sim-

Oghur:

Chuvash: сим (sim, “nectar; ale”)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *simür-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sümürmək

Ottoman Turkish: سومرمك (sümürmek)

Turkish: sömürmek

Turkmen: sümürmek

Salar: sumurğusı (“to suck in”), sumurlağusı

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: сіміру (sımıru)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һемереү (hemerew)

Karluk:

Uzbek: simirmoq

Uyghur: سۈمۈرمەك (sümürmek)

Proto-Turkic *sim- + *-ür in Common Turkic.
Compare Proto-Mongolic *sime (“juice; to soak; to suck”), Proto-Tungusic *šime- (“to soak; to suck”).


bāldïŕ

bāldïŕ (nominative singular)
bāldïŕïg (accusative singular)
bāldïŕnï (accusative singular)
bāldïŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
bāldïŕka (dative singular)
bāldïŕda (locative singular)
bāldïŕdan (ablative singular)
bāldïŕgaru (allative singular)
bāldïŕïn (instrumental singular)
bāldïŕča (equative singular)
bāldïŕlayu (singular)
bāldïŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: пултӑр (pult̬ăr)

Common Turkic

Arghu:

Khalaj: bâldız

Proto-Oghuz: *baldïz

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: baldız
→ Talysh: balduz

Ottoman Turkish: بالدز (baldız)

Turkish: baldız

Gagauz: baldıska

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bāldyz

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (baldız)

Uzbek: boldiz

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: балдыҙ (baldıź)

Tatar: балдыз (baldız), baldız

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: балдыз (baldız)

Southern Altai: бассы (bassï)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: baldiz

Kazakh: балдыз (baldyz)

Nogai: балдыз (baldız)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: балыс (“younger sister”)

Yakut: балыс (balıs, “younger sister”)

South Siberian

Yenisei

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (baltïz)

From *bāla + *-dïŕ. Compared to Proto-Mongolic *balčir (“very small, infant”).


urugluk

urugluk (nominative singular)
uruglukug (accusative singular)
urugluknï (accusative singular)
urugluknuŋ (genitive singular)
uruglukka (dative singular)
uruglukda (locative singular)
uruglukdan (ablative singular)
uruglukgaru (allative singular)
uruglukun (instrumental singular)
uruglukča (equative singular)
urugluklayu (singular)
urugluklugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Salar: urlaq, urluq

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اُرُغْلُقْ (uruğluq, “seed corn”)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (urluk)

Uyghur: [script needed] (uruqluq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: орлоҡ (orloq)

Tatar: орлык (orlıq)

→? Chuvash: вӑрлӑх (vărlăh)

Cuman-Kipchak: [script needed] (urluk)

Kumyk: урлукъ (urluq)

Crimean Tatar: urluq

Karachay-Balkar: урлукъ (urluq)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: урлык (urlık)

From Proto-Turkic *urug + *-luk with crasis.


kādïn

kādïn (nominative singular)
kādïnïg (accusative singular)
kādïnnï (accusative singular)
kādïnnïŋ (genitive singular)
kādïnka (dative singular)
kādïnda (locative singular)
kādïndan (ablative singular)
kādïngaru (allative singular)
kādïnïn (instrumental singular)
kādïnča (equative singular)
kādïnlayu (singular)
kādïnlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: хунь (hunʹ)

Common Turkic

Arghu:

Khalaj: qâdın

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qayın

Gagauz: kayın

Ottoman Turkish: قاین (kayın)

Turkish: kayın

Turkmen: gāýyn

Salar: qayın

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qaδın, qadın, qayın)

Uzbek: qayin

Uyghur: [script needed] (qeyin)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡайны (qaynı)

Tatar: кайын (qayın)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: qayın

Kumyk: къайын (qayın)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кайын (kayın)

Southern Altai: кайын (kayïn)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: қайын (qaiyn)

Nogai: кайын (kayın)

Siberian

Old Turkic

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qadïn)

Sayan

Tuvan: каты (katı)

Yenisei

Shor: казын

Khakas: хазын (xazın)

Western Yugur: qazïn (“relative in law (male/female)”)

Nişanyan compares this word to Proto-Mongolic *kadum (“relative by marriage”).


sǖt

sǖt (nominative singular)
sǖtüg (accusative singular)
sǖtni (accusative singular)
sǖtnüŋ (genitive singular)
sǖtke (dative singular)
sǖtde (locative singular)
sǖtden (ablative singular)
sǖtgerü (allative singular)
sǖtün (instrumental singular)
sǖtče (equative singular)
sǖtleyü (singular)
sǖtlügü (comitative singular)

Bulgharic:

Chuvash: сӗт (sĕt)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: sü̂t

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: süd / сүд

Ottoman Turkish: سوت (süt)

Turkish: süt (süd- dial.)

Gagauz: süt

Salar: süt, süd

Turkmen: süýt (süýd-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: сөт (söt) / söt

Bashkir: һөт (höt)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: süt

Karaim: siuť

Karaim: [script needed] (süt)

Kumyk: сют (süt)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: sút

Kazakh: сүт (süt)

Nogai: суьт (süt)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сүт (süt)

Southern Altai: сӱт (süt)

Karluk:

Chagatai: سوت (süt)

Uzbek: sut / сут (sut)

Uyghur: سۈت (süt)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (süt)

Western Yugur: süt

North Siberian:

Dolgan: үүт

Yakut: үүт (üüt)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: сүт

Tuvan: сүт (süt)

Yenisei:

Shor: сӱт

Khakas: сӱт (süt)

From Proto-Turkic *süd- (?) "(liquid) leaking, dripping".


-ŕ

bẹ (“I”) + *-ŕ → *biŕ (“we”)


-ŕ

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-r (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

noncog

sö- + *-ŕ → *söŕ (“word, speech”)


biŕ

biŕ (nominative singular)
biŕni (accusative singular)
biŕniŋ (genitive singular)
biŕiŋe (dative singular)
biŕinte (locative singular)
biŕinten (ablative singular)
biŕiŋerü (allative singular)
biŕnin (instrumental singular)
biŕinče (equative singular)
biŕinleyü (singular)
biŕinligü (comitative singular)


biŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эпир (ep̬ir)

Proto-Common Turkic: *biz

Arghu:

Khalaj: biz

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *biz

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: بز (biz), ـوز (-viz)

Azerbaijani: biz

Ottoman Turkish: بز (biz), ـز (-z, -iz)

Turkish: biz, -iz

Gagauz: biz

⇒ Salar: piser

Turkmen: biz, -iz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِزْ (biz)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (biz), [script needed] (biz)

Chagatai: بیز (biz)

Uzbek: biz

Uyghur: بىز (biz)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بز (biz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: بز (biz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: беҙ (beź)

Tatar: без (bez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: biz

Karachay-Balkar: биз (biz)

Kumyk: биз (biz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: біз (bız)

Karakalpak: biz

Nogai: биз (biz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: биз (biz)

Southern Altai: бис (bis)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰕 (b²iz /biz/)

Old Uyghur: pʾz (biz)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (pız)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биһиги (bihigi)

Yakut: биһиги (bihigi)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: биъс (bis)

Tuvan: бис (bis)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пiс (pis)

Shor: пiс (pis)

Denotes "to be" for first person plural when at the end of an object; are

Denotes first person plural after various tenses


ẹk(k)iŕ

ẹkiŕ (nominative singular)
ẹkkiŕ (nominative singular)
ẹkiŕig (accusative singular)
ẹkkiŕig (accusative singular)
ẹkiŕni (accusative singular)
ẹkkiŕni (accusative singular)
ẹkiŕniŋ (genitive singular)
ẹkkiŕniŋ (genitive singular)
ẹkiŕke (dative singular)
ẹkkiŕke (dative singular)
ẹkiŕde (locative singular)
ẹkkiŕde (locative singular)
ẹkiŕden (ablative singular)
ẹkkiŕden (ablative singular)
ẹkiŕgerü (allative singular)
ẹkkiŕgerü (allative singular)
ẹkiŕin (instrumental singular)
ẹkkiŕin (instrumental singular)
ẹkiŕče (equative singular)
ẹkkiŕče (equative singular)
ẹkiŕleyü (singular)
ẹkkiŕleyü (singular)
ẹkiŕligü (comitative singular)
ẹkkiŕligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӗкӗреш (jĕk̬ĕreš)

→ Hungarian: iker

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ikire

→ Mongolian: ихэр (ixer, “twins”)

→ Yakut: игирэ (igire, “twin”)

Common Turkic:

** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: əkiz
***** Ottoman Turkish: ایكیز (ikiz)
****** Turkish: ikiz
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ekiz
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid:
**** Chagatai:
***** Uzbek: egizak
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: игеҙәк (igeźək)
**** Tatar: игез (igez)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: egiz
**** Karachay-Balkar: эгиз (egiz)
**** Kumyk: эгиз (egiz)
*** South Kipchak
**** Kazakh: егіз (egız)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: эгиз (egiz)
**** Southern Altai: эгис (egis)
** Siberian:
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tuvan: ийис (iyis)
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Khakas: ікіс (ìkìs)

From Proto-Turkic *ẹk(k)i (“two”) + *-ŕ.


-siŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: -сӗр (-sĕr), -сӑр (-săr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -siz

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـسز (-süz)

Azerbaijani: -siz

Ottoman Turkish: ـسز (-siz)

Turkish: -siz

Gagauz: -siz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: -siz

Salar: -siz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: -سىز

Chagatai:

Uyghur: -سىز (-siz)

Uzbek: -siz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -һеҙ (-heź)

Tatar: -сез (-sez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -siz

Urum: -сиэ (-siz)

Kumyk: -сиз (-siz)

Karachay-Balkar: -сиз (-siz)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -сіз (-sız)

Karakalpak: -siz

Nogai: -сиз (-siz)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -сиз (-siz), -сыз (-sız), -суз (-suz), -сүз (-süz)

Southern Altai: -сиз (-siz)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰔 (-siz, -süz)

Old Uyghur: -𐽻𐽶𐽴 (-siz, -sïz)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -сиз (-siz)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-ser (“-less”).

kǖč (“power”) + *-siŕ → *kǖčsüŕ (“powerless”)

Used to form adjectives or nouns denoting the non-possession of a thing or quality; -less


-gān

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -ان (-an/en)

Chuvash: -ан (-an), -ен (-en)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -an, -ən

Ottoman Turkish: ـان (-an), ـن (-en)

Turkish: -an, -en

Gagauz: -an, -en

Turkmen: -ýan, -ýän

Salar: -ğan, -gen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (-ğan/gen)

Chagatai: [script needed] (-ğan/gen)

Uzbek: -gan

Uyghur: ـگان (-gan), ـگەن (-gen)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: -ҡан (-qan), -кән (-kən), -ған (-ğan), -гән (-gən)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: -қан (-qan), -кен (-ken), -ған (-ğan), -ген (-gen)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ган (-gan), -ген (-gen), -гон (-gon), -гөн (-gön)

Southern Altai: -ган (-gan), -ген (-gen), -гон (-gon), -гӧн (-gön)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰍𐰣 (ǧn¹), 𐰏𐰤 (gn²)

Old Uyghur: -𐽲𐽰𐽺 (-qʾn), -𐽷𐽰𐽺 (-kʾn)

seb- (“to love”) + *-gān → *sebgēn (“One who loves”)

tabïĺ- (“to run”) + *-gān → *tabïĺgān (“One who jumps (i.e., a hare)”)

Forms deverbal nouns and imperfective participle of verbs


-gān

arpa (“barley”) + *-gān → *arpagan (“wild barley, barley cultivate that does not produce seeds”)

temür (“iron”) + *-gān → *temürgen (“arrow-head”)

(very rare, Karluk only) Forms denominal nouns


čï̄pgan

čï̄pgan (nominative singular)
čï̄pganïg (accusative singular)
čï̄pgannï (accusative singular)
čï̄pgannïŋ (genitive singular)
čï̄pganka (dative singular)
čï̄pganda (locative singular)
čï̄pgandan (ablative singular)
čï̄pgangaru (allative singular)
čï̄pganïn (instrumental singular)
čï̄pganča (equative singular)
čï̄pganlayu (singular)
čï̄pganlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫăпан (śăpan)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çiban, çivzə

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چبان, چیبان (çıban)
Gagauz: çıban
Turkish: çıban
→ Armenian: չիբան (čʻiban)

Turkmen: çȳban

Karluk:

Karakhanid: جِبقان (çıpqan)

Uzbek: chipqon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

desc

Bashkir: себешке (sebeşke), сәбәртеү (səbərtew, “to become a rash on lips”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: шиқан (şiqan)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: чибишке (čibiške)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: шибишки

Tofa: шибишки

Tuvan: шивишки (şivişki)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ciyigan

→ Southern Altai: чыйыкан (čïyïkan)

Probably comes from an ancient dead verb used to denominate the body's response to a mosquito bite, *čï̄p- + *-gan. Related to Proto-Turkic *čï̄pïn (“fly; gad-fly; mosquito”), Azerbaijani çibin. Compare also Proto-Mongolic *ciyigan (“tumour, albugo”).


tokuŕ

Oghur

Volga Bulgar: طخر (tuxur, tuxır)

Chuvash: тӑххӑр (tăhhăr)

Arghu:

Khalaj: toqquz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: doqquz

Ottoman Turkish: طقوز (dokuz)

Gagauz: dokuz

Turkish: dokuz

Eastern:

Salar: doqos, doqus

Turkmen: dokuz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تقُوزُْ (toquz)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: توققۇز (toqquz)

Uzbek: toʻqqiz

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: докъуз (doquz), doquz

Karachay-Balkar: тогъуз (toğuz)

Karaim: toyuz

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: тоғиз (toğiz)

Kazakh: тоғыз (toğyz)

Nogai: тогыз (togız)

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: туғыҙ (tuğıź)

Tatar: тугыз (tuğız) tuğız

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тогуз (toguz)

Southern Altai: тогус (togus)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰕 (t¹q̊¹uz /toquz/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽳𐽴 (twqwz /tokuz/)
Western Yugur: dohɢəs (toʰqïs)
⇒ Western Yugur: dohɢəson (toʰqïson, toʰqson, “ninety”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тоғыс (toğıs)

Shor: тоғус (toğus)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: тоъһос (toh'os)

Tuvan: тос (tos)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тогус (togus)

Yakut: тоҕус (toğus)


siŕ

siŕ (nominative singular)
siŕni (accusative singular)
siŕiŋ (genitive singular)
siŕiŋe (dative singular)
siŕinte (locative singular)
siŕinten (ablative singular)
siŕiŋerü (allative singular)
siŕnin (instrumental singular)
siŕinče (equative singular)
siŕinleyü (singular)
siŕinligü (comitative singular)


siŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: эсир (es̬ir)

Common Turkic:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰃𐰕 (s²iz /siz/)

Old Uyghur: sʾz (siz)

Karakhanid: [script needed] (siz)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (siz)

Arghu:

Khalaj: siz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (siz)

Azerbaijani: siz

Ottoman Turkish: سز (siz)

Turkish: siz

Gagauz: siz

Turkmen: siz

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (siz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (siz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: siz

Karachay-Balkar: сиз (siz)

Kumyk: сиз (siz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һеҙ (heź)

Tatar: сез (sez)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: сіз (sız)

Karakalpak: siz

Nogai: сиз (siz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сиз (siz)

Southern Altai: слер (sler)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (siz)

Uzbek: siz

Uyghur: سىز (siz)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: эһиги (ehigi)

Yakut: эһиги (ehigi)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: сілер (siler)

Tuvan: силер (siler)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: силер (siler)

Shor: силер (siler)

Denotes "to be" for second person plural when at the end of an object; are

Denotes second person plural after various tenses.


-miĺ

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: [script needed] (-miş)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -miş, imiş

Ottoman Turkish: ـمش (-miş)

Turkish: -miş, imiş, -muş, -müş, -mış

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: -miş

Salar:

Salar: -miş

Karluk:

Uzbek: emish

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: имеш (imeş)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: -міс (-mıs), -мыс (-mys), еміс (emıs)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эмиш (emiš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐱁 (-miš)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -бит (-bit), -быт (-bıt), -бут (-but), -бүт (-büt), -пит (-pit), -пыт (-pıt), -пут (-put), -пүт (-püt)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-mel (“suffix forming resultive nouns from verbs”).

noncog

seb- (“to love”) + *-miĺ → *sebmiĺ (“(I guess/I heard that) she/he/it loved.”)

Forms past tense, heard, unseen, unexperienced or otherwise unclear to the speaker.

öl- (“to die”) + *-miĺ → *ölmiĺ (“dead”)


yẹtmiĺ

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫитмӗл (śitmĕl)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yêtmiş

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yetmiş

Ottoman Turkish: یتمش (yetmiş)

Turkish: yetmiş

Gagauz: etmiş

Salar: yidemiş, yitmiş

Turkmen: ýetmiş

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yetmiş

Karachay-Balkar: джетмиш (cetmiş)

Kumyk: етмиш (yetmiş)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: етмеш (yetmeş)

Tatar: җитмеш (citmeş)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жетпіс (jetpıs)

Karakalpak: jetpis

Nogai: етпис (yetpis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жетимиш (jetimiş)

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: yetmish

Uyghur: يەتمىش (yetmish)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐱅𐰢𐰾 (yätmiš)

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐾀𐽹𐽶𐽿𐾅 (yytmyš̤), 𐽶𐽶𐾀𐽹𐽶𐽿 (yytmyš)


-iĺ

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-l (“suffix forming nouns designating abstract ideas from verbs”).

noncog

ȫk- (“to heap up”) + *-iĺ → *ȫküĺ (“many”)


ürüŋ

Arghu:

Khalaj: hürün

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

desc

ürün<t:milk and milk products; dairy product><qq:dialectal>

Turkish: ürün (“milk and milk products; dairy product”) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرُنْكْ (ürüŋ)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үрүң-бараң (ürüŋ-baraŋ, “dawn”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰼𐰭 (ür²ŋ /ürüŋ/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐽾𐽳𐽺𐽷 (ywrwnk /yürüŋ/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: үрүҥ (ürüñ)

Dolgan: үрүҥ (ürüñ)


-gek

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ak, -ek, -k

Kipchak

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: -ак (-ak), -ек (-yek), -ок (-ok), -өк (-ök)

Southern Altai: -ак (-ak), -ек (-yek), -ок (-ok), -ӧк (-ök), -к (-k)

bïč- (“to mow”) + *-gek → *bïčgak (“knife”)


batgak

batgak (nominative singular)
batgakïg (accusative singular)
batgaknï (accusative singular)
batgaknïŋ (genitive singular)
batgakka (dative singular)
batgakda (locative singular)
batgakdan (ablative singular)
batgakgaru (allative singular)
batgakïn (instrumental singular)
batgakča (equative singular)
batgaklayu (singular)
batgaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: путхах (puthah)

Proto-Common Turkic: *batgak

Proto-Oghuz: *batɣak

West Oghuz:

q

attested in the derived term <small>[script needed]</small> (bataqlu) before 1451

Old Anatolian Turkish: *باتاق (bataq) (attested in the derived term [script needed] (bataqlu) before 1451)

Azerbaijani: bataq

Gagauz: batak

Ottoman Turkish: باتاق

Turkish: batak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: batga

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بتقاق (batqaq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: батҡаҡ (batqaq)

Tatar: баткак (batkak)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bataq

Karachay-Balkar: батхакъ (batxaq)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баткак (batkak)

Southern Altai: баткак (batkak)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَتْقاقْ (batqaq)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (batqaq)

Chagatai: بتقاق (batqaq)

Uzbek: botqoq

Uyghur: پاتقاق (patqaq)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: патқақ (patqaq)

From *bat- (“to sink; to fit into, get into”) + *-gak.


boŕ

Proto-Common Turkic: *boz

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *boz

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boz)

Azerbaijani: boz

Ottoman Turkish: بوز (boz)

Gagauz: booz

Turkish: boz

→ Middle Armenian: պօզ (pōz)

Armenian: բոզ (boz)

→ Northern Kurdish: boz

Turkmen: boz

→ Georgian: ბოზი (bozi)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بوز (boz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: буҙ (buź)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boz

Karachay-Balkar: боз (boz)

Kumyk: боз (boz)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: боз (boz)

Southern Altai: бос (bos)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُوزْ (bo:z)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بوز (boz)

Uzbek: boʻz

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰔 (boz)

South Siberian

Northern Altai: пус (pus)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бороҥ (boroñ)


-inč

Oghur:

Bulgar: -ش (-ş, -şi)

Chuvash: -шӗ (-šĕ)

⇒ Oghur: *-m-inč

Chuvash: -мӗш (-mĕš)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰨 (-nč)

Old Uyghur: -𐽶𐽺𐽽 (-ync /-inč, -ïnč/), -𐽳𐽺𐽽 (-wnc /-unč, -ünč/)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *-inč-i

Arghu:

Khalaj: -inci

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -inci

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -inci

Turkmen: -inji

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (-inči)

Uyghur: ـىنچى (-inchi)

Uzbek: -inchi

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: -инчи (-inçi)

Kumyk: -инчи (-inçi)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: -енче (-yençe)

Bashkir: -енсе (-yense)

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Karakalpak: -inshi

Kazakh: -інші (-ınşı)

Nogai: -инши (-inşi)

Kirgiz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -инчи (-inci)

Southern Altai: -инчи (-inči)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: -інӌі (-ìncì)

Shor: -инчи

→ Western Yugur: -indʐi (-inʒi)

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: -ис (-is)

Yakut: -ис (-is)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *-m-inč-i

Arghu:

Khalaj: -minci

Oghuz:

Teke Turkmen: -minji

The second vowel of the suffix seems to appear after the medieval era. For an unknown reason, the word *ẹk(k)inti (“second”) has an exclusive variant *-inti, however according to Erdal it may be a seperate suffix.
Has been compared to Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci).
The variant form *-inči is not attested in Old Turkic, which replaced the *-inč in all environments except perhaps *ẹk(k)inč (attested as 𐽰𐽶𐽷𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽶 (ʾykynty /ékinti/).)

bīr (“one”) + *-inč → *bīrinč (“first”)


eĺčgek

eĺčgek (nominative singular)
eĺčgekig (accusative singular)
eĺčgekni (accusative singular)
eĺčgekniŋ (genitive singular)
eĺčgekke (dative singular)
eĺčgekde (locative singular)
eĺčgekden (ablative singular)
eĺčgekgerü (allative singular)
eĺčgekin (instrumental singular)
eĺčgekče (equative singular)
eĺčgekleyü (singular)
eĺčgekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→? Proto-Mongolic: *elǰigen

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: əşgə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: eşşək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اشك
Turkish: eşek
→ Armenian: էշեկ (ēšek)
→ Bulgarian: ешѐк (ešèk)
→ Laz: ეშეღი (eşeği)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ѐшек
Latin script: èšek
→? Sicilian: sceccu
→ Italian: scecco

Turkmen: eşek

Salar: eşek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَشْكَكْ (ešgek)

Chagatai: ايشاک

Uzbek: eshak

Uyghur: ئىشەق (isheq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ишәк (işäk)

Bashkir: ишәк (işək)

→ Middle Russian: иша́къ (išák), ише́къ (išék)

Russian: иша́к (išák)

→ Old Ruthenian: *иша́къ (*išák)
Belarusian: іша́к (išák)
Ukrainian: іша́к (išák)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: eşek

Karachay-Balkar: эшек (eşek)

Karaim: эшэк (ešek)

Kumyk: эшек (eşek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: есек (esek), естек (estek)

Karakalpak: eshek

Nogai: эшек (éşek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эшек (eşek)

Southern Altai: эштек (eštek)

→? Chuvash: ашак (aš̬ak)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Shor: эштек

From Proto-Turkic *eĺč- + *-gek. Akin to Proto-Tungusic *eyiken and Proto-Mongolic *elǰigen (“donkey”).


ẹk(k)inč

Oghur:

Bulgar: اكشِ (äkeşi)

Chuvash: иккӗмӗш (ikkĕmĕš)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: ikinci

Ottoman Turkish: ایكینجی (ikinci)

Turkish: ikinci

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ikinji

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اِكِنْجْ (ikinč)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئىككىنچى (ikkinchi)

Uzbek: ikkinchi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: икенче (ikençe)

Bashkir: икенсе (ikense)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: экинчи (ekinçi)

Kumyk: экинчи (ekinçi)

South Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ekinshi

Kazakh: екінші (ekınşı)

Nogai: экинши (ékinşi)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: экинчи (ekinci)

Southern Altai: экинчи (ekinči)

Siberian:

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽷𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽶 (ʾykynty /ékinti/) (perhaps an earlier inflected form of *-nč?)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: иккис (ikkis)

Yakut: иккис (ikkis)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ийиги (iyigi)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ікінӌі (ìkìncì)

Shor: ийгинчи (iyginçi)

From *ẹk(k)i (“two”) + *-inč (ordinal forming suffix).


kẹl-

Oghur:

Chuvash: кил (kil)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kəlmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gəlmək

Ottoman Turkish: گلمك

Turkish: gelmek

Gagauz: gelmää

Turkmen: gelmek

Salar: gel

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kel-)

Uzbek: kelmoq

Uyghur: كەلمەك (kelmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: килеү (kilew)

Tatar: килергә (kilergä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kelmek

Kumyk: гелмек (gelmek)

Karachay-Balkar: келерге (kelerge)

Karaim: [script needed] (kel-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: келүү (kelüü)

Southern Altai: кел (kel)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (kel-)

Kazakh: келу (kelu)

Nogai: келуьв (kelüv)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰠 (kel-)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽰𐾁𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kelmek)
Western Yugur: gel- (kel), gol- (kol), kil- (kʰil)

North Siberian

Dolgan: кэл

Yakut: кэл (kel)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (kel-)

Tuvan: келир (kelir)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (kel-)

Khakas: килерге (kilerge)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kel-)


altmïĺ

Oghur:

desc

Volga Bulgar: اَلطْمُلِ (altmulï, “sixty”)

Chuvash: утмӑл (utmăl)

Proto-Common Turkic: *altmïš
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: altmış
** Proto-Oghuz: *altmïš
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (altmış)
***** Azerbaijani: altmış
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلتمش (altmış)
****** Gagauz: altmış
****** Turkish: altmış
*** Salar: altımış, atmış
*** Turkmen: altmyş
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْتْمِشْ (altmïš)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (altmïš)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (altmïš)
****** Uzbek: oltmish
****** Uyghur: ئاتمىش (atmish)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: التمش (altmış)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алтмыш (altmış)
***** Tatar: алтмыш (altmış)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: altmış
***** Karachay-Balkar: алтмыш (altmış)
***** Kumyk: алтмыш (altmış)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алпыс (alpys)
***** Karakalpak: алпыс (alpıs)
***** Nogai: алпыс (alpıs)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алтымыш (altımış)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰡𐰢𐱁 (ltmš /altmïš/)
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽹𐽶𐽿𐾅 (altmïš)


agrïg

agrïg (nominative singular)
agrïgïg (accusative singular)
agrïgnï (accusative singular)
agrïgnïŋ (genitive singular)
agrïgka (dative singular)
agrïgda (locative singular)
agrïgdan (ablative singular)
agrïggaru (allative singular)
agrïgïn (instrumental singular)
agrïgča (equative singular)
agrïglayu (singular)
agrïglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ырату (yrat̬u) (from a causative form; *agrïtïg)

Proto-Common Turkic: *agrïg
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: hâğrığ
** Proto-Oghuz: *aɣrïɣ
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ağrı)
***** Azerbaijani: ağrı
***** Ottoman Turkish: آغری (ağrı)
****** Gagauz: aarı
****** Turkish: ağrı
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: agyry
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَغْرِغْ (aɣrïɣ)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (aɣrïɣ) [script needed] (aɣrïq)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (ağrıq)
****** Uzbek: ogʻriq
****** Uyghur: ئاغرىق (aghriq)
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: ауырыу (awırıw)
**** Tatar: авыру (awıru)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Kazakh: ауру (auru)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: оору (ooru)
**** Southern Altai: орыҥкай (orïŋkay), оору (ooru)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Uyghur: ՚՚q̈ryq (aɣrïɣ)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: ыарыы (ıarıı)
**** Yakut: ыарыы (ıarıı)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: аарығ (aarığ)
***** Tuvan: аарыг (aarıg)
**** Yeniseian Turkic:
***** Khakas: ағырығ (ağırığ)
***** Shor: ағрығ (ağrığ)

From *agrï- (“to be in pain, to ache”) + *-g.


köprüg

köprüg (nominative singular)
köprügüg (accusative singular)
köprügni (accusative singular)
köprügnüŋ (genitive singular)
köprügke (dative singular)
köprügde (locative singular)
köprügden (ablative singular)
köprüggerü (allative singular)
köprügün (instrumental singular)
köprügče (equative singular)
köprügleyü (singular)
köprüglügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: körpü
→ Persian: کرپی (korpi)

Ottoman Turkish: كوپری, كورپی (körpi), كورپو (körpü)
Gagauz: köprü
Turkish: köprü
→ Armenian: քէօփրիւ (kʻēōpʻriw)
→ Bulgarian: кюприя (kjuprija) (obsolete)
→ Egyptian Arabic: كوبري (kobrı)
→ Greek: κιοπρουλής (kioproulís)
→ Hijazi Arabic: كبري (kubri)
→ Ladino: kyupri, kopri
→ Macedonian: ќуприја (ḱuprija)
→ Serbo-Croatian: ћу̀прија/ćùprija

Salar: kömür, komuru

Turkmen: köpri

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (köprüg)

Uzbek: koʻprik

Uyghur: كۆۋرۈك (köwrük)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (köprüg), [script needed] (köprü), [script needed] (köpri)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күпер (küper)

Tatar: күпер (küper)

→ Chuvash: кӗпер (kĕp̬er)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: köpür

Kumyk: кёпюр (köpür)

Karachay-Balkar: кёпюр (köpür)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көпүрө (köpürö)

Southern Altai: кемирӱ (kemirü), кӧмӱрӱ (kömürü), кӧмӱр (kömür), кӧпир (köpir)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: kópir

Kazakh: көпір (köpır)

Nogai: коьпир (köpir)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (köprüg)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: кеъприғ (kèpriɣ)

Tuvan: көвүрүг (kövürüg)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *köxerge (“bridge, bellows, swollen leather”)

Originally, it was considered to be a borrowing from Ancient Greek γέφυρα (géphura, “bridge”), however it has since been refuted due to phonological reasons such as there not being any explanation for the word final *-g.
The current leading theory is the derivation *köpür- (“to swell, foam”) + *-üg, this is semantically not obvious however both Doerfer and Nişanyan suggests that it may have originally referred to pontoons made of swollen leather comparing the semantics of Proto-Mongolic *köxerge (“bridge, bellows, swollen leather”) (itself possibly from *köxe- or *köxere- (“to swell, foam”) if not directly borrowed from Turkic).
It should also be noted that the Kipchak variant *köpVr is a later secondary development, probably via metathesis, as older Kipchak texts lack such a form. The form *köprig also seen reflected in some descendants may reflect the first form of the word as *köpür- (“to swell, foam”) is suggested to be from earlier *köpir-.


kẹlin

kẹlin (nominative singular)
kẹlinig (accusative singular)
kẹlinni (accusative singular)
kẹlinniŋ (genitive singular)
kẹlinke (dative singular)
kẹlinde (locative singular)
kẹlinden (ablative singular)
kẹlingerü (allative singular)
kẹlinin (instrumental singular)
kẹlinče (equative singular)
kẹlinleyü (singular)
kẹlinligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кин (kin)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kəlin

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gəlin

→ Khalaj: gəlin

Ottoman Turkish: كلین (gelin)

Gagauz: gelin

Turkish: gelin

Salar: kiyne

Turkmen: gelin

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كَلِنْ (kelin)

Uyghur: كېلىن (këlin)

Uzbek: kelin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: килен (kilen)

Tatar: килен (kilen)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kelin, келин

Karachay-Balkar: келин (kelin)

Karaim: килен

Krymchak: келин

Kumyk: гелин (gelin)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: келин (kelin)

Southern Altai: келин (kelin)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: kelin

Kazakh: келін (kelın)

Nogai: келин (kelin)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰠𐰤 (kl²n²)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: келин (kelin)

Yenisei:

Shor: келин

Probably a derivation from *kẹle- (“to woo, ask”) or *kẹl- (“to come”) + *-in.

Meronym: (bridegroom, son-in-law, brother-in-law) *küdegü


kẹle-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkish: geleşik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кәләш (kələş)

Tatar: kileš-, käläš

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: гелеш- (geleş-)

Karachay-Balkar: келечи (keleçi)

Siberian

Khakas: kǝle-, kǝlen-

Possibly related to Proto-Mongolic *kelen (“language, tongue”), Proto-Tungusic *xilŋü (“tongue”). (cf. Mongolian хэл (xel)).


yagu-

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: ҫывӑх (śyvăh)

⇒ Chuvash: ҫывӑхар (śyvăh̬ar)

Arghu:

⇒ Khalaj: yoğuq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yavımaq (dialectal)

⇒ Azerbaijani: yavıq, yavuq (archaic)

desc

⇒ Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (yavuk), [script needed] (yavuklu)

⇒ Turkish: yavuklu, yavuklamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yaɣu-)

Kipchak:

Southern Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жуу (juu)

Nogai: ювув (yuvuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жуу (juu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yaɣu-)

⇒ Dolgan: һугаһаа

⇒ Dolgan: һугаһаа

⇒ Yakut: чугас (cugas)

(intransitive) to draw near, to approach, to near


tẹri

tẹri (nominative singular)
tẹriig (accusative singular)
tẹrini (accusative singular)
tẹriniŋ (genitive singular)
tẹrike (dative singular)
tẹride (locative singular)
tẹriden (ablative singular)
tẹrigerü (allative singular)
tẹriin (instrumental singular)
tẹriče (equative singular)
tẹrileyü (singular)
tẹriligü (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: təri

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dəri

Ottoman Turkish: درى (diri)

Turkish: deri

Gagauz: deri

Turkmen: deri

Salar: tiri

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (teri)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: teri

Uyghur: تېرە (tëre)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (teri)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тире (tire)

Tatar: тире (tire)

→ Chuvash: тир (tir)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: teri

Kumyk: тери (teri)

Karachay-Balkar: тери (teri)

Karaim: тери, тэри

Karaim: тери, тэри

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тери (teri)

Southern Altai: тере (tere)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: teri

Kazakh: тері (terı)

Nogai: тери (teri)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: tʾry (teri)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tʰer)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тирии (tirii)

Yakut: тирии (tirii), тэрии (terii)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuba-Kizhi: тере (tere)

Kumandy-Kizhi: тере (tere)

Yenisei:

Khakas: теер (teer)

Shor: тере (tere)


bāča

bāča (nominative singular)
bāčaïg (accusative singular)
bāčanï (accusative singular)
bāčanïŋ (genitive singular)
bāčaka (dative singular)
bāčada (locative singular)
bāčadan (ablative singular)
bāčagaru (allative singular)
bāčaïn (instrumental singular)
bāčača (equative singular)
bāčalayu (singular)
bāčalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bacı

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باجی (bacı)
Turkish: bacı
→ Classical Persian: بَاجِی (bājī)
→ Gujarati: બાજી (bājī)
→ Khalaj: bâcı
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: बाजी (bājī)
Urdu: باجی (bājī)
→ Punjabi: باجی (bājī)

Salar: baca

Turkmen: bajy

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бажа (baja)

Tatar: баҗа (baca), baca

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baca

Karachay-Balkar: баджа (baca)

Kumyk: бажа (baja)

→ Bats: ბა̄ჯ (bāǯ)

→ Chechen: бажа (baža)

→ Georgian: ბაჯა (baǯa) (Tusheti)

→ Ingush: бажа (baža)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: бажа (baja)

Kyrgyz: бажа (baja)

Nogai: бажа (baja)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бажа (baja)

Southern Altai: баја (baǰa)

Karluk:

Uzbek: boja

Uyghur: باجا (baja)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰲𐰀 (b¹ča)

Yenisei:

Khakas: паӌа (paca)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: бажа (baja)

Tuvan: бажа (baja)


bāčanak

bāčanak (nominative singular)
bāčanakïg (accusative singular)
bāčanaknï (accusative singular)
bāčanaknïŋ (genitive singular)
bāčanakka (dative singular)
bāčanakda (locative singular)
bāčanakdan (ablative singular)
bāčanakgaru (allative singular)
bāčanakïn (instrumental singular)
bāčanakča (equative singular)
bāčanaklayu (singular)
bāčanaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пуҫана (puś̬ana)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bâcanaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bacanaq

Ottoman Turkish: باجاناق
Turkish: bacanak
→ Armenian: բաջանաղ (baǰanaġ), պաճանախ (pačanax)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пашѐног
Latin script: pašènog


uŕak

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӑрах (vărah, “long (time)”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: uzâq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: uzaq

Ottoman Turkish: اوزاق (uzak)

Turkish: uzak

Salar: uzaq

Turkmen: uzak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُزَقْ (uzaq)

Uzbek: uzoq

Uyghur: ئۇزاق (uzaq)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: uzaq

Karachay-Balkar: узакъ (uzaq)

Kumyk: узакъ (uzaq)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: озак (ozaq)

Bashkir: оҙаҡ (oźaq)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: uzaq

Kazakh: ұзақ (ūzaq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: узак (uzak)

Southern Altai: узак (uzak)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (ozaq)

From Proto-Turkic *uŕa- (“to be taller; to be longer”) + *-k.
Akin to Proto-Turkic *uŕïn (“long”), Proto-Mongolic *ur-tu (“long”). Perhaps related to Proto-Koreanic *ora- (“late, long ago”).


kāpïk

kāpïk (nominative singular)
kāpïkïg (accusative singular)
kāpïknï (accusative singular)
kāpïknïŋ (genitive singular)
kāpïkka (dative singular)
kāpïkda (locative singular)
kāpïkdan (ablative singular)
kāpïkgaru (allative singular)
kāpïkïn (instrumental singular)
kāpïkča (equative singular)
kāpïklayu (singular)
kāpïklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хупӑ (hup̬ă), хуп (hup)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَبُوقْ (qabuq), قَابُقْ (qabuq)

Azerbaijani: qabıq

Gagauz: kabuk

Ottoman Turkish: قبوق (kabuk)

Turkish: kabuk

Salar: gōq

Turkmen: gabyk

Karluk:

Uzbek: qobiq, qobuq

Uyghur: قوۋزاق (qowzaq)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qabuq

Karachay-Balkar: къабукъ (qabuq)

Kumyk: къабукъ (qabuq)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кабык (qabıq)

Bashkir: ҡабыҡ (qabıq)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қабық (qabyq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кабык (kabık)

Southern Altai: кабык (kabïk)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: хатырык (qatırık)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хавык (xavık)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хабых (xabıx)

From *kāp (“sack, cup”) + *-ïk (“diminutive suffix”).


kīčik

Oghur:

Chuvash: кăчăк (kăčăk)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qıcıq, gicik

Ottoman Turkish: كجك (kicik, gicik)

Turkish: gıcık, (regional) gicik

Turkmen: gyjyk

Karluk:

Uyghur: قىچىق (qichiq)

Uzbek: qichiq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (kiçüw)

Tatar: кытык (qıtıq)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кычы- (kïčï-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

desc

Yakut: кыһый (kıhıy, “to scrape, to itch”)

South Siberian:

кижиргендирер

Tuvan: кижиргендирер (kijirgendirer, “tickle”) (from кижиир (kijiir, “to itch”))

From Proto-Turkic *kīči- (“to tickle”) + *-k. Perhaps akin to Proto-Mongolic *giji-ge (“tickle”).


temür

temür (nominative singular)
temürüg (accusative singular)
temürni (accusative singular)
temürnüŋ (genitive singular)
temürke (dative singular)
temürde (locative singular)
temürden (ablative singular)
temürgerü (allative singular)
temürün (instrumental singular)
temürče (equative singular)
temürleyü (singular)
temürlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Volga Bulgar: تمرج

Chuvash: тимӗр (timĕr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: təmir

Proto-Oghuz: *demir, *demür

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dəmir

Ottoman Turkish: دمیر (demir)

Turkish: demir

Gagauz: demir

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: demir

Salar: dimur, demir

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (temür)

Chagatai: تیمور (temür), تمور (tömür)

→ Classical Persian: تَمُر (tamur)

Uzbek: temir

Uyghur: تۆمۈر (tömür)

→ Urdu: تیمور (temūr)

Kipchak: تمور (tämür)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тимер (timer)

Tatar: тимер (timer)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: temir, demir

Kumyk: темир (temir)

Karachay-Balkar: темир (temir)

Karaim: темир

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: temir

Kazakh: темір (temır)

Nogai: темир (temir)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: темир (temir)

Southern Altai: темир (temir)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tämir)

Western Yugur: temïr

North Siberian:

Yakut: тимир (timir)

Dolgan: тимир

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: дэмир (demir)

Tuvan: демир (demir)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тимір (timìr)

Shor: темир (temir), тебир (tebir)

Northern Altai: темир (temir), тебир (tebir)

Serbi–Mongolic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *temür (“iron”)

Mongolian: төмөр (tömör, “iron”)

→ Khitan: 𘮾𘮒 (*? úr, “iron”)


ōyun

ōyun (nominative singular)
ōyunug (accusative singular)
ōyunnï (accusative singular)
ōyunnuŋ (genitive singular)
ōyunka (dative singular)
ōyunda (locative singular)
ōyundan (ablative singular)
ōyungaru (allative singular)
ōyunun (instrumental singular)
ōyunča (equative singular)
ōyunlayu (singular)
ōyunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ōyug

Chuvash: вӑйӑ (văjă)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: oyun
→ Khalaj: oyın

Ottoman Turkish: اویون (oyun)

Turkish: oyun

Gagauz: oyun

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: oýun

Karluk:

Uzbek: oʻyin

Uyghur: ئويۇن (oyun)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: уйын (uyın)

Tatar: уен (uyen)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: oyun

Karachay-Balkar: оюн (oyun)

Kumyk: оюн (oyun)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: ойын (oyın)

Karakalpak: oyın

Kazakh: ойын (oiyn)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: оюн (oyun)

Southern Altai: ойын (oyïn)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: wywn (oyun, “game, amusement”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: оонньуу (oonnyuu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: оин (oin)

Tuvan: оюн (oyun)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ойын (oyın)

Shor: ойун (oyun)

Northern Altai: ойын (oyïn)

Different sources give different etymologies:
# Clauson suggets that it is from *ōy- (“to hollow”) + *-un saying most Turkic games involved holes.
# ESTJa and Räsänen suggest that it is from *oy- (“to jump”) + *-un.
# Nishanyan suggests a possible common root with *ōŕ- (“to win; to be saved”).


ič-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗҫ (ĕś)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ič-:

Arghu:

Khalaj: içmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: içmək

Ottoman Turkish: ایچمك

Turkish: içmek

Gagauz: içmää

Turkmen: içmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اِجْماكْ (ičmēk)

Khorezmian Turkic: اجماك (ičmäk)

Chagatai: ایچماک (ičmäk)

Uzbek: ichmoq

Uyghur: ئىچمەك (ichmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эсеү (esew)

Tatar: эчү (eçü)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: içmek

Karachay-Balkar: ичерге (içerge)

Karaim: ičmia

Kumyk: ичмек (içmek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ичүү (icüü)

Southern Altai: ич (ič)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (ish-)

Kazakh: ішу (ışu)

Siberian:

Orkhon Turkic: 𐰃𐰲 (ič), 𐰱 (ič)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽽𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾycmʾk /ičmek/)
Western Yugur: əʂ- (ïʂ-)

North Siberian

Dolgan: ис

Yakut: ис (is)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ижер (ijer)

Yenisei:

Khakas: iзерге (izerge)


yïl

yïl (nominative singular)
yïlïg (accusative singular)
yïlnï (accusative singular)
yïlnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïlka (dative singular)
yïlda (locative singular)
yïldan (ablative singular)
yïlgaru (allative singular)
yïlïn (instrumental singular)
yïlča (equative singular)
yïllayu (singular)
yïllïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="trk-pro">*yāĺ</i>, perhaps blended with *yïl

Chuvash: ҫул (śul) (< *yāĺ, perhaps blended with *yïl)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yïl

Arghu:

Khalaj: yıl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یل (yıl)

Azerbaijani: il

Gagauz: yıl

Ottoman Turkish: ییل (yıl)
Turkish: yıl

Turkmen: ýyl

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ییل (yïl)

Chagatai: ییل (yïl)

Uzbek: yil

Uyghur: يىل (yil)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ел (yel)

Bashkir: йыл (yıl)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джыл (cıl)

Crimean Tatar: yıl

Kumyk: йыл (yıl)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жыл (jyl)

Karakalpak: жыл (jıl)

Nogai: йыл (yıl)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жыл (jıl)

Southern Altai: јыл (ǰïl)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (y²il¹ /yïl/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yil)

North Siberian

Yakut: сыл (sıl)

Dolgan: һыл

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чыл (çıl)

Tofa: чыл

Yenisei Turkic

Chulym: чыл

Northern Altai: чыл (čïl)

Shor: чыл

Khakas: чыл (çıl)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ǯil

Mongolian: жил (žil)

Buryat: жэл (žel)

Kalmyk: җил (jil)


bïčgak

bïčgak (nominative singular)
bïčgaklar (nominative plural)
bïčgaknïŋ (genitive singular)
bïčgaklarnïŋ (genitive plural)
bïčgakka (dative singular)
bïčgaklarka (dative plural)
bïčgakta (locative singular)
bïčgaklarda (locative plural)
bïčgaktan (ablative singular)
bïčgaklardan (ablative plural)
bïčgaklarïn (instrumental plural)
bïčgakča (equative singular)
bïčgaklarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bıçâq

Proto-Oghuz: *bïčɣak

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bıçaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بیچاق (bıçak), بچاق (bıçak)
Turkish: bıçak
→ Romanian: briceag
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: би̏ча̄к
Latin script: bȉčāk

East Oghuz:

Salar: pıçaq

Turkmen: pyçak

Karluk

Uzbek: pichoq

Uyghur: پىچاق (pichaq)

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: pıçaq

Karachay-Balkar: бычакъ (bıçaq)

Kumyk: бичакъ (biçaq)

North Kipchak

Tatar: пычак (pıçaq)

Bashkir: бысаҡ (bısaq)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: пышақ (pyşaq)

Karakalpak: pıshaq

Nogai: пышак (pışak)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: бычак (bıcak)

Southern Altai: бычак (bïčak)

→ Hungarian: bicska

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: баһак (bahak)

Yakut: быһах (bıhaq)

Sayan

Tofa: пишек (pişek)

Tuvan: бижек (bijek)

Yenisei

Khakas: пычах (pıçax)

Shor: пычақ (pıçaq)

desc

Northern Altai: биджак (bidžak), пычак (pïčak)

From Proto-Turkic *bïč- (“to cut”) + *-gak.


yïlïg

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: ilıq

Ottoman Turkish: ایلیق (ılık)

Turkish: ılık

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ýyly

Salar: yili

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yïlïɣ), [script needed] (ïlïɣ)

Chagatai: ایلیغ (ılığ)

Uzbek: iliq

Uyghur: ئىللىق (illiq)

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йылы (yılı)

Tatar: җылы (cılı)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: cıllı (dialect)

Karachay-Balkar: джылы (cılı)

Kumyk: йылы (yılı)

South Kipchak

South Kipchak

Nogai: йылы (yılı)

Karakalpak: жыллы

Kazakh: жылы (jyly)

Siberian Tatar: йылы (yılı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылуу (jıluu)

Southern Altai: јылу (ǰïlu)

Siberian

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yïlïɣ)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сылаас (sılaas)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чылыг (çılıg)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: чылығ (çılığ)

Shor: чылығ (čïlïɣ)

Shor: чылығ (čïlïɣ)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yilïɣ),

Northern Altai: чылыг (čïlïg), чылу (čïlu)


yaŕ-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫыр (śyr)

→ Proto-Mordvinic:

Moksha: сёрма (śorma)

Erzya: сёрма (śorma)

→ Hungarian: ír

Proto-Common Turkic: *yaz-

Arghu:

Khalaj: yazmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یَازْمَقْ (yazmaq)

Azerbaijani: yazmaq

Gagauz: yazmaa

Ottoman Turkish: یازمق
Turkish: yazmak

Turkmen: ýazmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یازماق

Chagatai: یازماق

Uzbek: yozmoq

Uyghur: يازماق (yazmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Tatar: язу (yazu)

Bashkir: яҙыу (yaźıw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джазыу (cazıu)

Crimean Tatar: yazmaq

Kumyk: язмакъ (yazmaq)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жазу (jazu)

Karakalpak: жазыў

Nogai: язув (yazuv)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жазуу (jazuu)

Southern Altai: јас- (ǰas-, “to hit chain, to heal”)


ōn

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: وان (wan)

Chuvash: вуннӑ (vunnă)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ôn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: on

Ottoman Turkish: اون (on)

Gagauz: on

Turkish: on

Eastern:

Salar: on

Turkmen: on

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُونْ (on)

Chagatai: اون (on)

Uyghur: ئون (on)

Uzbek: oʻn

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: on

Karachay-Balkar: он (on)

Karaim: on

Kumyk: он (on)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: on

Kazakh: он (on)

Nogai: он (on)

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: ун (un)

Tatar: ун (un)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: он (on)

Southern Altai: он (on)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰣 (un¹)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽺 (ʾwn /on/)
Western Yugur: on (on, un)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уон (uon)

Yakut: уон (uon)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: он (on)

Tofa: он (on)

Tuvan: он (on)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: он (on)

Shor: он (on)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (on)


-ür

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ӗр (-ĕr), -ӑр (-ăr), -р (-r)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-ür) [script needed] (-ur)

Azerbaijani: -ir, -ır, -r

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ar, -er, -ir, -ır, -ur, -ür, -r

Salar: -er, -ar, -r

Turkmen: -er, -ar, -r

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uzbek: -ar

Uyghur: [script needed] (-er), [script needed] (-ar)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)

Southern Altai: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -ӧр (-ör), -р (-r),

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ар (-ar), -ер (-er), -р (-r)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)

seb- (“to love”) + *-ür → *sebür (“She/he/it loves.”)


-ür

keč- (“to pass”) + *-ür → *kečür- (“to pass something or someone”)

büt- (“to be end”) + *-ür → *bütür- (“to end”)


-meŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: -мер (-mer), -мар (-mar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-mez), [script needed] (-maz)

Azerbaijani: -məz, -maz, -mər, -mar

Ottoman Turkish: ـمز (-mez, -maz)

Gagauz: -mäz, -maz, -mär, -mar, -märsin, -marsın, -märim, -marım

Turkish: -mez, -maz, -merin (dial.), -marın (dial.)

Salar: -mes, -mas

Turkmen: -mez, -maz, -merin, -maryn, -mersin, -marsyn

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uzbek: -mas

Uyghur: [script needed] (-mes), [script needed] (-mas)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -бөс (-bös), -бос (-bos), -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas), -пөс (-pös), -пос (-pos)

Southern Altai: -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -бӧс (-bös), -бос (-bos)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas), -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas)

Nogai: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -бат (-bat), -бэт (-bet), -бот (-bot), -бөт (-böt)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas)

seb- (“to love”) + *-meŕ → *sebmeŕ (“She/he/it doesn't love.”)


beniŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash: манӑн (manăn), ман (man)

Proto-Common Turkic: *beniŋ

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *beniŋ

Old Anatolian Turkish: بنم (benüm), منم (menüm)

Azerbaijani: mənim

Ottoman Turkish: بنم (benim)

Gagauz: benim, benin

Turkish: benim

Salar: minigi

Turkmen: meniň (abbreviature: me'ň)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنِڭْ (meniŋ)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: منينک (mening)

Uzbek: mening

Uyghur: مېنىڭ (mëning)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: منيڭ (meniñ)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (meniñ)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: минең (mineñ)

Tatar: минем (minem)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: menim

Karachay-Balkar: мени (meni)

Karaim: [script needed] (mienim)

Kumyk: мени (meni)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: менің (menıñ)

Karakalpak: mening

Nogai: менинъ (meniñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: менин (menin)

Southern Altai: мениҥ (meniŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰤𐰭 (mn²ŋ /meniŋ/), 𐰋𐰤𐰭 (b²n²ŋ /beniŋ/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: mineŋ

North Siberian:

Dolgan: миниэнэ (miniene)

Yakut: миэнэ (miene)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мииӈ (miiñ)

Tuvan: мээң (meeñ)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: минің (minìñ)

Shor: меең (meeñ)


-niŋ

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -ن (-n), -ن (-ïn)

Chuvash: -ӑн (-ăn), -н (-n), -нӑн (-năn), -йĕн (-jĕn)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـنك (-nuñ, -nüñ), ـك (-uñ, -üñ)

Azerbaijani: -nın, -nin, -nun, -nün, -ın, -in, -un, -ün

Ottoman Turkish: ـنك (-nıñ, -niñ, -nuñ, -nüñ), ـك (-ıñ, -iñ, -uñ, -üñ)

Turkish: -nın, -nin, -nun, -nün, -ın, -in, -un, -ün

Turkmen: -nyň, -niň, -nuň, -nüň, -yň, -iň, -uň, -üň

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -nıñ, -niñ

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -дің (-dıñ), -нің (-nıñ), -тің (-tıñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -нын (-nın), -нин (-nin), -нун (-nun), -нүн (-nün), -дын (-dın), -дин (-din), -дун (-dun), -дүн (-dün), -тын (-tın), -тин (-tin), -тун (-tun), -түн (-tün)

Karluk:

Chagatai: ـنینک (-niñ)

Uzbek: -ning

Uyghur: ـنىڭ (-ning)

eb (“house”) + *-niŋ → *ebiŋ (“house's”)

-im

suffix equiping headword for first-person singular

-imiŕ

suffix equiping headword for first-person plural

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person singular

-iŋiŕ

suffix equiping headword for second-person plural

-ki

used to form a an adjectival or nominal that that indicates the possessor

-si

suffix equiping headword for third-person


yalga-

trk-cmn-conj-head

yālgadačï, yālgamakčï, yālgasïk, yālgayačak

yālgadačï ben, yālgamakčï ben, yālgayačak ben

yālgadačï sen, yālgamakčï sen, yālgayačak sen

yālgadačï biz, yālgamakčï biz, yālgayačak biz

yālgadačï siz, yālgamakčï siz, yālgayačak siz

yālgamasak, yālgamasamïz, yālgamasar biz

yālgamak (infinitive)
yālgagan (participle present)
yālgagma (participle present)
yālgar (participle present)
yālgaduk (participle past)
yālgamïš (participle past)
yālgadačï (future participle)
yālgamakčï (future participle)
yālgasïk (future participle)
yālgayačak (future participle)
yālgama (noun-from-verb)
yālgag (noun-from-verb)
yālgagu (noun-from-verb)
yālgaš (adverbial)
yālgar ben (aorist indicative singular)
yālgar sen (aorist indicative singular)
yālgar (aorist indicative singular)
yālgar biz (aorist indicative plural)
yālgar siz (aorist indicative plural)
yālgar (aorist indicative plural)
yālgadïm (indicative past singular)
yālgadïŋ (indicative past singular)
yālgadï (indicative past singular)
yālgadïk (indicative past plural)
yālgadïmïz (indicative past plural)
yālgadïŋïz (indicative past plural)
yālgadï (indicative past plural)
yālgamïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
yālgamïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
yālgamïš (indicative inferential past singular)
yālgamïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
yālgamïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
yālgamïš (indicative inferential past plural)
yālgadačï ben (future indicative singular)
yālgamakčï ben (future indicative singular)
yālgayačak ben (future indicative singular)
yālgadačï sen (future indicative singular)
yālgamakčï sen (future indicative singular)
yālgayačak sen (future indicative singular)
yālgadačï (future indicative singular)
yālgamakčï (future indicative singular)
yālgayačak (future indicative singular)
yālgadačï biz (future indicative plural)
yālgamakčï biz (future indicative plural)
yālgayačak biz (future indicative plural)
yālgadačï siz (future indicative plural)
yālgamakčï siz (future indicative plural)
yālgayačak siz (future indicative plural)
yālgadačï (future indicative plural)
yālgamakčï (future indicative plural)
yālgayačak (future indicative plural)
yālgagay ben (future indicative singular)
yālgagay sen (future indicative singular)
yālgagay (future indicative singular)
yālgagay biz (future indicative plural)
yālgagay siz (future indicative plural)
yālgagay (future indicative plural)
yālgasïkïm (future indicative singular)
yālgasïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
yālgasïk (future indicative singular)
yālgasïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
yālgasïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
yālgasïk (future indicative plural)
yālgasam (conditional singular)
yālgasar ben (conditional singular)
yālgasaŋ (conditional singular)
yālgasar sen (conditional singular)
yālgasa (conditional singular)
yālgasar (conditional singular)
yālgasak (conditional plural)
yālgasamïz (conditional plural)
yālgasar biz (conditional plural)
yālgasaŋïz (conditional plural)
yālgasar siz (conditional plural)
yālgasalar (conditional plural)
yālgasar (conditional plural)
yālgagay ben (optative singular)
yālgagay sen (optative singular)
yālgagay (optative singular)
yālgagay biz (optative plural)
yālgagay siz (optative plural)
yālgagay (optative plural)
yālgamakda ben (progressive singular)
yālgamakda sen (progressive singular)
yālgamakda (progressive singular)
yālgamakda biz (plural progressive)
yālgamakda siz (plural progressive)
yālgamakda (plural progressive)
yālgamalïg ben (necessitative singular)
yālgamalïg sen (necessitative singular)
yālgamalïg (necessitative singular)
yālgamalïg biz (necessitative plural)
yālgamalïg siz (necessitative plural)
yālgamalïg (necessitative plural)
yālgayayïn (imperative singular)
yālga (imperative singular)
yālgagïl (imperative singular)
yālgazun (imperative singular)
yālgayalïm (imperative plural)
yālgayïŋ (imperative plural)
yālgazun (imperative plural)
yālgamamak (infinitive negative)
yālgamagan (negative participle present)
yālgamagma (negative participle present)
yālgamaz (negative participle present)
yālgamaduk (negative participle past)
yālgamamïš (negative participle past)
yālgamačï (future negative participle)
yālgamasïk (future negative participle)
yālgamayačak (future negative participle)
yālgamama (negative noun-from-verb)
yālgamag (negative noun-from-verb)
yālgamagu (negative noun-from-verb)
yālgamaš (adverbial negative)
yālgamaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
yālgamaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
yālgamaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
yālgamaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yālgamaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yālgamaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
yālgamadïm (indicative negative past singular)
yālgamadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
yālgamadï (indicative negative past singular)
yālgamadïk (indicative negative past plural)
yālgamadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
yālgamadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
yālgamadï (indicative negative past plural)
yālgamamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yālgamamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yālgamamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
yālgamamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yālgamamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yālgamamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
yālgamačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamačï (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamayačak (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamačï (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamayačak (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamagay (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamagay (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamasïk (future indicative negative singular)
yālgamasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamasïk (future indicative negative plural)
yālgamasam (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasar ben (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasar sen (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasa (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasar (conditional negative singular)
yālgamasak (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasamïz (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasar biz (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasar siz (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasalar (conditional negative plural)
yālgamasar (conditional negative plural)
yālgamagay ben (negative optative singular)
yālgamagay sen (negative optative singular)
yālgamagay (negative optative singular)
yālgamagay biz (negative optative plural)
yālgamagay siz (negative optative plural)
yālgamagay (negative optative plural)
yālgamamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
yālgamamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
yālgamamakda (negative progressive singular)
yālgamamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
yālgamamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
yālgamamakda (negative plural progressive)
yālgamamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
yālgamamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
yālgamamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
yālgamamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
yālgamamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
yālgamamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
yālgamayayïn (imperative negative singular)
yālgama (imperative negative singular)
yālgamagïl (imperative negative singular)
yālgamazun (imperative negative singular)
yālgamayalïm (imperative negative plural)
yālgamayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
yālgamazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫула (śula)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *dolïxa- (“to lick”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yalğamaq

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: yalamaq

Ottoman Turkish: یالامق (yalamak)

Turkish: yalamak

Turkmen: ýalamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yalɣāmāk)

Uzbek: yalamoq

Uyghur: يالىماق (yalimaq)

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: calamaq, yalamaq

Kumyk: яламакъ (yalamaq)

Northern Kipchak

Bashkir: ялау (yalaw)

Tatar: yalaw

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: жалау (jalau)

Eastern Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жалоо (jaloo)

Southern Altai: јалаар (ǰalaar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰀 (yalɣa-)

Old Uyghur: yʾlxʾ (yalɣa-)

Western Yugur: jalɣa-

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (һалаа)

Yakut: салаа (salaa)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

desc

Tofa: чылғаар

Tofa: чылғаар

Tuvan: чылгаар (çılgaar)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: чалғирға (çalğirğa)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jalgï- (“to swallow”)

It has been suggested that it may be derived from *yalïg (itself possibly derived from an unattested *yal- (“to lick”)) if its earliest meaning was "tongue", compare Karakhanid [script needed] (yalığ, “a cock's comb; mane”).


bār

Oghur:

Chuvash: пур (pur)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bār

Arghu:

Khalaj: vâr

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: وار (var, vār)
Azerbaijani: var
Gagauz: var
Ottoman Turkish: وار (var)
Turkish: var

Salar: vār, bar (dial.)

Turkmen: bār

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bar)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: بار (bar)

Uzbek: bor

Kipchak: *bar

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бар (bar)

Tatar: бар (bar)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bar

Karachay-Balkar: бар (bar)

Karaim: бар (bar)

Kumyk: бар (bar)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: bar

Kazakh: бар (bar)

Nogai: бар (bar)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бар (bar)

Southern Altai: бар (bar)

⇒ Kipchak: *bārï

Kazakh: бәрі (bärı)

Kyrgyz: баары (baarı)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰺 (b¹r¹)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bar)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (bar)

South Siberian:

Dolgan: баар

Yakut: баар (baar)

North Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: бар (bar)

Tuvan: бар (bar)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: [script needed] (par)

Shor:


tōtak

tōtak (nominative singular)
tōtakïg (accusative singular)
tōtaknï (accusative singular)
tōtaknïŋ (genitive singular)
tōtakka (dative singular)
tōtakda (locative singular)
tōtakdan (ablative singular)
tōtakgaru (allative singular)
tōtakïn (instrumental singular)
tōtakča (equative singular)
tōtaklayu (singular)
tōtaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: *tātaḫ

Chuvash: тута (tut̬a)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: طوداق (dudaq, dodaq)

Classical Azerbaijani:

Azerbaijani: dodaq

Qashqai: دوداق (dudaq)

→ Khalaj: dudaq

Gagauz: dudak

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طوداق (dudak), دوداق (dudak)
Turkish: dudak
→ Armenian: տուտախ (tutax)
→ Ladino: dudak

→? Chagatai: [script needed] (dudaq)

Uzbek: dudoq

Salar: dodaq

Turkmen: dōdak

Karluk:

Chagatai:

desc

Uyghur: [script needed] (dudaq, “pussy, vagina”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: toodac (Codex Cumanicus)

>? Crimean Tatar: dudaq

Krymchak: dudaq

Urum: дудах

→ Bashkir: дудаҡ (dudaq)

Nişanyan derives this word from *tut- + *-ak. Sevortyan and Doerfer reject a derivation from *tut-, and Doerfer considers this derivation a folk etymology invented to explain the evolution of the Ottoman "-u-" vowel.


ōpur

ōpur (nominative singular)
ōpurug (accusative singular)
ōpurnï (accusative singular)
ōpurnuŋ (genitive singular)
ōpurka (dative singular)
ōpurda (locative singular)
ōpurdan (ablative singular)
ōpurgaru (allative singular)
ōpurun (instrumental singular)
ōpurča (equative singular)
ōpurlayu (singular)
ōpurlugu (comitative singular)


ōpur

Oghur:

Chuvash: вупӑр (vup̬ăr), вӑпӑр (văp̬ăr)

→? Proto-Slavic: *ǫpyrь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Common Turkic: *obur:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: اوبور (obur)

Turkish: obur

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: убыр (ubır)

Tatar: убыр (ubır)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: обур (obur)

Kumyk: обор (obor)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: обыр (obyr)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: обур (obur)


čekürtke

čekürtke (nominative singular)
čekürtkeler (nominative plural)
čekürtkeniŋ (genitive singular)
čekürtkelerniŋ (genitive plural)
čekürtkeke (dative singular)
čekürtkelerke (dative plural)
čekürtkede (locative singular)
čekürtkelerde (locative plural)
čekürtkeden (ablative singular)
čekürtkelerden (ablative plural)
čekürtkelerin (instrumental plural)
čekürtkeče (equative singular)
čekürtkelerče (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çəyirtkə

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چكركه (çekirge)
Turkish: çekirge

Gagauz: çekirgä

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: çekirtge

Karluk

Uzbek: chigirtka

Uyghur: چىكەتكە (chiketke)

Middle Turkic

Karakhanid: چَكُرْكا (çekürge)

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: sekirge, çegertki

Karachay-Balkar: сенгирчке (señirçke)

Karaim: [script needed] (çegirtke)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: сиңерткә (siñertkə)

Tatar: чикерткә (çikertkä)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: шегіртке (şegırtke)

Nogai: [script needed] (şegertki)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: чегиртке (cegirtke)

Southern Altai: чегертки (čegertki)

Siberian

North Siberian:

Yakut: сахсырҕа (saqsırğa, “fly”)

Dolgan: һаксырга (“fly”)

Sayan

Tuvan: шерги (şergi)


sōgun

sōgun (nominative singular)
sōgunug (accusative singular)
sōgunnï (accusative singular)
sōgunnuŋ (genitive singular)
sōgunka (dative singular)
sōgunda (locative singular)
sōgundan (ablative singular)
sōgungaru (allative singular)
sōgunun (instrumental singular)
sōgunča (equative singular)
sōgunlayu (singular)
sōgunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: сухан (suh̬an)

→ Eastern Mari: шоган (šogan)

→ Udmurt: сугон (sugon)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: soğan

Ottoman Turkish: صوغان (soğan)
Turkish: soğan
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: со̀ган
Latin script: sògan

Gagauz: suan

Salar: soğan

Turkmen: sogan

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: سُوغُنْ (sōğun), سُوغَنْ (sōğan)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (soɣan)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: суган (suğan)

Bashkir: һуған (huğan)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: soğan

Karachay-Balkar: сохан (soxan)

Kumyk: согъан (soğan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: соган (sogan)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: согон (sogon)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽳𐽲𐽰𐽺 (swqʾn /soġan/)

→ Proto-Mongolic:

Middle Mongol: ᠰᠣᠭᠣᠩᠭᠢᠨ ᠠ (soɣonggin-a)

desctree

Mongolian: сонгино (songino)
→ Manchu: ᠰᡠᠨᡤᡤᡳᠨᠠ (sunggina)

→? Southern Altai: согоно (sogono)

→? Tuvan: согуна (soguna)

→? Lithuanian: svogūnas

Nishanyan suggets that its ultimate origin is uncertain and that Middle Persian سوخ (sôx) probably comes from the same source, (whence also Old Armenian սոխ (sox)).
Brockelmann instead suggets a derivation *soy- (“to peel”) + *-gun.


köč-

trk-cmn-conj-head

köčmesüküŋüz

köčmek (infinitive)
köčgen (participle present)
köčügme (participle present)
köčer (participle present)
köčdük (participle past)
köčmiš (participle past)
köčdeči (future participle)
köčmekči (future participle)
köčsik (future participle)
köčeček (future participle)
köčme (noun-from-verb)
köčüg (noun-from-verb)
köčgü (noun-from-verb)
köčüš (adverbial)
köčer ben (aorist indicative singular)
köčer sen (aorist indicative singular)
köčer (aorist indicative singular)
köčer biz (aorist indicative plural)
köčer siz (aorist indicative plural)
köčer (aorist indicative plural)
köčdüm (indicative past singular)
köčdüŋ (indicative past singular)
köčdi (indicative past singular)
köčdük (indicative past plural)
köčdümüz (indicative past plural)
köčdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
köčdi (indicative past plural)
köčmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
köčmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
köčmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
köčmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
köčmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
köčmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
köčdeči ben (future indicative singular)
köčmekči ben (future indicative singular)
köčeček ben (future indicative singular)
köčdeči sen (future indicative singular)
köčmekči sen (future indicative singular)
köčeček sen (future indicative singular)
köčdeči (future indicative singular)
köčmekči (future indicative singular)
köčeček (future indicative singular)
köčdeči biz (future indicative plural)
köčmekči biz (future indicative plural)
köčeček biz (future indicative plural)
köčdeči siz (future indicative plural)
köčmekči siz (future indicative plural)
köčeček siz (future indicative plural)
köčdeči (future indicative plural)
köčmekči (future indicative plural)
köčeček (future indicative plural)
köčgey ben (future indicative singular)
köčgey sen (future indicative singular)
köčgey (future indicative singular)
köčgey biz (future indicative plural)
köčgey siz (future indicative plural)
köčgey (future indicative plural)
köčsüküm (future indicative singular)
köčsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
köčsük (future indicative singular)
köčsükümüz (future indicative plural)
köčsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
köčsük (future indicative plural)
köčsem (conditional singular)
köčser ben (conditional singular)
köčseŋ (conditional singular)
köčser sen (conditional singular)
köčse (conditional singular)
köčser (conditional singular)
köčsek (conditional plural)
köčsemiz (conditional plural)
köčser biz (conditional plural)
köčseŋiz (conditional plural)
köčser siz (conditional plural)
köčseler (conditional plural)
köčser (conditional plural)
köčgey ben (optative singular)
köčgey sen (optative singular)
köčgey (optative singular)
köčgey biz (optative plural)
köčgey siz (optative plural)
köčgey (optative plural)
köčmekde ben (progressive singular)
köčmekde sen (progressive singular)
köčmekde (progressive singular)
köčmekde biz (plural progressive)
köčmekde siz (plural progressive)
köčmekde (plural progressive)
köčmelig ben (necessitative singular)
köčmelig sen (necessitative singular)
köčmelig (necessitative singular)
köčmelig biz (necessitative plural)
köčmelig siz (necessitative plural)
köčmelig (necessitative plural)
köčeyin (imperative singular)
köč (imperative singular)
köčgil (imperative singular)
köčzün (imperative singular)
köčelim (imperative plural)
köčüŋ (imperative plural)
köčzün (imperative plural)
köčmemek (infinitive negative)
köčmegen (negative participle present)
köčmegme (negative participle present)
köčmez (negative participle present)
köčmedük (negative participle past)
köčmemiš (negative participle past)
köčmeči (future negative participle)
köčmesik (future negative participle)
köčmeyeček (future negative participle)
köčmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
köčmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
köčmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
köčmeyüš (adverbial negative)
köčmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
köčmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
köčmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
köčmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
köčmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
köčmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
köčmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
köčmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
köčmedi (indicative negative past singular)
köčmedük (indicative negative past plural)
köčmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
köčmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
köčmedi (indicative negative past plural)
köčmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
köčmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
köčmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
köčmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
köčmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
köčmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
köčmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeči (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
köčmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeči (future indicative negative plural)
köčmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
köčmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
köčmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
köčmegey (future indicative negative singular)
köčmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmegey (future indicative negative plural)
köčmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
köčmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
köčmesük (future indicative negative singular)
köčmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
köčmesük (future indicative negative plural)
köčmesem (conditional negative singular)
köčmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
köčmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
köčmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
köčmese (conditional negative singular)
köčmeser (conditional negative singular)
köčmesek (conditional negative plural)
köčmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
köčmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
köčmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
köčmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
köčmeseler (conditional negative plural)
köčmeser (conditional negative plural)
köčmegey ben (negative optative singular)
köčmegey sen (negative optative singular)
köčmegey (negative optative singular)
köčmegey biz (negative optative plural)
köčmegey siz (negative optative plural)
köčmegey (negative optative plural)
köčmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
köčmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
köčmemekde (negative progressive singular)
köčmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
köčmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
köčmemekde (negative plural progressive)
köčmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
köčmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
köčmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
köčmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
köčmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
köčmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
köčmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
köčme (imperative negative singular)
köčmegil (imperative negative singular)
köčmezün (imperative negative singular)
köčmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
köčmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
köčmezün (imperative negative plural)
*köĺč (alternative)

Oghur:

desc

Volga Bulgar: كوج (köç, “to migrate”), كوالج (köwelç-)

Chuvash: куҫ (kuś)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: keçmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: köçmək

Ottoman Turkish: كوچمك

Turkish: göçmek

Turkmen: göçmek

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُجْماكْ (köčmēk)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: koʻchmoq

Uyghur: كۆچمەك (köchmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күсеү (küsew)

Tatar: күчәргә (küçärgä)

Tatar: күчәргә (küçärgä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: köçmek

Kumyk: гёчмек (göçmek)

Karaim: кёч-, кӧч-

Karachay-Balkar: кёчерге (köçerge)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көчүү (köcüü)

Southern Altai: кӧч- (köč-)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: көшиў

Kazakh: көшу (köşu)

Nogai: коьшуьв (köşüv)

Nogai: коьшуьв (köşüv)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽽𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwycmʾk /köčmek/)

Western Yugur: køʂ-

North Siberian:

Dolgan: көс

Yakut: көс (kös)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: көһер

Tuvan: көжер (köjer)

Yenisei:

Shor: кӧш-

Khakas:

⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *köske (“means of transportation”)

Nişanyan suggests a derivation *köt- (“to raise”) + *-üĺč- comparing Bulgar كوالج (köwelç-), however according to Tekin it should be considered a metathesis *köweçil-, with the passive suffix *-il-.


öl-

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: وَل (vel)

Chuvash: вил (vil)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hölmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اُولْمَكْ (ölmäk)

Azerbaijani: ölmək

→ Khalaj: ölmək

Gagauz: ölmää

Ottoman Turkish: اولمك (ölmek)

Turkish: ölmek

Salar: ülgüsi

Turkmen: ölmek

Karluk:

Uzbek: oʻlmoq

Uyghur: ئۆلمەك (ölmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үлеү (ülew)

Tatar: үләргә (ülärgä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ölmek

Kumyk: оьлмек (ölmek)

Karaim: [script needed] (oĺ-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өлүү (ölüü)

Southern Altai: ӧл- (öl-)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (öl-)

Kazakh: өлу (ölu)

Nogai: оьлуьв (ölüv)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰠 (öl)

North Siberian

Dolgan: өл

Yakut: өл (öl)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (öl-)

Tuvan: өлүр (ölür)

Yenisei:

Shor: öл

Khakas: öлерге (ölerge)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (jül-)

→? Hungarian: öl (“to kill”)


-iŋ

*-ŋ (alternative)
*-ïŋ (alternative)
*-uŋ (alternative)
*-üŋ (alternative)

at (“horse”) + *-iŋ → *atïŋ (“horse of (you); (your) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for second-person singular.


-iŋ

seb- (“to love”) + *-iŋ → *sebiŋ (“you, love!”)

(Common Turkic) Suffix forming second-person plural imperative

-eyin

suffix forming first-person singular imperative

-gil

suffix forming second-person singular imperative

-zün

suffix forming third-person singular imperative

-elim

suffix forming first-person plural imperative


-imiŕ

*-miŕ (alternative)
*-mïŕ (alternative)
*-muŕ (alternative)
*-müŕ (alternative)
*-ïmïŕ (alternative)
*-umuŕ (alternative)
*-ümüŕ (alternative)

at (“horse”) + *-imiŕ → *atïmïŕ (“horse of (us); (our) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for first-person plural; possesive suffix.


sogïk

Oghur:

Chuvash: сивӗ (sivĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: sovuq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: صُوغُقْ (soġuq)

Azerbaijani: soyuq

Gagauz: suuk

Ottoman Turkish: صوغوق (soğuk)

Turkish: soğuk

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: sowuk

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: soq

Karluk:

Uzbek: sovuq

Uyghur: سوغۇق (soghuq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һыуыҡ (hıwıq)

Tatar: суык (suwıq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: suvuq

Karachay-Balkar: суукъ (suuq)

Kumyk: сувукъ (suwuq)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (suwıq)

Kazakh: суық (suyq)

Nogai: сувык (suvık)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: суук (suuk)

Southern Altai: соок (sook)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (soɣïq) (Old Uyghur)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: соок (sook)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: соох (soox)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (soq)


bïŋ

bïŋ (nominative singular)
bïŋïg (accusative singular)
bïŋnï (accusative singular)
bïŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
bïŋka (dative singular)
bïŋda (locative singular)
bïŋdan (ablative singular)
bïŋgaru (allative singular)
bïŋïn (instrumental singular)
bïŋča (equative singular)
bïŋlayu (singular)
bïŋlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пин (pin)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ming

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بیك

Azerbaijani: min

Gagauz: bin

Ottoman Turkish: بیك (biñ)

Turkish: bin

Turkmen: müň

Salar: miñ

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: مىڭ (ming)

Uzbek: ming

Kipchak: مین (min)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мең (meñ)

Tatar: мең (meñ)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: miñ

Kumyk: минг (miñ)

Karachay-Balkar: минг (miñ)

Karaim: минь, мин

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мың (myñ)

Nogai: мынъ (mıñ)

Karakalpak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: миң (miŋ)

Southern Altai: муҥ (muŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰃𐰭 (b¹iŋ), 𐰋𐰃𐰭 (b²iŋ)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽶𐽺𐽷 (mynk /mïŋ/)
Western Yugur: məŋ

North Siberian:

Yakut: мыҥ (mıñ)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: муң (muñ)

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Shor: муң (muñ)

Khakas: [script needed] (muŋ)


ayaŕ

ayaŕ (nominative singular)
ayaŕïg (accusative singular)
ayaŕnï (accusative singular)
ayaŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
ayaŕka (dative singular)
ayaŕda (locative singular)
ayaŕdan (ablative singular)
ayaŕgaru (allative singular)
ayaŕïn (instrumental singular)
ayaŕča (equative singular)
ayaŕlayu (singular)
ayaŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: уяр (ujar, “clear”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ayaz

Arghu:

Khalaj: hayâz

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *ayaz

Old Anatolian Turkish: آیَازْ (ayaz)

Azerbaijani: ayaz

Gagauz: ayaz, ayoz

Ottoman Turkish: آیاز (ayaz)
Turkish: ayaz
→ Armenian: այազ (ayaz)
→ Greek: αγιάζι (agiázi)
→ Laz: აჲაზი (ayazi)

Turkmen: aýaz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَيازْ (ayaz)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ayaz)

Chagatai: اياز (ayaz)

Uzbek: ayoz

Uyghur: ئاياز (ayaz)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اياز (ayaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аяҙ (ayaź)

Tatar: аяз (ayaz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ayaz

Kumyk: аяз (ayaz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: аяз (aäz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аяз (ayaz)

Southern Altai: айас (ayas)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (ajas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: аяс (ayas)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: аяс (ayas)

Nişanyan and Eren both suggest a derivation from *āya- (“to become clear; to have a moon”) itself from *āy (“moon”). Note that both this word and *āy have initial h- in Khalaj.


tümen

Uncertain, possibly loaned from Tocharian A tmāṃ or Tocharian B tᵤmāne (“ten thousand”), ultimately from Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH, “myriad”).

A countless number or multitude (of specified things), a myriad


tümen

tümen (nominative singular)
tümenig (accusative singular)
tümenni (accusative singular)
tümenniŋ (genitive singular)
tümenke (dative singular)
tümende (locative singular)
tümenden (ablative singular)
tümengerü (allative singular)
tümenin (instrumental singular)
tümenče (equative singular)
tümenleyü (singular)
tümenligü (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tümen

→ Middle Mongol: ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ (tümen, “ten thousand”)

Khalkha Mongolian: ᠲᠦᠮᠡ (tüme)/түм (tüm)

→ Manchu: ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ (tumen)

→ Jurchen: tumən (Jurchen script: )

Proto-Common Turkic: *tümen

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: تومن (tümän)

Azerbaijani: tümən

Ottoman Turkish: تومن (tümen)

Turkish: tümen

Turkmen: tümen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُمَنْ (tümen)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tümen)

Uyghur: تۈمەن (tümen)

→ Persian: تومان (tumân)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төмән (tömən)

Tatar: төмән (tömän)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: түмен (tümen)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түмөн (tümön)

Southern Altai: тӱмен (tümen)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤 (tümen)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽺 (twymʾn /tümen/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: түмэн (tümen), түбэн (tüben), үтүмэн (ütümen)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: түмэн (tümen)


süŋgü

süŋgü (nominative singular)
süŋgüüg (accusative singular)
süŋgüni (accusative singular)
süŋgünüŋ (genitive singular)
süŋgüke (dative singular)
süŋgüde (locative singular)
süŋgüden (ablative singular)
süŋgügerü (allative singular)
süŋgüün (instrumental singular)
süŋgüče (equative singular)
süŋgüleyü (singular)
süŋgülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: сăнă (sănă)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: süngü

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: سونكو (süngü), سنكو (süngü), سونكی (süngü)
Turkish: süngü
→ Albanian: syngji
→ Arabic: سُونْكِيّ (sunkiyy), سُنْكِيّ (sunkiyy)
→ Armenian: սո̈ւնկո̈ւ (sünkü), սունկու (sunku)
→ Swahili: singe

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sünü)

Kipchak:

North Sİberian:

Bashkir: һөңгө (höñgö)

Tatar: сөңге (söñge)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: süngü

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: сүңгі (süñgı)

East Kipchak:

⇒ Southern Altai: суҥ (suŋ, “to bird”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (süŋüg)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (süŋü)

North Siberian:

desc

Yakut: үҥүү (üñüü)

Yakut: үҥүү (üñüü)


yagmur

yagmur (nominative singular)
yagmurug (accusative singular)
yagmurnï (accusative singular)
yagmurnuŋ (genitive singular)
yagmurka (dative singular)
yagmurda (locative singular)
yagmurdan (ablative singular)
yagmurgaru (allative singular)
yagmurun (instrumental singular)
yagmurča (equative singular)
yagmurlayu (singular)
yagmurlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫумӑр (śumăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yağmur

Ottoman Turkish: یاغمور (yağmur)

Turkish: yağmur

Gagauz: yaamur

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýagmyr

Salar: yağmır

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَغْمُرْ (yaɣmur)

Chagatai: یَامْغُورْ (yāmğūr)

Uyghur: يامغۇر (yamghur)

Uzbek: yomgʻir

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yamğur), [script needed] (yamğır), [script needed] (yağmur)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ямғыр (yamğır)

Tatar: яңгыр (yañgır)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yağmur

Karachay-Balkar: джангур (cañur), джанъур (cañur)

Kumyk: янгур (yañur)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jamǵır

Kazakh: жаңбыр (jañbyr)

Nogai: ямгыр (yamgır)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жамгыр (jamgır)

Southern Altai: јаҥмыр (ǰaŋmïr), јaмгыр (ǰamgïr)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (jağmur, “rain”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һамыыр (hamıır)

Yakut: самыыр (samıır)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: наңмыр (nañmır)

Shor: нағбур (nağbur), нағбыр (nağbır)

From earlier *yagmïr from *yag- (“to rain”) + *-mïr.


küdegü

küdegü (nominative singular)
küdegüüg (accusative singular)
küdegüni (accusative singular)
küdegünüŋ (genitive singular)
küdegüke (dative singular)
küdegüde (locative singular)
küdegüden (ablative singular)
küdegügerü (allative singular)
küdegüün (instrumental singular)
küdegüče (equative singular)
küdegüleyü (singular)
küdegülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кĕрӳ (kĕrü)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: küdəyi

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كويكو (güyägü), كویاكو (güyägü)

Azerbaijani: giyəv

Gagauz: güvää

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كویكی (güveği, güveyi), كویكو (güveğü; güveyü)
Turkish: güvey, güveyi
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: đuvegija
Cyrillic script: ђувегија

Salar: güy (“husband”)

Turkmen: giýew

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: كویاكو (küyägü), كویاو (küyäw) (later)
Uyghur: күйегү (küyëgü) (dialectal)
Uzbek: куёв (kuyov) / kuyov, dialectal күйәв, күйөв

Kipchak: كویاكو (küyägü), كویاو (küyäw) — later
North Kipchak
Bashkir: кейәү (keyəw)
Tatar: кияү (kiyaw), dialectal күйә (küyä)
West Kipchak
Crimean Tatar: kiyev
Karachay-Balkar: кюеу (küyeu), киеу (kiyeu)
Karaim: кӱйӱв, кийив, кийув, кувейи, гувейи
Kumyk: гийев (giyew), гийэв (giyew)
Central Kipchak
Karakalpak: kúyev
Kazakh: күйеу (küieu)
Nogai: киев (kiyev)
East Kipchak
Kyrgyz: күйөө (küyöö)
Southern Altai: кӱйӱ (küyü), dialectal кӱйе (küye), кӱйӧ (küyö)

Siberian:

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (küdegü), [script needed] (küden)

Western Yugur: küzegi

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (kütüö)

Yakut: күтүөт (kütüöt)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (hüdää)

Tuvan: күдээ (küdee)

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas: кізӧ


bēgen-

trk-cmn-conj-head

bēgenteči, bēgenmekči, bēgensik, bēgeneček

bēgenteči ben, bēgenmekči ben, bēgeneček ben

bēgenteči sen, bēgenmekči sen, bēgeneček sen

bēgenteči biz, bēgenmekči biz, bēgeneček biz

bēgenteči siz, bēgenmekči siz, bēgeneček siz

bēgenmesek, bēgenmesemiz, bēgenmeser biz

bēgenmek (infinitive)
bēgengen (participle present)
bēgenigme (participle present)
bēgenür (participle present)
bēgentük (participle past)
bēgenmiš (participle past)
bēgenteči (future participle)
bēgenmekči (future participle)
bēgensik (future participle)
bēgeneček (future participle)
bēgenme (noun-from-verb)
bēgenig (noun-from-verb)
bēgengü (noun-from-verb)
bēgeniš (adverbial)
bēgenür ben (aorist indicative singular)
bēgenür sen (aorist indicative singular)
bēgenür (aorist indicative singular)
bēgenür biz (aorist indicative plural)
bēgenür siz (aorist indicative plural)
bēgenür (aorist indicative plural)
bēgentim (indicative past singular)
bēgentiŋ (indicative past singular)
bēgenti (indicative past singular)
bēgentik (indicative past plural)
bēgentimiz (indicative past plural)
bēgentiŋiz (indicative past plural)
bēgenti (indicative past plural)
bēgenmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
bēgenmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
bēgenmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
bēgenmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
bēgenmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
bēgenmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
bēgenteči ben (future indicative singular)
bēgenmekči ben (future indicative singular)
bēgeneček ben (future indicative singular)
bēgenteči sen (future indicative singular)
bēgenmekči sen (future indicative singular)
bēgeneček sen (future indicative singular)
bēgenteči (future indicative singular)
bēgenmekči (future indicative singular)
bēgeneček (future indicative singular)
bēgenteči biz (future indicative plural)
bēgenmekči biz (future indicative plural)
bēgeneček biz (future indicative plural)
bēgenteči siz (future indicative plural)
bēgenmekči siz (future indicative plural)
bēgeneček siz (future indicative plural)
bēgenteči (future indicative plural)
bēgenmekči (future indicative plural)
bēgeneček (future indicative plural)
bēgengey ben (future indicative singular)
bēgengey sen (future indicative singular)
bēgengey (future indicative singular)
bēgengey biz (future indicative plural)
bēgengey siz (future indicative plural)
bēgengey (future indicative plural)
bēgensikim (future indicative singular)
bēgensikiŋ (future indicative singular)
bēgensik (future indicative singular)
bēgensikimiz (future indicative plural)
bēgensikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
bēgensik (future indicative plural)
bēgensem (conditional singular)
bēgenser ben (conditional singular)
bēgenseŋ (conditional singular)
bēgenser sen (conditional singular)
bēgense (conditional singular)
bēgenser (conditional singular)
bēgensek (conditional plural)
bēgensemiz (conditional plural)
bēgenser biz (conditional plural)
bēgenseŋiz (conditional plural)
bēgenser siz (conditional plural)
bēgenseler (conditional plural)
bēgenser (conditional plural)
bēgengey ben (optative singular)
bēgengey sen (optative singular)
bēgengey (optative singular)
bēgengey biz (optative plural)
bēgengey siz (optative plural)
bēgengey (optative plural)
bēgenmekde ben (progressive singular)
bēgenmekde sen (progressive singular)
bēgenmekde (progressive singular)
bēgenmekde biz (plural progressive)
bēgenmekde siz (plural progressive)
bēgenmekde (plural progressive)
bēgenmelig ben (necessitative singular)
bēgenmelig sen (necessitative singular)
bēgenmelig (necessitative singular)
bēgenmelig biz (necessitative plural)
bēgenmelig siz (necessitative plural)
bēgenmelig (necessitative plural)
bēgeneyin (imperative singular)
bēgen (imperative singular)
bēgengil (imperative singular)
bēgenzün (imperative singular)
bēgenelim (imperative plural)
bēgeniŋ (imperative plural)
bēgenzün (imperative plural)
bēgenmemek (infinitive negative)
bēgenmegen (negative participle present)
bēgenmegme (negative participle present)
bēgenmez (negative participle present)
bēgenmedük (negative participle past)
bēgenmemiš (negative participle past)
bēgenmeči (future negative participle)
bēgenmesik (future negative participle)
bēgenmeyeček (future negative participle)
bēgenmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
bēgenmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
bēgenmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
bēgenmeyiš (adverbial negative)
bēgenmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
bēgenmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
bēgenmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
bēgenmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bēgenmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
bēgenmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
bēgenmedim (indicative negative past singular)
bēgenmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
bēgenmedi (indicative negative past singular)
bēgenmedik (indicative negative past plural)
bēgenmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
bēgenmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
bēgenmedi (indicative negative past plural)
bēgenmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bēgenmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bēgenmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
bēgenmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bēgenmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bēgenmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
bēgenmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeči (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeči (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmegey (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmegey (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmesik (future indicative negative singular)
bēgenmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmesik (future indicative negative plural)
bēgenmesem (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmese (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmeser (conditional negative singular)
bēgenmesek (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeseler (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmeser (conditional negative plural)
bēgenmegey ben (negative optative singular)
bēgenmegey sen (negative optative singular)
bēgenmegey (negative optative singular)
bēgenmegey biz (negative optative plural)
bēgenmegey siz (negative optative plural)
bēgenmegey (negative optative plural)
bēgenmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
bēgenmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
bēgenmemekde (negative progressive singular)
bēgenmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
bēgenmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
bēgenmemekde (negative plural progressive)
bēgenmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
bēgenmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
bēgenmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
bēgenmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
bēgenmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
bēgenmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
bēgenmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
bēgenme (imperative negative singular)
bēgenmegil (imperative negative singular)
bēgenmezün (imperative negative singular)
bēgenmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
bēgenmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
bēgenmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bəyənmək

Gagauz: beenmää

Ottoman Turkish: بگنمك

Turkish: beğenmek

Turkmen: begenmek

desc

→ Chuvash: пикен (pik̬en, “to hope; to strive, try”)

→ Chagatai: [script needed] (bigen-)

→ Kipchak: [script needed] (begen-), [script needed] (bigen-), [script needed] (beyen-), [script needed] (biyen-)

Cuman: bien- (biyen-)


tīrek

tīrek (nominative singular)
tīrekig (accusative singular)
tīrekni (accusative singular)
tīrekniŋ (genitive singular)
tīrekke (dative singular)
tīrekde (locative singular)
tīrekden (ablative singular)
tīrekgerü (allative singular)
tīrekin (instrumental singular)
tīrekče (equative singular)
tīrekleyü (singular)
tīrekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чарак (čarak)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dirək

Ottoman Turkish: دیرك

Turkish: direk (“pole”)

Gagauz: direk

Salar: direk

Turkmen: dīrek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tirek)

Uzbek: tirak

Uyghur: تىرەك (tirek)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (direk)

Kumyk: [script needed] (tirew)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: терәк (teräk)

Bashkir: терәк (terək)

→ Chuvash: тӗрек (tĕrek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тірек (tırek)

Nogai: [script needed] (tirew)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: тирӱ (tirü) < *тире- + ӱ

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tirek)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тирэх (tireq)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тірег (tìreg)


tīre-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dirəmək

Ottoman Turkish: دیرهمك (diremek)

Turkish: diremek (“to support, perdure, resist”)

Salar: diregüsi

Turkmen: dīremek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tire-)

Uzbek: tiramoq

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: [script needed] (tirew)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: терәү (teräw)

Bashkir: терәү (terəw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: [script needed] (tirew)

Karakalpak: tirew

Kazakh: тіреу (tıreu)

Kyrgyz-kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тирөө (tiröö)

Southern Altai: тиреер (tireer)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: тирээ (tiree)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tǝre-)


kȫkerčin

kȫkerčin (nominative singular)
kȫkerčinig (accusative singular)
kȫkerčinni (accusative singular)
kȫkerčinniŋ (genitive singular)
kȫkerčinke (dative singular)
kȫkerčinde (locative singular)
kȫkerčinden (ablative singular)
kȫkerčingerü (allative singular)
kȫkerčinin (instrumental singular)
kȫkerčinče (equative singular)
kȫkerčinleyü (singular)
kȫkerčinligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑвакарчӑн (kăvak̬arč̬ăn)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kö̂kərçik

Proto-Oghuz: *göɣerčin

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göyərçin

→ Khalaj: gövərçin

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوگرجین (güvercin), կիւվէրճին (güvercin), կէօվէրճին (gövercin) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: güvercin
→ Armenian: կիւվէրճին (kiwvērčin), կէօվէրճին (kēōvērčin)
→ Laz: ჯუვერჯინი (cuvercini)

Turkmeneli Turkish: göğerçin

East Oghuz:

Salar: gürgüncük

Turkmen: gögerçin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күгәрсен (kügərsen)

Tatar: күгәрчен (kügärçen)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: gögercin, kögerçin

Karachay-Balkar: кёгюрчюн (kögürçün)

Karaim: [script needed] (kürgüçün)

desc

Kumyk: гёгюрчюн (gögürçün)

Kumyk: гёгюрчюн (gögürçün)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: көгершін (kögerşın)

Nogai: коьгершин (kögerşin)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көгүчкөн (kögückön)

Southern Altai: кӧгӧрчин (kögörčin)

Siberian:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (köküšken, köküškön)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: көгээзин (kögeezin, “wild pigeon”)

From *kȫker- (“to turn blue”) + *-čin, from *kȫk (“blue”) + *-er.