ȫ-

ȫmek (infinitive)
ȫgen (participle present)
ȫgme (participle present)
ȫr (participle present)
ȫdük (participle past)
ȫmiš (participle past)
ȫdeči (future participle)
ȫmekči (future participle)
ȫsik (future participle)
ȫyeček (future participle)
ȫme (noun-from-verb)
ȫg (noun-from-verb)
ȫgü (noun-from-verb)
ȫš (adverbial)
ȫr ben (aorist indicative singular)
ȫr sen (aorist indicative singular)
ȫr (aorist indicative singular)
ȫr biz (aorist indicative plural)
ȫr siz (aorist indicative plural)
ȫr (aorist indicative plural)
ȫdüm (indicative past singular)
ȫdüŋ (indicative past singular)
ȫdi (indicative past singular)
ȫdük (indicative past plural)
ȫdümüz (indicative past plural)
ȫdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
ȫdi (indicative past plural)
ȫmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
ȫmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
ȫmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
ȫmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
ȫmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
ȫmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
ȫdeči ben (future indicative singular)
ȫmekči ben (future indicative singular)
ȫyeček ben (future indicative singular)
ȫdeči sen (future indicative singular)
ȫmekči sen (future indicative singular)
ȫyeček sen (future indicative singular)
ȫdeči (future indicative singular)
ȫmekči (future indicative singular)
ȫyeček (future indicative singular)
ȫdeči biz (future indicative plural)
ȫmekči biz (future indicative plural)
ȫyeček biz (future indicative plural)
ȫdeči siz (future indicative plural)
ȫmekči siz (future indicative plural)
ȫyeček siz (future indicative plural)
ȫdeči (future indicative plural)
ȫmekči (future indicative plural)
ȫyeček (future indicative plural)
ȫgey ben (future indicative singular)
ȫgey sen (future indicative singular)
ȫgey (future indicative singular)
ȫgey biz (future indicative plural)
ȫgey siz (future indicative plural)
ȫgey (future indicative plural)
ȫsüküm (future indicative singular)
ȫsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
ȫsük (future indicative singular)
ȫsükümüz (future indicative plural)
ȫsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
ȫsük (future indicative plural)
ȫsem (conditional singular)
ȫser ben (conditional singular)
ȫseŋ (conditional singular)
ȫser sen (conditional singular)
ȫse (conditional singular)
ȫser (conditional singular)
ȫsek (conditional plural)
ȫsemiz (conditional plural)
ȫser biz (conditional plural)
ȫseŋiz (conditional plural)
ȫser siz (conditional plural)
ȫseler (conditional plural)
ȫser (conditional plural)
ȫgey ben (optative singular)
ȫgey sen (optative singular)
ȫgey (optative singular)
ȫgey biz (optative plural)
ȫgey siz (optative plural)
ȫgey (optative plural)
ȫmekde ben (progressive singular)
ȫmekde sen (progressive singular)
ȫmekde (progressive singular)
ȫmekde biz (plural progressive)
ȫmekde siz (plural progressive)
ȫmekde (plural progressive)
ȫmelig ben (necessitative singular)
ȫmelig sen (necessitative singular)
ȫmelig (necessitative singular)
ȫmelig biz (necessitative plural)
ȫmelig siz (necessitative plural)
ȫmelig (necessitative plural)
ȫyeyin (imperative singular)
ȫ (imperative singular)
ȫgil (imperative singular)
ȫzün (imperative singular)
ȫyelim (imperative plural)
ȫyüŋ (imperative plural)
ȫzün (imperative plural)
ȫmemek (infinitive negative)
ȫmegen (negative participle present)
ȫmegme (negative participle present)
ȫmez (negative participle present)
ȫmedük (negative participle past)
ȫmemiš (negative participle past)
ȫmeči (future negative participle)
ȫmesik (future negative participle)
ȫmeyeček (future negative participle)
ȫmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
ȫmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
ȫmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
ȫmeš (adverbial negative)
ȫmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
ȫmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
ȫmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
ȫmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ȫmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ȫmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
ȫmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
ȫmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
ȫmedi (indicative negative past singular)
ȫmedük (indicative negative past plural)
ȫmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
ȫmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
ȫmedi (indicative negative past plural)
ȫmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ȫmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ȫmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ȫmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ȫmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ȫmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ȫmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmeči (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmeči (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmegey (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmegey (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmesük (future indicative negative singular)
ȫmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmesük (future indicative negative plural)
ȫmesem (conditional negative singular)
ȫmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
ȫmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
ȫmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
ȫmese (conditional negative singular)
ȫmeser (conditional negative singular)
ȫmesek (conditional negative plural)
ȫmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
ȫmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
ȫmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
ȫmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
ȫmeseler (conditional negative plural)
ȫmeser (conditional negative plural)
ȫmegey ben (negative optative singular)
ȫmegey sen (negative optative singular)
ȫmegey (negative optative singular)
ȫmegey biz (negative optative plural)
ȫmegey siz (negative optative plural)
ȫmegey (negative optative plural)
ȫmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
ȫmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
ȫmemekde (negative progressive singular)
ȫmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
ȫmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
ȫmemekde (negative plural progressive)
ȫmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
ȫmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
ȫmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
ȫmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
ȫmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
ȫmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
ȫmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
ȫme (imperative negative singular)
ȫmegil (imperative negative singular)
ȫmezün (imperative negative singular)
ȫmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
ȫmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
ȫmezün (imperative negative plural)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوماكْ (ȫmēk)

⇒ Karakhanid: اُڭا (ȫge, “wise”)

Uyghur: ئوي (oy, “idea, opinion”), ئويلاماق (oylamaq, “to think”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak–Nogai:

Nogai: ойлав (oylav)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇 (ü /ö-/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾwymʾk /ö-/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: үөй (üöy)

Perhaps onomatopoeic, replicating the idle sounds people make when thinking or hesitating like "er" or "um". .


yïmurt

yïmurt (nominative singular)
yïmurtug (accusative singular)
yïmurtnï (accusative singular)
yïmurtnuŋ (genitive singular)
yïmurtka (dative singular)
yïmurtda (locative singular)
yïmurtdan (ablative singular)
yïmurtgaru (allative singular)
yïmurtun (instrumental singular)
yïmurtča (equative singular)
yïmurtlayu (singular)
yïmurtlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗмӗрт (śĕmĕrt)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yïmurt

Proto-Oghuz: *yumurt

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: cumurt

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yumurt

Karluk:

Uzbek: shumurt

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јымырыт (ǰïmïrït)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yeniseian:

Khakas: нымырт (nımırt)

Shor: ныбырт (nıbırt)

Northern Altai: ньымырт (nʹïmïrt)


-gey

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -a, -ə, -ya, -yə

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -a, -e, -ya, -ye

öl- (“to die”) + *-gey → *ölgey (“(I hope, I predict) she/he/it dies/will die.”)

Suffix creating optative mood or predictive future.


-gey

ög (“1. mind 2. mother”) + *-gey → *ögey (“step-”)

Suffix creating an adjective similar to the noun.


īŕle-

īŕlettür-

*īŕlet- (“to make someone or something watch”)

to make someone or something make someone or something watch


čöp

čöp (nominative singular)
čöpüg (accusative singular)
čöpni (accusative singular)
čöpnüŋ (genitive singular)
čöpke (dative singular)
čöpde (locative singular)
čöpden (ablative singular)
čöpgerü (allative singular)
čöpün (instrumental singular)
čöpče (equative singular)
čöpleyü (singular)
čöplügü (comitative singular)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: çöp

Ottoman Turkish [Term?]

Turkish: çöp

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: сүп (süp)


kïzak

kïzak (nominative singular)
kïzakïg (accusative singular)
kïzaknï (accusative singular)
kïzaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kïzakka (dative singular)
kïzakda (locative singular)
kïzakdan (ablative singular)
kïzakgaru (allative singular)
kïzakïn (instrumental singular)
kïzakča (equative singular)
kïzaklayu (singular)
kïzaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

→ Persian: خیزک

→ Azerbaijani: xizək

Ottoman Turkish قیزاق (kızak)

Turkish: kızak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qızaq)

Uyghur: [script needed] (quzuq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуҙы (quźı)

Tatar: кызав (qızaw)


yẹgirmi

Proto-Oghur: *ǰeɣirim

Proto-Bulgar: *č́eɣirim

desc

Volga Bulgar: جيرم (ǯiyir(e)m), جيرم (ǯiyerm), [script needed] (ǯ(i)y(e)'m)

Late Volga Bulgar: *śerim

Old Chuvash: *śerĭm

Middle Chuvash: *śirĭm

Chuvash: ҫирӗм (śirĕm)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yigirmi

Proto-Oghuz: *yigirmi

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: iyirmi

Ottoman Turkish: یگرمی (yigirmi)

Gagauz: yirmi

Turkish: yirmi

East Oghuz::

Salar: irmi

Turkmen: ýigrimi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یِكِرْما (yigirme)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: يىگىرمە (yigirme)

Uzbek: yigirma

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yigirmi

Karachay-Balkar: джыйырма (cıyırma)

Karaim: yigirmi

Kumyk: йигирма (yigirma)

Urum: йирми (yirmi)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жигирма (jigirma)

Kazakh: жиырма (jiyrma)

Nogai: йырма (yırma)

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: егерме (yegerme)

Tatar: егерме (yegerme)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жыйырма (jıyırma)

Southern Altai:

Teleut: јирме (ǰirme)

Siberian:

Orkhon Turkic: 𐰘𐰏𐰃𐰼𐰢𐰃 (y²gir²mi)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽷𐽾𐽹𐽶 (ykrmy /yégirmi/)
Western Yugur: jəɣərma (yïɣïrma)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүүрбэ (hüürbe)

Yakut: сүүрбэ (süürbe)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чээрби (çeerbi)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чибірге (çibìrge)

desc

Shor: чегирбе (çegirbe), чебирге (çebirge)

Northern Altai: чигирбе (čigirbe), тьербе (tʹyerbe), тьерве (tʹyerve)

Possibly a simplified or corrupted form of a tens-compound. If so, from *ẹk(k)i (“2”) + *-mïĺ (“a suffix for tens”).

com

a suffix for tens<abbr title="uncertain">^?</abbr>


kökre-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kükrəmək

desc

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (kükremek)

Turkish: kükremek

Turkmen: kükremek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُكْراماكْ (kökre:me:k)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kökremek)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (kököro-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kökre-)


-gerü

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Salar: -öre

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰏𐰼𐰇 (-gerü)

Old Uyghur: -k’rw (-gerü)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ـكرو (-gerü)

*-garu (alternative)
*-ŋerü (alternative)
*-ŋaru (alternative)
*-erü (alternative)
*-erü (alternative)

at (“horse”) + *-gerü → *atgaru (“toward the horse”)

(Old Turkic) Suffix expressing the allative case.


külümsin-

trk-cmn-conj-head

külümsinteči, külümsinmekči, külümsinsik, külümsineček

külümsinteči ben, külümsinmekči ben, külümsineček ben

külümsinteči sen, külümsinmekči sen, külümsineček sen

külümsinteči biz, külümsinmekči biz, külümsineček biz

külümsinteči siz, külümsinmekči siz, külümsineček siz

külümsinsek, külümsinsemiz, külümsinser biz

külümsinmesek, külümsinmesemiz, külümsinmeser biz

külümsinmek (infinitive)
külümsingen (participle present)
külümsinigme (participle present)
külümsinür (participle present)
külümsintük (participle past)
külümsinmiš (participle past)
külümsinteči (future participle)
külümsinmekči (future participle)
külümsinsik (future participle)
külümsineček (future participle)
külümsinme (noun-from-verb)
külümsinig (noun-from-verb)
külümsingü (noun-from-verb)
külümsiniš (adverbial)
külümsinür ben (aorist indicative singular)
külümsinür sen (aorist indicative singular)
külümsinür (aorist indicative singular)
külümsinür biz (aorist indicative plural)
külümsinür siz (aorist indicative plural)
külümsinür (aorist indicative plural)
külümsintim (indicative past singular)
külümsintiŋ (indicative past singular)
külümsinti (indicative past singular)
külümsintik (indicative past plural)
külümsintimiz (indicative past plural)
külümsintiŋiz (indicative past plural)
külümsinti (indicative past plural)
külümsinmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
külümsinmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
külümsinmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
külümsinmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
külümsinmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
külümsinmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
külümsinteči ben (future indicative singular)
külümsinmekči ben (future indicative singular)
külümsineček ben (future indicative singular)
külümsinteči sen (future indicative singular)
külümsinmekči sen (future indicative singular)
külümsineček sen (future indicative singular)
külümsinteči (future indicative singular)
külümsinmekči (future indicative singular)
külümsineček (future indicative singular)
külümsinteči biz (future indicative plural)
külümsinmekči biz (future indicative plural)
külümsineček biz (future indicative plural)
külümsinteči siz (future indicative plural)
külümsinmekči siz (future indicative plural)
külümsineček siz (future indicative plural)
külümsinteči (future indicative plural)
külümsinmekči (future indicative plural)
külümsineček (future indicative plural)
külümsingey ben (future indicative singular)
külümsingey sen (future indicative singular)
külümsingey (future indicative singular)
külümsingey biz (future indicative plural)
külümsingey siz (future indicative plural)
külümsingey (future indicative plural)
külümsinsikim (future indicative singular)
külümsinsikiŋ (future indicative singular)
külümsinsik (future indicative singular)
külümsinsikimiz (future indicative plural)
külümsinsikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
külümsinsik (future indicative plural)
külümsinsem (conditional singular)
külümsinser ben (conditional singular)
külümsinseŋ (conditional singular)
külümsinser sen (conditional singular)
külümsinse (conditional singular)
külümsinser (conditional singular)
külümsinsek (conditional plural)
külümsinsemiz (conditional plural)
külümsinser biz (conditional plural)
külümsinseŋiz (conditional plural)
külümsinser siz (conditional plural)
külümsinseler (conditional plural)
külümsinser (conditional plural)
külümsingey ben (optative singular)
külümsingey sen (optative singular)
külümsingey (optative singular)
külümsingey biz (optative plural)
külümsingey siz (optative plural)
külümsingey (optative plural)
külümsinmekde ben (progressive singular)
külümsinmekde sen (progressive singular)
külümsinmekde (progressive singular)
külümsinmekde biz (plural progressive)
külümsinmekde siz (plural progressive)
külümsinmekde (plural progressive)
külümsinmelig ben (necessitative singular)
külümsinmelig sen (necessitative singular)
külümsinmelig (necessitative singular)
külümsinmelig biz (necessitative plural)
külümsinmelig siz (necessitative plural)
külümsinmelig (necessitative plural)
külümsineyin (imperative singular)
külümsin (imperative singular)
külümsingil (imperative singular)
külümsinzün (imperative singular)
külümsinelim (imperative plural)
külümsiniŋ (imperative plural)
külümsinzün (imperative plural)
külümsinmemek (infinitive negative)
külümsinmegen (negative participle present)
külümsinmegme (negative participle present)
külümsinmez (negative participle present)
külümsinmedük (negative participle past)
külümsinmemiš (negative participle past)
külümsinmeči (future negative participle)
külümsinmesik (future negative participle)
külümsinmeyeček (future negative participle)
külümsinmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
külümsinmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
külümsinmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
külümsinmeyiš (adverbial negative)
külümsinmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
külümsinmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
külümsinmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
külümsinmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
külümsinmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
külümsinmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
külümsinmedim (indicative negative past singular)
külümsinmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
külümsinmedi (indicative negative past singular)
külümsinmedik (indicative negative past plural)
külümsinmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
külümsinmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
külümsinmedi (indicative negative past plural)
külümsinmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külümsinmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külümsinmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külümsinmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külümsinmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külümsinmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külümsinmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmeči (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmeči (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmegey (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmegey (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmesik (future indicative negative singular)
külümsinmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmesik (future indicative negative plural)
külümsinmesem (conditional negative singular)
külümsinmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
külümsinmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
külümsinmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
külümsinmese (conditional negative singular)
külümsinmeser (conditional negative singular)
külümsinmesek (conditional negative plural)
külümsinmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
külümsinmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
külümsinmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
külümsinmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
külümsinmeseler (conditional negative plural)
külümsinmeser (conditional negative plural)
külümsinmegey ben (negative optative singular)
külümsinmegey sen (negative optative singular)
külümsinmegey (negative optative singular)
külümsinmegey biz (negative optative plural)
külümsinmegey siz (negative optative plural)
külümsinmegey (negative optative plural)
külümsinmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
külümsinmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
külümsinmemekde (negative progressive singular)
külümsinmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
külümsinmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
külümsinmemekde (negative plural progressive)
külümsinmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
külümsinmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
külümsinmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
külümsinmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
külümsinmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
külümsinmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
külümsinmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
külümsinme (imperative negative singular)
külümsinmegil (imperative negative singular)
külümsinmezün (imperative negative singular)
külümsinmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
külümsinmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
külümsinmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: куланҫи (kulanś̬i) (< *kül-ün-si-g)

desc

Proto-Common Turkic: *külümsin-, *külümsi-, *külsir-, *külümsire-

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (gülümsin-)

Azerbaijani: gülümsünmək

Ottoman Turkish: كولمسیمك (gülümsimek)

Turkish: gülümsemek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gülümsiremek, gülümjiremek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: külsirmēk

Uzbek: kulimsiramoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

көлөмһөрәргә

Bashkir: көлөмһөрәргә (kölömhörərgə)

Bashkir: көлөмһөрәргә (kölömhörərgə)

көлемсерергә

Tatar: көлемсерергә (kölemserergä)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: кÿлÿмсэ

Karaim: кÿлÿмсэ

South Kipchak: *külüm-le-

Kazakh: күлимдеу (külimdeu), күлимсиреу (külimsireu)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӱлӱмзрер (külümzrer)

There are historically four main forms across different languages:
# *külüm (“smile”) + *-si- and its reflexive form *külüm (“smile”) + *-sin-.
# *kül- (“to laugh”) + *-si- + *-r-
# *külüm (“smile”) + *-si- + *-r + *-e-.


čöpik

čöpik (nominative singular)
čöpikig (accusative singular)
čöpikni (accusative singular)
čöpikniŋ (genitive singular)
čöpikke (dative singular)
čöpikde (locative singular)
čöpikden (ablative singular)
čöpikgerü (allative singular)
čöpikin (instrumental singular)
čöpikče (equative singular)
čöpikleyü (singular)
čöpikligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: çubuq

Ottoman Turkish [Term?]

Turkish: çubuk

Potentially from *čöp (“1. trash, precipitate 2. stick, twig”) + *-ik, diminutive of *čöp.


-egü

Proto-Common Turkic: *-agu

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ov, -öv

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ey

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -ov

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: -еу (-yeu)

Kumyk: -ев (-yew)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -әү (-əw)

Tatar: -әү (-äw), -ау (-aw)

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Kazakh: -еу (-eu)

Kirgiz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -өө (-öö)

Southern Altai: -ӱ (-ü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰏𐰇 (-egü)

*-agu (alternative)
*-gü (alternative)
*-gu (alternative)


-rer

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ҫар (-śar), -ҫер (-śer)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -şar, -ar, -er, -şer

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -şar, -ar, -er, -şer

Certain daughter languages point to a reconstruction *-(ĺč)Ar instead.

*-rar (alternative)
*-er (alternative)
*-ar (alternative)

Suffix creating distributive form of numbers.


-ümsin

*-umsïn (alternative)
*-imsin (alternative)
*-ïmsïn (alternative)
*-msin (alternative)
*-msïn (alternative)

kül- (“to laugh”) + *-ümsin → *külümsin- (“to smile”)

Suffix forming pretense verbs from verbs.


ödkün-

Proto-Common Turkic: *ödkün-

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: öykünmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: öýkünmek

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ötgün-)

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (etkin-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ӧткӧн- (ötkön-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үтүгүн (ütügün)

Yakut: үтүгүн (ütügün)

Sayan:

Tuvan: өттүнер (öttüner)


ülker

ülker (nominative singular)
ülkerig (accusative singular)
ülkerni (accusative singular)
ülkerniŋ (genitive singular)
ülkerke (dative singular)
ülkerde (locative singular)
ülkerden (ablative singular)
ülkergerü (allative singular)
ülkerin (instrumental singular)
ülkerče (equative singular)
ülkerleyü (singular)
ülkerligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: Ülkər

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: Ülker

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُلْكَرْ (ülker)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: Hulkar

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: Өлкәр (Ölkər)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: Уьлкер (Ülker)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: Үркер (Ürker)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: Үркөр (Ürkör)

Siberian:

desc

𐽰𐽳𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽰𐽾 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽰𐽾 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 (Ülker yultuz /ʾwylkʾr ywltwz/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: Үргэл (Ürgel)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: үъһер

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: Ӱлгер (Ülger)


tükel

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (dükel)

Turkish: tükel (dialectal)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: түгел (tügel)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُكالْ (tükēl)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (tükäl)

→ Turkish: tükel

Derived from *tüke- (“"to end, to complete"”) + *-l whence also *tüken- (“to be consumed”) and *tüket- (“to consume”).


ogrï

Likely related to *ogra- (“to meet, to come by”) and *ogur (“luck, fortune; opportunity; a specific time”).


ogrï

ogrï (nominative singular)
ogrïïg (accusative singular)
ogrïnï (accusative singular)
ogrïnïŋ (genitive singular)
ogrïka (dative singular)
ogrïda (locative singular)
ogrïdan (ablative singular)
ogrïgaru (allative singular)
ogrïïn (instrumental singular)
ogrïča (equative singular)
ogrïlayu (singular)
ogrïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӑрӑ (vără)

→ Hungarian: orv

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hoğrı

Proto-Oghuz: *oɣrï

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: oğru

Ottoman Turkish: اوغری (oğrı)

Turkish: uğru

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ogry

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُغْریٖ (oɣrï)

Uyghur: ئوغرى (oghri)

Uzbek: oʼgʼri

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: уғры (uğrı)

Tatar: угры (uğrı)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: уручу (uruçu) (< *ogrïčï)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: уры (urı)

Kazakh: ұры (ūry)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ууру (uuru)

Southern Altai: уур (uur)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰃 (oɣrï)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уор (uor)

Yakut: уор (uor)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: оору (ooru)

Tuvan: оор (oor)

Yenisei:

Khakas: оғыр (oğır)


yaĺ-

Proto-Common Turkic: *yaĺ- (“to hide”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یاشمق (yaşmaq, “to hide, to cover”)

Azerbaijani: yaşmaq (dialectal)

Turkish: yaşmak (dialectal)

Turkmen: ýaşmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَشْماقْ (yašmaq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yaš-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сас (sas)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *yašmak (“yashmak”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: یاشمق (yaşmaq)

Azerbaijani: yaşmaq

Ottoman Turkish: یاشمق (yaşmak)(see there for further descendants)

Turkish: yaşmak

Turkmen: ýaşmak

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *yalma (“raincoat”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَلْما (yalmā, “raincoat”)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *yalmak

Old Anatolian Turkish: یلمق (yalmaq, “kaftan”)


igid-

Proto-Common Turkic: *igid- (“to feed”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (igiδmek)

→ Turkish: eğitmek

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰏𐰓 (igd² /igid-/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽷𐽶𐽸𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾykydmʾk /igidmek/, “to care for”)

desc

Proto-Common Turkic: *igdiš (“an animal bred domestically; crossbred animal; slave, servant”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (iğdiş)

Turkish: (dialectal, Aegean Turkish) iğdiş (“to castrate, to geld”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *igtü (“stall-fed animal”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (ekdi, ikdi)

Turkmen: ekdi (“quiet, tame”)

igid-iš

1. an animal bred domestically 2. crossbred animal 3. slave, servant


čašut

čašut (nominative singular)
čašutug (accusative singular)
čašutnï (accusative singular)
čašutnuŋ (genitive singular)
čašutka (dative singular)
čašutda (locative singular)
čašutdan (ablative singular)
čašutgaru (allative singular)
čašutun (instrumental singular)
čašutča (equative singular)
čašutlayu (singular)
čašutlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (çaşıt)

Turkish: çaşıt (vernacular)

Kipchak: [script needed] (çaşut)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (čašut)


-sik

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-sik)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-sik)

öl- (“to die”) + *-sik → *ölsüküŋ (“You will inevitably die.”)

(Old Turkic) Suffix creating the necessitive future tense.

to- (“to be full”) + *-sik → *tosïk (“satiety”)


-egüt

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-agut)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-agut)

Possibly a *-t plural form of *-egü considering Old Turkic 𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆 (alpaɣu).

*-agut (alternative)
*-güt (alternative)
*-gut (alternative)

alp (“warrior”) + *-egüt → *alpagut (“warrior.”)


anlayu

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: [Term?] (ayla, eyle) (metathesis)
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: اَيْلا (ayla, äylä), ایله (äylä), اویله (öylä)
***** Classical Azerbaijani:
****** Azerbaijani: elə
****** Qashqai: ائله (elə)
***** Gagauz: ölä
***** Ottoman Turkish: اویله (öyle)
****** Turkish: öyle
*** Salar: ele
*** Turkmen: eýle
** Kipchak: [script needed] (alay, alay esä)
*** West Kipchak:
****Crimean Tatar: olay
****Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (alay)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Caspian:
***** Kazakh: олай (olai)
**** Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
***** Southern Altai: ондый (ondïy)
** Siberian:
***Old Turkic: [script needed] (anlayu)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bunlayu
** Proto-Oghuz: [Term?] (buyla, beyle) (metathesis)
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: بیله (bäylä)
***** Classical Azerbaijani:
****** Azerbaijani: belə
****** Qashqai: بئله (belə)
***** Gagauz: bölä
***** Ottoman Turkish: بویله (böyle)
****** Turkish: böyle
*** Salar: bele
*** Turkmen: beýle
** Kipchak: [script needed] (bulay)
*** West Kipchak:
****Crimean Tatar: bulay
*** South Kipchak:
**** Caspian:
***** Kazakh: бұлай (būlai)
**** Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
***** Southern Altai: мындый (mïndïy)
** Siberian:
***Old Turkic: [script needed] (bunlayu)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kanlayu
** Kipchak: [script needed] (kalay, kanlay)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Kazakh: қалай (qalai)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: кандай (kanday)
**** Southern Altai: кандый (kandïy)

From *an- + *-layu, similative case of *ol (“he, she, it, that”). Oghuz langauges exhibit metathesis to *ayla.


āzu

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (azu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰔𐰆 (azu)

Old Uyghur: ʾzw (azu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: азы (azı)

From *āŕ- (“to be astray”) + *-u (“converb suffix”).


saru-

Oghur:

Chuvash: сырма (syrma)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sarımaq

Ottoman Turkish: صارمق (sarmak)

Turkish: sarmak

Gagauz: sarmaa

Turkmen: saramak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sarūmāk)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: сарырга (sarırga)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (saru-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (saru-)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sarla-

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sarlāmāk)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sarla-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sarla-)

Considering *sarla- potentially from *sar + *-u


sȫk-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: söymək

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: süümää

Turkish: sövmek

Turkmen: sȫgmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سُوكْماكْ (sȫkmēk)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (sökmek)

Uzbek: so‘kmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һүгеү (hügew)

Tatar: сүгеү (sügew)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (sök-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (sök-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (sökiw)

Kazakh: сөгу (sögu)

Nogai: [script needed] (sök-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сөгүү (sögüü)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (sök-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sök-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (üök-)

Yakut: үөх (üöq)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (sök-)

Khakas: [script needed] (sök-)


kotuz

kotuz (nominative singular)
kotuzug (accusative singular)
kotuznï (accusative singular)
kotuznuŋ (genitive singular)
kotuzka (dative singular)
kotuzda (locative singular)
kotuzdan (ablative singular)
kotuzgaru (allative singular)
kotuzun (instrumental singular)
kotuzča (equative singular)
kotuzlayu (singular)
kotuzlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qotaz

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: hotoz

Turkmen: gotaz

Karluk:

desctree

Karakhanid: قُتُزْ (qutuz)
→ Tajik: қутос (qutos)
Uyghur: قوتاز (qotaz)
Uzbek: qoʻtos

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кутаз (qutaz)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қодас (qodas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: котос (kotos)


seč-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: seçmək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: seçmek

Gagauz: seçmek

Turkmen: seçmek

Kypchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чечүү (cecüü)

Southern Altai: чечер (čečer)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sečmēk)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (seč-)

Potentially an alternate form of *seĺ- (“to untie”).

(Common Turkic, transitive) to select, choose


bus-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: pusmaq

Ottoman Turkish: پوصمق (pusmak)

Turkish: pusmak

Turkmen: busmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (busmāk)

Uzbek: pismoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: боҫоу (bośow)

Tatar: посу (posu)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bus-)

(Common Turkic, intransitive) to hide, to lay in ambush


sāŕgan

sāŕgan (nominative singular)
sāŕganïg (accusative singular)
sāŕgannï (accusative singular)
sāŕgannïŋ (genitive singular)
sāŕganka (dative singular)
sāŕganda (locative singular)
sāŕgandan (ablative singular)
sāŕgangaru (allative singular)
sāŕganïn (instrumental singular)
sāŕganča (equative singular)
sāŕganlayu (singular)
sāŕganlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Old Chuvash: шаран (šaran)

→ Hungarian: sárkány

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sazan

Ottoman Turkish: سازان

Turkish: sazan

Gagauz: sazan

Turkmen: sāzan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sazgan)

Uzbek: sazan

Kipchak: [script needed] (sazagan)

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: һаҙан (haźan)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: сазан (sazan)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (sazan)

Southern Altai: сазан (sazan)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: [script needed] (sazan)


üdre-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: اُورَمَكْ (ürämäk)

Azerbaijani: ürəmək

Ottoman Turkish: اورهمك (üremek)

Turkish: üremek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (üdrēmēk)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (üdre-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (üdre-)

Likely from *üdür + *-e from *üd- whence also *üdig (“sexual desire”).

(Common Turkic, intransitive) to reproduce, to increase


kūrt

kūrt (nominative singular)
kūrtug (accusative singular)
kūrtnï (accusative singular)
kūrtnuŋ (genitive singular)
kūrtka (dative singular)
kūrtda (locative singular)
kūrtdan (ablative singular)
kūrtgaru (allative singular)
kūrtun (instrumental singular)
kūrtča (equative singular)
kūrtlayu (singular)
kūrtlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хорт (hort), хурт (hurt)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qûrt

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qurd

Ottoman Turkish: قورت (kurt), (diminutive) قورتجغز (kurtcağız)

Turkish: kurt, (diminutive) kurtçuk

Gagauz: курт, kurt

Turkmen: gurt, (diminutive) gurçuk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُرْتْ (qurt)

Uyghur: قۇرۇت (qurut)

Uzbek: qurt

Kipchak:

Kypchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: корт (qort), qort

Bashkir: ҡорт (qort)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: qurt

Kazakh: құрт (qūrt)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: курт (kurt)

Southern Altai: курт (kurt)

Kipchak–Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: къурт, qurt

Karaim: курт

Karachay-Balkar: къурт (qurt)

Kumyk: хурт (xurt)

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: ҡорт (qort)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ӄуърт

Tuvan: курт (kurt)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хурт (xurt)

Western Yugur: қурт

The meaning wolf seen exclusively in Oghuz is likely due to taboo speech. Compare Turkmen möjek (“wolf”) from *bȫgček (“insect”).


ï̄t

ï̄t (nominative singular)
ï̄tïg (accusative singular)
ï̄tnï (accusative singular)
ï̄tnïŋ (genitive singular)
ï̄tka (dative singular)
ï̄tda (locative singular)
ï̄tdan (ablative singular)
ï̄tgaru (allative singular)
ï̄tïn (instrumental singular)
ï̄tča (equative singular)
ï̄tlayu (singular)
ï̄tlïgu (comitative singular)
*ït (alternative)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йытӑ (jyt̬ă)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ît

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (it)

Azerbaijani: it

Ottoman Turkish: ایت (it)

Turkish: it (derogatory)

Gagauz: it

Salar: idd, it

Turkmen: it

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ات (it)

Uyghur: ئىت (it)

Uzbek: it

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эт (et)

Tatar: эт (et)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: it

Urum: ит (it)

Karachay-Balkar: ит (it)

Kumyk: ит (it)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (iyt)

Kazakh: ит (it)

Nogai: ийт (iyt)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ит (it)

Southern Altai: ийт (iyt)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐱃 (ït)

Old Uyghur: yt (ït)

Western Yugur: əʃt

→? Salar: idd

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ыт

Yakut: ыт (ıt)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: ыт (ıt)


tilkü

tilkü (nominative singular)
tilküüg (accusative singular)
tilküni (accusative singular)
tilkünüŋ (genitive singular)
tilküke (dative singular)
tilküde (locative singular)
tilküden (ablative singular)
tilkügerü (allative singular)
tilküün (instrumental singular)
tilküče (equative singular)
tilküleyü (singular)
tilkülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тилӗ (tilĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tilkü

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: دلكو (dilkü)

Azerbaijani: tülkü

Gagauz: tilki

Ottoman Turkish: تلكی (tilki)

Turkish: tilki

Turkmen: tilki

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tilkü, tilki)

Uyghur: تۈلكە (tülke)

Uzbek: tulki

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төлкө (tölkö)

Tatar: төлке (tölke)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (tülki)

Kazakh: түлкі (tülkı)

Nogai: туьлки (tülki)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түлкү (tülkü)

Southern Altai: тӱлкӱ (tülkü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tilki

Karachay-Balkar: тюлкю (tülkü)

Kumyk: тюлкю (tülkü)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐱅𐰃𐰠𐰚𐰇 (tilkü)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: дилги (dilgi)

Khakas: тӱлгӱ (tülgü)

Shor: тӱлгӱ

Connected to Proto-Tungusic *tulge (“wolf”) by EDAL.


yās

yās (nominative singular)
yāsïg (accusative singular)
yāsnï (accusative singular)
yāsnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāska (dative singular)
yāsda (locative singular)
yāsdan (ablative singular)
yāsgaru (allative singular)
yāsïn (instrumental singular)
yāsča (equative singular)
yāslayu (singular)
yāslïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ʒās

Old Chuvash: *ďās

→ Old Hungarian: gazolcodic (ďāsolkodik, “to wear funeral clothes, to be bereft”) (c. 1416)

Hungarian: gyász (“bereavement, mourning”)

Anatri Chuvash: *śüs

→ Eastern Mari: сӧс (sös, “memorial celebration”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yās

Oghuz: ياسْ (yās, “death”)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yas

Ottoman Turkish: یاس (yâs)

Turkish: yas

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: yās (“feast held after a funeral, mourning”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ىاَسْ (yās, “loss, mourning; trade deficit”)

Chagatai: ىاَسْ (yās, “lamentation”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: ias (yās, “melancholy, sadness”)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: һаатыннар (“to shame (tran.)”)

Yakut: саат (saat)

Yakut: саат-тааһ (saat-taah, “enemy”)

South Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽻 (yas, “shame, sadness”)

Unknown. In modern descendants, excluding Yakut, the reflexes of this root are indistinguishable from loanwords from Arabic يَأْس (yaʔs) although Oghuz forms are definitely not loanwords from said source.


kān-

Oghur:

→? Mongolian: ханах (xanax)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qanmaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: kanmak

Turkmen: gānmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kan-)

Uyghur: [script needed] (kan-)

Uzbek: konmok

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: [script needed] (qan-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (qan-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kan-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kan-)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: [script needed] (xan-)

(Common Turkic, intransitive) to be satisfied


kẹyik

kẹyik (nominative singular)
kẹyikig (accusative singular)
kẹyikni (accusative singular)
kẹyikniŋ (genitive singular)
kẹyikke (dative singular)
kẹyikde (locative singular)
kẹyikden (ablative singular)
kẹyikgerü (allative singular)
kẹyikin (instrumental singular)
kẹyikče (equative singular)
kẹyikleyü (singular)
kẹyikligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

desctree

Chuvash: кайӑк (kajăk, “bird”)
→ Eastern Mari: кайык (kajyk)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *geyik

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: keýik

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: كیك (geyik)

Turkish: geyik

desc

→ Armenian: կէյիկ (kēyik), կըյըկ (kəyək)

Salar: kiyik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كَیِكْ (keyik)

Uyghur: كىيىك (kiyik)

Uzbek: kiyik

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кийик (kiyik)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚 (kiyik)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: киик (kiik)


-sire

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sire-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sire-)

Kipchak

South Kipchak

Nogai: -сире (-sire)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: -сире (-sire), -сүрө (-sürö)

Southern Altai: -зире (-zire), -зӱре (-züre), -сире (-sire), -сӱре (-süre)

ȫg (“mind”) + *-sire → *ȫgsire- (“to faint”)

(Old Turkic) Suffix creating a verb with the meaning of "to be without, to be deprived of" from a noun.


kadï

kadï (nominative singular)
kadïïg (accusative singular)
kadïnï (accusative singular)
kadïnïŋ (genitive singular)
kadïka (dative singular)
kadïda (locative singular)
kadïdan (ablative singular)
kadïgaru (allative singular)
kadïïn (instrumental singular)
kadïča (equative singular)
kadïlayu (singular)
kadïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хыр (hyr)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: хады

Tuvan: хады (xadı)

Yeniseian:

Khakas: хазы (xazı)

Helimski (1995) supposed a loan from < Proto-Samoyedic *kåət, ultimately from Proto-Uralic *kowse.


tāpan

Oghur:

Chuvash: тупан (tup̬an)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tâpân

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: daban

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: taban

Turkish: taban

Turkmen: dāban

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَبَنْ (tapan)

Chagatai: [script needed] (taban/tapan)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tapan)

Uzbek: tobon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (taban)

Tatar: [script needed] (taban)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (taban)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (taban)

Karaim: [script needed] (taban)

Kumyk: [script needed] (taban)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (taban)

Kazakh: табан (taban)

Nogai: [script needed] (taban)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: таман (taman)

Southern Altai: таман (taman)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tawan)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tawan)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (taman)

Tuvan: [script needed] (tavan)

From Proto-Turkic *tāp(a)- (“to trample”).
Akin to Proto-Mongolic *tabag.


tāp-

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (tapa-)

Tatar: [script needed] (tapa-) (dial.)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тапау (tapau)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tāpyra-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

lb

Azerbaijani: dabrımağ (“to run fast”) (Dialect, Əli Bayramlı, İmişli, Kürdəmir, Qazax, Saatlı, Sabirabad, Salyan, Şamaxı)

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: dabramak (“to run fast”) (Dialect, Denizli, Muğla)

Turkmen: dābyramak (“to ride, stamp”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tabrımaq)


tabra-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: davranmaq

Ottoman Turkish: طاورانمق (davranmak)

Turkish: davranmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tavramaq)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tavra-)

South Siberian:

Khakas: [script needed] (dabıra-)


ȫrgüč

ȫrgüč (nominative singular)
ȫrgüčüg (accusative singular)
ȫrgüčni (accusative singular)
ȫrgüčnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫrgüčke (dative singular)
ȫrgüčde (locative singular)
ȫrgüčden (ablative singular)
ȫrgüčgerü (allative singular)
ȫrgüčün (instrumental singular)
ȫrgüčče (equative singular)
ȫrgüčleyü (singular)
ȫrgüčlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar: *вӑркӑч (vărkăč)

→ Proto-Slavic: *vъrkočь

Polish: warkocz


örčüg

örčüg (nominative singular)
örčügüg (accusative singular)
örčügni (accusative singular)
örčügnüŋ (genitive singular)
örčügke (dative singular)
örčügde (locative singular)
örčügden (ablative singular)
örčüggerü (allative singular)
örčügün (instrumental singular)
örčügče (equative singular)
örčügleyü (singular)
örčüglügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: orsó

Karluk:

Uzbek: urchuq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Bashkir: орсоҡ (orsoq)

Tatar: орчык (orçıq)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: урчукъ (urçuq)

Central Kipchak:

Kazakh: ұршық (ūrşyq)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: орчых (orçıx)


akïn

akïn (nominative singular)
akïnïg (accusative singular)
akïnnï (accusative singular)
akïnnïŋ (genitive singular)
akïnka (dative singular)
akïnda (locative singular)
akïndan (ablative singular)
akïngaru (allative singular)
akïnïn (instrumental singular)
akïnča (equative singular)
akïnlayu (singular)
akïnlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: юхӑм (juh̬ăm)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: axın

Ottoman Turkish: آقین (aqın)

Turkish: akın

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَقِنْ (aqïn)

Uyghur: ئېقىن (ëqin)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: aqın

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ағын (ağyn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: агын (agın)

Southern Altai: агын (agïn)


tokurčïn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طقورجين

Ottoman Turkish: طوقورجين

Turkish: dokurcun (dial.)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: طُقُرْجِنْ


yuldura-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yıldıramak

Turkmen: ýyldyramak

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жылтырау (jyltyrau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылтыроо (jıltıroo)

Southern Altai: јылтыраар (ǰïltïraar)


agtar-

Proto-Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: axtarmaq
*** East Oghuz:
**** Salar: aqdar
**** Turkmen: agtarmak
** Karluk:
*** Uzbek: axtarmoq (“to search”)
** Kipchak:
*** South Kipchak:
**** Kazakh: ақтару (aqtaru)

Unrelated to *āgtar- (“to turn upside down; to plough”).


boguŕ

boguŕ (nominative singular)
boguŕug (accusative singular)
boguŕnï (accusative singular)
boguŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
boguŕka (dative singular)
boguŕda (locative singular)
boguŕdan (ablative singular)
boguŕgaru (allative singular)
boguŕun (instrumental singular)
boguŕča (equative singular)
boguŕlayu (singular)
boguŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пыр (pyr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: boğız

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: boğaz

Ottoman Turkish: بوغاز (boğaz)

Turkish: boğaz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bogaz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (boɣuz)

Chagatai: بوغوز

Uyghur: بوغۇز (boghuz)

Uzbek: boʻgʻiz

Kipchak:

Nogai: богаз (bogaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: боғаҙ (boğaź)

Tatar: бугаз (buğaz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boğaz

Kipchak-Nogai:

desc

>? Kazakh: буаз (buaz, “pregnant (of animals)”)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: богуз (boguz)

Southern Altai: боос (boos)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔 (boɣuz)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: боостаа (boostaa) (<*boguŕla- ?)

Tofa: боос (boos)


saraŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash:

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Uyghur: ساراڭ (sarang, “mentally disordered, crazy, idiot”)

Uzbek: sarang (“baffled, perplexed”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һаран (haran, “frugal”)

Tatar: саран (saran, “frugal”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: сараң (sarañ, “frugal”)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сараң (saraŋ, “frugal”)

Southern Altai: сарам (saram)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (saran, “frugal, parsimonious”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: араҥ (arañ)

Yakut: араҥ (arañ)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: сараӈ (saraŋ, “frugal”)

Perhaps compare Chuvash суран (suran, “wound”) (?).


agsak

agsak (nominative singular)
agsakïg (accusative singular)
agsaknï (accusative singular)
agsaknïŋ (genitive singular)
agsakka (dative singular)
agsakda (locative singular)
agsakdan (ablative singular)
agsakgaru (allative singular)
agsakïn (instrumental singular)
agsakča (equative singular)
agsaklayu (singular)
agsaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: уксах (uksah)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: axsaq

Ottoman Turkish: آغساق (aksak)

Turkish: aksak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: agsak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَخْساقْ (axsāq)

Uyghur: ئاخساق (axsaq), ئاسقاق (asqaq)

Uzbek: oqsoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аҡһаҡ (aqhaq)

Tatar: аксак (aqsaq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: aqsaq

Karachay-Balkar: акъсакъ (aqsaq)

Kumyk: акъсакъ (aqsaq)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (suwıq)

Kazakh: ақсақ (aqsaq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аксак (aksak)

Southern Altai: аксак (aksak)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: ʾʾqsʾq (aɣsaq/aqsaq/axsaq)


kara-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرمق (qaramaq), قرامق (qaramaq), قارامق (qaramaq)

Ottoman Turkish: قرامق (karamak)

Turkish: (dialectal) karamak

Turkmen: garamak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡарау (qaraw)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: qaramaq

Kumyk:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қарау (qarau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кароо (karoo)

Southern Altai: караар (karaar)

Karluk:

desctree

Chagatai: قاراماق (qaramaq)
Uyghur: قاراماق (qaramaq)
Uzbek: qaramoq

Compare Proto-Mongolic *kara- (“to see”), Mongolian харах (xarax). The absence of this word in older languages and its unusual structure suggest that it was borrowed from Mongolic during the Medieval era.


yeŕne

yeŕne (nominative singular)
yeŕneig (accusative singular)
yeŕneni (accusative singular)
yeŕneniŋ (genitive singular)
yeŕneke (dative singular)
yeŕnede (locative singular)
yeŕneden (ablative singular)
yeŕnegerü (allative singular)
yeŕnein (instrumental singular)
yeŕneče (equative singular)
yeŕneleyü (singular)
yeŕneligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *yezne

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: yeznə

→ Turkish: yezne (dialectal, Kars, Ağrı)

Turkmen: ýeznä (dialectal)

Karluk:

Uzbek: yezna

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еҙнә (yeźnə)

Tatar: җизнә (ciznä), җизни (cizni)

→ Chuvash: йысна (jysna)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жезде (jezde)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жезде (jezde)

Southern Altai: јесте (ǰeste)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: yezde

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: честе (çeste)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чисте (çiste)

Shor: честе (çeste)

Similarity to Spanish yerno (“son-in-law”) is highly a coincidence.
Compare also Chuvash ҫамрӑк (śamrăk), Hungarian gyermek.


kẹli

kẹli (nominative singular)
kẹliig (accusative singular)
kẹlini (accusative singular)
kẹliniŋ (genitive singular)
kẹlike (dative singular)
kẹlide (locative singular)
kẹliden (ablative singular)
kẹligerü (allative singular)
kẹliin (instrumental singular)
kẹliče (equative singular)
kẹlileyü (singular)
kẹliligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: килӗ (kilĕ)

→ Hungarian: kölyű

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Uzbek: keli

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: киле (kile)

Tatar: киле (kile)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: кели (keli)

Kumyk: кели (keli)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: келі (kelı)

Siberian:

Siberian Tatar: кейле (keyle)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кэлии (kelii)

Yakut: кэлии (kelii)

Similarity to Proto-Tungusic *xelńe (“mortar”), may explains the early form of *kelńi, which is also preserved in Hungarian and Siberian Tatar. (?)


koyug

Oghur:

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *goyuɣ

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qoyu

Azerbaijani: قویوق (balloon) (Iran)

Ottoman Turkish: قویو (koyu)
Turkish: koyu
→ Armenian: խօյի (xōyi), կույի (kuyi)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: goýy

Karluk:

Uyghur: قويۇق (qoyuq)

Uzbek: quyuq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуйы (quyı)

Tatar: куе (quye)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qoyu

Karachay-Balkar: къою (qoyu)

Karaim: koju

Kumyk: къою (qoyu)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: койы (koyı)

Kazakh: қою (qoü)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коюу (koyuu)

Southern Altai: койу (koyu)

Siberian:

Siberian Tatar: ҡуйы (quyï)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: койуу (koyuu)

Yakut: хойуу (qoyuu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: хоюг (xoyug)

Tofa: [script needed] (konьug)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хойығ (xoyığ)

Shor: қойуғ (qoyuğ)

From *koyu- (“to become viscous, thick”) + *-g.


yogun

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yoğun

Proto-Oghuz: *yoɣan

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: yoğun

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یوغون (yoğun), یوغن (yoğun)
Turkish: yoğun
→ Armenian: եօղուն (eōġun)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýogȳn

Salar: yoğan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُغُونْ (yoɣun)

Chagatai: یوغون (yoɣun), یوغان (yoɣan)

Uyghur: يوغان (yoghan)

Uzbek: yoʻgʻon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йыуан (yıwan)

Tatar: юан (yuan)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жуан (juan)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоон (joon)

Southern Altai: јоон (ǰoon)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣 (yoɣun)

Old Uyghur: ywqwn (yoɣun)

Western Yugur: joɣən

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һуон (huon)

Yakut: суон (suon)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чоон (çoon)

Tofa: нёон (ńoon)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чоон (çoon)

Shor: чоон (çoon)

From *yogu- (“to knead”) + *-un. The stem is not attested in Turkic but compare Proto-Mongolic *nïku- (“to knead”). EDAL tries to connect it with Proto-Mongolic *ǰuǰaxan (“thick”); however, that has a phonetic problem with *-ǰ-.


eyekü

eyekü (nominative singular)
eyeküüg (accusative singular)
eyeküni (accusative singular)
eyekünüŋ (genitive singular)
eyeküke (dative singular)
eyeküde (locative singular)
eyeküden (ablative singular)
eyekügerü (allative singular)
eyeküün (instrumental singular)
eyeküče (equative singular)
eyeküleyü (singular)
eyekülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: аяк (ajak)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: eyeği

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اَياكُو (eyegü, “side, sides of tents”)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ээги (eegi)

Tofa: ээги (eegi)


yāń-

→ Proto-Mongolic: *nayï- (“to shake”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaymaq (dial.)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (yaymaq)

Turkish: yaymak (dial.)

Turkmen: ýāýmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَيْماقْ (yaymāq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰪 (yań-), 𐰖𐰖 (yay-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сайыс (sayıs)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: чаяр (çayar)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *yańka-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaxalamaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yıkamak

Salar: yıqağusı (“to rinse”)

Turkmen: ýaýkalamak

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (yayqa-) (dial.)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (yayqa-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жайқалу (jaiqalu)

Nogai: [script needed] (yayqal-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жайкоо (jaykoo)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (d́ajqa-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (čajxa-), [script needed] (najxal- (dial.))

South Siberian:

Tofa: [script needed] (ča'jha-)

Tuvan: [script needed] (ča'jɣa-)


yȫr-

yȫrmek (infinitive)
yȫrgen (participle present)
yȫrügme (participle present)
yȫrür (participle present)
yȫrtük (participle past)
yȫrmiš (participle past)
yȫrteči (future participle)
yȫrmekči (future participle)
yȫrsik (future participle)
yȫreček (future participle)
yȫrme (noun-from-verb)
yȫrüg (noun-from-verb)
yȫrgü (noun-from-verb)
yȫrüš (adverbial)
yȫrür ben (aorist indicative singular)
yȫrür sen (aorist indicative singular)
yȫrür (aorist indicative singular)
yȫrür biz (aorist indicative plural)
yȫrür siz (aorist indicative plural)
yȫrür (aorist indicative plural)
yȫrtüm (indicative past singular)
yȫrtüŋ (indicative past singular)
yȫrti (indicative past singular)
yȫrtük (indicative past plural)
yȫrtümüz (indicative past plural)
yȫrtüŋüz (indicative past plural)
yȫrti (indicative past plural)
yȫrmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
yȫrmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
yȫrmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
yȫrmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
yȫrmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
yȫrmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
yȫrteči ben (future indicative singular)
yȫrmekči ben (future indicative singular)
yȫreček ben (future indicative singular)
yȫrteči sen (future indicative singular)
yȫrmekči sen (future indicative singular)
yȫreček sen (future indicative singular)
yȫrteči (future indicative singular)
yȫrmekči (future indicative singular)
yȫreček (future indicative singular)
yȫrteči biz (future indicative plural)
yȫrmekči biz (future indicative plural)
yȫreček biz (future indicative plural)
yȫrteči siz (future indicative plural)
yȫrmekči siz (future indicative plural)
yȫreček siz (future indicative plural)
yȫrteči (future indicative plural)
yȫrmekči (future indicative plural)
yȫreček (future indicative plural)
yȫrgey ben (future indicative singular)
yȫrgey sen (future indicative singular)
yȫrgey (future indicative singular)
yȫrgey biz (future indicative plural)
yȫrgey siz (future indicative plural)
yȫrgey (future indicative plural)
yȫrsüküm (future indicative singular)
yȫrsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
yȫrsük (future indicative singular)
yȫrsükümüz (future indicative plural)
yȫrsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
yȫrsük (future indicative plural)
yȫrsem (conditional singular)
yȫrser ben (conditional singular)
yȫrseŋ (conditional singular)
yȫrser sen (conditional singular)
yȫrse (conditional singular)
yȫrser (conditional singular)
yȫrsek (conditional plural)
yȫrsemiz (conditional plural)
yȫrser biz (conditional plural)
yȫrseŋiz (conditional plural)
yȫrser siz (conditional plural)
yȫrseler (conditional plural)
yȫrser (conditional plural)
yȫrgey ben (optative singular)
yȫrgey sen (optative singular)
yȫrgey (optative singular)
yȫrgey biz (optative plural)
yȫrgey siz (optative plural)
yȫrgey (optative plural)
yȫrmekde ben (progressive singular)
yȫrmekde sen (progressive singular)
yȫrmekde (progressive singular)
yȫrmekde biz (plural progressive)
yȫrmekde siz (plural progressive)
yȫrmekde (plural progressive)
yȫrmelig ben (necessitative singular)
yȫrmelig sen (necessitative singular)
yȫrmelig (necessitative singular)
yȫrmelig biz (necessitative plural)
yȫrmelig siz (necessitative plural)
yȫrmelig (necessitative plural)
yȫreyin (imperative singular)
yȫr (imperative singular)
yȫrgil (imperative singular)
yȫrzün (imperative singular)
yȫrelim (imperative plural)
yȫrüŋ (imperative plural)
yȫrzün (imperative plural)
yȫrmemek (infinitive negative)
yȫrmegen (negative participle present)
yȫrmegme (negative participle present)
yȫrmez (negative participle present)
yȫrmedük (negative participle past)
yȫrmemiš (negative participle past)
yȫrmeči (future negative participle)
yȫrmesik (future negative participle)
yȫrmeyeček (future negative participle)
yȫrmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
yȫrmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
yȫrmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
yȫrmeyüš (adverbial negative)
yȫrmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
yȫrmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
yȫrmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
yȫrmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yȫrmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yȫrmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
yȫrmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
yȫrmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
yȫrmedi (indicative negative past singular)
yȫrmedük (indicative negative past plural)
yȫrmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
yȫrmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
yȫrmedi (indicative negative past plural)
yȫrmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yȫrmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yȫrmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yȫrmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yȫrmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yȫrmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yȫrmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeči (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeči (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmegey (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmegey (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmesük (future indicative negative singular)
yȫrmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmesük (future indicative negative plural)
yȫrmesem (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmese (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmeser (conditional negative singular)
yȫrmesek (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeseler (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmeser (conditional negative plural)
yȫrmegey ben (negative optative singular)
yȫrmegey sen (negative optative singular)
yȫrmegey (negative optative singular)
yȫrmegey biz (negative optative plural)
yȫrmegey siz (negative optative plural)
yȫrmegey (negative optative plural)
yȫrmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
yȫrmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
yȫrmemekde (negative progressive singular)
yȫrmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
yȫrmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
yȫrmemekde (negative plural progressive)
yȫrmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
yȫrmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
yȫrmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
yȫrmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
yȫrmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
yȫrmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
yȫrmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
yȫrme (imperative negative singular)
yȫrmegil (imperative negative singular)
yȫrmezün (imperative negative singular)
yȫrmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
yȫrmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
yȫrmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yozmaq

Ottoman Turkish: یورمق (yormak)

Turkish: yormak

Turkmen: ýormak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yörmek), [script needed] (yormaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йурав (yurav)

Tatar: йурарга (yurarga)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жору (joru)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоруу (joruu)

Southern Altai: јоро (ǰoro, “omen”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: ywr (yör-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сүөр (süör)

For the two meanings, compare *čöŕ- (“to untie; solve”).

(Common Turkic, transitive) to interpret


bīn-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: minmək

Ottoman Turkish: بینمك (binmek)

Turkish: binmek

Salar: min

Turkmen: münmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (münmek)

Uyghur: [script needed] (minmek)

Uzbek: minmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мэнэв (menev)

Tatar: менәргә (menärgä)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: міну (mınu)

Nogai: минуьв (minüv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: минүү (minüü)

Southern Altai: минер (miner)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: minmek

Kumyk: минмек (minmek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰤 (bin-), 𐰢𐰃𐰤 (min-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: миин (miin)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: мунар (munar)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: мӱнерге (münerge)

Shor: мӱнерге

Shor: мӱнерге

The alternative form *bǖn- has rounding due to neighboring /b/.


yub-

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُڤْماقْ (yuwmāq)

Unknown. Perhaps compare *yum (“round”).

يڤساماق

Proto-Turkic: *yubsa- (“to want to be rolled”)

يُڤْلُنْماقْ

Proto-Turkic: *yublan- (“to get rolled”)

يُڤْتُرْماقْ

Proto-Turkic: *yubtur- (“to make (something) roll”)

𐰖𐰆𐰉𐰞

Proto-Turkic: *yubïl- (“to be rolled”); Old Turkic


kẹ̄ŋ

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: كیك (geñ)

Turkish: gen (dialectal)

Turkmen: giň

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: كەڭ (keng)

Uzbek: keng

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: киң (kiñ)

Tatar: киң (kiñ)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: кең (keñ)

Nogai: кенъ (keñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кең (keŋ)

Southern Altai: кеҥ (keŋ)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: keñ

Kumyk: генг (geñ)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: киэҥ (kieñ)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: кең

Proto-Turkic: *kẹ̄ŋ-iĺ (“wide”)

Oghur:

>? Chuvash: канлӗ (kanlĕ)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: geniş

Ottoman Turkish: گݣیش (geñiş):

→ Crimean Tatar: keniş

Turkish: geniş

Turkmen: giňiş


bürküt

bürküt (nominative singular)
bürkütüg (accusative singular)
bürkütni (accusative singular)
bürkütnüŋ (genitive singular)
bürkütke (dative singular)
bürkütde (locative singular)
bürkütden (ablative singular)
bürkütgerü (allative singular)
bürkütün (instrumental singular)
bürkütče (equative singular)
bürkütleyü (singular)
bürkütlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗркӗт (pĕrk̬ĕt)

Proto-Common Turkic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *bürgüd

Mongolian: бүргэд (bürged)

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Salar: bürgüt

Turkmen: bürgüt

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (börküt)

Uzbek: burgut

Uyghur: بۈركۈت (bürküt)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөркөт (börköt)

Tatar: бөркет (börket)

→ Russian: беркут (berkut)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: бүркит (бürkit)

Kazakh: бүркіт (bürkıt)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бүркүт (bürküt)

Southern Altai: мӱркӱт (mürküt)

→ Chechen: биркъа (birqʼa)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: бүргүт (bürgüt)

The original stem may have been *bür-, which preserved in Kazakh бүру (büru, “to grasp prey (of an eagle)”). Or a back formation hypothesis *bürküt > *bür-.
Also compared to Proto-Tungusic *muri (“eagle”), whence in Evenki мури (muri)


tīŕ

tīŕ (nominative singular)
tīŕig (accusative singular)
tīŕni (accusative singular)
tīŕniŋ (genitive singular)
tīŕke (dative singular)
tīŕde (locative singular)
tīŕden (ablative singular)
tīŕgerü (allative singular)
tīŕin (instrumental singular)
tīŕče (equative singular)
tīŕleyü (singular)
tīŕligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗр (čĕr)

→ Hungarian: térd

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tîz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: diz

Ottoman Turkish: دیز (diz)

Turkish: diz

Salar: düz

Turkmen: dyz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: tiz

Uyghur: تىز (tiz)

Uzbek: tiz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: тез (tez)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: тізе (tıze)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тизе (tize)

Southern Altai: тизе (tize)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃𐰔 (tiz)


yïlïm

yïlïm (nominative singular)
yïlïmïg (accusative singular)
yïlïmnï (accusative singular)
yïlïmnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïlïmka (dative singular)
yïlïmda (locative singular)
yïlïmdan (ablative singular)
yïlïmgaru (allative singular)
yïlïmïn (instrumental singular)
yïlïmča (equative singular)
yïlïmlayu (singular)
yïlïmlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫилӗм (śilĕm)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýylym

Karluk:

Uzbek: yilim

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йылым (yılım)

Tatar: жылым (jılım)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: jilim

Kazakh: жылым (jylym)

Nogai: йылым (yılım)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылым (jılım)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: илим

Yakut: илим (ilim)

The archaic form probably is *(y)ilim since seems related to *īl- (“to catch, hold; to hang”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰃𐰞𐰃𐰤 (ilin-, “to be caught”).


üskür-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӳсӗр (üs̬ĕr)

desc

Common Turkic:
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: êsürmək
** Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: öskürmək
***** Ottoman Turkish: اوكسورمك (öksürmek)
****** Gagauz: üüsürmää
****** Turkish: öksürmek
****** →? Karaim: [script needed] (öksür-, öksir-)
*** East Oghuz:
**** Salar: üksir, üksür
**** Turkmen: üsgürmek
** Siberian:
*** South Siberian:
**** Yeniseain Turkic:
***** Khakas: [script needed] (üskür-)

From *ös (“onomatopoetic word”) + *-kür.


yẹlim

yẹlim (nominative singular)
yẹlimig (accusative singular)
yẹlimni (accusative singular)
yẹlimniŋ (genitive singular)
yẹlimke (dative singular)
yẹlimde (locative singular)
yẹlimden (ablative singular)
yẹlimgerü (allative singular)
yẹlimin (instrumental singular)
yẹlimče (equative singular)
yẹlimleyü (singular)
yẹlimligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫилӗм (śilĕm)

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *yẹlim
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýelim
**** Salar: yilem
** Karluk:
*** Chagatai: [script needed] (yelim)
**** Uyghur: يېلىم (yëlim)
**** Uzbek: yelim
***** → Tajik: елим (yelim)
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: елем (yelem)
**** Tatar: җилем (cilem)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Karachay-Balkar: джелим (celim)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: jelim
**** Kazakh: желім (jelım)
**** Nogai: елим (yelim)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: желим (jelim)
**** Southern Altai: јелим (ǰelim)
** Siberian:
*** Old Uyghur: yylym (yelim)
*** Northern Altai: челим (čelim)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: һилим (hilim)
**** Yakut: силим (silim)
*** South Siberian:
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Shor: челим (çelim)


kadïŋ

kadïŋ (nominative singular)
kadïŋïg (accusative singular)
kadïŋnï (accusative singular)
kadïŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
kadïŋka (dative singular)
kadïŋda (locative singular)
kadïŋdan (ablative singular)
kadïŋgaru (allative singular)
kadïŋïn (instrumental singular)
kadïŋča (equative singular)
kadïŋlayu (singular)
kadïŋlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хурăн (hurăn)

Common Turkic:
** Oghuz: قَيِنْكْ (qayïŋ)
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: قاین (qayın)
***** Azerbaijani: qayın
***** Gagauz: kayın
***** Ottoman Turkish: قاین (kayın)
****** Turkish: kayın
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: gaýyň
**** Salar: [script needed] (qayın)
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: قَذِنْكْ (qaδïŋ)
**** Chagatai:
***** Uyghur: قېيىن (qëyin)
***** Uzbek: qayin
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: ҡайын (qayın)
**** Tatar: каен (qayen)
***** Siberian Tatar: ҡайын (qayın)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: qayın
**** Karachay-Balkar: къайын (qayın)
**** Kumyk: къайын (qayın)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: қайың (qayïŋ)
**** Kazakh: қайың (qaiyñ)
**** Nogai: кайын (kayın)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: кайың (kayıŋ)
**** Southern Altai: кайыҥ (kayïŋ)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic: [script needed] (qadïŋ)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: катыҥ (jatıñ)
**** Yakut: хатыҥ (qatıñ)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: ӄадыӈ (qadïŋ)
***** Tuvan: хадың (xadıñ)
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Khakas: хазың (xazıñ)
***** Shor: қазың (qazıñ)
** →? Persian: خدنگ (xadang)


yül-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: يلمك

⇒ Azerbaijani: ülgüc

Ottoman Turkish: يولومك (yülümek), يوليمك (yülimek), [script needed] (yülütmek)

Turkish: yülümek

Salar: yiligüsi

Turkmen: yülmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُليٖماكْ (yülimēk)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (jöle-, “to tear off”) (dialectal)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (žülü-)

Karaim: [script needed] (ülü-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (yülü-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүл (“to tear off”)

Yakut: сүл (sül, “to tear off”)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: [script needed] (čülü-)

Considering it doesn't exist in Old Turkic or Chuvash and its phonetic and semantic similarity, it may be a later front variant of *yol- (“to pluck”).


yorïnčga

yorïnčga (nominative singular)
yorïnčgaïg (accusative singular)
yorïnčganï (accusative singular)
yorïnčganïŋ (genitive singular)
yorïnčgaka (dative singular)
yorïnčgada (locative singular)
yorïnčgadan (ablative singular)
yorïnčgagaru (allative singular)
yorïnčgaïn (instrumental singular)
yorïnčgača (equative singular)
yorïnčgalayu (singular)
yorïnčgalïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic:
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: yovunca
** Oghuz: [script needed] (yorınça)
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: yonca
***** Ottoman Turkish: یونجه (yonca)
****** → Tatar: йонча (yonça)
****** → Bashkir: йонса (yonsa)
****** → Krymchak: yonca
****** → Karaim: yonca
****** Turkish: yonca
****** Gagauz: yonca
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýorunja
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: [script needed] (yorınçğa)
**** Uzbek: yoʻngʻichqa
** Kipchak:
*** West Kipchak:
**** Kumyk: ёнгурчгъа (yoñurçğa)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: йоңыншка (yoñışqa)
**** Kazakh: жоңышқа (joñyşqa), жоңырышқа (joñyryşqa)
**** Nogai: йорынша (yorınşa)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: жоңгучка (joŋgucka)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Uyghur: ywrwnčxʾ

Sevortjan suggests a derivation such as *yōr- (“to untie; to interpret”) + *-ïn- + *-ïĺč- + *-ga.
Clauson suggets that the root is obscure much like most words suffixed with *-ga.


boyïn

boyïn (nominative singular)
boyïnug (accusative singular)
boyïnnï (accusative singular)
boyïnnuŋ (genitive singular)
boyïnka (dative singular)
boyïnda (locative singular)
boyïndan (ablative singular)
boyïngaru (allative singular)
boyïnun (instrumental singular)
boyïnča (equative singular)
boyïnlayu (singular)
boyïnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑй (măj)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bōń, *bōyn

Arghu:

Khalaj: bôyın

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: boyun

Ottoman Turkish: بوین (boyun)

Gagauz: boyun

Turkish: boyun

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: boyun

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: boýun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (boyın)

Chagatai: [script needed] (moyun)

Uyghur: بويۇن (boyun)

Uzbek: boʻyin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: муйын (muyın)

Tatar: муен (muyen)

East Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: moyun

Urum: боин (boin)

Karachay-Balkar: боюн (boyun)

Karaim: бойун

Kumyk: боюн (boyun)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: moyın

Kazakh: мойын (moiyn)

Nogai: мойын (moyın)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: моюн (moyun)

Southern Altai: мойын (moyïn)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: bwyyn (boyïn)

Western Yugur: mojn

North Siberian:

Dolgan: муой (muoy)

Yakut: моой (mooy)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мөэн

Tuvan: моюн (moyun)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: мойын (moyın)

Shor: мойун

The form *bōń, suggested by Rasanen and ESTJa, is fixed by Chuvash and North Siberian descendants and the initial m- in some descendants.
Going off DLT, Clauson and Nishanyan reconstructs it as *bōyïn instead.
ESTJa also suggests a derivation *bod (“stature”) + *-ïn, however this is morphologically impossible, as not only is there no *-n denominal noun suffix, the suffix that does exist has fourfold vowel harmony, ontop of that no descendent phonetically points to it.
Compared to Proto-Tungusic *moń- (“neck”) by Altaicists.

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bōńa-k

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bōń-a- (“to narrow; to be obstinate”)


tüg-

tügmek (infinitive)
tüggen (participle present)
tügügme (participle present)
tüger (participle present)
tügdük (participle past)
tügmiš (participle past)
tügdeči (future participle)
tügmekči (future participle)
tügsik (future participle)
tügeček (future participle)
tügme (noun-from-verb)
tügüg (noun-from-verb)
tüggü (noun-from-verb)
tügüš (adverbial)
tüger ben (aorist indicative singular)
tüger sen (aorist indicative singular)
tüger (aorist indicative singular)
tüger biz (aorist indicative plural)
tüger siz (aorist indicative plural)
tüger (aorist indicative plural)
tügdüm (indicative past singular)
tügdüŋ (indicative past singular)
tügdi (indicative past singular)
tügdük (indicative past plural)
tügdümüz (indicative past plural)
tügdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
tügdi (indicative past plural)
tügmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tügmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tügmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
tügmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tügmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tügmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
tügdeči ben (future indicative singular)
tügmekči ben (future indicative singular)
tügeček ben (future indicative singular)
tügdeči sen (future indicative singular)
tügmekči sen (future indicative singular)
tügeček sen (future indicative singular)
tügdeči (future indicative singular)
tügmekči (future indicative singular)
tügeček (future indicative singular)
tügdeči biz (future indicative plural)
tügmekči biz (future indicative plural)
tügeček biz (future indicative plural)
tügdeči siz (future indicative plural)
tügmekči siz (future indicative plural)
tügeček siz (future indicative plural)
tügdeči (future indicative plural)
tügmekči (future indicative plural)
tügeček (future indicative plural)
tüggey ben (future indicative singular)
tüggey sen (future indicative singular)
tüggey (future indicative singular)
tüggey biz (future indicative plural)
tüggey siz (future indicative plural)
tüggey (future indicative plural)
tügsüküm (future indicative singular)
tügsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
tügsük (future indicative singular)
tügsükümüz (future indicative plural)
tügsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
tügsük (future indicative plural)
tügsem (conditional singular)
tügser ben (conditional singular)
tügseŋ (conditional singular)
tügser sen (conditional singular)
tügse (conditional singular)
tügser (conditional singular)
tügsek (conditional plural)
tügsemiz (conditional plural)
tügser biz (conditional plural)
tügseŋiz (conditional plural)
tügser siz (conditional plural)
tügseler (conditional plural)
tügser (conditional plural)
tüggey ben (optative singular)
tüggey sen (optative singular)
tüggey (optative singular)
tüggey biz (optative plural)
tüggey siz (optative plural)
tüggey (optative plural)
tügmekde ben (progressive singular)
tügmekde sen (progressive singular)
tügmekde (progressive singular)
tügmekde biz (plural progressive)
tügmekde siz (plural progressive)
tügmekde (plural progressive)
tügmelig ben (necessitative singular)
tügmelig sen (necessitative singular)
tügmelig (necessitative singular)
tügmelig biz (necessitative plural)
tügmelig siz (necessitative plural)
tügmelig (necessitative plural)
tügeyin (imperative singular)
tüg (imperative singular)
tüggil (imperative singular)
tügzün (imperative singular)
tügelim (imperative plural)
tügüŋ (imperative plural)
tügzün (imperative plural)
tügmemek (infinitive negative)
tügmegen (negative participle present)
tügmegme (negative participle present)
tügmez (negative participle present)
tügmedük (negative participle past)
tügmemiš (negative participle past)
tügmeči (future negative participle)
tügmesik (future negative participle)
tügmeyeček (future negative participle)
tügmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
tügmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
tügmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
tügmeyüš (adverbial negative)
tügmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tügmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tügmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
tügmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tügmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tügmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
tügmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
tügmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tügmedi (indicative negative past singular)
tügmedük (indicative negative past plural)
tügmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
tügmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
tügmedi (indicative negative past plural)
tügmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tügmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tügmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tügmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tügmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tügmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tügmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeči (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
tügmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeči (future indicative negative plural)
tügmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
tügmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
tügmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
tügmegey (future indicative negative singular)
tügmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmegey (future indicative negative plural)
tügmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
tügmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tügmesük (future indicative negative singular)
tügmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
tügmesük (future indicative negative plural)
tügmesem (conditional negative singular)
tügmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
tügmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
tügmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
tügmese (conditional negative singular)
tügmeser (conditional negative singular)
tügmesek (conditional negative plural)
tügmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
tügmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
tügmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
tügmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
tügmeseler (conditional negative plural)
tügmeser (conditional negative plural)
tügmegey ben (negative optative singular)
tügmegey sen (negative optative singular)
tügmegey (negative optative singular)
tügmegey biz (negative optative plural)
tügmegey siz (negative optative plural)
tügmegey (negative optative plural)
tügmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
tügmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
tügmemekde (negative progressive singular)
tügmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
tügmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
tügmemekde (negative plural progressive)
tügmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
tügmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
tügmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
tügmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
tügmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
tügmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
tügmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
tügme (imperative negative singular)
tügmegil (imperative negative singular)
tügmezün (imperative negative singular)
tügmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
tügmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
tügmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

⇒? Chuvash: тӳле (tüle)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tüg-

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: düymək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: düğmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: düwmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tügmēk)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tügmek)

Uzbek: tugmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төйөу (töyöw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тюйюрге (tüyürge)

Kumyk: тюймек (tüymek)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: tüyüw

Kazakh: түю (tüü)

Nogai: туьймек (tüymek)

East Kipchak

desc

Southern Altai: тӱйер (tüyer), тӱӱр (tüür)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰏 (tüg-)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: дүғер (düğer)

Tuvan: дүйер (düyer)


tȫg-

tȫgmek (infinitive)
tȫggen (participle present)
tȫgügme (participle present)
tȫger (participle present)
tȫgdük (participle past)
tȫgmiš (participle past)
tȫgdeči (future participle)
tȫgmekči (future participle)
tȫgsik (future participle)
tȫgeček (future participle)
tȫgme (noun-from-verb)
tȫgüg (noun-from-verb)
tȫggü (noun-from-verb)
tȫgüš (adverbial)
tȫger ben (aorist indicative singular)
tȫger sen (aorist indicative singular)
tȫger (aorist indicative singular)
tȫger biz (aorist indicative plural)
tȫger siz (aorist indicative plural)
tȫger (aorist indicative plural)
tȫgdüm (indicative past singular)
tȫgdüŋ (indicative past singular)
tȫgdi (indicative past singular)
tȫgdük (indicative past plural)
tȫgdümüz (indicative past plural)
tȫgdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
tȫgdi (indicative past plural)
tȫgmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tȫgmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tȫgmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
tȫgmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tȫgmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tȫgmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
tȫgdeči ben (future indicative singular)
tȫgmekči ben (future indicative singular)
tȫgeček ben (future indicative singular)
tȫgdeči sen (future indicative singular)
tȫgmekči sen (future indicative singular)
tȫgeček sen (future indicative singular)
tȫgdeči (future indicative singular)
tȫgmekči (future indicative singular)
tȫgeček (future indicative singular)
tȫgdeči biz (future indicative plural)
tȫgmekči biz (future indicative plural)
tȫgeček biz (future indicative plural)
tȫgdeči siz (future indicative plural)
tȫgmekči siz (future indicative plural)
tȫgeček siz (future indicative plural)
tȫgdeči (future indicative plural)
tȫgmekči (future indicative plural)
tȫgeček (future indicative plural)
tȫggey ben (future indicative singular)
tȫggey sen (future indicative singular)
tȫggey (future indicative singular)
tȫggey biz (future indicative plural)
tȫggey siz (future indicative plural)
tȫggey (future indicative plural)
tȫgsüküm (future indicative singular)
tȫgsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
tȫgsük (future indicative singular)
tȫgsükümüz (future indicative plural)
tȫgsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
tȫgsük (future indicative plural)
tȫgsem (conditional singular)
tȫgser ben (conditional singular)
tȫgseŋ (conditional singular)
tȫgser sen (conditional singular)
tȫgse (conditional singular)
tȫgser (conditional singular)
tȫgsek (conditional plural)
tȫgsemiz (conditional plural)
tȫgser biz (conditional plural)
tȫgseŋiz (conditional plural)
tȫgser siz (conditional plural)
tȫgseler (conditional plural)
tȫgser (conditional plural)
tȫggey ben (optative singular)
tȫggey sen (optative singular)
tȫggey (optative singular)
tȫggey biz (optative plural)
tȫggey siz (optative plural)
tȫggey (optative plural)
tȫgmekde ben (progressive singular)
tȫgmekde sen (progressive singular)
tȫgmekde (progressive singular)
tȫgmekde biz (plural progressive)
tȫgmekde siz (plural progressive)
tȫgmekde (plural progressive)
tȫgmelig ben (necessitative singular)
tȫgmelig sen (necessitative singular)
tȫgmelig (necessitative singular)
tȫgmelig biz (necessitative plural)
tȫgmelig siz (necessitative plural)
tȫgmelig (necessitative plural)
tȫgeyin (imperative singular)
tȫg (imperative singular)
tȫggil (imperative singular)
tȫgzün (imperative singular)
tȫgelim (imperative plural)
tȫgüŋ (imperative plural)
tȫgzün (imperative plural)
tȫgmemek (infinitive negative)
tȫgmegen (negative participle present)
tȫgmegme (negative participle present)
tȫgmez (negative participle present)
tȫgmedük (negative participle past)
tȫgmemiš (negative participle past)
tȫgmeči (future negative participle)
tȫgmesik (future negative participle)
tȫgmeyeček (future negative participle)
tȫgmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
tȫgmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
tȫgmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
tȫgmeyüš (adverbial negative)
tȫgmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tȫgmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tȫgmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
tȫgmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tȫgmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tȫgmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
tȫgmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
tȫgmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tȫgmedi (indicative negative past singular)
tȫgmedük (indicative negative past plural)
tȫgmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
tȫgmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
tȫgmedi (indicative negative past plural)
tȫgmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tȫgmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tȫgmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tȫgmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tȫgmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tȫgmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tȫgmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeči (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeči (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmegey (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmegey (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmesük (future indicative negative singular)
tȫgmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmesük (future indicative negative plural)
tȫgmesem (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmese (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmeser (conditional negative singular)
tȫgmesek (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeseler (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmeser (conditional negative plural)
tȫgmegey ben (negative optative singular)
tȫgmegey sen (negative optative singular)
tȫgmegey (negative optative singular)
tȫgmegey biz (negative optative plural)
tȫgmegey siz (negative optative plural)
tȫgmegey (negative optative plural)
tȫgmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
tȫgmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
tȫgmemekde (negative progressive singular)
tȫgmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
tȫgmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
tȫgmemekde (negative plural progressive)
tȫgmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
tȫgmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
tȫgmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
tȫgmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
tȫgmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
tȫgmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
tȫgmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
tȫgme (imperative negative singular)
tȫgmegil (imperative negative singular)
tȫgmezün (imperative negative singular)
tȫgmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
tȫgmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
tȫgmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӳ (tü), тĕв (tĕv)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tȫg-, *tög-

Proto-Oghuz: *tȫg-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: دوكمك (dögmäk)

Azerbaijani: döymək

Gagauz: düümää

Ottoman Turkish: دوكمك (döğmek)

Turkish: dövmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: döwmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tögmēk)

Uzbek: tuymoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төйөу (töyöw)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: dögmek

Urum: дӧгиер (dögier)

Karachay-Balkar: тюйюрге (tüyürge)

Kumyk: тюймек (tüymek)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: tüyüw

Kazakh: түю (tüü)

Nogai: туьймек (tüymek)


-kir

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: [Term?]

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani:

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz:

Turkish: -kır

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-kire (“suffix forming imitative verb”).

noncog

bar (“sound of shouting”) + *-kir → *barkïr- (“to shout”)

Forms imitative verbs from onomatopoeia.


yïp

yïp (nominative singular)
yïpïg (accusative singular)
yïpnï (accusative singular)
yïpnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïpka (dative singular)
yïpda (locative singular)
yïpdan (ablative singular)
yïpgaru (allative singular)
yïpïn (instrumental singular)
yïpča (equative singular)
yïplayu (singular)
yïplïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫип (śip)

→⇒ Hungarian: gyeplő

Proto-Common Turkic: *yïp

Arghu:

Khalaj: yîp

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اِیپْ (ip)

Azerbaijani: ip

Gagauz: ip

Ottoman Turkish: ایپ (ip)

Turkish: ip

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: yip

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýüp

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yıp)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yip)

Uyghur: [script needed] (ip)

Uzbek: ip

Kipchak: [script needed] (yip)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еп (yep)

Tatar: җеп (cep)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: cip

Karachay-Balkar: гъиб (ğib)

Karaim: йип

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jip

Kazakh: жіп (jıp)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жип (jip)

Southern Altai: јип (ǰip)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: yyb (yïp)

Western Yugur: jip

North Siberian:

Yakut: сип (sip)

South Siberian:

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: чiп (çip)

Shor: чип

Connected with Proto-Mongolic *jexeg (“thin thread”) by EDAL, however the Mongolian is likely a borrowing from Proto-Turkic *yïpak (“silk”).

string, cord, rope, line, thick strands of other cordage that are twisted together

⇒ *yïp-la-ĺč-

⇒ *yïp-la- (“to pluck hair with a string”)

⇒ *yïp-la-t-

to make pluck eachother's hair with a string


čarlag

čarlag (nominative singular)
čarlagïg (accusative singular)
čarlagnï (accusative singular)
čarlagnïŋ (genitive singular)
čarlagka (dative singular)
čarlagda (locative singular)
čarlagdan (ablative singular)
čarlaggaru (allative singular)
čarlagïn (instrumental singular)
čarlagča (equative singular)
čarlaglayu (singular)
čarlaglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫурла (śurla)

→ Eastern Mari: сорла (sorla)

→ Hungarian: sarló

→ Komi-Permyak: чарла (ćarla)

→ Komi-Zyrian: чарла (ćarla)

→ Udmurt: сюрло (śurlo)

Räsänen suggets that the word is from *čarla- (“to whet”) from *čar (“whetstone”) to which Róna-Tas agrees, pointing to the final long vowel in Hungarian.
Bang instead suggests a derivation from *or- (“to mow”). Yegorov refutes this and suggests that the Chuvash form is borrowed instead, ultimately being from Proto-Iranian *cr̥Hwáh (“horn”). Ligeti rejects this, however he still suggests that the Iranic and the Turkic forms may be interrelated, he further suggests a derivation from *yār- (“to split”), however Róna-Tas rejects this from a chronological perspective.


balčïk

balčïk (nominative singular)
balčïkïg (accusative singular)
balčïknï (accusative singular)
balčïknïŋ (genitive singular)
balčïkka (dative singular)
balčïkda (locative singular)
balčïkdan (ablative singular)
balčïkgaru (allative singular)
balčïkïn (instrumental singular)
balčïkča (equative singular)
balčïklayu (singular)
balčïklïgu (comitative singular)
*balkčïk (alternative)
*balkač (alternative)
*balkïč (alternative)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بَلْجِقْ (balçıq)

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: بلچق (balçuq), بلچخ (balçıḫ), بالچوق (balçuq), بلچغ (balçıġ)
Azerbaijani: palçıq
→ Khalaj: palçoq, palçuq
→ Lezgi: палчух (palčuꭓ)
Gagauz: Balçık
Ottoman Turkish: بالچق (balçık)
Turkish: balçık
→ Armenian: պալչըխ (palčʻəx)

Salar: palçıq

Turkmen: palçyk

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (palçığ)

Uyghur: بالچۇق (balchuq)

Uzbek: balchiq

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (balçık), [script needed] (balçuk), [script needed] (balşık)

Cuman: balçuc

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: балсыҡ (balsıq).

Tatar: балчык (balçıq)

→ Chuvash: пылчăк (pylčăk), пулчăк (pulčăk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: balçıq

Kumyk: балчыкь (balçıkʹ)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: балшық (balşyq), балқаш (balqaş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: балчык (balcık), балкыч (balkıc)

Southern Altai: балчык (balčïk), балкаш (balkaš)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: малгаш (malgaş)

Yenisei:

Khakas: палгас (palgas), палчах (palçax)

Shor: палғаш

Shor: палғаш

Northern Altai: палгаш (palgaš)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *balcig

Cognate with *balïk, whence Arghu بَلِقْ (balıq, “mud”) and Old Turkic 𐰉𐰞𐰃𐰶 (balïq). Nişanyan suggests that *bālïk (“fish”) is also related, compare *siāŕgan (“carp”) for semantic development. Sevortjan suggests the root for all of them is *bal (“honey”) which he supposes comes from an earlier meaning "viscous liquid". Some of the Kipchak and Siberian reflexes show a metathesis to *balkïč. Some academicians such as Hasan Eren, Nedim Tuna and Yasemin Bulut claim *balkač as the archaic form and reflexes show a metathesis to *balčak and *balčïk. Ananiasz Zajaczkowski suggests *balkčïk.


yogurgan

yogurgan (nominative singular)
yogurganïg (accusative singular)
yogurgannï (accusative singular)
yogurgannïŋ (genitive singular)
yogurganka (dative singular)
yogurganda (locative singular)
yogurgandan (ablative singular)
yogurgangaru (allative singular)
yogurganïn (instrumental singular)
yogurganča (equative singular)
yogurganlayu (singular)
yogurganlïgu (comitative singular)

desc

Common Turkic:
** Arghu
*** Khalaj: yorğân
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Azerbaijani: yorğan
**** Ottoman Turkish: یورغان (yorğan)
Turkish: yorgan
→ Albanian: jorgan
→ Armenian: յորղան (yorġan)
→ Bulgarian: юрган (jurgan)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: yurẍan
→ Macedonian: јорган (jorgan)
→ Laz: ჲორღანი (yorğani)
→ Romanian: iorgan
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: јо̀рган
Latin script: jòrgan
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýorgan
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: یُغُرْقان (yuɣurqan)
**** Chagatai: یوورقاب (yuvurqan)
***** Uyghur: يوتقان (yotqan)
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: юрған (yurğan)
**** Tatar: юрган (yurgan)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: yorğan
**** Karachay-Balkar: джууургъан (cuuurğan)
**** Kumyk: ювургъан (yuwurğan)
→ Chechen: йургӏа class dd (jurğa)
→ Ingush: ювргӏа class jj (juvrğa)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Nogai: ювыркан (yuvırkan), юркан (yurkan)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: жууркан (juurkan)
**** Southern Altai: јууркан (ǰuurkan)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Uyghur: ywqwrqʾn (yoɣurqan)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: һуорган (huorgan)
**** Yakut: суорҕан (suorğan)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: чоорһан (çoorhan)
***** Tuvan: чоорган (çoorgan)
**** Yenisei:
***** Khakas: чорған (çorğan)
**** Northern Altai: ньуурган (nʹuurgan), чорган (čorgan), дьуурган (dʹuurgan), навырган (navïrgan)

From *yogur- (“to knead”) + *-gan, the descendants point to a *yogurkan, this is due to a natural development of the consonant cluster *-rg- to *-rk-. Clauson states that the semantics are not obvious, but may makes sense with *yogun (“thick, dense”) in mind.