yal-

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *yalïn

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yalmaq), [script needed] (yalınmaq), [script needed] (yalturmaq, “to burn (tr.)”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yal-)

North Siberian:

>? Yakut: сал (sal, “to fry”), салын (salın, “to fry”)

⇒ Karakhanid: [script needed] (yalčïk, “shiny moon”)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: [Term?] (yalt, “shiny”)

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yalt)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yalt)

⇒ Turkish: yalp yalp (“sparkling”) (dialect)

⇒ Turkish: yalkı (“beam, ray”) (dialect)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *yalkï- (“to glitter”)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýalkym

Karluk:

Uzbek: yolqin

Uyghur: [script needed] (yalqun)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (yalqı-), [script needed] (yalqın)

Bashkir: [script needed] (yalqın)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жалқын (jalqyn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (d’alqın)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *yaltïra-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yaldıramak)

Turkish: yaldıramak (dialect)

Turkmen: ýaldyramak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yaldra-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (yaltıra-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жалтырау (jaltyrau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (d’altıra-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaltra-)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *yalpïra-

Oghuz:

Turkish: yalbıramak (Dialect in Anamur, Mersin.)

Turkmen: ýalbyramak (dialect)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (d’albıra-)

⇒ Oghuz: *yalabı-

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yalabımak, “to shine”)

Azerbaijani: yalavımax (“to flash”) (dialect in Böyük Qarakilsə, Daşkəsən, Xanlar)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (yalabımak)

Turkish: yalabımak, yalabık (Regional for Western Turkey and Thrace.)

Gagauz: yalabık

⇒ Turkish: ýalpyldamak


tak-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: تَقْماقْ (takmak)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: taxmaq

Gagauz: takmaa, dakmaa

Ottoman Turkish: طاقمق (takmak)

Turkish: takmak

Salar: taq

Turkmen: dakmak

Karluk:

Uzbek: taqmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (taq-)

Tatar: [script needed] (taq-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (taq-)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (taq-)

Karaim: [script needed] (taq-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (taq-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (taq-)

Kazakh: тағу (tağu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: так (tak)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (taq-)

(Oghuz, Karluk, Kipchak) to bind to, add to


üŕ-

Oghur:

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hüzmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوزمك (üzmek)

Azerbaijani: üzmək

→⇒? Khalaj: hüsgün

desc

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (üzmek)

Turkish: üzmek

Turkmen: üzmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (üzmek)

Uzbek: uzmoq

Uyghur: [script needed] (üzmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өҙөү (öźöw)

Tatar: [script needed] (ü̆z-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üzmek

Kumyk: уьзмек (üzmek)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (üz-)

Karaim: [script needed] (iz-/uz-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: u’zmek

Kazakh: үзу (üzu)

Nogai: [script needed] (üz-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үзүү (üzüü)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (üs-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰕 (üz /üz-/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾwyzmʾk /üz-/)

Western Yugur: jus- (yus-, yüs-), jys- (yüs-)

⇒? Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (ʾwyz /üz/, “spite, hatred”)

⇒ Western Yugur: jus (yus, yüs, “not good, bad”), jys (yüs), jəs (yïs)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (üs-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: ӱзерге (üzerge)


köp-

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: кăпăк (kăpăk)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: köpmək

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (köpmek)

Turkish: köpmek (dialect)

Salar: kötgüsi

Turkmen: köpmek

Karluk:

⇒ Karakhanid: [script needed] (köpürmek)

Uzbek: kopmoq (dialect)

Uyghur: [script needed] (köpmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (küp-)

Tatar: [script needed] (küp-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk: [script needed] (göp-)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (köp-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (köp-)

Kazakh: кебу (kebu)

Nogai: [script needed] (köp-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көбүү (köbüü)

Southern Altai: кӧбӧр (köbör)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (köpük)

North Siberian:

Yakut: [script needed] (köp-)

Dolgan: [script needed] (köbüy-)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

⇒ Tuvan: [script needed] (kö'vük)

⇒ Tofa: [script needed] (kö'pük)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: [script needed] (köp-)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *köxe- (“to swell”), also Proto-Tungusic *xopu-n (“foam”).


böŋre-

trk-cmn-conj-head

böŋrdeči ben, böŋrmekči ben, böŋryeček ben

böŋrdeči sen, böŋrmekči sen, böŋryeček sen

böŋrdeči biz, böŋrmekči biz, böŋryeček biz

böŋrdeči siz, böŋrmekči siz, böŋryeček siz

böŋrmek (infinitive)
böŋrgen (participle present)
böŋrgme (participle present)
böŋrr (participle present)
böŋrdük (participle past)
böŋrmiš (participle past)
böŋrdeči (future participle)
böŋrmekči (future participle)
böŋrsik (future participle)
böŋryeček (future participle)
böŋrme (noun-from-verb)
böŋrg (noun-from-verb)
böŋrgü (noun-from-verb)
böŋrš (adverbial)
böŋrr ben (aorist indicative singular)
böŋrr sen (aorist indicative singular)
böŋrr (aorist indicative singular)
böŋrr biz (aorist indicative plural)
böŋrr siz (aorist indicative plural)
böŋrr (aorist indicative plural)
böŋrdüm (indicative past singular)
böŋrdüŋ (indicative past singular)
böŋrdi (indicative past singular)
böŋrdük (indicative past plural)
böŋrdümüz (indicative past plural)
böŋrdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
böŋrdi (indicative past plural)
böŋrmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
böŋrmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
böŋrmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
böŋrmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
böŋrmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
böŋrmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
böŋrdeči ben (future indicative singular)
böŋrmekči ben (future indicative singular)
böŋryeček ben (future indicative singular)
böŋrdeči sen (future indicative singular)
böŋrmekči sen (future indicative singular)
böŋryeček sen (future indicative singular)
böŋrdeči (future indicative singular)
böŋrmekči (future indicative singular)
böŋryeček (future indicative singular)
böŋrdeči biz (future indicative plural)
böŋrmekči biz (future indicative plural)
böŋryeček biz (future indicative plural)
böŋrdeči siz (future indicative plural)
böŋrmekči siz (future indicative plural)
böŋryeček siz (future indicative plural)
böŋrdeči (future indicative plural)
böŋrmekči (future indicative plural)
böŋryeček (future indicative plural)
böŋrgey ben (future indicative singular)
böŋrgey sen (future indicative singular)
böŋrgey (future indicative singular)
böŋrgey biz (future indicative plural)
böŋrgey siz (future indicative plural)
böŋrgey (future indicative plural)
böŋrsüküm (future indicative singular)
böŋrsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
böŋrsük (future indicative singular)
böŋrsükümüz (future indicative plural)
böŋrsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
böŋrsük (future indicative plural)
böŋrsem (conditional singular)
böŋrser ben (conditional singular)
böŋrseŋ (conditional singular)
böŋrser sen (conditional singular)
böŋrse (conditional singular)
böŋrser (conditional singular)
böŋrsek (conditional plural)
böŋrsemiz (conditional plural)
böŋrser biz (conditional plural)
böŋrseŋiz (conditional plural)
böŋrser siz (conditional plural)
böŋrseler (conditional plural)
böŋrser (conditional plural)
böŋrgey ben (optative singular)
böŋrgey sen (optative singular)
böŋrgey (optative singular)
böŋrgey biz (optative plural)
böŋrgey siz (optative plural)
böŋrgey (optative plural)
böŋrmekde ben (progressive singular)
böŋrmekde sen (progressive singular)
böŋrmekde (progressive singular)
böŋrmekde biz (plural progressive)
böŋrmekde siz (plural progressive)
böŋrmekde (plural progressive)
böŋrmelig ben (necessitative singular)
böŋrmelig sen (necessitative singular)
böŋrmelig (necessitative singular)
böŋrmelig biz (necessitative plural)
böŋrmelig siz (necessitative plural)
böŋrmelig (necessitative plural)
böŋryeyin (imperative singular)
böŋr (imperative singular)
böŋrgil (imperative singular)
böŋrzün (imperative singular)
böŋryelim (imperative plural)
böŋryüŋ (imperative plural)
böŋrzün (imperative plural)
böŋrmemek (infinitive negative)
böŋrmegen (negative participle present)
böŋrmegme (negative participle present)
böŋrmez (negative participle present)
böŋrmedük (negative participle past)
böŋrmemiš (negative participle past)
böŋrmeči (future negative participle)
böŋrmesik (future negative participle)
böŋrmeyeček (future negative participle)
böŋrmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
böŋrmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
böŋrmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
böŋrmeš (adverbial negative)
böŋrmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
böŋrmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
böŋrmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
böŋrmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
böŋrmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
böŋrmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
böŋrmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
böŋrmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
böŋrmedi (indicative negative past singular)
böŋrmedük (indicative negative past plural)
böŋrmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
böŋrmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
böŋrmedi (indicative negative past plural)
böŋrmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
böŋrmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
böŋrmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
böŋrmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
böŋrmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
böŋrmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
böŋrmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmeči (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmeči (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmegey (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmegey (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmesük (future indicative negative singular)
böŋrmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmesük (future indicative negative plural)
böŋrmesem (conditional negative singular)
böŋrmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
böŋrmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
böŋrmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
böŋrmese (conditional negative singular)
böŋrmeser (conditional negative singular)
böŋrmesek (conditional negative plural)
böŋrmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
böŋrmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
böŋrmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
böŋrmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
böŋrmeseler (conditional negative plural)
böŋrmeser (conditional negative plural)
böŋrmegey ben (negative optative singular)
böŋrmegey sen (negative optative singular)
böŋrmegey (negative optative singular)
böŋrmegey biz (negative optative plural)
böŋrmegey siz (negative optative plural)
böŋrmegey (negative optative plural)
böŋrmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
böŋrmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
böŋrmemekde (negative progressive singular)
böŋrmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
böŋrmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
böŋrmemekde (negative plural progressive)
böŋrmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
böŋrmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
böŋrmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
böŋrmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
böŋrmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
böŋrmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
böŋrmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
böŋrme (imperative negative singular)
böŋrmegil (imperative negative singular)
böŋrmezün (imperative negative singular)
böŋrmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
böŋrmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
böŋrmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: بوكورمك

Turkish: böğürmek

Turkmen: möňňürmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (müŋre-)

Uyghur: [script needed] (mörimek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мөңрәү (möñrəw)

Tatar: мөгрәргә (mögrärgä)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: мӧвря- (mövrä-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: moʻngrew

Kazakh: мөңіреу (möñıreu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мөөрөө (mööröö)

Southern Altai: мӧӧрӧ- (möörö-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (müŋre-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: [script needed] (möŋürüö), маҥыраа (mañıraa, “to moo”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: мөөрээр (mööreer)

Yenisei:

Khakas: мӱӱрирге (müürirge)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *büxüre-, *büŋsi- (“to howl”), Proto-Tungusic *būni- (“to howl”)
It is seen that the middle-ŋ sounds in Turkic, sometimes turn into middle-x sounds in Mongolic: Proto-Turkic *yaŋgak (“walnut”), Proto-Mongolic *jixag (“walnut”); Proto-Turkic *keŋe- (“to advise”), Proto-Mongolic *kexe- (“to speak, say”); Proto-Turkic *sïŋïr (“double shin bone”), Proto-Mongolic *sixira- (“double bone (of animals)”) ...


yaŋgak

yaŋgak (nominative singular)
yaŋgakïg (accusative singular)
yaŋgaknï (accusative singular)
yaŋgaknïŋ (genitive singular)
yaŋgakka (dative singular)
yaŋgakda (locative singular)
yaŋgakdan (ablative singular)
yaŋgakgaru (allative singular)
yaŋgakïn (instrumental singular)
yaŋgakča (equative singular)
yaŋgaklayu (singular)
yaŋgaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Old Hungarian: gyivó

Hungarian: dió

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yağâq

Oghuz:

Turkish: yangak (dialectal, Elazığ, Sivas)

Turkmen: ýaňak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَغاقْ (yağak)

desc

Chagatai: یانگغاق (yaŋǧaq), یانگاق (yaŋaq)

Uzbek: yongʻoq

Uyghur: ياڭاق (ya'ngaq)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: janggʻak

Kazakh: жаңғақ (jañğaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаңгак (jaŋgak)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰍𐰴 (yağaq)

From an unknown verb Proto-Turkic *yaŋ- + *-gak.
Akin to Proto-Mongolic *jixag (“walnut”). Compared also Proto-Tungusic *ńaŋta (“cone, nut, fruit stone”), Orok [script needed] (naŋu-, “to crack nuts”).


-čak

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ҫа (-śa)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-čak)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (-čak)

Turkish: -çak, -çek, -cak, -cek

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *-čag (“diminutive suffix”).


-čük

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ҫӗ (-śĕ)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-čik)

Ottoman Turkish: ـجك (-cik), ـجق (-cık)

Turkish: -çık, -çik, -çuk, -çük, -cık, -cik, -cuk, -cük

bāka (“frog”) + *-čük → *bākačuk (“muscle”)


-iĺč

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ӑҫ (-ăś), -ĕҫ (-ĕś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ış, -iş, -uş, -üş

Ottoman Turkish: ـش (-iş)

Turkish: -ış, -iş, -uş, -üş

Turkmen: -yş, -iş, -uş, -üş

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ыс (-ys), -іс (-ıs)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *-ulča (cooperative suffix), *-uldu (reciprocative suffix) and also Proto-Tungusic *-ldu (reciprocative suffix), Mongolian -лд (-ld), -лс (-ls).
According to Talât Tekin, a cognate of Proto-Mongolic *-lča: Proto-Turkic *karïĺč- (“to mix together”), Proto-Mongolic *karilča- (“to be related or connected to each other”); Proto-Turkic *koĺïĺč- (“to add together”), Proto-Mongolic *kolilča-. (See Turkish karışmak and Azerbaijani qoşmaq) But EDAL doesn't think that *karïĺč- and *qarilča- are related. It has a different etymology in the database. The verb qolilča- mentioned by Tekin should be Mongolian холилдох (xolildox) (<*kolildu-) because the mentioned word is not found in Mongolic languages.

cog

*-ïĺč (alternative)
*-üĺč (alternative)
*-uĺč (alternative)

seb- (“to love”) + *-iĺč → *sebilč- (“to love each other”)

Suffix creating reciprocal forms of verbs.


yaŋša-

trk-cmn-conj-head

yaŋšadačï, yaŋšamakčï, yaŋšasïk, yaŋšayačak

yaŋšadačï ben, yaŋšamakčï ben, yaŋšayačak ben

yaŋšadačï sen, yaŋšamakčï sen, yaŋšayačak sen

yaŋšadačï biz, yaŋšamakčï biz, yaŋšayačak biz

yaŋšadačï siz, yaŋšamakčï siz, yaŋšayačak siz

yaŋšasïkïŋïz

yaŋšamasak, yaŋšamasamïz, yaŋšamasar biz

yaŋšamak (infinitive)
yaŋšagan (participle present)
yaŋšagma (participle present)
yaŋšar (participle present)
yaŋšaduk (participle past)
yaŋšamïš (participle past)
yaŋšadačï (future participle)
yaŋšamakčï (future participle)
yaŋšasïk (future participle)
yaŋšayačak (future participle)
yaŋšama (noun-from-verb)
yaŋšag (noun-from-verb)
yaŋšagu (noun-from-verb)
yaŋšaš (adverbial)
yaŋšar ben (aorist indicative singular)
yaŋšar sen (aorist indicative singular)
yaŋšar (aorist indicative singular)
yaŋšar biz (aorist indicative plural)
yaŋšar siz (aorist indicative plural)
yaŋšar (aorist indicative plural)
yaŋšadïm (indicative past singular)
yaŋšadïŋ (indicative past singular)
yaŋšadï (indicative past singular)
yaŋšadïk (indicative past plural)
yaŋšadïmïz (indicative past plural)
yaŋšadïŋïz (indicative past plural)
yaŋšadï (indicative past plural)
yaŋšamïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
yaŋšamïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
yaŋšamïš (indicative inferential past singular)
yaŋšamïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
yaŋšamïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
yaŋšamïš (indicative inferential past plural)
yaŋšadačï ben (future indicative singular)
yaŋšamakčï ben (future indicative singular)
yaŋšayačak ben (future indicative singular)
yaŋšadačï sen (future indicative singular)
yaŋšamakčï sen (future indicative singular)
yaŋšayačak sen (future indicative singular)
yaŋšadačï (future indicative singular)
yaŋšamakčï (future indicative singular)
yaŋšayačak (future indicative singular)
yaŋšadačï biz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšamakčï biz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšayačak biz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšadačï siz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšamakčï siz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšayačak siz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšadačï (future indicative plural)
yaŋšamakčï (future indicative plural)
yaŋšayačak (future indicative plural)
yaŋšagay ben (future indicative singular)
yaŋšagay sen (future indicative singular)
yaŋšagay (future indicative singular)
yaŋšagay biz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšagay siz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšagay (future indicative plural)
yaŋšasïkïm (future indicative singular)
yaŋšasïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
yaŋšasïk (future indicative singular)
yaŋšasïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšasïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
yaŋšasïk (future indicative plural)
yaŋšasam (conditional singular)
yaŋšasar ben (conditional singular)
yaŋšasaŋ (conditional singular)
yaŋšasar sen (conditional singular)
yaŋšasa (conditional singular)
yaŋšasar (conditional singular)
yaŋšasak (conditional plural)
yaŋšasamïz (conditional plural)
yaŋšasar biz (conditional plural)
yaŋšasaŋïz (conditional plural)
yaŋšasar siz (conditional plural)
yaŋšasalar (conditional plural)
yaŋšasar (conditional plural)
yaŋšagay ben (optative singular)
yaŋšagay sen (optative singular)
yaŋšagay (optative singular)
yaŋšagay biz (optative plural)
yaŋšagay siz (optative plural)
yaŋšagay (optative plural)
yaŋšamakda ben (progressive singular)
yaŋšamakda sen (progressive singular)
yaŋšamakda (progressive singular)
yaŋšamakda biz (plural progressive)
yaŋšamakda siz (plural progressive)
yaŋšamakda (plural progressive)
yaŋšamalïg ben (necessitative singular)
yaŋšamalïg sen (necessitative singular)
yaŋšamalïg (necessitative singular)
yaŋšamalïg biz (necessitative plural)
yaŋšamalïg siz (necessitative plural)
yaŋšamalïg (necessitative plural)
yaŋšayayïn (imperative singular)
yaŋša (imperative singular)
yaŋšagïl (imperative singular)
yaŋšazun (imperative singular)
yaŋšayalïm (imperative plural)
yaŋšayïŋ (imperative plural)
yaŋšazun (imperative plural)
yaŋšamamak (infinitive negative)
yaŋšamagan (negative participle present)
yaŋšamagma (negative participle present)
yaŋšamaz (negative participle present)
yaŋšamaduk (negative participle past)
yaŋšamamïš (negative participle past)
yaŋšamačï (future negative participle)
yaŋšamasïk (future negative participle)
yaŋšamayačak (future negative participle)
yaŋšamama (negative noun-from-verb)
yaŋšamag (negative noun-from-verb)
yaŋšamagu (negative noun-from-verb)
yaŋšamaš (adverbial negative)
yaŋšamaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamadïm (indicative negative past singular)
yaŋšamadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
yaŋšamadï (indicative negative past singular)
yaŋšamadïk (indicative negative past plural)
yaŋšamadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
yaŋšamadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
yaŋšamadï (indicative negative past plural)
yaŋšamamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yaŋšamamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yaŋšamamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yaŋšamamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yaŋšamamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yaŋšamamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yaŋšamačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamačï (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamayačak (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamačï (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamayačak (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamagay (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamagay (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamasïk (future indicative negative singular)
yaŋšamasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamasïk (future indicative negative plural)
yaŋšamasam (conditional negative singular)
yaŋšamasar ben (conditional negative singular)
yaŋšamasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
yaŋšamasar sen (conditional negative singular)
yaŋšamasa (conditional negative singular)
yaŋšamasar (conditional negative singular)
yaŋšamasak (conditional negative plural)
yaŋšamasamïz (conditional negative plural)
yaŋšamasar biz (conditional negative plural)
yaŋšamasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
yaŋšamasar siz (conditional negative plural)
yaŋšamasalar (conditional negative plural)
yaŋšamasar (conditional negative plural)
yaŋšamagay ben (negative optative singular)
yaŋšamagay sen (negative optative singular)
yaŋšamagay (negative optative singular)
yaŋšamagay biz (negative optative plural)
yaŋšamagay siz (negative optative plural)
yaŋšamagay (negative optative plural)
yaŋšamamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
yaŋšamamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
yaŋšamamakda (negative progressive singular)
yaŋšamamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
yaŋšamamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
yaŋšamamakda (negative plural progressive)
yaŋšamamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
yaŋšamamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
yaŋšamamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
yaŋšamamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
yaŋšamamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
yaŋšamamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
yaŋšamayayïn (imperative negative singular)
yaŋšama (imperative negative singular)
yaŋšamagïl (imperative negative singular)
yaŋšamazun (imperative negative singular)
yaŋšamayalïm (imperative negative plural)
yaŋšamayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
yaŋšamazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yanşamaq

Ottoman Turkish: یاڭشامق (yañşamak)

Turkish: yanşamak

→ Kipchak: [script needed] (yaŋša-)

Bashkir: [script needed] (yaŋža-)

Tatar: [script needed] (yaŋža-)

Salar: yañşağusı, yişağusı

Turkmen: ýanjamak

→ Proto-Mongolic: *yaŋsi-

Mongolian: янших (janšix)

Cognate with the more common Proto-Turkic *yaŋra-, however it is morphologically obscure.


tabïĺ-

Serbi—Mongolic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *taxul-

desc

Middle Mongol: [script needed] (taɣuli-)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *taxulai (“hare, rabbit”)

Para-Mongolic:

→ Khitan: 匋裏 (tauli, “hare, rabbit”), 𘬦𘰎𘯺 (*? lí a)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (tawuşmaq)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *taxuli- (“to chase, pursue”).


keŕ

keŕ (nominative singular)
keŕig (accusative singular)
keŕni (accusative singular)
keŕniŋ (genitive singular)
keŕke (dative singular)
keŕde (locative singular)
keŕden (ablative singular)
keŕgerü (allative singular)
keŕin (instrumental singular)
keŕče (equative singular)
keŕleyü (singular)
keŕligü (comitative singular)

→? Mongolian: [script needed] (kerçi-)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: карт (kart)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كز (gez)

Azerbaijani: gəz, kərtmək

Ottoman Turkish: گز (gez)

Turkish: gez, kertmek

desc

Gagauz: keez, kertilmää, kertinmää, geerimää

Turkmen: gezlik, kertmek

→ Persian: [script needed] (gâz)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kez), [script needed] (kertmek)

Chagatai:

⇒ Uzbek: kertmoq

⇒ Uyghur: [script needed] (kertik)

Kipchak: [script needed] (käz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (kiδe), [script needed] (kirtiv), [script needed] (kirt)

⇒ Tatar: [script needed] (kirtü), [script needed] (kirt)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: кез (kez), керту (kertu)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кертер (kerter)

⇒ Kyrgyz: [script needed] (kertik)

⇒ Southern Altai: кертик (kertik)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

North Siberian:

⇒ Yakut: кэрт (kert)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кес (kes)

Tofa: [script needed] (kes)

Yenisei:

Khakas:

Shor:

Western Yugur:


sāŕï-

Oghur:

Chuvash: шур (šur, “to become white; white”)

⇒ Chuvash: шурӑх (šurăh)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *sārï-g


sāŕ

sāŕ (nominative singular)
sāŕïg (accusative singular)
sāŕnï (accusative singular)
sāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
sāŕka (dative singular)
sāŕda (locative singular)
sāŕdan (ablative singular)
sāŕgaru (allative singular)
sāŕïn (instrumental singular)
sāŕča (equative singular)
sāŕlayu (singular)
sāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шур (šur)

→ Hungarian: sár

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: (“reed”)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: saz (“reed”)

Gagauz: saaz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: صاز (saz), ساز (saz)
Turkish: saz
→ Albanian: sasë
→ Armenian: սազ (saz)
→ Ubykh: саӡ (sadz)

Turkmen: sāz, sāzlyk (“reed growth”)

Karluk:

Uzbek: soz

Uyghur: ساز (saz)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (haδ)

Tatar: саз (saz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: саз (saz)

Nogai: саз (saz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: сас (sas)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: сас (sas)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *sïraxu (“earth”).


sāŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: шур (šur, “white”)

Common Turkic: *sāz, *sāz-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ساز

Ottoman Turkish: ساز (saz, “yellow”)

Turkmen: sāz

⇒ Turkmen: sārgylt

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: саз (saz)

desc

⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽰𐽴𐽲𐽰𐽺 (sazɡan, “pink, rose”)


baŕ

baŕ (nominative singular)
baŕïg (accusative singular)
baŕnï (accusative singular)
baŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
baŕka (dative singular)
baŕda (locative singular)
baŕdan (ablative singular)
baŕgaru (allative singular)
baŕïn (instrumental singular)
baŕča (equative singular)
baŕlayu (singular)
baŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Turkic: *barïĺč- (“to make peace”)

Oghuz: *bārış-

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: barışmaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: baarışmaa

Turkish: barışmak

Common Turkic:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (baz)

Karaim: [script needed] (baz)


-gač

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -aç, -eç

While some have taken this suffix to be a diminutive, however Erdal disputes this saying the derived words do not have diminutive content.

Forms denominal nouns denoting plants and animals


ïnan-

→ Mongolian: үнэн (ünen, “reality, truth”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗнен (ĕnen)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: inanmaq

Ottoman Turkish: اینانمق (inanmak)

Turkish: inanmak

Turkmen: ynanmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ınanmaq)

Uzbek: inonmoq

Uyghur: ئىنەنمەك (inenmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: инаныу (inanıw)

Tatar: инанырга (inanırga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: inanmaq

Kumyk: инанмакъ (inanmaq)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (iynan-)

Karaim: инанмакъ

Karaim: инанмакъ

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: нану (nanu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ынануу (ınanuu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (ınan-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ınan-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

⇒ Tuvan: ынаныш (ınanış)

Reflexive of *ïna-, related to Ottoman Turkish [script needed] (inak, “trustful (person)”), Turkish inak (“dogma”); Ottoman Turkish [script needed] (inam, “bailee; faith”), Turkish inam (“deposit”), Azerbaijani inam (“believing, trust, faith”) and Kumyk инам (inam, “faith”). Relation with Proto-Common Turkic *ïšan-, *išen- (“to believe, trust”) is not clear.


bedük

→ Proto-Mongolic: *bedüxün

Mongolian: бүдүүн (büdüün)

Oghur:

Viryal Chuvash: пысӑк (pys̬ăk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bedük

Arghu:

Khalaj: bidük, bidik, büdük

Proto-Oghuz: *bedük

Old Anatolian Turkish: بِیُوكْ (beyük)

Ajem-Turkic: بیوک (biyük)

Azerbaijani: بویوک, böyük

Afshari: بییک (bäyik)

Iraqi Turkmen: böyüg

Qashqai: بوییک (böyik)

Gagauz: büük

desc

بویوك (büyük)

Ottoman Turkish: بیوك (biyük), (Late Ottoman) بویوك (büyük)

Turkish: büyük

Salar: biki

Khorasani Turkish: behey

Turkmen: beýik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَدُكْ (bädük)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بویوک (büyük)

Uyghur: بۈيۈك (büyük)

Uzbek: buyuk

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: بيك (büyük, bäyäk)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: бөйөк (böyök), бейек (beyek)

Tatar: биек (biyek)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: büyük, buyuk, biyk

Urum: бӱйӱк (büyük), бейӱк (beyük)

Karachay-Balkar: мийик (miyik)

Karaim: бийик (biyik)

Kumyk: бийик (biyik)

Krymchak: бӱйӱк (büyük), буйук (buyuk)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: бийик (biyik)

Kazakh: биік (biık)

Nogai: бийик (biyik)

Siberian Tatar: бӧйек (böyek), пӧйӧк (pöyök), пүйик (püyik), пийик (piyik)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бийик (biyik)

Southern Altai: бийик (biyik)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰓𐰜 (b²d²k̥ /bedük/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽰𐽸𐽳𐽷 (pʾdwk /bedük/)
Western Yugur: bezək (pezïk), pøzyk (pözükʰ)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Dukhan: петәк (petäk)

Tuvan: бедик (bedik)

Tofa: бедік (bedik)

Yenisei:

Chulym: пӱйӧк (püyök), пӱзӧк (püzök)

Khakas: пӧзік

Shor: мӧзӱк (mözük), пийик (piyik)


-p-

Oghur:

Chuvash: -п- (-p-)

Proto-Common Turkic: *-p-:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -p-, -s-, -m-, -pa-, -pe-

Gagauz: -p-

Azerbaijani: -p-

Salar: -p-

Turkmen: -p-

Khorasani Turkish: -p-

Qashqai: -p-

Karluk:

Uyghur: ـپـ (-p-)

Uzbek: -p-

Ili Turki: -p-

Äynu: -p-

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Nogai: -п- (-p-)

Kazakh: -п- (-p-)

Karakalpak: -p-

North Kipchak

Tatar: -п- (-p-)

Bashkir: -п- (-p-)

Siberian Tatar: -п-

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -п- (-p-)

Crimean Tatar: -п-

Karaim: -п-

Karachay-Balkar: -п- (-p-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -п- (-p-)

Southern Altai: -п- (-p-)


yapyaŋï

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗп-ҫӗнӗ (śĕp-śĕnĕ)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yapyaŋï, *yepyeŋi:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yepyeni

Ottoman Turkish: یپ یڭی (yepyeñi)

Gagauz: yepyeni

Turkish: yepyeni

Turkmen: ýap-ýaňy (“just now”)

Salar:

Karluk:

Uzbek: yap-yangi

Uyghur: يېپيېڭى (yëpyë'ngi)

Kipchak:

West-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yapyañı

Kumyk:

Karaim:

Karachay-Balkar:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яп-яңы (yap-yañı)

Tatar: яп-яңа (yap-yaña)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жап-жаңа (jap-jaña)

Karakalpak: jap-jańa

Nogai: жап-жанъы (jap-jañı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жап-жаңы (jap-jaŋı)

Southern Altai: јап-јаҥы (ǰap-ǰaŋï)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut:

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чап-чаа (çap-çaa)

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:


yaŋïdan

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗнӗрен (śĕnĕren)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yaŋïdan, *yeŋiden

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yenidən

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz:

Turkish: yeniden

Salar:

Karluk:

Uzbek: yangidan

Uyghur:

Kipchak:

West-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk: янгыдан (yañıdan)

Karaim:

Karachay-Balkar:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яңынан (yañınan)

Tatar: яңадан (yañadan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жаңадан (jañadan)

Karakalpak:

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаңыдан (jaŋıdan)

Southern Altai: јаҥыдаҥ (ǰaŋïdaŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: yaŋïdan

Western Yugur:

North Siberian:

Yakut: саҥаттан (sañattan)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:


emüŕ-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗмӗрт (ĕmĕrt)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: əmizdirmək

desc

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (emzürmek)

Turkish: emzirmek

Gagauz: emzirmää

⇒ Turkmen: emzik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (emürmek), [script needed] (emüzmek)

Chagatai: [script needed] (émiz-)

Uyghur: [script needed] (emiz-), [script needed] (emit-)

Uzbek: emizmoq, emizdirmoq

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (emüz-), [script needed] (emzür-), [script needed] (emiz-), [script needed] (emzir-)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: имеҙеү (imeźew)

Tatar: [script needed] (imez-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (emiz-)

Kazakh: емізу (emızu)

Nogai: [script needed] (emiz-), [script needed] (emizt-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эмизүү (emizüü)

Southern Altai: эмизер (emizer, “to keep breast”), эмистирер (emistirer)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (emiz-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (emïz-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: эмсир (emsir) (эмис- (emis-) is the verb, эмсир is the infinitive form. Do not confuse.)

Tuvan: эмзирер (emzirer)

From Proto-Turkic *em-, doublet of Proto-Turkic *emtür-.


tüt(e)-

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗтӗр (tĕt̬ĕr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tütimək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tütmek), [script needed] (tütüzmek), [script needed] (dütüzmek), [script needed] (dütüzdürmek), [script needed] (tütüzdürmek)

Azerbaijani: tütmək, tütüzdürməx (dialect)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (tüt-), [script needed] (tütüzmek), [script needed] (dütüzmek), [script needed] (tütüzdürmek)

Turkish: tütmek, tütüzdürmek (dialect)

Gagauz: tütmek

⇒? Salar: tütülüq (“pipe”)

Turkmen: tütemek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tütetmek)

Uzbek: tutamoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (töte-)

Tatar: [script needed] (töte-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim: [script needed] (tüte-)

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (tüte-)

Kazakh: түтеу (tüteu)

Nogai: [script needed] (tüte-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түтөө (tütöö)

Southern Altai: тӱдеер (tüdeer)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tüt-), [script needed] (tütüz-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tüt-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (düdü-, “to rot”)

Tofa: [script needed] (tütü-, “to rot”)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tüde-)


-tur

Oghur:

Chuvash: -тер (-ter), -тар (-tar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -tır, -tir, -tur, -tür, -dır, -dir, -dur, -dür

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -тыр (-tyr), -тір (-tır), -дыр (-dyr), -дір (-dır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -тыр (-tır), -тир (-tir), -тур (-tur), -түр (-tür), -дыр (-dır), -дир (-dir), -дур (-dur), -дүр (-dür)

Southern Altai: -тыр (-tïr), -тир (-tir), -тур (-tur), -тӱр (-tür), -дыр (-dïr), -дир (-dir), -дур (-dur), -дӱр (-dür)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -тор (-tor), -төр (-tör), -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дор (-dor), -дөр (-dör), -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нор (-nor), -нөр (-nör), -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лор (-lor), -лөр (-lör)

kül- (“to laugh”) + *-tur → *kültür- (“to make someone laugh”)

öl- (“to die”) + *-tur → *öltür- (“to make someone die, to kill”)

yạŕ- (“to write”) + *-tur → *yạŕtur- (“to cause to write”)


-tur

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -طُرْ (-tur)

Chuvash: -тӑр (-tăr), -тӗр (-tĕr)

bōl- (“to be”) + *-tur → *boltur (“Let it be; Amen!”)

kẹl- (“to come”) + *-tur → *kẹltür (“Let it come.”)

(Oghur) Suffix forming third-person singular imperative.


yaĺč-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫиҫ (śiś)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yašu-

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yašu-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yašu-)


āŕ

Oghur:

→⇒ Eastern Mari: орлу́до (orlúdo), оръе́ҥ (orjéŋ), орйы́лме (orjýlme)

→⇒ Western Mari: аргек (argek), арвӓты (arväty)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hâz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: آزْ (az, āz)

Azerbaijani: az

Gagauz: aaz, az

Ottoman Turkish: آز (az)

Turkish: az

Salar: az

Turkmen: āz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (az)

Chagatai: [script needed] (az)

Uzbek: oz

Uyghur: ئاز (az)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: аз (az)

Bashkir: аҙ (aź)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: аз (az)

Crimean Tatar: az

Kumyk: аз (az)

Karaim: аз

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: аз (az)

Karakalpak: аз

Nogai: аз (az)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аз (az)

Southern Altai: ас (as)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (az)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (az)

Western Yugur: az

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: аз (az)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (as)

Shor: [script needed] (as)

Compare Proto-Mongolic *aray (“scarcely, just a little”).


āla

desc

→? Classical Mongolian: [script needed] (alag)

→? Hungarian: Alacs (“proper noun”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ула (ula, “speckled”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

⇒ Khalaj: hâla bula

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ala

Ottoman Turkish: آلا (ala)

Turkish: ala, alaca

Gagauz: alaca

Turkmen: āla, ālaça

Salar: ala

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ala)

Uzbek: ola

Uyghur: ئالا (ala)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Tatar: ала (ala)

Bashkir: ала (ala)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ala

Kumyk: ала (ala)

Karachay-Balkar: ала (ala)

Karaim: ала

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ala

Kazakh: ала (ala)

Nogai: ала (ala)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ала (ala)

Southern Altai: ала (ala)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ala)

Western Yugur: ala

North Siberian:

Yakut: ала (ala)

South Siberan:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ала (ala)

Tofa: ала

Yenisei:

Khakas: ала (ala)

Shor: ала


kab-

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kab-ur- (“to unite, bring together”)

Oghur:

Danube Bulgar:

→ Bulgarian: Кубрат (Kubrat)

→ Greek: Κοβρᾶτος (Kobrâtos)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: gowurmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qavur-)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (qabïr-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qavïr-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (xavïr-)

Tofa: [script needed] (xabïr-)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kab-ïĺč- (“to be brought together, to approach each other, reciprocative of *kab-”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: govuşmaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: kavuşmak, kavşak

Gagauz: kauşmaa

Turkmen: gowuşmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qawış-)

Uzbek: qowushmoq

Uyghur: [script needed] (qawış-) (dialect)

Kipchak: [script needed] (qawuş-)

Kipchak: [script needed] (qawşut)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (qawış-)

Tatar: [script needed] (qawış-)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (qawuş-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qawıs-)

Kazakh: қауысу (qauysu)

Nogai: [script needed] (qawış-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коошуу (kooşuu)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: [script needed] (qavïš-)

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰉𐰽 (qabïš-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qavïš-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qawïs-)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kab-ït-

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qavït-, “to come across”)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kabi-

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *kabi-ra- (“to touch, whet; to stand close to one another”)

Mongolian: хавирах (xavirax, “to grind, whet”)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *kabi-ldu

Mongolian: хавилдуу (xavilduu, “close, nearby”)

Mongolian: хавьтах (xavʹtax, “to come up beside; to couple; to approach; to have a sexual intercourse”)


ōr-

Oghur:

Chuvash: вар (var)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (or), [Term?] (“oru”)

Turkish: or (dialect)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (or-)

Siberian:

Yakut: ороо (oroo)

Dolgan: ороо


tumagu

tumagu (nominative singular)
tumagular (nominative plural)
tumagunïŋ (genitive singular)
tumagularnïŋ (genitive plural)
tumaguka (dative singular)
tumagularka (dative plural)
tumaguda (locative singular)
tumagularda (locative plural)
tumagudan (ablative singular)
tumagulardan (ablative plural)
tumagularïn (instrumental plural)
tumaguča (equative singular)
tumagularča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: tumov

Ottoman Turkish: طوماغی (tumağı)

Turkish: dumağı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumağu)

Uzbek: tumov

Uyghur: تۇمۇ (tumu)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: томау (tomaw)

Bashkir: тымау (tımaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұмау (tūmau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тумоо (tumoo)

Southern Altai: тыму (tïmu), туму (tumu)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tumağu)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тумуу (tumuu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (dumaa)

Tofa: [script needed] (tumaa)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tımo)

From Proto-Turkic *tum (“cold”), *tuma- + *-gu. It seems that Proto-Turkic *tuma- created only to create *tumagu since the verb form is unattested.


keč-

Oghur:

Chuvash: каҫ (kaś)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kəçmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: keçmək, (South Azerbaijani) geçmək

Ottoman Turkish: گچمك (geçmek)

Turkish: geçmek

Gagauz: geçmää

Turkmen: geçmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (keç-)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كەچـ (kech-)

Uzbek: kechmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кисеү (kisew)

Tatar:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: кешу (keşu)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кечүү (kecüü)

Southern Altai: кечер (kečer)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰲 (kč)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (keç-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (keş-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: кэс (kes)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan: кежер (kejer)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (kiç-)

Shor:


kïŕ

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kız, “hot”)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kïŕïl (“red”)

Turkmen: gyzyl

Yakut: кыһыл (kıhıl)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kïŕ-ar- (“to become red”)

Karakhanid: قِزَرْماقْ (qïzarmāq)

Bashkir: ҡыҙарыу (qıźarıw)

Turkmen: gyzarmak

Yakut: кытар (kıtar)

Akin to *kï̄ŕ- (“to be red”). The root is not directly attested, therefore the meaning is obscure. However compare Proto-Turkic *kï̄r (“grey”) (Turkish kır (“grey”)), Proto-Mongolic *küri (“brown”) (cf. Mongolian хүрэн (xüren, “brown”)), Proto-Tungusic *xuri- (“grey”) (cf. Evenki урим (urim, “grey”)).


yï̄l-

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

→ Bashkir: шылғаҡ (şılğaq, “slippery”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yılmak

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (yılmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (yıl-)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылуу (jıluu)

Southern Altai: јыл- (ǰïl-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: сыыл (sııl)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (čɨl-)

Tuvan: [script needed] (čɨl-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (čɨl-)


kïlï̄č

kïlï̄č (nominative singular)
kïlï̄čïg (accusative singular)
kïlï̄čnï (accusative singular)
kïlï̄čnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïlï̄čka (dative singular)
kïlï̄čda (locative singular)
kïlï̄čdan (ablative singular)
kïlï̄čgaru (allative singular)
kïlï̄čïn (instrumental singular)
kïlï̄čča (equative singular)
kïlï̄člayu (singular)
kïlï̄člïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӗҫ (hĕś)

→ Proto-Permic: *kiś (see there for further descendants)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qılîç

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qılınc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قلج
Turkish: kılıç
→ Armenian: խըլըճ (xələč), կըլըջ (kələǰ), ղլիճ (ġlič)

Gagauz: kılıç

Salar: gılış

Turkmen: gylyç

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kılıç)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kılıç)

Uyghur: قىلىچ (qilich)

Uzbek: qilich

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡылыс (qılıs)

Tatar: кылыч (qılıç)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qılıç

Karachay-Balkar: къылыч (qılıç)

Karaim: къылыч

Kumyk: къылыч (qılıç)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: қылыш

Kazakh: қылыш (qylyş)

Nogai: кылыш (kılış)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кылыч (kılıc)

Southern Altai: кылыш (kïlïš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰶𐰃𐰞𐰲 (q̊²il¹č)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qılıç)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qılıš)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: кылыс (kılıs)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan: [script needed] (xılış)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хылыс (xılıs)

Shor: қылыш


korguĺčïn

korguĺčïn (nominative singular)
korguĺčïnïg (accusative singular)
korguĺčïnnï (accusative singular)
korguĺčïnnïŋ (genitive singular)
korguĺčïnka (dative singular)
korguĺčïnda (locative singular)
korguĺčïndan (ablative singular)
korguĺčïngaru (allative singular)
korguĺčïnïn (instrumental singular)
korguĺčïnča (equative singular)
korguĺčïnlayu (singular)
korguĺčïnlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *korguljin

Mongolian: хорголжин (xorgolžin)

Kalmyk: хорһлҗн (xorğljn)

→ Tuvan: коргулчун (korgulçun)

→ Southern Altai: корголјын (korgolǰïn)

→ Kamassian: корголджән (korgolʒ́ən)

Proto-Common Turkic: *qorɣušïn

Proto-Oghuz: *gorɣušun

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qurğuşun

Ottoman Turkish: قورشون (kurşun), قورشوم (kurşum)
Turkish: kurşun
Gagauz: kurşum
→ Armenian: խուռշին (xuṙšin)
→ Bulgarian: куршу́м (kuršúm)
→ Macedonian: куршум (kuršum)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ку̀ршум
Latin script: kùršum

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gurşun

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: قُرُغْژٖينْ

Karakhanid: قُرُغْژٖينْ

Chagatai: قرغشون (qorğašun)

Uzbek: qoʻrgʻoshin

Uyghur: قوغۇشۇن (qoghushun)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡурғаш (qurğaş)

Tatar: кургаш (qurgaş), кургашын (qurgaşın)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qurşun

Karachay-Balkar: къоргъашын (qorğaşın)

Karaim: коргъашын, korgašyn

Kumyk: къоргъашын (qorğaşın)

Kumyk: къоргъашын (qorğaşın)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: қорғасын

Kazakh: қорғасын (qorğasyn)

Nogai: коргасын (korgasın)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коргошун (korgoşun)

Southern Altai: коргожын (korgožïn)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хорғамҷыл

Khakas: хорғамҷыл

Shor: қорғачын (qorğačïn)


āŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӑн (ăn)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkmen: āň

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (aŋ)

Uzbek: ong

Kipchak:

Kipchak–Bulgar:

Bashkir: аң (añ)

Kipchak–Nogai:

Kazakh: аң (añ) (dialectal)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аң (aŋ)

āŋ-sïz-ïn

*āŋ-sïz (“mindless, foolish; without understanding, without intelligence”)

without understanding, without intelligence (inst.)


kāp

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَابْ (qap)

Azerbaijani: qab

Gagauz: kap (kab-)

Ottoman Turkish: قاب (kab)

Turkish: kap (kab-)

Salar: qap, qab

Turkmen: gāp (gāb-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qap)

Uyghur: قاپ (qap)

Uzbek: qop

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡап (qap)

Tatar: [script needed] (qap)

West-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qap

Kumyk: [script needed] (qap)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (qap)

Karaim: [script needed] (qap)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qap

Kazakh: қап (qap)

Nogai: [script needed] (qap)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кап (kap)

Southern Altai: кап (kap)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: kāp

Western Yugur: qap

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (qap)

Tofa: [script needed] (qap)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (qap)

Khakas: [script needed] (xap)

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 匣 (haep)
Compare to Proto-Mongolic *kabtaga(n) (“sack”). . Not to be confused with *kap- (“to close”).


teŕ-

Oghur:

Chuvash: тар (tar)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: təzmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: təzmək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: tezmek (dialectal)

Turkmen: tezmek, tez (“timid; not accustomed (for people); One side! Go away! (for animals)”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَزْماكْ (tezmēk)

Uyghur: تەزمەك (tezmek)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тезеер (tezeer, “to speak (fastly)”), тезер (tezer, “to run away”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰔 (t²z /tez-/)

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰔𐰃𐰏 (t²zig /tezig/)

Yakut: тэһии (tehii)

Dolgan: тэһии

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tez-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (des-)

Tuvan: [script needed] (des-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tis-)

→? Middle Persian: [script needed] (tyc /tēz/, “quick”)

Persian: تیز

→ Kazakh: тез (tez)

→ Kyrgyz: тез (tez)

→ Tatar: тиз (tiz)

→ Bashkir: тиҙ (tiź)

→ Uzbek: tez

→ Uyghur: تېز (tëz)

→ Crimean Tatar: tez

→ Uzbek: tez

→ Karaim: тэз

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tez)

Azerbaijani: tez

Ottoman Turkish: تیز (tez)

Turkish: tez

→ Middle Armenian: թէզ (tʻēz)

Armenian: թեզ (tʻez)

→ Turkmen: tīz

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *terk

Karakhanid: تَرْكْ (terk, “speed”)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *terkin

Common Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (terkin)

Karakhanid: تَرْكِنْ (terkin)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *tergi- (“to run away, flee”), Manchu [script needed] (čir, “quickly”).
Although the verb form is not used much in today's Turkic languages, it is frequently used in Old Turkic inscriptions. *qač- is never mentioned in two of the three Göktürk khaganate inscriptions, but tez- is mentioned in many. *teŕ- looks more archaic.

cog

tez-gek

who run away (adjective); Proto-Common Turkic


āgu

āgu (nominative singular)
āgular (nominative plural)
āgunïŋ (genitive singular)
āgularnïŋ (genitive plural)
āguka (dative singular)
āgularka (dative plural)
āguda (locative singular)
āgularda (locative plural)
āgudan (ablative singular)
āgulardan (ablative plural)
āgularïn (instrumental plural)
āguča (equative singular)
āgularča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ağı

Ottoman Turkish: اغو (ağu)

Turkish: ağı

East Oghuz:

Salar: ağu

Turkmen: āwy

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ağı)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: [script needed] (ɔɣu)

Uyghur: ئوغا (ogha), (obsolete) ئاغۇ (aghu)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ағыу (ağıw)

Tatar: агу (ağu)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (aɣu)

Karachay-Balkar: уу (uu)

Karaim: [script needed] (aɣu)

⇒ Kumyk: агъувлу (ağuwlu)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: [script needed] (ağu) (dialect), Kazakh: у (u)

Nogai: [script needed] (ağuw)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (ağu)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ağu)

Western Yugur: ağa

North Siberian:

Yakut: ыы (ıı)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: аа

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: оо (oo)

Perhaps related to Proto-Tungusic *gū (“poison”), compare Nanai гу (gu, “poison”).


orna-

Oghur:

Chuvash: вырнаҫ (vyrnaś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ornamak), [script needed] (ornatmak)

→? Turkish: ornamak, ornatmak

Salar: ornaş, ornat

Turkmen: ornamak, ornaşmak, ornatmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ornamaq), [script needed] (ornatmaq)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: o'rnatmoq

Kipchak:

South Siberian:

Caspian:

Kazakh: орнау (ornau), орнату (ornatu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Southern Altai: орно- (orno-), орнош- (ornoš-), орноштыр- (ornoštïr-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (orna-), [script needed] (ornan-)

From Proto-Turkic *orun + *-a, ultimately from Proto-Turkic *or-.


būta-

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: пăта (păta, “nail”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *būta-

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *būda-

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (buda-)

Azerbaijani: budamaq

Ottoman Turkish: بودامق (buda-)

Gagauz: budamaa

Turkish: budamak

Salar: budağusı

Turkmen: pūdamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: putamoq

Uyghur: [script needed] (putamaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (bota-)

Tatar: [script needed] (bota-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: бұтау (būtau)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бутоо (butoo)

Southern Altai: будаар (budaar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur:

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas:

Shor:


kapgak

kapgak (nominative singular)
kapgaklar (nominative plural)
kapgaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kapgaklarnïŋ (genitive plural)
kapgakka (dative singular)
kapgaklarka (dative plural)
kapgakta (locative singular)
kapgaklarda (locative plural)
kapgaktan (ablative singular)
kapgaklardan (ablative plural)
kapgaklarïn (instrumental plural)
kapgakča (equative singular)
kapgaklarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَپَاقْ (qapaq), قَاپَاقْ (qapaq)

Azerbaijani: qapaq

Gagauz: kapak

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قپاق (kapak), قاپاق (kapak), գափագ (kapak) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: kapak
→ Northern Kurdish: qepax, qapax
→ Albanian: kapak
→ Armenian: ղափաղ (ġapʻaġ), խափախ (xapʻax), կափաղ (kapʻaġ)
→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܩܲܦܲܚܬܵܐ (qappaḥtā)
→ Bulgarian: капак (kapak)
→ Greek: καπάκι (kapáki)
→ Macedonian: капак (kapak)
→ Romanian: capac
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: капак
Latin script: kapak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gapak

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: капкак (kapkak)

Southern Altai: какпак (kakpak)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qapɣaq, “cover”)

Uzbek: qopqoq

Uyghur: قاپقاق (qapqaq)


sōlï-

Oghur:

Chuvash: сывла (syvla)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

⇒ Azerbaijani: soluq

Ottoman Turkish: صولومق

Gagauz: solumaa

Turkish: solumak

⇒ Salar: solaq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (solu-)

Tatar: суларга (sularga)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (solu-)

Karaim: [script needed] (solu-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (solu-)

East Kipchak:

Caspian:

солығын басу

>? Kazakh: солық (solyq, “sperm”), солығын басу (solyğyn basu, “to stop crying”)

Nogai: [script needed] (solıq-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: соолыыр (soolïïr)

Siberian:

Yakut: уолуй (uoluy)


-rak

Oghur:

Chuvash: -рах (-rah), -рех (-reh)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: -راق (-raq)

Azerbaijani: -raq, -rək (archaic) as in yaxşıraq (“better”)

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: sarımtırak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: -rak, -räk

Salar: -raq, -rek

Karluk:

Uzbek: -roq

Uyghur: ـراق (-raq), ـرەك (-rek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -раҡ (-raq), -рәк (-rək)

Tatar: -рак (-raq), -рәк (-räk)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -раак (-raak), -рээк (-reek)

Southern Altai: -арык (-arïk), -ерик (-yerik), -ӧрик (-örik)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -рақ (-raq), -рек (-rek)

eskü (“old”) + *-rak → *eskürek (“older”)

tātlïg (“tasty”) + *-rak → *tātlïgrak (“tastier”)

Marks the comparative degree of adjectives. Equivalent to English -er.


bȫrü

bȫrü (nominative singular)
bȫrüüg (accusative singular)
bȫrüni (accusative singular)
bȫrünüŋ (genitive singular)
bȫrüke (dative singular)
bȫrüde (locative singular)
bȫrüden (ablative singular)
bȫrügerü (allative singular)
bȫrüün (instrumental singular)
bȫrüče (equative singular)
bȫrüleyü (singular)
bȫrülügü (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bö̂ri

Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: börü

Turkmen: böri

Salar: büri

Azerbaijani: böri

Karluk:

West Karluk:

Uzbek: boʻri

East Karluk:

Chagatai: بورى (böri)

Uyghur: بۆرە (böre)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karaim: bioriu

Kumyk: бёрю (börü)

Karachay-Balkar: бёрю (börü)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бөрү (börü)

Southern Altai: бӧрӱ (börü)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бүре (büre)

Tatar: бүре (büre)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: бөрі (börı)

Nogai: боьри (böri)

Karakalpak: bo'ri

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃 (böri)

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽳 (pwyrw /börü/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бөрө (börö)

Dolgan: бөрө

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: бөрү (börü)

Yenisei;

Shor: пӧрӱ (pörü)

Khakas: пӱӱр (püür)

Northern Altai: пӧри (pöri), бӧри (böri), мӱре (müre), мӱри (müri)


tǖr-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

⇒ Azerbaijani: dürmək

Ottoman Turkish: دورمك (dürmek)

Gagauz: dürmää

Turkish: dürmek

Salar: dürgüsi

Turkmen: düýrmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (türmek)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (tür-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төр- (tör-)

Tatar: төр- (tör-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: türiw

Kazakh: түру (türu)

Nogai: [script needed] (tür-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түрүү (türüü)

Southern Altai: тӱрер (türer)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: түүр (tüür)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (dür-)

Tuvan: [script needed] (dür-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tür-)

(Common Turkic, transitive) to fold, roll together


čākïr-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫухӑр (śuh̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: جَقْرِشْماقْ (çaqrışmâq)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çağırmaq

→ Khalaj: çağurmaq

Ottoman Turkish: چاغرمق (çağırmak)

Gagauz: çaarmaa

Turkish: çağırmak

Salar: çıqrağusı

Turkmen: çāgyrmak

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: چاقىرماق (chaqirmaq)

Uzbek: chaqirmoq

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шақыру (şaqyru)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Southern Altai: чакырар (čakïrar)

From *čā (“onomatopoetic word”) + *-kïr or *čar + *-kïr.
A Common Turkic word formed by a sound reflection; *čā ~ *čar + *-kïr. See related terms:
* *bā-kïr-
* *kē-kir-
* *ā-kïr-
* *tüp-kür-
In the words formed in this way, the voicing that should be in the Kipchaks does not occur.


sēk-

Oghur:

Chuvash: сик (sik)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: səkmək

Ottoman Turkish: سكمك (sekmek)

Turkish: sekmek

Turkmen: sekmek, sǟkdirmek

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *sēkri-

Oghuz: *sēkri-

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (segirmek), [script needed] (segrimek)

Azerbaijani: səyirmək, səyrimək

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (segirmek), [script needed] (segrimek)

Turkish: seğirmek, seğrimek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sekri-), [script needed] (sekriş-), [script needed] (sekrit-)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (säkrä-)

Uzbek: sakramoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һикереү (hikerew)

Tatar: [script needed] (siker-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (sekir-)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (sekir-)

Karaim: [script needed] (sekir-)

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: sekiriw

Kazakh: секіру (sekıru)

Nogai: [script needed] (sekir-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: секирер (sekirer)

Kyrgyz: секирүү (sekirüü)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: иккирее

Dolgan: иккирее

Yakut: иккирие (ikkiriye)

South Kipchak:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (segir-)

Shor: [script needed] (segri-)


lāčïn

desctree

Middle Mongol: ᠨᠠᠴᠢᠨ (način)
Mongolian: начин (način)
⇒ Manchu: ᠨᠠᠴᡳᠨ (nacin)
⇒ Tuvan: начин (naçin)
⇒ Korean: 난추니 (nanchuni)

Oghur:

Chuvash: лачӑм (lač̬ăm), лаччӑн (laččăn)

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: laçın

Turkish: laçın

Turkmen: laçyn

Karluk:

Karakhanid: لاچِنْ (lačin)

Uyghur: لاچىن (lachin)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ыласын (ılasın)

Tatar: лачын (laçın)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: лачын (laçın)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: лашын (laşyn)

Nogai: лашын (laşın)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ылаачын (ılaacın)

Southern Altai: ылаачын (ïlaačïn)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Shor: лачын (laçın)

The ultimate origin is unknown but thought to be external, due to the initial consonant /l/ being untypical for native Turkic lexicon. The source is believed to be other than Mongolic, since the areas where the term occurs is untypical for Mongolic borrowings in Turkic. Mongolian начин (način) is considered to be a borrowing from Turkic itself, whereas Tuvan начин (naçin) is a back-loan from Mongolian. Clauson believes the source to be ultimately Tokharian.
Nishanyan proposes a derivation from Proto-Turkic *ala + *-čin by apheresis.


sa(r)pan

Oghur: *sarpan

desc

Chuvash: сурпан (surp̬an, “plough breast”)

Khazar:

→? Kumyk: сарапан (sarapan, “plough breast”)

Oghuz: *sāban

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sapan

Ottoman Turkish: صبان (saban)

Turkish: saban

Salar: sovan

Turkmen: sāwan (dialect)

Karluk: *sapan

Karakhanid: سَبَنْ (saban/sapan)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ساپان (sapan)

Kipchak: *saban

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һабан (haban)

Tatar: сабан (saban)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (saban)

Karaim: [script needed] (saban)

Kumyk: сабан (saban)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: сабан (saban)

Nogai: [script needed] (saban)

Not to be confused with Proto-Turkic *sapan.


sö-

Proto-Turkic: *sömek (“word, speech”)

Chuvash: сӑмах (sămah)

desctree

Proto-Turkic: *söŕ (“word, speech”)
Arghu
Khalaj: söz
Oghuz
West Oghuz
Old Anatolian Turkish: سوز (söz)
Azerbaijani: söz
Gagauz: söz
Ottoman Turkish: سوز (söz)
Turkish: söz
East Oghuz
Turkmen: söz
Salar
Salar: söz
Karluk
East Karluk
Chagatai: سوز (söz)
Uyghur: سۆز (söz)
West Karluk
Uzbek:
Cyrillic script: сўз (soʻz)
Latin script: soʻz
Kipchak
Kipchak-Ural
Bashkir: һүҙ (hüź)
Tatar:
Cyrillic script: сүз (süz)
Latin script: süz
West Kipchak
Crimean Tatar: söz
Karachay-Balkar: сёз (söz)
Karaim:
Latin script: söz
Cyrillic script: сӧз
Kumyk: сёз (söz)
Kipchak-Nogai
Karakalpak: sóz
Kazakh: сөз (söz)
Nogai: соьз (söz)
Kyrgyz-Kipcak
Kyrgyz: сөз (söz)
Southern Altai: сӧс (sös)
Siberian
Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰇𐰔 (söz)
South Siberian
Yenissei Turkic
Khakas: сӧс
Shor: сӧс (sös)
Sayan Turkic
Soyot сөс (sös)
Tuvan: сөс (sös)
North Siberian
Dolgan: өс (ös)
Yakut: өс (ös)

Proto-Turkic: *sörčük, *sörček (“short story”)

desc

Karakhanid: سُرْجُكْ (sörčük, “a story told at night”)

Oghuz: سُرْجَكْ (sörček, “a story told at night”)

word, speech; short story; to say; to start a conversation, to mutter, to mention; to make talk; 1. to chat, to talk 2. to contract


čï̄pïn

Oghuz: čï̄pïn

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çibin

Ottoman Turkish: جبین (cibin)

Turkish: cibin

Salar: cüyin, cüvin

Turkmen: çȳbyn

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Chagatai: چیبین (çibin)

Uyghur: چىۋىن (chiwin)

Uzbek: chivin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: чебен (çeben)

→ Udmurt: чибинь (ćibiń, “mosquito”)

Kipchak–Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: чибин (çibin), çibin

Karachay-Balkar: чибин (çibin)

Karaim: чибинь (çibin), чыбын (çıbın)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чымын (cımın)

Southern Altai: чымын (čïmïn)


yāpa

Oghuz: *yāpa

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaba

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: yaba

Turkish: yaba

Salar: yova

Turkmen: ýāba

Kipchak: *yaba

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: jaba

Kazakh: жаба (jaba)


art-

Oghur:

Chuvash:

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (art-)

Azerbaijani: artmaq

Ottoman Turkish: آرتمق (artmak)

Turkish: artmak

Gagauz: artmaa

⇒ Salar: attuq

Turkmen: artmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (artmaq)

Uzbek: ortmoq

Uyghur: ئارتماق (artmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: артыу (artıw)

Tatar: арту (artu)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: artmak

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: артуу (artuu)

Southern Altai: артар (artar)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (art-)

Kazakh: арту (artu)

Siberian:

North Siberian

Yakut: орт (ort)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: артарға (artarğa)


tẹ

tẹ (nominative singular)
tẹni (accusative singular)
tẹniŋ (genitive singular)
tẹŋe (dative singular)
tẹnte (locative singular)
tẹnten (ablative singular)
tẹŋerü (allative singular)
tẹn (instrumental singular)
tẹnče (equative singular)
tẹnleyü (singular)
tẹnligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: те (te)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Turkish: (dialectal) te

Gagauz: te

East Oghuz:

Salar: düğü, tüü

Turkmen: şütki, şütüki, bitiki

Kipchak:

Cuman: [script needed] (tigi)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: теге (tege)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: [script needed] (tigi) (dialectal)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тиги (tigi)

Southern Altai: тиги (tigi), ту (tu)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ити (iti)

Yakut: ити (iti)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: тээ (tee)

Tuvan: дөө (döö)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: теге (tege, “so, thus”)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *te (“that”), Proto-Tungusic *ta- (“that”), Proto-Uralic *tä (“that”). Compare also modern Mongolian тэр (ter) and Evenki тар (tar).
Some of the descendants point to a derivation *tẹ + *-ki. The reasoning for rounding in some forms is uncertain.


kǖd-

kǖdmek (infinitive)
kǖdgen (participle present)
kǖdügme (participle present)
kǖder (participle present)
kǖddük (participle past)
kǖdmiš (participle past)
kǖddeči (future participle)
kǖdmekči (future participle)
kǖdsik (future participle)
kǖdeček (future participle)
kǖdme (noun-from-verb)
kǖdüg (noun-from-verb)
kǖdgü (noun-from-verb)
kǖdüš (adverbial)
kǖder ben (aorist indicative singular)
kǖder sen (aorist indicative singular)
kǖder (aorist indicative singular)
kǖder biz (aorist indicative plural)
kǖder siz (aorist indicative plural)
kǖder (aorist indicative plural)
kǖddüm (indicative past singular)
kǖddüŋ (indicative past singular)
kǖddi (indicative past singular)
kǖddük (indicative past plural)
kǖddümüz (indicative past plural)
kǖddüŋüz (indicative past plural)
kǖddi (indicative past plural)
kǖdmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kǖdmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kǖdmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
kǖdmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kǖdmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kǖdmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
kǖddeči ben (future indicative singular)
kǖdmekči ben (future indicative singular)
kǖdeček ben (future indicative singular)
kǖddeči sen (future indicative singular)
kǖdmekči sen (future indicative singular)
kǖdeček sen (future indicative singular)
kǖddeči (future indicative singular)
kǖdmekči (future indicative singular)
kǖdeček (future indicative singular)
kǖddeči biz (future indicative plural)
kǖdmekči biz (future indicative plural)
kǖdeček biz (future indicative plural)
kǖddeči siz (future indicative plural)
kǖdmekči siz (future indicative plural)
kǖdeček siz (future indicative plural)
kǖddeči (future indicative plural)
kǖdmekči (future indicative plural)
kǖdeček (future indicative plural)
kǖdgey ben (future indicative singular)
kǖdgey sen (future indicative singular)
kǖdgey (future indicative singular)
kǖdgey biz (future indicative plural)
kǖdgey siz (future indicative plural)
kǖdgey (future indicative plural)
kǖdsüküm (future indicative singular)
kǖdsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
kǖdsük (future indicative singular)
kǖdsükümüz (future indicative plural)
kǖdsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
kǖdsük (future indicative plural)
kǖdsem (conditional singular)
kǖdser ben (conditional singular)
kǖdseŋ (conditional singular)
kǖdser sen (conditional singular)
kǖdse (conditional singular)
kǖdser (conditional singular)
kǖdsek (conditional plural)
kǖdsemiz (conditional plural)
kǖdser biz (conditional plural)
kǖdseŋiz (conditional plural)
kǖdser siz (conditional plural)
kǖdseler (conditional plural)
kǖdser (conditional plural)
kǖdgey ben (optative singular)
kǖdgey sen (optative singular)
kǖdgey (optative singular)
kǖdgey biz (optative plural)
kǖdgey siz (optative plural)
kǖdgey (optative plural)
kǖdmekde ben (progressive singular)
kǖdmekde sen (progressive singular)
kǖdmekde (progressive singular)
kǖdmekde biz (plural progressive)
kǖdmekde siz (plural progressive)
kǖdmekde (plural progressive)
kǖdmelig ben (necessitative singular)
kǖdmelig sen (necessitative singular)
kǖdmelig (necessitative singular)
kǖdmelig biz (necessitative plural)
kǖdmelig siz (necessitative plural)
kǖdmelig (necessitative plural)
kǖdeyin (imperative singular)
kǖd (imperative singular)
kǖdgil (imperative singular)
kǖdzün (imperative singular)
kǖdelim (imperative plural)
kǖdüŋ (imperative plural)
kǖdzün (imperative plural)
kǖdmemek (infinitive negative)
kǖdmegen (negative participle present)
kǖdmegme (negative participle present)
kǖdmez (negative participle present)
kǖdmedük (negative participle past)
kǖdmemiš (negative participle past)
kǖdmeči (future negative participle)
kǖdmesik (future negative participle)
kǖdmeyeček (future negative participle)
kǖdmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
kǖdmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
kǖdmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
kǖdmeyüš (adverbial negative)
kǖdmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kǖdmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kǖdmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
kǖdmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kǖdmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kǖdmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
kǖdmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
kǖdmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kǖdmedi (indicative negative past singular)
kǖdmedük (indicative negative past plural)
kǖdmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
kǖdmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
kǖdmedi (indicative negative past plural)
kǖdmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kǖdmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kǖdmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kǖdmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kǖdmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kǖdmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kǖdmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmeči (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmeči (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmegey (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmegey (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmesük (future indicative negative singular)
kǖdmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmesük (future indicative negative plural)
kǖdmesem (conditional negative singular)
kǖdmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
kǖdmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
kǖdmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
kǖdmese (conditional negative singular)
kǖdmeser (conditional negative singular)
kǖdmesek (conditional negative plural)
kǖdmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
kǖdmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
kǖdmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
kǖdmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
kǖdmeseler (conditional negative plural)
kǖdmeser (conditional negative plural)
kǖdmegey ben (negative optative singular)
kǖdmegey sen (negative optative singular)
kǖdmegey (negative optative singular)
kǖdmegey biz (negative optative plural)
kǖdmegey siz (negative optative plural)
kǖdmegey (negative optative plural)
kǖdmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
kǖdmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
kǖdmemekde (negative progressive singular)
kǖdmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
kǖdmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
kǖdmemekde (negative plural progressive)
kǖdmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
kǖdmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
kǖdmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
kǖdmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
kǖdmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
kǖdmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
kǖdmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
kǖdme (imperative negative singular)
kǖdmegil (imperative negative singular)
kǖdmezün (imperative negative singular)
kǖdmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
kǖdmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
kǖdmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӗт (kĕt, “to wait; to graze”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: كوُذْماكْ (kǖδmēk, “to wait; to graze”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: كویمك (güymek, “to wait”), كوتمك (gütmek, “to graze”)

Azerbaijani: güdmək (“to graze”)

Gagauz: gütmää (“to graze”)

Ottoman Turkish: كویمك (güymek, “to wait”), كوتمك (gütmek, “to graze”)

Turkish: gütmek (“to graze”), güymek (“to wait”) (dial.)

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: güygüsi (“to wait”), gütgüsi (“to graze”)

East Oghuz:

⇒ Turkmen: güýmemek (“to amuse”), güýmenmek (“to amuse”), güýmen-süýmen etmek (“to amuse”), göze güýdüşmek (“to steal secretly”), güýdüşik (“foolish”)

Karluk:

كوُتُّرْماكْ

Karakhanid: كوُتُّرْماكْ (kǖttürmēk, “to make graze”)

Uyghur: [script needed] (kütmek)

Uzbek: kutmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көтөү (kötöw)

Tatar: көтергә (kötergä), көйергә (köyergä)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: кютерге (küterge)

Karaim: кӱт (küt-), кӱтӱ (kütü-)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: kütüw, küyüw

Kazakh: күту (kütu)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӱдер (küder), кӱйер (küyer)

Kyrgyz: күйүү (küyüü), күтүү (kütüü)

Kyrgyz: күйүү (küyüü), күтүү (kütüü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: kwyt- (küt-), kwyd- (küd-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: күүт

Yakut: күүт (küüt)

South Siberian:

Yeniseian Turkic:

⇒ Khakas: кӱзедерге (küzederge)

From *kǖ- (“to wait; to wait for”) + *-d.
However, the exact morphological nature of some of the descendants with final -t are uncertain. There have been multiple theories:
* Clauson and Nishanyan suggest that they are simply variants of *kǖd-.
* Nishanyan also suggests a backformation from a past form *kǖtti, compare the causative form *kǖttür- (“to make wait; to make graze”).
* EDAL and Nishanyan also suggest a derivation *kǖd- + *-üt-.
* ESTJa suggests a derivation *kǖ- + *-t-.


kǖ-

kǖmek (infinitive)
kǖgen (participle present)
kǖgme (participle present)
kǖr (participle present)
kǖdük (participle past)
kǖmiš (participle past)
kǖdeči (future participle)
kǖmekči (future participle)
kǖsik (future participle)
kǖyeček (future participle)
kǖme (noun-from-verb)
kǖg (noun-from-verb)
kǖgü (noun-from-verb)
kǖš (adverbial)
kǖr ben (aorist indicative singular)
kǖr sen (aorist indicative singular)
kǖr (aorist indicative singular)
kǖr biz (aorist indicative plural)
kǖr siz (aorist indicative plural)
kǖr (aorist indicative plural)
kǖdüm (indicative past singular)
kǖdüŋ (indicative past singular)
kǖdi (indicative past singular)
kǖdük (indicative past plural)
kǖdümüz (indicative past plural)
kǖdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
kǖdi (indicative past plural)
kǖmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kǖmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kǖmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
kǖmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kǖmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kǖmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
kǖdeči ben (future indicative singular)
kǖmekči ben (future indicative singular)
kǖyeček ben (future indicative singular)
kǖdeči sen (future indicative singular)
kǖmekči sen (future indicative singular)
kǖyeček sen (future indicative singular)
kǖdeči (future indicative singular)
kǖmekči (future indicative singular)
kǖyeček (future indicative singular)
kǖdeči biz (future indicative plural)
kǖmekči biz (future indicative plural)
kǖyeček biz (future indicative plural)
kǖdeči siz (future indicative plural)
kǖmekči siz (future indicative plural)
kǖyeček siz (future indicative plural)
kǖdeči (future indicative plural)
kǖmekči (future indicative plural)
kǖyeček (future indicative plural)
kǖgey ben (future indicative singular)
kǖgey sen (future indicative singular)
kǖgey (future indicative singular)
kǖgey biz (future indicative plural)
kǖgey siz (future indicative plural)
kǖgey (future indicative plural)
kǖsüküm (future indicative singular)
kǖsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
kǖsük (future indicative singular)
kǖsükümüz (future indicative plural)
kǖsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
kǖsük (future indicative plural)
kǖsem (conditional singular)
kǖser ben (conditional singular)
kǖseŋ (conditional singular)
kǖser sen (conditional singular)
kǖse (conditional singular)
kǖser (conditional singular)
kǖsek (conditional plural)
kǖsemiz (conditional plural)
kǖser biz (conditional plural)
kǖseŋiz (conditional plural)
kǖser siz (conditional plural)
kǖseler (conditional plural)
kǖser (conditional plural)
kǖgey ben (optative singular)
kǖgey sen (optative singular)
kǖgey (optative singular)
kǖgey biz (optative plural)
kǖgey siz (optative plural)
kǖgey (optative plural)
kǖmekde ben (progressive singular)
kǖmekde sen (progressive singular)
kǖmekde (progressive singular)
kǖmekde biz (plural progressive)
kǖmekde siz (plural progressive)
kǖmekde (plural progressive)
kǖmelig ben (necessitative singular)
kǖmelig sen (necessitative singular)
kǖmelig (necessitative singular)
kǖmelig biz (necessitative plural)
kǖmelig siz (necessitative plural)
kǖmelig (necessitative plural)
kǖyeyin (imperative singular)
kǖ (imperative singular)
kǖgil (imperative singular)
kǖzün (imperative singular)
kǖyelim (imperative plural)
kǖyüŋ (imperative plural)
kǖzün (imperative plural)
kǖmemek (infinitive negative)
kǖmegen (negative participle present)
kǖmegme (negative participle present)
kǖmez (negative participle present)
kǖmedük (negative participle past)
kǖmemiš (negative participle past)
kǖmeči (future negative participle)
kǖmesik (future negative participle)
kǖmeyeček (future negative participle)
kǖmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
kǖmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
kǖmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
kǖmeš (adverbial negative)
kǖmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kǖmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kǖmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
kǖmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kǖmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kǖmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
kǖmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
kǖmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kǖmedi (indicative negative past singular)
kǖmedük (indicative negative past plural)
kǖmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
kǖmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
kǖmedi (indicative negative past plural)
kǖmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kǖmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kǖmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kǖmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kǖmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kǖmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kǖmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmeči (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmeči (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmegey (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmegey (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmesük (future indicative negative singular)
kǖmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmesük (future indicative negative plural)
kǖmesem (conditional negative singular)
kǖmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
kǖmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
kǖmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
kǖmese (conditional negative singular)
kǖmeser (conditional negative singular)
kǖmesek (conditional negative plural)
kǖmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
kǖmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
kǖmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
kǖmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
kǖmeseler (conditional negative plural)
kǖmeser (conditional negative plural)
kǖmegey ben (negative optative singular)
kǖmegey sen (negative optative singular)
kǖmegey (negative optative singular)
kǖmegey biz (negative optative plural)
kǖmegey siz (negative optative plural)
kǖmegey (negative optative plural)
kǖmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
kǖmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
kǖmemekde (negative progressive singular)
kǖmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
kǖmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
kǖmemekde (negative plural progressive)
kǖmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
kǖmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
kǖmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
kǖmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
kǖmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
kǖmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
kǖmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
kǖme (imperative negative singular)
kǖmegil (imperative negative singular)
kǖmezün (imperative negative singular)
kǖmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
kǖmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
kǖmezün (imperative negative plural)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kǖ-

Oghuz:

>? Turkmen: güýmemek

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: kwy- (kü-)

The existence of this verb is uncertain, as it is only attested in Old Uyghur.
Clauson instead suggests that this is the root for *kǖg (“fame”).


teŋ

teŋ (nominative singular)
teŋig (accusative singular)
teŋni (accusative singular)
teŋniŋ (genitive singular)
teŋke (dative singular)
teŋde (locative singular)
teŋden (ablative singular)
teŋgerü (allative singular)
teŋin (instrumental singular)
teŋče (equative singular)
teŋleyü (singular)
teŋligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тан (tan)

Proto-Common Turkic: *teŋ

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: دَكْ (däŋ)

Azerbaijani: tən

Gagauz: denk, den, deng

Ottoman Turkish: دنك (denk)

Turkish: denk

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: deň

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (ting)

Uyghur: تەڭ (teng)

Uzbek: teng

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тиң (tiñ)

Tatar: тиң (tiñ)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тең (teŋ)

Southern Altai: теҥ (teŋ)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тең (teñ)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: тенг (teñ)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тэҥ (teñ)

Yakut: тэҥ (teñ)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: дең (deñ)

Yenisei:

Shor: тең (teñ)

Khakas: тең (teñ)

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 等 (təŋX, “equal”).


küntüŕ

Related to Proto-Turkic *kün (“day, sun”).


küntüŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑнтӑр (kănt̬ăr, “south”)

Khazar: [Term?] (“Kündür”) (A title name)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kündüz

Proto-Oghuz: *gündüz

West Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: كوندوز (gündüz), كوندز (gündüz), كندوز (gündüz)
Azerbaijani: gündüz
Gagauz: gündüz
Ottoman Turkish: كوندوز, كوندز (gündüz)
Turkish: gündüz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gündiz

Salar: güntiz

Karluk:

Uyghur: كۈندۈز (kündüz)

Uzbek: kunduz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көндөҙ (köndöź)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: күндіз (kündız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: күндүз (kündüz)

Southern Altai: кӱндӱс (kündüs)

desc

⇒ Southern Altai: Кӱндӱс-Каан (Kündüs-Kaan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔 (küntüz)

North Siberian:

Yakut: күнүс (künüs)

South Siberian:

Khakas: кӱндӱс (kündüs)

Tuvan: хүндүс (xündüs)


töle-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: دولنمك (dölenmek)

Ottoman Turkish: دولنمك (dölenmek), [script needed] (dölendirmek)

Turkish: dölenmek, döletmek, döleşmek, dölendirmek (dialect)

→⇒ Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (köngül dölenmegi, “tranquility of heart”)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *tölek

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 387

Oghuz: تُلَكْ (“tölek”)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: دولك

Turkish: dölek

→ Chagatai: [script needed] (tölek)

→ Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (tölek)

→? Chuvash: тӳлек (tülek)

Cognate with Proto-Mongolic *döligen. Compare also Evenki дулумкӯн (dulumkūn, “quite”).


töle-

Oghuz: تُلاماكْ

Old Anatolian Turkish:

⇒ Azerbaijani: döllək (dialect)

From Proto-Turkic *töl, related to Turkmen döl.


-āčak

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -acaq, -əcək, -yacaq, -yəcək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -acak, -ecek, -yacak, -yecek

Turkmen: -jak, -jek

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: -асаҡ (-asaq), -әсәк (-əsək), -ясаҡ (-yasaq), -ясәк (-yasək)

Tatar: -ачак (-açaq), -әчәк (-äçäk), -ячак (-yaçaq), -ячәк (-yaçäk)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: -ажакъ (-ajaq), -ежек (-yejek), -жакъ (-jaq), -жек (-jek)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: -ajaq, -ejek, -jaq, -jek

q

Kazakh: -шақ (-şaq), -шек (-şek), -ашақ (-aşaq), -ешек (-eşek) (obsolete, only survives as a non-productive suffix at some nouns)

desc

Nogai: -ек (-yek), -як (-yak), -аяк (-ayak), -еек (-yeek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: -чак (-čak), -чек (-ček)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: -ыах (-ıaq)

(Common Turkic) Future tense participle.


čōk

Oghuz: جُوقْ (çōk, “vile, hooligan”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: چُوقْ (çoq)

Azerbaijani: çox

Gagauz: çok, çoyu

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چوق (çok)
Turkish: çok (çoğ-)
→ Crimean Tatar: çoq
→ Karaim: čok

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

desc

Kazakh: шоқ (şoq, “vile, hooligan, many, a lot”) (dialectal)

Karakalpak: shoq (“vile, hooligan”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чок (cok)

⇒ Southern Altai: чогулар (čogular)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (šoɣ, “vile, hooligan”)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (sox, “vile, hooligan”)

Oghuz, Gagauz and Turkish point to a long vowel.


kōnč

Proto-Common Turkic: *kōnč

→ Chuvash: кунча (kunč̬a)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qunc

Ottoman Turkish: قونج (ḳonc)

Gagauz: konç (konc-)

Turkish: konç (konc-)

Turkmen: gonç (gōnj-)

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قونچ (qonch)

Uzbek: qoʻnj

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: куныч (qunıç), qunıç

West Kipchak:

Karaim: конч (konč)

Kumyk: хонч (xonç)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qonış

Kazakh: қоныш (qonyş)

Nogai: коныш (konış)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: конч (konc)

Southern Altai: коныч (konïč)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaŋč)

Shor: қош (qoš)


īl-

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: йӑлӑ (jălă), йӑлмак (jălmak)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

⇒ Azerbaijani: ilmək (noun)

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: ilmek

⇒ Turkish: ilmek (noun)

Salar: ilgüsi

Turkmen: īlmek

Kipchak

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ілу (ılu)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: илүү (ilüü)

Southern Altai: илер (iler)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: иил (iil)

(transitive) to catch, hold (using hand, hook, noose etc.)

(transitive) to hang (something from something else)


čalpmur

čalpmur (nominative singular)
čalpmurug (accusative singular)
čalpmurnï (accusative singular)
čalpmurnuŋ (genitive singular)
čalpmurka (dative singular)
čalpmurda (locative singular)
čalpmurdan (ablative singular)
čalpmurgaru (allative singular)
čalpmurun (instrumental singular)
čalpmurča (equative singular)
čalpmurlayu (singular)
čalpmurlugu (comitative singular)
*čamur (alternative)

Arghu:

Khalaj: çamur

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çamır

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: çamur

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: çamur

From *čalpa- (“to muddle”) + *-mur (cf. *čalpaŋ (“mud”), *čalpak (“filth”)). Became *čamur due to the simplification of the consonant cluster *-lpm-.
Doerfer instead suggests a derivation from *čam-, an unattested earlier version of *čom- (“to sink”).


āŋla-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӑнла (ănla)

Common Turkic:

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 290

Oghuz: اَنْكْلاماقْ (añlamaq, “to understand”)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: anlamaq

→ Khalaj: anglamaq

Ottoman Turkish: آڭلامق

Gagauz: annamaa

Turkish: anlamak

Salar: añnağusı (“to listen”)

Turkmen: āňlamak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аңлау (añlaw)

Tatar: аңлау (añlaw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: ангыларгъа (añılarğa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: аңдау (añdau)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аңдоо (aŋdoo)

Southern Altai: оҥдоор (oŋdoor)

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئاڭلىماق (anglimaq, “to hear”)

Uzbek: anglamoq

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (aŋla-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (aŋna-, “to hear”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: [script needed] (aŋlaa-, “to discern”) (dial.)

From *āŋ (“intelligence”) + *-la (“denominal suffix”).

suffix

(transitive) to understand, hear, discern


köń-

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: кӳ (kü, “strong smell of burnt”), кӗв (kĕv, “strong smell of burnt”), кӗвҫӗк (kĕvśĕk, “unpleasant (about smell)”), кӗвҫек (kĕvśek, “unpleasant (about smell)”)

Common Turkic:

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume II, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 30

Argu: كُنْماكْ (könmēk)

Khalaj: könmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كوينمك (göyünmek, göyinmek), كويندرمك (göyindürmek), كویمك (göymek), [Term?], [script needed] (göynümek)

⇒ Azerbaijani: göynəmək

Ottoman Turkish: كوينمك (göyünmek), كويندرمك (göyündürmek), گویمك (göymek), [Term?], [script needed] (göynümek)

Turkish: göynümek, (dialectal) göymek

Salar: köygüsi

Turkmen: köýmek

Karluk:

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 246

Karakhanid: كُيْماكْ (köymek)

Chagatai: كویماك (köymak, küymak)

Uyghur: كۆيمەك (köymek)

Uzbek: kuymoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күйөү (küyöw)

Tatar: күйү (küyü)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (küy-)

Karaim: [script needed] (küy-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (güy-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (küyiv)

Kazakh: күю (küü)

Nogai: [script needed] (küy-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: күйүү (küyüü)

Southern Altai: кӱйер (küyer)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (köy-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (xöö, “strong smell of burnt”)

Tuvan: хөө (xöö, “strong smell of burnt”)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (köy-)

Khakas: [script needed] (köy-)

Perhaps related to Proto-Mongolic *köge (“soot, hindrance”) and Ket куʼ (kuˀ, “coal, soot”). Whether Turkic verb is from Yeniseian or the inverse is not clear.


yāyïn

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫуйӑн (śujăn)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاین (yayın), یایین (yayın)
Turkish: yayın
→ Armenian: յայըն (yayən)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йәйен (yəyen)

Tatar: җәен (cäyen)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yayın

Kumyk: яйын (yayın)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жайын (jaiyn)

Nogai: яйын (yayın)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жайын (jayın)

Southern Altai: јайын (ǰayïn)


yāyïn

Oghuz:

Salar: yiyin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йәйен (yəyen)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жайын (jayın)

Southern Altai: јайын (ǰayïn)

Siberian:

Dolgan: һайын

Yakut: сайын (sayın)

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰖𐰣 (y¹y¹n¹ /yayın/)

Tuvan: чайын (çayın)

From *yāy (“summer”) + *-ïn (“instrumental suffix”).


-čin

bālïk (“fish”) + *-čin → *bālïkčïn (“fish-eating bird”).

Forms names of predators and birds from verbs or nouns.

buruččun

a type of bird that has the same height as pigeons, red-feathered and flat-beaked

čamurčun

a type of little duck that lives in swamps and lakes; Anas crecca


kïŋrak

kïŋrak (nominative singular)
kïŋrakïg (accusative singular)
kïŋraknï (accusative singular)
kïŋraknïŋ (genitive singular)
kïŋrakka (dative singular)
kïŋrakda (locative singular)
kïŋrakdan (ablative singular)
kïŋrakgaru (allative singular)
kïŋrakïn (instrumental singular)
kïŋrakča (equative singular)
kïŋraklayu (singular)
kïŋraklïgu (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kïŋgar

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قنكراق (kïŋra:k)

desc

Uyghur: [script needed] (kïŋrak, “wide blade knife”)

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыңырак (kıŋırak)

Southern Altai: кыҥырак (kïŋïrak)

Usually considered to be from *kïŋra- (“to cut crookedly”) + *-k, Nişanyan on the other hand compares it with Sogdian 𐼶𐼻𐼲𐽀 (xnɣr, “dagger, sword”) + *-ak (“diminutive suffix”) and suggests a borrowing. According to Hirth, it is the oldest written Turkic word, possibly attested as Old Chinese 徑路 (*king-lak, “the ceremonial sword of the Xiongnu”) in Ts'ien Han Shu (47 BCE).


küńe

küńe (nominative singular)
küńeig (accusative singular)
küńeni (accusative singular)
küńeniŋ (genitive singular)
küńeke (dative singular)
küńede (locative singular)
küńeden (ablative singular)
küńegerü (allative singular)
küńein (instrumental singular)
küńeče (equative singular)
küńeleyü (singular)
küńeligü (comitative singular)
*kuńa (alternative)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӗве (kĕve)

Common Turkic: *küye

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көйә (köyə)

Tatar: көя (köya)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: күйе (küie)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӱйе (küye)

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (küyä)

Uzbek: kuya

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: güvə

Gagauz: güvä

Ottoman Turkish: گوگه (güğe, güve)

Turkish: güve

East Oghuz:

Salar: güye

Turkmen: güýe

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: көйүүр (köyüür)


sï̄gun

Common Turkic: *sïgun

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sığın

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: صیغین (sığın)
Turkish: sığın

Turkmen: sūgun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سيٖغُنْ (sïːğun)

Chagatai: [script needed] (sïgun)

Uzbek: suygun

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: суун (suun)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: суын (suyn)

Karakalpak: suwın

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sïgun)

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰃𐰍𐰆𐰣 (sïgun)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: сыын (sıın)

Yenisei:

Khakas: сыын (sıın)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (soğun)

Possibly from *sïg- (“an ancient verb”) + *-un if related to *sïgïr (“cattle”).


bīrle

From *bīr (“one”) + *-le (“adverbial suffix”). Also akin to *birge and *birče with similar meaning.


bīrle

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: пӗрле (pĕrle, “together”), -пе (-pe), -па (-pa)

Common Turkic: *birle

Arghu:

Khalaj: bilə, -la, -lə

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bile (“together”), *-ile, *-ïla (“with”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایله (ile), اِیلَنْ (ilen), بیله (bile), برله (birle), ـله (-ile, -ıla)

Azerbaijani: belə (“even”), ilə, -la, -lə, ilən, -nən, -nan (“with”)

Gagauz: bilä (“together”), -län, -lan (“with”)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ایله (ile), برله (birle), بیله (bile), ایلن (ilen), ـله (-le, -la)
Turkish: ile, -le, bile, (dialectal) -len

Salar: bili (“together”), -la (“with”)

Turkmen: bilen (“together; with”)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: [script needed] (birlä, bilä)

Chagatai: بلن, برلە (bilän, birlä)

Uyghur: بىلەن (bilen)

Uzbek: bilan

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: менән (menən)

Tatar: белән (belän)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ile

Karachay-Balkar: бла (bla)

Kumyk: булан (bulan)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: менен

Kazakh: мен (men)

Nogai: мен (men)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: менен (menen)

Southern Altai: мынаҥ (mïnaŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (birle)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (birlä)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: -биле (-bile), биле (bile)

Western Yugur: pli


kïsrak

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: قِسْراقْ (qïsra:q, “unprolific animal”)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qısraq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیصراق (kısrak), قسراق (kısrak)
Turkish: kısrak
→ Armenian: խըսրախ (xəsrax), կըսրախ (kəsrax), ղըսրաղ (ġəsraġ)

Salar: qısıraq

Turkmen: gysyrak

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: قِسْراقْ (qïsra:q, “young unprolific animal”)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қысырақ (qysyraq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кысырак (kısırak)

Southern Altai: кузарак (kuzarak)

From *kïsïr (“unprolific”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).


kïsïr

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qısır

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: قصیر (qısır)
Azerbaijani: qısır
Gagauz: kısır
Ottoman Turkish: قیصیر (kısır), قصر (kısır), قصیر (kısır)
Turkish: kısır
→ Armenian: խըսըր (xəsər)

Turkmen: gysyr

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: قِسِرْ (qïsïr, “woman or animal that does not give birth”)

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 364

Uyghur: قىسىر (qisir)

Uzbek: qisir

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қысыр (qysyr)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кысыр (kısır)

Southern Altai: кызыр (kïzïr, “barren”)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: кысыр (qısır), qısır

From Proto-Turkic *kïs- + *-ïr, according to Clauson.