kagun

kagun (nominative singular)
kagunug (accusative singular)
kagunnï (accusative singular)
kagunnuŋ (genitive singular)
kagunka (dative singular)
kagunda (locative singular)
kagundan (ablative singular)
kagungaru (allative singular)
kagunun (instrumental singular)
kagunča (equative singular)
kagunlayu (singular)
kagunlugu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid:

Arabic script: كاغُونْ (kāğūn) [1072 CE, Kashgari I], [script needed] (kāwūn) [13th c., ibn Muhannā]

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽲𐽳𐽺 (q̈ʾqwn /kağun/) [1070 CE, Kutadgu Bilig]

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коон (koon)

→ Burushaski:

Hunza: ġoón

Yasin: ġaún

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡауын (qawın)

Tatar: кавын (qawın)

Western Tatar: кавын (qawın, “muskmelon”)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қауын (qawın)

Kazakh: қауын (qauyn)

Nogai: кавын (kavın)

West Kipchak: qavun [14th c., Abū Ḥayyān]

Crimean Tatar: (“muskmelon”)

Cyrillic script: къавн

Latin script: qavn

Karaim: kavun (Lodz-Galician)

Karachay-Balkar: хауун (xauun)

Kumyk: къавун (qawun)

desc

→ Chuvash: кавӑн (kavăn, “pumpkin, squash”)

→ Turkish: kavun (“muskmelon”)

Urum: хавун (havun)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kāwun) [13th c.], [script needed] (kawun) [14th c.], [script needed] (kowun) [15th c.]

Azerbaijani:

Afashari: qawun, qaụn, qaụ̄n

Azerbaijani: qovun

Firuzabadi: ğowu·n

Qalaye Farhad-Xani: ğa̬wn

Qorwai: ğaun

Sonqori: ğown

Tabriz: qohun

Gagauz: kaun (“muskmelon”)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قاون (kavun)
Turkish: kavun
→ Arabic: قَاوُون (qāwūn, “bitter melon, cantaloupe”)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: qawin, qawûn
→ Georgian: ყავუნი (q̇avuni) — Chveneburi
→ Laz: კავონი (ǩavoni)
→ Ukrainian: каву́н (kavún, “watermelon”) (or possibly from Tatar)
→ Belarusian: каву́н (kavún)
→ Polish: kawon
→ Yiddish: קאַווענע (kavene)

Turkmen: gawun

→ Shina: [script needed] (gawún)

Salar: qoğun

Siberian Turkic:

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽲𐽳𐽺 (qʾqwn /ḳaġun/, “watermelon”)

Western Yugur:

Dahei: qʰuwïn

Western Yugur: qɔïn, quïn, qɔn, qun, qawïn, qawun

→ Late Middle Mongol: (/*qawun/, “melon, muskmelon”)

Han script: 合溫 (qɔ̌-un) [1389 CE, Hua Yi yiyu]

Perhaps borrowed from Tibetan ག་གོན (ga gon, “melon, gourd”), reduplicated borrowing from Old Mandarin 瓜 (kwa) (compare borrowings Tibetan གོན (gon, “pumpkin”), Nusu [Term?] (/ɣɔ/, “pumpkin”), Dzongkha གོན (gon, “cucumber”), Classical Mongolian ᠭᠤᠧᠠ (ɣuē-a)), though this has been disputed.


taŋ

taŋ (nominative singular)
taŋlar (nominative plural)
taŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
taŋlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
taŋka (dative singular)
taŋlarka (dative plural)
taŋda (locative singular)
taŋlarda (locative plural)
taŋdan (ablative singular)
taŋlardan (ablative plural)
taŋlarïn (instrumental plural)
taŋča (equative singular)
taŋlarča (equative plural)

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dan

Ottoman Turkish: طاك (taŋ)

Turkish: tan

Turkmen: daň

Karluk

Uzbek: tong

Uyghur: تاڭ (tang)

Kipchak

West-Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tañ

Kumyk: танг (tañ)

Karachay-Balkar: танг (tañ)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: таң (tañ)

Tatar: таң (tañ)

Siberian Tatar: таң

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: таң (tañ)

Karakalpak: таң (tañ)

Nogai: танъ (tañ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: таң (taŋ), тан (tan)

Southern Altai: таҥ (taŋ)

Siberian

North Siberian

Yakut: тыҥ (tıñ)

Dolgan: [script needed] (tyŋ)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: даӈ

Tuvan: даң (dañ)

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: таң

Khakas: таң (tañ)

Chulym: таң

Western Yugur: taŋ


tāŕ

tāŕ (nominative singular)
tāŕïg (accusative singular)
tāŕnï (accusative singular)
tāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāŕka (dative singular)
tāŕda (locative singular)
tāŕdan (ablative singular)
tāŕgaru (allative singular)
tāŕïn (instrumental singular)
tāŕča (equative singular)
tāŕlayu (singular)
tāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: tar

Proto-Common Turkic: *tāz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: daz (“bald”)

Ottoman Turkish: طاز (daz)

Turkish: daz (“bare”)

⇒ Turkish: dazlak (“bald”)

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: daz (“bald”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تازْ (tāz)

Uyghur: تاز (taz, “baldness”)

Uzbek: toz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: таҙ (taź)

Tatar: таз (taz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: taz

Krymchak: таз (taz, “bald”)

Kumyk: таз (taz)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: таз (taz)

Kyrgyz: таз (taz)

Siberian:

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: тас (tas)

Shor: тас (tas)

Tuvan: тас (tas)


seče

seče (nominative singular)
sečeig (accusative singular)
sečeni (accusative singular)
sečeniŋ (genitive singular)
sečeke (dative singular)
sečede (locative singular)
sečeden (ablative singular)
sečegerü (allative singular)
sečein (instrumental singular)
sečeče (equative singular)
sečeleyü (singular)
sečeligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz: سَجا (seçe)

→? Chuvash: ҫерҫи (śerś̬i)

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: sərçə

Qashqai: سرچه

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: سرچه
Turkish: serçe
→ Armenian: սերչե (serčʻe)

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: sece, seci

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: serçe

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼼𐼷𐼿𐼷 (sycy, “sparrow”). Compare also its diminutive 𐼼𐼷𐼿𐼰𐼸𐼸 (sycʾkk). Akin to Yagnobi сича (siča, “bird, sparrow”), сичак (sičak, “sparrow”).
Clauson suggets a derivation from *seč- (“to choose”), however this is semantically unlikely.
According to Rasanen the Oghur form is an Oghuz borrowing. This would explain the intrusive -r- which is typical of Oghuz (cf. *sep- and *čap-) occuring in Oghur.


ečkü

ečkü (nominative singular)
ečküüg (accusative singular)
ečküni (accusative singular)
ečkünüŋ (genitive singular)
ečküke (dative singular)
ečküde (locative singular)
ečküden (ablative singular)
ečkügerü (allative singular)
ečküün (instrumental singular)
ečküče (equative singular)
ečküleyü (singular)
ečkülügü (comitative singular)
*keči (alternative)

Oghur: *kečke

Chuvash: качака (kač̬ak̬a)

→ Hungarian: kecske

Common Turkic:

Arghu: *ečkü

Khalaj: əçkü

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 219

Oghuz: كَجیٖ (keçi)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: keçi

Ottoman Turkish: كچی (keçi)

Gagauz: keçi

Turkish: keçi

desc

→ Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (keşi)

Turkmen: geçi

→? Kipchak: [script needed] (keči)

Bashkir: кәзә (kəzə)

Tatar: кәҗә (käcä)

→? Chuvash: кач (kač) (dial.)

desctree

→? Proto-Permic: *käć
Komi:
Komi-Permyak: кӧч (köć)
Komi-Zyrian: кӧч (köć)
Udmurt: кеч (keć)
Beserman: кесь (keś)

Karluk: *ečkü

Karakhanid: اَجْكُو (eçkü)

Uzbek: echki

desc

Uyghur: ئۆچكە (öchke), ئۆشكە (öshke), ئەچكۈ (echkü), ئەچكى (echki)

Kipchak: *ečki

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (ečki)

Armeno-Kipchak: էչքի (ečki)

Crimean Tatar: eçki

Karachay-Balkar: эчки (eçki)

Karaim: эчки, эцки

Karaim: эчки, эцки

Kumyk: эчки (eçki)

Krymchak: эчкы

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ешки, eshki

Kazakh: ешкі (eşkı)

Nogai: эшки (éşki)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эчки (ecki)

Southern Altai: эчки (ečki)

Siberian: *ečkü

Old Turkic: [script needed] (ečkü)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ečkü)

Western Yugur: uşqo, uşkö

→ Salar: eşgü

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: өъшкү

Tuvan: өшкү (öşkü)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ӧскі

Shor: ӧшкӱ

There are two homogeneous Turkic forms Proto-Turkic *ečkü and Proto-Turkic *keči. The first form is typical for Siberian Turkic, Turki and some Kipchak Turkic languages, while the second form is found in the Oghuz, Volga Kipchak Turkic and Oghur Turkic, both being homogeneous Turkic forms.


tǖp

tǖp (nominative singular)
tǖpüg (accusative singular)
tǖpni (accusative singular)
tǖpnüŋ (genitive singular)
tǖpke (dative singular)
tǖpde (locative singular)
tǖpden (ablative singular)
tǖpgerü (allative singular)
tǖpün (instrumental singular)
tǖpče (equative singular)
tǖpleyü (singular)
tǖplügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗп (tĕp)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: *dǖb-

Old Anatolian Turkish: دب (dib), دیب (dib)

Azerbaijani: dib

Ottoman Turkish: دیب (dib)

Gagauz: dip (dib-)

Turkish: dip (dib-)

Salar: dövü

Turkmen: düýp (düýb-)

Kipchak:

West-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tüp

Kumyk: тюп (tüp)

Karachay-Balkar: тюб (tüb)

Krymchak: тыб

Urum: диб

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төп (töp)

Tatar: төп (töp)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: түп (tüp)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түп (tüp)

Southern Altai: тӱп (tüp)

Karluk:

Uzbek: tub

Uyghur: تۈپ (tüp)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

>? Dolgan: түгэк

>? Yakut: түгэх (tügeq)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: дүп (düp)

Khakas: тӱп (tüp)

Shor: тӱп (“origin, stock, family”)

тӱбӱн (“bottom”)


yaŋï

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗнӗ (śĕnĕ)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yaŋï, *yeŋi:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yəngi

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yeni

Ottoman Turkish: یڭی (yeñi)

Gagauz: yeni

Turkish: yeni

Turkmen: ýaňy (“just, recently”)

Salar: yañı

Karluk:

Chagatai: یانگی (yaŋı)

Uzbek: yangi

Uyghur: يېڭى (yë'ngi)

Kipchak:

West-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yañı

Kumyk: янгы (yañı)

Karaim: йангъы

Karachay-Balkar: джангы (cañı)

Krymchak: йенгы

Urum: йаны

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яңы (yañı)

Tatar: яңа (yaña)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жаңа (jaña)

Karakalpak: жаңа / jaña

Nogai: янъы (yañı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаңы (jaŋı)

Southern Altai: јаҥы (ǰaŋï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰭𐰃 (yaŋï)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaŋï)

Western Yugur: yaŋï

North Siberian:

Yakut: саҥа (saña)

Dolgan: һаӈа

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чаа (çaa)

Tofa: няа

Yenisei:

Shor: наа

Khakas: наа (naa)

Potentially from *yan- (“to return, to come back”) + *-ki, literally "the one that has returned, that has renewed", compare *yana (“again”) and *yaŋïdan (“again”).


čöl

čöl (nominative singular)
čölüg (accusative singular)
čölni (accusative singular)
čölnüŋ (genitive singular)
čölke (dative singular)
čölde (locative singular)
čölden (ablative singular)
čölgerü (allative singular)
čölün (instrumental singular)
čölče (equative singular)
čölleyü (singular)
čöllügü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish::

Azerbaijani: çöl

Ottoman Turkish: چول (çöl)

Turkish: çöl

→ Northern Kurdish: çol

Salar: çel

Turkmen: çöl

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: чүл (çül)

Bashkir: сүл (sül)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: çöl, şöl

Kumyk: чёл (çöl)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: шөл (şöl)

Nogai: шоьл (şöl)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чөл (cöl)

Southern Altai: чӧл (čöl)

Karluk:

Uzbek: choʻl

Uyghur: چۆل (chöl)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: чöл (çöl), шöл (şöl)

→ Mongolian: цөл (cöl)


tāg

tāg (nominative singular)
tāgïg (accusative singular)
tāgnï (accusative singular)
tāgnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāgka (dative singular)
tāgda (locative singular)
tāgdan (ablative singular)
tāggaru (allative singular)
tāgïn (instrumental singular)
tāgča (equative singular)
tāglayu (singular)
tāglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *taɣ

Old Chuvash: *tåw

Middle Chuvash: *tai̯

Middle Chuvash: *tu

Chuvash: ту (tu)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tāg

Arghu:

Khalaj: tâğ

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dağ

Gagauz: daa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: داغ (dağ)
Turkish: dag, dağ

Turkmen: dag

Salar: dağ

Karluk:

Chagatai: تاغ

Uzbek: togʻ

Uyghur: تاغ (tagh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: тау (taw)

Bashkir: тау (taw)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: dağ

Karachay-Balkar: тау (tau)

Karaim: тав, tav

Kumyk: тав (taw)

Krymchak: дагъ

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: тау (tau)

Karakalpak: taw

Nogai: тав (tav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоо (too)

Southern Altai: туу (tuu)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: тыа (tıa)

Dolgan: тыа

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: дағ (dağ)

Tuvan: даг (dag)

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: тағ (tağ)

Khakas: тағ (tağ)

Western Yugur: tağ


ȫč

ȫč (nominative singular)
ȫčüg (accusative singular)
ȫčni (accusative singular)
ȫčnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫčke (dative singular)
ȫčde (locative singular)
ȫčden (ablative singular)
ȫčgerü (allative singular)
ȫčün (instrumental singular)
ȫčče (equative singular)
ȫčleyü (singular)
ȫčlügü (comitative singular)

Chuvash: вӗчӗ (vĕč̬ĕ)

>? Khalaj: hēcäş

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öc

Ottoman Turkish: اوج (öc)

Turkish: öç

Turkmen: ȫç

Kipchak

West-Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: öç

Karachay-Balkar: ёч (yoç)

Kumyk: оьч (öç)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: үс (üs)

Tatar: үч (üç)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Karakalpak: өш

Kazakh: өш (öş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өч (öc)

Southern Altai: ӧч (öč)

Karluk

Uzbek: oʻch

Uyghur: ئۆچ (öch)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽽 (öč)

North Siberian

Yakut: өс (ös, “hate, revenge”)

desc

Dolgan: өстөөк (“enemy”), өстөөc (“to hate”)

South Siberian

Tuvan: өш (öş)

Shor: ӧш


kē(y)t-

Oghur:

Chuvash: кай (kaj)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kēt-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (gitmek)

Azerbaijani: getmək

Ottoman Turkish: كتمك (gitmek)

Gagauz: gitmää

Turkish: gitmek

→ Swedish: gitta

Turkmen: gitmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: کتماک (kätmäk)

Uzbek: ketmoq

Uyghur: كەتمەك (ketmek)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кетүү (ketüü)

Southern Altai: кеткин (ketkin, “migratory (of birds)”), кедер (keder)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: китеү (kitew)

Tatar: китү (kitü)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кетиў

Kazakh: кету (ketu)

Nogai: кетуьв (ketüv)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ketmek

Kumyk: гетмек (getmek)

Karachay-Balkar: кетерге (keterge)

Karaim: [script needed] (ket-)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ket-)


kač-

kačmak (infinitive)
kačgan (participle present)
kačïgma (participle present)
kačur (participle present)
kačtuk (participle past)
kačmïš (participle past)
kačtačï (future participle)
kačmakčï (future participle)
kačsïk (future participle)
kačačak (future participle)
kačma (noun-from-verb)
kačïg (noun-from-verb)
kačgu (noun-from-verb)
kačïš (adverbial)
kačur ben (aorist indicative singular)
kačur sen (aorist indicative singular)
kačur (aorist indicative singular)
kačur biz (aorist indicative plural)
kačur siz (aorist indicative plural)
kačur (aorist indicative plural)
kačtïm (indicative past singular)
kačtïŋ (indicative past singular)
kačtï (indicative past singular)
kačtïk (indicative past plural)
kačtïmïz (indicative past plural)
kačtïŋïz (indicative past plural)
kačtï (indicative past plural)
kačmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kačmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kačmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
kačmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kačmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kačmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
kačtačï ben (future indicative singular)
kačmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
kačačak ben (future indicative singular)
kačtačï sen (future indicative singular)
kačmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
kačačak sen (future indicative singular)
kačtačï (future indicative singular)
kačmakčï (future indicative singular)
kačačak (future indicative singular)
kačtačï biz (future indicative plural)
kačmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
kačačak biz (future indicative plural)
kačtačï siz (future indicative plural)
kačmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
kačačak siz (future indicative plural)
kačtačï (future indicative plural)
kačmakčï (future indicative plural)
kačačak (future indicative plural)
kačgay ben (future indicative singular)
kačgay sen (future indicative singular)
kačgay (future indicative singular)
kačgay biz (future indicative plural)
kačgay siz (future indicative plural)
kačgay (future indicative plural)
kačsïkïm (future indicative singular)
kačsïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
kačsïk (future indicative singular)
kačsïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
kačsïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
kačsïk (future indicative plural)
kačsam (conditional singular)
kačsar ben (conditional singular)
kačsaŋ (conditional singular)
kačsar sen (conditional singular)
kačsa (conditional singular)
kačsar (conditional singular)
kačsak (conditional plural)
kačsamïz (conditional plural)
kačsar biz (conditional plural)
kačsaŋïz (conditional plural)
kačsar siz (conditional plural)
kačsalar (conditional plural)
kačsar (conditional plural)
kačgay ben (optative singular)
kačgay sen (optative singular)
kačgay (optative singular)
kačgay biz (optative plural)
kačgay siz (optative plural)
kačgay (optative plural)
kačmakda ben (progressive singular)
kačmakda sen (progressive singular)
kačmakda (progressive singular)
kačmakda biz (plural progressive)
kačmakda siz (plural progressive)
kačmakda (plural progressive)
kačmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
kačmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
kačmalïg (necessitative singular)
kačmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
kačmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
kačmalïg (necessitative plural)
kačayïn (imperative singular)
kač (imperative singular)
kačgïl (imperative singular)
kačzun (imperative singular)
kačalïm (imperative plural)
kačïŋ (imperative plural)
kačzun (imperative plural)
kačmamak (infinitive negative)
kačmagan (negative participle present)
kačmagma (negative participle present)
kačmaz (negative participle present)
kačmaduk (negative participle past)
kačmamïš (negative participle past)
kačmačï (future negative participle)
kačmasïk (future negative participle)
kačmayačak (future negative participle)
kačmama (negative noun-from-verb)
kačmag (negative noun-from-verb)
kačmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
kačmayïš (adverbial negative)
kačmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kačmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kačmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
kačmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kačmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kačmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kačmadïm (indicative negative past singular)
kačmadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kačmadï (indicative negative past singular)
kačmadïk (indicative negative past plural)
kačmadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
kačmadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
kačmadï (indicative negative past plural)
kačmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kačmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kačmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kačmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kačmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kačmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kačmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
kačmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
kačmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
kačmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
kačmačï (future indicative negative singular)
kačmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
kačmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmačï (future indicative negative plural)
kačmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
kačmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
kačmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
kačmagay (future indicative negative singular)
kačmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmagay (future indicative negative plural)
kačmasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
kačmasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kačmasïk (future indicative negative singular)
kačmasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
kačmasïk (future indicative negative plural)
kačmasam (conditional negative singular)
kačmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
kačmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
kačmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
kačmasa (conditional negative singular)
kačmasar (conditional negative singular)
kačmasak (conditional negative plural)
kačmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
kačmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
kačmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
kačmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
kačmasalar (conditional negative plural)
kačmasar (conditional negative plural)
kačmagay ben (negative optative singular)
kačmagay sen (negative optative singular)
kačmagay (negative optative singular)
kačmagay biz (negative optative plural)
kačmagay siz (negative optative plural)
kačmagay (negative optative plural)
kačmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
kačmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
kačmamakda (negative progressive singular)
kačmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
kačmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
kačmamakda (negative plural progressive)
kačmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
kačmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
kačmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
kačmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
kačmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
kačmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
kačmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
kačma (imperative negative singular)
kačmagïl (imperative negative singular)
kačmazun (imperative negative singular)
kačmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
kačmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
kačmazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaçmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قاچمق (kaçmak)
Gagauz: kaçmaa
Turkish: kaçmak
→ Ladino: kacherear, kachirear

Turkmen: gaçmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَاجْماقْ (qačmāq)

Chagatai: قاچمق (qačmaq)

Uzbek: qochmoq

Uyghur: قاچماق (qachmaq)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: качуу (kacuu)

Southern Altai: қач

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡасыу (qasıw)

Tatar: качу (qaçu)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қашыў

Kazakh: қашу (qaşu)

Nogai: кашув (kaşuv)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaçmaq

Karachay-Balkar: къачаргъа (qaçarğa)

Kumyk: къачмакъ (qaçmaq)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰲 (qač-)


tamga

tamga (nominative singular)
tamgalar (nominative plural)
tamganïŋ (genitive singular)
tamgalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tamgaka (dative singular)
tamgalarka (dative plural)
tamgada (locative singular)
tamgalarda (locative plural)
tamgadan (ablative singular)
tamgalardan (ablative plural)
tamgalarïn (instrumental plural)
tamgača (equative singular)
tamgalarča (equative plural)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تَمْغا

Chagatai: تمغا

Uzbek: tamgʻa

Uyghur: تامغا (tamgha)

→ Tibetan: ཐམ་ཀ (tham ka)

→ Persian: تمغا (tamġâ) (or from Oghuz)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तमग़ा (tamġā)

Urdu: تمغا, تمغہ

→ Punjabi: ਤਮਗ਼ਾ (tamġā)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamaga

East Yugur: taŋġwa

Mongolian: тамга (tamga)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тамга (tamga)

Southern Altai: таҥма (taŋma)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамға (tamğa)

Tatar: тамга (tamga)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: таңба (tañba)

Karakalpak: тамға

Nogai: тамга (tamga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tamğa

Kumyk: дамгъа (damğa)
→ Avar: дамгъа (damğa)
→ Dargwa: дамгъа (damγa)

Karachay-Balkar: тамгъа (tamğa)

→ Ossetian: дамгъӕ (damǧæ)

desc

тӑмха (tămh̬a)

→? Chuvash: тумха (tumh̬a), тӑмха (tămh̬a) (unless inherited independently)

→ Bulgarian: тамга (tamga)

→ Old East Slavic: тамъга (tamŭga, “stigma”)

Russian: тамга́ (tamgá)

⇒ Russian: таможня (tamožnja)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: tagma

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: damğa
→ Armenian: դաղմա (daġma), դամղա (damġa) (Karabakh)
→ Lak: ттангъа (t:anğa)
→ Lezgi: тагъма (taġma), тӏамгъа (ṭamġa) (or perhaps from Kumyk)
→ Udi: дамгъа (damɣa)

Ottoman Turkish: تمغا (tamga), طمغا (tamga, damga), طمغه (tamga, damga), طامغه (tamga, damga), دامغه (damga), دمغه (damga)
Gagauz: damga, tamga
Turkish: damga
→ Arabic: دَمْغَة (damḡa)
→ Bulgarian: дамга́ (damgá)
→ Georgian: დამღა (damɣa) (or from Azerbaijani)
→ Middle Armenian: տամղա (tamġa)
Armenian: տամղա (tamġa), դամկա (damka), թամղա (tʻamġa)
→ Romanian: danga
→ Macedonian: дамка (damka)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: да̏нга
Latin script: dȁnga

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀, 𐱃𐰀𐰢𐰴𐰀 (tamγa, tamqa)

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tamγa, “stamp, imprint; sign”)

→ English: tamga (learned)

Sayan

Tofa: таӈма, даӈма

Tofa: таӈма, даӈма

Tuvan: таңма (tañma)

Yenisei:

Shor: таңма

Khakas: таңма (tañma)

Probably from *tam- (“to burn, to kindle, to ignite”) + *-ga

suf

brand (mark of ownership put on horses or cattle)


yāĺïl

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫулҫӑ (śulś̬ă, “leaf”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâşıl

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یاشل (yaşıl), یشیل (yaşıl), یشل (yaşıl)
Azerbaijani: yaşıl
Gagauz: eşil
Ottoman Turkish: یشیل (yeşil), یشل (yeşil), եէշիլ (yeşil) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: yeşil
→ Albanian: jeshil

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýaşyl

Kipchak: یاشل (yaşil)
West Kipchak:
Crimean Tatar: yeşil
Krymchak: йешыль
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: йәшел (yəşel)
Tatar: яшел (yaşel)
→ Chuvash: ешӗл (eš̬ĕl)
South Kipchak:
Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
Kyrgyz: жашыл (jaşıl)
Southern Altai: јажыл (ǰažïl)
Kipchak-Nogai:
Kazakh: жасыл (jasyl)
Nogai: ясыл (yasıl)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَشِلْ (yašïl), یاشِلْ (yāšïl)
Chagatai: یاشیل (yaşil)
Uyghur: يېشىل (yëshil)
Uzbek: yashil

Siberian:

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽿𐽶𐾁 (yʾšyl /yašïl/) (rare)

North Siberian:

Yakut: саһыл (sahıl)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: чажыл


alabuda

alabuda (nominative singular)
alabudalar (nominative plural)
alabudanïŋ (genitive singular)
alabudalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
alabudaka (dative singular)
alabudalarka (dative plural)
alabudada (locative singular)
alabudalarda (locative plural)
alabudadan (ablative singular)
alabudalardan (ablative plural)
alabudalarïn (instrumental plural)
alabudača (equative singular)
alabudalarča (equative plural)

desc

Proto-Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *alabVda
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (lebede), [script needed] (labata)
***** Azerbaijani: ləbədə (dialectal, Şəki)
***** Ottoman Turkish: لاباده (labada), لابوده (laboda)
****** Gagauz: loboda
****** Turkish: labada
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: alabota
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلَبُدَ (alabuda)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (alabuda) Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (alabuta)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (alabuta)
****** Uzbek: olabuta, alabuta
****** Uyghur: ئالاپۇتا (alaputa), ئالابۇتا (alabuta)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: البط (alabota)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алабута (alabuta)
***** Tatar: алабута (alabuta), алабата (alabata), алабата (alabata), алабота (alabota), лабута (labuta), ләбәтә (läbätä), либәдә (libädä)
→ Eastern Mari: алабута (alabuta)
→ Russian: ала́бута (alábuta), ала́бота (alábota)
→ Udmurt: алабута (alabuta)
***** Siberian Tatar: алабатан, алабытан, алабытын
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar:
*****: Cyrillic script: алабота
*****: Latin script: alabota
***** Karachay-Balkar: лыбыта (lıbıta), алабота (alabota), алафота (alafota)
***** Kumyk: алабота (alabota)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алабота (alabota), алабұта (alabūta)
***** Karakalpak: алабота
***** Nogai: алабота (alabota)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алабата (alabata), алабута (alabuta)
***** Southern Altai: лебеда (lebeda)

Unknown; presumably related to Proto-Slavic *loboda (“goosefoot, orach”), and possibly Ancient Greek λάπαθον (lápathon, “monk's rhubarb, sorrel”), perhaps all borrowed Iranian, Uralic, or some substrate language.


tam-

tammak (infinitive)
tamgan (participle present)
tamïgma (participle present)
tamur (participle present)
tamduk (participle past)
tammïš (participle past)
tamdačï (future participle)
tammakčï (future participle)
tamsïk (future participle)
tamačak (future participle)
tamma (noun-from-verb)
tamïg (noun-from-verb)
tamgu (noun-from-verb)
tamïš (adverbial)
tamur ben (aorist indicative singular)
tamur sen (aorist indicative singular)
tamur (aorist indicative singular)
tamur biz (aorist indicative plural)
tamur siz (aorist indicative plural)
tamur (aorist indicative plural)
tamdïm (indicative past singular)
tamdïŋ (indicative past singular)
tamdï (indicative past singular)
tamdïk (indicative past plural)
tamdïmïz (indicative past plural)
tamdïŋïz (indicative past plural)
tamdï (indicative past plural)
tammïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tammïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tammïš (indicative inferential past singular)
tammïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tammïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tammïš (indicative inferential past plural)
tamdačï ben (future indicative singular)
tammakčï ben (future indicative singular)
tamačak ben (future indicative singular)
tamdačï sen (future indicative singular)
tammakčï sen (future indicative singular)
tamačak sen (future indicative singular)
tamdačï (future indicative singular)
tammakčï (future indicative singular)
tamačak (future indicative singular)
tamdačï biz (future indicative plural)
tammakčï biz (future indicative plural)
tamačak biz (future indicative plural)
tamdačï siz (future indicative plural)
tammakčï siz (future indicative plural)
tamačak siz (future indicative plural)
tamdačï (future indicative plural)
tammakčï (future indicative plural)
tamačak (future indicative plural)
tamgay ben (future indicative singular)
tamgay sen (future indicative singular)
tamgay (future indicative singular)
tamgay biz (future indicative plural)
tamgay siz (future indicative plural)
tamgay (future indicative plural)
tamsïkïm (future indicative singular)
tamsïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
tamsïk (future indicative singular)
tamsïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
tamsïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
tamsïk (future indicative plural)
tamsam (conditional singular)
tamsar ben (conditional singular)
tamsaŋ (conditional singular)
tamsar sen (conditional singular)
tamsa (conditional singular)
tamsar (conditional singular)
tamsak (conditional plural)
tamsamïz (conditional plural)
tamsar biz (conditional plural)
tamsaŋïz (conditional plural)
tamsar siz (conditional plural)
tamsalar (conditional plural)
tamsar (conditional plural)
tamgay ben (optative singular)
tamgay sen (optative singular)
tamgay (optative singular)
tamgay biz (optative plural)
tamgay siz (optative plural)
tamgay (optative plural)
tammakda ben (progressive singular)
tammakda sen (progressive singular)
tammakda (progressive singular)
tammakda biz (plural progressive)
tammakda siz (plural progressive)
tammakda (plural progressive)
tammalïg ben (necessitative singular)
tammalïg sen (necessitative singular)
tammalïg (necessitative singular)
tammalïg biz (necessitative plural)
tammalïg siz (necessitative plural)
tammalïg (necessitative plural)
tamayïn (imperative singular)
tam (imperative singular)
tamgïl (imperative singular)
tamzun (imperative singular)
tamalïm (imperative plural)
tamïŋ (imperative plural)
tamzun (imperative plural)
tammamak (infinitive negative)
tammagan (negative participle present)
tammagma (negative participle present)
tammaz (negative participle present)
tammaduk (negative participle past)
tammamïš (negative participle past)
tammačï (future negative participle)
tammasïk (future negative participle)
tammayačak (future negative participle)
tammama (negative noun-from-verb)
tammag (negative noun-from-verb)
tammagu (negative noun-from-verb)
tammayïš (adverbial negative)
tammaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tammaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tammaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
tammaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tammaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tammaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tammadïm (indicative negative past singular)
tammadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tammadï (indicative negative past singular)
tammadïk (indicative negative past plural)
tammadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
tammadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
tammadï (indicative negative past plural)
tammamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tammamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tammamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tammamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tammamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tammamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tammačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
tammayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
tammačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
tammayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
tammačï (future indicative negative singular)
tammayačak (future indicative negative singular)
tammačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
tammayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
tammačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
tammayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
tammačï (future indicative negative plural)
tammayačak (future indicative negative plural)
tammagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
tammagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
tammagay (future indicative negative singular)
tammagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
tammagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
tammagay (future indicative negative plural)
tammasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
tammasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tammasïk (future indicative negative singular)
tammasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
tammasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
tammasïk (future indicative negative plural)
tammasam (conditional negative singular)
tammasar ben (conditional negative singular)
tammasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
tammasar sen (conditional negative singular)
tammasa (conditional negative singular)
tammasar (conditional negative singular)
tammasak (conditional negative plural)
tammasamïz (conditional negative plural)
tammasar biz (conditional negative plural)
tammasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
tammasar siz (conditional negative plural)
tammasalar (conditional negative plural)
tammasar (conditional negative plural)
tammagay ben (negative optative singular)
tammagay sen (negative optative singular)
tammagay (negative optative singular)
tammagay biz (negative optative plural)
tammagay siz (negative optative plural)
tammagay (negative optative plural)
tammamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
tammamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
tammamakda (negative progressive singular)
tammamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
tammamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
tammamakda (negative plural progressive)
tammamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
tammamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
tammamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
tammamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
tammamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
tammamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
tammayayïn (imperative negative singular)
tamma (imperative negative singular)
tammagïl (imperative negative singular)
tammazun (imperative negative singular)
tammayalïm (imperative negative plural)
tammayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
tammazun (imperative negative plural)

Karluk

desc

تَمْتُرْماقْ ,تَمْدُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: تَمْتُرْماقْ (tamdur-, tamtur-)/تَمْدُرْماقْ (tamdur-, tamtur-)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tamet-)

Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: тамызу (tamyzu)

Nogai: тамызув (tamızuv)

Karakalpak: тамызыў

South Kipchak

Kyrgyz: там- (tam-), тамызуу (tamızuu)

North Kipchak (also: to drip)

Bashkir: тамыҙыу (tamıźıw)

Tatar: тамызу (tamızu)

Siberian

Old Turkic: [script needed] (tamdur), [script needed] (tam-)

Yakut: тымыт (tımıt), тымтык (tımtık)

(transitive) to burn, to kindle, to ignite


yẹr

yẹr (nominative singular)
yẹrig (accusative singular)
yẹrni (accusative singular)
yẹrniŋ (genitive singular)
yẹrke (dative singular)
yẹrde (locative singular)
yẹrden (ablative singular)
yẹrgerü (allative singular)
yẹrin (instrumental singular)
yẹrče (equative singular)
yẹrleyü (singular)
yẹrligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗр (śĕr)

→ Hungarian: szer

Common Turkic:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: يەر (yer)

Uzbek: yer

Kipchak: [script needed] (yer)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жер (jer)

Southern Altai:

Altai: јер (ǰer)

Teleut: јер (ǰer)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ер (yer)

Tatar: җир (cir), cir

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jer

Kazakh: жер (jer)

Nogai: ер (yer)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: йэр

Kumyk-Karachay:

Karachay-Balkar: джер (cer)

Kumyk: ер (yer)

Crimean Tatar-Krymchak:

Krymchak: йер

Crimean Tatar: yer

Arghu

Khalaj: yer

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یر, ییر (yẹr, yir)
Azerbaijani: yer
Gagauz: er
Ottoman Turkish: یر (yer)
Turkish: yer

Turkmen-Khorasan:

Turkmen: ýer

Salar: yer

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰃𐰼 (y²ir² /yér, yir/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr /yér/)

Western Yugur: jer (yer)

Altai-Yenisei Turkic:

Northern Altai:

Chelkan: тьер (tʹyer), йер (yer)

Kumandy: чер (čer), тьер (tʹyer)

Tuba: јер (ǰer), чер (čer)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чир (çir)

Shor: чер (čer)

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: чер, ҷер

Tofa: чер

Tuvan: чер (çer)

Yakut-Dolgan:

Dolgan: һир

Yakut: сир (sir)


tōz

tōz (nominative singular)
tōzlar (nominative plural)
tōznïŋ (genitive singular)
tōzlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tōzka (dative singular)
tōzlarka (dative plural)
tōzda (locative singular)
tōzlarda (locative plural)
tōzdan (ablative singular)
tōzlardan (ablative plural)
tōzlarïn (instrumental plural)
tōzča (equative singular)
tōzlarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طُوزْ (doz, dōz)

Azerbaijani: toz

Gagauz: tooz, toz

Ottoman Turkish: توز
Turkish: toz
→ Armenian: թոզ (tʻoz)
→ Cypriot Greek: ττοζιν (ttozin)
→ Cypriot Arabic: ttozz
→ Romanian: tos

Turkmen: tōz

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тоз (toz)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоз (toz)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُوزْ

Chagatai: توز (tuz)

Uyghur: توز (toz)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰔 (toz)

Western Yugur: tos

South Siberian

Northern Altai: тоос (toos)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *toxusun

Mongolian: тоос (toos), ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠰᠤ (toɣusu)

→ Tuvan: доозун (doozun)

Nişanyan suggests the probability of an earlier hypothetical *tobuz or *tobuŕ (see *topur), however, he reiterates that it is uncertain. . Kononov suggests a derivation with the suffix *-z
Uncertain relation with Proto-Mongolic *toxusun (“dust”):
* Gombocz connects this word with Proto-Mongolic *toxusun (“dust”) and with *toprak.
* Ligeti suggests a connection through a common ancestral language, however, the Altaic hypothesis is now widely discredited.
* Nişanyan also connects this word with Mongolian Proto-Mongolic *toxusun (“dust”), which he suggests is a borrowing from Turkic.


altï

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: اَلطِ (altı)
Chuvash: улттӑ (ulttă)

desctree

Proto-Common Turkic: *altï
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: alta
** Proto-Oghuz: *altï
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (altı)
***** Azerbaijani: altı
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلتی (altı)
Gagauz: altı
Turkish: altı
*** East Oghuz:
**** Salar: altı
**** Turkmen: alty
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid:
**** Khorezmian Turkic:
***** Chagatai: التە (altä)
****** Ili Turki: altı
****** Uzbek: olti
****** Uyghur: ئالتە (alte)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: الت (altı)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алты (altı)
***** Tatar: алты (altı)
***** Siberian Tatar: алты (altï)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: altı
***** Karachay-Balkar: алты (altı)
***** Karaim:
***** Kumyk: алты (altı)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алты (alty)
***** Karakalpak: alti
***** Nogai: алты (altı)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Southern Altai: алты (altï)
***** Kyrgyz: алты (altı)
** Siberian Turkic:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰞𐱃𐰃 (l¹t¹i /altï/)
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽶 (ʾʾlty /altï/)
Western Yugur: ahltə (aʰltï)
⇒ Western Yugur: ahldon (aʰlton, “sixty”)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: алта (alta)
**** Yakut: алта (alta)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: аълты (àltı)
***** Tuvan: алды (aldı)
**** Yeniseian Turkic:
***** Shor: алты
***** Khakas: алты (altı)
***** Dukhan: alʰtə


tōzan

tōzan (nominative singular)
tōzanlar (nominative plural)
tōzannïŋ (genitive singular)
tōzanlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tōzanka (dative singular)
tōzanlarka (dative plural)
tōzanda (locative singular)
tōzanlarda (locative plural)
tōzandan (ablative singular)
tōzanlardan (ablative plural)
tōzanlarïn (instrumental plural)
tōzanča (equative singular)
tōzanlarča (equative plural)

Karluk:

Chagatai: توزانك (tozañ)

Uyghur: توزاڭ (tozang)

Uzbek: toʻzon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: тузан (tuzan)

→ Chuvash: тусан (tus̬an)

Bashkir: туҙан (tuźan)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тозаң (tozañ)

Nogai: тозан (tozan)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: توزان

Turkish: tozan (“dusty place”)

Turkmen: tozan


yẹt(t)i

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: جىَات (ǰyeti), جتی

desc

Chuvash: ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ), ҫичӗ (śič̬ĕ), ҫич (śič)

Danube Bulgar: ζητ (ǰit)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یدی (yedi)
Azerbaijani: yeddi
Ottoman Turkish: یدی (yedi)
Turkish: yedi
Gagauz: edi
Georgian Urum: eddi

Khorasani Turkish: yetdi

Salar: yide

Turkmen: ýedi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یِتیٖ (yédi, yéti)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: يتە (yättä), يتى (yätti)

Uighur-Ili:

Ili Turki: yetti

Uyghur: يەتتە (yette), يەتتى (yetti) (dial.), يەتى (yeti) (dial.)

Uzbek: yetti

Arghu:

Khalaj: yêtti

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јети (ǰeti)

Kyrgyz: жети (jeti)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ете (yete)

⇒ Bashkir: Етегән (Yetegən)

Tatar: җиде (cide)

desc

Siberian Tatar: йете (yete), йĕди (yĕdi) (dial.), йиді (yidi) (dial.)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jeti

Kazakh: жеті (jetı)

Nogai: ети (yeti)

West Kipchak:

Krymchak: yedi

Crimean Tatar: yedi

Urum: йеди (yedi)

Karaim: йэди (yedi)

Karachay-Balkar: джети (ceti)

Kumyk: етти (yetti)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐱅𐰃 (y²t²i /yeti/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐾀𐽶 (yyty /yéti/)
Western Yugur: jitə (yitï), jitdə (yitdï)
⇒ Western Yugur: jitdon (yitdon, “seventy”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һэттэ (hette)

Yakut: сэттэ (sette)

Yenisei:

desc

Northern Altai: чети (četi), дьети (dʹyeti), тьети (tʹyeti), йетти (yetti)

Khakas: читі (çitì)

Shor: четти (četti)

Chulym: йеде (yēde)

Sayan:

Dukhan: ǰetə, ǰeedə

Tofa: чеді (čedi)

Tuvan: чеди (çedi)

yẹt(t)inči

seventh; -th, as the ordinal-forming suffix


ōtag

ōtag (nominative singular)
ōtagïg (accusative singular)
ōtagnï (accusative singular)
ōtagnïŋ (genitive singular)
ōtagka (dative singular)
ōtagda (locative singular)
ōtagdan (ablative singular)
ōtaggaru (allative singular)
ōtagïn (instrumental singular)
ōtagča (equative singular)
ōtaglayu (singular)
ōtaglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Bulgarian: ватог (vatog, “hearth”) (dialectal)

→ Old Church Slavonic: ватахъ (vataxŭ, “chief, commander”)

Old Chuvash: *våtaɣ *uotaɣ

desctree

→ Russian: вата́га (vatága, “gang”)
→ Kumyk: батагъа (batağa)

Proto-Common Turkic: *otag

Oghuz: *ōdag

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: اد (oda), اود (oda), اودا (oda), اوداغ (odaġ)

Gagauz: oda

Ottoman Turkish: اوطه (see there for further descendants)

Turkish: oda

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوتاغ (otaġ) (affected by or borrowed from other Turkic branches)

Azerbaijani: otaq

→ Classical Persian: اُتَاق (utāq), اُطَاق (utāq)

Tajik: утоқ (utoq)

→ Urdu: اُتاق (utāq)

Ottoman Turkish: اوتاق (otak) (see there for further descendants)

Turkish: otağ

Turkmen: otag (affected by or borrowed from other Turkic branches)

Karluk:

Chagatai: اوتاغ (otaɣ), اوتاو (otaw)

Uzbek: oʻtov

Uyghur: ئوتاق (otaq)

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: утау (utaw)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: отоо (otoo)

Southern Altai: одо (odo) (Teleut)

Southern Kipchak:

Karakalpak: otaw

Kazakh: отау (otau)

Nogai: отав (otav)

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: отоу (otou)

Kumyk: отав (otaw)

Karaim: [script needed] (oda)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: отуу

Yakut: отуу (otuu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: одағ

Tuvan: одаг (odag)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (o)

Khakas:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (otağ)

From *ōt (“fire”) + *-ag. Alternatively, from the verbal stem *ōta- (“to make fire”) + *-g.
There was a supposedly early occurred differentiation in stems ending in a vowel acquiring the sense 'room' and stems ending in -ag/-aq acquiring the sense 'tent', but the reverse relationship between form and sense is also attested.
The vowel length in the first syllable is lost in all contemporary languages including Turkmen and Yakut. However, we can see that the t sound is vocalized due to the long vowel in Gagauz and Turkish.


üt-

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӗт (vĕt)

Proto-Common Turkic: *üt-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ütmək

Ottoman Turkish: اوتمك (ütmek)

Turkish: ütmek

Turkmen: ütmek

Uzbek: үтмәк (Khorazm)

Karluk

Karakhanid: اُتْماكْ (ütmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өтөү (ötöw)

Tatar: өтү (ötü)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: үйіту (üiıtu)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: уьтмек (ütmek)

Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: үт (üt)


sagrï

sagrï (nominative singular)
sagrïïg (accusative singular)
sagrïnï (accusative singular)
sagrïnïŋ (genitive singular)
sagrïka (dative singular)
sagrïda (locative singular)
sagrïdan (ablative singular)
sagrïgaru (allative singular)
sagrïïn (instrumental singular)
sagrïča (equative singular)
sagrïlayu (singular)
sagrïlïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sagrï

Karluk

Uzbek: sagʻri

Uyghur: ساغرى (saghri)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һауыр (hawır)

саурый (sawrıy)

сауры (sawrı)

Tatar: савыр (sawır), саурый (sawrıy), сауры (sawrı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: соору (sooru)

Southern Altai: сууры (suurï, “croup skin, edge of leather”) (dialectal)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: саўыр, саўры

Kazakh: сауыр (sauyr)

Nogai: савыр (savır)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: сауру (sauru)

Kumyk: савру (sawru)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: sağrı
→ Lezgi: сагъри (saġri)

Ottoman Turkish: صاغری (sağrı)

Turkish: sağrı

Turkmen: sagry

Siberian:

>? Yakut: самыы (samıı)

Oghur:

>? *suran

Chuvash: сӑран (săran)

→? Tatar: суран (suran)

croup (the top of the rump of a horse or other quadruped)


boĺ

Oghur:

⇒? Hungarian: búcsú (“farewell”)

>? Hungarian: *bocs- ('to excuse, forgive')

⇒ Hungarian: bocsánik

⇒ Hungarian: bocsánat

Proto-Common Turkic: *boš, *bōš, *poš (according to Ščerbak)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bôş

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *boš

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boş)

Azerbaijani: boş
→ Lezgi: буш (buš)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بوش (boş)
Gagauz: boş
Turkish: boş
→ Albanian: bosh
→ Arabic: بوش (bōš) (in the dialects of Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia)
→ Armenian: բոշ (boš)
→ English: bosh
→ Macedonian: бош (boš)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бо̏ш
Latin script: bȍš

Turkmen: boş

Karluk

Karakhanid: بُشْ (boš), بُوشْ (boš)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (boš)

Chagatai: بوش (boš)

Uzbek: boʻsh

Uyghur: بوش (bosh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بش (boš)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: буш (buş)

Tatar: буш (buş)

q

→ Chuvash: пушӑ (puš̬ă) (unless the Proto-Turkic form really had a final vowel, in which case inherited directly thence)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boş

Karachay-Balkar: бош (boş)

Krymchak: бош (boş)

Kumyk: бош (boş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бос (bos)

Karakalpak: бос

Nogai: бос (bos)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бош (boş)

Southern Altai: бош (boš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽳𐽿 (pwš /boš/)

North Siberian

Yakut: босхо (bosqo)
Dolgan: боско

South Siberian

Sayan:

Tuvan: бош (boş)

Yenisei

Shor: пош


tegre

Oghur:

Chuvash: тавра (tavra)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: degre

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَكْرا (tegrē)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: tegra

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tegre)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тиэри

Yakut: тиэри (tieri)


sāb

sāb (nominative singular)
sābïg (accusative singular)
sābnï (accusative singular)
sābnïŋ (genitive singular)
sābka (dative singular)
sābda (locative singular)
sābdan (ablative singular)
sābgaru (allative singular)
sābïn (instrumental singular)
sābča (equative singular)
sāblayu (singular)
sāblïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: сӑвӑ (săvă)

→ Proto-Ugric: *sawɜ

Hungarian: szó

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: сов (sov)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: сӑв (săw) (Obdorsk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sāb

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *sābčï

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: ساڤْ (sāv), ساڤْجىٖ (sāvčï, “prophet”)

Oghuz: ساڤْجىٖ (sāvčï, “ambassador, envoy”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: ساو

⇒ Azerbaijani: söz-sov (“gossip; discontent”)

Ottoman Turkish: ساو (sav)

Turkish: sav (“gossip, conversation, news”) (dial.)

→ Turkish: sav (“contention; theorem; proposition; thesis; argument, allegation, claim; assertion”), savcı

⇒ Salar: sōcı

Turkmen: sāw, sāwçy

Siberian:

Southern Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sab)

Old Uyghur: s?՚vy (savï)


oŋurtka

oŋurtka (nominative singular)
oŋurtkalar (nominative plural)
oŋurtkanïŋ (genitive singular)
oŋurtkalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
oŋurtkaka (dative singular)
oŋurtkalarka (dative plural)
oŋurtkada (locative singular)
oŋurtkalarda (locative plural)
oŋurtkadan (ablative singular)
oŋurtkalardan (ablative plural)
oŋurtkalarïn (instrumental plural)
oŋurtkača (equative singular)
oŋurtkalarča (equative plural)

Karluk

Uzbek: umurtqa

Uyghur: ئومۇرتقا (omurtqa)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: onurğa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوكورغه (oŋurɣa)
Turkish: omurga

Turkmen: oňurga

Kypchak

North Kypchak

Bashkir: умыртҡа (umırtqa)

Tatar: умыртка (umırtka)

East Kypchak

Kyrgyz: омуртка (omurtka)

Southern Altai: омуртка (omurtka)

South Kypchak

Karakalpak: омыртқа/omırtqa

Kazakh: омыртқа (omyrtqa)

Siberian:

North Siberian

Yakut: уорҕа (uorğa)

Southern Siberian

Khakas: орха (orxa), омыртха (omırtxa) (dialectal)

Tuvan: оорга (oorga)

desc

Shor: оортқа

Shor: оортқа

From *oŋur- (“to crush, break off”) + *-tka.


kamug

kamug (nominative singular)
kamugug (accusative singular)
kamugnï (accusative singular)
kamugnuŋ (genitive singular)
kamugka (dative singular)
kamugda (locative singular)
kamugdan (ablative singular)
kamuggaru (allative singular)
kamugun (instrumental singular)
kamugča (equative singular)
kamuglayu (singular)
kamuglugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قمو (qamu)

Ajem-Turkic: هامو (hamu)

Azerbaijani: hamı

q

Ottoman Turkish: قمو (kamu), قموق (kamuk), خمو (hamu) (all obsolete by 16th Century in İstanbul)

desc

Turkish: (dialectal) hamu (“everyone, all”), hamı

→ Turkish: kamu (“public”) (learned)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰢𐰍 (qamaɣ)

Old Uyghur: qʾmʾq (qamaɣ), qʾmwq (qamuɣ)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хамык (xamık)

There have been two proposals for the etymology:
* A borrowing from Middle Persian hmʾk' (hamāg, “all”), it also has a secure PIE etymology and as such cannot be a Turkic or Mongolic borrowing. This would also explain the -a- instead of -u- seen in Old Turkic.
* A borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *kamug (“all”) from *kamu- (“to gather”) whence also *kamtu (“together”). Compare also Proto-Tungusic *kamur (“together”), whence Nanai камор (kamor, “together”).


āka

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اغا (ağa), اقا (aqa)

Azerbaijani: ağa

Gagauz: aga

Ottoman Turkish: آغا (ağa) (see there for further descendants)

Turkish: ağa, aga

Turkmen: aga

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ағай (ağay)

Tatar: ага (ağa)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: aga (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: ağa

Kumyk: агъа (ağa)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: аға (ağa)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ага (aga)

Southern Altai: ака (aka)

Karluk:

Chagatai: اغا (ağa), اقا (aqa)

Uyghur: ئاكا (aka)

Uzbek: aka

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/aka/)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (aka)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: аҕа (ağa)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: ака (aka)

Sayan:

Tuvan: акы (akı)

→ Persian: آقا (âqâ)

Likely a medieval borrowing from Mongolic. Nişanyan's attempts at an Arabic origin are unfounded. Räsänen also compares Proto-Tungusic *akā, yet they are actually etymologically different.

Coordinate term: *ini


emgek

emgek (nominative singular)
emgekig (accusative singular)
emgekni (accusative singular)
emgekniŋ (genitive singular)
emgekke (dative singular)
emgekde (locative singular)
emgekden (ablative singular)
emgekgerü (allative singular)
emgekin (instrumental singular)
emgekče (equative singular)
emgekleyü (singular)
emgekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: амак (amak, “illness”)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: əmək

Ottoman Turkish: امك (emek)

Turkish: emek (“work, labour”)

⇒ Salar: ömüklegüsi

⇒ Turkmen: emgenmek (“to work hard, to suffer”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَمْكَكْ (emgek)

Uyghur: ئەمگەك (emgek)

Uzbek: emgek

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: имгәк (imgək)

Tatar: имгәк (imgäk)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: еңбек (eñbek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эмгек (emgek)

Southern Altai: эмгек (emgek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (emgek)

→ Salar: eñgek

North Siberian:

Yakut: эмэх (emeq, “rotten”)

From *emge- (“to suffer, be tortured”) + *-k.


karsak

karsak (nominative singular)
karsakïg (accusative singular)
karsaknï (accusative singular)
karsaknïŋ (genitive singular)
karsakka (dative singular)
karsakda (locative singular)
karsakdan (ablative singular)
karsakgaru (allative singular)
karsakïn (instrumental singular)
karsakča (equative singular)
karsaklayu (singular)
karsaklïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qarsaq)

Karakhanid: قَرْساقْ (qarsaq)

Uzbek: qarsoq

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡарһаҡ (qarhaq)

Tatar: карсак (qarsaq)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карсак (karsak)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qarsaq

Kazakh: қарсақ (qarsaq)

→ Hungarian: Karcag

→ Russian: корсак (korsak)

→ English: corsac


tǖ

tǖ (nominative singular)
tǖüg (accusative singular)
tǖni (accusative singular)
tǖnüŋ (genitive singular)
tǖke (dative singular)
tǖde (locative singular)
tǖden (ablative singular)
tǖgerü (allative singular)
tǖün (instrumental singular)
tǖče (equative singular)
tǖleyü (singular)
tǖlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Proto-Bulgar: *tük

Chuvash: тӗк (tĕk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tǖ ~ *tǖk

Arghu:

Khalaj: tü̂k

Oghuz: *tǖ(k)

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: تو (tü), توك (tük), توی (tüy), دو (dü)
Azerbaijani: tük
Gagauz: tüü
Ottoman Turkish: توی (tüy), توك (tüğ)
Turkish: tüy
→ Armenian: թո̈ւյ (tʻüy)

Salar: tük

Turkmen: tüý

Karluk: *tǖ(k)

Karakhanid: تُو (tǖ)

Uyghur: تۈك (tük)

Uzbek: tuk

Kipchak: *tǖk

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: төк (tök)

Tatar: төк (tök)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: tük

Kumyk: тюк (tük)

Karachay-Balkar: тюк (tük)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: түк

Kazakh: түк (tük)

Nogai: тюк (tyuk)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түк (tük)

Southern Altai: тӱк (tük)

Siberian Turkic: *tǖ

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶 (twy /tü/)

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: түү

Yakut: түү (tüü)

South Siberian Turkic: *tǖk

Tofa: түк

Tuvan: дүк (dük)

Perhaps borrowed from Tocharian B to (“pubic hair”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“mist, haze”).
Earlier attestations point to *tǖ, while contemporary Turkic languages point to *tǖk.

der

(zootomy, anatomy) various types of hair on the body of animals; feather, fur, hair


kïl

kïl (nominative singular)
kïlïg (accusative singular)
kïlnï (accusative singular)
kïlnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïlka (dative singular)
kïlda (locative singular)
kïldan (ablative singular)
kïlgaru (allative singular)
kïlïn (instrumental singular)
kïlča (equative singular)
kïllayu (singular)
kïllïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: хӗлӗх (hĕlĕh)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kïl

Arghu:

Khalaj: qıl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیل (qıl)
Gagauz: kıl
Turkish: kıl
→ Armenian: խըլ (xəl)

Azerbaijani: qıl

Turkmen: gyl

Karluk:

Uyghur: قىل (qil)

Uzbek: qil

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыл (qıl)

Tatar: кыл (qıl)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыл (kıl)

Southern Altai: кыл (kïl)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыл

Kazakh: қыл (qyl)

Nogai: кыл (kıl)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qıl

Kumyk: къыл (qıl)

Karachay-Balkar: къыл (qıl)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кыл (“sealine”)

Yakut: кыл (kıl)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: хыл (xıl)

Shor: хыл

Khakas: хыл (xıl)


yīnčge

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫинҫе (śinś̬e)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: incə

Ottoman Turkish: اینچه (ince)
Gagauz: incä
Turkish: ince
→ Crimean Tatar: ince

Turkmen: īnçe

>? Salar: leşgi, nişge (Mengda dial.)

→ Kumyk: инче (inçe)

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئىنچىكە (inchike)

Uzbek: ingichka

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: нескә (neskə)

Tatar: нечкә (neçkä)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ичке (icke)

Southern Altai: чичке (čičke)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жиңишке

Kazakh: жіңішке (jıñışke)

Nogai: йинъишке (yiñişke)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: ингичке (iñiçke)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

desc

Dolgan: һинньигэс

Dolgan: һинньигэс

Yakut: синньигэс (sinnyiges)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: чинге (çinge)

From *yīnč- + *-ge, the root word is not attested but the derivatives *yīnčür- and perhaps *yīnčük are found.


yāŕ

yāŕ (nominative singular)
yāŕïg (accusative singular)
yāŕnï (accusative singular)
yāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāŕka (dative singular)
yāŕda (locative singular)
yāŕdan (ablative singular)
yāŕgaru (allative singular)
yāŕïn (instrumental singular)
yāŕča (equative singular)
yāŕlayu (singular)
yāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫур (śur)

→? Hungarian: nyár

Proto-Common Turkic: *yāz

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâaz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یاز

Azerbaijani: yaz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاز (yaz)
Gagauz: yaz
Turkish: yaz
→ Laz: ჲაზი (yazi)

Salar: yaz

Turkmen: ýaz

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaz

Karachay-Balkar: джаз (caz)

Kumyk: яз (yaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яҙ (yaź)

Tatar: yaz

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жаз (žaz)

Kazakh: жаз (jaz)

Nogai: яз (yaz)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаз (jaz)

Southern Altai: јас (ǰas)

Karluk:

Uzbek: yoz

Uyghur: ياز (yaz)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰔 (yaz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (hās)

Yakut: саас (saas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: [script needed] (čaš)

Tuvan: час (ças)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: часхы (çasxı)

Shor: часқы (çasqı)

Western Yugur: yaz


āgïl

āgïl (nominative singular)
āgïlïg (accusative singular)
āgïlnï (accusative singular)
āgïlnïŋ (genitive singular)
āgïlka (dative singular)
āgïlda (locative singular)
āgïldan (ablative singular)
āgïlgaru (allative singular)
āgïlïn (instrumental singular)
āgïlča (equative singular)
āgïllayu (singular)
āgïllïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *aɣïl

Chuvash: ял (jal)

→ Eastern Mari: ял (jal)

→ Hungarian: ól

Proto-Common Turkic: *āgïl

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ağıl

Ottoman Turkish: آغل (ağıl)
Gagauz: aul
Turkish: ağıl
→ Armenian: աղըլ (aġəl)

Salar: ağıl

Turkmen: agyl

Karluk

Karakhanid: اَغِلْ

Chagatai: آغیل

Uyghur: ئېغىل (ëghil)

Uzbek: ogʻil

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ауыл (awıl)

Tatar: авыл (awıl)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: авул (awul)

Karachay-Balkar: ауул (auul)

Crimean Tatar: avul (Northern)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: аўыл

Kazakh: ауыл (auyl)

Nogai: авыл (avıl)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: айыл (ayïl)

Kyrgyz: айыл (ayıl)

→ Russian: аул (aul) (see it for more)

→ Chechen: эвла (evla)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽲𐽶𐾁 (ʾʾqyl /aġïl/)

North Siberian Turkic:

desc

Yakut: ыал (ıal, “home, family, neighbor”)

South Siberian Turkic:

Shor: аал

Khakas: аал (aal)

Tofa: аал

Tuvan: аал (aal)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *axïl

Doerfer suggested a derivation *āg- (“to enclose”) + *-ïl, however such a verb does not exist.
Nişanyan's attempt at connecting it with Ancient Greek αὐλή (aulḗ) is unfounded as it has a PIE etymology.


-ip

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ib, -ıb, -üb, -ub, -yib, -yıb, -yüb, -yub

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ip, -ıp, -üp, -up, -yip, -yıp, -yüp, -yup

Turkmen: -ip, -yp, -üp, -up, -ýip, -ýyp, -ýüp, -ýup

öltür- (“to kill”) + *-ip → *öltürip (“killed and...”)

Forms converbs to talk about other actions done by the same subject.


kïr-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kira-

→? Proto-Tungusic: *kire-

→? Proto-Japonic: *kir-

Japanese: 切る

→? Proto-Samoyedic: *kïrå- (see there for further descendants)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хир (hir)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kïr-

Arghu:

Khalaj: qırmaq

⇒ Khalaj: kïrruq- (“to be apathetic, sullen, depressed”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qırmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیرمق (kırmak), قرمق (kırmak)
Gagauz: kırmaa
Turkish: kırmak
→ Armenian: խըռմիշ (xəṙmiš), կըռմիշ (kəṙmiš)

Turkmen: gyrmak

Salar: qır

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرْماقْ (qïrmaq)

Chagatai: قیرمق

Uzbek: qirmoq

Uyghur: قىرماق (qirmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡырыу (qırıw)

Tatar: кыру (qıru)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qırmaq

Kumyk: къырмакъ (qırmaq)

Karachay-Balkar: къырыргъа (qırırğa)

Karaim: [script needed] (qır-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: қырыў

Kazakh: қыру (qyru)

Nogai: кырув (kıruv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыруу (kıruu)

Southern Altai: кырар (kïrar)

Teleut кыр- (kïr-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

⇒ Dolgan: кырый (“to shear, cut out”), ⇒? кыра (“small”)

Yakut:

⇒ кырый (kırıy, “to shear, cut out”)

кырыы (kırıı, “side, border, edge”)

⇒? кыра (kıra, “small”)

⇒? кыырпах (kıırpaq, “crumb, fragment”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кырар (kırar)

⇒ Tofa: [script needed] (ӄыъртыҷа-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хырарға (xırarğa)

desc

⇒ Western Yugur: [script needed] (qʰïrq-, “to shave”)

Shor: [script needed] (qır-)

Exists in almost every Turkic language. Sometimes compared to Proto-Mongolic *kira- (“to mince, cut small”), Proto-Tungusic *kire- (“to mince; to be broken off, break off; to gnaw”), also Proto-Japonic *kiru (“to cut”).


kïr

kïr (nominative singular)
kïrïg (accusative singular)
kïrnï (accusative singular)
kïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïrka (dative singular)
kïrda (locative singular)
kïrdan (ablative singular)
kïrgaru (allative singular)
kïrïn (instrumental singular)
kïrča (equative singular)
kïrlayu (singular)
kïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хир (hir)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kïr

Proto-Oghuz: *gïr

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qır

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیر (kır)
Turkish: kır
→ Armenian: խըռ (xəṙ), ղըռ (ġəṙ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: kŕdža, кр́џа

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gyr

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرْ (qïr)

Chagatai: قیر

Uzbek: qir

Uyghur: قىر (qir)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыр (qır)

Tatar: кыр (qır)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: къыр (qır)

Karachay-Balkar: къыр (qır)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кыр (kïr)

Kyrgyz: кыр (kır)

Teleut қыр-

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыр

Kazakh: қыр (qyr)

Nogai: кыр (kır)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

⇒? Dolgan: кырдал (“hill”)

desc

⇒ Yakut: кыртас (kırtas, “to shear, cut out”), ⇒ кырдал (kırdal, “hill”)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠬᠢᠷᠠ (kir-a)

Mongolian: хяр (xjar)

→ Turkmen: gyra

→ Tuvan: хыра (xıra)

From *kïr-. Alternatively, the nominal meaning is primary.


sal-

Chuvash: сул (sul), сулӑм (sulăm, “heaviness”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sal-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: صالمق

Turkish: salmak

Azerbaijani: salmaq

Turkmen: salmak (“to put; tax”)

Salar: sal

Karluk:

Uzbek: solmoq

Uyghur: سالماق (salmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: салу (salu)

Bashkir: һалыу (halıw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: салыргъа (salırğa)

Crimean Tatar: salmaq

Kumyk: салмакъ (salmaq)

North Kipchak:

Karakalpak: салыў

Kazakh: салу (salu)

Nogai: салув (saluv)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: салуу (saluu)

Southern Altai: салар (salar)

Siberian:

South Siberian

Western Yugur: sal

Sayan

Tuvan: салыр (salır)

Tofa: салыр

Yenisei:

Shor: сал

Khakas: саларға (salarğa)

Northern Altai: саларга (salarga)


teŋrī

teŋrī (nominative singular)
teŋrīig (accusative singular)
teŋrīni (accusative singular)
teŋrīniŋ (genitive singular)
teŋrīke (dative singular)
teŋrīde (locative singular)
teŋrīden (ablative singular)
teŋrīgerü (allative singular)
teŋrīin (instrumental singular)
teŋrīče (equative singular)
teŋrīleyü (singular)
teŋrīligü (comitative singular)

→? Xiongnu: 撐犁 (*rtʰaːŋ.riːl) (or perhaps a Yeniseian loanword)

Oghur: *teŋri

Late-Oghur: *teɣri

Proto-Bulgar: *tewri/*tawrï

Danube Bulgar: ταγγρα (taɣra)

Volga Bulgar: *täü̯ri

Middle Chuvash: *tåu̯ri

Anatri Chuvash: турӑ (tură)

Viryal Chuvash: торă (toră)

Proto-Common Turkic: *teŋrī

→ Proto-Mongolic: *teŋgeri

Middle Mongol: ᠲᠩᠷᠢ (tngri)

Mongolian: тэнгэр (tenger)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: تكری (teŋri), تنكری (tengri, teŋri)
Azerbaijani: tanrı
Gagauz: Tangrı
Ottoman Turkish: تكری (tañrı, teñri), طاكری
Turkish: tanrı
→ Laz: თანგრი (tangri), ტანგრი (ťangri), თრანგი (trangi), თანრი (tanri)

Salar: danru

Turkmen: taňry

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَنْكْرٖى (tankrī /teŋri/)

Chagatai: تینگری

Uzbek: tangri

Uyghur: تەڭرى (tengri)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: teꝯri, tengeri (Codex Cumanicus)

Khorezmian Turkic: تنکری (täñri)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: тәңре (təñre)

Tatar: тәңре (täñre)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: тенгири (teñiri)

Karachay-Balkar: тейри (teyri)

Crimean Tatar: tañrı

desc

Karaim: танри, танъры, тэнъри, тэнри, тэндри

Krymchak: taŋrï, teŋri

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: тәңир

Kazakh: тәңір (täñır)

Nogai: таьнъир (täñir)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: теҥери (teŋeri)

Kyrgyz: теңир (teŋir)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 (t²ŋr²i /täŋri/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 (tnkry /täŋri/)
Western Yugur: deŋər (tiŋïr, “sky, heavens, weather”)
→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠩᠷᠢ (tngri)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: таҥара (tañara)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тигiр (tigir)

Shor: тегри (tegri)

Sayan:

Tuvan: дээр (deer)

Dukhan: [script needed] (teer)

Tofa: дээрі

desc

Northern Altai: тегре (tegre), тенъери (tenʺyeri) (Kumandy-Kizhi)

Uncertain. Multiple theories have been posited over the years with no consensus. See Doerfer (1965) for more.
Notably, Vovin (2003) has suggested a Proto-Yeniseian origin, for which compare Ket тыӈаль (“high”), from Proto-Ketic *tʰɯŋgʌl (“high”).


kǖŕ

kǖŕ (nominative singular)
kǖŕüg (accusative singular)
kǖŕni (accusative singular)
kǖŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
kǖŕke (dative singular)
kǖŕde (locative singular)
kǖŕden (ablative singular)
kǖŕgerü (allative singular)
kǖŕün (instrumental singular)
kǖŕče (equative singular)
kǖŕleyü (singular)
kǖŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: кӗр (kĕr)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kǖz

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوز (güz)
Gagauz: güz
Turkish: güz
→ Laz: ჯუზი (cuzi)

Azerbaijani: güz, küz (dialectal), ⇒ güzəm (“autumn wool”)

Turkmen: güýz

Salar: guz

Karluk

Karakhanid: کُزْ (küz)

Chagatai: گوز (güz)

Uzbek: kuz

Uyghur: كۈز (küz)

Kipchak

Kipchak: kuzin (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: көҙ (köź)

Tatar: көз (köz)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: küz

Karachay-Balkar: кюз арты (küz artı) (Balkar)

Kumyk: гюз (güz)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: кӱс (küs)

Teleut кӱс

Kyrgyz: күз (küz)

South Kipchak

Nogai: куьз (küz)

Karakalpak: күз

Kazakh: күз (küz)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴 (kwyz /küz/)

North Siberian

⇒ Yakut: күһүн (kühün)

⇒ Dolgan: күһүн

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: күс (küs)

Tofa: күс

Yenisei Turkic

⇒ Khakas: кӱскӱ (küskü)

desc

⇒ Shor: кӱскӱ

⇒ Shor: кӱскӱ

Western Yugur: kuz


īĺč

īĺč (nominative singular)
īĺčig (accusative singular)
īĺčni (accusative singular)
īĺčniŋ (genitive singular)
īĺčke (dative singular)
īĺčde (locative singular)
īĺčden (ablative singular)
īĺčgerü (allative singular)
īĺčin (instrumental singular)
īĺčče (equative singular)
īĺčleyü (singular)
īĺčligü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ӗҫ (ĕś)

Proto-Common Turkic: *īš

Arghu

Khalaj: îş

→⇒? Khalaj: şamaq

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایش (iš)

Azerbaijani: iş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ایش (iš)
Gagauz: iş
Turkish: iş
→ Pontic Greek: δουλεία (douleía) (semantic loan)

Turkmen: īş

Salar: iš

Karluk

Karakhanid: اٖیشْ (ïš)

Chagatai: ایش (iš)

Uzbek: ish

Uyghur: ئىش (ish)

Kipchak

Kipchak: is (iš) (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: эш (eş)

Tatar: эш (eş)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: иш (iş)

Karachay-Balkar: иш (iş)

Crimean Tatar: iş

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: иш (iš)

Teleut иш

Kyrgyz: иш (iş)

South Kipchak

Nogai: ис (is)

Karakalpak: ис

Kazakh: іс (ıs)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰾 (iš)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: иш (iş)

Tofa: иш

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: іс (ìs)

Shor: иш

Western Yugur: ïs


yaŋsul

yaŋsul (nominative singular)
yaŋsullar (nominative plural)
yaŋsulnïŋ (genitive singular)
yaŋsullarnïŋ (genitive plural)
yaŋsulka (dative singular)
yaŋsullarka (dative plural)
yaŋsulda (locative singular)
yaŋsullarda (locative plural)
yaŋsuldan (ablative singular)
yaŋsullardan (ablative plural)
yaŋsullarïn (instrumental plural)
yaŋsulča (equative singular)
yaŋsullarča (equative plural)
*yoŋsul (alternative)


yoŋsul

yoŋsul (nominative singular)
yoŋsullar (nominative plural)
yoŋsulnïŋ (genitive singular)
yoŋsullarnïŋ (genitive plural)
yoŋsulka (dative singular)
yoŋsullarka (dative plural)
yoŋsulda (locative singular)
yoŋsullarda (locative plural)
yoŋsuldan (ablative singular)
yoŋsullardan (ablative plural)
yoŋsullarïn (instrumental plural)
yoŋsulča (equative singular)
yoŋsullarča (equative plural)
*yaŋsul (alternative)

Turkish: yonsul (dialectal)

Turkish: yonsuk (dialectal)

*yoɣsun

Oghuz

Turkish: yoğsun (dialectal)

Azerbaijani: yosun

Ottoman Turkish: یوسن, یوسون, یوصون, یوصن (yosun), یوصول (yosul)

Turkish: yosun, yusul (dialectal)

*yozun

Turkish: yoz (dialectal)

→ Crimean Tatar: yosun

Karluk

Chagatai: يوساك (yosaŋ), Chagatai: يوسك (yosuŋ)

Uyghur: يوسۇن (yosun)

Uzbek: yoʻsin


tïgïŕ

Oghur: *tïgïr

Chuvash: тӑвӑр (tăvăr)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tïgïz, *tïkïz

Oghuz: *tïkïz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: طیقیز (tıkız)
Turkish: tıkız
→ Armenian: թըխըզ (tʻəxəz)

Turkmen: dykyz

Karluk:

Uzbek: tig'iz

Kipchak: *tïkïz

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тығыҙ (tığıź)

Tatar: тыгыз (tığız)

→ Chuvash: тӑкӑс (tăk̬ăs)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: тыгъыс (tığıs)

⇒ Karachay-Balkar: тыгъырыкъ (tığırıq)

Crimean Tatar: tığız

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тыгыз (tıgız)

Southern Altai: туус (tuus)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: тығыз

Kazakh: тығыз (tyğyz)

Nogai: тыгыз (tıgız)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: тыйыс (tıyıs)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *tïgrak
Siberian:
Old Turkic: [script needed] (tïğraq)
Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tïğraq)
Karluk:
Karakhanid: تِغْراقْ (tïğrāq)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *čixirag

From *tïg- (“to blunt”) + *-ïŕ. Oghuz and Kipchak point the stem Proto-Turkic *tïk- (“to stuff”), whence *tïkïz. *tïgïz would be *tïgïz in Oghuz and *tïwïz in Kipchak.


yïr

yïr (nominative singular)
yïrïg (accusative singular)
yïrnï (accusative singular)
yïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïrka (dative singular)
yïrda (locative singular)
yïrdan (ablative singular)
yïrgaru (allative singular)
yïrïn (instrumental singular)
yïrča (equative singular)
yïrlayu (singular)
yïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: юрӑ (jură)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yïr

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایر (ır), ار (ır), یر (yır)

Ottoman Turkish: ییر (yır), ایر (ır)

Turkish: yır, ır

Salar: yür

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یِرْ (yïr), اِرْ (ïr)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йыр (yır)

Tatar: җыр (cır)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: йыр (yır)

Karachay-Balkar: джыр (cır)

Crimean Tatar: yır

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ыр (ır)

Southern Altai: ыр (ïr)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жыр

Kazakh: жыр (jyr)

Nogai: йыр (yır)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽾 (ïr)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ырыа

Yakut: ырыа (ırıa)

South Siberian:

Chulym: ыр

Northern Altai: ыр (ïr)

Khakas: ыр (ır)

Shor: ыр

Tofa: ыр

Tuvan: ыр (ır)

Western Yugur: yer


tōl-

Oghur:

Middle Chuvash: *tål

Viryal Chuvash: тол (tol)

Anatri Chuvash: тул (tul)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tōl-

Arghu:

Khalaj: tôlmaq, tôla

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طُولْمَقْ (dolmaq)

Azerbaijani: dolmaq, dolu

Gagauz: dolmaa, dolu

Ottoman Turkish: طولمق (dolmak), طولى (dolı, dolu)

Turkish: dolmak, dolu

Turkmen: dōlmak, dōly

Salar: dolı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُلوُ (tolu)

Uzbek: to'lmoq, toʻla

Uyghur: [script needed] (tolmak), تولۇق (toluq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тулыу (tulıw), тулы (tulı)

Tatar: тулу (tulu), тулы (tulı)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: толу (tolu)

Karachay-Balkar: толургъа (tolurğa), толу (tolu)

Crimean Tatar: tolmaq, tolu

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: толуу (toluu), толо (tolo)

Southern Altai: толор (tolor), толо (tolo)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: толы

Kazakh: толу (tolu), толы (toly)

Nogai: толы (tolı)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tolu)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: туол, толору

Yakut: туол (tuol) → толор (tolor) → толору (toloru)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: долу (dolu)

Tofa: толу

Yenisei:

Khakas: тол (tol)

⇒ Shor: толдура

⇒ Shor: толдура

Western Yugur: tʰol


kïĺ

kïĺ (nominative singular)
kïĺïg (accusative singular)
kïĺnï (accusative singular)
kïĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïĺka (dative singular)
kïĺda (locative singular)
kïĺdan (ablative singular)
kïĺgaru (allative singular)
kïĺïn (instrumental singular)
kïĺča (equative singular)
kïĺlayu (singular)
kïĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: хӗл (hĕl)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kïš

Arghu:

Khalaj: qış

Proto-Oghuz: *gïš

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qış

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیش (kış)
Gagauz: kış
Turkish: kış
→ Laz: კიში (ǩişi)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gyş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِشْ (qıš)

Chagatai: قیش (qïš)

Uzbek: qish

Uyghur: قىش (qish)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qış

Karachay-Balkar: къыш (qış)

Kumyk: къыш (qış)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыш (qış)

Tatar: кыш (qış)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыс, qıs

Kazakh: қыс (qys)

Nogai: кыс (kıs)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыш (kış)

Southern Altai: кыш (kïš)

Teleut қыш

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰶𐰃𐱁 (qïš)

North Siberian:

⇒ Dolgan: кыһын

⇒ Yakut: кыс (kıs), кыһын (kıhın)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ӄыъш

Tuvan: кыш (kış)

Yenisei Turkic:

⇒ Khakas: хысхы (xısxı)

desc

⇒ Shor: қышқы

⇒ Shor: қышқы

Western Yugur: qıs


tōn

tōn (nominative singular)
tōnug (accusative singular)
tōnnï (accusative singular)
tōnnuŋ (genitive singular)
tōnka (dative singular)
tōnda (locative singular)
tōndan (ablative singular)
tōngaru (allative singular)
tōnun (instrumental singular)
tōnča (equative singular)
tōnlayu (singular)
tōnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: тум (tum)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tōn

Arghu

Khalaj: tôn

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: don

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طون
Gagauz: don (“pants”)
Turkish: don
→ Armenian: տոն (ton), դոն (don)

Turkmen: don (“dressing gown”)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُنْ (ton)

Kipchak

⇒ Khorezmian Turkic: تونوماق (tonumaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: тун (tun)

Tatar: тун (tun)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: тон (ton)

Karachay-Balkar: тон (ton)

Crimean Tatar: don

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тон (ton)

Kyrgyz: тон (ton)

Teleut тон

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: тон

Kazakh: тон (ton)

Nogai: тон (ton)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰣 (ton)

North Siberian

>? Yakut: таҥас (tañas)

South Siberian

Khakas: тон (ton)

Western Yugur: ton (“garment, dress”)

Tuvan: тон (ton)

Shor: тон

Tofa: дон


kīr-

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӗр (kĕr)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kīr

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: كِیرْمَكْ (girmäk)

Azerbaijani: girmək

Gagauz: girmää

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گیرمك (girmek)
Turkish: girmek

desc

⇒ Ottoman Turkish: گیورمك (“givirmek, güvürmek”)

Turkmen: gīrmek

Salar: gir

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کِرْماكْ (kirmek)

Chagatai: كرماك (kirmek)

Uzbek: kirmoq

Uyghur: كىرمەك (kirmek)

Kipchak:

⇒ Kipchak: kriv (“entrance”) (Codex Cumanicus)

⇒ Khorezmian Turkic: کیکورماک (kigürmäk)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кереү (kerew)

Tatar: керү (kerü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kirmek

Kumyk: гирмек (girmek)

Karachay-Balkar: кирирге (kirirge)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кирер (kirer)

Teleut кир

Kyrgyz: кирүү (kirüü)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кириў

Kazakh: кіру (kıru)

Nogai: кируьв (kirüv)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃𐰼 (kir²)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kir-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: киир

Yakut: киир (kiir)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: кір

Tuvan: кирер (kirer)

Yenisei:

Shor: кир

Khakas: кир (kir)

Western Yugur: kʰïr-


tüŕ

Oghur

Chuvash: тӳрӗ (türĕ)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tüz

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: düz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوز (düz), տիւզ (düz) — Armeno-Turkish
Gagauz: düz
Turkish: düz
→ Armenian: դուզ (duz)

Turkmen: düz

Salar: düz

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُوزْ (tüz)

Chagatai: توز (tüz)

⇒ Uzbek: tuzmoq

Uyghur: تۈز (tüz)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: төҙ (töź)

Tatar: төз (töz)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tüz

Kumyk: тюз (tüz)

Karachay-Balkar: тюз (tüz)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тӱс (tüs)

Kyrgyz: түз (tüz)

Teleut тӱс

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: дүзиў

Kazakh: түзу (tüzu)

Nogai: туьз (tüz)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰔 (tüz)

South Siberian

Sayan

Tofa: дүс

Yenisei

Shor: тӱс

Khakas: тӱс (tüs)


keŋe-

Oghur:

Chuvash: канаш (kanaš)

Proto-Common Turkic: *keŋe-, *keŋeš-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gənəşmək (dialectal)

Turkish: geneşmek, kengeş, kengeç (dialectal)

Turkmen: geňeş

Karluk:

desc

کَینکاشْماكْ

Karakhanid: کَینکاشْماكْ (kenğeşmek)

Uzbek: kengash

Uyghur: كېڭەش (kë'ngesh)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кәңәш (kəñəş)

Tatar: киңәш (kiñäş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: keñeş

Kumyk: генгеш (geñeş)

Karachay-Balkar: кенгеш (keñeş)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кеңеш (keŋeş)

Southern Altai: кеҥеш (keŋeš, “to explain (calmly)”)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кеңес

Kazakh: кеңесу (keñesu), кеңес (keñes)

Nogai: кенъес (keñes)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kẹñeş-)

→ Persian: کنگاش (kangâš)


koŋur

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑмӑр (hămăr)

→ Hungarian: komor

Proto-Common Turkic: *koŋur

Proto-Oghuz: *goŋur

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qonur

Gagauz: komur

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: konur, goğur (dialectal)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: goňur

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُنکُرْ (qonğur)

Chagatai: قونغر (qonğur), قونقار (qonqar)

Uyghur: قۇڭۇر (qu'ngur)

Uzbek: qoʻngʻir

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуңыр (quñır)

Tatar: коңгырт (qoñgırt)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qoñur

Kumyk: къонгур (qoñur)

Karachay-Balkar: къонгур (qoñur)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коңур (koŋur)

Southern Altai: коҥыр (koŋïr)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қоңыр

Kazakh: қоңыр (qoñyr)

Nogai: конъыр (koñır)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: qoŋïr

North Siberian:

Yakut: хоҥор (qoñor)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: һоор

Tuvan: хоор (xoor)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хоор (xoor)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *koŋral

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qumral

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: kumral


okï-

Oghur:

Bulgar:

Volga Bulgar: وخ (wahï-)

Khazar: *ח𐰂𐰵𐰆 (haq¹u-)

⇒ Khazar: ח𐰂𐰵𐰆𐰺𐰇𐰢 (haq¹ur¹üm /(h)oqurüm/) (hapax legomenon)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hoqımaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اُوقِیمَقْ (oqımaq), اُوخِیمَقْ (oḫımaq)

Azerbaijani: oxumaq

Gagauz: okumaa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوقومق, օգումագ (okumak) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: okumak

Salar: oqa, oqu

Turkmen: okamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُقیٖدیٖ (okıdı) (3sg.pst)

Chagatai: اوقومق (oqumaq)

Uzbek: oʻqimoq

Uyghur: ئوقىماق (oqimaq)

Kipchak:

desc

اوقیماق (oqımaq)

Khorezmian Turkic: اوقوماق (oqumaq), اوقیماق (oqımaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: уҡыу (uqıw)

Tatar: уку (uqu)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: oqumaq

Kumyk: охумакъ (oxumaq)

Karachay-Balkar: окъургъа (oqurğa)

Karaim:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: окуу (okuu)

Southern Altai: окур (okur)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: оқу

Kazakh: оқу (oqu)

Nogai: окув (okuv)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (okï-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: угуй (uguy)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur:

Khakas:

Shor:


bïldur

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗлтӗр (pĕlt̬ĕr)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bïldur

Arghu:

Khalaj: bıldır

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بولدر (buldur)

Azerbaijani: bildir

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بلدیر (bıldır), بلدر, بیلدیر
Turkish: bıldır

Turkmen: bildir

Salar: puldır

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَلْدِرْ (bıldur)

Uyghur: بۇلتۇر (bultur)

Uzbek: bultur

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: былтыр (bıltır)

Tatar: былтыр (bıltır)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bıltır

Karachay-Balkar: былтыр (bıltır)

Kumyk: былтыр (bıltır)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: былтыр (bıltır)

Southern Altai: былтыр (bïltïr)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: былтыр

Kazakh: былтыр (byltyr)

Nogai: былтыр (bıltır)

Siberian:

Yakut: былыр (bılır)

Khakas: пылтыр (pıltır)

Western Yugur: pïʰtïr


kamïĺ

kamïĺ (nominative singular)
kamïĺïg (accusative singular)
kamïĺnï (accusative singular)
kamïĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
kamïĺka (dative singular)
kamïĺda (locative singular)
kamïĺdan (ablative singular)
kamïĺgaru (allative singular)
kamïĺïn (instrumental singular)
kamïĺča (equative singular)
kamïĺlayu (singular)
kamïĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑмӑл (hămăl), хумул (humul)

→ Tatar: камыл (qamıl)

→ Bashkir: ҡамыл (qamıl)

→ Ossetian: хъамыл (qamyl)

→ Kabardian: къамыл (qaməl)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qamış

Ottoman Turkish: قامش (kamış)
Turkish: kamış
→ Armenian: խամիշ (xamiš), կամիշ (kamiš)
→ Bulgarian: камъ́ш (kamǎ́š)
→ Macedonian: камиш (kamiš)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ка̀миш
Latin script: kàmiš
→ Slovene: kaníš, kamež

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gamyş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَمِشْ (qamïš)
Chagatai: قامیش
Uyghur: قومۇش (qomush)
Uzbek: qamish

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡамыш (qamış)

Tatar: камыш (qamış)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: камыш

Karaim: къамыш

Kumyk: къамуш (qamuş)

Karachay-Balkar: къамиш (qamiş)

Central Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қамыс

Kazakh: қамыс (qamys)

Nogai: камыс (kamıs)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: камыш (kamış)

Southern Altai: камыш (kamïš)

desc

→ Chuvash: хӑмӑш (hămăš), хумуш (humuš), хумӑш (humăš)

→ Russian: камы́ш (kamýš)

→ Ukrainian: ками́ш (kamýš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (qamïš)

Northern Siberian:

Yakut: хамыс (qamıs), хомус (qomus)

Southern Siberian:

Yeniseian:

Khakas: хамыс (xamıs)

Shor: камыш

Sayan:

Tuvan: хымыш (xımış)


kōń

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
Irk Bitig
Old Uyghur
tr:Besim Atalay

Arghu: قُونْ (kōn)

Khalaj: qôn

Proto-Oghuz: *koyn

Old Anatolian Turkish: قوین (qoyn, qoyın), قویون (qoyun), قیون (qoyun), قوی (qoy)

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: qoyun

Qashqai: گوْیین (goyin)

Turkmeneli Turkish/Turcoman: [Term?] (ḳoyṷn)

Gagauz: koyun

Ottoman Turkish: قویون (koyun)

Turkish: koyun

→ Crimean Tatar: qoyun

Salar: goy, goy yılı (affected or borrowed from Old Uyghur)

Turkmen: goýun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُوىْ (kōy, “sheep”), قُوݧُغ (kōńug, “sheep (accusative)”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قوي (qoy)

Uzbek: qoʻy

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуй (quy)

Tatar: куй (quy)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qoy

Kumyk: къой (qoy)

Karachay-Balkar: къой (qoy)

Karaim: кой, къой

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qoy

Kazakh: қой (qoi)

Nogai: кой (koy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кой (koy)

Kyrgyz: кой (koy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰸𐰆𐰪 (koń)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (koy, koń, koyın)

Old Uyghur: 𐰴𐰆𐰪 (koń) (Irk Bitig)

Western Yugur: ɢoj (qoy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: һой

Tuvan: хой (xoy)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хой (xoy)

Shor: қой (qoy)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *konïn (“sheep”)

→ Proto-Tungusic: *konin (“sheep”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Tungusic: *koniska (“sheepskin”)

Relation to Armenian խոյ (xoy, “ram”) is uncertain and possible loaning both ways have been discussed with no consensus reached.
Some sources consider Oghuz forms to include a supposed diminutive suffix *-un, however such a suffix does not exist and it instead appears to be a developement from *-ń-, compare etymology 2, *bẹńi (“brain”), *köń- (“to burn”), *tuńak (“hoof”) and *kańak (“cream”).


kōń

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӳ (hü)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qôn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قوینو (qoynu), قوی (qoy)

Azerbaijani: qoyun

Gagauz: koynu

Ottoman Turkish: قوین (koyun)

Turkish: koyun, koy (“cove”)

Salar: goynu

Turkmen: goýun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُوىْ (kōy, “bosom”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قويۇن (qoyun)

Uzbek: qoʻyin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуйын (quyın)

Tatar: ҡуйын

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қойын (qoiyn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: койын (koyın)

Southern Altai: койын (koyïn)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (koy), [script needed] (koyun)

North Siberian:

Yakut: хоой (qooy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хой (xoy)


ōk

ōk (nominative singular)
ōkug (accusative singular)
ōknï (accusative singular)
ōknuŋ (genitive singular)
ōkka (dative singular)
ōkda (locative singular)
ōkdan (ablative singular)
ōkgaru (allative singular)
ōkun (instrumental singular)
ōkča (equative singular)
ōklayu (singular)
ōklugu (comitative singular)
*ūk (alternative)

Oghur

Chuvash: йӑх (jăh)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

>? Turkish: ok atmak (dial.)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوقْ (ōq, “share of inheritance”)

Kypchak:

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: [script needed] (ŭq) (dialectal)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰸 (uq ~ oq, “kin, tribe”)

Sayan:

Tuvan: ук (uk)

Clauson states that, owing to the supposed ceremonial and ritual uses of arrows in Turkic cultures, the word for arrow, *ok, may have influenced this root and *ōk (“shared inheritance”).


sarïk

sarïk (nominative singular)
sarïkïg (accusative singular)
sarïknï (accusative singular)
sarïknïŋ (genitive singular)
sarïkka (dative singular)
sarïkda (locative singular)
sarïkdan (ablative singular)
sarïkgaru (allative singular)
sarïkïn (instrumental singular)
sarïkča (equative singular)
sarïklayu (singular)
sarïklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: сурăх (surăh)

Common Turkic

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һарыҡ (harıq)

Tatar: сарык (sarıq)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: sariq (“a type of sheep”)

Kazakh: сарық (saryq, “a type of sheep”)

Siberian

South Siberian

Tuvan: сарадак (saradak, “a 2-year-old maral”)


čeček

čeček (nominative singular)
čečekig (accusative singular)
čečekni (accusative singular)
čečekniŋ (genitive singular)
čečekke (dative singular)
čečekde (locative singular)
čečekden (ablative singular)
čečekgerü (allative singular)
čečekin (instrumental singular)
čečekče (equative singular)
čečekleyü (singular)
čečekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur：

Chuvash: ҫеҫке (śeśke)

→ Udmurt: сяська (śaśka)

→ Erzya: цеця (ceća)

→ Bashkir: сәскә (səskə)

Khazar: [script needed] (čičäk) (“a female name”, see Tzitzak) (Classification disputed)

Common Turkic：

Oghuz：

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çiçək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چیچك, چچك (çiçek)
Turkish: çiçek
→ Armenian: չիչէկ (čʻičʻēk), չիչակ (čʻičʻak), չիչա̈գ^յ (čʻičʻägʸ)
→ Czech: šišák
→ German: Zischägge
→ English: zischägge
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: чи́чак
Latin script: číčak

Salar: çiçek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (čeček)

Uzbek: chechak

Uyghur: چېچەك (chëchek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәсәк (səsək, “smallpox”)

desc

Tatar: чәчәк (çäçäk)

Tatar: чәчәк (çäçäk)

→ Chuvash: чечек (čeč̬ek)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: çiçek

Kumyk: чечек (çeçek)

Karachay-Balkar: чечек (çeçek), чичек (çiçek)

Karaim: [script needed] (çeçek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: sheshek

Kazakh: шешек (şeşek, “chicken-pox”), желшешек (jelşeşek)

Nogai: шешек (şeşek), шешекей (şeşekey)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чечек (cecek)

Southern Altai: чечек (čeček)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (čeček)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (č́`uǯ́ug)

North Siberian:

Yakut: чэчик (cecik)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чечек (çeçek)

Yenisei:

Shor: чайақ

Khakas: чахаях (çaxayax)

Northern Altai: чеджек (čedžek)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ceceg

Mongolian: цэцэг (ceceg)

Dongxiang: chizhe

→ Chechen: зезаг (zezag)


tarïg

tarïg (nominative singular)
tarïgïg (accusative singular)
tarïgnï (accusative singular)
tarïgnïŋ (genitive singular)
tarïgka (dative singular)
tarïgda (locative singular)
tarïgdan (ablative singular)
tarïggaru (allative singular)
tarïgïn (instrumental singular)
tarïgča (equative singular)
tarïglayu (singular)
tarïglïgu (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tarïxan

Mongolian: тариа (taria)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тырӑ (tyră)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: darı

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: داری, دارو (darı), طاری (darı), طارو (darı)
Gagauz: darı
Turkish: darı
→ Armenian: տառը (taṙə), տառոս (taṙos), տարոս (taros)

Salar: tarı

Turkmen: dary

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tarığ)

Uzbek: tariq

Uyghur: تېرىق (tëriq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тары (tarı)

Tatar: тары (tarı)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tarı

Kumyk: тари (tari)

Karaim: тары

Karachay-Balkar: тары (tarı)

South Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тары (tary)

Karakalpak: tari

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: таруу (taruu)

Southern Altai: тару (taru)

→ Hungarian: dara

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tarığ)

Western Yugur: tarığ

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тарығ (tarığ)


almïla

almïla (nominative singular)
almïlaïg (accusative singular)
almïlanï (accusative singular)
almïlanïŋ (genitive singular)
almïlaka (dative singular)
almïlada (locative singular)
almïladan (ablative singular)
almïlagaru (allative singular)
almïlaïn (instrumental singular)
almïlača (equative singular)
almïlalayu (singular)
almïlalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

ref

This form is either a contraction of *alïmla or a metathesis of улма (ulma)<templatestyles src="Module:etymology/style.css" />; the latter form, in turn, is perhaps a later borrowing form Kipchak. If the Chuvash dialectal forms with -ml- are more archaic, *alïmla could be reconstructed for Proto-Turkic as well.

Chuvash: омла (omla) (dialectal)

According to Doerfer, the entry in Dīwān should be read as alïmla. It follows from this proposition that the Common Turkic reconstruction should too have the shape of *alïmla rather than *almïla as proposed here. The reconstruction along the lines of Doerfer's *alïmla is also potentially easier to reconcile with the shape of the Mongolic derivative <i class="Latn mention" lang="xgn-pro">*alima</i>.

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 315

desctree

Proto-Common Turkic: *alma (see there for further descendants)
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: alımla
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلُمِلا (almïla) (as part of the compound اَلُمِلا قِمِزْ (qïmïz almïla))
** → Proto-Mongolic: *alima
Kalmyk: альмн (alʹmn)
Middle Mongol: ᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠ (alim-a)
Classical Mongolian: ᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠ (alim--a)
Mongolian: алим (alim)
→ Salar: *alima

From *āl (“red”) + *mïla (“apple?”), literally “red apple”. Possibly cognating with Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”), from an unknown source. It is highly probable that the name of the fruit, which spread to the world from Central Asia in the Bronze Age, was taken from a common source in various languages.


siŋek

siŋek (nominative singular)
siŋekig (accusative singular)
siŋekni (accusative singular)
siŋekniŋ (genitive singular)
siŋekke (dative singular)
siŋekde (locative singular)
siŋekden (ablative singular)
siŋekgerü (allative singular)
siŋekin (instrumental singular)
siŋekče (equative singular)
siŋekleyü (singular)
siŋekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шăна (šăna)

→ Hungarian: szúnyog

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sinək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: سیڭك, سڭك (siñek), سینك (sinek)
Turkish: sinek

Turkmen: siňek

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (siŋäk)

Kipchak

Kipchak-Cuman

Crimean Tatar: sinek

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: сек (sek), сеек (seek)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: сээк (seek)

Tofa: сээк (seek)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: сеек (seek)

Perhaps comparable to Proto-Mongolic *simaxul (“mosquito”).


teŋiŕ

teŋiŕ (nominative singular)
teŋiŕig (accusative singular)
teŋiŕni (accusative singular)
teŋiŕniŋ (genitive singular)
teŋiŕke (dative singular)
teŋiŕde (locative singular)
teŋiŕden (ablative singular)
teŋiŕgerü (allative singular)
teŋiŕin (instrumental singular)
teŋiŕče (equative singular)
teŋiŕleyü (singular)
teŋiŕligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: tenger

desc

→ Carpathian Rusyn: тенґериця (tengerycja, “corn”)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: deňiz

Old Anatolian Turkish: دَكِزْ (däŋiz)

Azerbaijani: dəniz

Gagauz: deniz

Ottoman Turkish: دڭز (deñiz)

Turkish: deniz

Karluk:

Chagatai: تینگیز (teňiz)

Uzbek: dengiz

Uyghur: دېڭىز (dë'ngiz)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: диңгеҙ (diñgeź)

Tatar: диңгез (diñgez)

→ Chuvash: тинӗс (tinĕs)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: deñiz

Kumyk: денгиз (deñiz)

Karachay-Balkar: тенгиз (teñiz)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: деңиз (deŋiz)

Southern Altai: теҥис (teŋis)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: teńiz

Kazakh: теңіз (teñız)

Nogai: денъиз (deñiz)


yȫn

yȫn (nominative singular)
yȫnüg (accusative singular)
yȫnni (accusative singular)
yȫnnüŋ (genitive singular)
yȫnke (dative singular)
yȫnde (locative singular)
yȫnden (ablative singular)
yȫngerü (allative singular)
yȫnün (instrumental singular)
yȫnče (equative singular)
yȫnleyü (singular)
yȫnlügü (comitative singular)


yȫn

Oghur:

Old Chuvash *ɕön, *ɕən

Western Mari: [script needed] (sən, “luck/happiness; usefulness”), ⇒ [script needed] (sənän, “good, useful”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yȫn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yön

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یوڭ (yöñ), یوڭ (yüñ), یون (yün)
Turkish: yük
→ North Levantine Arabic: يوك (yūk)

Turkish: yön

⇒ Turkmen: ýȫne (“simply”); ⇒ ýȫnelmek (“to head”); ⇒ ýȫnekeý (“crude, simple”)

Karluk:

⇒ Uzbek: yoʻnalmoq (“to head”), joʻn

desc

⇒ Uyghur: يۆنەلمەك (yönelmek, “to head”), جۆن (jön, “of poor quality; useful”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

⇒ йүнәлеш (yünəleş)

Bashkir: йүн (yün), ⇒ йүнәлеш (yünəleş)

Tatar: җүн (cün)

→ Chuvash: йӳнӗ (jünĕ, “cheap”)

→ Eastern Mari: йӧн (jön)

West Kipchak:

⇒ Crimean Tatar: yönemek

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жөн (jön)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jón

Kazakh: жөн (jön)


bẹ̄ĺčik

bẹ̄ĺčik (nominative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikig (accusative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikni (accusative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikniŋ (genitive singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikke (dative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikde (locative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikden (ablative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikgerü (allative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikin (instrumental singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikče (equative singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikleyü (singular)
bẹ̄ĺčikligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

>? Chuvash: пелче (pelč̬e)

→ Hungarian: bölcső

Proto-Common Turkic: *bẹ̄šik

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: beşik

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بشیك, بشك (beşik)
Turkish: beşik
→ Armenian: բեշիկ (bešik), պեշիկ (pešik)

Turkmen: bişek, bīşik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِيشِكْ (bẹ̄şik)

Chagatai: بوشوک (böşük), بیشیک (beşik)

Uzbek: beshik

Uyghur: بۆشۈك (böshük)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бишек (bişek)

Tatar: бишек (bişek)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: бешик (beşik)

Crimean Tatar: beşik

Kumyk: бешик (beşik)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бешик (beşik)

desc

Southern Altai: межик (mežik, “coffin, cradle”)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: бесик (besik)

Kazakh: бесік (besık)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: pyšyk (béšik)

North Siberian:

Yakut: биһик (bihik, “cradle”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: беӌик

Yenisei:

Chulym: пезик (pezik)

Khakas: пизік (pizìk)

Shor: пежик

Northern Altai: бежик (bežik)

Usually considered simplex, however several proposals have been made:
# Eren proposes a verb *bẹ̄ĺči- ("to shake"), however such a verb is unattested.
# Sevortjan suggests a derivation from *bēle- (“to swaddle”), however this poses a morphological and phonological problem as this would've yielded *bēlek instead. He also compares words such as Bashkir бәлләв (bəlləv, “swing”) and suggests a common *bēl noun, however once again this has phonological and morphological problems.


kēnč

kēnč (nominative singular)
kēnčig (accusative singular)
kēnčni (accusative singular)
kēnčniŋ (genitive singular)
kēnčke (dative singular)
kēnčde (locative singular)
kēnčden (ablative singular)
kēnčgerü (allative singular)
kēnčin (instrumental singular)
kēnčče (equative singular)
kēnčleyü (singular)
kēnčligü (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kēnč:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gənc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گنج
Gagauz: genç
Turkish: genç
→ Crimean Tatar: genç
→ Middle Armenian: կէնճ (kēnč)
Armenian: կենճ (kenč), գ^յա̈նջ (gʸänǰ) — Van, dialectological notation, կանճ (kanč), կէնճ (kēnč) — traditional orthography

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کانْجْ (kēnč)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kenč)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kenje

Middle Mongol: ᠬᠡᠨᠵᠡ (kenǰe):

Buryat: хэнзэ (xenze)

desc

Kalmyk: кенз (kenz, “autumn-born small livestock; autumn grass”)

Mongolian: хэнз (xenz, “late-grown crop; animal born late in the season”)

→ Bashkir: кинйә (kinyə)

→ Kumyk: генже (genje)

→ Kazakh: кенже (kenje)

→ Kyrgyz: кенже (kenje)

→ Southern Altai: кенје (kenǰe)

→ Tatar: кинцә (kintsä) (dialectal)

→ Tuvan: хенче (xençe, “autumn-born small livestock”)

→ Chagatai: کنجه (kenje, “child born to an aged father; child in general”)

Uyghur: كەنجە (kenje, “youngster”)

Uzbek: kenja (“youngest child”)

→ Tajik: кенҷа (kenja, “youngest child”)

→ Yagnobi: [script needed] (kenǰá, kanǰá), ⇒ [script needed] (kenǰagí)

→ Manchu: ᡴᡝᠨᠵᡝ (kenje, “frail, tiny, small”)


elig

elig (nominative singular)
eligig (accusative singular)
eligni (accusative singular)
eligniŋ (genitive singular)
eligke (dative singular)
eligde (locative singular)
eligden (ablative singular)
eliggerü (allative singular)
eligin (instrumental singular)
eligče (equative singular)
eligleyü (singular)
eligligü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *eliɣ

Volga Bulgar: الو (elü)

Middle Chuvash: *elĭ

Late Middle Chuvash: *alı̈̆

Chuvash: алӑ (ală)

Proto-Common Turkic: *elig

Arghu:

Khalaj: əl

Oghuz: اَلِكْ (elig)

Old Anatolian Turkish: ال (el)

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: əl

Qashqai: ائل (el)

Gagauz: el

Ottoman Turkish: ال (el)

Turkish: el

Salar: el

Turkmen: el

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَلِكْ (“elig”)

Chagatai: [Term?] (“élik”)

Uyghur: ilik (dial.)

Uzbek: ilik (arch.)

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ӧлӱ (ölü, “finger”), элӱ (elü)

Siberian Turkic: *ẹlig

Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰏 ((e)l(i)g /l²g/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷 (élig /ʾylyk/)

Western Yugur: ələɣ (ïlïɣ, “hand, a unit of measure, chopsticks, method, craftsmanship”)

⇒ Western Yugur: ələk (ïlïk, “hand, finger”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: илии (ilii)

Dolgan: илии

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Shor: инге

Usually considered to be simplex, however some theories have been proposed:
# Sevortyan compares the dialectal Turkish elmek (“hand”) and suggets a common root *el-
# Tekin ties the word to *ẹĺ- (“to dig”), stating that the sigmatism didn't occur due to its medial position.
# Nişanyan suggets a derivation *al- (“to take”) + *-ïg, however note that the word is never attested as being back voweled through history.
The reason behind the disappearence of the final -i in some languages is uncertain but likely due to confusion with the third person singular possessive, compare *tātïg (“taste”), *bẹńi (“brain”) for similar cases.
Siberian descendants show a variant form with "open-e" (*ẹlig). Whether *ẹlig or *elig was the original form is unclear.

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
Siberian Turkic
tr:Besim Atalay


ellig

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: الو (elü), الُّ (ellü)

Chuvash: аллă (allă)

Common Turkic

Arghu:

Khalaj: əllig

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: əlli

Ottoman Turkish: اللی (elli)

Turkish: elli

Gagauz: elli

Salar: elli

Turkmen: elli

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: اليک (ällik)

Uzbek: ellik

Uyghur: ئەللىك (ellik)

Ili Turki: ellik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: илле (ille)

Tatar: илле (ille)

Siberian Tatar: илле

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: elli

Kumyk: элли (elli)

Karachay-Balkar: элли (elli)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: елиў (eliw)

Kazakh: елу (elu)

Nogai: элли (élli)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: элүү (elüü)

Southern Altai: ӧлӱ (ölü) (Teleut)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰏 (älig)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽷 (älig)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Shor: элиг (elig)

Khakas: иліг (ilìg)

Perhaps from *elig (“hand”), see there for more.