tamu

tamu (nominative singular)
tamuug (accusative singular)
tamunï (accusative singular)
tamunuŋ (genitive singular)
tamuka (dative singular)
tamuda (locative singular)
tamudan (ablative singular)
tamugaru (allative singular)
tamuun (instrumental singular)
tamuča (equative singular)
tamulayu (singular)
tamulugu (comitative singular)

desc

Proto-Common Turkic: *tamu, *tamug, *tamuk

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: طامو (tamu), طامی (tamı), طمو (tamu)
Ottoman Turkish: طامو (tamu)
Turkish: tamu

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَمُو (tamū)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tamug)

Uyghur: تامۇق (tamuq)

Uzbek: tamugʻ

desc

Kipchak: tamuc, tamu, tamux, tamuch, tamuk (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамуҡ (tamuq)

→ Chuvash: тамăк (tamăk)

Tatar: тәмуг (tämuğ)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тамұқ (tamūq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: тамы (tamï)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: tʾmw (tamu)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamu (“hell”)

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼴 (tmw), the accusative form of 𐽂𐼺 (tm, “hell”) ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *támHas (“darkness”) from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (“darkness”) whence also Persian تَم (tam, “veil”).
Some forms suggest inheritence from a form *tamug or *tamuk, according to Clauson, these forms reflect different borrowings from different Iranian languages. Compare also Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼷𐼸 (tmyk, “hellish”).
Connection with *tam- (“to ignite”) is coincidental and based on folk etymology.


alaŋ

alaŋ (nominative singular)
alaŋïg (accusative singular)
alaŋnï (accusative singular)
alaŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
alaŋka (dative singular)
alaŋda (locative singular)
alaŋdan (ablative singular)
alaŋgaru (allative singular)
alaŋïn (instrumental singular)
alaŋča (equative singular)
alaŋlayu (singular)
alaŋlïgu (comitative singular)

desctree

Proto-Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *alaŋ
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alañ)
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلاڭ (alañ), آلان (alan), الاڭ (ılañ), الان (ılan), ալանկ (alang /alañ/) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: alan
→ Armenian: ալանկ (alank)
→ Bulgarian: ала́н (alán)
→ Greek: αλάνι (aláni), αλάνα (alána)
→ Macedonian: алан (alan)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: الڭ (alañ)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алаң (alañ)
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلَنْكْ (alaŋ, alanɣ)
*** Uyghur: ئالاڭ (alang)

(Common Turkic) land, open land, (flat) ground, heath, (open) space, plain, open field, open place


kagan

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: خان (ḫān), قاقن (qaqan)

Azerbaijani: xan

Gagauz: han

Ottoman Turkish: خان (han)

Turkish: han

Turkmen: han

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: قان (/qān/)

Armeno-Kipchak: խան (xan)

Crimean Tatar: han

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: хан (xan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: хан (han)

Southern Altai: хан (han)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: خانْ (xʾn /xān/), خاقانْ (xʾqʾn /xāqān/)

Khorezmian Turkic: خان (xan)

Chagatai: خان (xan)

Uyghur: خان (xan)

Uzbek: xon

Siberian Turkic:

desctree

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 (qǧn¹ /xaġan, qaġan/), 𐰴𐰣 (qn¹ /qan/) (Yenisei Kyrgyz)
→ English: khagan
→ Kazakh: қаған (qağan) (learned)
→ Turkish: kağan (learned)

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾn /ḥan, ḳan/), 𐽲𐽰𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾqʾn /ḳaġan, ḥaġan, ḥaḳan/)
→? Classical Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠨ (qan)
Western Yugur: xan (/qʰan/, “Khan, ruler”) (historical)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: хаан (qaan)

desc

→ Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hʾkʾn' /xāgān/)

Persian: خاقان (xâqân)

→ Ottoman Turkish: خاقان (hakan)

Turkish: hakan

Of uncertain origin. Cognate with Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (qaɣan), which, according to Clauson, may be a loanword in Mongolic from Turkic.
Bailey suggests an Iranian origin, from an archaic *γ(w)ā-γā which he compares with Avestan [script needed] (hvōišta-, “greatest”), Sogdian 𐼲𐼴𐽁𐽂𐽀 (ɣwštr, “supreme”)
Vovin and Vajda-Werner suggest a Yenisean origin, from Proto-Yeniseian *qeˀ-qan (“khagan, ruler”, literally “big-king”). If so, cognate with Ket ӄань (qānʲ, “king”).
More at Khagan.


tebe

tebe (nominative singular)
tebeig (accusative singular)
tebeni (accusative singular)
tebeniŋ (genitive singular)
tebeke (dative singular)
tebede (locative singular)
tebeden (ablative singular)
tebegerü (allative singular)
tebein (instrumental singular)
tebeče (equative singular)
tebeleyü (singular)
tebeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗве (tĕve)

→ Eastern Mari: тӱе (tüje)

→ Erzya: дуе (duje)

→ Hungarian: teve

→ Slovak: ťava

Proto-Common Turkic: *tebe

Arghu:

Khalaj: təvə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dəvə

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوه
Gagauz: devä
Turkish: deve
→ Zazaki: deva
→ Albanian: deve
→ Armenian: դավա (dava)
→ Northern Kurdish: deve
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: дева
Latin script: deva

Salar: döve, döye

Turkmen: düýe

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (teve(y))

Uzbek: tuya

Uyghur: تۆگە (töge)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дөйә (döyə)

Tatar: дөя (döya)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: deve

Kumyk: тюе (tüye)

Karaim: tüye

Karachay-Balkar: тюе (tüye)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: төө (töö)

Southern Altai: тӧӧ (töö)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: túye

Kazakh: түйе (tüie)

Nogai: туье (tüye)

Siberian:

Old Kirghiz: 𐱆𐰌𐰄 (t²b²i /tebi/)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽱𐽰 (tʾβʾ /teve/)

Western Yugur: te, ti

North Siberian:

Dolgan: таба (“deer”)

Yakut: таба (taba, “deer”)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: тебе

Tuvan: теве (teve)

Yenisei:

Shor: тӧӧ

Khakas: тибе (tibe)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *temexen (“camel”) (see there for further descendants)

There have been attempts (such as Räsänen's) to connect this word with Proto-Uralic *tewä (“deer”) noting that the Siberian descendants have the meaning "deer", however this is not generally accepted and may simply be a coincidence. For the semantics, compare Proto-Turkic *bugra (“male deer; camel stallion”), which is of Mongolic origin.


yaka

yaka (nominative singular)
yakaïg (accusative singular)
yakanï (accusative singular)
yakanïŋ (genitive singular)
yakaka (dative singular)
yakada (locative singular)
yakadan (ablative singular)
yakagaru (allative singular)
yakaïn (instrumental singular)
yakača (equative singular)
yakalayu (singular)
yakalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫуха (śuh̬a, “collar”)

→? Hungarian: nyak

Arghu:

Khalaj: yaqqa (“collar”)

Proto-Oghuz: *yaka

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yaxa (“collar; bank”)

Persian: یقه (“collar”)

→ Khalaj: yaxa (“collar”)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاقه (yaka), یقه (yaka)
Turkish: yaka
→ Albanian: jakë
→ Arabic: يَاقَة (yāqa)
→ Armenian: յախա (yaxa)
→ Aromanian: iácã, yiácã
→ Bulgarian: яка́ (jaká)
→ Greek: γιακάς (giakás)
→ Ladino: yaká
→ Laz: ჲაქა (yaka)
→ Macedonian: јака (jaka)
→ Romanian: iaca
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ја̏ка
Latin script: jȁka

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: yaqa

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýaka

Karluk:

Uyghur: ياقا (yaqa)

desc

Uzbek: yoqa (“collar; side; shore, bank”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яға (yağa)

Tatar: яка (yaka)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaqa

Kumyk: якъа (yaqa)

Urum: йаға

→ Mariupol Greek: яга́ (jahá)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жаға (jağa, “collar”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жака (jaka, “collar”)

Southern Altai: јака (ǰaka, “collar, shore, bank”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (jaqa, “collar”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һака (haka, “Sakha”)

Yakut: саҕа (sağa, “collar; edge”), саха (saqa, “Sakha”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чаға (çağa, “trousers/pants' belt; edge”)

Shor: чаға (çağa)


ingek

ingek (nominative singular)
ingekig (accusative singular)
ingekni (accusative singular)
ingekniŋ (genitive singular)
ingekke (dative singular)
ingekde (locative singular)
ingekden (ablative singular)
ingekgerü (allative singular)
ingekin (instrumental singular)
ingekče (equative singular)
ingekleyü (singular)
ingekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӗне (ĕne)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Medieval:

Karakhanid: اِنكاكْ (ingek), اِنْكَكْ (ingek)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰛 (ingek)

Old Uyghur: ՚ynk՚k (ingek)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (inek)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (inek)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (inek)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایكك (iŋäk)

Azerbaijani: inək

Gagauz: inek

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اینك (inek), انك (inek)
Turkish: inek

Salar: inek

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: инек (inek)

Karachay-Balkar: ийнек (iynek)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: инек (inek)

desc

Southern Altai: ийнек (iynek), инек (inek)

Karluk:

Chagatai: اینک (inek)

Uyghur: ئىنەك (inek)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: ынах (ınaq)

South Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (inek)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: инек (inek)

Tofa: инэк

Soyot: инэк (inek), инәк

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: інек (ìnek)

Shor: нек (nek)

Northern Altai: ийнек (iynek), нек (nek), ник (nik)

→ Hungarian: ünő

Derived from the unattested root *in- and cognate to *in-gen (“female camel”).
Akin to Khitan 𘭌 (*uni, “ox”) and Proto-Mongolic *ünixen (“cow”), compare Mongolian үнээ (ünee).


ayran

ayran (nominative singular)
ayranïg (accusative singular)
ayrannï (accusative singular)
ayrannïŋ (genitive singular)
ayranka (dative singular)
ayranda (locative singular)
ayrandan (ablative singular)
ayrangaru (allative singular)
ayranïn (instrumental singular)
ayranča (equative singular)
ayranlayu (singular)
ayranlïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Oghur: *ayraɣ

→? Proto-Mongolic: *ayïrag

Mongolian: айраг (ajrag, “koumiss”)

Proto-Bulgar: *ï̄raɣ

→ Old Hungarian: yiro (i:ro:)

→ Hungarian: író

Old Chuvash: *yăra(n)

→ Eastern Mari: йыра (jyra)

Chuvash: уйран (ujran)

→ Russian: урень (urenʹ)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ayran

Proto-Oghuz: *ayran

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ayran)

Azerbaijani: ayran

Urmia: ayran

Osku: eyran

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آیران (ayran)
Gagauz: ayran
Turkish: ayran
→ Arabic: عَيْرَان (ʕayrān)
→ Armenian: այրան (ayran)
→ Bulgarian: айря́н (ajrján), айра́н (ajrán) — dated
→ Greek: αριάνι (ariáni), αϊράν (aïrán)
→ Laz: აჲრანი (ayrani)
→ Polish: ajran

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: aýran

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَیْرانْ (ayran)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ayran)

Chagatai: ایران (ayran)

Uzbek: oyron

Uyghur: ئايران (ayran)

Kipchak:

→? Khakas: айран (ayran)

→ Russian: айран (ajran)

→ Yakut: айран (ayran)

Kipchak: ایران (ayran)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: айран (ayran)

Tatar: әйрән (äyrän)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: ayran

Karachay-Balkar: айран (ayran)

Karaim: айран (ayran)

Kumyk: айран (ayran)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: айран (airan)

Karakalpak: ayran

Nogai: айран (ayran)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: айран (ayran)

Southern Altai: айран (ayran)

Siberian Turkic:

>? Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽶𐽾𐽰𐽺 (ʾʾyrʾn /ayran/) (very rare, 10th century)

Attested in every branch of Turkic but in Arghu and in Siberian languages (except Khakas, see below). No majority consensus on the origin, but probably from *adïr- + *-gan.
* Róna-Tas and Berta suggest a derivation from Proto-Turkic *ayïr- (“to separate”) for the Oghur branch and its descendants, refusing any possible relation with the following:
*# An intermediary *yaδaq/ŋ ("churned butter, butter leftover") by Ligeti (1960, 1986), a denominal reflex derived from Proto-Turkic *yād- (“to churn butter”) (whence Khalaj یاماق (yâmaq, “to churn butter”)). The same root would also be compared to the native name of the Ural river, (which in Proto-Turkic is *yāyïk (cf. Ancient Greek Δάϊξ (Dáïx), Δαΐχ (Daḯkh), Γεήχ (Geḗkh) and archaic Russian Яик (Jaik))) by Clauson (1972), also rejected by the authors.
*# Proto-Turkic *aguŕ (“colostrum, beestings”) (whence the hypothetical Middle Chuvash form *ïră ("an aciduous liquid remaining after butter has been separated from milk or cream")), proposed by Räsänen (1969) and Doerfer (1963, 1975).
*# Proto-Turkic *ïrga- (“to rock, to pump, to move something from one side to another, to swing”), which is deemed as semantically unsatisfactory.
*# Old Chinese 酪 (*ɡ·raːɡ) (and Middle Chinese 酪 (lak)) by Pulleybank (1962), who reconstructs this root as *agïrag and posited that this word is a Xiong-Nu word re-analyzed by Turkic and Mongolic speakers as *ayï- instead of *agï-.
** Agyágasi (2019) demonstrates that historical Chuvash forms and loanwords at large support Róna-Tas's and Berta's etymology.
* Räsänen (1969), on a different entry than the one above, tentatively adopts the root term as Proto-Turkic *adïr- for all Turkic languages except Yakut аарах (aaraq) (which is borrowed from Mongolic *ayïrag). He also thinks that a relation between *ayran and Mongolic *ayïrag exists, but no direction of borrowing or a cognate relation is given by him.
* Yegorov (1964) follows the same argument, saying that Chuvash уйран (ujran, “buttermilk”) is related to Chuvash уйӑр (ujăr, “to separate, to split”).
* Clauson (1972) rejects any relation with Proto-Turkic *adïr- (“to separate”) on the basis of Karakhanid form, and posits that "...but it is very odd that such a sound change should have occurred in [Karakhanid language] and it is prob[ably] merely a false etymology."
* Nişanyan suggests that the drink in question is an Oghuz "Kulturwort", and therefore it spread to other languages via Oghuz Turks. This would explain the problematic -y- sound before -r- in Karakhanid and Khakas reflexes, where the expected reflexes from a genuine Proto-Turkic root would be *aδran and *aźran respectively.
* Altaicists, on the other hand, compare this word with Proto-Mongolic *ayïrag (“koumiss”) (thus Mongolian айраг (ajrag)), Ulch аяра- (“to take fat off butter while it is melting”) and Nanai аярахо (ajaraho, “spoon for taking fat off”), deriving the word from the "Proto-Altaic" noun **ăyVrV ("sour milk, fat melt") (EDAL's V stands for an undetermined vowel sound).
It should be noted that this word was first attested in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (11th century), not found in any pre-Islamic texts, save for a particular letter in Old Uyghur written in the 10th century.


kül

kül (nominative singular)
külüg (accusative singular)
külni (accusative singular)
külnüŋ (genitive singular)
külke (dative singular)
külde (locative singular)
külden (ablative singular)
külgerü (allative singular)
külün (instrumental singular)
külče (equative singular)
külleyü (singular)
küllügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic

Medieval:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (kül)

Karakhanid: كُلْ (kül)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kül

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: kül

Turkmen: kül

Gagauz: kül

Ottoman Turkish: كول (kül)

Turkish: kül

Salar: kül

Karluk:

Uyghur: كۈل (kül)

Uzbek: kul

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Tatar: көл (köl)

Bashkir: көл (köl)

Kypchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: kül

Karachay-Balkar: кюл (kül)

Kumyk: кюл (kül)

Karaim: kül

Krymchak: кӱль

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: күл (kül)

Nogai: куьл (kül)

Karakalpak: kúl

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: күл (kül)

Southern Altai: кӱл (kül)

Siberian

Yakut: күл (kül)

Tuvan: хүл (xül)

Khakas: кӱл (kül)

Shor: кӱл

Oghur

Chuvash: кӗл (kĕl)


turp

turp (nominative singular)
turpug (accusative singular)
turpnï (accusative singular)
turpnuŋ (genitive singular)
turpka (dative singular)
turpda (locative singular)
turpdan (ablative singular)
turpgaru (allative singular)
turpun (instrumental singular)
turpča (equative singular)
turplayu (singular)
turplugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

→? Persian: ترب (torob, “radish”)

Azerbaijani: turp

Ottoman Turkish [Term?]

Turkish: turp

East Oghuz

Turkmen: turp

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тұрып (tūryp)

Potentially from *tur- (“to stand; to stop”) + *-ip. Compare Turkish bitki (“plant”) from bitmek (“to grow; to end”) for semantic development.


ogul

ogul (nominative singular)
ogulug (accusative singular)
ogulnï (accusative singular)
ogulnuŋ (genitive singular)
ogulka (dative singular)
ogulda (locative singular)
oguldan (ablative singular)
ogulgaru (allative singular)
ogulun (instrumental singular)
ogulča (equative singular)
ogullayu (singular)
ogullugu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *oɣul, *aɣul

Proto-Bulgar: *ȧɣul, *ȧwul

desc

Volga Bulgar: اَول (awïl, awl-, “son”), اَولِ (awl-ï, “son”) (positive possessive)

Old Chuvash: *ȧvŭl

Middle Chuvash: *ăvăl

Viryal Chuvash: ӑвӑл (ăvăl)

Middle Chuvash: *ïvŭl

Chuvash: ывӑл (yvăl)

⇒ Oghur: *oɣul-aɣ, *oɣlaɣ (“young of an animal”)

Proto-Bulgar: *oɣlaɣ

Danube Bulgar: *oɣloŭ

→ Old Hungarian: olo, ollow, ollō (“young goat”)

⇒ Hungarian: olló (“kid of a goat; scissors”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: oğul

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوغل (oġul), اوغول (oġul), اغول (oġul), اغل (oġul)
Azerbaijani: oğul
Gagauz: ool
Ottoman Turkish: اوغل (oğul)
Turkish: oğul
→ Armenian: օղուլ (ōġul)

Turkmen: ogul

Salar: oğul

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُغُل (oğul)

Chagatai: اوغول (oɣul)

Uzbek: oʻgʻil

Uyghur: ئوغۇل (oghul)

Kipchak:

Old Kipchak:

Cuman: اُوُلْ (ovul)

Mamluk-Kipchak: اُغُلْ (oğul)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ул (ul)

Bashkir: ул (ul)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: oğul; oğlu (“3rd singular”)

Karaim: ovul, ohul, ohyl, uvul

Karachay-Balkar: ул (ul)

⇒ Kumyk: улан (ulan)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ұл (ūl)

Nogai: увыл (uvıl)

Siberian Tatar: ул (ul)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уул (uul)

Southern Altai: уул (uul)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰍𐰞 (uǧl¹ /oġul/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽲𐽳𐾁 (ʾwqwl /oġul/)
Western Yugur: oɣul (oɣul)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уол (uol)

Yakut: уол (uol)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: оол (ool), оғыл (oğıl)

Shor: оол (ool)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: оол (ool)

Tuvan: оол (ool); оглу (oglu, “3rd singular”)

Northern Altai: оол (ool), угыл (ugïl)


oglan

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوغلان (oġlan), اوغولان (oġulan), اوغلن (oġlan)
Azerbaijani: oğlan
Gagauz: olan
Ottoman Turkish: اوغلان (oğlan)
Turkish: oğlan
→ Armenian: օղլան (ōġlan), Աւղլան (Awġlan), Օղլան (Ōġlan)
→ Polish: ułan

Turkmen: oglan

Salar: oğlan

Karluk

Uzbek: oʻgʻlon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Bashkir: улан (ulan)

Tatar: олан (olan), улан (ulan)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: ұлан (ūlan), Ұлан (Ūlan)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: улан (ulan)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: улан (ulan)

Southern Altai: уулан (uulan)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣 (uǧl¹n¹)

Most likely from *ogul (“boy; son”) + *-an (“ancient plural-forming suffix”). Also cognate with *oglak (“yeanling”).


igne

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایكنه (igne)

Azerbaijani: iynə

Gagauz: iinä

Ottoman Turkish: ایكنه (see there for further descendants)

Turkish: iğne

Salar: yigine

Turkmen: iňňe

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یِكْنا (yiknʾ /yigne/)

Chagatai: ایكنه (ignä)

Uyghur: يىڭنە (yingne)

Uzbek: igna

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: энә (enə)

Tatar: энә (enä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: iyne

Kyrgyz: ийне (iyne)

Kumyk: ине (ine)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ине (ine)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ийне (iyne)

Southern Altai: ийне (iyne)

Siberian:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐽷𐽺𐽰 (yyknʾ /yignä/)
Western Yugur: jiŋne, jiŋnie

North Siberian:

Dolgan: иннэ

Yakut: иннэ (inne)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: ине (ine)

Tofa: ийнэ (iyne), иннэ (inne)

Yenisei Turkic:

Northern Altai: ине (ine)

Shor: инге (inge)

Khakas: іңе (ìñe)

Chulym: иңғӓ (iñɣä)

According to Nişanyan, a derivation from Proto-Turkic *yīg. However, he does not elaborate on the morphology. Räsänen compares Finnish äimä, however, this is discredited by Eren.
Khabtagaeva (2019) and Vajda-Werner (2022) suppose a relation with Ket иʼнь (iˀnʲ, “needle”), which is usually explained as an inheritance from Proto-Yeniseian *jen-ja (“needle”), nominalized form of *jen (“spine-like sharp object”). Khabtagaeva purports that both Yeniseian > Turkic and Turkic > Yeniseian loaning directions are plausible, though she favors the latter. Despite that, the words listed as borrowings are most likely native to Yeniseian, which may suggest the former loaning direction instead. On that note, also compare Proto-Yeniseian *jet (“edged and thick sharp object; tooth”).


sekü

sekü (nominative singular)
seküüg (accusative singular)
seküni (accusative singular)
sekünüŋ (genitive singular)
seküke (dative singular)
seküde (locative singular)
seküden (ablative singular)
sekügerü (allative singular)
seküün (instrumental singular)
seküče (equative singular)
seküleyü (singular)
sekülügü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *seki

Middle Chuvash: *sekĭ

→ Hungarian: szék

Middle Chuvash: *sakı̈̆

desc

сакӑ (sak̬ă)

саккӑ (sakkă)

Chuvash: сак (sak), сакӑ (sak̬ă), саккӑ (sakkă)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sekü

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: səki

Ottoman Turkish: سكی
Turkish: seki

Turkmen: seki

→ Armenian: սաքու (sakʻu)

→ Persian: سکو (saku)

Kurdish:

→ Northern Kurdish: sekû, seko

→ Central Kurdish: سەکۆ (seko)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سَکُو (sekü)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һике (hike)

Tatar: сәке (säke)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: секи (seki)

Siberian:

>? Yakut: эҕэ (eğe, “washout”)


söŕ

söŕ (nominative singular)
söŕler (nominative plural)
söŕniŋ (genitive singular)
söŕlerniŋ (genitive plural)
söŕke (dative singular)
söŕlerke (dative plural)
söŕde (locative singular)
söŕlerde (locative plural)
söŕden (ablative singular)
söŕlerden (ablative plural)
söŕlerin (instrumental plural)
söŕče (equative singular)
söŕlerče (equative plural)

Arghu

Khalaj: söz

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: سوز (söz)

Azerbaijani: söz

Gagauz: söz

Ottoman Turkish: سوز (söz)

Turkish: söz

East Oghuz

Turkmen: söz

Salar

Salar: söz

Karluk

East Karluk

Chagatai: سوز (söz)

Uyghur: سۆز (söz)

West Karluk

Uzbek:

Cyrillic script: сўз (soʻz)

Latin script: soʻz

Kipchak

Kipchak-Ural

Bashkir: һүҙ (hüź)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: сүз (süz)

Latin script: süz

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: söz

Karachay-Balkar: сёз (söz)

Karaim:

Latin script: söz

Cyrillic script: сӧз

Kumyk: сёз (söz)

Kipchak-Nogai

Karakalpak: sóz

Kazakh: сөз (söz)

Nogai: соьз (söz)

Kyrgyz-Kipcak

Kyrgyz: сөз (söz)

Southern Altai: сӧс (sös)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰇𐰔 (söz)

South Siberian

Yenissei Turkic

Khakas: сӧс

Shor: сӧс (sös)

Sayan Turkic

Soyot сөс (sös)

Tuvan: сөс (sös)

North Siberian

Dolgan: өс (ös)

Yakut: өс (ös)


baĺč

baĺč (nominative singular)
baĺčïg (accusative singular)
baĺčnï (accusative singular)
baĺčnïŋ (genitive singular)
baĺčka (dative singular)
baĺčda (locative singular)
baĺčdan (ablative singular)
baĺčgaru (allative singular)
baĺčïn (instrumental singular)
baĺčča (equative singular)
baĺčlayu (singular)
baĺčlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar: بج (baç), بَجنَ (baçna, “beginning of”)

Chuvash: пуҫ (puś)

>? Bulgar: بلج

Proto-Common Turkic: *baš

Arghu:

Khalaj: baş

Proto-Oghuz: *baš

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بَاشْ (baş)

Azerbaijani: baş

Gagauz: baş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: باش (baş), պաշ (baş) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: baş
→ Albanian: bash
→ Armenian: պաշ (paš)
→ Bulgarian: баш (baš)
→ Macedonian: баш (baš)
→ Romanian: baș
→ Serbo-Croatian: bȁš /ба̏ш

East Oghuz:

Salar: baş

Turkmen: baş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَشْ, باشْ (baš)

Khorezmian Turkic: باش (baš)

Chagatai: باش (baš)

Uzbek: bosh

Uyghur: باش (bash)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بَش (baş)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: баш (baş)

Tatar: баш (baş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baş

Karachay-Balkar: баш (baş)

Karaim: [script needed] (baş)

Kumyk: баш (baş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бас (bas)

Karakalpak: bas

Nogai: бас (bas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: баш (baş)

Southern Altai: баш (baš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐱁 (baš)

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽰𐽿 (baš /pʾš/)

Western Yugur: baʂ

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бас (bas)

Yakut: бас (bas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: баш (baş)

Tofa: баъш

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пас (pas)

Shor: паш (paš)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *maljan (“bald”) (<*balja/balji) (cf. Mongolian мулзан (mulzan, “bald”)). Also Mongolian тарвалжи бүргэд (tarvalži bürged, “steppe eagle, acc. the logic literally bald-headed eagle”) was suggested.

cog

тарвалжи бүргэд


yǖŕ

yǖŕ (nominative singular)
yǖŕüg (accusative singular)
yǖŕni (accusative singular)
yǖŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
yǖŕke (dative singular)
yǖŕde (locative singular)
yǖŕden (ablative singular)
yǖŕgerü (allative singular)
yǖŕün (instrumental singular)
yǖŕče (equative singular)
yǖŕleyü (singular)
yǖŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: нӗрӗ (nĕrĕ, “appearance, beauty”)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *nixur (“face”)

Mongolian: нүүр (nüür)

Medieval

Karakhanid: يُوزْ (yǖz)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰇𐰕 (yüz)

Old Uyghur: ywz (yüz)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yüz)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yüz)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yüz)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yü̂z

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: üz

Gagauz: yüz

Ottoman Turkish: یوز (yüz)

Turkish: yüz

Salar

Salar: [script needed] (yüz), [script needed] (yiz)

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ýüz

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yüz

Kumyk: юз (yuz)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йөҙ (yöź)

Tatar: йөз (yöz)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жүз (jüz)

Karakalpak: ju'z

Nogai: юз (yuz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жүз (jüz)

Southern Altai: јӱс (ǰüs)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (yüz)

Uzbek: yuz

Uyghur: يۈز (yüz)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: һүүс (hüüs)

Yakut: сүүс (süüs)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yüz)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: чӱс (çüs)


ū

ū (nominative singular)
ūug (accusative singular)
ūnï (accusative singular)
ūnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūka (dative singular)
ūda (locative singular)
ūdan (ablative singular)
ūgaru (allative singular)
ūun (instrumental singular)
ūča (equative singular)
ūlayu (singular)
ūlugu (comitative singular)

Arghu:

Khalaj: û

Medieval:

Karakhanid: اُو (ū)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰆 (u)

Old Uyghur: ՚ww (u)

Siberian

Dolgan: уу (uu)

Yakut: уу (uu)


sōl

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sol

Ottoman Turkish: صول (sol)

Turkish: sol

Karluk

Uyghur: سول (sol)

Uzbek: soʻl

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: сул (sul)

Tatar: сул (sul)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: сол (sol)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: сол (sol)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сол (sol)

Southern Altai: сол (sol)

Probably related to Proto-Turkic *solagaï (“left-handed”), compare Mongolian солгой (solgoj, “left handed”).


öd

→? Proto-Mongolic: *üde

Oghur:

Chuvash: вара (vara, “later”)

→ Hungarian: idő

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: اُيْلا (öyle, “midday”)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öylə

Ottoman Turkish: اویله (öyle)

Turkish: öğle

Gagauz: üülen

Salar: öyle

Turkmen: öýle

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: اُذْ (öδ, “time”), اُذْلَكْ (öδleg, “time”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اُزْلا (özle)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өйлә (öylə, “midday”)

Tatar: өйлә (öylä, “midday”)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üyle (“midday”)

Karaim: [script needed] (üyle, “midday”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Nogai: [script needed] (üyle, “midday”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (öy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (öd)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öd)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *üde (“afternoon”).


toku

toku (nominative singular)
tokuug (accusative singular)
tokunï (accusative singular)
tokunuŋ (genitive singular)
tokuka (dative singular)
tokuda (locative singular)
tokudan (ablative singular)
tokugaru (allative singular)
tokuun (instrumental singular)
tokuča (equative singular)
tokulayu (singular)
tokulugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Viryal Chuvash: тӑга (tăga)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: toqqa

Ottoman Turkish: طوقه (toka)

Turkish: toka

→ Macedonian: тока (toka)

Turkmen: toqa

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (tokka)

Uzbek: to‘qa

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (ṭoɣa)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: тоға (toğa)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽰 (twqʾ /toġa/)

Western Yugur: toɢa (toɣa)

Perhaps related to *tokï- (“to weave”) and/or *tak- (“to bind”).


barmak

barmak (nominative singular)
barmakïg (accusative singular)
barmaknï (accusative singular)
barmaknïŋ (genitive singular)
barmakka (dative singular)
barmakda (locative singular)
barmakdan (ablative singular)
barmakgaru (allative singular)
barmakïn (instrumental singular)
barmakča (equative singular)
barmaklayu (singular)
barmaklïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *barmak

Arghu:

Khalaj: barmaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بارمق (barmak)

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: barmaq

Qashqai: بارماق

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: پرمق (parmak), پارمق (parmak), پرماق (parmak), փարմագ (parmak) — Armeno-Turkish
Gagauz: parmak
Turkish: parmak
→ Romanian: palmac

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: burmaq, bırmaq

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: barmak

→ Khalaj: bırmaq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (barmaq)

Uyghur: بارماق (barmaq)

Uzbek: barmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бармаҡ (barmaq)

Tatar: бармак (barmaq), барнак (barnaq)

→ Bulgar: *parna

Chuvash: пӳрне (pürne)

→ Eastern Mari: парня (parńa)

Cuman: barmac

Crimean Tatar: parmaq

Krymchak: parmaq

Karachay-Balkar: бармакъ (barmaq)

Karaim: пармакъ, бармах, barmak

Kumyk: бармакъ (barmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: barmaq

Kazakh: бармақ (barmaq)

Nogai: бармак (barmak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бармак (barmak)

Southern Altai: бармак (barmak)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Khakas: парбах (parbax, “branched”)

Fedotov, ESTJa suggest a derivation from *bār (probably via an intermediary *bārï-) + *-mak, if so the word may have had a vowel shortening as a result of length in the suffix.
Räsänen and Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *bar- (“to go to”) + *-mak with semantic expansion.


ānt

ānt (nominative singular)
āntïg (accusative singular)
āntnï (accusative singular)
āntnïŋ (genitive singular)
āntka (dative singular)
āntda (locative singular)
āntdan (ablative singular)
āntgaru (allative singular)
āntïn (instrumental singular)
āntča (equative singular)
āntlayu (singular)
āntlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

desc

→ Proto-Mongolic: *andan (“bosom friend, friend”)

Proto-Tungusic: *anda (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)

Arghu:

Khalaj: ând

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: and

Ottoman Turkish: آند (and)

Turkish: ant

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ant

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئانت (ant)

Uzbek: ont

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ант (ant)

Tatar: ант (ant)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: ант (ant)

Kumyk: ант (ant)

Krymchak: ант

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ант (ant)

Kazakh: ант (ant)

Nogai: ант (ant)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ант (ant)

Southern Altai: ант (ant)

⇒ Southern Altai: антыгар (antïgar, “to prove”), антык (antïk)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰦 (ant)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ant-)

Western Yugur: at


āy

āy (nominative singular)
āyïg (accusative singular)
āynï (accusative singular)
āynïŋ (genitive singular)
āyka (dative singular)
āyda (locative singular)
āydan (ablative singular)
āygaru (allative singular)
āyïn (instrumental singular)
āyča (equative singular)
āylayu (singular)
āylïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: اَيخِ (ayxı, “month (determined)”), ايخ (ayıx, “month”) (< *āy-ïk)

Chuvash: уйӑх (ujăh)

Common Turkic: *ay

Arghu:

Khalaj: hây

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: آیْ (ay)

Azerbaijani: ay

Gagauz: ay

Ottoman Turkish: آی

Turkish: ay

Salar: ay

Turkmen: aý

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااىْ (āy)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئاي (ay)

Uzbek: oy

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ай (ay)

Tatar: ай (ay)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ay

Karachay-Balkar: ай (ay)

Karaim: aj

Kumyk: ай (ay)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ay

Kazakh: ай (ai)

Nogai: ай (ay)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: ай (ay)

Southern Altai: ай (ay)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖 (y¹ /ay/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽶 (ʾʾy)
Western Yugur: aj (ay)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ый (ıy)

Yakut: ый (ıy)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: ай

Tuvan: ай (ay)

Yenisei

Khakas: ай (ay)

Shor: ай


āt

āt (nominative singular)
ātïg (accusative singular)
ātnï (accusative singular)
ātnïŋ (genitive singular)
ātka (dative singular)
ātda (locative singular)
ātdan (ablative singular)
ātgaru (allative singular)
ātïn (instrumental singular)
ātča (equative singular)
ātlayu (singular)
ātlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ят (jat)

Proto-Common Turkic: *āt

Arghu:

Khalaj: ât

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: آدْ (ād, ad)

Azerbaijani: ad

Gagauz: aad, ad

Ottoman Turkish: آد (ad)
Turkish: ad

Salar: ad

Turkmen: āt (ād-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااتْ (āt)

Chagatai: آت (at)

Uzbek: ot

Uyghur: ئات (at)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ат (at)

Tatar: ат (at)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: at

Kumyk: ат (at)

Karachay-Balkar: ат (at)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ат

Kazakh: ат (at)

Nogai: ат (at)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ат (at)

Kyrgyz: ат (at)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃 (t¹ /at/), 𐰀𐱃 (at¹ /at/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾀 (at)

Western Yugur: at

North Siberian:

Dolgan: аат

Yakut: аат (aat)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: ат

Tuvan: ат (at)

Yeniseian:

Khakas: ат (at)

Shor: ат


sü

sü (nominative singular)
süüg (accusative singular)
süni (accusative singular)
sünüŋ (genitive singular)
süke (dative singular)
süde (locative singular)
süden (ablative singular)
sügerü (allative singular)
süün (instrumental singular)
süče (equative singular)
süleyü (singular)
sülügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: سو (sü), صو (su)

desc

⇒ Turkish: su uyur, düşman uyumaz (“the army sleeps, but the enemy doesn't”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sü)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sü)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (sü)

Despite usually being considered native, there have also been suggestions for a borrowing from Middle Chinese 戍 (MC syuH, “frontier guards”).


yarmak

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یرمق (yarmaq)

Salar: yarmaq

Kipchak

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yarmaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жармақ (jarmaq)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یَرْماقْ

Chagatai: یارماق (yarmaq)

Uyghur: يارماق (yarmaq)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur:

Possibly from Tocharian. Compare Tocharian B yarm (“measure”), Tocharian A yärm.


tām

tām (nominative singular)
tāmïg (accusative singular)
tāmnï (accusative singular)
tāmnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāmka (dative singular)
tāmda (locative singular)
tāmdan (ablative singular)
tāmgaru (allative singular)
tāmïn (instrumental singular)
tāmča (equative singular)
tāmlayu (singular)
tāmlïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طام (tam)

Azerbaijani: dam (“roof; hut”)

Ottoman Turkish: طام (dam)

Turkish: dam (“roof; hut”)

Gagauz: dam (“shed, barn”)

Turkmen: tām (“wall”)

Salar: tam (“wall”)

→ Khalaj: dâam (“roof”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tam, “wall; roof”)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: تام (tam, “wall”)

Uzbek: tom (“roof; hut”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: там (tam, “wall”)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: dam (“roof”)

Kumyk: там (tam, “wall”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: там (tam, “grave”)

Nogai: там (tam, “wall”)

Karakalpak: tam (“hut”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: там (tam, “wall; hut”)

Southern Altai: тап (tap, “sliver”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰢 (tam, “wall”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tam, “wall”)

Khakas: [script needed] (layer (of earth))


bāla

bāla (nominative singular)
bālaïg (accusative singular)
bālanï (accusative singular)
bālanïŋ (genitive singular)
bālaka (dative singular)
bālada (locative singular)
bāladan (ablative singular)
bālagaru (allative singular)
bālaïn (instrumental singular)
bālača (equative singular)
bālalayu (singular)
bālalïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish::

desctree

Azerbaijani: bala
→ Armenian: բալա (bala)
→ Khalaj: bala
→ Talysh: balə

Ottoman Turkish: بالا (bala)

Turkish: bala (dialectal)

Salar: bala

Turkmen: bala

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bala)

Chagatai: بلا (bala)

Uzbek: bola

Uyghur: بالا (bala)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bala

Karachay-Balkar: бала (bala)

Kumyk: бала (bala)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бала (bala)

Tatar: бала (bala)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бала (bala)

Karakalpak бала (bala)/bala

Nogai бала (bala)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бала (bala)

Southern Altai: бала (bala)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Western Yugur: mïla

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пала (pala)

Shor: пала (pala)


ūn

ūn (nominative singular)
ūnug (accusative singular)
ūnnï (accusative singular)
ūnnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūnka (dative singular)
ūnda (locative singular)
ūndan (ablative singular)
ūngaru (allative singular)
ūnun (instrumental singular)
ūnča (equative singular)
ūnlayu (singular)
ūnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑнӑх (śănăh)

Arghu:

Khalaj: hûn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: un

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (un)

Turkish: un

Gagauz: un

Salar: un

Turkmen: ūn

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئۇن (un)

Uzbek: un

Kipchak: [script needed] (un)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: он (on)

Tatar: он (on)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: un

Karachay-Balkar: ун (un)

Karaim: ун

Kumyk: ун (un)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: un

Kazakh: ұн (ūn)

Nogai: ун (un)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ун (un)

Southern Altai: ун (un)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: unĭh, un

Shor: ун

According to some linguists, it is a borrowing from Chinese 粉 (fěn), related to Korean 분 (bun) and Chinese 分; and according to some linguists, it comes from Proto-Turkic *ub- (“to grind”).


sač

sač (nominative singular)
sačïg (accusative singular)
sačnï (accusative singular)
sačnïŋ (genitive singular)
sačka (dative singular)
sačda (locative singular)
sačdan (ablative singular)
sačgaru (allative singular)
sačïn (instrumental singular)
sačča (equative singular)
sačlayu (singular)
sačlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: *čuč/*suč

Chuvash: ҫӳҫ (śüś)

→ Bashkir: сүс (süs, “fiber, filament”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu: *sač

Khalaj: saç

Oghuz: *sač

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: saç

Ottoman Turkish: صاچ

Gagauz: saç

Turkish: saç

Salar: saş

Turkmen: saç

Karluk: *sač

Karakhanid: سَجْ (sač)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: چاچ (chach)

Uzbek: soch

Kypchak: *čač

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сәс (səs)

Tatar: чәч (çäç)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: çaç

Karachay-Balkar: чач (çaç)

Karaim: чач

Kumyk: чач (çaç)

South Kipchak:

Kypchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: shash

Kazakh: шаш (şaş)

Nogai: [script needed] (şaş)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: чач (cac)

Southern Altai: чач (čač)

Siberian: *sač

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰲 (s¹č /sač/)

Old Uyghur:

desc

Western Yugur: [script needed] ('saʐ), [script needed] (saçaq)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ас (as)

Yakut: ас (as)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: шаш

Khakas: сас (sas)

Northern Altai: чаш (čaš)


kāŕ

kāŕ (nominative singular)
kāŕïg (accusative singular)
kāŕnï (accusative singular)
kāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
kāŕka (dative singular)
kāŕda (locative singular)
kāŕdan (ablative singular)
kāŕgaru (allative singular)
kāŕïn (instrumental singular)
kāŕča (equative singular)
kāŕlayu (singular)
kāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хур (hur)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قاز (qāz, qaz)

Azerbaijani: qaz

Gagauz: kaaz

Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)

Turkish: kaz

→ Zazaki: qaz

Kurdish:

→ Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)

→ Northern Kurdish: qaz

→ Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)

→ Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)

Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)

Salar: gaz

Turkmen: gāz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)

Chagatai: غاز (ğaz)

Uzbek: gʻoz

Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)

Kipchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)

Kipchak: chax

Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)

Tatar: каз (qaz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaz / къаз

Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)

Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)

desctree

Kumyk: къаз (qaz)
→ Chechen: гӏа̄з class jj (ğaaz)
→ Ingush: гӏа̄ж class jj (ğaaž)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: g'az

Kazakh: қаз (qaz)

Nogai: каз (kaz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)

Southern Altai: кас (kas)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: каас (kaas)

Yakut: хаас (qaas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кас (kas)

Tofa: қас (qas)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хас (xas)

Shor: қас (qas)

Altai Turkic:

Northern Altai: кас (kas)

→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)

→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)

→ Alanic:

Jassic: caz

Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)

→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)

→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)

→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)

→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)

→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)

→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)

→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)

→ Khowar: qoz ‘crane’

→ Persian: غاز (ġâz), قاز (qâz)

Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)

→ Urdu: قاز (qāz)

→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)

→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)

Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin. Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”). This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár ("to croak").
Alternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian. Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”), but this derivation is implausible. Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort. Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


yuŋ

yuŋ (nominative singular)
yuŋug (accusative singular)
yuŋnï (accusative singular)
yuŋnuŋ (genitive singular)
yuŋka (dative singular)
yuŋda (locative singular)
yuŋdan (ablative singular)
yuŋgaru (allative singular)
yuŋun (instrumental singular)
yuŋča (equative singular)
yuŋlayu (singular)
yuŋlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑм (śăm)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yung

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yun

Gagauz: üün

Ottoman Turkish: یون (yün)

Turkish: yün

Salar: yoñ

Turkmen: ýüň

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: يُونكْ (yuŋ/yūŋ), يُنكْلاماقْ (yuŋlāmāq)

Uyghur: يۇڭ (yung)

Uzbek: jun

Kipchak::

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөн (yön)

Tatar: йон (yon)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yün

Karachay-Balkar: джюн (cün)

Kumyk: юн (yun)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ju'n

Kazakh: жүн (jün)

Nogai: юн (yun)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүн (jün)

Southern Altai: јум (ǰum), јуҥ (ǰuŋ)

Siberian:

South Siberian

Yenisei:

Khakas: нӱң (nüñ)

Shor: нӱг

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүң (çüñ)

Western Yugur: yun, yün, yüŋ

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *nuŋ-gasun (“wool”), Proto-Tungusic *nuŋ-ari (“wool, down”).


yulduŕ

yulduŕ (nominative singular)
yulduŕug (accusative singular)
yulduŕnï (accusative singular)
yulduŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
yulduŕka (dative singular)
yulduŕda (locative singular)
yulduŕdan (ablative singular)
yulduŕgaru (allative singular)
yulduŕun (instrumental singular)
yulduŕča (equative singular)
yulduŕlayu (singular)
yulduŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑлтӑр (śălt̬ăr)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yulduz

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُلْدُزْ (yulduz)

Chagatai: یولدوز (yulduz)

Uyghur: يۇلتۇز (yultuz)

Uzbek: yulduz

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یلدوز (yılduz), یلدز (yılduz), یولدوز (yulduz), یولدز (yulduz), ایلدوز (ılduz), ایلدز (ılduz)
Azerbaijani: ulduz
Gagauz: yıldız
Ottoman Turkish: یلدز (yıldız), یلدیز (yıldız)
Turkish: yıldız
→ Armenian: եըլտըզ (eəltəz)

Salar: يولتوز (yultuz), yulduz

Turkmen: ýyldyz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: йолдыз (yoldız)

Bashkir: йондоҙ (yondoź)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: юлдуз/yulduz

Karachay-Balkar: жулдуз (julduz)

Karaim: יִילְדִיז (yīldīz)

Kumyk: юлдуз (yulduz)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: жулдыз/juldız

Kazakh: жұлдыз (jūldyz)

Nogai: юлдыз (yuldız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жылдыз (jıldız)

Southern Altai: јылдыс (ǰïldïs)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰡𐰔 (yultuz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 (yultuz)
Western Yugur: juldus, jəltəs (yïltïz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һулус (hulus)

Yakut: сулус (sulus)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: сылтыс (sıltıs)

Tuvan: сылдыс (sıldıs)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чылтыс (çıltıs)

Shor: чылтыс (çıltıs)

Analyzable as *yul- + *-duŕ, only if the latter part is a regular suffix.
Some constellation and planet names carry on identical suffixes; see Karakhanid اَرَنْ تُوزْ (ʾaran tūz /eren tǖz/, “Libra”), in Kutadgu Bilig [script needed] (erentiz, “Gemini”), Turkish Erendiz (“Jupiter, Libra”) and dialectal Sekendiz (“Saturn”), where the *-duŕ suffix is presumably preserved. However, Clauson regards the *-tüz ending to mean "alike", rather than a regular suffix for planet names.
Nişanyan suggests a relation with Old Uyghur 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐽰 (yula, “torch, bomb”), giving yalım (cf. Turkish yalın) and Turkish yaldız as 'related terms', which would point to a derivation from Proto-Turkic *yal-.
See also Old Turkic [script needed] (yula köl, “name of a lake”), with the first part meaning bright, unclear relation with etymologies listed above.

cog

اَرَنْ تُوزْ

(Preserved only in Kuu-Kizhi and Tofalar)


ēl

ēl (nominative singular)
ēlig (accusative singular)
ēlni (accusative singular)
ēlniŋ (genitive singular)
ēlke (dative singular)
ēlde (locative singular)
ēlden (ablative singular)
ēlgerü (allative singular)
ēlin (instrumental singular)
ēlče (equative singular)
ēlleyü (singular)
ēlligü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ēl

Proto-Bulgar: *ĭel

Volga Bulgar: يَال (yēl, “tribe, clan”)

Chuvash: ял (jal)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ẹ̄l

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایل (ẹl)

Azerbaijani: el, (dialectally) il

Gagauz: el

Ottoman Turkish: ایل (il)

desc

Turkish: il (“province”), el (“foreign person”)

Turkmen:

Cyrillic script: ил (īl)

Latin script: īl

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ايل (é̄l)

Chagatai: اِيلْ (īl), اِل (il)

Uyghur: ئەل (el)

Uzbek: el

Kipchak:

Kipchak: el

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ил (il)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: ил (il)

Latin script: il

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: el

Karachay-Balkar: эл (el)

Karaim::

Cyrillic script: эл

Latin script: el

Kumyk: эл (el)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: el

Kazakh: ел (el)

Nogai: эл (él)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эл (el)

Southern Altai: эл (el)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰠 (é̄l), (Yenisei) 𐰅𐰠 (é̄l)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐾁 (él, “realm”)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷 (élig, “ruler, khan”)
⇒ Western Yugur: eltʂi (eʰlçi, “shaman”)

South Siberian:

Yenissei Turkic:

Khakas: ил (il)

Shor: эл

North Siberian:

Yakut: ил (il, “peace”) (if not re-borrowed from Mongolic), ил (il, “state”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *el

Classical Mongolian: ᠡᠯ (el)

Mongolian: ил (il)

Kalmyk: эл (el)


kopuŕ

kopuŕ (nominative singular)
kopuŕug (accusative singular)
kopuŕnï (accusative singular)
kopuŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
kopuŕka (dative singular)
kopuŕda (locative singular)
kopuŕdan (ablative singular)
kopuŕgaru (allative singular)
kopuŕun (instrumental singular)
kopuŕča (equative singular)
kopuŕlayu (singular)
kopuŕlugu (comitative singular)
*komuŕ (alternative)

→? Manchu: ᡴᡠᠮᡠᠨ (kumun, “music”)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kuxur
Middle Mongol: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
Buryat: хуур (xuur)
Daur: koor
East Yugur: xuur
Kalmyk: хуур (xuur), хур (xur)
Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
Khalkha Mongolian: хуур (xuur)
→ Chinese: 胡兀兒 /胡兀儿 (húwù'ér)
→ Evenki: кӯр (kūr) (Nerchinsk)
→? Jurchen: qūr
→⇒ Persian: قهورچی (qohurči, “fiddler”) (obsolete, from *quxurci)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qopuz

desc

Ottoman Turkish: قوپوز (kopuz, “a lute with a somewhat globular body”)

Turkish: kopuz

Turkmen: gopuz (“mouth harp”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُبُز (qopuz)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kopuz)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kobuz)

Uyghur: قوۋۇز (qowuz)

Uzbek: qoʻbiz

Kipchak:

Cuman:

→ Hungarian: koboz

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡумыҙ (qumıź), ҡубыҙ (qubıź)

Tatar: кубыз (qubız)

→ Chuvash: купӑс (kup̬ăs), копӑс (kop̬ăs)

→ Eastern Mari: ковыж (kovyž)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qomuz

Karachay-Balkar: къобуз (qobuz)

Karaim: qobuz

Kumyk: къомуз (qomuz)

Urum: хобуз

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qobız

Kazakh: қобыз (qobyz)

Nogai: кобыз (kobız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кобуз (kobuz), комуз (komuz)

→ English: komuz

Southern Altai: комус (komus)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qopūz, qopuz)

Western Yugur: qoŋïs

North Siberian:

Yakut: хомус (qomus)

→ Evenki: камус (kamus) (Uchur)

South Siberian:

Northern Altai: кобыс (kobïs), комыс (komïs) (in Chelkan)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: һобус (“music”)

Tuvan: хомус (xomus)

→ Chinese: 火不思 (huǒbùsī)

East Slavic:

→ Belarusian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Russian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Carpathian Rusyn: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ Ukrainian: ко́бза (kóbza)

→ English: kobza

→ Polish: kobza

→ Romanian: cobză

→ English: cobza

→ Slovak: kobza

→ Persian: قوبوز (qôbuz)

→ Lak: къумуз (q:umuz)


kulkak

kulkak (nominative singular)
kulkakïg (accusative singular)
kulkaknï (accusative singular)
kulkaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kulkakka (dative singular)
kulkakda (locative singular)
kulkakdan (ablative singular)
kulkakgaru (allative singular)
kulkakïn (instrumental singular)
kulkakča (equative singular)
kulkaklayu (singular)
kulkaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑлха (hălh̬a)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kulkï

Mongolian: хулхи (xulxi, “earwax, inner ear”)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُلَقْ (qulaq), قُلْقاقْ (qulqaq)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qulaɣ)

Uyghur: قۇلاق (qulaq)

Uzbek: quloq

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡолаҡ (qolaq)

Tatar: колак (qolaq)

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qulaq

Karachay-Balkar: къулакъ (qulaq)

Karaim: къулакъ

Karaim: къулакъ

Kumyk: къулакъ (qulaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: qulaq

Kazakh: құлақ (qūlaq)

Nogai: кулак (kulak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кулак (kulak)

Southern Altai: кулак (kulak)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qulaq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قلاق (qulaq)

Azerbaijani: qulaq

Ottoman Turkish: قولاق (kulak)

Gagauz: kulak

Turkish: kulak

Eastern:

Salar: gulaq

Turkmen: gulak

Southern:

Qashqai: قُلَقْ (qulaq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (qulqaq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qulqaq)

Western Yugur: qulaq

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хулах (xulax)

Shor: қулақ

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: қулақ

Tuvan: кулак (kulak)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кулгаах

Dolgan: кулгаах

Yakut: кулгаах (kulgaaq)

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *kulkï (“ear wax, middle ear”), however the exact relationship remains unclear; compare Mongolian хулхи (xulxi, “ear-wax, inner ear”). Proto-Tungusic *xūl- (“to sound”) and Proto-Uralic *kule- (“to hear”) are also compared.


tīĺ

tīĺ (nominative singular)
tīĺig (accusative singular)
tīĺni (accusative singular)
tīĺniŋ (genitive singular)
tīĺke (dative singular)
tīĺde (locative singular)
tīĺden (ablative singular)
tīĺgerü (allative singular)
tīĺin (instrumental singular)
tīĺče (equative singular)
tīĺleyü (singular)
tīĺligü (comitative singular)

Arghu

Khalaj: tîş

Proto-Oghuz: *dīš

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (diş)

Azerbaijani: diş

Ottoman Turkish: دیش (diş)

Gagauz: diş

Turkish: diş

Salar: tiş

Turkmen: dīş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تيٖشْ (tï̄š)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tiš)

Uyghur: چىش (chish)

Uzbek: tish

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: теш (teş)

Tatar: теш (teş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tiş

Karachay-Balkar: тиш (tiş)

Krymchak: чыш

Kumyk: тиш (tiş)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: tis

Kazakh: тіс (tıs)

Nogai: тис (tis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тиш (tiş)

Southern Altai: тиш (tiš)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: тиш

Khakas: тіс (tìs)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: діш

Tuvan: диш (diş)

Northern Siberian:

Dolgan: тиис

Yakut: тиис (tiis)

Old Uyghur:

Old Uyghur: tyš (tïš)

Western Yugur: dïs


tāĺ

tāĺ (nominative singular)
tāĺïg (accusative singular)
tāĺnï (accusative singular)
tāĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāĺka (dative singular)
tāĺda (locative singular)
tāĺdan (ablative singular)
tāĺgaru (allative singular)
tāĺïn (instrumental singular)
tāĺča (equative singular)
tāĺlayu (singular)
tāĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *tāl

Proto-Bulgar: *ti̯ål

Middle Chuvash: *čål

Chuvash: чул (čul)

Viryal Chuvash: чол (čol)

Anatri Chuvash: чул (čul)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *čïla- (an unknown verb) > *čïlaxun (“stone”)

Mongolian: чулуу (čuluu)

→ Fuyu Kyrgyz: [script needed] (čʰolo)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tāš

Arghu:

Khalaj: tâaş

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: daş

Ottoman Turkish: طاش (taş)

Gagauz: taş

Turkish: taş

Salar: daş

Turkmen: dāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تاشْ (tāš)

Khorezmian Turkic: تشْ (taš)

Chagatai: تاش (taš)

Uyghur: تاش (tash)

Ili Turki: taş

Uzbek: tosh

Kipchak:

Kipchak: tas (tāš) (Codex Cumanicus)

Mamluk-Kipchak: تاش (tāš), طاش (ṭāš)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: таш (taş)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: таш (taş)

Latin script: taş

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: taş

Karachay-Balkar: таш (taş)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: таш

Latin script: taš

Kumyk: таш (taş)

Urum: таш (taš), даш (daš)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Latin script: tas

Cyrillic script: тас

Kazakh: тас (tas)

Nogai: тас (tas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: таш (taş)

Southern Altai: таш (taš)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐱁 (taš)

Old Kirghiz: 𐱄𐰗𐱀 (t¹y¹š) (Scribal error, should be 𐱄𐱀* (t¹š); found in Qara-bulun I (e-65) Inscription https://bitig.kz/show_big.php?fn=sizes/2894.gif)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽿 (tʾš /taš/)

Western Yugur: das, dahs

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: таас (taas)

Yakut: таас (taas)

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: тас (tas)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: [script needed] (daš)

Shor: таш

Northern Altai: таш (taš)

Tofa: даш (daş)

Tuvan: даш (daş)

Soyot: даш (daş)

Tuha: дааш (daaş)

→ Southern Mongolic:

East Yugur: tash

Shirongolic:

Bonan: tasri

Dongxiang: tashi

Kangjia: txashi

Monguor:

Mangghuer: tashi

Mongghul: taashi

Unknown. Possibly onomatopoeic.
Etymological links to other "Altaic Languages", especially with Mongolian чулуу (čuluu, “stone”) and Korean 돌 (dol, “stone”) have been proposed by several authors, giving Chuvash чул (čul) as evidence. However, Turkic, Mongolic and Koreanic words for stone are most likely not related.
Doerfer (1965) presents the potential problems with problems with Poppe's (1927) and Räsänen's (1949) proposals that give way to a Mongolic cognate. He adds at the end that Proto-Mongolic *čïlaxun (earlier *čïlapun, which would point to a verb instead) may simply be an ancient loanword from Proto-Turkic, rather than a cognate. Vovin (2005) seconds this, giving that while a relation between Mongolic *čïlapun and Turkic *tāĺ definitely exists, it is most likely a loaning into Mongolic, rather than of shared inheritance.
* In his book, Yegorov (1964) traces back the Chuvash чул (čul) to Khalkha Mongolian чилагун (čilagun) and чулун (čulun), Buryat шулуун (šuluun) and Kalmyk чолун (çolun) (cf. теермин чолун (teermin çolun, “millstone”), as given by his entry).
* In their rebuttal against Vovin, Dybo and Starostin (2008) reposit that basic vocabulary like 'stone' are usually not loaned into other languages, and when they do, it is often the result of heavy contact. Following this line of thought, they suppose that any Bulgar-Proto-Mongolic contact would be limited at best, and even so, add that "this gives [Proto-Mongolic] a very small amount of time to make *čilaɣu out of [Bulgar] *čol or *čul."
Räsänen (1969) also compares Koreanic *tol (< *tal) (cf. 돌 (dol)), following Ramstedt (1952-1957), which is also called into doubt by Vovin (2005), giving accentological and historical data to support his contrary claim.
Altaicists compare this word with the ones above, but also with Proto-Tungusic *ʒola (“stone”) (cf. Evenki дёло (ʒolo)) and Proto-Japonic *isoi (actually *(d)isi, according to the authors; cf. Japanese 石 (ishi).) Needless to say, such comparisons are not accepted by mainstream comparative linguistics.
More recently, Werner (2002) and Vajda-Werner (2022) entertain the possibility of Turkic forms being borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲɯˀs.

Alexander Vovin
Altaic Languages
Anna Dybo
Codex Cumanicus
Georgiy_Starostin
Gerhard Doerfer
Gustaf_John_Ramstedt
Martti Räsänen
Nicholas Poppe
cv:Егоров Василий Георгиевич


āb

āb (nominative singular)
āblar (nominative plural)
ābnïŋ (genitive singular)
āblarnïŋ (genitive plural)
ābka (dative singular)
āblarka (dative plural)
ābda (locative singular)
āblarda (locative plural)
ābdan (ablative singular)
āblardan (ablative plural)
āblarïn (instrumental plural)
ābča (equative singular)
āblarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ov

Ottoman Turkish: آو (av)

Turkish: av

Gagauz: av

Turkmen: āw

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ااڤْ (āv)

Uyghur: اۋ (aw), ав (aw)

Uzbek: ov, ов (ov)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: ав (aw)

Bashkir: ау (aw)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: av

Kumyk: ав (aw), гьав (haw)

Karachay-Balkar: ув (uv)

Karaim: [script needed] (av)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ау (au)

Karakalpak: aw

Nogai: ав (av)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уу (uu)

Southern Altai: уу (uu) hunt (wild animals with net)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉 (ab)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (av)

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *aba (“hunt, chase”).

(Common Turkic) hunting, hunt, prey, chase


ēĺük

ēĺük (nominative singular)
ēĺüküg (accusative singular)
ēĺükni (accusative singular)
ēĺüknüŋ (genitive singular)
ēĺükke (dative singular)
ēĺükde (locative singular)
ēĺükden (ablative singular)
ēĺükgerü (allative singular)
ēĺükün (instrumental singular)
ēĺükče (equative singular)
ēĺükleyü (singular)
ēĺüklügü (comitative singular)
*eĺik (alternative)
*ẹ̄ĺik (alternative)
*eĺük (alternative)
*eĺǖk (alternative)

Oghur: *elik (“threshold”)

Proto-Bulgar: *elĭk

Middle Chuvash: *alı̈̆k

Chuvash: алӑк (alăk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ẹ̄šik (“threshold”), *ēšük (“blanket, cover”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: êşük (“door”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: eşik

Gagauz: eşik

Turkish: eşik

Turkmen: işik (“brink, threshold”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: эшик (eşik)

Karachay-Balkar: эшик (eşik)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: ишек (işek)

Bashkir: ишек (işek)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: esik

Kazakh: есік (esık)

Nogai: эсик (ésik)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эшик (eşik)

Southern Altai: эжик (ežik)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ایِشِك (éšik)

Chagatai: ایشك (éšik)

Uyghur: ئىشىك (ishik)

Uzbek: eshik

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽿𐽶𐽷 (éšik, “doorsill, door”), 𐽰𐽿𐽳𐽷 (ešük, “blanket”)

Western Yugur: səhk (sïq)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: эжик (ežik), эджик (edžik)

Khakas: ізік (ìzìk)

Shor: эжик

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: эжик (ejik)

Tofa: эч̡ик (eǰik)

Proto-Turkic
ru:Севортян, Эрванд Владимирович

By surface analysis, *ēĺü- (“to cover over”) + *-k (“deverbal suffix”).
Senses 1 and 2 are independent developments from the same Proto-Turkic root, with some descendants differentiating the different forms with different vowel lenghts and/or different realizations of the initial *ē-, thus it is hard to accurately pinpoint the original vowel length of this term. According to Sevortyan, the oldest attestations of this term point to an ẹ̄- instead of ē-.


yöke

yöke (nominative singular)
yökeig (accusative singular)
yökeni (accusative singular)
yökeniŋ (genitive singular)
yökeke (dative singular)
yökede (locative singular)
yökeden (ablative singular)
yökegerü (allative singular)
yökein (instrumental singular)
yökeče (equative singular)
yökeleyü (singular)
yökeligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz

Turkish: cöke (dialectal)

Azerbaijani: cökə

Karluk

Chagatai: [script needed] (yöke)

Uzbek: joʻka

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йүкә (yükə)

Tatar: юкә (yukä)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: ёге (yöge)

Karachay-Balkar: джёге (cöge)

Crimean Tatar: yüke

South Kipchak

Kazakh: жөке (jöke)

Nogai: йоьке (yöke)

Karakalpak: joʻke (“burlap”)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жөкө (jökö)

Siberian

Southern Siberian

Yenisei

Shor: чӧге

Oghur

Chuvash: ҫӑка (śăk̬a)

Perhaps related to Mongolian ᠨᠢᠭᠦᠷᠰᠦ (nigürsü, “sappanwood, alder”) or Urmi Evenki лакамавун (lakamawun, “elm”), Manchu ᠯᠠᡥᠠᡵᡳ (lahari, “a kind of oak”), ᠯᠠᡥᠠ (laha, “straw mixed with clay to form a building material”).


bulït

bulït (nominative singular)
bulïtïg (accusative singular)
bulïtnï (accusative singular)
bulïtnïŋ (genitive singular)
bulïtka (dative singular)
bulïtda (locative singular)
bulïtdan (ablative singular)
bulïtgaru (allative singular)
bulïtïn (instrumental singular)
bulïtča (equative singular)
bulïtlayu (singular)
bulïtlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗлӗт (pĕlĕt)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bulït

Arghu:

Khalaj: bulıt

Proto-Oghuz: *bulūt

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بلوت (bulut)

Azerbaijani: bulud

→ Udi: булут (bulut)

Ottoman Turkish: بولوت, بولوط (bulut)

Gagauz: bulut

Turkish: bulut

East Oghuz:

Salar: bulut

Turkmen: bulut

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُلِتْ (bulït)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (bulït), [script needed] (bulut)

desctree

Chagatai: بولوت (bulut)
Uzbek: bulut
Uyghur: بۇلۇت (bulut)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بلت (bulut)
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: болот (bolot)
Tatar: болыт (bolıt)
West Kipchak:
Crimean Tatar: bulut
Karachay-Balkar: булут (bulut)
Karaim: bulut
Kumyk: булут (bulut)
Urum: булут
South Kipchak:
Caspian:
Kazakh: бұлт (būlt)
Karakalpak: bult
Nogai: булыт (bulıt)
Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
Kyrgyz: булут (bulut)
Southern Altai: булут (bulut)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃 (b¹ul¹it¹ /bulït/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bulït)

Western Yugur: bələt, bulət

North Siberian:

Yakut: былыт (bılıt)

Dolgan: былыт

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: булут

Tuvan: булут (bulut)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пулут (pulut)

Shor: пулут

The *-t is hypothesised to be an ancient plural suffix by Doerfer.


ȫŕ

ȫŕ (nominative singular)
ȫŕüg (accusative singular)
ȫŕni (accusative singular)
ȫŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫŕke (dative singular)
ȫŕde (locative singular)
ȫŕden (ablative singular)
ȫŕgerü (allative singular)
ȫŕün (instrumental singular)
ȫŕče (equative singular)
ȫŕleyü (singular)
ȫŕlügü (comitative singular)

Räsänen and Nişanyan suggest a derivation from *ȫ- (“to think, to be aware”) + *-ŕ. Nişanyan compares to Proto-Mongolic *öber, Doerfer suggests Mongolian өөр (öör) is a Turkic borrowing from the form *ȫŕe.


öŋüč

öŋüč (nominative singular)
öŋüčüg (accusative singular)
öŋüčni (accusative singular)
öŋüčnüŋ (genitive singular)
öŋüčke (dative singular)
öŋüčde (locative singular)
öŋüčden (ablative singular)
öŋüčgerü (allative singular)
öŋüčün (instrumental singular)
öŋüčče (equative singular)
öŋüčleyü (singular)
öŋüčlügü (comitative singular)

Medieval

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öŋüč)

Karluk

Uzbek: oʻngach

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Kumyk: оьнгеч (öñeç, “gullet”)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: үңәс (üñəs, “gullet”)

desc

Tatar: үңәч (üñäç, “gullet”), үңеч (üñeç, “gullet”)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: өңеш (öñeş)

Karakalpak: o'ngesh

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өңгөч (öŋgöc)

Southern Altai: ӧӧч (ööč, “gullet”)

Siberian

North Siberian

Yakut: өҥүс (öñüs)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: өөш (ööş, “gullet”)

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: ӧӧс (öös, “rib (of body)”)

Khakas: ӧӧс (“rib (of body)”)


öpke

öpke (nominative singular)
öpkeig (accusative singular)
öpkeni (accusative singular)
öpkeniŋ (genitive singular)
öpkeke (dative singular)
öpkede (locative singular)
öpkeden (ablative singular)
öpkegerü (allative singular)
öpkein (instrumental singular)
öpkeče (equative singular)
öpkeleyü (singular)
öpkeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ӳпке (üpke)

Proto-Common Turkic: *öpke

Oghuz: *öwke ("anger"), *öwken ("lungs")

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوكه (öwke, “anger”), اويكه (öyke, “anger”), ايكن (öyken, “lungs”), اويكن (öyken, “lungs”)

Azerbaijani: öfkə (“lungs; anger”), öxbə (“lungs”) (dial.), öfgə (“lungs”) (dial.), öfkələnmək (“to get angry”)

Ottoman Turkish: اوفكه (öfke, “anger”), اويكه (öyke, “anger”), اويكن (öyken, “lungs”), اويكهلنمك (öykelenmek, “to get angry”)

Gagauz: üfke (“anger”)

Turkish: öfke, öfkelenmek, öyke (“anger”) (dialectal), öyken (“lungs”) (dialectal), övken (“asthma”) (dialectal), öykelenmek (dialectal), övkelenmek (dialectal)

Salar: öken (“lungs”)

Turkmen: öýke (“sadness”), öýken (“lungs”), öýkelemek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (öpke)

Uyghur: ئۆپكە (öpke)

Uzbek: oʻpka

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үпкә (üpkə)

Tatar: үпкә (üpkä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: öpke

Karachay-Balkar: ёпке (öpke)

Kumyk: оьпке (öpke)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ókpe

Kazakh: өкпе (ökpe)

Nogai: оьпке (öpke)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өпкө (öpkö)

Southern Altai: ӧкпӧ (ökpö)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (öpke) (Yenisei)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (öpke, övke)

Western Yugur: üʰkpi, [script needed] (öhkbe)

Sayan:

Tofa: өъкпэ (ö"kpe)

Tuvan: өкпе (ökpe)

Dukhan: öʰkpe

Yenisei:

Khakas: ӧкпе

Shor: ӧкпе

Western Yugur: üʰkpi

Perhaps related to Manchu ᡠᡶᡠᡥᡠ (ufuhu, “lung”).


bitig

bitig (nominative singular)
bitigig (accusative singular)
bitigni (accusative singular)
bitigniŋ (genitive singular)
bitigke (dative singular)
bitigde (locative singular)
bitigden (ablative singular)
bitiggerü (allative singular)
bitigin (instrumental singular)
bitigče (equative singular)
bitigleyü (singular)
bitigligü (comitative singular)
*bitik (alternative)

→ Hungarian: betű

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗтӳ (pĕt̬ü, “amulet”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bitig, *bitik

Proto-Oghuz: *bitig, *bitik

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بِتى (biti, “letter, written document”)

Azerbaijani: bitik (archaic)

Ottoman Turkish: بتى (biti, “letter, written document; memory (literature); bill, document”)

biti<t:letter, post; amulet; notebook; book; forme; amulet; credentials, document, compass, licence; clerk><qq:dialectal>

Turkish: biti (“letter, post; amulet; notebook; book; forme; amulet; credentials, document, compass, licence; clerk”) (dialectal)

East Oghuz:

Salar: bitik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِتِكٔ (bitig, bitik)

Khorezmian Turkic:

→ Bulgar: بطك (bitik)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: bitik

Uyghur: بېتىك (bëtik)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بتو (bitüv, bitiv), بتی (biti), بتك (bitik)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бетеү (betew, “amulet”)

Tatar: бөти (böti, “letter, amulet”)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: битик (bitik)

Kumyk: битик (bitik, “amulet”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бітік (bıtık, “letter, scripture”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏 (b²it²g /bitig/)

→ Turkish: betik

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bitig)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (pïʰtïɣ, “book”)

→ Mongolian: бичиг (bičig)

→ Kyrgyz: бичик (bicik, “book of Kalmyk”)

→ Southern Altai: бичик (bičik, “book”)

→ Khakas: пічік (pìçìk, “book”)

→ Shor: пичик (“script, alphabet”)

→ Tuvan: бижик (bijik)

→ Yakut: бичик (bicik)


kār

kār (nominative singular)
kārïg (accusative singular)
kārnï (accusative singular)
kārnïŋ (genitive singular)
kārka (dative singular)
kārda (locative singular)
kārdan (ablative singular)
kārgaru (allative singular)
kārïn (instrumental singular)
kārča (equative singular)
kārlayu (singular)
kārlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga bulgar: *xyār (as in *kān)

Chuvash: юр (jur)

Common Turkic:

Karluk

Chagatai: قَارْ

Uyghur: قار (qar)

Uzbek: qor

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡар (qar)

Tatar: qar

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: qar

Karachay-Balkar: къар (qar)

Kumyk: къар (qar)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: қар (qar)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кар (kar)

Southern Altai: кар (kar)

Siberian Turkic

North Siberian

Dolgan: каар

Yakut: хаар (qaar)

South Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰺 (kar)

Yenisei

Shor: қар

Khakas: хар (xar)

Sayan

Tuvan: хар (xar)

Arghu

Khalaj: qâr

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qar

Gagauz: kaar

Ottoman Turkish: قار (kar)

Turkish: kar

Turkmen: gār


ēr

ēr (nominative singular)
ērig (accusative singular)
ērni (accusative singular)
ērniŋ (genitive singular)
ērke (dative singular)
ērde (locative singular)
ērden (ablative singular)
ērgerü (allative singular)
ērin (instrumental singular)
ērče (equative singular)
ērleyü (singular)
ērligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ар (ar)

Middle Turkic: er

Arghu:

Khalaj: hər

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: ار (er)
Azerbaijani: ər
Ottoman Turkish: ار (er)
Turkish: er

Turkmen: är

Salar: er

Azerbaijani: ərən

Ottoman Turkish: ارن (eren)

Turkish: eren

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرْ (er)

Chagatai: اير (er)

Uyghur: ئەر (er)

Ili Turki: er

Uzbek: er

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: ир (ir)

Tatar: ир (ir)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: er

Kazakh: ер (er)

Nogai: эр (ér)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эр (er)

Southern Altai: эр (er)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: er

Karachay-Balkar: эр (er)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: эр

Latin script: er

Kumyk: эр (er)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰼 (er)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾 (ʾr /er/)
Western Yugur: erə (erï)
⇒ Western Yugur: eren (eren, “husband”)
⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽱𐽽𐽶 (ʾr ʾβcy /er-evči/, “wife and husband”, literally “man and the house-person”)
Western Yugur: erehpdʐi (ereʰpǯi, “married couple”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: эр

Yakut: эр (er)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tofa: эр

Tuvan: эр (er) (Kyzyl, Soyot)

Yenisei:

Khakas: ир (ir)

Shor: эр

desc

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *ēren (“men”) (the irregular plural form)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: ارن (eren), ایرن (ẹren)
Azerbaijani: ərən
Ottoman Turkish: ارن (eren)
Turkish: eren

Kipchak:

Kazakh: ерен (eren)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽺 (ʾrʾn /eren/)

This root, according to Yegorov (1964), is one of the oldest Turkic words and it is registered in almost all Turkic languages.
The plural form, *ēren, is compared to Mongolian [script needed] (aran) by Nişanyan.


temürči

temürči (nominative singular)
temürčiig (accusative singular)
temürčini (accusative singular)
temürčiniŋ (genitive singular)
temürčike (dative singular)
temürčide (locative singular)
temürčiden (ablative singular)
temürčigerü (allative singular)
temürčiin (instrumental singular)
temürčiče (equative singular)
temürčileyü (singular)
temürčiligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: تمرج

Chuvash: тимӗрҫӗ (timĕrś̬ĕ)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: دمورجی (demürci)

Azerbaijani: dəmirçi

desc

Ottoman Turkish: دمورجی (demirci, demürci)

Turkish: demirci

Turkmen: demirçi

Kipchak

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: тимерсе (timerse)

Tatar: тимерче (timerçe)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: [script needed] (temirči)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: темірші (temırşı)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: темирчи (temirci)

Southern Altai: темирчи (temirči)

Karluk:

→ Turkish: Temürçi (learned borrowing)

Karakhanid: تَمُرْجىٖ (temürči)

Chagatai: تیمورچی (temürči)

Uzbek: temirchi

Uyghur: تۆمۈرچى (tömürchi)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (temirči)

→ Mongolic:

Middle Mongol: ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ (temüǰin) (birthname of Genghis Khan)

Mongolian: ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ (temüǰin) (a male given name)

→ Chagatai: تیموچین (temüčin)

→ Turkish: Timuçin (through intermediaries)

From *temür (“iron”) + *-či (“occupational suffix”).


kï̄ŕ

kï̄ŕ (nominative singular)
kï̄ŕïg (accusative singular)
kï̄ŕnï (accusative singular)
kï̄ŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
kï̄ŕka (dative singular)
kï̄ŕda (locative singular)
kï̄ŕdan (ablative singular)
kï̄ŕgaru (allative singular)
kï̄ŕïn (instrumental singular)
kï̄ŕča (equative singular)
kï̄ŕlayu (singular)
kï̄ŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: هير (hï̄r)

Chuvash: хӗр (hĕr)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qıız

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قز (qız), قیز

Azerbaijani: qız

Gagauz: kız

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیز (kız)
Turkish: kız
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: qîz

→ Swedish: guss

Salar: gız

Turkmen: gȳz

Old Khalaj: خٖيزْ (xï̄z)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قٖيزْ (qï̄z)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qïz)

Uyghur: قىز (qiz)

Uzbek: qiz

Kipchak: [script needed] (qïz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qız

Karachay-Balkar: къыз (qız)

Karaim: kyz

Kumyk: къыз (qız)

Urum: хыз

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыҙ (qıź)

Tatar: кыз (qız)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qız

Kazakh: қыз (qyz)

Nogai: кыз (kız)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыз (kız)

Southern Altai: кыс (kïs)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰶𐰃𐰕 (qïz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽶𐽴 (qyz /kïz/)
Western Yugur: ɢəz (gïz, gïs)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кыыс

Yakut: кыыс (kııs)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кыс (kıs)

Tofa: кыс

Yenisei:

Khakas: хыс (xıs)

Shor: қыс

Proto-Turkic: *kïrnāk

Oghuz: قِرْناقْ

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرناق (qırnaq)

Azerbaijani: qırnaq

Gagauz: kırnak

Ottoman Turkish: قرناق

Turkish: kırnak

Turkmen: gyrnak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

desc

Kipchak: قِرْناقْ

Kipchak: قِرْناقْ

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қырнақ (qyrnaq) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرْناقْ

Proto-Turkic: *kï̄rkïn

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: هیرحومْ (hïrhum)

Chuvash: хӑрхӑм (hărh̬ăm)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡырҡын (qırqın)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرقِنْ

Most likely related to *kï̄rkïn (“maiden, slave girl”) and *kïrnak (“slave girl”).


kudruk

kudruk (nominative singular)
kudrukug (accusative singular)
kudruknï (accusative singular)
kudruknuŋ (genitive singular)
kudrukka (dative singular)
kudrukda (locative singular)
kudrukdan (ablative singular)
kudrukgaru (allative singular)
kudrukun (instrumental singular)
kudrukča (equative singular)
kudruklayu (singular)
kudruklugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӳре (hüre)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kudurga

Mongolian: хударга (xudarga)

East Yugur: ghudurgha

Proto-Common Turkic:

Karakhanid: قُذْرُقْ (quδruq), قُیرُقْ (quyruq) (Late Karakhanid)

Khorezmian Turkic: قُذرُق (quδruq)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qudruq

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قُيرُقْ

Azerbaijani: quyruq

Ottoman Turkish: قویروق (quyruq)

Gagauz: kuyruk

Turkish: kuyruk

Salar: guruq

Turkmen: guýruk

Kipchak:

Kipchak: cuyrug

Kipchak: قويرق (quyruɣ)

Mamluk-Kipchak: قُيرُغ (quyruɣ), قُيرُق (quyruq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: quyruq

Karachay-Balkar: къуйрукъ (quyruq)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: куйрук

Latin script: kuyruk

Kumyk: къуйрукъ (quyruq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡойроҡ (qoyroq)

Tatar: койрык (qoyrıq)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: quyrıq

Kazakh: құйрық (qūiryq)

Nogai: куйрык (kuyrık)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куйрук (kuyruk)

Southern Altai: куйрук (kuyruk)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (quyruɣ)

Uzbek: quyruq

Uyghur: قۇيرۇق (quyruq)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰺𐰆𐰸 (qudruq)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qudruq)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (quzruq)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кутурук (kuturuk)

Yakut: кутурук (kuturuk)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: қудуруқ, қудурық, қудырық

Tofa: ӄудуруӄ (quduruq)

Tuvan: кудурук (kuduruk)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хузурух (xuzurux)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: guzruh

Shor: қузуруқ (quzuruq)

East Slavic:

→ Belarusian: курдзю́к (kurdzjúk)

→ Russian: курдю́к (kurdjúk)

→ Ukrainian: курдю́к (kurdjúk)

Derived from the unattested stem *kudu-r-.


ūč

ūč (nominative singular)
ūčug (accusative singular)
ūčnï (accusative singular)
ūčnuŋ (genitive singular)
ūčka (dative singular)
ūčda (locative singular)
ūčdan (ablative singular)
ūčgaru (allative singular)
ūčun (instrumental singular)
ūčča (equative singular)
ūčlayu (singular)
ūčlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӗҫ (vĕś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: uc

Ottoman Turkish: اوچ

Gagauz: uç (uc-)

Turkish: uç (uc-)

Salar: uc

Turkmen: ūç (ūj-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (uč)

Chagatai: ۇچ (uč)

Uzbek: uch/уч (uch)

Uyghur: ۇچ (uch)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: оч (oç)

Bashkir: ос (os)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: uc

Karaim: uč

Kumyk: уч (uç)

Urum: уч (uč), уджу (udžu, “3rd singular”)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ush

Kazakh: ұш (ūş)

Nogai: уш (uş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: уч (uc)

Southern Altai: уч (uč)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (uč)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: uč, [script needed] (udžu), [script needed] (užu)

North Siberian:

Yakut: уһук (uhuk) (<*ūč-uk)

Dolgan: уһук (uhuk) (<*ūč-uk)

South siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ус (us)

Shor: уш, уч, ужы (užï, “3rd singular”)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: уш (uš)

Tuvan: уш (uş)


buŕagu

buŕagu (nominative singular)
buŕaguug (accusative singular)
buŕagunï (accusative singular)
buŕagunuŋ (genitive singular)
buŕaguka (dative singular)
buŕaguda (locative singular)
buŕagudan (ablative singular)
buŕagugaru (allative singular)
buŕaguun (instrumental singular)
buŕaguča (equative singular)
buŕagulayu (singular)
buŕagulugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑру (păru)

→ Hungarian: borjú

→ Proto-Mongolic: *biraxu

Mongolian: бяруу (bjaruu)

→ Evenki: боро (boro)

Proto-Common Turkic: *buzagu

Proto-Oghuz: *buzaɣu

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: buzov

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بوزاغو (buzağu)
Gagauz: buzaa
Turkish: buzağı

Salar: buzı

Turkmen: buzaw

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُزاغُو (buzāɣū)

desc

Chagatai: بوزاغو (buzaɣu), بوزاغ (buzaɣ)

Uzbek: buzoq

Uyghur: موزاي (mozay)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بوزاو (buzaw)

Mamluk-Kipchak: بوزاغو (buzaɣu), بوزاو (buzawu)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: быҙау (bıźaw)

Tatar: бозау (bozaw)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: бузоу (buzou)

Krymchak: бузов

Kumyk: бузав (buzaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұзау (būzau)

Karakalpak: бузаў, buzaw

Nogai: бузав (buzav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: музоо (muzoo)

Southern Altai: бозу (bozu)

→ Armenian: բուզօվ (buzōv), բըզօվ (bəzōv) — Nor Nakhichevan

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰕𐰍𐰆 (b¹uzǧu /buzaɣu/)

Old Uyghur: pwz՚γw (buzaɣu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: бызаа (bızaa)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пызо (pızo)

Presumably from *buŕ-a- (“to bear a calf”) + *-gu.


takïgu

tiakïgu (canonical)
takïgu (nominative singular)
takïguug (accusative singular)
takïgunï (accusative singular)
takïgunuŋ (genitive singular)
takïguka (dative singular)
takïguda (locative singular)
takïgudan (ablative singular)
takïgugaru (allative singular)
takïguun (instrumental singular)
takïguča (equative singular)
takïgulayu (singular)
takïgulugu (comitative singular)

Serbi—Mongolic:

→? Proto-Mongolic: *takïxa

Mongolian: тахиа (taxia)

→ Tuvan: дагаа (dagaa)

→? Khitan: 𘰺𘯛𘯺 (teqoa)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *tiaku

Manchu: ᠴᠣᡴᠣ (coko)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: توح (tox) (as in توحجِ (toxçı))

Chuvash: чӑх (čăh)

Danube Bulgar: тох (tox)

→ Hungarian: tyúk

Proto-Common Turkic: *taqïɣu

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: toyuq

Ottoman Turkish: طاوق (tavuk)

Turkish: tavuk

Gagauz: tauk

Salar: tox

Turkmen: towuk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَقاغُو (taqāɣū)

Khorezmian: طاوق (tavuq)

Chagatai: تاغوغ (tağuğ), تاقوغ (taquğ), تقوق (taquq), تاغوق (tağuq), تاووغ (tawuğ), تاوق (tawuq), تاخوق (taxuq), توخی (toxi), توخو (toxu)

Uzbek: tovuq

Uyghur: توخۇ (toxu)

Kipchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: դավուխ (tavuχ), դավուղ (tavuɣ)

Kipchak: tauc (tawuq)

Mamluk-Kipchak: طاووق (ṭawuq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tavuq

Karachay-Balkar: тауукъ (tauuq)

Kumyk: тавукъ (tawuq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тауыҡ (tawıq)

Tatar: тавык (tawıq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: тауық (tauyq)

Nogai тавык (tavık)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоок (took)

Southern Altai: така (taka), таак (taak)

Siberian Turkic:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽲𐽳 (tʾqyqw /taḳïġu/)
Western Yugur: tahɢa (taʰqa), tahɢaɣə (taʰqaɣa)

North Siberian:

Yakut:

Dolgan:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: таңах (tañax)


kaŕgan

kaŕgan (nominative singular)
kaŕganïg (accusative singular)
kaŕgannï (accusative singular)
kaŕgannïŋ (genitive singular)
kaŕganka (dative singular)
kaŕganda (locative singular)
kaŕgandan (ablative singular)
kaŕgangaru (allative singular)
kaŕganïn (instrumental singular)
kaŕganča (equative singular)
kaŕganlayu (singular)
kaŕganlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хуран (huran)

→? Hungarian: harang (“bell”)

Common Turkic:

desc

→ Middle Mongol: [Arabic needed] (qazghan) (Ibn Muhanna)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qazğân

Proto-Oghuz: *γazan

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qazan

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قزان (qazan), قزغان (kazğan)
Turkish: kazan
→ Albanian: kazan
→ Arabic: قَزَان (qazān), قَازَان (qāzān)
→ Armenian: խազան (xazan), ղազան (ġazan), կազան (kazan), ղզղան (ġzġan)
→ Aromanian: cãzáne
→ Bulgarian: каза́н (kazán)
→ Greek: καζάνι (kazáni)
→ Hungarian: kazán
→ Macedonian: казан (kazan)
→ Romanian: cazàn
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ка̀зан
Latin script: kàzan
→ Northern Kurdish: quşxane

Gagauz: kazan

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gazan

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡаҙан (qaźan)

Tatar: казан (qazan)

desc

Siberian Tatar: казаннау (“to prepare in a cauldron”)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: qazan

Kazakh: қазан (qazan)

Nogai: казан (kazan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: казан (kazan)

Southern Altai: казан (kazan)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qazan

Karachay-Balkar: къазан (qazan)

Karaim: казан

Kumyk: къазан (qazan)

Krymchak: казан (“stockpot”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قَزْغانْ (qazɣān, “dug out”) (uncertain)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (qazan)

Uzbek: qozon

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Khakas: хазан (xazan)

Shor: қазан (qazan)

→ Persian: خاژغان (xâžġân)

Analysis as *kaŕ- (“to dig out”) + *-gan is often proposed, however not without some controversy; see literature for details.


karak

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرق (qaraq)

Turkmen: garak

Kipchak: [Term?] (karak)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: қарақ (qaraq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карек (karek)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (karak)

Chagatai: قاراغ (qarağ), قاراق (qaraq)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽲 (qʾrq)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: харах (qaraq)

Dolgan: карак

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: карак (karak)

Sayan:

Tuvan: карак (karak)

Tofa: карак

Yenisei:

Khakas: харах (xarax)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: garah

Shor: қарақ

Clauson derives this word from *kara + *-ak, literally meaning "little black thing". Räsänen instead derives from *kara- + *-ak. Nişanyan lists this word as related to *kara. Nişanyan also considers a derivation from *kara- (“to look”). Compare Proto-Mongolic *kara- (“to see”), Mongolian харах (xarax, “to look”).


karak

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرق (qaraq)

Turkish: (dialectal) karak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡараҡ (qaraq)

Tatar: карак (qaraq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Nogai: карак (karak)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *qaraqčï (“pillager, thief”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قرقچی (qaraqçı), قرخچی (qaraḫçı)

Turkmen: garakçy

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: [script needed] (karačï) (Codex Cumanicus)

Karaim: [script needed] (karaxčï)

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: قاراقچی (qaraqči)

Uzbek: qaroqchi (“pirate”)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (karakçï)

→ Khanty: [Term?] (xoraxśi)

Clauson doubts a morphological identity with the first etymology. Räsänen compares *kar-ma (“robbery”), which would imply a derivation from *kar-.


urug

urug (nominative singular)
urugug (accusative singular)
urugnï (accusative singular)
urugnuŋ (genitive singular)
urugka (dative singular)
urugda (locative singular)
urugdan (ablative singular)
uruggaru (allative singular)
urugun (instrumental singular)
urugča (equative singular)
uruglayu (singular)
uruglugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вӑрӑ (vără)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: uruq

Ottoman Turkish: اوروق (uruq)

Turkmen: urug

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرُغْ (uruğ)

Uzbek: urugʻ

Uyghur: ئۇرۇق (uruq)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: урук (uruk), уруу (uruu)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ырыу (ırıw)

Tatar: ыруг (ıruğ)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ұрық (ūryq), ру (ru)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (uruğ)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уруу

Yakut: уруу (uruu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: уруг (urug, “child; young girl, daughter”)

Tofa: [script needed] (uruğ)

Yenisei:

Khakas: урух (urux)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *urugla-

اُرُغْلاماقْ

Karakhanid: اُرُغْلاماقْ (uruğlamaq)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *uruglan-

اُرُغْلَنْماقْ

Karakhanid: اُرُغْلَنْماقْ (uruğlanmaq)

desctree

Proto-Turkic: *urugluk
Common Turkic:
Oghuz:
Salar: urlaq, urluq
Karluk:
Karakhanid: اُرُغْلُقْ (uruğluq, “seed corn”)
Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (urluk)
Uyghur: [script needed] (uruqluq)
Kipchak:
North Kipchak:
Bashkir: орлоҡ (orloq)
Tatar: орлык (orlıq)
→? Chuvash: вӑрлӑх (vărlăh)
Cuman-Kipchak: [script needed] (urluk)
Kumyk: урлукъ (urluq)
Crimean Tatar: urluq
Karachay-Balkar: урлукъ (urluq)
South Kipchak:
Nogai: урлык (urlık)

From *ur + *-ug. Very similar to Proto-Turkic *urï (“male child, son”).


köŕ

köŕ (nominative singular)
köŕüg (accusative singular)
köŕni (accusative singular)
köŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
köŕke (dative singular)
köŕde (locative singular)
köŕden (ablative singular)
köŕgerü (allative singular)
köŕün (instrumental singular)
köŕče (equative singular)
köŕleyü (singular)
köŕlügü (comitative singular)

>? Oghur: *köŕ

>? Old Chuvash: *kur(s/či)

>? Middle Chuvash: *kur(śĕ)

>? Chuvash: куҫ (kuś)

desc

⇒ Chuvash: куҫлӗх (kuślĕh, “glasses, mirror”)

>? Middle Chuvash: *kü(r)ś

>? Chuvash: *kĕś

⇒? Chuvash: куҫкӗски (kuśkĕski, “mirror”) (< куҫ (kuś) + *kĕś + *-gü) (if not from Tatar көзге (közge) or Bashkir көҙгө (köźgö) instead)

Proto-Common Turkic: *köz

Arghu:

Khalaj: köz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كوز (göz)

Azerbaijani: göz

Gagauz: göz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوز (göz)
Turkish: göz
→ Armenian: գյոզ (gyoz)

Turkmen: göz

Salar: göz, gaozi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُوزْ (kȫz)

Khorezmian Turkic: كوز (köz)

Chagatai: كوز (göz)

Chagatai: كوزكی (“mirror”)

Classical Persian: كوزكی (“mirror”)

Uzbek: koʻz

Uyghur: كۆز (köz)

Ili Turki: kȯz (koz)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: كوز (köz)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: күҙ (küź)

Tatar: күз (küz)

→? Chuvash: куҫ (kuś)

Kipchak-Cuman: chox (köz) (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: köz

Karachay-Balkar: кёз (köz)

desc

⇒ Karachay-Balkar: кёзбав (közbav, “witchcraft, magic”)

Kumyk: гёз (göz)

Karaim: коз (koz)

Urum: гӧз (göz), кӧз (köz), коз (koz)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көз (köz)

Karakalpak: ko'z

Nogai: коьз (köz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көз (köz)

Southern Altai: кӧс (kös)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰕 (köz)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴 (kwyz /köz/)

⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽳𐽺𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwyzwnmʾk /közünmäk/, “to appear”)

Western Yugur: kos (köz), kohs

North Siberian Turkic:

⇒ Yakut: көһүн (köhün, “to appear”)

⇒ Dolgan: көһүн (köhün, “to appear”)

South Siberian Turkic:

⇒ Soyot: көскүдәр (“to show”)

⇒ Tofa: көстүр (“to appear”)

⇒ Tuvan: көскү (köskü, “visible”), көстүк (köstük, “glasses”)

Northern Altai: кӧз (köz)

A derivation from *kör- (“to see”), however, the exact way of the derivation is uncertain. Clauson comments that "there is obviously a very old etymological connection with *kör-". Nişanyan comments on the vagueness of the exact morphological relation between the two roots. Possibly an anthimeric (zero derivation) form of *kör-.
Altaicists assume *köŕ ~ *körs and compare this reconstruction (along with *kör- (“to see”)) with Khalkha Mongolian горьдлого (gorʹdlogo, “hope”), Proto-Tungusic [Term?] (“to look out, to appear”) and Korean 그립다 (geuripda, “to miss, to long for”). However, Altaic hypothesis and comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream consensus.
There is no consensus on the origin of the Chuvash куҫ (kuś), which is integral in part of determining the antiquity of the Proto-Turkic root. EDAL, Sevortyan, Yegorov and Fedotov suppose that Chuvash form indeed goes back to Proto-Turkic stage, but each with different reconstructions and methods. Eren (1982), in his remarks on Yegorov's work, disagree that Chuvash form may come from Proto-Turkic but Tatar.
Siberian languages at large have adopted *karak (“eye, pupil”), replacing the original *köz.


kāš

kāš (nominative singular)
kāšlar (nominative plural)
kāšnïŋ (genitive singular)
kāšlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
kāška (dative singular)
kāšlarka (dative plural)
kāšta (locative singular)
kāšlarda (locative plural)
kāštan (ablative singular)
kāšlardan (ablative plural)
kāšlarïn (instrumental plural)
kāšča (equative singular)
kāšlarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: qâş

Proto-Oghuz: *kāš

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qaş

Ottoman Turkish: قاش (kaş)
Turkish: kaş

Salar: gaş (“edge”)

Turkmen: gāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قاشْ (qāš)

Khorezmian Turkic: قاش (qaš)

desctree

Chagatai: قاش (qaš)
Uyghur: قاش (qash)
Uzbek: qosh
→ Tajik: қош (qoš)

Kipchak: قاش (qaš), cas — Codex Cumanicus
North Kipchak
Bashkir: ҡаш (qaş)
Tatar: каш (qaş) / qaş
West Kipchak
Crimean Tatar: qaş
Karachay-Balkar: къаш (qaş)
Karaim: къаш, каш, кас
Kumyk: къаш (qaş)
Central Kipchak
Karakalpak: qas
Kazakh: қас (qas)
Nogai: кас (kas)
East Kipchak
Kyrgyz: каш (kaş)
Southern Altai: каш (kaš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱁 (qaš)

Old Uyghur: q̈՚š (qaš)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: каас (kaas)

Yakut: хаас (qaas)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хас (xas), кас (kas)

Shor: қаш

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: хаш

Tuvan: каш (kaş)


abuč

abuč (nominative singular)
abučug (accusative singular)
abučnï (accusative singular)
abučnuŋ (genitive singular)
abučka (dative singular)
abučda (locative singular)
abučdan (ablative singular)
abučgaru (allative singular)
abučun (instrumental singular)
abučča (equative singular)
abučlayu (singular)
abučlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ывӑҫ (yvăś)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ovuc

Gagauz: avuç

Ottoman Turkish: آوج (avuc), آئوج (aʼvuc), آووج (avuc)
Turkish: avuç
→ Armenian: ավուճ (avuč)

Salar: uc

Turkmen: owuç

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (avuč)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (avuč)

Chagatai: [script needed] (ovuč)

Uzbek: havuch

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (awut)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (awuč)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: avuç

Karachay-Balkar: уууч (uuuç)

Karaim: avuč ,uvuč

Kumyk: увуч (uwuç)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ус (us)

Tatar: уч (uç)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: уыс (uys)

Karakalpak: uwıs

Nogai: увыс (uvıs)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ууч (uuc)

Southern Altai: ууш (uuš)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽸𐽳𐾀 (ʾʾdwt /adut/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽱𐽳𐾀 (ʾʾβwt /avut/)
Western Yugur: oʂ (oš)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: оъш (o"š)

Yenisei:

Khakas: оос (oos)

Shor: ош (oš), оош (ooš)

Compare Proto-Mongolic *abuca (“handful”).


yōl

yōl (nominative singular)
yōlug (accusative singular)
yōlnï (accusative singular)
yōlnuŋ (genitive singular)
yōlka (dative singular)
yōlda (locative singular)
yōldan (ablative singular)
yōlgaru (allative singular)
yōlun (instrumental singular)
yōlča (equative singular)
yōllayu (singular)
yōllugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Middle Chuvash: *śål

Viryal Chuvash: ҫол (śol)

Anatri Chuvash: ҫул (śul)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yōl

Arghu:

Khalaj: yôl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yol

Ottoman Turkish: یول (yol)
Gagauz: yol
Turkish: yol
→ Albanian: joll
→ Armenian: յոլ (yol)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: јо̏л
Latin script: jȍl
→ Northern Kurdish: ol (“order, sect, dogma”)

Turkmen: ýōl

Salar: yol

Karluk:

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yol)

Karakhanid: يُولْ (yōl)

Chagatai: يول (yol)

Uzbek: yoʻl, йўл (yoʻl)

Uyghur: يول (yol)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yol)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yol)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: юл (yul)

Bashkir: юл (yul)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: yol

Karaim: jol

Karachay-Balkar: джол (col)

Kumyk: ёл (yol)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: жол (jol)

Karakalpak: jol

Nogai: йол (yol)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жол (jol)

Southern Altai: јол (ǰol)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰞 (yol)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐾁 (ywl /yol/)
Western Yugur: jol (/yol/, “way, path; journey; mile; fate”)
⇒ Western Yugur: jolaq (/yolaɢ-/, “to bid farewell, to worship”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: суол (suol)

Dolgan: һуол (huol)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чол (çol)

Shor: чол

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чол (çol)

Tofa: чол

→ Proto-Mongolic: *jol (“luck”)

→ Yakut: дьол (jol)


čātïr

čātïr (nominative singular)
čātïrlar (nominative plural)
čātïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
čātïrlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
čātïrka (dative singular)
čātïrlarka (dative plural)
čātïrda (locative singular)
čātïrlarda (locative plural)
čātïrdan (ablative singular)
čātïrlardan (ablative plural)
čātïrlarïn (instrumental plural)
čātïrča (equative singular)
čātïrlarča (equative plural)

Karakhanid: چاتر (čātïr) [11th c.], [script needed] (čāčïr), [script needed] (čadïr) [13th c.], [script needed] (čādar, “canvas tent”) [14th c.]

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (čadïr, “tent”) [14th c.]

Kipchak: [script needed] (čatïr, “tent; sunshade; a woman's cloak”) [14th c.]

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: сатыр (satır)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (čatïr)

Tatar: чатыр (çatır)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: shatır

Kazakh: шатыр (şatyr)

Nogai: шатыр (şatır)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: чатыр (catır)

Southern Altai: чадыр (čadïr), чатыр (čatïr)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: şatır

Karachay-Balkar: чатыр (çatır)

Kumyk: чатыр (çatır)

→ Old Chuvash: *чатыр (*čat̬yr), *шатыр (*šat̬yr)

Chuvash: чатӑр (čat̬ăr)

→ Hungarian: sátor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Oghuz: *čādïr

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: çadır

Ottoman Turkish: چادر (çadır)

Gagauz: çadır

Turkish: çadır

→ Albanian: çadër

→ Czech: čádor

→ Russian: шатёр (šatjór)

→ Serbo-Croatian: (“tent”)

Cyrillic script: чадор

Latin script: čador

→ Crimean Tatar: çadır

Salar: çadır

Turkmen-Khorasan:

Turkmen: çādyr

Siberian Turkic:

Southern Siberian

Shor: шадыр

Tuvan: чадыр (çadır)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (čatïr, “sunshade; tent”) [14th c.]

Possibly borrowed from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (cʾtwl /čādur/), ultimately from Sanskrit छत्त्र (chattra, “parasol, umbrella, awning”).


yāg

yāg (nominative singular)
yāgïg (accusative singular)
yāgnï (accusative singular)
yāgnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāgka (dative singular)
yāgda (locative singular)
yāgdan (ablative singular)
yāggaru (allative singular)
yāgïn (instrumental singular)
yāgča (equative singular)
yāglayu (singular)
yāglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫу (śu), ҫӑв (śăv)

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâğ

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yağ

Ottoman Turkish: یاغ (yağ)

Turkish: yağ

Gagauz: yaa

Turkmen: ýag

Salar: yağ

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ىاغ (yağ)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yağ)

Chagatai: یاغ (yağ)

Uzbek: yoʻg

Uyghur: ياغ (yagh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: yağ

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yağ), [Arabic needed] (yağ)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yağ

Karachay-Balkar: джау (cau)

Karaim: jav

Kumyk: яв (yaw)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоон (joon), жов (jov)

Southern Altai: јуу (ǰuu)

Siberian:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰𐽲 (yʾq /yaġ/)
Western Yugur: jaɣ (yaɣ, “cooking oil”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һыа (hıa)

Yakut: сыа (sıa)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чаг (çag)

Tofa: [script needed] (čaɣ)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чағ (çağ)

Shor: чағ (čağ)

Northern Altai: јаг (ǰag) (Chelkan), дьу (dʹu), дьыг (dʹïg) (Kumandin)

Sometimes connected with *yak- (“to rub, to smear”), with the both deriving from hypothetical *yā-, supposedly reflected in Khalaj yâ- (“to churn butter”).


yagï

yagï (nominative singular)
yagïïg (accusative singular)
yagïnï (accusative singular)
yagïnïŋ (genitive singular)
yagïka (dative singular)
yagïda (locative singular)
yagïdan (ablative singular)
yagïgaru (allative singular)
yagïïn (instrumental singular)
yagïča (equative singular)
yagïlayu (singular)
yagïlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫу (śu, “heathen”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *dayïn

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yağı

Ottoman Turkish: یاغی (yağı)

Gagauz: yaa

Turkish: yağı

Turkmen: ýagy

Turkmen: ýow

Salar: yağı

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَغىٖ (yaɣï̄)

Khorezmian: [script needed] (yağı)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yağı)

Uzbek: yov

Uyghur: ياۋ (yaw)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yağı)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yağï)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yağı

Karachay-Balkar: джау (cau), жау (jau)

Kumyk: яв (yaw)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яу (yaw)

Tatar: яу (yaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жау (jau)

Karakalpak: jaw

Nogai: яв (yav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жоо (joo)

Southern Altai: јуу (ǰuu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰍𐰃 (yaɣï)

Old Uyghur: y'g (yaɣï)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сыа хаар (sıa qaar), сыа каар (sıa kaar)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чаа (çaa)

Shor: чаа

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чаа (čaa)

Tuvan: чаа (çaa)

Northern Altai: чаг (čag)

Western Yugur: yaɣï

→ Persian: یاغی (yāġī)


yüŕük

yüŕük (nominative singular)
yüŕüküg (accusative singular)
yüŕükni (accusative singular)
yüŕüknüŋ (genitive singular)
yüŕükke (dative singular)
yüŕükde (locative singular)
yüŕükden (ablative singular)
yüŕükgerü (allative singular)
yüŕükün (instrumental singular)
yüŕükče (equative singular)
yüŕükleyü (singular)
yüŕüklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗрӗ (śĕrĕ)

→ Hungarian: gyűrű

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: üzük

Ottoman Turkish: یوزوك (yüzük)

Turkish: yüzük

Gagauz: üzük

Turkmen: ýüzük

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُزُكْ (yüzük)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yüzük)

Chagatai: [script needed] (üzük)

Uzbek: uzuk

Uyghur: ئۈزۈك (üzük)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yüzük)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yüzük)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yüzük

Karachay-Balkar: джюзюк (cüzük), жюзюк (jüzük)

Kumyk: юзюк (yuzük)

Karaim: [script needed] ((y)üzük)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөҙөк (yöźök)

Tatar: йөзек (yözek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жүзік (jüzık)

Karakalpak: ju'zik

Nogai юзик (yuzik)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүзүк (jüzük)

Southern Altai: јӱстӱк (ǰüstük)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүһүөх (hühüöx)

Yakut: сүһүөх (sühüöq)

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чӱстӱк (çüstük)

Shor: чӱстӱк (čüstük)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: чүстүк (çüstük)

Derived from *yüŕ- which is also the source of *yüŕeŋgü (“stirrup”). No doubt related to Proto-Mongolic *döre (“ring”) and Proto-Tungusic *dur-, see Mongolian дөр (dör, “pin, collar, nose-ring”). Loaned as gyűrű (“ring”) in Hungarian, which, according to Clauson points to an earlier word initial /dʰ/.


tarmak

desc

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tarmak (“branch”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tarmaq)

Uyghur: تارماق (tarmaq)

Uzbek: tarmoq

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тармаҡ (tarmaq)

Tatar: тармак (tarmaq)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: тармакъ (tarmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: tarmaq

Kazakh: тармақ (tarmaq)

Nogai: [script needed] (tarmaq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тармак (tarmak)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tarmaq, “finger”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: тарбах (tarbaq, “finger”)

From *tar- (“to go apart, spread”) + *-mak.