buŕagu

buŕagu (nominative singular)
buŕaguug (accusative singular)
buŕagunï (accusative singular)
buŕagunuŋ (genitive singular)
buŕaguka (dative singular)
buŕaguda (locative singular)
buŕagudan (ablative singular)
buŕagugaru (allative singular)
buŕaguun (instrumental singular)
buŕaguča (equative singular)
buŕagulayu (singular)
buŕagulugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑру (păru)

→ Hungarian: borjú

→ Proto-Mongolic: *biraxu

Mongolian: бяруу (bjaruu)

→ Evenki: боро (boro)

Proto-Common Turkic: *buzagu

Proto-Oghuz: *buzaɣu

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: buzov

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بوزاغو (buzağu)
Gagauz: buzaa
Turkish: buzağı

Salar: buzı

Turkmen: buzaw

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُزاغُو (buzāɣū)

desc

Chagatai: بوزاغو (buzaɣu), بوزاغ (buzaɣ)

Uzbek: buzoq

Uyghur: موزاي (mozay)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بوزاو (buzaw)

Mamluk-Kipchak: بوزاغو (buzaɣu), بوزاو (buzawu)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: быҙау (bıźaw)

Tatar: бозау (bozaw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: бузоу (buzou)

Krymchak: бузов

Kumyk: бузав (buzaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұзау (būzau)

Karakalpak: бузаў, buzaw

Nogai: бузав (buzav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: музоо (muzoo)

Southern Altai: бозу (bozu)

→ Armenian: բուզօվ (buzōv), բըզօվ (bəzōv) — Nor Nakhichevan

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰕𐰍𐰆 (b¹uzǧu /buzaɣu/)

Old Uyghur: pwz՚γw (buzaɣu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: бызаа (bızaa)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пызо (pızo)

Presumably from *buŕ-a- (“to bear a calf”) + *-gu.


takïgu

tiakïgu (canonical)
takïgu (nominative singular)
takïguug (accusative singular)
takïgunï (accusative singular)
takïgunuŋ (genitive singular)
takïguka (dative singular)
takïguda (locative singular)
takïgudan (ablative singular)
takïgugaru (allative singular)
takïguun (instrumental singular)
takïguča (equative singular)
takïgulayu (singular)
takïgulugu (comitative singular)

Serbi—Mongolic:

→? Proto-Mongolic: *takïxa

Mongolian: тахиа (taxia)

→ Tuvan: дагаа (dagaa)

→? Khitan: 𘰺𘯛𘯺 (teqoa)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *tiaku

Manchu: ᠴᠣᡴᠣ (coko)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: توح (tox) (as in توحجِ (toxçı))

Chuvash: чӑх (čăh)

Danube Bulgar: тох (tox)

→ Hungarian: tyúk

Proto-Common Turkic: *taqïɣu

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: toyuq

Ottoman Turkish: طاوق (tavuk)

Turkish: tavuk

Gagauz: tauk

Salar: tox

Turkmen: towuk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَقاغُو (taqāɣū)

Khorezmian: طاوق (tavuq)

Chagatai: تاغوغ (tağuğ), تاقوغ (taquğ), تقوق (taquq), تاغوق (tağuq), تاووغ (tawuğ), تاوق (tawuq), تاخوق (taxuq), توخی (toxi), توخو (toxu)

Uzbek: tovuq

Uyghur: توخۇ (toxu)

Kipchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: դավուխ (tavuχ), դավուղ (tavuɣ)

Kipchak: tauc (tawuq)

Mamluk-Kipchak: طاووق (ṭawuq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tavuq

Karachay-Balkar: тауукъ (tauuq)

Kumyk: тавукъ (tawuq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тауыҡ (tawıq)

Tatar: тавык (tawıq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тауық (tauyq)

Nogai тавык (tavık)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоок (took)

Southern Altai: така (taka), таак (taak)

Siberian Turkic:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽲𐽳 (tʾqyqw /taḳïġu/)
Western Yugur: tahɢa (taʰqa), tahɢaɣə (taʰqaɣa)

North Siberian:

Yakut:

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: таңах (tañax)


kaŕgan

kaŕgan (nominative singular)
kaŕganïg (accusative singular)
kaŕgannï (accusative singular)
kaŕgannïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŕganka (dative singular)
kaŕganda (locative singular)
kaŕgandan (ablative singular)
kaŕgangaru (allative singular)
kaŕganïn (instrumental singular)
kaŕganča (equative singular)
kaŕganlayu (singular)
kaŕganlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хуран (huran)

→? Hungarian: harang (“bell”)

Common Turkic:

desc

→ Middle Mongol: [Arabic needed] (qazghan) (Ibn Muhanna)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qazğân

Proto-Oghuz: *γazan

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qazan

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قزان (qazan), قزغان (kazğan)
Turkish: kazan
→ Albanian: kazan
→ Arabic: قَزَان (qazān), قَازَان (qāzān)
→ Armenian: խազան (xazan), ղազան (ġazan), կազան (kazan), ղզղան (ġzġan)
→ Aromanian: cãzáne
→ Bulgarian: каза́н (kazán)
→ Greek: καζάνι (kazáni)
→ Hungarian: kazán
→ Macedonian: казан (kazan)
→ Romanian: cazàn
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ка̀зан
Latin script: kàzan
→ Northern Kurdish: quşxane

Gagauz: kazan

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gazan

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаҙан (qaźan)

Tatar: казан (qazan)

desc

Siberian Tatar: казаннау (“to prepare in a cauldron”)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: qazan

Kazakh: қазан (qazan)

Nogai: казан (kazan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: казан (kazan)

Southern Altai: казан (kazan)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qazan

Karachay-Balkar: къазан (qazan)

Karaim: казан

Kumyk: къазан (qazan)

Krymchak: казан (“stockpot”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَزْغانْ (qazɣān, “dug out”) (uncertain)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (qazan)

Uzbek: qozon

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Khakas: хазан (xazan)

Shor: қазан (qazan)

→ Persian: خاژغان (xâžġân)

Analysis as *kaŕ- (“to dig out”) + *-gan is often proposed, however not without some controversy; see literature for details.


karak

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرق (qaraq)

Turkmen: garak

Kipchak: [Term?] (karak)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қарақ (qaraq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карек (karek)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (karak)

Chagatai: قاراغ (qarağ), قاراق (qaraq)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽲 (qʾrq)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: харах (qaraq)

Dolgan: карак

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: карак (karak)

Sayan:

Tuvan: карак (karak)

Tofa: карак

Yenisei:

Khakas: харах (xarax)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: garah

Shor: қарақ

Clauson derives this word from *kara + *-ak, literally meaning "little black thing". Räsänen instead derives from *kara- + *-ak. Nişanyan lists this word as related to *kara. Nişanyan also considers a derivation from *kara- (“to look”). Compare Proto-Mongolic *kara- (“to see”), Mongolian харах (xarax, “to look”).


karak

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرق (qaraq)

Turkish: (dialectal) karak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡараҡ (qaraq)

Tatar: карак (qaraq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Nogai: карак (karak)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *qaraqčï (“pillager, thief”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرقچی (qaraqçı), قرخچی (qaraḫçı)

Turkmen: garakçy

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: [script needed] (karačï) (Codex Cumanicus)

Karaim: [script needed] (karaxčï)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قاراقچی (qaraqči)

Uzbek: qaroqchi (“pirate”)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (karakçï)

→ Khanty: [Term?] (xoraxśi)

Clauson doubts a morphological identity with the first etymology. Räsänen compares *kar-ma (“robbery”), which would imply a derivation from *kar-.


urug

urug (nominative singular)
urugug (accusative singular)
urugnï (accusative singular)
urugnuŋ (genitive singular)
urugka (dative singular)
urugda (locative singular)
urugdan (ablative singular)
uruggaru (allative singular)
urugun (instrumental singular)
urugča (equative singular)
uruglayu (singular)
uruglugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӑрӑ (vără)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: uruq

Ottoman Turkish: اوروق (uruq)

Turkmen: urug

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرُغْ (uruğ)

Uzbek: urugʻ

Uyghur: ئۇرۇق (uruq)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: урук (uruk), уруу (uruu)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ырыу (ırıw)

Tatar: ыруг (ıruğ)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ұрық (ūryq), ру (ru)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (uruğ)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уруу

Yakut: уруу (uruu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: уруг (urug, “child; young girl, daughter”)

Tofa: [script needed] (uruğ)

Yenisei:

Khakas: урух (urux)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *urugla-

اُرُغْلاماقْ

Karakhanid: اُرُغْلاماقْ (uruğlamaq)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *uruglan-

اُرُغْلَنْماقْ

Karakhanid: اُرُغْلَنْماقْ (uruğlanmaq)

desctree

Proto-Turkic: *urugluk
Common Turkic:
Oghuz:
Salar: urlaq, urluq
Karluk:
Karakhanid: اُرُغْلُقْ (uruğluq, “seed corn”)
Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (urluk)
Uyghur: [script needed] (uruqluq)
Kipchak:
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: орлоҡ (orloq)
Tatar: орлык (orlıq)
→? Chuvash: вӑрлӑх (vărlăh)
Cuman-Kipchak: [script needed] (urluk)
Kumyk: урлукъ (urluq)
Crimean Tatar: urluq
Karachay-Balkar: урлукъ (urluq)
South Kipchak:
Nogai: урлык (urlık)

From *ur + *-ug. Very similar to Proto-Turkic *urï (“male child, son”).


köŕ

köŕ (nominative singular)
köŕüg (accusative singular)
köŕni (accusative singular)
köŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
köŕke (dative singular)
köŕde (locative singular)
köŕden (ablative singular)
köŕgerü (allative singular)
köŕün (instrumental singular)
köŕče (equative singular)
köŕleyü (singular)
köŕlügü (comitative singular)

>? Oghur: *köŕ

>? Old Chuvash: *kur(s/či)

>? Middle Chuvash: *kur(śĕ)

>? Chuvash: куҫ (kuś)

desc

⇒ Chuvash: куҫлӗх (kuślĕh, “glasses, mirror”)

>? Middle Chuvash: *kü(r)ś

>? Chuvash: *kĕś

⇒? Chuvash: куҫкӗски (kuśkĕski, “mirror”) (< куҫ (kuś) + *kĕś + *-gü) (if not from Tatar көзге (közge) or Bashkir көҙгө (köźgö) instead)

Proto-Common Turkic: *köz

Arghu:

Khalaj: köz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كوز (göz)

Azerbaijani: göz

Gagauz: göz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوز (göz)
Turkish: göz
→ Armenian: գյոզ (gyoz)

Turkmen: göz

Salar: göz, gaozi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُوزْ (kȫz)

Khorezmian Turkic: كوز (köz)

Chagatai: كوز (göz)

Chagatai: كوزكی (“mirror”)

Classical Persian: كوزكی (“mirror”)

Uzbek: koʻz

Uyghur: كۆز (köz)

Ili Turki: kȯz (koz)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: كوز (köz)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: күҙ (küź)

Tatar: күз (küz)

→? Chuvash: куҫ (kuś)

Kipchak-Cuman: chox (köz) (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: köz

Karachay-Balkar: кёз (köz)

desc

⇒ Karachay-Balkar: кёзбав (közbav, “witchcraft, magic”)

Kumyk: гёз (göz)

Karaim: коз (koz)

Urum: гӧз (göz), кӧз (köz), коз (koz)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көз (köz)

Karakalpak: ko'z

Nogai: коьз (köz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көз (köz)

Southern Altai: кӧс (kös)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰕 (köz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴 (kwyz /köz/)

⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽳𐽺𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwyzwnmʾk /közünmäk/, “to appear”)

Western Yugur: kos (köz), kohs

North Siberian Turkic:

⇒ Yakut: көһүн (köhün, “to appear”)

⇒ Dolgan: көһүн (köhün, “to appear”)

South Siberian Turkic:

⇒ Soyot: көскүдәр (“to show”)

⇒ Tofa: көстүр (“to appear”)

⇒ Tuvan: көскү (köskü, “visible”), көстүк (köstük, “glasses”)

Northern Altai: кӧз (köz)

A derivation from *kör- (“to see”), however, the exact way of the derivation is uncertain. Clauson comments that "there is obviously a very old etymological connection with *kör-". Nişanyan comments on the vagueness of the exact morphological relation between the two roots. Possibly an anthimeric (zero derivation) form of *kör-.
Altaicists assume *köŕ ~ *körs and compare this reconstruction (along with *kör- (“to see”)) with Khalkha Mongolian горьдлого (gorʹdlogo, “hope”), Proto-Tungusic [Term?] (“to look out, to appear”) and Korean 그립다 (geuripda, “to miss, to long for”). However, Altaic hypothesis and comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream consensus.
There is no consensus on the origin of the Chuvash куҫ (kuś), which is integral in part of determining the antiquity of the Proto-Turkic root. EDAL, Sevortyan, Yegorov and Fedotov suppose that Chuvash form indeed goes back to Proto-Turkic stage, but each with different reconstructions and methods. Eren (1982), in his remarks on Yegorov's work, disagree that Chuvash form may come from Proto-Turkic but Tatar.
Siberian languages at large have adopted *karak (“eye, pupil”), replacing the original *köz.


kāš

kāš (nominative singular)
kāšlar (nominative plural)
kāšnïŋ (genitive singular)
kāšlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
kāška (dative singular)
kāšlarka (dative plural)
kāšta (locative singular)
kāšlarda (locative plural)
kāštan (ablative singular)
kāšlardan (ablative plural)
kāšlarïn (instrumental plural)
kāšča (equative singular)
kāšlarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qâş

Proto-Oghuz: *kāš

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaş

Ottoman Turkish: قاش (kaş)
Turkish: kaş

Salar: gaş (“edge”)

Turkmen: gāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قاشْ (qāš)

Khorezmian Turkic: قاش (qaš)

desctree

Chagatai: قاش (qaš)
Uyghur: قاش (qash)
Uzbek: qosh
→ Tajik: қош (qoš)

Kipchak: قاش (qaš), cas — Codex Cumanicus
North Kipchak
Bashkir: ҡаш (qaş)
Tatar: каш (qaş) / qaş
West Kipchak
Crimean Tatar: qaş
Karachay-Balkar: къаш (qaş)
Karaim: къаш, каш, кас
Kumyk: къаш (qaş)
Central Kipchak
Karakalpak: qas
Kazakh: қас (qas)
Nogai: кас (kas)
East Kipchak
Kyrgyz: каш (kaş)
Southern Altai: каш (kaš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱁 (qaš)

Old Uyghur: q̈՚š (qaš)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: каас (kaas)

Yakut: хаас (qaas)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хас (xas), кас (kas)

Shor: қаш

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: хаш

Tuvan: каш (kaş)


abuč

abuč (nominative singular)
abučug (accusative singular)
abučnï (accusative singular)
abučnuŋ (genitive singular)
abučka (dative singular)
abučda (locative singular)
abučdan (ablative singular)
abučgaru (allative singular)
abučun (instrumental singular)
abučča (equative singular)
abučlayu (singular)
abučlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ывӑҫ (yvăś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ovuc

Gagauz: avuç

Ottoman Turkish: آوج (avuc), آئوج (aʼvuc), آووج (avuc)
Turkish: avuç
→ Armenian: ավուճ (avuč)

Salar: uc

Turkmen: owuç

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (avuč)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (avuč)

Chagatai: [script needed] (ovuč)

Uzbek: havuch

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (awut)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (awuč)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: avuç

Karachay-Balkar: уууч (uuuç)

Karaim: avuč ,uvuč

Kumyk: увуч (uwuç)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ус (us)

Tatar: уч (uç)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: уыс (uys)

Karakalpak: uwıs

Nogai: увыс (uvıs)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ууч (uuc)

Southern Altai: ууш (uuš)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽸𐽳𐾀 (ʾʾdwt /adut/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽱𐽳𐾀 (ʾʾβwt /avut/)
Western Yugur: oʂ (oš)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: оъш (o"š)

Yenisei:

Khakas: оос (oos)

Shor: ош (oš), оош (ooš)

Compare Proto-Mongolic *abuca (“handful”).


kïŕïl

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӗрлӗ (hĕrlĕ)

Common Turkic:

Aghu:

Khalaj: qızıl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qızıl

Ottoman Turkish: قزل (kızıl)

Gagauz: kızıl

Turkish: kızıl

Salar: gızıl, gızil

Turkmen: gyzyl

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qïzïl)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (qızıl)

Chagatai: قزل (qizil)

Uzbek: qizil

Uyghur: قىزىل (qizil)

Kipchak: قزل (qızıl)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qızıl

Karachay-Balkar: къызыл (qızıl)

Karaim: kyzyl, кызыл

Kumyk: къызыл (qızıl)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыҙыл (qıźıl)

Tatar: кызыл (qızıl)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қызыл (qyzyl)

Karakalpak: qızıl

Nogai кызыл (kızıl)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кызыл (kızıl)

Southern Altai: кызыл (kïzïl)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽶𐾁 (kïzïl)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кыһыл

Yakut: кыһыл (kıhıl)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кызыл (kızıl)

Tofa: ӄызыл (qïzïl)

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: қызыл (qïzïl)

Khakas: хызыл (xızıl)

Shor: қызыл

Northern Altai: кысыл (kïsïl), кызыл (kïzïl)

From *kï̄ŕ- (“to redden”) with secondary shortening or from the homophonous word *kï̄ŕ with similar development found in *yāĺïl (“green”) < *yāĺ (“young vegetables”).


yōl

yōl (nominative singular)
yōlug (accusative singular)
yōlnï (accusative singular)
yōlnuŋ (genitive singular)
yōlka (dative singular)
yōlda (locative singular)
yōldan (ablative singular)
yōlgaru (allative singular)
yōlun (instrumental singular)
yōlča (equative singular)
yōllayu (singular)
yōllugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Middle Chuvash: *śål

Viryal Chuvash: ҫол (śol)

Anatri Chuvash: ҫул (śul)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yōl

Arghu:

Khalaj: yôl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yol

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یول (yol)
Gagauz: yol
Turkish: yol
→ Albanian: joll
→ Armenian: յոլ (yol)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: јо̏л
Latin script: jȍl
→ Northern Kurdish: ol (“order, sect, dogma”)

Turkmen: ýōl

Salar: yol

Karluk:

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yol)

Karakhanid: يُولْ (yōl)

Chagatai: يول (yol)

Uzbek: yoʻl, йўл (yoʻl)

Uyghur: يول (yol)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yol)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yol)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: юл (yul)

Bashkir: юл (yul)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: yol

Karaim: jol

Karachay-Balkar: джол (col)

Kumyk: ёл (yol)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жол (jol)

Karakalpak: jol

Nogai: йол (yol)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жол (jol)

Southern Altai: јол (ǰol)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰞 (yol)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐾁 (ywl /yol/)
Western Yugur: jol (/yol/, “way, path; journey; mile; fate”)
⇒ Western Yugur: jolaq (/yolaɢ-/, “to bid farewell, to worship”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: суол (suol)

Dolgan: һуол (huol)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чол (çol)

Shor: чол

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чол (çol)

Tofa: чол

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jol (“luck”)

→ Yakut: дьол (jol)


čātïr

čātïr (nominative singular)
čātïrlar (nominative plural)
čātïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
čātïrlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
čātïrka (dative singular)
čātïrlarka (dative plural)
čātïrda (locative singular)
čātïrlarda (locative plural)
čātïrdan (ablative singular)
čātïrlardan (ablative plural)
čātïrlarïn (instrumental plural)
čātïrča (equative singular)
čātïrlarča (equative plural)

Karakhanid: چاتر (čātïr) [11th c.], [script needed] (čāčïr), [script needed] (čadïr) [13th c.], [script needed] (čādar, “canvas tent”) [14th c.]

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (čadïr, “tent”) [14th c.]

Kipchak: [script needed] (čatïr, “tent; sunshade; a woman's cloak”) [14th c.]

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сатыр (satır)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (čatïr)

Tatar: чатыр (çatır)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: shatır

Kazakh: шатыр (şatyr)

Nogai: шатыр (şatır)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: чатыр (catır)

Southern Altai: чадыр (čadïr), чатыр (čatïr)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: şatır

Karachay-Balkar: чатыр (çatır)

Kumyk: чатыр (çatır)

→ Old Chuvash: *чатыр (*čat̬yr), *шатыр (*šat̬yr)

Chuvash: чатӑр (čat̬ăr)

→ Hungarian: sátor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Oghuz: *čādïr

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çadır

Ottoman Turkish: چادر (çadır)

Gagauz: çadır

Turkish: çadır

→ Albanian: çadër

→ Czech: čádor

→ Russian: шатёр (šatjór)

→ Serbo-Croatian: (“tent”)

Cyrillic script: чадор

Latin script: čador

→ Crimean Tatar: çadır

Salar: çadır

Turkmen-Khorasan:

Turkmen: çādyr

Siberian Turkic:

Southern Siberian

Shor: шадыр

Tuvan: чадыр (çadır)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (čatïr, “sunshade; tent”) [14th c.]

Possibly borrowed from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (cʾtwl /čādur/), ultimately from Sanskrit छत्त्र (chattra, “parasol, umbrella, awning”).


yāg

yāg (nominative singular)
yāgïg (accusative singular)
yāgnï (accusative singular)
yāgnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāgka (dative singular)
yāgda (locative singular)
yāgdan (ablative singular)
yāggaru (allative singular)
yāgïn (instrumental singular)
yāgča (equative singular)
yāglayu (singular)
yāglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫу (śu), ҫӑв (śăv)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâğ

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yağ

Ottoman Turkish: یاغ (yağ)

Turkish: yağ

Gagauz: yaa

Turkmen: ýag

Salar: yağ

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ىاغ (yağ)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yağ)

Chagatai: یاغ (yağ)

Uzbek: yoʻg

Uyghur: ياغ (yagh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: yağ

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yağ), [Arabic needed] (yağ)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yağ

Karachay-Balkar: джау (cau)

Karaim: jav

Kumyk: яв (yaw)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоон (joon), жов (jov)

Southern Altai: јуу (ǰuu)

Siberian:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽲 (yʾq /yaġ/)
Western Yugur: jaɣ (yaɣ, “cooking oil”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һыа (hıa)

Yakut: сыа (sıa)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чаг (çag)

Tofa: [script needed] (čaɣ)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чағ (çağ)

Shor: чағ (čağ)

Northern Altai: јаг (ǰag) (Chelkan), дьу (dʹu), дьыг (dʹïg) (Kumandin)

Sometimes connected with *yak- (“to rub, to smear”), with the both deriving from hypothetical *yā-, supposedly reflected in Khalaj yâ- (“to churn butter”).


yagï

yagï (nominative singular)
yagïïg (accusative singular)
yagïnï (accusative singular)
yagïnïŋ (genitive singular)
yagïka (dative singular)
yagïda (locative singular)
yagïdan (ablative singular)
yagïgaru (allative singular)
yagïïn (instrumental singular)
yagïča (equative singular)
yagïlayu (singular)
yagïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫу (śu, “heathen”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *dayïn

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yağı

Ottoman Turkish: یاغی (yağı)

Gagauz: yaa

Turkish: yağı

Turkmen: ýagy

Turkmen: ýow

Salar: yağı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَغىٖ (yaɣï̄)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yağı)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yağı)

Uzbek: yov

Uyghur: ياۋ (yaw)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yağı)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yağï)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yağı

Karachay-Balkar: джау (cau), жау (jau)

Kumyk: яв (yaw)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яу (yaw)

Tatar: яу (yaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жау (jau)

Karakalpak: jaw

Nogai: яв (yav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоо (joo)

Southern Altai: јуу (ǰuu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰍𐰃 (yaɣï)

Old Uyghur: y'g (yaɣï)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сыа хаар (sıa qaar), сыа каар (sıa kaar)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чаа (çaa)

Shor: чаа

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чаа (čaa)

Tuvan: чаа (çaa)

Northern Altai: чаг (čag)

Western Yugur: yaɣï

→ Persian: یاغی (yāġī)


yüŕük

yüŕük (nominative singular)
yüŕüküg (accusative singular)
yüŕükni (accusative singular)
yüŕüknüŋ (genitive singular)
yüŕükke (dative singular)
yüŕükde (locative singular)
yüŕükden (ablative singular)
yüŕükgerü (allative singular)
yüŕükün (instrumental singular)
yüŕükče (equative singular)
yüŕükleyü (singular)
yüŕüklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗрӗ (śĕrĕ)

→ Hungarian: gyűrű

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: üzük

Ottoman Turkish: یوزوك (yüzük)

Turkish: yüzük

Gagauz: üzük

Turkmen: ýüzük

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُزُكْ (yüzük)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yüzük)

Chagatai: [script needed] (üzük)

Uzbek: uzuk

Uyghur: ئۈزۈك (üzük)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yüzük)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yüzük)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yüzük

Karachay-Balkar: джюзюк (cüzük), жюзюк (jüzük)

Kumyk: юзюк (yuzük)

Karaim: [script needed] ((y)üzük)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөҙөк (yöźök)

Tatar: йөзек (yözek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жүзік (jüzık)

Karakalpak: ju'zik

Nogai юзик (yuzik)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүзүк (jüzük)

Southern Altai: јӱстӱк (ǰüstük)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүһүөх (hühüöx)

Yakut: сүһүөх (sühüöq)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чӱстӱк (çüstük)

Shor: чӱстӱк (čüstük)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чүстүк (çüstük)

Derived from *yüŕ- which is also the source of *yüŕeŋgü (“stirrup”). No doubt related to Proto-Mongolic *döre (“ring”) and Proto-Tungusic *dur-, see Mongolian дөр (dör, “pin, collar, nose-ring”). Loaned as gyűrű (“ring”) in Hungarian, which, according to Clauson points to an earlier word initial /dʰ/.


tarmak

desc

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tarmak (“branch”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tarmaq)

Uyghur: تارماق (tarmaq)

Uzbek: tarmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тармаҡ (tarmaq)

Tatar: тармак (tarmaq)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: тармакъ (tarmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: tarmaq

Kazakh: тармақ (tarmaq)

Nogai: [script needed] (tarmaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тармак (tarmak)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tarmaq, “finger”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тарбах (tarbaq, “finger”)

From *tar- (“to go apart, spread”) + *-mak.


adak

adak (canonical)
hadak (canonical)
adak (nominative singular)
adakïg (accusative singular)
adaknï (accusative singular)
adaknïŋ (genitive singular)
adakka (dative singular)
adakda (locative singular)
adakdan (ablative singular)
adakgaru (allative singular)
adakïn (instrumental singular)
adakča (equative singular)
adaklayu (singular)
adaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *aδaγ

Proto-Bulgar: *åδa

Old Chuvash: *åza

Middle Chuvash: *ora

Anatri Chuvash: ора (ora)

Viryal Chuvash: ура (ura)

Proto-Common Turkic: *adak

Arghu:

Khalaj: hadaq

Proto-Oghuz: *ayak

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایاق (ayaq), اداق (adaq), آیاق (ayaq)

Azerbaijani: ayaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آیاق (ayak)
Gagauz: ayak
Turkish: ayak
→ Armenian: այախ (ayax)

Salar: ayaq

Turkmen: aýak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَذَقْ (aδaq)

Khorezmian Turkic: ازق (aδaq), ایق (ayaq)

Chagatai: آیاق (ayaq), آیاغ (ayağ)

Uzbek: oyoq

Uyghur: ئاياق (ayaq), ئاياغ (ayagh)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: ايق (ayaq)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

desc

Bashkir: аҙаҡ (aźaq, “end; then”), аяҡ (ayaq, “leg”)

Tatar: аяк (ayak)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: ayaq

Karachay-Balkar: аякъ (ayaq)

Kumyk: аякъ (ayaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: аяқ (aäq)

Karakalpak: ayaq

Nogai: аяк (ayak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аяк (ayak)

Southern Altai: айак (ayak)

Siberian Turkic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *adag

Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰴 (adaq)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽸𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾdʾq /adaḳ/)

Western Yugur: azaq

North Siberian:

Dolgan: атак (atak)

Yakut: атах (ataq)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: адак (adak)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: азах (azax)

Shor: азақ (azaq)

Usually considered to be simplex, however some theories have been thrown around:
# Németh and some other linguists derive it from *āt- (“to take a step”).
# Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *ad- (“to separate”), however states that the morphology is not very obvious as there is no deverbal noun forming *-ak suffix.
# Hamilton puts forth the possibility of being derived from *yād- (“to spread”).
Sevortyan's attempt at relating it with Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”) and Räsänen's attempt to link it with Korean 바닥 (badak) are unfounded.


tabïĺgān

tabïĺgān (nominative singular)
tabïĺgānïg (accusative singular)
tabïĺgānnï (accusative singular)
tabïĺgānnïŋ (genitive singular)
tabïĺgānka (dative singular)
tabïĺgānda (locative singular)
tabïĺgāndan (ablative singular)
tabïĺgāngaru (allative singular)
tabïĺgānïn (instrumental singular)
tabïĺgānča (equative singular)
tabïĺgānlayu (singular)
tabïĺgānlïgu (comitative singular)

→? Khitan: 匋裏 (taul)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *taxulai

Mongolian: туулай (tuulaj)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tavuşğân

Oghuz:

→ Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (ṭawšan)

Azerbaijani: dovşan

→ Kumyk: тавшан (tawşan)

→ Nogai: тавшан (tavşan)

Ottoman Turkish: طاوشان (tavşan)

Gagauz: tavşam

Turkish: tavşan

Salar: dovşan

Turkmen: towşan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَڤِشْغانْ (tavïšɣān)

Chagatai: تاووشقان (tawušqan)

Uzbek: tovushqon

Uyghur: توشقان (toshqan)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣 (t¹b¹s¹ǧn¹ /tabïšɣan/)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽱𐽶𐽿𐽲𐽰𐽺 (tʾβyšqʾn)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tusqan)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: табысхан (tabısqan)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: табысхан (tabısxan)


kẹntü

Proto-Oghuz: *gendü

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كندو (gändü)

Azerbaijani: gəndi (dialectal)

Gagauz: kendi

Ottoman Turkish: كندو (kendü)

Turkish: kendi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كَنْدُو (kendǖ)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kendü)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kendü)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰦𐰇 (kentü)

Old Uyghur: k՚ntw (kentü)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: гини (gini)

Yakut: кини (kini)


ïgač

ïgač (nominative singular)
ïgačïg (accusative singular)
ïgačnï (accusative singular)
ïgačnïŋ (genitive singular)
ïgačka (dative singular)
ïgačda (locative singular)
ïgačdan (ablative singular)
ïgačgaru (allative singular)
ïgačïn (instrumental singular)
ïgačča (equative singular)
ïgačlayu (singular)
ïgačlïgu (comitative singular)

Medieval:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yīğaç)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰍𐰲 (iǧč /ïɣač/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ïɣač)

Bulghar

Chuvash: йывӑҫ (jyvăś)

Karluk

Karakhanid: يِغَجْ (yïɣaç)

Chagatai: ییغاج (yïɣač)

Uyghur: ياغاچ (yaghach)

Uzbek: yogʻoch

Kipchak

Aral:

Karakalpak: agash

Kazakh: ағаш (ağaş)

Nogai: агаш (agaş)

Black Sea:

Crimean Tatar: ağaç

Karachay-Balkar: агъач (ağaç)

Karaim: agač

Kumyk: агъач (ağaç)

Urum: агач

Eastern

Kyrgyz: жыгач (jıgac)

Southern Altai: агаш (agaš)

Northern:

Bashkir: ағас (ağas)

Tatar: агач (ağaç)

Arghu

Khalaj: hağaç

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: ağac

Gagauz: aaç

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آغاج (ağaç), աղաճ (ağac) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: ağaç
→ Laz: აღაჯი (ağaci)

Salar: agaç

Turkmen: agaç

Siberian

Southern Siberian

Yenisei-Turkic

Khakas: ағас (ağas)

Shor: ағаш (aɣaš)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: ыяш (ıyaş)

Tofa: аӄаш (aqaş), неш (neš)

Western Yugur: yihaš

desc

Northern Altai: агаш (agaš), агач (agač)

From *ï (“vegetation, plant, bush, tree”) + *-gač.


kumursga

kumursga (nominative singular)
kumursgaïg (accusative singular)
kumursganï (accusative singular)
kumursganïŋ (genitive singular)
kumursgaka (dative singular)
kumursgada (locative singular)
kumursgadan (ablative singular)
kumursgagaru (allative singular)
kumursgaïn (instrumental singular)
kumursgača (equative singular)
kumursgalayu (singular)
kumursgalïgu (comitative singular)
*kïmïrsga (alternative)
*kumïrsga (alternative)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu: *kumur(s)-gač

Khalaj: qumurğâç

Oghuz: *kumur(s)-gan

Salar: gumısgan

Karluk: *kumurs-ga

Khorezmian Turkic: قومرصقا (qumurṣqa)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qumursɣa)

Uzbek: qumursqa

→ Turkmen: gumursga

Kipchak: *kumurs-ga

desc

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (qumursqa)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡырмыҫҡа (qırmıśqa)

Tatar: кырмыска (qırmıska)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: qımırsqa, qırmısqa

Karachay-Balkar: къумурсха (qumursxa)

Karaim: kumuska, kumurstka

Kumyk: хомурсгъа (xomursğa)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: құмырсқа (qūmyrsqa)

Nogai: кумырска (kumırska)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кумурска (kumurska)

Southern Altai: комурска (komurska), кумурска (kumurska)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐰴𐰆𐰢𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰍𐰀 (qumur¹s¹ǧa /ḳumursġa/) (hapax legomenon)

North Siberian Turkic: *kumurs-da(ń)-gač

Yakut: кымырдаҕас (kımırdağas)

South Siberian Turkic: *kumurs-ga(k)

Sayan:

Tuvan: кымыскаяк (kımıskayak), һымысқа (Soyot Turkic)

Tofa: һымысӄа (hımısqa)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хымысха (xımısxa)

Shor: қымысқаш (qımısqaš)

Northern Altai: комыскаш (komïskaš), комысхаш (komïshaš)

Perhaps analyzable as *kumur- (“to gnaw”) + *-ga, the latter being a common ending in animal names.


kāl-

Oghur:

Chuvash: юл (jul)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Medieval:

Karakhanid: قَلْماقْ (qalmāq)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰞 (qal-)

Old Uyghur: qʾlmʾq (qalmaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (qal-)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (qal-)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (qal-)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qâlmaq

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qalmaq

Ottoman Turkish: قالمق (qalmaq)

Turkish: kalmak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gālmak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡалыу (qalıw)

Tatar: калу (qalu)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қалу (qalu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: калуу (kaluu)

Southern Altai: калар (kalar)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (qalmaq)

Uzbek: qolmoq

Uyghur: قالماق (qalmaq)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: каал (kaal)

Yakut: хаал (qaal)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: халарға (xalarğa)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: калыр (kalır)


kumlak

kumlak (nominative singular)
kumlakïg (accusative singular)
kumlaknï (accusative singular)
kumlaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kumlakka (dative singular)
kumlakda (locative singular)
kumlakdan (ablative singular)
kumlakgaru (allative singular)
kumlakïn (instrumental singular)
kumlakča (equative singular)
kumlaklayu (singular)
kumlaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Proto-Bulgar:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: хӑмла (hămla)

→ Mari:

Eastern Mari: умла (umla)

Western Mari: ымыла (ymyla)

→ Mordvin:

Erzya: комля (komľa)

Moksha: комля (komlä)

→ Hungarian: komló, homló

→? Proto-Slavic: *xъmelь

Common Turkic:

Medieval:

Karakhanid: قُمْلاقْ (qumlaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡомалаҡ (qomalaq)

Tatar: колмак (qolmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: құлмақ (qūlmaq)

Nogai: кылмак (kılmak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кулмак (kulmak)

Southern Altai: куманак (kumanak)

Teleut: кумдак (kumdak)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хумнах (xumnax)

Shor: қымнақ, қубанақ

Shor: қымнақ, қубанақ

Most likely from Iranian or Germanic ultimately, see Ossetian хуымӕллӕг (x°ymællæg) and Old Norse humli respectively.
Some sources defend the possibility of native Turkic origin, but the evidence is weak.


bïdïk

bïdïk (nominative singular)
bïdïkïg (accusative singular)
bïdïknï (accusative singular)
bïdïknïŋ (genitive singular)
bïdïkka (dative singular)
bïdïkda (locative singular)
bïdïkdan (ablative singular)
bïdïkgaru (allative singular)
bïdïkïn (instrumental singular)
bïdïkča (equative singular)
bïdïklayu (singular)
bïdïklïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bïdïk

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bïyïk

Old Anatolian Turkish: بیق (bıyıq)

Azerbaijani: bığ (< Karluk)

→ Udi: быгъ (bəɣ)

→ Udi: быгъ (bəɣ), бигъ (biɣ)

→ Middle Armenian: բեղ (beġ), բեխ (bex)

Armenian: բեղ (beġ)

Ottoman Turkish: بیق (bıyık)

Turkish: bıyık, (dialectal) bığ

→ Laz: ბუჲუღი (buyuği)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِذِقْ (bïδïq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بیغ (bïɣ)

Uzbek: miyiq

Uyghur: مىيىق (miyiq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (bïyïq)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (bïyïq), [Arabic needed] (mïyïq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мыйыҡ (mıyıq)

Tatar: мыйык (mıyıq)

→ Chuvash: мӑйӑх (măjăh)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: мыйыкъ (mıyıq)

Kumyk: мыйыкъ (mıyıq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: миық (miyq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мыйык (mıyık)

Southern Altai: мыйык (mïyïk)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: бытык (bıtık)

Dolgan: бытык

South Siberian:

Khakas: пызых (pızıx)


yāĺ

yāĺ (nominative singular)
yāĺïg (accusative singular)
yāĺnï (accusative singular)
yāĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāĺka (dative singular)
yāĺda (locative singular)
yāĺdan (ablative singular)
yāĺgaru (allative singular)
yāĺïn (instrumental singular)
yāĺča (equative singular)
yāĺlayu (singular)
yāĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Bulgar: جال (cāl)

Chuvash: ҫул (śul)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yāš

Arghu

Khalaj: yâaş

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاش (yaş)
Gagauz: yaş
Turkish: yaş

Salar: yaş

Turkmen: ýāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَشْ (yaš)

Chagatai: یاش (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh, ёш (yosh), یاش

Uyghur: ياش (yash), яш (yash)

Kipchak

Khorezmian Turkic: یاش (yaš)

Kipchak: یاش (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: یاش (yaš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yaş, яш

Karachay-Balkar: жаш (jaş)

Kumyk: яш (yaş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

North Siberian

Yakut: саас (saas)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)

Shor: чаш

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *na-sun (“age”) through inheritance or borrowing, itself perhaps from earlier *nal-sun.


yāĺ

Relation to above etymology is unclear.
EDAL separates the senses young and fresh by etymology, and compares them to Proto-Mongolic *jala-xu (“young”) and *nïla-xun (“raw”) respectively.
Nugteren also mentions Middle Mongol *nïlka (“baby”) as a potential cognate.


yāĺ

Arghu

Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

Turkmen: ýāş

Salar: [script needed] (yaš)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh

Uyghur: ياش (yash)

Kipchak

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)

Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yaş

Karachay-Balkar: жаш (jaş)

Kumyk: яш (yaş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰀𐰽 (yāš) (Irk Bitig)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чаш (çaş)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)


yāĺ

Oghur

Chuvash: куҫ-ҫуль (kuś-śulʹ, literally “eye-tear”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yāš

Arghu

Khalaj: yâaş

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

Turkmen: ýāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)

Chagatai: ياش (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh

Uyghur: ياش (yash)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чаш (çaş)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)

Very likely in some way related to Proto-Mongolic *nïlbu-sun (“tear”), however EDAL connects it to Proto-Mongolic *ni-dün (“eye”).


seb-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *seb-ki- (“to rest, refresh oneself, relax”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *seb-je- (“to have fun; fun”)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: سَو (sev)

Chuvash: сав (sav)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: səvmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: سومك (sẹvmek)

Azerbaijani: sevmək

Gagauz: sevmää

Ottoman Turkish: سومك (sevmek)

Turkish: sevmek

→ Crimean Tatar: sevmek

Turkmen: söýmek

Salar: söygüsi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَڤْماكْ (sevmek)

Chagatai: [script needed] (séwmek)

Uzbek: sevmoq

Uyghur: سۆيمەك (söymek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (söw-), [script needed] (sew-)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sew-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: süymek

Karachay-Balkar: сюерге (süyerge)

Kumyk: сюймек (süymek)

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һөйөү (höyöw)

Tatar: сөяркә (söyarkä), сөю (söyu)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: сүю (süü)

Nogai: суьюв (süyuv)

Karakalpak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сүйүү (süyüü)

Southern Altai: сӱӱ (süü), сӱӱ- (süü-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽰𐽱𐽹𐽰𐽷 (sʾβmʾk /sev-/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: иэй (iey)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur:

Shor:

Khakas:


sebin-

Karakhanid: سَڤُنْماكْ (sevünmēk), سَڤِنْماكْ (sevinmēk)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰋𐰤 (sebin-)

Old Uyghur: sʾβynmʾk (sevinmek)

Oghuz

Ottoman Turkish: سونمك (sevinmek)

Turkish: sevinmek

Kypchak

Bashkir: һөйөнөү (höyönöw, “to be glad, to rejoice”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сүйүнүү (süyünüü)

Southern Altai: сӱӱн- (süün-)

Tatar: сөенү (söenü, “to be glad, to rejoice”)

From *seb- (“to love”) + *-in- (“reflexive suffix”).

suffix

(intransitive) to rejoice; to be happy, to be glad, to be joyful


tüĺ-

Oghur

→ Hungarian: dől

Proto-Common Turkic: *tüš-

Arghu

Khalaj: tüşmək

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: düşmək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوشمك (düşmek)
Gagauz: düşmää
Turkish: düşmek

Turkmen: düşmek

Khorezmian: [script needed] (düš-), [script needed] (tüš-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُشْماكْ (tüšmēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tüšmek)

Uzbek: tushmoq

Uyghur: چۈشمەك (chüshmek)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (tüš-)

desc

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (tüš-), [Arabic needed] (düš-)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tüşmek

Kumyk: тюшмек (tüşmek)

Karachay-Balkar: тюшерге (tüşerge)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: төшөү (töşöw)

Tatar: төшү (töşü)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: түсу (tüsu)

Nogai: туьсуьв (tüsüv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: түшүү (tüşüü)

Southern Altai: тӱшер (tüšer)

Siberian

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰾 (tüš-)

Old Uyghur: twšmʾk (tüšmek)

North Siberian

Dolgan: түс

Yakut: түс (tüs)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tus-)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan дүжер (düjer)

.
Compare Hungarian dűl, dől (“to tumble, lean, tilt”); a Turkic borrowing. The onset voicing in the Hungarian cognate is irregular.

(intransitive) to go back to, to settle down


bak-

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑх (păh)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: vaqmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: baxmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باقمق (baqmaq), باقماق (bakmak), بقمق (bakmak), بقماق (bakmak)
Gagauz: bakmaa
Turkish: bakmak

Salar: vaqğusı

Turkmen: bakmak

Kipchak:

Khorezmian Turkic: بقماق (baqmaq)

Kipchak: [script needed] (baq-)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (baq-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baqmaq

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бағыу (bağıw)

Tatar: багарга (bağarga)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бағу (bağu)

Nogai бакув (bakuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: багуу (baguu)

Southern Altai: багар (bagar)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَقْماقْ (baqmāq)

Chagatai: [script needed] (baqmaq)

Uzbek: boqmoq

Uyghur: باقماق (baqmaq)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бык (bïk)

Yakut: бык (bık)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan бакылар (bakılar)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пағарға (pağarğa)

Has been compared to Proto-Tungusic *baka- (“to find”) by Doerfer.


sārïg

Oghur: *si̯arïγ (“white, yellow”)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *sïra

Khazar: *šar(ï)

Khazar: *šar(ï)-oγur

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Σαράγουροι (Sarágouroi, “Saragurs”)

→ Classical Syriac: ܣܪܘܪܓܘܪ (srwrγwr, “Saragurs”)

→? Middle Chinese: 蘇路羯 (suo luoᴴ kɨɐt̚, “Sulujie peoples”)

⇒ Khazar: *šar(ï)-kel

→ Russian: Саркел (Sarkel, “Sharkel, name of a fortress complex in Southern Russia”)

Proto-Bulgar: *šar(u)g

→ Old Hungarian: ſaroģ (šārog), ſarga (šārgå)

Hungarian: sárga, sárog (dialectal)

Danube Bulgar: *?

→ Proto-Slavic: *šarъ (“color”)

Old Church Slavonic: шаръ (šarŭ)

Bulgarian: шар (šar)

⇒ Bulgarian: ша́рен (šáren, “variegated”)

Volga Bulgar: *šåru

Late Volga Bulgar: *šårï

Old Chuvash: šårı̈̆

Middle Chuvash: šorı̈̆

Anatri Chuvash: шур (šur)

Viryal Chuvash: шурӑ (šură), шорӑ (šoră)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sārïg

Arghu:

Khalaj: sâruğ

Proto-Oghuz: *sārïg

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sarı

Gagauz: sarı

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: صاری (sarı), صارو (saru), صری (sarı), սարը (sarı) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: sarı
→ Albanian: sari
→ Armenian: սարը (sarə)
→ Laz: სარი (sari)

Salar: sarı

Turkmen: sāry

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَرِغْ (sarïɣ)

desc

سارِغْ جُوُتْ

⇒ Karakhanid: سارِغْ جُوُتْ (sa:rïg çüwüt, “yellow paint, dye”)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ṣarïɣ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (sarïɣ), [script needed] (sarïq)

Uzbek: sariq

Uyghur: سېرىق (sëriq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (sarï)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (ṣārū), [Arabic needed] (ṣārï̄)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: sarı

Karachay-Balkar: сары (sarı)

Kumyk: сари (sari)

Karaim: [script needed] (sarı)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һары (harı)

Tatar: сары (sarı)

→ Chuvash: сарӑ (sară)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: сары (sary)

Karakalpak: sarı

Nogai: сары (sarı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сары (sarı)

Southern Altai: сары (sarï)

Siberian:

Orkhon Turkic: 𐰽𐰺𐰍 (sarïg)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (sʾryq /sarïġ/)
Western Yugur: sarəɣ (sarïɣ, “yellow”)
⇒ Western Yugur: sarəɣ joɣur (sarïɣ yoɣur, “Western Yugur”) (endonym)

North Siberian:

desc

Yakut: араҕас (arağas), арыы (arıı, “butter”)

Dolgan: арыы (“butter”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: сарығ (sarïɣ)

Khakas: сарығ (sarığ)

Shor: сарыг

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: сарығ

Tuvan: сарыг (sarıg)

Derivation from Proto-Turkic *sāŕ(ï)- (“to become white, yellow”) + *-g. Oghur, Khalaj and Turkmen forms point to -/ā/-.
Compared to Proto-Mongolic *sïra (“yellow”) (Mongolian шар (šar, “yellow”)) and Proto-Japonic *siro (“white”) by Altaicists.


yumuĺ

yumuĺ (nominative singular)
yumuĺug (accusative singular)
yumuĺnï (accusative singular)
yumuĺnuŋ (genitive singular)
yumuĺka (dative singular)
yumuĺda (locative singular)
yumuĺdan (ablative singular)
yumuĺgaru (allative singular)
yumuĺun (instrumental singular)
yumuĺča (equative singular)
yumuĺlayu (singular)
yumuĺlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмӑл (śămăl)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yumuş

Turkmen: ýumuş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yumuš)

Uzbek: yumush

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомош (yomoş)

Tatar: йомыш (yomış)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джумуш (cumuş)

Karaim: jumuš

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жұмыс (jūmys)

Karakalpak: jumi's

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жумуш (jumuş)

Southern Altai: јымыш (ǰïmïš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yumuš)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yumuš)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: нымыс (nımıs)

Sayan:

desc

Tuvan: чымыш (çımış)

Tuvan: чымыш (çımış)

Northern Altai: ньумуш (nʹumuš)


yügen

yügen (nominative singular)
yügenig (accusative singular)
yügenni (accusative singular)
yügenniŋ (genitive singular)
yügenke (dative singular)
yügende (locative singular)
yügenden (ablative singular)
yügengerü (allative singular)
yügenin (instrumental singular)
yügenče (equative singular)
yügenleyü (singular)
yügenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӗвен (jĕven)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yüyən

Ottoman Turkish: اویان (oyan, uyan), یكن (yüğen)

Turkish: oyan, uyan (dialectal)

Salar: ügen

Turkmen: uýan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yügün)

Uzbek: yugan

Uyghur: يۈگەن (yügen)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йүгән (yügən)

Tatar: йөгән (yögän)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yügen

Karachay-Balkar: джюген (cügen)

Karaim: jügen

Kumyk: юген (yugen)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жүген (jügen)

Karakalpak: júwen

Nogai: ювен (yuven)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ӱйген (üygen)

Kyrgyz: жүгөн (jügön)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: үүн (üün)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүген (çügen)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱген (çügen)

Shor: чӱген (čügen)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yugïn), [script needed] (yügen)


tǖĺ

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: тӗлӗк (tĕlĕk)

>? Proto-Common Turkic: *tǖl

Oghuz:

>? Salar: [script needed] (tel)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐾁 (twyl /tül/)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tǖš

Arghu

Khalaj: tîiş

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: دوش (düş)

Azerbaijani: düş (dialectal)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوش (düş)
Gagauz: düş
Turkish: düş

Turkmen: düýş

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (düš)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُوشْ (tǖš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tüš)

Uzbek: tush

Uyghur: چۈش (chüsh)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (tüš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (tüš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tüş

Karachay-Balkar: тюш (tüş)

Kumyk: тюш (tüş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: төш (töş)

Tatar: төш (töş)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: түс (tüs)

Karakalpak: tu's

Nogai: туьс (tüs)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: түш (tüş)

Southern Altai: тӱш (tüš)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: түүл (tüül) (<*dǖl)

Yakut: түүл (tüül) (<*dǖl)

South Siberian

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: тӱс (tüs)

Shor: тӱш (tüš)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: дүш (düš)

Tuvan: дүш (düş)


xātun

xātun (nominative singular)
xātunug (accusative singular)
xātunnï (accusative singular)
xātunnuŋ (genitive singular)
xātunka (dative singular)
xātunda (locative singular)
xātundan (ablative singular)
xātungaru (allative singular)
xātunun (instrumental singular)
xātunča (equative singular)
xātunlayu (singular)
xātunlugu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid: قاتُونْ (qātūn)

Karluk:

Chagatai: خاتون (ḥatun)

Ili Turki:

Taranchi: xotun

Uzbek: xotin

Uyghur: خوتۇن (xotun)

Lopnor: [script needed] (xatun, “woman, wife”)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (qātūn)

Central Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қатын

Kazakh: қатын (qatyn)

Nogai: хатын (xatın)

Siberian Tatar: қатын (qatïn)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кадыт (kadït)

Kyrgyz: катын (katın, “woman, wife; elderly woman”)

Teleut: кадын (kadïn), каат (kaat)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡатын (qatın)

Tatar: хатын (xatın)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: katın, hatın

Karachay-Balkar: къатын (qatın)

Karaim: катын

Kumyk: къатын (qatın), къатын-киши (qatın-kişi)

Urum: катын

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَادِینْ (qadın)

Azerbaijani: qadın

Gagauz: kadı́na, (obsolete) kadın

Ottoman Turkish: قادین (qadin)

Turkish: kadın

→ Crimean Tatar: kadın

→ Romanian: cadână

Salar: gadın, gadınkiş , xatunkiši (“woman”), xotun (“woman, wife”) (perhaps from Uyghur)

Turkmen: hātyn (obsolete)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣 (qatun)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐾀𐽳𐽺 (qʾtwn /ḥatun/)
Western Yugur: ɢadən (gadïn, “queen, wife of an important person”)

Southern Siberian

Northern Altai:

Northern Altai:

кат (kat), каат (kaat) (Kumandy-Kishi)

кадыт (kadït) (Chelkan)

Sayan:

desc

Tuvan: када (kada), кадай (kaday, “old woman”) (highly dubious)

кадын (kadın, “queen”) (likely from Mongolic)

каътташ (kàttaş, “woman”) (obsolete)

(?) Soyot:қадай (“woman”)

Yenisei:

Shor: қаат

Khakas: хадын (xadın), (?) хадай (xaday)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (katun), [script needed] (kotun)

Yakut: хатын (qatın), хотун (qotun, “lady, mistress, wife”) (perhaps from Mongolic)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (xatun)

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣 (qt¹un¹ /qatun/)

→ Old Armenian: խաթուն (xatʻun)

→ Manchu: ᡴᠠᡨᡠᠨ (katun, “princess, empress, queen”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *katun (if not inherited from Pre-Mongolic)

Kalmyk: хатн (xatn, “wife, noblewoman, queen”)

Khalkha: хатан (xatan)

Ordos: [script needed] (ġatun, “lady, prince's wife”)

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫑𐫀𐫎𐫇𐫗 (xʾṯwn /xātūn, qātūn/, “Lady, an Uighur female title”)

qualifier

Persian: خاتون (xâtun) (possibly, if not from Sogdian directly) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Tibetan: [script needed] (k'at'un, “princess”)

Borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, via Sogdic or perhaps Sakan, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *hwatā́wniH, the feminine form of *hwatā́wā (“lord, king”).
A minority view by Doerfer holds that the word is of Para-Mongolic origin, evidenced by Xianbei [Term?], and analyzed by him as cognate with *kagan (“khan”) and hypothetical feminine suffix *-tun found in Xianbei [Term?] (/(a)matun/, “mother”).


bẹ

bẹ (nominative singular)
bẹni (accusative singular)
bẹniŋ (genitive singular)
baŋa (dative singular)
bẹnte (locative singular)
bẹnten (ablative singular)
baŋaru (allative singular)
bẹnin (instrumental singular)
bẹnče (equative singular)
bẹnleyü (singular)
bẹnligü (comitative singular)

Usually compared to Proto-Mongolic *bi (“I”) and Proto-Tungusic *bi (“I”).
The Common Turkic form *ben is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *bẹn- with the pronominal-n.


bẹ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эпӗ (ep̬ĕ)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ben

Arghu:

Khalaj: mən

Oghuz: بَنْ (bän)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بن (bän), ـون (-vän)

Ajem-Turkic: من (män), ـم (-äm)

Azerbaijani: mən, -əm

Qashqai: من (män), ـم (-äm)

Sonqori: مه (mä), ـم (-äm)

Ottoman Turkish: بن (ben), ـم (-im)

Gagauz: bän, -im

Turkish: ben, -im

Salar: men

Turkmen: men, -in

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنْ (män)

Khorezmian Turkic: بن (bän), من (män)

Chagatai: من (män)

Uyghur: مەن (men)

Uzbek: men

Kipchak:

Kipchak: من (män)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мин (min)

Tatar: мин (min)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: men

Karachay-Balkar: мен (men)

Karaim: мэн

Kumyk: мен (men)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: мен

Kazakh: мен (men)

Nogai: мен (men)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мен (men)

Southern Altai: мен (men)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰤 (mn² /men/), 𐰋𐰤 (b²n² /ben/), 𐰌𐰥 (b²n²)

Old Uyghur: pʾn (ben), mʾn (men)

Western Yugur: men

North Siberian:

Dolgan: мин (min)

Yakut: мин (min)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мен (men)

Tuvan: мен (men)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: мин (min)

Shor: мен (men)

Denotes "to be" for first person singular when at the end of an object; am

Denotes first person singular after various tenses


sẹ

sẹ (nominative singular)
sẹni (accusative singular)
sẹniŋ (genitive singular)
saŋa (dative singular)
sẹnte (locative singular)
sẹnten (ablative singular)
saŋaru (allative singular)
sẹnin (instrumental singular)
sẹnče (equative singular)
sẹnleyü (singular)
sẹnligü (comitative singular)

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *si (“you”) and maybe Proto-Mongolic *či (“you”), under the discarded Altaic theory.
The Common Turkic form *sen is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *sẹn- with the pronominal-n, compare *bẹ.


sẹ

Oghur

Chuvash: эсӗ (es̬ĕ)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sen

Arghu:

Khalaj: sən

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: سن (sän)

Classical Azerbaijani:

Azerbaijani: sən

Qashqai: سن (sən)

Gagauz: sän

Ottoman Turkish: سن (sen)

Turkish: sen

East Oghuz:

Khorasani Turkish: سن (sän)

Turkmen: sen

Salar: [script needed] (sēn)

Karluk

Ili Turki: sen

Karakhanid: سَنْ (sen)

Khorezmian Turkic: سن (sen)

Chagatai: سن (sän)

Uzbek: sen

Uyghur: سەن (sen)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: һин (hin)

Tatar: син (sin)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sen)

Kipchak: [script needed] (sen) (Codex Cumanicus)

Armeno-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: sen

Dobrujan Tatar: sen

Karachay-Balkar: сен (sen)

Karaim: sen

Krymchak: sen

Kumyk: сен (sen)

Urum: сен

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: сен

Kazakh: сен (sen)

Nogai: сен (sen)

Siberian Tatar: син

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сен (sen)

Southern Altai: сен (sen)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰤 (sen)

Old Uyghur: sʾn (sen)

Western Yugur: sen

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: эн (en)

Dolgan: эн

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: сен (sen)

Sayan:

Tuvan: сен (sen)

Tofa: сен

Yenisei:

Khakas: син (sin)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: sin

Shor: сен

Denotes "to be" for second person singular/plural when at the end of an object; are

Denotes second person singular or plural after various tenses


sïp

sïp (nominative singular)
sïpïg (accusative singular)
sïpnï (accusative singular)
sïpnïŋ (genitive singular)
sïpka (dative singular)
sïpda (locative singular)
sïpdan (ablative singular)
sïpgaru (allative singular)
sïpïn (instrumental singular)
sïpča (equative singular)
sïplayu (singular)
sïplïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: supa

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sıpa

Ottoman Turkish: صپا (sıpa)

Turkish: sıpa

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sıp)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (sıp)

(Common Turkic) colt, especially of a donkey


īŕte-

Common Turkic: *īzte- ~ *īzde-

Arghu:

Khalaj: hişəmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اِسْتَمَكْ (istämäk)

Azerbaijani: istəmək

Gagauz: istemää

Ottoman Turkish: استمك (istemek)

Turkish: istemek

Cypriot Turkish: isdemek

Turkmen: islemek

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (izde-) (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: эҙлә- (eźlə-), (Eastern) Bashkir: эҙҙә- (eźźə-)

Tatar: эзләргә (ezlärgä)

South Kipchak

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: іздеу (ızdeu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: изде- (izde-)

Southern Altai: исте- (iste-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اِسْتاماكْ (istēmēk)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (iste-)

Chagatai: [script needed] (iste-)

Uyghur: ئىزدىمەك (izdimek)

Uzbek: istamoq

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽻𐾀𐽰𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾystʾmʾk /istemek/, “to search for, to ask, to demand, to check”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: ирдээ (irdee)


bēg

Oghur:

Chuvash: -пӳ (-pü), пăй (păj)

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: بك (beg)
***** Azerbaijani: bəy
***** Gagauz: bey
***** Ottoman Turkish: بك (bey) (see there for further descendants)
****** Turkish: bey
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: beg
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: باك
**** Khorezmian Turkic:
***** Chagatai:
****** Uzbek: bek
****** Uyghur: بەگ (beg)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak:
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: бей (bey)
***** Tatar: бәк (bäk)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar:
***** Karachay-Balkar:
***** Kumyk:
***** Urum:
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh:
***** Karakalpak:
***** Nogai:
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: бек (bek)
***** Southern Altai: бек (bek)
** Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰏 (beg)
** → Classical Persian: بیگ (bēg)
*** Iranian Persian: بیگ (beyg)
*** → Arabic: بيك (bēg)
*** → Bengali: বেগ (beg)
*** → Punjabi: بیگ (beg)
*** → Sindhi: بيگُ
*** → Urdu: بیگ (beg)

There are different theories about the further etymology of the word.
* According to one theory the word may ultimately come from Middle Chinese 百 (MC paek, “hundred”), 佰 (MC paek, “the head of a hundred men”), or 伯 (MC paek, “eldest brother, father's older brother > count”) ~ 霸 (MC paek, “hegemon”).
* Another theory states that the word may have its origins in Middle Iranian, specifically Sogdian [script needed] (baga, “lord, master”) or Old Persian 𐏎 (BG, “god”), all from Proto-Iranian *bagáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás (“god”, literally “dispenser”).
However, German Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer assessed the derivation from an Iranian language as quite uncertain and pointed out that the word may be genuinely Turkic.
Probably a similar Turkic form gave rise to Late Proto-Slavic *bãnъ (“ruler”).


buyur-

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӳр (pür)

Proto-Common Turkic: *buyur-

Arghu:

Khalaj: buyırmaq

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *buyur-

q

Undetermined: بُیُرْمَاقْ (buyurmāq) (Late Oghuz attested in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: buyurmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بویرمق, بیورمق (buyurmak), بویورمق (buyurmak)
Turkish: buyurmak
Gagauz: buyurmaa

Turkmen: buýurmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (buyurmāq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بویورماق (buyurmaq)

Uzbek: buyurmoq

Uyghur: بۇيۇرماق (buyurmaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (buyurmaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бойороу (boyorow)

Tatar: боеру (boyeru)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: buyurmaq

Kumyk: буюрмакъ (buyurmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұйыру (būiyru)

Karakalpak: буйыру

Nogai: буйырув (buyıruv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: буйруу (buyruu)

Southern Altai: буйур- (buyur-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

desc

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺𐰸 (b¹uy¹r¹q̊¹ /buyruq/, “order”, noun)


bil-

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗл (pĕl)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bil-

Arghu:

Khalaj: bilmək

Proto-Oghuz: *bil-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بلمك (bilmäk)

Azerbaijani: bilmək

Gagauz: bilmää

Ottoman Turkish: بلمك (bilmek)

Turkish: bilmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bilmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِلْماكْ (bilmek)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: bilmoq

Uyghur: بىلمەك (bilmek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بلمك (bilmek)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: белеү (belew)

Tatar: белергә (belergä), белү (belü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bilmek

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: білу (bılu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: билүү (bilüü)

Southern Altai: билер (biler)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-)

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽶𐾁𐽹𐽰𐽷 (bilmek)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бил (bil)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: билир (bilir)

Tofa: билир (bilir), биир (biir)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пілерге (pìlerge)

Northern Altai: пилерге (pilerge)


-č

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-č)


öküŕ

öküŕ (nominative singular)
öküŕüg (accusative singular)
öküŕni (accusative singular)
öküŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
öküŕke (dative singular)
öküŕde (locative singular)
öküŕden (ablative singular)
öküŕgerü (allative singular)
öküŕün (instrumental singular)
öküŕče (equative singular)
öküŕleyü (singular)
öküŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ökür

Chuvash: вӑкӑр (văk̬ăr)

→ Hungarian: ökör (“ox”)

Common Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰈𐰛𐰈𐰕 (öküz)

Karakhanid: اُكُوزْ (ökǖz)

Karluk: *öküz

Uzbek: hoʻkiz

Uyghur: ئۆكۈز (öküz)

Kipchak: *ögüz

West Kipchak:

Karaim: oküz, ögüz

Karachay-Balkar: ёгюз (ögüz)

Kumyk: ёгюз (yogüz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үгеҙ (ügeź)

Tatar: үгез (ügez)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ögiz

Kazakh: өгіз (ögız)

Nogai: оьгиз (ögiz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өгүз (ögüz)

Oghuz: *öküz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öküz

Ottoman Turkish: اوكوز (öküz)

Gagauz: yöküz

Turkish: öküz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: öküz

Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kus)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: оғус (ogus)

Yakut: оҕус (oğus)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *hüker (“bovine; ox”)

Buryat: үхэр (üxer, “cattle”)

Daur: xukur

Middle Mongol: [script needed] (hüker)

Mongolian: үхэр (üxer, “cattle”)

→ Even: хөкэн (hökən), хөкөн (hökön, “cow”)

→ Evenki: [script needed] (uxur), хукур (hukur, “cow”)

Argued to be borrowed from Proto-Tocharian *wəkʷsó (“draft-ox”), yet this is disputed. Alternatively a Wanderwort.
Without taking a side in the debate, it should be noted that Proto-Uralic *uškɜ (“ox, bull”) might be accepted as being derived from PIE, per the sources on the PIE root's page. This is relevant because geographically, Proto-Uralic would have been spoken somewhere between PIE and Proto-Turkic.


bāka

bāka (nominative singular)
bākaïg (accusative singular)
bākanï (accusative singular)
bākanïŋ (genitive singular)
bākaka (dative singular)
bākada (locative singular)
bākadan (ablative singular)
bākagaru (allative singular)
bākaïn (instrumental singular)
bākača (equative singular)
bākalayu (singular)
bākalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: béka

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: bâqa

Proto-Oghuz: *baɣa

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bağa

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: bağa

East Oghuz:

Salar: bağa

Turkmen:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (baqa)

Chagatai: [script needed] (baqa)

⇒ Uzbek: qurbaqa

Uyghur: پاقا (paqa)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: баҡа (baqa)

Tatar: бака (baqa)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baqa

Karachay-Balkar: макъа (maqa)

Kumyk: бакъа (baqa)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: бақа

Kazakh: бақа (baqa)

Nogai: бака (baka)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бака (baka)

Southern Altai: бака (baka)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (baka)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: paqa

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бага (baga)

Yakut: баҕа (bağa)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: пага (paga)

Yenisei:

Khakas: паға (pağa)

Shor: паға (pağa)


sekiŕ

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: ڛَكِر (sekir)

Chuvash: саккӑр (sakkăr)

Arghu:

Khalaj: səkkiz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: səkkiz

Ottoman Turkish: سكز (sekiz)

Gagauz: sekiz

Turkish: sekiz

Salar: sekkis

Turkmen: sekiz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَكِّزْ (sekkiz)

Ili Turki: sekkiz

Uyghur: سەككىز (sekkiz)

Uzbek: sakkiz

Kipchak: *segiz

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: секиз (sekiz), sekiz

Karachay-Balkar: сегиз (segiz)

Karaim: сегизь

Kumyk: сегиз (segiz)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: segiz

Kazakh: сегіз (segız)

Nogai: сегиз (segiz)

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: һигеҙ (higeź)

Tatar: сигез (sigez) / sigez

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сегиз (segiz)

Southern Altai: сегис (segis)

Siberian:

Old Turkic::

Orkhon Turkic: 𐰾𐰚𐰔 (sekiz)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽴 (sʾkyz /sekiz/)
Western Yugur: saɢəs (sagïs), saqəs (saqïs)
⇒ Western Yugur: saɢəson (sagïson, “eighty”), saqəson (saqïson)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: сеғис (seğis)

Khakas: сигіс (sigìs)

Shor: сегис

Sayan Turkic:

desc

Tofa: сеъһес

Tofa: сеъһес

Tuvan: сес (ses)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: агыс (agıs)

Yakut: аҕыс (ağıs)


yalïŋ

yalïŋ (nominative singular)
yalïŋïg (accusative singular)
yalïŋnï (accusative singular)
yalïŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
yalïŋka (dative singular)
yalïŋda (locative singular)
yalïŋdan (ablative singular)
yalïŋgaru (allative singular)
yalïŋïn (instrumental singular)
yalïŋča (equative singular)
yalïŋlayu (singular)
yalïŋlïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yalïŋ

Oghuz:

Western Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yalın

Ottoman Turkish: یالیڭ (yalıñ)

Turkish: yalın

Eastern Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýalaň

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَالِنكْ (yalıŋ)

Chagatai: یالینگ (yalıŋ), یالانگ (yalaŋ)

Uyghur: يالاڭ (yalang)

Uzbek: yalang

Kipchak:

Kipchak–Nogai:

Kazakh: жалаң (jalañ)

Nogai: ялан (yalan)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жалаң (jalaŋ)

Kipchak–Bulgar:

Tatar: ялан (yalan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰞𐰭 (y¹l¹ŋ)

From *yal- (“to be stripped”) + *-ïŋ (cf. *yalïn- (“to strip”), *yalïm (“bare”)).

(Common Turkic, figurative) alone, lonely


bīrinč

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗншӗ (pĕnš̬ĕ), пӗрремӗш (pĕrremĕš)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽶𐽾𐽶𐽺𐽽 (pyrync /birinč/)

Proto-Common Turkic: *birinči

Proto-Oghuz: *birinci

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (birinci)

Azerbaijani: birinci

Ottoman Turkish: برنجی (birinci)

Gagauz: birinci

Turkish: birinci

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: birinji

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِرِنْجِ (birinči)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (birinči)

Chagatai: برنچی (birinči)

Uzbek: birinchi

Uyghur: بىرىنچى (birinchi)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: برنچی (birinçi)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: беренсе (berense)

Tatar: беренче (berençe)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: birinci

Karachay-Balkar: биринчи (birinçi)

Kumyk: биринчи (birinçi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бірінші (bırınşı)

Karakalpak: birinshi

Nogai: биринши (birinşi)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: биринчи (birinci)

Southern Altai: биринчи (birinči)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биирис

Yakut: биирис (biiris)

South Siberian:

Yenisei

Khakas: пірінӌі (pìrìncì)

Shor: пиринчи

Shor: пиринчи

→⇒ Western Yugur: bərindʐi (bïrinʒi)

From *bīr (“one”) + *-inč (ordinal forming suffix).


ẹk(k)i

Oghur:

desctree

Volga Bulgar: اَكِ (eki)
Chuvash: иккӗ (ikkĕ), икӗ (ik̬ĕ), ик (ik)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: əkki

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: iki

Ottoman Turkish: ایكی (iki)
Gagauz: iki
Turkish: iki

East Oghuz:

Salar: iggi

Turkmen: iki

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اكى (éki)

Chagatai: ایكی (ikki)
Ili Turki: ekki
Uzbek: ikki
Uyghur: ئىككى (ikki)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (eki)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ике (ike)

Tatar: ике (ike)

Siberian Tatar: ике (ike)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: eki

Karaim: эки (eki)

Karachay-Balkar: эки (eki)

Kumyk: эки (eki)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: екі (ekı)

Karakalpak: eki

Nogai: эки (éki)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эки (eki)

Southern Altai: эки (eki)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃 (ki /éki/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽷𐽶 (ʾyky /éki, iki/)
Western Yugur: ʂiɡə (ʂikə), iʂgi (iʂki)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: икки (ikki)

Yakut: икки (ikki)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Dukhan: iʰx̃ə

Tofa: иъһи (i"hi)

Soyot: иъһи

Tuvan: ийи (iyi)

Northern Altai: ыйи (ïyi), экки (ekki)

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: иғи (iɣi)

Khakas: ікі (ìkì)

Shor: ийги (iygi)


bẹ̄ĺ

Oghur: *bẹ̄ĺ(k)

Volga Bulgar: بيال (byel)
Chuvash: пиллӗк (pillĕk)

Common Turkic: *bẹ̄š

Arghu:

Khalaj: bêş

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بيش

Azerbaijani: beş

Ottoman Turkish: بش (beş)

Turkish: beş

Gagauz: beş

Salar: beş

Turkmen: bäş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بٖيشْ (bé:š)

Chagatai: بیش (beš)

Uzbek: besh

Uyghur: بەش (besh)

Ili Turki: beș

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: beş

Karachay-Balkar: беш (beş)

Kumyk: беш (beş)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: биш (biş)

Tatar: биш (biş), biş

Siberian Tatar: пиш (piş)

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Kazakh: бес (bes)

Karakalpak: bes

Nogai: бес (bes)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: беш (beş)

Southern Altai: беш (beš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐱁 (b²iš /béš/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽶𐽿 (pyš /béš/)
Western Yugur: bes (pes, pis, peʂ)
⇒ Western Yugur: bisun (piʂon, “fifty”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биэс (bies)

Yakut: биэс (bies)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: пӓс (päs)

Khakas: пис (pis)

Shor: пеш (peş)

Sayan Turkic:

Dukhan: peš

Tofa: беш (beš)

Soyot: беш (beş)

Tuvan: беш (beş)


kār-

Oghur:

Chuvash: юр (jur)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قارمق (qarmaq)

Azerbaijani: qarmaq

Gagauz: karmaa

Ottoman Turkish: قارمق (karmak)

Turkish: karmak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gārmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qar-)

Uzbek: qormoq

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qarı-)


ūk

ūk (nominative singular)
ūkug (accusative singular)
ūknï (accusative singular)
ūknuŋ (genitive singular)
ūkka (dative singular)
ūkda (locative singular)
ūkdan (ablative singular)
ūkgaru (allative singular)
ūkun (instrumental singular)
ūkča (equative singular)
ūklayu (singular)
ūklugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: هوغ (huğ)

Turkish: huğ

Turkmen: ūk (ūg-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوغْ (ūğ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (uğ)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽲 (/uġ/)


āl

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: al

→ Persian: آل

Ottoman Turkish: آل (al)
Turkish: al
→ Albanian: all
→ Armenian: ալ (al)
→ Greek: άλικος (álikos, “crimson”)

Gagauz: al

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: āl

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ал (al)

Tatar: ал (al)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰞 (āl)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁 (al)

→ Mongolian: ал (al)

→ Russian: алый (alyj)
→ Ingrian: aaloi
→ Komi-Permyak: а́лӧй (álöj)
→ Komi-Yazva: а́лөй (álåj)

Compared with Proto-Mongolic *hulaxan (“red”), Proto-Tungusic *pula (“red”)


toŋuz

toŋuz (nominative singular)
toŋuzlar (nominative plural)
toŋuznïŋ (genitive singular)
toŋuzlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
toŋuzka (dative singular)
toŋuzlarka (dative plural)
toŋuzda (locative singular)
toŋuzlarda (locative plural)
toŋuzdan (ablative singular)
toŋuzlardan (ablative plural)
toŋuzlarïn (instrumental plural)
toŋuzča (equative singular)
toŋuzlarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: tongquz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: donuz

Ottoman Turkish: طوڭوز (doñuz), طوكز (doñuz), طوموز (domuz), տօնկուզ (donguz /doñuz/), տօմուզ (domuz) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: domuz
→ Romanian: domuz

Salar: doñıs

Turkmen: doňuz

⇒ Pecheneg: Tonuzaba(a personal name)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: توڭُوز (toŋuz)

Chagatai: توڭوُز (toŋuz)

Uzbek: toʻngʻiz

desc

Uyghur: توڭگۇز (tongguz), توقگۇز (toqguz)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дуңғыҙ (duñğıź)

Tatar: дуңгыз (duñgız)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: domuz

Karachay-Balkar: тонгуз (toñuz)

Karaim: домуз, тонгъуз, tonguz.

Kumyk: донгуз (doñuz)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: доңыз

Kazakh: доңыз (doñyz)

Nogai: донъыз (doñız)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: доңуз (doŋuz)

Southern Altai: тонус (tonus), тоҥус (toŋus), тоҥыс (toŋïs).

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰭𐰔 (toŋuz), 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (t¹uŋuz)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (toŋuz, “pig”)

Possibly from earlier *tonkuz, a derivation of *tonk- with unclear meaning and a suffix
If the word was present in Proto-Bulgaric (Oghuric), the form *toŋuŕ could be reconstructed. However, no form that can be traced back to Proto-Bulgaric (via cognates in e.g. Chuvash or Hungarian) is attested.
Vovin (2011:260-263) speculates on a link among Common Turkic *toŋuz, Old Chinese 豚 (OC *duːn, “piglet”), and Middle Korean 돝 (twòth, “pig”).


orun

orun (nominative singular)
orunug (accusative singular)
orunnï (accusative singular)
orunnuŋ (genitive singular)
orunka (dative singular)
orunda (locative singular)
orundan (ablative singular)
orungaru (allative singular)
orunun (instrumental singular)
orunča (equative singular)
orunlayu (singular)
orunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вырӑн (vyrăn)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (orun)

→? Turkish: orun

Turkmen: orun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (orun)

Uyghur: ورۇن (orun)

Uzbek: oʻrin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: урын (urın)

Tatar: урын (urın)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (orun)

Karaim: [script needed] (orun)

Krymchak: [script needed] (orun)

Kumyk: [script needed] (orun)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (orın)

Kazakh: орын (oryn)

Nogai: орын (orın)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: орун (orun)

Southern Altai: орын (orïn)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (oron)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (orın)

North Siberian:

Yakut: орон (oron), орун (orun)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (oron)

Tuvan: [script needed] (orun)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (orın)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *orun

→? Mongolian: орон (oron)

Usually considered simplex however there have been multiple theories on its origin and derivation.
# Dybo suggests a borrowing from Middle Chinese 龍 (MC ljowng).
# Tezcan suggests a derivation from *olur- (“to sit”), this would give an earlier form *olrun, which would then become *ōrun with consonant deletion.
# EDAL also suggests a hypothetical unattested verb *or- from whence *ordu (“royal camp”) and *ortu (“middle”) hypothetically comes.


kuš

kuš (nominative singular)
kušlar (nominative plural)
kušnïŋ (genitive singular)
kušlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
kuška (dative singular)
kušlarka (dative plural)
kušta (locative singular)
kušlarda (locative plural)
kuštan (ablative singular)
kušlardan (ablative plural)
kušlarïn (instrumental plural)
kušča (equative singular)
kušlarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: quş

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: قوش (quş)
Azerbaijani: quş
→ Armenian: ղուշ (ġuš)
Gagauz: kuş
Ottoman Turkish: قوش (kuş)
Turkish: kuş
→ Armenian: ղուշ (ġuš)

Turkmen: guş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُشْ (quš)

Chagatai: قوش (quš)

desc

⇒ Chagatai: [script needed] (quš parvana, “moth”)

Uzbek: qush

Uyghur: قۇش (qush)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡош (qoş)

Tatar: кош (qoş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: quş

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qus

Kazakh: құс (qūs)

Nogai: кус (kus)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куш (kuş)

Southern Altai: куш (kuš)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽳𐽿 (qwš /ḳuš/)

Western Yugur: qus

North Siberian:

Yakut: кус (kus, “duck”)

Dolgan: кус (“duck”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Chulym: қус (qus, “bird with (улуғ)”)

Khakas: хус (xus)

Shor: қуш (quš)

Sayan:

Tofa: ӄуъш (qu"š, “wood grouse”)

Tuvan: куш (kuş)

Northern Altai: куш (kuš)


kǖč

kǖč (nominative singular)
kǖčler (nominative plural)
kǖčniŋ (genitive singular)
kǖčlerniŋ (genitive plural)
kǖčke (dative singular)
kǖčlerke (dative plural)
kǖčte (locative singular)
kǖčlerde (locative plural)
kǖčten (ablative singular)
kǖčlerden (ablative plural)
kǖčlerin (instrumental plural)
kǖčče (equative singular)
kǖčlerče (equative plural)

Arghu

Khalaj: kîç, kü̂ç

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: güc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوچ (güç)
Gagauz: güç
Turkish: güç

Salar: küş

Turkmen: güýç

Karluk

Karakhanid: كُوجْ (kǖč)

Khorezmian Turkic: كوچ (küč)

Chagatai: كوچ (küç)

Uyghur: كۈچ (küch)

Uzbek: kuch

→ Arabic: كُوج (kūj)

→ Persian: کوچ (kuč)

Kipchak: كوچ (küč)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: көс (kös)

Tatar: көч (köç)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: küç

Karachay-Balkar: кюч (küç)

Karaim: küč

Kumyk: гюч (güç)

Central Kipchak

Karakalpak: kúsh

Kazakh: күш (küş)

Nogai: куьш (küş)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: күч (küc)

Southern Altai: кӱч (küč)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰲 (küč)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽽 (küč)

Northern Siberian

Dolgan: күүс (küüs)

Yakut: күүс (küüs)

Southern Siberian

Yenisei

Khakas: кӱс (küs)

Shor: кӱш (küš)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kuš)

Sayan

Tuvan: күш (küş)

Tofa: күш (küš)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kücin (presumably)

Mongolian: хүч (xüč)

Monguor:

Mangghuer: kuji

Mongghul: kuji

→ Rouran: [script needed] (*küǰü)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *kücin (“power, strength”) which may be a Turkic borrowing.
*Nişanyan suggests from *kü- (“to force, to be powerful”) which is also root of Old Turkic 𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kür, “bully, to be able to, valiant”)


kētmen

kētmen (nominative singular)
kētmenig (accusative singular)
kētmenni (accusative singular)
kētmenniŋ (genitive singular)
kētmenke (dative singular)
kētmende (locative singular)
kētmenden (ablative singular)
kētmengerü (allative singular)
kētmenin (instrumental singular)
kētmenče (equative singular)
kētmenleyü (singular)
kētmenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: катмак (katmak)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kətmən

Ottoman Turkish: كدمان (gedman, gedmen)

Turkish: gedmen (dialectal)

Turkmen: kätmen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کَتْمانْ

Uyghur: كەتمەن (ketmen)

Uzbek: ketmon

→? Russian: кетмень (ketmenʹ)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кәтмән (kətmən)

Tatar: китмән (kitmän)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: кетпен (ketpen)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кетмен (ketmen)

Southern Altai: кертме (kertme)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ketmen)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хетпе (xetpe)


it-

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایتمك (itmek)

⇒ Azerbaijani: itələmək (<*i-t-er-le-)

⇒ Gagauz: itirmää < it-tir-

Ottoman Turkish: ایتمك (itmek)

Turkish: itmek, (dialectal) itermek

Salar: şitgüsi, yitgüsi

Turkmen: itmek, iteklemek

Karluk:

Chagatai: [Term?], it-, [Term?], i-

desc

Uyghur: ئىتتىر- (ittir-), ئىتتىرمەك (ittirmek)

Uzbek: itarmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: этеү (etew)

Tatar: этү (etü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: itemek

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: итеру (iteru)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: итерүү (iterüü)

Southern Altai: ийдер (iyder)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үт

Yakut: үт (üt), үтүрүй (ütürüy)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: iд (id), iдерге (iderge)

Shor: [script needed] (it)

From *i- (“to walk”) + *-t, literally "to make walk".


bālïk

bālïk (nominative singular)
bālïkïg (accusative singular)
bālïknï (accusative singular)
bālïknïŋ (genitive singular)
bālïkka (dative singular)
bālïkda (locative singular)
bālïkdan (ablative singular)
bālïkgaru (allative singular)
bālïkïn (instrumental singular)
bālïkča (equative singular)
bālïklayu (singular)
bālïklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пулӑ (pulă)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *bālïk

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: balıq

Ottoman Turkish: بالق (balık)

Turkish: balık

Gagauz: balık

East Oghuz:

Salar: baluq

Turkmen: bālyk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَلِقْ (balıq)

Uyghur: بېلىق (bëliq)

Uzbek: baliq

Kypchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: պալըխ (paləx)

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: балыҡ (balıq)

Tatar: балык (balıq)

Kypchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: balıq

Karachay-Balkar: балыкъ (balıq)

Karaim: balych

Kumyk: балыкъ (balıq)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: балық (balyq)

Nogai: балык (balık)

Karakalpak: balıq

Siberian Tatar: палыҡ (palık)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: балык (balık)

Southern Altai: балык (balïk)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (balïq)

North Siberian:

Yakut: балык (balık)

Dolgan: балык (balık)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: балыӄ (balıq)

Tuvan: балык (balık)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: палых (palıx)

Shor: палық (palıq)

Non-Turkic:

→ Belarusian: балы́к (balýk)

→ Polish: bałyk

→ Russian: балы́к (balýk)

→ Ukrainian: бали́к (balýk)


köyŋelek

köyŋelek (nominative singular)
köyŋelekig (accusative singular)
köyŋelekni (accusative singular)
köyŋelekniŋ (genitive singular)
köyŋelekke (dative singular)
köyŋelekde (locative singular)
köyŋelekden (ablative singular)
köyŋelekgerü (allative singular)
köyŋelekin (instrumental singular)
köyŋelekče (equative singular)
köyŋelekleyü (singular)
köyŋelekligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: köynək

Gagauz: gölmek

Ottoman Turkish: گوملك (gömlek)

Turkish: gömlek, (provincial) köynek, (provincial) göynek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: köýnek

Kipchak:

Kipchak–Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: кольмек, kölmek, (Northern) kölekse

Karachay-Balkar: кёлек (kölek)

Karaim: кӧльмак, кӧльмэк

Karaim: кӧльмак, кӧльмэк

Kumyk: гёлек (gölek)

Urum: гӧльмек, кӧльмек

Urum: гӧльмек, кӧльмек

Kipchak–Bulgar:

Bashkir: күлдәк (küldək)

Tatar: күлмәк (külmäk)

Kipchak–Nogai:

Karakalpak: көйлек

Kazakh: көйлек (köilek)

Nogai: коьйлек (köylek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көйнөк (köynök)

Southern Altai: кӱнек (künek)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کُنکْلَکْ (köŋlek)

Chagatai: كونگلاك (köŋlek), كویناك (köynek)

Uyghur: كۆينەك (köynek)

Uzbek: koʻylak

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧгенек

Khakas: кӧгенек

Shor: кӱнек

Sayan:

Tuvan: хөйлең (xöyleñ)

Likely related to Proto-Turkic *köyŋ-il (“heart; mood”).


sarïmsak

sarïmsak (nominative singular)
sarïmsakïg (accusative singular)
sarïmsaknï (accusative singular)
sarïmsaknïŋ (genitive singular)
sarïmsakka (dative singular)
sarïmsakda (locative singular)
sarïmsakdan (ablative singular)
sarïmsakgaru (allative singular)
sarïmsakïn (instrumental singular)
sarïmsakča (equative singular)
sarïmsaklayu (singular)
sarïmsaklïgu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid: سَرْمُسَقْ (sarmusaq), سَرُمْسَقْ (sarumsaq), سَمُرْسَقْ (samursaq)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: sarımsaq

Gagauz: sarmısak

Ottoman Turkish: صارمساق (sarımsaq)

Turkish: sarmısak, sarımsak, samırsak

East Oghuz

Turkmen: sarymsak

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Karachay-Balkar: сарсмакъ (sarsmaq), сарымсах (sarımsax)

Kumyk: самурсакъ (samursaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һарымһаҡ (harımhaq)

Tatar: сарымсак (sarımsaq)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: сарымсақ (sarymsaq)

Karakalpak sarımsaq

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сарымсак (sarımsak)

Southern Altai: сарымсак (sarïmsak) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Chagatai: ساریمساق (sarımsaq)

Uzbek: sarimsoq

Uyghur: سامساق (samsaq)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *sarïmsag

Dongxiang: samusa

Mongolian: сармис (sarmis), саримсаг (sarimsag), саримс (sarims)

Initially held to be derived from sarım ("winding"), which was later found phonetically and morphologically problematic. Another theory conceptualizes it after its yellowish-white root as a sarımsı (“yellowish, whitish” < sarı "yellow", from Proto-Turkic *sāryg (“yellow”), derived from the root *siar(ï)- originally preserving the primary meaning ‘white’ in Chuvash as шурӑ {šură}.
Alternatively borrowed from Iranian, with the argument of the absence in Chuvash and Siberian Turkic. Found in Persian سیرمو (sirmu), سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese [script needed] (sarme), [script needed] (sarmā, an eaten bulb of uncertain identification), doubtfully further connected to Proto-Slavic *čermъša (“ramsons”), Lithuanian kermùšė (“ramsons”), Ancient Greek κρόμμυον (krómmuon), Proto-West Germanic *hramusō (“ramson”), Old Irish crem (“ramson”) (Irish creamh). The suffix -sak (compare: -cik) of the Turkic word is depicted by Khwarezmian [script needed] (-cyk), Sogdian [script needed] (-cyq) that form the nisba adjective and noun. This suffix is recently held to be derived from the native form s(ı) + Old Turkic participle suffix ak or ç + diminutive suffix ak.
Hungarian sárma, meaning Ornithogalum species, which is of the same botanical order as garlic, is either an Alanic or a Turkic borrowing, observing also that in Turkic words which otherwise denote the garlic are used for Ornithogalum.


kümüĺ

kümüĺ (nominative singular)
kümüĺüg (accusative singular)
kümüĺni (accusative singular)
kümüĺnüŋ (genitive singular)
kümüĺke (dative singular)
kümüĺde (locative singular)
kümüĺden (ablative singular)
kümüĺgerü (allative singular)
kümüĺün (instrumental singular)
kümüĺče (equative singular)
kümüĺleyü (singular)
kümüĺlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӗмӗл (kĕmĕl)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gümüş

Ottoman Turkish: كومش (gümüş)

Gagauz: gümüş

Turkish: gümüş

East Oghuz:

Salar: gumuş

Turkmen: kümüş

Karluk:

desctree

Karakhanid: كُمُشْ (kümüš)
Chagatai:
Uzbek: kumush
Uyghur: كۈمۈش (kümüsh)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көмөш (kömöş)

Tatar: көмеш (kömeş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kümüş

Karachay-Balkar: кюмюш (kümüş)

Kumyk: гюмюш (gümüş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: gúmis

Kazakh: күміс (kümıs)

Nogai: куьмис (kümis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: күмүш (kümüş)

Southern Altai: кӱмӱш (kümüš)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: көмүс (kömüs)

South Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁 (kümš /kümüš/)

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kwymwš /kümüš/)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: кӱмӱс (kümüs)

Shor: кӱмӱш (kümüş)

Likely an ancient Wanderwort believed to have spread from an unknown source to Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic languages.
According to several sources, ultimately of Chinese origin, most likely Early Middle Chinese 金 (kˠiɪm), possibly from an unattested Chinese nominal compound *金鐐 (kˠiɪmleu). However, this hypothetic compound would yield Proto-Turkic *kemle or *kümlü rather than *kümül, which prompts Antonov and Jacques (2011) to reject this hypothesis and instead connect the word to Proto-Palaungic *kmuul, modern Khmu [script needed] (kmuːl). They also connect it to a large number of cognates in Sino-Tibetan languages, such as Tibetan དངུལ (dngul). The direction of the borrowing is unclear, as "the etymon for ‘silver’ is not derivable in a straightforward manner from any known verbal or nominal root in either Turkic, Sino-Tibetan or Austroasiatic".
An internal Turkic etymology featuring a nominal derivation from Proto-Turkic *kün (“day, sun”) with a subsequent shift of the intevocalic /n/ to /m/ has been proposed too; compare the semantic extension in Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), derived from *h₂erǵ- (“white; glittering”), although Antonov and Jacques find such a derivation improbable on semantic grounds.

xlit

К этимологии названий металлов и их сплавов в алтайских языках. Исследования в области этимологии алтайских языков

K etimologii nazvanij metallov i ix splavov v altajskix jazykax. Issledovanija v oblasti etimologii altajskix jazykov

Лингвистические контакты ранних тюрков: лексический фонд: пратюркский период

Lingvističeskije kontakty rannix tjurkov: leksičeskij fond: pratjurkskij period


altūn

altūn (nominative singular)
altūnug (accusative singular)
altūnnï (accusative singular)
altūnnuŋ (genitive singular)
altūnka (dative singular)
altūnda (locative singular)
altūndan (ablative singular)
altūngaru (allative singular)
altūnun (instrumental singular)
altūnča (equative singular)
altūnlayu (singular)
altūnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar: الطن (altın)

Chuvash: ылтӑн (ylt̬ăn)

desc

Tofa: аълтан

Proto-Common Turkic: *altun
** Proto-Oghuz: *altun
*** Old Anatolian Turkish:
**** Azerbaijani: altun
**** Ottoman Turkish: آلتون (altun, altın)
***** Gagauz: altın
***** Turkish: altın
*** Salar: altun
*** Turkmen: altyn
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْتُونْ (altūn)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (altūn)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (altun)
****** Uzbek: oltin
****** Uyghur: ئالتۇن (altun)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: التن (altın)
**** Kipchak-Bulgar:
***** Bashkir: алтын (altın)
***** Tatar: алтын (altın)
**** Kipchak-Cuman:
***** Crimean Tatar: altın
***** Karachay-Balkar: алтын (altın)
***** Kumyk: алтын (altın)
***** Karaim: алтын
***** Krymchak: алтын
**** Kipchak-Nogai:
***** Kazakh: алтын (altyn)
***** Karakalpak: alti’n
***** Nogai: алтын (altın)
**** Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алтын (altın)
***** Southern Altai: алтын (altïn)
** Siberian Turkic:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣 (l¹t¹un¹ /altun/)
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽺 (ʾʾltwn /altun/)
**** Western Yugur: [script needed] (aʰltïm)
*** North Siberian Turkic:
**** Dolgan: алтан (“copper”)
**** Yakut: алтан (altan, “copper”)
*** South Siberian Turkic:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tuvan: алдын (aldın)
***** Tofa: аълтан
**** Yeniseian Turkic:
***** Khakas: алтын (altın)
***** Shor: алтын (altın)

Unknown.
Disyllabic root and the sense "copper" present in Yakut hints at a compound of *āl (“scarlet, red”) + *tun (“copper”), second element borrowed from Middle Chinese 銅 (duwng, “copper”), although vowel length does not match.
Likely related to Proto-Mongolic *altan (“gold”). Compare Mongolian алт (alt), Dongxiang antang and Daur alt.


tȫrt

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: تُوات (tüwet)

Chuvash: тӑваттӑ (tăvattă)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tö̂rt

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tört)

Azerbaijani: dörd

Ottoman Turkish: درت (dört)

Gagauz: dört (dörd-)

Turkish: dört (dörd-)

Salar: dött

Turkmen: dȫrt (dȫrd-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُورْتْ (tȫrt)

Uzbek: toʻrt

Uyghur: تۆت (töt)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: dört

Karachay-Balkar: тёрт (tört)

Kumyk: дёрт (dört)

Karaim: [script needed] (dört)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дүрт (dürt)

Tatar: дүрт (dürt)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: төрт (tört)

Karakalpak: tört

Nogai: tört

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төрт (tört)

Southern Altai: тӧрт (tört)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅 (t²ür²t² /tört/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐾀 (twyrt /tört/)
Western Yugur: diord (tört)
⇒ Western Yugur: diordon (törtun, “forty”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: түөрт (tüört)

Yakut: түөрт (tüört)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: дөрт (dört)

Tofa: дөрт (dört)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тӧрт

Shor: тӧрт (tört)


ōt

ōt (nominative singular)
ōtug (accusative singular)
ōtnï (accusative singular)
ōtnuŋ (genitive singular)
ōtka (dative singular)
ōtda (locative singular)
ōtdan (ablative singular)
ōtgaru (allative singular)
ōtun (instrumental singular)
ōtča (equative singular)
ōtlayu (singular)
ōtlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вут (vut)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hôt

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: od

Ottoman Turkish: اود (od)

Turkish: od

Salar: ott

⇒ Salar: odın (“wood”)

Turkmen: ōt (ōd-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: اوت (ōt)
Uyghur: ئوت (ot)
Uzbek: oʻt

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ут (ut)

Tatar: ут (ut)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Karachay-Balkar: от (ot)

Kumyk: от (ot)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ot

Kazakh: от (ot)

Nogai: от (ot)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: от (ot)

Southern Altai: от (ot)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐱃 (ot)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽳𐾀 (ʾwwt /ot, ōt/)
Western Yugur: ot (oʰt)

North Siberian:

Yakut: уот (uot)

⇒ Yakut: отун (otun)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan: от (ot)

Yenisei:

Shor: от

Khakas: от (ot)

ōtag

fireplace, tent, room; see there for further descendants


kȫk

Perhaps from *kȫ- (“to rise”), alluding to the sky.


kȫk

kȫk (nominative singular)
kȫküg (accusative singular)
kȫkni (accusative singular)
kȫknüŋ (genitive singular)
kȫkke (dative singular)
kȫkde (locative singular)
kȫkden (ablative singular)
kȫkgerü (allative singular)
kȫkün (instrumental singular)
kȫkče (equative singular)
kȫkleyü (singular)
kȫklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑвак (kăvak)

→ Hungarian: kék

Proto-Common Turkic: *kȫk

Arghu:

Khalaj: kö̂k

Proto-Oghuz: *gȫk

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كُوكْ (gök)

Ajem-Turkic: گوگ (gög)

Azerbaijani: göy
→ Udi: ҝоьй (gʲöj), гоьг (gög)

Gagauz: gök

Ottoman Turkish: گوك (gök), կէօք (gök) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: gök (göğ-)
→ Albanian: gjok, gjog
→ Aromanian: ghioc

East Oghuz:

Salar: gök, göger

Turkmen: gök (gög-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُوكْ (kȫk)

Chagatai: كوك (kök)

Uyghur: كۆك (kök)

Uzbek: koʻk

Kipchak: كوك (kök)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күк (kük)

Tatar: күк (kük)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kök

Karachay-Balkar: кёк (kök)

Karaim: кӧк

desc

Kumyk: гёк (gök, “green/blue”), кёк (kök, “sky”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: көк (kök)

Karakalpak: көк

Nogai: коьк (kök)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көк (kök)

Southern Altai: кӧк (kök)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: 𐰚𐰇𐰝 (kȫk)

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰚 (kȫk)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/)
Western Yugur: kyk (kük, “blue”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: күөх (küöq)

Dolgan: күөк

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: көк (kök)

Tofa: көк

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧк

Shor: кӧк


sīk

sīk (nominative singular)
sīkig (accusative singular)
sīkni (accusative singular)
sīkniŋ (genitive singular)
sīkke (dative singular)
sīkde (locative singular)
sīkden (ablative singular)
sīkgerü (allative singular)
sīkin (instrumental singular)
sīkče (equative singular)
sīkleyü (singular)
sīkligü (comitative singular)

desc

→? Proto-Mongolic: *sixe- (“to urinate”)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *sixe-n (“urine”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *šikē- (“to urinate”)

⇒ Proto-Tungusic: *šikē-n (“urine”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шăк (šăk)

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: иик (iik)

Dolgan: иик

Akin to Proto-Tungusic *sike (“urine”), whence Manchu ᠰᡳᡴᡝ (sike, “urine”).


kȫl

kȫl (nominative singular)
kȫlüg (accusative singular)
kȫlni (accusative singular)
kȫlnüŋ (genitive singular)
kȫlke (dative singular)
kȫlde (locative singular)
kȫlden (ablative singular)
kȫlgerü (allative singular)
kȫlün (instrumental singular)
kȫlče (equative singular)
kȫlleyü (singular)
kȫllügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӳлӗ (külĕ)

Common Turkic:

→ Tajik: кӯл (kül)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göl

Ottoman Turkish: كول (göl)

Turkish: göl

Gagauz: göl

Balkan Gagauz Turkish: göl

Salar: göl

Turkmen: köl

→ Khalaj: gö̂l

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۆل (köl)

Uzbek: koʻl

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: гёл (göl)

Karaim: köl

Kumyk: гёл (göl)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күл (kül)

Tatar: күл (kül)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көл (köl)

Nogai: коьл (köl)

Karakalpak: kól

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көл (köl)

Southern Altai: кӧл (köl)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰠 (kül² /köl/)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: күөл

Yakut: күөл (küöl)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧл

Probably borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *xuɬ (“water”), via Old Arin *kul (“water”) around the time of the Xiōngnú Confederacy.


ȫt

ȫt (nominative singular)
ȫtüg (accusative singular)
ȫtni (accusative singular)
ȫtnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫtke (dative singular)
ȫtde (locative singular)
ȫtden (ablative singular)
ȫtgerü (allative singular)
ȫtün (instrumental singular)
ȫtče (equative singular)
ȫtleyü (singular)
ȫtlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ват (vat)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اود (öd)

Azerbaijani: öd

Ottoman Turkish: اود (öd)

Turkish: öd

Gagauz: öt

Salar: öd

Turkmen: ȫt

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: اوت (ȫt)

Uyghur: ئۆت (öt)

Uzbek: oʻt / ўт (oʻt)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: үт (üt)

Bashkir: үт (üt)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: өт (öt)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өт (öt)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (öt)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰓 (üd² /öd/)

Yakut: үөс (üös)


ȫt

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öyüd

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: öğüt

Turkmen: öwüt

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: oʻgit

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: үгет (üget)

Bashkir: өгөт (ögöt)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: үгіт (ügıt)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: үгүт (ügüt)

From *ȫ- (“to think, to be aware”) + *-t.


kugu

kugu (nominative singular)
kugular (nominative plural)
kugunïŋ (genitive singular)
kugularnïŋ (genitive plural)
kuguka (dative singular)
kugularka (dative plural)
kuguda (locative singular)
kugularda (locative plural)
kugudan (ablative singular)
kugulardan (ablative plural)
kugularïn (instrumental plural)
kuguča (equative singular)
kugularča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qu

→ Persian: قو (qu)

Ottoman Turkish: قوغو

Turkish: kuğu

Gagauz: kuu

Turkmen: guw

Karluk:

Uzbek: quv

Uyghur: قۇ (qu)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (quu)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: къув (quw)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (quw)

Karaim: [script needed] (quw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: quw

Kazakh: қу (qu)

Nogai: кув (kuv)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куу (kuu)

Southern Altai: куу (kuu)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: [Term?] (quɣu)

Old Uyghur: 𐰴𐰆𐰍𐰆 (quǧu /quɣu/)

North Siberian:

>? Yakut: куба (kuba)

>? Dolgan: куба

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: куу (kuu)

Tofa: ӄуу (quu)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хуу (xuu)

Shor: қуу (quu)

Ultimately onomatopoeic. Akin to Proto-Tungusic *kūku (“swan”).


yumurtka

yumurtka (nominative singular)
yumurtkaïg (accusative singular)
yumurtkanï (accusative singular)
yumurtkanïŋ (genitive singular)
yumurtkaka (dative singular)
yumurtkada (locative singular)
yumurtkadan (ablative singular)
yumurtkagaru (allative singular)
yumurtkaïn (instrumental singular)
yumurtkača (equative singular)
yumurtkalayu (singular)
yumurtkalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмарта (śămart̬a)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yumurtqa

Proto-Oghuz: *yumurtɣa

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yumurta

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یومورطه (yumurta), یومرطه (yumurta), یومرده (yumurda), یمورطه (yumurta), یمورده (yumurda)
Turkish: yumurta

Gagauz: yımırta

East Oghuz:

Salar: yumurta

Turkmen: ýumurtga

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يِمِرْتْغا (yïmïrtɣa)

Uzbek: yumurtqa (dialect)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yumurtğa), [script needed] (yumurtqa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомортҡа (yomortqa)

Tatar: йомырка (yomırka)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: yumurta

Karachay-Balkar: джумуртха (cumurtxa)

desc

Karaim: йымурта

Karaim: йымурта

Krymchak: йымырта

Kumyk: йымырткъа (yımırtqa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: jumurtqa

Kazakh: жұмыртқа (jūmyrtqa)

Nogai: юмыртка (yumırtka)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жумуртка (jumurtka)

Southern Altai: јымыртка (ǰïmïrtka)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yumurtğa)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yomut)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һыммыт

Yakut: сымыыт (sımııt)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: нюмурһа (ńumurha)

Tuvan: чуурга (çuurga)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: нымырха (nımırxa)

Shor: нубуртқа (nuburtqa) ,нуртқа (nurtqa)

From Proto-Turkic *yum (“stem for the round things”). Unclear relation with Proto-Tungusic *ụmụ̄kta (“egg”) which comes from the Proto-Tungusic *umū- (“to lay eggs”). According to the Altaicists, Turkic *yumurtka is from the same root as Umay Ana (“Goddess of birth”), but it was later influenced by the stem *yum.


būŕ

būŕ (nominative singular)
būŕug (accusative singular)
būŕnï (accusative singular)
būŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
būŕka (dative singular)
būŕda (locative singular)
būŕdan (ablative singular)
būŕgaru (allative singular)
būŕun (instrumental singular)
būŕča (equative singular)
būŕlayu (singular)
būŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑр (păr)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: bûz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوز (buz)

Azerbaijani: buz

Ottoman Turkish: بوز (buz)

Turkish: buz

Gagauz: buz

Turkmen: būz

Karluk:

Chagatai: موز

Uyghur: مۇز (muz)

Uzbek: muz

Kypchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: буз (buz)

Kumyk: буз (buz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: боҙ (boź)

Tatar: боз (boz)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: мұз (mūz)

Nogai: буз (buz)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: муз (muz)

Southern Altai: мус (mus)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽳𐽴 (/buz/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: муус (muus)

Dolgan: буус

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пус (pus)

Shor: мус

Altai-Yenisei:

Northern Altai: пус (pus)

Kumandy: пус (pus)

Chelkan: бус (bus), пус (pus)

From *bud- (“to freeze, be cold”) + *-ŕ.


kiši

kiši (nominative singular)
kišiler (nominative plural)
kišiniŋ (genitive singular)
kišilerniŋ (genitive plural)
kišike (dative singular)
kišilerke (dative plural)
kišide (locative singular)
kišilerde (locative plural)
kišiden (ablative singular)
kišilerden (ablative plural)
kišilerin (instrumental plural)
kišiče (equative singular)
kišilerče (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kişi (“woman”)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: كشی
Azerbaijani: kişi (“man”)
Gagauz: kişi
Ottoman Turkish: كشی, كیشی (kişi), քիշի (kişi) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: kişi

Salar: kiş

Turkmen: kişi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِشٖی (kiši)

Chagatai: كىشى

Uzbek: kishi

Uyghur: كىشى (kishi)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: киши (kişi)

Southern Altai: кижи (kiži)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кеше (keşe)

Tatar: кеше (keşe)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: кісі (kısı)

Karakalpak: киси

Nogai: киси (kisi)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kişi

Kumyk: гиши (gişi)

Karachay-Balkar: киши (kişi)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃 (kiši)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽶𐽿𐽶 (kyšy /kiši/)

Western Yugur: kəsə, ɡəsə

Yakut-Dolgan:

Dolgan: киһи

Yakut: киһи (kihi)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: киши

Tuvan: кижи (kiji)

Yenisei:

Shor: кижи

Khakas: кізі (kìzì)

a husband or a wife, partner (addressed so by their other partner)