boguŕ

boguŕ (nominative singular)
boguŕug (accusative singular)
boguŕnï (accusative singular)
boguŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
boguŕka (dative singular)
boguŕda (locative singular)
boguŕdan (ablative singular)
boguŕgaru (allative singular)
boguŕun (instrumental singular)
boguŕča (equative singular)
boguŕlayu (singular)
boguŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пыр (pyr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: boğız

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: boğaz

Ottoman Turkish: بوغاز (boğaz)

Turkish: boğaz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bogaz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (boɣuz)

Chagatai: بوغوز

Uyghur: بوغۇز (boghuz)

Uzbek: boʻgʻiz

Kipchak:

Nogai: богаз (bogaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: боғаҙ (boğaź)

Tatar: бугаз (buğaz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boğaz

Kipchak-Nogai:

>? Kazakh: буаз (buaz, “pregnant (of animals)”)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: богуз (boguz)

Southern Altai: боос (boos)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔 (boɣuz)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: боостаа (boostaa) (<*boguŕla- ?)

Tofa: боос (boos)


yeŕne

yeŕne (nominative singular)
yeŕneig (accusative singular)
yeŕneni (accusative singular)
yeŕneniŋ (genitive singular)
yeŕneke (dative singular)
yeŕnede (locative singular)
yeŕneden (ablative singular)
yeŕnegerü (allative singular)
yeŕnein (instrumental singular)
yeŕneče (equative singular)
yeŕneleyü (singular)
yeŕneligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *yezne

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: yeznə

→ Turkish: yezne (dialectal, Kars, Ağrı)

Turkmen: ýeznä (dialectal)

Karluk:

Uzbek: yezna

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еҙнә (yeźnə)

Tatar: җизнә (ciznä), җизни (cizni)

→ Chuvash: йысна (jysna)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жезде (jezde)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жезде (jezde)

Southern Altai: јесте (ǰeste)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: yezde

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: честе (çeste)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чисте (çiste)

Shor: честе (çeste)

Compare Chuvash ҫамрӑк (śamrăk), Hungarian gyermek.


kẹli

kẹli (nominative singular)
kẹliig (accusative singular)
kẹlini (accusative singular)
kẹliniŋ (genitive singular)
kẹlike (dative singular)
kẹlide (locative singular)
kẹliden (ablative singular)
kẹligerü (allative singular)
kẹliin (instrumental singular)
kẹliče (equative singular)
kẹlileyü (singular)
kẹliligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: килӗ (kilĕ)

→ Hungarian: kölyű

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Uzbek: keli

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: киле (kile)

Tatar: киле (kile)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: кели (keli)

Kumyk: кели (keli)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: келі (kelı)

Siberian:

Siberian Tatar: кейле (keyle)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кэлии (kelii)

Yakut: кэлии (kelii)

Similarity to Proto-Tungusic *xelńe (“mortar”), may explains the early form of *kelńi, which is also preserved in Hungarian and Siberian Tatar. (?)


eyekü

eyekü (nominative singular)
eyeküüg (accusative singular)
eyeküni (accusative singular)
eyekünüŋ (genitive singular)
eyeküke (dative singular)
eyeküde (locative singular)
eyeküden (ablative singular)
eyekügerü (allative singular)
eyeküün (instrumental singular)
eyeküče (equative singular)
eyeküleyü (singular)
eyekülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: аяк (ajak)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: eyeği

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اَياكُو (eyegü, “side, sides of tents”)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ээги (eegi)

Tofa: ээги (eegi)


bürküt

bürküt (nominative singular)
bürkütüg (accusative singular)
bürkütni (accusative singular)
bürkütnüŋ (genitive singular)
bürkütke (dative singular)
bürkütde (locative singular)
bürkütden (ablative singular)
bürkütgerü (allative singular)
bürkütün (instrumental singular)
bürkütče (equative singular)
bürkütleyü (singular)
bürkütlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗркӗт (pĕrk̬ĕt)

Proto-Common Turkic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *bürgüd

Mongolian: бүргэд (bürged)

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Salar: bürgüt

Turkmen: bürgüt

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (börküt)

Uzbek: burgut

Uyghur: بۈركۈت (bürküt)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөркөт (börköt)

Tatar: бөркет (börket)

→ Russian: беркут (berkut)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: бүркит (бürkit)

Kazakh: бүркіт (bürkıt)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бүркүт (bürküt)

Southern Altai: мӱркӱт (mürküt)

→ Chechen: биркъа (birqʼa)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: бүргүт (bürgüt)

The original stem may have been *bür-, which preserved in Kazakh бүру (büru, “to grasp prey (of an eagle)”). Or a back formation hypothesis *bürküt > *bür-.
Also compared to Proto-Tungusic *muri (“eagle”), whence in Evenki мури (muri)


tīŕ

tīŕ (nominative singular)
tīŕig (accusative singular)
tīŕni (accusative singular)
tīŕniŋ (genitive singular)
tīŕke (dative singular)
tīŕde (locative singular)
tīŕden (ablative singular)
tīŕgerü (allative singular)
tīŕin (instrumental singular)
tīŕče (equative singular)
tīŕleyü (singular)
tīŕligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗр (čĕr)

→ Hungarian: térd

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tîz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: diz

Ottoman Turkish: دیز (diz)

Turkish: diz

Salar: düz

Turkmen: dyz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: tiz

Uyghur: تىز (tiz)

Uzbek: tiz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: тез (tez)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: тізе (tıze)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тизе (tize)

Southern Altai: тизе (tize)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃𐰔 (tiz)


yïlïm

yïlïm (nominative singular)
yïlïmïg (accusative singular)
yïlïmnï (accusative singular)
yïlïmnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïlïmka (dative singular)
yïlïmda (locative singular)
yïlïmdan (ablative singular)
yïlïmgaru (allative singular)
yïlïmïn (instrumental singular)
yïlïmča (equative singular)
yïlïmlayu (singular)
yïlïmlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫилӗм (śilĕm)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýylym

Karluk:

Uzbek: yilim

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йылым (yılım)

Tatar: жылым (jılım)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: jilim

Kazakh: жылым (jylym)

Nogai: йылым (yılım)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылым (jılım)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: илим

Yakut: илим (ilim)

The archaic form probably is *(y)ilim since seems related to *īl- (“to catch, hold; to hang”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰃𐰞𐰃𐰤 (ilin-, “to be caught”).


yẹlim

yẹlim (nominative singular)
yẹlimig (accusative singular)
yẹlimni (accusative singular)
yẹlimniŋ (genitive singular)
yẹlimke (dative singular)
yẹlimde (locative singular)
yẹlimden (ablative singular)
yẹlimgerü (allative singular)
yẹlimin (instrumental singular)
yẹlimče (equative singular)
yẹlimleyü (singular)
yẹlimligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫилӗм (śilĕm)

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *yẹlim
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýelim
**** Salar: yilem
** Karluk:
*** Chagatai: [script needed] (yelim)
**** Uyghur: يېلىم (yëlim)
**** Uzbek: yelim
***** → Tajik: елим (yelim)
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: елем (yelem)
**** Tatar: җилем (cilem)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Karachay-Balkar: джелим (celim)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: jelim
**** Kazakh: желім (jelım)
**** Nogai: елим (yelim)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: желим (jelim)
**** Southern Altai: јелим (ǰelim)
** Siberian:
*** Old Uyghur: yylym (yelim)
*** Northern Altai: челим (čelim)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: һилим (hilim)
**** Yakut: силим (silim)
*** South Siberian:
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Shor: челим (çelim)


kadïŋ

kadïŋ (nominative singular)
kadïŋïg (accusative singular)
kadïŋnï (accusative singular)
kadïŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
kadïŋka (dative singular)
kadïŋda (locative singular)
kadïŋdan (ablative singular)
kadïŋgaru (allative singular)
kadïŋïn (instrumental singular)
kadïŋča (equative singular)
kadïŋlayu (singular)
kadïŋlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хурăн (hurăn)

Common Turkic:
** Oghuz: قَيِنْكْ (qayïŋ)
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: قاین (qayın)
***** Azerbaijani: qayın
***** Gagauz: kayın
***** Ottoman Turkish: قاین (kayın)
****** Turkish: kayın
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: gaýyň
**** Salar: [script needed] (qayın)
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: قَذِنْكْ (qaδïŋ)
**** Chagatai:
***** Uyghur: قېيىن (qëyin)
***** Uzbek: qayin
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: ҡайын (qayın)
**** Tatar: каен (qayen)
***** Siberian Tatar: ҡайын (qayın)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: qayın
**** Karachay-Balkar: къайын (qayın)
**** Kumyk: къайын (qayın)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: қайың (qayïŋ)
**** Kazakh: қайың (qaiyñ)
**** Nogai: кайын (kayın)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: кайың (kayıŋ)
**** Southern Altai: кайыҥ (kayïŋ)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic: [script needed] (qadïŋ)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: катыҥ (jatıñ)
**** Yakut: хатыҥ (qatıñ)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: ӄадыӈ (qadïŋ)
***** Tuvan: хадың (xadıñ)
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Khakas: хазың (xazıñ)
***** Shor: қазың (qazıñ)
** →? Persian: خدنگ (xadang)


yorïnčga

yorïnčga (nominative singular)
yorïnčgaïg (accusative singular)
yorïnčganï (accusative singular)
yorïnčganïŋ (genitive singular)
yorïnčgaka (dative singular)
yorïnčgada (locative singular)
yorïnčgadan (ablative singular)
yorïnčgagaru (allative singular)
yorïnčgaïn (instrumental singular)
yorïnčgača (equative singular)
yorïnčgalayu (singular)
yorïnčgalïgu (comitative singular)

desc

Proto-Common Turkic:
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: yovunca
** Oghuz: [script needed] (yorınça)
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: yonca
***** Ottoman Turkish: یونجه (yonca)
****** → Tatar: йонча (yonça)
****** → Bashkir: йонса (yonsa)
****** → Krymchak: yonca
****** → Karaim: yonca
****** Turkish: yonca
****** Gagauz: yonca
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýorunja
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: [script needed] (yorınçğa)
**** Uzbek: yoʻngʻichqa
** Kipchak:
*** West Kipchak:
**** Kumyk: ёнгурчгъа (yoñurçğa)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: йоңыншка (yoñışqa)
**** Kazakh: жоңышқа (joñyşqa), жоңырышқа (joñyryşqa)
**** Nogai: йорынша (yorınşa)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: жоңгучка (joŋgucka)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Uyghur: ywrwnčxʾ

Sevortjan suggests a derivation such as *yōr- (“to untie; to interpret”) + *-ïn- + *-ïĺč- + *-ga.
Clauson suggets that the root is obscure much like most words suffixed with *-ga.


boyïn

boyïn (nominative singular)
boyïnug (accusative singular)
boyïnnï (accusative singular)
boyïnnuŋ (genitive singular)
boyïnka (dative singular)
boyïnda (locative singular)
boyïndan (ablative singular)
boyïngaru (allative singular)
boyïnun (instrumental singular)
boyïnča (equative singular)
boyïnlayu (singular)
boyïnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑй (măj)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bōń, *bōyn

Arghu:

Khalaj: bôyın

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: boyun

Ottoman Turkish: بوین (boyun)

Gagauz: boyun

Turkish: boyun

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: boyun

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: boýun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (boyın)

Chagatai: [script needed] (moyun)

Uyghur: بويۇن (boyun)

Uzbek: boʻyin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: муйын (muyın)

Tatar: муен (muyen)

East Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: moyun

Urum: боин (boin)

Karachay-Balkar: боюн (boyun)

Karaim: бойун

Kumyk: боюн (boyun)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: moyın

Kazakh: мойын (moiyn)

Nogai: мойын (moyın)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: моюн (moyun)

Southern Altai: мойын (moyïn)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: bwyyn (boyïn)

Western Yugur: mojn

North Siberian:

Dolgan: муой (muoy)

Yakut: моой (mooy)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мөэн

Tuvan: моюн (moyun)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: мойын (moyın)

Shor: мойун

The form *bōń, suggested by Rasanen and ESTJa, is fixed by Chuvash and North Siberian descendants and the initial m- in some descendants.
Going off DLT, Clauson and Nishanyan reconstructs it as *bōyïn instead.
ESTJa also suggests a derivation *bod (“stature”) + *-ïn, however this is morphologically impossible, as not only is there no *-n denominal noun suffix, the suffix that does exist has fourfold vowel harmony, ontop of that no descendent phonetically points to it.
Compared to Proto-Tungusic *moń- (“neck”) by Altaicists.

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bōńa-k

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *bōń-a- (“to narrow; to be obstinate”)


yïp

yïp (nominative singular)
yïpïg (accusative singular)
yïpnï (accusative singular)
yïpnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïpka (dative singular)
yïpda (locative singular)
yïpdan (ablative singular)
yïpgaru (allative singular)
yïpïn (instrumental singular)
yïpča (equative singular)
yïplayu (singular)
yïplïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫип (śip)

→⇒ Hungarian: gyeplő

Proto-Common Turkic: *yïp

Arghu:

Khalaj: yîp

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اِیپْ (ip)

Azerbaijani: ip

Gagauz: ip

Ottoman Turkish: ایپ (ip)

Turkish: ip

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: yip

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýüp

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yıp)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yip)

Uyghur: [script needed] (ip)

Uzbek: ip

Kipchak: [script needed] (yip)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еп (yep)

Tatar: җеп (cep)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: cip

Karachay-Balkar: гъиб (ğib)

Karaim: йип

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jip

Kazakh: жіп (jıp)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жип (jip)

Southern Altai: јип (ǰip)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: yyb (yïp)

Western Yugur: jip

North Siberian:

Yakut: сип (sip)

South Siberian:

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: чiп (çip)

Shor: чип

Connected with Proto-Mongolic *jexeg (“thin thread”) by EDAL, however the Mongolian is likely a borrowing from Proto-Turkic *yïpak (“silk”).

string, cord, rope, line, thick strands of other cordage that are twisted together

⇒ *yïp-la-ĺč-

⇒ *yïp-la- (“to pluck hair with a string”)

⇒ *yïp-la-t-

to make pluck eachother's hair with a string


čarlag

čarlag (nominative singular)
čarlagïg (accusative singular)
čarlagnï (accusative singular)
čarlagnïŋ (genitive singular)
čarlagka (dative singular)
čarlagda (locative singular)
čarlagdan (ablative singular)
čarlaggaru (allative singular)
čarlagïn (instrumental singular)
čarlagča (equative singular)
čarlaglayu (singular)
čarlaglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫурла (śurla)

→ Eastern Mari: сорла (sorla)

→ Hungarian: sarló

→ Komi-Permyak: чарла (ćarla)

→ Komi-Zyrian: чарла (ćarla)

→ Udmurt: сюрло (śurlo)

Räsänen suggets that the word is from *čarla- (“to whet”) from *čar (“whetstone”) to which Róna-Tas agrees, pointing to the final long vowel in Hungarian.
Bang instead suggests a derivation from *or- (“to mow”). Yegorov refutes this and suggests that the Chuvash form is borrowed instead, ultimately being from Proto-Iranian *cr̥Hwáh (“horn”). Ligeti rejects this, however he still suggests that the Iranic and the Turkic forms may be interrelated, he further suggests a derivation from *yār- (“to split”), however Róna-Tas rejects this from a chronological perspective.


balčïk

balčïk (nominative singular)
balčïkïg (accusative singular)
balčïknï (accusative singular)
balčïknïŋ (genitive singular)
balčïkka (dative singular)
balčïkda (locative singular)
balčïkdan (ablative singular)
balčïkgaru (allative singular)
balčïkïn (instrumental singular)
balčïkča (equative singular)
balčïklayu (singular)
balčïklïgu (comitative singular)
*balkčïk (alternative)
*balkač (alternative)
*balkïč (alternative)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بَلْجِقْ (balçıq)

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: بلچق (balçuq), بلچخ (balçıḫ), بالچوق (balçuq), بلچغ (balçıġ)
Azerbaijani: palçıq
→ Khalaj: palçoq, palçuq
→ Lezgi: палчух (palčuꭓ)
Gagauz: Balçık
Ottoman Turkish: بالچق (balçık)
Turkish: balçık
→ Armenian: պալչըխ (palčʻəx)

Salar: palçıq

Turkmen: palçyk

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (palçığ)

Uyghur: بالچۇق (balchuq)

Uzbek: balchiq

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (balçık), [script needed] (balçuk), [script needed] (balşık)

Cuman: balçuc

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: балсыҡ (balsıq).

Tatar: балчык (balçıq)

→ Chuvash: пылчăк (pylčăk), пулчăк (pulčăk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: balçıq

Kumyk: балчыкь (balçıkʹ)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: балшық (balşyq), балқаш (balqaş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: балчык (balcık), балкыч (balkıc)

Southern Altai: балчык (balčïk), балкаш (balkaš)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: малгаш (malgaş)

Yenisei:

Khakas: палгас (palgas), палчах (palçax)

Shor: палғаш

Shor: палғаш

Northern Altai: палгаш (palgaš)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *balcig

Cognate with *balïk, whence Arghu بَلِقْ (balıq, “mud”) and Old Turkic 𐰉𐰞𐰃𐰶 (balïq). Nişanyan suggests that *bālïk (“fish”) is also related, compare *siāŕgan (“carp”) for semantic development. Sevortjan suggests the root for all of them is *bal (“honey”) which he supposes comes from an earlier meaning "viscous liquid". Some of the Kipchak and Siberian reflexes show a metathesis to *balkïč. Some academicians such as Hasan Eren, Nedim Tuna and Yasemin Bulut claim *balkač as the archaic form and reflexes show a metathesis to *balčak and *balčïk. Ananiasz Zajaczkowski suggests *balkčïk.


yogurgan

yogurgan (nominative singular)
yogurganïg (accusative singular)
yogurgannï (accusative singular)
yogurgannïŋ (genitive singular)
yogurganka (dative singular)
yogurganda (locative singular)
yogurgandan (ablative singular)
yogurgangaru (allative singular)
yogurganïn (instrumental singular)
yogurganča (equative singular)
yogurganlayu (singular)
yogurganlïgu (comitative singular)

desc

Common Turkic:
** Arghu
*** Khalaj: yorğân
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Azerbaijani: yorğan
**** Ottoman Turkish: یورغان (yorğan)
Turkish: yorgan
→ Albanian: jorgan
→ Armenian: յորղան (yorġan)
→ Bulgarian: юрган (jurgan)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: yurẍan
→ Macedonian: јорган (jorgan)
→ Laz: ჲორღანი (yorğani)
→ Romanian: iorgan
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: јо̀рган
Latin script: jòrgan
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýorgan
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: یُغُرْقان (yuɣurqan)
**** Chagatai: یوورقاب (yuvurqan)
***** Uyghur: يوتقان (yotqan)
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: юрған (yurğan)
**** Tatar: юрган (yurgan)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: yorğan
**** Karachay-Balkar: джууургъан (cuuurğan)
**** Kumyk: ювургъан (yuwurğan)
→ Chechen: йургӏа class dd (jurğa)
→ Ingush: ювргӏа class jj (juvrğa)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Nogai: ювыркан (yuvırkan), юркан (yurkan)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: жууркан (juurkan)
**** Southern Altai: јууркан (ǰuurkan)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:
**** Old Uyghur: ywqwrqʾn (yoɣurqan)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: һуорган (huorgan)
**** Yakut: суорҕан (suorğan)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tofa: чоорһан (çoorhan)
***** Tuvan: чоорган (çoorgan)
**** Yenisei:
***** Khakas: чорған (çorğan)
**** Northern Altai: ньуурган (nʹuurgan), чорган (čorgan), дьуурган (dʹuurgan), навырган (navïrgan)

From *yogur- (“to knead”) + *-gan, the descendants point to a *yogurkan, this is due to a natural development of the consonant cluster *-rg- to *-rk-. Clauson states that the semantics are not obvious, but may makes sense with *yogun (“thick, dense”) in mind.


kańak

kańak (nominative singular)
kańakïg (accusative singular)
kańaknï (accusative singular)
kańaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kańakka (dative singular)
kańakda (locative singular)
kańakdan (ablative singular)
kańakgaru (allative singular)
kańakïn (instrumental singular)
kańakča (equative singular)
kańaklayu (singular)
kańaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Early Volga Bulgar: قَنَقْ (qanaq) (11th c.)

Common Turkic:

Arghu: قَنَقْ

Khalaj: qânaq, قاناق

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَيَقْ (“qayaq”)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kaymak)

Uyghur: [script needed] (qaymaq)

Uzbek: qaymoq

Kipchak: [script needed] (kaymak)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡаймаҡ (qaymaq)

Tatar: каймак (qaymaq)

→ Chuvash: хӑйма (hăjma)

Kipchak-Cuman:

desctree

Kumyk: къаймакъ (qaymaq)
→ Chechen: гӏаймакх class dd (ğajmaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қаймақ (qaimaq)

Nogai: каймак (kaymak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: каймак (kaymak)

Southern Altai: каймак (kaymak)

Oghuz: *kaymak

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaymaq

Ottoman Turkish: قایماق

Gagauz: kaymak

Turkish: kaymak

→ Bulgarian: Каймак (Kajmak)

→ English: kaymak

→ French: Kajmak

→ Macedonian: кајмак (kajmak)

→ Persian: قیماق (qeymâq)

→ Polish: kajmak

→ Romanian: caimac

→ Russian: каймак (kajmak)

→ Serbo-Croatian: kajmak, кајмак

→ Slovene: kajmak

Turkmen: gaýmak

There have been a few theories on the derivation:
# Clauson derives from a hypothetical *kań-, however such a verb is not attested.
# Nişanyan instead suggests *kańa- (“to boil; to melt”) + *-k.
# Doerfer suggests a derivation from a hypothetical *kāyïn-, the passive of *kāy- (“to slide”), however this is unlikely on phonological grounds.


solak

solak (nominative singular)
solakïg (accusative singular)
solaknï (accusative singular)
solaknïŋ (genitive singular)
solakka (dative singular)
solakda (locative singular)
solakdan (ablative singular)
solakgaru (allative singular)
solakïn (instrumental singular)
solakča (equative singular)
solaklayu (singular)
solaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: сула (sula)

→ Kipchak: سُلاقْ (solāq)

Clauson derives the word from *sōl (“left”) and proposes the original meaning "organ on the left side of the body"; if so, the word could be considered the same as *sōlak (“left handed”) however note that such a word only survives in Turkish and may ultimately be a borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *solugai (“left handed”), itself a derivation of Proto-Turkic *sōl.
The DLT's attempt at connecting it to *tālak (“spleen”) is an error made by Kashgari.


tȫr

tȫr (nominative singular)
tȫrüg (accusative singular)
tȫrni (accusative singular)
tȫrnüŋ (genitive singular)
tȫrke (dative singular)
tȫrde (locative singular)
tȫrden (ablative singular)
tȫrgerü (allative singular)
tȫrün (instrumental singular)
tȫrče (equative singular)
tȫrleyü (singular)
tȫrlügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tör)

Azerbaijani: dör

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (tör)

Turkish: tör, dör

Turkmen: tȫr

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tör)

Uyghur: [script needed] (tör)

Uzbek: toʻr

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: түр (tür)

Tatar: түр (tür)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тёр (tör)

Karaim: [script needed] (tör)

Kumyk: тёр (tör)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (tör)

Kazakh: төр (tör)

Nogai: [script needed] (tör)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төр (tör)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (tör)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tör)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tör)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: дөр (dör)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (tör)

Khakas: тӧр


bȫg

bȫg (nominative singular)
bȫgüg (accusative singular)
bȫgni (accusative singular)
bȫgnüŋ (genitive singular)
bȫgke (dative singular)
bȫgde (locative singular)
bȫgden (ablative singular)
bȫggerü (allative singular)
bȫgün (instrumental singular)
bȫgče (equative singular)
bȫgleyü (singular)
bȫglügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بىٖ (bi)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بو (bö)

desctree

Azerbaijani: böyə, böv, büvə
→ Armenian: բով (bov), բո (bo) (dialectal)
→ Tat: bö

Ottoman Turkish: بوی

Turkish: böğ

Salar: boy (“spider”)

Old Turkmen: بُوكْ (bȫg)

Turkmen: mȫý

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُوىْ (bȫy), بُوكْ (bȫg)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: biy

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөйө (böyö)

Tatar: бөе (böe)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: biy

Karaim: [script needed] (biy)

Kumyk: мия (miya)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: miy

Kazakh: бүйі (büiı)

Nogai: [script needed] (biy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бөйү (böyü)

Southern Altai: бӧкӧнӧк (bökönök)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *böxesün (“lice”)

Mongolian: бөөс (böös)


kūtuŕ

Usually considered simplex, however there have been multiple attempts at a derivation:
# Erdal states that a derivation *kūtur- (“to go mad”) + *-ŕ is plausible, but Tekin states that the reverse is more likely from a phonological standpoint (cf. Turkmen guduramak).
# Nişanyan connects it with *kūt (“blessing, luck”), however this is morphologically imporbable.
# Räsänen suggests a derivation from *kūt- (“to lose strength”) (cf. Old Uyghur qwt- (“to lose strength”)).


tamïr

tamïr (nominative singular)
tamïrïg (accusative singular)
tamïrnï (accusative singular)
tamïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
tamïrka (dative singular)
tamïrda (locative singular)
tamïrdan (ablative singular)
tamïrgaru (allative singular)
tamïrïn (instrumental singular)
tamïrča (equative singular)
tamïrlayu (singular)
tamïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тымар (tymar)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: تَمَرْ (tamar)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: damar

Ottoman Turkish: طمر (damar)

Gagauz: damar

Turkish: damar

→ Crimean Tatar: damar

→ Karaim: тамар

Salar: damır, damur

Turkmen: damar

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَمُرْ (tamur)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: tomir

Uyghur: تومۇر (tomur)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: тамыр (tamır)

Karaim: тамур

Kumyk: тамыр (tamır)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамыр (tamır)

Tatar: тамыр (tamır)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: тамыр

Kazakh: тамыр (tamyr)

Nogai: тамыр (tamır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тамыр (tamır)

Southern Altai: тамыр (tamïr)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽹𐽶𐽾 (tamır)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tamır)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тымыр

Yakut: тымыр (tımır)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: дамыр

Tuvan: дамыр (damır)

Yenisei:

Khakas: тамыр (tamır)

Shor:

desc

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamïr (“strength, energy; blood vessel”)

From *tam- (“to drip”) + *-mïr. Rounding of the second vowel due to neighboring /m/ to *tamur can be seen by Middle Turkic.


sagïzgan

sagïzgan (nominative singular)
sagïzganïg (accusative singular)
sagïzgannï (accusative singular)
sagïzgannïŋ (genitive singular)
sagïzganka (dative singular)
sagïzganda (locative singular)
sagïzgandan (ablative singular)
sagïzgangaru (allative singular)
sagïzganïn (instrumental singular)
sagïzganča (equative singular)
sagïzganlayu (singular)
sagïzganlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *sagsagan

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sağsağan

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: saksaan

Turkish: saksağan

Salar: sıqsağan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sağïzğan)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: zag‘izg‘on

Uyghur: سېغىزخان (sëghizxan)

Kipchak: *sagïsgan

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һайыҫҡан (hayıśqan)

Tatar: саескан (sayeskan), савыскан (sawıskan)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (sawusqan)

Kumyk: савусгъан (sawusğan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: sawısqan

Kazakh: сауысқан (sauysqan)

Nogai: [script needed] (sawısqan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сагызган (sagızgan)

Southern Altai: саҥыскан (saŋïskan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽲𐽰𐽺 (sʾqyzqʾn /saġïzġan/)
→ Mongolian: ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠭᠠᠢ (šaɣaǰaɣai)
Western Yugur: saɢəsɣan (saɣïsɣan), saɢəsxan (saɣïsχan)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: сааскан (saaskan)

Yenisei:

Khakas: саасхан (saasxan)

desc

Shor: саасқан

Shor: саасқан

Northern Altai: саскан (saskan)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *saxajïgai (“magpie”)

→ Manchu: ᠰᠠᡴᠰᠠᡥᠠ (saksaha, “magpie”)

From an unattested *sagïz root + *-gan. Nişanyan instead attempts to reconstruct a verb *sagïz- ("to chirp") comparing it to Mongolian шаг (šag, “sound of chirping”), шагших (šagšix, “to chirp”).


tātïg

tātïg (nominative singular)
tātïgïg (accusative singular)
tātïgnï (accusative singular)
tātïgnïŋ (genitive singular)
tātïgka (dative singular)
tātïgda (locative singular)
tātïgdan (ablative singular)
tātïggaru (allative singular)
tātïgïn (instrumental singular)
tātïgča (equative singular)
tātïglayu (singular)
tātïglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тутӑ (tut̬ă)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: طات (dat, ṭat), طد (dad, ṭad), تاد (tad), داد (dad)
Azerbaijani: dad
Gagauz: dat
Ottoman Turkish: طات (dat, tat), طاد (dat, tat), داد (dad)
Turkish: tat (tad-)

⇒ Salar: datli

Turkmen: dāt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تاتِغ (tātığ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tatığ)

Uzbek: tot

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (tat), [script needed] (tatov)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тат (tat)

Tatar: тат (tat)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: татыу (tatıu)

Karaim: татув (tatuv), тат (tat), дат (dat), дад (dad)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тату (tatu), тәтті (tättı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: татык (tatık)

Southern Altai: тату (tatu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: tʾtyx (tatïɣ)

Western Yugur: tatəɣ

South Siberian:

Northern Altai: таттыг (tattïg)

From *tāt- (“to taste”) + *-ïg, At some point in the medieval period a secondary form *tāt arose in some of the descendants, for a similar case compare *elig (“hand”).
Norman proposes Manchu ᠵᠠᠨᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ (jancuhūn, “sweet”) derives from Proto-Tungusic *daldï (“sweet, tasty”) which assumes a possible relation with Turkic.


gȫpek

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göbək

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كوبك
Gagauz: göbek
Turkish: göbek
→ Armenian: կէօպէկ (kēōpēk)

→? Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: köbek

Karaim: [script needed] (köbek)

→? Chuvash: кӑвапа (kăvap̬a)

desc

→? Tatar: [script needed] (kübäk) (dialectal)

Turkmen: gȫbek

From Proto-Turkic *kāp- (“to swell, to form blisters”). Compare Proto-Oghuz *gēbe (“swollen, pregnant”).


bagïrsuk

Arghu:

Khalaj: boğarsuq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بغرسق (bağarsuk)

Azerbaijani: bağırsaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باغرساق, بغرساق (bağırsak)
Gagauz: barsak
Turkish: bağırsak
→ Armenian: պաղըրսախ (paġərsax)

Salar: bağzuq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَغِرْسُقْ (bağırsuk)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bağırsuk)

Chagatai: [script needed] (bağırsak)

Mamluk-Kipchak: بغرسق (bağırsak)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰍𐰺𐰽𐰸 (bağırsuk)

Old Uyghur: 𐽱𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽾𐽻𐽳𐽵 (bağırsuk)

From *bagïr (“liver, side flank”) + *-suk.


bogurdak

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: boğurdak, boğurtlak (dial.)

Salar: boğdaq

Turkmen: bokurdak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (boɣarδaq)

Tatar: [script needed] (boğırtaq) (dial.)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: boğurdaq


yeŕ

Oghur:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jer

⇒ Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠡᠷ
ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭ (ǰer ǰebseg, “weapons”)

⇒ Mongolian: зэр зэвсэг (zer zevseg, “weapons”)

Common Turkic: *yez

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jes

Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠡᠷ (ǰer, “copper”)

Mongolian: зэс (zes, “copper”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yez

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: جەز (jez)

Uzbek: jez

Kipchak

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: еҙ (yeź)

Tatar: җиз (ciz)

→ Chuvash: йӗс (jĕs)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: ез (yez)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жез (jez)

Nogai: ез (yez)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жез (jez)

Southern Altai: јес (ǰes)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чес (çes)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Northern Altai: чес (čes), йес (yes)

Shor: чес


sïrïčga

sïrïčga (nominative singular)
sïrïčgaïg (accusative singular)
sïrïčganï (accusative singular)
sïrïčganïŋ (genitive singular)
sïrïčgaka (dative singular)
sïrïčgada (locative singular)
sïrïčgadan (ablative singular)
sïrïčgagaru (allative singular)
sïrïčgaïn (instrumental singular)
sïrïčgača (equative singular)
sïrïčgalayu (singular)
sïrïčgalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шăрҫа (šărś̬a), Chuvash: шăрча (šărč̬a)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: صرچه (sırça), سرچه (sırça)
Turkish: sırça
→ Armenian: սըռչա (səṙčʻa)
→ Macedonian: срча (srča)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: срча
Latin script: srča

Gagauz: sırça

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: syrça

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سِرِجْغا (sïrïčğā)

desc

Chagatai: [script needed] (sïrča), [script needed] (sirče)

Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *sïr (“lacquer”), itself usually considered to be borrowed from Middle Chinese 漆 (tshit, “varnish, lacquer, paint”), which he rejects.


bïŋar

Oghuz: مِنكارْ (mıñar)

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوكار, بيكار

desc

Ottoman Turkish: پیكار (pıñar), بوكار (buñar)

Gagauz: pınar

Turkish: pınar

→ Serbo-Croatian: bunar


öŋ

öŋ (nominative singular)
öŋüg (accusative singular)
öŋni (accusative singular)
öŋnüŋ (genitive singular)
öŋke (dative singular)
öŋde (locative singular)
öŋden (ablative singular)
öŋgerü (allative singular)
öŋün (instrumental singular)
öŋče (equative singular)
öŋleyü (singular)
öŋlügü (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *öŋ

Proto-Mongolic: *öŋ-ge

Dongxiang: ungie

Mongolian: өнгө (öngö)

Oghur: *öŋĕ

→⇒? Old Hungarian: ſcine

>? Hungarian: szín

Chuvash: ум (um)

Proto-Common Turkic: *öŋ

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: ön

Ottoman Turkish: اوك (öñ)

Turkish: ön

Turkmen: öň

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өң (öŋ)

Southern Altai: ӧҥ (öŋ)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽺𐽷 (ʾwynk /öŋ/)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: өҥ (öñ)

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: ӧң

Shor: ӧң

Tuvan: өң (öñ)


bẹńi

Oghur:

Chuvash: миме (mime)

Common Turkic:

→ Middle Mongol: [script needed] (miyi)

Arghu: *men

Khalaj: [script needed] (mẹi̯n)

Oghuz: *beyni

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: بینی (bäyni)
Azerbaijani: beyin
→ Armenian: բեյին (beyin), բեին (bein), բեյն (beyn)
Gagauz: beyni
Ottoman Turkish: بینی (beyni), بین (beyn)
Turkish: beyin

>? Salar: beynianqan (“stupid”)

Turkmen: beýni

Karluk:

Karakhanid: مَنِكٖي (meŋi)

Chagatai: [script needed] (meyin)

Uyghur: مىڭە (mi'nge)

Uzbek: miya

Kipchak: *meyi

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мейе (meye)

Tatar: ми (mi)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: miy

Karachay-Balkar: мыйы (mıyı)

Karaim: мий

Kumyk: мий (miy)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: мий (miy)

Kazakh: ми (mi)

Nogai: мый (mıy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мээ (mee)

Southern Altai: мее (mee)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽶𐽶 (myy /méyi/)
Western Yugur: muŋa (“brain”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: мэҥии (meńii)

Yakut: мэйии (meyii)

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: мии (mii)

Shor: миис (miis)

desc

Northern Altai: ме (me), мее (mee), меес (mees), пее (pee)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: мәә (mää)

Tuvan: мээ (mee)

A root with puzzling reflexes, according to Clauson. Räsänen compares this reconstruction with Old Uyghur 𐽹𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽶 (meŋi, “happiness, entertainment”) and proposes a relation with Hungarian fej, fő, Finnish pää (both inherited from Proto-Uralic *päŋe) and Mongolian хэки (xeki). Eren (1999), however, calls this comparison into doubt.
Altaicists, on the other hand, reconstruct this proto-form as *beyŋi, which is then compared to Mongolian манлай (manlaj, “forehead”) and Japanese 耳 (mimi, “ear”). However, such comparisons across 'Altaic languages' do not enjoy acceptance by the mainstream historical linguistics, for the reason that 'cognates' are actually look-alikes and semantic overfittings for the purpose of forging etymologies.

cog

*beńi (alternative)
*beyŋi (alternative)


kömbe

kömbe (nominative singular)
kömbeig (accusative singular)
kömbeni (accusative singular)
kömbeniŋ (genitive singular)
kömbeke (dative singular)
kömbede (locative singular)
kömbeden (ablative singular)
kömbegerü (allative singular)
kömbein (instrumental singular)
kömbeče (equative singular)
kömbeleyü (singular)
kömbeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑмпа (kămp̬a)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: гөмбә (gömbə)

Tatar: гөмбә (gömbä)

Oghuz: *kömbelek

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: göbələk

Turkish: gömelek (dial.)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kömelek

According to Róna-Tas, borrowed from a Slavic language prior to the 10th century, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“mushroom”). Compare also Hungarian gomba, a borrowing from Slavic. Note also the unusual initial voicing in Tatar and Bashkir.


bōńurï

bōńurï (nominative singular)
bōńurïïg (accusative singular)
bōńurïnï (accusative singular)
bōńurïnïŋ (genitive singular)
bōńurïka (dative singular)
bōńurïda (locative singular)
bōńurïdan (ablative singular)
bōńurïgaru (allative singular)
bōńurïïn (instrumental singular)
bōńurïča (equative singular)
bōńurïlayu (singular)
bōńurïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑйӑр (măjăr, “hazelnut”)

desc

→ Hungarian: mogyoró (“hazelnut, peanut”)

Siberian:

Yakut: моонньоҕон (moonnyoğon, “black currants”)

Yakut: майыара (mayıara, “raspberry”) (dial.)

Preserved only in Chuvash and Yakut, from earlier Proto-Turkic *bōń-.


tāna

tāna (nominative singular)
tānaïg (accusative singular)
tānanï (accusative singular)
tānanïŋ (genitive singular)
tānaka (dative singular)
tānada (locative singular)
tānadan (ablative singular)
tānagaru (allative singular)
tānaïn (instrumental singular)
tānača (equative singular)
tānalayu (singular)
tānalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тына (tyna)

→ Hungarian: tinó

Common Turkic:

Oghuz

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dana

Ottoman Turkish: طانه (dana)

Turkish: dana

Gagauz: dana

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tāna

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: dana

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (tana)

Uzbek: tana

Kipchak: [script needed] (tana)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тана (tana)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тана (tana)

Borrowed from Iranian, compare Sanskrit धेनु (dhenu) and Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬎 (daēnu). Eren, however, notes that the Iranic word is used for milch cows rather than a heifers.


tüge

tüge (nominative singular)
tügeig (accusative singular)
tügeni (accusative singular)
tügeniŋ (genitive singular)
tügeke (dative singular)
tügede (locative singular)
tügeden (ablative singular)
tügegerü (allative singular)
tügein (instrumental singular)
tügeče (equative singular)
tügeleyü (singular)
tügeligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: düyə

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: düvä

Turkish: düve

→ Crimean Tatar: düve

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tüwe

Uyghur–Oghuz:

Salar: düge

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُكا (tüge)

Kipchak: [script needed] (tüge, “slave girl”)


turńa

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӑрна (tărna) (if not borrowed from Tatar)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: durna

→ Persian: درنا (dorna)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طورنه, طورنا (turna)
Turkish: turna
→ Armenian: թուռնա (tʻuṙna)

Salar: tırna

Turkmen: durna

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (turna)

Chagatai: [script needed] (turna)

Uyghur: تۇرنا (turna)

Uzbek: turna

→ Tajik: турна (turna)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: торна (torna)

Tatar: торна (torna)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: turna

Kumyk: турна (turna)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тырна (tyrna)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: турна (turna)

Southern Altai: турна (turna)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰪𐰖𐰀 (t¹ur¹ńy¹a /turńya/)

Old Kirghiz: 𐱄𐰆𐰺𐰪 (turńa)

Khakas: турна (turna)

desc

Shor: туруна

Shor: туруна

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (turya), [script needed] (turna)

Tofa: [script needed] (durya)

Tuvan: дуруяа (duruyaa)

North Siberian:

Yakut: туруйа (turuya)


tumšuk

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: طومشوق (tomşuk, “beak”)

Turkish: tumşuk (“beak of large birds”)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: tumşuk (“snout”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumšuq, “beak”)

Chagatai: تومشوغ (tumšuğ)

Uyghur: تۇمشۇق (tumshuq, “beak”)

Uzbek: tumshuq (“beak”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: томшоҡ (tomşoq, “beak”)

Tatar: томшык (tomşıq, “beak”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұмсық (tūmsyq, “beak”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тумшук (tumşuk, “beak”)

Southern Altai: тумчук (tumčuk, “nose, beak”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽹𐽿𐽳𐽲 (twmšwq /tumšuq/, “nose, beak”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тумус (tumus, “beak”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: думчук (dumçuk, “nose”)

Northern Altai::

Kumandy: тунчук (tunčuk)

Kuu-Kizhi: тунчук (tunčuk)

Yenisei:

Khakas: тумзух (tumzux, “nose”)

According to Clauson, from *tam- (“to drip”) + -*-ïlč (causative-reciprocative suffix) + *-k (deverbal suffix).
In another entry, he gives two cognates of this would-be deverbal form: Old Uyghur 𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐾀𐽳𐽹𐽳𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽲𐽲𐽰 𐽰𐽹 (qʾn twmwrmʾqqʾ ʾm /ḳan tomurmaḳḳa em/, “remedy for epistaxis”) and Karakhanid تُمُرْماقْ (tamurmāq, “to bleed (of nose)”), also Karakhanid تَمُرْغانْ (tamurğān, “bleeding continuously (of nose)”), relevant to the assumed semantic shift of make-dripping thing > bleeding (of nose) > nose (and also beak).
EDAL, instead, proposes a different root with quite a semantic coverage, Proto-Turkic *tum- ("hat, cap; snout; beak; nose) which is then compared to Proto-Mongolic *tom- (“chief, first”), Proto-Tungusic *tumŋu- (“top of head”) and Proto-Japonic *tum- (“top, head”). Notwithstanding several etymological mistakes (see Japanese 頭(つぶり) (tsuburi), for example, which is claimed as a "cognate"), Altaic Hypothesis is now widely discredited and its comparisons are deemed unreliable.
Compare also Ottoman Turkish طومشمق (domuşmak, “for birds to preen each other”), possibly suggesting a *tum- (“to preen”) root.

cog

𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐾀𐽳𐽹𐽳𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽲𐽲𐽰 𐽰𐽹


badram

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: بَیْرَامْ (bayram)

Azerbaijani: bayram

Gagauz: bayram

Ottoman Turkish: بیرام (bayram)

Turkish: bayram

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: baýram

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَذْرَمْ (baδram, “feast, pleasant, Eid al-Adha”)

Uyghur: بايرام (bayram)

Uzbek: bayram

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: байрам (bayram)

Tatar: бәйрәм (bäyräm)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bayram

Karachay-Balkar: байрам (bayram)

Kumyk: байрам (bayram)

Karaim: [Term?], bayram

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мейрам (meiram)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: майрам (mayram)

Southern Altai: байрам (bayram)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: пай (pay)

Shor: пайрам (payram)

Several etymologies are proposed. Most likely an Iranic borrowing, but no consensus on the origin;
* Clauson states that this term is "no doubt an Iranian [loanword]" and gives Persian پدرام (padrâm, “delightsome place”) as an example for that relation. He also mentions how Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk claims this word to be a genuine word ('not a loanword') with the meaning yawma'l-ˁīd among Oghuz and Kipchaks. Compare also Karakhanid بَذْرَمْ یار (baδram yḗr, “pleasant ground”), a Karakhanid form with Persian meaning preserved, also given by Clauson.
** Sevortyan argues against Clauson on a Middle Persian loan into Proto-Turkic.
* Nişanyan proposes a borrowing from Middle Persian [script needed] (paδrām, “merriment, peace”) or Sogdian 𐼾𐽂𐽀𐼰𐼺 (ptrʾm /patrām/, “calm, peace”), from Proto-Iranian *pati-rāma-, ultimately a compound of Proto-Indo-European *per- + *h₁rem-. By this etymology, *badram would be a cognate with Sanskrit रमते (ramate). Nişanyan does not discards a potential Mongolic origin, (Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”)) which would make this term a cognate with Mongolian баяр (bajar) instead.
* EDAL puts forth that the Proto-Turkic form is *bayram instead and that it comes from a hypothetical Proto-Turkic *bay-ra- ("to celebrate"), which is not related to *badrak (“flag”). Authors of EDAL denounce a possibility of Iranian borrowing, stating "the only acceptable etymology of [Persian] bajram is [from] Turkic"https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2falt%2fturcet&text_number=888&root=config. This hypothetical *bay-ra- is then compared to Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”), Manchu ᠪᠠᠶᠯᡳ (bayli, “favor, mercy”) and Proto-Japonic *bema- (“to smile”), whence Japanese 笑む (emu-, “to smile”). Altaic Hypothesis is widely rejected however, and comparisons like these are deemed unreliable.
* Eren (1999) rejects a relation with *badrak (“flag”) or Tuvan байыр (bayır, “feast”).
Lack of Oghur and Arghu reflexes and sparse atttestation in Siberian languages suggest a borrowing from an external source.

cog

بَذْرَمْ یار


tūč

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: tunc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: توج, تونج (tunc, tunç), طونج (tunc, tunç)
Turkish: tunç
→ Albanian: tuç, tunxh, tunsh, tuç, trunç, trunxh, truxh (archaic)
→ Arabic: تُوج (tūj), تُونْج (tunj) (archaic)
→ Armenian: թուջ (tʻuǰ)
→ Aromanian: tuciu, tunge, tungiu
→ Bulgarian: туч (tuč), тунч (tunč) (archaic)
→ Crimean Tatar: tunç, tuç
→ Georgian:
→ Greek: τούντζι (toúntzi), τούντζυ (toúntzy)
→ Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: tûnc, tunc, tûc
→ Macedonian: туч (tuč) (archaic)
→ Persian: توج (tuj) (archaic)
→ Romanian: tuci
→ Serbo-Croatian: (archaic)
Cyrillic script: ту̏ч
Latin script: tȕč

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُوجْ (tūč)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tuč)

Kipchak: [script needed] (tuč)

Siberian:

>? Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰆𐰲 (tuč) (If not read artuč)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tuč)

The general consensus is that it is a native term. On the other hand, Doerfer considers it a borrowing from Middle Chinese 銅子 (MC duwng tsiX, “copper coin”), however note that the form tunč is a recent innovation prompted by vowel length.

(Common Turkic) a yellowish metal, presumably bronze


ēder

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایر (eyer)

Azerbaijani: yəhər

Gagauz: er

Ottoman Turkish: ایر (eyer), اگر (eğer)

Turkish: eyer

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: eýer

Karakhanid: اَذَرْ (eδer)

Uzbek: egar

Uyghur: ئىگەر (iger)

desc

Kipchak: [script needed] (eyer), [script needed] (eger), [script needed] (egir), [script needed] (iyer), [script needed] (izer)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: эйәр (eyər)

Tatar: ээр (e'r)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: eger

Karachay-Balkar: джэр (cer), иер (iyer)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ер (er)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ээр (eer)

Southern Altai: ээр (eer)

Siberian:

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰓𐰼𐰠𐰏 (ederlig, “saddled”)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (eder)

Western Yugur: ezer

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: эзер (ezer)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: изер (izer)

Shor: эзер

EDAL suggests that it may be the same word as *ïŋïr (“saddle”) and thus reconstructs it as *ẹ̆dŋe-r. However, the general consensus is against this relation.


bugday

bugday (nominative singular)
bugdayïg (accusative singular)
bugdaynï (accusative singular)
bugdaynïŋ (genitive singular)
bugdayka (dative singular)
bugdayda (locative singular)
bugdaydan (ablative singular)
bugdaygaru (allative singular)
bugdayïn (instrumental singular)
bugdayča (equative singular)
bugdaylayu (singular)
bugdaylïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: búza

>? Old Chuvash: *buɣzai̯

Middle Chuvash: *pŭrai̯

→ Bashkir: борай (boray)

→ Kalmyk: байр (bayr)

→ Tatar: борай (boray)

Middle Chuvash: *pŭri

Chuvash: пӑри (pări)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بغدای (buġday, boġday)

Azerbaijani: buğda
→ Khalaj: buğda

Gagauz: booday

Ottoman Turkish: بوغدای (buğday)

Turkish: buğday

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: bugdaý

Salar: boğdı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (buɣday)

Uzbek: bugʻdoy

Uyghur: بۇغداي (bughday)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бойҙай (boyźay)

Tatar: бодай (boday)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: boğday

Karachay-Balkar: богъдай (boğday)

Kumyk: будай (buday)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бидай (bidai)

Nogai: бийдай (biyday)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: буудай (buuday)

Southern Altai: буудай (buuday)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bugday)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пуғдай (puğday)

Shor: пуғдай

Shor: пуғдай

Northern Altai: бугдай (bugday)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *buudaï

Mongolian: буудай (buudaj)

Uncertain, multiple theories exist.
Comparisons in the 'Altaic' family include Ramstedt's proposal of a connection with Korean 보리 (bori) based on the Chuvash reflex, which Eren (1999) dismisses as [an etymology] without a trustworthy foundation. Proto-Mongolic *buudaï is borrowed from Turkic.


kǖ

Common Turkic:

Middle Turkic: küsaš (“to boast about oneself”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: küy (“roar”)

Turkmen: küý (“wisdom”)

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (kü, “sound, roar”), [script needed] (külük)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (kü, “roar”), [script needed] (külük)

Karluk:

ااتْـلیغ كُولُكْ

Karakhanid: كُو (kǖ, “fame”), كُولُكْ (kǖlüg, “famous”), ااتْـلیغ كُولُكْ (atlıɣ-kǖlüg, “famous”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰏 (kül²g /külüg/)

Old Kirghiz: 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰏 (kül²g /külüg/)

Khakas: кӱлӱк (külük, “wisdom”)

Shor: [script needed] (küg)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (külüg)


urï

urï (nominative singular)
urïug (accusative singular)
urïnï (accusative singular)
urïnuŋ (genitive singular)
urïka (dative singular)
urïda (locative singular)
urïdan (ablative singular)
urïgaru (allative singular)
urïun (instrumental singular)
urïča (equative singular)
urïlayu (singular)
urïlugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرٖى (“male child”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (urı)

Old Kirghiz: [script needed] (urı)

→⇒? Kyrgyz: [script needed] (urum, “male descendants”)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (urı)

North Siberian:

Yakut: [script needed] (urtuus, “boy”)


kaŋïr

kaŋïr (nominative singular)
kaŋïrïg (accusative singular)
kaŋïrnï (accusative singular)
kaŋïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŋïrka (dative singular)
kaŋïrda (locative singular)
kaŋïrdan (ablative singular)
kaŋïrgaru (allative singular)
kaŋïrïn (instrumental singular)
kaŋïrča (equative singular)
kaŋïrlayu (singular)
kaŋïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gaňşyrawuk (“nasal cavity”), goňursamak (“to reek”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qaŋrak, “nasal cavity”)

Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kaŋrïq, “nose”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хаай (xaay, “nose”)

Tofa: хаай (xaay, “nose”)

Unclear, no reliable etymology can be posited.
According to Altaicists; this form is 'no doubt archaic' (older than *burun) and is cognate with Proto-Mongolic *kamar (“nose”) (Mongolian хамар (xamar)), Evenki оңокто (oŋoqto), Korean 코 (ko) and Japanese 嗅(か)ぐ (kagu). Although proposed forms match semantically, this type of comparisons are not reliable and scholarly consensus is against Altaic theory.
Northern Altai [script needed] (kanžïr, “beak”) is from Mongolic хошуу (xošuu) and unrelated to forms below despite semantic and sound similarities.


čok-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: چوقمق (çokmak)

Turkish: çokmak (dial.)

Ottoman Turkish: چوقور (çukur)

Turkish: çukur

Turkmen: çokmak, çokdurmak

Karluk:

desc

جُقْتُرْماقْ

Karakhanid: جُقْماقْ (çokmāk, “to swoop down (bird)”), جُقْتُرْماقْ (çokturmāk, “to set against (bird)”)

Kipchak:

>? Southern Altai: [script needed] (čoq-)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чокуу (cokuu, “to peck”)

Southern Altai: чокуур (čokuur, “to peck”)


belgü

belgü (nominative singular)
belgüig (accusative singular)
belgüni (accusative singular)
belgüniŋ (genitive singular)
belgüke (dative singular)
belgüde (locative singular)
belgüden (ablative singular)
belgügerü (allative singular)
belgüin (instrumental singular)
belgüče (equative singular)
belgüleyü (singular)
belgüligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic: *belgü, *belgür-

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bəlirmək, bəlgiyyə

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: belirmek, belgi

Turkmen: belgi

Karluk:

بَلْكُرْماكْ

Karakhanid: بَلْكُ (belgü), بَلْكُرْماكْ (belgürmek)

Uzbek: belgi

Uyghur: [script needed] (bälgü)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: билге (bilge), билгереү (bilgerew)

Tatar: билге (bilge)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: belgi

Karaim: belgi

Kumyk: белги (belgi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: belgi

Kazakh: белгі (belgı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: белги (belgi)

Southern Altai: белги (belgi)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (belgü)

North Siberian:

Yakut: бэлиэ (belie)


ārï

ārï (nominative singular)
ārïïg (accusative singular)
ārïnï (accusative singular)
ārïnïŋ (genitive singular)
ārïka (dative singular)
ārïda (locative singular)
ārïdan (ablative singular)
ārïgaru (allative singular)
ārïïn (instrumental singular)
ārïča (equative singular)
ārïlayu (singular)
ārïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

>? Bulgar: *ura

⇒? Chuvash: тӗкӗлтура (tĕk̬ĕlt̬ura, “humble bee”) (tĕk̬ĕlt̬ĕ + *ura)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hârı

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: arı

Ottoman Turkish: آری (arı)

Gagauz: aarı

Turkish: arı

→ Crimean Tatar: arı

Turkmen: ary

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرِی (arı)

Chagatai: اری (arı)

Uzbek: ari

→ Tajik: ору (oru)

Uyghur: ھەرە (here)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: ارو (aru)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ара (ara)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аары (aarı)

Southern Altai: адару (adaru), аару (aaru)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽶 (ʾʾry /arï/, “insect, bee”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: ыҥырыа (ıñırıa)

Yakut: ыҥырыа (ıñırıa)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: аар (aar)

Shor: аары (ārı)

Tofa: ары (arı)

Tuvan: ары (arı)

Kuu-Kizhi: ару (aru)

Kumandy-Kizhi: аары (aarı)

Räsänen reconstructs this root as *hārγï, which is then compared with Finnish paarma (“horsefly, gadfly”).
Chuvash and Kipchak languages at large seem to have adopted the compound *bal-kūrtnï (literally “honey maggot”) instead of *ārï.


karïškïr

Common Turkic:

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaşqır

Krymchak: qaşqır

Karaim: [script needed] (qaşqır)

→ Chuvash: кашкӑр (kaškăr)

→ Turkish: kaşkır (dial.)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qasqır)

Kazakh: қасқыр (qasqyr)

Nogai: карыскыр (karıskır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карышкыр (karışkır)

Karluk:

Ili Turki: [script needed] (qarïšqï)

Uyghur: [script needed] (qarïšqur) (dial.)

Uzbek: qarshiqul, qashqir


ańak

Proto-Common Turkic: *ańak

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *čïnï-ańak

Proto-Oghuz: *čānak, جَنَقْ (čanak)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çanaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چناق, چاناق (çanak), چناغ (çanag)
Turkish: çanak
→ Albanian: çanak
→ Abkhaz: ачанах (ačanax)
→ Armenian: չանախ (čʻanax), չանաղ (čʻanaġ)
→ Aromanian: cinácã
→ Bulgarian: ча́нак (čának)
→ Greek: τσανάκα (tsanáka), τσανάκι (tsanáki)
→ Georgian: ჩანახი (čanaxi)
→ Ladino: chanaka
→ Macedonian: чанак (čanak)
→ Romanian: ceanac, cenac
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ча̀нак
Latin script: čànak

Turkish: ayak (dialectal)

Turkmen: çānak

→ Uzbek: chanoq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَيَقْ (ayak)

⇒ Uzbek: chinoyoq

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar: *čïnï-ańak

Bashkir: сынаяҡ (sınayaq)

Tatar: чынаяк (çınayak)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: аякъ (ayaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: аяқ (aäq), шыныаяқ (şynyaäq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аяк (ayak)

desc

Southern Altai: айак (ayak), чын-айак (čïn-ayak)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽶𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾyʾq /ayaḳ/)

Western Yugur: ajaq

⇒ Western Yugur: ajaq-sava (“dowry, plates and bowls”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: аньа

Yakut: айах (ayaq)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tofa: айақ

Tuvan: аяк (ayak)

Yenisei:

Khakas: айах (ayax), сыны аях (sını ayax)


küdeč

küdeč (nominative singular)
küdečler (nominative plural)
küdečniŋ (genitive singular)
küdečlerniŋ (genitive plural)
küdečke (dative singular)
küdečlerke (dative plural)
küdečte (locative singular)
küdečlerde (locative plural)
küdečten (ablative singular)
küdečlerden (ablative plural)
küdečlerin (instrumental plural)
küdečče (equative singular)
küdečlerče (equative plural)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: güvəc

Ottoman Turkish: كوكج (güveç)

Gagauz: güveç

Turkish: güveç

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: göweç

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӧӧш (kööš)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُزَجْ (küzeč), كُوَجْ (küweč), كُذَجْ (küδeč)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽱𐽶𐽽 (küvič), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽰𐽽 (küzeč, “sacrifical pot, kettle”)

Of uncertain origin. Proposals include:
* EDAL reconstructs *kübeč in order to connect with Proto-Tungusic *gǖb- (“to fume”), Korean 굽다 (gupda, “to bake”) and Japanese 香る (kaoru, “to smell good”) under the disputed Altaic theory, however this form is phonologically impossible as otherwise the historical forms, which EDAL does not include, küδeč and küzeč would be inexplicable.
* Nişanyan suggests a derivation *kǖd- (“to wait”) + *-geč, this is phonologically improbable as the earliest instance should've been *küδgüč ~ *küzgüč.
* Clauson instead searches for a foreign origin, possibly from Iranic, with the possible addition of *-č (“diminutive suffix”) (note however that said suffix is usually reserved for kinship terms). Compare Khotanese kūysa- (“pot, jar”) and Persian کوزه (kuze, “earthen bottle”) (whence Chagatai کوزه (küze), Turkmen küýze etc.) from Proto-Indo-European *kog- ~ *keg- ~ *keng- (“peg, hook; claw”) or *kew(H)- ("to bend").


ȫrdek

ȫrdek (nominative singular)
ȫrdekig (accusative singular)
ȫrdekni (accusative singular)
ȫrdekniŋ (genitive singular)
ȫrdekke (dative singular)
ȫrdekde (locative singular)
ȫrdekden (ablative singular)
ȫrdekgerü (allative singular)
ȫrdekin (instrumental singular)
ȫrdekče (equative singular)
ȫrdekleyü (singular)
ȫrdekligü (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: irdək

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ördək

Ottoman Turkish: اوردك (ördek)

Gagauz: ördek

Turkish: ördek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ördek

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اُرْدَكْ (ördek, “duck, goose”)

Uyghur: ئۆردەك (ördek)

Uzbek: oʻrdak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйрәк (öyrək), үрҙәк (ürźək)

Tatar: үрдәк (ürdäk)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: үйрек (üirek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өрдөк (ördök)

Southern Altai: ӧртӧк (örtök)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ödrek), [script needed] (ödirek), [script needed] (ördek)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: өдүрек (ödürek)

A metathesized form, *ȫdrek, appears to have risen at an early date.
While usually considered simplex, there have been several proposals regarding its etymology:
* Nişanyan considers the possibility *ȫdrek might be the original form and puts forth a derivation from *öt- (“to chirp”), however he does elaborate on its morphology or phonology.
* Clauson suggests a derivation from *ȫr- (“to rise”) in reference to ducks rising out of the water, however there does not exist a suffix *-dek.
* EDAL reconstructs *Ebür(d)ek in order to connect it with Proto-Tungusic *ābu- (“a kind of duck”) and Japanese 鵜 (u, “cormorant”) under the disputed Altaic theory.

(Siberian Turkic)


yogrut

yogrut (nominative singular)
yogrutug (accusative singular)
yogrutnï (accusative singular)
yogrutnuŋ (genitive singular)
yogrutka (dative singular)
yogrutda (locative singular)
yogrutdan (ablative singular)
yogrutgaru (allative singular)
yogrutun (instrumental singular)
yogrutča (equative singular)
yogrutlayu (singular)
yogrutlugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yoğurt

Gagauz: yuurt

Ottoman Turkish: یوغورت (yoğurt) (see there for further descendants)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُغْرُتْ (yoğrut), يُغُرْتْ (yoğurt)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: йогурт (iogurt)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жуурат (juurat)

Siberian:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐽲𐽾𐽳𐾀 (ywqrwt /yogrut/)
Western Yugur: joɣurt (yoɣurt)

North Siberian:

Yakut: суорат (suorat)

From *yogur- (“to knead”) + *-ut. EDAL criticizes this based on semantics, however compare Ottoman Turkish [script needed] (yoğrulmak, “to be curdled”) passive form of *yogur- (“to knead”) and *katuk (“curdled milk; vinegar, seasoning”) from *kat- (“to mix”).
Metathesized to *yogurt during the medieval period, compare *semri- and *sēkri- for similar phonological developement.

cog

(Common Turkic) curdled, coagulated milk; yogurt


yārtu

yārtu (nominative singular)
yārtuïg (accusative singular)
yārtunï (accusative singular)
yārtunïŋ (genitive singular)
yārtuka (dative singular)
yārtuda (locative singular)
yārtudan (ablative singular)
yārtugaru (allative singular)
yārtuïn (instrumental singular)
yārtuča (equative singular)
yārtulayu (singular)
yārtulïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫурта (śurt̬a, “candle”)

→ Hungarian: gyertya (“candle”)

desc

→ Komi-Zyrian: сартас (sartas, “tea-urn”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yārtu

Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýārty (“half”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَرْتُو (“chip”)

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жарты (jarty, “half”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yartu, “wood; strait, ravine”)

South Siberian:

Shor: [script needed] (čarta)


kaŋlï

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلو (kaŋlu)

Ottoman Turkish: قكلى (kaŋlï), قاكلی (kaŋlï), قاكلو (kaŋlu)

Turkish: kağnı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَنكْلٖى (qaŋlï)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qaŋlï)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: قكلى (qanlï)

Siberian Turkic:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽷𐾁𐽶 (qʾnkly /ḳaŋlï/)
→ Salar: gañli

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: хаңаа (xañaa)

Shor: қаңаа (“skis, sleigh”)

desc

Tofa: [script needed] (qaŋha, “skis, sleigh”)

Tuvan: [script needed] (xā̃k, “skis, sleigh”)

Borrowed from Tocharian A klānk- (“to ride”), via metathesis (*kaŋlï < **klaŋ) to fit in the Turkic phonotactic structure.


bańak

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz: بَيْنَقْ (baynaq, “dung”)

Kipchak: میاق (maya:q)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: مَيَقْ (mayaq, “dung of camel or sheep”), مَژَكْ (mejek, “dog dung”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ماياق (mayaq, “animal dung, digested food in the stomach”)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽰𐽶𐽰𐽵𐾄 (mayak)

South Siberian Turkic:

Tuvan: мыйак (mıyak)

Tofa: мыңак (mïŋaq)

Unknown. No etymology given by any sources, possibly due to antiquity and the scarce attestation of this root.
Altaicists compare this root with Negidal бэӈгэ (“animal, beast”) and Japanese 埴 (hani, “argillaceous soil”) (Old Japanese 埴 (pani)). However, Altaic language family and such comparisons are not accepted by mainstream historical linguistics due to paucity of data.


büńüŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: мӑйра (măjra), мӑйрака (măjrak̬a)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (boynuz)

Azerbaijani: buynuz

Ottoman Turkish: بوینوز (boynuz)

Gagauz: boynuz, buynuz

Turkish: boynuz

→ Crimean Tatar: boynuz

Turkmen: buýnuz

Kipchak: [script needed] (müyiz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мөгөҙ (mögöź)

Tatar: мөгез (mögez)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: müyüz

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk: [script needed] (müyüz)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak:

Kazakh: мүйіз (müiız)

Nogai: [script needed] (müyiz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мүйүз (müyüz)

Southern Altai: мӱӱс (müüs)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (müñüz)

büñüz, müñüz

Chagatai: [script needed] (büñüz, müñüz)

Uyghur: مۈڭگۈز (münggüz)

Uzbek: muguz

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (mıyıs)

Shor: мӱӱс

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (müyüz, müñüs)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (moŋ'əs)

→ Salar: moñas

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: мыйыс (mıyıs)

Tofa:


bazïk

Kipchak: [Term?] (bazuq)

→ Chuvash: пысӑк (pys̬ăk)

Kipchak-Cuman: [Term?] (bazuq)

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (bazıq)

Karaim: [script needed] (bazıq)

Kumyk: [script needed] (bazıq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: [script needed] (baδɨq)

Tatar: [script needed] (bazıq)


čïsna

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: сысна (sysna)

→ Western Mari: сасна (sasna)

→ Eastern Mari: сӧсна (sösna)

→ Hungarian: disznó


sogulčan

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: صوغلجان (soğulcan)

Azerbaijani: soxulcan

Gagauz: solucan

Ottoman Turkish: صوغلجان (soğulcan)

Turkish: solucan

Salar: soğulcañ

Turkmen: soguljan

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (suwalçan)

Karaim: [script needed] (suwalçan)

Kumyk: [script needed] (suwalçan)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: селәүсен (seləwsen), [script needed] (sualčan)

Tatar: суалчан (suwalçan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: шылаушын (şylauşyn)


sïgïr

Common Turkic:

Arghu: *sïgïr

Khalaj: sığır

Oghuz: *sïgïr

Old Anatolian Turkish: صغر (sıġır)

Classical Azerbaijani:

Azerbaijani: sığır

Qashqai:

Gagauz: sıır

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: صیغیر, صغر (sığır), صغیر (sığır)
Turkish: sığır
→ Armenian: սըղըր (səġər)

→ Crimean Tatar: sığır

Salar: sıxır

Turkmen: sygyr

Karluk: *sïgïr, *sïyïr

Karakhanid: سِغِرْ (sıyır)

Uyghur: سىيىر (siyir)

Uzbek: sigir

Kipchak: *sïyïr

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һыйыр (hıyır)

Tatar: сыер (sıyer)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: sıyır

Kumyk: сыйыр (sıyır)

Karaim:

Karachay-Balkar:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: sıyır

Kazakh: сиыр (siyr)

Nogai: сыйыр (sıyır)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz:

Southern Altai: сыйыр (sïyïr)


töŕ

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӳр (tür)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: توز (töz)

desc

⇒ Ottoman Turkish: قولاق توزی (kulak tözü, kulak tozu)

Turkish: kulak tozu, (dialectal) kulak tözü

→ Turkish: töz (learned) (partially)

Turkmen: döz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tȫz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (töz)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (töz)

→ Turkish: töz (learned) (partially)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽴 (twyz /töz/)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тӧс

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tözlik

Kipchak: tøzlik (Codex Cumanicus)


kȫn

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗн (čĕn)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كون (gön)

Azerbaijani: gön

Ottoman Turkish: گون (gön)

Turkish: gön

Salar: gön

Turkmen: gȫn

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: күн (kün)

Tatar: күн (kün)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kön)

Kumyk: гён (gön)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: kön

Kazakh: көн (kön)

Nogai: коьн (kön)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көн (kön)

Southern Altai: кӧн (kön)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kȫn)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kön)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kön)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: күөн (küön)


bašmak

Proto-Common Turkic: *bašmak

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: باشمق (başmaq), پاشمق (paşmaq), بشمق (başmaq)
Azerbaijani: başmaq
Gagauz: başmak
Ottoman Turkish: باشمق (başmak), باشماق (başmak)
Turkish: başmak
→ Armenian: պաշմաք (pašmakʻ), պաշմախ (pašmax)
→ Ukrainian: башмак (bašmak)

Turkmen: başmak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: başmaq

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: башмакъ (başmaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: паспақ (paspaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: башмак (bašmak)

→ Chuvash: пушмак (pušmak)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: [script needed] (bašmaq)

→ Russian: башмак (bašmak)

Clauson and Nişanyan derive from *baš- (“to tie together”), reciprocal from of *bā- (“to tie”). Doerfer derives from *baša-. Mahmud Al-Kashgari suggest that the Oghuz people added the -m- consonant to original *bašak.
Ramstedt connects this word with Korean [script needed] (palmak), however, Altaic comparisons are widely discredited. Eren also rejects this proposal, Räsänen puts a question mark while mentioning Ramstedt's derivation.


bagatur

Oghur:

Chuvash: паттӑр (pattăr)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bagatur, *bātur

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: باتور (bātur, batur), بطر (baṭur)
Gagauz: batır
Ottoman Turkish: بطر (batır)
Turkish: batur, batır, bâtır
→ Turkish: Batur (learned) (partially)

Turkmen: bātyr

Salar: batur

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: батыр (batır), матур (matur)

Tatar: batır, матур (matur)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: bagatr (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: batır

Kumyk: баатр (baatr)

desc

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (batır)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: батыр (batyr)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баатыр (baatır)

Southern Altai: баатыр (baatïr)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐱃𐰆𐰺 (b¹t¹ur¹)

Old Kirghiz: 𐰉𐱃𐰆𐰺 (b¹t¹ur¹)

→ Turkish: Batur (learned) (partially)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (badur), [script needed] (bagatur)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: баатыр (baatır)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: маадыр (maadır)

→ Hungarian: bátor

→ Adyghe: баатыр (baatər)

→ Old East Slavic: богатꙑрь (bogatyrĭ)

→ Polish: bohater

Middle Russian: богатꙑрь (bogatyrʹ), багатꙑрь (bagatyrʹ)

Russian: богатырь (bogatyrʹ)

→ Bulgarian: богатир (bogatir)

Old Ruthenian:

Ukrainian: богатир (bohatyr)

Carpathian Rusyn: богатырь (bohatŷrʹ)

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *baxatur and Persian بهادر (bahâdor), the ultimate source is disputed. Doerfer, Eren, Räsänen, Doğan and Erdal suggest a Mongolic origin. Clauson rather suggests a Hunnic origin, showing a Chinese transcription of the name of the second chanyu, "Mao-tun", which he suggests was read as "moğ-tun", as the etymon. He also argues that the word was originally a proper noun, but later transitioned into a noun in Mongolian


tokū

tokū (nominative singular)
tokūug (accusative singular)
tokūnï (accusative singular)
tokūnuŋ (genitive singular)
tokūka (dative singular)
tokūda (locative singular)
tokūdan (ablative singular)
tokūgaru (allative singular)
tokūun (instrumental singular)
tokūča (equative singular)
tokūlayu (singular)
tokūlugu (comitative singular)

>? Oghur: *tokū

Bulgar:

⇒? Chuvash: тăхлачă (tăhlačă, “son- or daughter-in-law, matchmaker”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tokū, *toku

Oghuz:

⇒? Turkish: tokalaşmak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: طوقو (toḳu) (Kutadgu Bilig)

Chagatai: [script needed] (toka)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽳 (twqw /toḳu/)

Unknown. Perhaps a simplex. Attested very sporadically, and almost extinct in modern languages.
Chuvash descendant may instead be a borrowing from Proto-Finno-Ugric.

(Common Turkic) ceremony, traditional festivities


yulār

yulār (nominative singular)
yulārïg (accusative singular)
yulārnï (accusative singular)
yulārnïŋ (genitive singular)
yulārka (dative singular)
yulārda (locative singular)
yulārdan (ablative singular)
yulārgaru (allative singular)
yulārïn (instrumental singular)
yulārča (equative singular)
yulārlayu (singular)
yulārlïgu (comitative singular)

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
Nanaic
Proto-Tungusic
Tungusic languages
Udegheic
tr:Besim Atalay

Proto-Common Turkic: *yulār ~ *yular

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یولار (yular)
Turkish: yular
→ Albanian: jullár
→ Armenian: յուլար /եուլար (yular)
→ Bulgarian: юла́р (julár)
→ Macedonian: улар (ular)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ју̀ла̄р, у̀ла̄р
Latin script: jùlār, ùlār

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: یاولار (yūlār)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

desc

Karakhanid: یُلَرْ (yular, yulār) (Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk)

Chagatai: یولار (yūlār), یولاق (yulāq)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: сулар (sular)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: дьулар (dʹular)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чулар (çular)

Unknown and uncertain. No discernible internal etymology has yet been made, and etymological dictionaries usually do not elaborate on concrete etymologies besides those listed below. Replaced in most Turkic languages by Mongolic *nokto (cf. Khalkha Mongolian ногт (nogt, “halter”)).
Potentially cognate with Proto-Turkic *yul- (“to take, to buy; to free from slavery”) or *yōl (“road, way”), however, it should be noted that these etymological connections are extremely tentative, and the suffix *-ār would still go unexplained, as no such suffix is present in Proto-Turkic.
Middle Mongol ᠵᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤ (ǰiluɣu) (and thus Mongolian жолоо (žoloo)) are often given as cognates to Turkic forms by older dictionaries, independent from the Altaic hypothesis given below, but the ultimate source of this root, whether Mongolic or Turkic, remains elusive.
Räsänen (1969) compares this specific root to the dialectal Balkan Turkish yıltar (“leash to lead cattle, a short strand of rope at the end-point of a halter”) and yultar (“small braid croquet worn by women and children”), however, Sevortyan (1980) points out that those dialectal forms most likely trace back to Greek, though no etymon is given by him.
Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ʒiluɣa (“halter”) (cf. Middle Mongol ᠵᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤ (ǰiluɣu), Mongolian жолоо (žoloo), East Yugur ʒoluː, etc.) and Proto-Tungusic *ʒulʒi (“chain, rope bind”) (cf. Nanai дюлдиэн (ʒulʒien), Ulch дулди (dulʒi), etc.) by Altaicists. Phonetic and semantic similarities purported by the authors of EDAL aside, this kind of long-range comparisons are not well received by the historical linguistic consensus and thus are not accepted. Proto-Tungusic reconstruction, for instance, relies only on Nanaic and Udegheic branches, and cannot be held accountable for the Tungusic languages as a whole.
Compared to Ancient Greek εὔληρα (eúlēra) by Škaljić (1966), though this etymology does not enjoy much support either.

q

and thus Mongolian <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="mn">жолоо</i> (žoloo)

q

(Common Turkic, equestrianism) halter, bridle


tirsgek

tirsgek (nominative singular)
tirsgekig (accusative singular)
tirsgekni (accusative singular)
tirsgekniŋ (genitive singular)
tirsgekke (dative singular)
tirsgekde (locative singular)
tirsgekden (ablative singular)
tirsgekgerü (allative singular)
tirsgekin (instrumental singular)
tirsgekče (equative singular)
tirsgekleyü (singular)
tirsgekligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tîrsək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dirsək

Gagauz: dirsek

Ottoman Turkish: دیرسك

Turkish: dirsek

Salar: düssek

Turkmen: tirsek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تِرْسْكاكْ (tirsgêk)

Uzbek: tirsak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: терһәк (terhək)

Tatar: терсәк (tersäk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tirsek

Kumyk: тирсек (tirsek)

desc

Urum: тирсек

Urum: тирсек

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: тірсек (tırsek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тирсек (tirsek)

Southern Altai: тирсек (tirsek)

Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: дискек (diskek)


īg

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӑх (jăh)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایك (ig)
Ottoman Turkish: ایك (iğ)
Turkish: (dialectal) iğ

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yig)

Kipchak: íy (Codex Cumanicus)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اٖیكْ (īk /īg/)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ig)

Chagatai: [script needed] (ig)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/i:g/)


nē erse

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: nə̂rsə, nəysə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: نسه (nese)

Azerbaijani: nəsə

Gagauz: nesä

Ottoman Turkish: نیسه (neyse)

Turkish: neyse, nese

desc

⇒ Old Anatolian Turkish: نسنه (nesne, nesene), نسته (nẹste), نسه (nese), نسنهنه (nesnene) (< nese-ne)

Azerbaijani: nəsnə, (dialectal) nestə

Gagauz: nestä

Ottoman Turkish: نسنه (nesne, nesene), نسته (neste)

Turkish: nesne, (dialectal) neste

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (nese)

⇒ Crimean Tatar: nesne (<nese-ne)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: нәрсе (närse)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: нерсе (nerse)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: 𐽺𐾂𐽰 𐽰𐽾𐽻𐽰 (ṅʾ ʾrsʾ /ne erse/)

Chagatai: [script needed] (närsä)

Uzbek: narsa

Uyghur: نەرسە (nerse)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (nerse)

From *nē- (“what”) + *erse (“if, if it is”). Compare *kem erse (“no one”).


uštmag

Proto-Common Turkic: *uštmag, *učmak, *učmag

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوچمق (uçmaq), اوچماق (uçmaq), اوچمغ (uçmaġ), اوچمخ (uçmaḫ), اوچماغ (uçmaġ)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوچماق (uçmak), اوچمق (uçmak), ուչմագ (uçmak), ուչմաղ (uçmağ) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: uçmak

Turkmen: uçma

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ожмах (ojmax)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: ućmak (Codex Cumanicus)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ұжмақ (ūjmaq), жұмақ (jūmaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ужмак (ujmak)

Southern Altai: учмак (učmak)

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اُجْمَقْ (/učmaq/), 𐽰𐽳𐽿𐽸𐽹𐽰𐽵 (ʾwšdmʾx /uštmax/) (Kutadgu Bilig)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (uçmax)

Chagatai: اوچماق (učmaq), اوشتماخ (uštmax), اوچماخ (učmax)

Uzbek: uchmox

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽿𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽲 (ʾwštmʾq /uštmaḥ/)

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼰𐼴𐽁𐽂𐼺𐼰𐼲 (ʾwštmʾɣ)/𐫀𐫇𐫢𐫎𐫖𐫀𐫄 (ʾwšṯmʾɣ).


yōg

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Turkish: (dialectal) yuğ

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُوغْ (yūğ /yōğ/)

Kipchak:

Kazakh: жоқтау (joqtau)

Siberian:

desctree

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰍 (y¹uǧ /yoğ/)
→ Turkish: yuğ, yoğ, yığ (learned)

Likely from an earlier *dōg, from Scythian. Cognate with Ancient Greek δόγια (dógia).


aŕïg

→ Proto-Mongolic: *araxa, *arïxa

Mongolian: араа (araa)

Oghur:

Bulgar:

desc

Chuvash: вӑршӑл (vărš̬ăl, “canine tooth (of horses)”)

→ Eastern Mari: орапӱй (orapüj, “canine tooth (of animals)”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: azı

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آزو, آزی (azı)
Turkish: azı
→ Armenian: ազու (azu)

Turkmen: azy

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: аҙыу (aźıw)

Tatar: азау (azaw)

desc

→ Chuvash: асав (as̬av, “canine tooth (of humans)”)

→ Eastern Mari: азупӱй (azupüj, “canine tooth (of humans)”)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (azuw)

Karaim:

Kumyk: [script needed] (azuw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (azïw)

Kazakh: азу (azu)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: азуу (azuu)

Southern Altai: азу (azu)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَزِغْ (azïğ)

Uyghur:

Uzbek: oziq

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: azığ

North Siberian:

Yakut: аһыы (ahıı), ыһыы (ıhıı)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (azïğ)

Tuvan: азыг (azıg)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (azïğ)

Shor: [script needed] (azïy)


yarlïg

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: yarlıq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yarlık

Turkmen: ýarlyk

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: yarlıq

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жарлық (jarlyq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жарлык (jarlık)

Southern Altai: јарлык (ǰarlïk)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَرْلِغْ (yarliğ /yarlïğ/)

Chagatai: یارلیغ (yarliğ)

Uyghur: يارلىق (yarliq)

Uzbek: yorliq

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Cognate with Middle Mongol ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ (ǰarlig).


yï̄d

Arghu:

Khalaj: yıd

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ای (ıy)

Azerbaijani: iy

Ottoman Turkish: ای, ایس (is)

Turkish: is

Turkmen: ys

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: еҫ (yeś)

Tatar: ис (is)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: ıs

Kumyk: ийис (iyis)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: иіс (iıs)

Nogai: ийис (iyis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жыт (jıt)

Southern Altai: јыт (ǰït)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یٖیذْ (yīḏ /yï̄ḏ/)

Khorezmian Turkic: ییذ (yıḏ), اید (ıd)

desctree

Chagatai: اید (id), ای (iy, i), ید (yed)
Uyghur: ھىد (hid)
Uzbek: hid

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐽸 (yyd /yïd/)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: сыт (sıt)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: чыт (čït)

Most likely related to Ket ит (īt, “scent, odor, smell”), Yug дит (dīt, “fragrant, smelly”); from Proto-Ketic *īˑt, and also Kott -ît (“to smell”), although whether the Yeniseian forms are borrowings from or were loaned into Turkic is difficult to pinpoint.


yeŋe

yeŋe (nominative singular)
yeŋeig (accusative singular)
yeŋeni (accusative singular)
yeŋeniŋ (genitive singular)
yeŋeke (dative singular)
yeŋede (locative singular)
yeŋeden (ablative singular)
yeŋegerü (allative singular)
yeŋein (instrumental singular)
yeŋeče (equative singular)
yeŋeleyü (singular)
yeŋeligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:
** Oghuz
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish:
***** Azerbaijani: yengə
***** Gagauz: yängä
***** Ottoman Turkish: ینكه (yenge)
****** Turkish: yenge
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: ýeňňe
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: يَککْا (yeŋge)
**** Chagatai: ينگا (yeñge)
***** Uyghur: يەڭگە (yengge)
***** Uzbek: yanga
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: еңгә (yeñgə)
**** Tatar: жиңгә (jiñgä)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: yeñge
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: jeñge
**** Kazakh: жеңге (jeñge)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: жеңе (jeŋe)
**** Southern Altai: јеҥе (ǰeŋe)
** Siberian:
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽷𐽰 (yʾnkkʾ /yäŋgä/)
*** North Siberian:
**** Dolgan: һаҥас (hañas)
**** Yakut: саҥас (sañas)
*** South Siberian:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tuvan: чеңге (çeñge)
**** Yenisei Turkic:
***** Khakas: ниге (nige)

Doefer compares this word to Evenki не̄не̄ (ņēņē, “mother”) and ненекэ̄ (ņeņekə̄, “old woman, granny”). However, he also states that such comparisons are often hardly acceptable evidence.


koŕï

koŕï (nominative singular)
koŕïïg (accusative singular)
koŕïnï (accusative singular)
koŕïnïŋ (genitive singular)
koŕïka (dative singular)
koŕïda (locative singular)
koŕïdan (ablative singular)
koŕïgaru (allative singular)
koŕïïn (instrumental singular)
koŕïča (equative singular)
koŕïlayu (singular)
koŕïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kurïgan (see there for further descendants)

→ Khakas: хураған (xurağan)

→ Northern Altai: куранак (kuranak)

desc

→ Southern Altai: кураан (kuraan), кураган (kuragan)

→ Tuvan: хураган (xuragan)

→ Tofa: һураған (hurağan)

Common Turkic:
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: quzı
** Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: قوزی (quzı, qozı)
***** Azerbaijani: quzu
***** Gagauz: kuzu
***** Ottoman Turkish: قوزی (kuzı) (see there for further descendants)
****** Turkish: kuzu
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: guzy
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: قَذِنْكْ (/qaδïŋ/)
**** Chagatai: قوزی (qozï, qozi)
***** Uyghur: قوزا (qoza)
***** Uzbek: qoʻzi
** Kipchak:
*** North Kipchak:
**** Bashkir: Ҡуҙы (Quźı, “Aries”)
*** West Kipchak:
**** Crimean Tatar: qozu
**** Karachay-Balkar: къозу (qozu)
**** Kumyk: къозу (qozu)
*** South Kipchak:
**** Karakalpak: qozı
**** Kazakh: қозы (qozy)
**** Nogai: козы (kozı)
*** East Kipchak:
**** Kyrgyz: козу (kozu)
**** Southern Altai: козы (kozï)
** Siberian:
*** Old Turkic:


yīgsük

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: gyűszű

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: يِكْسوكْ (yiksük)

Azerbaijani: üskük

Gagauz: üsük

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یوكسوك (yüksük), یوكسك (yüksük), یوسك (yüsük), եիւսիւք (yüsük), եիւքսիւք (yüksük) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: yüksük

Turkmen: ýüwse

Siberian Turkic:

North Kipchak:

Yakut: сүүтүк (süütük)

South Kipchak:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүскүк (çüskük)


yīg

Oghur: *yīg

Chuvash: ҫӗвӗ (śĕvĕ)

⇒ Oghur: *yīgči

desc

Chuvash: ҫӗвӗҫӗ (śĕvĕś̬ĕ)

Chuvash: ҫӗвӗҫӗ (śĕvĕś̬ĕ)

→ Hungarian: szűcs

Common Turkic:

→ Chuvash: йӗке (jĕk̬e)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یك (yig)

Azerbaijani: iy

Gagauz: ii

Ottoman Turkish: ایك (iğ)

Turkish: iğ

Salar: ik

Turkmen: īk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اٖیكْ (īg), يٖیكْ (yīg, yīk), یِكٖی (yigī, “spindle; thick”), یٖی (yī, “spindle; thick”)

⇒ Karakhanid: يٖيجٖى (yīčī, “tailor”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: جِكٖى (çigi, “solid”)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөй (yöy)

Tatar: җөй (cöy)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: [script needed] (yik)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жик (jik)

Southern Altai: јик (ǰik)

Siberian Turkic:

⇒ Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yiv, yik)

North Kipchak:

Dolgan: һиик

Yakut: сиик (siik)

South Kipchak:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (çik)


ōymak

Common Turkic:

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: уймаҡ (uymaq)

Tatar: уймак (uymaq)

West Kipchak:

Cuman: oymac

Mamluk-Kipchak: اُيْمَقْ (oymaq)

Crimean Tatar: oymaq

Kumyk: оймакъ (oymaq)

→ Azerbaijani: oymaq

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: оймақ (oimaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: оймок (oymok)

Southern Altai: оймок (oymok)

Karluk:

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئويماق (oymaq)

Uzbek: oʻymoq

→? Turkmen: ōýmak

Siberian Turkic

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: оймак (oymak)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: оймах (oymax, “pit, hole”)

Shor: оймақ (oymaq, “pit, hole”)