imen

imen (nominative singular)
imenig (accusative singular)
imenni (accusative singular)
imenniŋ (genitive singular)
imenke (dative singular)
imende (locative singular)
imenden (ablative singular)
imengerü (allative singular)
imenin (instrumental singular)
imenče (equative singular)
imenleyü (singular)
imenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: юман (juman)

Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: imen

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئېمەن (ëmen)

Uzbek: eman

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: emen

Karachay-Balkar: эмен (emen)

Kumyk: эмен (emen)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: емен (emen)

Nort Kipchak:

Bashkir: имән (imən)

Tatar: имән (imän)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эрмен (ermen)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yeniseian:

Khakas: ибен (iben)


ilme

ilme (nominative singular)
ilmeig (accusative singular)
ilmeni (accusative singular)
ilmeniŋ (genitive singular)
ilmeke (dative singular)
ilmede (locative singular)
ilmeden (ablative singular)
ilmegerü (allative singular)
ilmein (instrumental singular)
ilmeče (equative singular)
ilmeleyü (singular)
ilmeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӗлме (jĕlme)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: элме (elme)

Kumyk: элме (elme)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: элмен (élmen)

Nort Kipchak:

Tatar: елмә (yelmä)

Similarities to Indo-European languages open to debate, an early interaction with Slavic languages is possible. See Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”).


kökrek

kökrek (nominative singular)
kökrekig (accusative singular)
kökrekni (accusative singular)
kökrekniŋ (genitive singular)
kökrekke (dative singular)
kökrekde (locative singular)
kökrekden (ablative singular)
kökrekgerü (allative singular)
kökrekin (instrumental singular)
kökrekče (equative singular)
kökrekleyü (singular)
kökrekligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Salar: kükrek, kökrek

Turkmen: kükrek

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (kökräk)

Uzbek: koʻkrak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күкрәк (kükrək)

Tatar: күкрәк (kükräk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kökrek

Karachay-Balkar: кёкюрек (kökürek)

Karaim: [script needed] (kökräk)

Kumyk: кёкюрек (kökürek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (kökirek)

Kazakh: көкірек (kökırek)

Nogai: [script needed] (kökirek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көкүрөк (kökürök)

From *köküŕ (“chest, breasts”) + *-ak, diminutive of *köküŕ.


burun

Arghu:

Khalaj: burun

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: burun

Ottoman Turkish: بورون (burun)

Turkish: burun

Gagauz: burnu

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: burun

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: purnı

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: بۇرۇن (burun)

Uzbek: burun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: морон (moron)

Tatar: борын (borın)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: burun

Karachay-Balkar: бурун (burun)

Kumyk: [Term?], burun

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мұрын (mūryn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мурун (murun)

Southern Altai: мурун (murun)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: мурун (murun)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: пурун (purun)

Probably a deverbal, if so, from *bur- (“to smell”). For possible cognates, see Turkish burcu (“aroma, scent”), Turkish buram buram (“in whirls, billowing (of smell, smoke)”), Karakhanid [script needed] (burïɣ, “something that smells”), Kyrgyz [script needed] (bura-, “to reek strongly”), Uyghur پۇراق (puraq, “smell”), Khakas [script needed] (puru-, “to emit a stench, to burn (of food)”) et cetera (Dybo, 2013).


etek

etek (nominative singular)
etekig (accusative singular)
etekni (accusative singular)
etekniŋ (genitive singular)
etekke (dative singular)
etekde (locative singular)
etekden (ablative singular)
etekgerü (allative singular)
etekin (instrumental singular)
etekče (equative singular)
etekleyü (singular)
etekligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hətək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ətək

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (etek)

Turkish: etek

Gagauz: etek

Turkmen: etek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (etek)

Uyghur: ئېتەك (ëtek)

Uzbek: etak

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: etek

Karachay-Balkar: этек (etek)

Karaim: otuz

Kumyk: отуз (otuz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: итәк (itək)

Tatar: [script needed] (itäk)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: етек,

Kazakh: етек (etek)

Nogai: [script needed] (etek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (etek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (etäk)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (etäk)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: [script needed] (edek)

Yenissei Turkic:

Khakas: [script needed] (idek)

Shor: [script needed] (edek)

(Common Turkic) skirt, edge of a skirt or a piece of cloth


kirpik

kirpik (nominative singular)
kirpikig (accusative singular)
kirpikni (accusative singular)
kirpikniŋ (genitive singular)
kirpikke (dative singular)
kirpikde (locative singular)
kirpikden (ablative singular)
kirpikgerü (allative singular)
kirpikin (instrumental singular)
kirpikče (equative singular)
kirpikleyü (singular)
kirpikligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑрпӑк (hărp̬ăk)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kirpik

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kirpik)

Azerbaijani: kirpik

Ottoman Turkish: كرپك (kirpik)

Turkish: kirpik

Gagauz: kirpik

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kirpik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kirpik)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kirpik)

Uyghur: كىرپىك (kirpik)

Uzbek: kiprik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: керфек (kerfek)

Bashkir: керпек (kerpek)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kirpik

Urum: кирпиг (kirpig)

Karachay-Balkar: кирпик (kirpik)

Kumyk: кирпик (kirpik)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кирпик

Kazakh: кірпік (kırpık)

Nogai: киприк (kiprik)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: kyrpyk (kirpik)

Western Yugur: kərmək

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чыыпық

Tofa: чыыпық

Tuvan: кирбик (kirbik)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: кірбік (kìrbìk)

Shor: кирбик

Shor: кирбик

Clauson suggests a diminutive formation *kirpi (“hedgehog”) + *-k.
Nishanyan and ESTJa instead suggest a derivation *kïrp- (“to shave; to wink”) + *-k, however this should've yielded the earliest form *kïrpuk.


yara

yara (nominative singular)
yaraïg (accusative singular)
yaranï (accusative singular)
yaranïŋ (genitive singular)
yaraka (dative singular)
yarada (locative singular)
yaradan (ablative singular)
yaragaru (allative singular)
yaraïn (instrumental singular)
yarača (equative singular)
yaralayu (singular)
yaralïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yara

Ottoman Turkish یاره (yara)

Turkish: yara

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ýara

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: яра (yara)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яра (yara)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жара (jara)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жара (jara)

Southern Altai: јара (ǰara)

Karluk:

Uzbek: yara

Uyghur: يارا (yara)


borsuk

borsuk (nominative singular)
borsukug (accusative singular)
borsuknï (accusative singular)
borsuknuŋ (genitive singular)
borsukka (dative singular)
borsukda (locative singular)
borsukdan (ablative singular)
borsukgaru (allative singular)
borsukun (instrumental singular)
borsukča (equative singular)
borsuklayu (singular)
borsuklugu (comitative singular)

→ Hungarian: borz

Oghur:

Chuvash: пурӑш (purăš)

Proto-Common Turkic: *borsuk, *borsmuk

Oghuz:بُرْسُقْ (borsuq)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: porsuq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: پورصوق (porsuk), پورصق (porsuk), پورسوق (porsuk), پورسق (porsuk), بورصوق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورصق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورسوق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورسق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk)
Turkish: porsuk
→ Armenian: փորսուղ (pʻorsuġ)
→ Bulgarian: борсу̀к (borsùk), бърсу̀к (bǎrsùk)
→ Lithuanian: barsukas
→ Macedonian: бурсук (bursuk)
→ Romanian: bursuc
→ Ukrainian: борсу́к (borsúk)
→ Polish: borsuk

Salar: borsuq

Turkmen: torsuk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُرْسْمُقْ (borsmuq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بورسوق (borsuq)

Uzbek: boʻrsiq

Uyghur: بورسۇق (borsuq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بورسق (borsuq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бурһыҡ (burhıq)

Tatar: бурсык (bursıq)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: борсукъ (borsuq)

Kumyk: порсукъ (porsuq)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: борсық (borsyq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: борсук (borsuk)

Southern Altai: борсык (borsïk)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: борсуӄ (borsuq)

Tuvan: морзук (morzuk)

Yenisei:

Khakas: порсых (porsıx)

→ Russian: барсу́к (barsúk)

→ Yakut: барсук (barsuk)}


or-

desc

Proto-Turkic: *or-du, *or-da (“place; palace; lair, den; place of staying (of the army, ruler etc.); army”)

Proto-Turkic: *or-man (“forest”)

Proto-Turkic: *or-tu, *or-ta (“middle”)

Proto-Turkic: *or-un (“place”)

Proto-Turkic: *or(u)n-a- (“to reserve a place”)

Proto-Turkic: *orna-ĺč- (“to settle down”)


or-

Proto-Turkic: *or-gak (“sickle”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: выр (vyr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: اورامق (oramak)

Turkmen: ormak

Salar: orğusı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (or-)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ору (oru)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: орор (oror, “to cut, now, reap”)


-ak

Nişanyan compares the Iranic diminutive suffix 𐭪 (-ak), whence Persian ـک (-ak).

ogul (“child, son”) + *-ak → *oglak (“kid”)


-ik

Nishanyan and Clauson suggest that it is a doublet of *-ak. Compare with Sogdian -𐼷𐼸 (-yk, “diminutive suffix”).

kāp (“sack, cup”) + *-ik → *kāpïk (“shell”)


-če

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -çə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ca, -cə

Ottoman Turkish: ـجه (-ce)

Turkish: -ca, -ce, -ça, -çe

Turkmen: -ja, -je, -ça, -çe

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (-che)

Uzbek: -cha

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Bashkir: -сә (-sə), -сa (-sa)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ша (-şa), -ше (-şe)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -чo (-co), -чө (-cö), -чa (-ca), -че (-ce)

Southern Altai: -чо (-čo), -чӧ (-čö), -ча (-ča), -че (-če)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰲𐰀- (-ča)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: -че (-çe), -же (-je)

at (“horse”) + *-če → *atča (“like a horse”)


yok

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yoxuş

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yokuş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُقْ (yoq)


yok

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُقْ (yoq)


āk

Oghuz: ااقْ (āq)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ağ

Ottoman Turkish: آق (ak)

Gagauz: ak, aarmaa

Turkish: ak, ağarmak

Salar: aq

Turkmen: āk

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: oq

Uyghur: ئاق (aq)

Kipchak:

Western Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: акъ (aq)

Krymchak: ах

Kumyk: акъ (aq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аҡ (aq)

Tatar: ак (aq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: aq

Kazakh: ақ (aq)

Nogai: ак (ak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ак (ak)

Southern Altai: ак (ak)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰀𐰴 (āq)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾq /aḳ/)

Western Yugur: ahq (aʰq)

North Siberian:

Yakut: ак (ak)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: аӄ

Tuvan: ак (ak)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ах (ax)

Shor: ақ


karga

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَارْغَه (qarġa), قَرْغَه (qarġa)
Azerbaijani: qarğa
Gagauz: gaarga, garga
Ottoman Turkish: قارغه (karga), قرغه (karga)
Turkish: karga
→ Armenian: խառղա (xaṙġa)
→? Bulgarian: га́рга (gárga)
→ Greek: κάργα (kárga), κάργια (kárgia)
→ Ubykh: гаарга (gaarga)

Salar: garğa

Turkmen: garga

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qarğa)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قاغا (qagha)

Uzbek: qargʻa

→ Pashto: کارغه (kārǧə)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡарға (qarğa)

Tatar: карга (qarga)

West Kipchak:

desc

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (qarğa)

Kumyk: [script needed] (qarğa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qarğa)

Kazakh: қарға (qarğa)

Nogai: карга (karga)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карга (karga)

Southern Altai: карга (karga)

→ Chechen: хьаргIа (ḥʳarğa)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (xarğa)

Shor: [script needed] (qarğa)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qarğa)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qər'ɣɑ)

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (kargan)

Tuvan: каарган (kaargan)

Gagauz and Tuvan point to a long vowel. Therefore Talât Tekin (1995) reconstructs it as *kārga.


kalkan

kalkan (nominative singular)
kalkanïg (accusative singular)
kalkannï (accusative singular)
kalkannïŋ (genitive singular)
kalkanka (dative singular)
kalkanda (locative singular)
kalkandan (ablative singular)
kalkangaru (allative singular)
kalkanïn (instrumental singular)
kalkanča (equative singular)
kalkanlayu (singular)
kalkanlïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kalkan

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kalkan)

Azerbaijani: qalxan

Ottoman Turkish: قلقان (kalkan)

Turkish: kalkan

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: galkan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qalqan)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qalqan)

Uyghur: قالقان (qalqan)

Uzbek: qalqon

→ Persian: قلقان (qalqân)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡалҡан (qalqan)

Tatar: калкан (qalkan)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qalqan

Karaim: калкан (qalqan)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qalqan

Kazakh: қалқан (qalqan)

Nogai: калкан (kalkan)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: калкан (kalkan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: qʾlqʾn (qalqan)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kalkan

Clauson suggests that this is a basic noun, however in terms of its origin there have been multiple theories:
# Rasanen and Nishanyan sugget that this is a borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *kalkan (“shield”) however ESMJa and Clauson suggest the reverse.
# Nishanyan attempts to explain a native origin as a derivation *kalk- (“to rise”) + *-gan.


toprak

toprak (nominative singular)
toprakïg (accusative singular)
topraknï (accusative singular)
topraknïŋ (genitive singular)
toprakka (dative singular)
toprakda (locative singular)
toprakdan (ablative singular)
toprakgaru (allative singular)
toprakïn (instrumental singular)
toprakča (equative singular)
topraklayu (singular)
topraklïgu (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag

Mongolian: товрог (tovrog), ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ (tobrag)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: turpâq

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: طپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراخ (ṭopraḫ), طوپراغ (ṭopraġ), طپوراق (ṭopuraq), طپرق (ṭopraq), دپرق (dopraq)
Azerbaijani: torpaq
Gagauz: toprak
Ottoman Turkish: طوپراق (topraq), طپراق (toprak)
Turkish: toprak, (dialectal) topurak

Salar: tōraq

Turkmen: toprak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُبْراقْ (toprāq)

Uzbek: tuproq

Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)

Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: topraq

Kumyk: топуракъ (topuraq)

Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)

desc

Karaim: топракъ, топрах

Karaim: топракъ, топрах

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: topi’raq

Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq)

Nogai: топырак (topırak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak)

Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)

Siberian:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (twprʾq /tupraq/)
Western Yugur: durvaq

North Siberian:

Yakut: тобурах (toburaq, “hail; dust”)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)

desc

Tofa: тоъпраӄ

Tofa: тоъпраӄ

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)

Shor: тобрақ

Shor: тобрақ

Tekin (1969) derives it from Proto-Turkic *towra- + *-k, and relates it to *towuŕ, which he suggests a derivation to *tōz. Tekin also connects Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”) and Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”). According to Tekin, morphologically *tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k. However, Eren (1999) suggests Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).
Nişanyan and Clauson derive this word from *topra-, which Nişanyan further suggests is a derivation from a hypothetical *tobuŕ or *tobur (see *topur), where he suggests Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”) comes from.
Ligeti suggests a genetic connection with Proto-Mongolic *toxurag through the hypothetical and now widely discredited Altaic language family. He also connects this word with Proto-Common Turkic *tōz Ramstedt and Nişanyan suggest that the Mongolian form is a borrowing from Turkic.
Doerfer suggests a derivation from *top with the suffix *-rak.
Nişanyan also compares with Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This would imply a derivation from the verb *topur-.


közel

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: گُزَل, كُوزَلْ

Azerbaijani: gözəl

Gagauz: gözäl

Ottoman Turkish: گوزل

Turkish: güzel

Turkmen: gözel

Karluk:

Uyghur: گۈزەل (güzel)

Uzbek: goʻzal

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: гёзел (gözel)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көзөл (közöl)

desc

Southern Altai: кӱзел (küzel, “dear, native”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: көзел (közel) (obsolete)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көзөл (közöl)


tütün

tütün (nominative singular)
tütünüg (accusative singular)
tütünni (accusative singular)
tütünnüŋ (genitive singular)
tütünke (dative singular)
tütünde (locative singular)
tütünden (ablative singular)
tütüngerü (allative singular)
tütünün (instrumental singular)
tütünče (equative singular)
tütünleyü (singular)
tütünlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗтӗм (tĕt̬ĕm)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tütîn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: tütün

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: توتون (tütün), توتن (tutun, tütün)
Turkish: tütün
Gagauz: tütün
→ Adyghe: тутын (tutən)
→ Armenian: թութուն (tʻutʻun)
→ Bulgarian: тютюн (tjutjun)
→ Central Kurdish: توتن (tutin)
→ Classical Syriac: ܬܬܘܢ
→ Georgian: თუთუნი (tutuni)
→ Iraqi Arabic: تتن
→ Kabardian: тутын (tutən)
→ Laz: თუთუნი (tutuni), ტუტუნი (ťuťuni)
→ Lishana Deni: תותון (tutun)
→ Macedonian: тутун (tutun)
→ Mingrelian: თუთუმი (tutumi)
→ Persian: توتون
→ Polish: tytoń
→ Romanian: tutun
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ту̀тӯн
Latin script: tùtūn
→ Ukrainian: тютюн (tjutjun)

Turkmen: tütün

Salar: tütün, tüten

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tütün)

Chagatai: توتون
Uzbek: tutun
Uyghur: تۈتۈن (tütün)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төтөн (tötön)

Tatar: төтен (töten)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tütün

Karachay-Balkar: тютюн (tütün)

Karaim: тютюнь (tütün')

Kumyk: тютюн (tütün)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: түтин

Kazakh: түтін (tütın)

Nogai: туьтин (tütin)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түтүн (tütün)

Southern Altai: тӱдӱн (tüdün)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tütün)

Western Yugur: tutun

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тӱдӱн (tüdün)

Shor: тӱдӱн (tüdün)


kirpi

kirpi (nominative singular)
kirpiig (accusative singular)
kirpini (accusative singular)
kirpiniŋ (genitive singular)
kirpike (dative singular)
kirpide (locative singular)
kirpiden (ablative singular)
kirpigerü (allative singular)
kirpiin (instrumental singular)
kirpiče (equative singular)
kirpileyü (singular)
kirpiligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗрӗп (čĕrĕp)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kirpi

Ottoman Turkish: كرپی
Turkish: kirpi

Turkmen: kirpi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِرْبیٖ (kirpi)
Chagatai:
Uyghur: كىرپە (kirpe)
Uzbek: kirpi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: керпе (kerpe)

Bashkir: терпе (terpe)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kirpi

Karachay-Balkar: кирпи (kirpi)

Kumyk: кирпи (kirpi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: кірпі (kırpı)

Karakalpak: кирпи

Nogai: кирпи (kirpi)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кирпи (kirpi)

Southern Altai: кирпи (kirpi)


yürek

yürek (nominative singular)
yürekig (accusative singular)
yürekni (accusative singular)
yürekniŋ (genitive singular)
yürekke (dative singular)
yürekde (locative singular)
yürekden (ablative singular)
yürekgerü (allative singular)
yürekin (instrumental singular)
yürekče (equative singular)
yürekleyü (singular)
yürekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗре (čĕre)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yirək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یُورَكْ (yüräk)

Azerbaijani: ürək

Gagauz: ürek

Ottoman Turkish: یورك (yürek)
Turkish: yürek
→ Ladino: yurek

Salar: yirik

Turkmen: ýürek

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джюрек (cürek)

Crimean Tatar: yürek

Kumyk: юрек (yürek)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөрәк (yörək)

Tatar: йөрәк (yöräk)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: júrek

Kazakh: жүрек (jürek)

Nogai: юрек (yurek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүрөк (jürök)

Southern Altai: јӱрек (ǰürek)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُرَكْ (yürek)

Chagatai: یوراک (yüräk)

Uzbek: yurak

Uyghur: يۈرەك (yürek)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐽾𐽰𐽷 (ywrʾk /yüräk/)
Western Yugur: ørek, øryk, jyrek

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүрэк (hürek)

Yakut: сүрэх (süreq)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүрек (çürek)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱрек (çürek)

Shor: чӱрек (çürek)

desc

Northern Altai: чӱрек (čürek), тьӱрек (tʹürek), тьӱрӧк (tʹürök)

Maybe related to Proto-Mongolic *ǰirüken (“heart”).


būt

būt (nominative singular)
būtug (accusative singular)
būtnï (accusative singular)
būtnuŋ (genitive singular)
būtka (dative singular)
būtda (locative singular)
būtdan (ablative singular)
būtgaru (allative singular)
būtun (instrumental singular)
būtča (equative singular)
būtlayu (singular)
būtlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗҫӗ (pĕś̬ĕ) (somewhat unclear, possibly < *būčï < *būtsï < *būtVsï according to Doerfer)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bûut

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bud

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بوت, بود (bud)
Gagauz: but
Turkish: but, bud (dialectal)
→ Armenian: բուդ (bud)
→ Greek: μπούτι (boúti)

Turkmen: būt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُوتْ (but)

Chagatai: بوت (but)

Uzbek: but

Uyghur: پۇت (put)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бот (bot)

Tatar: бот (bot)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: but

Kumyk: бут (but)

Karachay-Balkar: бут (but)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бут (but)

Southern Altai: бут (but)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: пут

Kazakh: бұт (būt)

Nogai: бут (but)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: буут (buut)

Dolgan: буут

South Siberian:

Tuvan: бут (but)

Tofa: бут

Khakas: пут (put)


-im

*-m (alternative)
*-ïm (alternative)
*-um (alternative)
*-üm (alternative)

at (“horse”) + *-im → *atïm (“horse of (me); (my) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for first-person singular; possesive suffix

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person singular

-si

suffix equiping headword for third-person

-imiŕ

suffix equiping headword for first-person plural

-iŋiŕ

suffix equiping headword for second-person plural

-ki

used to form a an adjectival or nominal that that indicates the possessor


-m

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-m (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

noncog

öl- (“to die”) + *-m → *ölüm (“death”)


-m

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -م (-m)

⇒ Chuvash: -мӗш (-mĕš)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *-m-inči

Arghu:

Khalaj: -minci

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -minji

bīr (“one”) + *-m → *bīrim (“first”)


köt

köt (nominative singular)
kötüg (accusative singular)
kötni (accusative singular)
kötnüŋ (genitive singular)
kötke (dative singular)
kötde (locative singular)
kötden (ablative singular)
kötgerü (allative singular)
kötün (instrumental singular)
kötče (equative singular)
kötleyü (singular)
kötlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кут (kut)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: köt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُتْ (köt)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۆت (köt)

Uzbek: koʻt

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: күт (küt)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: күт (küt)

Latin script: küt

Kipchak-Cuman:

Karaim: köt

Crimean Tatar: köt

Karachay-Balkar: кёт (köt)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көт (köt)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көт (köt)

desc

Southern Altai: кӧт (köt), кӧдӧн (ködön)

Proto-Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göt

Ottoman Turkish: گوت (göt)

Gagauz: göt

desctree

Turkish: göt
→ Armenian: գյոթ (gyotʻ)
→ Swedish: göt c

Salar: göhdi

Turkmen: göt


-d

ko- (“to put”) + *-d → *kod- (“same meaning”)

to- (“to be full”) + *-d → *tod- (“same meaning”)

sī- (“to urinate”) + *-d → *sīd- (“same meaning”)


-l

yabra- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *yabral- (“to make a mistake”)

adïr- (“to divide, separate”) + *-l → *adrïl- (“to leave”)

tēr- (“to gather”) + *-l → *tēril- (“to be gathered”)

tīri- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *tīril- (“to revive”)

yub- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *yubul- (“to roll”)

Passive suffix. Also forms intransitive of verbs.


bek

Proto-Common Turkic: *bek

Arghu:

Khalaj: bək

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bek

Old Anatolian Turkish: بك, پك

Azerbaijani: pək

Ottoman Turkish: پك (pek), بك (bek)

Turkish: pek

Turkmen: berk, bek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِكْ (bék)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bek)

Chagatai: بك (bek)

Uyghur: بەك (bek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بك (bäk)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бик (bik)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: бек (bek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бек (bek) (archaic)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бек (bek)

Southern Altai: бек (bek)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bek)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bekle-

Oghuz: بَكْلَنْماكْ (beklenmēk, “to indurate”), بَكْلَشْماكْ (bekleşmēk, “to make a pact”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بكلهمك (“to hide; to conserve”)

Azerbaijani: bəkləmək (“to conserve; to watch”)

Ottoman Turkish: بكلمك

Gagauz: beklemää

Turkish: beklemek (“to wait; to conserve, watch; to expect”), beklenmek, bekleşmek

Salar: beklegüsi

Turkmen: beklemek (“to lock; to attach, to link”), beklenmek, bekleşmek


turma

turma (nominative singular)
turmaug (accusative singular)
turmanï (accusative singular)
turmanuŋ (genitive singular)
turmaka (dative singular)
turmada (locative singular)
turmadan (ablative singular)
turmagaru (allative singular)
turmaun (instrumental singular)
turmača (equative singular)
turmalayu (singular)
turmalugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Salar: turma (“turnip”)

Potentially from *tur- (“1. to stand 2. to stop”) + *-me, compare with the semantics of Turkish bitki from Turkish bitmek.


tamu

tamu (nominative singular)
tamuug (accusative singular)
tamunï (accusative singular)
tamunuŋ (genitive singular)
tamuka (dative singular)
tamuda (locative singular)
tamudan (ablative singular)
tamugaru (allative singular)
tamuun (instrumental singular)
tamuča (equative singular)
tamulayu (singular)
tamulugu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tamu, *tamug, *tamuk

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: طامو (tamu), طامی (tamı), طمو (tamu)
Ottoman Turkish: طامو (tamu)
Turkish: tamu

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَمُو (tamū)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tamug)

Uyghur: تامۇق (tamuq)

Uzbek: tamugʻ

desc

Kipchak: tamuc, tamu, tamux, tamuch, tamuk (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамуҡ (tamuq)

→ Chuvash: тамăк (tamăk)

Tatar: тәмуг (tämuğ)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тамұқ (tamūq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: тамы (tamï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: tʾmw (tamu)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamu (“hell”)

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼴 (tmw), the accusative form of 𐽂𐼺 (tm, “hell”) ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *támHas (“darkness”) from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (“darkness”) whence also Persian تَم (tam, “veil”).
Some forms suggest inheritence from a form *tamug or *tamuk, according to Clauson, these forms reflect different borrowings from different Iranian languages. Compare also Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼷𐼸 (tmyk, “hellish”).
Connection with *tam- (“to ignite”) is coincidental and based on folk etymology.


alaŋ

alaŋ (nominative singular)
alaŋïg (accusative singular)
alaŋnï (accusative singular)
alaŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
alaŋka (dative singular)
alaŋda (locative singular)
alaŋdan (ablative singular)
alaŋgaru (allative singular)
alaŋïn (instrumental singular)
alaŋča (equative singular)
alaŋlayu (singular)
alaŋlïgu (comitative singular)

desctree

Proto-Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *alaŋ
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alañ)
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلاڭ (alañ), آلان (alan), الاڭ (ılañ), الان (ılan), ալանկ (alang /alañ/) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: alan
→ Armenian: ալանկ (alank)
→ Bulgarian: ала́н (alán)
→ Greek: αλάνι (aláni), αλάνα (alána)
→ Macedonian: алан (alan)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: الڭ (alañ)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алаң (alañ)
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلَنْكْ (alaŋ, alanɣ)
*** Uyghur: ئالاڭ (alang)

(Common Turkic) land, open land, (flat) ground, heath, (open) space, plain, open field, open place


u-

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰆 (u-)

Old Uyghur: ʾw (u-)

Siberian

Yakut: уй (uy)

→ Turkish: oğan

Karakhanid: اُغَنْ (uɣan, “having power over all things”)

[script needed]

*u-gan (present participle); Khorezmian Turkic


-sa

Oghur:

Bulgar: سَ- (-sa) (verbal adverb)

Chuvash: -са (-sa), -се (-se) (verbal adverb); -сассӑн (-sassăn), -сессӗн (-sessĕn), -сан (-san), -сен (-sen) (if)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -sa

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـسه (-se,-sa)

Azerbaijani: -sə, -sa

Gagauz: -sä, -sa

Ottoman Turkish: ـسه (se,-sa)

Turkish: -se, -sa

Turkmen: -se, -sa

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ـسا (-se,-sa)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -sa

Uyghur:

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk: -са (-sa), -се (-se)

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -һа (-ha), -һә (-hə)

Tatar: -са (-sa), -сә (-sä)

East Kipchak:

desc

Kyrgyz: -са (-sa), -се (-se), -со (-so), -сө (-sö)

Southern Altai: -са (-sa), -се (-se), -со (-so), -сӧ (-sö), -за (-za), -зе (-ze), -зо (-zo), -зӧ (-zö)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -са (-sa), -се (-se)

Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-sar)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-sar)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (-sa)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -тор (-tor), -төр (-tör); -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дор (-dor), -дөр (-dör); -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лор (-lor), -лөр (-lör); -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нор (-nor), -нөр (-nör)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -за (-za), -зе (-ze)

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

seb- (“to love”) + *-sa → *sebse (“with loving.”)

bar- (“to go”) + *-sa → *barsa (“if he/she/it goes.”)


-sa

sub (“water”) + *-sa → *subsa- (“to become thirsty, thirst”)

Suffix creating desiderative verbs from nouns.


-k

uŕa- (“to be taller; to be longer”) + *-k → *uŕak (“far; long (time), late”)

Used to form intransitive-passive nouns.


-lig

Oghur:

Chuvash: -лӗ (-lĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -lığ, -lig

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـلو (-lu, -lü)

Azerbaijani: -lı, -li, -lu, -lü

Ottoman Turkish: ـلو (-lı,-li,-lu,-lü), (Late Ottoman) ـلی (-lı,-li,-lu,-lü)

Turkish: -lı, -li, -lu, -lü

→ Greek: -λής (-lís)

Turkmen: -li, -ly

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: ـلیغ (-lığ), ـلیک (-lig), ـلوغ (-luğ), ـلوک (-lüg)

Uzbek: -li

Uyghur: ـلىق (-liq), ـلىك (-lik), ـلۇق (-luq), ـلۈك (-lük)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -лы (-lı), -ле (-le), -ло (-lo), -лө (-lö)

Tatar: -лы (-lı), -ле (-le)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ды (-dy), -ді (-dı), -ты (-ty), -ті (-tı), -лы (-ly), -лі (-lı)

Karakalpak:

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -луу (-luu), -лүү (-lüü), -дуу (-duu), -дүү (-düü), -туу (-tuu), -түү (-tüü)

Southern Altai: -лу (-lu), -лӱ (-lü), -ду (-du), -дӱ (-dü), -ту (-tu), -тӱ (-tü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰏- (l²g-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: -дү (-dü)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Western Yugur:

→ Mongolian: -лаг (-lag)

kǖč (“power”) + *-lig → *kǖčlüg (“powerful”)


tebe

tebe (nominative singular)
tebeig (accusative singular)
tebeni (accusative singular)
tebeniŋ (genitive singular)
tebeke (dative singular)
tebede (locative singular)
tebeden (ablative singular)
tebegerü (allative singular)
tebein (instrumental singular)
tebeče (equative singular)
tebeleyü (singular)
tebeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗве (tĕve)

→ Eastern Mari: тӱе (tüje)

→ Erzya: дуе (duje)

→ Hungarian: teve

→ Slovak: ťava

Proto-Common Turkic: *tebe

Arghu:

Khalaj: təvə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dəvə

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوه
Gagauz: devä
Turkish: deve
→ Zazaki: deva
→ Albanian: deve
→ Armenian: դավա (dava)
→ Northern Kurdish: deve
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: дева
Latin script: deva

Salar: döve, döye

Turkmen: düýe

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (teve(y))

Uzbek: tuya

Uyghur: تۆگە (töge)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дөйә (döyə)

Tatar: дөя (döya)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: deve

Kumyk: тюе (tüye)

Karaim: tüye

Karachay-Balkar: тюе (tüye)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төө (töö)

Southern Altai: тӧӧ (töö)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: túye

Kazakh: түйе (tüie)

Nogai: туье (tüye)

Siberian:

Old Kirghiz: 𐱆𐰌𐰄 (t²b²i /tebi/)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽱𐽰 (tʾβʾ /teve/)

Western Yugur: te, ti

North Siberian:

Dolgan: таба (“deer”)

Yakut: таба (taba, “deer”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: тебе

Tuvan: теве (teve)

Yenisei:

Shor: тӧӧ

Khakas: тибе (tibe)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *temexen (“camel”) (see there for further descendants)

There have been attempts (such as Räsänen's) to connect this word with Proto-Uralic *tewä (“deer”) noting that the Siberian descendants have the meaning "deer", however this is not generally accepted and may simply be a coincidence. For the semantics, compare Proto-Turkic *bugra (“male deer; camel stallion”), which is of Mongolic origin.


-lik

Oghur:

Chuvash:

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـلق (-lıq), ـلك (-lik)

Azerbaijani: -lıq, -lik, -luq, -lük

Ottoman Turkish: ـلق (-lık, -luk), ـلك (-lik, -lük)

Turkish: -lık, -lik, -luk, -lük

Turkmen: -lyk, -lik, -luk, -lük

Salar: -luq, -lük

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: ـلیق (-lıq), ـلیک (-lik), ـلوق (-luq), ـلوک (-lük)

Uzbek: -lik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -лыҡ (-lıq), -лек (-lek), -лоҡ (-loq), -лөк (-lök)

Tatar: -лык (-lıq), -лек (-lek)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -лық (-lyq), -дық (-dyq), -тык (-tyk), -лік (-lık), -дік (-dık), -тік (-tık)

Karakalpak:

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -лык (-lık), -лик (-lik), -лук (-luk), -лүк (-lük), -дык (-dık), -дик (-dik), -дук (-duk), -дүк (-dük), -тык (-tık), -тик (-tik), -тук (-tuk), -түк (-tük)

Southern Altai:

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Western Yugur:

kǖčlüg (“powerful”) + *-lik → *kǖčlüglük (“powerfulness”)


kapkara

Oghur:

Chuvash: хуп-хура (hup-hura)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qapqara

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (kapkara)

Gagauz: kapkara

Turkish: kapkara

Turkmen: gap-gara

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قاپقارا (qapqara)

Uzbek: qop-qora

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡап-ҡара (qap-qara)

Tatar: кап-кара (qap-qara)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qapqara

Kumyk: къап-къара (qap-qara)

Karachay-Balkar: къап-къара (qap-qara)

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: кап-кара (kap-kara)

Kazakh: қап-қара (qap-qara)

Karakalpak: qap-qara

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кап-кара (kap-kara)

Southern Altai: кап-кара (kap-kara)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

North Siberian:

Yakut: хап-хара (qap-qara)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кап-кара (kap-kara)

Shor:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Western Yugur:


yaka

yaka (nominative singular)
yakaïg (accusative singular)
yakanï (accusative singular)
yakanïŋ (genitive singular)
yakaka (dative singular)
yakada (locative singular)
yakadan (ablative singular)
yakagaru (allative singular)
yakaïn (instrumental singular)
yakača (equative singular)
yakalayu (singular)
yakalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫуха (śuh̬a, “collar”)

→? Hungarian: nyak

Arghu:

Khalaj: yaqqa (“collar”)

Proto-Oghuz: *yaka

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaxa (“collar; bank”)

Persian: یقه (“collar”)

→ Khalaj: yaxa (“collar”)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاقه (yaka), یقه (yaka)
Turkish: yaka
→ Albanian: jakë
→ Arabic: يَاقَة (yāqa)
→ Armenian: յախա (yaxa)
→ Aromanian: iácã, yiácã
→ Bulgarian: яка́ (jaká)
→ Greek: γιακάς (giakás)
→ Ladino: yaká
→ Laz: ჲაქა (yaka)
→ Macedonian: јака (jaka)
→ Romanian: iaca
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ја̏ка
Latin script: jȁka

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: yaqa

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýaka

Karluk:

Uyghur: ياقا (yaqa)

desc

Uzbek: yoqa (“collar; side; shore, bank”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яға (yağa)

Tatar: яка (yaka)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaqa

Kumyk: якъа (yaqa)

Urum: йаға

→ Mariupol Greek: яга́ (jahá)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жаға (jağa, “collar”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жака (jaka, “collar”)

Southern Altai: јака (ǰaka, “collar, shore, bank”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (jaqa, “collar”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һака (haka, “Sakha”)

Yakut: саҕа (sağa, “collar; edge”), саха (saqa, “Sakha”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чаға (çağa, “trousers/pants' belt; edge”)

Shor: чаға (çağa)


ut-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӑт (ăt)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: utmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: udmaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: utmak, yutmak, ütmek

Salar: utğusı

Turkmen: utmak

Karluk:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Karakhanid: اُتْماقْ (utmaq)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئۇتماق (utmaq)

Uzbek: utmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir:

Tatar: оту (otu)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: utmaq

Kumyk: утмакъ (utmaq)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (ut-)

Karaim: [script needed] (ut-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: utw

Kazakh: ұту (ūtu)

Nogai: утув (utuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уту (utu)

Southern Altai: удура (udura, “toward”), удурла- (udurla-, “to celebrate”), удур айт- (udur ayt-, “to protest”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐱃- (ut¹-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ut-)

⇒ Western Yugur: [script needed] (utur)

North Siberian:

⇒ Yakut: утар (utar)

⇒ Dolgan: утар

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (ut-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (ut-)


ingek

ingek (nominative singular)
ingekig (accusative singular)
ingekni (accusative singular)
ingekniŋ (genitive singular)
ingekke (dative singular)
ingekde (locative singular)
ingekden (ablative singular)
ingekgerü (allative singular)
ingekin (instrumental singular)
ingekče (equative singular)
ingekleyü (singular)
ingekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗне (ĕne)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Medieval:

Karakhanid: اِنكاكْ (ingek), اِنْكَكْ (ingek)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰛 (ingek)

Old Uyghur: ՚ynk՚k (ingek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (inek)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (inek)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (inek)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایكك (iŋäk)

Azerbaijani: inək

Gagauz: inek

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اینك (inek), انك (inek)
Turkish: inek

Salar: inek

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: инек (inek)

Karachay-Balkar: ийнек (iynek)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: инек (inek)

desc

Southern Altai: ийнек (iynek), инек (inek)

Karluk:

Chagatai: اینک (inek)

Uyghur: ئىنەك (inek)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: ынах (ınaq)

South Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (inek)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: инек (inek)

Tofa: инэк

Soyot: инэк (inek), инәк

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: інек (ìnek)

Shor: нек (nek)

Northern Altai: ийнек (iynek), нек (nek), ник (nik)

→ Hungarian: ünő

Derived from the unattested root *in- and cognate to *in-gen (“female camel”).
Akin to Khitan 𘭌 (*uni, “ox”) and Proto-Mongolic *ünixen (“cow”), compare Mongolian үнээ (ünee).


ayran

ayran (nominative singular)
ayranïg (accusative singular)
ayrannï (accusative singular)
ayrannïŋ (genitive singular)
ayranka (dative singular)
ayranda (locative singular)
ayrandan (ablative singular)
ayrangaru (allative singular)
ayranïn (instrumental singular)
ayranča (equative singular)
ayranlayu (singular)
ayranlïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Oghur: *ayraɣ

→? Proto-Mongolic: *ayïrag

Mongolian: айраг (ajrag, “koumiss”)

Proto-Bulgar: *ï̄raɣ

→ Old Hungarian: yiro (i:ro:)

→ Hungarian: író

Old Chuvash: *yăra(n)

→ Eastern Mari: йыра (jyra)

Chuvash: уйран (ujran)

→ Russian: урень (urenʹ)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ayran

Proto-Oghuz: *ayran

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ayran)

Azerbaijani: ayran

Urmia: ayran

Osku: eyran

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آیران (ayran)
Gagauz: ayran
Turkish: ayran
→ Arabic: عَيْرَان (ʕayrān)
→ Armenian: այրան (ayran)
→ Bulgarian: айря́н (ajrján), айра́н (ajrán) — dated
→ Greek: αριάνι (ariáni), αϊράν (aïrán)
→ Laz: აჲრანი (ayrani)
→ Polish: ajran

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: aýran

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَیْرانْ (ayran)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ayran)

Chagatai: ایران (ayran)

Uzbek: oyron

Uyghur: ئايران (ayran)

Kipchak:

→? Khakas: айран (ayran)

→ Russian: айран (ajran)

→ Yakut: айран (ayran)

Kipchak: ایران (ayran)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: айран (ayran)

Tatar: әйрән (äyrän)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: ayran

Karachay-Balkar: айран (ayran)

Karaim: айран (ayran)

Kumyk: айран (ayran)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: айран (airan)

Karakalpak: ayran

Nogai: айран (ayran)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: айран (ayran)

Southern Altai: айран (ayran)

Siberian Turkic:

>? Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽶𐽾𐽰𐽺 (ʾʾyrʾn /ayran/) (very rare, 10th century)

Attested in every branch of Turkic but in Arghu and in Siberian languages (except Khakas, see below). No majority consensus on the origin, but probably from *adïr- + *-gan.
* Róna-Tas and Berta suggest a derivation from Proto-Turkic *ayïr- (“to separate”) for the Oghur branch and its descendants, refusing any possible relation with the following:
*# An intermediary *yaδaq/ŋ ("churned butter, butter leftover") by Ligeti (1960, 1986), a denominal reflex derived from Proto-Turkic *yād- (“to churn butter”) (whence Khalaj یاماق (yâmaq, “to churn butter”)). The same root would also be compared to the native name of the Ural river, (which in Proto-Turkic is *yāyïk (cf. Ancient Greek Δάϊξ (Dáïx), Δαΐχ (Daḯkh), Γεήχ (Geḗkh) and archaic Russian Яик (Jaik))) by Clauson (1972), also rejected by the authors.
*# Proto-Turkic *aguŕ (“colostrum, beestings”) (whence the hypothetical Middle Chuvash form *ïră ("an aciduous liquid remaining after butter has been separated from milk or cream")), proposed by Räsänen (1969) and Doerfer (1963, 1975).
*# Proto-Turkic *ïrga- (“to rock, to pump, to move something from one side to another, to swing”), which is deemed as semantically unsatisfactory.
*# Old Chinese 酪 (*ɡ·raːɡ) (and Middle Chinese 酪 (lak)) by Pulleybank (1962), who reconstructs this root as *agïrag and posited that this word is a Xiong-Nu word re-analyzed by Turkic and Mongolic speakers as *ayï- instead of *agï-.
** Agyágasi (2019) demonstrates that historical Chuvash forms and loanwords at large support Róna-Tas's and Berta's etymology.
* Räsänen (1969), on a different entry than the one above, tentatively adopts the root term as Proto-Turkic *adïr- for all Turkic languages except Yakut аарах (aaraq) (which is borrowed from Mongolic *ayïrag). He also thinks that a relation between *ayran and Mongolic *ayïrag exists, but no direction of borrowing or a cognate relation is given by him.
* Yegorov (1964) follows the same argument, saying that Chuvash уйран (ujran, “buttermilk”) is related to Chuvash уйӑр (ujăr, “to separate, to split”).
* Clauson (1972) rejects any relation with Proto-Turkic *adïr- (“to separate”) on the basis of Karakhanid form, and posits that "...but it is very odd that such a sound change should have occurred in [Karakhanid language] and it is prob[ably] merely a false etymology."
* Nişanyan suggests that the drink in question is an Oghuz "Kulturwort", and therefore it spread to other languages via Oghuz Turks. This would explain the problematic -y- sound before -r- in Karakhanid and Khakas reflexes, where the expected reflexes from a genuine Proto-Turkic root would be *aδran and *aźran respectively.
* Altaicists, on the other hand, compare this word with Proto-Mongolic *ayïrag (“koumiss”) (thus Mongolian айраг (ajrag)), Ulch аяра- (“to take fat off butter while it is melting”) and Nanai аярахо (ajaraho, “spoon for taking fat off”), deriving the word from the "Proto-Altaic" noun **ăyVrV ("sour milk, fat melt") (EDAL's V stands for an undetermined vowel sound).
It should be noted that this word was first attested in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (11th century), not found in any pre-Islamic texts, save for a particular letter in Old Uyghur written in the 10th century.


kül

kül (nominative singular)
külüg (accusative singular)
külni (accusative singular)
külnüŋ (genitive singular)
külke (dative singular)
külde (locative singular)
külden (ablative singular)
külgerü (allative singular)
külün (instrumental singular)
külče (equative singular)
külleyü (singular)
küllügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic

Medieval:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kül)

Karakhanid: كُلْ (kül)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kül

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: kül

Turkmen: kül

Gagauz: kül

Ottoman Turkish: كول (kül)

Turkish: kül

Salar: kül

Karluk:

Uyghur: كۈل (kül)

Uzbek: kul

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Tatar: көл (köl)

Bashkir: көл (köl)

Kypchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: kül

Karachay-Balkar: кюл (kül)

Kumyk: кюл (kül)

Karaim: kül

Krymchak: кӱль

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: күл (kül)

Nogai: куьл (kül)

Karakalpak: kúl

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: күл (kül)

Southern Altai: кӱл (kül)

Siberian

Yakut: күл (kül)

Tuvan: хүл (xül)

Khakas: кӱл (kül)

Shor: кӱл

Oghur

Chuvash: кӗл (kĕl)


bel-

desc

→? Middle Mongol: [script needed] (belge)

→ Turkish: belge

→ Gagauz: belge

→ Azerbaijani: bəlgə

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *belig

Oghur:

Proto-Oghur:

Proto-Bulgar:

→ Hungarian: bélyeg

Volga Bulgar: بَلُو (belüv, “monument”)

Chuvash: палӑ (pală), паллӑ (pallă)

Danube Bulgar:

→ Old Church Slavonic: БЕЛЕГ (BELEG), БИЛЕГ (BILEG)

Bulgarian: белег (beleg)

Macedonian: белег (beleg)

Serbo-Croatian: белег

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: *belig, *beliglik, *beliglig

Old Anatolian Turkish: بللو (bellü)

Azerbaijani: bəlli

Gagauz: belli

Ottoman Turkish: بللی (belli), بللو (bellü)

Turkish: bel, bel etmek, bellik, belli

Turkmen: bellik, belli

⇒ Proto-Oghur: *belik

Chuvash: палӑк (palăk)

→ Eastern Mari: палык (palyk)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *beligle-

Oghur:

Chuvash: палла (palla)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بللولمك (bellülemek)

Azerbaijani: bəlləmək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: bellemek

Turkmen: bellemek

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: белдеу (beldeu)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *belgü

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bəlgiyyə

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: belgi

Turkmen: belgi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَلْكُو (belgü), 𐽼𐽰𐾁𐽷𐽳 (pʾlkw /belgü/)

Uzbek: belgi

Uyghur: [script needed] (bälgü)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: билге (bilge)

Tatar: билге (bilge)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: belgi

Karaim: belgi

Kumyk: белги (belgi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: belgi

Kazakh: белгі (belgı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: белги (belgi)

Southern Altai: белги (belgi)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (belgü)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бэлиэ (belie)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *belgür-

Oghur:

Chuvash: палӑр (palăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بلورمك (belürmek)

Azerbaijani: bəlirmək

Ottoman Turkish: بلورمك (belürmek, belirmek)

Turkish: belirmek

Karluk:

بَلْكُرْماكْ

Karakhanid: بَلْكُرْماكْ (belgürmek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: билгереү (bilgerew)

Compare Middle Mongol [script needed] (belge).


turp

turp (nominative singular)
turpug (accusative singular)
turpnï (accusative singular)
turpnuŋ (genitive singular)
turpka (dative singular)
turpda (locative singular)
turpdan (ablative singular)
turpgaru (allative singular)
turpun (instrumental singular)
turpča (equative singular)
turplayu (singular)
turplugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

→? Persian: ترب (torob, “radish”)

Azerbaijani: turp

Ottoman Turkish [Term?]

Turkish: turp

East Oghuz

Turkmen: turp

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұрып (tūryp)

Potentially from *tur- (“to stand; to stop”) + *-ip. Compare Turkish bitki (“plant”) from bitmek (“to grow; to end”) for semantic development.


-g

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: ـو

Chuvash: -ӑ (-ă), -ӗ (-ĕ)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـو (-u, -ü), (archaic) ـغ (-ıġ), ـ∅

Azerbaijani: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Gagauz: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Ottoman Turkish: ـو (-u, -ü, -ı, -i), ـی, ـ∅

Turkish: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Salar: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Turkmen: -i, -y, -∅

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ـغ (-ig, -üg), ـك (-ïğ, -uğ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (-k)

Uyghur: -k

Uzbek: -k, -ik

Kipchak:

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: -у (-u), -ӱ (-ü)


tar-

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: [script needed] (torat)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tarmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: (dial.) [script needed] (tar-)

South Kipchak

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Southern Altai: тарат- (tarat-, “to scatter”)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *targa-

Oghuz:

Turkmen: dargamak

Proto-Oghuz: *tāga-, *tāgï-

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tağılmaq), [script needed] (tağıtmaq)

Azerbaijani: dağılmaq, dağıtmaq (dağıd-)

Ottoman Turkish: طاغتمق (dağıtmak)

Gagauz: daalmaa, daatmaa

Turkish: dağılmak, dağıtmak

Salar: dağalğusı, dağanğusı, dağatğusı, dağağusı

Turkmen: dāgamak, dāgatmak (dāğad-)

Proto-Oghuz: *tarma-tāgïn

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: darmadağın, darbadağın

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: darmadağın

Kipchak

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тарка- (tarka-, “to spread”)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (targat-)

Yakut: тарҕаа (tarğaa)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tarba-

Karluk:

Uzbek: tarvaymoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (tarba-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: tarbaw

Nogai: [script needed] (tarma-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тарбоо (tarboo)

Southern Altai: тарма- (tarma-, “harrow, hill”)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (tarba-)

→? Mongolian: [script needed] (tarbayi-)

Kalmyk: дарвах (darvax)

Buryat: [script needed] (darbay-)

Daur: [script needed] (darbalǯi-)

(intransitive) to go apart, scatter, spread


ogul

ogul (nominative singular)
ogulug (accusative singular)
ogulnï (accusative singular)
ogulnuŋ (genitive singular)
ogulka (dative singular)
ogulda (locative singular)
oguldan (ablative singular)
ogulgaru (allative singular)
ogulun (instrumental singular)
ogulča (equative singular)
ogullayu (singular)
ogullugu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *oɣul, *aɣul

Proto-Bulgar: *ȧɣul, *ȧwul

Volga Bulgar: اَول (awïl, awl-, “son”), اَولِ (awl-ï, “son”) (positive possessive)

Old Chuvash: *ȧvŭl

Middle Chuvash: *ăvăl

Viryal Chuvash: ӑвӑл (ăvăl)

Middle Chuvash: *ïvŭl

Chuvash: ывӑл (yvăl)

⇒ Oghur: *oɣul-aɣ, *oɣlaɣ (“young of an animal”)

Proto-Bulgar: *oɣlaɣ

Danube Bulgar: *oɣloŭ

→ Old Hungarian: olo, ollow, ollō (“young goat”)

⇒ Hungarian: olló (“kid of a goat; scissors”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: oğul

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوغل (oġul), اوغول (oġul), اغول (oġul), اغل (oġul)
Azerbaijani: oğul
Gagauz: ool
Ottoman Turkish: اوغل (oğul)
Turkish: oğul
→ Armenian: օղուլ (ōġul)

Turkmen: ogul

Salar: oğul

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُغُل (oğul)

Chagatai: اوغول (oɣul)

Uzbek: oʻgʻil

Uyghur: ئوغۇل (oghul)

Kipchak:

Old Kipchak:

Cuman: اُوُلْ (ovul)

Mamluk-Kipchak: اُغُلْ (oğul)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ул (ul)

Bashkir: ул (ul)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: oğul; oğlu (“3rd singular”)

Karaim: ovul, ohul, ohyl, uvul

Karachay-Balkar: ул (ul)

⇒ Kumyk: улан (ulan)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ұл (ūl)

Nogai: увыл (uvıl)

Siberian Tatar: ул (ul)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уул (uul)

Southern Altai: уул (uul)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰍𐰞 (uǧl¹ /oġul/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽲𐽳𐾁 (ʾwqwl /oġul/)
Western Yugur: oɣul (oɣul)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уол (uol)

Yakut: уол (uol)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: оол (ool), оғыл (oğıl)

Shor: оол (ool)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: оол (ool)

Tuvan: оол (ool); оглу (oglu, “3rd singular”)

Northern Altai: оол (ool), угыл (ugïl)


ka-

ka (nominative singular)
kanï (accusative singular)
kanïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŋa (dative singular)
kanta (locative singular)
kantan (ablative singular)
kaŋaru (allative singular)
kanïn (instrumental singular)
kanča (equative singular)
kanlayu (singular)
kanlïgu (comitative singular)

desc

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kańu (“which”), *kańusï (“which of”)

Arghu:

Arghu: قَنُو (qanū)

Khalaj: qânı, qânısı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قانسی (qansı)

هانسی (hansı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانسی (hansı)

Azerbaijani: hansı

Ottoman Turkish: (Dialectal, Early Ottoman) قانسی (kansı)

Salar: gaysı

Turkmen: haýsy

Old Khalaj: خَيُو (xayū) (11th ce.)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَيُو (qayū)

Chagatai: قَایسی

Uyghur: قايسى (qaysi)

Uzbek: qaysi

Kipchak: *kay(ï), *kay(ï)sï

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡайһы (qayhı)

Tatar: кайсы (qaysı)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaysı

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: қай (qai), қайсы (qaisy)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysı)

Southern Altai: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰪𐰆 (qńu /qańu/) (Ordu-Balyk/Karabalgasun I)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qanu, qayu)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: хая (qaya)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Khakas: хайзы (xayzı)

Shor: қайзы (qayzï)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *kangï (“which”), *kangïsï (“which of”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: قنغی (qanğı), قنغیسی (qanğısı)

هانغی (hanğı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانغی (hanğı)

Azerbaijani: (Dialectal) hankı

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قنغی (kangı), (Middle Ottoman) هانغی (hangı), خانغی (hangı), (Late Ottoman) هانکی (hangi)

Gagauz: hangı, angı

Turkish: hangi

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanta (“where”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: قانده

Oghuz:

Old Khalaj: خَنْدا (xandā) (11th ce.)

Salar: gayda

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَنْدا (qandā)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кайда (qayda)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қайда (qaida)

Nogai: кайда (kayda)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кайда (kayda)

Southern Altai: кайда (kayda)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰀 (qn¹t¹a)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кайда (kayda)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Northern Altai: кайда (kayda)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanï (“where”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qânı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَنى (qanı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانی (hanı)

Azerbaijani: hanı

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قَانی (kanı), (Middle & Late Ottoman) هانی (hani)

Turkish: hani

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَانى, قَنى (qanï)

Chagatai: قَنی, qani

Uyghur: قېنى (qëni)

Uzbek: qani

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐰃 (qn¹i)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kačan (“when”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qaçân

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: خَاچَانْ (ḫaçan), قَاچَانْ (qaçan)

هاچان (haçan)

Ajem-Turkic: هاچان (haçan)

Azerbaijani: haçan

Gagauz: açan

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: هاچان (haçan), قاچان (kaçan) — early, خاچان (haçan)
Turkish: (dialectal) haçan
→ Armenian: հա՛չան (háčʻan)

Salar: gaçañ

Turkmen: haçan

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قچان (qaçan)

Uyghur: قاچان (qachan)

Uzbek: qachon

Kipchak: قایچان (qayçan)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡасан (qasan)

Tatar: кайчан (qayçan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қашан (qaşan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: качан (kacan)

Southern Altai: качан (kačan)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: каһан (kahan)

Yakut: хаһан (qahan)

South Siberian

Yenisei

Shor: қачан (qačan)

Khakas: хаӌан (xacan)

Western Yugur: qačan

desc

Northern Altai: каджан (kadžan), кайджан (kaydžan), каччан (kaččan), качан (kačan)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanča (“when”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قنجە (qanca, “when”), قنجارو (qancaru, “where”)

Ajem-Turkic: هانجارو (hancaru)

Azerbaijani: hancarı, həncəri (“where, how”), hanceri

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قانچە (qança, “how much”)

Uyghur: قانچە (qanche, “how much”)

Uzbek: qancha (“how much”)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: къанча (qança, “how much”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қанша (qanşa, “how much”)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: канча (kanca, “how much”)

Southern Altai: канча (kanča, “how many, how much”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (qança)

Northern Altai: канча (kanča), канджа (kandža)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kandïn (“from where?”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰦𐰣 (qntn¹)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”),
Proto-Tungusic *xa- (“interrogative stem”).
Possibly also Proto-Japonic *ka (“interrogative particle”) and Proto-Uralic *ku (“who, where”)


oglan

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوغلان (oġlan), اوغولان (oġulan), اوغلن (oġlan)
Azerbaijani: oğlan
Gagauz: olan
Ottoman Turkish: اوغلان (oğlan)
Turkish: oğlan
→ Armenian: օղլան (ōġlan), Աւղլան (Awġlan), Օղլան (Ōġlan)
→ Polish: ułan

Turkmen: oglan

Salar: oğlan

Karluk

Uzbek: oʻgʻlon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Bashkir: улан (ulan)

Tatar: олан (olan), улан (ulan)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: ұлан (ūlan), Ұлан (Ūlan)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: улан (ulan)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: улан (ulan)

Southern Altai: уулан (uulan)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣 (uǧl¹n¹)

Most likely from *ogul (“boy; son”) + *-an (“ancient plural-forming suffix”). Also cognate with *oglak (“yeanling”).


-ge

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan (“deverbal noun suffix”), Proto-Tungusic *-kan (“deverbal noun suffix”).

noncog

bil- (“to know”) + *-ge → *bilge (“wise, sage”)

kïs- (“to squeeze”) + *-ge → *kïsga (“short”)


-ge

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan and *-xan (“denominal noun suffix”) and Proto-Tungusic *-kan.

čekürt (“the sound of a grasshopper”) + *-ge → *čekürtge (“grasshopper, locust”)

kar (“caw”) + *-ge → *karga (“crow”)

Forms denominal nouns, usually used for animals and plants.


bütün

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗтӗм (pĕt̬ĕm)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bütün

Ottoman Turkish: بتون (bütün)

Turkish: bütün

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bütin

Karluk:

Uyghur: پۈتۈن (pütün)

Uzbek: butun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөтөн (bötön)

Tatar: бөтен (böten)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bütün

Karachay-Balkar: бютеу (büteu)

Kumyk: бютюн (bütün)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: бүтін (bütın)

Nogai: буьтуьн (bütün)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бүтүн (bütün)

Southern Altai: бӱдӱн (büdün)

Siberian:

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bütün, “entire, integral; undamaged”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бүттүүн (büttüün)


kül-

külmek (infinitive)
külgen (participle present)
külügme (participle present)
külür (participle present)
kültük (participle past)
külmiš (participle past)
külteči (future participle)
külmekči (future participle)
külsik (future participle)
küleček (future participle)
külme (noun-from-verb)
külüg (noun-from-verb)
külgü (noun-from-verb)
külüš (adverbial)
külür ben (aorist indicative singular)
külür sen (aorist indicative singular)
külür (aorist indicative singular)
külür biz (aorist indicative plural)
külür siz (aorist indicative plural)
külür (aorist indicative plural)
kültüm (indicative past singular)
kültüŋ (indicative past singular)
külti (indicative past singular)
kültük (indicative past plural)
kültümüz (indicative past plural)
kültüŋüz (indicative past plural)
külti (indicative past plural)
külmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
külmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
külmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
külmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
külmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
külmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
külteči ben (future indicative singular)
külmekči ben (future indicative singular)
küleček ben (future indicative singular)
külteči sen (future indicative singular)
külmekči sen (future indicative singular)
küleček sen (future indicative singular)
külteči (future indicative singular)
külmekči (future indicative singular)
küleček (future indicative singular)
külteči biz (future indicative plural)
külmekči biz (future indicative plural)
küleček biz (future indicative plural)
külteči siz (future indicative plural)
külmekči siz (future indicative plural)
küleček siz (future indicative plural)
külteči (future indicative plural)
külmekči (future indicative plural)
küleček (future indicative plural)
külgey ben (future indicative singular)
külgey sen (future indicative singular)
külgey (future indicative singular)
külgey biz (future indicative plural)
külgey siz (future indicative plural)
külgey (future indicative plural)
külsüküm (future indicative singular)
külsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
külsük (future indicative singular)
külsükümüz (future indicative plural)
külsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
külsük (future indicative plural)
külsem (conditional singular)
külser ben (conditional singular)
külseŋ (conditional singular)
külser sen (conditional singular)
külse (conditional singular)
külser (conditional singular)
külsek (conditional plural)
külsemiz (conditional plural)
külser biz (conditional plural)
külseŋiz (conditional plural)
külser siz (conditional plural)
külseler (conditional plural)
külser (conditional plural)
külgey ben (optative singular)
külgey sen (optative singular)
külgey (optative singular)
külgey biz (optative plural)
külgey siz (optative plural)
külgey (optative plural)
külmekde ben (progressive singular)
külmekde sen (progressive singular)
külmekde (progressive singular)
külmekde biz (plural progressive)
külmekde siz (plural progressive)
külmekde (plural progressive)
külmelig ben (necessitative singular)
külmelig sen (necessitative singular)
külmelig (necessitative singular)
külmelig biz (necessitative plural)
külmelig siz (necessitative plural)
külmelig (necessitative plural)
küleyin (imperative singular)
kül (imperative singular)
külgil (imperative singular)
külzün (imperative singular)
külelim (imperative plural)
külüŋ (imperative plural)
külzün (imperative plural)
külmemek (infinitive negative)
külmegen (negative participle present)
külmegme (negative participle present)
külmez (negative participle present)
külmedük (negative participle past)
külmemiš (negative participle past)
külmeči (future negative participle)
külmesik (future negative participle)
külmeyeček (future negative participle)
külmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
külmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
külmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
külmeyüš (adverbial negative)
külmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
külmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
külmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
külmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
külmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
külmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
külmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
külmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
külmedi (indicative negative past singular)
külmedük (indicative negative past plural)
külmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
külmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
külmedi (indicative negative past plural)
külmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
külmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
külmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
külmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
külmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
külmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
külmeči (future indicative negative singular)
külmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
külmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
külmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
külmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
külmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
külmeči (future indicative negative plural)
külmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
külmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
külmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
külmegey (future indicative negative singular)
külmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
külmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
külmegey (future indicative negative plural)
külmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
külmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
külmesük (future indicative negative singular)
külmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
külmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
külmesük (future indicative negative plural)
külmesem (conditional negative singular)
külmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
külmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
külmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
külmese (conditional negative singular)
külmeser (conditional negative singular)
külmesek (conditional negative plural)
külmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
külmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
külmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
külmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
külmeseler (conditional negative plural)
külmeser (conditional negative plural)
külmegey ben (negative optative singular)
külmegey sen (negative optative singular)
külmegey (negative optative singular)
külmegey biz (negative optative plural)
külmegey siz (negative optative plural)
külmegey (negative optative plural)
külmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
külmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
külmemekde (negative progressive singular)
külmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
külmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
külmemekde (negative plural progressive)
külmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
külmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
külmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
külmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
külmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
külmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
külmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
külme (imperative negative singular)
külmegil (imperative negative singular)
külmezün (imperative negative singular)
külmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
külmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
külmezün (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кул (kul)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kül-

Arghu:

Khalaj: külmək

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gülmək

Ottoman Turkish: گولمك (“gülmek”)

Turkish: gülmek

Gagauz: gülmää

Salar: küligüsi

Turkmen: gülmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُلْماكْ (külmēk)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۈلمەك (külmek)

Uzbek: kulmoq

Kipchak: [script needed] (kül-):

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көлөү (kölöw)

Tatar: көлу (kölu)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: külmek

Urum: гӱлиер (gülier)

Karachay-Balkar: кюлюрге (külürge)

Karaim: кӱл, kül

Kumyk: гюлмек (gülmek)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: күлу (külu)

Nogai: куьлуьв (külüv)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: күлүү (külüü)

Southern Altai: кӱлер (küler)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: gul-

North Siberian:

Dolgan: күл

Yakut: күл (kül)

South Siberian:

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: кӱлерге (külerge)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kül-üm-si-n-

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kül-üm (“laughter”)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kül-üm-si-r-e-

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kül-üm-si-r (“smiling”)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kül-üĺč-üg

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kül-üĺč- (“to laugh together”)


sekü

sekü (nominative singular)
seküüg (accusative singular)
seküni (accusative singular)
sekünüŋ (genitive singular)
seküke (dative singular)
seküde (locative singular)
seküden (ablative singular)
sekügerü (allative singular)
seküün (instrumental singular)
seküče (equative singular)
seküleyü (singular)
sekülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *seki

Middle Chuvash: *sekĭ

→ Hungarian: szék

Middle Chuvash: *sakı̈̆

сакӑ (sak̬ă)

саккӑ (sakkă)

Chuvash: сак (sak), сакӑ (sak̬ă), саккӑ (sakkă)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sekü

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: səki

Ottoman Turkish: سكی
Turkish: seki

Turkmen: seki

→ Armenian: սաքու (sakʻu)

→ Persian: سکو (saku)

Kurdish:

→ Northern Kurdish: sekû, seko

→ Central Kurdish: سەکۆ (seko)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَکُو (sekü)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һике (hike)

Tatar: сәке (säke)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: секи (seki)

Siberian:

>? Yakut: эҕэ (eğe, “washout”)


bīr

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: بىر (bîr), برم (birim, “first”)

Chuvash: пӗр (pĕr)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: bî

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: بِيْر

Old Anatolian Turkish: بر (bir)

Azerbaijani: bir

Gagauz: bir

Ottoman Turkish: بر (bir, “one”)

Turkish: bir

Turkmen: bir

Salar: bir

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بيٖرْ (bir)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: بىر (bir)

Uzbek: bir

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бер (ber)

Tatar: бер (ber) / ber

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: bir

Kazakh: бір (bır)

Nogai: бир (bir)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: бир (bir)

Kyrgyz: бир (bir)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: бир (bir), bir

Karachay-Balkar: бир (bir)

Karaim: бир

Krymchak: быр

Kumyk: бир (bir)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰼 (b²ir² /bir/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽶𐽾 (pyr /bir/)
Western Yugur: bər (per)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: биир (bīr)

Yakut: биир (biir)

South Siberian:

Chulym: пир (pir)

Altai-Yenisei Turkic:

Northern Altai: бир (bir), пир (pir) (dialect), вир (vir) (dialect)

Sayan Turkic:

desc

Tofa: бір, бірәә

Tofa: бір, бірәә

Tuvan: бир (bir)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пір (pìr)

Shor: пир (pir)


söŕ

söŕ (nominative singular)
söŕler (nominative plural)
söŕniŋ (genitive singular)
söŕlerniŋ (genitive plural)
söŕke (dative singular)
söŕlerke (dative plural)
söŕde (locative singular)
söŕlerde (locative plural)
söŕden (ablative singular)
söŕlerden (ablative plural)
söŕlerin (instrumental plural)
söŕče (equative singular)
söŕlerče (equative plural)

Arghu

Khalaj: söz

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: سوز (söz)

Azerbaijani: söz

Gagauz: söz

Ottoman Turkish: سوز (söz)

Turkish: söz

East Oghuz

Turkmen: söz

Salar

Salar: söz

Karluk

East Karluk

Chagatai: سوز (söz)

Uyghur: سۆز (söz)

West Karluk

Uzbek:

Cyrillic script: сўз (soʻz)

Latin script: soʻz

Kipchak

Kipchak-Ural

Bashkir: һүҙ (hüź)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: сүз (süz)

Latin script: süz

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: söz

Karachay-Balkar: сёз (söz)

Karaim:

Latin script: söz

Cyrillic script: сӧз

Kumyk: сёз (söz)

Kipchak-Nogai

Karakalpak: sóz

Kazakh: сөз (söz)

Nogai: соьз (söz)

Kyrgyz-Kipcak

Kyrgyz: сөз (söz)

Southern Altai: сӧс (sös)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰇𐰔 (söz)

South Siberian

Yenissei Turkic

Khakas: сӧс

Shor: сӧс (sös)

Sayan Turkic

Soyot сөс (sös)

Tuvan: сөс (sös)

North Siberian

Dolgan: өс (ös)

Yakut: өс (ös)


baĺč

baĺč (nominative singular)
baĺčïg (accusative singular)
baĺčnï (accusative singular)
baĺčnïŋ (genitive singular)
baĺčka (dative singular)
baĺčda (locative singular)
baĺčdan (ablative singular)
baĺčgaru (allative singular)
baĺčïn (instrumental singular)
baĺčča (equative singular)
baĺčlayu (singular)
baĺčlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar: بج (baç), بَجنَ (baçna, “beginning of”)

Chuvash: пуҫ (puś)

>? Bulgar: بلج

Proto-Common Turkic: *baš

Arghu:

Khalaj: baş

Proto-Oghuz: *baš

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بَاشْ (baş)

Azerbaijani: baş

Gagauz: baş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باش (baş), պաշ (baş) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: baş
→ Albanian: bash
→ Armenian: պաշ (paš)
→ Bulgarian: баш (baš)
→ Macedonian: баш (baš)
→ Romanian: baș
→ Serbo-Croatian: bȁš /ба̏ш

East Oghuz:

Salar: baş

Turkmen: baş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَشْ, باشْ (baš)

Khorezmian Turkic: باش (baš)

Chagatai: باش (baš)

Uzbek: bosh

Uyghur: باش (bash)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بَش (baş)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: баш (baş)

Tatar: баш (baş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baş

Karachay-Balkar: баш (baş)

Karaim: [script needed] (baş)

Kumyk: баш (baş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бас (bas)

Karakalpak: bas

Nogai: бас (bas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баш (baş)

Southern Altai: баш (baš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐱁 (baš)

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽰𐽿 (baš /pʾš/)

Western Yugur: baʂ

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бас (bas)

Yakut: бас (bas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: баш (baş)

Tofa: баъш

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пас (pas)

Shor: паш (paš)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *maljan (“bald”) (<*balja/balji) (cf. Mongolian мулзан (mulzan, “bald”)). Also Mongolian тарвалжи бүргэд (tarvalži bürged, “steppe eagle, acc. the logic literally bald-headed eagle”) was suggested.

cog

тарвалжи бүргэд


yǖŕ

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: جُور (cǖr)

Chuvash: ҫӗр (śĕr)

→ Proto-Samoyedic: *jür

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُوزْ (yǖz)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yüz)

Chagatai: یوز (yüz)

Uyghur: يۈز (yüz)

Uzbek: yuz

Arghu:

Khalaj: yü̂z

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yüz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yüz)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یوز

Azerbaijani: yüz

Gagauz: üz

Ottoman Turkish: یوز (yüz)

Turkish: yüz

Turkmen-Khorasan:

Turkmen: ýüz

Salar: [script needed] (yüz)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰇𐰕 (yüz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐽴 (yüz)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yöz), [script needed] (yuz)

Old Yenisei: 𐰙𐰇𐰕 (yüz)

Altai-Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱс (çüs)

Shor: чӱс

Northern Altai: чӱс (čüs)

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүс (çüs)

Yakut-Dolgan:

Dolgan: һүүс (hüüs)

Yakut: сүүс (süüs)


yǖŕ

yǖŕ (nominative singular)
yǖŕüg (accusative singular)
yǖŕni (accusative singular)
yǖŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
yǖŕke (dative singular)
yǖŕde (locative singular)
yǖŕden (ablative singular)
yǖŕgerü (allative singular)
yǖŕün (instrumental singular)
yǖŕče (equative singular)
yǖŕleyü (singular)
yǖŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: нӗрӗ (nĕrĕ, “appearance, beauty”)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *nixur (“face”)

Mongolian: нүүр (nüür)

Medieval

Karakhanid: يُوزْ (yǖz)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰇𐰕 (yüz)

Old Uyghur: ywz (yüz)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yüz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yüz)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yüz)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yü̂z

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: üz

Gagauz: yüz

Ottoman Turkish: یوز (yüz)

Turkish: yüz

Salar

Salar: [script needed] (yüz), [script needed] (yiz)

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ýüz

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yüz

Kumyk: юз (yuz)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йөҙ (yöź)

Tatar: йөз (yöz)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жүз (jüz)

Karakalpak: ju'z

Nogai: юз (yuz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жүз (jüz)

Southern Altai: јӱс (ǰüs)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (yüz)

Uzbek: yuz

Uyghur: يۈز (yüz)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: һүүс (hüüs)

Yakut: сүүс (süüs)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yüz)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: чӱс (çüs)


kap-

Oghur:

Chuvash: хуп (hup)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَاپَامَقْ (qapamaq)

Azerbaijani: qapamaq

Gagauz: kapamaa

Ottoman Turkish: قاپامق (kapamak)

Turkish: kapamak

Turkmen: gapmak (dialect)

Not to be confused with Proto-Turkic *kāp (“sack”), *kāpla- (“to surround, cover”) (Turkmen gāplamak). (See also *topïk)
Compare Proto-Mongolic *kaxa- (“to hinder, close”).


kap-

Oghur:

Chuvash: хып (hyp)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَاپْمَقْ (qapmaq)

Azerbaijani: qapmaq

Gagauz: kapmaa

Ottoman Turkish: قاپمق (kapmak)

Turkish: kapmak

Turkmen: gapmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qap-)

Uzbek: qopmoq

Uyghur: [script needed] (qapmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (qap-)

Tatar: [script needed] (qap-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (qap-)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (qap-)

Karaim: [script needed] (qap-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (qap-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qabıw

Kazakh: қабу (qabu)

Nogai: кабув (kabuv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кабуу (kabuu)

Southern Altai: кабар (kabar, “to grasp, catch, take”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kap-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kap-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: хап (qap)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (qa'p-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (xap-)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *kabči- (“to pinch, squeeze, grasp; to hold”).


ū

ū (nominative singular)
ūug (accusative singular)
ūnï (accusative singular)
ūnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūka (dative singular)
ūda (locative singular)
ūdan (ablative singular)
ūgaru (allative singular)
ūun (instrumental singular)
ūča (equative singular)
ūlayu (singular)
ūlugu (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: û

Medieval:

Karakhanid: اُو (ū)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰆 (u)

Old Uyghur: ՚ww (u)

Siberian

Dolgan: уу (uu)

Yakut: уу (uu)


-me

seb- (“to love”) + *-me → *sebme- (“to not love”)


-me

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰀 (-me)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-me and Proto-Uralic *-ma

tüg- (“to tie, to knot”) + *-me → *tügme (“button”)


sōl

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sol

Ottoman Turkish: صول (sol)

Turkish: sol

Karluk

Uyghur: سول (sol)

Uzbek: soʻl

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: сул (sul)

Tatar: сул (sul)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: сол (sol)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: сол (sol)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сол (sol)

Southern Altai: сол (sol)

Probably related to Proto-Turkic *solagaï (“left-handed”), compare Mongolian солгой (solgoj, “left handed”).


öd

→? Proto-Mongolic: *üde

Oghur:

Chuvash: вара (vara, “later”)

→ Hungarian: idő

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: اُيْلا (öyle, “midday”)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öylə

Ottoman Turkish: اویله (öyle)

Turkish: öğle

Gagauz: üülen

Salar: öyle

Turkmen: öýle

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اُذْ (öδ, “time”), اُذْلَكْ (öδleg, “time”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اُزْلا (özle)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйлә (öylə, “midday”)

Tatar: өйлә (öylä, “midday”)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üyle (“midday”)

Karaim: [script needed] (üyle, “midday”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: [script needed] (üyle, “midday”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (öy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (öd)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öd)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *üde (“afternoon”).


-ten

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: ڔَان- (-ran)

Chuvash: -тен (-ten), -рен (-ren)

Arghu:

Khalaj: -dən

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـدن (-den)

Azerbaijani: -dən, -tən

Ottoman Turkish: ـدن (-den)

Turkish: -den, -ten

Gagauz: -den

Turkmen: -den

Salar: -den

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -dan

Uyghur: [script needed] (-den)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: -дән (-dən), -нән (-nən), -тән (-tən)

Tatar: -дән (-dän), -нән (-nän), -тән (-tän)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: -den

Kumyk: -ден (-den)

Karachay-Balkar: -ден (-den)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: -ден (-den), -тен (-ten), -нен (-nen)

Karakalpak: -den, -ten

Nogai: -ден (-den)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -дан (-dan), -ден (-den), -дон (-don), -дөн (-dön), -тан (-tan), -тен (-ten), -тон (-ton), -төн (-tön), -ан (-an), -ен (-yen), -он (-on), -өн (-ön)

Southern Altai: -деҥ (-deŋ), -дӧҥ (-döŋ), -теҥ (-teŋ), -тӧҥ (-töŋ)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰤 (d²n²), 𐰑𐰣 (d¹n¹)

Old Uyghur: -𐾀𐽶𐽺 (-tyn), -𐽸𐽶𐽺 (-dyn)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: -ттэн (-tten), -ттөн (-ttön), -тэн (-ten), -төн (-tön)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -ден (-den), -тен (-ten)

*-te (locative-ablative suffix) + *-n (instrumental suffix).

suf

eb (“house”) + *-ten → *ebten (“from the house”)


ök

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰜 (k̥ /ök/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽲 (/ok/)

desc

⇒ Western Yugur: ohqdahrɢo (oʰqdaʰrɢo, “suddenly”)

ben (“I”) + *ök → *ben ök (“I, personally...”)


at-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ывӑт (yvăt)

Proto-Common Turkic: *at-
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: hatmaq
** Proto-Oghuz: *at-
*** Old Anatolian Turkish:
**** Azerbaijani: atmaq
**** Ottoman Turkish: آتمق
***** Gagauz: atmaa
***** Turkish: atmak
*** Salar: atğusı
*** Turkmen: atmak
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اتماق
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (at-)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (at-)
****** Uzbek: otmoq
****** Uyghur: ئاتماق (atmaq)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak:
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: атыу (atıw)
***** Tatar: ату (atu)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: atmaq
***** Kumyk: атмакъ (atmaq)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Caspian:
****** Karakalpak:
****** Kazakh: ату (atu)
****** Nogai: атув (atuv)
***** Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
****** Kyrgyz: атуу (atuu)
****** Southern Altai: адар (adar)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Kirghiz: 𐱄 (t¹ /at-/)
***** Shor: [script needed] (at-)
***** Khakas: [script needed] (at-)
**** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽷 (atmak)
***** Western Yugur: atqu (aʰt-)
**** Sayan:
***** Tofa:
***** Tuvan: адар (adar)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: ыт
**** Yakut: ыт (ıt)


bar-

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: بَر (bar)

Chuvash: пыр (pyr)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bar-

Arghu:

Khalaj: varmaq

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bar-

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (varmaq)

Azerbaijani: varmaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: وارمق (varmak)
Turkish: varmak

Salar: varğusı

Turkmen: barmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَرْماقْ (barmaq)

Karakhanid: [script needed] (barmaq)

Chagatai: برماق (barmaq)

Uzbek: bormoq

Uyghur: بارماق (barmaq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: برماق (barmaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: барыу (barıw)

Tatar: барырга (barırga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: barmaq

Karachay-Balkar: барыргъа (barırğa)

Kumyk: бармакъ (barmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бару (baru)

Karakalpak: барыў

Nogai: барув (baruv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баруу (baruu)

Southern Altai: барар (barar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰺 (b¹r¹ /bar-/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽰𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (barmak)

Western Yugur: par

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бар

Yakut: бар (bar)

South Siberian

Sayan:

Tuvan: баар (baar)

→? Salar: bār

Yenisei

Shor: пар

Khakas: пар (par)


toku

toku (nominative singular)
tokuug (accusative singular)
tokunï (accusative singular)
tokunuŋ (genitive singular)
tokuka (dative singular)
tokuda (locative singular)
tokudan (ablative singular)
tokugaru (allative singular)
tokuun (instrumental singular)
tokuča (equative singular)
tokulayu (singular)
tokulugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Viryal Chuvash: тӑга (tăga)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: toqqa

Ottoman Turkish: طوقه (toka)

Turkish: toka

→ Macedonian: тока (toka)

Turkmen: toqa

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (tokka)

Uzbek: to‘qa

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (ṭoɣa)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: тоға (toğa)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽰 (twqʾ /toġa/)

Western Yugur: toɢa (toɣa)

Perhaps related to *tokï- (“to weave”) and/or *tak- (“to bind”).


-mi

Oghur:

Chuvash: -и (-i), -им (-im)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: می (-mi)

Azerbaijani: mi, mı, mu, mü

Ottoman Turkish: می (-mi)

Turkish: mi, mı, mu, mü

Gagauz: mi, mı, mu, mü

Turkmen: -mi, -my, -mu, -mü

Salar: mu, mo, mi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (-mu)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -mi

Uyghur: [script needed] (-mu)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -mi, -mı, -mu, -mü

desc

Karachay-Balkar: -ми (-mi), -мы (-mı), -му (-mu), -мү

Kumyk: -ми (-mi), -мы (-mı), -му (-mu), -мү

Karaim: [script needed] (-mo)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -ме (-me), -мы (-mı)

Tatar: -ме (-me), -мы (-mı)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бе (be), ме (me), пе (pe), ма (ma) па (pa), ба (ba)

Nogai: -ме (-me), -ма (-ma)

Karakalpak: -ma, -me

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -би (-bi), -ми (-mi), -пи (-pi), -мы (-mı) -пы (-pı), -бы (-bı), -бу (-bu), -му (-mu), -пу (-pu), -мү (-mü), -пү (-pü), -бү (-bü)

Southern Altai: -ба (-ba), -па (-pa), -бе (-be), -пе (-pe), -бо (-bo), -по (-po), -бӧ (-bö), -пӧ (-pö)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰆 (mu), 𐰍𐰆 (γu) (as in bar γu?)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (be)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (-be), [script needed] (-ba)

Khakas: [script needed] (-ma), [script needed] (-me)

ölti (“he/she/it died”) + *-mi → *ölti mü?


-le

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-le and Proto-Tungusic *-le.

āb (“hunt”) + *-le → *ābla- (“to hunt”)


-le

tǖn (“night”) + *-le → *tǖnle (“at night”)

ẹ̄r (“morning”) + *-le → *ẹ̄rle (“in the morning”)

bīr (“one”) + *-le → *bīrle (“together”)


barmak

barmak (nominative singular)
barmakïg (accusative singular)
barmaknï (accusative singular)
barmaknïŋ (genitive singular)
barmakka (dative singular)
barmakda (locative singular)
barmakdan (ablative singular)
barmakgaru (allative singular)
barmakïn (instrumental singular)
barmakča (equative singular)
barmaklayu (singular)
barmaklïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *barmak

Arghu:

Khalaj: barmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بارمق (barmak)

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: barmaq

Qashqai: بارماق

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: پرمق (parmak), پارمق (parmak), پرماق (parmak), փարմագ (parmak) — Armeno-Turkish
Gagauz: parmak
Turkish: parmak
→ Romanian: palmac

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: burmaq, bırmaq

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: barmak

→ Khalaj: bırmaq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (barmaq)

Uyghur: بارماق (barmaq)

Uzbek: barmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бармаҡ (barmaq)

Tatar: бармак (barmaq), барнак (barnaq)

→ Bulgar: *parna

Chuvash: пӳрне (pürne)

→ Eastern Mari: парня (parńa)

Cuman: barmac

Crimean Tatar: parmaq

Krymchak: parmaq

Karachay-Balkar: бармакъ (barmaq)

Karaim: пармакъ, бармах, barmak

Kumyk: бармакъ (barmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: barmaq

Kazakh: бармақ (barmaq)

Nogai: бармак (barmak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бармак (barmak)

Southern Altai: бармак (barmak)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Khakas: парбах (parbax, “branched”)

Fedotov, ESTJa suggest a derivation from *bār (probably via an intermediary *bārï-) + *-mak, if so the word may have had a vowel shortening as a result of length in the suffix.
Räsänen and Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *bar- (“to go to”) + *-mak with semantic expansion.


isi-

Proto-Common Turkic:

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: эҫеү (eśew)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (isi-)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ысу (ysu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (ısı-)

Southern Altai: изиир (iziir)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اِسٖیماكْ (ʾisīmʾk /isimek/)

Chagatai: ایسیماق (isimaq)

Uyghur: ئىسسىماق (issimaq)

Uzbek: isimoq


-mek

Oghur:

Chuvash: -мак (-mak), -мек (-mek), -мах (-mah); -машкӑн (-maškăn), -мешкӗн (-meškĕn) (< *-макшӑн < *-mak üčün)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -mək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -mək

Ottoman Turkish: ـمك (-mek)

Turkish: -mek (also -me)

Gagauz: -mää

→ Crimean Tatar: -mek

→? Tatar: -мек (-mek)

Salar: -me

Turkmen: -mek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: -ماكْ (-mēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (-mek)

Uzbek: -moq

Uyghur: -مەك (-mek)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -мек (-mek)

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -мәк (-mək)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -мек (-mek)

Karakalpak: -maq

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -мек (-mek)

Southern Altai: -мек (-mek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰚 (mk) (as in 𐰺𐰢𐰴𐰲𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰤 (armaqçısın))

North Siberian:

Yakut: -мэх (-meq), -мах (-maq), -мөх (-möq), -мох (-moq), -бэх (-beq), -бах (-baq), -бөх (-böq), -бох (-boq), -пэх (-peq), -пах (-paq), -пөх (-pöq), -пох (-poq)

īl- (“to catch”) + *-mek → *īlmek (“to catch; hook”)

Forms deverbal nouns and infinitives of verbs.


ānt

ānt (nominative singular)
āntïg (accusative singular)
āntnï (accusative singular)
āntnïŋ (genitive singular)
āntka (dative singular)
āntda (locative singular)
āntdan (ablative singular)
āntgaru (allative singular)
āntïn (instrumental singular)
āntča (equative singular)
āntlayu (singular)
āntlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *andan (“bosom friend, friend”)

Proto-Tungusic: *anda (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)

Arghu:

Khalaj: ând

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: and

Ottoman Turkish: آند (and)

Turkish: ant

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ant

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئانت (ant)

Uzbek: ont

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ант (ant)

Tatar: ант (ant)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: ант (ant)

Kumyk: ант (ant)

Krymchak: ант

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ант (ant)

Kazakh: ант (ant)

Nogai: ант (ant)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ант (ant)

⇒ Southern Altai: антыгар (antïgar, “to prove”), антык (antïk)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰦 (ant)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ant-)

Western Yugur: at


āy

āy (nominative singular)
āyïg (accusative singular)
āynï (accusative singular)
āynïŋ (genitive singular)
āyka (dative singular)
āyda (locative singular)
āydan (ablative singular)
āygaru (allative singular)
āyïn (instrumental singular)
āyča (equative singular)
āylayu (singular)
āylïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: اَيخِ (ayxı, “month (determined)”), ايخ (ayıx, “month”) (< *āy-ïk)

Chuvash: уйӑх (ujăh)

Common Turkic: *ay

Arghu:

Khalaj: hây

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: آیْ (ay)

Azerbaijani: ay

Gagauz: ay

Ottoman Turkish: آی

Turkish: ay

Salar: ay

Turkmen: aý

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااىْ (āy)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئاي (ay)

Uzbek: oy

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ай (ay)

Tatar: ай (ay)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ay

Karachay-Balkar: ай (ay)

Karaim: aj

Kumyk: ай (ay)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ay

Kazakh: ай (ai)

Nogai: ай (ay)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: ай (ay)

Southern Altai: ай (ay)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖 (y¹ /ay/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽶 (ʾʾy)
Western Yugur: aj (ay)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ый (ıy)

Yakut: ый (ıy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: ай

Tuvan: ай (ay)

Yenisei

Khakas: ай (ay)

Shor: ай


āt

āt (nominative singular)
ātïg (accusative singular)
ātnï (accusative singular)
ātnïŋ (genitive singular)
ātka (dative singular)
ātda (locative singular)
ātdan (ablative singular)
ātgaru (allative singular)
ātïn (instrumental singular)
ātča (equative singular)
ātlayu (singular)
ātlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ят (jat)

Proto-Common Turkic: *āt

Arghu:

Khalaj: ât

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: آدْ (ād, ad)

Azerbaijani: ad

Gagauz: aad, ad

Ottoman Turkish: آد (ad)
Turkish: ad

Salar: ad

Turkmen: āt (ād-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااتْ (āt)

Chagatai: آت (at)

Uzbek: ot

Uyghur: ئات (at)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ат (at)

Tatar: ат (at)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: at

Kumyk: ат (at)

Karachay-Balkar: ат (at)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ат

Kazakh: ат (at)

Nogai: ат (at)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ат (at)

Kyrgyz: ат (at)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃 (t¹ /at/), 𐰀𐱃 (at¹ /at/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾀 (at)

Western Yugur: at

North Siberian:

Dolgan: аат

Yakut: аат (aat)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: ат

Tuvan: ат (at)

Yeniseian:

Khakas: ат (at)

Shor: ат


sü

sü (nominative singular)
süüg (accusative singular)
süni (accusative singular)
sünüŋ (genitive singular)
süke (dative singular)
süde (locative singular)
süden (ablative singular)
sügerü (allative singular)
süün (instrumental singular)
süče (equative singular)
süleyü (singular)
sülügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: سو (sü), صو (su)

desc

⇒ Turkish: su uyur, düşman uyumaz (“the army sleeps, but the enemy doesn't”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sü)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sü)

Despite usually being considered native, there have also been suggestions for a borrowing from Middle Chinese 戍 (MC syuH, “frontier guards”).


yarmak

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یرمق (yarmaq)

Salar: yarmaq

Kipchak

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yarmaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жармақ (jarmaq)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَرْماقْ

Chagatai: یارماق (yarmaq)

Uyghur: يارماق (yarmaq)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Possibly from Tocharian. Compare Tocharian B yarm (“measure”), Tocharian A yärm.


ak-

Ogur:

Chuvash: юх (juh)

Arghu:

⇒ Khalaj: aqqar

Proto-Oghuz: *ak-

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: axmaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: akmak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: akymak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ағыу (ağıw)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: агуу (aguu)

Southern Altai: агар (agar)


-ki

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ki, -kü

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ki, -kü

Karluk:

Uzbek: -ki

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -кі (-kı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ки (-ki), -кү (-kü), -кы (-kı), -ку (-ku), -ги (-gi), -гү (-gü), -гы (-gı)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ги (-gi) (Attested in only pronouns.)

For the sense 2, compare Proto-Mongolic *-ki, as in *manu-ki (“ours”).

*-kï (alternative)
*-gi (alternative)
*-gï (alternative)

-im

suffix equiping headword for first-person

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person

-si

suffix equiping headword for third-person singular

eb (“house”) + *-ki → *ebdeki (“the one at the house”)

Suffix used to form an adjectival or nominal meaning "that which belongs to.".

biŕniŋ (“our”) + *-ki → *biŕniŋki (“ours”)

Indicates belonging to a person or group.


-ti

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -تِ (-ti), -جِ (-çi)

Chuvash: -рӗ (-rĕ), -чӗ (-čĕ)

Attested as <i class="Orkh mention" lang="zkz">ח𐰂𐰵𐰆𐰺𐰇𐰢</i>

Khazar: *𐰺𐰇 (*-r¹ü-) (Attested as ח𐰂𐰵𐰆𐰺𐰇𐰢)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (erti)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـدی (-di/-dı)

Azerbaijani: -di, -dı, -du, -dü

Gagauz: -di, -dı, -du, -dü, -ti, -tı, -tu, -tü

Ottoman Turkish: ـدی (-di/-dı/-du/-dü)

Turkish: -di, -dı, -du, -dü, -ti, -tı, -tu, -tü

Salar: -ci

Turkmen: -di

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ـدٖی (-di, -dï), ـتٖی (-ti, -tï)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -di

Uyghur: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (-di)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -di

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (-di)

Kumyk: [script needed] (-di)

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir:

Tatar:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ді (-dı), -ті (-tı)

Karakalpak: -di, -ti

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ди (-di)

Southern Altai: -ди (-di), ти (ti)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz: 𐱆𐰄 (-ti), 𐰓𐰄 (-di)

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃 (-ti), 𐰓𐰃 (-di)

Old Uyghur: -ty (-di)

North Siberian:

Yakut:

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas:

Shor:

Western Yugur:

*-tï (alternative)
*-di (alternative)
*-dï (alternative)

seb- (“to love”) + *-ti → *sebdi (“(I saw/I'm sure) she/he/it loved.”)


-či

Oghur:

Bulgar: -جِ (-çı/çi)

Chuvash: -ҫӗ (-śĕ), -ҫă (-śă)

→ Old Church Slavonic: -чьи (-čĭi), -чии (-čii)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -çi

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ci

Karluk:

Uyghur: ـچى (-chi)

Uzbek: -chi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -се (-se)

Tatar: -че (-çe)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -чи (-çi)

Southern Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ші (-şı)

Nogai: -ши (-şi)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: -чи (-ci)

Southern Altai: -чи (-či)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ааччы (-aaccı)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: -ші, -чи

Tuvan: -чи (-çi), -жи (-ji)

Yenisei:

Khakas: -ӌі (-cì), -чі (-çì)

Shor: -чи

Western Yugur: -či

*-čï (alternative)
*-deči (alternative)
*-dačï (alternative)
*-mekči (alternative)
*-makčï (alternative)

Somehow related to Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci), Mongolian -ч (-č).

sub (“water”) + *-či → *subčï (“waterman”)

āb (“hunt”) + *-či → *ābčï (“hunter”)


-či

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -mekçi, -makçy

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -мекші (-mekşı), -пекші (-pekşı), -бекші (-bekşı), -мақшы (-maqşy), -пақшы (-paqşy), -бақшы (-baqşy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (-deči)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-deči)

The form *-dAčI is seemingly from *-te + *-či and the form *-mAkčI is seemingly from *-mek + *-či

öl- (“to die”) + *-či → *ölteči (“she/he/it will die.”)


yaman

Proto-Common Turkic: *yaman

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *yaman

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yaman)

Azerbaijani: yaman

Ottoman Turkish: یامان (yaman)

Turkish: yaman

East Oghuz:

Salar: yaman

Turkmen: ýaman

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yaman)

Chagatai: يمان (yaman)

Uzbek: yomon

Uyghur: يامان (yaman)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яман (yaman)

Tatar: яман (yaman)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaman

Karachay-Balkar: аман (aman)

Kumyk: яман (yaman)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жаман (jaman)

Kazakh: жаман (jaman)

Nogai: яман (yaman)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаман (jaman)

Southern Altai: јаман (ǰaman)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaman)

Northern Altai: ньаман (nʹaman)

If from earlier *yabman, then can be analyzable as *yab- + *-man.


tām

tām (nominative singular)
tāmïg (accusative singular)
tāmnï (accusative singular)
tāmnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāmka (dative singular)
tāmda (locative singular)
tāmdan (ablative singular)
tāmgaru (allative singular)
tāmïn (instrumental singular)
tāmča (equative singular)
tāmlayu (singular)
tāmlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طام (tam)

Azerbaijani: dam (“roof; hut”)

Ottoman Turkish: طام (dam)

Turkish: dam (“roof; hut”)

Gagauz: dam (“shed, barn”)

Turkmen: tām (“wall”)

Salar: tam (“wall”)

→ Khalaj: dâam (“roof”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tam, “wall; roof”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: تام (tam, “wall”)

Uzbek: tom (“roof; hut”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: там (tam, “wall”)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: dam (“roof”)

Kumyk: там (tam, “wall”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: там (tam, “grave”)

Nogai: там (tam, “wall”)

Karakalpak: tam (“hut”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: там (tam, “wall; hut”)

Southern Altai: тап (tap, “sliver”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰢 (tam, “wall”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tam, “wall”)

Khakas: [script needed] (layer (of earth))


bāla

bāla (nominative singular)
bālaïg (accusative singular)
bālanï (accusative singular)
bālanïŋ (genitive singular)
bālaka (dative singular)
bālada (locative singular)
bāladan (ablative singular)
bālagaru (allative singular)
bālaïn (instrumental singular)
bālača (equative singular)
bālalayu (singular)
bālalïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish::

desctree

Azerbaijani: bala
→ Armenian: բալա (bala)
→ Khalaj: bala
→ Talysh: balə

Ottoman Turkish: بالا (bala)

Turkish: bala (dialectal)

Salar: bala

Turkmen: bala

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bala)

Chagatai: بلا (bala)

Uzbek: bola

Uyghur: بالا (bala)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bala

Karachay-Balkar: бала (bala)

Kumyk: бала (bala)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бала (bala)

Tatar: бала (bala)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бала (bala)

Karakalpak бала (bala)/bala

Nogai бала (bala)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бала (bala)

Southern Altai: бала (bala)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Western Yugur: mïla

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пала (pala)

Shor: пала (pala)


ūn

ūn (nominative singular)
ūnug (accusative singular)
ūnnï (accusative singular)
ūnnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūnka (dative singular)
ūnda (locative singular)
ūndan (ablative singular)
ūngaru (allative singular)
ūnun (instrumental singular)
ūnča (equative singular)
ūnlayu (singular)
ūnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑнӑх (śănăh)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hûn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: un

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (un)

Turkish: un

Gagauz: un

Salar: un

Turkmen: ūn

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئۇن (un)

Uzbek: un

Kipchak: [script needed] (un)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: он (on)

Tatar: он (on)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: un

Karachay-Balkar: ун (un)

Karaim: ун

Kumyk: ун (un)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: un

Kazakh: ұн (ūn)

Nogai: ун (un)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ун (un)

Southern Altai: ун (un)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: unĭh, un

Shor: ун

According to some linguists, it is a borrowing from Chinese 粉 (fěn), related to Korean 분 (bun) and Chinese 分; and according to some linguists, it comes from Proto-Turkic *ub- (“to grind”).


-dak

boguŕ (“throat”) + *-dak → *bogurdak (“Adam's apple”)


oš

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوش (uş, üş)
Azerbaijani: (obsolete) uş
Ottoman Turkish: اوش (uş)
Turkish: (obsolete or dialectal) uş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (oš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (oš)

exclamation for drawing attention to something, such as something the speaker is pointing to, or what they are saying; here!, lo!, behold! see!


bog-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *boxa-

Mongolian: боох (boox)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑв (păv)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *boɣ-

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: boğmaq

Ottoman Turkish: بوغمق (boğmak)

Turkish: boğmak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bogmak

Karluk:

Uyghur: بوغۇلۇش (boghulush)

Uzbek: boʻgʻmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: быуыу (bıwıw)

Tatar: буу (buwu)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boğmaq

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: буу (buu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: буу (buu)

Southern Altai: буур (buur)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (boɣ-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: буой (buoy)

desc

Yakut: буой (buoy, “to hinder, forbid, prohibit”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: поғырарға (poğırarğa)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *boxa- and Proto-Tungusic *poga-.