭr, “blood”))

Finnic:

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *-ut

⇒? Finnish: -usta, -sto

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: -ыт (-yt)

Komi-Zyrian: -ыд (-yd)

Udmurt: -ыт (-yt)

Proto-Mordvinic: *-ədə

desc

Erzya: -одо (-odo), -адо (-ado), -ода (-oda)

Moksha: -ада (-ada), -еда (-eda), -да (-da)

Proto-Samic: *-ëtē

Proto-Finnic: *-ëda

table
May have originally indicated possession.

A generic adjective marker attached to roots, maybe primarily or exclusively.


-ja

Proto-Mordvinic: *-ja

Erzya: -я (-ja)

Proto-Samic: *-jē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *-ja (see there for further descendants)


pala

Ugric:

Hungarian: falat

Proto-Mansi *pūl

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (pōl)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (pūl)

Proto-Khanty *pūḷ

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (puḷ)

Proto-Mordvinic: *palə

Erzya: пал (pal)

Moksha: пал (pal)

Proto-Samic: *puolē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *pala (see there for further descendants)


emä

Proto-Samoyedic: *ämä

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: небя (nyebya)

Nganasan: [script needed] (ńame)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (ämä)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ав

Upper Ob: ау, эу/йэу

Ugric:

Hungarian: eme

Proto-Samic: *eamē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *emä (see there for further descendants)


mete

Ugric:

Hungarian: méz

Proto-Permic: *må (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *mü (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *meď (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *meci (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Tocharian *ḿətə, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu. One of the words found only within the traditional Finno-Ugric group.
It is not clear if the Mari words are inherited, as loss of *-t- would be irregular (contrast the development in *pata, *wete). UEW suggests the possibility of deriving them from a separate root *mäkɜ, while another possibility is loaning from Permic.


-t

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: -т (-t)

Moksha: -т (-t)

Proto-Samic: *-k (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *-t (see there for further descendants)


owe

Samoyedic: ? *öə

Nganasan: ӈуа (ŋua), (19th century) [script needed] (ŋoa)

Ugric:

Proto-Mansi: *ī̮wi̮

Northern Mansi: а̄ви (āwi)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: ов (ow)

Proto-Finnic: *ovi (see there for further descendants)


sala

Proto-Samoyedic:

Koibal: толэ

Proto-Ugric: *såla- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *salams

Erzya: саламс (salams)

Moksha: саламс (salams)

Proto-Samic: *suolëk, *suolētēk, *suolāntëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *sala (see there for further descendants)


ora

Proto-Permic: *ur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *ur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *urə

Erzya: ур (ur)

Moksha: ур (ur)

⇒ Proto-Samic: *oarēvē (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *oraba (see there for further descendants)

table
Often compared to Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“squirrel”).


ora

Proto-Ugric:

Hungarian: ár

Proto-Mordvinic: *urə

Erzya: уро (uro)

Moksha: ура (ura)

Proto-Samic: *oarē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *ora (see there for further descendants)

table
Borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́raH, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ólos.


koska

Proto-Samoyedic: *kåtå

Nganasan: коту (kotu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: [script needed] (kada'a)

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (kara'a)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: [script needed] (kāt̆tɐə)

Tundra Nenets: хада (xada)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Ket: [script needed] (qotya)

Proto-Samic: *koaskē (see there for further descendants)


kota

Ugric:

Hungarian: ház

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: кат (kat)

Northern Khanty: хат (hat)

Permic:

Komi:

⇒ Komi-Zyrian: керка (kerka, “house”), вичко (vićko, “church”)

⇒ Komi-Permyak: керку (kerku, “house”), вичку (vićku, “church”)

⇒ Udmurt: корка (korka, “house”), вуко (vuko, “mill”)

Proto-Mari: *kudə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kudə

Erzya: кудо (kudo)

Moksha: куд (kud)

Proto-Samic: *koatē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kota (see there for further descendants)

Probably akin to Proto-Iranian *kátah (compare Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “house/home, pit”), Persian کده (kade, “house”)), in which case it is a loan in one direction or the other, but the direction is not entirely clear. Many researchers have supported an early loanword from pre-Indo-Iranian into Uralic, but this is not certain, as the Iranian word has no known cognates in Indo-European, not even Indo-Aryan. The similarity may simply be a coincidence.
Moreover, the root may have been a widespread Wanderwort across Eurasia; compare Abkhaz ақыҭа (akəta), Azerbaijani qutan (“(dialectal) dugout for lambs”), Proto-Mongolic *kotan (Mongolian хот (xot, “town”)), Turkish kodak (“(dialectal) home”), Ainu コタン (kotan, “village”), Japanese 鶏 (kutakake, kudakake, “rooster”, hybrid Ainu-Japanese word, literally “house rooster”), Tamil குடி (kuṭi, “house, abode, home, family, lineage, town, tenants”). Borrowings from Iranian (specifically Scythian) include Proto-Germanic *kutą, *kutǭ (whence English cot, Dutch kot, German Kate) and Proto-Slavic *xata (“house”).


nime

Proto-Samoyedic: *nim

Nganasan: ним (njim)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ним

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (ńuʔ)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ним (ńim)

Tundra Nenets: нюмʼ (nyum)

Proto-Selkup: *nim

Northern Selkup: ним (nim)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: нэп

Upper Ob: ниэм

Kamassian: ним (nim)

desc

Mator: нуммеде (third-person singular possessive)

Ugric:

Hungarian: név

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: нам (nam)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (näm)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (nem)

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (nem)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (nem)

Proto-Permic: *ńim (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *lü̆m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *lemə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *nëmë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *nimi (see there for further descendants)

Within the disputed Indo-Uralic theory, it has been connected with the Indo-European noun *h₁nómn̥.
Similar words meaning "name" can be found in other languages of northern Eurasia, for instance Proto-Yukaghir *ńu:, Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *nənnə, and Proto-Japonic *na.


muna

Proto-Samoyedic: *mənå

Nganasan: мәну (mənu)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мона

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (mona)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup:

Taz: [script needed] (må̄ne)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: [script needed] (man)

Ket: [script needed] (mane)

Kamassian: мунуй (munuj)

Mator:

Ugric:

Hungarian: mony, mogyoró

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: мон (mon)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: мӯӈи (mūňi)

Proto-Mari: *mŭnə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *mona

Erzya: мона (mona)

Moksha: мона (mona)

Proto-Samic: *monē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *muna (see there for further descendants)


kone

Ugric:

Hungarian: hón

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ханул (hanul)

Hungarian: hónalj

>? Proto-Mordvinic:

>? Erzya: кавал (kaval)

Proto-Finnic: *kainalo (see there for further descendants)


sitta

Samoyedic

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Narym: тӱт (tüt)

Permic

Komi

Komi-Permyak: сіт (sit)

Komi-Zyrian: сіт (sit)

Udmurt: сӥть (siť)

Proto-Finnic: *sitta (see there for further descendants)


koje

? Samoyedic:

Tundra Nenets: [script needed] (xājūpā, “to be married”) (of a woman)

Mansi: *kuj

Northern Mansi: хуй (huj)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: ку (ku)

Northern Khanty: хой (hoj)

? Mordvinic: (from *koj-śe)

? Erzya: комсь (komś, “twenty”)

? Moksha: комсь (komś, “twenty”)

Proto-Samic: *kuojë (“husband”)

Skolt Sami: kuõjj

Akkala Sami: [Term?] (“kujj, kuj”)

Kildin Sami: кӯйй (kūjj)

Ter Sami: кыйй (kïjj)


koje

Ugric:

Hungarian: hajnal

Permic

Komi-Permyak: кыа (kya)

Proto-Finnic: *koi (see there for further descendants)


kočka

Proto-Permic: *kuč (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *kučkəž (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kućkan (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Samic: *koackēmē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kocka (see there for further descendants)


taka

Proto-Samoyedic: *täk

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: тяхӑд (ťāχād)

Proto-Samic: *tuokē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *taka (see there for further descendants)


kare

Proto-Samoyedic: *kar

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: [script needed] (śar)

Ugric:

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (-χǫr)

Proto-Samic: *koarē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *koori (see there for further descendants)


pire

Samoyedic:

>? Kamassian: [script needed] (pjeri, “around”)

Selkup:

>? Northern Selkup:

Taz: пӱрэ (püre, “ring, circle”)

>? Southern Selkup:

Ket: пыр (“perimeter, round”)

? Uncategorized Selkup : пӱру (püru), пӧру

Permic:

>? Komi-Zyrian: бор (bor, “border, garden”)

Proto-Mordvinic: *piŕə

Erzya: пире (piŕe, “(enclosed) vegetable garden”)

Moksha: перя (peŕa, “fence”)

Proto-Finnic: *piiri (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *pirë (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Mongolic *hergi- (“to go round”), whence Mongolian эргэх (ergex, “to turn”), Buryat эрьехэ (erʹjexe), эрьелдэхэ (erʹjeldexe), Kalmyk эргх (ergx, “to spin, go round”); Evenki хэркэми (hərkəmi, “to tie, bind together”), Manchu ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡳ (hergi, “to wind”); Proto-Indo-European *péri, whence Sanskrit परि (pari), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “around”).


orja

q

>? Proto-Permic: *ver (alternatively, an Indo-European borrowing)

Komi:

desc

Komi-Zyrian: вер (ver, “man, male; slave, servant”)

Udmurt: вар (var, “slave, servant”)

Proto-Mordvinic: *uŕə (“slave”) (see there for further descendants)

Samic: ? *oarjē (“south”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *orja (“slave”) (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally taken as a borrowing from the Proto-Indo-Iranian autonym *áryas, or from an earlier stage of development (practically Proto-Indo-European) *óryos, with meaning 'slave' developing in a similar way as Latin sclavus (“slave”) from Sclavus (“Slav”). EVE supports this etymology and argues that the meaning "south, southerner" is a parallel development from the Indo-Aryan endonym through the meaning "a people living south".
Alternative theories exist as well, however, but are not as widely accepted. SSA argues that a borrowing from *áryas is unlikely due to the semantic gap. Koivulehto proposed that the reflexes meaning 'slave, servant' may instead derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *werǵ- (“to work”), but later expressed support for the aforementioned etymology from *áryas.


kaja

Ugric:

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: ӄӑлэк (ḳălek) (Surgut)

Proto-Samic: *kājēkē

Western Samic:

Northern Sami: gádjit

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: kaijuu

Skolt Sami: kaaʹjji

Akkala Sami: [script needed] (kaiji)

Kildin Sami: ка̄й (kāj)

Proto-Finnic: *kajaga (see there for further descendants)


kompa

Proto-Samoyedic: *kåmpå

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: хамба (xamba)

Proto-Selkup: *k͔ōmpə

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӄомб

Upper Ob: куобба

Ugric:

Proto-Khanty: *kūmp

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (kump)

Proto-Mansi: *kump

Northern Mansi: хумп (hump)

Hungarian: hab

Proto-Mari:

Eastern Mari: [script needed] (wüt-kowǝ)

Western Mari: коэ (koe)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kumbə, *kombə

Erzya: кумбо (kumbo)

Moksha: комба (komba)

>? Proto-Finnic: *kumbut'ak

Finnish: kummuta


kule

⇒ Proto-Samoyedic: *kuləjə (see there for further descendants)

Ugric

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: хулах (hulah)

Hungarian: holló


maja

Proto-Permic: *moj (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *majaga (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *mājēkē (see there for further descendants)


pesä

Proto-Samoyedic: *pitä

Nganasan: [script needed] (ɸə̥t̆te)

Enets: пиде

Forest Enets: [script needed] (fide)

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (fire)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: пидя (pyidya)

Forest Nenets: пича (pyića)

Proto-Selkup: *pitə (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: пхидя (pʰida)

Mator: иды

Ugric:

Hungarian: fészek

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: пить (pitʹ)

Northern Mansi: пити (piti)

Southern Mansi: питӣ (pitī)

Western Mansi: пить (pitʹ)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: пәл (pəl)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (pit)

Proto-Permic: *pɔz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *pĭzakš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *pizə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *peasē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *pesä (see there for further descendants)


wasa

Samoyedic

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: вадисей (wāˈdīśej)

Finnic

Estonian: vasak

Finnish: vasen


perä

Proto-Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: пӛртӓх (pjərtäh) (Vakh)

Proto-Permic: *bär (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *pəŕä~*piŕä

Erzya: пря (pŕa)

Moksha: [script needed] (pŕä)

Proto-Finnic: *perä (see there for further descendants)


lapa

Proto-Samoyedic: *låpä

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: лабя (labya)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Narym: лаб

Upper Ob: лааб

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *lavtəŋ~*lavtəmə (“shoulder”)

>? Erzya: лавтов (lavtov), лавтомо (lavtomo)

>? Moksha: лавту (lavtu)

Proto-Samic: *luopē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *lapa (see there for further descendants)


mone

Probably somehow related to (Northwestern) Proto-Indo-European *monogʰos (whence Proto-Germanic *managaz, Proto-Celtic *menekkis, Proto-Balto-Slavic *managas), which has sometimes been considered a substrate loan. The Uralic word is possibly from the same source, and if so, possibly borrowed through Indo-European.


mone

⇒ Proto-Permic: *mu̇nda

Komi-Zyrian: мында (mynda)

Udmurt: мында (mynda)

Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: moanat

Proto-Finnic: *moni (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Permic: *-mu̇n (“-ty”)

⇒ Komi-Zyrian: комын (komyn)

⇒ Udmurt: куамын (kuamyn)

Ugric:

Mansi:

q

>? Northern Mansi: -ман (-man, “-ty”), -пан (-pan) (in налыман (nalyman, “forty”), атпан (atpan, “fifty”), хōтпан (hōtpan, “sixty”), сатпан (satpan, “seventy”))

>? Hungarian: -van (“-ty”), -ven (in negyven (“forty”), ötven (“fifty”), hatvan (“sixty”), hetven (“seventy”), nyolcvan (“eighty”), kilencven (“ninety”))


wala

Proto-Samoyedic: *wålä

Forest Enets: [script needed] (bari)

Nganasan: бәлы (bəlɨ)

Proto-Mordvinic: *valə

Erzya: вал (val)

Moksha: вал (val)

Proto-Samic: *vuolē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *vala (see there for further descendants)


luwe

Proto-Samoyedic: *lë (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

>? Hungarian: láb

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: лӓв (läw) (Obdorsk)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: лув (luw)

Proto-Permic: *lu̇ (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: лу (lu)

Proto-Mordvinic: *lovaža

Erzya: ловажа (lovaža)

Moksha: ловажа (lovaža)

Proto-Finnic: *luu (see there for further descendants)


teje

Proto-Permic: *tüj (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *tee (see there for further descendants)


turpa

Proto-Mari: *tü̆rwə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *tu̇rp (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *tərva (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *turpa (see there for further descendants)


oksa

Permic:

Komi-Zyrian: вос (vos)

Udmurt: усы (usy, “harrow”)

→ Western Mari: ошо (ošo, “harrow”)

Proto-Mari: *ukš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *oaksē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *oksa (see there for further descendants)

The root is only of Finno-Permic distribution, but shows no obvious signs of being an innovation. Contrast Proto-Ugric *saŋɜ.


pide

Proto-Samoyedic: *pirə- (“height”)

Nganasan: хирә (xirə)

Enets

Forest Enets: пы́рро, пир (pir)

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: пир (pyir°)

Selkup:

⇒ Northern Selkup: пиркый (pirkyj)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: пир

Upper Ob: пiэрг

*pirkä (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: fel, föl

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *pitkä, *piduc (see there for further descendants)


lunta

Ugric:

Hungarian: lúd

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: лөнт (lønt)

Northern Khanty: ӆᴏнт

Southern Khanty: тунт (tunt)

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (la°nt)

Northern Mansi: лӯнт (lūnt)

Western Mansi: лөнт

Proto-Mari: *lŭdə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *lontē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *lintu (see there for further descendants)


kalma

Proto-Samoyedic: *kålmɜ

Enets:

Forest Enets: [script needed] (kamero)

desc

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (kameRo), камэр (“ghost”)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: каӆьмяӆ (kāŕḿeȧr)

Tundra Nenets: хальмер (xalʹmyer°, “grave”)

Kamassian: [script needed] (kʰolmə, “grave”)

Mordvinic: *kalmə, *kalma-

Erzya: калмо (kalmo, “grave”), калмамс (kalmams, “to bury”)

Moksha: калма (kalma, “grave”), калмамс (kalmams, “to bury”)

Proto-Finnic: *kalma (“grave, death”) (see there for further descendants)

From *kale- (“to die”) + *-ma. The reconstruction *kalema cannot be clearly ruled out.
For previously included cognates in Samic, see *kolmes.


juma

Proto-Mari: *jŭmə (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *jomə

>? Erzya: ён- (jon-) (in compound: ёндол (jondol))

>? Moksha: ён- (jon-) (in compound: ёндул (jondul))

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *jumala (see there for further descendants)

Probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyumā́ (whence Sanskrit द्युमान् (dyumān)).


tule

Proto-Samoyedic: *tuj (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *tu̇l (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *tŭl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *tol (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *tolë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *tuli (see there for further descendants)


näre

Proto-Permic: *nu̇r (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *ner (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ńäŕ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *nierë (see there for further descendants)


pola

Ugric:

Hungarian: bogyó

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: пил (pil)

Proto-Permic: *pul (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *poola (see there for further descendants)


terä

Proto-Permic: *dɔr (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *torə (“sword”)

>? Erzya: торо (toro)

Proto-Finnic: *terä (see there for further descendants)


kude

Proto-Samoyedic: *kum

Tundra Nenets: хӯ (xū)

Nganasan: күз̌иату (küðiatu)

Forest Enets: киузе

Kamassian: короджон (koroʒ́on)

Proto-Selkup::

Northern Selkup: ӄары (qary)

Ugric:

Mansi:

⇒ Northern Mansi: холытан (holytan)

⇒ Hungarian: holnap


-ek

Proto-Samic: *-ëk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *-ëk (see there for further descendants)


kuje

Ugric:

Hungarian: háj

Proto-Mordvinic: *kuj-a

Erzya: куя (kuja)

Moksha: куя (kuja)

Proto-Finnic: *kuu (see there for further descendants)


kuŋe

Proto-Samoyedic: *kïj (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: hó, hold

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: хўв (hŭw)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kov~*koŋ (see there for further descendants)


kale-

Proto-Samoyedic: *kåə-

Enets: kaja

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: ха (χā)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: ӄуӄа (quqa)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ку́гу

Upper Ob: куугу

Ugric:

Hungarian: hal

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: колта (kolta)

Mansi

Northern Mansi: хо̄луӈкве (hōluňkwe)

Proto-Permic: *kulni (see there for further descendants)

Mari

Eastern Mari: колаш (kolaš)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kuləms (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Samic: *koalōtēk (“to freeze”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kooldak (see there for further descendants)


uje-

Proto-Samoyedic: *u-

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈусь (ŋusʹ°), ӈохолась (ŋoxolasʹ°)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: уу (uu)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: у́ргу

Upper Ob: уургу

Ugric:

Hungarian: úszik

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: уйгалаӈкве (ujgalaňkwe)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: вөщты (wøsjty)

Proto-Permic: *ujni (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: ияш (ijaš)

Western Mari: илӓш (iläš)

desctree

Proto-Mordvinic: *ujəms
Erzya: уемс (ujems)
Moksha: уемс (ujems)

Proto-Samic: *vuojëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *uidak, *ujudak (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Evenki уюми (ujumi), уюктами (ujuktami, “to swim (of birds)”), Proto-Japonic *əyənku (“to swim”)


mëxe

Samoyedic:

Nganasan: моу (mou)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: -мо (-mo) in минырмо̄ (minyrmō)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: -мо in ӱ̄дэрмо

Upper Ob: -ма in карама

Ugric:

? Khanty: *meɣ

Eastern Khanty: мәг (məg)

Northern Khanty: мўв (mŭw), мув (muw)

Mansi: *mëë

Northern Mansi: ма̄ (mā)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (mɛ̮̄)

Eastern Mansi: мы (my)

Proto-Permic: *mu (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

desc

⇒ Eastern Mari: мла́нде (mlánde), мӱнӧ (münö, “down, below”)

⇒ Western Mari: мӱланды (mülandy)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ma-, *-ma(s) (“land”)

Erzya: ма- (ma-) in мастор (mastor)

Moksha: ма- (ma-) in мастор (mastor)

Proto-Finnic: *maa (see there for further descendants)

An etymology that has not received wide acceptance is put forth by Koivulehto (2009) that the word is possibly an old loanword from an Indo-Iranian language, from Proto-Indo-European *meǵh₂s (“big, great”) (presumably in the sense of “greatness, expanse”) (compare specifically Sanskrit मही (mahī́, “earth”), Proto-Celtic *magos (“plain, field”)). This etymology is rejected by Holopainen (2019).


päŋe

Ugric:

Hungarian: fej, fő

Proto-Mansi:

Northern Mansi: пуӈк (puňk)

Western Mansi: пӓнк (pänk)

Eastern Mansi: пянг (pâng)

Southern Mansi: пӧӈ (pöň)

Proto-Permic: *pɔŋ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *pe

Erzya: пе (pe)

Moksha: пе (pe)

Proto-Samic: *pāŋē

Northern Sami: bákŋi

Proto-Finnic: *pää (see there for further descendants)


soja

Samoyedic

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: тю (tyu)

Ugric:

Hungarian: ujj

Proto-Permic: *sojɜs

Komi

Komi-Permyak: сос (sos)

Komi-Zyrian: сос (sos)

Udmurt: саес (sajes)


-m

Proto-Samoyedic:

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: -м (-m°)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup: -м (rare)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: -м (-m)

Proto-Mordvinic: *-ń

Erzya: -нь (-ń)

Proto-Samic: *-m

Proto-Finnic: *-n

Frequently compared with Proto-Indo-European *-m (accusative marker).

forms the accusative case, indicating the object


kaje

Proto-Samoyedic: *kåǝ

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: ӄу (qu)

Southern Selkup:

Vasyugan: кулля

Narym: ӄуле, ӄуля

Proto-Ugric: *kajɜ

Hungarian: haj

Proto-Mansi: *kāj

Eastern Mansi: хой (hoj)

Proto-Permic: *ku̇

Komi-Zyrian: кы (ky)

Udmurt: кы (ky)

Proto-Samic: *kuojë (see there for further descendants)


kutte

Ugric:

Hungarian: hat

Mansi

Northern Mansi: хо̄т (hōt)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: хөт (høt)

Proto-Permic: *kwať (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: куд (kud)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kotə

Erzya: кото (koto)

Moksha: кота (kota)

Proto-Samic: *kuttë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kuuci (see there for further descendants)

table
One of the words reflected only in the traditional Finno-Ugric group; contrast Proto-Samoyedic *məktut (“six”).


kutte

Ugric

Hungarian: hát (“back”)


läppä

Ugric

Hungarian: lép (“spleen”)

Mari

Eastern Mari: леп (ĺep)

Proto-Permic: *lɔp

Komi-Permyak: лоп (lop)

Komi-Zyrian: лоп (lop)

Udmurt: луп (lup)

Proto-Samic: *δāpδē (see there for further descendants)


ede

Ugric:

desc

Hungarian: elő (“fore”), el (“away”), elé (“to front of”)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: илә (ilə, “forward”)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: эла (èla), э̄ла (è̄la, “forward”), элит (èlit), э̄лит (è̄lit, “ahead”)

Proto-Finnic: *eci

Finnish: esi-


-eta

Alternative form of *-ta (adjective-forming suffix)


ku-

Ugric:

Hungarian: hol

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: хунь (hunʹ)

Proto-Permic: *kod (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ko-

Erzya: кода (koda, “how”), косо (koso, “where”)

Proto-Finnic: *ku (see there for further descendants)

Samoyedic:

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: ? [script needed] (kuše)

Ugric:

Hungarian: hogy

Permic:

Komi-Zyrian: кыдз (kydź)

Udmurt: кызьы (kyźy)

Mari:

Western Mari: кыче (kyče)

Eastern Mari: кузе (kuze)

Finnic: ? *konsa

Sometimes compared, especially by proponents of the Indo-Uralic hypothesis, with Proto-Indo-European *kʷ-, *kʷos.


karne

Samoyedic:

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: хӑрна (xărna)

Proto-Permic: *ku̇rniš

Komi-Permyak: кырныш (kyrnyš)

Komi-Zyrian: кырныш (kyrnyš)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: кренч (kŕenč)

Moksha: кранч (kranč), *krandəš

Proto-Finnic: *karnëh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *kārënës (see there for further descendants)


lome

Proto-Samoyedic: *jom (“to snow”)

Nganasan: дӱмудя (ďümuďa)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ёмзесь (jomćeś)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чо́мгу

Ugric:

? Hungarian: (dialectal) lom (“rime”)

Proto-Permic: *lu̇m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *lŭm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *lovə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *lomë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *lumi (see there for further descendants)


jase

Proto-Samoyedic: *jat

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Tym Selkup: [script needed] (ťāt)

Proto-Permic:

Udmurt: юз (juz)

Proto-Mari:

Eastern Mari: юж (juž)

Western Mari: йож (jož)

Proto-Samic: *joasō (see there for further descendants)


witte

Proto-Samoyedic: *wüt (“ten”) (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: öt

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: вэт (wet)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ат (at)

Proto-Permic: *vit (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *wĭć (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *veťə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *vittë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *viici (see there for further descendants)


wete

Proto-Samoyedic: *wet (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: víz

Proto-Mansi:

Northern Mansi: вит (wit)

Eastern Mansi: вить (witʹ)

Proto-Permic: *vå (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *wü̆t (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *veď

Erzya: ведь (veď)

Moksha: ведь (veď)

Proto-Samic: *vëcë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *veci (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected with Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”) and *wed- in some way. Variants of the Nostratic and Indo-Uralic theories (neither of which is widely accepted) propose common descent, while Koivulehto has proposed that the Uralic term is a borrowing from Indo-European, replacing Proto-Uralic *śäčä everywhere but in some of the northern fringes of the family (most prominently Proto-Samic *čācē). Aikio however reconstructs the original meaning of *śäčä as "flood", making this less likely. EVE makes no mention of an Indo-European connection for the Uralic word.


ulke

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (āβlȧ)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (ŏχəᴧ)

Proto-Permic: *u̇l

Komi:

Komi-Zyrian: ыв (yv), ыы (yy) (dialectal)

Proto-Mordvinic: *olgə

Moksha: олга (olga)

Proto-Samic: *(h)olkë (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnish: ulku


tamme

⇒ Proto-Permic: *tupu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *tumə

Eastern Mari: тумо (tumo)

Western Mari: тум (tum)

Proto-Mordvinic: *tumə

Erzya: тумо (tumo)

Moksha: тума (tuma)

Proto-Finnic: *tammi (see there for further descendants)

Possibly borrowed from a substrate language.


tulka

Samoyedic:

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: то (tō)

Proto-Selkup: *tū

Northern Selkup: ту (tu)

Mator: ту

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: товыл (towyl, “wing”)

Central Mansi: [script needed] (towl, “wing”)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (tōl, “wing”)

Hungarian: toll

Proto-Mordvinic: *tolga

Erzya: толга (tolga)

Moksha: толга (tolga)

Proto-Samic: *tolkē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *sulka (see there for further descendants)


kurke

Proto-Samoyedic: *kərö, ? *kurə

Enets:

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (kori)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: каӆӆю (kaŕŕʉ)

Tundra Nenets: харё (xaryo)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (qărá)

Kamassian: [script needed] (kuro)

Mator: [script needed] (koru), [script needed] (körüh)

Proto-Finnic: *kurki (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kargə

Erzya: карго (kargo)

Moksha: карга (karga)

Proto-Samic: *kuorkë (see there for further descendants)

Likely onomatopoetic, though words of similar shape are found in numerous other languages of Eurasia: compare e.g. Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki), Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-.


tä

Proto-Samoyedic: *tə

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тей (ťej)

Kamassian: дә (də)

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: тыхо̄тал (tyhōtal)

Hungarian: tegnap

Proto-Permic: *ta (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ťä, *ťi-

Erzya: те (ťe)

Moksha: тя (ťa)

Proto-Finnic: *tämä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *tātë (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with other Eurasian words, such as Proto-Indo-European *só, Northern Yukaghir [script needed] (tiŋ), Proto-Tungusic *ta, but no consensus exists of a relationship.


kume

Samoyedic

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: хавˮ (xaw)

Ugric:

Hungarian: hó

Perhaps related to Omok ку (ku, “snow”), either via Proto-Yukaghir or a Uralic descendant.


pilwe

Ugric:

Hungarian: felhő, felleg

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (pĕləŋ)

Northern Khanty: пӑԓәӈ (păłəṇ)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (pĕtəŋ)

Proto-Permic: *pil (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *pĭl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *peľ

Erzya: пель (peľ)

Moksha: пеель (pejeľ)

Proto-Samic: *pëlvë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *pilvi (see there for further descendants)


poske

Proto-Samoyedic: *påtə

Enets: /fāru/, /faede/

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: паду (padu)

Nganasan: хотуо (xotuo)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: путыл (putyl)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: пу́дал

Ugric:

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (pāt) (Lower Konda)

Northern Mansi: па̄йт (pājt) (Sosva)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (pē̮t) (Vagil)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (pŏχəʌma) (Kazym)

Proto-Finnic: *poski (see there for further descendants)


küńele

Proto-Samoyedic: *kəńələ

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: хӑя̆л (χəjəl)

Ugric:

Hungarian: könny

Permic:

Udmurt: синкыли (śinkyľi)

Proto-Samic: *këńël (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *küünel (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to *kuńa- (“to close eyes”), though the derivational relationship is obscure.


suŋe

Samoyedic

Nganasan: тәӈәә (təŋəə)

Enets:

Forest Enets: то

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: таʼ (tah)

Proto-Selkup: *taŋə

Northern Selkup: таӈы (taŋy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: та́ыт

Upper Ob: тахх

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: тув (tuw)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: ԓўӈ (łŭṇ)

Eastern Khanty: ԓө̆ӈ (łø̆ṇ)

Proto-Samic: *sëŋëtēk, *sëŋës (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *suvi (see there for further descendants)


sukse

Proto-Samoyedic: *tutə

Nganasan: тутә (tutə)

Ugric:

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (jŏγ)

Northern Khanty: лөх (løh)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (tŏχ)

Mansi:

Central Mansi: товт (towt)

Proto-Mordvinic: *soks

Erzya: сокс (soks)

Moksha: сокс (soks)

Proto-Finnic: *suksi (see there for further descendants)


śilmä

Proto-Samoyedic: *səjmä (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: szem

Proto-Mansi: *šäm

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (šäm)

Northern Mansi: сам (sam)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (šäm)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (šäm)

Proto-Khanty: *säm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *śin (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *šĭńća (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śeľmə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *čëlmē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *silmä (see there for further descendants)


wäŋew

Proto-Samoyedic: *wiŋü

Nganasan: биӈи (biŋi)

Enets:

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (bii)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: вий (ẃīj)

Tundra Nenets: ий (yiy°)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (kwenä)

Mator: [script needed] (миюг)

Kamass-Koibal:

Kamassian: [script needed] (malmi)

Koibal: [script needed] (maŋmə)

Ugric:

Hungarian: vő

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: воӈ (woṇ), вөӈ (wøṇ)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (weŋ)

Proto-Mari: *wiŋə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *oŋ

Erzya: ов (ov)

Moksha: ов (ov)

Proto-Finnic: *vävü (see there for further descendants)

→ ? Samic: *vivë


mińä

Proto-Samoyedic: *mäńä

Nganasan: [script needed] (meai)

Enets:

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (mê)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: мея (myeya)

Kamassian: [script needed] (mêji)

Mator: [script needed] (мае)

Ugric:

Hungarian: meny

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (meń)

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (meń)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (meń)

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: мӓнь (mänʹ)

Northern Mansi: мань (manʹ)

Southern Mansi: минь (minʹ)

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: монь (moń)

Komi-Zyrian: монь (moń)

Udmurt: мень (meń)

Proto-Samic: *mëńē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *minijä (see there for further descendants)


päjwä

Proto-Samoyedic: *päjwä

Nganasan: хейбытоны (heibytony, “in hot weather”)

Selkup:

⇒ Northern Selkup: пётпа (pjotpa)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: пӧ́тпа

Upper Ob: пiо

Proto-Permic: *bi

Komi:

Komi-Zyrian: ? би (bi, “fire”)

Komi-Permyak: ? би (bi, “fire”)

>? Mordvinic:

>? Erzya: -пай (-paj) in чипай (čipaj, “sun”)

Proto-Samic: *peajvē (“sun, day”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *päivä (“sun, day”) (see there for further descendants)

*päje + *-wä. The derivatives may have been formed independently in Samoyedic and in Finnic and Samic, given the divergent meanings.


kuńśe

table
The noun's meaning of "ant" is likely derived from the meaning "urine". Compare the semantics of English pissmire (“ant”) and the ant-related history of Sanskrit मधुमेह (madhumēha "mead-urine"). Possibly related to Southern Yukaghir оожии (ōžī).


kuńśe

Proto-Samoyedic: *kunsə

Nganasan: кунсә (kunsə)

Proto-Selkup: *küšə (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Mansi:

⇒ Northern Mansi: хунсьуӈкве (hunsʹuňkwe, “to urinate”), хусьвит (husʹwit, “urine”)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: қо̆с (ḳŏs, “urine”), ⇒ қо̆ста (ḳŏsta, “to urinate”)

Northern Khanty: хөс (høs, “urine”), ⇒ хөс- (høs-, “to urinate”)

Hungarian: hangya (“ant”), húgy (“urine”), hugyozik (“to urinate”)

Proto-Permic: *kuʒ́ (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: кужаш (kužaš, “to urinate”), кужвӱт (kužvüt, “urine”)

Western Mari: кыжаш (kyžaš, “to urinate”), кыжвӹт (kyžvÿt, “urine”)

Proto-Samic: *końčë (“urine”), *końčëtēk (“to urinate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kusi (“urine”), *kustak (“to urinate”) (see there for further descendants)


kuńśe

Ugric:

Hungarian: húgy

Proto-Mansi: *kuunćV

Proto-Khanty: *kåås

Northern Khanty: хөс (høs)

Proto-Permic: *kȯʒ́il (see there for further descendants)


ëpte

Proto-Samoyedic: *ëptə

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈэбт (ŋebt°)

Nganasan: ӈабтә (ŋabtə)

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ат (at)

Proto-Mari: *üp (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *vuoptë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *hapci (see there for further descendants)


sewe-

Proto-Samoyedic: *timä (“tooth”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тибя (tibja)

Nganasan: чими (čimi)

Proto-Selkup: *timə (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Mansi

Northern Mansi: тэ̄ӈкве (tè̄ňkwe)

Hungarian: eszik

Permic:

Komi-Zyrian: сёйны (śojny)

Udmurt: сиыны (śiyny)

Proto-Mordvinic: *sevəms

Erzya: сэвемс (sevems)

Moksha: сивомс (śivoms)

Proto-Finnic: *söödäk (see there for further descendants)

Koivulehto (2006) suggests borrowing from early Proto-Iranian *dzyewH- (later *ǰyawH-), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-, though this has chronological problems: the sound change *e > *a is usually dated as already common Indo-Iranian, and this theory is now usually disregarded.


keččä

Ugric:

Hungarian: kégy (“stadium, racecourse, landmark”)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: кӫтш (kø̈tš)

Khanty:

Northern Mansi: кис (kis)

Permic:

Komi-Zyrian: кыч (kyć)

Udmurt: кыч (kyć), кыш (kyš)

Proto-Samic: *kiesëtēk

Northern Sami: giessat

Proto-Finnic: *kehä

Finnish: kehä

Mari:

Eastern Mari: кече (keče, “sun”)

Western Mari: кечӹ (kečÿ, “sun”)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kəči~*kičə

Erzya: чи (či, “sun, day”), (dialectal) че (če)

Moksha: ши (ši, “sun, day”)


śüdäme

Proto-Samoyedic: *säjə (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: szív

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: сым (sym)

Proto-Permic: *śȯlem (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *šü̆m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śeďəj (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *čëδēm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *südän (see there for further descendants)

According to Kümmel suffixed with *-me and related (within the contested Indo-Uralic theory) to Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd. This has been disputed by Holopainen.


padɜ

Ugric:

Hungarian: fal (“wall”)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (păl)

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (păl)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (păt)

Proto-Samic: *puoδō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *pato

Finnish: pato


tumte-

Proto-Samoyedic: *t¹umt¹ə-

Kamassian: [script needed] (tʿəmnɛm)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тумдӑсь (tumdăsʹ°)

Nganasan: [script needed] (tumtu-)

Ugric:

Hungarian: tud

Proto-Permic: *tɔ̇dni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *tomtëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *tuntëdak (see there for further descendants)


warᴈ

Proto-Samoyedic: *wårä (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: varjú

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (urŋi̮)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (ūrin)

Proto-Mordvinic: *varśəj

Erzya: варсей (varśej), варака (varaka)

Moksha: варси (varśi)

Proto-Samic: *vuorëč, *vuorëčēs

Proto-Finnic: *varis


-ta-

Proto-Samoyedic: *-tå-, ? *-rå-

Ugric:

Hungarian: -z

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (-t-)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (-t-)

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Zyrian: -едны (-jedny), -ӧдны (-ödny), -дыны (-dyny)

Komi-Permyak: -ӧтны (-ötny), -дыны (-dyny)

Udmurt: -етыны (-jetyny), -дыны (-dyny)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: -едаш (-jedaš), -даш (-daš), -таш (-taš) (stem -(е)де-, -те-)

Western Mari: -едӓш (-jedäš), -дӓш (-däš), -тӓш (-täš) (stem -(е)де-, -те-)

Proto-Mordvinic: *-dams, *-dəms, *-ďəms (stem *-da-/*-də-/-ďə-)

Erzya: -дамс (-dams), -домс (-doms), -демс (-ďems)

Moksha: -дамс (-dams), -домс (-doms), -демс (-ďems)

Proto-Finnic: *-tadak (stem *-ta-)

Proto-Samic: *-tētēk (stem *-tē-/*-tā-)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: -та (-ta)

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *-də

>? Erzya: -до (-do)

>? Moksha: -да (-da)

Proto-Finnic: *-dak (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *-tēk (see there for further descendants)


mënɜ-

Proto-Samoyedic: *mån-

Nganasan: мунса (munsa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: мамби (mambi)

Tundra Enets: мана (mana)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: манзь (manzʔ)

Ugric:

Hungarian: mond

desctree

⇒? Proto-Ugric: *mańćɜ
⇒ Old Hungarian: mogyër
Hungarian: magyar (“Hungarian”) (see there for further descendants)
Mansi:
Northern Mansi: ма̄ньси (mānʹsi, “Mansi”)
Eastern Mansi: маньсь (manʹsʹ, “Mansi”)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: манаш (manaš)

Western Mari: [script needed] (mà·nam)

Proto-Mordvinic: *mońams~*məńams (“to conjure, divine”)

Erzya: мунямс (muńams)

Moksha: [script needed] (məńams)

Proto-Finnic: *manat'ak

desc

Finnish: manata (“to curse, damn, invoke, urge”)


pukta-

Ugric:

Hungarian: fut

Mari:

Eastern Mari: покташ (poktaš)

Proto-Mordvinic: *puvtams (“to wake up, awake”)

Erzya: пувтамс (puvtams)

Proto-Samic: *poktētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *puktëk (see there for further descendants)


towke

Ugric:

Hungarian: tavasz

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (toγ), [script needed] (toγi̮)

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (tɔw), тови (towi) (Kazym), [script needed] (tăwi) (Obdorsk)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (tȧwə)

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (tūjə) (Upper Konda)

Northern Mansi: тӯя (tūâ)

⇒ Southern Mansi: [script needed] (to̰j-poŋ)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (tūjə) (Pelym)

Proto-Permic: *tulis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *tundə < *tuvə-ndə

Erzya: тундо (tundo)

Moksha: тунда (tunda)

Proto-Finnic: *touko (“seedtime”) (see there for further descendants)


-ë

Ugric:

Hungarian: -e

Khanty:

>? Southern Khanty: [script needed] (-ȧ) (Krasnoyarsk)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (-ä)

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Zyrian: ӧ (ö)

Udmurt: а (a)

Samic:

Northern Sami: -a

An enclitic, question-forming interrogative particle.


kakta

Proto-Permic: *ku̇k (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *kok (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kavtə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *kuoktē (see there for further descendants)

the final vowel altered by analogy with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*ükci</i> (“one”)

Proto-Finnic: *kakci (the final vowel altered by analogy with *ükci (“one”)) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samoyedic: *ketä (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: két, kettő

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: кит (kit), китыг (kityg)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: кӑт (kăt)


ükteksä

Proto-Mordvinic: *vejksə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *ükteksä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *ëkcē (or borrowed from Finnic) (see there for further descendants)

From *ükte (“one”) with a suffix of unknown derivation and origin. The Finno-Mordvinic term has sometimes been connected with Eastern Mari индеше (indeše), but this is likely a parallel formation and not related directly to the term. See *kakteksa for more details.


śečä

Proto-Samoyedic: *čečä

Nganasan: тытыда (tɨtɨda)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тидя (tyidya)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (če̮džəga)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ҷыҗыга́

Upper Ob: тидя (tidja)

Ugric:

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (šäš)

Northern Mansi: сасыг (sasyg)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (šäš)

Proto-Permic: *čɔž

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: чож (ćož)

Komi-Zyrian: чож (ćož)

Udmurt: ӵуж (čuž)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: чӹчӹ (čÿčÿ)

Western Mari: чӱчӧ (čüčö)

Proto-Mordvinic: *čəčə, *čičə

Erzya: чиче (čiče), шиче (šiče)

Moksha: щене (ščeńe), щятя (ščaťa, “maternal grandfather”), щава (ščava, “maternal grandmother”), щака (ščaka, “aunt”)

Proto-Samic: *čeacē (“paternal uncle”)

Proto-Finnic: *setä (“paternal uncle”)


śëta

Proto-Ugric:

Hungarian: száz

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: са̄т (sāt)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (šɛ̮̄t)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: сат (sat)

Proto-Permic: *śo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *šüdə

Eastern Mari: шӱдӧ (šüdö)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śadə

Erzya: сядо (śado)

Moksha: сяда (śada)

Proto-Samic: *čuotē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *sata (see there for further descendants)

One or more loanwords from Indo-Iranian (compare Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬀 (sata), Sanskrit शत (śatá)). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćatám, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm.


üje

Ugric:

Hungarian: éj

Proto-Permic: *öj (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *vej (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *ijë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *öö (see there for further descendants)


mene-

Proto-Samoyedic: *min- (“to go”), *mintä- (“to carry”) (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: megy

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: минуӈкве (minuňkwe)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: мән (mən)

Northern Khanty: мӑн (măn)

Proto-Permic: *münni (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: мияш (mijaš)

Proto-Samic: *mënëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *mendäk (see there for further descendants)

May be akin to Proto-Indo-European *menH- (compare Welsh myned, Polish minąć).


jäŋe

Ugric:

Hungarian: jég

Proto-Mansi:

Northern Mansi: я̄ӈк (â̄ňk)

Eastern Mansi: янгк (ângk)

Proto-Khanty: *jiŋk (“water”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *jȯ (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: и (i)

Western Mari: ий (ij)

Proto-Mordvinic: *jäj~*jäŋ

Erzya: эй (ej)

Moksha: эй (ej)

Proto-Samic: *jieŋë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *jää (see there for further descendants)

One of the words attested only in the traditional Finno-Ugric group; contrast Proto-Samoyedic *sër.


käte

Ugric:

Hungarian: kéz

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: кӧт (köt)

Southern Khanty: кет (kjet)

Proto-Mansi: *kǟt

Eastern Mansi: кӧӓт (köät)

Northern Mansi: ка̄т (kāt)

Southern Mansi: кӓ̄т (kǟt)

Proto-Permic: *ki (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *kit (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *käď (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *kietë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *käci (see there for further descendants)

One of the words reflected only within the traditionally assumed Finno-Ugric subgroup. Samoyedic *utå however appears to be an innovation: in inherited vocabulary *u shifts to *ə before following original *-a, compare e.g. *kupsa-, *muďa, *muna, *puna-.


ime-

Proto-Samoyedic: *ńim-

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: нимнесь (nyimnyesʹ°)

Ugric:

Hungarian: emik (obsolete)

>? Proto-Samic: *ńëmëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *imedäk (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared to Proto-Turkic *em- (“to suck”), Proto-Yukaghir *iw- (“to suck”), whence Northern Yukaghir иби (ibi), and Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *inmə- (“to swallow”), whence Alutor инмын (inmən).


äjmä

Proto-Samoyedic: *ejmä

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: нӣбя (nyībya)

Enets:

Forest Enets: нээ

Nganasan: неймы (njejmɨ)

Kamassian: ниими (niimi)

Koibal: неме

Mator: име̄

Proto-Permic: *em (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *imə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *äimä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *ājmē (see there for further descendants)


elä-

Proto-Samoyedic: *ilä-

Nganasan: нилыди (njilɨdji)

Enets:

Forest Enets: дириҫь

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (iři-)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: диӆеш

Tundra Nenets: илесь (yilyesʹ°)

Kamassian: джили (ʒ́ili)

Proto-Selkup: *ilə-

Northern Selkup:

Taz: илыӄа (ilyqa)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: элгу́, илэгу́

Upper Ob: йилэгу

Ugric:

Hungarian: él

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ялтуӈкве (âltuňkwe)

Eastern Mansi: ялтых (âltyh)

Proto-Permic: *ɔlni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *ĭle- (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *eŕams

>? Erzya: эрямс (eŕams, “to live”)

>? Moksha: эрямс (eŕams, “to live”)

>? Proto-Mordvinic:

desc

>? Erzya: элякадомс (eľakadoms, “to become overjoyed”)

Proto-Samic: *ealētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *elädäk (see there for further descendants)


ëmta-

Ugric:

Hungarian: ad

Proto-Permic: *udni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *andəms (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *vuomtētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *antadak (see there for further descendants)


tole-

Proto-Samoyedic: *toj-

Ugric:

>? Hungarian: talál (“to find, to come upon”)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: толаш (tolaš)

Western Mari: толаш (tolaš)

Proto-Samic: *tolëtēk?

Eastern Samic:

Ter Sami: tollâd

Proto-Finnic: *tuldak (see there for further descendants)


käle

Proto-Samoyedic: *käəj (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: кӧԓ (köł)

Northern Khanty: кеӆ

Proto-Permic: *ku̇l (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *keľ~*käľ

Erzya: кель (keľ)

Moksha: кяль (käľ)

Proto-Samic: *kielë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *keeli (see there for further descendants)


jëxe-

Proto-Samoyedic: *ër- (“to drink”), *ëkəl- (“to drink avidly”)

Ugric:

Hungarian: iszik

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: аюӈкве (aûňkwe)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: ӛнщ (jənsj)

Proto-Permic: *juni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *jüaš

Eastern Mari: йӱаш (jüaš)

Western Mari: йӱӓш (jüäš)

Samic: *juxe- > *jukëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Finnic: *joxe- > *joodak (see there for further descendants)

An Indo-European or pre-Indo-Iranian loan etymology has been proposed, from a reduplicated present *ǵʰu-ǵʰew- based on Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”); but if the Samic form with *u is secondary, this cannot be upheld. Has also sometimes been compared with Turkic (Proto-Turkic *yug-) and Mongolic (Proto-Mongolic *uxu-) words, but there have been no convincing proposals for how these words would be related to each other.


mëksa

Proto-Samoyedic: *mïtə

Nganasan:

Enets:

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (muro)

Forest Enets: муз

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: мыд (mid°)

Forest Nenets: [script needed] (mi̮t)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: мыты (myty)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мыд (myd)

Upper Ob: мид (mid)

Kamassian: мыт (mi̭t)

Ugric:

Hungarian: máj

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ма̄йт (mājt) (Sosva)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: мугәл (mugəl)

Northern Khanty: мөгәԓ (møgəł), мӑгәл (măgəl)

Proto-Permic: *mus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari:

Eastern Mari: мокш (mokš)

Proto-Mordvinic: *maksə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *muoksē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *maksa (see there for further descendants)


šiŋere

Ugric:

Hungarian: egér

Proto-Mansi: *täŋkər

Eastern Mansi: тӓӈкер (täňker)

Northern Mansi: таӈкер (taňker)

Southern Mansi: тӓӈкер (täňker)

Western Mansi: тӓӈкер (täňker)

Proto-Khanty: *ɬä̆ŋkər (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *šu̇r (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *čejəŕ~*šejəŕ

Erzya: чеерь (čejeŕ)

Moksha: шеер (šejer)

Proto-Finnic: *hiiri (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic:

Southern Sami: snjeara

Northern Sami: šnjierra

→? Norwegian Nynorsk: skjerel m (dialectal)

→? Jamtish: tjervel m

→ Proto-Tungusic: *siŋere

Evenki: сиңэрэкэн

Evenki: сиңэрэкэн

Nanai: сиӈэрэ (siŋere)

Manchu: ᠰᡳᠩᡤᡝᡵᡳ (singgeri)


teke-

Ugric:

Hungarian: tesz

Proto-Mordvinic: *ťejəms

Erzya: теемс (ťejems)

Moksha: тиемс (ťijems)

Proto-Samic: *tëkëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *tektäk (see there for further descendants)

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-.


pore-

Proto-Samoyedic: *por-

Mator: [script needed] (horna-), [script needed] (horsu-), [script needed] (horši-)

Ugric:

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (pŏr)

Northern Khanty: пӑр (păr)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: пуруӈкве (puruňkwe)

Proto-Permic: *purni (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: пураш (puraš)

Western Mari: пыраш (pyraš)

Proto-Mordvinic: *poŕəms

Erzya: поремс (poŕems)

Moksha: поремс (poŕems)

Proto-Samic: *porëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *purdak (see there for further descendants)


näke-

Ugric:

Hungarian: néz

Mansi

Northern Mansi: нэ̄глуӈкве (nè̄gluňkwe) (Sosva)

Khanty

Eastern Khanty: ни- (ni-), нӱ- (nü-) (Surgut)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ńäjəms

Erzya: неемс (ńejems)

Moksha: няемс (ńajems)

Proto-Finnic: *näktäk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *niekëntëtēk (see there for further descendants)


waje

Ugric:

Hungarian: vaj

Proto-Mansi: *waaj

Northern Mansi: во̄й (wōj)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (wāj)

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (vuoj)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (wāj)

Proto-Khanty: *wooj

Eastern Khanty: вой (woj)

Northern Khanty: вӑй (wăj)

Proto-Permic: *vȯj (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *ü (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *vaj (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *vuojë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *voi (see there for further descendants)

Attested only in the traditional Finno-Ugric group. No contrasting Proto-Samoyedic word for 'butter' is known either, however. A loan etymology from Indo-Iranian has been proposed (compare Sanskrit आज्य (ājya, “melted butter for oblation”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ-), but this runs into phonetic difficulties.


wosa

Ugric

Proto-Mansi: *wī̮tā-

desc

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (wāta-χum)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (wɛ̮tā)

Proto-Permic: *vuz

⇒ Proto-Mari: *wŭžale-

Eastern Mari: ужалаш (užalaš)

Western Mari: выжалаш (vyžalaš)

Proto-Samic: *oasēs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *ostadak (see there for further descendants)

An old loanword from Proto-Indo-European *wes-ó-s, possibly via Proto-Indo-Iranian *wasás.


ćäjćemä

Proto-Samoyedic: *säjʔwə

Forest Nenets: шеˮв (šyeqw), шеˮэв (šyeqew)

Tundra Nenets: сӣˮив (syīqyiw°)

Forest Enets: сԑу

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (seʔo)

Nganasan: сяйбә (sjajbə)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: селчи (sjelći)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: хельҗь

Upper Ob: сиэлдь

Kamassian: сейʼбӱ (sejʔbü)

Mator: [script needed] (kejʔbe)

Proto-Permic: *śiźim (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *šĭšəm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śiśəm

Erzya: сисем (śiśem)

Moksha: сисем (śiśem)

Proto-Samic: *čiečëm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *säic'en (see there for further descendants)


ükte

Proto-Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: аква (akwa)

Proto-Permic: *ɔ̇tik (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *ik (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *vəjkä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *ëktë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *ükci (see there for further descendants)


adema

Ugric:

Hungarian: álom

Proto-Mansi: *ūlmǝ

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: аләм (aləm, “sleep”), уләм (uləm, “dream”)

Proto-Permic: *on (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *omə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *udǝmǝ

Erzya: удома (udoma)

Moksha: удома (udoma)

A derivative of *ade- (“to sleep”) + *-ma. Sammallahti (1988) reconstructs a separate root *alma. Aikio (2020) reconstructs a form *adma. Both Sammallahti and Aikio exclude the Mordvinic descendants.


ade-

Ugric:

Hungarian: alszik

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: ололантымъ (ololantymʺ)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (ŏʌ-)

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (ăla-) (Vakh)

Proto-Mordvinic: *udəms

Erzya: удомс (udoms)

Moksha: удомс (udoms)

Proto-Samic: *oaδētēk (see there for further descendants)


tälwä

Ugric:

Hungarian: tél

Proto-Khanty: *tilǝɣ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mansi: *tǟl

Northern Mansi: та̄л (tāl)

Proto-Permic: *tɔ̇l (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Western Mari: тел (tel)

Eastern Mari: теле (teĺe)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ťäľə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *tālvē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *talvi (see there for further descendants)


künče

Proto-Samoyedic: *kətå (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: köröm

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: кӫңч (kø̈ṇč)

Northern Khanty: кус (kus), кўш (kŭš)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: кос (kos)

Proto-Permic: *gu̇ž (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *kü̆č (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kenžə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *këncë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *künci (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to Proto-Yukaghir *önčʼ- (“nail, claw”).


pälä

Proto-Samoyedic: *pälä

Nganasan: хелы (xjelɨ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: [script needed] (ferie)

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (fere)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: пеԯя (pyeԯya)

Tundra Nenets: пеля (pyelya)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (päl)

Kamassian: [script needed] (pʰiil)

Mator: холя

Ugric:

Hungarian: fél

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (peḷək)

Northern Khanty: пеләк (pjelək)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: па̄л (pāl)

Proto-Permic: *pɔ̇l

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: пӧв (pöv)

Komi-Zyrian: пӧв (pöv)

Udmurt: пал (pal)

Mari:

Western Mari: пелӹ (pelÿ)

Eastern Mari: пел (pel)

Mordvinic:

Proto-Mordvinic: *päľə, *päľ (“half”)

Erzya: пеле (peľe), пель (peľ)

Moksha: пяле (päľe), пяль (päľ)

Proto-Mordvinic: *pola (“spouse; part”)

Erzya: пола (pola)

Moksha: пола (pola)

Proto-Samic: *pealē (irregular) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *pooli (see there for further descendants)


ďëme

Proto-Samoyedic: *jëm

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (ćē̮m)

Kamassian: [script needed] (lem)

Ugric:

Hungarian: ? gyimbor (“mistletoe”)

Proto-Khanty: *jɔ̄m

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (jɔm)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (jum)

Proto-Mansi: *ľï̄m

Northern Mansi: ля̄мйив (lâ̄mjiw)

Proto-Permic: *ľȯm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *lombə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *lam~*lom

Erzya: лёмзёр (ľomźor), лём (ľom)

Moksha: лайме (lajme)

Proto-Finnic: *toomi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *δuomë (see there for further descendants)


sëne

Proto-Samoyedic: *cën

Nganasan: таӈ (taŋ)

Enets:

Forest Enets: ты(н)

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (ti)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тэ̇ʼ (tėh)

Proto-Selkup: *čën (see there for further descendants)

Kamassian: тен (ten)

Mator: тень

Ugric:

Hungarian: ín

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: лан (lan)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: та̄н (tān)

Proto-Permic: *sȯn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *sün (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *san (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *suonë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *sooni (see there for further descendants)

Possibly akin to Proto-Indo-European *snḗh₁wr̥ (“sinew”).


muďa

Proto-Samoyedic: *məjå

Nganasan: моу (mou)

Proto-Selkup: *maťə

Northern Selkup: мачы (maćy, “forest; steep bank, ravine”), (dialectal) мачь (maćj, “forest; taiga”)

Southern Selkup:

Ket: мати, матьти (“forest; taiga”)

Narym: маҗь (“forest, coniferous forest; taiga”)

Upper Ob: маде (“taiga; continent”)

Kamassian: [script needed] (mija, “mountain”)

Mator: [script needed] (bijä, “mountain”)

Proto-Mordvinic: *moda

Erzya: мода (moda)

Moksha: мода (moda)

Proto-Samic: *moδē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *muta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Germanic: *muda-, *muþa-; *mudra-, *muþra- (possibly)

English: mud

Dutch: modder

The Samic-Finnic-Mordvinic words have previously been considered possible loanwords from Germanic, but Aikio (2002) argues that since regular counterparts in Samoyedic can be found, while the Germanic word lacks a good Indo-European etymology, the direction of loaning is likely to have rather been Uralic → Germanic.


säppä

Ugric:

Hungarian: epe

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: та̄п (tāp)

Southern Mansi: тӓ̄п (tǟp)

Proto-Permic: *säp (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *säpə

Erzya: сэпе (sepe)

Moksha: сепе (śepe)

Proto-Samic: *sāppē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *sappi (see there for further descendants)


tinä

Proto-Samoyedic: *tən (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: te

Proto-Permic: *tɛn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *tĭńə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ton

Erzya: тон (ton)

Moksha: тон (ton)

Proto-Samic: *tonë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *cinä (stem *cinu-) (see there for further descendants)

Frequently compared with its equivalents in other language families of Eurasia, such as Proto-Indo-European *túh₂, Northern Yukaghir тэт (tet), Proto-Mongolic *ci. Most of these comparisons would require an earlier form to be *ti.


towe

Proto-Samoyedic: *to

Nganasan: турку (turku)

Enets:

Forest Enets: то

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (to)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: [script needed] (tō)

Tundra Nenets: то (tō)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: то (to)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: то̄

Upper Ob: то

Kamassian: тху (tʰu)

Mator: тоа

Ugric:

Hungarian: tó

Mansi:

Southern Mansi: то̄ (tō)

Khanty: *toɣ

Eastern Khanty: төг (tøg)

Northern Khanty: тув (tuw)

Proto-Permic: *tu̇

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: ты (ty)

Komi-Zyrian: ты (ty)

Udmurt: ты (ty)


aja-

Ugric:

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (wujt), [script needed] (wojt)

Proto-Permic: *ojni (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *ajgəms

>? Erzya: айгемс (ajgems)

>? Moksha: айгомс (ajgoms)

Proto-Samic: *vuojētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *ajadak (see there for further descendants)

Probably borrowed from a descendant of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-, *h₂éǵeti, but the exact form and source language remains undetermined. Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háȷ́ati, sometimes proposed, does not appear likely, as the Indo-Iranian *j would probably not have been reflected by a Uralic *j.


kanta-

Proto-Samoyedic: *kåntå-

Nganasan: контудя (kontuďa)

Enets:

Forest Enets:

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (кадась)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ханась (xānaś)

Mator: [script needed] (кандыя-)

Proto-Ugric: *kånta-

Proto-Khanty: *kāntəm-

Proto-Mansi: *kūnt-

Northern Mansi: хӯнт (hūnt)

Eastern Mansi: хӯнт (hūnt), кӯнт (kūnt)

Western Mansi: кӯнт (kūnt)

Proto-Mari: *kånde- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kandəms (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *kuontētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kantadak (see there for further descendants)


peksä-

Proto-Samoyedic: *pet-

Nganasan: [script needed] (fedeʔa-)

Enets:

Forest Enets:

Tundra Enets:

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: пиделць (ṕiďelć)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (petku)

Kamassian: [script needed] (pʰiʔ-)

Proto-Permic: *pɛsni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *pivcəms~*piksəms (“to thresh, flail”)

Erzya: пивсэмс (pivsems)

Moksha: пиксэмс (piksems)

Proto-Finnic: *peksädäk (see there for further descendants)


mule-

Ugric:

Hungarian: múlik

Mansi:

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (mal-)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (mul-)

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (mol-)

Proto-Mordvinic: *moľəms (“to go”)

Erzya: молемс (moľems)

Moksha: молемс (moľems)

Proto-Samic: *molëtēk (see there for further descendants)


ëla

Proto-Samoyedic: *ïlə

Enets:

Forest Enets: ир

Ugric:

Hungarian: al

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (jol-), [script needed] (jolən)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: ыл (yl)

Northern Khanty: ил (il)

Proto-Permic: *ul (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Proto-Mordvinic: *alə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *vuolē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *ala (see there for further descendants)

Has been compared with Proto-Yukaghir *a:l and Proto-Turkic *ăl (“lower side, below”).


wülä

Proto-Permic: *vu̇l

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: выв (vyv)

Komi-Zyrian: выв (vyv)

Udmurt: выл (vyl)

Mari:

⇒ Western Mari: вӹлӓн (vÿlän)

Proto-Mordvinic: *veľə

Erzya: вель- (veľ-)

Moksha: вель- (veľ-)

Proto-Samic: *ëlē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *ülä (see there for further descendants)


ńële

Proto-Samoyedic: *ńëj (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Proto-Khanty: *ńāl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mansi: *ńī̮l (see there for further descendants)

Hungarian: nyíl

Proto-Permic: *ńȯl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *nülə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *nal (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *ńuolë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *nooli (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Tungusic *ńure (“arrow”) (whence Manchu ᠨᡳᡵᡠ (niru)).


ëppe

Ugric:

Hungarian: ipa, ? apa

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: уп (up)

Northern Khanty: уп (up)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (üp)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: уп (up)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (apā)

Mari:

Western Mari: овы (ovy)

Eastern Mari: ово (ovo)

Proto-Samic: *vuoppë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *appi (see there for further descendants)

father-in-law (likely wife's father, as per Mansi and Khanty)


ojwa

Proto-Samoyedic: *åjwå

Nganasan: ӈойбоа (ŋojbᵘa)

Enets:

Forest Enets: эба (eba)

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (abuři)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ӈэва (ŋewa)

Mator: айбай (“first, chief”)

Proto-Mari: *wuj (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ujvťəms

Moksha: уйфтемс (ujfťems)

Proto-Samic: *oajvē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *oiva (see there for further descendants)


peljä

Ugric:

Hungarian: fül

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: пәԓ (pəł)

Northern Khanty: пӑԓ (păł)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (pĕt)

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: пяля (pâlâ)

Northern Mansi: паль (palʹ)

Southern Mansi: пиԉ

Proto-Permic: *pɛľ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *pĭləkš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *piľə

Erzya: пиле (piľe)

Moksha: пиле (piľe)

Proto-Samic: *pealjē (see there for further descendants)

Has sometimes considered to be a derivative of Proto-Uralic *peele (“side”). According to current knowledge, this is however to be reconstructed as Proto-Uralic *päle (from which Proto-Finnic *peeli), in which light a connection seems less likely.


ëkta-

Proto-Samoyedic: *ïtå-, *ïto-

Nganasan: [script needed] (ŋiti-)

Enets:

Forest Enets: [script needed] (iriʔa-)

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (idiʔa-)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: [script needed] (ŋi̮ttī̮-)

Tundra Nenets: ӈыдась (ŋidasʹ°)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: ытыӄа (ytyqa)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: итэгу

Kamassian: [script needed] (ɛdəľ-), [script needed] (ɛdʉ̄ľ-)

Mator: [script needed] (идя-)

Proto-Ugric: *ɨkta-

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: ыгәт (ygət)

Northern Khanty: ихәт (ihət)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (eχət)

Proto-Permic: *oktini (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: опташ (optaš)

Western Mari: опташ (optaš)

Proto-Mordvinic: *avtəms

Erzya: автемс (avťems)

Moksha: афтомс (aftoms)

Proto-Samic: *vuoktēńē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *aktadak (see there for further descendants)


ďümä

Proto-Samoyedic: *jimä

Nganasan: дими (ďimi)

Enets:

Forest Enets: [script needed] (jī)

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (ie)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: ибя (yibya)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup:

Taz: [script needed] (čimy)

Southern Selkup:

Narym: чив, чев

Upper Ob: теу

Kamassian: [script needed] (nəmə)

Koibal: ниме

Mator: ниме

Permic:

Proto-Permic: *lʹem

Komi-Permyak: лемӧтны (ľemötny, “to append”)

Komi-Zyrian: лем (ľem)

Udmurt: лем (ľem)

Mari:

Proto-Mari: *lü̆mə

Eastern Mari: лӱмӧ (lümö)

Western Mari:

Proto-Samic: *δëmē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *tümä (see there for further descendants)


mośke-

Proto-Samoyedic: *måsə-

Enets:

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (masua-)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: масӑсь (masăsʹ°)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: мусыӄа (musyqa)

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: мізэгу

Kamassian: [script needed] (bezeľ-)

Mator: [script needed] (мазія-)

Ugric:

Hungarian: mos

Proto-Permic: *mu̇śkini (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *mŭška- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *muśkəms

Erzya: муськемс (muśkems)

Moksha: муськомс (muśkoms)

Proto-Finnic: *moskëdak (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps akin to Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to dip, sink”).


suwďa

Proto-Samoyedic: *təjå

Mator: [script needed] (тая-)

Ugric:

Hungarian: ujj

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: ёй (joj, “finger”), луй (luj, “thimble”), юй (juj, “thimble”)

Northern Khanty: луй (luj)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (tüj)

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (toľə)

Northern Mansi: туля (tulâ)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (toľā)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (tuľə)

Proto-Samic: *čuvδē


süle

Proto-Samoyedic: *tij, *tijmä

Nganasan: [script needed] (ťīmi)

Enets:

Forest Enets: [script needed] (ťībe)

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (ťīe)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: тибя (ťib́a)

Tundra Nenets:

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Upper Ob: тии

Mator: [script needed] (тимя)

Ugric:

Hungarian: öl

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (täl)

Northern Mansi: тал (tal)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (täl)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (täl)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: лӫл (lø̈l)

Northern Khanty: лӑл (lăl)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (tĕt)

Proto-Permic: *su̇l (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *sü̆lə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *seľ

Erzya: сэль (seľ)

Moksha: сель (śeľ)

Proto-Samic: *sëlë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *süli (see there for further descendants)


mërja

Mari: *mür

Eastern Mari: мӧр (mör)

Western Mari: мӧр (mör)

Proto-Mordvinic: *maŕ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *muorjē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *marja (see there for further descendants)


počaw

Proto-Permic: *pᴕ̈ǯ (see there for further descendants)

Mari

Eastern Mari: пӱчӧ (püčö)

Western Mari: пучы (pučy)

Proto-Samic: *poacōj (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→? Finnish: poro (or inherited from *počaw and later reshaped)
→ Estonian: poro

Borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *páću, from Proto-Indo-European *péḱu (“cattle”). Only found in the Finno-Permic languages, and likely borrowed after the breakup of Proto-Uralic proper: a parallel loan *peečəɣ is found in the Ob-Ugric languages, which was likely adopted already before the Indo-Iranian sound change *e > *a.


ńäle-

Samoyedic:

Nganasan: нелтәмирся (njeltəmirsja)

Nenets:

desc

няньԓьчемпёш

Forest Nenets: няньԓьчемпёш (ńānsaś)

Tundra Nenets: ня̆лӑмзь (nyălămzʹ°)

Ugric:

Hungarian: nyel

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: нел (njel)

Northern Khanty: нел (njel)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (ńet-)

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (ńöält-)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (ńält-)

Proto-Permic: *ńu̇lni (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: нелаш (ńelaš)

Western Mari: нелӓш (ńeläš)

Proto-Mordvinic: *ńiľəms

Erzya: нилемс (ńiľems)

Moksha: нилемс (ńiľems)

Proto-Samic: *ńielëtēk; (*ńäl-kä >) *ńālkē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *neeldäk; (*ńäl-kä >) *nälkä (see there for further descendants)


jäwrä

Mari:

Eastern Mari: ер (jer)

Western Mari: йӓр (jär)

Proto-Mordvinic: *jäŕ-kə

Erzya: эрьке (eŕke)

Moksha: эрьхке (eŕhke)

Proto-Samic: *jāvrē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *järvi, *jarvi (see there for further descendants)

Probably a borrowing either from Proto-Balto-Slavic *jáuˀrāˀ (compare Lithuanian jáura (“marshland, bog”)), or from earlier Proto-Indo-European *yewHr-. Found only within the traditional Finno-Volgaic group. The word may have replaced *towe, reflected in the more Eastern languages.


sańśa-

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: [script needed] (li̮ńť-), [script needed] (ji̮ńť-)

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (laś-)

Southern Khanty: [script needed] (ťońť-)

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: туньсь (tunʹsʹ), тусьт (tusʹt)

Northern Mansi: тӯсьт (tūsʹt)

Southern Mansi: то̄ньць (tōnʹcʹ), то̄цьт (tōcʹt)

Western Mansi: туньсь (tunʹsʹ), тусьт (tusʹt)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śəśťams ⇒ *śťams

Erzya: стямс (sťams)

Moksha: стямс (sťams)

Proto-Samic: *čuońčōtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *saisadak, *saisodak (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samoyedic: *tänsä-

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Zyrian: [script needed] (sidź-, “to sit down”)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: шинчаш (šinčaš)

Western Mari: сӹнзаш (sÿnzaš)

>? Proto-Finnic: *saistak, *saictak (see there for further descendants)


mäkte

Proto-Samoyedic: *mektə

Forest Nenets: [script needed] (ḿet)

Kamassian: [script needed] (mekte, bäkte)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup:

Taz: [script needed] (mäkte)

Southern Selkup:

Tym: [script needed] (mekte)

Ket: [script needed] (mäktə)

Proto-Samic: *miektë (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *mät'äs (see there for further descendants)


śuwe

Proto-Samoyedic: *soj-, *so

Ugric:

Hungarian: száj

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: сӯп (sūp)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: шу (šu)

Western Mari: [script needed] (-šu)

Proto-Finnic: *suu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *čontëk (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *sewk- (“to suck; juice”)

>? Latin: sūcus (“juice”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *sъsàti (“to suck”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *sūkaną (“to suck, suckle”)

>? Welsh: sugno (“to suck”)


ićä

Proto-Samoyedic: *ejsä

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: нӣся (nyīsya)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Narym: аҗӓ́

Upper Ob: атя (“daddy”), эз

Ugric:

Hungarian: ős

Proto-Khanty: *ǟćǝj

Northern Khanty: ащи (asji)

Proto-Mari: *ĭća (see there for further descendants)

>? Mordvinic:

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *oćä

>? Moksha: оця (oća, “father's [older] brother”)

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *oćəv

>? Moksha: оцю (oću, “big”)

Proto-Samic: *ëčē, *eačē, *ičē, *āččē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *icä (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps some way related to Proto-Yukaghir *eče:.


śoďa

Proto-Samoyedic: *såjə- (“to wage war”)

Nganasan: соуру (souru, “warrior”)

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: саюв (sayuw°), сайнорць (saynorcʹ°), саюдӑрць (sayudărcʹ°)

Ugric:

>? Hungarian: szid (“to scold”)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: шудалаш (šudalaš, “to curse”), шудыш (šudyš, “curse”)

Western Mari:

Proto-Mordvinic: *śudəms (“to curse”)

Erzya: сюдомс (śudoms)

Moksha: сюдомс (śudoms)

>? Proto-Samic: *čuδē (“enemy, persecutor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *sota (“war”) (see there for further descendants)


säŋe

Ugric:

Hungarian: ég

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: сынӧд (synöd)

Proto-Finnic: *sää (“weather”) (see there for further descendants)


täwde

Proto-Samoyedic: *tärə

Nganasan: [script needed] (ťerə)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: тер (ťer°)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (tiry)

Ugric:

Hungarian: tele, teljes, telik, telepedik, telepít

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: та̄гыл (tāgyl) (Sosva)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: тєԓ (têł) (Kazym)

Eastern Khanty: тӓԓә (täłə) (Surgut)

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Zyrian: дӧла (döla)

Udmurt: долдол (doldol) (reduplicated)

Proto-Mari: *tić (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *tievδë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *täüci (see there for further descendants)


joŋse

Proto-Samoyedic: *jïntə (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: íj, ív

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: йогәл (jogəl)

Northern Khanty: йогәл (jogəl)

Southern Khanty: йохәт (johət)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: ё̄вт (ë̄wt)

Southern Mansi: [script needed] (jäwt), [script needed] (jawt)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (jaɣt)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: йоҥеж (joŋež)

Western Mari: янгеж (jangež)

Proto-Mordvinic: *joŋs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *juoksë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *jousi (see there for further descendants)


pala-

Proto-Samoyedic: *pålä- (“to swallow”)

Nganasan: [script needed] (falea)

Enets:

Forest Enets: [script needed] (fari')

Tundra Enets: [script needed] (faři)

Nenets:

Forest Nenets: [script needed] (pari-)

Tundra Nenets: палесь (palyesʹ°)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: [script needed] (poli̮-)

Kamassian: полдола (poldola)

Ugric:

Hungarian: fal (“to devour”)

Proto-Mansi: *puul-

Northern Mansi: пӯлункве (pūlunkwe, “to eat”)

Khanty: *puuɭïï-

Eastern Khanty: пуԓыта (pułyta, “to eat up”) (Far Eastern dialects)

Proto-Mordvinic: *paləms

Erzya: паломс (paloms, “to burn”)

Moksha: паломс (paloms, “to burn”)

Proto-Samic: *puolētēk (“to burn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *paladak (“to burn”) (see there for further descendants)


kulke-

Proto-Samoyedic:

Mator: каимъ

Tundra Nenets: хуˮлась (xuqlasʹ°)

Ugric:

Hungarian: halad, halaszt

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: когәлта (kogəlta)

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (xɔxəɬ-)

Proto-Permic: *ku̇lni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *koľgəms

Erzya: кольгемс (koľgems)

Moksha: кольгомс (koľgoms)

Proto-Samic: *kolkētēk

Kildin Sami: ко̄ллкэ (kōllke)

Proto-Finnic: *kulkëdak (see there for further descendants)

Possibly borrowed from or akin to Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (“to turn”), which may have also meant “to wander, travel”.


sükśe

Ugric:

Hungarian: ősz

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: сўс (sŭs)

Eastern Khanty: сӱӽәс (süḥəs)

Proto-Mansi: *tü̆kəs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *siźil (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *šĭžə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *sokśə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *čëkčë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *süksü, *süküsü (see there for further descendants)

One of the words limited to the traditional Finno-Ugric group. Contrast Proto-Samoyedic *ërö (“autumn”) (from Proto-Uralic *ëde (“year”)).


ńale-

Proto-Samoyedic: *ńåə- (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: nyal

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: нёлант (nëlant)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: ня̆лта (njălta)

Proto-Permic: *ńulni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *nŭle- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *nolams

Erzya: ноламс (nolams)

Moksha: ноламс (nolams)

Proto-Samic: *ńoalōtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *nooldak (see there for further descendants)

Possibly a pre-Proto-Uralic doublet with either or both of *ńäle- (“to swallow”), *ńolke (“snot, slime”). Connection with Turkic *jālga- (“to lick”) (if from earlier *ńalga-) has occasionally been proposed.


pije

Proto-Samoyedic: *pəj

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Narym: пӱ̄, пӧ̄

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: пэ (pe)

Mator: ӷиля

q

~ + <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-pro">*kiwe</i>

Proto-Finnic: *piikivi (~ + *kiwe) (see there for further descendants)

Finnish: piikivi

Possibly related to Proto-Yukaghir *pe:.


ńoma

Proto-Samoyedic: *ńåmå (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: nyúl

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Yazva: нимөл (ńimål)

Proto-Mordvinic: *numələ

Erzya: нумоло (numolo)

Moksha: нумол (numol)

Proto-Samic: *ńoamēlē (see there for further descendants)

Janhunen (1981) suggests derivation as from *ńoxe- (“to pursue”) + *-ma. Possibly some way related to Omok нема (nema).
All reflexes outside Samoyedic indicate a further suffixed form *ńoma + *-la.


śarwe

Proto-Finnic: *sarvi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *šur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śurə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *śur (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *čoarvē (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: szarv

Most likely borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćr̥Hwás (“horn”). Ob-Ugric reflexes meaning “bull elk” have sometimes been included, but they may also be separate loans from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHabʰás (“horned animal”), cf. Sanskrit शरभ (śarabhá). May have replaced *aŋte (“horn”) in all European branches, unless this is an areal Siberian term.


kečɜ

Ugric:

Hungarian: kés

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: касай (kasaj)

Eastern Mansi: ка̄си (kāsi)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: кӧҷәӽ (köč̣əḥ)

Northern Khanty: кэши (keši)

Proto-Mari: *kü̆ćə (see there for further descendants)


wexe-

Proto-Samoyedic: *i- (“to take”)

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: ӣӄо

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӣгу

Upper Ob: иигу

Ugric:

Hungarian: vësz

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (wiγ-)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: [script needed] (tu-)

Proto-Samic: *vēkëtēk

Southern Sami: viëkedh

Often conflated with *wixe- (“to bring, take somewhere”), but Aikio (2013) argues for two separate verbs, which are still distinct in Hungarian and Selkup, and can be reconstructed separately in Proto-Samic.


wixe-

desc

Proto-Samoyedic: *ü- (“to pull”), *ükəl- (“to pull, drag”)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Narym: ӱ́голгу

Upper Ob: іогэлгу

Ugric:

Hungarian: visz

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: виӈкве (wiňkwe)

? Permic: *vaj-

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: вайны (vajny)

Komi-Zyrian: вайны (vajny)

Udmurt: вайыны (vajyny)

Proto-Mordvinic: *vijəms

Erzya: виемс (vijems)

Moksha: виемс (vijems)

Proto-Samic: *vikëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *veedäk (see there for further descendants)

Often conflated with *wexe- (“to take, grasp”), but Aikio (2013) argues for two separate verbs, which are still distinct in Hungarian and Selkup, and can be reconstructed separately in Proto-Samic.
Possibly related with Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to bring, carry”), but this is less likely with *wixe- than with *wexe- due to the vocalism. Both loaning and common origin (from alleged Indo-Uralic or Nostratic *wig-) have been proposed.


kojera

Proto-Samoyedic: *korå (“reindeer bull”) (see there for further descendants)

Ugric:

Hungarian: ? here (“testicle; drone”), herél (“to castrate”)

Proto-Mansi: *ke̮e̮r (“male animal”)

Northern Mansi: ха̄р (hār)

Proto-Khanty: *kaar (“reindeer bull”)

Eastern Khanty: кар (kar)

Northern Khanty: хар (har)

Proto-Permic: *ku̇r (“male animal”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *koira (“male dog”), *koiras (“male”) (see there for further descendants)


luke-

Samoyedic

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: лахана (lāxnā)

Ugric:

Hungarian: olvas

Proto-Mordvinic: *lovəms

Erzya: ловомс (lovoms), ловномс (lovnoms)

Moksha: лувомс (luvoms)

Proto-Samic: *lokëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *lukëdak (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes considered to be either borrowed from or akin to Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (whence e.g. Ancient Greek λέγω (légō, “to count”)).


pojka

Ugric:

Hungarian: fia, fiú

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: пыг (pyg)

Eastern Mansi: пув (puw)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: пӑг (păg)

Proto-Permic: *pi (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: пӱерге (püjerge)

Western Mari: пӱергы (püjergy)

Proto-Mordvinic: *pujə~*pijə

Erzya: буё (bujo), пиё (pijo)

Proto-Finnic: *poika (see there for further descendants); ? *poju (> Finnish poju)

Not attested in Samoyedic, but no other Proto-Samoyedic term for 'boy' or 'son' is known either.
Sammallahti (1988) suggests derivation from a shorter stem *poje.


kopta

Proto-Finnic: *kokta


puše-

Proto-Finnic: *puhudak

Proto-Samic: *posōtēk


śe

>? Kamassian: шээ (še̮e̮)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śe, *śi-

Erzya: се (śe)

Moksha: ся (śa)

Proto-Finnic: *se (see there for further descendants)


pura-

Ugric:

Hungarian: fúr

Proto-Finnic: *pura


śüde

Proto-Samoyedic: *sijə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Ugric: *sü̆ďĭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *šü (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śeďə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *čëδë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *süci (see there for further descendants)


polwe

Samoyedic

Nenets:

Tundra Nenets: пулы (puli)

Selkup:

>? Southern Selkup:

Narym: пула́й, пулхай

Upper Ob: пулсэй

Proto-Mordvinic: *pəl-

Erzya: кумажа (kumaža), куманжа (kumanža), пуляза (puľaza)

Moksha: пълманжа (pəlmanža)

Proto-Samic: *puolvë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *polvi (see there for further descendants)


pajiw

Ugric:

Hungarian: fagyal

Proto-Permic: *baď (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *paju (see there for further descendants)


śëme

Ugric:

Proto-Mansi: *sï̄m

Proto-Khanty: *sām

Proto-Permic: *śȯm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *šüm (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śav

Erzya: сяв (śav)

Moksha: сяв (śav)

Proto-Finnic: *soomu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *čuomë (see there for further descendants)


pele-

Proto-Samoyedic: *pej-

Tundra Nenets: пӣлць (pyīlcʹ°)

Ugric:

Hungarian: fél

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: пилуӈкве (piluňkwe)

Proto-Permic: *pölni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *peľəms

Erzya: пелемс (peľems)

Moksha: пелемс (peľems)

Proto-Samic: *pëlëtēk (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *pelko (“fear”), *pelgäit'äk (“to fear”) (see there for further descendants)


śüklä

Ugric:

Hungarian: süly

Proto-Mari: *šĭgəľə (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *śiľgə~*ćiľgə

Erzya: сильге (śiľge)

Moksha: цильге (ćiľge)

Proto-Samic: *čivlē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *süklä (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Turkic *sögil (whence Kumyk сюел (süyel)); possibly a Wanderwort.


ńüke-

Proto-Ugric:

Hungarian: nyű

Northern Mansi: нявуӈкве (nâwuňkwe)

Proto-Finnic: *nükidäk

Finnish: nykiä


aśkele

Proto-Samoyedic: *asǝ̑l-

Selkup:

Northern Selkup: асылӄа (asylqa)

Proto-Ugric:

Mansi:

Eastern Mansi: [script needed] (ūsəl)

Northern Mansi: ӯсыл (ūsyl)

Western Mansi: [script needed] (ūšəl)

Proto-Permic: *ośkäl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *åškəl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *äśkəlks

Erzya: эскелькс (eskeľks)

Moksha: аськолкс (aśkolks)

Proto-Finnic: *askël (see there for further descendants)


kowse

Proto-Samoyedic: *kåət

Nganasan: коˮ (koʔ)

Ugric:

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: хо̄вт (hōwt)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: кол (kol)

Northern Khanty: хол (hol)

Proto-Permic: *kȯz (see there for further descendants)

Mari:

Eastern Mari: кож (kož)

Proto-Mordvinic: *kuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *kuosë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kuusi (see there for further descendants)


ëśe-

Mordvinic

Proto-Mordvinic: *äźəm

Erzya: эзем (eźem, “bench, chair; seat; place”)

Moksha: эзем (eźem)

>? Proto-Mordvinic: *äšťəms~*aštəms

>? Erzya: аштемс (ašťems, “to stay, be located”)

>? Moksha: ащемс (aščems)

Finnic

Proto-Finnic: *asëdak (“to live, dwell”)

Finnish: asea (dialectal, rare)

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *asëttadak

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *asëk


puna-

Ugric:

Hungarian: fon

Proto-Permic: *pu̇nni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mari: *pŭne- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *punams

Erzya: понамс (ponams)

Moksha: понамс (ponams)

Proto-Samic: *ponētēk, *pońëtēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *punodak (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (compare English spin).


koke-

Proto-Finnic: *kokëdak

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) or related to Proto-Yukaghir *öɣe- (“to look”).


kälew

Proto-Permic: *kɛl (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: кияло (kijalo)

Moksha: кел (kel)

Proto-Samic: *kālōjeannē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *kälü (see there for further descendants)

Sometimes compared with Proto-Indo-European *ǵh₂lōws and Proto-Turkic *kẹlin; possibly a Wanderwort.


waśke

Proto-Samoyedic: *wäsä

Proto-Selkup: *kwësə (see there for further descendants)

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: еся (yesya)

Proto-Ugric: *waś

Hungarian: vas (“iron”)

Khanty:

Eastern Khanty: вӑӽ (wăḥ, “iron”) (Surgut)

Proto-Mordvinic: *uśkə

Erzya: уське (uśke)

Proto-Samic: *veaškē (< *wäśkä)

Proto-Finnic: *vaski (“copper, bronze”) (see there for further descendants)

May be borrowed from (Pre-)Proto-Tocharian *wi̯äsā (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-.


pajńa-

Proto-Finnic: *painadak


mixe-

Proto-Samoyedic: *mi-

Tundra Nenets: миць (myicʹ°)

Selkup:

Southern Selkup:

Narym: мегу́

Upper Ob: мэгу

⇒? Proto-Permic: *med (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Mordvinic: *mijəms

Erzya: миемс (mijems)

Moksha: миемс (mijems)

Proto-Samic:

Kildin Sami: мӣгкэ (mīgke)

Proto-Finnic: *müüdäk (see there for further descendants)

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *h₂meygʷ- (“to exchange”), from the root *h₂mey-.