at

at (nominative singular)
atïg (accusative singular)
atnï (accusative singular)
atnïŋ (genitive singular)
atka (dative singular)
atda (locative singular)
atdan (ablative singular)
atgaru (allative singular)
atïn (instrumental singular)
atča (equative singular)
atlayu (singular)
atlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ут (ut)

Proto-Common Turkic: *at
** Arghu:
*** Khalaj: hat
** Proto-Oghuz: *at
*** Old Anatolian Turkish: آت (at)
**** Azerbaijani: at
**** Ottoman Turkish: آت (at)
***** Gagauz: at
***** Turkish: at
*** Salar: at
*** Turkmen: at
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَتْ (at)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (at)
***** Chagatai: ات (at)
****** Uzbek: ot
****** Uyghur: ئات (at)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: ات (at)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: ат (at)
***** Tatar: ат (at)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: at
***** Kumyk: ат (at)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Karakalpak: at
***** Kazakh: ат (at)
***** Nogai: ат (at)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: ат (at)
***** Southern Altai: ат (at)
** Siberian Turkic:
*** Old Turkic: 𐱃 (t¹ /at/)
*** Old Kirghiz: 𐱄 (t¹ /at/)
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾀 (at)
**** Western Yugur: at
**** North Siberian Turkic:
***** Dolgan: ат (at)
***** Yakut: ат (at)
**** South Siberian Turkic:
***** Shor: ат (at)
***** Khakas: ат (at)
***** Tofa: аът (aʺt)
***** Tuvan: аът (àt)


bal

bal (nominative singular)
balïg (accusative singular)
balnï (accusative singular)
balnïŋ (genitive singular)
balka (dative singular)
balda (locative singular)
baldan (ablative singular)
balgaru (allative singular)
balïn (instrumental singular)
balča (equative singular)
ballayu (singular)
ballïgu (comitative singular)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *bal

Mongolian: бал (bal)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пыл (pyl)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bal

Ottoman Turkish: بال (bal)

Gagauz: bal

Turkish: bal

Salar: bal

Turkmen: bal

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بال (bal)

Khorezmian Turkic: بال

Uyghur: بال (bal)

Uzbek: bol

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: bal

Karachay-Balkar: бал (bal)

Karaim: бал

Kumyk: бал (bal)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бал (bal)

Tatar: бал (bal)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: pal

Kazakh: бал (bal)

Nogai: бал (bal)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бал (bal)

Southern Altai: бал (bal)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: бал (bal)

Shor: пал

Possibly from Proto-Iranian *mádu (“honey, wine”).
Original meaning must have been some sort of viscous liquid, see potential cognates *balčïk (“mud”) and *bālïk (“fish”) for more.
Doublet of Old Uyghur 𐽹𐽶𐽾 (mir).


us

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: اُسْ (us, “intelligence”), اُسْلاماقْ (uslamak, “to understand”)

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوصى (ussı)

Azerbaijani: uslu

Ottoman Turkish: اوص (us)

desc

Balkan Gagauz Turkish: uslu, usa (“worry”), usamak (“to worry, suffer”)

Gagauz: uslu

Turkish: us (“mind”), uslu (“well-behaved”), uslanmak (“to settle down, sober”), usul (“slow”)

Salar: uslağusı (“to suffer”)

Turkmen: os, oslamak, oslanmak, oslagsyz, osal

→ Cuman-Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (us)

→ Chuvash: ӑс (ăs)


bulan

bulan (nominative singular)
bulanïg (accusative singular)
bulannï (accusative singular)
bulannïŋ (genitive singular)
bulanka (dative singular)
bulanda (locative singular)
bulandan (ablative singular)
bulangaru (allative singular)
bulanïn (instrumental singular)
bulanča (equative singular)
bulanlayu (singular)
bulanlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Bulgar:

Chuvash: пӑлан (pălan)

→ Hungarian: bölény (“aurochs”)

Khazar: [script needed] (bulan) (“a male name”)

Proto-Common Turkic: *bulan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (bulan)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: [script needed] (bulan)

Uzbek: bulon

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (bulan)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: болан (bolan)

Tatar: болан (bolan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұлан (būlan)

Nogai: [script needed] (bulan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: булан (bulan)

Southern Altai: булан (bulan)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: булан (bulan)

Yenisei:

Shor: пулан

Khakas: пулан (pulan)


söl

söl (nominative singular)
sölüg (accusative singular)
sölni (accusative singular)
sölnüŋ (genitive singular)
sölke (dative singular)
sölde (locative singular)
sölden (ablative singular)
sölgerü (allative singular)
sölün (instrumental singular)
sölče (equative singular)
sölleyü (singular)
söllügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: шыл (šyl)

Proto-Common Turkic: *söl

→? Proto-Mongolic: *silö, *sölü

Middle Mongol: ᠱᠦᠯᠡᠨ (šülen)

⇒ Persian: شیلان

Turkish: şölen (“feast”)

Mongolian: шөл (šöl)

Persian: شوله (a kind of soup)

Azerbaijani: şillə (sticky rice)

Turkmen: şüle (sticky rice)

Dongxiang: shulie (“broth”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *šole

Nanai: чо̄лон (čōlon, “soup”)

Manchu: ᠰᡳᠯᡝ (sile, “soup”)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: söl (“bloody juice of meat, juice in meat”) (dialectal)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (söl)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: сүл (sül)

Bashkir: һүл (hül)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: сөл (söl)

Kazakh: сөл (söl)

Nogai: соьл (söl)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: сөл (söl)

Southern Altai: сӧл (söl, “blood in meat”)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (söl)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (söl, “ram's blood”)

North Siberian:

Yakut: өл (öl, “soup, bouillon”)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *silö (“meat broth, soup”), Proto-Tungusic *šole (“soup”).


et

et (nominative singular)
etig (accusative singular)
etni (accusative singular)
etniŋ (genitive singular)
etke (dative singular)
etde (locative singular)
etden (ablative singular)
etgerü (allative singular)
etin (instrumental singular)
etče (equative singular)
etleyü (singular)
etligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ӳт (üt, “body”)

desc

⇒ Viryal Chuvash: ӳт шӳрпи (üt šürp̬i, “meat broth”)

⇒ Viryal Chuvash: ӳте кӗр (üt̬e k̬ĕr, “to break fast”) (lit. "to enter into meat")

Proto-Common Turkic: *et

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ات (“meat, flesh”)

Azerbaijani: ət

→ Khalaj: ət

Ottoman Turkish: ات (et, “meat, flesh”)

Turkish: et

Gagauz: et

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: et

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: et (etʰ, eʰtʰ)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَتْ (“meat, flesh”)

⇒? Karakhanid: اَتْ یٖارْ (et yḗr, “level ground”)

Khorezmian Turkic: اَتْ (et, “raw meat”)

Chagatai: ات (ét, “meat”)

Uzbek: et

Ili Turki: ɛt (et), eʰt

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: ات (et, “meat for consumption”)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ит (it)

Tatar: ит (it)

Kipchak-Cuman: et (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: et

Krymchak: ет

Karachay-Balkar: эт (et)

Kumyk: эт (et)

Karaim: ėt´, эт

Urum: эт, йет, at

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ет (et)

Kazakh: ет (et)

Nogai: эт (ét)

Siberian Tatar: ит (it)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эт (et)

Southern Altai: эт (et)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Dolgan: эт (et), әт (ät)

Yakut: эт (et)

South Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽸 (ed), 𐽰𐽸𐾂 (eṭ), 𐽰𐾀 (et)

⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (etöz, “corporeality, human body”)

Western Yugur: iʰt

Dukhan: eʰt

Khakas: ит (it)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: it

Northern Altai: эт (et)

Shor: эт (et)

Tuvan: эът (èt)

Tofa: эът (èt)

Usually considered a simplex, being one of the oldest Turkic words and found in every branch except Arghu. In some branches, *et is replaced by *(i)aĺ (or Common Turkic *aš) with the older word undergoing a semantic shift from "meat" to "body" via the intermediary compound *et + *ȫz ("flesh and spirit, man").
According to Borovkov (1961), this word may be a loanword from Sogdian [Term?].
Altaicists compare this root with Literary Mongolian ᠠᠳᠠᠰᠬᠠ (adasqa, “skin, leather”), Orok [script needed] (pē̆te, “seal meat”) (see also Manchu ᡥᡠᠸᡝᡨᡥᡳ (huwethi, “seal (animal)”), from the same supposed root, although this is not mentioned in the EDAL's entry) and Japanese 肌 (hada, “human skin”) (compared also to Proto-Japonic *panta (“skin”)). However, semantics and phonetic correspondences are hardly fit and such comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream historical linguistics.

noncog

meat, flesh (of both humans and animals)

Codex Cumanicus
Common Turkic
Khalaj language
Turkic languages


em

→ Proto-Mongolic:

Mongolian: эм (em)

Buryat: эм (em)

Oghur:

Chuvash: им (im)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ام (em)

Ottoman Turkish: ام (em)

Turkish: (dialectal) em

Salar: em

Turkmen: em

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (em)

Kipchak: em (Codex Cumanicus)

Kumyk: эм (em)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ем (em)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эм (em)

Southern Altai: эм (em)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَمْ (/em/)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (em)

Chagatai: [script needed] (em)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/em/)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: эм (em)

Sayan:

Tuvan: эм (em)


am

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hâm

Oghuz: اَمْ (am) (Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: am

Ottoman Turkish: آم

Turkish: am

Turkmen: am

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَمْ (am)

Uzbek: am

Kipchak:

Mamluk-Kipchak: اَمْ (am)

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: әм (əm), ам (am)

Tatar: әм (äm), ам (am)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ам (am)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ам (am)

Southern Altai: ам (am)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: абас (abas)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: ам (am)

(Common Turkic, anatomy) vulva, pudenda muliebria


es

es (nominative singular)
esig (accusative singular)
esni (accusative singular)
esniŋ (genitive singular)
eske (dative singular)
esde (locative singular)
esden (ablative singular)
esgerü (allative singular)
esin (instrumental singular)
esče (equative singular)
esleyü (singular)
esligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ас (as)

→ Hungarian: ész

Proto-Common Turkic: *es

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *esirge

Karluk:

Uzbek: es

Uyghur: ئەس (es)

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (es), [script needed] (esle-)

Ottoman Turkish: اسلمك (eslemek)

Turkmen: es

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: иҫ (iś)

Tatar: ис (is)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эс (es)

Southern Altai: эс (es)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: es

Karachay-Balkar: эс (es)

Kumyk: эс (es)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: ес

Kazakh: ес (es)

Nogai: ес (yes)


idi

→ Proto-Mongolic: *ejen

Mongolian: эзэн (ezen)

→ Yakut: эжэн (ezhen)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *edī (“husband, mate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ایه (eye, iye), اسی (issi), اذی (iẕi), اكن (egen), اس (is, ıs)

Azerbaijani: yiyə

Ottoman Turkish: ایه (eye, iye), ایكه (iğe)

Turkish: (dialectal) iye, eye, ege, eğe

→ Turkish: iye (semi-learned)

Salar: iye

Turkmen: eýe

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: эйә (eyə)

Tatar: ия (iyä)

→ Chuvash: ие (ie, “bad spirit”)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (iy)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ие (ie)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ээ (ee)

Southern Altai: ээ (ee)

Karluk:

desctree

Karakhanid: اِذٖی (/iδi/), 𐽰𐽶𐽸𐽶 (ʾydy /iδi/)
Chagatai:
Uyghur: ئىگە (ige)
Uzbek: ega

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰓𐰃 (id²i)

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽸𐽶 (ʾydy /édi/, “queen, consort”)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tuvan: ээ (ee)

Tofa: ээ

Yenisei:

Khakas: ээ (ee)

Compare Mongolian эзэн (ezen), a Turkic borrowing.


ini

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ini

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اینی (ini)

Azerbaijani: (dialectal) ini

Turkish: (dialectal) ini

Salar: ini

Turkmen: ini

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: эне (ene)

Tatar: эне (ene)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk: ини (ini)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: іні (ını)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ини (ini)

Southern Altai: ини (ini)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اِنٖی (/ini/)

Chagatai: اینی (ini)

Uyghur: ئىنى (ini)

Uzbek: ini

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰤𐰃 (in²i /ini/)

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/ini/)


top

top (nominative singular)
topug (accusative singular)
topnï (accusative singular)
topnuŋ (genitive singular)
topka (dative singular)
topda (locative singular)
topdan (ablative singular)
topgaru (allative singular)
topun (instrumental singular)
topča (equative singular)
toplayu (singular)
toplugu (comitative singular)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *toburugu

Oghur:

Chuvash: тупӑ (tup̬ă, “ball, cannonball”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: top

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: top

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: طوپ
Turkish: top
→ Albanian: top
→ Greek: τόπι (tópi)
→ Ladino: טופ
→ Macedonian: топ (top)
→ Middle Armenian: թօփ (tʻōpʻ)
Armenian: թոփ (tʻopʻ)
→ Iraqi Arabic: طوبة (ṭobe)
→ North Levantine Arabic: طابه (ṭābe)
→ Ossetian: топп (topp)
→ Persian: توپ (tup, top)
Hindi: तोप (top)
Urdu: توپ (top)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: топ
Latin script: top
→ Slovene: top

Gagauz: top

Turkmen: top

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (top)

Uzbek: to‘p

Uyghur: توپ (top)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: туп (tup)

Tatar: туп (tup)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: top

Kumyk: топ (top)

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (top)

Karaim: [script needed] (top)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: top

Kazakh: доп (dop)

Nogai: топ (top)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: топ (top)

Compare Proto-Mongolic *toburugu (“round, convex”).


alma

alma (nominative singular)
almalar (nominative plural)
almanïŋ (genitive singular)
almalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
almaka (dative singular)
almalarka (dative plural)
almada (locative singular)
almalarda (locative plural)
almadan (ablative singular)
almalardan (ablative plural)
almalarïn (instrumental plural)
almača (equative singular)
almalarča (equative plural)

→⇒ Sogdian: 𐼰𐼹𐼺𐼹𐼴𐼸𐼿 (ʾδmδwkc)

desc

Common Turkic:
** Proto-Oghuz: *alma
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: آلْمَا (alma)
***** Azerbaijani: alma
***** Gagauz: alma
***** Ottoman Turkish: الما, آلما (alma)
Turkish: elma
→ Middle Armenian: Էլմա (Ēlma)
*** East Oghuz:
**** Turkmen: alma
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْما (alma)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: الما (alma)
***** Chagatai: الما (alma)
****** Uzbek: olma
****** Uyghur: ئالما (alma)
** Kipchak:
*** Cuman-Kipchak:
**** → Hungarian: alma
**** →? Sudovian: ałm
*** Mamluk-Kipchak: الما (alma)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: алма (alma)
***** Tatar: алма (alma)
****** → Chuvash: улма (ulma) (likely)
****** → Udmurt: улмо (ulmo)
****** → Western Mari: олма (olma)
****** → Eastern Mari: олма (olma)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Crimean Tatar: alma
***** Karachay-Balkar: алма (alma)
***** Kumyk: алма (alma)
***** Urum: алма
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алма (alma)
***** Karakalpak: алма
***** Nogai: алма (alma)
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алма (alma)
***** Southern Altai: алама (alama), алма (alma)

Several possibilities:
* From Sanskrit अम्ल (amla, “sour”), but its plant name usage is for wood-sorrel.
* From Sanskrit अमल (amala, “immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla”), आमलक (āmalaka), आमलकी (āmalakī, “emblic”), widely passed into Iranian and via Arabic أَمْلَج (ʔamlaj) into European.
* From Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”), also widely passed, but reflects instead with -mb-, exemplarily Arabic أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj).
* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, the same root whence also English apple, with the immediate source perhaps being Tocharian .
* From *āl + Latin malum.
* From *a(ː)lima, from *almïla, as attested in Karakhanid, in turn possibly cognate with Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”).


apa

apa (nominative singular)
apalar (nominative plural)
apanïŋ (genitive singular)
apalarnïŋ (genitive plural)
apaka (dative singular)
apalarka (dative plural)
apada (locative singular)
apalarda (locative plural)
apadan (ablative singular)
apalardan (ablative plural)
apalarïn (instrumental plural)
apača (equative singular)
apalarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *appa

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (abla)

Azerbaijani: aba, abay

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: ابلا (abla)
Turkish: abla, aba
→ Armenian: աբլա (abla), ապլա (apla)
→ Greek: αμπλά (amplá)
→ Gulf Arabic: ابلة (abḷa)
→ Hijazi Arabic: أبلة (ʔabla)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اپا (apa)

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (apa)

Chagatai: اپا (apa)

Uzbek: opa

Uyghur: ئاپا (apa)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اپا (apa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: апай (apay)

Tatar: апа (apa)

→ Chuvash: аппа (appa)

→ Udmurt: апа (apa), апай (apaj)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: аба (aba)

Karaim: апай

Kumyk: абай (abay)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: апа (apa)

Karakalpak: apa

Nogai: аба (aba)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: апа (apa)

Southern Altai: аба (aba)

Siberian:

Yenisei Kyrgyz: [script needed] (apa)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: аба

Tuvan: ава (ava)

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: абиче

The sense of ‘father’ in DLT is may be Tibetan.

paternal elder female relative; father's sister; elder sister of a male, etc.


apa

Oghur:

Chuvash: упа (up̬a)

Siberian:

Khakas: аба (aba)


yum

yum (nominative singular)
yumug (accusative singular)
yumnï (accusative singular)
yumnuŋ (genitive singular)
yumka (dative singular)
yumda (locative singular)
yumdan (ablative singular)
yumgaru (allative singular)
yumun (instrumental singular)
yumča (equative singular)
yumlayu (singular)
yumlugu (comitative singular)

Proto-Turkic: *yumgak (“ball of wool, thread”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫӑмха (śămh̬a, “ball”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yumaq

Ottoman Turkish: یوماق (yumak)

Turkish: yumak

Salar: yumaq

Turkmen: ýumak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (jumɣaq, “globular or round thing”)

Chagatai: [script needed] (yumaq, “ball of wool”)

Uzbek: yumaloq (“round, ball”)

Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yumaq, “thread rolled into a ball”):

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомғаҡ (yomğaq)

Tatar: йомгак (yomgak), yomğaq

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јумгак (ǰumgak)

Siberian:

South Siberian

Khakas: ныңмах (nıñmax)

Proto-Turkic: *yumru (“round”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӑмӑр (čămăr)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yumru

Ottoman Turkish: یومرو (yumru)

Turkish: yumru

Turkmen: ýumry

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йомро (yomro), йоморо (yomoro)

Tatar: йомры (yomrı)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: жұмыр (jūmyr)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жумуру (jumuru)


sub

sub (nominative singular)
subug (accusative singular)
subnï (accusative singular)
subnuŋ (genitive singular)
subka (dative singular)
subda (locative singular)
subdan (ablative singular)
subgaru (allative singular)
subun (instrumental singular)
subča (equative singular)
sublayu (singular)
sublugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Khazar: *šïw, *σιου (*siou)

→ Ancient Greek: Χαράσιου (Kharásiou, “name of a river”)

Volga Bulgar: شِونَ (šıw-na) (with positive possessive *-n and dative case *-(k)a)

Chuvash: шыв (šyv)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: suv

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: صُو (su), صُوْ (suv)

Azerbaijani: su

Gagauz: su

Ottoman Turkish: صو (su)

Turkish: su

→ Crimean Tatar: su (Southern dialects)

Turkmen: suw

Salar: su, suv-sa (“to become thirsty”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: سوڤ (suv)

Khorezmian Turkic: سو (su), سوو (suw)

desctree

Chagatai: سو (su), سوو (suv), سوی (suy)
Uyghur: سۇ (su)
Uzbek: suv

Kipchak: سو (su)

North Kipchak:

Tatar: су (su), su

Bashkir: һыу (hıw)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Urum: су (su)

Crimean Tatar: сув (suv)

Karaim: сув

Kumyk: сув (suw)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: су (su)

Karakalpak: suw

Nogai: сув (suv)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: суу (suu)

Southern Altai: суу (suu)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰽𐰆𐰉 (s¹ub¹ /sub/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽳𐽱 (swβ /suv/)
Western Yugur: su (su, “water”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: уу

Yakut: уу (uu)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: суғ (suğ)

Tuvan: суг (sug) (Kyzyl), суғ (Soyot)

Yenisei Turkic:

desc

Chulym: суу (suu), сууғ (suuğ), суғ (suğ)

Khakas: суғ (suğ)

Shor: суғ

Northern Altai: суу (suu), суг (sug), сууг (suug), сӱ (sü)


koč

koč (nominative singular)
kočug (accusative singular)
kočnï (accusative singular)
kočnuŋ (genitive singular)
kočka (dative singular)
kočda (locative singular)
kočdan (ablative singular)
kočgaru (allative singular)
kočun (instrumental singular)
kočča (equative singular)
kočlayu (singular)
kočlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: kos

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kucan

Proto-Common Turkic: *koč, *kočgar

Arghu:

Khalaj: qoç

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (qoç)

Azerbaijani: qoç

Ottoman Turkish: قوچ (koç), قوچقار (koçkar)

Gagauz: koç

Turkish: koç, koçkar

Oghuz-Uyghur:

Salar: goşğur

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: goç, goçgar

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qočŋar)

Chagatai: قوچقار (qočqar)

Uyghur: قوچقار (qochqar)

Uzbek: qoʻchqar

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: кучкар (quçkar)

Bashkir: ҡушҡар (quşqar), ҡусҡар (qusqar, “dialectal”)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qoçqar

Urum: ґоч (ğoč)

Karaim: kočxar

Karachay-Balkar: къочхар (qoçxar)

Kumyk: къочкъар (qoçqar)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қошқар (qoşqar)

Karakalpak: qoshqar, gʻosh

Nogai: кошкар (koşkar)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кочкор (kočkor)

Kyrgyz: кочкор (kockor)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: qwčxʾr (qočɣar), qwčwnxʾr (qočuŋar)

Western Yugur: qoʐɣar

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кошкар (koşkar)

Northern Altai: кочкор (kočkor) (Tuba)

→ Kott: koaskir (“ram”)

The form *kočgar is morphologically obscure as there is no *-gar suffix.
Nishanyan compares it to Armenian ոչխար (očʻxar, “ram”) and Arabic كبش (kabš, “ram”), however neither of these words can etymologically and phonologically be related to this word.


toy

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Anatri Chuvash: той (toj)

Viryal Chuvash: туй (tuj, “wedding, marriage”)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: طوی (ṭoy, “banquet, feast, ceremony”)
Azerbaijani: toy
Gagauz: toy
Ottoman Turkish: طوی (toy, doy)
Turkish: toy

Turkmen: toý, طوی (toý)

Karluk:

Ili Turki: tȯy

Karakhanid: تُویْ (tōy, “military camp, royal grounds”)
Chagatai: توی (toy), طوی (ṭoy)
Uyghur: توي (toy)
Uzbek: toʻy

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: туй (tuy)

Tatar: туй (tuy)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: toy

Karachay-Balkar: той (toy)

Kumyk: той (toy)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: той (toi)

Nogai: той (toy)

Siberian Tatar: туй

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: той (toy)

Southern Altai: той (toy)

Siberian Turkic:

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽶 (twy /toy/, “royal camp grounds; wedding feast”)

Western Yugur: toj (toy)

⇒ Old Uyghur: 𑀣𑁄𑀬𑁆 (thoy /tʰoy/), 𑀢𑁄𑀬𑁆 (toy /toy/, “Buddhist religious community”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: той (toy)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tofa: той

Yenisei:

Khakas: той (toy)

Fuyu Kyrgyz: doy

Shor: той

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
Middle Turkic
Old Turkic

Uncertain. Some etymologies listed in the literature include:
* Yegorov (1964) ascribes Chuvash туй (tuj) to "12th century Turkish" (Middle Turkic) *tuy ("assembly, crowd, congregation") and refuses a connection with *to- (“to be satiated”) for Chuvash.
* Doerfer (1968) - and citing him, Clauson (1972) - suggests a semantic shift of "royal tent camp" > "aggregation" > "feast" > "wedding" / "marriage" to explain the two different meanings associated with this root. In Doerfer's work, the etymology suggested by Räsänen (different than the one referenced in this page) is declared untenable, citing historical forms for Old Turkic.
** In the same entry, a potential linking of this root to *tuy (“clay, loam”) is discussed. This supposed etymology is seconded with the potential parallel of supposed Old Turkic 𐽼𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽲 (pʾlyq /balïḳ/, “city, settlement”) < *balïk (“mud”). This potential relation assumes a priori that two meanings are related.
* Räsänen (1969) assumes two meanings to belong to different roots and derives düğün (*doń-gün) from this root.
* Nişanyan (2002-) suggests a derivation from *to- (“to be satiated”).
In Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (1072), Maḫmud al-Ḳašġarî writes down that [the] Oghuz people do not know this [word.] This is most likely the case due to Oghuz branch not preserving the primary sense of military camp, which is what the Karakhanid word translates to in Arabic.

q

*doń-<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">gün</i>


ok

ok (nominative singular)
okug (accusative singular)
oknï (accusative singular)
oknuŋ (genitive singular)
okka (dative singular)
okda (locative singular)
okdan (ablative singular)
okgaru (allative singular)
okun (instrumental singular)
okča (equative singular)
oklayu (singular)
oklugu (comitative singular)

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
Gerard Clauson
Japonic languages
Martti Räsänen
Tungusic languages
tr:Besim Atalay

Oghur: *ōχ

Proto-Bulgar: *āχ

Middle Chuvash: *åχă

desc

Anatri Chuvash: ухӑ (uh̬ă, “bow, arrow”)

Viryal Chuvash: охӑ (oh̬ă, “bow”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: اوق (oq), اوخ (oḫ)
Azerbaijani: ox
Gagauz: ok
Ottoman Turkish: اوق (ok)
Turkish: ok
→ Armenian: օխ (ōx)

Turkmen: ok

Salar: oq

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُق (ok)

Uyghur: ئوق (oq)

Uzbek: oʻq, ўк (oʻk)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: уҡ (uq)

Tatar: ук (uq)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar: oq

Kumyk: окъ (oq)

Karaim: ок (oq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: оқ (oq)

Nogai: ок (ok)

Karakalpak: oq

Siberian Turkic:

Orkhon Turkic: 𐰸 (q̊¹ /ok/)

Old Kirghiz: 𐰹 (q̊¹ /ok/)

desc

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽲 (ʾwq /ok/, “arrow, hand of a sundial”)

Western Yugur: ohq (oʰq)

North Siberian:

Yakut: ох (oq)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: ух (ux)

Shor: ух (oq)

Unknown. Perhaps onomatopoeic, imitative of the landing sound of an arrow.
Clauson states that, owing to the supposed ceremonial and ritual uses of arrows in Turkic cultures, the word for arrow may have influenced *ōk (“kin, sub-tribe, clan”) and *ōk (“shared inheritance”).
According to Räsänen, this word may be related to Finnish oka (“thorn”) and Hungarian fok (“back of an ax or knife, eye of a needle/ax, peak”).
Compared to Mongolian орой (oroj, “top, tip, edge”) and two other unattested forms from Tungusic and Japonic languages by Altaicists by giving a tentative **ŏ̀ḱà as the ultimate origin. However, the source itself is doubtful on the etymology it presents as a result of lackluster presence of this supposed root in other "branches".


eke

eke (nominative singular)
ekeig (accusative singular)
ekeni (accusative singular)
ekeniŋ (genitive singular)
ekeke (dative singular)
ekede (locative singular)
ekeden (ablative singular)
ekegerü (allative singular)
ekein (instrumental singular)
ekeče (equative singular)
ekeleyü (singular)
ekeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: акка (akka)

Arghu:

⇒ Khalaj: əkəçi

Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

desc

Turkmen: eje (“mother, aunt, elder sister”)

Ottoman Turkish: اجی (eci, “elder sister, grandmother”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (eke)

Chagatai: اچه (äçä, “mother, old woman”)

→ Tajik: оча (oča, “mother”)

→ Hazaragi: آجه (âja, “grandmother”)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: эгеч (egeç, “sister”)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: әже (äje, “grandmother”)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: эже (eje, “elder sister, aunt”)

Southern Altai: эје (eǰe, “elder sister”)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (eke)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *egeci (“older sister”).


erin

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: ərin

Oghuz:

Turkish: (dialectal) erin

Turkmen: erin

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اِرِنْ (érin)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ирен (iren)

Tatar: ирен (iren)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Crimean Tatar:

Karachay-Balkar: эрин (erin)

Karaim: эрин

Kumyk: эрин (erin)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: ерин

Kazakh: ерін (erın)

Nogai: эрин (érin)

Siberian Tatar: ирен

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эрин (erin)

Southern Altai: эрин (erin)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (erin)

Sayan:

Tuvan: эрин (erin)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (irĭn)

Shor: эрни

Uncertain. Sevortyan suggests a derivation from *er-


ur

ur (nominative singular)
urug (accusative singular)
urnï (accusative singular)
urnuŋ (genitive singular)
urka (dative singular)
urda (locative singular)
urdan (ablative singular)
urgaru (allative singular)
urun (instrumental singular)
urča (equative singular)
urlayu (singular)
urlugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ur

Ottoman Turkish: اور (ur)

Turkish: ur

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: оро (oro)

Tatar: оры (orı)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ур (ur)

Southern Altai: ур (ur)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: ұра (ūra)

Nogai: [script needed] (urı)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: [script needed] (uru)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (uru)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (ur)

Khakas: [script needed] (uru)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *ur

Proto-Mongolic: *ur-gu- (“to grow”)

→? Proto-Tungusic: *ur

Proto-Tungusic: *ur-e- (“to grow; sprout; bush”)

urug

seed; child, girl; kin, kind; relatives; see there for further descendants


alp

Hunnic:

→? Ancient Greek: ’Αλπισουρ (’Alpisour, “a clan of Huns”)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: آلِبْ (alıp)

Chuvash: улӑп (ulăp), улпут (ulp̬ut)

Proto-Common Turkic: *alp
** Proto-Oghuz: *alp
*** West Oghuz:
**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alp)
***** Azerbaijani: alp
***** Ottoman Turkish: آلپ (alp)
****** Turkish: alp
** Karluk:
*** Karakhanid: اَلْپ (alp), اَلْپَغُت (alpaɣut)
**** Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (alp)
***** Chagatai: [script needed] (alp)
****** Uzbek: alp
****** Uyghur: ئالپ (alp), ئالپاۋۇت (alpawut)
** Kipchak:
*** Kipchak: الپوت (alpawıt)
**** North Kipchak:
***** Bashkir: [script needed] (alpawıt), [script needed] (alpamışa)
***** Tatar: алып (alıp), алпауыт (alpawıt)
**** West Kipchak:
***** Karaim: алп (alp), [script needed] (alpawut)
**** South Kipchak:
***** Kazakh: алып (alyp), алпауыт (alpauyt, “strength, power”)
***** Karakalpak: alp, albıra-
**** East Kipchak:
***** Kyrgyz: алп (alp)
***** Southern Altai: алып (alïp)
** Siberian Turkic:
*** Old Turkic: 𐰞𐰯 (l¹p /alp/), 𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆 (l¹pǧu /alpağu/)
*** Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽼 (alp), 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽼𐽰𐽲𐽳𐾀 (alpaɣut)
*** North Siberian Turkic:
**** Yakut: алып (alıp)
*** South Siberian Turkic:
**** Tuvan: албыг (albıg, “to pant, stifle”)
**** Shor: алып (alıp)
**** Khakas: алып (alıp), албых (albıx)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *alba (“compulsion, forcing; service, duty”). Also transcribed as 合 (hé), 賀臘 /贺腊 (hèlà) in Chinese sources.
Nişanyan suggests this word is derived from the root al- (to beat, to take) and -Ip suffix. The suffix -Ip is used in several words like çöp, turp, sarp and top.


tat

tat (nominative singular)
tatïg (accusative singular)
tatnï (accusative singular)
tatnïŋ (genitive singular)
tatka (dative singular)
tatda (locative singular)
tatdan (ablative singular)
tatgaru (allative singular)
tatïn (instrumental singular)
tatča (equative singular)
tatlayu (singular)
tatlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

desc

Chuvash: тутах (tut̬ah), тут (tut, “rash”)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: tatu

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tat)

Chagatai: [script needed] (tat)

Uyghur: دات (dat)

Kipchak: [script needed] (tat)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тут (tut)

Tatar: тут (tut)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: тот

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: тот (tot)

Nogai: тот (tot)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: дат (dat)

Southern Altai: тат (tat)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: татаар (tataar)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: дат (dat)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: тат (tat)


kat

Karluk:

Uyghur: قات (qat)

Uzbek: qat

Kipchak:

North Kipchak

Bashkir: ҡат (qat)

Tatar: кат (qat), qat

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: qat

Karachay-Balkar: къат (qat)

Kumyk: къат (qat)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: қат (qat)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кат (kat)

Southern Altai: кат (kat)

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qat

Ottoman Turkish: قات (kat)

Turkish: kat

Turkmen: gat

Siberian:

Khakas: хат (xat)

Shor: қат

Western Yugur: qat

Northern Altai: кат (kat)


eb

eb (nominative singular)
ebig (accusative singular)
ebni (accusative singular)
ebniŋ (genitive singular)
ebke (dative singular)
ebde (locative singular)
ebden (ablative singular)
ebgerü (allative singular)
ebin (instrumental singular)
ebče (equative singular)
ebleyü (singular)
ebligü (comitative singular)

⇒ Oghur: *eb-le-n-

Proto-Bulgar: *ävlän-

Middle Chuvash: *avlan-

Chuvash: авлан (avlan, “to marry, to start a family”) (Anatri, Viryal)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: həv

Oghuz: اَوْ (ew)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ev

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: أو (ev)
Turkish: ev
→ Crimean Tatar: ev

Turkmen: öý

Salar: öy

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَڤْ (ev), اُڤْ (öv)

Chagatai: اوى (öy)

Uyghur: ئۆي (öy)

Uzbek: uy

Kipchak:

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ew)

Kipchak: [script needed] (ev)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: өй (öy)

Tatar: өй (öy)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: üy

Karachay-Balkar: юй (yuy)

Karaim: üj

Kumyk: уьй (üy)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: үй

Kazakh: үй (üi)

Nogai: уьй (üy)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: үй (üy)

Southern Altai: ӱй (üy)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰋 (b² /eb/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽱 (ʾβ /ev/)
Western Yugur: jy (yü), ju (yu), yu (üyu)

South Siberian Turkic:

Sayan:

Tofa: өғ (ög)

Tuvan: өг (ög)

Yenisei:

Khakas: иб (ib)

Shor: эм, ӱй

Chulym: ӓпь (äp)


ses

ses (nominative singular)
sesig (accusative singular)
sesni (accusative singular)
sesniŋ (genitive singular)
seske (dative singular)
sesde (locative singular)
sesden (ablative singular)
sesgerü (allative singular)
sesin (instrumental singular)
sesče (equative singular)
sesleyü (singular)
sesligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: сасӑ (sas̬ă)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: səs

Proto-Oghuz: *ses

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: səs
→ Armenian: սա̈ս (säs) — Karabakh
→ Lezgi: сес (ses)
→ Tabasaran: сес (ses)

Ottoman Turkish: سس (ses)
Gagauz: ses
Turkish: ses

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ses

Karluk:

Uzbek: sas

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ses

Karaim: ses

Kumyk: сес (ses)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: сес (ses)

Kazakh: сес (ses)

Nogai: сес (ses)


kök

kök (nominative singular)
köküg (accusative singular)
kökni (accusative singular)
köknüŋ (genitive singular)
kökke (dative singular)
kökde (locative singular)
kökden (ablative singular)
kökgerü (allative singular)
kökün (instrumental singular)
kökče (equative singular)
kökleyü (singular)
köklügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кӑк (kăk)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz: كُكْ (kök)

Old Anatolian Turkish: كُوكْ (kök)

Azerbaijani: kök

→ Khalaj: kök

Gagauz: kök

Ottoman Turkish: كوك (kök)

Turkish: kök

→ Armenian: քոք (kʻokʻ)

→ Ladino: kyok

Turkmen: kök

Karluk:

Chagatai: كوك (kök)

Uyghur: كۆك (kök)

Uzbek: koʻk

Kipchak: كوك (kök), كُكْ

West Kipchak:

Karaim: кӧк

South Kipchak:

Aral:

Karakalpak: көк

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӱк (kük)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: көък (kö̀k)


kir

kir (nominative singular)
kirig (accusative singular)
kirni (accusative singular)
kirniŋ (genitive singular)
kirke (dative singular)
kirde (locative singular)
kirden (ablative singular)
kirgerü (allative singular)
kirin (instrumental singular)
kirče (equative singular)
kirleyü (singular)
kirligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: кирӗк (kirĕk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kir

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kir

Ottoman Turkish: كیر (kir)
Turkish: kir

Turkmen: kir

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کیرْ

Uzbek: kir

Uyghur: كىر (kir)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: кер (ker)

Tatar: кер (ker)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кир (kir)

Southern Altai: кир (kir)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: кір (kır)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kir

Karachay-Balkar: кир (kir)

Kumyk: кир (kir)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: кир (kir)
Dolgan: кир

Southern Siberian:

Tuvan: хир (xir)


arkan

arkan (nominative singular)
arkanïg (accusative singular)
arkannï (accusative singular)
arkannïŋ (genitive singular)
arkanka (dative singular)
arkanda (locative singular)
arkandan (ablative singular)
arkangaru (allative singular)
arkanïn (instrumental singular)
arkanča (equative singular)
arkanlayu (singular)
arkanlïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Chagatai: [script needed] (arqan)

desc

Uyghur: ئارقان (arqan), ئارغامچا (arghamcha)

Uzbek: arqon

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: арҡан (arqan)

Tatar: аркан (arkan)

desctree

→ Russian: аркан (arkan)
→ Ingrian: arkkana

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: арқан (arqan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: аркан (arkan)

Southern Altai: аркан (arkan)

→ Hungarian: árkány

Possibly an alternative form of *urkan. Alternatively, Róna-Tas suggests a derivation from *ar- comparing Turkish argaç, Karakhanid اَرْقاغْ (arkāğ, “woof of a woven material”) and Karakhanid اَرِشْ (arïš, “the wrap of a woven material”).


ot

Oghur:

Chuvash: утӑ (ut̬ă)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ot

Arghu:

Khalaj:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ot

Ottoman Turkish: اوت (ot)

Gagauz: ot

Turkish: ot

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ot

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: ot

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُوتْ (ot)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: اوت (ōt)

Uzbek: oʻt

Uyghur: ئوت (ot)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ot

Karachay-Balkar:

Karaim:

Kumyk:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ут (ut)

Tatar: ут (ut)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: ot

Kazakh: от (ot)

Nogai:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: от (ot)

Southern Altai: от (ot)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱇 (t̥)

Old Uyghur:

Western Yugur: oʰt, o't

North Siberian:

Dolgan: от

Yakut: от (ot)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa:

Tuvan: оът (òt)

Yenisei:

Khakas:

Shor:


köpek

köpek (nominative singular)
köpekig (accusative singular)
köpekni (accusative singular)
köpekniŋ (genitive singular)
köpekke (dative singular)
köpekde (locative singular)
köpekden (ablative singular)
köpekgerü (allative singular)
köpekin (instrumental singular)
köpekče (equative singular)
köpekleyü (singular)
köpekligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

→? Russian: кобе́ль (kobélʹ)

desc

→ Written Oirat: [script needed] (köbö, “name of a hero”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: köpək

Ottoman Turkish: كوپك (köpek)

Gagauz: köpek

Turkish: köpek

Turkmen: köpek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (köpek)

Uzbek: koʻppak

Kipchak:

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: көпек

Kazakh: көпек (köpek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: [script needed] (köbök)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: köpek

Karaim: [script needed] (köpe)

Kumyk: кёбелек (köbelek), гёбен ит (göben it)

→ Hungarian: kopó

→ Turkish: göbelek (dialectal)


arpa

arpa (nominative singular)
arpaïg (accusative singular)
arpanï (accusative singular)
arpanïŋ (genitive singular)
arpaka (dative singular)
arpada (locative singular)
arpadan (ablative singular)
arpagaru (allative singular)
arpaïn (instrumental singular)
arpača (equative singular)
arpalayu (singular)
arpalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: урпа (urp̬a)

→ Hungarian: árpa

→ Proto-Mongolic: *arbaï

Mongolian: арвай (arvaj)

→ Tuvan: арбай (arbay)

Proto-Common Turkic: *arpa

Arghu:

Khalaj: arpa

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *arpa

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arpa)

Azerbaijani: arpa

Ottoman Turkish: آرپه (arpa)

Gagauz: arpa

Turkish: arpa

Salar: arfa

Turkmen: arpa

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرْپا (arpa)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arpa)

Chagatai: ارپا (arpa)

Uzbek: arpa

Uyghur: ئارپا (arpa)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: ارپا (arpa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: арпа (arpa)

Tatar: арпа (arpa)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: arpa

Karachay-Balkar: арпа (arpa)

Karaim: арпа

Kumyk: арпа (arpa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: арпа (arpa)

Karakalpak: arpa

Nogai: арпа (arpa)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: арпа (arpa)

Southern Altai: арба (arba)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽼𐽰 (arpa)

→ Manchu: ᠠᡵᡶᠠ (arfa)

South Siberian

Yenisei Turkic:

Shor: арба

Possibly borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”), or perhaps Tocharian, both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Alternatively from *ar- (“to multiply oneself, be numerous”), whence Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”). The term appears to be related to Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”) as well, possibly through borrowing. Compare also Mongolian арвай (arvaj), Dongxiang apa.


tum

tum (nominative singular)
tumlar (nominative plural)
tumnïŋ (genitive singular)
tumlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tumka (dative singular)
tumlarka (dative plural)
tumda (locative singular)
tumlarda (locative plural)
tumdan (ablative singular)
tumlardan (ablative plural)
tumlarïn (instrumental plural)
tumča (equative singular)
tumlarča (equative plural)

desc

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tum, “cold”)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tum-lï- (“to be cold”)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tum-lïg (“cold”)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tum-a-

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *tuma-gu (“common cold”)


til

til (nominative singular)
tilig (accusative singular)
tilni (accusative singular)
tilniŋ (genitive singular)
tilke (dative singular)
tilde (locative singular)
tilden (ablative singular)
tilgerü (allative singular)
tilin (instrumental singular)
tilče (equative singular)
tilleyü (singular)
tilligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗлхе (čĕlh̬e)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: til

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: dil

Ottoman Turkish: دل (dil)

Turkish: dil

Gagauz: dil

Salar: dil

Turkmen: dil

Karluk

Uzbek: til

Uyghur: تىل (til)

Kipchak

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: dil, til

Karachay-Balkar: тил (til)

Kumyk: тил (til)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: тел (tel)

Tatar: тел (tel)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: тіл (tıl)

Karakalpak: til

Nogai: тил (til)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: тил (til)

Southern Altai: тил (til)

Siberian

North Siberian

Dolgan: тыл (tıl)

Yakut: тыл (tıl)

Sayan

Tofa: дыл (dıl)

Tuvan: дыл (dıl)

Yenisei

Khakas: тіл (tìl)

Shor: тил (til)


erk

erk (nominative singular)
erkig (accusative singular)
erkni (accusative singular)
erkniŋ (genitive singular)
erkke (dative singular)
erkde (locative singular)
erkden (ablative singular)
erkgerü (allative singular)
erkin (instrumental singular)
erkče (equative singular)
erkleyü (singular)
erkligü (comitative singular)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *erke

Mongolian: эрх (erx)

→ Tuvan: эрге (erge)

Oghur:

→ Hungarian: erő

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: ارك (erk)

Azerbaijani: ərk

Turkish: (dialectal) erk

→ Turkish: erk (learned)

Turkmen: erk

Karluk:

desctree

Karakhanid: اَرْكْ (erk)
Chagatai: [script needed] (érk)
Uzbek: erk
Uyghur: ئەرك (erk)

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: ирек (irek)

Tatar: ирек (irek)

→ Chuvash: ирӗк (irĕk)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: erik

Kazakh: ерік (erık)

Nogai: эрк (érk)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эрк (erk), эрик (erik)

Southern Altai: эрик (erik)

West Kipchak:

⇒ Crimean Tatar: erkin

⇒ Karachay-Balkar: эркин (erkin)

⇒ Kumyk: эркин (erkin)

Siberian:

desc

Old Turkic: 𐰼𐰚 (r²k /erk/), 𐰼𐰃𐰚 (r²ik /erik/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (erk)

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *erke by Nişanyan.


ata

ata (nominative singular)
ataïg (accusative singular)
atanï (accusative singular)
atanïŋ (genitive singular)
ataka (dative singular)
atada (locative singular)
atadan (ablative singular)
atagaru (allative singular)
ataïn (instrumental singular)
atača (equative singular)
atalayu (singular)
atalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: атте (atte, “father”)

Chuvash: ата (at̬a, “a man who leads a wedding escort to a bride's house in order to take her to the bridegroom”), аталăх (at̬alăh, “the work of such a man”) (via Kipchak?)

Proto-Common Turkic: *ata

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *ata

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (ata)

Azerbaijani: ata

Ottoman Turkish: آتا (ata)

Gagauz: ata (“grandfather”)

Turkish: ata (“ancestor; father”)

Turkmen: ata (“father's father; father”)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَتا (ata)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ata)

Chagatai: اتا (ata)

Uzbek: ota

Uyghur: ئاتا (ata)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: اتا (ata)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ата (ata, “male”), атай (atay, “father”)

Tatar: ata, әти (äti)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ata (dated)

Karachay-Balkar: ата (ata)

Kumyk: ата (ata)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ата (ata)

Karakalpak: ата

Nogai: ата (ata, “male”)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ата (ata)

Southern Altai: ада (ada)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰀 (t¹a /ata/)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ата

Tuvan: ача (aça), ада (ada)

→ Middle Chinese: 爹 (*ʈia ~ *dɑ^X, “father”)


kömür

kömür (nominative singular)
kömürüg (accusative singular)
kömürni (accusative singular)
kömürnüŋ (genitive singular)
kömürke (dative singular)
kömürde (locative singular)
kömürden (ablative singular)
kömürgerü (allative singular)
kömürün (instrumental singular)
kömürče (equative singular)
kömürleyü (singular)
kömürlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: кӑмрӑк (kămrăk)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kömür

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kömür

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كومور (kömür)
Gagauz: kömür
Turkish: kömür
→ Albanian: qymyr
→ Armenian: քյոմուր (kʻyomur)
→ Bulgarian: кюмю́р (kjumjúr)
→ Macedonian: ќумур (ḱumur)
→ Serbo-Croatian: ćùmur / ћу̀мур

East Oghuz:

Salar: gömür

Turkmen: kömür

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kömür)

desc

⇒ Karakhanid: کُمُرْلُكْ (kömürlük, “trees harvested for charcoal; where charcoal is stored”)

Uzbek: koʻmir

Uyghur: كۆمۈر (kömür)

Kipchak:

Old Kipchak:

Armeno-Kipchak: comur (Codex Cumanicus)

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kömür)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күмер (kümer)

Tatar: күмер (kümer)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: кёмюр (kömür)

Karachay-Balkar: кёмюр (kömür)

Crimean Tatar: kömür

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кӧмӱр (kömür)

Kyrgyz: көмүр (kömür)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: коьмир (kömir)

Karakalpak: көмир

Kazakh: көмір (kömır)

Siberian:

⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰼𐱃𐰍 (kömürtaɣ, “a mountain between Ötüken and the Karakum desert”)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kömür)

Western Yugur: kʰemïr

North Siberian

Dolgan: көмөр

Yakut: көмөр (kömör)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: хөмүр (xömür)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: кӧмір

Shor: кӧбӱр

Northern Altai: кӧбӱр (köbür), кӧбир (köbir)

From *köń- (“to burn”) + *-mür, however there have previously been attempts at deriving it from *köm- (“to bury”) + *-mür, which is semantically dubious.


āra

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hâra

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: آرا (âra)

Azerbaijani: ara

Gagauz: aara

Ottoman Turkish: آرا (ara)

Turkish: ara

Salar: ara

Turkmen: āra

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (a:ra)

Chagatai: [script needed] (ara)

Uyghur: [script needed] (ara)

Uzbek: ora

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: ара (ara)

Tatar: ара (ara)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (ara)

Kazakh: ара (ara)

Nogai: ара (ara)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ара (ara)

Southern Altai: ара (ara)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ara

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (ara)

Karaim: [script needed] (ara)

Kumyk: ара (ara)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰺𐰀 (r¹a /ara/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽰 (ʾʾrʾ /ara/)

Western Yugur: ara

⇒? Old Uyghur: 𐰺𐰞𐰃 (r¹l¹i /arlï, aral/)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: [script needed] (aarak-)

Yakut: аара (aara)

South Siberian:

Yenissei Turkic

Khakas: ара (ara)

Shor: ара

Sayan turkic:

Tofa:

Tuvan: ара (ara)


teke

teke (nominative singular)
tekeig (accusative singular)
tekeni (accusative singular)
tekeniŋ (genitive singular)
tekeke (dative singular)
tekede (locative singular)
tekeden (ablative singular)
tekegerü (allative singular)
tekein (instrumental singular)
tekeče (equative singular)
tekeleyü (singular)
tekeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: така (tak̬a)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: təkə

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: təkə

Ottoman Turkish: تكه (teke)

Turkish: teke

Gagauz: teke

Turkmen: teke

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَكا (teke)

→? Persian: تگه (tage)

Uyghur: تېكە (tëke)

Uzbek: taka

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тәкә (təkə)

Tatar: тәкә (täkä)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (teke)

Kazakh: теке (teke)

Nogai: теке (teke)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: теке (teke)

Southern Altai: теке (teke)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: теке (teke)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (teke)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (teke)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: те (te)


tepe

tepe (nominative singular)
tepeig (accusative singular)
tepeni (accusative singular)
tepeniŋ (genitive singular)
tepeke (dative singular)
tepede (locative singular)
tepeden (ablative singular)
tepegerü (allative singular)
tepein (instrumental singular)
tepeče (equative singular)
tepeleyü (singular)
tepeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur: *töpe/tüpe

Chuvash: тӳпе (tüp̬e, “sky; head”)

⇒ Chuvash: тĕпек (tĕpek, “bangs”)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: təpə

Oghuz: *tepe

Old Anatolian Turkish: دَپَه (däpä)

desctree

Azerbaijani: təpə
→ Lezgi: тепе (tepe)
→ Tabasaran: тепе (tepe)

Gagauz: tepä

Ottoman Turkish: تپه (tepe), دپه (depe)
Turkish: tepe, (dialectal) depe
→ English: tepe
→ Albanian: tepe
→ Armenian: թեփե (tʻepʻe), թափա (tʻapʻa)
→ Bulgarian: тепе n (tepe)
→ Georgian: თეფე (tepe)
→ Bats: თეფ class jj (tep)
→ Greek: τεπέ n (tepé)
⇒ Greek: τεπές m (tepés)
→ Laz: თეფე (tepe)
→ Persian: تپه (tappe)

Turkmen: depe

Kipchak: *töbe

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: түбә (tübə)

Tatar: түбә (tübä)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: töpe, töbe

Karachay-Balkar: тёбе (töbe)

Kumyk: тёбе (töbe)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: төбе (töbe)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: дөбө (döbö)

Southern Altai: тӧбӧ (töbö)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُبُو (töpü)

desc

Chagatai: تیپه (tepä), دوبە (döbä), توپه (töpä)

Uyghur: تۆپە (töpe)

Uzbek: tepa

→ Tajik: теппа (teppa)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇 (töpü, “height”)

Old Uyghur: twybw (töpü)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: төбө (töbö)

Yakut: төбө (töbö)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: тей (tey)

Northern Altai: тӧбе (töbe), тӧвӧ (tövö)

→⇒? Proto-Mongolic: *dexere (“top”)

A variant *töpü formed at a very early date due to the vowels being rounded as a result of the neighboring labial consonant *p.


kul

kul (nominative singular)
kullar (nominative plural)
kulnïŋ (genitive singular)
kullarnïŋ (genitive plural)
kulka (dative singular)
kullarka (dative plural)
kulda (locative singular)
kullarda (locative plural)
kuldan (ablative singular)
kullardan (ablative plural)
kullarïn (instrumental plural)
kulča (equative singular)
kullarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: قل
Azerbaijani: qul
Ottoman Turkish: قول
Turkish: kul

Turkmen: gul

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُلْ (qul, “slave”)

Uzbek: qul

Uyghur: قۇل (qul)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡол (qol)

Tatar: кол (qol)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qul

Karachay-Balkar: къул (qul)

Kumyk: къул (qul)

Kipchak-Nogai

Kazakh: құл (qūl)

Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Kyrgyz: кул (kul)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐰞 (qul, “slave”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кулут

Yakut: кулут (kulut)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: хул (xul)


kur

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

قور قورمه قوشق

⇒ Old Anatolian Turkish: قور قوشق (kur kuşak), قور قورمه قوشق (kur kurma kuşak)

Ottoman Turkish: قور قوشق (kur kuşak)

⇒ Turkish: uçkur

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُرْ (kur)

Kipchak:

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кур (kur)

Southern Altai: кур (kur)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kurša- (“to belt”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: qurşamaq

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: kuşanmak, kuşatmak

Turkmen: gurşamak, guşamak, gurşatmak, guşatmak, gurşalmak, guşalmak, guşanmak

Karluk:

قُرْشَتْماقْ

قُرْشَنْماقْ

Karakhanid: قُرْشاماقْ (kurşāmāk), قُرْشَتْماقْ (kurşatmāk), قُرْشَنْماقْ (kurşanmāk)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡоршау (qorşaw)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (kursav)

Kazakh: құрсау (qūrsau)

Nogai: [script needed] (kursav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: курчоо (kurcoo)

Southern Altai: курчаар (kurčaar)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *kuršag

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kuşak)

Azerbaijani: qurşaq

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (kuşak)

Turkish: kuşak

Turkmen: guşak

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: құрсау (qūrsau)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: курчу (kurču)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُرْشاغْ (kurşāg)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽳𐽾𐽿𐽰𐽲 (qwršʾq /ḳuršaġ/)

Compared to or perhaps related to Kott kûra (“belt, rope”) and Assan kura (“rope”) as argued for by Helimski (1997) and partially by Khabtagaeva (2019). However, Kottic words most likely come from Proto-Yeniseian *tɬuwdʳa (“rope”), see there for more.


mak

mak (nominative singular)
makïg (accusative singular)
maknï (accusative singular)
maknïŋ (genitive singular)
makka (dative singular)
makda (locative singular)
makdan (ablative singular)
makgaru (allative singular)
makïn (instrumental singular)
makča (equative singular)
maklayu (singular)
maklïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: 𐽹𐽰𐽲𐾄𐽳𐾀 𐽹𐽰𐽲𐾄 (mʾq̈wt mʾq̈ /maḳutmaḳ/)

Chagatai: ماق (maq)

Kipchak:

Southern Altai: мак (mak) (Altai, Teleut)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰍 (mǧ /maġ/)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: пак (pak) (Kumandyn-Kizhi)

Khakas: мах (max)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *makta-

→? Proto-Mongolic: *maɣta

Classical Mongolian: ᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠᠬᠤ (maɣtaqu)

Mongolian: магтах (magtax)

→ Manchu: [script needed] (maktandumbi)

→ Nanai: мактаори (maktaori, “to praise”)

Oghur:

Chuvash: мухта (muhta)

Oghuz:

⇒ Azerbaijani: maxtanmaq (if not from Kumyk)

Ottoman Turkish: مقتمق (maktamak) (hapax legomenon)

Turkish: (dialectal) mahtamak

Turkmen: magtamak

Karluk:

Chagatai: ماقتامق (maqtamaq)

Uzbek: maqtamoq

Uyghur: ماختاماق (maxtamaq), ماختاش (maxtash)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: маҡтау (maqtaw)

Tatar: мактау (maqtaw)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak: mahtarmen (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: maqtamaq

Karachay-Balkar: махтаргъа (maxtarğa)

Kumyk: макътамакъ (maqtamaq)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: мақтаў

Kazakh: мақтау (maqtau)

Nogai: мактав (maktav)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: макта (makta), мақта (Teleut)

Kyrgyz: макта (makta)

Siberian Turkic:

North Siberian Turkic:

⇒ Yakut: махтан (maqtan, “to thank”)

→ Evenki: макта (makta)

South Siberian Turkic:

Khakas: махтирға (maxtirğa)

Tofa: маӄтаар

Tofa: маӄтаар

Northern Altai: пактыярга (paktïyarga) (Kumandyn-Kizhi)


ört

Oghur:

Chuvash: вирт (virt)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: اورت (ört) (hapax legomenon)

Turkish: ört (dialectal)

Turkmen: ört (only in idioms)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: үрт (ürt)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: өрт (ört)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: өрт (ört)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اُرْتْ (ört)

Chagatai: اورت (ört)

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽾𐾀 (ʾwyrt /ört/)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: өрт (ört)

órtli

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *örtlig (“fiery”)


eme

Oghur:

Chuvash: ама (ama)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Ottoman Turkish: (hapax legomenon) امه (eme, “concubine”)

Turkish: (dialectal) eme (“aunt”)

>? Salar: ama

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эме (eme, “old woman”)

Karluk

öme, uma, oma<abbr title="uncertain">^?</abbr>

>? Karakhanid: (Tibetan) اُما (ʾumʾ /öme, uma, oma/, “mother”)

Räsänen compares Proto-Mongolic *eme, Proto-Uralic *emä, Korean 암 (am), Proto-Tungusic *eme. However, Altaic comparisons are widely disctedited and these words are likely not related by inheritance.


ordu

ordu (nominative singular)
orduug (accusative singular)
ordunï (accusative singular)
ordunuŋ (genitive singular)
orduka (dative singular)
orduda (locative singular)
ordudan (ablative singular)
ordugaru (allative singular)
orduun (instrumental singular)
orduča (equative singular)
ordulayu (singular)
ordulugu (comitative singular)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠣᠷᠳᠤ (ordu)

Mongolian: орд (ord)

desctree

→ Classical Persian: اُرْدُو (urdū)
Dari: اردو (urdū)
Iranian Persian: اردو (ordu)
Tajik: урду (urdu), Урду (Urdu)
→ Bengali: উর্দু (urdu)
→ Gujarati: ઉર્દૂ (urdū)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: उर्दू (urdū)
Urdu: اُرْدُو (urdū)
→ English: Urdu
→ Kannada: ಉರ್ದೂ (urdū)
→ Marathi: उर्दू (urdū)
→ Nepali: उर्दु (urdu), उर्दू (urdū)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਉਰਦੂ (uradū)
Shahmukhi script: اُرْدُو (urdū)
→ Telugu: ఉర్దూ (urdū)

Xiong-nu:

→ Old Chinese: 甌脫 (ōutuō)

→ Kalmyk: орда (orda)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ordu

Ottoman Turkish: اردو, اوردو (ordu)
> Turkish: ordu (inherited)
→ Albanian: hordhi
→ Northern Kurdish: ordî
→ Arabic: عُرْضِيّ (ʕurḍiyy)
→ Amharic: ዕርድ (ʿərd)
→ Tigre: ዕርዲ (ʿərdi)
→ Tigrinya: ዕርዲ (ʿərdi)

Turkmen: orda

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (ordu)

Chagatai: اوردو (ordu)

Uzbek: orda

Uyghur: ئوردا (orda)

Kipchak:

→ Middle French: horde

→ German: Horde

→ Polish: horda

desc

→ Russian: орда (orda, “horde, clan, troop”)

→ English: horde

→ Macedonian: орда (orda)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: урда (urda)

Tatar: урда (urda)

West Kipchak:

Karaim: [script needed] (ordu)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: orda

Kazakh: орда (orda)

Nogai: орда (orda)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ордо (ordo)

Southern Altai: орды (ordï), ордо (ordo)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰆 (ordu)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ordu)

North Kipchak:

Yakut: ордуу (orduu)

Dolgan: онну

South Kipchak:

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (orda)

Uncertain, however usually considered simplex. EDAL suggests a derivation from a hypothetical *or- verb suggesting *orun (“place”) and *ortu (“middle”) as cognates, however a derivation *or-du would have yielded *ortu not *ordu.
The rather uncommon consonant cluster *-rd- may also indicate a borrowing from an unknown source. Dybo suggests that the word is borrowed from Mongolic rather than the other way around.


sakal

sakal (nominative singular)
sakalïg (accusative singular)
sakalnï (accusative singular)
sakalnïŋ (genitive singular)
sakalka (dative singular)
sakalda (locative singular)
sakaldan (ablative singular)
sakalgaru (allative singular)
sakalïn (instrumental singular)
sakalča (equative singular)
sakallayu (singular)
sakallïgu (comitative singular)

→ Hungarian: szakáll

→ Proto-Mongolic: *sakal

Central Mongolic:

Classical Mongolian:

Mongolian: сахал (saxal)

Buryat: һахал (haxal)

Written Oirat:

Kalmyk: сахл (saxl)

Southern Mongolic:

Dongxiang: sagvan

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: saqqal

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: صقال (saqal)

Azerbaijani: saqqal

Gagauz: sakal

Ottoman Turkish: صقال

Turkish: sakal

Salar: sağal

Turkmen: sakgal

Kipchak:

West Kipchak

Kumyk: сакъал (saqal)

Karachay-Balkar: sakal

Crimean Tatar: saqal

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: сакал (sakal)

Southern Altai: сагал (sagal)

North Kipchak

Bashkir: һаҡал (haqal)

Tatar: сакал (saqal)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: сақал (saqal)

Nogai: сакал (sakal)

→ Moksha: сакал (sakal)

Karluk

West Karluk

Uzbek: soqol

East Karluk

Uyghur: ساقال (saqal)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Tuvan: сал (sal)

Shor: сағалы

Shor: сағалы

Oghur:

Chuvash: сухал (suh̬al).


teker

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar:

Chuvash: тӗкӗр (tĕk̬ĕr, “mirror”)

→ Western Mari: тӹгӹр (tÿgÿr, “mirror”)

→ Hungarian: tükör (“mirror”)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: təkər

Ottoman Turkish: تكر (teker), تكرلك (tekerlek)

Turkish: teker, tekerlek

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *tekrek, *tekerek

Xiongnu:

→? Old Chinese: 丁零

→ Old Chinese: 敕勒, 鐵勒, 特勒

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تَكْرَكْ (tekrek)

Chagatai:

Kipchak: [script needed] (tigrek)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: тегерек (tegerek)

Southern Altai: тегерик (tegerik)

Compared to Proto-Turkic *tegir-, *tegirmen, but descendant languages such as Oghuz point *teker.


buka

buka (nominative singular)
bukaïg (accusative singular)
bukanï (accusative singular)
bukanïŋ (genitive singular)
bukaka (dative singular)
bukada (locative singular)
bukadan (ablative singular)
bukagaru (allative singular)
bukaïn (instrumental singular)
bukača (equative singular)
bukalayu (singular)
bukalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur: *bïqa

→ Hungarian: bika

→ Carpathian Rusyn: біка (bika)

Proto-Common Turkic: *buka

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *buɣa

Old Anatolian Turkish: بُغه (buğa)

Azerbaijani: buğa

Ottoman Turkish: بوغا (boğa), بوقا, بوغه, بُغه (see there for further descendants)

Gagauz: bua, buha

Turkish: boğa

Turkmen: buga

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُقا (buqā)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (buqa)

Chagatai: بوقا (buqa)

Uyghur: بۇقا (buqa)

Uzbek: buqa

Kipchak:

Kipchak: boga, buga (Codex Cumanicus)

Armeno-Kipchak: պուղա (puġa), պուհա (puha)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: Буға (Buğa, “Taurus”) (only in astrology)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: buğa

Karachay-Balkar: бугъа (buğa)

Karaim:

Cyrillic script: бугъа

Latin script: buha

Kumyk: бугъа (buğa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: бұқа (būqa)

Karakalpak:

Cyrillic script: буға

Latin script: bugʻa

Nogai: буга (buga)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бука (buka)

Southern Altai: бука (buka)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀 (b¹uq̊¹a /buqa/)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (buqa)

Western Yugur: buɢa, bəɢa, boɢa

South Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Chulym: пуға

Khakas: пуға (puğa)

Shor: пуға

Sayan Turkic:

Soyot: буъһа

Tofa: буъһа

Tuvan: буга (buga)

desctree

→ Proto-Mongolic: *buka
Buryat: буха (buxa)
Daur: bag
Dongxiang: bagvachou (with a diminutive suffix)
East Yugur: pigqa
Khamnigan Mongol: buxa
Middle Mongol:
Hanzi: 補哈 (buqa) (Beilu Yiyu)
Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠬ
ᠠ (buk a)
Mongolian: бух (bux) (Khalkha), /bʊxa/ (Ordos)
Monguor:
Mangghuer: bugha
Mongghul: bugha
→ Proto-Tungusic:
Evenki: бука (buka)
Manchu: ᠪᡠᡴᠠ (buka, “breeding ram”), ᠪᡠᡥᠠ (buha, “beast”)
Solon: буха

→ Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: буга́й (buháj)

Russian: буга́й (bugáj)

Ukrainian: буга́й (buháj)
→ Polish: buhaj, bugaj
→ Romanian: buhai (“bull; friction drum”)
→ Yiddish: בוהײַ (buhay)

→ Proto-Iranian: *bukáh

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: бог’ә (boẍe)

Ossetian: богъ (boǧ), богъа (boǧa)

Persian: بقّه (boqqa)

Judeo-Tat: бугъэ (buqə) / buqə

Kartvelian:

→ Georgian: ბუღა (buɣa)

→ Mingrelian: ბუღა (buɣa)

→ Svan: ბუღუ̂ა (buɣûa)

→ Proto-Mordvinic:

Erzya: бука (buka)

Moksha: бука (buka)

→ Proto-Northeast Caucasian:

Proto-Avaro-Andian:

Andi: бугъа (buğa)

Avar: бугъа́ (buğá)

Proto-Dargwa:

Dargwa: бугъа (buɣa)

Lak: бугъа (buğa)

Proto-Lezghian:

Budukh: бугъа (buğa)

Lezgi: быгъа (byġa)

Proto-Nakh:

Chechen: бугӏа (buğa)

Ingush: бугӏа (buğa)

Proto-Tsezian:

Bezhta: бугъа (buğa)

Hunzib: бугъа (buǧa)

Udi: бугъа (buɣa)

→ Proto-Northwest Caucasian:

desc

Ubykh: быгъуы

Ubykh: быгъуы

→ Adyghe: быгъу (bəğʷu)

Comparisons with Proto-Mongolic *bugu (“stag”) (Mongolian буга (buga)) or Proto-Slavic *bykъ have been made.


kaya

kaya (nominative singular)
kayaïg (accusative singular)
kayanï (accusative singular)
kayanïŋ (genitive singular)
kayaka (dative singular)
kayada (locative singular)
kayadan (ablative singular)
kayagaru (allative singular)
kayaïn (instrumental singular)
kayača (equative singular)
kayalayu (singular)
kayalïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kaya

Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qaya

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قیا (kaya), قایا (kaya)
Turkish: kaya

Turkmen: gaýa

Karluk:

Uzbek: qoya

Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qaya

Kumyk: къая (qaya)

Karachay-Balkar: къая (qaya)

Bashkir: ҡая (qaya)

Tatar: кыя (qıya)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽶𐽰 (qʾyʾ /ḳaya/)

North Siberian:

Yakut: хайа (qaya)

South Siberian:

Tuvan: хая (xaya)

Khakas: хая (xaya)

Helimski (1995) suggests a borrowing from Proto-Samoyedic *koəjə (“mountain”).


kum

kum (nominative singular)
kumug (accusative singular)
kumnï (accusative singular)
kumnuŋ (genitive singular)
kumka (dative singular)
kumda (locative singular)
kumdan (ablative singular)
kumgaru (allative singular)
kumun (instrumental singular)
kumča (equative singular)
kumlayu (singular)
kumlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قوم (qum)
Azerbaijani: qum
Gagauz: kum
Ottoman Turkish: قوم (kum) (see there for further descendants)
Turkish: kum

Salar: gum

Turkmen: gum

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qum

Karachay-Balkar: къум (qum)

Kumyk: qum (qum)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡом (qom)

Tatar: qum

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: құм (qūm)

Karakalpak: qum

Nogai: кум (kum)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кум (kum)

Southern Altai: кум (kum) , кумак (kumak)

Karluk:

Chagatai: قوم (qum)

Uyghur: قۇم (qum)

Uzbek: qum

→ Tajik: қум (qum)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кумак (kumak)

Yakut: кумах (kumaq)

South Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qum)

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: кум (kum)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хум (xum)

Shor: қум (qum)

Northern Altai: кубак (kubak) (Kumandy), кум (kum) (Chelkan)

Western Yugur: qum

Non-Turkic:

→ Hungarian: homok

→ Chechen: гӏум (ğum)

→ Dargwa: гъум (ɣum)

→ Khinalug: къум (qːum)

→ Lezgi: къум (q̄um)

→ Tabasaran: къум (q̄um); гъум (ġum)

→ Udi: къум (q̇um)

→ Northern Kurdish: qûm


kem

kem (nominative singular)
kemig (accusative singular)
kemni (accusative singular)
kemniŋ (genitive singular)
kemke (dative singular)
kemde (locative singular)
kemden (ablative singular)
kemgerü (allative singular)
kemin (instrumental singular)
kemče (equative singular)
kemleyü (singular)
kemligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: kəm

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: kem

East Oghuz:

Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: кем (kem)

Karluk:

⇒ Karakhanid: [script needed] (ig-kem)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кем (kem)

Yakut: кем (kem)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: кем (kem)

Similar to Proto-Mongolic *gem (“defect, illness”).


kān

kān (nominative singular)
kānïg (accusative singular)
kānnï (accusative singular)
kānnïŋ (genitive singular)
kānka (dative singular)
kānda (locative singular)
kāndan (ablative singular)
kāngaru (allative singular)
kānïn (instrumental singular)
kānča (equative singular)
kānlayu (singular)
kānlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

desc

Volga Bulgar: *حىان (xyān, “blood”), حىان كوان (xyān kön, “Wednesday”)

Chuvash: юн (jun, “blood”), юнкун (junk̬un, “Wednesday”)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: qân

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قانْ (qan)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (qan)

desctree

Chagatai: قان (qan)
Uyghur: قان (qan) / қан (qan)
Uzbek: qon

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قان (qan)

Azerbaijani: qan

Gagauz: kan

Ottoman Turkish: قان (kan)

Turkish: kan

Salar: gan

Turkmen: gān

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: ҡан (qan)

Tatar: кан (qan)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kipchak-Cuman: can (Codex Cumanicus)

desc

խանքուն//խանգուն

Armeno-Kipchak: խան (xan, “blood”), խանքուն /խանգուն (xankün, “Wednesday”)

Mamluk-Kipchak: قان (kan)

Crimean Tatar: qan

Karachay-Balkar: къан (qan)

Karaim:

Crimean Karaim: къан (“blood”), къанкүн (“Wednesday”)

Halicz Karaim: хан (“blood”), ханкин (“Wednesday”)

Kumyk: къан (qan)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: qan

Kazakh: қан (qan)

Nogai: кан (kan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кан (kan)

Southern Altai: кан (kan)

Siberian:

Orkhon Turkic: 𐰴𐰣 (qan)

Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾn /kan/)

Western Yugur: xan (/χan/, “blood”), qan (/qʰan/)

desctree

→? Proto-Samoyedic: *këm
Nganasan: кам (kam)
Nenets:
Forest Nenets: кэм (kem)
Tundra Nenets: хэ̇мʼ (xėm)
Proto-Selkup: *ke̮m
Northern Selkup: кәм (kəm)
Southern Selkup:
Narym: ӄам (qam), ӄап (qap)
Upper Ob: кием (kijem)
Kamassian: кхем (kʰem)
Koibal: кам (kam)
Mator: кэм (ke̮m)

Northern Siberian:

Dolgan: каан

Yakut: хаан (qaan)

Southern Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: хан (xan)

Shor: қан

Sayan:

Tofa: қан

Tuvan: хан (xan)


yā

yā (nominative singular)
yāïg (accusative singular)
yānï (accusative singular)
yānïŋ (genitive singular)
yāka (dative singular)
yāda (locative singular)
yādan (ablative singular)
yāgaru (allative singular)
yāïn (instrumental singular)
yāča (equative singular)
yālayu (singular)
yālïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

⇒ Chuvash: укҫу (ukśu) (< *ok (“arrow”) + *yā ("bow"))

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: یا (ya), یای (yay)

Azerbaijani: yay

Ottoman Turkish: یای (yay)

Gagauz: yay

Turkish: yay

Turkmen: ýāý

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یا (ya)

Uzbek: yoy

Uyghur: يا (ya)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: җәйә (cäyä)

Bashkir: йәйә (yəyə)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: yay

Kumyk: жая (jaya)

Karachay-Balkar: джая (caya)

Karaim: йай, йаа, йайа

Karaim: йай, йаа, йайа

Krymchak: йай

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жай (jai), жақ (jaq) (dialectal or obsolete)

Karakalpak: jay

Nogai: яй (yay)

East Kipchak:

Southern Altai: јаа (ǰaa)

Kyrgyz: жаа (jaa)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽰 (yʾ /ya/)

Western Yugur: ja (ya, “arrow”)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: саа (saa, “rifle”)

Dolgan: һаа (“rifle”)

South Siberian Turkic:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: чааӌах (çaacax)

Shor: чачақ (čačaq)

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чаа

Tuvan: ча (ça)

Northern Altai: дьа (dʹa)


yān

yān (nominative singular)
yānïg (accusative singular)
yānnï (accusative singular)
yānnïŋ (genitive singular)
yānka (dative singular)
yānda (locative singular)
yāndan (ablative singular)
yāngaru (allative singular)
yānïn (instrumental singular)
yānča (equative singular)
yānlayu (singular)
yānlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: ҫум (śum)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yâan

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani:

Azerbaijani: yan

Ottoman Turkish:

Gagauz: yan

Turkish: yan

Turkmen: ýan

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: يان (yan)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ян (yan)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: ян (yan)

Latin script: yan

Kipchak-Cuman:

Kumyk-Karachay:

Karachay-Balkar: джан (can)

Crimean Tatar:

Crimean Tatar: yan-yanaşa (“side by side”)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak:

Karakalpak: жанбас (“side of the body”)

Kazakh:

Kazakh: жан (jan)

Nogai: ян (yan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жан (jan)

Southern Altai: јан (ǰan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (yan)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yan)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чан (çan)

Yenisei:

Shor: чан

Khakas: чан (çan), нан (nan)


arka

arka (nominative singular)
arkaïg (accusative singular)
arkanï (accusative singular)
arkanïŋ (genitive singular)
arkaka (dative singular)
arkada (locative singular)
arkadan (ablative singular)
arkagaru (allative singular)
arkaïn (instrumental singular)
arkača (equative singular)
arkalayu (singular)
arkalïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

⇒ Chuvash: урхалӑх (urh̬alăh)

Proto-Common Turkic: *arka

Arghu:

Khalaj: arqa

Oghuz:

Proto-Oghuz: *arka

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arqa)

Azerbaijani: arxa

→ Persian: ارخا (arxâ)

→ Khalaj: arxa

Gagauz: arka

Ottoman Turkish: آرقه (arka)

Turkish: arka

Salar: arqa

Turkmen: arka

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَرْقا (arqa)

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arqa)

Chagatai: ارقا (arqa)

Uzbek: orqa

Uyghur: ئارقا (arqa)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: ارقا (arqa)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: арҡа (arqa)

Tatar: арка (arka)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: arqa

Karachay-Balkar: аркъа (arqa)

Karaim: [script needed] (arğa)

Kumyk: аркъа (arqa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: арқа (arqa)

Karakalpak: arqa

Nogai: [script needed] (arqa)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: арка (arka)

Southern Altai: арка (arka)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰺𐰴 (r¹q /arqa/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽲𐽰 (arqa)

Western Yugur: arqa

North Siberian:

Yakut: арҕаа (arğaa)

⇒ Dolgan: [script needed] (argalaa)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: [script needed] (arğa, “mountain forest”)

Yenisei:

Shor: [script needed] (arğa)

Khakas: [script needed] (arğa)

Connected to Proto-Mongolic *aru (“back, behind, North”), Proto-Tungusic *arkan (“back”). Compared to Proto-Turkic *ār-t (“back, behind”).


kertme

kertme (nominative singular)
kertmeler (nominative plural)
kertmeniŋ (genitive singular)
kertmelerniŋ (genitive plural)
kertmeke (dative singular)
kertmelerke (dative plural)
kertmede (locative singular)
kertmelerde (locative plural)
kertmeden (ablative singular)
kertmelerden (ablative plural)
kertmelerin (instrumental plural)
kertmeče (equative singular)
kertmelerče (equative plural)

Kipchak: كرتما (kärtmä)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: kertme

Kumyk: gertme

Karaim: gertme

Karachay-Balkar: kertme

South Kipchak

Nogai: kertpe

→ Hungarian: körte

→ Ossetian: кӕрдо (kærdo)


bür

bür (nominative singular)
bürüg (accusative singular)
bürni (accusative singular)
bürnüŋ (genitive singular)
bürke (dative singular)
bürde (locative singular)
bürden (ablative singular)
bürgerü (allative singular)
bürün (instrumental singular)
bürče (equative singular)
bürleyü (singular)
bürlügü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Ottoman Turkish: پر

Turkish: pür (“thin leaf”)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бөрө (börö)

Tatar: бөре (böre)

South Kipchak:

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бүр (bür)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (bür)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: бүрү (bürü)

Tofa: бүр (bür)

Yenisei:

Khakas: [script needed] (pür)

→ Mongolian: [script needed] (bür)

→ Kalmyk: [script needed] (bür)


ï

ï (nominative singular)
ïïg (accusative singular)
ïnï (accusative singular)
ïnïŋ (genitive singular)
ïka (dative singular)
ïda (locative singular)
ïdan (ablative singular)
ïgaru (allative singular)
ïïn (instrumental singular)
ïča (equative singular)
ïlayu (singular)
ïlïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يٖى (yī)

Siberian Turkic:

Orkhon Turkic: 𐰃 (ï)

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶 (ʾy /ï/)


kün

kün (nominative singular)
künüg (accusative singular)
künni (accusative singular)
künnüŋ (genitive singular)
künke (dative singular)
künde (locative singular)
künden (ablative singular)
küngerü (allative singular)
künün (instrumental singular)
künče (equative singular)
künleyü (singular)
künlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: كُوَان (kön, “day”)

Chuvash: кун (kun, “day”)

Danube Bulgar: χων (kon, “day”)

Arghu:

Khalaj: kün

Karluk:

Karakhanid: کون (kün)

desctree

Chagatai: کون (kün)
Uyghur: كۈن (kün)
Uzbek: kun

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: كُونْ (gün)

Azerbaijani: gün

Gagauz: gün

Ottoman Turkish: گون (gün)

Turkish: gün (“day”)

Salar:

Turkmen: gün

Kipchak: کون (kün)
North Kipchak:
Tatar: көн (kön)
Bashkir: көн (kön)
Siberian Tatar: көн (kön)
West Kipchak:
Crimean Tatar: кунь (kün)
Karachay-Balkar: кюн (kün)
Kumyk: гюн (gün)
Karaim: kiuń
South Kipchak:
Caspian:
Kazakh: күн (kün)
Karakalpak: күн (ku'n)
Nogai: куьн (kün)
Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
Kyrgyz: күн (kün)
Southern Altai: кӱн (kün)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰤 (kün² /kün/)

Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽺 (kwyn /kün/)
Western Yugur: kun (/kun/, “sun, day”)
⇒ Western Yugur: kunengər (/kun engïr/, “next year”)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: күн (kün)

Yakut: күн (kün)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: хүн (xün)

Yenisei:

Khakas: кӱн (kün)


orman

orman (nominative singular)
ormanïg (accusative singular)
ormannï (accusative singular)
ormannïŋ (genitive singular)
ormanka (dative singular)
ormanda (locative singular)
ormandan (ablative singular)
ormangaru (allative singular)
ormanïn (instrumental singular)
ormanča (equative singular)
ormanlayu (singular)
ormanlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur

Chuvash: вӑрман (vărman)

Common Turkic

Medieval:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (orman)

Oghuz:

Turkish: orman

Azerbaijani: orman (poetic)

Turkmen: ormon (dialectal)

Gagauz: orman (“vegetable garden”)

Salar: ormän

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئورمان (orman)

Uzbek: oʻrmon

Kypchak:

North Kipchak

Tatar: урман (urman)

Bashkir: урман (urman)

South Kipchak

Kazakh: орман (orman)

Karakalpak: орман, orman

Nogai: орман (orman)

East Kipchak

Kyrgyz: ормон (ormon)

West Kipchak

Crimean Tatar: orman

Kumyk: орман (orman)

From Proto-Turkic *or- + *-man. The first stem may be compared to Proto-Tungusic *pure (“forest”), if from earlier *hor-.


ene

Oghur:

Chuvash: анне (anne)

Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: آنا (ana)
Azerbaijani: ana
Gagauz: ana
Ottoman Turkish: انا (ana), آنه
Turkish: ana, anne

Turkmen: ene

Salar: ana (“girl”)

Kipchak:

Kipchak-Bulgar:

Bashkir: инәй (inəy)

Tatar: әни (äni)

Kipchak-Cuman:

Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (ana)

Kipchak: anna (Codex Cumanicus)

Crimean Tatar: ana

Karachay-Balkar: ана (ana)

Karaim: ана

Kumyk: ана (ana)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: ана (ana)

Nogai: ана (ana)

Siberian Tatar: инә

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: эне (ene)

Southern Altai: эне (ene)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: اَنا

desc

Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (ana)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئانا (ana)

Uzbek: ona

Siberian Turkic:

Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/ana/)

North Siberian Turkic:

Yakut: ийе (iye)

South Siberian Turkic:

Northern Altai: эне (ene)

Sayan:

Tuvan: ие (ie)

Yenisei:

Khakas: иней (iney)


tuman

tuman (nominative singular)
tumanlar (nominative plural)
tumannïŋ (genitive singular)
tumanlarnïŋ (genitive plural)
tumanka (dative singular)
tumanlarka (dative plural)
tumanda (locative singular)
tumanlarda (locative plural)
tumandan (ablative singular)
tumanlardan (ablative plural)
tumanlarïn (instrumental plural)
tumanča (equative singular)
tumanlarča (equative plural)

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: دومان

Azerbaijani: duman

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: دومان, طومان (duman)
Turkish: duman
Gagauz: duman
→ Armenian: տո̈ւման (tüman), դուման (duman), թուման (tʻuman)
→ Bulgarian: дума́н (dumán)
→ Greek: ντουμάνι (ntoumáni)
⇒ Greek: ντουμανιάζω (ntoumaniázo)
Kurdish:
→ Northern Kurdish: duman
→ Central Kurdish: دومان (duman)
→ Macedonian: думан (duman)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ду̀ма̄н
Latin script: dùmān

Turkmen: duman

Salar: duman

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tuman)

Uyghur: تۇمان (tuman)

Uzbek: tuman

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: томан (toman)

Tatar: томан (toman)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tuman

Karachay-Balkar: тубан (tuban)

Karaim: туман

Kumyk: туман (tuman)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: duman

Kazakh: тұман (tūman)

Nogai: туман (tuman)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: туман (tuman)

Southern Altai: туман (tuman)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (tuman)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tuman)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: туман

Yakut: туман (tuman)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: туман

Tuvan: туман (tuman)

Yenisei:

Khakas: тубан (tuban)

Shor: тубан

desc

Northern Altai: тубан (tuban), тыван (tïvan), туван (tuvan), туман (tuman)

Borrowed from an unknown Turkic source:

→ Russian: тума́н (tumán)

→ Belarusian: тума́н (tumán)

→ Ukrainian: тума́н (tumán)

From Proto-Common Turkic *tu- + *-man. Apparently similar to Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”).


kodan

kodan (nominative singular)
kodanïg (accusative singular)
kodannï (accusative singular)
kodannïŋ (genitive singular)
kodanka (dative singular)
kodanda (locative singular)
kodandan (ablative singular)
kodangaru (allative singular)
kodanïn (instrumental singular)
kodanča (equative singular)
kodanlayu (singular)
kodanlïgu (comitative singular)

Karluk:

Uzbek: quyon

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: къоян (qoyan)

Kumyk: къоян (qoyan)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡуян (quyan)

Tatar: куян (quyan)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: койон (koyon)

Kyrgyz: коён (koyon)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: қоян (qoän)

Nogai: коян (koyan)

Siberian:

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: хозан (xozan)

Shor: қозан (qozan)

Sayan:

Tofa: һодан (hodan)

Tuvan: кодан (kodan)


kulun

kulun (nominative singular)
kulunug (accusative singular)
kulunnï (accusative singular)
kulunnuŋ (genitive singular)
kulunka (dative singular)
kulunda (locative singular)
kulundan (ablative singular)
kulungaru (allative singular)
kulunun (instrumental singular)
kulunča (equative singular)
kulunlayu (singular)
kulunlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑм (hăm)

Common Turkic:

Proto-Oghuz: *kulun

West Oghuz:

Azerbaijani: qulun, qulan

Ottoman Turkish: قولون (kulun)

Turkish: kulun

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: gulun

Karluk:

Karakhanid: قُلُنْ (qulun)

Uyghur: قۇلۇن (qulun)

Uzbek: qulun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡолон (qolon)

Tatar: колын (qolın)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: къулан (qulan)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: кулын (kulın)

Kazakh: құлын (qūlyn)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кулун (kulun)

Southern Altai: кулун (kulun)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐰴𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰣 (qul¹un¹)

North Siberian:

Dolgan: кулун (kulun)

Yakut: кулун (kulun)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: һулун (hulun)

Tuvan: хулун (xulun)

Yenisei:

Khakas: хулун (xulun)

Shor: қулун (qulun)

Perhaps may be comparable to Proto-Mongolic *kulan (“ass”).


imen

imen (nominative singular)
imenig (accusative singular)
imenni (accusative singular)
imenniŋ (genitive singular)
imenke (dative singular)
imende (locative singular)
imenden (ablative singular)
imengerü (allative singular)
imenin (instrumental singular)
imenče (equative singular)
imenleyü (singular)
imenligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: юман (juman)

Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: imen

Karluk:

Uyghur: ئېمەن (ëmen)

Uzbek: eman

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: emen

Karachay-Balkar: эмен (emen)

Kumyk: эмен (emen)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: емен (emen)

Nort Kipchak:

Bashkir: имән (imən)

Tatar: имән (imän)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Southern Altai: эрмен (ermen)

Siberian:

South Siberian:

Yeniseian:

Khakas: ибен (iben)


ilme

ilme (nominative singular)
ilmeig (accusative singular)
ilmeni (accusative singular)
ilmeniŋ (genitive singular)
ilmeke (dative singular)
ilmede (locative singular)
ilmeden (ablative singular)
ilmegerü (allative singular)
ilmein (instrumental singular)
ilmeče (equative singular)
ilmeleyü (singular)
ilmeligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: йӗлме (jĕlme)

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: элме (elme)

Kumyk: элме (elme)

South Kipchak:

Nogai: элмен (élmen)

Nort Kipchak:

Tatar: елмә (yelmä)

Similarities to Indo-European languages open to debate, an early interaction with Slavic languages is possible. See Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”).


kökrek

kökrek (nominative singular)
kökrekig (accusative singular)
kökrekni (accusative singular)
kökrekniŋ (genitive singular)
kökrekke (dative singular)
kökrekde (locative singular)
kökrekden (ablative singular)
kökrekgerü (allative singular)
kökrekin (instrumental singular)
kökrekče (equative singular)
kökrekleyü (singular)
kökrekligü (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Salar: kükrek, kökrek

Turkmen: kükrek

Karluk:

Uyghur: [script needed] (kökräk)

Uzbek: koʻkrak

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: күкрәк (kükrək)

Tatar: күкрәк (kükräk)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kökrek

Karachay-Balkar: кёкюрек (kökürek)

Karaim: [script needed] (kökräk)

Kumyk: кёкюрек (kökürek)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (kökirek)

Kazakh: көкірек (kökırek)

Nogai: [script needed] (kökirek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көкүрөк (kökürök)

From *köküŕ (“chest, breasts”) + *-ak, diminutive of *köküŕ.


burun

Arghu:

Khalaj: burun

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: burun

Ottoman Turkish: بورون (burun)

Turkish: burun

Gagauz: burnu

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: burun

Uyghur-Oghuz:

Salar: purnı

Karluk:

Karakhanid:

Uyghur: بۇرۇن (burun)

Uzbek: burun

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: морон (moron)

Tatar: борын (borın)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: burun

Karachay-Balkar: бурун (burun)

Kumyk: [Term?], burun

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: мұрын (mūryn)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: мурун (murun)

Southern Altai: мурун (murun)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: мурун (murun)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: пурун (purun)

Probably a deverbal, if so, from *bur- (“to smell”). For possible cognates, see Turkish burcu (“aroma, scent”), Turkish buram buram (“in whirls, billowing (of smell, smoke)”), Karakhanid [script needed] (burïɣ, “something that smells”), Kyrgyz [script needed] (bura-, “to reek strongly”), Uyghur پۇراق (puraq, “smell”), Khakas [script needed] (puru-, “to emit a stench, to burn (of food)”) et cetera (Dybo, 2013).


etek

etek (nominative singular)
etekig (accusative singular)
etekni (accusative singular)
etekniŋ (genitive singular)
etekke (dative singular)
etekde (locative singular)
etekden (ablative singular)
etekgerü (allative singular)
etekin (instrumental singular)
etekče (equative singular)
etekleyü (singular)
etekligü (comitative singular)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: hətək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: ətək

Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (etek)

Turkish: etek

Gagauz: etek

Turkmen: etek

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (etek)

Uyghur: ئېتەك (ëtek)

Uzbek: etak

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: etek

Karachay-Balkar: этек (etek)

Karaim: otuz

Kumyk: отуз (otuz)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: итәк (itək)

Tatar: [script needed] (itäk)

South Kipchak:

Kipchak-Nogai:

Karakalpak: етек,

Kazakh: етек (etek)

Nogai: [script needed] (etek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: [script needed] (etek)

Siberian:

Old Turkic: [script needed] (etäk)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (etäk)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: [script needed] (edek)

Yenissei Turkic:

Khakas: [script needed] (idek)

Shor: [script needed] (edek)

(Common Turkic) skirt, edge of a skirt or a piece of cloth


kirpik

kirpik (nominative singular)
kirpikig (accusative singular)
kirpikni (accusative singular)
kirpikniŋ (genitive singular)
kirpikke (dative singular)
kirpikde (locative singular)
kirpikden (ablative singular)
kirpikgerü (allative singular)
kirpikin (instrumental singular)
kirpikče (equative singular)
kirpikleyü (singular)
kirpikligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: хӑрпӑк (hărp̬ăk)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: kirpik

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

desc

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kirpik)

Azerbaijani: kirpik

Ottoman Turkish: كرپك (kirpik)

Turkish: kirpik

Gagauz: kirpik

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: kirpik

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (kirpik)

Chagatai: [script needed] (kirpik)

Uyghur: كىرپىك (kirpik)

Uzbek: kiprik

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: керфек (kerfek)

Bashkir: керпек (kerpek)

West Kipchak:

Crimeaic Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kirpik

Urum: кирпиг (kirpig)

Karachay-Balkar: кирпик (kirpik)

Kumyk: кирпик (kirpik)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: кирпик

Kazakh: кірпік (kırpık)

Nogai: киприк (kiprik)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: kyrpyk (kirpik)

Western Yugur: kərmək

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: чыыпық

Tofa: чыыпық

Tuvan: кирбик (kirbik)

Yeniseian Turkic:

Khakas: кірбік (kìrbìk)

Shor: кирбик

Shor: кирбик

Clauson suggests a diminutive formation *kirpi (“hedgehog”) + *-k.
Nishanyan and ESTJa instead suggest a derivation *kïrp- (“to shave; to wink”) + *-k, however this should've yielded the earliest form *kïrpuk.


yara

yara (nominative singular)
yaraïg (accusative singular)
yaranï (accusative singular)
yaranïŋ (genitive singular)
yaraka (dative singular)
yarada (locative singular)
yaradan (ablative singular)
yaragaru (allative singular)
yaraïn (instrumental singular)
yarača (equative singular)
yaralayu (singular)
yaralïgu (comitative singular)

Oghuz

West Oghuz

Azerbaijani: yara

Ottoman Turkish یاره (yara)

Turkish: yara

East Oghuz

Turkmen: ýara

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: яра (yara)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: яра (yara)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: жара (jara)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жара (jara)

Southern Altai: јара (ǰara)

Karluk:

Uzbek: yara

Uyghur: يارا (yara)


borsuk

borsuk (nominative singular)
borsukug (accusative singular)
borsuknï (accusative singular)
borsuknuŋ (genitive singular)
borsukka (dative singular)
borsukda (locative singular)
borsukdan (ablative singular)
borsukgaru (allative singular)
borsukun (instrumental singular)
borsukča (equative singular)
borsuklayu (singular)
borsuklugu (comitative singular)

→ Hungarian: borz

Oghur:

Chuvash: пурӑш (purăš)

Proto-Common Turkic: *borsuk, *borsmuk

Oghuz:بُرْسُقْ (borsuq)

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: porsuq

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: پورصوق (porsuk), پورصق (porsuk), پورسوق (porsuk), پورسق (porsuk), بورصوق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورصق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورسوق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk), بورسق (porsuk, borsuk, bursuk)
Turkish: porsuk
→ Armenian: փորսուղ (pʻorsuġ)
→ Bulgarian: борсу̀к (borsùk), бърсу̀к (bǎrsùk)
→ Lithuanian: barsukas
→ Macedonian: бурсук (bursuk)
→ Romanian: bursuc
→ Ukrainian: борсу́к (borsúk)
→ Polish: borsuk

Salar: borsuq

Turkmen: torsuk

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُرْسْمُقْ (borsmuq)

Khorezmian Turkic:

Chagatai: بورسوق (borsuq)

Uzbek: boʻrsiq

Uyghur: بورسۇق (borsuq)

Kipchak:

Kipchak: بورسق (borsuq)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бурһыҡ (burhıq)

Tatar: бурсык (bursıq)

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: борсукъ (borsuq)

Kumyk: порсукъ (porsuq)

South Kipchak:

Kazakh: борсық (borsyq)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: борсук (borsuk)

Southern Altai: борсык (borsïk)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tofa: борсуӄ (borsuq)

Tuvan: морзук (morzuk)

Yenisei:

Khakas: порсых (porsıx)

→ Russian: барсу́к (barsúk)

→ Yakut: барсук (barsuk)}


yok

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: yoxuş

Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: yokuş

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُقْ (yoq)


yok

Karluk:

Karakhanid: یُقْ (yoq)


karga

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: قَارْغَه (qarġa), قَرْغَه (qarġa)
Azerbaijani: qarğa
Gagauz: gaarga, garga
Ottoman Turkish: قارغه (karga), قرغه (karga)
Turkish: karga
→ Armenian: խառղա (xaṙġa)
→? Bulgarian: га́рга (gárga)
→ Greek: κάργα (kárga), κάργια (kárgia)
→ Ubykh: гаарга (gaarga)

Salar: garğa

Turkmen: garga

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qarğa)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: قاغا (qagha)

Uzbek: qargʻa

→ Pashto: کارغه (kārǧə)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡарға (qarğa)

Tatar: карга (qarga)

West Kipchak:

desc

Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (qarğa)

Kumyk: [script needed] (qarğa)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: [script needed] (qarğa)

Kazakh: қарға (qarğa)

Nogai: карга (karga)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: карга (karga)

Southern Altai: карга (karga)

→ Chechen: хьаргIа (ḥʳarğa)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Kirghiz:

Khakas: [script needed] (xarğa)

Shor: [script needed] (qarğa)

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qarğa)

Western Yugur: [script needed] (qər'ɣɑ)

Sayan:

Tofa: [script needed] (kargan)

Tuvan: каарган (kaargan)

Gagauz and Tuvan point to a long vowel. Therefore Talât Tekin (1995) reconstructs it as *kārga.


kalkan

kalkan (nominative singular)
kalkanïg (accusative singular)
kalkannï (accusative singular)
kalkannïŋ (genitive singular)
kalkanka (dative singular)
kalkanda (locative singular)
kalkandan (ablative singular)
kalkangaru (allative singular)
kalkanïn (instrumental singular)
kalkanča (equative singular)
kalkanlayu (singular)
kalkanlïgu (comitative singular)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kalkan

Oghuz:

West Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kalkan)

Azerbaijani: qalxan

Ottoman Turkish: قلقان (kalkan)

Turkish: kalkan

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: galkan

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (qalqan)

Chagatai: [script needed] (qalqan)

Uyghur: قالقان (qalqan)

Uzbek: qalqon

→ Persian: قلقان (qalqân)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ҡалҡан (qalqan)

Tatar: калкан (qalkan)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: qalqan

Karaim: калкан (qalqan)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: qalqan

Kazakh: қалқан (qalqan)

Nogai: калкан (kalkan)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: калкан (kalkan)

Siberian:

Old Turkic:

Old Uyghur: qʾlqʾn (qalqan)

→? Proto-Mongolic: *kalkan

Clauson suggests that this is a basic noun, however in terms of its origin there have been multiple theories:
# Rasanen and Nishanyan sugget that this is a borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *kalkan (“shield”) however ESMJa and Clauson suggest the reverse.
# Nishanyan attempts to explain a native origin as a derivation *kalk- (“to rise”) + *-gan.


toprak

toprak (nominative singular)
toprakïg (accusative singular)
topraknï (accusative singular)
topraknïŋ (genitive singular)
toprakka (dative singular)
toprakda (locative singular)
toprakdan (ablative singular)
toprakgaru (allative singular)
toprakïn (instrumental singular)
toprakča (equative singular)
topraklayu (singular)
topraklïgu (comitative singular)

→ Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag

Mongolian: товрог (tovrog), ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ (tobrag)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: turpâq

Oghuz:

desctree

Old Anatolian Turkish: طپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراخ (ṭopraḫ), طوپراغ (ṭopraġ), طپوراق (ṭopuraq), طپرق (ṭopraq), دپرق (dopraq)
Azerbaijani: torpaq
Gagauz: toprak
Ottoman Turkish: طوپراق (topraq), طپراق (toprak)
Turkish: toprak, (dialectal) topurak

Salar: tōraq

Turkmen: toprak

Karluk:

Karakhanid: تُبْراقْ (toprāq)

Uzbek: tuproq

Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)

Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: topraq

Kumyk: топуракъ (topuraq)

Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)

desc

Karaim: топракъ, топрах

Karaim: топракъ, топрах

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: topi’raq

Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq)

Nogai: топырак (topırak)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak)

Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)

Siberian:

desctree

Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (twprʾq /tupraq/)
Western Yugur: durvaq

North Siberian:

Yakut: тобурах (toburaq, “hail; dust”)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)

desc

Tofa: тоъпраӄ

Tofa: тоъпраӄ

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)

Shor: тобрақ

Shor: тобрақ

Tekin (1969) derives it from Proto-Turkic *towra- + *-k, and relates it to *towuŕ, which he suggests a derivation to *tōz. Tekin also connects Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”) and Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”). According to Tekin, morphologically *tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k. However, Eren (1999) suggests Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).
Nişanyan and Clauson derive this word from *topra-, which Nişanyan further suggests is a derivation from a hypothetical *tobuŕ or *tobur (see *topur), where he suggests Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”) comes from.
Ligeti suggests a genetic connection with Proto-Mongolic *toxurag through the hypothetical and now widely discredited Altaic language family. He also connects this word with Proto-Common Turkic *tōz Ramstedt and Nişanyan suggest that the Mongolian form is a borrowing from Turkic.
Doerfer suggests a derivation from *top with the suffix *-rak.
Nişanyan also compares with Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This would imply a derivation from the verb *topur-.


tütün

tütün (nominative singular)
tütünüg (accusative singular)
tütünni (accusative singular)
tütünnüŋ (genitive singular)
tütünke (dative singular)
tütünde (locative singular)
tütünden (ablative singular)
tütüngerü (allative singular)
tütünün (instrumental singular)
tütünče (equative singular)
tütünleyü (singular)
tütünlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: тӗтӗм (tĕt̬ĕm)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: tütîn

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: tütün

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: توتون (tütün), توتن (tutun, tütün)
Turkish: tütün
Gagauz: tütün
→ Adyghe: тутын (tutən)
→ Armenian: թութուն (tʻutʻun)
→ Bulgarian: тютюн (tjutjun)
→ Central Kurdish: توتن (tutin)
→ Classical Syriac: ܬܬܘܢ
→ Georgian: თუთუნი (tutuni)
→ Iraqi Arabic: تتن
→ Kabardian: тутын (tutən)
→ Laz: თუთუნი (tutuni), ტუტუნი (ťuťuni)
→ Lishana Deni: תותון (tutun)
→ Macedonian: тутун (tutun)
→ Mingrelian: თუთუმი (tutumi)
→ Persian: توتون
→ Polish: tytoń
→ Romanian: tutun
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ту̀тӯн
Latin script: tùtūn
→ Ukrainian: тютюн (tjutjun)

Turkmen: tütün

Salar: tütün, tüten

Karluk:

Karakhanid: [script needed] (tütün)

Chagatai: توتون
Uzbek: tutun
Uyghur: تۈتۈن (tütün)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: төтөн (tötön)

Tatar: төтен (töten)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: tütün

Karachay-Balkar: тютюн (tütün)

Karaim: тютюнь (tütün')

Kumyk: тютюн (tütün)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: түтин

Kazakh: түтін (tütın)

Nogai: туьтин (tütin)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: түтүн (tütün)

Southern Altai: тӱдӱн (tüdün)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tütün)

Western Yugur: tutun

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: тӱдӱн (tüdün)

Shor: тӱдӱн (tüdün)


kirpi

kirpi (nominative singular)
kirpiig (accusative singular)
kirpini (accusative singular)
kirpiniŋ (genitive singular)
kirpike (dative singular)
kirpide (locative singular)
kirpiden (ablative singular)
kirpigerü (allative singular)
kirpiin (instrumental singular)
kirpiče (equative singular)
kirpileyü (singular)
kirpiligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗрӗп (čĕrĕp)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: kirpi

Ottoman Turkish: كرپی
Turkish: kirpi

Turkmen: kirpi

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كِرْبیٖ (kirpi)
Chagatai:
Uyghur: كىرپە (kirpe)
Uzbek: kirpi

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Tatar: керпе (kerpe)

Bashkir: терпе (terpe)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: kirpi

Karachay-Balkar: кирпи (kirpi)

Kumyk: кирпи (kirpi)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: кірпі (kırpı)

Karakalpak: кирпи

Nogai: кирпи (kirpi)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: кирпи (kirpi)

Southern Altai: кирпи (kirpi)


yürek

yürek (nominative singular)
yürekig (accusative singular)
yürekni (accusative singular)
yürekniŋ (genitive singular)
yürekke (dative singular)
yürekde (locative singular)
yürekden (ablative singular)
yürekgerü (allative singular)
yürekin (instrumental singular)
yürekče (equative singular)
yürekleyü (singular)
yürekligü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: чӗре (čĕre)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: yirək

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: یُورَكْ (yüräk)

Azerbaijani: ürək

Gagauz: ürek

Ottoman Turkish: یورك (yürek)
Turkish: yürek
→ Ladino: yurek

Salar: yirik

Turkmen: ýürek

Kipchak:

West Kipchak:

Karachay-Balkar: джюрек (cürek)

Crimean Tatar: yürek

Kumyk: юрек (yürek)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: йөрәк (yörək)

Tatar: йөрәк (yöräk)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Karakalpak: júrek

Kazakh: жүрек (jürek)

Nogai: юрек (yurek)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жүрөк (jürök)

Southern Altai: јӱрек (ǰürek)

Karluk:

Karakhanid: يُرَكْ (yürek)

Chagatai: یوراک (yüräk)

Uzbek: yurak

Uyghur: يۈرەك (yürek)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: 𐽶𐽳𐽾𐽰𐽷 (ywrʾk /yüräk/)
Western Yugur: ørek, øryk, jyrek

North Siberian:

Dolgan: һүрэк (hürek)

Yakut: сүрэх (süreq)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: чүрек (çürek)

Yenisei:

Khakas: чӱрек (çürek)

Shor: чӱрек (çürek)

desc

Northern Altai: чӱрек (čürek), тьӱрек (tʹürek), тьӱрӧк (tʹürök)

Maybe related to Proto-Mongolic *ǰirüken (“heart”).


būt

būt (nominative singular)
būtug (accusative singular)
būtnï (accusative singular)
būtnuŋ (genitive singular)
būtka (dative singular)
būtda (locative singular)
būtdan (ablative singular)
būtgaru (allative singular)
būtun (instrumental singular)
būtča (equative singular)
būtlayu (singular)
būtlugu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: пӗҫӗ (pĕś̬ĕ) (somewhat unclear, possibly < *būčï < *būtsï < *būtVsï according to Doerfer)

Arghu:

Khalaj: bûut

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: bud

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: بوت, بود (bud)
Gagauz: but
Turkish: but, bud (dialectal)
→ Armenian: բուդ (bud)
→ Greek: μπούτι (boúti)

Turkmen: būt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: بُوتْ (but)

Chagatai: بوت (but)

Uzbek: but

Uyghur: پۇت (put)

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: бот (bot)

Tatar: бот (bot)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: but

Kumyk: бут (but)

Karachay-Balkar: бут (but)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: бут (but)

Southern Altai: бут (but)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: пут

Kazakh: бұт (būt)

Nogai: бут (but)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: буут (buut)

Dolgan: буут

South Siberian:

Tuvan: бут (but)

Tofa: бут

Khakas: пут (put)


köt

köt (nominative singular)
kötüg (accusative singular)
kötni (accusative singular)
kötnüŋ (genitive singular)
kötke (dative singular)
kötde (locative singular)
kötden (ablative singular)
kötgerü (allative singular)
kötün (instrumental singular)
kötče (equative singular)
kötleyü (singular)
kötlügü (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Chuvash: кут (kut)

Common Turkic:

Arghu:

Khalaj: köt

Karluk:

Karakhanid: كُتْ (köt)

Chagatai:

Uyghur: كۆت (köt)

Uzbek: koʻt

Kypchak:

North Kypchak:

Bashkir: күт (küt)

Tatar:

Cyrillic script: күт (küt)

Latin script: küt

Kipchak-Cuman:

Karaim: köt

Crimean Tatar: köt

Karachay-Balkar: кёт (köt)

Kipchak-Nogai:

Kazakh: көт (köt)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: көт (köt)

desc

Southern Altai: кӧт (köt), кӧдӧн (ködön)

Proto-Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish:

Azerbaijani: göt

Ottoman Turkish: گوت (göt)

Gagauz: göt

desctree

Turkish: göt
→ Armenian: գյոթ (gyotʻ)
→ Swedish: göt c

Salar: göhdi

Turkmen: göt


turma

turma (nominative singular)
turmaug (accusative singular)
turmanï (accusative singular)
turmanuŋ (genitive singular)
turmaka (dative singular)
turmada (locative singular)
turmadan (ablative singular)
turmagaru (allative singular)
turmaun (instrumental singular)
turmača (equative singular)
turmalayu (singular)
turmalugu (comitative singular)

Oghuz:

Salar: turma (“turnip”)

Potentially from *tur- (“1. to stand 2. to stop”) + *-me, compare with the semantics of Turkish bitki from Turkish bitmek.