adak

adak (canonical)
hadak (canonical)
adak (nominative singular)
adakïg (accusative singular)
adaknï (accusative singular)
adaknïŋ (genitive singular)
adakka (dative singular)
adakda (locative singular)
adakdan (ablative singular)
adakgaru (allative singular)
adakïn (instrumental singular)
adakča (equative singular)
adaklayu (singular)
adaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *aδaγ

Proto-Bulgar: *åδa

Old Chuvash: *åza

Middle Chuvash: *ora

Anatri Chuvash: ора (ora)

Viryal Chuvash: ура (ura)

Proto-Common Turkic: *adak

Arghu:

Khalaj: hadaq

Proto-Oghuz: *ayak

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایاق (ayaq), اداق (adaq), آیاق (ayaq)

Azerbaijani: ayaq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آیاق (ayak)
Gagauz: ayak
Turkish: ayak
→ Armenian: այախ (ayax)

Salar: ayaq

Turkmen: aýak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَذَقْ (aδaq)

Khorezmian Turkic: ازق (aδaq), ایق (ayaq)

Chagatai: آیاق (ayaq), آیاغ (ayağ)

Uzbek: oyoq

Uyghur: ئاياق (ayaq), ئاياغ (ayagh)

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: ايق (ayaq)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

desc

Bashkir: аҙаҡ (aźaq, “end; then”), аяҡ (ayaq, “leg”)

Tatar: аяк (ayak)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: ayaq

Karachay-Balkar: аякъ (ayaq)

Kumyk: аякъ (ayaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: аяқ (aäq)

Karakalpak: ayaq

Nogai: аяк (ayak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аяк (ayak)

Southern Altai: айак (ayak)

Siberian Turkic:

→ Proto-Mongolic: *adag

Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰴 (adaq)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽸𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾdʾq /adaḳ/)

Western Yugur: azaq

North Siberian:

Dolgan: атак (atak)

Yakut: атах (ataq)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: адак (adak)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: азах (azax)

Shor: азақ (azaq)

Usually considered to be simplex, however some theories have been thrown around:
# Németh and some other linguists derive it from *āt- (“to take a step”).
# Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *ad- (“to separate”), however states that the morphology is not very obvious as there is no deverbal noun forming *-ak suffix.
# Hamilton puts forth the possibility of being derived from *yād- (“to spread”).
Sevortyan's attempt at relating it with Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”) and Räsänen's attempt to link it with Korean 바닥 (badak) are unfounded.


tabïĺgān

tabïĺgān (nominative singular)
tabïĺgānïg (accusative singular)
tabïĺgānnï (accusative singular)
tabïĺgānnïŋ (genitive singular)
tabïĺgānka (dative singular)
tabïĺgānda (locative singular)
tabïĺgāndan (ablative singular)
tabïĺgāngaru (allative singular)
tabïĺgānïn (instrumental singular)
tabïĺgānča (equative singular)
tabïĺgānlayu (singular)
tabïĺgānlïgu (comitative singular)

→? Khitan: 匋裏 (taul)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *taxulai

Mongolian: туулай (tuulaj)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tavuşğân

Oghuz:

→ Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (ṭawšan)

Azerbaijani: dovşan

→ Kumyk: тавшан (tawşan)

→ Nogai: тавшан (tavşan)

Ottoman Turkish: طاوشان (tavşan)

Gagauz: tavşam

Turkish: tavşan

Salar: dovşan

Turkmen: towşan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَڤِشْغانْ (tavïšɣān)

Chagatai: تاووشقان (tawušqan)

Uzbek: tovushqon

Uyghur: توشقان (toshqan)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣 (t¹b¹s¹ǧn¹ /tabïšɣan/)

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽰𐽱𐽶𐽿𐽲𐽰𐽺 (tʾβyšqʾn)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (tusqan)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: табысхан (tabısqan)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: табысхан (tabısxan)


ïgač

ïgač (nominative singular)
ïgačïg (accusative singular)
ïgačnï (accusative singular)
ïgačnïŋ (genitive singular)
ïgačka (dative singular)
ïgačda (locative singular)
ïgačdan (ablative singular)
ïgačgaru (allative singular)
ïgačïn (instrumental singular)
ïgačča (equative singular)
ïgačlayu (singular)
ïgačlïgu (comitative singular)

Medieval:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yīğaç)

Old Turkic

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰍𐰲 (iǧč /ïɣač/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ïɣač)

Bulghar

Chuvash: йывӑҫ (jyvăś)

Karluk

Karakhanid: يِغَجْ (yïɣaç)

Chagatai: ییغاج (yïɣač)

Uyghur: ياغاچ (yaghach)

Uzbek: yogʻoch

Kipchak

Aral:

Karakalpak: agash

Kazakh: ағаш (ağaş)

Nogai: агаш (agaş)

Black Sea:

Crimean Tatar: ağaç

Karachay-Balkar: агъач (ağaç)

Karaim: agač

Kumyk: агъач (ağaç)

Urum: агач

Eastern

Kyrgyz: жыгач (jıgac)

Southern Altai: агаш (agaš)

Northern:

Bashkir: ағас (ağas)

Tatar: агач (ağaç)

Arghu

Khalaj: hağaç

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: ağac

Gagauz: aaç

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آغاج (ağaç), աղաճ (ağac) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: ağaç
→ Laz: აღაჯი (ağaci)

Salar: agaç

Turkmen: agaç

Siberian

Southern Siberian

Yenisei-Turkic

Khakas: ағас (ağas)

Shor: ағаш (aɣaš)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: ыяш (ıyaş)

Tofa: аӄаш (aqaş), неш (neš)

Western Yugur: yihaš

desc

Northern Altai: агаш (agaš), агач (agač)

From *ï (“vegetation, plant, bush, tree”) + *-gač.


kumursga

kumursga (nominative singular)
kumursgaïg (accusative singular)
kumursganï (accusative singular)
kumursganïŋ (genitive singular)
kumursgaka (dative singular)
kumursgada (locative singular)
kumursgadan (ablative singular)
kumursgagaru (allative singular)
kumursgaïn (instrumental singular)
kumursgača (equative singular)
kumursgalayu (singular)
kumursgalïgu (comitative singular)
*kïmïrsga (alternative)
*kumïrsga (alternative)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu: *kumur(s)-gač

Khalaj: qumurğâç

Oghuz: *kumur(s)-gan

Salar: gumısgan

Karluk: *kumurs-ga

Khorezmian Turkic: قومرصقا (qumurṣqa)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qumursɣa)

Uzbek: qumursqa

→ Turkmen: gumursga

Kipchak: *kumurs-ga

desc

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (qumursqa)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡырмыҫҡа (qırmıśqa)

Tatar: кырмыска (qırmıska)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: qımırsqa, qırmısqa

Karachay-Balkar: къумурсха (qumursxa)

Karaim: kumuska, kumurstka

Kumyk: хомурсгъа (xomursğa)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: құмырсқа (qūmyrsqa)

Nogai: кумырска (kumırska)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кумурска (kumurska)

Southern Altai: комурска (komurska), кумурска (kumurska)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐰴𐰆𐰢𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰍𐰀 (qumur¹s¹ǧa /ḳumursġa/) (hapax legomenon)

North Siberian Turkic: *kumurs-da(ń)-gač

Yakut: кымырдаҕас (kımırdağas)

South Siberian Turkic: *kumurs-ga(k)

Sayan:

Tuvan: кымыскаяк (kımıskayak), һымысқа (Soyot Turkic)

Tofa: һымысӄа (hımısqa)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хымысха (xımısxa)

Shor: қымысқаш (qımısqaš)

Northern Altai: комыскаш (komïskaš), комысхаш (komïshaš)

Perhaps analyzable as *kumur- (“to gnaw”) + *-ga, the latter being a common ending in animal names.


kumlak

kumlak (nominative singular)
kumlakïg (accusative singular)
kumlaknï (accusative singular)
kumlaknïŋ (genitive singular)
kumlakka (dative singular)
kumlakda (locative singular)
kumlakdan (ablative singular)
kumlakgaru (allative singular)
kumlakïn (instrumental singular)
kumlakča (equative singular)
kumlaklayu (singular)
kumlaklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Proto-Bulgar:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: хӑмла (hămla)

→ Mari:

Eastern Mari: умла (umla)

Western Mari: ымыла (ymyla)

→ Mordvin:

Erzya: комля (komľa)

Moksha: комля (komlä)

→ Hungarian: komló, homló

→? Proto-Slavic: *xъmelь

Common Turkic:

Medieval:

Karakhanid: قُمْلاقْ (qumlaq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡомалаҡ (qomalaq)

Tatar: колмак (qolmaq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: құлмақ (qūlmaq)

Nogai: кылмак (kılmak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кулмак (kulmak)

Southern Altai: куманак (kumanak)

Teleut: кумдак (kumdak)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хумнах (xumnax)

Shor: қымнақ, қубанақ

Shor: қымнақ, қубанақ

Most likely from Iranian or Germanic ultimately, see Ossetian хуымӕллӕг (x°ymællæg) and Old Norse humli respectively.
Some sources defend the possibility of native Turkic origin, but the evidence is weak.


bïdïk

bïdïk (nominative singular)
bïdïkïg (accusative singular)
bïdïknï (accusative singular)
bïdïknïŋ (genitive singular)
bïdïkka (dative singular)
bïdïkda (locative singular)
bïdïkdan (ablative singular)
bïdïkgaru (allative singular)
bïdïkïn (instrumental singular)
bïdïkča (equative singular)
bïdïklayu (singular)
bïdïklïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bïdïk

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *bïyïk

Old Anatolian Turkish: بیق (bıyıq)

Azerbaijani: bığ (< Karluk)

→ Udi: быгъ (bəɣ)

→ Udi: быгъ (bəɣ), бигъ (biɣ)

→ Middle Armenian: բեղ (beġ), բեխ (bex)

Armenian: բեղ (beġ)

Ottoman Turkish: بیق (bıyık)

Turkish: bıyık, (dialectal) bığ

→ Laz: ბუჲუღი (buyuği)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بِذِقْ (bïδïq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بیغ (bïɣ)

Uzbek: miyiq

Uyghur: مىيىق (miyiq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (bïyïq)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (bïyïq), [Arabic needed] (mïyïq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: мыйыҡ (mıyıq)

Tatar: мыйык (mıyıq)

→ Chuvash: мӑйӑх (măjăh)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: мыйыкъ (mıyıq)

Kumyk: мыйыкъ (mıyıq)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: миық (miyq)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мыйык (mıyık)

Southern Altai: мыйык (mïyïk)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: бытык (bıtık)

Dolgan: бытык

South Siberian:

Khakas: пызых (pızıx)


yāĺ

yāĺ (nominative singular)
yāĺïg (accusative singular)
yāĺnï (accusative singular)
yāĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāĺka (dative singular)
yāĺda (locative singular)
yāĺdan (ablative singular)
yāĺgaru (allative singular)
yāĺïn (instrumental singular)
yāĺča (equative singular)
yāĺlayu (singular)
yāĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Bulgar: جال (cāl)

Chuvash: ҫул (śul)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yāš

Arghu

Khalaj: yâaş

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یاش (yaş)
Gagauz: yaş
Turkish: yaş

Salar: yaş

Turkmen: ýāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يَشْ (yaš)

Chagatai: یاش (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh, ёш (yosh), یاش

Uyghur: ياش (yash), яш (yash)

Kipchak

Khorezmian Turkic: یاش (yaš)

Kipchak: یاش (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: یاش (yaš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yaş, яш

Karachay-Balkar: жаш (jaş)

Kumyk: яш (yaş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

North Siberian

Yakut: саас (saas)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)

Shor: чаш

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *na-sun (“age”) through inheritance or borrowing, itself perhaps from earlier *nal-sun.


yāĺ

Arghu

Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

Turkmen: ýāş

Salar: [script needed] (yaš)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh

Uyghur: ياش (yash)

Kipchak

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)

Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: yaş

Karachay-Balkar: жаш (jaş)

Kumyk: яш (yaş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰀𐰽 (yāš) (Irk Bitig)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чаш (çaş)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)

Relation to above etymology is unclear.
EDAL separates the senses young and fresh by etymology, and compares them to Proto-Mongolic *jala-xu (“young”) and *nïla-xun (“raw”) respectively.
Nugteren also mentions Middle Mongol *nïlka (“baby”) as a potential cognate.


yāĺ

Oghur

Chuvash: куҫ-ҫуль (kuś-śulʹ, literally “eye-tear”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yāš

Arghu

Khalaj: yâaş

Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yaş

Turkmen: ýāş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)

Chagatai: ياش (yaš)

Uzbek: yosh

Uyghur: ياش (yash)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: йәш (yəş)

Tatar: яшь (yaş’)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: жас (jas)

Karakalpak: jas

Nogai яс (yas)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)

Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)

Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)

South Siberian

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: чаш (çaş)

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: час (ças)

Very likely in some way related to Proto-Mongolic *nïlbu-sun (“tear”), however EDAL connects it to Proto-Mongolic *ni-dün (“eye”).


yumuĺ

yumuĺ (nominative singular)
yumuĺug (accusative singular)
yumuĺnï (accusative singular)
yumuĺnuŋ (genitive singular)
yumuĺka (dative singular)
yumuĺda (locative singular)
yumuĺdan (ablative singular)
yumuĺgaru (allative singular)
yumuĺun (instrumental singular)
yumuĺča (equative singular)
yumuĺlayu (singular)
yumuĺlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмӑл (śămăl)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yumuş

Turkmen: ýumuş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yumuš)

Uzbek: yumush

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомош (yomoş)

Tatar: йомыш (yomış)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джумуш (cumuş)

Karaim: jumuš

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жұмыс (jūmys)

Karakalpak: jumi's

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жумуш (jumuş)

Southern Altai: јымыш (ǰïmïš)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yumuš)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yumuš)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: нымыс (nımıs)

Sayan:

Tuvan: чымыш (çımış)

Tuvan: чымыш (çımış)

Northern Altai: ньумуш (nʹumuš)


yügen

yügen (nominative singular)
yügenig (accusative singular)
yügenni (accusative singular)
yügenniŋ (genitive singular)
yügenke (dative singular)
yügende (locative singular)
yügenden (ablative singular)
yügengerü (allative singular)
yügenin (instrumental singular)
yügenče (equative singular)
yügenleyü (singular)
yügenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӗвен (jĕven)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yüyən

Ottoman Turkish: اویان (oyan, uyan), یكن (yüğen)

Turkish: oyan, uyan (dialectal)

Salar: ügen

Turkmen: uýan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (yügün)

Uzbek: yugan

Uyghur: يۈگەن (yügen)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йүгән (yügən)

Tatar: йөгән (yögän)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yügen

Karachay-Balkar: джюген (cügen)

Karaim: jügen

Kumyk: юген (yugen)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жүген (jügen)

Karakalpak: júwen

Nogai: ювен (yuven)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: ӱйген (üygen)

Kyrgyz: жүгөн (jügön)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: үүн (üün)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүген (çügen)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱген (çügen)

Shor: чӱген (čügen)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yugïn), [script needed] (yügen)


tǖĺ

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: тӗлӗк (tĕlĕk)

>? Proto-Common Turkic: *tǖl

Oghuz:

>? Salar: [script needed] (tel)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐾁 (twyl /tül/)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tǖš

Arghu

Khalaj: tîiş

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: دوش (düş)

Azerbaijani: düş (dialectal)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دوش (düş)
Gagauz: düş
Turkish: düş

Turkmen: düýş

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (düš)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُوشْ (tǖš)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tüš)

Uzbek: tush

Uyghur: چۈش (chüsh)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (tüš)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (tüš)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tüş

Karachay-Balkar: тюш (tüş)

Kumyk: тюш (tüş)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: төш (töş)

Tatar: төш (töş)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: түс (tüs)

Karakalpak: tu's

Nogai: туьс (tüs)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: түш (tüş)

Southern Altai: тӱш (tüš)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: түүл (tüül) (<*dǖl)

Yakut: түүл (tüül) (<*dǖl)

South Siberian

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: тӱс (tüs)

Shor: тӱш (tüš)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: дүш (düš)

Tuvan: дүш (düş)


xātun

xātun (nominative singular)
xātunug (accusative singular)
xātunnï (accusative singular)
xātunnuŋ (genitive singular)
xātunka (dative singular)
xātunda (locative singular)
xātundan (ablative singular)
xātungaru (allative singular)
xātunun (instrumental singular)
xātunča (equative singular)
xātunlayu (singular)
xātunlugu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid: قاتُونْ (qātūn)

Karluk:

Chagatai: خاتون (ḥatun)

Ili Turki:

Taranchi: xotun

Uzbek: xotin

Uyghur: خوتۇن (xotun)

Lopnor: [script needed] (xatun, “woman, wife”)

Kipchak

Kipchak: [script needed] (qātūn)

Central Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қатын

Kazakh: қатын (qatyn)

Nogai: хатын (xatın)

Siberian Tatar: қатын (qatïn)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кадыт (kadït)

Kyrgyz: катын (katın, “woman, wife; elderly woman”)

Teleut: кадын (kadïn), каат (kaat)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡатын (qatın)

Tatar: хатын (xatın)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: katın, hatın

Karachay-Balkar: къатын (qatın)

Karaim: катын

Kumyk: къатын (qatın), къатын-киши (qatın-kişi)

Urum: катын

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَادِینْ (qadın)

Azerbaijani: qadın

Gagauz: kadı́na, (obsolete) kadın

Ottoman Turkish: قادین (qadin)

Turkish: kadın

→ Crimean Tatar: kadın

→ Romanian: cadână

Salar: gadın, gadınkiş , xatunkiši (“woman”), xotun (“woman, wife”) (perhaps from Uyghur)

Turkmen: hātyn (obsolete)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣 (qatun)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐾀𐽳𐽺 (qʾtwn /ḥatun/)
Western Yugur: ɢadən (gadïn, “queen, wife of an important person”)

Southern Siberian

Northern Altai:

Northern Altai:

кат (kat), каат (kaat) (Kumandy-Kishi)

кадыт (kadït) (Chelkan)

Sayan:

desc

Tuvan: када (kada), кадай (kaday, “old woman”) (highly dubious)

кадын (kadın, “queen”) (likely from Mongolic)

каътташ (kàttaş, “woman”) (obsolete)

(?) Soyot:қадай (“woman”)

Yenisei:

Shor: қаат

Khakas: хадын (xadın), (?) хадай (xaday)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (katun), [script needed] (kotun)

Yakut: хатын (qatın), хотун (qotun, “lady, mistress, wife”) (perhaps from Mongolic)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (xatun)

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣 (qt¹un¹ /qatun/)

→ Old Armenian: խաթուն (xatʻun)

→ Manchu: ᡴᠠᡨᡠᠨ (katun, “princess, empress, queen”)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *katun (if not inherited from Pre-Mongolic)

Kalmyk: хатн (xatn, “wife, noblewoman, queen”)

Khalkha: хатан (xatan)

Ordos: [script needed] (ġatun, “lady, prince's wife”)

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫑𐫀𐫎𐫇𐫗 (xʾṯwn /xātūn, qātūn/, “Lady, an Uighur female title”)

qualifier

Persian: خاتون (xâtun) (possibly, if not from Sogdian directly) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Tibetan: [script needed] (k'at'un, “princess”)

Borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, via Sogdic or perhaps Sakan, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *hwatā́wniH, the feminine form of *hwatā́wā (“lord, king”).
A minority view by Doerfer holds that the word is of Para-Mongolic origin, evidenced by Xianbei [Term?], and analyzed by him as cognate with *kagan (“khan”) and hypothetical feminine suffix *-tun found in Xianbei [Term?] (/(a)matun/, “mother”).


sïp

sïp (nominative singular)
sïpïg (accusative singular)
sïpnï (accusative singular)
sïpnïŋ (genitive singular)
sïpka (dative singular)
sïpda (locative singular)
sïpdan (ablative singular)
sïpgaru (allative singular)
sïpïn (instrumental singular)
sïpča (equative singular)
sïplayu (singular)
sïplïgu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: supa

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: sıpa

Ottoman Turkish: صپا (sıpa)

Turkish: sıpa

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (sıp)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (sıp)

(Common Turkic) colt, especially of a donkey


bēg

Oghur:

Chuvash: -пӳ (-pü), пăй (păj)

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz:
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: بك (beg)
***** Azerbaijani: bəy
***** Gagauz: bey
***** Ottoman Turkish: بك (bey) (see there for further descendants)
****** Turkish: bey
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: beg
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: باك
**** Khorezmian Turkic:
***** Chagatai:
****** Uzbek: bek
****** Uyghur: بەگ (beg)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak:
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: бей (bey)
***** Tatar: бәк (bäk)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar:
***** Karachay-Balkar:
***** Kumyk:
***** Urum:
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh:
***** Karakalpak:
***** Nogai:
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: бек (bek)
***** Southern Altai: бек (bek)
** Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰏 (beg)
** → Classical Persian: بیگ (bēg)
*** Iranian Persian: بیگ (beyg)
*** → Arabic: بيك (bēg)
*** → Bengali: বেগ (beg)
*** → Punjabi: بیگ (beg)
*** → Sindhi: بيگُ
*** → Urdu: بیگ (beg)

There are different theories about the further etymology of the word.
* According to one theory the word may ultimately come from Middle Chinese 百 (MC paek, “hundred”), 佰 (MC paek, “the head of a hundred men”), or 伯 (MC paek, “eldest brother, father's older brother > count”) ~ 霸 (MC paek, “hegemon”).
* Another theory states that the word may have its origins in Middle Iranian, specifically Sogdian [script needed] (baga, “lord, master”) or Old Persian 𐏎 (BG, “god”), all from Proto-Iranian *bagáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás (“god”, literally “dispenser”).
However, German Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer assessed the derivation from an Iranian language as quite uncertain and pointed out that the word may be genuinely Turkic.
Probably a similar Turkic form gave rise to Late Proto-Slavic *bãnъ (“ruler”).


öküŕ

öküŕ (nominative singular)
öküŕüg (accusative singular)
öküŕni (accusative singular)
öküŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
öküŕke (dative singular)
öküŕde (locative singular)
öküŕden (ablative singular)
öküŕgerü (allative singular)
öküŕün (instrumental singular)
öküŕče (equative singular)
öküŕleyü (singular)
öküŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *ökür

Chuvash: вӑкӑр (văk̬ăr)

→ Hungarian: ökör (“ox”)

Common Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰈𐰛𐰈𐰕 (öküz)

Karakhanid: اُكُوزْ (ökǖz)

Karluk: *öküz

Uzbek: hoʻkiz

Uyghur: ئۆكۈز (öküz)

Kipchak: *ögüz

West Kipchak:

Karaim: oküz, ögüz

Karachay-Balkar: ёгюз (ögüz)

Kumyk: ёгюз (yogüz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: үгеҙ (ügeź)

Tatar: үгез (ügez)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ögiz

Kazakh: өгіз (ögız)

Nogai: оьгиз (ögiz)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өгүз (ögüz)

Oghuz: *öküz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öküz

Ottoman Turkish: اوكوز (öküz)

Gagauz: yöküz

Turkish: öküz

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: öküz

Siberian:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (kus)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: оғус (ogus)

Yakut: оҕус (oğus)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *hüker (“bovine; ox”)

Buryat: үхэр (üxer, “cattle”)

Daur: xukur

Middle Mongol: [script needed] (hüker)

Mongolian: үхэр (üxer, “cattle”)

desc

→ Even: хөкэн (hökən), хөкөн (hökön, “cow”)

→ Evenki: [script needed] (uxur), хукур (hukur, “cow”)

Argued to be borrowed from Proto-Tocharian *wəkʷsó (“draft-ox”), yet this is disputed. Alternatively a Wanderwort.
Without taking a side in the debate, it should be noted that Proto-Uralic *uškɜ (“ox, bull”) might be accepted as being derived from PIE, per the sources on the PIE root's page. This is relevant because geographically, Proto-Uralic would have been spoken somewhere between PIE and Proto-Turkic.


bāka

bāka (nominative singular)
bākaïg (accusative singular)
bākanï (accusative singular)
bākanïŋ (genitive singular)
bākaka (dative singular)
bākada (locative singular)
bākadan (ablative singular)
bākagaru (allative singular)
bākaïn (instrumental singular)
bākača (equative singular)
bākalayu (singular)
bākalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: béka

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: bâqa

Proto-Oghuz: *baɣa

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bağa

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: bağa

East Oghuz:

Salar: bağa

Turkmen:

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (baqa)

Chagatai: [script needed] (baqa)

⇒ Uzbek: qurbaqa

Uyghur: پاقا (paqa)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: баҡа (baqa)

Tatar: бака (baqa)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: baqa

Karachay-Balkar: макъа (maqa)

Kumyk: бакъа (baqa)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: бақа

Kazakh: бақа (baqa)

Nogai: бака (baka)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бака (baka)

Southern Altai: бака (baka)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (baka)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: paqa

North Siberian:

Dolgan: бага (baga)

Yakut: баҕа (bağa)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: пага (paga)

Yenisei:

Khakas: паға (pağa)

Shor: паға (pağa)


ūk

ūk (nominative singular)
ūkug (accusative singular)
ūknï (accusative singular)
ūknuŋ (genitive singular)
ūkka (dative singular)
ūkda (locative singular)
ūkdan (ablative singular)
ūkgaru (allative singular)
ūkun (instrumental singular)
ūkča (equative singular)
ūklayu (singular)
ūklugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: هوغ (huğ)

Turkish: huğ

Turkmen: ūk (ūg-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوغْ (ūğ)

Chagatai: [script needed] (uğ)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽲 (/uġ/)


toŋuz

toŋuz (nominative singular)
toŋuzlar (nominative plural)
toŋuznïŋ (genitive singular)
toŋuzlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
toŋuzka (dative singular)
toŋuzlarka (dative plural)
toŋuzda (locative singular)
toŋuzlarda (locative plural)
toŋuzdan (ablative singular)
toŋuzlardan (ablative plural)
toŋuzlarïn (instrumental plural)
toŋuzča (equative singular)
toŋuzlarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: tongquz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: donuz

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طوڭوز (doñuz), طوكز (doñuz), طوموز (domuz), տօնկուզ (donguz /doñuz/), տօմուզ (domuz) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: domuz
→ Romanian: domuz

Salar: doñıs

Turkmen: doňuz

⇒ Pecheneg: Tonuzaba(a personal name)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: توڭُوز (toŋuz)

Chagatai: توڭوُز (toŋuz)

Uzbek: toʻngʻiz

desc

Uyghur: توڭگۇز (tongguz), توقگۇز (toqguz)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: дуңғыҙ (duñğıź)

Tatar: дуңгыз (duñgız)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: domuz

Karachay-Balkar: тонгуз (toñuz)

Karaim: домуз, тонгъуз, tonguz.

Kumyk: донгуз (doñuz)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: доңыз

Kazakh: доңыз (doñyz)

Nogai: донъыз (doñız)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: доңуз (doŋuz)

Southern Altai: тонус (tonus), тоҥус (toŋus), тоҥыс (toŋïs).

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰭𐰔 (toŋuz), 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (t¹uŋuz)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (toŋuz, “pig”)

Possibly from earlier *tonkuz, a derivation of *tonk- with unclear meaning and a suffix
If the word was present in Proto-Bulgaric (Oghuric), the form *toŋuŕ could be reconstructed. However, no form that can be traced back to Proto-Bulgaric (via cognates in e.g. Chuvash or Hungarian) is attested.
Vovin (2011:260-263) speculates on a link among Common Turkic *toŋuz, Old Chinese 豚 (OC *duːn, “piglet”), and Middle Korean 돝 (twòth, “pig”).


orun

orun (nominative singular)
orunug (accusative singular)
orunnï (accusative singular)
orunnuŋ (genitive singular)
orunka (dative singular)
orunda (locative singular)
orundan (ablative singular)
orungaru (allative singular)
orunun (instrumental singular)
orunča (equative singular)
orunlayu (singular)
orunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вырӑн (vyrăn)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (orun)

→? Turkish: orun

Turkmen: orun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (orun)

Uyghur: ورۇن (orun)

Uzbek: oʻrin

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: урын (urın)

Tatar: урын (urın)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (orun)

Karaim: [script needed] (orun)

Krymchak: [script needed] (orun)

Kumyk: [script needed] (orun)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (orın)

Kazakh: орын (oryn)

Nogai: орын (orın)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: орун (orun)

Southern Altai: орын (orïn)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (oron)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (orın)

North Siberian:

Yakut: орон (oron), орун (orun)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (oron)

Tuvan: [script needed] (orun)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (orın)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *orun

→? Mongolian: орон (oron)

Usually considered simplex however there have been multiple theories on its origin and derivation.
# Dybo suggests a borrowing from Middle Chinese 龍 (MC ljowng).
# Tezcan suggests a derivation from *olur- (“to sit”), this would give an earlier form *olrun, which would then become *ōrun with consonant deletion.
# EDAL also suggests a hypothetical unattested verb *or- from whence *ordu (“royal camp”) and *ortu (“middle”) hypothetically comes.


kuš

kuš (nominative singular)
kušlar (nominative plural)
kušnïŋ (genitive singular)
kušlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
kuška (dative singular)
kušlarka (dative plural)
kušta (locative singular)
kušlarda (locative plural)
kuštan (ablative singular)
kušlardan (ablative plural)
kušlarïn (instrumental plural)
kušča (equative singular)
kušlarča (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: quş

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: قوش (quş)
Azerbaijani: quş
→ Armenian: ղուշ (ġuš)
Gagauz: kuş
Ottoman Turkish: قوش (kuş)
Turkish: kuş
→ Armenian: ղուշ (ġuš)

Turkmen: guş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُشْ (quš)

Chagatai: قوش (quš)

desc

⇒ Chagatai: [script needed] (quš parvana, “moth”)

Uzbek: qush

Uyghur: قۇش (qush)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡош (qoş)

Tatar: кош (qoş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: quş

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qus

Kazakh: құс (qūs)

Nogai: кус (kus)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куш (kuş)

Southern Altai: куш (kuš)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽳𐽿 (qwš /ḳuš/)

Western Yugur: qus

North Siberian:

Yakut: кус (kus, “duck”)

Dolgan: кус (“duck”)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Chulym: қус (qus, “bird with (улуғ)”)

Khakas: хус (xus)

Shor: қуш (quš)

Sayan:

Tofa: ӄуъш (qu"š, “wood grouse”)

Tuvan: куш (kuş)

Northern Altai: куш (kuš)


kǖč

kǖč (nominative singular)
kǖčler (nominative plural)
kǖčniŋ (genitive singular)
kǖčlerniŋ (genitive plural)
kǖčke (dative singular)
kǖčlerke (dative plural)
kǖčte (locative singular)
kǖčlerde (locative plural)
kǖčten (ablative singular)
kǖčlerden (ablative plural)
kǖčlerin (instrumental plural)
kǖčče (equative singular)
kǖčlerče (equative plural)

Arghu

Khalaj: kîç, kü̂ç

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: güc

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوچ (güç)
Gagauz: güç
Turkish: güç

Salar: küş

Turkmen: güýç

Karluk

Karakhanid: كُوجْ (kǖč)

Khorezmian Turkic: كوچ (küč)

Chagatai: كوچ (küç)

Uyghur: كۈچ (küch)

Uzbek: kuch

→ Arabic: كُوج (kūj)

→ Persian: کوچ (kuč)

Kipchak: كوچ (küč)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: көс (kös)

Tatar: көч (köç)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: küç

Karachay-Balkar: кюч (küç)

Karaim: küč

Kumyk: гюч (güç)

Central Kipchak

Karakalpak: kúsh

Kazakh: күш (küş)

Nogai: куьш (küş)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: күч (küc)

Southern Altai: кӱч (küč)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰲 (küč /küč/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽽 (kwyc /küč/)

Northern Siberian:

Dolgan: күүс (küüs)

Yakut: күүс (küüs)

Southern Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: кӱс (küs)

Shor: кӱш (küš)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: күш (küş)

Tofa: күш (küš)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kücin

Mongolian: хүч (xüč)

Monguor:

Mangghuer: kuji

Mongghul: kuji

→? Rouran: [script needed] (*küǰü)

Nişanyan suggests an irregular deverbal of a hypothetical *kü- (“to force, to be powerful”), though this explanation fails to address *-č, which is not a regular suffix in Proto-Turkic.


kētmen

kētmen (nominative singular)
kētmenig (accusative singular)
kētmenni (accusative singular)
kētmenniŋ (genitive singular)
kētmenke (dative singular)
kētmende (locative singular)
kētmenden (ablative singular)
kētmengerü (allative singular)
kētmenin (instrumental singular)
kētmenče (equative singular)
kētmenleyü (singular)
kētmenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: катмак (katmak)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kətmən

Ottoman Turkish: كدمان (gedman, gedmen)

Turkish: gedmen (dialectal)

Turkmen: kätmen

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کَتْمانْ

Uyghur: كەتمەن (ketmen)

Uzbek: ketmon

→? Russian: кетмень (ketmenʹ)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кәтмән (kətmən)

Tatar: китмән (kitmän)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: кетпен (ketpen)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кетмен (ketmen)

Southern Altai: кертме (kertme)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ketmen)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хетпе (xetpe)


bālïk

bālïk (nominative singular)
bālïkïg (accusative singular)
bālïknï (accusative singular)
bālïknïŋ (genitive singular)
bālïkka (dative singular)
bālïkda (locative singular)
bālïkdan (ablative singular)
bālïkgaru (allative singular)
bālïkïn (instrumental singular)
bālïkča (equative singular)
bālïklayu (singular)
bālïklïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пулӑ (pulă)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *bālïk

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: balıq

Ottoman Turkish: بالق (balık)

Turkish: balık

Gagauz: balık

East Oghuz:

Salar: baluq

Turkmen: bālyk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بَلِقْ (balıq)

Uyghur: بېلىق (bëliq)

Uzbek: baliq

Kypchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: պալըխ (paləx)

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: балыҡ (balıq)

Tatar: балык (balıq)

Kypchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: balıq

Karachay-Balkar: балыкъ (balıq)

Karaim: balych

Kumyk: балыкъ (balıq)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: балық (balyq)

Nogai: балык (balık)

Karakalpak: balıq

Siberian Tatar: палыҡ (palık)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: балык (balık)

Southern Altai: балык (balïk)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (balïq)

North Siberian:

Yakut: балык (balık)

Dolgan: балык (balık)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: балыӄ (balıq)

Tuvan: балык (balık)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: палых (palıx)

Shor: палық (palıq)

Non-Turkic:

→ Belarusian: балы́к (balýk)

→ Polish: bałyk

→ Russian: балы́к (balýk)

→ Ukrainian: бали́к (balýk)


köyŋelek

köyŋelek (nominative singular)
köyŋelekig (accusative singular)
köyŋelekni (accusative singular)
köyŋelekniŋ (genitive singular)
köyŋelekke (dative singular)
köyŋelekde (locative singular)
köyŋelekden (ablative singular)
köyŋelekgerü (allative singular)
köyŋelekin (instrumental singular)
köyŋelekče (equative singular)
köyŋelekleyü (singular)
köyŋelekligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: köynək

Gagauz: gölmek

Ottoman Turkish: گوملك (gömlek)

desc

Turkish: gömlek, (provincial) köynek, (provincial) göynek

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: köýnek

Kipchak:

Kipchak–Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: кольмек, kölmek, (Northern) kölekse

Karachay-Balkar: кёлек (kölek)

Karaim: кӧльмак, кӧльмэк

Karaim: кӧльмак, кӧльмэк

Kumyk: гёлек (gölek)

Urum: гӧльмек, кӧльмек

Urum: гӧльмек, кӧльмек

Kipchak–Bulgar:

Bashkir: күлдәк (küldək)

Tatar: күлмәк (külmäk)

Kipchak–Nogai:

Karakalpak: көйлек

Kazakh: көйлек (köilek)

Nogai: коьйлек (köylek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көйнөк (köynök)

Southern Altai: кӱнек (künek)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کُنکْلَکْ (köŋlek)

Chagatai: كونگلاك (köŋlek), كویناك (köynek)

Uyghur: كۆينەك (köynek)

Uzbek: koʻylak

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧгенек

Khakas: кӧгенек

Shor: кӱнек

Sayan:

Tuvan: хөйлең (xöyleñ)

Likely related to Proto-Turkic *köyŋ-il (“heart; mood”).


sarïmsak

sarïmsak (nominative singular)
sarïmsakïg (accusative singular)
sarïmsaknï (accusative singular)
sarïmsaknïŋ (genitive singular)
sarïmsakka (dative singular)
sarïmsakda (locative singular)
sarïmsakdan (ablative singular)
sarïmsakgaru (allative singular)
sarïmsakïn (instrumental singular)
sarïmsakča (equative singular)
sarïmsaklayu (singular)
sarïmsaklïgu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid: سَرْمُسَقْ (sarmusaq), سَرُمْسَقْ (sarumsaq), سَمُرْسَقْ (samursaq)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: sarımsaq

Gagauz: sarmısak

Ottoman Turkish: صارمساق (sarımsaq)

Turkish: sarmısak, sarımsak, samırsak

East Oghuz

Turkmen: sarymsak

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Karachay-Balkar: сарсмакъ (sarsmaq), сарымсах (sarımsax)

Kumyk: самурсакъ (samursaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һарымһаҡ (harımhaq)

Tatar: сарымсак (sarımsaq)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: сарымсақ (sarymsaq)

Karakalpak sarımsaq

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сарымсак (sarımsak)

Southern Altai: сарымсак (sarïmsak) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Chagatai: ساریمساق (sarımsaq)

Uzbek: sarimsoq

Uyghur: سامساق (samsaq)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *sarïmsag

Dongxiang: samusa

Mongolian: сармис (sarmis), саримсаг (sarimsag), саримс (sarims)

Initially held to be derived from sarım ("winding"), which was later found phonetically and morphologically problematic. Another theory conceptualizes it after its yellowish-white root as a sarımsı (“yellowish, whitish” < sarı "yellow", from Proto-Turkic *sāryg (“yellow”), derived from the root *siar(ï)- originally preserving the primary meaning ‘white’ in Chuvash as шурӑ {šură}.
Alternatively borrowed from Iranian, with the argument of the absence in Chuvash and Siberian Turkic. Found in Persian سیرمو (sirmu), سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese [script needed] (sarme), [script needed] (sarmā, an eaten bulb of uncertain identification), doubtfully further connected to Proto-Slavic *čermъša (“ramsons”), Lithuanian kermùšė (“ramsons”), Ancient Greek κρόμμυον (krómmuon), Proto-West Germanic *hramusō (“ramson”), Old Irish crem (“ramson”) (Irish creamh). The suffix -sak (compare: -cik) of the Turkic word is depicted by Khwarezmian [script needed] (-cyk), Sogdian [script needed] (-cyq) that form the nisba adjective and noun. This suffix is recently held to be derived from the native form s(ı) + Old Turkic participle suffix ak or ç + diminutive suffix ak.
Hungarian sárma, meaning Ornithogalum species, which is of the same botanical order as garlic, is either an Alanic or a Turkic borrowing, observing also that in Turkic words which otherwise denote the garlic are used for Ornithogalum.


kümüĺ

kümüĺ (nominative singular)
kümüĺüg (accusative singular)
kümüĺni (accusative singular)
kümüĺnüŋ (genitive singular)
kümüĺke (dative singular)
kümüĺde (locative singular)
kümüĺden (ablative singular)
kümüĺgerü (allative singular)
kümüĺün (instrumental singular)
kümüĺče (equative singular)
kümüĺleyü (singular)
kümüĺlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӗмӗл (kĕmĕl)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: gümüş

Ottoman Turkish: كومش (gümüş)

Gagauz: gümüş

Turkish: gümüş

East Oghuz:

Salar: gumuş

Turkmen: kümüş

Karluk:

desctree

Karakhanid: كُمُشْ (kümüš)
Chagatai: کوموش (kümüš), کومیش (kümiš)
Uzbek: kumush
Uyghur: كۈمۈش (kümüsh)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: көмөш (kömöş)

Tatar: көмеш (kömeş)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kümüş

Karachay-Balkar: кюмюш (kümüş)

Kumyk: гюмюш (gümüş)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: gúmis

Kazakh: күміс (kümıs)

Nogai: куьмис (kümis)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: күмүш (kümüş)

Southern Altai: кӱмӱш (kümüš)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: көмүс (kömüs)

South Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁 (kümš /kümüš/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽹𐽳𐽿 (kwymwš /kümüš/)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: кӱмӱс (kümüs)

Shor: кӱмӱш (kümüş)

Likely an ancient Wanderwort believed to have spread from an unknown source to Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic languages.
According to Bonmann and Fries, perhaps borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *xum ~ *wum ~ *gwum (“a whitish metal”) around the time of the Xiōngnú Confederacy. See there for more.
According to traditional sources, ultimately of Chinese origin, most likely Early Middle Chinese 金 (kˠiɪm), possibly from an unattested Chinese nominal compound *金鐐 (kˠiɪmleu). However, this hypothetic compound would yield Proto-Turkic *kemle or *kümlü rather than *kümül, and would also mean "wealth", and not "silver" in Classical Chinese, which prompts Antonov and Jacques (2011) to reject this hypothesis and instead connect the word to Proto-Palaungic *kmuul, modern Khmu [script needed] (kmuːl). They also connect it to a large number of cognates in Sino-Tibetan languages, such as Tibetan དངུལ (dngul).
Antonov-Jacques (2011) find Turkic traditional internal or external explanations for *kümüš unlikely, and add, quoted verbatim: "We have no way to determine which of these three hypotheses (referring to internal, external and Wanderwort hypotheses) is the correct one, though the first one seems considerably less likely. The etymon for 'silver' is not derivable in a straightforward manner from any known verbal or nominal root in either Turkic, Sino-Tibetan or Austroasiatic." They also add: "Since no internal etymology for the word 'silver' is available in either [of the languages, all] borrowing scenarios are equally possible, as is the possibility of both [Sino-Tibetan] and Turkic having borrowed the word from an unknown language."
An internal Turkic etymology featuring a nominal derivation from Proto-Turkic *kün (“day, sun”) with a subsequent shift of the intevocalic /n/ to /m/ has been proposed too; compare the semantic extension in Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), derived from *h₂erǵ- (“white; glittering”), although Antonov-Jacques also refuse this explanation based on their findings, as summarized above.

xlit

К этимологии названий металлов и их сплавов в алтайских языках. Исследования в области этимологии алтайских языков

K etimologii nazvanij metallov i ix splavov v altajskix jazykax. Issledovanija v oblasti etimologii altajskix jazykov

Лингвистические контакты ранних тюрков: лексический фонд: пратюркский период

Lingvističeskije kontakty rannix tjurkov: leksičeskij fond: pratjurkskij period


altūn

altūn (nominative singular)
altūnug (accusative singular)
altūnnï (accusative singular)
altūnnuŋ (genitive singular)
altūnka (dative singular)
altūnda (locative singular)
altūndan (ablative singular)
altūngaru (allative singular)
altūnun (instrumental singular)
altūnča (equative singular)
altūnlayu (singular)
altūnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar: الطن (altın)

Chuvash: ылтӑн (ylt̬ăn)

desc

Tofa: аълтан

Proto-Common Turkic: *altun
** Proto-Oghuz: *altun
*** Old Anatolian Turkish:
**** Azerbaijani: altun
**** Ottoman Turkish: آلتون (altun, altın)
***** Gagauz: altın
***** Turkish: altın
*** Salar: altun
*** Turkmen: altyn
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْتُونْ (altūn)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (altūn)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (altun)
****** Uzbek: oltin
****** Uyghur: ئالتۇن (altun)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: التن (altın)
**** Kipchak-Bulgar:
***** Bashkir: алтын (altın)
***** Tatar: алтын (altın)
**** Kipchak-Cuman:
***** Crimean Tatar: altın
***** Karachay-Balkar: алтын (altın)
***** Kumyk: алтын (altın)
***** Karaim: алтын
***** Krymchak: алтын
**** Kipchak-Nogai:
***** Kazakh: алтын (altyn)
***** Karakalpak: alti’n
***** Nogai: алтын (altın)
**** Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алтын (altın)
***** Southern Altai: алтын (altïn)
** Siberian Turkic:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣 (l¹t¹un¹ /altun/)
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽺 (ʾʾltwn /altun/)
**** Western Yugur: [script needed] (aʰltïm)
*** North Siberian Turkic:
**** Dolgan: алтан (“copper”)
**** Yakut: алтан (altan, “copper”)
*** South Siberian Turkic:
**** Sayan Turkic:
***** Tuvan: алдын (aldın)
***** Tofa: аълтан
**** Yeniseian Turkic:
***** Khakas: алтын (altın)
***** Shor: алтын (altın)

Unknown.
Disyllabic root and the sense "copper" present in Yakut hints at a compound of *āl (“scarlet, red”) + *tun (“copper”), second element borrowed from Middle Chinese 銅 (duwng, “copper”), although vowel length does not match.
Likely related to Proto-Mongolic *altan (“gold”). Compare Mongolian алт (alt), Dongxiang antang and Daur alt.


ōt

ōt (nominative singular)
ōtug (accusative singular)
ōtnï (accusative singular)
ōtnuŋ (genitive singular)
ōtka (dative singular)
ōtda (locative singular)
ōtdan (ablative singular)
ōtgaru (allative singular)
ōtun (instrumental singular)
ōtča (equative singular)
ōtlayu (singular)
ōtlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: вут (vut)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hôt

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: od

Ottoman Turkish: اود (od)

Turkish: od

⇒ Turkish: odun (“wood”)

Salar: ott

⇒ Salar: odın (“wood”)

Turkmen: ōt

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Khorezmian Turkic:

desctree

Chagatai: اوت (ōt)
Uyghur: ئوت (ot)
Uzbek: oʻt

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ут (ut)

Tatar: ут (ut)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Karachay-Balkar: от (ot)

Kumyk: от (ot)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ot

Kazakh: от (ot)

Nogai: от (ot)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: от (ot)

Southern Altai: от (ot)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐱃 (ot)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽳𐾀 (ʾwwt /ot, ōt/)
Western Yugur: ot (oʰt)

North Siberian:

Yakut: уот (uot)

⇒ Yakut: отун (otun)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan: от (ot)

Yenisei:

Shor: от

Khakas: от (ot)

ōtag

fireplace, tent, room; see there for further descendants


kȫk

kȫk (nominative singular)
kȫküg (accusative singular)
kȫkni (accusative singular)
kȫknüŋ (genitive singular)
kȫkke (dative singular)
kȫkde (locative singular)
kȫkden (ablative singular)
kȫkgerü (allative singular)
kȫkün (instrumental singular)
kȫkče (equative singular)
kȫkleyü (singular)
kȫklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑвак (kăvak)

→ Hungarian: kék

Proto-Common Turkic: *kȫk

Arghu:

Khalaj: kö̂k

Proto-Oghuz: *gȫk

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كُوكْ (gök)

Ajem-Turkic: گوگ (gög)

Azerbaijani: göy
→ Udi: ҝоьй (gʲöj), гоьг (gög)

Gagauz: gök

Ottoman Turkish: گوك (gök), կէօք (gök) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: gök (göğ-)
→ Albanian: gjok, gjog
→ Aromanian: ghioc

East Oghuz:

Salar: gök, göger

Turkmen: gök (gög-)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُوكْ (kȫk)

Chagatai: كوك (kök)

Uyghur: كۆك (kök)

Uzbek: koʻk

Kipchak: كوك (kök)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күк (kük)

Tatar: күк (kük)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kök

Karachay-Balkar: кёк (kök)

Karaim: кӧк

desc

Kumyk: гёк (gök, “green/blue”), кёк (kök, “sky”)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: көк (kök)

Karakalpak: көк

Nogai: коьк (kök)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көк (kök)

Southern Altai: кӧк (kök)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: 𐰚𐰇𐰝 (kȫk)

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰚 (kȫk)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/)
Western Yugur: kyk (kük, “blue”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: күөх (küöq)

Dolgan: күөк

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: көк (kök)

Tofa: көк

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧк

Shor: кӧк

Perhaps from *kȫ- (“to rise”), alluding to the sky.


sīk

sīk (nominative singular)
sīkig (accusative singular)
sīkni (accusative singular)
sīkniŋ (genitive singular)
sīkke (dative singular)
sīkde (locative singular)
sīkden (ablative singular)
sīkgerü (allative singular)
sīkin (instrumental singular)
sīkče (equative singular)
sīkleyü (singular)
sīkligü (comitative singular)

desc

→? Proto-Mongolic: *sixe- (“to urinate”)

⇒ Proto-Mongolic: *sixe-n (“urine”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *šikē- (“to urinate”)

⇒ Proto-Tungusic: *šikē-n (“urine”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шăк (šăk)

Common Turkic:

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: иик (iik)

Dolgan: иик

Akin to Proto-Tungusic *sike (“urine”), whence Manchu ᠰᡳᡴᡝ (sike, “urine”).


kȫl

kȫl (nominative singular)
kȫlüg (accusative singular)
kȫlni (accusative singular)
kȫlnüŋ (genitive singular)
kȫlke (dative singular)
kȫlde (locative singular)
kȫlden (ablative singular)
kȫlgerü (allative singular)
kȫlün (instrumental singular)
kȫlče (equative singular)
kȫlleyü (singular)
kȫllügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӳлӗ (külĕ)

Common Turkic:

→ Tajik: кӯл (kül)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göl

Ottoman Turkish: كول (göl)

Turkish: göl

Gagauz: göl

Balkan Gagauz Turkish: göl

Salar: göl

Turkmen: köl

→ Khalaj: gö̂l

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۆل (köl)

Uzbek: koʻl

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: гёл (göl)

Karaim: köl

Kumyk: гёл (göl)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күл (kül)

Tatar: күл (kül)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көл (köl)

Nogai: коьл (köl)

Karakalpak: kól

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көл (köl)

Southern Altai: кӧл (köl)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰠 (kül² /köl/)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: күөл

Yakut: күөл (küöl)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӧл

Probably borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *xuɬ (“water”), via Old Arin *kul (“water”) around the time of the Xiōngnú Confederacy.


ȫt

ȫt (nominative singular)
ȫtüg (accusative singular)
ȫtni (accusative singular)
ȫtnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫtke (dative singular)
ȫtde (locative singular)
ȫtden (ablative singular)
ȫtgerü (allative singular)
ȫtün (instrumental singular)
ȫtče (equative singular)
ȫtleyü (singular)
ȫtlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ват (vat)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اود (öd)

Azerbaijani: öd

Ottoman Turkish: اود (öd)

Turkish: öd

Gagauz: öt

Salar: öd

Turkmen: ȫt

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai: اوت (ȫt)

Uyghur: ئۆت (öt)

Uzbek: oʻt / ўт (oʻt)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: үт (üt)

Bashkir: үт (üt)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: өт (öt)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өт (öt)

Southern Altai: [script needed] (öt)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰓 (üd² /öd/)

Yakut: үөс (üös)


ȫt

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öyüd

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: öğüt

Turkmen: öwüt

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: oʻgit

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: үгет (üget)

Bashkir: өгөт (ögöt)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: үгіт (ügıt)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: үгүт (ügüt)

From *ȫ- (“to think, to be aware”) + *-t.


kugu

kugu (nominative singular)
kugular (nominative plural)
kugunïŋ (genitive singular)
kugularnïŋ (genitive plural)
kuguka (dative singular)
kugularka (dative plural)
kuguda (locative singular)
kugularda (locative plural)
kugudan (ablative singular)
kugulardan (ablative plural)
kugularïn (instrumental plural)
kuguča (equative singular)
kugularča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qu

→ Persian: قو (qu)

Ottoman Turkish: قوغو

Turkish: kuğu

Gagauz: kuu

Turkmen: guw

Karluk:

Uzbek: quv

Uyghur: قۇ (qu)

Kypchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: [script needed] (quu)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: къув (quw)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (quw)

Karaim: [script needed] (quw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: quw

Kazakh: қу (qu)

Nogai: кув (kuv)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: куу (kuu)

Southern Altai: куу (kuu)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: [Term?] (quɣu)

Old Uyghur: 𐰴𐰆𐰍𐰆 (quǧu /quɣu/)

North Siberian:

>? Yakut: куба (kuba)

>? Dolgan: куба

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: куу (kuu)

Tofa: ӄуу (quu)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хуу (xuu)

Shor: қуу (quu)

Ultimately onomatopoeic. Akin to Proto-Tungusic *kūku (“swan”).


yumurtka

yumurtka (nominative singular)
yumurtkaïg (accusative singular)
yumurtkanï (accusative singular)
yumurtkanïŋ (genitive singular)
yumurtkaka (dative singular)
yumurtkada (locative singular)
yumurtkadan (ablative singular)
yumurtkagaru (allative singular)
yumurtkaïn (instrumental singular)
yumurtkača (equative singular)
yumurtkalayu (singular)
yumurtkalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмарта (śămart̬a)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yumurtqa

Proto-Oghuz: *yumurtɣa

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yumurta

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یومورطه (yumurta), یومرطه (yumurta), یومرده (yumurda), یمورطه (yumurta), یمورده (yumurda)
Turkish: yumurta

Gagauz: yımırta

East Oghuz:

Salar: yumurta

Turkmen: ýumurtga

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يِمِرْتْغا (yïmïrtɣa)

Uzbek: yumurtqa (dialect)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (yumurtğa), [script needed] (yumurtqa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомортҡа (yomortqa)

Tatar: йомырка (yomırka)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: yumurta

Karachay-Balkar: джумуртха (cumurtxa)

desc

Karaim: йымурта

Karaim: йымурта

Krymchak: йымырта

Kumyk: йымырткъа (yımırtqa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: jumurtqa

Kazakh: жұмыртқа (jūmyrtqa)

Nogai: юмыртка (yumırtka)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жумуртка (jumurtka)

Southern Altai: јымыртка (ǰïmïrtka)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yumurtğa)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (yomut)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һыммыт

Yakut: сымыыт (sımııt)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: нюмурһа (ńumurha)

Tuvan: чуурга (çuurga)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: нымырха (nımırxa)

Shor: нубуртқа (nuburtqa) ,нуртқа (nurtqa)

From Proto-Turkic *yum (“stem for the round things”). Unclear relation with Proto-Tungusic *ụmụ̄kta (“egg”) which comes from the Proto-Tungusic *umū- (“to lay eggs”). According to the Altaicists, Turkic *yumurtka is from the same root as Umay Ana (“Goddess of birth”), but it was later influenced by the stem *yum.


būŕ

būŕ (nominative singular)
būŕug (accusative singular)
būŕnï (accusative singular)
būŕnuŋ (genitive singular)
būŕka (dative singular)
būŕda (locative singular)
būŕdan (ablative singular)
būŕgaru (allative singular)
būŕun (instrumental singular)
būŕča (equative singular)
būŕlayu (singular)
būŕlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӑр (păr)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: bûz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: بوز (buz)

Azerbaijani: buz

Ottoman Turkish: بوز (buz)

Turkish: buz

Gagauz: buz

Turkmen: būz

Karluk:

Chagatai: موز

Uyghur: مۇز (muz)

Uzbek: muz

Kypchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: буз (buz)

Kumyk: буз (buz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: боҙ (boź)

Tatar: боз (boz)

Kypchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: мұз (mūz)

Nogai: буз (buz)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: муз (muz)

Southern Altai: мус (mus)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽳𐽴 (/buz/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: муус (muus)

Dolgan: буус

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: пус (pus)

Shor: мус

Altai-Yenisei:

Northern Altai: пус (pus)

Kumandy: пус (pus)

Chelkan: бус (bus), пус (pus)

From *bud- (“to freeze, be cold”) + *-ŕ.


kiši

kiši (nominative singular)
kišiler (nominative plural)
kišiniŋ (genitive singular)
kišilerniŋ (genitive plural)
kišike (dative singular)
kišilerke (dative plural)
kišide (locative singular)
kišilerde (locative plural)
kišiden (ablative singular)
kišilerden (ablative plural)
kišilerin (instrumental plural)
kišiče (equative singular)
kišilerče (equative plural)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kişi (“woman”)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: كشی
Azerbaijani: kişi (“man”)
Gagauz: kişi
Ottoman Turkish: كشی, كیشی (kişi), քիշի (kişi) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: kişi

Salar: kiş

Turkmen: kişi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِشٖی (kiši)

Chagatai: كىشى

Uzbek: kishi

Uyghur: كىشى (kishi)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: киши (kişi)

Southern Altai: кижи (kiži)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кеше (keşe)

Tatar: кеше (keşe)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: кісі (kısı)

Karakalpak: киси

Nogai: киси (kisi)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kişi

Kumyk: гиши (gişi)

Karachay-Balkar: киши (kişi)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃 (kiši)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽶𐽿𐽶 (kyšy /kiši/)

Western Yugur: kəsə, ɡəsə

Yakut-Dolgan:

Dolgan: киһи

Yakut: киһи (kihi)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: киши

Tuvan: кижи (kiji)

Yenisei:

Shor: кижи

Khakas: кізі (kìzì)

a husband or a wife, partner (addressed so by their other partner)


kagun

kagun (nominative singular)
kagunug (accusative singular)
kagunnï (accusative singular)
kagunnuŋ (genitive singular)
kagunka (dative singular)
kagunda (locative singular)
kagundan (ablative singular)
kagungaru (allative singular)
kagunun (instrumental singular)
kagunča (equative singular)
kagunlayu (singular)
kagunlugu (comitative singular)

Karakhanid:

Arabic script: كاغُونْ (kāğūn) [1072 CE, Kashgari I], [script needed] (kāwūn) [13th c., ibn Muhannā]

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽲𐽳𐽺 (q̈ʾqwn /kağun/) [1070 CE, Kutadgu Bilig]

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: коон (koon)

→ Burushaski:

Hunza: ġoón

Yasin: ġaún

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡауын (qawın)

Tatar: кавын (qawın)

Western Tatar: кавын (qawın, “muskmelon”)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қауын (qawın)

Kazakh: қауын (qauyn)

Nogai: кавын (kavın)

West Kipchak: qavun [14th c., Abū Ḥayyān]

Crimean Tatar: (“muskmelon”)

Cyrillic script: къавн

Latin script: qavn

Karaim: kavun (Lodz-Galician)

Karachay-Balkar: хауун (xauun)

Kumyk: къавун (qawun)

desc

→ Chuvash: кавӑн (kavăn, “pumpkin, squash”)

→ Turkish: kavun (“muskmelon”)

Urum: хавун (havun)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kāwun) [13th c.], [script needed] (kawun) [14th c.], [script needed] (kowun) [15th c.]

Azerbaijani:

Afashari: qawun, qaụn, qaụ̄n

Azerbaijani: qovun

Firuzabadi: ğowu·n

Qalaye Farhad-Xani: ğa̬wn

Qorwai: ğaun

Sonqori: ğown

Tabriz: qohun

Gagauz: kaun (“muskmelon”)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قاون (kavun)
Turkish: kavun
→ Arabic: قَاوُون (qāwūn, “bitter melon, cantaloupe”)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: qawin, qawûn
→ Georgian: ყავუნი (q̇avuni) — Chveneburi
→ Laz: კავონი (ǩavoni)
→ Ukrainian: каву́н (kavún, “watermelon”) (or possibly from Tatar)
→ Belarusian: каву́н (kavún)
→ Polish: kawon
→ Yiddish: קאַווענע (kavene)

Turkmen: gawun

→ Shina: [script needed] (gawún)

Salar: qoğun

Siberian Turkic:

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽲𐽳𐽺 (qʾqwn /ḳaġun/, “watermelon”)

Western Yugur:

Dahei: qʰuwïn

Western Yugur: qɔïn, quïn, qɔn, qun, qawïn, qawun

→ Late Middle Mongol: (/*qawun/, “melon, muskmelon”)

Han script: 合溫 (qɔ̌-un) [1389 CE, Hua Yi yiyu]

Perhaps borrowed from Tibetan ག་གོན (ga gon, “melon, gourd”), reduplicated borrowing from Old Mandarin 瓜 (kwa) (compare borrowings Tibetan གོན (gon, “pumpkin”), Nusu [Term?] (/ɣɔ/, “pumpkin”), Dzongkha གོན (gon, “cucumber”), Classical Mongolian ᠭᠤᠧᠠ (ɣuē-a)), though this has been disputed.


taŋ

taŋ (nominative singular)
taŋlar (nominative plural)
taŋnïŋ (genitive singular)
taŋlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
taŋka (dative singular)
taŋlarka (dative plural)
taŋda (locative singular)
taŋlarda (locative plural)
taŋdan (ablative singular)
taŋlardan (ablative plural)
taŋlarïn (instrumental plural)
taŋča (equative singular)
taŋlarča (equative plural)

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dan

Ottoman Turkish: طاك (taŋ)

Turkish: tan

Turkmen: daň

Karluk

Uzbek: tong

Uyghur: تاڭ (tang)

Kipchak

West-Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: tañ

Kumyk: танг (tañ)

Karachay-Balkar: танг (tañ)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: таң (tañ)

Tatar: таң (tañ)

Siberian Tatar: таң

South Kipchak

Caspian

Kazakh: таң (tañ)

Karakalpak: таң (tañ)

Nogai: танъ (tañ)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: таң (taŋ), тан (tan)

Southern Altai: таҥ (taŋ)

Siberian

North Siberian

Yakut: тыҥ (tıñ)

Dolgan: [script needed] (tyŋ)

Sayan Turkic

Tofa: даӈ

Tuvan: даң (dañ)

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: таң

Khakas: таң (tañ)

Chulym: таң

Western Yugur: taŋ


tāŕ

tāŕ (nominative singular)
tāŕïg (accusative singular)
tāŕnï (accusative singular)
tāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāŕka (dative singular)
tāŕda (locative singular)
tāŕdan (ablative singular)
tāŕgaru (allative singular)
tāŕïn (instrumental singular)
tāŕča (equative singular)
tāŕlayu (singular)
tāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: tar

Proto-Common Turkic: *tāz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: daz (“bald”)

Ottoman Turkish: طاز (daz)

Turkish: daz (“bare”)

⇒ Turkish: dazlak (“bald”)

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: daz (“bald”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تازْ (tāz)

Uyghur: تاز (taz, “baldness”)

Uzbek: toz

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: таҙ (taź)

Tatar: таз (taz)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: taz

Krymchak: таз (taz, “bald”)

Kumyk: таз (taz)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: таз (taz)

Kyrgyz: таз (taz)

Siberian:

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: тас (tas)

Shor: тас (tas)

Tuvan: тас (tas)


seče

seče (nominative singular)
sečeig (accusative singular)
sečeni (accusative singular)
sečeniŋ (genitive singular)
sečeke (dative singular)
sečede (locative singular)
sečeden (ablative singular)
sečegerü (allative singular)
sečein (instrumental singular)
sečeče (equative singular)
sečeleyü (singular)
sečeligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz: سَجا (seçe)

→? Chuvash: ҫерҫи (śerś̬i)

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ajem-Turkic:

Azerbaijani: sərçə

Qashqai: سرچه

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: سرچه
Turkish: serçe
→ Armenian: սերչե (serčʻe)

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: sece, seci

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: serçe

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼼𐼷𐼿𐼷 (sycy, “sparrow”). Compare also its diminutive 𐼼𐼷𐼿𐼰𐼸𐼸 (sycʾkk). Akin to Yagnobi сича (siča, “bird, sparrow”), сичак (sičak, “sparrow”).
Clauson suggets a derivation from *seč- (“to choose”), however this is semantically unlikely.
According to Rasanen the Oghur form is an Oghuz borrowing. This would explain the intrusive -r- which is typical of Oghuz (cf. *sep- and *čap-) occuring in Oghur.


ečkü

ečkü (nominative singular)
ečküüg (accusative singular)
ečküni (accusative singular)
ečkünüŋ (genitive singular)
ečküke (dative singular)
ečküde (locative singular)
ečküden (ablative singular)
ečkügerü (allative singular)
ečküün (instrumental singular)
ečküče (equative singular)
ečküleyü (singular)
ečkülügü (comitative singular)
*keči (alternative)

Oghur: *kečke

Chuvash: качака (kač̬ak̬a)

→ Hungarian: kecske

Common Turkic:

Arghu: *ečkü

Khalaj: əçkü

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 219

Oghuz: كَجیٖ (keçi)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: keçi

Ottoman Turkish: كچی (keçi)

Gagauz: keçi

Turkish: keçi

desc

→ Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (keşi)

Turkmen: geçi

→? Kipchak: [script needed] (keči)

Bashkir: кәзә (kəzə)

Tatar: кәҗә (käcä)

→? Chuvash: кач (kač) (dial.)

desctree

→? Proto-Permic: *käć
Komi:
Komi-Permyak: кӧч (köć)
Komi-Zyrian: кӧч (köć)
Udmurt: кеч (keć)
Beserman: кесь (keś)

Karluk: *ečkü

Karakhanid: اَجْكُو (eçkü)

Uzbek: echki

desc

Uyghur: ئۆچكە (öchke), ئۆشكە (öshke), ئەچكۈ (echkü), ئەچكى (echki)

Kipchak: *ečki

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (ečki)

Armeno-Kipchak: էչքի (ečki)

Crimean Tatar: eçki

Karachay-Balkar: эчки (eçki)

Karaim: эчки, эцки

Karaim: эчки, эцки

Kumyk: эчки (eçki)

Krymchak: эчкы

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ешки, eshki

Kazakh: ешкі (eşkı)

Nogai: эшки (éşki)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эчки (ecki)

Southern Altai: эчки (ečki)

Siberian: *ečkü

Old Turkic: [script needed] (ečkü)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ečkü)

Western Yugur: uşqo, uşkö

→ Salar: eşgü

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: өъшкү

Tuvan: өшкү (öşkü)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ӧскі

Shor: ӧшкӱ

There are two homogeneous Turkic forms Proto-Turkic *ečkü and Proto-Turkic *keči. The first form is typical for Siberian Turkic, Turki and some Kipchak Turkic languages, while the second form is found in the Oghuz, Volga Kipchak Turkic and Oghur Turkic, both being homogeneous Turkic forms.


tǖp

tǖp (nominative singular)
tǖpüg (accusative singular)
tǖpni (accusative singular)
tǖpnüŋ (genitive singular)
tǖpke (dative singular)
tǖpde (locative singular)
tǖpden (ablative singular)
tǖpgerü (allative singular)
tǖpün (instrumental singular)
tǖpče (equative singular)
tǖpleyü (singular)
tǖplügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗп (tĕp)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: *dǖb-

Old Anatolian Turkish: دب (dib), دیب (dib)

Azerbaijani: dib

Ottoman Turkish: دیب (dib)

Gagauz: dip (dib-)

Turkish: dip (dib-)

Salar: dövü

Turkmen: düýp (düýb-)

Kipchak:

West-Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tüp

Kumyk: тюп (tüp)

Karachay-Balkar: тюб (tüb)

Krymchak: тыб

Urum: диб

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төп (töp)

Tatar: төп (töp)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: түп (tüp)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түп (tüp)

Southern Altai: тӱп (tüp)

Karluk:

Uzbek: tub

Uyghur: تۈپ (tüp)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

>? Dolgan: түгэк

>? Yakut: түгэх (tügeq)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: дүп (düp)

Khakas: тӱп (tüp)

Shor: тӱп (“origin, stock, family”)

тӱбӱн (“bottom”)


čöl

čöl (nominative singular)
čölüg (accusative singular)
čölni (accusative singular)
čölnüŋ (genitive singular)
čölke (dative singular)
čölde (locative singular)
čölden (ablative singular)
čölgerü (allative singular)
čölün (instrumental singular)
čölče (equative singular)
čölleyü (singular)
čöllügü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish::

Azerbaijani: çöl

Ottoman Turkish: چول (çöl)

Turkish: çöl

→ Northern Kurdish: çol

Salar: çel

Turkmen: çöl

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: чүл (çül)

Bashkir: сүл (sül)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: çöl, şöl

Kumyk: чёл (çöl)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: шөл (şöl)

Nogai: шоьл (şöl)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: чөл (cöl)

Southern Altai: чӧл (čöl)

Karluk:

Uzbek: choʻl

Uyghur: چۆل (chöl)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic

Shor: чöл (çöl), шöл (şöl)

→ Mongolian: цөл (cöl)


tāg

tāg (nominative singular)
tāgïg (accusative singular)
tāgnï (accusative singular)
tāgnïŋ (genitive singular)
tāgka (dative singular)
tāgda (locative singular)
tāgdan (ablative singular)
tāggaru (allative singular)
tāgïn (instrumental singular)
tāgča (equative singular)
tāglayu (singular)
tāglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *taɣ

Old Chuvash: *tåw

Middle Chuvash: *tai̯

Middle Chuvash: *tu

Chuvash: ту (tu)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tāg

Arghu:

Khalaj: tâğ

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dağ

Gagauz: daa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: داغ (dağ)
Turkish: dag, dağ

Turkmen: dag

Salar: dağ

Karluk:

Chagatai: تاغ

Uzbek: togʻ

Uyghur: تاغ (tagh)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Tatar: тау (taw)

Bashkir: тау (taw)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: dağ

Karachay-Balkar: тау (tau)

Karaim: тав, tav

Kumyk: тав (taw)

Krymchak: дагъ

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: тау (tau)

Karakalpak: taw

Nogai: тав (tav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоо (too)

Southern Altai: туу (tuu)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: тыа (tıa)

Dolgan: тыа

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: дағ (dağ)

Tuvan: даг (dag)

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: тағ (tağ)

Khakas: тағ (tağ)

Western Yugur: tağ


ȫč

ȫč (nominative singular)
ȫčüg (accusative singular)
ȫčni (accusative singular)
ȫčnüŋ (genitive singular)
ȫčke (dative singular)
ȫčde (locative singular)
ȫčden (ablative singular)
ȫčgerü (allative singular)
ȫčün (instrumental singular)
ȫčče (equative singular)
ȫčleyü (singular)
ȫčlügü (comitative singular)

Chuvash: вӗчӗ (vĕč̬ĕ)

>? Khalaj: hēcäş

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: öc

Ottoman Turkish: اوج (öc)

Turkish: öç

Turkmen: ȫç

Kipchak

West-Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: öç

Karachay-Balkar: ёч (yoç)

Kumyk: оьч (öç)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: үс (üs)

Tatar: үч (üç)

South Kipchak

Caspian

Karakalpak: өш

Kazakh: өш (öş)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak

Kyrgyz: өч (öc)

Southern Altai: ӧч (öč)

Karluk

Uzbek: oʻch

Uyghur: ئۆچ (öch)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽽 (öč)

North Siberian

Yakut: өс (ös, “hate, revenge”)

desc

Dolgan: өстөөк (“enemy”), өстөөc (“to hate”)

South Siberian

Tuvan: өш (öş)

Shor: ӧш


tamga

tamga (nominative singular)
tamgalar (nominative plural)
tamganïŋ (genitive singular)
tamgalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tamgaka (dative singular)
tamgalarka (dative plural)
tamgada (locative singular)
tamgalarda (locative plural)
tamgadan (ablative singular)
tamgalardan (ablative plural)
tamgalarïn (instrumental plural)
tamgača (equative singular)
tamgalarča (equative plural)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تَمْغا

Chagatai: تمغا

Uzbek: tamgʻa

Uyghur: تامغا (tamgha)

→ Tibetan: ཐམ་ཀ (tham ka)

→ Persian: تمغا (tamġâ) (or from Oghuz)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तमग़ा (tamġā)

Urdu: تمغا, تمغہ

→ Punjabi: ਤਮਗ਼ਾ (tamġā)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamaga

East Yugur: taŋġwa

Mongolian: тамга (tamga)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тамга (tamga)

Southern Altai: таҥма (taŋma)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тамға (tamğa)

Tatar: тамга (tamga)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: таңба (tañba)

Karakalpak: тамға

Nogai: тамга (tamga)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tamğa

desctree

Kumyk: дамгъа (damğa)
→ Avar: дамгъа (damğa)
→ Dargwa: дамгъа (damɣa)

Karachay-Balkar: тамгъа (tamğa)

→ Ossetian: дамгъӕ (damǧæ)

desc

тӑмха (tămh̬a)

→? Chuvash: тумха (tumh̬a), тӑмха (tămh̬a) (unless inherited independently)

→ Bulgarian: тамга (tamga)

→ Old East Slavic: тамъга (tamŭga, “stigma”)

Russian: тамга́ (tamgá)

⇒ Russian: таможня (tamožnja)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: tagma

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: damğa
→ Armenian: դաղմա (daġma), դամղա (damġa) (Karabakh)
→ Lak: ттангъа (t:anğa)
→ Lezgi: тагъма (taġma), тӏамгъа (ṭamġa) (or perhaps from Kumyk)
→ Udi: дамгъа (damɣa)

Ottoman Turkish: تمغا (tamga), طمغا (tamga, damga), طمغه (tamga, damga), طامغه (tamga, damga), دامغه (damga), دمغه (damga)
Gagauz: damga, tamga
Turkish: damga
→ Arabic: دَمْغَة (damḡa)
→ Bulgarian: дамга́ (damgá)
→ Georgian: დამღა (damɣa) (or from Azerbaijani)
→ Middle Armenian: տամղա (tamġa)
Armenian: տամղա (tamġa), դամկա (damka), թամղա (tʻamġa)
→ Romanian: danga
→ Macedonian: дамка (damka)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: да̏нга
Latin script: dȁnga

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀, 𐱃𐰀𐰢𐰴𐰀 (tamγa, tamqa)

desc

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tamγa, “stamp, imprint; sign”)

→ English: tamga (learned)

Sayan

Tofa: таӈма, даӈма

Tofa: таӈма, даӈма

Tuvan: таңма (tañma)

Yenisei:

Shor: таңма

Khakas: таңма (tañma)

Probably from *tam- (“to burn, to kindle, to ignite”) + *-ga

suf

brand (mark of ownership put on horses or cattle)


alabuda

alabuda (nominative singular)
alabudalar (nominative plural)
alabudanïŋ (genitive singular)
alabudalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
alabudaka (dative singular)
alabudalarka (dative plural)
alabudada (locative singular)
alabudalarda (locative plural)
alabudadan (ablative singular)
alabudalardan (ablative plural)
alabudalarïn (instrumental plural)
alabudača (equative singular)
alabudalarča (equative plural)

desc

Proto-Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *alabVda
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (lebede), [script needed] (labata)
***** Azerbaijani: ləbədə (dialectal, Şəki)
***** Ottoman Turkish: لاباده (labada), لابوده (laboda)
****** Gagauz: loboda
****** Turkish: labada
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: alabota
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلَبُدَ (alabuda)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (alabuda) Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (alabuta)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (alabuta)
****** Uzbek: olabuta, alabuta
****** Uyghur: ئالاپۇتا (alaputa), ئالابۇتا (alabuta)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: البط (alabota)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алабута (alabuta)
***** Tatar: алабута (alabuta), алабата (alabata), алабата (alabata), алабота (alabota), лабута (labuta), ләбәтә (läbätä), либәдә (libädä)
→ Eastern Mari: алабута (alabuta)
→ Russian: ала́бута (alábuta), ала́бота (alábota)
→ Udmurt: алабута (alabuta)
***** Siberian Tatar: алабатан, алабытан, алабытын
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar:
*****: Cyrillic script: алабота
*****: Latin script: alabota
***** Karachay-Balkar: лыбыта (lıbıta), алабота (alabota), алафота (alafota)
***** Kumyk: алабота (alabota)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алабота (alabota), алабұта (alabūta)
***** Karakalpak: алабота
***** Nogai: алабота (alabota)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алабата (alabata), алабута (alabuta)
***** Southern Altai: лебеда (lebeda)

Unknown; presumably related to Proto-Slavic *loboda (“goosefoot, orach”), and possibly Ancient Greek λάπαθον (lápathon, “monk's rhubarb, sorrel”), perhaps all borrowed Iranian, Uralic, or some substrate language.


yẹr

yẹr (nominative singular)
yẹrig (accusative singular)
yẹrni (accusative singular)
yẹrniŋ (genitive singular)
yẹrke (dative singular)
yẹrde (locative singular)
yẹrden (ablative singular)
yẹrgerü (allative singular)
yẹrin (instrumental singular)
yẹrče (equative singular)
yẹrleyü (singular)
yẹrligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӗр (śĕr)

→ Hungarian: szer

Common Turkic:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: يەر (yer)

Uzbek: yer

Kipchak: [script needed] (yer)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жер (jer)

Southern Altai:

Altai: јер (ǰer)

Teleut: јер (ǰer)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ер (yer)

Tatar: җир (cir), cir

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jer

Kazakh: жер (jer)

Nogai: ер (yer)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: йэр

Kumyk-Karachay:

Karachay-Balkar: джер (cer)

Kumyk: ер (yer)

Crimean Tatar-Krymchak:

Krymchak: йер

Crimean Tatar: yer

Arghu

Khalaj: yer

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: یر, ییر (yẹr, yir)
Azerbaijani: yer
Gagauz: er
Ottoman Turkish: یر (yer)
Turkish: yer

Turkmen-Khorasan:

Turkmen: ýer

Salar: yer

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰃𐰼 (y²ir² /yér, yir/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr /yér/)

Western Yugur: jer (yer)

Altai-Yenisei Turkic:

Northern Altai:

Chelkan: тьер (tʹyer), йер (yer)

Kumandy: чер (čer), тьер (tʹyer)

Tuba: јер (ǰer), чер (čer)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чир (çir)

Shor: чер (čer)

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: чер, ҷер

Tofa: чер

Tuvan: чер (çer)

Yakut-Dolgan:

Dolgan: һир

Yakut: сир (sir)


tōz

tōz (nominative singular)
tōzlar (nominative plural)
tōznïŋ (genitive singular)
tōzlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tōzka (dative singular)
tōzlarka (dative plural)
tōzda (locative singular)
tōzlarda (locative plural)
tōzdan (ablative singular)
tōzlardan (ablative plural)
tōzlarïn (instrumental plural)
tōzča (equative singular)
tōzlarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: طُوزْ (doz, dōz)

Azerbaijani: toz

Gagauz: tooz, toz

Ottoman Turkish: توز
Turkish: toz
→ Armenian: թոզ (tʻoz)
→ Cypriot Greek: ττοζιν (ttozin)
→ Cypriot Arabic: ttozz
→ Romanian: tos

Turkmen: tōz

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тоз (toz)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тоз (toz)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُوزْ

Chagatai: توز (tuz)

Uyghur: توز (toz)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰔 (toz)

Western Yugur: tos

South Siberian

Northern Altai: тоос (toos)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *toxusun

Mongolian: тоос (toos), ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠰᠤ (toɣusu)

→ Tuvan: доозун (doozun)

Nişanyan suggests the probability of an earlier hypothetical *tobuz or *tobuŕ (see *topur), however, he reiterates that it is uncertain. . Kononov suggests a derivation with the suffix *-z
Uncertain relation with Proto-Mongolic *toxusun (“dust”):
* Gombocz connects this word with Proto-Mongolic *toxusun (“dust”) and with *toprak.
* Ligeti suggests a connection through a common ancestral language, however, the Altaic hypothesis is now widely discredited.
* Nişanyan also connects this word with Mongolian Proto-Mongolic *toxusun (“dust”), which he suggests is a borrowing from Turkic.


tōzan

tōzan (nominative singular)
tōzanlar (nominative plural)
tōzannïŋ (genitive singular)
tōzanlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tōzanka (dative singular)
tōzanlarka (dative plural)
tōzanda (locative singular)
tōzanlarda (locative plural)
tōzandan (ablative singular)
tōzanlardan (ablative plural)
tōzanlarïn (instrumental plural)
tōzanča (equative singular)
tōzanlarča (equative plural)

Karluk:

Chagatai: توزانك (tozañ)

Uyghur: توزاڭ (tozang)

Uzbek: toʻzon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: тузан (tuzan)

→ Chuvash: тусан (tus̬an)

Bashkir: туҙан (tuźan)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тозаң (tozañ)

Nogai: тозан (tozan)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: توزان

Turkish: tozan (“dusty place”)

Turkmen: tozan


ōtag

ōtag (nominative singular)
ōtagïg (accusative singular)
ōtagnï (accusative singular)
ōtagnïŋ (genitive singular)
ōtagka (dative singular)
ōtagda (locative singular)
ōtagdan (ablative singular)
ōtaggaru (allative singular)
ōtagïn (instrumental singular)
ōtagča (equative singular)
ōtaglayu (singular)
ōtaglïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Bulgarian: ватог (vatog, “hearth”) (dialectal)

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: ватахъ (vataxŭ, “chief, commander”)

Old Chuvash: *våtaɣ *uotaɣ

desctree

→ Russian: вата́га (vatága, “gang”)
→ Kumyk: батагъа (batağa)

Proto-Common Turkic: *otag

Oghuz: *ōdag

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: اد (oda), اود (oda), اودا (oda), اوداغ (odaġ)

Gagauz: oda

Ottoman Turkish: اوطه (see there for further descendants)

Turkish: oda

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوتاغ (otaġ) (affected by or borrowed from other Turkic branches)

Azerbaijani: otaq

→ Classical Persian: اُتَاق (utāq), اُطَاق (utāq)

Tajik: утоқ (utoq)

→ Urdu: اُتاق (utāq)

Ottoman Turkish: اوتاق (otak) (see there for further descendants)

Turkish: otağ

Turkmen: otag (affected by or borrowed from other Turkic branches)

Karluk:

Chagatai: اوتاغ (otaɣ), اوتاو (otaw)

Uzbek: oʻtov

Uyghur: ئوتاق (otaq)

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: утау (utaw)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: отоо (otoo)

Southern Altai: одо (odo) (Teleut)

Southern Kipchak:

Karakalpak: otaw

Kazakh: отау (otau)

Nogai: отав (otav)

Western Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: отоу (otou)

Kumyk: отав (otaw)

Karaim: [script needed] (oda)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: отуу

Yakut: отуу (otuu)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: одағ

Tuvan: одаг (odag)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (o)

Khakas:

Western Yugur: [script needed] (otağ)

From *ōt (“fire”) + *-ag. Alternatively, from the verbal stem *ōta- (“to make fire”) + *-g.
There was a supposedly early occurred differentiation in stems ending in a vowel acquiring the sense 'room' and stems ending in -ag/-aq acquiring the sense 'tent', but the reverse relationship between form and sense is also attested.
The vowel length in the first syllable is lost in all contemporary languages including Turkmen and Yakut. However, we can see that the t sound is vocalized due to the long vowel in Gagauz and Turkish.


sagrï

sagrï (nominative singular)
sagrïïg (accusative singular)
sagrïnï (accusative singular)
sagrïnïŋ (genitive singular)
sagrïka (dative singular)
sagrïda (locative singular)
sagrïdan (ablative singular)
sagrïgaru (allative singular)
sagrïïn (instrumental singular)
sagrïča (equative singular)
sagrïlayu (singular)
sagrïlïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sagrï

Karluk

Uzbek: sagʻri

Uyghur: ساغرى (saghri)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: һауыр (hawır)

саурый (sawrıy)

сауры (sawrı)

Tatar: савыр (sawır), саурый (sawrıy), сауры (sawrı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: соору (sooru)

Southern Altai: сууры (suurï, “croup skin, edge of leather”) (dialectal)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: саўыр, саўры

Kazakh: сауыр (sauyr)

Nogai: савыр (savır)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: сауру (sauru)

Kumyk: савру (sawru)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Azerbaijani: sağrı
→ Lezgi: сагъри (saġri)

Ottoman Turkish: صاغری (sağrı)

Turkish: sağrı

Turkmen: sagry

Siberian:

>? Yakut: самыы (samıı)

Oghur:

>? *suran

Chuvash: сӑран (săran)

→? Tatar: суран (suran)

croup (the top of the rump of a horse or other quadruped)


tegre

Oghur:

Chuvash: тавра (tavra)

Oghuz:

Turkmen: degre

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَكْرا (tegrē)

Chagatai:

Uzbek: tegra

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tegre)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: тиэри

Yakut: тиэри (tieri)


sāb

sāb (nominative singular)
sābïg (accusative singular)
sābnï (accusative singular)
sābnïŋ (genitive singular)
sābka (dative singular)
sābda (locative singular)
sābdan (ablative singular)
sābgaru (allative singular)
sābïn (instrumental singular)
sābča (equative singular)
sāblayu (singular)
sāblïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: сӑвӑ (săvă)

→ Proto-Ugric: *sawɜ

Hungarian: szó

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: сов (sov)

Khanty:

Northern Khanty: сӑв (săw) (Obdorsk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *sāb

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *sābčï

Karluk:

desc

Karakhanid: ساڤْ (sāv), ساڤْجىٖ (sāvčï, “prophet”)

Oghuz: ساڤْجىٖ (sāvčï, “ambassador, envoy”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: ساو

⇒ Azerbaijani: söz-sov (“gossip; discontent”)

Ottoman Turkish: ساو (sav)

Turkish: sav (“gossip, conversation, news”) (dial.)

→ Turkish: sav (“contention; theorem; proposition; thesis; argument, allegation, claim; assertion”), savcı

⇒ Salar: sōcı

Turkmen: sāw, sāwçy

Siberian:

Southern Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (sab)

Old Uyghur: s?՚vy (savï)


oŋurtka

oŋurtka (nominative singular)
oŋurtkalar (nominative plural)
oŋurtkanïŋ (genitive singular)
oŋurtkalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
oŋurtkaka (dative singular)
oŋurtkalarka (dative plural)
oŋurtkada (locative singular)
oŋurtkalarda (locative plural)
oŋurtkadan (ablative singular)
oŋurtkalardan (ablative plural)
oŋurtkalarïn (instrumental plural)
oŋurtkača (equative singular)
oŋurtkalarča (equative plural)

Karluk

Uzbek: umurtqa

Uyghur: ئومۇرتقا (omurtqa)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: onurğa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: اوكورغه (oŋurɣa)
Turkish: omurga

Turkmen: oňurga

Kypchak

North Kypchak

Bashkir: умыртҡа (umırtqa)

Tatar: умыртка (umırtka)

East Kypchak

Kyrgyz: омуртка (omurtka)

Southern Altai: омуртка (omurtka)

South Kypchak

Karakalpak: омыртқа/omırtqa

Kazakh: омыртқа (omyrtqa)

Siberian:

North Siberian

Yakut: уорҕа (uorğa)

Southern Siberian

Khakas: орха (orxa), омыртха (omırtxa) (dialectal)

Tuvan: оорга (oorga)

desc

Shor: оортқа

Shor: оортқа

From *oŋur- (“to crush, break off”) + *-tka.


kamug

kamug (nominative singular)
kamugug (accusative singular)
kamugnï (accusative singular)
kamugnuŋ (genitive singular)
kamugka (dative singular)
kamugda (locative singular)
kamugdan (ablative singular)
kamuggaru (allative singular)
kamugun (instrumental singular)
kamugča (equative singular)
kamuglayu (singular)
kamuglugu (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قمو (qamu)

Ajem-Turkic: هامو (hamu)

Azerbaijani: hamı

q

Ottoman Turkish: قمو (kamu), قموق (kamuk), خمو (hamu) (all obsolete by 16th Century in İstanbul)

desc

Turkish: (dialectal) hamu (“everyone, all”), hamı

→ Turkish: kamu (“public”) (learned)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰢𐰍 (qamaɣ)

Old Uyghur: qʾmʾq (qamaɣ), qʾmwq (qamuɣ)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хамык (xamık)

There have been two proposals for the etymology:
* A borrowing from Middle Persian hmʾk' (hamāg, “all”), it also has a secure PIE etymology and as such cannot be a Turkic or Mongolic borrowing. This would also explain the -a- instead of -u- seen in Old Turkic.
* A borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *kamug (“all”) from *kamu- (“to gather”) whence also *kamtu (“together”). Compare also Proto-Tungusic *kamur (“together”), whence Nanai камор (kamor, “together”).


āka

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اغا (ağa), اقا (aqa)

Azerbaijani: ağa

Gagauz: aga

Ottoman Turkish: آغا (ağa) (see there for further descendants)

Turkish: ağa, aga

Turkmen: aga

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ағай (ağay)

Tatar: ага (ağa)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: aga (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: ağa

Kumyk: агъа (ağa)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: аға (ağa)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ага (aga)

Southern Altai: ака (aka)

Karluk:

Chagatai: اغا (ağa), اقا (aqa)

Uyghur: ئاكا (aka)

Uzbek: aka

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/aka/)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (aka)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: аҕа (ağa)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: ака (aka)

Sayan:

Tuvan: акы (akı)

→ Persian: آقا (âqâ)

Likely a medieval borrowing from Mongolic. Nişanyan's attempts at an Arabic origin are unfounded. Räsänen also compares Proto-Tungusic *akā, yet they are actually etymologically different.


emgek

emgek (nominative singular)
emgekig (accusative singular)
emgekni (accusative singular)
emgekniŋ (genitive singular)
emgekke (dative singular)
emgekde (locative singular)
emgekden (ablative singular)
emgekgerü (allative singular)
emgekin (instrumental singular)
emgekče (equative singular)
emgekleyü (singular)
emgekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: амак (amak, “illness”)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: əmək

Ottoman Turkish: امك (emek)

Turkish: emek (“work, labour”)

⇒ Salar: ömüklegüsi

⇒ Turkmen: emgenmek (“to work hard, to suffer”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَمْكَكْ (emgek)

Uyghur: ئەمگەك (emgek)

Uzbek: emgek

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: имгәк (imgək)

Tatar: имгәк (imgäk)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: еңбек (eñbek)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эмгек (emgek)

Southern Altai: эмгек (emgek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (emgek)

→ Salar: eñgek

North Siberian:

Yakut: эмэх (emeq, “rotten”)

From *emge- (“to suffer, be tortured”) + *-k.


karsak

karsak (nominative singular)
karsakïg (accusative singular)
karsaknï (accusative singular)
karsaknïŋ (genitive singular)
karsakka (dative singular)
karsakda (locative singular)
karsakdan (ablative singular)
karsakgaru (allative singular)
karsakïn (instrumental singular)
karsakča (equative singular)
karsaklayu (singular)
karsaklïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qarsaq)

Karakhanid: قَرْساقْ (qarsaq)

Uzbek: qarsoq

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡарһаҡ (qarhaq)

Tatar: карсак (qarsaq)

Eastern Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карсак (karsak)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qarsaq

Kazakh: қарсақ (qarsaq)

→ Hungarian: Karcag

→ Russian: корсак (korsak)

→ English: corsac


tǖ

tǖ (nominative singular)
tǖüg (accusative singular)
tǖni (accusative singular)
tǖnüŋ (genitive singular)
tǖke (dative singular)
tǖde (locative singular)
tǖden (ablative singular)
tǖgerü (allative singular)
tǖün (instrumental singular)
tǖče (equative singular)
tǖleyü (singular)
tǖlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Proto-Bulgar: *tük

Chuvash: тӗк (tĕk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tǖ ~ *tǖk

Arghu:

Khalaj: tü̂k

Oghuz: *tǖ(k)

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: تو (tü), توك (tük), توی (tüy), دو (dü)
Azerbaijani: tük
Gagauz: tüü
Ottoman Turkish: توی (tüy), توك (tüğ)
Turkish: tüy
→ Armenian: թո̈ւյ (tʻüy)

Salar: tük

Turkmen: tüý

Karluk: *tǖ(k)

Karakhanid: تُو (tǖ)

Uyghur: تۈك (tük)

Uzbek: tuk

Kipchak: *tǖk

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: төк (tök)

Tatar: төк (tök)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: tük

Kumyk: тюк (tük)

Karachay-Balkar: тюк (tük)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: түк

Kazakh: түк (tük)

Nogai: тюк (tyuk)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түк (tük)

Southern Altai: тӱк (tük)

Siberian Turkic: *tǖ

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶 (twy /tü/)

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: түү

Yakut: түү (tüü)

South Siberian Turkic: *tǖk

Tofa: түк

Tuvan: дүк (dük)

Perhaps borrowed from Tocharian B to (“pubic hair”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“mist, haze”).
Earlier attestations point to *tǖ, while contemporary Turkic languages point to *tǖk.

der

(zootomy, anatomy) various types of hair on the body of animals; feather, fur, hair


kïl

kïl (nominative singular)
kïlïg (accusative singular)
kïlnï (accusative singular)
kïlnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïlka (dative singular)
kïlda (locative singular)
kïldan (ablative singular)
kïlgaru (allative singular)
kïlïn (instrumental singular)
kïlča (equative singular)
kïllayu (singular)
kïllïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: хӗлӗх (hĕlĕh)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kïl

Arghu:

Khalaj: qıl

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیل (qıl)
Gagauz: kıl
Turkish: kıl
→ Armenian: խըլ (xəl)

Azerbaijani: qıl

Turkmen: gyl

Karluk:

Uyghur: قىل (qil)

Uzbek: qil

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыл (qıl)

Tatar: кыл (qıl)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыл (kıl)

Southern Altai: кыл (kïl)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыл

Kazakh: қыл (qyl)

Nogai: кыл (kıl)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qıl

Kumyk: къыл (qıl)

Karachay-Balkar: къыл (qıl)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кыл (“sealine”)

Yakut: кыл (kıl)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: хыл (xıl)

Shor: хыл

Khakas: хыл (xıl)


yāŕ

yāŕ (nominative singular)
yāŕïg (accusative singular)
yāŕnï (accusative singular)
yāŕnïŋ (genitive singular)
yāŕka (dative singular)
yāŕda (locative singular)
yāŕdan (ablative singular)
yāŕgaru (allative singular)
yāŕïn (instrumental singular)
yāŕča (equative singular)
yāŕlayu (singular)
yāŕlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫур (śur)

→? Hungarian: nyár

Proto-Common Turkic: *yāz

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâaz

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یاز

Azerbaijani: yaz

Ottoman Turkish: یاز (yaz)
Gagauz: yaz
Turkish: yaz
→ Laz: ჲაზი (yazi)

Salar: yaz

Turkmen: ýaz

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yaz

Karachay-Balkar: джаз (caz)

Kumyk: яз (yaz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яҙ (yaź)

Tatar: yaz

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жаз (žaz)

Kazakh: жаз (jaz)

Nogai: яз (yaz)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жаз (jaz)

Southern Altai: јас (ǰas)

Karluk:

Uzbek: yoz

Uyghur: ياز (yaz)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰔 (yaz)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (hās)

Yakut: саас (saas)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: [script needed] (čaš)

Tuvan: час (ças)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: часхы (çasxı)

Shor: часқы (çasqı)

Western Yugur: yaz


āgïl

āgïl (nominative singular)
āgïlïg (accusative singular)
āgïlnï (accusative singular)
āgïlnïŋ (genitive singular)
āgïlka (dative singular)
āgïlda (locative singular)
āgïldan (ablative singular)
āgïlgaru (allative singular)
āgïlïn (instrumental singular)
āgïlča (equative singular)
āgïllayu (singular)
āgïllïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *aɣïl

Chuvash: ял (jal)

→ Eastern Mari: ял (jal)

→ Hungarian: ól

Proto-Common Turkic: *āgïl

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ağıl

Ottoman Turkish: آغل (ağıl)
Gagauz: aul
Turkish: ağıl
→ Armenian: աղըլ (aġəl)

Salar: ağıl

Turkmen: agyl

Karluk

Karakhanid: اَغِلْ

Chagatai: آغیل

Uyghur: ئېغىل (ëghil)

Uzbek: ogʻil

Kipchak

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ауыл (awıl)

Tatar: авыл (awıl)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: авул (awul)

Karachay-Balkar: ауул (auul)

Crimean Tatar: avul (Northern)

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: аўыл

Kazakh: ауыл (auyl)

Nogai: авыл (avıl)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: айыл (ayïl)

Kyrgyz: айыл (ayıl)

→ Russian: аул (aul) (see it for more)

→ Chechen: эвла (evla)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽲𐽶𐾁 (ʾʾqyl /aġïl/)

North Siberian Turkic:

desc

Yakut: ыал (ıal, “home, family, neighbor”)

South Siberian Turkic:

Shor: аал

Khakas: аал (aal)

Tofa: аал

Tuvan: аал (aal)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *axïl

Doerfer suggested a derivation *āg- (“to enclose”) + *-ïl, however such a verb does not exist.
Nişanyan's attempt at connecting it with Ancient Greek αὐλή (aulḗ) is unfounded as it has a PIE etymology.


kïr

kïr (nominative singular)
kïrïg (accusative singular)
kïrnï (accusative singular)
kïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïrka (dative singular)
kïrda (locative singular)
kïrdan (ablative singular)
kïrgaru (allative singular)
kïrïn (instrumental singular)
kïrča (equative singular)
kïrlayu (singular)
kïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хир (hir)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kïr

Proto-Oghuz: *gïr

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qır

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیر (kır)
Turkish: kır
→ Armenian: խըռ (xəṙ), ղըռ (ġəṙ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: kŕdža, кр́џа

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gyr

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِرْ (qïr)

Chagatai: قیر

Uzbek: qir

Uyghur: قىر (qir)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыр (qır)

Tatar: кыр (qır)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: къыр (qır)

Karachay-Balkar: къыр (qır)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кыр (kïr)

Kyrgyz: кыр (kır)

Teleut қыр-

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыр

Kazakh: қыр (qyr)

Nogai: кыр (kır)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

⇒? Dolgan: кырдал (“hill”)

desc

⇒ Yakut: кыртас (kırtas, “to shear, cut out”), ⇒ кырдал (kırdal, “hill”)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠬᠢᠷᠠ (kir-a)

Mongolian: хяр (xjar)

→ Turkmen: gyra

→ Tuvan: хыра (xıra)

From *kïr-. Alternatively, the nominal meaning is primary.


teŋrī

teŋrī (nominative singular)
teŋrīig (accusative singular)
teŋrīni (accusative singular)
teŋrīniŋ (genitive singular)
teŋrīke (dative singular)
teŋrīde (locative singular)
teŋrīden (ablative singular)
teŋrīgerü (allative singular)
teŋrīin (instrumental singular)
teŋrīče (equative singular)
teŋrīleyü (singular)
teŋrīligü (comitative singular)

→? Xiongnu: 撐犁 (*rtʰaːŋ.riːl) (or perhaps a Yeniseian loanword)

Oghur: *teŋri

Late-Oghur: *teɣri

Proto-Bulgar: *tewri/*tawrï

Danube Bulgar: ταγγρα (taɣra)

Volga Bulgar: *täü̯ri

Middle Chuvash: *tåu̯ri

Anatri Chuvash: турӑ (tură)

Viryal Chuvash: торă (toră)

Proto-Common Turkic: *teŋrī

→ Proto-Mongolic: *teŋgeri

Middle Mongol: ᠲᠩᠷᠢ (tngri)

Mongolian: тэнгэр (tenger)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: تكری (teŋri), تنكری (tengri, teŋri)
Azerbaijani: tanrı
Gagauz: Tangrı
Ottoman Turkish: تكری (tañrı, teñri), طاكری
Turkish: tanrı
→ Laz: თანგრი (tangri), ტანგრი (ťangri), თრანგი (trangi), თანრი (tanri)

Salar: danru

Turkmen: taňry

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَنْكْرٖى (tankrī /teŋri/)

Chagatai: تینگری

Uzbek: tangri

Uyghur: تەڭرى (tengri)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: teꝯri, tengeri (Codex Cumanicus)

Khorezmian Turkic: تنکری (täñri)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: тәңре (təñre)

Tatar: тәңре (täñre)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: тенгири (teñiri)

Karachay-Balkar: тейри (teyri)

Crimean Tatar: tañrı

desc

Karaim: танри, танъры, тэнъри, тэнри, тэндри

Krymchak: taŋrï, teŋri

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: тәңир

Kazakh: тәңір (täñır)

Nogai: таьнъир (täñir)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: теҥери (teŋeri)

Kyrgyz: теңир (teŋir)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 (t²ŋr²i /täŋri/)

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 (tnkry /täŋri/)
Western Yugur: deŋər (tiŋïr, “sky, heavens, weather”)
→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠩᠷᠢ (tngri)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: таҥара (tañara)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тигiр (tigir)

Shor: тегри (tegri)

Sayan:

Tuvan: дээр (deer)

Dukhan: [script needed] (teer)

Tofa: дээрі

desc

Northern Altai: тегре (tegre), тенъери (tenʺyeri) (Kumandy-Kizhi)

Uncertain. Multiple theories have been posited over the years with no consensus. See Doerfer (1965) for more.
Notably, Vovin (2003) has suggested a Proto-Yeniseian origin, for which compare Ket тыӈаль (“high”), from Proto-Ketic *tʰɯŋgʌl (“high”).


kǖŕ

kǖŕ (nominative singular)
kǖŕüg (accusative singular)
kǖŕni (accusative singular)
kǖŕnüŋ (genitive singular)
kǖŕke (dative singular)
kǖŕde (locative singular)
kǖŕden (ablative singular)
kǖŕgerü (allative singular)
kǖŕün (instrumental singular)
kǖŕče (equative singular)
kǖŕleyü (singular)
kǖŕlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: кӗр (kĕr)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kǖz

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: گوز (güz)
Gagauz: güz
Turkish: güz
→ Laz: ჯუზი (cuzi)

Azerbaijani: güz, küz (dialectal), ⇒ güzəm (“autumn wool”)

Turkmen: güýz

Salar: guz

Karluk

Karakhanid: کُزْ (küz)

Chagatai: گوز (güz)

Uzbek: kuz

Uyghur: كۈز (küz)

Kipchak

Kipchak: kuzin (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: көҙ (köź)

Tatar: көз (köz)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: küz

Karachay-Balkar: кюз арты (küz artı) (Balkar)

Kumyk: гюз (güz)

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: кӱс (küs)

Teleut кӱс

Kyrgyz: күз (küz)

South Kipchak

Nogai: куьз (küz)

Karakalpak: күз

Kazakh: күз (küz)

Siberian

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽴 (kwyz /küz/)

North Siberian

⇒ Yakut: күһүн (kühün)

⇒ Dolgan: күһүн

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: күс (küs)

Tofa: күс

Yenisei Turkic

⇒ Khakas: кӱскӱ (küskü)

desc

⇒ Shor: кӱскӱ

⇒ Shor: кӱскӱ

Western Yugur: kuz


īĺč

īĺč (nominative singular)
īĺčig (accusative singular)
īĺčni (accusative singular)
īĺčniŋ (genitive singular)
īĺčke (dative singular)
īĺčde (locative singular)
īĺčden (ablative singular)
īĺčgerü (allative singular)
īĺčin (instrumental singular)
īĺčče (equative singular)
īĺčleyü (singular)
īĺčligü (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: ӗҫ (ĕś)

Proto-Common Turkic: *īš

Arghu

Khalaj: îş

→⇒? Khalaj: şamaq

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایش (iš)

Azerbaijani: iş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ایش (iš)
Gagauz: iş
Turkish: iş
→ Pontic Greek: δουλεία (douleía) (semantic loan)

Turkmen: īş

Salar: iš

Karluk

Karakhanid: اٖیشْ (ïš)

Chagatai: ایش (iš)

Uzbek: ish

Uyghur: ئىش (ish)

Kipchak

Kipchak: is (iš) (Codex Cumanicus)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: эш (eş)

Tatar: эш (eş)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: иш (iş)

Karachay-Balkar: иш (iş)

Crimean Tatar: iş

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: иш (iš)

Teleut иш

Kyrgyz: иш (iş)

South Kipchak

Nogai: ис (is)

Karakalpak: ис

Kazakh: іс (ıs)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰾 (iš)

South Siberian

Sayan Turkic

Tuvan: иш (iş)

Tofa: иш

Yenisei Turkic

Khakas: іс (ìs)

Shor: иш

Western Yugur: ïs


yaŋsul

yaŋsul (nominative singular)
yaŋsullar (nominative plural)
yaŋsulnïŋ (genitive singular)
yaŋsullarnïŋ (genitive plural)
yaŋsulka (dative singular)
yaŋsullarka (dative plural)
yaŋsulda (locative singular)
yaŋsullarda (locative plural)
yaŋsuldan (ablative singular)
yaŋsullardan (ablative plural)
yaŋsullarïn (instrumental plural)
yaŋsulča (equative singular)
yaŋsullarča (equative plural)
*yoŋsul (alternative)


yoŋsul

yoŋsul (nominative singular)
yoŋsullar (nominative plural)
yoŋsulnïŋ (genitive singular)
yoŋsullarnïŋ (genitive plural)
yoŋsulka (dative singular)
yoŋsullarka (dative plural)
yoŋsulda (locative singular)
yoŋsullarda (locative plural)
yoŋsuldan (ablative singular)
yoŋsullardan (ablative plural)
yoŋsullarïn (instrumental plural)
yoŋsulča (equative singular)
yoŋsullarča (equative plural)
*yaŋsul (alternative)

Turkish: yonsul (dialectal)

Turkish: yonsuk (dialectal)

*yoɣsun

Oghuz

Turkish: yoğsun (dialectal)

Azerbaijani: yosun

Ottoman Turkish: یوسن, یوسون, یوصون, یوصن (yosun), یوصول (yosul)

Turkish: yosun, yusul (dialectal)

*yozun

Turkish: yoz (dialectal)

→ Crimean Tatar: yosun

Karluk

Chagatai: يوساك (yosaŋ), Chagatai: يوسك (yosuŋ)

Uyghur: يوسۇن (yosun)

Uzbek: yoʻsin


yïr

yïr (nominative singular)
yïrïg (accusative singular)
yïrnï (accusative singular)
yïrnïŋ (genitive singular)
yïrka (dative singular)
yïrda (locative singular)
yïrdan (ablative singular)
yïrgaru (allative singular)
yïrïn (instrumental singular)
yïrča (equative singular)
yïrlayu (singular)
yïrlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: юрӑ (jură)

Proto-Common Turkic: *yïr

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایر (ır), ار (ır), یر (yır)

Ottoman Turkish: ییر (yır), ایر (ır)

Turkish: yır, ır

Salar: yür

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یِرْ (yïr), اِرْ (ïr)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йыр (yır)

Tatar: җыр (cır)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: йыр (yır)

Karachay-Balkar: джыр (cır)

Crimean Tatar: yır

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ыр (ır)

Southern Altai: ыр (ïr)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: жыр

Kazakh: жыр (jyr)

Nogai: йыр (yır)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽾 (ïr)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ырыа

Yakut: ырыа (ırıa)

South Siberian:

Chulym: ыр

Northern Altai: ыр (ïr)

Khakas: ыр (ır)

Shor: ыр

Tofa: ыр

Tuvan: ыр (ır)

Western Yugur: yer


kïĺ

kïĺ (nominative singular)
kïĺïg (accusative singular)
kïĺnï (accusative singular)
kïĺnïŋ (genitive singular)
kïĺka (dative singular)
kïĺda (locative singular)
kïĺdan (ablative singular)
kïĺgaru (allative singular)
kïĺïn (instrumental singular)
kïĺča (equative singular)
kïĺlayu (singular)
kïĺlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: хӗл (hĕl)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kïš

Arghu:

Khalaj: qış

Proto-Oghuz: *gïš

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qış

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیش (kış)
Gagauz: kış
Turkish: kış
→ Laz: კიში (ǩişi)

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gyş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قِشْ (qıš)

Chagatai: قیش (qïš)

Uzbek: qish

Uyghur: قىش (qish)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qış

Karachay-Balkar: къыш (qış)

Kumyk: къыш (qış)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡыш (qış)

Tatar: кыш (qış)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: қыс, qıs

Kazakh: қыс (qys)

Nogai: кыс (kıs)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кыш (kış)

Southern Altai: кыш (kïš)

Teleut қыш

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰶𐰃𐱁 (qïš)

North Siberian:

⇒ Dolgan: кыһын

⇒ Yakut: кыс (kıs), кыһын (kıhın)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ӄыъш

Tuvan: кыш (kış)

Yenisei Turkic:

⇒ Khakas: хысхы (xısxı)

desc

⇒ Shor: қышқы

⇒ Shor: қышқы

Western Yugur: qıs


tōn

tōn (nominative singular)
tōnug (accusative singular)
tōnnï (accusative singular)
tōnnuŋ (genitive singular)
tōnka (dative singular)
tōnda (locative singular)
tōndan (ablative singular)
tōngaru (allative singular)
tōnun (instrumental singular)
tōnča (equative singular)
tōnlayu (singular)
tōnlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: тум (tum)

Proto-Common Turkic: *tōn

Arghu

Khalaj: tôn

Oghuz

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: don

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طون
Gagauz: don (“pants”)
Turkish: don
→ Armenian: տոն (ton), դոն (don)

Turkmen: don (“dressing gown”)

Karluk

Karakhanid: تُنْ (ton)

Kipchak

⇒ Khorezmian Turkic: تونوماق (tonumaq)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: тун (tun)

Tatar: тун (tun)

West Kipchak

Kumyk: тон (ton)

Karachay-Balkar: тон (ton)

Crimean Tatar: don

East Kipchak

Southern Altai: тон (ton)

Kyrgyz: тон (ton)

Teleut тон

South Kipchak

Karakalpak: тон

Kazakh: тон (ton)

Nogai: тон (ton)

Siberian

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰣 (ton)

North Siberian

>? Yakut: таҥас (tañas)

South Siberian

Khakas: тон (ton)

Western Yugur: ton (“garment, dress”)

Tuvan: тон (ton)

Shor: тон

Tofa: дон