kańak

kańak (nominative singular)
kańakïg (accusative singular)
kańaknï (accusative singular)
kańaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kańakka (dative singular)
kańakda (locative singular)
kańakdan (ablative singular)
kańakgaru (allative singular)
kańakïn (instrumental singular)
kańakča (equative singular)
kańaklayu (singular)
kańaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Early Volga Bulgar: قَنَقْ (qanaq) (11th c.)

Common Turkic:

Arghu: قَنَقْ

Khalaj: qânaq, قاناق

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَيَقْ (“qayaq”)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kaymak)

Uyghur: [script needed] (qaymaq)

Uzbek: qaymoq

Kipchak: [script needed] (kaymak)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡаймаҡ (qaymaq)

Tatar: каймак (qaymaq)

→ Chuvash: хӑйма (hăjma)

Kipchak-Cuman:

desctree

Kumyk: къаймакъ (qaymaq)
→ Chechen: гӏаймакх class dd (ğajmaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қаймақ (qaimaq)

Nogai: каймак (kaymak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: каймак (kaymak)

Southern Altai: каймак (kaymak)

Oghuz: *kaymak

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaymaq

Ottoman Turkish: قایماق

Gagauz: kaymak

Turkish: kaymak

→ Bulgarian: Каймак (Kajmak)

→ English: kaymak

→ French: Kajmak

→ Macedonian: кајмак (kajmak)

→ Persian: قیماق (qeymâq)

→ Polish: kajmak

→ Romanian: caimac

→ Russian: каймак (kajmak)

→ Serbo-Croatian: kajmak, кајмак

→ Slovene: kajmak

Turkmen: gaýmak

There have been a few theories on the derivation:
# Clauson derives from a hypothetical *kań-, however such a verb is not attested.
# Nişanyan instead suggests *kańa- (“to boil; to melt”) + *-k.
# Doerfer suggests a derivation from a hypothetical *kāyïn-, the passive of *kāy- (“to slide”), however this is unlikely on phonological grounds.


solak

solak (nominative singular)
solakïg (accusative singular)
solaknï (accusative singular)
solaknïŋ (genitive singular)
solakka (dative singular)
solakda (locative singular)
solakdan (ablative singular)
solakgaru (allative singular)
solakïn (instrumental singular)
solakča (equative singular)
solaklayu (singular)
solaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: сула (sula)

→ Kipchak: سُلاقْ (solāq)

Clauson derives the word from *sōl (“left”) and proposes the original meaning "organ on the left side of the body"; if so, the word could be considered the same as *sōlak (“left handed”) however note that such a word only survives in Turkish and may ultimately be a borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *solugai (“left handed”), itself a derivation of Proto-Turkic *sōl.
The DLT's attempt at connecting it to *tālak (“spleen”) is an error made by Kashgari.


tȫr

tȫr (nominative singular)
tȫrüg (accusative singular)
tȫrni (accusative singular)
tȫrnüŋ (genitive singular)
tȫrke (dative singular)
tȫrde (locative singular)
tȫrden (ablative singular)
tȫrgerü (allative singular)
tȫrün (instrumental singular)
tȫrče (equative singular)
tȫrleyü (singular)
tȫrlügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tör)

Azerbaijani: dör

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (tör)

Turkish: tör, dör

Turkmen: tȫr

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tör)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tör)

Uzbek: toʻr

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: түр (tür)

Tatar: түр (tür)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тёр (tör)

Karaim: [script needed] (tör)

Kumyk: тёр (tör)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (tör)

Kazakh: төр (tör)

Nogai: [script needed] (tör)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төр (tör)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (tör)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tör)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tör)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: дөр (dör)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (tör)

Khakas: тӧр


kele-

trk-cmn-conj-head

keledeči ben, kelemekči ben, keleyeček ben

keledeči sen, kelemekči sen, keleyeček sen

keledeči biz, kelemekči biz, keleyeček biz

keledeči siz, kelemekči siz, keleyeček siz

kelemek (infinitive)
kelegen (participle present)
kelegme (participle present)
keler (participle present)
keledük (participle past)
kelemiš (participle past)
keledeči (future participle)
kelemekči (future participle)
kelesik (future participle)
keleyeček (future participle)
keleme (noun-from-verb)
keleg (noun-from-verb)
kelegü (noun-from-verb)
keleš (adverbial)
keler ben (aorist indicative singular)
keler sen (aorist indicative singular)
keler (aorist indicative singular)
keler biz (aorist indicative plural)
keler siz (aorist indicative plural)
keler (aorist indicative plural)
keledim (indicative past singular)
kelediŋ (indicative past singular)
keledi (indicative past singular)
keledik (indicative past plural)
keledimiz (indicative past plural)
kelediŋiz (indicative past plural)
keledi (indicative past plural)
kelemiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kelemiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kelemiš (indicative inferential past singular)
kelemiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kelemiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kelemiš (indicative inferential past plural)
keledeči ben (future indicative singular)
kelemekči ben (future indicative singular)
keleyeček ben (future indicative singular)
keledeči sen (future indicative singular)
kelemekči sen (future indicative singular)
keleyeček sen (future indicative singular)
keledeči (future indicative singular)
kelemekči (future indicative singular)
keleyeček (future indicative singular)
keledeči biz (future indicative plural)
kelemekči biz (future indicative plural)
keleyeček biz (future indicative plural)
keledeči siz (future indicative plural)
kelemekči siz (future indicative plural)
keleyeček siz (future indicative plural)
keledeči (future indicative plural)
kelemekči (future indicative plural)
keleyeček (future indicative plural)
kelegey ben (future indicative singular)
kelegey sen (future indicative singular)
kelegey (future indicative singular)
kelegey biz (future indicative plural)
kelegey siz (future indicative plural)
kelegey (future indicative plural)
kelesikim (future indicative singular)
kelesikiŋ (future indicative singular)
kelesik (future indicative singular)
kelesikimiz (future indicative plural)
kelesikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
kelesik (future indicative plural)
kelesem (conditional singular)
keleser ben (conditional singular)
keleseŋ (conditional singular)
keleser sen (conditional singular)
kelese (conditional singular)
keleser (conditional singular)
kelesek (conditional plural)
kelesemiz (conditional plural)
keleser biz (conditional plural)
keleseŋiz (conditional plural)
keleser siz (conditional plural)
keleseler (conditional plural)
keleser (conditional plural)
kelegey ben (optative singular)
kelegey sen (optative singular)
kelegey (optative singular)
kelegey biz (optative plural)
kelegey siz (optative plural)
kelegey (optative plural)
kelemekde ben (progressive singular)
kelemekde sen (progressive singular)
kelemekde (progressive singular)
kelemekde biz (plural progressive)
kelemekde siz (plural progressive)
kelemekde (plural progressive)
kelemelig ben (necessitative singular)
kelemelig sen (necessitative singular)
kelemelig (necessitative singular)
kelemelig biz (necessitative plural)
kelemelig siz (necessitative plural)
kelemelig (necessitative plural)
keleyeyin (imperative singular)
kele (imperative singular)
kelegil (imperative singular)
kelezün (imperative singular)
keleyelim (imperative plural)
keleyiŋ (imperative plural)
kelezün (imperative plural)
kelememek (infinitive negative)
kelemegen (negative participle present)
kelemegme (negative participle present)
kelemez (negative participle present)
kelemedük (negative participle past)
kelememiš (negative participle past)
kelemeči (future negative participle)
kelemesik (future negative participle)
kelemeyeček (future negative participle)
kelememe (negative noun-from-verb)
kelemeg (negative noun-from-verb)
kelemegü (negative noun-from-verb)
kelemeš (adverbial negative)
kelemez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kelemez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kelemez (aorist indicative negative singular)
kelemez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kelemez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kelemez (aorist indicative negative plural)
kelemedim (indicative negative past singular)
kelemediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kelemedi (indicative negative past singular)
kelemedik (indicative negative past plural)
kelemedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
kelemediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
kelemedi (indicative negative past plural)
kelememiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kelememiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kelememiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kelememiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kelememiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kelememiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kelemeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeči (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
kelemeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeči (future indicative negative plural)
kelemeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
kelemegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
kelemegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
kelemegey (future indicative negative singular)
kelemegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemegey (future indicative negative plural)
kelemesikim (future indicative negative singular)
kelemesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kelemesik (future indicative negative singular)
kelemesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
kelemesik (future indicative negative plural)
kelemesem (conditional negative singular)
kelemeser ben (conditional negative singular)
kelemeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
kelemeser sen (conditional negative singular)
kelemese (conditional negative singular)
kelemeser (conditional negative singular)
kelemesek (conditional negative plural)
kelemesemiz (conditional negative plural)
kelemeser biz (conditional negative plural)
kelemeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
kelemeser siz (conditional negative plural)
kelemeseler (conditional negative plural)
kelemeser (conditional negative plural)
kelemegey ben (negative optative singular)
kelemegey sen (negative optative singular)
kelemegey (negative optative singular)
kelemegey biz (negative optative plural)
kelemegey siz (negative optative plural)
kelemegey (negative optative plural)
kelememekde ben (negative progressive singular)
kelememekde sen (negative progressive singular)
kelememekde (negative progressive singular)
kelememekde biz (negative plural progressive)
kelememekde siz (negative plural progressive)
kelememekde (negative plural progressive)
kelememelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
kelememelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
kelememelig (necessitative negative singular)
kelememelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
kelememelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
kelememelig (necessitative negative plural)
kelemeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
keleme (imperative negative singular)
kelemegil (imperative negative singular)
kelemezün (imperative negative singular)
kelemeyelim (imperative negative plural)
kelemeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
kelemezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кала (kala)

⇒ Chuvash: калаҫ (kalaś)

Proto-Oghuz: كَلاجُو (kelēçü:)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: كلجى

Turkish: keleci

Salar: kelegüsi

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (kele-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кэлеу (kelew)

→ Chuvash: кӗле (kĕle)

Siberian:

Khakas: [script needed] (kǝle-)

⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *kele-n (“tongue”)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *kele-le- (“to talk”)

The verb is rather poorly attested within Turkic making it uncertain whether some of the descendants borrowed from Mongolic. The morphology of *kelečü is obscure as there is no deverbal *-čü suffix, compare however *-nčü.


-mir

al- (“to take”) + *-mir → *almïr (“greed, desire, lust”)

yag- (“to rain”) + *-mir → *yagmur (“rain”)


tog-

togmak (infinitive)
toggan (participle present)
togugma (participle present)
togar (participle present)
togduk (participle past)
togmïš (participle past)
togdačï (future participle)
togmakčï (future participle)
togsïk (future participle)
togačak (future participle)
togma (noun-from-verb)
togug (noun-from-verb)
toggu (noun-from-verb)
toguš (adverbial)
togar ben (aorist indicative singular)
togar sen (aorist indicative singular)
togar (aorist indicative singular)
togar biz (aorist indicative plural)
togar siz (aorist indicative plural)
togar (aorist indicative plural)
togdum (indicative past singular)
togduŋ (indicative past singular)
togdï (indicative past singular)
togduk (indicative past plural)
togdumuz (indicative past plural)
togduŋuz (indicative past plural)
togdï (indicative past plural)
togmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
togmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
togmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
togmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
togmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
togmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
togdačï ben (future indicative singular)
togmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
togačak ben (future indicative singular)
togdačï sen (future indicative singular)
togmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
togačak sen (future indicative singular)
togdačï (future indicative singular)
togmakčï (future indicative singular)
togačak (future indicative singular)
togdačï biz (future indicative plural)
togmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
togačak biz (future indicative plural)
togdačï siz (future indicative plural)
togmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
togačak siz (future indicative plural)
togdačï (future indicative plural)
togmakčï (future indicative plural)
togačak (future indicative plural)
toggay ben (future indicative singular)
toggay sen (future indicative singular)
toggay (future indicative singular)
toggay biz (future indicative plural)
toggay siz (future indicative plural)
toggay (future indicative plural)
togsukum (future indicative singular)
togsukuŋ (future indicative singular)
togsuk (future indicative singular)
togsukumuz (future indicative plural)
togsukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
togsuk (future indicative plural)
togsam (conditional singular)
togsar ben (conditional singular)
togsaŋ (conditional singular)
togsar sen (conditional singular)
togsa (conditional singular)
togsar (conditional singular)
togsak (conditional plural)
togsamïz (conditional plural)
togsar biz (conditional plural)
togsaŋïz (conditional plural)
togsar siz (conditional plural)
togsalar (conditional plural)
togsar (conditional plural)
toggay ben (optative singular)
toggay sen (optative singular)
toggay (optative singular)
toggay biz (optative plural)
toggay siz (optative plural)
toggay (optative plural)
togmakda ben (progressive singular)
togmakda sen (progressive singular)
togmakda (progressive singular)
togmakda biz (plural progressive)
togmakda siz (plural progressive)
togmakda (plural progressive)
togmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
togmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
togmalïg (necessitative singular)
togmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
togmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
togmalïg (necessitative plural)
togayïn (imperative singular)
tog (imperative singular)
toggïl (imperative singular)
togzun (imperative singular)
togalïm (imperative plural)
toguŋ (imperative plural)
togzun (imperative plural)
togmamak (infinitive negative)
togmagan (negative participle present)
togmagma (negative participle present)
togmaz (negative participle present)
togmaduk (negative participle past)
togmamïš (negative participle past)
togmačï (future negative participle)
togmasïk (future negative participle)
togmayačak (future negative participle)
togmama (negative noun-from-verb)
togmag (negative noun-from-verb)
togmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
togmayuš (adverbial negative)
togmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
togmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
togmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
togmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togmadum (indicative negative past singular)
togmaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
togmadï (indicative negative past singular)
togmaduk (indicative negative past plural)
togmadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
togmaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
togmadï (indicative negative past plural)
togmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
togmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
togmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
togmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
togmačï (future indicative negative singular)
togmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
togmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
togmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
togmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
togmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
togmačï (future indicative negative plural)
togmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
togmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
togmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
togmagay (future indicative negative singular)
togmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
togmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
togmagay (future indicative negative plural)
togmasukum (future indicative negative singular)
togmasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
togmasuk (future indicative negative singular)
togmasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
togmasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
togmasuk (future indicative negative plural)
togmasam (conditional negative singular)
togmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
togmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
togmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
togmasa (conditional negative singular)
togmasar (conditional negative singular)
togmasak (conditional negative plural)
togmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
togmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
togmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
togmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
togmasalar (conditional negative plural)
togmasar (conditional negative plural)
togmagay ben (negative optative singular)
togmagay sen (negative optative singular)
togmagay (negative optative singular)
togmagay biz (negative optative plural)
togmagay siz (negative optative plural)
togmagay (negative optative plural)
togmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
togmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
togmamakda (negative progressive singular)
togmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
togmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
togmamakda (negative plural progressive)
togmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
togmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
togmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
togmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
togmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
togmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
togmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
togma (imperative negative singular)
togmagïl (imperative negative singular)
togmazun (imperative negative singular)
togmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
togmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
togmazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

>? Bulgar: طن

>? Chuvash: ту (tu, “to do, make”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: toğmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طُوغْمَقْ

Azerbaijani: doğmaq

Gagauz: duumaa

Ottoman Turkish: طوغمق

Turkish: doğmak

Salar: doğğusı

Turkmen: dogmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tog-)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: تۇغۇلماق (tughulmaq)

Uzbek: tugʻilmoq

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (tuv-)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (tuv-)

Karaim: [script needed] (tuv-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (tuv-)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тыуыу (tıwıw)

desc

Tatar: туырга (tuwırga), туу (tuwu), тудыру (tudıru)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (tuv-)

Kazakh: туу (tuu)

Nogai: [script needed] (tuv-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: туулуу (tuuluu)

Southern Altai: туур (tuur), туулар (tuular)

Siberian:

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴 (toɣsïq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tog-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (toɣ-)

(Common Turkic, intransitive) to be born


ögren-

trk-cmn-conj-head

ögrenteči, ögrenmekči, ögrensik, ögreneček

ögrenteči ben, ögrenmekči ben, ögreneček ben

ögrenteči sen, ögrenmekči sen, ögreneček sen

ögrenteči biz, ögrenmekči biz, ögreneček biz

ögrenteči siz, ögrenmekči siz, ögreneček siz

ögrenmesek, ögrenmesemiz, ögrenmeser biz

ögrenmek (infinitive)
ögrengen (participle present)
ögrenigme (participle present)
ögrenür (participle present)
ögrentük (participle past)
ögrenmiš (participle past)
ögrenteči (future participle)
ögrenmekči (future participle)
ögrensik (future participle)
ögreneček (future participle)
ögrenme (noun-from-verb)
ögrenig (noun-from-verb)
ögrengü (noun-from-verb)
ögreniš (adverbial)
ögrenür ben (aorist indicative singular)
ögrenür sen (aorist indicative singular)
ögrenür (aorist indicative singular)
ögrenür biz (aorist indicative plural)
ögrenür siz (aorist indicative plural)
ögrenür (aorist indicative plural)
ögrentim (indicative past singular)
ögrentiŋ (indicative past singular)
ögrenti (indicative past singular)
ögrentik (indicative past plural)
ögrentimiz (indicative past plural)
ögrentiŋiz (indicative past plural)
ögrenti (indicative past plural)
ögrenmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
ögrenmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
ögrenmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
ögrenmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
ögrenmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
ögrenmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
ögrenteči ben (future indicative singular)
ögrenmekči ben (future indicative singular)
ögreneček ben (future indicative singular)
ögrenteči sen (future indicative singular)
ögrenmekči sen (future indicative singular)
ögreneček sen (future indicative singular)
ögrenteči (future indicative singular)
ögrenmekči (future indicative singular)
ögreneček (future indicative singular)
ögrenteči biz (future indicative plural)
ögrenmekči biz (future indicative plural)
ögreneček biz (future indicative plural)
ögrenteči siz (future indicative plural)
ögrenmekči siz (future indicative plural)
ögreneček siz (future indicative plural)
ögrenteči (future indicative plural)
ögrenmekči (future indicative plural)
ögreneček (future indicative plural)
ögrengey ben (future indicative singular)
ögrengey sen (future indicative singular)
ögrengey (future indicative singular)
ögrengey biz (future indicative plural)
ögrengey siz (future indicative plural)
ögrengey (future indicative plural)
ögrensikim (future indicative singular)
ögrensikiŋ (future indicative singular)
ögrensik (future indicative singular)
ögrensikimiz (future indicative plural)
ögrensikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
ögrensik (future indicative plural)
ögrensem (conditional singular)
ögrenser ben (conditional singular)
ögrenseŋ (conditional singular)
ögrenser sen (conditional singular)
ögrense (conditional singular)
ögrenser (conditional singular)
ögrensek (conditional plural)
ögrensemiz (conditional plural)
ögrenser biz (conditional plural)
ögrenseŋiz (conditional plural)
ögrenser siz (conditional plural)
ögrenseler (conditional plural)
ögrenser (conditional plural)
ögrengey ben (optative singular)
ögrengey sen (optative singular)
ögrengey (optative singular)
ögrengey biz (optative plural)
ögrengey siz (optative plural)
ögrengey (optative plural)
ögrenmekde ben (progressive singular)
ögrenmekde sen (progressive singular)
ögrenmekde (progressive singular)
ögrenmekde biz (plural progressive)
ögrenmekde siz (plural progressive)
ögrenmekde (plural progressive)
ögrenmelig ben (necessitative singular)
ögrenmelig sen (necessitative singular)
ögrenmelig (necessitative singular)
ögrenmelig biz (necessitative plural)
ögrenmelig siz (necessitative plural)
ögrenmelig (necessitative plural)
ögreneyin (imperative singular)
ögren (imperative singular)
ögrengil (imperative singular)
ögrenzün (imperative singular)
ögrenelim (imperative plural)
ögreniŋ (imperative plural)
ögrenzün (imperative plural)
ögrenmemek (infinitive negative)
ögrenmegen (negative participle present)
ögrenmegme (negative participle present)
ögrenmez (negative participle present)
ögrenmedük (negative participle past)
ögrenmemiš (negative participle past)
ögrenmeči (future negative participle)
ögrenmesik (future negative participle)
ögrenmeyeček (future negative participle)
ögrenmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
ögrenmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
ögrenmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
ögrenmeyiš (adverbial negative)
ögrenmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögrenmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögrenmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögrenmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögrenmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögrenmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögrenmedim (indicative negative past singular)
ögrenmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
ögrenmedi (indicative negative past singular)
ögrenmedik (indicative negative past plural)
ögrenmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
ögrenmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
ögrenmedi (indicative negative past plural)
ögrenmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögrenmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögrenmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögrenmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögrenmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögrenmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögrenmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeči (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeči (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmegey (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmegey (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmesik (future indicative negative singular)
ögrenmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmesik (future indicative negative plural)
ögrenmesem (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmese (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmeser (conditional negative singular)
ögrenmesek (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeseler (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmeser (conditional negative plural)
ögrenmegey ben (negative optative singular)
ögrenmegey sen (negative optative singular)
ögrenmegey (negative optative singular)
ögrenmegey biz (negative optative plural)
ögrenmegey siz (negative optative plural)
ögrenmegey (negative optative plural)
ögrenmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
ögrenmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
ögrenmemekde (negative progressive singular)
ögrenmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
ögrenmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
ögrenmemekde (negative plural progressive)
ögrenmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
ögrenmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
ögrenmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
ögrenmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
ögrenmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
ögrenmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
ögrenmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
ögrenme (imperative negative singular)
ögrenmegil (imperative negative singular)
ögrenmezün (imperative negative singular)
ögrenmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
ögrenmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
ögrenmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: вӗрен (vĕren, “to get used to; to learn”)

⇒ Chuvash: вӗрент (vĕrent, “to teach; to make memorize”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: öyrənmək, irgənmək

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوكرنمك (ögrenmek), اوركنمك (örgenmek)
Azerbaijani: öyrənmək
Gagauz: üürenmää
Ottoman Turkish: اوكرنمك (öğrenmek)
Turkish: öğrenmek

Salar: örgen

Turkmen: öwrenmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [Term?] (/ögrenmek/)

Khorezmian Turkic: اوکرانماک (ögränmäk)

Chagatai: اورکانماک (örgänmäk)

Uyghur: ئۆگەنمەك (ögenmek)

Uzbek: oʻrganmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйрәнеү (öyrənew)

Tatar: өйрәнү (öyränü)

West Kipchak:

Crimeanic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üyrenmek

Urum: ӧргениер (örgjenier)

Karachay-Balkar: юрениргъе (yurenirğe)

Karaim: ӧгрен (ögren), ӧрен (ören)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: üyrenü

Kazakh: үйрену (üirenu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үйрөнүү (üyrönüü)

Southern Altai: ӱренер (ürener)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

desc

Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾn- (ögren-, “to get used to”)

⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾnmyš (ögrenmiš, “accustomed”)

Western Yugur: jørɣin, jørɣen

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үөрен

Yakut: үөрэн (üören)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: өөрен

Tuvan: өөренир (öörenir)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: ӱгренерге (ügrenerge)

Northern Altai: ӱгренерге (ügrenerge)

Erdal, Nişanyan, Clauson and Tekin suggest a derivation *ögür (“herd”) + *-e- + *-n- with an earlier meaning of "to get accustomed to, be tamed, learn".
Sevortjan and Räsänen have both suggested a derivation from *ȫg (“mind”), however this is impossible from a morphological standpoint as there is no *-ra- denominal verbal suffix.


ögret-

trk-cmn-conj-head

ögretdeči, ögretmekči, ögretsik, ögreteček

ögretdeči ben, ögretmekči ben, ögreteček ben

ögretdeči sen, ögretmekči sen, ögreteček sen

ögretdeči biz, ögretmekči biz, ögreteček biz

ögretdeči siz, ögretmekči siz, ögreteček siz

ögretmesek, ögretmesemiz, ögretmeser biz

ögretmek (infinitive)
ögretgen (participle present)
ögretigme (participle present)
ögretür (participle present)
ögretdük (participle past)
ögretmiš (participle past)
ögretdeči (future participle)
ögretmekči (future participle)
ögretsik (future participle)
ögreteček (future participle)
ögretme (noun-from-verb)
ögretig (noun-from-verb)
ögretgü (noun-from-verb)
ögretiš (adverbial)
ögretür ben (aorist indicative singular)
ögretür sen (aorist indicative singular)
ögretür (aorist indicative singular)
ögretür biz (aorist indicative plural)
ögretür siz (aorist indicative plural)
ögretür (aorist indicative plural)
ögretdim (indicative past singular)
ögretdiŋ (indicative past singular)
ögretdi (indicative past singular)
ögretdik (indicative past plural)
ögretdimiz (indicative past plural)
ögretdiŋiz (indicative past plural)
ögretdi (indicative past plural)
ögretmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
ögretmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
ögretmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
ögretmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
ögretmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
ögretmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
ögretdeči ben (future indicative singular)
ögretmekči ben (future indicative singular)
ögreteček ben (future indicative singular)
ögretdeči sen (future indicative singular)
ögretmekči sen (future indicative singular)
ögreteček sen (future indicative singular)
ögretdeči (future indicative singular)
ögretmekči (future indicative singular)
ögreteček (future indicative singular)
ögretdeči biz (future indicative plural)
ögretmekči biz (future indicative plural)
ögreteček biz (future indicative plural)
ögretdeči siz (future indicative plural)
ögretmekči siz (future indicative plural)
ögreteček siz (future indicative plural)
ögretdeči (future indicative plural)
ögretmekči (future indicative plural)
ögreteček (future indicative plural)
ögretgey ben (future indicative singular)
ögretgey sen (future indicative singular)
ögretgey (future indicative singular)
ögretgey biz (future indicative plural)
ögretgey siz (future indicative plural)
ögretgey (future indicative plural)
ögretsikim (future indicative singular)
ögretsikiŋ (future indicative singular)
ögretsik (future indicative singular)
ögretsikimiz (future indicative plural)
ögretsikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
ögretsik (future indicative plural)
ögretsem (conditional singular)
ögretser ben (conditional singular)
ögretseŋ (conditional singular)
ögretser sen (conditional singular)
ögretse (conditional singular)
ögretser (conditional singular)
ögretsek (conditional plural)
ögretsemiz (conditional plural)
ögretser biz (conditional plural)
ögretseŋiz (conditional plural)
ögretser siz (conditional plural)
ögretseler (conditional plural)
ögretser (conditional plural)
ögretgey ben (optative singular)
ögretgey sen (optative singular)
ögretgey (optative singular)
ögretgey biz (optative plural)
ögretgey siz (optative plural)
ögretgey (optative plural)
ögretmekde ben (progressive singular)
ögretmekde sen (progressive singular)
ögretmekde (progressive singular)
ögretmekde biz (plural progressive)
ögretmekde siz (plural progressive)
ögretmekde (plural progressive)
ögretmelig ben (necessitative singular)
ögretmelig sen (necessitative singular)
ögretmelig (necessitative singular)
ögretmelig biz (necessitative plural)
ögretmelig siz (necessitative plural)
ögretmelig (necessitative plural)
ögreteyin (imperative singular)
ögret (imperative singular)
ögretgil (imperative singular)
ögretzün (imperative singular)
ögretelim (imperative plural)
ögretiŋ (imperative plural)
ögretzün (imperative plural)
ögretmemek (infinitive negative)
ögretmegen (negative participle present)
ögretmegme (negative participle present)
ögretmez (negative participle present)
ögretmedük (negative participle past)
ögretmemiš (negative participle past)
ögretmeči (future negative participle)
ögretmesik (future negative participle)
ögretmeyeček (future negative participle)
ögretmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
ögretmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
ögretmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
ögretmeyiš (adverbial negative)
ögretmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögretmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögretmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
ögretmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögretmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögretmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
ögretmedim (indicative negative past singular)
ögretmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
ögretmedi (indicative negative past singular)
ögretmedik (indicative negative past plural)
ögretmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
ögretmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
ögretmedi (indicative negative past plural)
ögretmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögretmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögretmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ögretmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögretmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögretmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ögretmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeči (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeči (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmegey (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmegey (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmesik (future indicative negative singular)
ögretmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmesik (future indicative negative plural)
ögretmesem (conditional negative singular)
ögretmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
ögretmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
ögretmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
ögretmese (conditional negative singular)
ögretmeser (conditional negative singular)
ögretmesek (conditional negative plural)
ögretmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeseler (conditional negative plural)
ögretmeser (conditional negative plural)
ögretmegey ben (negative optative singular)
ögretmegey sen (negative optative singular)
ögretmegey (negative optative singular)
ögretmegey biz (negative optative plural)
ögretmegey siz (negative optative plural)
ögretmegey (negative optative plural)
ögretmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
ögretmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
ögretmemekde (negative progressive singular)
ögretmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
ögretmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
ögretmemekde (negative plural progressive)
ögretmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
ögretmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
ögretmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
ögretmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
ögretmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
ögretmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
ögretmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
ögretme (imperative negative singular)
ögretmegil (imperative negative singular)
ögretmezün (imperative negative singular)
ögretmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
ögretmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
ögretmezün (imperative negative plural)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: irgətmək

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوكرتمك (ögretmek), اوركردمك (ögredmek)
Azerbaijani: öyrətmək
Gagauz: üüretmää
Ottoman Turkish: اوكرتمك, էօյրէթմէք (öyretmek) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: öğretmek

Salar: örget

Turkmen: öwretmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ögretmēk)

Chagatai: اورکاتماک (örgätmäk), اوکراتماک (ögrätmäk)
Uyghur: ئۆگەتمەك (ögetmek)
Uzbek: oʻrgatmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйрәтеү (öyrətew)

Tatar: өйрәтү (öyrätü)

West Kipchak:

Crimeanic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üyretmek

Urum: ӧргетиер (örgjetier)

Karachay-Balkar: юретиргъе (yuretirğe)

Karaim: ӧгрет (ögret), ӧрет (öret)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: üyretü

Kazakh: үйрету (üiretu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үйрөтүү (üyrötüü)

Southern Altai: ӱредер (üreder)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

desc

Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾt- (ögret-, “to teach”)

⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾtyn- (ögretin-, “to learn”)

⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾwykrʾtyk (ögretig, “habit, tradition”)

Western Yugur: jørɣit, jørɣed

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үөрет

Yakut: үөрэт (üöret)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: өөрет

Tuvan: өөредир (ööredir)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: ӱгредерге (ügrederge)

Northern Altai: ӱгредерге (ügrederge)

Erdal, Nişanyan, Clauson and Tekin suggest a derivation *ögür (“herd”) + *-e- + *-t- with an earlier meaning of "to familiarize, tame, teach".
Sevortjan and Räsänen have both suggested a derivation from *ȫg (“mind”), however this is impossible from a morphological standpoint as there is no *-ra- denominal verbal suffix.


yalŋuz

yalŋuz (nominative singular)
yalŋuzug (accusative singular)
yalŋuznï (accusative singular)
yalŋuznuŋ (genitive singular)
yalŋuzka (dative singular)
yalŋuzda (locative singular)
yalŋuzdan (ablative singular)
yalŋuzgaru (allative singular)
yalŋuzun (instrumental singular)
yalŋuzča (equative singular)
yalŋuzlayu (singular)
yalŋuzlugu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yalŋuz (“alone”)

Kipchak

West Turkic

Kumyk: янгуз (yañuz)

North Turkic

Bashkir: яңғыҙ (yañğıź), ялан (yalan), яланғас (yalanğas)

Tatar: ялгыз (yalgız)

South Turkic

Aral

Kazakh: жалғыз (jalğyz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жалгыз (jalgız)

Southern Altai: јаҥыс (ǰaŋïs)

Karluk

Uzbek: yolgʻiz

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yalnız, yalqız

Ottoman Turkish: یالڭز (yalñız)

Turkish: yalnız, yalağuz (dial.)

Salar: yalğuz, yalañaz

Turkmen: ýalňyz

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰞𐰭𐰆𐰽 (yalŋus)

Old Uyghur: yʾlnkwz, yʾlnqwz (yalŋuz), yʾlnkws (yalŋus)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чалғыс (çalğıs)

Northern Altai: ньагыс (nʹagïs)

Shor: чағыс

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: нюӈус

Tuvan: чаңгыс (çañgıs)

Western Yugur: yaŋğïs

North Siberian:

Yakut: соҕотох (soğotoq)

Tekin and Nişanyan both suggest a crasis of *yalïŋ and *ȫŕ (“self”) thus "bare, lone self". Erdal instead suggests a crasis of *yalïŋ and *us (“reason”). Clauson's suggestion that it is foreign due to an original *-s is baseless.


-ŋ

Nişanyan suggests a crasis from an earlier form *-nig from *-n- + *-ig. Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-ŋ (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

noncog

yal- (“to strip”) + *-ŋ → *yalïŋ (“naked”)


bȫg

bȫg (nominative singular)
bȫgüg (accusative singular)
bȫgni (accusative singular)
bȫgnüŋ (genitive singular)
bȫgke (dative singular)
bȫgde (locative singular)
bȫgden (ablative singular)
bȫggerü (allative singular)
bȫgün (instrumental singular)
bȫgče (equative singular)
bȫgleyü (singular)
bȫglügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بىٖ (bi)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بو (bö)

desctree

Azerbaijani: böyə, böv, büvə
→ Armenian: բով (bov), բո (bo) (dialectal)
→ Tat: bö

Ottoman Turkish: بوی

Turkish: böğ

Salar: boy (“spider”)

Old Turkmen: بُوكْ (bȫg)

Turkmen: mȫý

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُوىْ (bȫy), بُوكْ (bȫg)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: biy

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөйө (böyö)

Tatar: бөе (böe)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: biy

Karaim: [script needed] (biy)

Kumyk: мия (miya)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: miy

Kazakh: бүйі (büiı)

Nogai: [script needed] (biy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бөйү (böyü)

Southern Altai: бӧкӧнӧк (bökönök)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *böxesün (“lice”)

Mongolian: бөөс (böös)


kūtuŕ

Usually considered simplex, however there have been multiple attempts at a derivation:
# Erdal states that a derivation *kūtur- (“to go mad”) + *-ŕ is plausible, but Tekin states that the reverse is more likely from a phonological standpoint (cf. Turkmen guduramak).
# Nişanyan connects it with *kūt (“blessing, luck”), however this is morphologically imporbable.
# Räsänen suggests a derivation from *kūt- (“to lose strength”) (cf. Old Uyghur qwt- (“to lose strength”)).


kūtuŕ

kūtuŕ (nominative singular)
kūtuŕug (accusative singular)
kūtuŕnï (accusative singular)
kūtuŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
kūtuŕka (dative singular)
kūtuŕda (locative singular)
kūtuŕdan (ablative singular)
kūtuŕgaru (allative singular)
kūtuŕun (instrumental singular)
kūtuŕča (equative singular)
kūtuŕlayu (singular)
kūtuŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑтӑр (hăt̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: quduz

Ottoman Turkish: قودوز (kuduz)

Gagauz: kuduz

Turkish: kuduz

Turkmen: guduz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qutuz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qutuz)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (qutuz), [script needed] (qutur)


tamïr

tamïr (nominative singular)
tamïrïg (accusative singular)
tamïrnï (accusative singular)
tamïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
tamïrka (dative singular)
tamïrda (locative singular)
tamïrdan (ablative singular)
tamïrgaru (allative singular)
tamïrïn (instrumental singular)
tamïrča (equative singular)
tamïrlayu (singular)
tamïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тымар (tymar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: تَمَرْ (tamar)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: damar

Ottoman Turkish: طمر (damar)

Gagauz: damar

Turkish: damar

→ Crimean Tatar: damar

→ Karaim: тамар

Salar: damır, damur

Turkmen: damar

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَمُرْ (tamur)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: tomir

Uyghur: تومۇر (tomur)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тамыр (tamır)

Karaim: тамур

Kumyk: тамыр (tamır)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамыр (tamır)

Tatar: тамыр (tamır)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: тамыр

Kazakh: тамыр (tamyr)

Nogai: тамыр (tamır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тамыр (tamır)

Southern Altai: тамыр (tamïr)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽹𐽶𐽾 (tamır)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tamır)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тымыр

Yakut: тымыр (tımır)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: дамыр

Tuvan: дамыр (damır)

Yenisei:

Khakas: тамыр (tamır)

Shor:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamïr (“strength, energy; blood vessel”)

From *tam- (“to drip”) + *-mïr. Rounding of the second vowel due to neighboring /m/ to *tamur can be seen by Middle Turkic.


sagïzgan

sagïzgan (nominative singular)
sagïzganïg (accusative singular)
sagïzgannï (accusative singular)
sagïzgannïŋ (genitive singular)
sagïzganka (dative singular)
sagïzganda (locative singular)
sagïzgandan (ablative singular)
sagïzgangaru (allative singular)
sagïzganïn (instrumental singular)
sagïzganča (equative singular)
sagïzganlayu (singular)
sagïzganlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *sagsagan

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sağsağan

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: saksaan

Turkish: saksağan

Salar: sıqsağan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sağïzğan)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: zag‘izg‘on

Uyghur: سېغىزخان (sëghizxan)

Kipchak: *sagïsgan

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һайыҫҡан (hayıśqan)

Tatar: саескан (sayeskan), савыскан (sawıskan)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (sawusqan)

Kumyk: савусгъан (sawusğan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: sawısqan

Kazakh: сауысқан (sauysqan)

Nogai: [script needed] (sawısqan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сагызган (sagızgan)

Southern Altai: саҥыскан (saŋïskan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽲𐽰𐽺 (sʾqyzqʾn /saġïzġan/)
→ Mongolian: ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠭᠠᠢ (šaɣaǰaɣai)
Western Yugur: saɢəsɣan (saɣïsɣan), saɢəsxan (saɣïsχan)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: сааскан (saaskan)

Yenisei:

Khakas: саасхан (saasxan)

desc

Shor: саасқан

Shor: саасқан

Northern Altai: саскан (saskan)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *saxajïgai (“magpie”)

→ Manchu: ᠰᠠᡴᠰᠠᡥᠠ (saksaha, “magpie”)

From an unattested *sagïz root + *-gan. Nişanyan instead attempts to reconstruct a verb *sagïz- ("to chirp") comparing it to Mongolian шаг (šag, “sound of chirping”), шагших (šagšix, “to chirp”).


ček-

čekmek (infinitive)
čekgen (participle present)
čekigme (participle present)
čeker (participle present)
čekdük (participle past)
čekmiš (participle past)
čekdeči (future participle)
čekmekči (future participle)
čeksik (future participle)
čekeček (future participle)
čekme (noun-from-verb)
čekig (noun-from-verb)
čekgü (noun-from-verb)
čekiš (adverbial)
čeker ben (aorist indicative singular)
čeker sen (aorist indicative singular)
čeker (aorist indicative singular)
čeker biz (aorist indicative plural)
čeker siz (aorist indicative plural)
čeker (aorist indicative plural)
čekdim (indicative past singular)
čekdiŋ (indicative past singular)
čekdi (indicative past singular)
čekdik (indicative past plural)
čekdimiz (indicative past plural)
čekdiŋiz (indicative past plural)
čekdi (indicative past plural)
čekmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
čekmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
čekmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
čekmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
čekmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
čekmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
čekdeči ben (future indicative singular)
čekmekči ben (future indicative singular)
čekeček ben (future indicative singular)
čekdeči sen (future indicative singular)
čekmekči sen (future indicative singular)
čekeček sen (future indicative singular)
čekdeči (future indicative singular)
čekmekči (future indicative singular)
čekeček (future indicative singular)
čekdeči biz (future indicative plural)
čekmekči biz (future indicative plural)
čekeček biz (future indicative plural)
čekdeči siz (future indicative plural)
čekmekči siz (future indicative plural)
čekeček siz (future indicative plural)
čekdeči (future indicative plural)
čekmekči (future indicative plural)
čekeček (future indicative plural)
čekgey ben (future indicative singular)
čekgey sen (future indicative singular)
čekgey (future indicative singular)
čekgey biz (future indicative plural)
čekgey siz (future indicative plural)
čekgey (future indicative plural)
čeksikim (future indicative singular)
čeksikiŋ (future indicative singular)
čeksik (future indicative singular)
čeksikimiz (future indicative plural)
čeksikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
čeksik (future indicative plural)
čeksem (conditional singular)
čekser ben (conditional singular)
čekseŋ (conditional singular)
čekser sen (conditional singular)
čekse (conditional singular)
čekser (conditional singular)
čeksek (conditional plural)
čeksemiz (conditional plural)
čekser biz (conditional plural)
čekseŋiz (conditional plural)
čekser siz (conditional plural)
čekseler (conditional plural)
čekser (conditional plural)
čekgey ben (optative singular)
čekgey sen (optative singular)
čekgey (optative singular)
čekgey biz (optative plural)
čekgey siz (optative plural)
čekgey (optative plural)
čekmekde ben (progressive singular)
čekmekde sen (progressive singular)
čekmekde (progressive singular)
čekmekde biz (plural progressive)
čekmekde siz (plural progressive)
čekmekde (plural progressive)
čekmelig ben (necessitative singular)
čekmelig sen (necessitative singular)
čekmelig (necessitative singular)
čekmelig biz (necessitative plural)
čekmelig siz (necessitative plural)
čekmelig (necessitative plural)
čekeyin (imperative singular)
ček (imperative singular)
čekgil (imperative singular)
čekzün (imperative singular)
čekelim (imperative plural)
čekiŋ (imperative plural)
čekzün (imperative plural)
čekmemek (infinitive negative)
čekmegen (negative participle present)
čekmegme (negative participle present)
čekmez (negative participle present)
čekmedük (negative participle past)
čekmemiš (negative participle past)
čekmeči (future negative participle)
čekmesik (future negative participle)
čekmeyeček (future negative participle)
čekmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
čekmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
čekmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
čekmeyiš (adverbial negative)
čekmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
čekmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
čekmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
čekmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
čekmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
čekmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
čekmedim (indicative negative past singular)
čekmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
čekmedi (indicative negative past singular)
čekmedik (indicative negative past plural)
čekmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
čekmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
čekmedi (indicative negative past plural)
čekmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
čekmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
čekmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
čekmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
čekmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
čekmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
čekmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeči (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
čekmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeči (future indicative negative plural)
čekmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
čekmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
čekmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
čekmegey (future indicative negative singular)
čekmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmegey (future indicative negative plural)
čekmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
čekmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
čekmesik (future indicative negative singular)
čekmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
čekmesik (future indicative negative plural)
čekmesem (conditional negative singular)
čekmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
čekmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
čekmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
čekmese (conditional negative singular)
čekmeser (conditional negative singular)
čekmesek (conditional negative plural)
čekmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
čekmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
čekmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
čekmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
čekmeseler (conditional negative plural)
čekmeser (conditional negative plural)
čekmegey ben (negative optative singular)
čekmegey sen (negative optative singular)
čekmegey (negative optative singular)
čekmegey biz (negative optative plural)
čekmegey siz (negative optative plural)
čekmegey (negative optative plural)
čekmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
čekmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
čekmemekde (negative progressive singular)
čekmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
čekmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
čekmemekde (negative plural progressive)
čekmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
čekmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
čekmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
čekmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
čekmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
čekmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
čekmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
čekme (imperative negative singular)
čekmegil (imperative negative singular)
čekmezün (imperative negative singular)
čekmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
čekmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
čekmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫак (śak, “to hang”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: çəkmək

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: چَكْمَكْ (çäkmäk)

Ajem Turkic:

Azerbaijani: çəkmək

Qashqai: چكمك

Gagauz: çekmää

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چكمك (çekmek)
Turkish: çekmek
→? Crimean Tatar: çekmek

Salar: çikgüsi

Turkmen: çekmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: جَكْماكْ (“çekmēk”)

Uyghur: چەكمەك (chekmek)

Uzbek: chekmoq

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шегу (şegu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чегүү (cegüü)

(Arghu, Oghuz, transitive) to pull toward oneself


tātïg

tātïg (nominative singular)
tātïgïg (accusative singular)
tātïgnï (accusative singular)
tātïgnïŋ (genitive singular)
tātïgka (dative singular)
tātïgda (locative singular)
tātïgdan (ablative singular)
tātïggaru (allative singular)
tātïgïn (instrumental singular)
tātïgča (equative singular)
tātïglayu (singular)
tātïglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тутӑ (tut̬ă)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طات (dat, ṭat), طد (dad, ṭad), تاد (tad), داد (dad)
Azerbaijani: dad
Gagauz: dat
Ottoman Turkish: طات (dat, tat), طاد (dat, tat), داد (dad)
Turkish: tat (tad-)

⇒ Salar: datli

Turkmen: dāt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تاتِغ (tātığ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tatığ)

Uzbek: tot

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (tat), [script needed] (tatov)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тат (tat)

Tatar: тат (tat)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: татыу (tatıu)

Karaim: татув (tatuv), тат (tat), дат (dat), дад (dad)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тату (tatu), тәтті (tättı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: татык (tatık)

Southern Altai: тату (tatu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: tʾtyx (tatïɣ)

Western Yugur: tatəɣ

South Siberian:

Northern Altai: таттыг (tattïg)

From *tāt- (“to taste”) + *-ïg, At some point in the medieval period a secondary form *tāt arose in some of the descendants, for a similar case compare *elig (“hand”).
Norman proposes Manchu ᠵᠠᠨᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ (jancuhūn, “sweet”) derives from Proto-Tungusic *daldï (“sweet, tasty”) which assumes a possible relation with Turkic.


gȫpek

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göbək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كوبك
Gagauz: göbek
Turkish: göbek
→ Armenian: կէօպէկ (kēōpēk)

→? Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: köbek

Karaim: [script needed] (köbek)

→? Chuvash: кӑвапа (kăvap̬a)

desc

→? Tatar: [script needed] (kübäk) (dialectal)

Turkmen: gȫbek

From Proto-Turkic *kāp- (“to swell, to form blisters”). Compare Proto-Oghuz *gēbe (“swollen, pregnant”).


bagïrsuk

Arghu:

Khalaj: boğarsuq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بغرسق (bağarsuk)

Azerbaijani: bağırsaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باغرساق, بغرساق (bağırsak)
Gagauz: barsak
Turkish: bağırsak
→ Armenian: պաղըրսախ (paġərsax)

Salar: bağzuq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَغِرْسُقْ (bağırsuk)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bağırsuk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (bağırsak)

Mamluk-Kipchak: بغرسق (bağırsak)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰍𐰺𐰽𐰸 (bağırsuk)

Old Uyghur: 𐽱𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽾𐽻𐽳𐽵 (bağırsuk)

From *bagïr (“liver, side flank”) + *-suk.


bogurdak

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: boğurdak, boğurtlak (dial.)

Salar: boğdaq

Turkmen: bokurdak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (boɣarδaq)

Tatar: [script needed] (boğırtaq) (dial.)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: boğurdaq


-sük

Clauson suggests a derivation *-si- (“denominal similative verb suffix”) + *-ük.

suf

bagïr (“side flank”) + *-sük → *bagïrsuk (“intestine”)


-dürük

There also exists a variant *-dük as a result of crasis *-dürük. The suffix *-dak may also be related.

boyïn (“neck”) + *-dürük → *boyïnduruk (“yoke”)

Forms denominal nouns used for objects relating to a body part


yeŕ

Oghur:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jer

desc

⇒ Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠡᠷ
ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭ (ǰer ǰebseg, “weapons”)

⇒ Mongolian: зэр зэвсэг (zer zevseg, “weapons”)

Common Turkic: *yez

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jes

Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠡᠷ (ǰer, “copper”)

Mongolian: зэс (zes, “copper”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yez

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: جەز (jez)

Uzbek: jez

Kipchak

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еҙ (yeź)

Tatar: җиз (ciz)

→ Chuvash: йӗс (jĕs)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: ез (yez)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жез (jez)

Nogai: ез (yez)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жез (jez)

Southern Altai: јес (ǰes)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чес (çes)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Northern Altai: чес (čes), йес (yes)

Shor: чес


nē-

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӗн (mĕn)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: nəy

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: نه (ne)
Azerbaijani: nə
Gagauz: ne
Ottoman Turkish: نه (ne)
Turkish: ne

Turkmen: nä

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ни (ni)

Tatar: ни (ni)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: ne (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: ne

Karachay-Balkar: не (ne)

Karaim: не

Kumyk: не (ne)

Urum: не

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: не

Kazakh: не (ne)

Nogai: не (ne)

Siberian Tatar: ней

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: не (ne)

Southern Altai: не (ne)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: نا (/nē/)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: نە (ne)

Uzbek: na

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰤𐰀 (n²a)

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/ne/)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (ni)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: туох (tuoq)

Dolgan: туок

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүү (çüü)

Tofa: чү

Yenisei:

Khakas: ноо (noo)

Shor: ноо

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *nēme

Oghur:

>? Chuvash: ним (nim)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: nemə, nəmənə

Turkish: neme

Turkmen: näme

Salar: nemme

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: нимә (nimə), нәмә (nəmə)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: neme (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: neme

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: неме (neme), немене (nemene)

Siberian Tatar: нимә

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эмне (emne), неме (neme)

Southern Altai: неме (neme)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ناما (/nēme/)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: نېمە (nëme)

Uzbek: nima

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur:

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: ниме (nime)

Shor: небе


togun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: туган (tuğan)


sïrïčga

sïrïčga (nominative singular)
sïrïčgaïg (accusative singular)
sïrïčganï (accusative singular)
sïrïčganïŋ (genitive singular)
sïrïčgaka (dative singular)
sïrïčgada (locative singular)
sïrïčgadan (ablative singular)
sïrïčgagaru (allative singular)
sïrïčgaïn (instrumental singular)
sïrïčgača (equative singular)
sïrïčgalayu (singular)
sïrïčgalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шăрҫа (šărś̬a), Chuvash: шăрча (šărč̬a)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: صرچه (sırça), سرچه (sırça)
Turkish: sırça
→ Armenian: սըռչա (səṙčʻa)
→ Macedonian: срча (srča)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: срча
Latin script: srča

Gagauz: sırça

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: syrça

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سِرِجْغا (sïrïčğā)

desc

Chagatai: [script needed] (sïrča), [script needed] (sirče)

Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *sïr (“lacquer”), itself usually considered to be borrowed from Middle Chinese 漆 (tshit, “varnish, lacquer, paint”), which he rejects.


(y)ip-

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: یِپْگِنْ (yipkin), یِپْگِلْ (yipkil), یِپِنْ (yipin)

Chagatai: ایپكن (épgin, ipgin, “black fabric”)

Kipchak: ایپكن (ipkin)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: ipkin

→? Chuvash: йӗпкӗн (jĕpkĕn, “dense (of colors)”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐽼𐽷𐽶𐽺 (yipgin, yépgin, “purple, violet, dark red”), 𐽶𐽶𐽼𐽳𐽺 (yipün)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: өкпең (ökpeñ)

Uncertain, possibly from a Pre-Turkic substrate language.
Clauson regards *yipin to be the original form and considers it a foreign borrowing with *-g- being added on to Turkify the word.

(Common Turkic) purple, violet, dark red


bïŋar

Oghuz: مِنكارْ (mıñar)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوكار, بيكار

Ottoman Turkish: پیكار (pıñar), بوكار (buñar)

Gagauz: pınar

Turkish: pınar

→ Serbo-Croatian: bunar


öŋ

öŋ (nominative singular)
öŋüg (accusative singular)
öŋni (accusative singular)
öŋnüŋ (genitive singular)
öŋke (dative singular)
öŋde (locative singular)
öŋden (ablative singular)
öŋgerü (allative singular)
öŋün (instrumental singular)
öŋče (equative singular)
öŋleyü (singular)
öŋlügü (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *öŋ

Proto-Mongolic: *öŋ-ge

Dongxiang: ungie

Mongolian: өнгө (öngö)

Oghur: *öŋĕ

→⇒? Old Hungarian: ſcine

>? Hungarian: szín

Chuvash: ум (um)

Proto-Common Turkic: *öŋ

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: ön

Ottoman Turkish: اوك (öñ)

Turkish: ön

Turkmen: öň

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өң (öŋ)

Southern Altai: ӧҥ (öŋ)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽺𐽷 (ʾwynk /öŋ/)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: өҥ (öñ)

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: ӧң

Shor: ӧң

Tuvan: өң (öñ)


yakïn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaxın

Gagauz: yakın

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاقین, یقین (yakın)
Turkish: yakın
→ Crimean Tatar: yaqın

Salar: yaxın

Turkmen: ýakyn

Karluk

Uyghur: يېقىن (yëqin)

Uzbek: yaqin

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: яҡын (yaqın)

Tatar: якын (yakın)

→ Chuvash: яхӑн (jah̬ăn)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жакын (jakın)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: жақын (jaqyn)


bẹńi

Oghur:

Chuvash: миме (mime)

Common Turkic:

→ Middle Mongol: [script needed] (miyi)

Arghu: *men

Khalaj: [script needed] (mẹi̯n)

Oghuz: *beyni

Old Anatolian Turkish: بینی (bäyni)
Azerbaijani: beyin
→ Armenian: բեյին (beyin), բեին (bein), բեյն (beyn)
Gagauz: beyni
Ottoman Turkish: بینی (beyni), بین (beyn)
Turkish: beyin

>? Salar: beynianqan (“stupid”)

Turkmen: beýni

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنِكٖي (meŋi)

Chagatai: [script needed] (meyin)

Uyghur: مىڭە (mi'nge)

Uzbek: miya

Kipchak: *meyi

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мейе (meye)

Tatar: ми (mi)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: miy

Karachay-Balkar: мыйы (mıyı)

Karaim: мий

Kumyk: мий (miy)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: мий (miy)

Kazakh: ми (mi)

Nogai: мый (mıy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мээ (mee)

Southern Altai: мее (mee)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽶𐽶 (myy /méyi/)
Western Yugur: muŋa (“brain”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: мэҥии (meńii)

Yakut: мэйии (meyii)

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: мии (mii)

Shor: миис (miis)

desc

Northern Altai: ме (me), мее (mee), меес (mees), пее (pee)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мәә (mää)

Tuvan: мээ (mee)

A root with puzzling reflexes, according to Clauson. Räsänen compares this reconstruction with Old Uyghur 𐽹𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽶 (meŋi, “happiness, entertainment”) and proposes a relation with Hungarian fej, fő, Finnish pää (both inherited from Proto-Uralic *päŋe) and Mongolian хэки (xeki). Eren (1999), however, calls this comparison into doubt.
Altaicists, on the other hand, reconstruct this proto-form as *beyŋi, which is then compared to Mongolian манлай (manlaj, “forehead”) and Japanese 耳 (mimi, “ear”). However, such comparisons across 'Altaic languages' do not enjoy acceptance by the mainstream historical linguistics, for the reason that 'cognates' are actually look-alikes and semantic overfittings for the purpose of forging etymologies.

cog

*beńi (alternative)
*beyŋi (alternative)


kömbe

kömbe (nominative singular)
kömbeig (accusative singular)
kömbeni (accusative singular)
kömbeniŋ (genitive singular)
kömbeke (dative singular)
kömbede (locative singular)
kömbeden (ablative singular)
kömbegerü (allative singular)
kömbein (instrumental singular)
kömbeče (equative singular)
kömbeleyü (singular)
kömbeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑмпа (kămp̬a)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: гөмбә (gömbə)

Tatar: гөмбә (gömbä)

Oghuz: *kömbelek

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: göbələk

Turkish: gömelek (dial.)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kömelek

According to Róna-Tas, borrowed from a Slavic language prior to the 10th century, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“mushroom”). Compare also Hungarian gomba, a borrowing from Slavic. Note also the unusual initial voicing in Tatar and Bashkir.


bōńurï

bōńurï (nominative singular)
bōńurïïg (accusative singular)
bōńurïnï (accusative singular)
bōńurïnïŋ (genitive singular)
bōńurïka (dative singular)
bōńurïda (locative singular)
bōńurïdan (ablative singular)
bōńurïgaru (allative singular)
bōńurïïn (instrumental singular)
bōńurïča (equative singular)
bōńurïlayu (singular)
bōńurïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑйӑр (măjăr, “hazelnut”)

desc

→ Hungarian: mogyoró (“hazelnut, peanut”)

Siberian:

Yakut: моонньоҕон (moonnyoğon, “black currants”)

Yakut: майыара (mayıara, “raspberry”) (dial.)

Preserved only in Chuvash and Yakut, from earlier Proto-Turkic *bōń-.


tāna

tāna (nominative singular)
tānaïg (accusative singular)
tānanï (accusative singular)
tānanïŋ (genitive singular)
tānaka (dative singular)
tānada (locative singular)
tānadan (ablative singular)
tānagaru (allative singular)
tānaïn (instrumental singular)
tānača (equative singular)
tānalayu (singular)
tānalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тына (tyna)

→ Hungarian: tinó

Common Turkic:

Oghuz

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dana

Ottoman Turkish: طانه (dana)

Turkish: dana

Gagauz: dana

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tāna

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: dana

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (tana)

Uzbek: tana

Kipchak: [script needed] (tana)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тана (tana)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тана (tana)

Borrowed from Iranian, compare Sanskrit धेनु (dhenu) and Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬎 (daēnu). Eren, however, notes that the Iranic word is used for milch cows rather than a heifers.


tüge

tüge (nominative singular)
tügeig (accusative singular)
tügeni (accusative singular)
tügeniŋ (genitive singular)
tügeke (dative singular)
tügede (locative singular)
tügeden (ablative singular)
tügegerü (allative singular)
tügein (instrumental singular)
tügeče (equative singular)
tügeleyü (singular)
tügeligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: düyə

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: düvä

Turkish: düve

→ Crimean Tatar: düve

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tüwe

Uyghur–Oghuz:

Salar: düge

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُكا (tüge)

Kipchak: [script needed] (tüge, “slave girl”)


yeŋil

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмӑл (śămăl, “easy”)

→ Hungarian: gyenge (“weak”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: [script needed] (yingil)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یینی (yeyni), یكنی (yegni), یكول (yeŋül), یكلی (yeŋli), اکیل (iŋil)
Azerbaijani: yeyin (“fast, quickly”)
→ Khalaj: yeyin (“fast, quickly”)
Gagauz: ilin
Ottoman Turkish: یگنی (yeğni), (Classical) یینی (yeyni), (Early Ottoman) یكول (yeñül)
Turkish: yeğni, (dialectal) yenli, (dialectal) yeğnik, (dialectal) yenlik, (dialectal) yenil, (dialectal) yeyni

Turkmen: yeňil

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَنِك (yenig)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yéŋil)

Uyghur: يەڭگىل (yenggil)

Uzbek: yengil

Kipchak:

Cuman-Kipchak:

Kipchak: jeꝯil (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: yengil

Karachay-Balkar: зенгил (zeñil)

desc

Karaim: [script needed] (yenil), [script needed] (yeŋil)

Kumyk: енгил (yeñil)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (žeŋil)

Kazakh: жеңіл (jeñıl)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еңел (yeñel)

Tatar: җиңел (ciñel)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жеңил (jeŋil)

Southern Altai: јеҥил (ǰeŋil)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yeŋik)

Western Yugur: žig

South Siberian:

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: ниик (niik)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: [script needed] (niŋeš)

Tuvan: чииҝ

Northern Altai: дьенъил (dʹyenʺil), ньенъил (nʹyenʺil), йенънек (yenʺnek)

Uncertain. Earliest record Karakhanid یَنِكْ (yenig), from Karakhanid يَنٖيماكْ (yeni:me:k, “to become lightweight (after woman gave birth)”)..


ań-

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَيِغْ (ayïg)

Siberian:

desc

Old Turkic: 𐰪 (ań-), 𐰪𐱃 (ańït-, “to frighten”), 𐰪𐰃𐰍 (ańïg, “bad”)

⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾʾyyγ (ayïg), 𐰖𐰃𐰣 (y¹in¹ /ayın-/)

North Siberian:

⇒ Dolgan: аньыы

⇒ Yakut: аньыы (anyıı)


turńa

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӑрна (tărna) (if not borrowed from Tatar)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: durna

→ Persian: درنا (dorna)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طورنه, طورنا (turna)
Turkish: turna
→ Armenian: թուռնա (tʻuṙna)

Salar: tırna

Turkmen: durna

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (turna)

Chagatai: [script needed] (turna)

Uyghur: تۇرنا (turna)

Uzbek: turna

→ Tajik: турна (turna)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: торна (torna)

Tatar: торна (torna)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: turna

Kumyk: турна (turna)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тырна (tyrna)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: турна (turna)

Southern Altai: турна (turna)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰪𐰖𐰀 (t¹ur¹ńy¹a /turńya/)

Old Kirghiz: 𐱄𐰆𐰺𐰪 (turńa)

Khakas: турна (turna)

desc

Shor: туруна

Shor: туруна

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (turya), [script needed] (turna)

Tofa: [script needed] (durya)

Tuvan: дуруяа (duruyaa)

North Siberian:

Yakut: туруйа (turuya)


tumšuk

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: طومشوق (tomşuk, “beak”)

Turkish: tumşuk (“beak of large birds”)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tumşuk (“snout”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumšuq, “beak”)

Chagatai: تومشوغ (tumšuğ)

Uyghur: تۇمشۇق (tumshuq, “beak”)

Uzbek: tumshuq (“beak”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: томшоҡ (tomşoq, “beak”)

Tatar: томшык (tomşıq, “beak”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұмсық (tūmsyq, “beak”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тумшук (tumşuk, “beak”)

Southern Altai: тумчук (tumčuk, “nose, beak”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽹𐽿𐽳𐽲 (twmšwq /tumšuq/, “nose, beak”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тумус (tumus, “beak”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: думчук (dumçuk, “nose”)

Northern Altai::

Kumandy: тунчук (tunčuk)

Kuu-Kizhi: тунчук (tunčuk)

Yenisei:

Khakas: тумзух (tumzux, “nose”)

According to Clauson, from *tam- (“to drip”) + -*-ïlč (causative-reciprocative suffix) + *-k (deverbal suffix).
In another entry, he gives two cognates of this would-be deverbal form: Old Uyghur 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐾀𐽳𐽹𐽳𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽲𐽲𐽰 𐽰𐽹 (qʾn twmwrmʾqqʾ ʾm /ḳan tomurmaḳḳa em/, “remedy for epistaxis”) and Karakhanid تُمُرْماقْ (tamurmāq, “to bleed (of nose)”), also Karakhanid تَمُرْغانْ (tamurğān, “bleeding continuously (of nose)”), relevant to the assumed semantic shift of make-dripping thing > bleeding (of nose) > nose (and also beak).
EDAL, instead, proposes a different root with quite a semantic coverage, Proto-Turkic *tum- ("hat, cap; snout; beak; nose) which is then compared to Proto-Mongolic *tom- (“chief, first”), Proto-Tungusic *tumŋu- (“top of head”) and Proto-Japonic *tum- (“top, head”). Notwithstanding several etymological mistakes (see Japanese 頭(つぶり) (tsuburi), for example, which is claimed as a "cognate"), Altaic Hypothesis is now widely discredited and its comparisons are deemed unreliable.
Compare also Ottoman Turkish طومشمق (domuşmak, “for birds to preen each other”), possibly suggesting a *tum- (“to preen”) root.

cog

𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐾀𐽳𐽹𐽳𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽲𐽲𐽰 𐽰𐽹


badram

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: بَیْرَامْ (bayram)

Azerbaijani: bayram

Gagauz: bayram

Ottoman Turkish: بیرام (bayram)

Turkish: bayram

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: baýram

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَذْرَمْ (baδram, “feast, pleasant, Eid al-Adha”)

Uyghur: بايرام (bayram)

Uzbek: bayram

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: байрам (bayram)

Tatar: бәйрәм (bäyräm)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bayram

Karachay-Balkar: байрам (bayram)

Kumyk: байрам (bayram)

Karaim: [Term?], bayram

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мейрам (meiram)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: майрам (mayram)

Southern Altai: байрам (bayram)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: пай (pay)

Shor: пайрам (payram)

Several etymologies are proposed. Most likely an Iranic borrowing, but no consensus on the origin;
* Clauson states that this term is "no doubt an Iranian [loanword]" and gives Persian پدرام (padrâm, “delightsome place”) as an example for that relation. He also mentions how Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk claims this word to be a genuine word ('not a loanword') with the meaning yawma'l-ˁīd among Oghuz and Kipchaks. Compare also Karakhanid بَذْرَمْ یار (baδram yḗr, “pleasant ground”), a Karakhanid form with Persian meaning preserved, also given by Clauson.
** Sevortyan argues against Clauson on a Middle Persian loan into Proto-Turkic.
* Nişanyan proposes a borrowing from Middle Persian [script needed] (paδrām, “merriment, peace”) or Sogdian 𐼾𐽂𐽀𐼰𐼺 (ptrʾm /patrām/, “calm, peace”), from Proto-Iranian *pati-rāma-, ultimately a compound of Proto-Indo-European *per- + *h₁rem-. By this etymology, *badram would be a cognate with Sanskrit रमते (ramate). Nişanyan does not discards a potential Mongolic origin, (Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”)) which would make this term a cognate with Mongolian баяр (bajar) instead.
* EDAL puts forth that the Proto-Turkic form is *bayram instead and that it comes from a hypothetical Proto-Turkic *bay-ra- ("to celebrate"), which is not related to *badrak (“flag”). Authors of EDAL denounce a possibility of Iranian borrowing, stating "the only acceptable etymology of [Persian] bajram is [from] Turkic"https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2falt%2fturcet&text_number=888&root=config. This hypothetical *bay-ra- is then compared to Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”), Manchu ᠪᠠᠶᠯᡳ (bayli, “favor, mercy”) and Proto-Japonic *bema- (“to smile”), whence Japanese 笑む (emu-, “to smile”). Altaic Hypothesis is widely rejected however, and comparisons like these are deemed unreliable.
* Eren (1999) rejects a relation with *badrak (“flag”) or Tuvan байыр (bayır, “feast”).
Lack of Oghur and Arghu reflexes and sparse atttestation in Siberian languages suggest a borrowing from an external source.

cog

بَذْرَمْ یار


tūč

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: tunc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: توج, تونج (tunc, tunç), طونج (tunc, tunç)
Turkish: tunç
→ Albanian: tuç, tunxh, tunsh, tuç, trunç, trunxh, truxh (archaic)
→ Arabic: تُوج (tūj), تُونْج (tunj) (archaic)
→ Armenian: թուջ (tʻuǰ)
→ Aromanian: tuciu, tunge, tungiu
→ Bulgarian: туч (tuč), тунч (tunč) (archaic)
→ Crimean Tatar: tunç, tuç
→ Georgian:
→ Greek: τούντζι (toúntzi), τούντζυ (toúntzy)
→ Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: tûnc, tunc, tûc
→ Macedonian: туч (tuč) (archaic)
→ Persian: توج (tuj) (archaic)
→ Romanian: tuci
→ Serbo-Croatian: (archaic)
Cyrillic script: ту̏ч
Latin script: tȕč

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُوجْ (tūč)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tuč)

Kipchak: [script needed] (tuč)

Siberian:

>? Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰆𐰲 (tuč) (If not read artuč)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tuč)

The general consensus is that it is a native term. On the other hand, Doerfer considers it a borrowing from Middle Chinese 銅子 (MC duwng tsiX, “copper coin”), however note that the form tunč is a recent innovation prompted by vowel length.

(Common Turkic) a yellowish metal, presumably bronze


ēder

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایر (eyer)

Azerbaijani: yəhər

Gagauz: er

Ottoman Turkish: ایر (eyer), اگر (eğer)

Turkish: eyer

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: eýer

Karakhanid: اَذَرْ (eδer)

Uzbek: egar

Uyghur: ئىگەر (iger)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (eyer), [script needed] (eger), [script needed] (egir), [script needed] (iyer), [script needed] (izer)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эйәр (eyər)

Tatar: ээр (e'r)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: eger

Karachay-Balkar: джэр (cer), иер (iyer)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ер (er)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ээр (eer)

Southern Altai: ээр (eer)

Siberian:

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰼𐰠𐰏 (ederlig, “saddled”)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (eder)

Western Yugur: ezer

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: эзер (ezer)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: изер (izer)

Shor: эзер

EDAL suggests that it may be the same word as *ïŋïr (“saddle”) and thus reconstructs it as *ẹ̆dŋe-r. However, the general consensus is against this relation.


bugday

bugday (nominative singular)
bugdayïg (accusative singular)
bugdaynï (accusative singular)
bugdaynïŋ (genitive singular)
bugdayka (dative singular)
bugdayda (locative singular)
bugdaydan (ablative singular)
bugdaygaru (allative singular)
bugdayïn (instrumental singular)
bugdayča (equative singular)
bugdaylayu (singular)
bugdaylïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: búza

>? Old Chuvash: *buɣzai̯

Middle Chuvash: *pŭrai̯

→ Bashkir: борай (boray)

→ Kalmyk: байр (bayr)

→ Tatar: борай (boray)

Middle Chuvash: *pŭri

Chuvash: пӑри (pări)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بغدای (buġday, boġday)

Azerbaijani: buğda
→ Khalaj: buğda

Gagauz: booday

Ottoman Turkish: بوغدای (buğday)

Turkish: buğday

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bugdaý

Salar: boğdı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (buɣday)

Uzbek: bugʻdoy

Uyghur: بۇغداي (bughday)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бойҙай (boyźay)

Tatar: бодай (boday)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boğday

Karachay-Balkar: богъдай (boğday)

Kumyk: будай (buday)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бидай (bidai)

Nogai: бийдай (biyday)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: буудай (buuday)

Southern Altai: буудай (buuday)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bugday)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пуғдай (puğday)

Shor: пуғдай

Shor: пуғдай

Northern Altai: бугдай (bugday)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *buudaï

Mongolian: буудай (buudaj)

Uncertain, multiple theories exist.
Comparisons in the 'Altaic' family include Ramstedt's proposal of a connection with Korean 보리 (bori) based on the Chuvash reflex, which Eren (1999) dismisses as [an etymology] without a trustworthy foundation. Proto-Mongolic *buudaï is borrowed from Turkic.


kǖ

Common Turkic:

Middle Turkic: küsaš (“to boast about oneself”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: küy (“roar”)

Turkmen: küý (“wisdom”)

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (kü, “sound, roar”), [script needed] (külük)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (kü, “roar”), [script needed] (külük)

Karluk:

ااتْـلیغ كُولُكْ

Karakhanid: كُو (kǖ, “fame”), كُولُكْ (kǖlüg, “famous”), ااتْـلیغ كُولُكْ (atlıɣ-kǖlüg, “famous”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰏 (kül²g /külüg/)

Old Kirghiz: 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰏 (kül²g /külüg/)

Khakas: кӱлӱк (külük, “wisdom”)

Shor: [script needed] (küg)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (külüg)


eg-

Oghur:

Proto-Bulgar: *äŋ-

→ Hungarian: enged

Chuvash: ав (av)

Viryal Chuvash: ай (aj)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: əymək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اكمك (egmek)

Azerbaijani: əymək

Ottoman Turkish: اگمك (eğmek)

Turkish: eğmek

Turkmen: egmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَكْماكْ (egmek)

Uyghur: ئەگمەك (egmek)

Uzbek: egmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эйеү (eyew)

West Kipchak:

⇒ Crimean Tatar: egilmek (“to bow down”)

Karachay-Balkar: иег (iyeg)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ию (iü)

Nogai: июв (iyuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ийүү (iyüü)

Southern Altai: ийер (iyer)

Siberian:

Orkhon Turkic: 𐰏 (g /eg-/, “to bow, to encircle”), [Term?] (/eŋ-/, “to bend”), 𐰏𐰼 (gr² /egir-/, “to spin, to encircle, to wind”)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽺𐽶𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾnytmʾk /eŋitmäk/, “to bend, curven”), 𐽰𐽷𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾkmʾk /egmek/, “to bend”), 𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾnkmʾk /eŋmek/, “to bend”), 𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽼𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾkypmʾk /egipmek/, “to bend”), 𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾnkyrmʾk /eŋirmek/, “to spin”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: иэх (ieq)

Dolgan: иэк

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ээр (eer)

Tofa: ээр

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: эг, ээл

→ Mongolian: ээрэх (eerex, “to spin thread”)


eĺ-

Oghur:

Chuvash: алт (alt)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: eşmək

Ottoman Turkish: اشمك

Gagauz: eşmää

Turkish: eşmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَشْماكْ (eşmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ишеү (işew)

→ Chuvash: иш (iš)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эжер (ežer, “to row”)

Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: эжер (ejer)


urï

urï (nominative singular)
urïug (accusative singular)
urïnï (accusative singular)
urïnuŋ (genitive singular)
urïka (dative singular)
urïda (locative singular)
urïdan (ablative singular)
urïgaru (allative singular)
urïun (instrumental singular)
urïča (equative singular)
urïlayu (singular)
urïlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرٖى (“male child”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (urı)

Old Kirghiz: [script needed] (urı)

→⇒? Kyrgyz: [script needed] (urum, “male descendants”)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (urı)

North Siberian:

Yakut: [script needed] (urtuus, “boy”)


kar-

Siberian:

Yakut: хар (qar, “to block off”)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *karïĺč-

Oghur:

Chuvash: хирӗҫ (hirĕś)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (karışmak)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карышуу (karışuu)

Southern Altai: карыжар (karïžar, “to evade”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (karış-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: карыс

Yakut: харыс (qarıs)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *karĺčï

Oghur:

Chuvash: хирӗҫ (hirĕś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قارشو (qarşu)

Azerbaijani: qarşı

Gagauz: karşı

Ottoman Turkish: قارشو (karşı, karşu)

Turkish: karşı

Turkmen: garşy

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قارشى (qarshi)

Uzbek: qarshi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаршы (qarşı)

Tatar: каршы (qarşı)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қарсы (qarsy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карсы (karsı)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *karšut

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *karu

Karakhanid: [script needed] (karu)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *karak (“bandit”)


kaŋïr

kaŋïr (nominative singular)
kaŋïrïg (accusative singular)
kaŋïrnï (accusative singular)
kaŋïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŋïrka (dative singular)
kaŋïrda (locative singular)
kaŋïrdan (ablative singular)
kaŋïrgaru (allative singular)
kaŋïrïn (instrumental singular)
kaŋïrča (equative singular)
kaŋïrlayu (singular)
kaŋïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gaňşyrawuk (“nasal cavity”), goňursamak (“to reek”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qaŋrak, “nasal cavity”)

Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kaŋrïq, “nose”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хаай (xaay, “nose”)

Tofa: хаай (xaay, “nose”)

Unclear, no reliable etymology can be posited.
According to Altaicists; this form is 'no doubt archaic' (older than *burun) and is cognate with Proto-Mongolic *kamar (“nose”) (Mongolian хамар (xamar)), Evenki оңокто (oŋoqto), Korean 코 (ko) and Japanese 嗅(か)ぐ (kagu). Although proposed forms match semantically, this type of comparisons are not reliable and scholarly consensus is against Altaic theory.
Northern Altai [script needed] (kanžïr, “beak”) is from Mongolic хошуу (xošuu) and unrelated to forms below despite semantic and sound similarities.


čog-

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (çokra-)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (çokra-)

Turkmen: çogmak

Karluk:

⇒ Karakhanid: جُقْراماقْ (çoqramaq, “to boil”)


čok-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: چوقمق (çokmak)

Turkish: çokmak (dial.)

Ottoman Turkish: چوقور (çukur)

Turkish: çukur

Turkmen: çokmak, çokdurmak

Karluk:

جُقْتُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: جُقْماقْ (çokmāk, “to swoop down (bird)”), جُقْتُرْماقْ (çokturmāk, “to set against (bird)”)

Kipchak:

>? Southern Altai: [script needed] (čoq-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чокуу (cokuu, “to peck”)

Southern Altai: чокуур (čokuur, “to peck”)


āt-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ут (ut), утӑм (ut̬ăm)

Dolgan: атыллаа

Proto-Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *āt-, *ātla-, *ādïm
*** Old Anatolian Turkish: آدمق (ad-)
**** Azerbaijani: addım
**** Ottoman Turkish: آدمق (ad-)
***** Gagauz: adım, atlamaa
***** Turkish: adım, adım atmak, atlamak
*** Salar: atlağusı
*** Turkmen: ätmek, ädim, ätlemek
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid:
**** Khorezmian Turkic:
***** Chagatai:
****** Uzbek: odim
****** Uyghur: [script needed] (atlimaq)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: [script needed] (atlam), [script needed] (adım)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: аҙым (aźım)
***** Tatar: адым (adım)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar:
***** Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (atla-)
***** Karaim: [script needed] (adım)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Caspian:
****** Karakalpak: [script needed] (atlav), [script needed] (adım)
****** Kazakh: аттау (attau), адым (adym)
****** Nogai: [script needed] (atla-), [script needed] (adım)
***** Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
****** Kyrgyz: адым (adım)
****** Southern Altai: адым (adïm), алтаар (altaar), алтам (altam) (<*atla-)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Kirghiz:
***** Shor: [script needed] (alta-)
***** Khakas: [script needed] (alta-)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: атыллаа
**** Yakut: атыллаа (atıllaa)


belgü

belgü (nominative singular)
belgüig (accusative singular)
belgüni (accusative singular)
belgüniŋ (genitive singular)
belgüke (dative singular)
belgüde (locative singular)
belgüden (ablative singular)
belgügerü (allative singular)
belgüin (instrumental singular)
belgüče (equative singular)
belgüleyü (singular)
belgüligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *belgü, *belgür-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bəlirmək, bəlgiyyə

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: belirmek, belgi

Turkmen: belgi

Karluk:

بَلْكُرْماكْ

Karakhanid: بَلْكُ (belgü), بَلْكُرْماكْ (belgürmek)

Uzbek: belgi

Uyghur: [script needed] (bälgü)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: билге (bilge), билгереү (bilgerew)

Tatar: билге (bilge)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: belgi

Karaim: belgi

Kumyk: белги (belgi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: belgi

Kazakh: белгі (belgı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: белги (belgi)

Southern Altai: белги (belgi)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (belgü)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бэлиэ (belie)


ārï

ārï (nominative singular)
ārïïg (accusative singular)
ārïnï (accusative singular)
ārïnïŋ (genitive singular)
ārïka (dative singular)
ārïda (locative singular)
ārïdan (ablative singular)
ārïgaru (allative singular)
ārïïn (instrumental singular)
ārïča (equative singular)
ārïlayu (singular)
ārïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

>? Bulgar: *ura

⇒? Chuvash: тӗкӗлтура (tĕk̬ĕlt̬ura, “humble bee”) (tĕk̬ĕlt̬ĕ + *ura)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hârı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: arı

Ottoman Turkish: آری (arı)

Gagauz: aarı

Turkish: arı

→ Crimean Tatar: arı

Turkmen: ary

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرِی (arı)

Chagatai: اری (arı)

Uzbek: ari

→ Tajik: ору (oru)

Uyghur: ھەرە (here)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: ارو (aru)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ара (ara)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аары (aarı)

Southern Altai: адару (adaru), аару (aaru)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽶 (ʾʾry /arï/, “insect, bee”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: ыҥырыа (ıñırıa)

Yakut: ыҥырыа (ıñırıa)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: аар (aar)

Shor: аары (ārı)

Tofa: ары (arı)

Tuvan: ары (arı)

Kuu-Kizhi: ару (aru)

Kumandy-Kizhi: аары (aarı)

Räsänen reconstructs this root as *hārγï, which is then compared with Finnish paarma (“horsefly, gadfly”).
Chuvash and Kipchak languages at large seem to have adopted the compound *bal-kūrtnï (literally “honey maggot”) instead of *ārï.


tēlbe

Proto-Common Turkic: *tēlbe

Oghuz: تَلُو (telü:)

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: دلو (delü), دلی (deli)
Azerbaijani: dəli
→ Lezgi: дели (deli)
Gagauz: deli
Ottoman Turkish: دلی (deli), دلو (delü)
Turkish: deli
→ Swedish: deli
→ Armenian: տէլի (tēli)
→ Greek: ντελής (ntelís)
→ Hungarian: deli
→ Serbo-Croatian: delija

Salar: delli

Turkmen: däli

desc

→ Kipchak: [script needed] (teli, delü, telü)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тиле (tile)

Tatar: тиле (tile)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: дели (deli)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: телі (telı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тели (teli)

Southern Altai: тели (teli)

→ Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (delü)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَلْڤا (telvē)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (telbe)

Chagatai: [script needed] (télbe)

Uyghur: تەلۋە (telwe)

Uzbek: telba

→ Turkmen: telbe

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: тилбә (tilbä)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: дәлду (däldu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: делбе (delbe)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (télve, telve)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *tẹ̄lür-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dəlirmək

Gagauz: delirmää

Ottoman Turkish: دلیرمك

Turkish: delirmek

Salar: derilgüsi, derilgen

Turkmen: däliremek

Kipchak:

→ North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тилереү (tilerew)

Tatar: тилерүв (tilerüw)

→ Chuvash: тилӗр (tilĕr)


karïškïr

Common Turkic:

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaşqır

Krymchak: qaşqır

Karaim: [script needed] (qaşqır)

→ Chuvash: кашкӑр (kaškăr)

→ Turkish: kaşkır (dial.)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qasqır)

Kazakh: қасқыр (qasqyr)

Nogai: карыскыр (karıskır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карышкыр (karışkır)

Karluk:

Ili Turki: [script needed] (qarïšqï)

Uyghur: [script needed] (qarïšqur) (dial.)

Uzbek: qarshiqul, qashqir


ańak

Proto-Common Turkic: *ańak

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *čïnï-ańak

Proto-Oghuz: *čānak, جَنَقْ (čanak)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çanaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چناق, چاناق (çanak), چناغ (çanag)
Turkish: çanak
→ Albanian: çanak
→ Abkhaz: ачанах (ačanax)
→ Armenian: չանախ (čʻanax), չանաղ (čʻanaġ)
→ Aromanian: cinácã
→ Bulgarian: ча́нак (čának)
→ Greek: τσανάκα (tsanáka), τσανάκι (tsanáki)
→ Georgian: ჩანახი (čanaxi)
→ Ladino: chanaka
→ Macedonian: чанак (čanak)
→ Romanian: ceanac, cenac
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ча̀нак
Latin script: čànak

Turkish: ayak (dialectal)

Turkmen: çānak

→ Uzbek: chanoq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَيَقْ (ayak)

⇒ Uzbek: chinoyoq

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar: *čïnï-ańak

Bashkir: сынаяҡ (sınayaq)

Tatar: чынаяк (çınayak)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: аякъ (ayaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: аяқ (aäq), шыныаяқ (şynyaäq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аяк (ayak)

desc

Southern Altai: айак (ayak), чын-айак (čïn-ayak)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽶𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾyʾq /ayaḳ/)

Western Yugur: ajaq

⇒ Western Yugur: ajaq-sava (“dowry, plates and bowls”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: аньа

Yakut: айах (ayaq)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tofa: айақ

Tuvan: аяк (ayak)

Yenisei:

Khakas: айах (ayax), сыны аях (sını ayax)


ȫkür-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӳхӗр (üh̬ĕr)

Common Turkic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ogi- (“to belch, nauseate”), *ogsi-

→ Karakhanid: اُقٖيماقْ (oqï:ma:q)

→ Tuvan: [script needed] (okï-)

→ Southern Altai: [script needed] (okï-)

→ Uzbek: o‘qchimoq

→ Tatar: [script needed] (ukši-)

Oghuz: *ȫgür-

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öyümək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوكورمك, اوكرمك (öğürmek)
Turkish: öğürmek

Salar: öhregüsi

Turkmen: ȫgemek

Karluk: *ökür-

Chagatai:

Uzbek: o‘kirmoq

Kipchak: *ökür-

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (üker-)

Tatar: [script needed] (üker-)

West Kipchak:

desc

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (yökür-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (ökür-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: өкіру (ökıru)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өкүрүү (ökürüü)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: өҕүй (öğüy)


yāz-

Proto-Common Turkic: *yāz-

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: یازمق (yazmaq)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَزْماقْ (yazmaq)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: yozmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: язу (yazu)

Bashkir: яҙыу (yaźıw)

West Kipchak:

Kipchak: jazdím (“I missed”) (Codex Cumanicus)

Karachay-Balkar: джазыу (cazıu)

Kumyk: языкъ (yazıq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жазу (jazu)

Karakalpak: жазыў

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жазуу (jazuu)

Southern Altai: јас- (ǰas-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaz-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һыыс

Yakut: сыыс (sııs)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (čas-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (čas-)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *yāz-uk (“mistake, error; sin”), *yāz-ïk,

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یازق (yazuq), یازوق (yazuq), یزق (yazuq), یازوخ (yazuḫ), یازغ (yazuġ)
Azerbaijani: yazıq
→ Armenian: յազըխ (yazəx)
→ Lezgi: язух (äzuꭓ), язугь (äzuh)
Gagauz: yazık
Ottoman Turkish: یازق (yazık)
Turkish: yazık

Salar: yasuq

Turkmen: ýāzyk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یازُقْ (yāzuq)

Chagatai: یازوق (yazuq)

Uzbek: yoziq

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: яҙыҡ (yaźıq)

Tatar: язык (yazıq)

Kipchak-Cuman:

desc

Kipchak: yazoc, yazuc, jæzíh, iezik, iazuk, yaxuc

Crimean Tatar: yazıq

desctree

Kumyk: языкъ (yazıq)
→ Avar: язихъ (jaziqx)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жазық (jazyq)

Nogai: [script needed] (yazıq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жазык (jazık)

Southern Altai: јазык (ǰazïk)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽴𐽳𐽲 (yʾzwq /yazuḳ/)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чазых (çazıx)


yāz-

Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýāzmak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: jazarmen (Codex Cumanicus)


ekši-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

⇒ Azerbaijani: əkşi

Ottoman Turkish: اكشیمك, اكشی

Gagauz: iişimää, iişi

Turkish: ekşimek, ekşi, yüzünü ekşitmek

→ Crimean Tatar: ekşimek

desc

→ Karaim: [script needed] (ekşi-), [script needed] (ekşi)

→? Chuvash: йӗксӳ (jĕksü) (If borrowed from Oghuz)

⇒ Turkmen: ýüzüňi egşitmek

Karluk: (If not borrowed from Oghuz)

⇒ Karakhanid: اَكْشِكْ (ekşig)

Chagatai: [script needed] (ekşi-)

Generally considered simplex, however EDAL, based on Proto-Mongolic *hekexün (“sour”) and Manchu ᡶᡝᡴᠴᡠᡥᡠᠨ (fekcuhun, “astringent”) under the disputed Altaic theory, suggests a derivation from *ek-, however there does not exist a suffix *-ĺči-.
There is no note of Oghuz dialect in اَكْشِكْ (ekşig) in Kashgarî's dictionary.

noncog

(Oghuz, intransitive) to become sour, acid


küdeč

küdeč (nominative singular)
küdečler (nominative plural)
küdečniŋ (genitive singular)
küdečlerniŋ (genitive plural)
küdečke (dative singular)
küdečlerke (dative plural)
küdečte (locative singular)
küdečlerde (locative plural)
küdečten (ablative singular)
küdečlerden (ablative plural)
küdečlerin (instrumental plural)
küdečče (equative singular)
küdečlerče (equative plural)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: güvəc

Ottoman Turkish: كوكج (güveç)

Gagauz: güveç

Turkish: güveç

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: göweç

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӧӧш (kööš)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: كُزَجْ (küzeč), كُوَجْ (küweč), كُذَجْ (küδeč)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽱𐽶𐽽 (küvič), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽰𐽽 (küzeč, “sacrifical pot, kettle”)

Of uncertain origin. Proposals include:
* EDAL reconstructs *kübeč in order to connect with Proto-Tungusic *gǖb- (“to fume”), Korean 굽다 (gupda, “to bake”) and Japanese 香る (kaoru, “to smell good”) under the disputed Altaic theory, however this form is phonologically impossible as otherwise the historical forms, which EDAL does not include, küδeč and küzeč would be inexplicable.
* Nişanyan suggests a derivation *kǖd- (“to wait”) + *-geč, this is phonologically improbable as the earliest instance should've been *küδgüč ~ *küzgüč.
* Clauson instead searches for a foreign origin, possibly from Iranic, with the possible addition of *-č (“diminutive suffix”) (note however that said suffix is usually reserved for kinship terms). Compare Khotanese kūysa- (“pot, jar”) and Persian کوزه (kuze, “earthen bottle”) (whence Chagatai کوزه (küze), Turkmen küýze etc.) from Proto-Indo-European *kog- ~ *keg- ~ *keng- (“peg, hook; claw”) or *kew(H)- ("to bend").


ẹrkek

ẹrkek (canonical)
hẹrkek (canonical)
ẹrkek (nominative singular)
ẹrkekig (accusative singular)
ẹrkekni (accusative singular)
ẹrkekniŋ (genitive singular)
ẹrkekke (dative singular)
ẹrkekde (locative singular)
ẹrkekden (ablative singular)
ẹrkekgerü (allative singular)
ẹrkekin (instrumental singular)
ẹrkekče (equative singular)
ẹrkekleyü (singular)
ẹrkekligü (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hirkək

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اركك (erkäk)

Azerbaijani: erkək

Gagauz: erkek

Ottoman Turkish: اركك (erkek)

Turkish: erkek

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: erkik

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: erkek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرْكَكْ (erkek)

Uzbek: erkak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: иркәк (irkək)

Tatar: иркәк (irkäk)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: еркек (erkek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эркек (erkek)

Southern Altai: эркек (erkek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰼𐰚𐰚 (érkek)

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (érkek, irkek)

Western Yugur: erkik

North Siberian:

Dolgan: иргэк (irgek)

Yakut: иргэх (irgeq)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: иргэк (irgek)

It has originally been considered to be a derivation from the near-synonymous *ēr (“man”), however most sources have since disputed this, noting the vowel mismatch (*ẹ- as opposed to *ē-) and impossible morphology (the denominal suffix *-kek ~ *-gek is used to form body parts).
Erdal instead suggests a derivation from *ẹrk (“young ram”) with the diminutive suffix *-ak, compare *oglak (“kid”), the diminutive of *ogul (“child”), for a reverse semantic shift.
Could be related to *erkeč (“he-goat”) if it was originally pronounced *ẹrkeč.