ol

The oblique form *an- is comparable to Proto-Mongolic *ïn- (“third person singular pronoun”) and *an- (“third person plural pronoun”), neither of which appear in the nominative case.

noncog

(personal) third person singular and plural pronoun; he, she, it


kem

kem (nominative singular)
kemni (accusative singular)
kemniŋ (genitive singular)
kemke (dative singular)
kemte (locative singular)
kemden (ablative singular)
kemgerü (allative singular)
kem bile (instrumental singular)
kemče (equative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: كم

Chuvash: кам (kam)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kêm

Proto-Oghuz: *kim

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kim)

Azerbaijani: kim

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كیم (kim)
Gagauz: kim
Turkish: kim

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kim

Salar: kem

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِمْ (kim)

Uzbek: kim

→ Tajik: ким- (kim-)

Uyghur: كىم (kim)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kim

Karachay-Balkar: ким (kim)

Kumyk: ким (kim)

Karaim: kim

Urum: ким (kim)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кем (kem)

Tatar: кем (kem)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: кім (kım)

Karakalpak: ким (kim)

Nogai: ким (kim)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ким (kim)

Southern Altai: кем (kem)

Siberian

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰢 (kem)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kem)

Western Yugur: kïm

North Siberian

Dolgan: ким (kim)

Yakut: ким (kim)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: ӄум (qum)

Tuvan: кым (kım)

Yenisei:

Khakas: кем (kem)

Shor: кем (kem)

Derived from the interrogative particle *ka-.
Compare Proto-Uralic *ke (“who”) and Proto-Mongolic *ken (“who”), whence also Mongolian хэн (xen, “who”).


bū

bū (nominative singular)
būnï (accusative singular)
būnïŋ (genitive singular)
būŋa (dative singular)
būnta (locative singular)
būntan (ablative singular)
būŋaru (allative singular)
būnïn (instrumental singular)
būnča (equative singular)
būnlayu (singular)
būnlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *bū

Arghu:

Khalaj: bô

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (bu)

Azerbaijani: bu

Ottoman Turkish: بو (bu)

Turkish: bu

Gagauz: bu

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: bu

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bu

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bū)

Chagatai: [script needed] (bu)

Uyghur: [script needed] (bu)

Uzbek: bu

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: был (bıl)

Tatar: бу (bu)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bo

Crimean Tatar: бу (bu)

Karachay-Balkar: бу (bu)

Karaim: бу (bu)

Kumyk: бу (bu)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: bul

Kazakh: бул (bul)

Nogai: бу (bu)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бул (bul)

Southern Altai: бу (bu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆 (bu)

Old Uyghur: bw (bu)

Western Yugur: pu

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бу

Yakut: бу (bu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: бо

Tuvan: бо (bo)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: пу (pu)

Shor: пу


ka-

ka (nominative singular)
kanï (accusative singular)
kanïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŋa (dative singular)
kanta (locative singular)
kantan (ablative singular)
kaŋaru (allative singular)
kanïn (instrumental singular)
kanča (equative singular)
kanlayu (singular)
kanlïgu (comitative singular)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kańu (“which”), *kańusï (“which of”)

Arghu:

Arghu: قَنُو (qanū)

Khalaj: qânı, qânısı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قانسی (qansı)

هانسی (hansı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانسی (hansı)

Azerbaijani: hansı

Ottoman Turkish: (Dialectal, Early Ottoman) قانسی (kansı)

Salar: gaysı

Turkmen: haýsy

Old Khalaj: خَيُو (xayū) (11th ce.)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَيُو (qayū)

Chagatai: قَایسی

Uyghur: قايسى (qaysi)

Uzbek: qaysi

Kipchak: *kay(ï), *kay(ï)sï

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡайһы (qayhı)

Tatar: кайсы (qaysı)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaysı

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: қай (qai), қайсы (qaisy)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysı)

Southern Altai: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰪𐰆 (qńu /qańu/) (Ordu-Balyk/Karabalgasun I)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qanu, qayu)

North Siberian:

Dolgan:

Yakut: хая (qaya)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan:

Yenisei:

Khakas: хайзы (xayzı)

Shor: қайзы (qayzï)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *kangï (“which”), *kangïsï (“which of”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: قنغی (qanğı), قنغیسی (qanğısı)

هانغی (hanğı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانغی (hanğı)

Azerbaijani: (Dialectal) hankı

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قنغی (kangı), (Middle Ottoman) هانغی (hangı), خانغی (hangı), (Late Ottoman) هانکی (hangi)

Gagauz: hangı, angı

Turkish: hangi

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanta (“where”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: قانده

Oghuz:

Old Khalaj: خَنْدا (xandā) (11th ce.)

Salar: gayda

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَنْدا (qandā)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кайда (qayda)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қайда (qaida)

Nogai: кайда (kayda)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кайда (kayda)

Southern Altai: кайда (kayda)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰀 (qn¹t¹a)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кайда (kayda)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Northern Altai: кайда (kayda)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanï (“where”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qânı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَنى (qanı)

Ajem-Turkic: هانی (hanı)

Azerbaijani: hanı

Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قَانی (kanı), (Middle & Late Ottoman) هانی (hani)

Turkish: hani

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَانى, قَنى (qanï)

Chagatai: قَنی, qani

Uyghur: قېنى (qëni)

Uzbek: qani

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐰃 (qn¹i)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kačan (“when”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qaçân

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: خَاچَانْ (ḫaçan), قَاچَانْ (qaçan)

هاچان (haçan)

Ajem-Turkic: هاچان (haçan)

Azerbaijani: haçan

Gagauz: açan

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: هاچان (haçan), قاچان (kaçan) — early, خاچان (haçan)
Turkish: (dialectal) haçan
→ Armenian: հա՛չան (háčʻan)

Salar: gaçañ

Turkmen: haçan

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قچان (qaçan)

Uyghur: قاچان (qachan)

Uzbek: qachon

Kipchak: قایچان (qayçan)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡасан (qasan)

Tatar: кайчан (qayçan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: қашан (qaşan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: качан (kacan)

Southern Altai: качан (kačan)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: каһан (kahan)

Yakut: хаһан (qahan)

South Siberian

Yenisei

Shor: қачан (qačan)

Khakas: хаӌан (xacan)

Western Yugur: qačan

desc

Northern Altai: каджан (kadžan), кайджан (kaydžan), каччан (kaččan), качан (kačan)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanča (“when”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قنجە (qanca, “when”), قنجارو (qancaru, “where”)

Ajem-Turkic: هانجارو (hancaru)

Azerbaijani: hancarı, həncəri (“where, how”), hanceri

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قانچە (qança, “how much”)

Uyghur: قانچە (qanche, “how much”)

Uzbek: qancha (“how much”)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: къанча (qança, “how much”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қанша (qanşa, “how much”)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: канча (kanca, “how much”)

Southern Altai: канча (kanča, “how many, how much”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (qança)

Northern Altai: канча (kanča), канджа (kandža)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kandïn (“from where?”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰦𐰣 (qntn¹)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”),
Proto-Tungusic *xa- (“interrogative stem”).
Possibly also Proto-Japonic *ka (“interrogative particle”) and Proto-Uralic *ku (“who, where”)


ȫŕ

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: вар (var, “inside; stomach, belly”)

Common Turkic: *ȫz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (öz)

Azerbaijani: öz

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (öz)

Gagauz: öz

Turkish: öz

Salar: iz

Turkmen: ȫz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوزْ (öz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (öz)

Uyghur: ئۆز (öz)

Uzbek: oʻz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үҙ (üź), үҙ- (üź-)

Tatar: үз (üz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: öz

Kumyk: оьз (öz)

Karachay-Balkar: ёз (öz)

Karaim: [script needed] (öz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: өз

Kazakh: өз (öz)

Nogai: оьз (öz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өз (öz)

Southern Altai: ӧс (ös)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰔 (öz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (öz)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (üz)

North Siberian:

Yakut: үөс (üös)

Dolgan: үөс

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: өс (ös)

Tofa: өъс

Yenisei:

Khakas: ӧс

Shor: ӧс

Potentially from *ȫ- (“to think, to be aware”) + *-ŕ.


bẹ

bẹ (nominative singular)
bẹni (accusative singular)
bẹniŋ (genitive singular)
baŋa (dative singular)
bẹnte (locative singular)
bẹnten (ablative singular)
baŋaru (allative singular)
bẹnin (instrumental singular)
bẹnče (equative singular)
bẹnleyü (singular)
bẹnligü (comitative singular)

Usually compared to Proto-Mongolic *bi (“I”) and Proto-Tungusic *bi (“I”).
The Common Turkic form *ben is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *bẹn- with the pronominal-n.


sẹ

sẹ (nominative singular)
sẹni (accusative singular)
sẹniŋ (genitive singular)
saŋa (dative singular)
sẹnte (locative singular)
sẹnten (ablative singular)
saŋaru (allative singular)
sẹnin (instrumental singular)
sẹnče (equative singular)
sẹnleyü (singular)
sẹnligü (comitative singular)

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *si (“you”) and maybe Proto-Mongolic *či (“you”), under the discarded Altaic theory.
The Common Turkic form *sen is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *sẹn- with the pronominal-n, compare *bẹ.


biŕ

biŕ (nominative singular)
biŕni (accusative singular)
biŕniŋ (genitive singular)
biŕiŋe (dative singular)
biŕinte (locative singular)
biŕinten (ablative singular)
biŕiŋerü (allative singular)
biŕnin (instrumental singular)
biŕinče (equative singular)
biŕinleyü (singular)
biŕinligü (comitative singular)


siŕ

siŕ (nominative singular)
siŕni (accusative singular)
siŕiŋ (genitive singular)
siŕiŋe (dative singular)
siŕinte (locative singular)
siŕinten (ablative singular)
siŕiŋerü (allative singular)
siŕnin (instrumental singular)
siŕinče (equative singular)
siŕinleyü (singular)
siŕinligü (comitative singular)


beniŋ

Oghur:

Chuvash: манӑн (manăn), ман (man)

Common Turkic: *beniŋ

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *beniŋ

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (benüm)

Azerbaijani: mənim

Ottoman Turkish: بنم (benim)

Gagauz: benim, benin

Turkish: benim

Salar: minigi

Turkmen: meniň (abbreviature: me'ň)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنِڭْ (meniŋ)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: منينک (mening)

Uzbek: mening

Uyghur: مېنىڭ (mëning)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: منيڭ (meniñ)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (meniñ)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: минең (mineñ)

Tatar: минем (minem)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: menim

Karachay-Balkar: мени (meni)

Karaim: [script needed] (mienim)

Kumyk: мени (meni)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: менің (menıñ)

Karakalpak: mening

Nogai: менинъ (meniñ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: менин (menin)

Southern Altai: мениҥ (meniŋ)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰤𐰭 (mn²ŋ /meniŋ/), 𐰋𐰤𐰭 (b²n²ŋ /beniŋ/)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: mineŋ

North Siberian:

Dolgan: миниэнэ (miniene)

Yakut: миэнэ (miene)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мииӈ (miiñ)

Tuvan: мээң (meeñ)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: минің (minìñ)

Shor: меең (meeñ)


tẹ

tẹ (nominative singular)
tẹni (accusative singular)
tẹniŋ (genitive singular)
tẹŋe (dative singular)
tẹnte (locative singular)
tẹnten (ablative singular)
tẹŋerü (allative singular)
tẹn (instrumental singular)
tẹnče (equative singular)
tẹnleyü (singular)
tẹnligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: те (te)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Gagauz: te bu (“this there”), te o (“that there”)

East Oghuz:

Salar: düğü, tüü

Turkmen: şütki, şütüki, bitiki

Kipchak:

Cuman: [script needed] (tigi)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: теге (tege)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: [script needed] (tigi) (dialectal)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тиги (tigi)

Southern Altai: тиги (tigi), ту (tu)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ити (iti)

Yakut: ити (iti)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: тээ (tee)

Tuvan: дөө (döö)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: теге (tege, “so, thus”)

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *te (“that”), Proto-Tungusic *ta- (“that”), Proto-Uralic *tä (“that”). Compare also modern Mongolian тэр (ter) and Evenki тар (tar).
Some of the descendants point to a derivation *tẹ + *-ki. The reasoning for rounding in some forms is uncertain.