-er

siarïg (“yellow, white”) + *-er → *siarïgar- (“to turn yellow, white”)

Suffix meaning "to become (a given adjective)".


-a

bediz (“decoration”) + *-a → *bedze- (“to decorate, adorn”)


-ka

Oghur:

Bulgar: نَ- (-ne, -na)

Chuvash: -на (-na)

Common Turkic:

Arghu

Khalaj: -kə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـَه (-ä/-a)

Azerbaijani: -a, -ya

Gagauz: -ä, -a

Ottoman Turkish: ـه (-e/-a)

Turkish: -a, -ya

Karluk:

Uzbek: -ga

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

desc

Kazakh: -ға (-ğa), -ге (-ge), -қа (-qa), -ке (-ke)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -га (-ga), -ге (-ge), -го (-go), -гө (-gö), -ка (-ka), -ке (-ke), -ко (-ko), -кө (-kö), -а (-a), -е (-ye), -о (-o), -ө (-ö), -на (-na), -не (-ne), -нө (-nö)

Southern Altai: -га (-ga), -ге (-ge), -го (-go), -гӧ (-gö), -ка (-ka), -ке (-ke), -ко (-ko), -кӧ (-kö), -а (-a), -е (-ye), -о (-o), -ӧ (-ö), -на (-na), -не (-ne)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰀- (-ke)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -га (-ga), -гэ (-ge), -ка (-ka), -кэ (-ke), -ҕа (-ğa), -ҕэ (-ğe)

at (“horse”) + *-ka → *atka (“to a horse”)


-n

Compared to Proto-Tungusic *-n, Proto-Mongolic *-n.


-n

yāy (“summer”) + *-n → *yāyïn (“in the summer, during summer”)

(Common Turkic?) Suffix creating instrumental case.


-n

bod (“tribe”) + *-n → *bodun (“people, nation”)

ēr (“man”) + *-n → *ēren (“men; plural of man but now used with singular meaning.”)

ogul (“son”) + *-n → *oglan (“sons; plural of son but now used with singular meaning in many Turkic languages.”)

Ancient plural forming suffix now unproductive.


-n

seb- (“to love”) + *-n → *seb-in-

adïr- (“to seperate”) + *-n → *adr-ïn-

yub- (“to roll”) + *-n → *yub-un-

bas- (“to press”) + *-n → *bas-ïn-

ko- (“to put”) + *-n → *kon-

boguŕla- (“to slaughter”) + *-n → *boguŕla-n-

tap- (“to worship”) + *-n → *tap-ïn-

Intransitive & reflexive verb forming suffix.


-ni

Oghur:

Bulgar: نَ- (-ne, -na)

Chuvash: -не (-ne)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -i, -ni

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -i, -yi

Karluk:

Uzbek: -ni

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ді (-dı), -ні (-nı), -ті (-tı), -ды (-dy), -ны (-ny), -ты (-ty), -н (-n)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ни (-ni), -ны (-nı), -ну (-nu), -нү (-nü), -ди (-di), -ды (-dı), -ду (-du), -дү (-dü), -ти (-ti), -ты (-tı), -ту (-tu), -тү (-tü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰤𐰃- (-ni), 𐰤- (-n), 𐰏- (-ig)

Perhaps earlier *-nig if so, cognate with the form *-ig.

biŕ (“we”) + *-ni → *biŕni (“us (accusative)”)

(Old Turkic)


-si

tebe (“camel”) + *-si → *tebesi (“camel of (him/her/it); (his/her/its) camel”)

Suffix equiping headword for third-person singular.

-im

suffix equiping headword for first-person singular

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person singular

-imiŕ

suffix equiping headword for first-person plural

-iŋiŕ

suffix equiping headword for second-person plural

-ki

used to form a an adjectival or nominal that that indicates the possessor


-t

Alternative form of *-tur for polysyllabic verbs.


-t

yan- (“to turn back”) + *-t → *yanut (“answer”)

(Common Turkic?) Suffix creating noun from a verb.


-man

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -men, -man (“only occurs in the words above”)

or- (“an unattested verb”) + *-man → *orman (“forest”)

tegir- (“to spin”) + *-man → *tegirmen (“mill”)

tu- (“to close, occlude”) + *-man → *tuman (“fog; smoke”)

kēt- (“to indent, notch”) + *-man → *kētmen (“hoe, mattock”)

yab- (“an unattested verb”) + *-man → *yaman (“bad wicked”)


-ak

Nişanyan compares the Iranic diminutive suffix 𐭪 (-ak), whence Persian ـک (-ak).

ogul (“child, son”) + *-ak → *oglak (“kid”)


-ik

Nishanyan and Clauson suggest that it is a doublet of *-ak. Compare with Sogdian -𐼷𐼸 (-yk, “diminutive suffix”).

kāp (“sack, cup”) + *-ik → *kāpïk (“shell”)


-če

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -çə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ca, -cə

Ottoman Turkish: ـجه (-ce)

Turkish: -ca, -ce, -ça, -çe

Turkmen: -ja, -je, -ça, -çe

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (-che)

Uzbek: -cha

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Bashkir: -сә (-sə), -сa (-sa)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ша (-şa), -ше (-şe)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -чo (-co), -чө (-cö), -чa (-ca), -че (-ce)

Southern Altai: -чо (-čo), -чӧ (-čö), -ча (-ča), -че (-če)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰲𐰀- (-ča)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: -че (-çe), -же (-je)

at (“horse”) + *-če → *atča (“like a horse”)


-im

at (“horse”) + *-im → *atïm (“horse of (me); (my) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for first-person singular; possesive suffix

-si

suffix equiping headword for third-person


-m

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-m (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

noncog

öl- (“to die”) + *-m → *ölüm (“death”)


-m

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -م (-m)

⇒ Chuvash: -мӗш (-mĕš)

⇒ Common Turkic: *-m-inči

Arghu:

Khalaj: -minci

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -minji

bīr (“one”) + *-m → *bīrim (“first”)


-d

The existence and function is uncertain according to Clauson. Possibly "emphatic".

ko- (“to put”) + *-d → *kod- (“same meaning”)

to- (“to be full”) + *-d → *tod- (“same meaning”)

kǖ- (“to wait”) + *-d → *kǖd- (“same meaning”)

ï̄- (“to send”) + *-d → *ï̄d- (“same meaning”)

sī- (“to urinate”) + *-d → *sīd- (“same meaning”)

Deverbal suffix; creates a new verb from a verb.


-l

yabra- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *yabral- (“to make a mistake”)

adïr- (“to divide, separate”) + *-l → *adrïl- (“to leave”)

tēr- (“to gather”) + *-l → *tēril- (“to be gathered”)

tīri- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *tīril- (“to revive”)

yub- (“an unknown verb”) + *-l → *yubul- (“to roll”)

Passive suffix. Also forms intransitive of verbs.


-sa

Oghur:

Bulgar: سَ- (-sa) (verbal adverb)

Chuvash: -са (-sa), -се (-se) (verbal adverb); -сассӑн (-sassăn), -сессӗн (-sessĕn), -сан (-san), -сен (-sen) (if)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -sa

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -sə, -sa

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -se, -sa

Turkmen: -se, -sa

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -sa

Uyghur:

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk: -са (-sa), -се (-se)

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -һа (-ha), -һә (-hə)

Tatar: -са (-sa), -сә (-sä)

East Kipchak:

desc

Kyrgyz: -са (-sa), -се (-se), -со (-so), -сө (-sö)

Southern Altai: -са (-sa), -се (-se), -со (-so), -сӧ (-sö), -за (-za), -зе (-ze), -зо (-zo), -зӧ (-zö)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -са (-sa), -се (-se)

Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-sar)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-sar)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (-sa)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -тор (-tor), -төр (-tör); -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дор (-dor), -дөр (-dör); -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лор (-lor), -лөр (-lör); -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нор (-nor), -нөр (-nör)

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -за (-za), -зе (-ze)

Tofa:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

seb- (“to love”) + *-sa → *sebse (“with loving.”)

bar- (“to go”) + *-sa → *barsa (“if he/she/it goes.”)


-sa

sub (“water”) + *-sa → *subsa- (“to become thirsty, thirst”)

Suffix creating desirdative verbs from nouns.


-k

uŕa- (“to be taller; to be longer”) + *-k → *uŕak (“far; long (time), late”)

Used to form intransitive-passive nouns.


-de

Oghur:

Chuvash: -те (-te), -ре (-re)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -də (“ablative suffix”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-de)

Azerbaijani: -də -tə

Ottoman Turkish: ـده (-de)

Turkish: -de -te

Gagauz: -de

Turkmen: -de

Salar: -de

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -da

Uyghur: ـدە (-de)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -да (-da), -де (-de), -до (-do), -дө (-dö), -та (-ta), -те (-te), -то (-to), -тө (-tö)

Southern Altai: -де (-de)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -да (-da), -дә (-də), -та (-ta), -тә (-tə)

Tatar: -да (-da), -дә (-dä), -та (-ta), -тә (-tä)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -да (-da), -де (-de), -та (-ta), -те (-te)

Karakalpak: -da, -de, -ta, -te

Nogai: -де (-de)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -de

Kumyk: -де (-de)

Karachay-Balkar: -де (-de)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰀- (-te, “locative and ablative suffix”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -тэ (-te), -тө (-tö), -нэ (-ne), -нө (-nö) (only in pronouns)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -де (-de), -те (-te)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *-du (“locative and dative suffix”), Proto-Tungusic *-dū (“locative and dative suffix”), Proto-Uralic *-ta (“ablative suffix”).

cog

eb (“house”) + *-de → *ebde (“in the house/from the house”)

Used to form locative and ablative of nouns.


-lig

Oghur:

Chuvash: -лӗ (-lĕ)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -lığ, -lig

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـلو (-lu, -lü)

Azerbaijani: -lı, -li, -lu, -lü

Ottoman Turkish: ـلو (-lı,-li,-lu,-lü), (Late Ottoman) ـلی (-lı,-li,-lu,-lü)

Turkish: -lı, -li, -lu, -lü

→ Greek: -λής (-lís)

Turkmen: -li, -ly

Salar:

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

desc

Chagatai: ـلیغ (-lığ), ـلیک (-lig), ـلوغ (-luğ), ـلوک (-lüg)

Uzbek: -li

Uyghur: ـلىق (-liq), ـلىك (-lik), ـلۇق (-luq), ـلۈك (-lük)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -лы (-lı), -ле (-le), -ло (-lo), -лө (-lö)

Tatar: -лы (-lı), -ле (-le)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ды (-dy), -ді (-dı), -ты (-ty), -ті (-tı), -лы (-ly), -лі (-lı)

Karakalpak:

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -луу (-luu), -лүү (-lüü), -дуу (-duu), -дүү (-düü), -туу (-tuu), -түү (-tüü)

Southern Altai: -лу (-lu), -лӱ (-lü), -ду (-du), -дӱ (-dü), -ту (-tu), -тӱ (-tü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰏- (l²g-)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: -дү (-dü)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Western Yugur:

→ Mongolian: -лаг (-lag)

kǖč (“power”) + *-lig → *kǖčlüg (“powerful”)


-lik

Oghur:

Chuvash:

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـلق (-lıq), ـلك (-lik)

Azerbaijani: -lıq, -lik, -luq, -lük

Ottoman Turkish: ـلق (-lık, -luk), ـلك (-lik, -lük)

Turkish: -lık, -lik, -luk, -lük

Turkmen: -lyk, -lik, -luk, -lük

Salar: -luq, -lük

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: ـلیق (-lıq), ـلیک (-lik), ـلوق (-luq), ـلوک (-lük)

Uzbek: -lik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -лыҡ (-lıq), -лек (-lek), -лоҡ (-loq), -лөк (-lök)

Tatar: -лык (-lıq), -лек (-lek)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -лық (-lyq), -дық (-dyq), -тык (-tyk), -лік (-lık), -дік (-dık), -тік (-tık)

Karakalpak:

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -лык (-lık), -лик (-lik), -лук (-luk), -лүк (-lük), -дык (-dık), -дик (-dik), -дук (-duk), -дүк (-dük), -тык (-tık), -тик (-tik), -тук (-tuk), -түк (-tük)

Southern Altai:

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Shor:

Khakas:

Western Yugur:

kǖčlüg (“powerful”) + *-lik → *kǖčlüglük (“powerfulness”)


-den

Oghur:

Bulgar: ڔَان- (-ran) (as in ڊنيَاڔَان (dönyaran, “from world”))

Chuvash: -тен (-ten), -рен (-ren)

Arghu:

Khalaj: -dən

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـدن (-den)

Azerbaijani: -dən, -tən

Ottoman Turkish: ـدن (-den)

Turkish: -den, -ten

Gagauz: -den

Turkmen: -den

Salar: -den

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -dan

Uyghur: [script needed] (-den)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -дан (-dan), -ден (-den), -дон (-don), -дөн (-dön), -тан (-tan), -тен (-ten), -тон (-ton), -төн (-tön), -ан (-an), -ен (-yen), -он (-on), -өн (-ön)

Southern Altai: -деҥ (-deŋ), -дӧҥ (-döŋ), -теҥ (-teŋ), -тӧҥ (-töŋ)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -дән (-dən), -нән (-nən), -тән (-tən)

Tatar: -дән (-dän), -нән (-nän), -тән (-tän)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ден (-den), -тен (-ten), -нен (-nen)

Karakalpak: -den, -ten

Nogai: -ден (-den)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -den

Kumyk: -ден (-den)

Karachay-Balkar: -ден (-den)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰤 (-din)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ттэн (-tten), -ттөн (-ttön), -тэн (-ten), -төн (-tön)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -ден (-den), -тен (-ten)

*-de (“locative-ablative suffix”) + *-(i)n (“instrumental suffix”), the form *-din shows the duality created by the instrumental suffix.

suf

eb (“house”) + *-den → *ebden (“from the house”)


-g

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -و

Chuvash: -ӑ (-ă), -ӗ (-ĕ)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Salar: -i, -ı, -ü, -u, -∅

Turkmen: -i, -ı, -∅

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (-k)

Uyghur: -k

Uzbek: -k, -ik

Kipchak:

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: -у (-u), -ӱ (-ü)


-ge

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan (“deverbal noun suffix”), Proto-Tungusic *-kan (“deverbal noun suffix”).

noncog

bil- (“to know”) + *-ge → *bilge (“wise, sage”)

kïs- (“to squeeze”) + *-ge → *kïsga (“short”)


-ge

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan and *-xan (“denominal noun suffix”) and Proto-Tungusic *-kan.

čekürt (“the sound of a grasshopper”) + *-ge → *čekürtge (“grasshopper, locust”)

kar (“caw”) + *-ge → *karga (“crow”)

Forms denominal nouns, usually used for animals and plants.


-me

seb- (“to love”) + *-me → *sebme- (“to not love”)


-me

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-me and Proto-Uralic *-ma

tüg- (“to tie, to knot”) + *-me → *tügme (“button”)


-le

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-le and Proto-Tungusic *-le.

āb (“hunt”) + *-le → *ābla- (“to hunt”)


-mek

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: -мак (-mak), -мек (-mek), -мах (-mah); -машкӑн (-maškăn), -мешкӗн (-meškĕn) (< *-макшӑн < *-mak üčün)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -mək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -mək

Ottoman Turkish: ـمك (-mek)

Turkish: -mek (also -me)

Gagauz: -mää

→ Crimean Tatar: -mek

→? Tatar: -мек (-mek)

Salar: -me

Turkmen: -mek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: -ماكْ (-mēk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (-mek)

Uzbek: -moq

Uyghur: -مەك (-mek)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -мек (-mek)

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -мәк (-mək)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -мек (-mek)

Karakalpak: -maq

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -мек (-mek)

Southern Altai: -мек (-mek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰚 (mk) (as in 𐰺𐰢𐰴𐰲𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰤 (armaqçısın))

North Siberian:

Yakut: -мэх (-meq), -мах (-maq), -мөх (-möq), -мох (-moq), -бэх (-beq), -бах (-baq), -бөх (-böq), -бох (-boq), -пэх (-peq), -пах (-paq), -пөх (-pöq), -пох (-poq)

īl- (“to catch”) + *-mek → *īlmek (“to catch; hook”)

Forms deverbal nouns and infinitives of verbs.


-ki

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ki, -kü

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ki, -kü

Karluk:

Uzbek: -ki

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -кі (-kı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ки (-ki), -кү (-kü), -кы (-kı), -ку (-ku), -ги (-gi), -гү (-gü), -гы (-gı)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ги (-gi) (Attested in only pronouns.)

For the sense 2, compare Proto-Mongolic *-ki, as in *manu-ki (“ours”).

-im

suffix equiping headword for first-person

-iŋ

suffix equiping headword for second-person

-si

suffix equiping headword for third-person singular

eb (“house”) + *-ki → *ebdeki (“the one at the house”)

Suffix used to form an adjectival or nominal meaning "that which belongs to.".

biŕniŋ (“our”) + *-ki → *biŕniŋki (“ours”)

Indicates belonging to a person or group.


-ti

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -تِ (-ti), -جِ (-çi)

Chuvash: -рӗ (-rĕ), -чӗ (-čĕ)

Khazar: 𐰻𐰘- (-ru) (classification disputed)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (erti)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-di)

Azerbaijani: -di, -ti

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (-di), [script needed] (-ti)

Gagauz: -di, -ti

Turkish: -di, -dı, -du, -dü, -ti, -tı, -tu, -tü

Salar: -di (pronunciation is like -ci)

Turkmen: -di

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -di

Uyghur: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (-di)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -di

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (-di)

Kumyk: [script needed] (-di)

Karaim:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir:

Tatar:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ді (-dı), -ті (-tı)

Karakalpak: -di, -ti

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ди (-di)

Southern Altai: -ди (-di), ти (ti)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz: 𐱆𐰄 (-ti), 𐰓𐰄 (-di)

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃 (-ti), 𐰓𐰃 (-di)

Old Uyghur: -ty (-di)

North Siberian:

Yakut:

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas:

Shor:

Western Yugur:

seb- (“to love”) + *-ti → *sebdi (“(I saw/I'm sure) she/he/it loved.”)


-či

Oghur:

Bulgar: -جِ (-çı/çi)

Chuvash: -ҫӗ (-śĕ), -ҫă (-śă)

→ Old Church Slavonic: -чьи (-čĭi), -чии (-čii)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -çi

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ci

Karluk:

Uyghur: ـچى (-chi)

Uzbek: -chi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -се (-se)

Tatar: -че (-çe)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -чи (-çi)

Southern Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ші (-şı)

Nogai: -ши (-şi)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: -чи (-ci)

Southern Altai: -чи (-či)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ааччы (-aaccı)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: -ші, -чи

Tuvan: -чи (-çi), -жи (-ji)

Yenisei:

Khakas: -ӌі (-cì), -чі (-çì)

Shor: -чи

Western Yugur: -či

Somehow related to Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci), Mongolian -ч (-č).

sub (“water”) + *-či → *subčï (“waterman”)

āb (“hunt”) + *-či → *ābčï (“hunter”)


-či

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -mekçi, -makçy

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -мекші (-mekşı), -пекші (-pekşı), -бекші (-bekşı), -мақшы (-maqşy), -пақшы (-paqşy), -бақшы (-baqşy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (-deči)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-deči)

The form *-dAčI is seemingly from *-te + *-či and the form *-mAkčI is seemingly from *-mek + *-či

öl- (“to die”) + *-či → *ölteči (“she/he/it will die.”)


-dak

boguŕ (“throat”) + *-dak → *bogurdak (“Adam's apple”)


-dem

teŋri (“1. sky, heaven 2. deity, god”) + *-dem → *teŋridem (“holy”)


-č

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-č)


-gan

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -ان (-an/en)

Chuvash: -ан (-an), -ен (-en)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -an, -ən

Ottoman Turkish: ـان (-an), ـن (-en)

Turkish: -an, -en

Gagauz: -an, -en

Turkmen: -ýan, -ýän

Salar: -ğan, -gen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (-ğan/gen)

Chagatai: [script needed] (-ğan/gen)

Uzbek: -gan

Uyghur: ـگان (-gan), ـگەن (-gen)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -ҡан (-qan), -кән (-kən), -ған (-ğan), -гән (-gən)

Tatar:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Kumyk:

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: -қан (-qan), -кен (-ken), -ған (-ğan), -ген (-gen)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ган (-gan), -ген (-gen), -гон (-gon), -гөн (-gön)

Southern Altai: -ган (-gan), -ген (-gen), -гон (-gon), -гӧн (-gön)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰍𐰣 (-gan)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan, Proto-Tungusic *-kan.

seb- (“to love”) + *-gan → *sebgen (“(someone/something) who loves”)

tabïĺ- (“to run”) + *-gan → *tabïĺgan (“(someone/something) who jumps; hare”)

Forms deverbal nouns and imperfective participle of verbs.


-gan

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-gan, *-xan and *-gene, Proto-Tungusic *-kan.

baĺč (“head”) + *-gan → *baĺčgan (“a large fish”)

čim (“grass”) + *-gan → *čimgen (“meadow”)


-ip

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ib, -ıb, -üb, -ub, -yib, -yıb, -yüb, -yub

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ip, -ıp, -üp, -up, -yip, -yıp, -yüp, -yup

Turkmen: -ip, -yp, -üp, -up, -ýip, -ýyp, -ýüp, -ýup

öltür- (“to kill”) + *-ip → *öltürip (“killed and...”)

Forms converbs to talk about other actions done by the same subject.


-ŕ

bẹ (“I”) + *-ŕ → *biŕ (“we”)


-ŕ

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-r (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

noncog

sö- + *-ŕ → *söŕ (“word, speech”)


-siŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: -сӗр (-sĕr), -сӑр (-săr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: -siz

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـسز (-siz)

Azerbaijani: -siz

Ottoman Turkish: ـسز (-siz)

Turkish: -siz

Gagauz: -siz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: -siz

Salar: -siz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: -سىز

Chagatai:

Uyghur: -سىز (-siz)

Uzbek: -siz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -һеҙ (-heź)

Tatar: -сез (-sez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -siz

Urum: -сиэ (-siz)

Kumyk: -сиз (-siz)

Karachay-Balkar: -сиз (-siz)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -сіз (-sız)

Karakalpak: -siz

Nogai: -сиз (-siz)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -сиз (-siz), -сыз (-sız), -суз (-suz), -сүз (-süz)

Southern Altai: -сиз (-siz)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰔 (-siz, -süz)

Old Uyghur: -𐽻𐽶𐽴 (-siz, -sïz)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -сиз (-siz)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-ser (“-less”).

kǖč (“power”) + *-siŕ → *kǖčsüŕ (“powerless”)

Used to form adjectives or nouns denoting the non-possession of a thing or quality; -less


-miĺ

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: [script needed] (-miş)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -miş, imiş

Ottoman Turkish: ـمش (-miş)

Turkish: -miş, imiş, -muş, -müş, -mış

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: -miş

Salar:

Salar: -miş

Karluk:

Uzbek: emish

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: имеш (imeş)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эмиш (emiš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐱁 (-miš)

North Siberian:

desc

Yakut: -бит (-bit), -быт (-bıt), -бут (-but), -бүт (-büt), -пит (-pit), -пыт (-pıt), -пут (-put), -пүт (-püt)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-mel (“suffix forming resultive nouns from verbs”).

noncog

seb- (“to love”) + *-miĺ → *sebmiĺ (“(I guess/I heard that) she/he/it loved.”)

Forms past tense, heard, unseen, unexperienced or otherwise unclear to the speaker.

öl- (“to die”) + *-miĺ → *ölmiĺ (“dead”)


-iĺ

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-l (“suffix forming nouns designating abstract ideas from verbs”).

ȫk- (“to heap up”) + *-iĺ → *ȫküĺ (“many”)


-gek

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ak, -ek, -k

Kipchak

East Kipchak

desc

Kyrgyz: -ак (-ak), -ек (-yek), -ок (-ok), -өк (-ök)

Southern Altai: -ак (-ak), -ек (-yek), -ок (-ok), -ӧк (-ök), -к (-k)

bïč- (“to mow”) + *-gek → *bïčgak (“knife”)


-inči

Oghur:

Bulgar: -ش (-şi), [script needed] (-ş)

Chuvash: -шӗ (-šĕ), -мӗш (-mĕš)

⇒ Common Turkic: *-m-inči

Arghu:

Khalaj: -minci

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -minji

Common Turkic: *-inči

Arghu:

Khalaj: -inci

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -inci

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -inci

Turkmen: -inji

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (-inči)

Uyghur: ـىنچى (-inchi)

Uzbek: -inchi

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: -инчи (-inçi)

Kumyk: -инчи (-inçi)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: -енче (-yençe)

Bashkir: -енсе (-yense)

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Karakalpak: -inshi

Kazakh: -інші (-ınşı)

Nogai: -инши (-inşi)

Kirgiz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -инчи (-inci)

Southern Altai: -инчи (-inči)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰨 (-nč)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: -інӌі (-ìncì)

Shor: -инчи

Western Yugur: [script needed] (-inçi)

Sayan:

Tuvan:

Tofa:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: -ис (-is)

Yakut: -ис (-is)

The second vowel of the suffix seems to appear after the medieval era. For an unknown reason, the word *ẹk(k)inti (“second”) has an exclusive variant *-inti, however according to Erdal it may be a seperate suffix.
Has been compared to Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci).

bīr (“one”) + *-inči → *bīrinči (“first”)


-ür

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ӗр (-ĕr), -ӑр (-ăr), -р (-r)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-ür) [script needed] (-ur)

Azerbaijani: -ir, -ır, -r

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ar, -er, -ir, -ır, -ur, -ür, -r

Salar: -er, -ar, -r

Turkmen: -er, -ar, -r

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uzbek: -ar

Uyghur: [script needed] (-er), [script needed] (-ar)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)

Southern Altai: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -ӧр (-ör), -р (-r),

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -ар (-ar), -ер (-er), -р (-r)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)

seb- (“to love”) + *-ür → *sebür (“She/he/it loves.”)


-ür

keč- (“to pass”) + *-ür → *kečür- (“to pass something or someone”)

büt- (“to be end”) + *-ür → *bütür- (“to end”)


-meŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: -мер (-mer), -мар (-mar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-mez), [script needed] (-maz)

Azerbaijani: -məz, -maz, -mər, -mar

Ottoman Turkish: ـمز (-mez, -maz)

Gagauz: -mäz, -maz, -mär, -mar, -märsin, -marsın, -märim, -marım

Turkish: -mez, -maz, -merin (dial.), -marın (dial.)

Salar: -mes, -mas

Turkmen: -mez, -maz, -merin, -maryn, -mersin, -marsyn

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uzbek: -mas

Uyghur: [script needed] (-mes), [script needed] (-mas)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -бөс (-bös), -бос (-bos), -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas), -пөс (-pös), -пос (-pos)

Southern Altai: -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -бӧс (-bös), -бос (-bos)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas), -бес (-bes), -бас (-bas), -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas)

Nogai: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: -мес (-mes), -мас (-mas)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -бат (-bat), -бэт (-bet), -бот (-bot), -бөт (-böt)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: -пес (-pes), -пас (-pas)

seb- (“to love”) + *-meŕ → *sebmeŕ (“She/he/it doesn't love.”)


-niŋ

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -ن (-n), -ن (-ïn)

Chuvash: -ӑн (-ăn), -н (-n), -нӑн (-năn), -йĕн (-jĕn)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ـنك (-nuñ, -nüñ), ـك (-uñ, -üñ)

Azerbaijani: -nın, -nin, -nun, -nün, -ın, -in, -un, -ün

Ottoman Turkish: ـنك (-nıñ, -niñ, -nuñ, -nüñ), ـك (-ıñ, -iñ, -uñ, -üñ)

Turkish: -nın, -nin, -nun, -nün, -ın, -in, -un, -ün

Turkmen: -nyň, -niň, -nuň, -nüň, -yň, -iň, -uň, -üň

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: -nıñ, -niñ

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -дің (-dıñ), -нің (-nıñ), -тің (-tıñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -нын (-nın), -нин (-nin), -нун (-nun), -нүн (-nün), -дын (-dın), -дин (-din), -дун (-dun), -дүн (-dün), -тын (-tın), -тин (-tin), -тун (-tun), -түн (-tün)

Karluk:

Chagatai: ـنینک (-niñ)

Uzbek: -ning

Uyghur: ـنىڭ (-ning)

eb (“house”) + *-niŋ → *ebiŋ (“house's”)


-iŋ

at (“horse”) + *-iŋ → *atïŋ (“horse of (you); (your) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for second-person singular.


-iŋ

seb- (“to love”) + *-iŋ → *sebiŋ (“you, love!”)

(Common Turkic) Suffix forming second-person plural imperative

-eyin

suffix forming first-person singular imperative

-gil

suffix forming second-person singular imperative

-zün

suffix forming third-person singular imperative

-elim

suffix forming first-person plural imperative


-imiŕ

at (“horse”) + *-imiŕ → *atïmïŕ (“horse of (us); (our) horse”)

Suffix equiping headword for first-person plural; possesive suffix.


-melig

Oghur:

Chuvash: -малла (-malla), -мелле (-melle)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -məli, -malı

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -meli, -malı

Turkmen: -meli, -maly

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -мелі (-melı), -пелі (-pelı), -белі (-belı) (not as necessitative suffix, but as verbal-adjective)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: -мел (-mel)

From + *-me + *-lig (see more at Turkish -meli). However, the existence of the Chuvash cognate, may precede the Turkish derivation from -me + -li.

seb- (“to love”) + *-melig → *sebmelig (“(s/he) should love”)


-iŋiŕ

eb (“house”) + *-iŋiŕ → *ebiŋiŕ (“(your (plural)) house”)


-duk

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: -رُوى (-ruwi) (<*dugı<*duk-ı), -طُوي (-tuwi) (<*tugı<*tuk-ı)

Chuvash: -тӗ (-tĕ), -рӗ (-rĕ), -тӑ (-tă), -рӑ (-ră)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-duk)

Azerbaijani: -dıyı

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz:

Turkish: -dık, -dik

Turkmen: -dyk, -dik

Salar:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-duk)

North Siberian:

Yakut: -тэх (-teq), -тах (-taq), -төх (-töq), -тох (-toq), -дэх (-deq), -дах (-daq), -дөх (-döq), -дох (-doq), -лэх (-leq), -лах (-laq), -лөх (-löq), -лох (-loq), -нэх (-neq), -нах (-naq), -нөх (-nöq), -нох (-noq)

seb- (“to love”) + *-duk → *sebdük (“loved”)

Suffix creating perfect participles from verbs


-čak

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ҫа (-śa)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-čak)

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (-čak)

Turkish: -çak, -çek, -cak, -cek

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *-čag (“diminutive suffix”).


-čük

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ҫӗ (-śĕ)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-čik)

Ottoman Turkish: ـجك (-cik), ـجق (-cık)

Turkish: -çık, -çik, -çuk, -çük, -cık, -cik, -cuk, -cük

bāka (“frog”) + *-čük → *bākačuk (“muscle”)


-iĺč

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ӑҫ (-ăś),

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ış, -iş, -uş, -üş

Ottoman Turkish: ـش (-iş)

Turkish: -ış, -iş, -uş, -üş

Turkmen: -yş, -iş, -uş, -üş

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -ыс (-ys), -іс (-ıs)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *-ulča (cooperative suffix), *-uldu (reciprocative suffix), Mongolian -лд (-ld), -лс (-ls).
According to Talât Tekin, a cognate of Proto-Mongolic *-lča: Proto-Turkic *karïĺč- (“to mix together”), Proto-Mongolic *karilča- (“to be related or connected to each other”); Proto-Turkic *koĺïĺč- (“to add together”), Proto-Mongolic *kolilča-. (See Turkish karışmak and Azerbaijani qoşmaq) But EDAL doesn't think that *karïĺč- and *qarilča- are related. It has a different etymology in the database. The verb qolilča- mentioned by Tekin should be Mongolian холилдох (xolildox) (<*kolildu-) because the mentioned word is not found in Mongolic languages.

cog

seb- (“to love”) + *-iĺč → *sebilč- (“to love each other”)

Suffix creating reciprocal forms of verbs.


-gač

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -aç, -eç

While some have taken this suffix to be a diminutive, however Erdal disputes this saying the derived words do not have diminutive content.

Forms denominal nouns denoting plants and animals


-tur

Oghur:

Chuvash: -тер (-ter), -тар (-tar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

desc

Turkish: -tır, -tir, -tur, -tür, -dır, -dir, -dur, -dür

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -тыр (-tyr), -тір (-tır), -дыр (-dyr), -дір (-dır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -тыр (-tır), -тир (-tir), -тур (-tur), -түр (-tür), -дыр (-dır), -дир (-dir), -дур (-dur), -дүр (-dür)

Southern Altai: -тыр (-tïr), -тир (-tir), -тур (-tur), -тӱр (-tür), -дыр (-dïr), -дир (-dir), -дур (-dur), -дӱр (-dür)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -тор (-tor), -төр (-tör), -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дор (-dor), -дөр (-dör), -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нор (-nor), -нөр (-nör), -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лор (-lor), -лөр (-lör)

kül- (“to laugh”) + *-tur → *kültür- (“to make someone laugh”)

öl- (“to die”) + *-tur → *öltür- (“to make someone die, to kill”)

yạŕ- (“to write”) + *-tur → *yạŕtur- (“to cause to write”)


-rak

Oghur:

Chuvash: -рах (-rah), -рех (-reh)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: -راق (-raq)

Azerbaijani: -raq, -rək (archaic) as in yaxşıraq (“better”)

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: sarımtırak

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: -rak, -räk

Salar: -raq, -rek

Karluk:

Uzbek: -roq

Uyghur: ـراق (-raq), ـرەك (-rek)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -раҡ (-raq), -рәк (-rək)

Tatar: -рак (-raq), -рәк (-räk)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -раак (-raak), -рээк (-reek)

Southern Altai: -арык (-arïk), -ерик (-yerik), -ӧрик (-örik)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: -рақ (-raq), -рек (-rek)

eskü (“old”) + *-rak → *eskürek (“older”)

tātlïg (“tasty”) + *-rak → *tātlïgrak (“tastier”)

Marks the comparative degree of adjectives. Equivalent to English -er.


-āčak

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -acaq, -əcək, -yacaq, -yəcək

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -acak, -ecek, -yacak, -yecek

Turkmen: -jak, -jek

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: -асаҡ (-asaq), -әсәк (-əsək), -ясаҡ (-yasaq), -ясәк (-yasək)

Tatar: -ачак (-açaq), -әчәк (-äçäk), -ячак (-yaçaq), -ячәк (-yaçäk)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: -ажакъ (-ajaq), -ежек (-yejek), -жакъ (-jaq), -жек (-jek)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: -ajaq, -ejek, -jaq, -jek

q

Kazakh: -шақ (-şaq), -шек (-şek), -ашақ (-aşaq), -ешек (-eşek) (obsolete, only survives as a non-productive suffix at some nouns)

desc

Nogai: -ек (-yek), -як (-yak), -аяк (-ayak), -еек (-yeek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: -чак (-čak), -чек (-ček)

(Common Turkic) Future tense participle.


-čin

bālïk (“fish”) + *-čin → *bālïkčïn (“fish-eating bird”).

Suffix used to create bird nouns from verbs or nouns. Also used to form names of predators from names of prey.

buruččun

a type of bird that has the same height as pigeons, red-feathered and flat-beaked

čamurčun

a type of little duck that lives in swamps and lakes; Anas crecca


-gün

ini (“younger brother”) + *-gün → *inigünüm (“my younger brothers”)

Suffix creating plurality for human beings


-zün

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -sin, -sın, -sun, -sün

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -sin, -sın, -sun, -sün

Turkmen: -sin, -syn, -sun, -sün

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: -һен (-hen), -һын (-hın), -һон (-hon), -һөн (-hön)

Tatar: -сен (-sen), -сын (-sın)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: -sın, -sin

Karachay-Balkar: -син (-sin), -сын (-sın), -сун (-sun), -сюн (-sün)

Kumyk: -син (-sin), -сын (-sın), -сун (-sun), -сюн (-sün)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: -сін (-sın), -сын (-syn)

Nogai: -син (-sin), -сын (-sın)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -син (-sin), -сын (-sın), -сун (-sun), -сүн (-sün)

seb- (“to love”) + *-zün → *sebzün (“he/she/it must love!”)

(Common Turkic) Suffix forming third-person singular imperative.

-iŋ

suffix forming second-person plural imperative


-elim

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -alım, -elim

Turkmen: -alyň, -eliň

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰢 (-elim)

seb- (“to love”) + *-elim → *sebelim (“let's love!”)

(Common Turkic) Suffix forming first-person plural imperative.


-eyin

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkmen: -aýyn, -eýin

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰤 (-eyin)

seb- (“to love”) + *-eyin → *sebeyin (“I must love!”)

(Common Turkic) Suffix forming first-person singular imperative.


-gil

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-gil)

Classical Azerbaijani: -gilen

Azerbaijani: -ginen, -ynen (dial.), -gilen, -gile (South Azerbaijani)

Turkmeneli Turkic: -ginen

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (-gil)

Turkish: -gilen, -gilene (dialect in Dulkadirli, Kırşehir)

Salar: -gil

Turkmen: -gin (dial.)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (-gil), [script needed] (-ğıl)

Chagatai: [script needed] (gil), [script needed] (-gin)

Uyghur: [script needed] (-gil), [script needed] (-gin)

Uzbek: -gil, -gin

Kipchak: [script needed] (-gil)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -ҡыла (-qıla), -келе (-kele) (dial.)

South Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -гыла (-gıla), -гула (-gula) (dial.)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰏𐰠 (-gil)

Old Uyghur: -gyl (-gil)

ẹĺit- (“to listen”) + *-gil → *ẹĺitgil (“Listen!”)

(Common Turkic) Forms the second-person singular imperative.


-gil

üč (“three”) + *-gil → *üčgil (“triangle, three sided”)

baĺč (“head”) + *-gil → *baĺčgïl (“a quadruped with a white head”)


-galï

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -alı, -eli

Kypchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: -қалы (-qaly), -ғалы (-ğaly), -келі (-kelı), -гелі (-gelı)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰏𐰠𐰃 (-geli)

olur- (“to sit”) + *-galï → *olurgalï (“Since he/she/it had sit.”)

Suffix forming verbal adverb denoting the amount of time that has passed since the starting of the verb.

öl- (“to die”) + *-galï → *ölgeli (“mortal”)

Suffix forming verbal adverb denoting the purpose of a verb.


-matï

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -meden, -madan

olur- (“to sit”) + *-matï → *olurmatï (“Without sitting.”)

Forms converbs with negative connotations or without the verb


-gučï

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ici, -ıcı, -ucu, -ücü, -yici, -yıcı, -yucu, -yücü

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ici, -ıcı, -ucu, -ücü, -yici, -yıcı, -yucu, -yücü, -giç, -gıç, -guç, -güç

Salar: -güci, -ğuci

From Proto-Turkic *-gü + *-či. Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-xecin.

ay- (“to speak”) + *-gučï → *aygučï (“speaker”)


-gey

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -a, -ə, -ya, -yə

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -a, -e, -ya, -ye

öl- (“to die”) + *-gey → *ölgey (“(I hope, I predict) she/he/it dies/will die.”)

Suffix creating optative mood or predictive future.


-gey

ög (“1. mind 2. mother”) + *-gey → *ögey (“step-”)

Suffix creating an adjective similar to the noun.


-gerü

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Salar: -öre

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰏𐰼𐰇 (-gerü)

Old Uyghur: -k’rw (-gerü)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ـكرو (-gerü)

at (“horse”) + *-gerü → *atgaru (“toward the horse”)

(Old Turkic) Suffix expressing the allative case.


-egü

Common Turkic: *-agu

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -ov, -öv

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -ey

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: -ov

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: -еу (-yeu)

Kumyk: -ев (-yew)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: -әү (-əw)

Tatar: -әү (-äw), -ау (-aw)

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Kazakh: -еу (-eu)

Kirgiz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: -өө (-öö)

Southern Altai: -ӱ (-ü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰏𐰇 (-egü)


-rer

Oghur:

Chuvash: -ҫар (-śar), -ҫер (-śer)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: -şar, -ar, -er, -şer

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: -şar, -ar, -er, -şer

Certain daughter languages point to a reconstruction *-(ĺč)Ar instead.

Suffix creating distributive form of numbers.


-ümsin

kül- (“to laugh”) + *-ümsin → *külümsin- (“to smile”)

Suffix forming pretense verbs from verbs.


-sik

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-sik)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-sik)

öl- (“to die”) + *-sik → *ölsüküŋ (“You will inevitably die.”)

(Old Turkic) Suffix creating the necessitive future tense.

to- (“to be full”) + *-sik → *tosïk (“satiety”)


-egüt

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (-agut)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (-agut)

Possibly a *-t plural form of *-egü considering Old Turkic 𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆 (alpaɣu).

alp (“warrior”) + *-egüt → *alpagut (“warrior.”)


-sire

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sire-)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sire-)

Kipchak

South Kipchak

Nogai: -сире (-sire)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: -сире (-sire), -сүрө (-sürö)

Southern Altai: -зире (-zire), -зӱре (-züre), -сире (-sire), -сӱре (-süre)

ȫg (“mind”) + *-sire → *ȫgsire- (“to faint”)

(Old Turkic) Suffix creating a verb with the meaning of "to be without, to be deprived of" from a noun.


-kir

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-kire (“suffix forming imitative verb”).

noncog

bar (“sound of shouting”) + *-kir → *barkïr- (“to shout”)

Forms imitative verbs from onomatopoeia.


-mir

ạl- (“to take”) + *-mir → *ạlmïr (“greed, desire, lust”)

yag- (“to rain”) + *-mir → *yagmur (“rain”)


-ŋ

Nişanyan suggests a crasis from an earlier form *-nig from *-n- + *-ig. Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *-ŋ (“suffix forming deverbal nouns”).

yal- (“to strip”) + *-ŋ → *yalïŋ (“naked”)


-sük

Clauson suggests a derivation *-si- (“denominal similative verb suffix”) + *-ük.

suf

bagïr (“side flank”) + *-sük → *bagïrsuk (“intestine”)


-dürük

There also exists a variant *-dük as a result of crasis *-dürük. The suffix *-dak may also be related.

boyïn (“neck”) + *-dürük → *boyïnduruk (“yoke”)

Forms denominal nouns used for objects relating to a body part