"kakteksa" meaning in Proto-Uralic

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "urj-mdv-pro",
            "2": "*kavksə"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Mordvinic: *kavksə",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Mordvinic: *kavksə"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "myv",
            "2": "кавксо"
          },
          "expansion": "Erzya: кавксо (kavkso)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Erzya: кавксо (kavkso)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mdf",
            "2": "кафкса"
          },
          "expansion": "Moksha: кафкса (kafksa)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Moksha: кафкса (kafksa)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "urj-fin-pro",
            "2": "*kaktëksa"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Finnic: *kaktëksa",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Finnic: *kaktëksa (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "smi-pro",
            "2": "*kākcē"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Samic: *kākcē",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "or borrowed from Finnic"
          },
          "expansion": "(or borrowed from Finnic)",
          "name": "q"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Samic: *kākcē (or borrowed from Finnic) (see there for further descendants)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*déḱm̥",
        "3": "",
        "4": "ten"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (“ten”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hu",
        "2": "tíz"
      },
      "expansion": "Hungarian tíz",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kpv",
        "2": "дас"
      },
      "expansion": "Komi-Zyrian дас (das)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "udm",
        "2": "дас"
      },
      "expansion": "Udmurt дас (das)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sms",
        "2": "õtmlo",
        "3": "",
        "4": "eleven"
      },
      "expansion": "Skolt Sami õtmlo (“eleven”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mhr",
        "2": "кандаше"
      },
      "expansion": "Eastern Mari кандаше (kandaše)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kpv",
        "2": "кӧкъямыс",
        "3": "",
        "4": "eight"
      },
      "expansion": "Komi-Zyrian кӧкъямыс (kökjamys, “eight”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From *kakta (“two”) with a suffix (shared with *ükteksä (“nine”)) of unknown derivation and origin. There are two main theories regarding the suffix, both of which must be rejected due to various problems:\n* that the suffix *-eksa represents a combination of *e- (negative verb), *-k- (reflexive affix) and *-sa(n), *-se(n) (third-person possessive suffix) (and possibly a *-n (dual ending) in *kakteksan, but not in *ükteksä), thus originally meaning \"is not there\", \"is non-existent\", with the implication being that one or two is missing from ten, hence 10 - 2 and 10 - 1. The comparison is often made with reflexive forms of the form -kse found in Finnic, but even there only in some languages. The narrow distribution makes it unlikely that such a reflexive structure would have existed and been used in numerals all the way back at the Finno-Mordvinic stage.\n* that the suffix is originally of the form *teksa and represents a borrowing from (a descendant of) Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (“ten”). This etymology is phonologically dubious; the *-t- is probably rather part of *kakta, and it is unlikely that an old compound \"two-ten\", would have come to mean \"eight\", not \"twenty\" (or even \"twelve\"). In addition, this theory suffers from chronological issues, as the vowel *-e- implies a significantly earlier date of borrowing than the consonantism of *-ks-. In any case, any supposed *teksa would only be attested through this suffix and nowhere else; it pays a superficial similarity to Hungarian tíz, Komi-Zyrian дас (das) and Udmurt дас (das), but these are simply separate borrowings from Iranian.\nAs morphologically complex numerals in descendant languages are subject to reduction (e.g. Skolt Sami õtmlo (“eleven”), from *ëktë-mumpē-n-lokā-sën, where all of the latter morphemes were reduced to simply -mlo), it seems likely that the suffix is itself reduced from an earlier form, which can possibly never be conclusively reconstructed.\nFurthermore, the Finno-Volgaic numeral has been sometimes compared with Eastern Mari кандаше (kandaše) (and *ükteksä respectively with индеше (indeše)), but the Mari suffix appears to reflect an earlier form *-ndVŋs(k)ə-, which would have been formed in parallel from *kakta rather than the Finno-Mordvinic and Mari forms going back to a common proto-form. Forming the numerals for eight and nine by using the numerals for two and one respectively in a subtractive fashion appears to have been a wider West Uralic phenomenon, as such derivatives are also found in the Permic languages (e.g. Komi-Zyrian кӧкъямыс (kökjamys, “eight”) from кык (kyk, “two”)).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-pro",
        "2": "numeral"
      },
      "expansion": "*kakteksa",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Uralic",
  "lang_code": "urj-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kakteksa",
  "pos": "num",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "name": "Proto-Uralic cardinal numbers",
          "parents": [
            "Cardinal numbers",
            "Numbers",
            "All topics",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Uralic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "eight"
      ],
      "id": "en-kakteksa-urj-pro-num-wZXS2HVi",
      "links": [
        [
          "eight",
          "eight"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Finno-Mordvinic) eight"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kakteksa"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "urj-mdv-pro",
            "2": "*kavksə"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Mordvinic: *kavksə",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Mordvinic: *kavksə"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "myv",
            "2": "кавксо"
          },
          "expansion": "Erzya: кавксо (kavkso)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Erzya: кавксо (kavkso)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mdf",
            "2": "кафкса"
          },
          "expansion": "Moksha: кафкса (kafksa)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Moksha: кафкса (kafksa)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "urj-fin-pro",
            "2": "*kaktëksa"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Finnic: *kaktëksa",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Finnic: *kaktëksa (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "smi-pro",
            "2": "*kākcē"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Samic: *kākcē",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "or borrowed from Finnic"
          },
          "expansion": "(or borrowed from Finnic)",
          "name": "q"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Samic: *kākcē (or borrowed from Finnic) (see there for further descendants)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*déḱm̥",
        "3": "",
        "4": "ten"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (“ten”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hu",
        "2": "tíz"
      },
      "expansion": "Hungarian tíz",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kpv",
        "2": "дас"
      },
      "expansion": "Komi-Zyrian дас (das)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "udm",
        "2": "дас"
      },
      "expansion": "Udmurt дас (das)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sms",
        "2": "õtmlo",
        "3": "",
        "4": "eleven"
      },
      "expansion": "Skolt Sami õtmlo (“eleven”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mhr",
        "2": "кандаше"
      },
      "expansion": "Eastern Mari кандаше (kandaše)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kpv",
        "2": "кӧкъямыс",
        "3": "",
        "4": "eight"
      },
      "expansion": "Komi-Zyrian кӧкъямыс (kökjamys, “eight”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From *kakta (“two”) with a suffix (shared with *ükteksä (“nine”)) of unknown derivation and origin. There are two main theories regarding the suffix, both of which must be rejected due to various problems:\n* that the suffix *-eksa represents a combination of *e- (negative verb), *-k- (reflexive affix) and *-sa(n), *-se(n) (third-person possessive suffix) (and possibly a *-n (dual ending) in *kakteksan, but not in *ükteksä), thus originally meaning \"is not there\", \"is non-existent\", with the implication being that one or two is missing from ten, hence 10 - 2 and 10 - 1. The comparison is often made with reflexive forms of the form -kse found in Finnic, but even there only in some languages. The narrow distribution makes it unlikely that such a reflexive structure would have existed and been used in numerals all the way back at the Finno-Mordvinic stage.\n* that the suffix is originally of the form *teksa and represents a borrowing from (a descendant of) Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (“ten”). This etymology is phonologically dubious; the *-t- is probably rather part of *kakta, and it is unlikely that an old compound \"two-ten\", would have come to mean \"eight\", not \"twenty\" (or even \"twelve\"). In addition, this theory suffers from chronological issues, as the vowel *-e- implies a significantly earlier date of borrowing than the consonantism of *-ks-. In any case, any supposed *teksa would only be attested through this suffix and nowhere else; it pays a superficial similarity to Hungarian tíz, Komi-Zyrian дас (das) and Udmurt дас (das), but these are simply separate borrowings from Iranian.\nAs morphologically complex numerals in descendant languages are subject to reduction (e.g. Skolt Sami õtmlo (“eleven”), from *ëktë-mumpē-n-lokā-sën, where all of the latter morphemes were reduced to simply -mlo), it seems likely that the suffix is itself reduced from an earlier form, which can possibly never be conclusively reconstructed.\nFurthermore, the Finno-Volgaic numeral has been sometimes compared with Eastern Mari кандаше (kandaše) (and *ükteksä respectively with индеше (indeše)), but the Mari suffix appears to reflect an earlier form *-ndVŋs(k)ə-, which would have been formed in parallel from *kakta rather than the Finno-Mordvinic and Mari forms going back to a common proto-form. Forming the numerals for eight and nine by using the numerals for two and one respectively in a subtractive fashion appears to have been a wider West Uralic phenomenon, as such derivatives are also found in the Permic languages (e.g. Komi-Zyrian кӧкъямыс (kökjamys, “eight”) from кык (kyk, “two”)).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-pro",
        "2": "numeral"
      },
      "expansion": "*kakteksa",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Uralic",
  "lang_code": "urj-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kakteksa",
  "pos": "num",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Uralic cardinal numbers",
        "Proto-Uralic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Uralic lemmas",
        "Proto-Uralic numerals"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "eight"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "eight",
          "eight"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Finno-Mordvinic) eight"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kakteksa"
}