ȫrdek

ȫrdek (nominative singular)
ȫrdekig (accusative singular)
ȫrdekni (accusative singular)
ȫrdekniŋ (genitive singular)
ȫrdekke (dative singular)
ȫrdekde (locative singular)
ȫrdekden (ablative singular)
ȫrdekgerü (allative singular)
ȫrdekin (instrumental singular)
ȫrdekče (equative singular)
ȫrdekleyü (singular)
ȫrdekligü (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: irdək

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ördək

Ottoman Turkish: اوردك (ördek)

Gagauz: ördek

Turkish: ördek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ördek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرْدَكْ (ördek, “duck, goose”)

Uyghur: ئۆردەك (ördek)

Uzbek: oʻrdak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйрәк (öyrək), үрҙәк (ürźək)

Tatar: үрдәк (ürdäk)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: үйрек (üirek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өрдөк (ördök)

Southern Altai: ӧртӧк (örtök)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ödrek), [script needed] (ödirek), [script needed] (ördek)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: өдүрек (ödürek)

A metathesized form, *ȫdrek, appears to have risen at an early date.
While usually considered simplex, there have been several proposals regarding its etymology:
* Nişanyan considers the possibility *ȫdrek might be the original form and puts forth a derivation from *öt- (“to chirp”), however he does elaborate on its morphology or phonology.
* Clauson suggests a derivation from *ȫr- (“to rise”) in reference to ducks rising out of the water, however there does not exist a suffix *-dek.
* EDAL reconstructs *Ebür(d)ek in order to connect it with Proto-Tungusic *ābu- (“a kind of duck”) and Japanese 鵜 (u, “cormorant”) under the disputed Altaic theory.

(Siberian Turkic)


yogrut

yogrut (nominative singular)
yogrutug (accusative singular)
yogrutnï (accusative singular)
yogrutnuŋ (genitive singular)
yogrutka (dative singular)
yogrutda (locative singular)
yogrutdan (ablative singular)
yogrutgaru (allative singular)
yogrutun (instrumental singular)
yogrutča (equative singular)
yogrutlayu (singular)
yogrutlugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yoğurt

Gagauz: yuurt

Ottoman Turkish: یوغورت (yoğurt) (see there for further descendants)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: يُغْرُتْ (yoğrut), يُغُرْتْ (yoğurt)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: йогурт (iogurt)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жуурат (juurat)

Siberian:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐽲𐽾𐽳𐾀 (ywqrwt /yogrut/)
Western Yugur: joɣurt (yoɣurt)

North Siberian:

Yakut: суорат (suorat)

From *yogur- (“to knead”) + *-ut. EDAL criticizes this based on semantics, however compare Ottoman Turkish [script needed] (yoğrulmak, “to be curdled”) passive form of *yogur- (“to knead”) and *katuk (“curdled milk; vinegar, seasoning”) from *kat- (“to mix”).
Metathesized to *yogurt during the medieval period, compare *semri- and *sēkri- for similar phonological developement.

cog

(Common Turkic) curdled, coagulated milk; yogurt


taya-

trk-cmn-conj-head

tayadačï ben, tayamakčï ben, tayayačak ben

tayadačï sen, tayamakčï sen, tayayačak sen

tayadačï biz, tayamakčï biz, tayayačak biz

tayadačï siz, tayamakčï siz, tayayačak siz

tayamak (infinitive)
tayagan (participle present)
tayagma (participle present)
tayar (participle present)
tayaduk (participle past)
tayamïš (participle past)
tayadačï (future participle)
tayamakčï (future participle)
tayasïk (future participle)
tayayačak (future participle)
tayama (noun-from-verb)
tayag (noun-from-verb)
tayagu (noun-from-verb)
tayaš (adverbial)
tayar ben (aorist indicative singular)
tayar sen (aorist indicative singular)
tayar (aorist indicative singular)
tayar biz (aorist indicative plural)
tayar siz (aorist indicative plural)
tayar (aorist indicative plural)
tayadïm (indicative past singular)
tayadïŋ (indicative past singular)
tayadï (indicative past singular)
tayadïk (indicative past plural)
tayadïmïz (indicative past plural)
tayadïŋïz (indicative past plural)
tayadï (indicative past plural)
tayamïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
tayamïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
tayamïš (indicative inferential past singular)
tayamïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
tayamïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
tayamïš (indicative inferential past plural)
tayadačï ben (future indicative singular)
tayamakčï ben (future indicative singular)
tayayačak ben (future indicative singular)
tayadačï sen (future indicative singular)
tayamakčï sen (future indicative singular)
tayayačak sen (future indicative singular)
tayadačï (future indicative singular)
tayamakčï (future indicative singular)
tayayačak (future indicative singular)
tayadačï biz (future indicative plural)
tayamakčï biz (future indicative plural)
tayayačak biz (future indicative plural)
tayadačï siz (future indicative plural)
tayamakčï siz (future indicative plural)
tayayačak siz (future indicative plural)
tayadačï (future indicative plural)
tayamakčï (future indicative plural)
tayayačak (future indicative plural)
tayagay ben (future indicative singular)
tayagay sen (future indicative singular)
tayagay (future indicative singular)
tayagay biz (future indicative plural)
tayagay siz (future indicative plural)
tayagay (future indicative plural)
tayasïkïm (future indicative singular)
tayasïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
tayasïk (future indicative singular)
tayasïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
tayasïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
tayasïk (future indicative plural)
tayasam (conditional singular)
tayasar ben (conditional singular)
tayasaŋ (conditional singular)
tayasar sen (conditional singular)
tayasa (conditional singular)
tayasar (conditional singular)
tayasak (conditional plural)
tayasamïz (conditional plural)
tayasar biz (conditional plural)
tayasaŋïz (conditional plural)
tayasar siz (conditional plural)
tayasalar (conditional plural)
tayasar (conditional plural)
tayagay ben (optative singular)
tayagay sen (optative singular)
tayagay (optative singular)
tayagay biz (optative plural)
tayagay siz (optative plural)
tayagay (optative plural)
tayamakda ben (progressive singular)
tayamakda sen (progressive singular)
tayamakda (progressive singular)
tayamakda biz (plural progressive)
tayamakda siz (plural progressive)
tayamakda (plural progressive)
tayamalïg ben (necessitative singular)
tayamalïg sen (necessitative singular)
tayamalïg (necessitative singular)
tayamalïg biz (necessitative plural)
tayamalïg siz (necessitative plural)
tayamalïg (necessitative plural)
tayayayïn (imperative singular)
taya (imperative singular)
tayagïl (imperative singular)
tayazun (imperative singular)
tayayalïm (imperative plural)
tayayïŋ (imperative plural)
tayazun (imperative plural)
tayamamak (infinitive negative)
tayamagan (negative participle present)
tayamagma (negative participle present)
tayamaz (negative participle present)
tayamaduk (negative participle past)
tayamamïš (negative participle past)
tayamačï (future negative participle)
tayamasïk (future negative participle)
tayamayačak (future negative participle)
tayamama (negative noun-from-verb)
tayamag (negative noun-from-verb)
tayamagu (negative noun-from-verb)
tayamaš (adverbial negative)
tayamaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
tayamaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
tayamaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
tayamaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tayamaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tayamaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
tayamadïm (indicative negative past singular)
tayamadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
tayamadï (indicative negative past singular)
tayamadïk (indicative negative past plural)
tayamadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
tayamadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
tayamadï (indicative negative past plural)
tayamamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tayamamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tayamamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
tayamamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tayamamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tayamamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
tayamačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
tayamayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
tayamačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
tayamayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
tayamačï (future indicative negative singular)
tayamayačak (future indicative negative singular)
tayamačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamačï (future indicative negative plural)
tayamayačak (future indicative negative plural)
tayamagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
tayamagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
tayamagay (future indicative negative singular)
tayamagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamagay (future indicative negative plural)
tayamasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
tayamasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
tayamasïk (future indicative negative singular)
tayamasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
tayamasïk (future indicative negative plural)
tayamasam (conditional negative singular)
tayamasar ben (conditional negative singular)
tayamasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
tayamasar sen (conditional negative singular)
tayamasa (conditional negative singular)
tayamasar (conditional negative singular)
tayamasak (conditional negative plural)
tayamasamïz (conditional negative plural)
tayamasar biz (conditional negative plural)
tayamasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
tayamasar siz (conditional negative plural)
tayamasalar (conditional negative plural)
tayamasar (conditional negative plural)
tayamagay ben (negative optative singular)
tayamagay sen (negative optative singular)
tayamagay (negative optative singular)
tayamagay biz (negative optative plural)
tayamagay siz (negative optative plural)
tayamagay (negative optative plural)
tayamamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
tayamamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
tayamamakda (negative progressive singular)
tayamamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
tayamamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
tayamamakda (negative plural progressive)
tayamamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
tayamamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
tayamamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
tayamamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
tayamamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
tayamamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
tayamayayïn (imperative negative singular)
tayama (imperative negative singular)
tayamagïl (imperative negative singular)
tayamazun (imperative negative singular)
tayamayalïm (imperative negative plural)
tayamayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
tayamazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dayamaq

Ottoman Turkish: طیامق (dayamak)

Gagauz: dayamaa

Turkish: dayamak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: daýamak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَياماقْ (tayāmāq)

Uzbek: tayamoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: таяү (tayaw)

East Kipchak:

desc

Southern Altai: тайаар (tayaar, “to prop up”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (taya-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тайаа (tayaa)

Nişanyan considers a possible derivation from *tay which he does not consider to necessarily be the same word as *tay (“colt”), however he still semantically compares French poutre (“beam”) from Latin pullus (“colt”) and Ottoman Turkish مرتك (mertek, “beam”) ultimately from Persian مردک (mardak, “little man”).


köt-

kötmek (infinitive)
kötgen (participle present)
kötügme (participle present)
köter (participle present)
kötdük (participle past)
kötmiš (participle past)
kötdeči (future participle)
kötmekči (future participle)
kötsik (future participle)
köteček (future participle)
kötme (noun-from-verb)
kötüg (noun-from-verb)
kötgü (noun-from-verb)
kötüš (adverbial)
köter ben (aorist indicative singular)
köter sen (aorist indicative singular)
köter (aorist indicative singular)
köter biz (aorist indicative plural)
köter siz (aorist indicative plural)
köter (aorist indicative plural)
kötdüm (indicative past singular)
kötdüŋ (indicative past singular)
kötdi (indicative past singular)
kötdük (indicative past plural)
kötdümüz (indicative past plural)
kötdüŋüz (indicative past plural)
kötdi (indicative past plural)
kötmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kötmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kötmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
kötmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kötmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kötmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
kötdeči ben (future indicative singular)
kötmekči ben (future indicative singular)
köteček ben (future indicative singular)
kötdeči sen (future indicative singular)
kötmekči sen (future indicative singular)
köteček sen (future indicative singular)
kötdeči (future indicative singular)
kötmekči (future indicative singular)
köteček (future indicative singular)
kötdeči biz (future indicative plural)
kötmekči biz (future indicative plural)
köteček biz (future indicative plural)
kötdeči siz (future indicative plural)
kötmekči siz (future indicative plural)
köteček siz (future indicative plural)
kötdeči (future indicative plural)
kötmekči (future indicative plural)
köteček (future indicative plural)
kötgey ben (future indicative singular)
kötgey sen (future indicative singular)
kötgey (future indicative singular)
kötgey biz (future indicative plural)
kötgey siz (future indicative plural)
kötgey (future indicative plural)
kötsüküm (future indicative singular)
kötsüküŋ (future indicative singular)
kötsük (future indicative singular)
kötsükümüz (future indicative plural)
kötsüküŋüz (future indicative plural)
kötsük (future indicative plural)
kötsem (conditional singular)
kötser ben (conditional singular)
kötseŋ (conditional singular)
kötser sen (conditional singular)
kötse (conditional singular)
kötser (conditional singular)
kötsek (conditional plural)
kötsemiz (conditional plural)
kötser biz (conditional plural)
kötseŋiz (conditional plural)
kötser siz (conditional plural)
kötseler (conditional plural)
kötser (conditional plural)
kötgey ben (optative singular)
kötgey sen (optative singular)
kötgey (optative singular)
kötgey biz (optative plural)
kötgey siz (optative plural)
kötgey (optative plural)
kötmekde ben (progressive singular)
kötmekde sen (progressive singular)
kötmekde (progressive singular)
kötmekde biz (plural progressive)
kötmekde siz (plural progressive)
kötmekde (plural progressive)
kötmelig ben (necessitative singular)
kötmelig sen (necessitative singular)
kötmelig (necessitative singular)
kötmelig biz (necessitative plural)
kötmelig siz (necessitative plural)
kötmelig (necessitative plural)
köteyin (imperative singular)
köt (imperative singular)
kötgil (imperative singular)
kötzün (imperative singular)
kötelim (imperative plural)
kötüŋ (imperative plural)
kötzün (imperative plural)
kötmemek (infinitive negative)
kötmegen (negative participle present)
kötmegme (negative participle present)
kötmez (negative participle present)
kötmedük (negative participle past)
kötmemiš (negative participle past)
kötmeči (future negative participle)
kötmesik (future negative participle)
kötmeyeček (future negative participle)
kötmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
kötmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
kötmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
kötmeyüš (adverbial negative)
kötmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kötmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kötmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
kötmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kötmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kötmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
kötmedüm (indicative negative past singular)
kötmedüŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kötmedi (indicative negative past singular)
kötmedük (indicative negative past plural)
kötmedümüz (indicative negative past plural)
kötmedüŋüz (indicative negative past plural)
kötmedi (indicative negative past plural)
kötmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kötmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kötmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kötmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kötmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kötmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kötmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeči (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
kötmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeči (future indicative negative plural)
kötmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
kötmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
kötmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
kötmegey (future indicative negative singular)
kötmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmegey (future indicative negative plural)
kötmesüküm (future indicative negative singular)
kötmesüküŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kötmesük (future indicative negative singular)
kötmesükümüz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmesüküŋüz (future indicative negative plural)
kötmesük (future indicative negative plural)
kötmesem (conditional negative singular)
kötmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
kötmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
kötmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
kötmese (conditional negative singular)
kötmeser (conditional negative singular)
kötmesek (conditional negative plural)
kötmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
kötmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
kötmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
kötmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
kötmeseler (conditional negative plural)
kötmeser (conditional negative plural)
kötmegey ben (negative optative singular)
kötmegey sen (negative optative singular)
kötmegey (negative optative singular)
kötmegey biz (negative optative plural)
kötmegey siz (negative optative plural)
kötmegey (negative optative plural)
kötmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
kötmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
kötmemekde (negative progressive singular)
kötmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
kötmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
kötmemekde (negative plural progressive)
kötmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
kötmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
kötmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
kötmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
kötmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
kötmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
kötmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
kötme (imperative negative singular)
kötmegil (imperative negative singular)
kötmezün (imperative negative singular)
kötmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
kötmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
kötmezün (imperative negative plural)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: көтеру (köteru, “to lift up, to rise”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (köti-, “to rise”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: көт (“to fly”)

Yakut: көт (köt, “to fly”)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kötü-

Proto-Mongolic: *köteyi- (“to be high, lift the breast”)

Proto-Mongolic: *kötüle- (“to lead”)


ẹ̄r

ẹ̄r (nominative singular)
ẹ̄rig (accusative singular)
ẹ̄rni (accusative singular)
ẹ̄rniŋ (genitive singular)
ẹ̄rke (dative singular)
ẹ̄rde (locative singular)
ẹ̄rden (ablative singular)
ẹ̄rgerü (allative singular)
ẹ̄rin (instrumental singular)
ẹ̄rče (equative singular)
ẹ̄rleyü (singular)
ẹ̄rligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: *ار (er), ارلا (erle)

Chuvash: ир (ir), ирлесе (irles̬e)

→ Eastern Mari: эр (er, “morning”)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایر (ẹr), ار (ẹr)
Azerbaijani: er
Ottoman Turkish: ار (er)
Turkish: er

Salar: er

Turkmen: īr, īrki

Unrelated to *erken (“while”) from *er- (“to be”).


yārtu

yārtu (nominative singular)
yārtuïg (accusative singular)
yārtunï (accusative singular)
yārtunïŋ (genitive singular)
yārtuka (dative singular)
yārtuda (locative singular)
yārtudan (ablative singular)
yārtugaru (allative singular)
yārtuïn (instrumental singular)
yārtuča (equative singular)
yārtulayu (singular)
yārtulïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫурта (śurt̬a, “candle”)

→ Hungarian: gyertya (“candle”)

desc

→ Komi-Zyrian: сартас (sartas, “tea-urn”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yārtu

Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýārty (“half”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَرْتُو (“chip”)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жарты (jarty, “half”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yartu, “wood; strait, ravine”)

South Siberian:

Shor: [script needed] (čarta)


kaŋlï

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلو (kaŋlu)

Ottoman Turkish: قكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلی (kaŋlï), قاكلو (kaŋlu)

Turkish: kağnı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَنكْلٖى (qaŋlï)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qaŋlï)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: قكلى (qanlï)

Siberian Turkic:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽷𐾁𐽶 (qʾnkly /ḳaŋlï/)
→ Salar: gañli

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: хаңаа (xañaa)

Shor: қаңаа (“skis, sleigh”)

desc

Tofa: [script needed] (qaŋha, “skis, sleigh”)

Tuvan: [script needed] (xā̃k, “skis, sleigh”)

Borrowed from Tocharian A klānk- (“to ride”), via metathesis (*kaŋlï < **klaŋ) to fit in the Turkic phonotactic structure.


balkï-

trk-cmn-conj-head

balkïdačï, balkïmakčï, balkïsïk, balkïyačak

balkïdačï ben, balkïmakčï ben, balkïyačak ben

balkïdačï sen, balkïmakčï sen, balkïyačak sen

balkïdačï biz, balkïmakčï biz, balkïyačak biz

balkïdačï siz, balkïmakčï siz, balkïyačak siz

balkïmasak, balkïmasamïz, balkïmasar biz

balkïmak (infinitive)
balkïgan (participle present)
balkïgma (participle present)
balkïr (participle present)
balkïduk (participle past)
balkïmïš (participle past)
balkïdačï (future participle)
balkïmakčï (future participle)
balkïsïk (future participle)
balkïyačak (future participle)
balkïma (noun-from-verb)
balkïg (noun-from-verb)
balkïgu (noun-from-verb)
balkïš (adverbial)
balkïr ben (aorist indicative singular)
balkïr sen (aorist indicative singular)
balkïr (aorist indicative singular)
balkïr biz (aorist indicative plural)
balkïr siz (aorist indicative plural)
balkïr (aorist indicative plural)
balkïdïm (indicative past singular)
balkïdïŋ (indicative past singular)
balkïdï (indicative past singular)
balkïdïk (indicative past plural)
balkïdïmïz (indicative past plural)
balkïdïŋïz (indicative past plural)
balkïdï (indicative past plural)
balkïmïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
balkïmïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
balkïmïš (indicative inferential past singular)
balkïmïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
balkïmïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
balkïmïš (indicative inferential past plural)
balkïdačï ben (future indicative singular)
balkïmakčï ben (future indicative singular)
balkïyačak ben (future indicative singular)
balkïdačï sen (future indicative singular)
balkïmakčï sen (future indicative singular)
balkïyačak sen (future indicative singular)
balkïdačï (future indicative singular)
balkïmakčï (future indicative singular)
balkïyačak (future indicative singular)
balkïdačï biz (future indicative plural)
balkïmakčï biz (future indicative plural)
balkïyačak biz (future indicative plural)
balkïdačï siz (future indicative plural)
balkïmakčï siz (future indicative plural)
balkïyačak siz (future indicative plural)
balkïdačï (future indicative plural)
balkïmakčï (future indicative plural)
balkïyačak (future indicative plural)
balkïgay ben (future indicative singular)
balkïgay sen (future indicative singular)
balkïgay (future indicative singular)
balkïgay biz (future indicative plural)
balkïgay siz (future indicative plural)
balkïgay (future indicative plural)
balkïsïkïm (future indicative singular)
balkïsïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
balkïsïk (future indicative singular)
balkïsïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
balkïsïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
balkïsïk (future indicative plural)
balkïsam (conditional singular)
balkïsar ben (conditional singular)
balkïsaŋ (conditional singular)
balkïsar sen (conditional singular)
balkïsa (conditional singular)
balkïsar (conditional singular)
balkïsak (conditional plural)
balkïsamïz (conditional plural)
balkïsar biz (conditional plural)
balkïsaŋïz (conditional plural)
balkïsar siz (conditional plural)
balkïsalar (conditional plural)
balkïsar (conditional plural)
balkïgay ben (optative singular)
balkïgay sen (optative singular)
balkïgay (optative singular)
balkïgay biz (optative plural)
balkïgay siz (optative plural)
balkïgay (optative plural)
balkïmakda ben (progressive singular)
balkïmakda sen (progressive singular)
balkïmakda (progressive singular)
balkïmakda biz (plural progressive)
balkïmakda siz (plural progressive)
balkïmakda (plural progressive)
balkïmalïg ben (necessitative singular)
balkïmalïg sen (necessitative singular)
balkïmalïg (necessitative singular)
balkïmalïg biz (necessitative plural)
balkïmalïg siz (necessitative plural)
balkïmalïg (necessitative plural)
balkïyayïn (imperative singular)
balkï (imperative singular)
balkïgïl (imperative singular)
balkïzun (imperative singular)
balkïyalïm (imperative plural)
balkïyïŋ (imperative plural)
balkïzun (imperative plural)
balkïmamak (infinitive negative)
balkïmagan (negative participle present)
balkïmagma (negative participle present)
balkïmaz (negative participle present)
balkïmaduk (negative participle past)
balkïmamïš (negative participle past)
balkïmačï (future negative participle)
balkïmasïk (future negative participle)
balkïmayačak (future negative participle)
balkïmama (negative noun-from-verb)
balkïmag (negative noun-from-verb)
balkïmagu (negative noun-from-verb)
balkïmaš (adverbial negative)
balkïmaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
balkïmaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
balkïmaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
balkïmaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
balkïmaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
balkïmaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
balkïmadïm (indicative negative past singular)
balkïmadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
balkïmadï (indicative negative past singular)
balkïmadïk (indicative negative past plural)
balkïmadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
balkïmadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
balkïmadï (indicative negative past plural)
balkïmamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
balkïmamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
balkïmamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
balkïmamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
balkïmamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
balkïmamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
balkïmačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmačï (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmayačak (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmačï (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmayačak (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmagay (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmagay (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmasïk (future indicative negative singular)
balkïmasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmasïk (future indicative negative plural)
balkïmasam (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasar ben (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasar sen (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasa (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasar (conditional negative singular)
balkïmasak (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasamïz (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasar biz (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasar siz (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasalar (conditional negative plural)
balkïmasar (conditional negative plural)
balkïmagay ben (negative optative singular)
balkïmagay sen (negative optative singular)
balkïmagay (negative optative singular)
balkïmagay biz (negative optative plural)
balkïmagay siz (negative optative plural)
balkïmagay (negative optative plural)
balkïmamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
balkïmamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
balkïmamakda (negative progressive singular)
balkïmamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
balkïmamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
balkïmamakda (negative plural progressive)
balkïmamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
balkïmamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
balkïmamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
balkïmamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
balkïmamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
balkïmamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
balkïmayayïn (imperative negative singular)
balkïma (imperative negative singular)
balkïmagïl (imperative negative singular)
balkïmazun (imperative negative singular)
balkïmayalïm (imperative negative plural)
balkïmayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
balkïmazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: balkımak, balkmak

East Oghuz:

⇒ Turkmen: balkyldamak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: балҡыу (balqıw)

Tatar: балкырга (balkırga)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: балқу (balqu, “to melt”)

Karaim: balkymak

* According to Çağbayır, of onomatopoeic origin, compare Bashkir балҡ (balq, “expression used to denote a bright shine”).
* According to Tietze, from Arabic برق (barq, “lightning”) + *-ï-, compare dialectal Turkish barkımak (“to shine”) and balk (“lightning”), alternative form of berk.

noncog

(Common Turkic, transitive) to shine, glitter


togra-

trk-cmn-conj-head

togradačï, togramakčï, tograsïk, tograyačak

togradačï ben, togramakčï ben, tograyačak ben

togradačï sen, togramakčï sen, tograyačak sen

togradačï biz, togramakčï biz, tograyačak biz

togradačï siz, togramakčï siz, tograyačak siz

togramasak, togramasamïz, togramasar biz

togramak (infinitive)
togragan (participle present)
togragma (participle present)
tograr (participle present)
tograduk (participle past)
togramïš (participle past)
togradačï (future participle)
togramakčï (future participle)
tograsïk (future participle)
tograyačak (future participle)
tograma (noun-from-verb)
tograg (noun-from-verb)
togragu (noun-from-verb)
tograš (adverbial)
tograr ben (aorist indicative singular)
tograr sen (aorist indicative singular)
tograr (aorist indicative singular)
tograr biz (aorist indicative plural)
tograr siz (aorist indicative plural)
tograr (aorist indicative plural)
togradïm (indicative past singular)
togradïŋ (indicative past singular)
togradï (indicative past singular)
togradïk (indicative past plural)
togradïmïz (indicative past plural)
togradïŋïz (indicative past plural)
togradï (indicative past plural)
togramïš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
togramïš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
togramïš (indicative inferential past singular)
togramïš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
togramïš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
togramïš (indicative inferential past plural)
togradačï ben (future indicative singular)
togramakčï ben (future indicative singular)
tograyačak ben (future indicative singular)
togradačï sen (future indicative singular)
togramakčï sen (future indicative singular)
tograyačak sen (future indicative singular)
togradačï (future indicative singular)
togramakčï (future indicative singular)
tograyačak (future indicative singular)
togradačï biz (future indicative plural)
togramakčï biz (future indicative plural)
tograyačak biz (future indicative plural)
togradačï siz (future indicative plural)
togramakčï siz (future indicative plural)
tograyačak siz (future indicative plural)
togradačï (future indicative plural)
togramakčï (future indicative plural)
tograyačak (future indicative plural)
togragay ben (future indicative singular)
togragay sen (future indicative singular)
togragay (future indicative singular)
togragay biz (future indicative plural)
togragay siz (future indicative plural)
togragay (future indicative plural)
tograsïkïm (future indicative singular)
tograsïkïŋ (future indicative singular)
tograsïk (future indicative singular)
tograsïkïmïz (future indicative plural)
tograsïkïŋïz (future indicative plural)
tograsïk (future indicative plural)
tograsam (conditional singular)
tograsar ben (conditional singular)
tograsaŋ (conditional singular)
tograsar sen (conditional singular)
tograsa (conditional singular)
tograsar (conditional singular)
tograsak (conditional plural)
tograsamïz (conditional plural)
tograsar biz (conditional plural)
tograsaŋïz (conditional plural)
tograsar siz (conditional plural)
tograsalar (conditional plural)
tograsar (conditional plural)
togragay ben (optative singular)
togragay sen (optative singular)
togragay (optative singular)
togragay biz (optative plural)
togragay siz (optative plural)
togragay (optative plural)
togramakda ben (progressive singular)
togramakda sen (progressive singular)
togramakda (progressive singular)
togramakda biz (plural progressive)
togramakda siz (plural progressive)
togramakda (plural progressive)
togramalïg ben (necessitative singular)
togramalïg sen (necessitative singular)
togramalïg (necessitative singular)
togramalïg biz (necessitative plural)
togramalïg siz (necessitative plural)
togramalïg (necessitative plural)
tograyayïn (imperative singular)
togra (imperative singular)
togragïl (imperative singular)
tograzun (imperative singular)
tograyalïm (imperative plural)
tograyïŋ (imperative plural)
tograzun (imperative plural)
togramamak (infinitive negative)
togramagan (negative participle present)
togramagma (negative participle present)
togramaz (negative participle present)
togramaduk (negative participle past)
togramamïš (negative participle past)
togramačï (future negative participle)
togramasïk (future negative participle)
togramayačak (future negative participle)
togramama (negative noun-from-verb)
togramag (negative noun-from-verb)
togramagu (negative noun-from-verb)
togramaš (adverbial negative)
togramaz ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
togramaz sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
togramaz (aorist indicative negative singular)
togramaz biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togramaz siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togramaz (aorist indicative negative plural)
togramadïm (indicative negative past singular)
togramadïŋ (indicative negative past singular)
togramadï (indicative negative past singular)
togramadïk (indicative negative past plural)
togramadïmïz (indicative negative past plural)
togramadïŋïz (indicative negative past plural)
togramadï (indicative negative past plural)
togramamïš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togramamïš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togramamïš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
togramamïš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togramamïš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togramamïš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
togramačï ben (future indicative negative singular)
togramayačak ben (future indicative negative singular)
togramačï sen (future indicative negative singular)
togramayačak sen (future indicative negative singular)
togramačï (future indicative negative singular)
togramayačak (future indicative negative singular)
togramačï biz (future indicative negative plural)
togramayačak biz (future indicative negative plural)
togramačï siz (future indicative negative plural)
togramayačak siz (future indicative negative plural)
togramačï (future indicative negative plural)
togramayačak (future indicative negative plural)
togramagay ben (future indicative negative singular)
togramagay sen (future indicative negative singular)
togramagay (future indicative negative singular)
togramagay biz (future indicative negative plural)
togramagay siz (future indicative negative plural)
togramagay (future indicative negative plural)
togramasïkïm (future indicative negative singular)
togramasïkïŋ (future indicative negative singular)
togramasïk (future indicative negative singular)
togramasïkïmïz (future indicative negative plural)
togramasïkïŋïz (future indicative negative plural)
togramasïk (future indicative negative plural)
togramasam (conditional negative singular)
togramasar ben (conditional negative singular)
togramasaŋ (conditional negative singular)
togramasar sen (conditional negative singular)
togramasa (conditional negative singular)
togramasar (conditional negative singular)
togramasak (conditional negative plural)
togramasamïz (conditional negative plural)
togramasar biz (conditional negative plural)
togramasaŋïz (conditional negative plural)
togramasar siz (conditional negative plural)
togramasalar (conditional negative plural)
togramasar (conditional negative plural)
togramagay ben (negative optative singular)
togramagay sen (negative optative singular)
togramagay (negative optative singular)
togramagay biz (negative optative plural)
togramagay siz (negative optative plural)
togramagay (negative optative plural)
togramamakda ben (negative progressive singular)
togramamakda sen (negative progressive singular)
togramamakda (negative progressive singular)
togramamakda biz (negative plural progressive)
togramamakda siz (negative plural progressive)
togramamakda (negative plural progressive)
togramamalïg ben (necessitative negative singular)
togramamalïg sen (necessitative negative singular)
togramamalïg (necessitative negative singular)
togramamalïg biz (necessitative negative plural)
togramamalïg siz (necessitative negative plural)
togramamalïg (necessitative negative plural)
togramayayïn (imperative negative singular)
tograma (imperative negative singular)
togramagïl (imperative negative singular)
togramazun (imperative negative singular)
togramayalïm (imperative negative plural)
togramayïŋ (imperative negative plural)
togramazun (imperative negative plural)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тура (tura)

Arghu:

Khalaj: torğamaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: doğramaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طوغرامق (doğramak)
Gagauz: doramaa
Turkish: doğramak
→ Crimean Tatar: doğramaq
→ Karaim: [script needed] (doğramaq)

Turkmen: dogramak

Salar: doğrağusı, doğram

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (toğra-)

Chagatai: [script needed] (toğra-)

Uyghur: توغرىماق (toghrimaq)

Uzbek: to‘g‘ramoq

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: турау (turaw)

Tatar: турарга (turarga)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: tug‘rag‘u

Kazakh: турау (turau)

Nogai: [script needed] (tuwra-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тууроо (tuuroo)

Southern Altai: туураар (tuuraar)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: toramaq

Karachay-Balkar: туура- (tuura-)

Karaim: [script needed] (tuvra-)

Kumyk: тувра- (tuwra-)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: тоғырга (toğırga)

Shor: тоғрага (toğra-)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (torğa-)

North Siberian:

⇒ Yakut: тоорот (toorot)

South Siberian:

Sayan turkic:

Tofa: доора- (doora-)

Tuvan: доорар (doorar)

# ESTJa suggests a derivation from *tog- and supposes a relation with *togan (“falcon”), however a denominal verb forming suffix *-ra does not exist.
# Nişanyan derives it from *toguru (“tang; straight, correct”), however the suffix *-a is attached only to stems ending with consonants.

(transitive) to cut into slices, small pieces


ẹ̄rte

Common Turkic

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz

Proto-Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Classical Azerbaijani:

Azerbaijani: ertə

Ottoman Turkish: ایرته (irte, erte)

Turkish: erte

Salar: ette

Turkmen: erte

Kipchak-Karluk (classification disputed)

Altai

Southern Altai: эрте (erte)

Karluk

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئەرتە (erte)

Uzbek: erta

Kipchak–Bulgar

Volga Turki

Bashkir: иртә (irtə)

Tatar: иртә (irtä)

Kipchak–Nogai

Karakalpak-Kazakh

Kazakh: ерте (erte)

Kyrgyz: эрте (erte)

North Siberian Turkic

Yakut: эрдэ (erde)


saŋïr

Common Turkic:

→⇒? Chuvash: анра-сухра (anra-s̬uhra)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sağır

Ottoman Turkish: صاغر, صاغیر (sağır)
Gagauz: saar
Turkish: sağır
→ Crimean Tatar: sağır

Salar: sağır

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ساغرىغۇ (saghrighu)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (saŋır), [script needed] (saŋırav)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һаңғырау (hañğıraw)

Tatar: саңгырау (sañgıraw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: сангырау (sañırau)

Kumyk: сангырав (sañıraw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: саңырау (sañyrau)

Nogai: санъырав (sañırav)

Not related to Proto-Turkic *sagïr (“a game battue”).


yān-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yanımaq

Gagauz: yaanmaa, yaandırmaa

Karluk:

يَنْدُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: يَنْدُرْماقْ (yandurmāq, “to threaten”), يَنِغْ (yanığ, “threatening”)

Uyghur: [script needed] (ǯonu-)

Uzbek: [script needed] (yan-)

Kipchak: يَنْماقْ (yanmāq, “to threaten”)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (yana-)

Tatar: [script needed] (yana-)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (žan-, žaŋ-, ǯanï-, zanï-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yan-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: саан (saan)


tür(ü)k

Türk (canonical)
türk (nominative singular)
türük (nominative singular)
türkler (nominative plural)
türükler (nominative plural)
türkniŋ (genitive singular)
türükniŋ (genitive singular)
türklerniŋ (genitive plural)
türüklerniŋ (genitive plural)
türkke (dative singular)
türükke (dative singular)
türklerke (dative plural)
türüklerke (dative plural)
türkte (locative singular)
türükte (locative singular)
türklerde (locative plural)
türüklerde (locative plural)
türkten (ablative singular)
türükten (ablative singular)
türklerden (ablative plural)
türüklerden (ablative plural)
türklerin (instrumental plural)
türüklerin (instrumental plural)
türkče (equative singular)
türükče (equative singular)
türklerče (equative plural)
türüklerče (equative plural)

Oghur: *türkü

→ Old Hungarian: Turcu (türkü)

Hungarian: török

→⇒ Old Hungarian: Thevreker (törek-ēr, “Cuman”) (< *tür(ü)k + *ēr)

→? Rouran: 𑀓𑁆𑀭𑀽𑀢𑀼 (türǖg)

Proto-Common Turkic: *türk

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: ترك (türk), تورك (türk)
Azerbaijani: türk
Gagauz: türk
Ottoman Turkish: ترك (türk) (see there for further descendants)
Turkish: Türk

⇒ Turkmen: Türkmen

→ Bulgar: تُرُكمَان (“Turkmen”)

→ Persian: ترکمان
→ Gujarati: તુર્કમાન (turkamān)
→ Karakhanid: تُركمان (türkmān, “Turcoman, Oghuz”)
Chagatai: ترکمان
Uzbek: turkmon
→ Medieval Latin: Turcomannus
English: Turcoman
French: Turcoman
→ Old Anatolian Turkish: تركمان (türkmān, “Oghuz”)
Azerbaijani: türkman
Ottoman Turkish: تركمان (türkman)
Turkish: Türkman
→ English: Turkman

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُرْكْ (türk)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥, “Turks, Göktürks”), 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚 (türk), 𐱆𐰈𐰼𐰝 (türk)
⇒ Rouran: *türküt (“Turks”)
→ Middle Chinese: 突厥 (thwot kjut)
→ Middle Persian: twlk'

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽷 (Türk, “Turkic”)

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽷𐽽𐽰 (Türkče, “Turkic (language), Old Uyghur language”)

Uncertain. Multiple etymologies have been proposed;
# Doerfer (1965), based on Old Uyghur 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽷 (twyrk, “?”) found in fragmentary Manichaean scriptures as "...türk burxanlarta kén éntiŋiz..." ("...you have descended [to Earth] after [???] prophets (Boddhisatvas)..."), presumes that Old Uyghur word and thus *türk must have meant "strong", and or "capable." However, Clauson (1972) rejects this observation, stating that most of the text is illegible and 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽷 (twyrk) in the Manichaean may simply be 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐾀 (twyrt, “four”) instead. This is seconded by Nişanyan in his Modern Turkish etymological dictionary.
# According to Clauson (1972) *türk means "the culmination point of maturity", "ripe (as are fruit)" and "the prime of one's life".
# Räsänen (1969) in his entry surmises the etymologies above, giving that the word meant "power, might" in Old Uyghur, "midpoint of maturing" in Middle Turkic, "brave" in Chagatai and "brute, harsh; (and by extension) illiterate" in Ottoman Turkish. He also gives "Chinese Tu-küz" (cf. Middle Chinese 突厥 (thwot kjut)) for the comparison. Whether or not the words mentioned are related to this etymon is unclear.
# Róna-Tas (1991) compares this form with Khotanese *tturakä (“lid, helmet”) in the light of the mention of "golden mountains shaped like helmets" by the Chinese Annals where Turks would live. Chinese records also state that Turks got their name from these mountains, which they call türküt. Notwithstanding this etymology, Róna-Tas and Berta (2011) suppose the proto-form as *türkü and comment that this word is not found natively in Yakut, Khakas and Chuvash languages.
The earliest attestation of Turk is found in the Hüis Tolgoi Inscription, stone 1 as 𑀓𑁆𑀭𑀽𑀢𑀼 (türǖg) in Brahmi script, dating back to 584 AD.
See more at Turkic.


bańak

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بَيْنَقْ (baynaq, “dung”)

Kipchak: میاق (maya:q)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَيَقْ (mayaq, “dung of camel or sheep”), مَژَكْ (mejek, “dog dung”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ماياق (mayaq, “animal dung, digested food in the stomach”)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽰𐽶𐽰𐽵𐾄 (mayak)

South Siberian Turkic:

Tuvan: мыйак (mıyak)

Tofa: мыңак (mïŋaq)

Unknown. No etymology given by any sources, possibly due to antiquity and the scarce attestation of this root.
Altaicists compare this root with Negidal бэӈгэ (“animal, beast”) and Japanese 埴 (hani, “argillaceous soil”) (Old Japanese 埴 (pani)). However, Altaic language family and such comparisons are not accepted by mainstream historical linguistics due to paucity of data.


büńüŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑйра (măjra), мӑйрака (măjrak̬a)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boynuz)

Azerbaijani: buynuz

Ottoman Turkish: بوینوز (boynuz)

Gagauz: boynuz, buynuz

Turkish: boynuz

→ Crimean Tatar: boynuz

Turkmen: buýnuz

Kipchak: [script needed] (müyiz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мөгөҙ (mögöź)

Tatar: мөгез (mögez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: müyüz

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk: [script needed] (müyüz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: мүйіз (müiız)

Nogai: [script needed] (müyiz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мүйүз (müyüz)

Southern Altai: мӱӱс (müüs)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (müñüz)

büñüz, müñüz

Chagatai: [script needed] (büñüz, müñüz)

Uyghur: مۈڭگۈز (münggüz)

Uzbek: muguz

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (mıyıs)

Shor: мӱӱс

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (müyüz, müñüs)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (moŋ'əs)

→ Salar: moñas

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: мыйыс (mıyıs)

Tofa:


ẹ̄rig

Common Turkic:

→ Hungarian: öreg

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: iri

Ottoman Turkish: ايرى

Gagauz: iiri

Turkish: iri

Salar: yiri

Turkmen: īri

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (erig)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ژىرىك (zhirik), [script needed] (yirik)

Uzbek: yirik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эре (ere)

Tatar: эре (ere)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (iri)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (iri)

Kazakh: ірі (ırı)

Nogai: [script needed] (iri)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ири (iri)

Southern Altai: эригер (eriger, “to be tired”), эрӱ (erü, “pain”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (erig, “wild”)


bāy

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بای (bay)

Azerbaijani: (archaic) bay

Ottoman Turkish: بای (bay)

Turkish: bay

Turkmen: baý

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: бай (bay)

Tatar: бай (bay)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (bāy)

Kipchak: bay (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: bay

Kumyk: бай (bay)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: бай (bai)

Nogai: бай (bay)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бай (bay)

Southern Altai: бай (bay)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بای (bʾy /bāy/), 𐽼𐽰𐽶 (pʾy /bāy/)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bay)

Chagatai: بای (bay)

Uyghur: باي (bay)

Uzbek: boy

→ Tajik: бой (boy)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰖 (b¹y¹)

→ Turkish: bay (“mister, sir”) (learned)

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/bay/)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: баай (baay)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: бай (bay)

Northern Altai: пай (pay)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *bayan

Middle Mongol: ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ (bayan)

Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ (bayan)

Mongolian: баян (bajan)

Buryat: баян (bajan)

→ Oghur:

Chuvash: пуян (pujan)

→ Proto-Tungusic:

Manchu: ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ (bayan)

Evenki: баян (bajan)

Bala: 巴彥

Nanai: баян (bajan)

→ Proto-Slavic: *banъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: бай (baj)

bayımak

Ottoman Turkish: بایرمق, باییمق; Turkish


yabaĺč

→⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *namukan (“peaceful, gentle”) (from the hypothetical *yaba-kan (“id.”))

Mongolian: намхан (namxan, “peaceful, gentle”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yabaš

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yavaş

→ Persian: یواش (yavâš)

→ Khalaj: yəvâş

Ottoman Turkish: یواش (yavaş, “patient, mild, peaceable”)

Turkish: yavaş

Gagauz: yavaş

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýuwaş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yawaš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yawaš)

Uyghur: يۇۋاش (yuwash) (dialectal)

Uzbek: yuvosh

⇒ Karakhanid: [script needed] (yawa kiši, “a person who is timid, mild, tractable, and peaceable; docile (of animals)”)

⇒ Karakhanid: [script needed] (yawa yḗr, “warm, cozy place”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: iavas (yawa:š, “docile and obsequious (of animals)”)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: йыуаш (yıwaş)

Middle Tatar: *ʒovaš ("peaceful, hospitable")

→? Chuvash: чӑваш (čăvaš, “Chuvash”)

→ Eastern Mari: суас (suas, “Tatar”)

→ Tatar: чуаш (çuwaş, “Chuvash”)

Russian: чува́ша (čuváša, “unkempt man”) (dialectal)

Tatar: юаш (yuaş), юваш (yuwaş)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar:

Krymchak: йуваш

Karachay-Balkar: джууаш (cuuaş)

Kumyk: яваш (yawaş), юваш (yuwaş)

Karaim: йуваш

Urum: йываш

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жуас (juas)

Nogai: ювас (yuvas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоош (jooş)

Southern Altai: јобош (ǰoboš)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Earlier Yakut: *samā- ("calm, pleasant, easy-going")

⇒? Yakut: самаан (samaan, “favourable summer, warm weather”)

South Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽼𐽰𐽻 (yabaš)

⇒? Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽼 𐽶𐽰𐽼 (yap-yap, “timidly”)

Khakas: чабас (çabas)

Northern Altai: дьобоош (dʹobooš), чобош (čoboš)

Shor: чобаш (čobaš)

Tuvan: чааш (çaaş)

Tofa: чааш (čāš)

Tofa: чааш (čāš)

Unknown. Probably a deverbal from the unattested verb *yaba- (“to calm down (?)”), further etymology cannot be satisfactorily established.
Räsänen, Vasmer and Nemeth suggest that the ethnonym for Chuvash people (čăwaš) is borrowed or inherited from *yabaš (“calm, peaceful”), via intermediaries. Proto-Mongolic *namukan is given as a cognate by Räsänen (cf. Mongolian намхан (namxan, “gentle, peaceful”))
Altaicists compare their reconstructed form *yabaĺ with Khalkha Mongolian зөөлөн (zöölön, “soft, weak”) (cf. Written Mongolian ᠵᠣ᠊᠊ᠢ᠊ᠭᠡ᠊ᠯᠠ᠊ᠨ (ʒögelen)) and Japanese 柔ら (yawara, “something soft, fragile, gentle”) (cf. Japanese 柔柔 (yawayawa, “soft, supple”), reduplication of *yawa). Despite semantic and phonological similarities, Altaic comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream historical linguistics.

noncog

peaceful, quiet, calm, mild (Common Turkic)


yẹ̄t-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yedmek)

Azerbaijani: yedmək, yedək

Ottoman Turkish: یدمك (yedmek)

Gagauz: edek

Turkish: yedmek, yedek

Turkmen: ītmek, īdeklemek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَتْماكْ (yetmēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yét-)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (yete-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

⇒ Kazakh: жетек (jetek)

Nogai: [script needed] (yet-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yét-)


ẹrpe-

trk-cmn-conj-head

ẹrpedeči ben, ẹrpemekči ben, ẹrpeyeček ben

ẹrpedeči sen, ẹrpemekči sen, ẹrpeyeček sen

ẹrpedeči biz, ẹrpemekči biz, ẹrpeyeček biz

ẹrpedeči siz, ẹrpemekči siz, ẹrpeyeček siz

ẹrpemek (infinitive)
ẹrpegen (participle present)
ẹrpegme (participle present)
ẹrper (participle present)
ẹrpedük (participle past)
ẹrpemiš (participle past)
ẹrpedeči (future participle)
ẹrpemekči (future participle)
ẹrpesik (future participle)
ẹrpeyeček (future participle)
ẹrpeme (noun-from-verb)
ẹrpeg (noun-from-verb)
ẹrpegü (noun-from-verb)
ẹrpeš (adverbial)
ẹrper ben (aorist indicative singular)
ẹrper sen (aorist indicative singular)
ẹrper (aorist indicative singular)
ẹrper biz (aorist indicative plural)
ẹrper siz (aorist indicative plural)
ẹrper (aorist indicative plural)
ẹrpedim (indicative past singular)
ẹrpediŋ (indicative past singular)
ẹrpedi (indicative past singular)
ẹrpedik (indicative past plural)
ẹrpedimiz (indicative past plural)
ẹrpediŋiz (indicative past plural)
ẹrpedi (indicative past plural)
ẹrpemiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
ẹrpemiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
ẹrpemiš (indicative inferential past singular)
ẹrpemiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
ẹrpemiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
ẹrpemiš (indicative inferential past plural)
ẹrpedeči ben (future indicative singular)
ẹrpemekči ben (future indicative singular)
ẹrpeyeček ben (future indicative singular)
ẹrpedeči sen (future indicative singular)
ẹrpemekči sen (future indicative singular)
ẹrpeyeček sen (future indicative singular)
ẹrpedeči (future indicative singular)
ẹrpemekči (future indicative singular)
ẹrpeyeček (future indicative singular)
ẹrpedeči biz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpemekči biz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpeyeček biz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpedeči siz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpemekči siz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpeyeček siz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpedeči (future indicative plural)
ẹrpemekči (future indicative plural)
ẹrpeyeček (future indicative plural)
ẹrpegey ben (future indicative singular)
ẹrpegey sen (future indicative singular)
ẹrpegey (future indicative singular)
ẹrpegey biz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpegey siz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpegey (future indicative plural)
ẹrpesikim (future indicative singular)
ẹrpesikiŋ (future indicative singular)
ẹrpesik (future indicative singular)
ẹrpesikimiz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpesikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
ẹrpesik (future indicative plural)
ẹrpesem (conditional singular)
ẹrpeser ben (conditional singular)
ẹrpeseŋ (conditional singular)
ẹrpeser sen (conditional singular)
ẹrpese (conditional singular)
ẹrpeser (conditional singular)
ẹrpesek (conditional plural)
ẹrpesemiz (conditional plural)
ẹrpeser biz (conditional plural)
ẹrpeseŋiz (conditional plural)
ẹrpeser siz (conditional plural)
ẹrpeseler (conditional plural)
ẹrpeser (conditional plural)
ẹrpegey ben (optative singular)
ẹrpegey sen (optative singular)
ẹrpegey (optative singular)
ẹrpegey biz (optative plural)
ẹrpegey siz (optative plural)
ẹrpegey (optative plural)
ẹrpemekde ben (progressive singular)
ẹrpemekde sen (progressive singular)
ẹrpemekde (progressive singular)
ẹrpemekde biz (plural progressive)
ẹrpemekde siz (plural progressive)
ẹrpemekde (plural progressive)
ẹrpemelig ben (necessitative singular)
ẹrpemelig sen (necessitative singular)
ẹrpemelig (necessitative singular)
ẹrpemelig biz (necessitative plural)
ẹrpemelig siz (necessitative plural)
ẹrpemelig (necessitative plural)
ẹrpeyeyin (imperative singular)
ẹrpe (imperative singular)
ẹrpegil (imperative singular)
ẹrpezün (imperative singular)
ẹrpeyelim (imperative plural)
ẹrpeyiŋ (imperative plural)
ẹrpezün (imperative plural)
ẹrpememek (infinitive negative)
ẹrpemegen (negative participle present)
ẹrpemegme (negative participle present)
ẹrpemez (negative participle present)
ẹrpemedük (negative participle past)
ẹrpememiš (negative participle past)
ẹrpemeči (future negative participle)
ẹrpemesik (future negative participle)
ẹrpemeyeček (future negative participle)
ẹrpememe (negative noun-from-verb)
ẹrpemeg (negative noun-from-verb)
ẹrpemegü (negative noun-from-verb)
ẹrpemeš (adverbial negative)
ẹrpemez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemez (aorist indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemez (aorist indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemedim (indicative negative past singular)
ẹrpemediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
ẹrpemedi (indicative negative past singular)
ẹrpemedik (indicative negative past plural)
ẹrpemedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
ẹrpemediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
ẹrpemedi (indicative negative past plural)
ẹrpememiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ẹrpememiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ẹrpememiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
ẹrpememiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ẹrpememiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ẹrpememiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
ẹrpemeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemeči (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemeči (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemegey (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemegey (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemesikim (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemesik (future indicative negative singular)
ẹrpemesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemesik (future indicative negative plural)
ẹrpemesem (conditional negative singular)
ẹrpemeser ben (conditional negative singular)
ẹrpemeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
ẹrpemeser sen (conditional negative singular)
ẹrpemese (conditional negative singular)
ẹrpemeser (conditional negative singular)
ẹrpemesek (conditional negative plural)
ẹrpemesemiz (conditional negative plural)
ẹrpemeser biz (conditional negative plural)
ẹrpemeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
ẹrpemeser siz (conditional negative plural)
ẹrpemeseler (conditional negative plural)
ẹrpemeser (conditional negative plural)
ẹrpemegey ben (negative optative singular)
ẹrpemegey sen (negative optative singular)
ẹrpemegey (negative optative singular)
ẹrpemegey biz (negative optative plural)
ẹrpemegey siz (negative optative plural)
ẹrpemegey (negative optative plural)
ẹrpememekde ben (negative progressive singular)
ẹrpememekde sen (negative progressive singular)
ẹrpememekde (negative progressive singular)
ẹrpememekde biz (negative plural progressive)
ẹrpememekde siz (negative plural progressive)
ẹrpememekde (negative plural progressive)
ẹrpememelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
ẹrpememelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
ẹrpememelig (necessitative negative singular)
ẹrpememelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
ẹrpememelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
ẹrpememelig (necessitative negative plural)
ẹrpemeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
ẹrpeme (imperative negative singular)
ẹrpemegil (imperative negative singular)
ẹrpemezün (imperative negative singular)
ẹrpemeyelim (imperative negative plural)
ẹrpemeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
ẹrpemezün (imperative negative plural)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اِرْباماكْ (érpēmēk)

desc

اِرْبالْماكْ

اِرْباتْماكْ

⇒ Karakhanid: اِرْبالْماكْ (érpēlmēk), اِرْباتْماكْ (érpētmēk)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (érpä-)

⇒ Old Uyghur: [script needed] (érpäg), [script needed] (érpäglä-), [script needed] (érpäl-), [script needed] (érpäš-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: эрбээ (erbee)

⇒ Yakut: эрбии (erbii), эрбиилээ (erbiilee), эрбиилээх (erbiileeq), эрбэс (erbes), эрбэн (erben), эрбэт (erbet), эрбэһиннэр (erbehinner), эрбээччи (erbeecci)


čebir-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫавӑр (śavăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çevirmək

Ottoman Turkish: چویرمك (çevirmek)

Gagauz: çevirmää

Turkish: çevirmek

→ Karaim: [script needed] (сivir-, čevir-)

Salar: çürgüsi, çüregüsi

Turkmen: çöwürmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (çevürme:k)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (čäbir-)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (çüyür-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (çüyür-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: [script needed] (şüyir-)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: сэбирий (sebiriy)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *čebre

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫавра (śavra)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çevrə

Ottoman Turkish: چوره (çevre)

Gagauz: çevrä

Turkish: çevre, çepeçevre

→ Karaim: [script needed] (civre)

Turkmen: çöwre

Kipchak:

Cuman-Kipchak: čoura, čop čoura

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (çüyre, “contrariwise”)


yan-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫун (śun), ҫундар (śundar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yanmaq, yandırmaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: yanmaa

Turkish: yanmak

Turkmen: ýanmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yan-)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (yan-) (dial.)

Uzbek: yonmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яныу (yanıw)

Tatar: [script needed] (yan-), [script needed] (yandır-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yanmaq

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (yan-)

Karaim: [script needed] (yan-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (yan-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (žan-)

Kazakh: жану (janu)

Nogai: [script needed] (yan-), [script needed] (yandır-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жануу (januu)

Southern Altai: јандырар (ǰandïrar)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: сандаар (sandaar)


yan-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yenə

Ottoman Turkish: ینه

Turkish: yine, yankı

Salar: yanğusı

Turkmen: ýene

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yan-), [script needed] (yana)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (yan-), يەنە (yene)

Uzbek: yonmoq, yana

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йәнә (yənə)

Tatar: йәнә (yänä), [script needed] (yan-)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (yana)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (žäne)

Kazakh: және (jäne)

Nogai: [script needed] (yana)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жануу (januu), жана (jana)

Southern Altai: јанар (ǰanar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yan-), 𐰖𐰣𐰀 (yana)

Old Kirghiz: [script needed] (yan-)

Khakas: нанарға (nanarğa)

Shor: нанарға

Shor: нанарға

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yan-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yan-)

South Siberian:

Tofa: нянар

Tuvan: чанар (çanar)


yād-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaymaq

Ottoman Turkish: یایمق (yaymak)

Turkish: yaymak

Turkmen: ýāýmak

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (yaymaq)

Uyghur: [script needed] (yaymaq)

Uzbek: yoymoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йәйеү (yəyew)

Tatar: [script needed] (yay-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaymaq

Karaim: [script needed] (yay-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (yay-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (cay-)

Kazakh: жаю (jaü)

Nogai: [script needed] (yay-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (cay-)

Southern Altai: јайар (ǰayar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yad-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yaz-)

→? Salar: yazğusı

South Siberian:

Tuvan: [script needed] (čat-)


ǖšen-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوشنمك (üşenmek, “to worry; to avoid; to be tired of”)

Azerbaijani: hüşənmək (“to tremble”) (dialect)

Ottoman Turkish: اوشنمك (üşenmek)

Gagauz: üüşenmää

Turkish: üşenmek (“to be too lazy to”)

Turkmen: üýşenmek

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: үөһэй (üöhey)

According to Nishanyan, doublet of Turkish usanmak.


bazïk

Kipchak: [Term?] (bazuq)

→ Chuvash: пысӑк (pys̬ăk)

Kipchak-Cuman: [Term?] (bazuq)

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (bazıq)

Karaim: [script needed] (bazıq)

Kumyk: [script needed] (bazıq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (baδɨq)

Tatar: [script needed] (bazıq)


yepyeŋgül

Oghur

Chuvash: ҫӑп-ҫӑмӑл (śăp-śămăl, “very easy”)

Arghu

Khalaj: [script needed] (yip-yingil), [script needed] (yip-yiyin)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yüpyüngül, yepyeyin

Gagauz: yipyilin (dial.)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (yepyeğni)

Turkish: yepyeğni, yüpyüngül

East Oghuz

Turkmen: yepyeńil

Salar: yupyumul

Karluk

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yüpyüŋül), [script needed] (yepyenik)

East Karluk

Chagatai: [script needed] (yéŋil)

Uyghur: يەڭگىل (yenggil)

West Karluk

Uzbek: yengil

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yengil

Karachay-Balkar: зенгил (zeñil)

Karaim: [script needed] (yenil), [script needed] (yeŋil)

Kumyk: енгил (yeñil)

Kipchak-Nogai

Karakalpak: jep-jeńil

Kazakh: жеп-жеңіл (jep-jeñıl)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: еп-еңел (yep-yeñel)

Tatar: жип-җиңел (jip-ciñel)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жеп-жеңил (jep-jeŋil)

Southern Altai: јеп-јеҥил (ǰep-ǰeŋil)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yeŋik), [script needed] (yöŋül)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: žig

Yeniseian Turkic

Khakas: ниик (niik)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: [script needed] (niŋeš)

Tuvan: чииҝ

Northern Altai: дьенъил (dʹyenʺil), ньенъил (nʹyenʺil), йенънек (yenʺnek)


bïč-

Proto-Common Turkic: *bïč-

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Turkish: biçmek

Azerbaijani: biçmək

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: пішу (pışu)

Nogai: пишуьв (pişüv)

Karakalpak: pishiw

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бычуу (bıcuu)

Southern Altai: бычыыр (bïčïïr)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: piçmek


küreš-

trk-cmn-conj-head

kürešdeči, kürešmekči, kürešsik, kürešeček

kürešdeči ben, kürešmekči ben, kürešeček ben

kürešdeči sen, kürešmekči sen, kürešeček sen

kürešdeči biz, kürešmekči biz, kürešeček biz

kürešdeči siz, kürešmekči siz, kürešeček siz

kürešmesek, kürešmesemiz, kürešmeser biz

kürešmek (infinitive)
kürešgen (participle present)
kürešigme (participle present)
kürešür (participle present)
kürešdük (participle past)
kürešmiš (participle past)
kürešdeči (future participle)
kürešmekči (future participle)
kürešsik (future participle)
kürešeček (future participle)
kürešme (noun-from-verb)
kürešig (noun-from-verb)
kürešgü (noun-from-verb)
kürešiš (adverbial)
kürešür ben (aorist indicative singular)
kürešür sen (aorist indicative singular)
kürešür (aorist indicative singular)
kürešür biz (aorist indicative plural)
kürešür siz (aorist indicative plural)
kürešür (aorist indicative plural)
kürešdim (indicative past singular)
kürešdiŋ (indicative past singular)
kürešdi (indicative past singular)
kürešdik (indicative past plural)
kürešdimiz (indicative past plural)
kürešdiŋiz (indicative past plural)
kürešdi (indicative past plural)
kürešmiš ben (indicative inferential past singular)
kürešmiš sen (indicative inferential past singular)
kürešmiš (indicative inferential past singular)
kürešmiš biz (indicative inferential past plural)
kürešmiš siz (indicative inferential past plural)
kürešmiš (indicative inferential past plural)
kürešdeči ben (future indicative singular)
kürešmekči ben (future indicative singular)
kürešeček ben (future indicative singular)
kürešdeči sen (future indicative singular)
kürešmekči sen (future indicative singular)
kürešeček sen (future indicative singular)
kürešdeči (future indicative singular)
kürešmekči (future indicative singular)
kürešeček (future indicative singular)
kürešdeči biz (future indicative plural)
kürešmekči biz (future indicative plural)
kürešeček biz (future indicative plural)
kürešdeči siz (future indicative plural)
kürešmekči siz (future indicative plural)
kürešeček siz (future indicative plural)
kürešdeči (future indicative plural)
kürešmekči (future indicative plural)
kürešeček (future indicative plural)
kürešgey ben (future indicative singular)
kürešgey sen (future indicative singular)
kürešgey (future indicative singular)
kürešgey biz (future indicative plural)
kürešgey siz (future indicative plural)
kürešgey (future indicative plural)
kürešsikim (future indicative singular)
kürešsikiŋ (future indicative singular)
kürešsik (future indicative singular)
kürešsikimiz (future indicative plural)
kürešsikiŋiz (future indicative plural)
kürešsik (future indicative plural)
kürešsem (conditional singular)
kürešser ben (conditional singular)
kürešseŋ (conditional singular)
kürešser sen (conditional singular)
kürešse (conditional singular)
kürešser (conditional singular)
kürešsek (conditional plural)
kürešsemiz (conditional plural)
kürešser biz (conditional plural)
kürešseŋiz (conditional plural)
kürešser siz (conditional plural)
kürešseler (conditional plural)
kürešser (conditional plural)
kürešgey ben (optative singular)
kürešgey sen (optative singular)
kürešgey (optative singular)
kürešgey biz (optative plural)
kürešgey siz (optative plural)
kürešgey (optative plural)
kürešmekde ben (progressive singular)
kürešmekde sen (progressive singular)
kürešmekde (progressive singular)
kürešmekde biz (plural progressive)
kürešmekde siz (plural progressive)
kürešmekde (plural progressive)
kürešmelig ben (necessitative singular)
kürešmelig sen (necessitative singular)
kürešmelig (necessitative singular)
kürešmelig biz (necessitative plural)
kürešmelig siz (necessitative plural)
kürešmelig (necessitative plural)
kürešeyin (imperative singular)
küreš (imperative singular)
kürešgil (imperative singular)
kürešzün (imperative singular)
kürešelim (imperative plural)
kürešiŋ (imperative plural)
kürešzün (imperative plural)
kürešmemek (infinitive negative)
kürešmegen (negative participle present)
kürešmegme (negative participle present)
kürešmez (negative participle present)
kürešmedük (negative participle past)
kürešmemiš (negative participle past)
kürešmeči (future negative participle)
kürešmesik (future negative participle)
kürešmeyeček (future negative participle)
kürešmeme (negative noun-from-verb)
kürešmeg (negative noun-from-verb)
kürešmegü (negative noun-from-verb)
kürešmeyiš (adverbial negative)
kürešmez ben (aorist indicative negative singular)
kürešmez sen (aorist indicative negative singular)
kürešmez (aorist indicative negative singular)
kürešmez biz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kürešmez siz (aorist indicative negative plural)
kürešmez (aorist indicative negative plural)
kürešmedim (indicative negative past singular)
kürešmediŋ (indicative negative past singular)
kürešmedi (indicative negative past singular)
kürešmedik (indicative negative past plural)
kürešmedimiz (indicative negative past plural)
kürešmediŋiz (indicative negative past plural)
kürešmedi (indicative negative past plural)
kürešmemiš ben (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kürešmemiš sen (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kürešmemiš (indicative inferential negative past singular)
kürešmemiš biz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kürešmemiš siz (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kürešmemiš (indicative inferential negative past plural)
kürešmeči ben (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmeyeček ben (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmeči sen (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmeyeček sen (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmeči (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmeyeček (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmeči biz (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmeyeček biz (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmeči siz (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmeyeček siz (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmeči (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmeyeček (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmegey ben (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmegey sen (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmegey (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmegey biz (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmegey siz (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmegey (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmesikim (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmesikiŋ (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmesik (future indicative negative singular)
kürešmesikimiz (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmesikiŋiz (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmesik (future indicative negative plural)
kürešmesem (conditional negative singular)
kürešmeser ben (conditional negative singular)
kürešmeseŋ (conditional negative singular)
kürešmeser sen (conditional negative singular)
kürešmese (conditional negative singular)
kürešmeser (conditional negative singular)
kürešmesek (conditional negative plural)
kürešmesemiz (conditional negative plural)
kürešmeser biz (conditional negative plural)
kürešmeseŋiz (conditional negative plural)
kürešmeser siz (conditional negative plural)
kürešmeseler (conditional negative plural)
kürešmeser (conditional negative plural)
kürešmegey ben (negative optative singular)
kürešmegey sen (negative optative singular)
kürešmegey (negative optative singular)
kürešmegey biz (negative optative plural)
kürešmegey siz (negative optative plural)
kürešmegey (negative optative plural)
kürešmemekde ben (negative progressive singular)
kürešmemekde sen (negative progressive singular)
kürešmemekde (negative progressive singular)
kürešmemekde biz (negative plural progressive)
kürešmemekde siz (negative plural progressive)
kürešmemekde (negative plural progressive)
kürešmemelig ben (necessitative negative singular)
kürešmemelig sen (necessitative negative singular)
kürešmemelig (necessitative negative singular)
kürešmemelig biz (necessitative negative plural)
kürešmemelig siz (necessitative negative plural)
kürešmemelig (necessitative negative plural)
kürešmeyeyin (imperative negative singular)
kürešme (imperative negative singular)
kürešmegil (imperative negative singular)
kürešmezün (imperative negative singular)
kürešmeyelim (imperative negative plural)
kürešmeyiŋ (imperative negative plural)
kürešmezün (imperative negative plural)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (güreşmek)

Azerbaijani: güləş

Ottoman Turkish: كورشمك (güreşmek)

Turkish: güreşmek, güreş

Gagauz: güreşmää, güreş

Turkmen: göreşmek, göreş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كرشماك (küreşmēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (küreş-), [script needed] (küreş)

Uzbek: kurash

Uyghur: كۈرەش (küresh)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көрәш (körəş)

Tatar: көрәш (köräş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: күрес (küres)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: күрөш (küröş)

Southern Altai: кӱреш (küreš)

→ Chuvash: кӗреш (kĕreš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽰𐽿𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kürešmek)

North Siberian:

Yakut: күрэс (küres)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хүреш (xüreş)

Uncertain, with multiple possibilities:
* Nişanyan derives it from a hypothetical *küre- "to show strength", derived from *kür (“courageous, bold, dense, thick”).
* Erdal suggests a derivation from *küre- (“to desert, make oneself independent”) which he ultimately derives from *kür (“courageous, bold, dense, thick”).
* Clauson derives it from *küri- ~ *küre- (“to shovel”).
* Wilkens compares with Khotanese ggūrāsa- (“quarrel, dispute”) but does not elaborate.
* EDAL reconstructs *gerüĺ- based on *keriš- (“to quarrel”), however this is considered a seperate word derived from *ker- (“to stretch”).


āŕ-

Oghur:

Chuvash: ур (ur)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hâzmaq

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: آزمق (āzmak)
Azerbaijani: azmaq
Gagauz: azmaa
Ottoman Turkish: آزمق (azmaq)
Turkish: azmak
→ Armenian: ազմիշ (azmiš)
→ Macedonian: аздисува (azdisuva)

Turkmen: āzmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اازْماقْ (āzmaq)

Chagatai: [script needed] (azmaq)

Uyghur: ئازماق (azmaq)

Uzbek: ozmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (az-)

Bashkir: аҙыу (aźıw)

→ Chuvash: ас (as)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: azmaq

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (az-)

Karaim: [script needed] (az-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (az-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (az-)

Kazakh: азу (azu)

Nogai: [script needed] (az-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: азуу (azuu)

Southern Altai: азар (azar)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰀𐰕 (az-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (az-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (az-)

Old Kirghiz: [script needed] (az-)

Khakas: [script needed] (as-)

Shor: [script needed] (as-)

North Siberian:

Yakut: аас (aas)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (as-)


sȫn-

→ Proto-Mongolic: *sönü-

Mongolian: сөнөх (sönöx)

Oghur:

Chuvash: сӳн (sün)

→ Hungarian: szűnik

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Ajem Turkic:

Azerbaijani: sönmək

Qashqai: سؤنمك (sönmək)

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: سوينمك (söyünmek)

Gagauz: süünmää

Ottoman Turkish: سوگنمك (söğünmek), سونمك (sönmek)

Turkish: sönmek, (dialect) söğünmek, (dialect) söyünmek

Salar: sengüsi

Turkmen: sönmek, sȫnmek

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: soʻnmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һүнеү (hünew)

Tatar: [script needed] (sün-)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (sön-)

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim: [script needed] (sön-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (sön-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (sön-)

Kazakh: сөну (sönu)

Nogai: [script needed] (sön-)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: сеенер (seener), сенер (sener)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sön-)

Related to Proto-Mongolic *sönü- (“to fade”).


ȫs-

Oghur:

Chuvash: авӑс (avăs)

Arghu:

Khalaj: həsmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: əsmək

Gagauz: esmää

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اسمك (esmek)
Turkish: esmek
→ Armenian: էսմիշ (ēsmiš)

⇒ Salar: esnegüsi

Turkmen: öwüsmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَسْماكْ (esmēk)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: esmoq

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: есу (esu)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эзер (ezer)


čïsna

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: сысна (sysna)

→ Western Mari: сасна (sasna)

→ Eastern Mari: сӧсна (sösna)

→ Hungarian: disznó


čō-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkmen: çōymak

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *čōg

Oghuz:

Turkmen: çōg

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шоқ (şoq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (çoq)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (çoq)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (çog)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (çoğ)

Uzbek: [script needed] (çoğ)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һуос

Yakut: суос (suos)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (çoğ)

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (soğ)

Shor: [script needed] (şoğ)


kōrï-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qorumaq

Gagauz: koorumaa

Ottoman Turkish: قوریمق

Turkish: korumak

Salar: gorığusı

Turkmen: gōramak

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (qoru-)

Uzbek: qoʻrimoq

Kipchak:

Cuman-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (qoru-)

desc

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (qoru-)

Karaim: [script needed] (qoru-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (qoru-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qorı-)

⇒ Kazakh: қорғау (qorğau)

Nogai: [script needed] (qorı-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (qoru-)

Southern Altai: корыыр (korïïr)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: *qorï-

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰸𐰆𐰼𐰍𐰆 (q̊¹ur²ǧu /qorığu/)

Old Kirghiz: 𐰸𐰆𐰺 (q̊¹ur¹ /qorı-/)

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (xoru-)


yugur-

West Oghuz:

Turkish: yoğurmak

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жууруу (juuruu)

Southern Altai: јура- (ǰura-)


āŋgar-

Common Turkic:

Kipchak:

Kipchak–Bulgar:

Bashkir: аңғарыу (añğarıw)

Tatar: [script needed] (añğarau)

→ Chuvash: ӑнкар (ănk̬ar)

Kipchak–Nogai:

Kazakh: аңғару (añğaru)


āŋsïz

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *āŋsïz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اكسز, اكسوز

Azerbaijani: ansız, ansızın

Ottoman Turkish: آكسوز (añsuz), اكسز (añsız)

Turkish: ansız, ansızın

Turkmen: āňsyz

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (aŋsız)

Uzbek: ongsiz

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: аңсыз (añsyz) (dialectal)


tē-

Oghur:

Chuvash: те (te)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: دیمك (demäk)

Azerbaijani: demək

Gagauz: demää

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دیمك (demek), տէմէք (demek) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: demek

Turkmen: diýmek

Salar: degüsi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Tatar: ди (di)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: demek

Karachay-Balkar: демек (demek)

Kumyk: демек (demek)

Urum: дэмэк

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: деу (deu)

Nogai: дев (dev)

Siberian Tatar: [script needed] (ti-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: дөө (döö)

Southern Altai: деер (deer)

Karluk:

Ili Turki: [script needed] (diy-)

Karakhanid: [script needed] (temēk)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: دېمەك (dëmek)

Uzbek: demoq

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃 (té-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (te-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (ti-)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: диэ (die)

Dolgan: диэ

Sayan:

Tuvan: дээр (deer)

Tofa: дэ-


sogur-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Salar: suqurğusı

Turkmen: sogurmak

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: [script needed] (soğurmaq, “to gulp down”)

Uyghur: [script needed] (suğurmaq)

Uzbek: sugʻurmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (huwır-)

Tatar: [script needed] (suwır-)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (suwur-)

Kumyk: [script needed] (suwur-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (suwır-)

Kazakh: суыру (suyru)

Nogai: [script needed] (suwır-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сууруу (suuruu)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (suur-)

Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (suur-)

Shor: [script needed] (suur-)


sogul-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: صوغلمق (soğulmaq)

Gagauz: suulmaa

Ottoman Turkish: صوغلمق (soğulmaq)

Turkish: soğulmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سُغُلْماقْ (soğulma:q)


sogulčan

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: صوغلجان (soğulcan)

Azerbaijani: soxulcan

Gagauz: solucan

Ottoman Turkish: صوغلجان (soğulcan)

Turkish: solucan

Salar: soğulcañ

Turkmen: soguljan

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (suwalçan)

Karaim: [script needed] (suwalçan)

Kumyk: [script needed] (suwalçan)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: селәүсен (seləwsen), [script needed] (sualčan)

Tatar: суалчан (suwalçan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шылаушын (şylauşyn)


sōr-

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: suormaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: سورمق (sormaq), صورمق (sormaq)

Azerbaijani: sormaq

Ottoman Turkish: صورمق (sormaq), صورتمق (sorutmak)

Turkish: sormak, sorumak, soğurmak, somurmak, somurtmak

Turkmen: sōrmak, sōrdurmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: [script needed] (şoramaq)

Uzbek: soʻrmoq

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: [script needed] (sor-)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (hur-)

Tatar: [script needed] (suvır-)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (sor-)

Kazakh: сору (soru)

Nogai: [script needed] (sorı-)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: соруу (soruu)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (sōr-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sor-)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (sor-)

Old Kirghiz: [script needed] (sor-)

Khakas: [script needed] (sor-)

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (sor-)

Tuvan: [script needed] (sor-)


čimdi-

Oghur:

>? Chuvash: чӗпӗт (čĕp̬ĕt)

Oghuz:

Classical Azerbaijani:

Azerbaijani: çimdik, çimdikləmək

Qashqai: جيمجيق (cimciq)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Gagauz: çimdik, çimdiklemää

Ottoman Turkish: جمدك (çimdük)

Turkish: çimdik, çimdiklemek, (dialect) cimcik, (dialect) cimciklemek

Salar: çimdegüsi, çimdağusı, çimcilağusı

Turkmen: çümmük, çümmüklemek

Karluk:

Chagatai: چیمدیك (çimdik)

Uyghur: [script needed] (çimdimaq)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (çimdi-)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: шымшу (şymşu)


kula-

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: qulamoq

Uyghur: [script needed] (qulamaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡолау (qolaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qula-)

Kazakh: құлау (qūlau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кулоо (kuloo)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (qula-)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qula-)

→? Salar: gülingüsi

It is regional. It has not been attested in Old Turkic, Old Uyghur, and Kashgarî's dictionary, however, it has in Salar and Western Yugur.


sïgïr

Common Turkic:

Arghu: *sïgïr

Khalaj: sığır

Oghuz: *sïgïr

Old Anatolian Turkish: صغر (sıġır)

Classical Azerbaijani:

Azerbaijani: sığır

Qashqai:

Gagauz: sıır

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: صیغیر, صغر (sığır), صغیر (sığır)
Turkish: sığır
→ Armenian: սըղըր (səġər)

→ Crimean Tatar: sığır

Salar: sıxır

Turkmen: sygyr

Karluk: *sïgïr, *sïyïr

Karakhanid: سِغِرْ (sıyır)

Uyghur: سىيىر (siyir)

Uzbek: sigir

Kipchak: *sïyïr

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һыйыр (hıyır)

Tatar: сыер (sıyer)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: sıyır

Kumyk: сыйыр (sıyır)

Karaim:

Karachay-Balkar:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: sıyır

Kazakh: сиыр (siyr)

Nogai: сыйыр (sıyır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz:

Southern Altai: сыйыр (sïyïr)


būš-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوشمق (būşmaq), بوشمغ (būşmaġ), پوشمق (pūşmaq)
Gagauz: buuşmaa

⇒ Turkmen: būşlamak, būşlatmak, būşluk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (buş-)

Uyghur: [script needed] (puşmaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бошоу (boşow)

Tatar: [script needed] (poş-)

West Kipchak:

desc

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (buşuw)

Kumyk: [script needed] (buş-)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (bış-)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

⇒ Khakas: [script needed] (puzux-), [script needed] (puzura-)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *būšurgan-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوشورغانمق (būşurġanmaq)

Kipchak:

Cuman-Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (buşurgan-)

→ Chuvash: пӑшӑрхан (păš̬ărh̬an)

Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (bužurɣan-)

(transitive) to be bad-tempered, irritable


sög-

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: سُكُشْ (söğüş)

Old Anatolian Turkish: سوكلمك (sögülmek), سكرمك (sögürmek), سوكلك (söglük), سوكلمه (söğülme)

Ottoman Turkish: سوكلمه (söğülme), سوكلومه (söğlüme)

Turkish: söğüş, söğürme

Turkmen: söwüş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (söglümek)


ārka-

Proto-Oghuz: *ārka-

Oghuz: اَرْقاماقْ (arqa:maq)

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (aramak)

Azerbaijani: aramaq

Gagauz: aaramaa

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (aramak)

Turkish: aramak

Turkmen: āramak


karga-

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرغامق (qarġamaq)

Azerbaijani: qarğımaq

Ottoman Turkish: قرغیمق (kargımak), قرغامق (kargamak)

Turkish: kargımak, (dialectal) kargamak

Turkmen: gargamak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡарғыу (qarğıw)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: qarğamaq

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қарғау (qarğau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: каргаар (kargaar)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَرْغاماقْ (qarğāmaq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: qargʻamoq

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: кыраа (kıraa)

Sayan:

Tuvan: карганыр (karganır)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kargïš (“curse, malediction”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَارِشْ (qarış), قارقش (qarqış), قارغیش (qarġış)

Azerbaijani: qarğış

Ottoman Turkish: قارش (karış), قارقش (karkış), قارغیش (kargış)

Turkish: kargış, (dialectal) karış, (dialectal) karkış

Turkmen: gargyş

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡарғыш (qarğış)

Tatar: qarğış

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: qarğış

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қарғыс (qarğys)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: каргыш (kargış)

Southern Altai: каргыш (kargïš)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَرْغِشْ (qarğïš)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: qargʻish

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qarğïš, “curse”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: кырыыс (kırııs)

Sayan:

Tuvan: каргыш (kargış)

Yenisei:

Khakas: харғас (xarğas)

Shor: [script needed] (kargıs)

Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *karak (“pupil”)

to curse, to maledict, to condemn, to damn


ilen-

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایلنمك (ilenmek)

Azerbaijani: ilənmək

Ottoman Turkish: ایلنمك (ilenmek)

Turkish: ilenmek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ilenmēk)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [Term?] (“to be angry”)


törü-

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӳле (tüle)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: دوریمك (döremek), دورومك (dörümek)
Azerbaijani: törəmək
Gagauz: türümää
Ottoman Turkish: تورهمك (türemek), تورومك (türümek), [script needed] (dörümek,dürümek)
Turkish: türemek, (dialectal) töremek, (dialectal) törümek, (dialectal) dürümek, (dialectal) düremek
→ Armenian: թէօրէմիշ (tʻēōrēmiš)

Turkmen: döremek

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: tøræ (Codex Cumanicus)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төрөө (töröö)

Southern Altai: тӧрӧӧр (töröör)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: تُرُوماكْ (turūmʾk /törümek/)

Chagatai: [script needed] (töre-), [script needed] (törü-)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (törü-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (törü-)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: төрөө (töröö)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: төрүүр (törüür)

Tofa: [script needed] (törü-)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (töre)


töŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӳр (tür)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: توز (töz)

⇒ Ottoman Turkish: قولاق توزی (kulak tözü, kulak tozu)

Turkish: kulak tozu, (dialectal) kulak tözü

→ Turkish: töz (learned) (partially)

Turkmen: döz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tȫz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (töz)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (töz)

→ Turkish: töz (learned) (partially)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽴 (twyz /töz/)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тӧс

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tözlik

Kipchak: tøzlik (Codex Cumanicus)


yüŋül

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yüngül

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: (dialectal) yüngül

Salar: yumul

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yüŋül)

Uncertain. Possibly, from *yüŋ (“wool”).


oš ol

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: شول (şol), شو (şo, şu)
Azerbaijani: (obsolete) şol
Gagauz: şu
Ottoman Turkish: شول (şol), شو (şo, şu)
Turkish: şu, (dialectal) şol

Turkmen: şu, şol

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: шул (şul)

Tatar: шул (şul)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: şu

Karaim: ošol

Kumyk: шу (şu), шо (şo)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: сол

Kazakh: сол (sol), осы (osy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ошол (oşol)

Karluk:

Ili Turki: ȯšȯ

Karakhanid:

desc

Chagatai: اوشول (ošol, ušul), شول (šol, šul), شو (šu)

Uzbek: oʻsha

From *oš (“lo! behold!”) + *ol (“that, he”). Compare Latin *eccum ille for similar constructions.


kör-

Oghur:

Chuvash: кур (kur)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: körmək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كُورْمَكْ (görmäk)

Azerbaijani: görmək

Gagauz: görmää

Ottoman Turkish: كورمك (görmek)

Turkish: görmek

Salar: görgüsi

East Oghuz:

Khorasani Turkish: [script needed] (gẹrmek)

Turkmen: görmek

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: күреү (kürew)

Tatar: күрү (kürü)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: körmek

Karachay-Balkar: кёр- (kör-)

Krymchak: [script needed] (kor-)

Kumyk: гёрмек (görmek)

Urum: [script needed] (kör-), [script needed] (gör-)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: körüw

Kazakh: көру (köru)

Nogai: коьруьв (körüv)

Siberian Tatar: күр (kür)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көрүү (körüü)

Southern Altai: кӧрӧр (körör)

Karluk:

Ili Turki:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (körmēk)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۆرمەك (körmek)

Uzbek: koʻrmoq

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kör-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kör-)

Western Yugur: kör

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: көр (kör)

Dolgan: көр

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: көөр (köör)

Tofa: [script needed] (kör)

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧрерге

Khakas: кӧрерге


kȫn

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗн (čĕn)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كون (gön)

Azerbaijani: gön

Ottoman Turkish: گون (gön)

Turkish: gön

Salar: gön

Turkmen: gȫn

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: күн (kün)

Tatar: күн (kün)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kön)

Kumyk: гён (gön)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: kön

Kazakh: көн (kön)

Nogai: коьн (kön)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көн (kön)

Southern Altai: кӧн (kön)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kȫn)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kön)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kön)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: күөн (küön)


takï

Oghur:

Chuvash: та (ta)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: دخی, دَاخِی (daḫi)
Azerbaijani: daha, da, də, (archaic) dəxi
Gagauz: taa, da, dä
Ottoman Turkish: دخی (“dahi, dahı”), (late) دها (“daha”), (late) ده (“de, da”)
Turkish: dahi, de, da, daha

Turkmen: dagy

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: тағы (tağı), дә (də)

Tatar: дә (dä)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: tage (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: daa

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: тағы

Kazakh: тағы (tağy), да (da)

Nogai: да (da)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: дагы (dagı)

Southern Altai: таа (taa)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: تېخى (tëxi)

Uzbek: tagʻin

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (taqï)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: даҕаны (dağanı), да (da)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: даа (daa)

Tofa: та

Yenisei:

Khakas: даа (daa)


kẹrtü

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: كرتو (gẹrtü, kẹrtü)

Ottoman Turkish: كرتو (kirtü)

Turkish: kirti

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kirti)

Kipchak: [script needed] (xerti) (Codex Cumanicus)

Karaim: [script needed] (kerti)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (kerti)

Kumyk: герти (gerti)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Nogai: керти (kerti)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِرْتُو (kirtū /kẹrtü/)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kẹrtü)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kẹrtük

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: kertek (Codex Cumanicus)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: кирдик (kirdik)

Dolgan: кирдик

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kẹrtüček

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كرچك (gẹrçek)

Azerbaijani: gerçək

Gagauz: gerçek

Ottoman Turkish: كرچك (gerçek)

Turkish: gerçek

Turkmen: gerçek

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Karaim: [script needed] (kerček)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: кырдьык (kırjık)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kẹrtgün-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كرتونمك (gẹrtünmek)

Ottoman Turkish: كرتنمك (kirtinmek)

Karluk:

كِرْتْكُنْماكْ

Karakhanid: كِرْتْكُنْماكْ (/kẹrtgünmēk/)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kertgün-)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (kirten-)


bērü

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: برو (berü)
Azerbaijani: bəri
Gagauz: beeri
Ottoman Turkish: بری (beri)
Turkish: beri
→ Armenian: պէրի (pēri)
→ Laz: ბერი (beri)

Turkmen: bäri

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: beri (Codex Cumanicus)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бери (beri)

Southern Altai: бери (beri)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (berü:)

Chagatai: بري (beri)

Siberian Turkic:

desc

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰼𐰇 (bérgerü), 𐰋𐰼𐰇 (bérü)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (berü)

Nişanyan derives from *bēr- + *-gerü. Clauson derives from *ber + *-rü Erdal suggests a relation with *bū and *bẹ


bašmak

Proto-Common Turkic: *bašmak

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: باشمق (başmaq), پاشمق (paşmaq), بشمق (başmaq)
Azerbaijani: başmaq
Gagauz: başmak
Ottoman Turkish: باشمق (başmak), باشماق (başmak)
Turkish: başmak
→ Armenian: պաշմաք (pašmakʻ), պաշմախ (pašmax)
→ Ukrainian: башмак (bašmak)

Turkmen: başmak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: başmaq

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: башмакъ (başmaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: паспақ (paspaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: башмак (bašmak)

→ Chuvash: пушмак (pušmak)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: [script needed] (bašmaq)

→ Russian: башмак (bašmak)

Clauson and Nişanyan derive from *baš- (“to tie together”), reciprocal from of *bā- (“to tie”). Doerfer derives from *baša-. Mahmud Al-Kashgari suggest that the Oghuz people added the -m- consonant to original *bašak.
Ramstedt connects this word with Korean [script needed] (palmak), however, Altaic comparisons are widely discredited. Eren also rejects this proposal, Räsänen puts a question mark while mentioning Ramstedt's derivation.


bagatur

Oghur:

Chuvash: паттӑр (pattăr)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bagatur, *bātur

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: باتور (bātur, batur), بطر (baṭur)
Gagauz: batır
Ottoman Turkish: بطر (batır)
Turkish: batur, batır, bâtır
→ Turkish: Batur (learned) (partially)

Turkmen: bātyr

Salar: batur

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: батыр (batır), матур (matur)

Tatar: batır, матур (matur)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: bagatr (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: batır

Kumyk: баатр (baatr)

desc

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (batır)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: батыр (batyr)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баатыр (baatır)

Southern Altai: баатыр (baatïr)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐱃𐰆𐰺 (b¹t¹ur¹)

Old Kirghiz: 𐰉𐱃𐰆𐰺 (b¹t¹ur¹)

→ Turkish: Batur (learned) (partially)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (badur), [script needed] (bagatur)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: баатыр (baatır)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: маадыр (maadır)

→ Hungarian: bátor

→ Adyghe: баатыр (baatər)

→ Old East Slavic: богатꙑрь (bogatyrĭ)

→ Polish: bohater

Middle Russian: богатꙑрь (bogatyrʹ), багатꙑрь (bagatyrʹ)

Russian: богатырь (bogatyrʹ)

→ Bulgarian: богатир (bogatir)

Old Ruthenian:

Ukrainian: богатир (bohatyr)

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *baxatur and Persian بهادر (bahâdor), the ultimate source is disputed. Doerfer, Eren, Räsänen, Doğan and Erdal suggest a Mongolic origin. Clauson rather suggests a Hunnic origin, showing a Chinese transcription of the name of the second chanyu, "Mao-tun", which he suggests was read as "moğ-tun", as the etymon. He also argues that the word was originally a proper noun, but later transitioned into a noun in Mongolian


tokū

tokū (nominative singular)
tokūug (accusative singular)
tokūnï (accusative singular)
tokūnuŋ (genitive singular)
tokūka (dative singular)
tokūda (locative singular)
tokūdan (ablative singular)
tokūgaru (allative singular)
tokūun (instrumental singular)
tokūča (equative singular)
tokūlayu (singular)
tokūlugu (comitative singular)

>? Oghur: *tokū

Bulgar:

⇒? Chuvash: тăхлачă (tăhlačă, “son- or daughter-in-law, matchmaker”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tokū, *toku

Oghuz:

⇒? Turkish: tokalaşmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: طوقو (toḳu) (Kutadgu Bilig)

Chagatai: [script needed] (toka)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽳 (twqw /toḳu/)

Unknown. Perhaps a simplex. Attested very sporadically, and almost extinct in modern languages.
Chuvash descendant may instead be a borrowing from Proto-Finno-Ugric.

(Common Turkic) ceremony, traditional festivities