sač

sač (nominative singular)
sačïg (accusative singular)
sačnï (accusative singular)
sačnïŋ (genitive singular)
sačka (dative singular)
sačda (locative singular)
sačdan (ablative singular)
sačgaru (allative singular)
sačïn (instrumental singular)
sačča (equative singular)
sačlayu (singular)
sačlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: *čuč/*suč

Chuvash: ҫӳҫ (śüś)

→ Bashkir: сүс (süs, “fiber, filament”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu: *sač

Khalaj: saç

Oghuz: *sač

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: saç

Ottoman Turkish: صاچ

Gagauz: saç

Turkish: saç

Salar: saş

Turkmen: saç

Karluk: *sač

Karakhanid: سَجْ (sač)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: چاچ (chach)

Uzbek: soch

Kypchak: *čač

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәс (səs)

Tatar: чәч (çäç)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: çaç

Karachay-Balkar: чач (çaç)

Karaim: чач

Kumyk: чач (çaç)

South Kipchak:

Kypchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: shash

Kazakh: шаш (şaş)

Nogai: [script needed] (şaş)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: чач (cac)

Southern Altai: чач (čač)

Siberian: *sač

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰲 (s¹č /sač/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] ('saʐ), [script needed] (saçaq)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ас (as)

Yakut: ас (as)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: шаш

Khakas: сас (sas)

Northern Altai: чаш (čaš)


kāŕ

kāŕ (nominative singular)
kāŕïg (accusative singular)
kāŕnï (accusative singular)
kāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
kāŕka (dative singular)
kāŕda (locative singular)
kāŕdan (ablative singular)
kāŕgaru (allative singular)
kāŕïn (instrumental singular)
kāŕča (equative singular)
kāŕlayu (singular)
kāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хур (hur)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قاز (qāz, qaz)

Azerbaijani: qaz

Gagauz: kaaz

Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)

Turkish: kaz

→ Zazaki: qaz

Kurdish:

→ Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)

→ Northern Kurdish: qaz

→ Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)

→ Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)

Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)

Salar: gaz

Turkmen: gāz

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)

Chagatai: غاز (ğaz)

Uzbek: gʻoz

Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)

Kipchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)

Kipchak: chax

Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)

Tatar: каз (qaz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaz / къаз

Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)

Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)

desctree

Kumyk: къаз (qaz)
→ Chechen: гӏа̄з class jj (ğaaz)
→ Ingush: гӏа̄ж class jj (ğaaž)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: g'az

Kazakh: қаз (qaz)

Nogai: каз (kaz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)

Southern Altai: кас (kas)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: каас (kaas)

Yakut: хаас (qaas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кас (kas)

Tofa: қас (qas)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хас (xas)

Shor: қас (qas)

Altai Turkic:

Northern Altai: кас (kas)

→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)

→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)

→ Alanic:

Jassic: caz

Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)

→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)

→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)

→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)

→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)

→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)

→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)

→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)

→ Khowar: qoz ‘crane’

→ Persian: غاز (ġâz), قاز (qâz)

Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)

→ Urdu: قاز (qāz)

→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)

→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)

Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin. Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”). This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár ("to croak").
Alternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian. Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”), but this derivation is implausible. Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort. Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


yar-

Oghur: *čere

Chuvash: ҫара (śara, “naked”)

desc

⇒ Chuvash: ҫарал (śaral, “to get naked”)

⇒ Chuvash: ҫара ҫерҫи (śara ś̬erś̬i, “bat”)

Bashkir: шәрә (şərə, “naked”)

Proto-Turkic: *yar-kānat (“bat (lit. yar-wing)”)

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýargānat

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: yorqanot

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: жарғанат (jarğanat)

Tatar: ярканат (yarkanat)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: яркъанат (yarqanat)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jar kanat

Kazakh: жарғанат (jarğanat)

Nogai: ярганат (yarganat)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жарганат (jarganat)

Southern Altai: јарганат (ǰarganat)

Siberian:

Northern Altai: тьарганат (tʹarganat)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сарыы кынат (sarıı kınat)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чарханат (çarxanat)

Shor: чарғанат (çarğanat)

Proto-Turkic: *yarïs-

Proto-Turkic: *yarïsgu

Kipchak:

Siberian Tatar: [script needed] (yarıskı)

Karluk:

اَيايَرْسكُو

Chigil Karakhanid: اَيايَرْسكُو (ayāyersgüü)

Oghuz: يَرِسا (yarısa) (Acc. to Kashgarî, some say so, but did not indicate Oghuz)

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yarasa)

Azerbaijani: yarasa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یراسه, یاراسه (yarasa), یارسه (yarasa)
Turkish: yarasa

Salar: yarasan

Turkmen: yarasa (dial.)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yarsko)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: часкы (çaskı)


ko-

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qômaq

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: قومق (qomaq, “to put”)

⇒ Gagauz: ko

Ottoman Turkish: قومق (komak, “to put”)

Turkish: komak (“to put”)

ko-d-

to put; see there for further descendants

ko-p

completely, wholly, entirely; see there for further descendants

konuĺč-ï

?) *kon-uĺč- (“to speak”) (see there for further descendants

neighbor, guest; see there for further descendants

kon-uk

Proto-Turkic: *ko-n- (“to settle; spend the night”) (see there for further descendants)


til-

tilmek (infinitive)
tilgen (participle present)
tiligme (participle present)
tilür (participle present)
tiltük (participle past)
tilmiš (participle past)
tilteči (future participle)
tilmekči (future participle)
tilsik (future participle)
tileček (future participle)
tilme (noun-from-verb)
tilig (noun-from-verb)
tilgü (noun-from-verb)
tiliš (adverbial)
tilür ben (aorist indicative singular)
tilür sen (aorist indicative singular)
tilür (aorist indicative singular)
tilür biz (aorist indicative plural)
tilür siz (aorist indicative plural)
tilür (aorist indicative plural)
tiltim (indicative past singular)
tiltiŋ (indicative past singular)
tilti (indicative past singular)
tiltik (indicative past plural)
tiltimiz (indicative past plural)
tiltiŋiz (indicative past plural)
tilti (indicative past plural)
tilmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tilmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tilmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
tilmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tilmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tilmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
tilteči ben (future indicative singular)
tilmekči ben (future indicative singular)
tileček ben (future indicative singular)
tilteči sen (future indicative singular)
tilmekči sen (future indicative singular)
tileček sen (future indicative singular)
tilteči (future indicative singular)
tilmekči (future indicative singular)
tileček (future indicative singular)
tilteči biz (future indicative plural)
tilmekči biz (future indicative plural)
tileček biz (future indicative plural)
tilteči siz (future indicative plural)
tilmekči siz (future indicative plural)
tileček siz (future indicative plural)
tilteči (future indicative plural)
tilmekči (future indicative plural)
tileček (future indicative plural)
tilgey ben (future indicative singular)
tilgey sen (future indicative singular)
tilgey (future indicative singular)
tilgey biz (future indicative plural)
tilgey siz (future indicative plural)
tilgey (future indicative plural)
tilsikim (future indicative singular)
tilsikiŋ (future indicative singular)
tilsik (future indicative singular)
tilsikimiz (future indicative plural)
tilsikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
tilsik (future indicative plural)
tilsem (conditional singular)
tilser ben (conditional singular)
tilseŋ (conditional singular)
tilser sen (conditional singular)
tilse (conditional singular)
tilser (conditional singular)
tilsek (conditional plural)
tilsemiz (conditional plural)
tilser biz (conditional plural)
tilseŋiz (conditional plural)
tilser siz (conditional plural)
tilseler (conditional plural)
tilser (conditional plural)
tilgey ben (optative singular)
tilgey sen (optative singular)
tilgey (optative singular)
tilgey biz (optative plural)
tilgey siz (optative plural)
tilgey (optative plural)
tilmekde ben (progressive singular)
tilmekde sen (progressive singular)
tilmekde (progressive singular)
tilmekde biz (plural progressive)
tilmekde siz (plural progressive)
tilmekde (plural progressive)
tilmelig ben (necessitative singular)
tilmelig sen (necessitative singular)
tilmelig (necessitative singular)
tilmelig biz (necessitative plural)
tilmelig siz (necessitative plural)
tilmelig (necessitative plural)
tileyin (imperative singular)
til (imperative singular)
tilgil (imperative singular)
tilzün (imperative singular)
tilelim (imperative plural)
tiliŋ (imperative plural)
tilzün (imperative plural)
tilmemek (infinitive negative)
tilmegen (negative participle present)
tilmegme (negative participle present)
tilmez (negative participle present)
tilmedük (negative participle past)
tilmemiš (negative participle past)
tilmeči (future negative participle)
tilmesik (future negative participle)
tilmeyeček (future negative participle)
tilmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
tilmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
tilmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
tilmeyiš (adverbial negative)
tilmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tilmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tilmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
tilmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tilmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tilmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
tilmedim (indicative negative past singular)
tilmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tilmedi (indicative negative past singular)
tilmedik (indicative negative past plural)
tilmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
tilmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
tilmedi (indicative negative past plural)
tilmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tilmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tilmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tilmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tilmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tilmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tilmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeči (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
tilmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeči (future indicative negative plural)
tilmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
tilmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
tilmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
tilmegey (future indicative negative singular)
tilmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmegey (future indicative negative plural)
tilmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
tilmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tilmesik (future indicative negative singular)
tilmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
tilmesik (future indicative negative plural)
tilmesem (conditional negative singular)
tilmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
tilmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
tilmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
tilmese (conditional negative singular)
tilmeser (conditional negative singular)
tilmesek (conditional negative plural)
tilmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
tilmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
tilmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
tilmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
tilmeseler (conditional negative plural)
tilmeser (conditional negative plural)
tilmegey ben (negative optative singular)
tilmegey sen (negative optative singular)
tilmegey (negative optative singular)
tilmegey biz (negative optative plural)
tilmegey siz (negative optative plural)
tilmegey (negative optative plural)
tilmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
tilmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
tilmemekde (negative progressive singular)
tilmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
tilmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
tilmemekde (negative plural progressive)
tilmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
tilmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
tilmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
tilmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
tilmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
tilmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
tilmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
tilme (imperative negative singular)
tilmegil (imperative negative singular)
tilmezün (imperative negative singular)
tilmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
tilmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
tilmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чĕл (čĕl)

Proto-Common Turkic: *til-

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (dilmek)

Turkish: dilmek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: dilmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tilmēk)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tilmek)

Uzbek: tilmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: телеу (telew)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тилерге (tilerge)

Kumyk: тилмек (tilmek)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: tiliw

Kazakh: тілу (tılu)

Nogai: тилмек (tilmek)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тилер (tiler)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: дилер (diler)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Shor: тилерге (tilerge)


tep-

Oghur:

Chuvash: тап (tap)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: دپمك (depmek)

Azerbaijani: təpmək

Gagauz: tepmää

Ottoman Turkish: دپمك (depmek), تپمك (tepmek)

Turkish: tepmek

Turkmen: depmek

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: тибергә (tibergə)

Tatar: тибү (tibü)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: tepmek

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: тебу (tebu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тебүү (tebüü)

Southern Altai: тебер (teber)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَبْماكْ (tepmek)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: تەپمەك (tepmek)

Uzbek: tepmoq

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tep-)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: тэп (tep)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: тегер (teger)


-tuk

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -رُوى (-ruwi), -طُوي (-tuwi)

Chuvash: -тӗ (-tĕ), -рӗ (-rĕ), -тӑ (-tă), -рӑ (-ră)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-duk)

Azerbaijani: -dıyı

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz:

Turkish: -dık, -dik

Turkmen: -dyk, -dik

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰜 (d²k̥), 𐰑𐰸 (d¹q̊¹)

Old Uyghur: -𐾀𐽳𐽲 (-twq), -𐽸𐽳𐽲 (-dwq)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: -тэх (-teq), -тах (-taq), -төх (-töq), -тох (-toq), -дэх (-deq), -дах (-daq), -дөх (-döq), -дох (-doq), -лэх (-leq), -лах (-laq), -лөх (-löq), -лох (-loq), -нэх (-neq), -нах (-naq), -нөх (-nöq), -нох (-noq)

seb- (“to love”) + *-tuk → *sebdük (“loved, dear”)

Suffix creating perfect participles from verbs


id-

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: iymek (dialectal)


otuŕ

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: وطر (vutur)

Chuvash: вӑтӑр (văt̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hottuz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: otuz

Ottoman Turkish: اوتوز (otuz)

Gagauz: otuz

Turkish: otuz

Turkmen: otuz

Salar: ottuz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ottuz)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: [script needed] (ottuz)

Uyghur: ئوتتۇز (ottuz)

Ili Turki: ottuz

Uzbek: oʻttiz

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: otuz

Karachay-Balkar: отуз (otuz)

Karaim: otuz

Kumyk: отуз (otuz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: утыҙ (utıź)

Tatar: утыз (utız)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak:,

Cyrillic script: отыз

Latin script: otiʻz

Kazakh: отыз (otyz)

Nogai: отыз (otız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: отуз (otuz)

Southern Altai: одус (odus)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐱃𐰔 (otuz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐾀𐽳𐽴 (otuz)

Western Yugur: otus

North Siberian:

Dolgan: отут

Yakut: отут (otut)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: отыс

Tuvan: одус (odus)

Yenissei Turkic:

Khakas: отыс (otıs)

Shor: одус

Northern Altai: отыс (otïs)

Perhaps related to *üč via a hypothetical construct *üč-üŕ, which could ablaut back into *ot-uŕ.


-dem

teŋri (“1. sky, heaven 2. deity, god”) + *-dem → *teŋridem (“holy”)


yuŋ

yuŋ (nominative singular)
yuŋug (accusative singular)
yuŋnï (accusative singular)
yuŋnuŋ (genitive singular)
yuŋka (dative singular)
yuŋda (locative singular)
yuŋdan (ablative singular)
yuŋgaru (allative singular)
yuŋun (instrumental singular)
yuŋča (equative singular)
yuŋlayu (singular)
yuŋlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑм (śăm)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yung

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yun

Gagauz: üün

Ottoman Turkish: یون (yün)

Turkish: yün

Salar: yoñ

Turkmen: ýüň

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُونكْ (yuŋ/yūŋ), يُنكْلاماقْ (yuŋlāmāq)

Uyghur: يۇڭ (yung)

Uzbek: jun

Kipchak::

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөн (yön)

Tatar: йон (yon)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yün

Karachay-Balkar: джюн (cün)

Kumyk: юн (yun)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ju'n

Kazakh: жүн (jün)

Nogai: юн (yun)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүн (jün)

Southern Altai: јум (ǰum), јуҥ (ǰuŋ)

Siberian:

South Siberian

Yenisei:

Khakas: нӱң (nüñ)

Shor: нӱг

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүң (çüñ)

Western Yugur: yun, yün, yüŋ

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *nuŋ-gasun (“wool”), Proto-Tungusic *nuŋ-ari (“wool, down”).


yulduŕ

yulduŕ (nominative singular)
yulduŕug (accusative singular)
yulduŕnï (accusative singular)
yulduŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
yulduŕka (dative singular)
yulduŕda (locative singular)
yulduŕdan (ablative singular)
yulduŕgaru (allative singular)
yulduŕun (instrumental singular)
yulduŕča (equative singular)
yulduŕlayu (singular)
yulduŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑлтӑр (śălt̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yulduz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُلْدُزْ (yulduz)

Chagatai: یولدوز (yulduz)

Uyghur: يۇلتۇز (yultuz)

Uzbek: yulduz

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یلدوز (yılduz), یلدز (yılduz), یولدوز (yulduz), یولدز (yulduz), ایلدوز (ılduz), ایلدز (ılduz)
Azerbaijani: ulduz
Gagauz: yıldız
Ottoman Turkish: یلدز (yıldız), یلدیز (yıldız)
Turkish: yıldız
→ Armenian: եըլտըզ (eəltəz)

Salar: يولتوز (yultuz), yulduz

Turkmen: ýyldyz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: йолдыз (yoldız)

Bashkir: йондоҙ (yondoź)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: юлдуз/yulduz

Karachay-Balkar: жулдуз (julduz)

Karaim: יִילְדִיז (yīldīz)

Kumyk: юлдуз (yulduz)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: жулдыз/juldız

Kazakh: жұлдыз (jūldyz)

Nogai: юлдыз (yuldız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылдыз (jıldız)

Southern Altai: јылдыс (ǰïldïs)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰡𐰔 (yultuz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 (yultuz)
Western Yugur: juldus, jəltəs (yïltïz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һулус (hulus)

Yakut: сулус (sulus)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: сылтыс (sıltıs)

Tuvan: сылдыс (sıldıs)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чылтыс (çıltıs)

Shor: чылтыс (çıltıs)

Analyzable as *yul- + *-duŕ, only if the latter part is a regular suffix.
Some constellation and planet names carry on identical suffixes; see Karakhanid اَرَنْ تُوزْ (ʾaran tūz /eren tǖz/, “Libra”), in Kutadgu Bilig [script needed] (erentiz, “Gemini”), Turkish Erendiz (“Jupiter, Libra”) and dialectal Sekendiz (“Saturn”), where the *-duŕ suffix is presumably preserved. However, Clauson regards the *-tüz ending to mean "alike", rather than a regular suffix for planet names.
Nişanyan suggests a relation with Old Uyghur 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐽰 (yula, “torch, bomb”), giving yalım (cf. Turkish yalın) and Turkish yaldız as 'related terms', which would point to a derivation from Proto-Turkic *yal-.
See also Old Turkic [script needed] (yula köl, “name of a lake”), with the first part meaning bright, unclear relation with etymologies listed above.

cog

اَرَنْ تُوزْ

(Preserved only in Kuu-Kizhi and Tofalar)


us-

us- (canonical)
os- (canonical)
usmak (infinitive)
usgan (participle present)
usugma (participle present)
usar (participle present)
usduk (participle past)
usmïš (participle past)
usdačï (future participle)
usmakčï (future participle)
ussïk (future participle)
usačak (future participle)
usma (noun-from-verb)
usug (noun-from-verb)
usgu (noun-from-verb)
usuš (adverbial)
usar ben (aorist indicative singular)
usar sen (aorist indicative singular)
usar (aorist indicative singular)
usar biz (aorist indicative plural)
usar siz (aorist indicative plural)
usar (aorist indicative plural)
usdum (indicative past singular)
usduŋ (indicative past singular)
usdï (indicative past singular)
usduk (indicative past plural)
usdumuz (indicative past plural)
usduŋuz (indicative past plural)
usdï (indicative past plural)
usmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
usmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
usmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
usdačï ben (future indicative singular)
usmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
usačak ben (future indicative singular)
usdačï sen (future indicative singular)
usmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
usačak sen (future indicative singular)
usdačï (future indicative singular)
usmakčï (future indicative singular)
usačak (future indicative singular)
usdačï biz (future indicative plural)
usmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
usačak biz (future indicative plural)
usdačï siz (future indicative plural)
usmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
usačak siz (future indicative plural)
usdačï (future indicative plural)
usmakčï (future indicative plural)
usačak (future indicative plural)
usgay ben (future indicative singular)
usgay sen (future indicative singular)
usgay (future indicative singular)
usgay biz (future indicative plural)
usgay siz (future indicative plural)
usgay (future indicative plural)
ussukum (future indicative singular)
ussukuŋ (future indicative singular)
ussuk (future indicative singular)
ussukumuz (future indicative plural)
ussukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
ussuk (future indicative plural)
ussam (conditional singular)
ussar ben (conditional singular)
ussaŋ (conditional singular)
ussar sen (conditional singular)
ussa (conditional singular)
ussar (conditional singular)
ussak (conditional plural)
ussamïz (conditional plural)
ussar biz (conditional plural)
ussaŋïz (conditional plural)
ussar siz (conditional plural)
ussalar (conditional plural)
ussar (conditional plural)
usgay ben (optative singular)
usgay sen (optative singular)
usgay (optative singular)
usgay biz (optative plural)
usgay siz (optative plural)
usgay (optative plural)
usmakda ben (progressive singular)
usmakda sen (progressive singular)
usmakda (progressive singular)
usmakda biz (plural progressive)
usmakda siz (plural progressive)
usmakda (plural progressive)
usmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
usmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
usmalïg (necessitative singular)
usmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
usmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
usmalïg (necessitative plural)
usayïn (imperative singular)
us (imperative singular)
usgïl (imperative singular)
uszun (imperative singular)
usalïm (imperative plural)
usuŋ (imperative plural)
uszun (imperative plural)
usmamak (infinitive negative)
usmagan (negative participle present)
usmagma (negative participle present)
usmaz (negative participle present)
usmaduk (negative participle past)
usmamïš (negative participle past)
usmačï (future negative participle)
usmasïk (future negative participle)
usmayačak (future negative participle)
usmama (negative noun-from-verb)
usmag (negative noun-from-verb)
usmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
usmayuš (adverbial negative)
usmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmadum (indicative negative past singular)
usmaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
usmadï (indicative negative past singular)
usmaduk (indicative negative past plural)
usmadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
usmaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
usmadï (indicative negative past plural)
usmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmačï (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay (future indicative negative plural)
usmasukum (future indicative negative singular)
usmasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
usmasuk (future indicative negative singular)
usmasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
usmasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
usmasuk (future indicative negative plural)
usmasam (conditional negative singular)
usmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
usmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
usmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
usmasa (conditional negative singular)
usmasar (conditional negative singular)
usmasak (conditional negative plural)
usmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
usmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
usmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
usmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
usmasalar (conditional negative plural)
usmasar (conditional negative plural)
usmagay ben (negative optative singular)
usmagay sen (negative optative singular)
usmagay (negative optative singular)
usmagay biz (negative optative plural)
usmagay siz (negative optative plural)
usmagay (negative optative plural)
usmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
usmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
usmamakda (negative plural progressive)
usmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
usmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
usmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
usmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
usma (imperative negative singular)
usmagïl (imperative negative singular)
usmazun (imperative negative singular)
usmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
usmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
usmazun (imperative negative plural)

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
tr:Ahmet_Bican_Ercilasun
tr:Besim Atalay

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: اُسْماقْ (osmāk) or اُسْماقْ (usmāk)

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوصماق

⇒? Azerbaijani: yosma

Ottoman Turkish: يوصماق

Turkish: osmak, yosmak, usmak

⇒? Turkish: yosma

→? Crimean Tatar: yosma

Turkmen: osmak

Usually read as *us- however Ercilasun argues against this and suggests *os- instead, compare also *osug (“a way of doing something; comparison between two objects; the changing of one object to another”).
If the above is true the homophonous *us (“mind”) is unrelated.

osug

way of doing something; comparison; change


us-

usmak (infinitive)
usgan (participle present)
usugma (participle present)
usar (participle present)
usduk (participle past)
usmïš (participle past)
usdačï (future participle)
usmakčï (future participle)
ussïk (future participle)
usačak (future participle)
usma (noun-from-verb)
usug (noun-from-verb)
usgu (noun-from-verb)
usuš (adverbial)
usar ben (aorist indicative singular)
usar sen (aorist indicative singular)
usar (aorist indicative singular)
usar biz (aorist indicative plural)
usar siz (aorist indicative plural)
usar (aorist indicative plural)
usdum (indicative past singular)
usduŋ (indicative past singular)
usdï (indicative past singular)
usduk (indicative past plural)
usdumuz (indicative past plural)
usduŋuz (indicative past plural)
usdï (indicative past plural)
usmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
usmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
usmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
usmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
usdačï ben (future indicative singular)
usmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
usačak ben (future indicative singular)
usdačï sen (future indicative singular)
usmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
usačak sen (future indicative singular)
usdačï (future indicative singular)
usmakčï (future indicative singular)
usačak (future indicative singular)
usdačï biz (future indicative plural)
usmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
usačak biz (future indicative plural)
usdačï siz (future indicative plural)
usmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
usačak siz (future indicative plural)
usdačï (future indicative plural)
usmakčï (future indicative plural)
usačak (future indicative plural)
usgay ben (future indicative singular)
usgay sen (future indicative singular)
usgay (future indicative singular)
usgay biz (future indicative plural)
usgay siz (future indicative plural)
usgay (future indicative plural)
ussukum (future indicative singular)
ussukuŋ (future indicative singular)
ussuk (future indicative singular)
ussukumuz (future indicative plural)
ussukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
ussuk (future indicative plural)
ussam (conditional singular)
ussar ben (conditional singular)
ussaŋ (conditional singular)
ussar sen (conditional singular)
ussa (conditional singular)
ussar (conditional singular)
ussak (conditional plural)
ussamïz (conditional plural)
ussar biz (conditional plural)
ussaŋïz (conditional plural)
ussar siz (conditional plural)
ussalar (conditional plural)
ussar (conditional plural)
usgay ben (optative singular)
usgay sen (optative singular)
usgay (optative singular)
usgay biz (optative plural)
usgay siz (optative plural)
usgay (optative plural)
usmakda ben (progressive singular)
usmakda sen (progressive singular)
usmakda (progressive singular)
usmakda biz (plural progressive)
usmakda siz (plural progressive)
usmakda (plural progressive)
usmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
usmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
usmalïg (necessitative singular)
usmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
usmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
usmalïg (necessitative plural)
usayïn (imperative singular)
us (imperative singular)
usgïl (imperative singular)
uszun (imperative singular)
usalïm (imperative plural)
usuŋ (imperative plural)
uszun (imperative plural)
usmamak (infinitive negative)
usmagan (negative participle present)
usmagma (negative participle present)
usmaz (negative participle present)
usmaduk (negative participle past)
usmamïš (negative participle past)
usmačï (future negative participle)
usmasïk (future negative participle)
usmayačak (future negative participle)
usmama (negative noun-from-verb)
usmag (negative noun-from-verb)
usmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
usmayuš (adverbial negative)
usmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
usmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
usmadum (indicative negative past singular)
usmaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
usmadï (indicative negative past singular)
usmaduk (indicative negative past plural)
usmadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
usmaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
usmadï (indicative negative past plural)
usmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
usmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
usmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï (future indicative negative singular)
usmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
usmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmačï (future indicative negative plural)
usmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay (future indicative negative singular)
usmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
usmagay (future indicative negative plural)
usmasukum (future indicative negative singular)
usmasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
usmasuk (future indicative negative singular)
usmasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
usmasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
usmasuk (future indicative negative plural)
usmasam (conditional negative singular)
usmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
usmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
usmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
usmasa (conditional negative singular)
usmasar (conditional negative singular)
usmasak (conditional negative plural)
usmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
usmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
usmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
usmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
usmasalar (conditional negative plural)
usmasar (conditional negative plural)
usmagay ben (negative optative singular)
usmagay sen (negative optative singular)
usmagay (negative optative singular)
usmagay biz (negative optative plural)
usmagay siz (negative optative plural)
usmagay (negative optative plural)
usmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda (negative progressive singular)
usmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
usmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
usmamakda (negative plural progressive)
usmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
usmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
usmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
usmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
usmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
usma (imperative negative singular)
usmagïl (imperative negative singular)
usmazun (imperative negative singular)
usmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
usmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
usmazun (imperative negative plural)

Common Turkic:

Karluk: اُسْماقْ (usmāk)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: ʾws (us-)

Western Yugur: oʰs-

Räsänen suggets a possible relation with Proto-Mongolic *usun (“water”).


ēl

ēl (nominative singular)
ēlig (accusative singular)
ēlni (accusative singular)
ēlniŋ (genitive singular)
ēlke (dative singular)
ēlde (locative singular)
ēlden (ablative singular)
ēlgerü (allative singular)
ēlin (instrumental singular)
ēlče (equative singular)
ēlleyü (singular)
ēlligü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ēl

Proto-Bulgar: *ĭel

Volga Bulgar: يَال (yēl, “tribe, clan”)

Chuvash: ял (jal)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ẹ̄l

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایل (ẹl)

Azerbaijani: el, (dialectally) il

Gagauz: el

Ottoman Turkish: ایل (il)

desc

Turkish: il (“province”), el (“foreign person”)

Turkmen:

Cyrillic script: ил (īl)

Latin script: īl

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ايل (é̄l)

Chagatai: اِيلْ (īl), اِل (il)

Uyghur: ئەل (el)

Uzbek: el

Kipchak:

Kipchak: el

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ил (il)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: ил (il)

Latin script: il

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: el

Karachay-Balkar: эл (el)

Karaim::

Cyrillic script: эл

Latin script: el

Kumyk: эл (el)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: el

Kazakh: ел (el)

Nogai: эл (él)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эл (el)

Southern Altai: эл (el)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰠 (é̄l), (Yenisei) 𐰅𐰠 (é̄l)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐾁 (él, “realm”)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷 (élig, “ruler, khan”)
⇒ Western Yugur: eltʂi (eʰlçi, “shaman”)

South Siberian:

Yenissei Turkic:

Khakas: ил (il)

Shor: эл

North Siberian:

Yakut: ил (il, “peace”) (if not re-borrowed from Mongolic), ил (il, “state”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *el

Classical Mongolian: ᠡᠯ (el)

Mongolian: ил (il)

Kalmyk: эл (el)


kopuŕ

kopuŕ (nominative singular)
kopuŕug (accusative singular)
kopuŕnï (accusative singular)
kopuŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
kopuŕka (dative singular)
kopuŕda (locative singular)
kopuŕdan (ablative singular)
kopuŕgaru (allative singular)
kopuŕun (instrumental singular)
kopuŕča (equative singular)
kopuŕlayu (singular)
kopuŕlugu (comitative singular)
*komuŕ (alternative)

→? Manchu: ᡴᡠᠮᡠᠨ (kumun, “music”)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kuxur
Middle Mongol: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
Buryat: хуур (xuur)
Daur: koor
East Yugur: xuur
Kalmyk: хуур (xuur), хур (xur)
Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
Khalkha Mongolian: хуур (xuur)
→ Chinese: 胡兀兒 /胡兀儿 (húwù'ér)
→ Evenki: кӯр (kūr) (Nerchinsk)
→? Jurchen: qūr
→⇒ Persian: قهورچی (qohurči, “fiddler”) (obsolete, from *quxurci)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qopuz

desc

Ottoman Turkish: قوپوز (kopuz, “a lute with a somewhat globular body”)

Turkish: kopuz

Turkmen: gopuz (“mouth harp”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُبُز (qopuz)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kopuz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kobuz)

Uyghur: قوۋۇز (qowuz)

Uzbek: qoʻbiz

Kipchak:

Cuman:

→ Hungarian: koboz

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡумыҙ (qumıź), ҡубыҙ (qubıź)

Tatar: кубыз (qubız)

→ Chuvash: купӑс (kup̬ăs), копӑс (kop̬ăs)

→ Eastern Mari: ковыж (kovyž)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qomuz

Karachay-Balkar: къобуз (qobuz)

Karaim: qobuz

Kumyk: къомуз (qomuz)

Urum: хобуз

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qobız

Kazakh: қобыз (qobyz)

Nogai: кобыз (kobız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кобуз (kobuz), комуз (komuz)

→ English: komuz

Southern Altai: комус (komus)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qopūz, qopuz)

Western Yugur: qoŋïs

North Siberian:

Yakut: хомус (qomus)

→ Evenki: камус (kamus) (Uchur)

South Siberian:

Northern Altai: кобыс (kobïs), комыс (komïs) (in Chelkan)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: һобус (“music”)

Tuvan: хомус (xomus)

→ Chinese: 火不思 (huǒbùsī)

East Slavic:

→ Belarusian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Russian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Carpathian Rusyn: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Ukrainian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ English: kobza

→ Polish: kobza

→ Romanian: cobză

→ English: cobza

→ Slovak: kobza

→ Persian: قوبوز (qôbuz)

→ Lak: къумуз (q:umuz)


yarïn

Oghur:

Chuvash: ыран (yran)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یارین (yarïn)
Azerbaijani: yarın
Gagauz: yaarın
Ottoman Turkish: یارین (yarın), یارن (yarın)
Turkish: yarın

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَرِنْ (yarïn, “tomorrow”)

desc

Chagatai: [script needed] (yarïn, “tomorrow”)

Uzbek: [script needed] (yarın, “next year”) (dialect)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (yarın, “next year”) (dialect)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: jaryn (“next year”)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јарын (ǰarïn, “morning”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰺𐰣 (y¹r¹n¹ /yarïn/, “morning”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һарсын (harsïn)

Yakut: сарсын (sarsın)

South Siberian:

Western Yugur: yarïn (“next year”)

Unclear whether derived from *yaru- (“to shine”) or *yarï- (“to shine”) + *-n. But Old Turkic having yarïn rather than expected *yarun.
Gagauz points to a long vowel. Therefore Talât Tekin (1995) reconstructs it as *yārïn and compare it to Tuvan даарта (daarta).
By Altaicists compared to Proto-Mongolic *naran (“sun”) (cf. Mongolian нар (nar, “sun”)), Proto-Tungusic *ŋēri (“light”) (cf. Evenki ӈэ̄ри (ŋə̄ri, “light”)) and Korean 날 (nal, “day”) (< Middle Korean nár). However the most likely hypothesis is that the word is a wanderwort in Asia, compare Proto-Semitic *nūr- (“fire”) and Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ku-ni(k) (“day; sun”)


tu-

tumak (infinitive)
tugan (participle present)
tugma (participle present)
tur (participle present)
tuduk (participle past)
tumïš (participle past)
tudačï (future participle)
tumakčï (future participle)
tusïk (future participle)
tuyačak (future participle)
tuma (noun-from-verb)
tug (noun-from-verb)
tugu (noun-from-verb)
tuš (adverbial)
tur ben (aorist indicative singular)
tur sen (aorist indicative singular)
tur (aorist indicative singular)
tur biz (aorist indicative plural)
tur siz (aorist indicative plural)
tur (aorist indicative plural)
tudum (indicative past singular)
tuduŋ (indicative past singular)
tudï (indicative past singular)
tuduk (indicative past plural)
tudumuz (indicative past plural)
tuduŋuz (indicative past plural)
tudï (indicative past plural)
tumïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tumïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tumïš (indicative inferential past singular)
tumïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tumïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tumïš (indicative inferential past plural)
tudačï ben (future indicative singular)
tumakčï ben (future indicative singular)
tuyačak ben (future indicative singular)
tudačï sen (future indicative singular)
tumakčï sen (future indicative singular)
tuyačak sen (future indicative singular)
tudačï (future indicative singular)
tumakčï (future indicative singular)
tuyačak (future indicative singular)
tudačï biz (future indicative plural)
tumakčï biz (future indicative plural)
tuyačak biz (future indicative plural)
tudačï siz (future indicative plural)
tumakčï siz (future indicative plural)
tuyačak siz (future indicative plural)
tudačï (future indicative plural)
tumakčï (future indicative plural)
tuyačak (future indicative plural)
tugay ben (future indicative singular)
tugay sen (future indicative singular)
tugay (future indicative singular)
tugay biz (future indicative plural)
tugay siz (future indicative plural)
tugay (future indicative plural)
tusukum (future indicative singular)
tusukuŋ (future indicative singular)
tusuk (future indicative singular)
tusukumuz (future indicative plural)
tusukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
tusuk (future indicative plural)
tusam (conditional singular)
tusar ben (conditional singular)
tusaŋ (conditional singular)
tusar sen (conditional singular)
tusa (conditional singular)
tusar (conditional singular)
tusak (conditional plural)
tusamïz (conditional plural)
tusar biz (conditional plural)
tusaŋïz (conditional plural)
tusar siz (conditional plural)
tusalar (conditional plural)
tusar (conditional plural)
tugay ben (optative singular)
tugay sen (optative singular)
tugay (optative singular)
tugay biz (optative plural)
tugay siz (optative plural)
tugay (optative plural)
tumakda ben (progressive singular)
tumakda sen (progressive singular)
tumakda (progressive singular)
tumakda biz (plural progressive)
tumakda siz (plural progressive)
tumakda (plural progressive)
tumalïg ben (necessitative singular)
tumalïg sen (necessitative singular)
tumalïg (necessitative singular)
tumalïg biz (necessitative plural)
tumalïg siz (necessitative plural)
tumalïg (necessitative plural)
tuyayïn (imperative singular)
tu (imperative singular)
tugïl (imperative singular)
tuzun (imperative singular)
tuyalïm (imperative plural)
tuyuŋ (imperative plural)
tuzun (imperative plural)
tumamak (infinitive negative)
tumagan (negative participle present)
tumagma (negative participle present)
tumaz (negative participle present)
tumaduk (negative participle past)
tumamïš (negative participle past)
tumačï (future negative participle)
tumasïk (future negative participle)
tumayačak (future negative participle)
tumama (negative noun-from-verb)
tumag (negative noun-from-verb)
tumagu (negative noun-from-verb)
tumaš (adverbial negative)
tumaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tumaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tumaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
tumaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tumaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tumaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tumadum (indicative negative past singular)
tumaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tumadï (indicative negative past singular)
tumaduk (indicative negative past plural)
tumadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
tumaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
tumadï (indicative negative past plural)
tumamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tumamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tumamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tumamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tumamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tumamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tumačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
tumayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
tumačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
tumayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
tumačï (future indicative negative singular)
tumayačak (future indicative negative singular)
tumačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
tumayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
tumačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
tumayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
tumačï (future indicative negative plural)
tumayačak (future indicative negative plural)
tumagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
tumagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
tumagay (future indicative negative singular)
tumagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
tumagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
tumagay (future indicative negative plural)
tumasukum (future indicative negative singular)
tumasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tumasuk (future indicative negative singular)
tumasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
tumasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
tumasuk (future indicative negative plural)
tumasam (conditional negative singular)
tumasar ben (conditional negative singular)
tumasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
tumasar sen (conditional negative singular)
tumasa (conditional negative singular)
tumasar (conditional negative singular)
tumasak (conditional negative plural)
tumasamïz (conditional negative plural)
tumasar biz (conditional negative plural)
tumasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
tumasar siz (conditional negative plural)
tumasalar (conditional negative plural)
tumasar (conditional negative plural)
tumagay ben (negative optative singular)
tumagay sen (negative optative singular)
tumagay (negative optative singular)
tumagay biz (negative optative plural)
tumagay siz (negative optative plural)
tumagay (negative optative plural)
tumamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
tumamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
tumamakda (negative progressive singular)
tumamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
tumamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
tumamakda (negative plural progressive)
tumamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
tumamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
tumamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
tumamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
tumamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
tumamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
tumayayïn (imperative negative singular)
tuma (imperative negative singular)
tumagïl (imperative negative singular)
tumazun (imperative negative singular)
tumayalïm (imperative negative plural)
tumayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
tumazun (imperative negative plural)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (dunukmak)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (duncukmak), [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (tunukmak), [script needed] (dulunmak/tulunmak)

Turkish: duncukmak, tuncumak, tuncukmak, tuncukdurmak, dulunmak (all are dialectal)

Salar: dumğusı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumaq), [script needed] (tunmaq), [script needed] (tunturmaq)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tunçuk-)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (tu-)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (ton-)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (tudjur-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (tunçuk-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұну (tūnu), тұнжырау (tūnjyrau), тұнық (tūnyq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тунуу (tunuu), тунаруу (tunaruu), тундуруу (tunduruu)

Southern Altai: тунар (tunar, “to put”), тундырар (tundïrar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆 (t¹u)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tu-)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (dun-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tun-)

⇒? Proto-Common Turkic: *tu-mak (“hat, cap”)

(Common Turkic, transitive) to close, occlude


kulkak

kulkak (nominative singular)
kulkakïg (accusative singular)
kulkaknï (accusative singular)
kulkaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kulkakka (dative singular)
kulkakda (locative singular)
kulkakdan (ablative singular)
kulkakgaru (allative singular)
kulkakïn (instrumental singular)
kulkakča (equative singular)
kulkaklayu (singular)
kulkaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑлха (hălh̬a)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kulkï

Mongolian: хулхи (xulxi, “earwax, inner ear”)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُلَقْ (qulaq), قُلْقاقْ (qulqaq)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qulaɣ)

Uyghur: قۇلاق (qulaq)

Uzbek: quloq

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡолаҡ (qolaq)

Tatar: колак (qolaq)

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qulaq

Karachay-Balkar: къулакъ (qulaq)

Karaim: къулакъ

Karaim: къулакъ

Kumyk: къулакъ (qulaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: qulaq

Kazakh: құлақ (qūlaq)

Nogai: кулак (kulak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кулак (kulak)

Southern Altai: кулак (kulak)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qulaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قلاق (qulaq)

Azerbaijani: qulaq

Ottoman Turkish: قولاق (kulak)

Gagauz: kulak

Turkish: kulak

Eastern:

Salar: gulaq

Turkmen: gulak

Southern:

Qashqai: قُلَقْ (qulaq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (qulqaq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qulqaq)

Western Yugur: qulaq

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хулах (xulax)

Shor: қулақ

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: қулақ

Tuvan: кулак (kulak)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кулгаах

Dolgan: кулгаах

Yakut: кулгаах (kulgaaq)

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *kulkï (“ear wax, middle ear”), however the exact relationship remains unclear; compare Mongolian хулхи (xulxi, “ear-wax, inner ear”). Proto-Tungusic *xūl- (“to sound”) and Proto-Uralic *kule- (“to hear”) are also compared.


tīĺ

tīĺ (nominative singular)
tīĺig (accusative singular)
tīĺni (accusative singular)
tīĺniŋ (genitive singular)
tīĺke (dative singular)
tīĺde (locative singular)
tīĺden (ablative singular)
tīĺgerü (allative singular)
tīĺin (instrumental singular)
tīĺče (equative singular)
tīĺleyü (singular)
tīĺligü (comitative singular)

Arghu

Khalaj: tîş

Proto-Oghuz: *dīš

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (diş)

Azerbaijani: diş

Ottoman Turkish: دیش (diş)

Gagauz: diş

Turkish: diş

Salar: tiş

Turkmen: dīş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تيٖشْ (tï̄š)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tiš)

Uyghur: چىش (chish)

Uzbek: tish

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: теш (teş)

Tatar: теш (teş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tiş

Karachay-Balkar: тиш (tiş)

Krymchak: чыш

Kumyk: тиш (tiş)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: tis

Kazakh: тіс (tıs)

Nogai: тис (tis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тиш (tiş)

Southern Altai: тиш (tiš)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: тиш

Khakas: тіс (tìs)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: діш

Tuvan: диш (diş)

Northern Siberian:

Dolgan: тиис

Yakut: тиис (tiis)

Old Uyghur:

Old Uyghur: tyš (tïš)

Western Yugur: dïs

Unknown. Compare Proto-Tungusic *ǯul- (“wedge”), Proto-Uralic *tolwa (“wedge, peg”) and Udmurt тул (tul, “wedge”).


tāĺ

tāĺ (nominative singular)
tāĺïg (accusative singular)
tāĺnï (accusative singular)
tāĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāĺka (dative singular)
tāĺda (locative singular)
tāĺdan (ablative singular)
tāĺgaru (allative singular)
tāĺïn (instrumental singular)
tāĺča (equative singular)
tāĺlayu (singular)
tāĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *tāl

Proto-Bulgar: *ti̯ål

Middle Chuvash: *čål

Chuvash: чул (čul)

Viryal Chuvash: чол (čol)

Anatri Chuvash: чул (čul)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *čïla- (an unknown verb) > *čïlaxun (“stone”)

Mongolian: чулуу (čuluu)

→ Fuyu Kyrgyz: [script needed] (čʰolo)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tāš

Arghu:

Khalaj: tâaş

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: daş

Ottoman Turkish: طاش (taş)

Gagauz: taş

Turkish: taş

Salar: daş

Turkmen: dāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تاشْ (tāš)

Khorezmian Turkic: تشْ (taš)

Chagatai: تاش (taš)

Uyghur: تاش (tash)

Ili Turki: taş

Uzbek: tosh

Kipchak:

Kipchak: tas (tāš) (Codex Cumanicus)

Mamluk-Kipchak: تاش (tāš), طاش (ṭāš)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: таш (taş)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: таш (taş)

Latin script: taş

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: taş

Karachay-Balkar: таш (taş)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: таш

Latin script: taš

Kumyk: таш (taş)

Urum: таш (taš), даш (daš)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Latin script: tas

Cyrillic script: тас

Kazakh: тас (tas)

Nogai: тас (tas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: таш (taş)

Southern Altai: таш (taš)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐱁 (taš)

Old Kirghiz: 𐱄𐰗𐱀 (t¹y¹š) (Scribal error, should be 𐱄𐱀* (t¹š); found in Qara-bulun I (e-65) Inscription https://bitig.kz/show_big.php?fn=sizes/2894.gif)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽿 (tʾš /taš/)

Western Yugur: das, dahs

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: таас (taas)

Yakut: таас (taas)

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: тас (tas)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: [script needed] (daš)

Shor: таш

Northern Altai: таш (taš)

Tofa: даш (daş)

Tuvan: даш (daş)

Soyot: даш (daş)

Tuha: дааш (daaş)

→ Southern Mongolic:

East Yugur: tash

Shirongolic:

Bonan: tasri

Dongxiang: tashi

Kangjia: txashi

Monguor:

Mangghuer: tashi

Mongghul: taashi

Unknown. Possibly onomatopoeic.
Etymological links to other "Altaic Languages", especially with Mongolian чулуу (čuluu, “stone”) and Korean 돌 (dol, “stone”) have been proposed by several authors, giving Chuvash чул (čul) as evidence. However, Turkic, Mongolic and Koreanic words for stone are most likely not related.
Doerfer (1965) presents the potential problems with problems with Poppe's (1927) and Räsänen's (1949) proposals that give way to a Mongolic cognate. He adds at the end that Proto-Mongolic *čïlaxun (earlier *čïlapun, which would point to a verb instead) may simply be an ancient loanword from Proto-Turkic, rather than a cognate. Vovin (2005) seconds this, giving that while a relation between Mongolic *čïlapun and Turkic *tāĺ definitely exists, it is most likely a loaning into Mongolic, rather than of shared inheritance.
* In his book, Yegorov (1964) traces back the Chuvash чул (čul) to Khalkha Mongolian чилагун (čilagun) and чулун (čulun), Buryat шулуун (šuluun) and Kalmyk чолун (çolun) (cf. теермин чолун (teermin çolun, “millstone”), as given by his entry).
* In their rebuttal against Vovin, Dybo and Starostin (2008) reposit that basic vocabulary like 'stone' are usually not loaned into other languages, and when they do, it is often the result of heavy contact. Following this line of thought, they suppose that any Bulgar-Proto-Mongolic contact would be limited at best, and even so, add that "this gives [Proto-Mongolic] a very small amount of time to make *čilaɣu out of [Bulgar] *čol or *čul."
Räsänen (1969) also compares Koreanic *tol (< *tal) (cf. 돌 (dol)), following Ramstedt (1952-1957), which is also called into doubt by Vovin (2005), giving accentological and historical data to support his contrary claim.
Altaicists compare this word with the ones above, but also with Proto-Tungusic *ʒola (“stone”) (cf. Evenki дёло (ʒolo)) and Proto-Japonic *isoi (actually *(d)isi, according to the authors; cf. Japanese 石 (ishi).) Needless to say, such comparisons are not accepted by mainstream comparative linguistics.
More recently, Werner (2002) and Vajda-Werner (2022) entertain the possibility of Turkic forms being borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲɯˀs, which is highly unlikely.

Alexander Vovin
Altaic Languages
Anna Dybo
Codex Cumanicus
Georgiy_Starostin
Gerhard Doerfer
Gustaf_John_Ramstedt
Martti Räsänen
Nicholas Poppe
cv:Егоров Василий Георгиевич


āb

āb (nominative singular)
āblar (nominative plural)
ābnïŋ (genitive singular)
āblarnïŋ (genitive plural)
ābka (dative singular)
āblarka (dative plural)
ābda (locative singular)
āblarda (locative plural)
ābdan (ablative singular)
āblardan (ablative plural)
āblarïn (instrumental plural)
ābča (equative singular)
āblarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ov

Ottoman Turkish: آو (av)

Turkish: av

Gagauz: av

Turkmen: āw

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااڤْ (āv)

Uyghur: اۋ (aw), ав (aw)

Uzbek: ov, ов (ov)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ав (aw)

Bashkir: ау (aw)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: av

Kumyk: ав (aw), гьав (haw)

Karachay-Balkar: ув (uv)

Karaim: [script needed] (av)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ау (au)

Karakalpak: aw

Nogai: ав (av)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уу (uu)

Southern Altai: уу (uu) hunt (wild animals with net)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉 (ab)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (av)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *aba (“hunt, chase”).

(Common Turkic) hunting, hunt, prey, chase


ač-

Oghur:

Chuvash: уҫ (uś)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ač-

Atghi:

Khalaj: haçmaq

Proto-Oghuz: *ač-

Old Anatolian Turkish: آچْمَقْ (açmaq)

Azerbaijani: açmaq

Gagauz: açmaa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آچمق (açmak)
Turkish: açmak

East Oghuz:

Salar: aşğusı

Turkmen: açmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَچْماقْ (ačmāq)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ačmaq)

Chagatai: اچماق (ačmaq)

Uzbek: ochmoq

Uyghur: ئاچماق (achmaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اچماق (açmaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: асыу (asıw)

Tatar: ачарга (açarga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: açmaq

Karachay-Balkar: ачаргъа (açarğa)

Kumyk: ачмакъ (açmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ашу (aşu)

Karakalpak: ashıw

Nogai: ашув (aşuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ачуу (acuu)

Southern Altai: ачар (ačar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰲 (ač)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: ač-, aš-

Northern Siberian:

Dolgan: ас (as) → аһагас (ahagas)

Yakut: ас (as) → аһаҕас (ahağas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: аһяр (ahar)

Tuvan: ажар (ajar)

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: ажарға (ažarğa)

Khakas: азарға (azarğa)


ēĺük

ēĺük (nominative singular)
ēĺüküg (accusative singular)
ēĺükni (accusative singular)
ēĺüknüŋ (genitive singular)
ēĺükke (dative singular)
ēĺükde (locative singular)
ēĺükden (ablative singular)
ēĺükgerü (allative singular)
ēĺükün (instrumental singular)
ēĺükče (equative singular)
ēĺükleyü (singular)
ēĺüklügü (comitative singular)
*eĺik (alternative)
*ẹ̄ĺik (alternative)
*eĺük (alternative)
*eĺǖk (alternative)

Oghur: *elik (“threshold”)

Proto-Bulgar: *elĭk

Middle Chuvash: *alı̈̆k

Chuvash: алӑк (alăk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ẹ̄šik (“threshold”), *ēšük (“blanket, cover”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: êşük (“door”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: eşik

Gagauz: eşik

Turkish: eşik

Turkmen: iişik (“brink, threshold”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: эшик (eşik)

Karachay-Balkar: эшик (eşik)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: ишек (işek)

Bashkir: ишек (işek)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: esik

Kazakh: есік (esık)

Nogai: эсик (ésik)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эшик (eşik)

Southern Altai: эжик (ežik)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ایِشِك (éšik)

Chagatai: ایشك (éšik)

Uyghur: ئىشىك (ishik)

Uzbek: eshik

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽿𐽶𐽷 (éšik, “doorsill, door”), 𐽰𐽿𐽳𐽷 (ešük, “blanket”)

Western Yugur: səhk (sïq)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: эжик (ežik), эджик (edžik)

Khakas: ізік (ìzìk)

Shor: эжик

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: эжик (ejik)

Tofa: эч̡ик (eǰik)

Proto-Turkic
ru:Севортян, Эрванд Владимирович

By surface analysis, *ēĺü- (“to cover over”) + *-k (“deverbal suffix”).
Senses 1 and 2 are independent developments from the same Proto-Turkic root, with some descendants differentiating the different forms with different vowel lenghts and/or different realizations of the initial *ē-, thus it is hard to accurately pinpoint the original vowel length of this term. According to Sevortyan, the oldest attestations of this term point to an ẹ̄- instead of ē-.


yöke

yöke (nominative singular)
yökeig (accusative singular)
yökeni (accusative singular)
yökeniŋ (genitive singular)
yökeke (dative singular)
yökede (locative singular)
yökeden (ablative singular)
yökegerü (allative singular)
yökein (instrumental singular)
yökeče (equative singular)
yökeleyü (singular)
yökeligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz

Turkish: cöke (dialectal)

Azerbaijani: cökə

Karluk

Chagatai: [script needed] (yöke)

Uzbek: joʻka

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йүкә (yükə)

Tatar: юкә (yukä)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: ёге (yöge)

Karachay-Balkar: джёге (cöge)

Crimean Tatar: yüke

South Kipchak

Kazakh: жөке (jöke)

Nogai: йоьке (yöke)

Karakalpak: joʻke (“burlap”)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жөкө (jökö)

Siberian

Southern Siberian

Yenisei

Shor: чӧге

Oghur

Chuvash: ҫӑка (śăk̬a)

Perhaps related to Mongolian ᠨᠢᠭᠦᠷᠰᠦ (nigürsü, “sappanwood, alder”) or Urmi Evenki лакамавун (lakamawun, “elm”), Manchu ᠯᠠᡥᠠᡵᡳ (lahari, “a kind of oak”), ᠯᠠᡥᠠ (laha, “straw mixed with clay to form a building material”).


bulga-

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: пӑлхан (pălh̬an, “to become turbid”)

→? Hungarian: bolygat (“to bother; to create disorder”), bolyong (“to wander, walk without a destination”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bulga-

Arghu:

Khalaj: bulğamaq

Proto-Oghuz: *bulɣa-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بُولَمَقْ (bulamaq)

Azerbaijani: bulamaq

Gagauz: bulamaa

Ottoman Turkish: بولامق (bulamak)

Turkish: bulamak

East Oghuz:

Salar: bulğïla-

Turkmen: bulamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُلْغاماقْ (bulɣāmāq)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bulğamaq)

Chagatai: بولغاماق (bulğamaq)

Uzbek: bulgʻamoq

Uyghur: بۇلغىماق (bulghimaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بولغاماق (bulğamaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: болғау (bolğaw)

Tatar: болгау (bolgaw)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bulğamaq

Karaim: булгъа-, bulgamach

Kumyk: булгъамакъ (bulğamaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұлғау (būlğau)

Nogai: булгав (bulgav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: булгоо (bulgoo)

Southern Altai: булгаар (bulgaar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰀 (b¹ul¹ǧa /bulɣa-/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bulɣa-)

Western Yugur: pula-

North Siberian:

Dolgan: булкуй

Yakut: булаа (bulaa)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: былгаар (bılgaar)

Yenisei:

Khakas: пулғирға (pulğirğa)

Northern Altai: булгаар (bulgaar), пулгайарга (pulgayarga)

(transitive) to produce a state of disorder


yōk

Oghur:

Old Chuvash: *śåχ

Middle Chuvash: *śåχ

Viryal Chuvash: ҫок (śok)

Anatri Chuvash: ҫук (śuk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yōk

Arghu:

Khalaj: yôq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yox

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یوق (yok)
Gagauz: yok
Turkish: yok (yoğ-)
→ Macedonian: јок (jok)
→ Romanian: ioc
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: јок
Latin script: jok

Salar: yox

Turkmen: ýōk (ýōg-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُوقْ (yōq)

Chagatai: يوق (yoq)

Uyghur: يوق (yoq)

Uzbek: yoʻq, йўқ (yoʻq), يوق

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: юҡ (yuq)

Tatar: юк (yuk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yoq

Kumyk: ёкъ (yoq)

Karachay-Balkar: джокъ (coq)

Urum: йох

→ Mariupol Greek: йох (jox)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: joq

Kazakh: жоқ (joq)

Nogai: йок (yok)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жок (jok)

Southern Altai: јок (ǰok)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰸 (yoq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yok)

Western Yugur: ǯoq

North Siberian:

Yakut: суох (suoq)

Dolgan: һуок (huok)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чох (çox)

Shor: чок

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чоӄ (çoq)

Tuvan: чок (çok)

Likely from *yō- (“to destroy”) + *-k, compare *yōd- (“to destroy”) from the same hypothetical root.


bulït

bulït (nominative singular)
bulïtïg (accusative singular)
bulïtnï (accusative singular)
bulïtnïŋ (genitive singular)
bulïtka (dative singular)
bulïtda (locative singular)
bulïtdan (ablative singular)
bulïtgaru (allative singular)
bulïtïn (instrumental singular)
bulïtča (equative singular)
bulïtlayu (singular)
bulïtlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗлӗт (pĕlĕt)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bulït

Arghu:

Khalaj: bulıt

Proto-Oghuz: *bulūt

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بلوت (bulut)

Azerbaijani: bulud

→ Udi: булут (bulut)

Ottoman Turkish: بولوت, بولوط (bulut)

Gagauz: bulut

Turkish: bulut

East Oghuz:

Salar: bulut

Turkmen: bulut

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُلِتْ (bulït)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bulït), [script needed] (bulut)

desctree

Chagatai: بولوت (bulut)
Uzbek: bulut
Uyghur: بۇلۇت (bulut)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بلت (bulut)
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: болот (bolot)
Tatar: болыт (bolıt)
West Kipchak:
Crimean Tatar: bulut
Karachay-Balkar: булут (bulut)
Karaim: bulut
Kumyk: булут (bulut)
Urum: булут
South Kipchak:
Caspian:
Kazakh: бұлт (būlt)
Karakalpak: bult
Nogai: булыт (bulıt)
Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
Kyrgyz: булут (bulut)
Southern Altai: булут (bulut)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃 (b¹ul¹it¹ /bulït/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bulït)

Western Yugur: bələt, bulət

North Siberian:

Yakut: былыт (bılıt)

Dolgan: былыт

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: булут

Tuvan: булут (bulut)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пулут (pulut)

Shor: пулут

The *-t is hypothesised to be an ancient plural suffix by Doerfer.


ȫŕ

ȫŕ (nominative singular)
ȫŕüg (accusative singular)
ȫŕni (accusative singular)
ȫŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫŕke (dative singular)
ȫŕde (locative singular)
ȫŕden (ablative singular)
ȫŕgerü (allative singular)
ȫŕün (instrumental singular)
ȫŕče (equative singular)
ȫŕleyü (singular)
ȫŕlügü (comitative singular)

Räsänen and Nişanyan suggest a derivation from *ȫ- (“to think, to be aware”) + *-ŕ. Nişanyan compares to Proto-Mongolic *öber, Doerfer suggests Mongolian өөр (öör) is a Turkic borrowing from the form *ȫŕe.


ȫŕ

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: вар (var, “inside; stomach, belly”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ȫz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوز (öz)

Azerbaijani: öz

Gagauz: öz

Ottoman Turkish: اوز (öz)

Turkish: öz

Salar: iz

Turkmen: ȫz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوزْ (öz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (öz)

Uyghur: ئۆز (öz)

Uzbek: oʻz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үҙ (üź), үҙ- (üź-)

Tatar: үз (üz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: öz

Kumyk: оьз (öz)

Karachay-Balkar: ёз (öz)

Karaim: [script needed] (öz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: өз

Kazakh: өз (öz)

Nogai: оьз (öz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өз (öz)

Southern Altai: ӧс (ös)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰔 (öz)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (ʾwyz /öz/)
Western Yugur: uz (uz, üz).

North Siberian:

Yakut: үөс (üös)

Dolgan: үөс

South Siberian:

Sayan:

⇒ Tuvan: эътөс (ètös)

Yenisei:

Chulym: ӧс (ös)

Northern Altai: ӧс (ös, “one's own”)


öŋüč

öŋüč (nominative singular)
öŋüčüg (accusative singular)
öŋüčni (accusative singular)
öŋüčnüŋ (genitive singular)
öŋüčke (dative singular)
öŋüčde (locative singular)
öŋüčden (ablative singular)
öŋüčgerü (allative singular)
öŋüčün (instrumental singular)
öŋüčče (equative singular)
öŋüčleyü (singular)
öŋüčlügü (comitative singular)

Medieval

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öŋüč)

Karluk

Uzbek: oʻngach

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Kumyk: оьнгеч (öñeç, “gullet”)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: үңәс (üñəs, “gullet”)

desc

Tatar: үңәч (üñäç, “gullet”), үңеч (üñeç, “gullet”)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: өңеш (öñeş)

Karakalpak: o'ngesh

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өңгөч (öŋgöc)

Southern Altai: ӧӧч (ööč, “gullet”)

Siberian

North Siberian

Yakut: өҥүс (öñüs)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: өөш (ööş, “gullet”)

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: ӧӧс (öös, “rib (of body)”)

Khakas: ӧӧс (“rib (of body)”)


öpke

öpke (nominative singular)
öpkeig (accusative singular)
öpkeni (accusative singular)
öpkeniŋ (genitive singular)
öpkeke (dative singular)
öpkede (locative singular)
öpkeden (ablative singular)
öpkegerü (allative singular)
öpkein (instrumental singular)
öpkeče (equative singular)
öpkeleyü (singular)
öpkeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ӳпке (üpke)

Proto-Common Turkic: *öpke

Oghuz: *öwke ("anger"), *öwken ("lungs")

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوكه (öwke, “anger”), اويكه (öyke, “anger”), ايكن (öyken, “lungs”), اويكن (öyken, “lungs”)

Azerbaijani: öfkə (“lungs; anger”), öxbə (“lungs”) (dial.), öfgə (“lungs”) (dial.), öfkələnmək (“to get angry”)

Ottoman Turkish: اوفكه (öfke, “anger”), اويكه (öyke, “anger”), اويكن (öyken, “lungs”), اويكهلنمك (öykelenmek, “to get angry”)

Gagauz: üfke (“anger”)

Turkish: öfke, öfkelenmek, öyke (“anger”) (dialectal), öyken (“lungs”) (dialectal), övken (“asthma”) (dialectal), öykelenmek (dialectal), övkelenmek (dialectal)

Salar: öken (“lungs”)

Turkmen: öýke (“sadness”), öýken (“lungs”), öýkelemek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (öpke)

Uyghur: ئۆپكە (öpke)

Uzbek: oʻpka

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үпкә (üpkə)

Tatar: үпкә (üpkä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: öpke

Karachay-Balkar: ёпке (öpke)

Kumyk: оьпке (öpke)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ókpe

Kazakh: өкпе (ökpe)

Nogai: оьпке (öpke)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өпкө (öpkö)

Southern Altai: ӧкпӧ (ökpö)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (öpke) (Yenisei)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öpke, övke)

Western Yugur: üʰkpi, [script needed] (öhkbe)

Sayan:

Tofa: өъкпэ (ö"kpe)

Tuvan: өкпе (ökpe)

Dukhan: öʰkpe

Yenisei:

Khakas: ӧкпе

Shor: ӧкпе

Western Yugur: üʰkpi

Perhaps related to Manchu ᡠᡶᡠᡥᡠ (ufuhu, “lung”).


bitig

bitig (nominative singular)
bitigig (accusative singular)
bitigni (accusative singular)
bitigniŋ (genitive singular)
bitigke (dative singular)
bitigde (locative singular)
bitigden (ablative singular)
bitiggerü (allative singular)
bitigin (instrumental singular)
bitigče (equative singular)
bitigleyü (singular)
bitigligü (comitative singular)
*bitik (alternative)

→ Hungarian: betű

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗтӳ (pĕt̬ü, “amulet”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bitig, *bitik

Proto-Oghuz: *bitig, *bitik

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بِتى (biti, “letter, written document”)

Azerbaijani: bitik (archaic)

Ottoman Turkish: بتى (biti, “letter, written document; memory (literature); bill, document”)

biti<t:letter, post; amulet; notebook; book; forme; amulet; credentials, document, compass, licence; clerk><qq:dialectal>

Turkish: biti (“letter, post; amulet; notebook; book; forme; amulet; credentials, document, compass, licence; clerk”) (dialectal)

East Oghuz:

Salar: bitik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِتِكٔ (bitig, bitik)

Khorezmian Turkic:

→ Bulgar: بطك (bitik)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: bitik

Uyghur: بېتىك (bëtik)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بتو (bitüv, bitiv), بتی (biti), بتك (bitik)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бетеү (betew, “amulet”)

Tatar: бөти (böti, “letter, amulet”)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: битик (bitik)

Kumyk: битик (bitik, “amulet”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бітік (bıtık, “letter, scripture”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏 (b²it²g /bitig/)

→ Turkish: betik

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bitig)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (pïʰtïɣ, “book”)

→ Mongolian: бичиг (bičig)

→ Kyrgyz: бичик (bicik, “book of Kalmyk”)

→ Southern Altai: бичик (bičik, “book”)

→ Khakas: пічік (pìçìk, “book”)

→ Shor: пичик (“script, alphabet”)

→ Tuvan: бижик (bijik)

→ Yakut: бичик (bicik)


bodu-

trk-cmn-conj-head

bodudačï ben, bodumakčï ben, boduyačak ben

bodudačï sen, bodumakčï sen, boduyačak sen

bodudačï biz, bodumakčï biz, boduyačak biz

bodudačï siz, bodumakčï siz, boduyačak siz

bodumak (infinitive)
bodugan (participle present)
bodugma (participle present)
bodur (participle present)
boduduk (participle past)
bodumïš (participle past)
bodudačï (future participle)
bodumakčï (future participle)
bodusïk (future participle)
boduyačak (future participle)
boduma (noun-from-verb)
bodug (noun-from-verb)
bodugu (noun-from-verb)
boduš (adverbial)
bodur ben (aorist indicative singular)
bodur sen (aorist indicative singular)
bodur (aorist indicative singular)
bodur biz (aorist indicative plural)
bodur siz (aorist indicative plural)
bodur (aorist indicative plural)
bodudum (indicative past singular)
boduduŋ (indicative past singular)
bodudï (indicative past singular)
boduduk (indicative past plural)
bodudumuz (indicative past plural)
boduduŋuz (indicative past plural)
bodudï (indicative past plural)
bodumïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
bodumïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
bodumïš (indicative inferential past singular)
bodumïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
bodumïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
bodumïš (indicative inferential past plural)
bodudačï ben (future indicative singular)
bodumakčï ben (future indicative singular)
boduyačak ben (future indicative singular)
bodudačï sen (future indicative singular)
bodumakčï sen (future indicative singular)
boduyačak sen (future indicative singular)
bodudačï (future indicative singular)
bodumakčï (future indicative singular)
boduyačak (future indicative singular)
bodudačï biz (future indicative plural)
bodumakčï biz (future indicative plural)
boduyačak biz (future indicative plural)
bodudačï siz (future indicative plural)
bodumakčï siz (future indicative plural)
boduyačak siz (future indicative plural)
bodudačï (future indicative plural)
bodumakčï (future indicative plural)
boduyačak (future indicative plural)
bodugay ben (future indicative singular)
bodugay sen (future indicative singular)
bodugay (future indicative singular)
bodugay biz (future indicative plural)
bodugay siz (future indicative plural)
bodugay (future indicative plural)
bodusukum (future indicative singular)
bodusukuŋ (future indicative singular)
bodusuk (future indicative singular)
bodusukumuz (future indicative plural)
bodusukuŋuz (future indicative plural)
bodusuk (future indicative plural)
bodusam (conditional singular)
bodusar ben (conditional singular)
bodusaŋ (conditional singular)
bodusar sen (conditional singular)
bodusa (conditional singular)
bodusar (conditional singular)
bodusak (conditional plural)
bodusamïz (conditional plural)
bodusar biz (conditional plural)
bodusaŋïz (conditional plural)
bodusar siz (conditional plural)
bodusalar (conditional plural)
bodusar (conditional plural)
bodugay ben (optative singular)
bodugay sen (optative singular)
bodugay (optative singular)
bodugay biz (optative plural)
bodugay siz (optative plural)
bodugay (optative plural)
bodumakda ben (progressive singular)
bodumakda sen (progressive singular)
bodumakda (progressive singular)
bodumakda biz (plural progressive)
bodumakda siz (plural progressive)
bodumakda (plural progressive)
bodumalïg ben (necessitative singular)
bodumalïg sen (necessitative singular)
bodumalïg (necessitative singular)
bodumalïg biz (necessitative plural)
bodumalïg siz (necessitative plural)
bodumalïg (necessitative plural)
boduyayïn (imperative singular)
bodu (imperative singular)
bodugïl (imperative singular)
boduzun (imperative singular)
boduyalïm (imperative plural)
boduyuŋ (imperative plural)
boduzun (imperative plural)
bodumamak (infinitive negative)
bodumagan (negative participle present)
bodumagma (negative participle present)
bodumaz (negative participle present)
bodumaduk (negative participle past)
bodumamïš (negative participle past)
bodumačï (future negative participle)
bodumasïk (future negative participle)
bodumayačak (future negative participle)
bodumama (negative noun-from-verb)
bodumag (negative noun-from-verb)
bodumagu (negative noun-from-verb)
bodumaš (adverbial negative)
bodumaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
bodumaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
bodumaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
bodumaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bodumaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bodumaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bodumadum (indicative negative past singular)
bodumaduŋ (indicative negative past singular)
bodumadï (indicative negative past singular)
bodumaduk (indicative negative past plural)
bodumadumuz (indicative negative past plural)
bodumaduŋuz (indicative negative past plural)
bodumadï (indicative negative past plural)
bodumamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bodumamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bodumamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bodumamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bodumamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bodumamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bodumačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
bodumayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
bodumačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
bodumayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
bodumačï (future indicative negative singular)
bodumayačak (future indicative negative singular)
bodumačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumačï (future indicative negative plural)
bodumayačak (future indicative negative plural)
bodumagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
bodumagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
bodumagay (future indicative negative singular)
bodumagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumagay (future indicative negative plural)
bodumasukum (future indicative negative singular)
bodumasukuŋ (future indicative negative singular)
bodumasuk (future indicative negative singular)
bodumasukumuz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumasukuŋuz (future indicative negative plural)
bodumasuk (future indicative negative plural)
bodumasam (conditional negative singular)
bodumasar ben (conditional negative singular)
bodumasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
bodumasar sen (conditional negative singular)
bodumasa (conditional negative singular)
bodumasar (conditional negative singular)
bodumasak (conditional negative plural)
bodumasamïz (conditional negative plural)
bodumasar biz (conditional negative plural)
bodumasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
bodumasar siz (conditional negative plural)
bodumasalar (conditional negative plural)
bodumasar (conditional negative plural)
bodumagay ben (negative optative singular)
bodumagay sen (negative optative singular)
bodumagay (negative optative singular)
bodumagay biz (negative optative plural)
bodumagay siz (negative optative plural)
bodumagay (negative optative plural)
bodumamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
bodumamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
bodumamakda (negative progressive singular)
bodumamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
bodumamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
bodumamakda (negative plural progressive)
bodumamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
bodumamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
bodumamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
bodumamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
bodumamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
bodumamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
bodumayayïn (imperative negative singular)
boduma (imperative negative singular)
bodumagïl (imperative negative singular)
bodumazun (imperative negative singular)
bodumayalïm (imperative negative plural)
bodumayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
bodumazun (imperative negative plural)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *buda-

Mongolian: будах (budax)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗве (pĕve), пӗвет (pĕvet)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bodu-, *boda-

Arghu:

Khalaj: bodamaq

Proto-Oghuz: *boya-

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boyamaq)

Azerbaijani: boyamaq

Ottoman Turkish: بویامق (boyamak)

Gagauz: boyamaa

Turkish: boyamak

East Oghuz:

Salar: boyağusı

Turkmen: boýamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُذوُماقْ (boδūmāq)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (boya-)

Chagatai: بويماق (boyamaq)

Uzbek: boʻyamoq

Uyghur: بويىماق (boyimaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بويماق (boyamaq)

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: буяу (buyaw)

Tatar: буярга (buyarga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boyamaq

Karachay-Balkar: бояргъа (boyarğa)

Karaim: [script needed] (boya-)

Kumyk: боямакъ (boyamaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бояу (boäu)

Karakalpak: boyaw

Nogai: бояв (boyav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: боёо (boyoo)

Southern Altai: бойор (boyor), бойо- (boyo-) (dialectal, Teleut)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽳𐽸𐽳𐽹𐽰𐽲 (pwdwmʾq /bodumaḳ/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бутуй (butuy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: будуур (buduur)

Uncertain. Perhaps a denominal verb, for which compare Old Uyghur بوى (boy, “paint, color”).


kār

kār (nominative singular)
kārïg (accusative singular)
kārnï (accusative singular)
kārnïŋ (genitive singular)
kārka (dative singular)
kārda (locative singular)
kārdan (ablative singular)
kārgaru (allative singular)
kārïn (instrumental singular)
kārča (equative singular)
kārlayu (singular)
kārlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga bulgar: *xyār (as in *kān)

Chuvash: юр (jur)

Common Turkic:

Karluk

Chagatai: قَارْ

Uyghur: قار (qar)

Uzbek: qor

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡар (qar)

Tatar: qar

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: qar

Karachay-Balkar: къар (qar)

Kumyk: къар (qar)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: қар (qar)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кар (kar)

Southern Altai: кар (kar)

Siberian Turkic

North Siberian

Dolgan: каар

Yakut: хаар (qaar)

South Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰺 (kar)

Yenisei

Shor: қар

Khakas: хар (xar)

Sayan

Tuvan: хар (xar)

Arghu

Khalaj: qâr

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qar

Gagauz: kaar

Ottoman Turkish: قار (kar)

Turkish: kar

Turkmen: gār


ūdï-

Arghu:

Khalaj: ûdımaq

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: uyumaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اویومق (uyumak)
Gagauz: uyumaa
Turkish: uyumak

Karluk

Karakhanid: اُذِيماقْ (uδï̄māq)

Chagatai: اویوماق (uyumaq)

Kipchak: [script needed] (ūyī-)

Khorezmian: اوذیماق (uðımaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ойоу (oyow, “sleep lightly”)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰑𐰃 (udï-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (udï-)

North Siberian

Yakut: утуй (utuy)

Dolgan: утуй (utuy)

South Siberian

Khakas: узирға (uzirğa)

Tuvan: удуур (uduur)


sač-

Common Turkic:

Medieval

Karakhanid: سَجْماقْ (sačmāq)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰲 (sač-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sač-)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (sač-)

Kipchak: [script needed] (sač-)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (sačmaq)

Uyghur: چاچماق (chachmaq)

Uzbek: sochmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәсеү (səsew)

desc

Tatar: чәчү (çäçü)

Tatar: чәчү (çäçü)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шашу (şaşu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чачуу (cacuu)

Southern Altai: чачар (čačar)

Arghu:

Khalaj: saçmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: saçmaq

Ottoman Turkish: صاچمق (saçmak)

Turkish: saçmak

Turkmen: saçmak

Siberian:

North Kipchak:

Dolgan: ыс

Yakut: ыс (ıs)

South Kipchak:

Khakas: сазарға (sazarğa)

Tuvan: чажар (çajar)

?→ Proto-Mongolic: *saču-

Proto-Common Turkic: *sač(ï)ra-

Oghuz: *sïčra-

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sıçramaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: صچرامق (sıçramak), صیچرامق (sıçramak)
Turkish: sıçramak

Salar: siçirağusı

Turkmen: syçramak

Kipchak: *sačra-

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәсрәү (səsrəw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шашырау (şaşyrau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чачыроо (cacıroo)

Karluk: *sačra-

Chagatai:

Uyghur:

Uzbek: sachramoq

Siberian

South Siberian

Yenisei

desc

Shor: шачыра-

Shor: шачыра-

Compare Proto-Mongolic *saču- (“to scatter, sow, spatte”), Proto-Tungusic *šeše- (“to scatter, spatter”), (Manchu ᠰᡳᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ (sisambi, “to spatter”), Evenki чичэвэми (çiçəwəmi, “to sprinkle”)).


ēr

ēr (nominative singular)
ērig (accusative singular)
ērni (accusative singular)
ērniŋ (genitive singular)
ērke (dative singular)
ērde (locative singular)
ērden (ablative singular)
ērgerü (allative singular)
ērin (instrumental singular)
ērče (equative singular)
ērleyü (singular)
ērligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ар (ar)

Middle Turkic: er

Arghu:

Khalaj: hər

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: ار (er)
Azerbaijani: ər
Ottoman Turkish: ار (er)
Turkish: er

Turkmen: är

Salar: er

Azerbaijani: ərən

Ottoman Turkish: ارن (eren)

Turkish: eren

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرْ (er)

Chagatai: اير (er)

Uyghur: ئەر (er)

Ili Turki: er

Uzbek: er

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: ир (ir)

Tatar: ир (ir)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: er

Kazakh: ер (er)

Nogai: эр (ér)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эр (er)

Southern Altai: эр (er)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: er

Karachay-Balkar: эр (er)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: эр

Latin script: er

Kumyk: эр (er)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰼 (er)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾 (ʾr /er/)
Western Yugur: erə (erï)
⇒ Western Yugur: eren (eren, “husband”)
⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽱𐽽𐽶 (ʾr ʾβcy /er-evči/, “wife and husband”, literally “man and the house-person”)
Western Yugur: erehpdʐi (ereʰpǯi, “married couple”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: эр

Yakut: эр (er)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tofa: эр

Tuvan: эр (er) (Kyzyl, Soyot)

Yenisei:

Khakas: ир (ir)

Shor: эр

desc

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *ēren (“men”) (the irregular plural form)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: ارن (eren), ایرن (ẹren)
Azerbaijani: ərən
Ottoman Turkish: ارن (eren)
Turkish: eren

Kipchak:

Kazakh: ерен (eren)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽺 (ʾrʾn /eren/)

This root, according to Yegorov (1964), is one of the oldest Turkic words and it is registered in almost all Turkic languages.
The plural form, *ēren, is compared to Mongolian [script needed] (aran) by Nişanyan.


oltur-

Common Turkic:

Medieval

desc

اُلْتُرْماقْ

اُلْدُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: اُلْتُرْماقْ (olturmāq), اُلْدُرْماقْ (oldurmāq)

Old Turkic

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (oltur-)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (oltur-), [script needed] (otur-)

Kipchak: [script needed] (oltur-)

Karluk

Chagatai: اولتورمق (olturmaq)

Uyghur: ئولتۇرماق (olturmaq)

Uzbek: oʻtirmoq

Kipchak

Aral:

Kazakh: отыру (otyru)

Eastern

Kyrgyz: отуруу (oturuu), олтуруу (olturuu)

Southern Altai: отурар (oturar)

Ural:

Bashkir: ултырыу (ultırıw)

Tatar: утыру (utıru), утырырга (utırırga)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: oturmaq

Ottoman Turkish: اوتورمق (oturmak)

Turkish: oturmak

Salar: otğusı, otırğusı

Turkmen: oturmak

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: олор

Yakut: олор (olor)

South Siberian:

Khakas: одырарға (odırarğa)

Causative of *ol- (“to be”). Some modern languages show assimilation of -/lt/- cluster into -/t/-. Cognate of *olur- (“to sit”).


olur-

Medieval

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰞𐰺 (olur-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (olur-), [script needed] (olor-)

Siberian

Dolgan: олор (olor)

Tuvan: олурар (olurar)

Yakut: олор (olor)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (olïr-)

Bulghar

Chuvash: лар (lar)

Causative of *ol- (“to be”) and basically cognate of *ol-tur- (“to sit”).


ol-

Medieval

Karakhanid: اُلْماقْ (olmāq)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (ol-) (perhaps)

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: olmaq

Ottoman Turkish: اولمق (olmak) (perhaps, if not from *bōl-)

Turkish: olmak

Siberian:

Yakut: олох (oloq, “life”)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ol- (“to find, obtain”), Proto-Tungusic *ō- (“to make, become”) and Korean 오다 (oda, “to come”) (< Middle Korean [script needed] (ó-)). Compare also Proto-Uralic *wole- (cf. Estonian olema, Finnish olla) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-.


bōl-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *bol-

Khalkha Mongolian: болох (bolox)

Oghur:

Bulgar: بل (bal)
Chuvash: пул (pul)

Arghu:

Khalaj: ôlmaq

Proto-Oghuz: *bōl-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اُولْمَقْ (“olmaq”), بُولْمَقْ (“bolmaq”)

Azerbaijani: olmaq

Gagauz: olmaa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اولمق (olmak), بولمق (bolmak)
Turkish: olmak
→ Armenian: օլմիշ (ōlmiš)
 (if not < *ol-)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bolmak

Salar: vol, bo

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُلْماقْ (bolmāq)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bol-), [script needed] (ol-) (if not < *ol-)

Chagatai: [script needed] (bolmaq)

Uyghur: بولماق (bolmaq)

Uzbek: boʻlmoq

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بُولْ (bol-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bolmaq

Kumyk: болмакъ (bolmaq)

Karachay-Balkar: болургъа (bolurğa)

Karaim: bolmak

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: булыу (bulıw)

Tatar: булу (bulu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: болуу (boluu)

Southern Altai: болор (bolor)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: болу (bolu)

Nogai: болув (boluv)

Karakalpak: boli'w

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰞 (b¹ul¹ /bol-/)

Old Uyghur: pwlmʾk (bolmak)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: буол (buol)

Yakut: буол (buol)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: болур (bolur)

Tofa: болур (bolur)

Yenisei:

Khakas: поларға (polarğa)

Shor: пол (pol-)

Western Yugur: pol

.
Karakhanid, Bulgar and Turkmen forms point to a short vowel instead.


temürči

temürči (nominative singular)
temürčiig (accusative singular)
temürčini (accusative singular)
temürčiniŋ (genitive singular)
temürčike (dative singular)
temürčide (locative singular)
temürčiden (ablative singular)
temürčigerü (allative singular)
temürčiin (instrumental singular)
temürčiče (equative singular)
temürčileyü (singular)
temürčiligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: تمرج

Chuvash: тимӗрҫӗ (timĕrś̬ĕ)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: دمورجی (demürci)

Azerbaijani: dəmirçi

Ottoman Turkish: دمورجی (demirci, demürci)

Turkish: demirci

Turkmen: demirçi

Kipchak

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: тимерсе (timerse)

Tatar: тимерче (timerçe)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: [script needed] (temirči)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: темірші (temırşı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: темирчи (temirci)

Southern Altai: темирчи (temirči)

Karluk:

→ Turkish: Temürçi (learned borrowing)

Karakhanid: تَمُرْجىٖ (temürči)

Chagatai: تیمورچی (temürči)

Uzbek: temirchi

Uyghur: تۆمۈرچى (tömürchi)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (temirči)

→ Mongolic:

Middle Mongol: ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ (temüǰin) (birthname of Genghis Khan)

Mongolian: ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ (temüǰin) (a male given name)

→ Chagatai: تیموچین (temüčin)

→ Turkish: Timuçin (through intermediaries)

From *temür (“iron”) + *-či (“occupational suffix”).


edgü

Oghur:

Chuvash: ырӑ (yră, “good”)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

desctree

Karakhanid: اَذْكُو (ʾaδkū /eδgǖ/), 𐽰𐽸𐽲𐽳 (ʾdqw /edkü, etkü/) (Ḳutadġu Bilig)
Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (eδgü), [script needed] (eygü)
→ Turki:
→ Bashkir: изге (izge)
→ Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (izgi)
→ Kazakh: ізгі (ızgı)
→ Tatar: изге (izge)
→ Uyghur: ئەزگۇ (ezgu)
→ Uzbek: ezgu

Kipchak:

Cuman: eygi

North Kipchak:

desc

Bashkir: эйе (eye, “yes”), иге (ige, “good”)

Tatar: иге (ige)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: игі (igı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ийги (iygi), ийе (iye)

Southern Altai: эйе (eye, “yes”)

Proto-Oghuz: *eyɣü

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: اَیْكُوٖ (eygü)
Azerbaijani: eyi
Gagauz: ii
Ottoman Turkish: ایو (eyü), ایی (eyi, iyi)
Turkish: iyi

Turkmen: eýgilik

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰏𐰇 (edgü)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽸𐽷𐽳 (ʾdkw /edgü/)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үтүө (ütüö)

Yakut: үтүө (ütüö)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: эки (eki, “good”)


kï̄ŕ-

Medieval:

Karakhanid: قِزْماقْ (qïzmāq)

Kipchak: [script needed] (qïz-)

Bulghar:

Chuvash: хӗрме (hĕrme)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (qïzmaq)

Uyghur: قىزىماق (qizimaq)

Uzbek: qizimoq

Kipchak:

Aral:

Kazakh: қызу (qyzu)

Eastern:

Kyrgyz: кызуу (kızuu)

Southern Altai: кызыыр (kïzïïr)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыҙыу (qıźıw)

Tatar: кызу (qızu)

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qızmaq

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (qïz-)

Ottoman Turkish: قیزمق (qïzmaq)

Turkish: kızmak

Turkmen: gyzmak

Siberian:

Tuvan: кызар (kızar)

Yakut: кыыс (kııs)

Karakhanid and Turkmen point short vowel.

kïŕ-a-r-

*kïŕ (“?red, hot”) (reconstructed based on the attested derivatives, see below)


kï̄ŕ

kï̄ŕ (nominative singular)
kï̄ŕïg (accusative singular)
kï̄ŕnï (accusative singular)
kï̄ŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
kï̄ŕka (dative singular)
kï̄ŕda (locative singular)
kï̄ŕdan (ablative singular)
kï̄ŕgaru (allative singular)
kï̄ŕïn (instrumental singular)
kï̄ŕča (equative singular)
kï̄ŕlayu (singular)
kï̄ŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: هير (hï̄r)

Chuvash: хӗр (hĕr)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qıız

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قز (qız), قیز

Azerbaijani: qız

Gagauz: kız

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیز (kız)
Turkish: kız
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: qîz

→ Swedish: guss

Salar: gız

Turkmen: gȳz

Old Khalaj: خٖيزْ (xï̄z)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قٖيزْ (qï̄z)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qïz)

Uyghur: قىز (qiz)

Uzbek: qiz

Kipchak: [script needed] (qïz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qız

Karachay-Balkar: къыз (qız)

Karaim: kyz

Kumyk: къыз (qız)

Urum: хыз

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыҙ (qıź)

Tatar: кыз (qız)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qız

Kazakh: қыз (qyz)

Nogai: кыз (kız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыз (kız)

Southern Altai: кыс (kïs)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰶𐰃𐰕 (qïz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽶𐽴 (qyz /kïz/)
Western Yugur: ɢəz (gïz, gïs)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кыыс

Yakut: кыыс (kııs)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кыс (kıs)

Tofa: кыс

Yenisei:

Khakas: хыс (xıs)

Shor: қыс

Proto-Turkic: *kïrnāk

Oghuz: قِرْناقْ

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرناق (qırnaq)

Azerbaijani: qırnaq

Gagauz: kırnak

Ottoman Turkish: قرناق

Turkish: kırnak

Turkmen: gyrnak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

desc

Kipchak: قِرْناقْ

Kipchak: قِرْناقْ

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қырнақ (qyrnaq) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرْناقْ

Proto-Turkic: *kï̄rkïn

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: هیرحومْ (hïrhum)

Chuvash: хӑрхӑм (hărh̬ăm)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡырҡын (qırqın)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرقِنْ

Most likely related to *kï̄rkïn (“maiden, slave girl”) and *kïrnak (“slave girl”).


kudruk

kudruk (nominative singular)
kudrukug (accusative singular)
kudruknï (accusative singular)
kudruknuŋ (genitive singular)
kudrukka (dative singular)
kudrukda (locative singular)
kudrukdan (ablative singular)
kudrukgaru (allative singular)
kudrukun (instrumental singular)
kudrukča (equative singular)
kudruklayu (singular)
kudruklugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӳре (hüre)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kudurga

Mongolian: хударга (xudarga)

East Yugur: ghudurgha

Proto-Common Turkic:

Karakhanid: قُذْرُقْ (quδruq), قُیرُقْ (quyruq) (Late Karakhanid)

Khorezmian Turkic: قُذرُق (quδruq)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qudruq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قُيرُقْ

Azerbaijani: quyruq

Ottoman Turkish: قویروق (quyruq)

Gagauz: kuyruk

Turkish: kuyruk

Salar: guruq

Turkmen: guýruk

Kipchak:

Kipchak: cuyrug

Kipchak: قويرق (quyruɣ)

Mamluk-Kipchak: قُيرُغ (quyruɣ), قُيرُق (quyruq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: quyruq

Karachay-Balkar: къуйрукъ (quyruq)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: куйрук

Latin script: kuyruk

Kumyk: къуйрукъ (quyruq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡойроҡ (qoyroq)

Tatar: койрык (qoyrıq)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: quyrıq

Kazakh: құйрық (qūiryq)

Nogai: куйрык (kuyrık)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куйрук (kuyruk)

Southern Altai: куйрук (kuyruk)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (quyruɣ)

Uzbek: quyruq

Uyghur: قۇيرۇق (quyruq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰺𐰆𐰸 (qudruq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qudruq)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (quzruq)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кутурук (kuturuk)

Yakut: кутурук (kuturuk)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: қудуруқ, қудурық, қудырық

Tofa: ӄудуруӄ (quduruq)

Tuvan: кудурук (kuduruk)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хузурух (xuzurux)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: guzruh

Shor: қузуруқ (quzuruq)

East Slavic:

→ Belarusian: курдзю́к (kurdzjúk)

→ Russian: курдю́к (kurdjúk)

→ Ukrainian: курдю́к (kurdjúk)

Derived from the unattested stem *kudu-r-.


üč

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: وج (veç)

Chuvash: виҫӗ (viś̬ĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ü̂ç

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوُچْ

Azerbaijani: üç

Ottoman Turkish: اوچ (üç)
Turkish: üç

Gagauz: üç

Salar: üş, uş

Turkmen: üç

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُجْ (üč)

desctree

Chagatai: اوچ (üč)
Ili Turki: uch
Uyghur: ئۈچ (üch)
Uzbek: uch

Kipchak: [script needed] (üč)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өс (ös)

Siberian Tatar: өш (öş)

Tatar: өч (öç)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üç

Karachay-Balkar: юч (yuç)

Karaim: üč

Kumyk: уьч (üç)

Urum: ӱч

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: úsh

Kazakh: үш (üş)

Nogai: уьш (üş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үч (üc)

Southern Altai: ӱч (üč)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰲 (üč)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽽 (ʾwyc /üč/)
Western Yugur: uʂ (uʰʂ, üʰʂ)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үс

Yakut: үс (üs)

South Siberian:

Yenisei-Turkic:

Chulym: ӱщ

Khakas: ӱс (üs)

Shor: ӱш (üş)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: үш (üş)

Tofa: үш (üş)

Northern Altai: ӱш (üš), ӱч (üč)

Perhaps related to *otuŕ (“thirty”), via a hypothetical construct *üč-üŕ, which could ablaut back into *ot-uŕ.


ūč

ūč (nominative singular)
ūčug (accusative singular)
ūčnï (accusative singular)
ūčnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūčka (dative singular)
ūčda (locative singular)
ūčdan (ablative singular)
ūčgaru (allative singular)
ūčun (instrumental singular)
ūčča (equative singular)
ūčlayu (singular)
ūčlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӗҫ (vĕś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: uc

Ottoman Turkish: اوچ

Gagauz: uç (uc-)

Turkish: uç (uc-)

Salar: uc

Turkmen: ūç (ūj-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (uč)

Chagatai: ۇچ (uč)

Uzbek: uch/уч (uch)

Uyghur: ۇچ (uch)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: оч (oç)

Bashkir: ос (os)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: uc

Karaim: uč

Kumyk: уч (uç)

Urum: уч (uč), уджу (udžu, “3rd singular”)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ush

Kazakh: ұш (ūş)

Nogai: уш (uş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уч (uc)

Southern Altai: уч (uč)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (uč)

Old Uyghur:

desc

Western Yugur: uč, [script needed] (udžu), [script needed] (užu)

North Siberian:

Yakut: уһук (uhuk) (<*ūč-uk)

Dolgan: уһук (uhuk) (<*ūč-uk)

South siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ус (us)

Shor: уш, уч, ужы (užï, “3rd singular”)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: уш (uš)

Tuvan: уш (uş)